1889. 



THE 






TERRITORY OF DAKOTA 

THE STATE OF xXORTH DAKOTA; 

THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA; 

AN OFFICIAL 

STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL AND 
POLITICAL ABSTRACT. 

AGRICULTUKAL, MINERAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, 

EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL 

STATEMENTS. 






PUBLISHED BY 

FRANK IL HAGERTY, 

Commissioner of Immiokation and Ex-Okficio Territorial Statistician 

ABERDEEN, 8. D. 



AHF.RDF.KN, S. D. 

DAILY NKWS PRINT. 
1889. 



r655 

■Sis 



By TraTisfer 
JUL 7 ldl4 



OFFICIAL DIKECTOKY 

OF THE 

TERRITORY OF DAKOTA, 1SS9. 



Governnr, . . . ~ 
Delegate to Congress, 
Secretary/, . - . - 
U. S. Mnrxhal - - - - 
U. S. District Attorney, 
Surveyor General, - - . 
Treasurer, . . - . 
Auditor, - - - - - 
Attorney General, - - - 
Commissioner of Immigration, - 
Supt. of Public Instruction, - 
Asxt. Supt. of PuJitic Instruction, 
Asst. Supt. of Public Instruction, 
Adjutant General, - - - 
Vetainary Surgeon, 
Medical Dental E.caminer, 



A. C. Mellette, 
George A. Mathews, - 

L. B. KiCHAKDSON, - 
D. W. MARATfA, - 
J. C. MUEPHY, 

B. H. Sullivan, - 
J. M. Bailev, Jr., - 
J. C. McManima, 
Johnson Nickeus, - 
F. H. Hagekty, - 
L. A. KosE, 

C. M. Young, 
A. T. Free, 

J. S. Huston, - 
Dr. D. E. Collins, 
Dr. C. W. Stutenrotii, 



Bismarck. 

Brookings. 

Bismarck. 

Fargo. 

Yankton. 

Huron. 

Bismarck. 

Bismarck. 

Bismarck. 

Aberdeen. 

- Fargo, 

- Tynilall. 
Dead wood. 

Kedlield. 

- Mitchell. 
Watertown. 



RAILROAD commissioners. 



JuDsoN La Moure, 
H. J. KicE, 



First District, 
Second District, 



Ex-Officio President, 
Superintendent, 
Vice President, 



Frank Frisby, 



Chief Justice, 
Axsociate Justice, 
Associate Justice, - 
Associate Justice, 
Associate Justice, - 
Associate Ju.<<tice, 
Associate Justice, - 
Associate Ju-nlice, 
Clerk Supreme Court, 



Pembina. J. H. King, - - IJapid City. 

- Huron. J. L. KuBiNSON, Secretary, Watertown. 



PUBLIC examiners. 



Thomas E. Blanchard, 
- John A. Percival, - 



- Mitchell. 
Devils Lake. 



board of health. 



Johnson Nickeus (Att'yGen'l), - Bismarck. 
Wm. M. Kaull, - - - Frankfort. 

F. A. Spofford, - - - Flandreau. 



board of pharmacy. 
Bismarck. ]>. F. Stearns, 
judiciary. 

Bartlett Tripp, 

- C. M. Thomas, - 

W. B. MlCoNNELL, 

- Frank R. Aikens, 
James Spencer, - 

- Roderick Rose, 
L. W. Crofoot, 

- C. F. Templeton, 
J. H. C. Young, - 



Aberdeen. 



- Yankton. 
Dead wood. 

Fargo. 

Canton. 

Huron. 

- Jamestown. 

- Al>enleen. 
Grand Fork.s. 

- Yankton. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



Dakota is twain. It was tlie largest t«rritory in the republic, with area 
sufficient to ^ive (quarter-section farms each t<i 603,728 families. By its side 
large e^istern stat«s and old world kingdoms dwarfed into mere communities. 
In 1870 it had only 15,000 population; in 1889 it became two states of the Fed- 
eral Union, each possessing a ho.spitiible people, cultured society, an excellent 
public school system with ample funds, fine buildings and good schools, churches 
of every denomination, a superior newspaper press, commercial facilities of a 
high order, railroad advantages etjual to any, the conveniences of modern city 
life and the comforts of rural homes, situated within a short distance of mar- 
kets, railroads and telegraphs, and every element and privilege of high civili- 
zation. 

Whatever may be said of division, there will always be much in common 
between North and South Dakota. Division was inevitable. The great terri- 
tory contained three one-sided centres of population, widely separated and 
differing in social interests, products and transportation facilities. The first 
settlement was in the southeast, the second in the northeast and the third in 
the southwest; the first spread along the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers, the 
second along the Red lliver of the North, and both engaged in farming, while 
the third was in the Black Hills, where the principal occupation was mining. 
The Ke<l river country and outlying districts, developed by the extensions of 
railroads from St. Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth, produce wheat; southeast 
Dakota added corn to the small grains produced, and had outlets on systems 
of railroads leading to Chicago and other distributing points. The Black Hills 
were long isolated, but found communication with the outside world through 
a system identified with southeast Dakota, and with which it will be more 
closely connected as soon as the opening reservation allows the laying of addi- 
tional bands of steel, and thus make a united south state. These lacts, together 
with great size of the territory, made arguments for division, which event 
happily hits been accomplished without friction or ill-feeling between the two 
new states. Any idea that there is not much in common now between the two 
stat«s is a wrong one. For a long time all sections have had the same laws, 
and men from every part of the territory met in conventions — political, social, 
benevolent, religious and educational — in legislative a.s.sembly, and there was 
common brotherhood. Officially there will be no more such meetings; each 
state will hereafter have its own conventions, meetings and elections; yet there 
is and always will be a strong bond of union between the two states. While 
there may be a little difference in products in widely separated localities, the 
people are the same, with the .same ambitions, and worshiping at the same 
shrines; the climate does not difier much, and they need about the same laws; 



6 INTRODUCTORY. 

and they still need help from the National Government in the matter of public 
land and geological surveys, extension of postal routes and mail service, man- 
agement of Indians and extinguishment of reservations, experiments in irriga- 
tion, and other matters which united effort can bring about. As someone has 
said, the two Dakotas will hereafter be very much like two sons who have 
divided the old homestead between them — each will be absolutely independ- 
ent from interference of the other, yet each, in many ways, will be greatly 
benefited by working harmoniously together. 

Gov. Mellette, twice elected chief executive of South Dakota, and the last 
chief executive of the territory, has assumed the duties of his elective position 
and will guide the destinies of the south half in statehood with the same wis- 
dom, firmness and justice that he displayed iu the management of the whole in 
its territorial condition. The north state, too, is in good hands; Gov. Miller, 
who holds the reins, will govern with fairness, moderation and justice. 

This publication, the last to be issued by this as a territorial office, contains 
much general and statistical matter, gathered with difficulty owing to the 
small fund given for the purpose. The statistics are incomplete, but in the 
main the work compares favorably with similar ones issued by other states 
where large amounts were expended ; in one case, that of Texas, the consider- 
able sum of §108,740 was devoted to the collection of statistics alone. With 
the small fund at its disposal this office has distributed information worth many 
times its cost to the territory. Both new states should continue the work; both 
have large areas of vacant lands, and settlers are needed. Like merchants with 
large stocks of goods, we must advertise. 

The commissioner wishes to acknowledge the use of material from the pub- 
lications of his predecessors, Messrs. Dunlap and McClure, particularly the 
climatic tables from " Resources," for the reason that last winter was not an 
average one in either temperature or snowfall, being the mildest in a general 
way known since the settlement of the territory, and therefore not fairly rep- 
resenting the normal season of cold. Acknowledgment is also made to Max 
Bass, who has intelligently and faithfully served in this office since its estab- 
lishment. Thanks are also extended to the county clerks and auditors, to the 
registers and receivers of the United States land offices, to Profs. F. R. Car- 
penter and G. E. Bailey, to Hon. Geo. H. Hand, Hon. Robert Dollard, Hon. 
Geo. F. Goodwin, Hon. E. T. Cressey, Hon. L. B. Richardson, Hon. John Flit- 
tie, Hon. G. C. Moody, Hon. L. A. Rose, and scores of others, who have kindly 
and promptly responded to our requests for information. During the preparation 
of this document the Dakotas put on the fine linen of Statehood, which accounts 
for the interchangeable use of the terms "state," "states" and "territory," 
throughout Part I. 





pa: 


RT I. 




I. 


Historical Sketch. 


XI. 


Public Lands. 


II. 


Geogr.vpiiy. 


XII. 


Railroads. 


III. 


POPUL.VTION. 


XIII. 


Education. 


IV. 


Climate. 


XIV. 


Public Institutions, 


V. 


Agkicultuke. 


XV. 


Religion. 


VI. 


Irrioatiox. 


XVI. 


S0CIETIE.S. 


VII. 


Stock. 


XVII. 


Newspapers. 


VIII. 


Mineral Resources. 


XVIII. 


Banks. 


IX. 


Manufactures. 


XIX. 


Post Offices. 


X. 


Finances. 




Conclusion. 



PART I, 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

Karly History. — The journals of the expedition of Capts. Lewis and 
Clarke in 1804-5-6, gave to the world the first general account of Dakotii. 
These explorers, sent out by President Jefterson, who had a profound belief in 
the futuie greatness of the West, were the liist to traverse the entire length of 
the Missouri river, and such accuracy is shown in the general features of their 
map of that great stream and its affluents, that subsequent surveyors have 
made comparatively few changes. Lewis and Clarke camped the first winter 
among tiie Mandau Indians, near the present town of Mandan. The result of 
their exploration gave great impetus to the fur trade, and pioneered the way to 
the establishment of military and trading posts. The first mention of the 
country west of the Great Lakes was made by Nicollet, sent ont by the Fremh 
authorities at (Quebec as early as 1G39. Nicollet called the inhabitants Nad- 
suessioux, which was abbreviated into Sioux by the later French explorers 
and priests. The Sioux were warlike and the enemy of all other tribes, and 
hence the name Sioux, or enemy. The eini)loves of the various fur companies 
were the lirst white settlers of the territory, as early as 1808, the government 
establishing Fort Clarke on the Missouri at the mouth of Knife river about the 
same time. In 1810 Lord Selkirk built a fort at Pembina on the Red river, a 
short distance below the international l)onndary line. Fort Pierre was built in 
18"i9. Tlie fii^t steamer to a.sceud the ujiper Missouri river was in 1830, pre- 
vious to which the batteau of the fur trader, the keel boat, the barge, the flat 
boat and tlie raft came with the current or were carried against it by use of oar 
and pole and shifting .sail. In 1839 Gen. Jolin C. Fremont cros.sed over the coun- 
try from the .Mis.souri to the James and tlunce up to Devils lake. Catlin, the 
famous Indian painter, traveled over the country in 1841 and secured many 
interesting sketches. After this there were many military and trading expedi- 
tions, but the maps marked the region olTas part of the (Jreat American Desert, 
and no one ever considered it as possessing any agricultural resources. Capt. 
Pope's map of a trip to the Red river iu 1849 designated all of the country 
an)und Devils lake as a "salt water region." St. Paul was one of the few 
towns named on this map. Lieut. Warren, who explored the "Dacouta" 
country un<ler the direction of the Government in 18,")"), s;iid the territory was 
occupied by powerful tribes of roving savages and "is only adapted to a mode 
of life like theirs." His map designates the James river ivs Te-han-san-san, or 
Riviere Jacijues, which he describes ius a "stream flowing through a narrow val- 
ley which is entirely overflowed during times of flood. Canoes can navigate it 
at all times, and steamboats could go a long way up at high water. There is 



10 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

not much wood along its banks, and the country bordering it is not valuable for 
agricultural purposes." He says the Big Sioux could be navigated by steam- 
boats, and he recommended the building of a fort at the mouth of the river, for 
the reason "that forage could be economically obtained at that point, and it is 
probably the most western in the latitude, or north of it, that horses could be 
reasonably maintained." 

Permanent White Settlement. — The first land in Dakota was ob- 
tained of the Sioux Indians in 1851, under the treaty of Traverse de Sioux, 
when a large tract in Minnesota and a strip along tlie west side of the Big Sioux 
was ceded to the Government. In the same year the Minnesota legislature 
divided the newly acquired territory into nine counties. No attempt at settle- 
ment was made in what is now South Dakota until 1856, at Sioux Falls. Other 
settlements followed, but in 1857 the settlers were all driven away by an Indian 
uprising. In December of 1857 the governor of Minnesota appointed the first 
ofiicers of Big Sioux (now Minnehaha) county. In 1858 there was another 
exodus of settlers on account of the Indians, which resulted in a treaty with the 
Sioux, in which they gave up all their land — a total of 16,000,000 acres — east 
of the Missouri, except a small reservation in Charles Mix county. The Western 
Land Company of Dubuque, Iowa, and the Dakota Land Company of St. Paul, 
Minn., were rivals in trying to build up towns. In the effort to attract atten- 
tion elections were held and provisional territorial officials and legislators were 
elected, and sessions of legislatures were held in Sioux Falls in the winters of 
1858-59 and 1859-60, but Congress took no notice of the proceedings. Several 
memorials were sent to Congress a.sking for recognition; the last one, from a 
mass meeting at Yankton, Jan. 17, 1861, bore the signatures of 578 citizens. 
The first census was taken in June, 1861, and showed a population of 2,402. 
From this time began a real and active settlement, which was disturbed tempo- 
rarily by the Indian outbreaks of 1862, and at other times until 1868, when the 
whites numbered about 12,000, and the Sioux were relocated west of the Mis- 
souri river, on what so long was known as the Big Reservation, and the Indian 
question ended as far as trouble was concerned. The first pulrdic land entry in 
North Dakota was in 1871. The first telegraph line was built in the territory 
— from Sioux City to Yankton — in 1870, and in 1872 the railroad was finished 
between the same places. The first railroad to reach Dakota was the Northern 
Pacific, at Fargo, Jan. 1, 1872. In 1874 gold was discovered in the Black Hills, 
and in 1877 the Black Hills region was opened to white settlement. Since that 
time the growth of Dakota has been one of the marvels of Western development. 

Congressional History. — Dakota or Dakotah, and sometimes Dacouta 
(a word meaning leagued, allied or confederated, having reference to the union 
of various bands of Sioux Indians), was a part of the purchase made by the 
United States in 1803, when France surrendered title to the vast province of 
Louisiana — 1,182,752 square miles, an area five times greater than that of 
France— for the sum of $15,000,000, amounting to $27,267,621.98, however, 
by reason of the United States assuming certain claims of its citizens against 
France. 

Oct. 1, 1803, all of the new country lying south of what is now Arkansas 
was formed into the Territory of Orleans, while the portion north of the south 
line of that state became the District of Louisiana, with the governing power 
vested in the officials of Indiana Territory. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 11 

July 1,1805, the "District" ol' Louisiana was designated as the "Territory" 
of the same name, and the legislative power placed in the liands of a governor 
and three judges appointed by the president. 

Dec. 7, 1812, the name of the territory was chanj^ed to "Territory of Mis- 
souri," and the power was ;;ranted the people to elect a legislative body. 

June 28, 1834, the Territory of Michigan was created, which included all of 
Dakota lying east of the Mis.souri river, in addition to the present states of 
Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa and Minnesota. 

July 3, 1836, Congress estalilished the Territory of Wisconsin, which in- 
cluded the eastern half of Dakota. 

June 12, 1838, the Territory of Iowa was created, and the eastern part of 
Dakota was included. 

Manli 3, 1819, Minnesota Territory was established, which covered the east- 
ern part of Dakota. 

Until the organization of Nebraska Territory, May 30, 1851, of which it be- 
came a part, that portion of Dakota lying west of the Missouri and White 
Ivirth rivers was known as " Mandan Territory." 

From May 11, 1858, when Minnesota becjime a state, up to the organization 
of a territorial form of government, April 2, 1861, Dakota was a political 
orphan, without legal name or existence. 

March 2, 1861, a bill to provide a temporary government for the Territory of 
Dakota became a law by the signature of President Buchanan. The bill had 
passed the senate Februarj' 2Cth, -and the house March 1st. Two bills looking 
to the organization of the territory had been previously introduced, one in 1858 
and the other in 1859, both in the senate. The territory as organized embraced 
an area of over 350,000 .square miles, and included all of Montana, Wyoming 
and Idaho north of the 43d parallel and east of the Kocky Mountains. These 
territories wore subsequently cut olV. The last change in boundaries was made 
in 1873 in readju-sting the line .separating it from Mont^ma. 

A summary of congressional action relating to statehood in Dakota appears 
in another i)art of this publication. 

Dolojratos. — In its twenty-eight years of existence as a territory there 
have been ten delegates to Congress, as follows: 

J. H. S. Todd 1862-64 ! G.G.Bennett 1879-81 

W. i\ Burleigh 1864-69 K. F. Pettigrew 1881-83 

S.L.Spink 1869-71 J. B. Ravmond 1883-85 

M. K. .Vriustnmg 1871-75 - O.scar S. GitVord 1HH5-88 

J. P. Kidder 1875-79 ; Geo. A. Mathews 1888-b9 

l*n>visi(>iial or S<niatti»r Govorninrnt.— After the organization of 
the Stiite of Minne.sotii, May 11. 1858, Dakota had no recognized jwlitical exist- 
ence until March 2, 1861. The settlers early inaugurated a movement looking 
to admission as a territory, which resulted in an election in the fall of 1858 for 
members of a legislative iis-sembly and delegate to Congress, for the latter posi- 
tion A. G. Fujler l>eing named. The legislature met at Sioux Falls in the win- 
ter of 1H58-59, and elected Henry Msusters president of the council, and 8. J. 
Albright 8i>eaker of the house. As no governor had been chosen, the president 
of the council was declared px-oj^Vio governor. Congress was memorialized for 
recognition, l)ut no action was taken by that body, although a bill for this pur- 



12 



TEEEITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



pose was introduced in the senate. In the fall of 1859 another delegate to Con- 
gress, J. P. Kidder, was elected, and also another legislative body, with S. J. 
Albright as governor, but the latter was returned as a member of the legisla- 
ture and then chosen speaker of the house, while W. W. Brookings was elected 
president of the council. As before, the president of the council was declared 
ex-officio governor. Congress was again memorialized, and Mr. Kidder applied 
for admission as a delegate, but failed by a few votes. The delay in organizing 
the territory was because the Republican members of Congress demanded a 
clause in the organic act which prohibited the taking of slaves into the terri- 
tory, and no bill was passed until the Southern members retired, just before the 
inauguration of President lincoln. 

Territorial History. — The civil history of Dakota Territory dates from 
May 27, 1861, when Gov. William Jaynes, appointed from Illinois, arrived at 
Yankton and entered upon the duties of his position. Since then the territory 
has had ten executives, as follows: 



William Jaynes 1861-63 

Newton Edmunds 1863-66 

Andrew J. Faulk 1866-69 

John A. Burbank 1869-74 

John L. Pennington 1874-78 



William A. Howard 1878-80 

Nehemiah G. Ordway 1880-84 

Gilbert A. Pierce 1884-87 

Louis K. Church 1887-89 

Arthur C. Mellette 1889-89 



The other territorial oflScials of presidential appointment were as follows: 



Secretaries. 



John Hutchinson 1861-65 

S. L. Spink 1865-69 

T. M. Wilkins 1869-70 

G. A. Batchelder 1870-72 

E. S. McCook 1872-73 



Oscar Whitney 1873-74 

Geo. H.Hand 1874-83 

J. M. Teller 1883-86 

Michael L. McCormack 1886-89 

L. B. Richardson 1889-89 



Chief Justices. 

Philemon Bliss 1861-64 | Peter C. Shannon 1873-81 

Ara Bartlett 1865-69 A. J. Edgerton 1881-85 

George W. French 1869-73 I Bartlett Tripp ,'.. 1885-89 

Associate Justices. 



S. P. Williston 1861-65 

J. S. Williams 1861-64 

Ara Bartlett 1864-65 

W. E. Gleason 1865-66 

J. P. Kidder 1865-75 

J. W. Boyle 1864-69 

W. W. Brookings 1869-73 

A. H. Barnes 1873-81 

G. G. Bennett 1875-79 

G. C. Moody 1878-83 

J. P. Kidder 1878-83 

C. S. Palmer 1883-87 

S. A. Hudson 1881-85 



Wm. E. Church 1883-86 

Louis K. Church 1885-87 

Seward Smith 1884-84 

W. H. Francis 1884-88 

John E. Carlaud 1887-89 

Wm. B. McConuell 1885-88 

Charles M. Thomas 1886-89 

James Spencer 1887-89 

Roderick Rose 1888-89 

C. F. Templeton 1888-89 

L. W. Crofoot 1888-89 

Frank R. Aikeus 1889-89 



United States Attorneys. 



Wm. E. Gleason 1861-64 

Oeorge H. Hand 1866-69 

Warren Coles 1869-73 

William Pond 1873-77 



Hugh J. Campbell 1877-85 

John E. Carlaud •. 1885-88 

William E. Purcell 1888-89 

John Murphey 1889-89 



TKBKITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



13 



United Stales Marshals. 



Wm. F. ShalVer 1861-61 

G. M. I'innev IHUl-fif) 

L. 1[. Litchlield lM6r)-72 

J. H. Kurdick 1872-77 



J. R Kayiuond 1877-81 

Harrison Allen 1881-85 

Daniel W. Maratta 1885-89 



Surveyors General. 



Geo. D. Hill 1861-65 

Wni. Tripp 1865-69 

W. H. H. Beadle 1869-73 

Wm. P. Dewev 1873-77 



■Henry Experson 1877-81 

Cortez Fe.'ssenden 1881-85 

Maris Taylor 1885-89 

B. H. Sullivan 1889-89 



THE LEGISLATIVE ROLL. 

First LeiJfislatiire. — The members of the first territorial assembly were 
elected Sept. 16, 1861. The assembly convened at Yankton March 17, 1862, 
and continued in session until May 15th. It passed 91 general laws, 21 me- 
morials to Congress and 25 private laws — among the latter two divorces and 
one law incorporating the Missouri & Niobrara Railroad Company. Chap. 8 
of the General Laws was a code of civil procedure, and included 617 sections. 
Chap. 9 was a code of criminal procedure of 262 sections. The membership 
was as follows: 

Council. 



H. D. Belts, 
J. W. Boyle, 
D. T. Bramble, 



John H. Shobek, President. 



W. W. Brookings, 
A. Cole, 
Jacob Deuel, 



J. S. Gregory, 
Enos Stutsman. 



Moses K. .\rmstrong, 
Lyman Burgess, 
J. A. Jacobsou, 
John C. McBride, 



House. 
Geo. M. Pinxey, Speaker. 



Christopher Maloney, 
A. W. Puett, 
John Stanage, 
John L. Tiernon, 



Hugh S. Donaldson, 
Reuben Wallace, 
George P. Waldron, 
B. E. Wood. 



Second Lopislaturo. — The second legislature met at Yankton Dec. 1 
1862, and continued in session until Jan. 9, 1863. It pa-ssed 57 general laws, 
including 33 chapters of a criminal code, 15 memorials to Cougre.ss and 8jpri- 
vate laws. The membership was as follows: 



W. W. Brookings, 
An.stin Cole, 
John W. Boyle, 



Council. 
Enos Stutsman, President. 



Jacob Denel, 
I). T. Bramble, 
J. McFetridge, 



J. H. Shober, 
J. Shaw Gregory, 
H. D. Betta. 



14 



TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



M. K. Armstrong, 
L. Bothun, 
J. Y. Buckman, 
H. S. Donaldson, 



House. 

*A. J. Harlan, Speaker. 

M. H. Somers, 
Edward Gifford, 
J. A. Jacobson, 
R. M. Johnson, 
G. P. Waldron, 



Knud Larson, 
F. D. Pease, 
A. W. Puett, 
N. J. Wallace. 



Tliird Legislature. — The third session convened at Yankton Dec. 7, 
1863, and continued to Jan. 15, 1864. It passed 42 general laws, including 5 
amendments, 9 memorials to Congress, 16 private laws, and repealed 4 pri- 
vate laws. It had the following members: 

Council. 



J. M. Stone, 
G. W. Kingsbury, 
J. O. Taylor, 
M. M. Rich, 



L. Burgess, 
Ole Bottolison, 
E. M. Bond, 
Wm. Shriuer, 
O. L. Pratt, 
John Lawrence, 
Henry Brooks, 



Enos Stutsman, President. 



John Mathers, 
Lasse Bothun, 
Hugh Compton, 
Franklin Taylor, 

House. 

A. W. Puett, Speaker. 

L. A. Litchfield, 
W. W. Brookings, 
Knud Larson, 
Washington Reid, 
P. H. Risling, 
E. W. Wall, 
Jesse Wherry, 



D. P. Bradford, 
J. Shaw Gregory, 
John J. Thompson. 



Peter Keegan, 
N. G. Curtis, 
Asa Mattison, 
B. A. Hill, 
Duncan Ross, 
Albert Gore. 



Foiirtli Legislature. — The fourth session met at Yankton Dec. 5, 1864, 
and continued to Jan. 13, 1865. It passed 32 general laws, including the 
penal code of 18 titles, 3 amendments, 7 memorials and joint resolutions and 
9 private laws. The membership was as follows: 



J. M. Stone, 
G. W. Kiugsbury, 
J. O. Taylor, 
M. M. Rich, 



L. Burgess, 
I. P. Burgman, 

A. Christy, 

B. W. Collar, 
Felicia Fallas, 
J. R. Hanson, 
Peter Keegan, 



Council. 
Enos Stutsman, President. 

John Mathers, D. P. Bradford, 

Lasse Bothun, J. Shaw Gregory, 

Hugh Compton, John J. Thompson. 

Franklin Taylor, • 

House. 



W. W. Brookings, Speaker. 



Geo. W. Kellogg, 
P. Lemonges, 
John Lawrence, 
M. M. Mattheinsen, 
Helge Matthews, 
Francis McCarthy, 
John W. Owens, 



G. W. Pratt, 
Washington Reid, 
John Rouse, 
William Shriner, 
George Stickney, 
John W. Turner, 
E. W. Wall. 



►Resigned December 16th, and succeeded by M. K. Armstrong. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



15 



Fifth Lt'fjislatiirc. — The fifth session convened at Yankton Dec. 4, 18G5, 
and continued to Jan. 12, 1866. It paased '.i'.i f^eneral laws, including 3 chap- 
ters of a criminal code, 22 joint resolutions and memorials to Congress and 7 
private laws. It had the following members: 

Council. 

George Stickney, President. 



M. K. Armstrong, 
Austin Cole, 
G. W. Kingsbury, 
Cbas. LaBreeche, 



Nathaniel Ross, 
Enos Stutsman, 
O. F. Steveu.s, 
John J. Thompson, 



John W. Turner, 
A. L. Van O.sdel, 
Kuud Weeks. 



House. 



G. B. BiGELOW, Speaker. 



T. C. Watson, 
E. C. Collins, 
William Walter, 
Michael Curry, 
Michael Kyan, 
.Tame.s Wliitehorn, 
H. J. Austin, 
Amos Hampton, 



Frank Taylor. 
James Mc Henry, 
Joseph Ellis, 
A. M. English, 
Jacob Branch, 
H. C. Ash, 
S. C. Fargo, 
W. W. Brookings, 



Jonathan Brown, 
J. A. Lewis, 
Chas. H. McCarthy, 
William Stevens, 
Edward Lent. 
Geo. W. Kellogg, 
Charles Cooper. 



Sixth Log-islature. — The sixth session convened at Yankton Dec. 4, 
ISfifi, and continued to Jan. 12, 1867. It pa-ssed 23 general laws, including 10 
amendments and 5 repeals, 7 private laws and 21 memorials and joint resolu- 
tions. The membership was as follows: 

Council. ' 



Austin Cole, 
A. G. Fuller, 
G. W. Kingsbury, 
Cbas. La Breeche, 



M. K. Armstrong, President. 



J. A. Lewis, 
D. M. Mills, 
Nathaniel Ross, 
O. F. Stevens, 



John J. Tbomp.son, 
John W. Turner, 
A. L. Van Osdel, 
Knud Weeks. 



House. 



H. C. Ash, 
Horace J. Austin, 
I). T. Bramble, 
W. N. C\)llamer, 
Michael Currj', 
Hugh Fndey, 
Thomas Frick, 
I. T. Gore, 



J. B. S. Tonn, Speaker. 

William Gray, 
Hans (iiinderson, 
M. U. Hoyt, 
Daniel Hogdeu, 
Amos Hanson, 
R. >L Johnson. 
Geo. W. Kellogg. 
Vincent La Belle. 



Chas. H. McCarthy, 

N. C. Stevens, 
William Stevens, 
John Trumlx), 
Franklin Taylor, 
Eli B. Wixon, 
Kirwin Wilson. 



16 



TEREITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



Seventh Legislature. — Coovened at Yankton Dec. 2, 1867, and ad- 
journed Jan. 10, 1868. Passed 37 general laws, including 2 amendments, 5 
private laws and 18 memorials and joint resolutions. Chap. 1 of the General 
Laws was a code of civil procedure under 14 titles. The membership was as 
follows: 

Council. 
HoEACE J. Austin, President. 



W. W. Brookings, 
W. "W. Benedict, 
Aaron Carpenter, 
R. J. Thomas, 



Hugh Fraley, 
E. E. Green, 
A. H. Hampton, 
Geo. W. Kellogg, 



J. A. Lewis, 
Chas. H. Mclntyre, 
D. M. Mills, 
C. F. Eossteuscher. 



House. 



Enos Stutsman, Speaker. 



William Blair, 
William Brady, 
F. Bronson. 
Jacob Branch, 
Jonathan Brown, 
Caleb Cummings, 
Michael Curry, 
F. J. De Witt, 



Martin V. Farris, 
Felicia Fallas, 
I. T. Gore, 
Hans Gunderson, 
Amos Hanson, 
M. U. Hoyt, 
John L. Jolley, 
James Keegan, 



G. C. Moody, 
T. Nelson, 
Michael Eyan, 
Calvin G. Shaw, 
John J. Thompson, 
J. D. Tucker, 
Thomas C. Watson. 



Eightll Legislature. — Convened at Yankton Dec. 7, 1868, and ad- 
journed Jan. 15, 1869. Passed 27 general laws, 17 special and private laws 
and 19 memorials and resolutions. It had the following membership: 

Council. 
N. J. Wallace, President. 



Horace J. Austin, 
W. W. Benedict, 
W. W. Brookings, 
Aaron Carpenter, 



Hugh Fraley, 
E. R. Green, 
A. H. Hampton, 
Geo. W. Kellogg, 



J. A. Lewis, 
Chas. H. Mclntyre, 
C. F. Eossteuscher^ 
B. E. Wood. 



House. 



G. C. Moody, Speaker. 



Alfred Abbott, 
Chas. D. Bradley, 
G. G. Bennett. 
Calvin M. Brooks, 
Jacob Branch, 
John Clementson, 
N. G. Curtis, 
J. M. Eves, 



J. Shaw Gregory, 
J. T. Hewlett, 
O. T. Hagin. 
John L. Jolley, 
A. W. Jameson, 
Hiram Keith, 
James Keegan, 
Lewis Larson, 



Knud Larson, 
J. La Eoche, 
Joseph Moulin, 
Charles Eicker, 
Enos Stutsman, 
M. H. Somers, 
R. T. Vinson. 



TEEBITORY OF DAKOTA. 



17 



Ninth Lejfislaturo. — Convened at Yankton Dec. 5, 1870, and continued 
to Jan. 13, 1871. It passed 44 general laws, including a civil code of 'J,034 
sections, 12 special and private laws, 32 memorials to Congress and 7 joint 
resolutions. The membership was as follows : 

Cinincil. 



M. K. Armstrong, 
Jacob Hrauch, 
W. W. Cui.pett, 
Hugh Fraley, 



Emory Morrls, President. 



Silas W. Kidder, 
Nelson Miner, 
Chas. H. Mclntyre, 
J. C. Kennedy, 



W. T. McKay, 
James M. Stone, 
John W. Turner. 



House. 



Geoegk J I. Hand, Speaker. 



Charles Allen, 


0. B. Iversou, 


R. Mostow, 


V. K. L. liarnes, 


H. A. Jerauld, 


S. L. Parker, 


F. J. Cross, 


James Kcegan, 


Amos F. Shaw, 


C. P. Dow, 


J. La Roche, 


Philip Sherman, 


A. P. Hammond, 


Nelson Learned, 


John C. Sinclair, 


John Hancock. 


A. J. .Mills, 


Ole Sampson, 


Wm. Holbrough, 


E. Miner, 
Noah Wherry, 


E. W. Wall. 



Tenth LeH:islatiire. — The tenth session met at Yankton Dec. 2, 1872, 
and continued to Jan. 10, 1873. It passed 52 general laws, including 7 amend- 
ments and 4 repeals, 15 special and private laws, 4 joint resolutions and 42 
memorials to Congress. It had the following memberehip: 

Council. 



D. T. r.ramble, 

E. K Crew, 
H. P. Cooley, 
J. Flick, 



Alex. Hughes, President. 



.John Lawrence, 
Nelson Miner. 
Joseph Mason, 
J. Gchan, 



Chas. H. Mclntyre, 
O. F. Stevens, 
Enos Stutsman, 
Henry Smith. 



House. 



Sanuu-l .\slnnore, 
Ole Hottoll'son, 
John I'lcckcr, 
Jacob lirauch, 
Newton Clark, 
N. K Cami)bell, 
Michael (Uynn, 
William Hamilton, 



A. J. Mills, Speaker. 

.Tames Hyde, 
Cyrus Kn;\i)p, 
T. \. Kinnsbnry, 
.ludsun La Moure, 
E. A. Williams, 
Ei)hr.iiMi Miner, 
( Jeorgc Norbeck, 
.losepli Kiibcrts, 

A. r. \Vb.-..ln-k, 



O. C Peterson. 
Jens Petorsdu. 
Silas Rohr, 
^hlrtin Trigstadt, 
J. W. Turner, 
John Thorn p.son, 
P. E. Wood, 
W. P. Lyman. 



18 



TEKRITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



Eleventh Legislature. — Met at Yankton Dec. 7, 1874, and adjourned 
Jan. 15, 1875. Enacted 93 general laws, including 17 amendments and 9 re- 
peals, 15 special and private laws and 24 memorials to Congress. The mem- 
bership was as follows: 

Cotmcil. 



H. J. Austin. 
Jacob Branch, 
Philip Chandler, 
Benton Fraley, 



John L. Jolley, President. 



W. G. Harlan. 
John Lawrence, 
A. ]\IcHench, 
M. Pace, 



N. W. Sheafe, 
O. F. Stevens, 
Clark S. West, 
E. A. Williams. 



H. O. Anderson, 
George Bosworth, 
Hector Bruce, 
J. L. Berry, 
L. Bothuu, 
Michael Curry, 
Desire Chausse, 
J. M. Clelaud, 



House. 

G. C. Moody, Speaker. 

Patrick Hand, 
John H. Haas, 
Knud Larson, 
Joseph Zitka, 
H. N. Luce, 
W. T. McKay, 
Henry Reifsnyder, 
Amos F Shaw, 
C. H. Stearns, 



Ira Ellis, 
L. Sampson, 
S. Sevenson, 
A. L. VanOsdel, 
M. M. Williams, 
Scott Wright, 
James M. Wohl, 
O. B. Larson. 



Twelfth Legislature, — Convened at Yankton Jan. 9, 1877, and con- 
tinued to Feb. 17, 1877. It passed 13 general laws, including two chapters of 
Criminal Code, 10 joint resolutions and memorials to Congress and 33 private 
laws. It had the following membership: 



Henry S. Back, 
M. W. Bailey, 
Wm. Duncan, 
Hans Gunderson, 



Council. 
W. A. Burleigh, President. 



Judson La Moure, 
Nelson Miner, 
A. J. Mills, 
Robert Wilson, 



R. F. Pettigrew, 
J. A. Potter, 
C. B. Valentine, 
J. A. Wallace. 



J. M. Adams, 
A. L. Bob, 
H. A. Burke, 
*J. Q. Burbank, 
W. H. H. Beadle, 
T. S. Clarkson, 
G. S. S. Codington, 
W. F. Dunham, 



Souse. 

D. C. Hagle, Speaker. 

A. G. Hopkins, 
M. O. Hexom, 

E. Hackett, 
D. M. Inman, 
Erick Iverson, 
Chas. Maywold, 

F. M. Ziebach, 
Hans Myron, 
John Shellberg, 



John Falde, 
D. Stewart, 
Asa Sargent, 
John Tucker, 
Franklin Taylor, 
John Thompson, 
C. H. Van Tassel, 
S. Soderstrom. 



* A\rarded the seat of D. M. Kelleher ou the twenty-ninth day of the session. 



TEKRITOUY OF DAKOTA. 



19 



Tliirtcciitli Loffislatiire. — Met at Yankton and continnod in se.ssion 
from Jan. 14 to Feb. 22, 1879. It p;Ls.scd 59 general laws, intludin;^ 26 amend- 
ments and 1 repeal, ancf 51 special and local laws. The Ibllowiug wa.s the 
membership: 

• Council. 

George II. Walsh, President. 



Wm. M. Cappett, 
M. H. Day, 
Ira Ellis, 
Newton Edmnnds, 



W. L. Kuykendall, 
Nelson Miner, 
Kobt. Macnider, 
R. F. Pettigrew, 



S. G. Roberts, 
Silas Rohr, 
C. B. Valentine, 
II. B. Wynn. 



UitHsr. 



John R. Jackson, Speaker. 



Alfred Brown, 
J. Q. Burbank, 
P. N. Cros.s, 
D. W. Flick, 
A. B. Fockler, 
John R. Gamble, 
Ansley Gray, 
Hans Guudei-son, 



Peter J. Hoyer, 

Ole A. Helvig, 

O. 1. Hoseboe, 

A. Hoyt, 

S. A. .lohnson, 

John Languess, 

A. Manksoh, 

J. M. Peterson, 

Nathanel C. Whitfield, 



Michael Shely, 
A. Simonson, 
James H. Stephens, 

D. Stewart, 
Martin M. Trygstadt, 

E. C. Walton, 
J. F. Webber, 
Canute Weeks. 



Fourteenth Legislature. — Met at Yankton, and continued in session 
from Jan. 11 to March 7, 1881, passing 112 general laws, including 67 amend- 
ments and 2 repeals, and 76 special and private laws. The membership was as 
follows: 

Council. 
George H. Walsh, President. 



-M. H. Day, 
Ini W. Fisher, 
John \\. (iamble, 
Jolin L. Jolley, 



J. A. J. Martin, 
J. O'B. Scobey, 
Amos F. Shaw, 
J. F. Wallace, 



John Walsh, 
G. W. Wiggin, 
John R. Wilson. 



Bou9e. 
J. .\. IIaki»ixo, Speaker. 



James Bavnes, 


V. P. Thiol man, 


Judson La Moure, 


F. J. Cror^. 


A. Thome, 


S. McBratney. 


C;. H. Dickey, 


P. Warner, 


I. Moore, 


L. B. French, 


S. A. Boyles, 


S. Rohr, 


C. B. Kennetly, 


W. H. Douahlson, 


D. Thompson, 


P. Landmann, 


E. EUertson, 


A. L. Van Osdel, 


J. H. Miller, 


John I). Hale, 


E. P. Wells. 


Knud Nomland, 


D. M. lumau, 





20 



TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



Fifteenth Lieg'islatiire. — Convened at Yankton Jan. 9, and continued 
to March 9, 1883, jiassing 116 general laws, including 33 amendments and 1 re- 
peal, and 44 special and local laws. This was th^last session at Yankton. 
The following was the memhershij): 



Council. 
J. O'B. ScoBEY, President. 



F. N. Burdick, 
J. R. Jackson, 
F. M. Ziebach, 
F. J. Washabaugh, 



Ira Ellis, 
M. C. Tychsen, 
John Thompson, 
W. B. Robinson, 
R. C. McAllister, 
F. P. Phillips, 
Geo. W. Sterling, 
"W. A. Rinehart, 



S. G. Roberts, 
H. J. Jerauld, 
Wm. P. Dewey, 
E. H. Mcintosh, 

House. 



Geo. H. Walsh, 
J. Nickeus, 
E. McCauley. 



E. A. Williams, Speaker. 

E. M. Bowman, 
G. P. Harvey, 
D. M. Inman, 
H. Van Woert, 
J. B. Wynn, 
B. R. Wagner, 
John C. Pyatt, 
George Rice, 



Wm. H. Lamb, 
J. W. Nowlin, 

A. A. Choteau, 
O. M. Towner, 

B. W. Benson, 
L. J. Allred, 
N. E. Nelson. 



Sixteentll Legislature. — Met at Bismarck Jan. 13, and continued to 
March 13, 1885. There were 151 general laws, including 59 amendments and 
6 repeals, and 50 special and local laws enacted. The membership was as fol- 
lows: 

Council. 



J. H. Westover, President. 



A. C. Hueston, 
Wm. Duncan, 
John R. Gamble, 

A. Sheridan Jones, 

B. R. Wagner, 
A. M. Bowdle, 
R. F. Pettigrew, 
Geo. R. Farmer, 



Ole Helvig, 
John Larson, 
Eli Dawson, 
Hans Myron, 
A. L. Van Osdel, 
Hugh Langan, 
J. P. Ward, 
J. H. Swauton, 
A. J. Parshall, 
Mark Ward, 
C. E. Huston, 
H. M. Clai-k, 
P. L. Runkel, 
J. M. Bayard, 
H. W. Smith, 
W. H. Riddell, 



H. H. Natwick, 
C. H. Cameron, 
J. P. Day, 
A. B. Smedley, 
V. P. Kennedy, 

F. J. Washabaugh, 
S. P. Wells, 
Chas. Richardson, 

Souse. 

Geoege Rice, Speaker. 

John Ho1)art, 
J. C. Southwick, 
V. V. Barnes, 
J. A. Pickler, 
J. T. Blakemore, 

G. W. Pierce, 
M. L. Miller, 
G. H. Johnson, 
M. T. De Woody, 

E. Huntington, 

F. A. Eldredge, 
A. L. Sprague, 
E. W. Martin, 
H. M. Gregg, 
A. McCall, 

E. A. Williams, 



J. Nickeus, 

C. D. Austin, 

D. H. Twomey, 
Geo. H. Walsh, 
John Flittie, 
Judson La Moure, 
P. J. McLaughlin. 



W. F. Steele. 
Henry W. Coe, 
J. Stevens, 
S. E. Stebbins, 
P. J. McCumber, 
H. S. Oliver, 
T. M. Pugh, 
E. T. Hutchinson, 
W. N. Roach, 

C. W. Morgan, 
J. W. Scott, 

D. Stewart, 
II. Stoug, 
H. H. Ruger, 
P. McHugh. 



i\ 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



21 



Scvoiiteontli Le^'isluturo.— Met at Hisiuarck Jan. 11, and continiu-d 
to March 11, 1837. Tliere were enacted 170 geneml laws, including 47 amend- 
ments and 2 repeals, and J7 special and loci\l laws. The membership was as 
follows: 

Council. 



Geouoe a. Matiiew.s, President. 



Roger Allin, 
Wm. T. Collins, 
John Cain, 
W. E. Dodge, 
E. W. Foster, 
Melvin IJrigsJ)}', 
Alexander Hughes, 
T. M. Martin, 



P. J. McCuniber, 
C. H. Sheldon, 
E. G. Smith, 
J. S. Weiser. 
T. O. Jiogart, 
A. W. Campbell, 
P. C. Donovan, 
E. C. Ericson, 



H. Galloway, 
G. A. llarstad, 
J. D. Lawler, 
C. D. Moad, 

E. T. Slioldon, 

F. J. "Wasliabaugh, 
S. P. Wells. 



House. 



George G. Grose, Speaker. 



Fred H. Adams, 
John liidlake, 
J. Vi. IJurnham, 
D. S. Dodds, 
Thos. M. Elliott, 
D. W. Ensign, 
J. H. Fletcher, 
F. Greene, 
A. A. Harkins, 
C. B. Hubbard, 
J. G. Jones, 
James M. Moore, 
T. F. Mentzer, 

C. I. Miltiraore, 
.Tohn D. Pattou, 

D. F. Koyer, 



J. Schnaidt, 
F. M. ShoDk, 

D. Stewart, 

E. W. Terrill, 
J. V. White, 
Wilson Wise, 
L. O. Wyiuau, 
Frank K. Aikens, 
W. X. Berry, 

A. M. Cook, 
M. H. Cooper, 
John K. Dutch, 
.Tohn A. Ely, 
Wm. H. Fe'llows, 
J. T. Gilbert, 
Wm. Glendenuing, 



W. J. Hawk, 
John Hobart, 
K. ilcDonell, 
F. A. Morris, 
H. J. Mallory, 
J. H. Patten, 
A. J. Prnitt, 
W. R. Ruggles, 

D. W. Sprague, 

A. H. Steward, 

B. H. Sullivan, 
Chas. B. Williams, 
James P. Ward, 

E. A. Williams, 
John Woltzmuth. 



Eijjhtoenth Legislature, — Convened at Bismarck Jan. 8, and ad- 
journed March 9, 1889, having enacted 120 general laws, including 34 amend- 
ments and 2 repeals, and 19 joint resolutions and memorials. This was the last 
territorial assembly. The membership was as follows. 



Council. 



Smith Stimmel, President. 



Kodyer Allin, 
Irenus .Vtkinson, 
Peter Cameron, 
A. W. Campbell, 
M. H. Cooper, 
Coe I. Crawford, 
Rol)ert DoUard, 
E. C. Erickson, 



S. L. Glaspell, 
.lames Halley, 
G. A. Harstad, 
Alexander Hughes, 
Robert Lowry, 
Hugh McDonald, 
John Miller, 
J. H. Patten, 



David W. Poindexter, 
Joseph C. Ryan, 
C. A. Soderberg, 
George H. Walsh, 
F. J. Washabaugh, 
James .V. Woolheiser, 
A. L. Van Osdel. 



22 



TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



House. 



HosMEE H. Keith, Speaker. 



F. H. Adams, 
Frank E. Aikens, 
Joseph Allen, 
C. H. Bakhvin, 
R. L. Bennett, 
E. H. Bergman, 
B. F. Bixter, 
J. W. Burnham, 
A. D. Clark, 
J. B. Cooke, 
T. A. Douglas, 
Thomas Elliott, 
J. H. Fletcher, 
J. M. Greene, 
A. J. Gronna, 
S. P. Howell, 



Harry F. Hunter, 
J. G. Jones, 
I. S. Lampman, 
W. S. Logan, 
Frank Lillibridge, 
H. J. Mallory, 
P. McHugh, 
Edwin McNeil, 
C. J. Miller, 
F. A. Morris, 
C. C. Newman, 
P. P. Palmer, 
A. L. Patridge, 
H. S. Parkin, 
John D. Patten, 
O. C. Potter, 



U. M. Powell, 
M. M. Price, 
Wm. Ramsdell, 
D. F. Eoyer, 
G. W. Ryan, 
H. H. Sheets, 
J. O. Smith, 
W. E. Swanston, 

C. J. Trude, 
John TurnbuU, 
N. Upham, 

O. R. Van Etten, 
J. B. Wellcome, 

D. R. Wellmau, 
J. V. White. 



The following tables show the various measures introduced in both houses of 
Congress looking to statehood iu the Dakotas: 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



23 






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TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 25 

TllC Olllllilms Hill. — The various measures looking to tlie admission of 
the uorthwest territories were grouped uuder un act eonimonly known as llie 
"omnibus bill," whych is herewith given in its entirety: 
An Act to provide for the division of Dakota into two states and to enable 

the people of North Dakota, South Dakotii, .Montana and Washington to 

form constitutions and state governments and to be admitted into the Union 

on an eijual footing with the original stjites, and to make donations of public 

lands to such states. 

Section 1. That the inhabitants of all that part of the area of the United 
States now constituting the territories of Dakotii, Montana and Washington, as 
at present described, may become the states of North Dakota, Soutli Dakota, 
Montana and Washington, respectively, as hereinafter provided. 

Skc. 2. The area comprising the Territory ot Dakota shall, for the puqioses 
of this act, be divided on the line of the 7th standard parallel produced due west 
to the western boundary of said territory; and tlie delegate-s elected as herein- 
after provided to the constitutional convention in districts north of said paral- 
lel shall assemble in convention, at the time prescribed in this act, at the city 
of Hismarck; and the delegates elected in di.stricts south of said parallel shall, 
at the same time, assemble in convention at the city of Sioux Falls. 

Sec. '3. That all i)ersons who are ([ualitied l)y the laws of said territories to 
vote for representatives to the legislative assemblies thereof are hereby author- 
ized to vote for and cho<ise delegates to fonu conventions in sjiid proposed 
states; and the qualifications for delegates to such conventions shall be such as 
by the laws of said territories respectively persons are retjuired to possess to be 
eligible to the legislative assemblies thereof; and the aforesaid delegates to form 
said conventions shall be appointed within the limits of the proposed states, in 
such districts as may be established as herein provided, in proportion to the 
population in each of .said counties and districts, as near as may be, to be 
a.scert\ined at the time of making said apportionments by the persons herein- 
after authorized to make the same, from the best information obtainable, in 
each of which districts three delegates shall be elected, but no elector shall vote 
for more than two persons for delegates to such conventions; that said appor- 
tionments shall l)e made ])y the governor, the chief Justice and the secretary of 
said territories; and the governors of said territories shall, by proclamation, 
order an election of the delegates in each of said proposed states, to be held on 
the Tae.sday atler the second Monday in May, 18H9, which proclamation shall 
be issued on the fifteenth day of April, 1889; and sneh election shall be con- 
ducted, returns made, the result ascertained, and the certificates to persons 
elected to such conventions issued in the same manner as is prescribed by the 
laws of the said territories regulating elections therein for delegates to Con- 
gress; and the number of votes" cast for delegates in each precinct shall also be 
returned. The number of delegates to siiid conventions respectively .shall be 
75; and all persons resident in said proposed states, who are <|ualified voters of 
.said territories as herein provided, shall be entitled to vote upon the election of 
delegates, and under snch rules and regulations as .said conventions may pre- 
scribe, not in contlict with this act, upon the ratification or rejection of the 
constitutions. 

Sec. 4. That the delegates to the conventions elected as provided in this 
act shall meet at the seat of government of each of .said territories, except the 
delegates elected in South Dakoti, who shall meet at the city of Sioux Falls, on 
the fourth day of July, 188!(, and alter organization shall declare, on behalf ot 
the people of said proposed stites, that they adoi)t the constitution of the 
United Stjites; wheteupon the .said convention shall be, and are hereby author- 
ized to form constitutions and stite governments for sjiid projiosed states 
respectively. Tlie constitutions shall be republican in form, and make no 
ilistinction in civil or political rights on account of race or color, except as to 
Indians not tvxed, and not to be repugnant to the con.stitution of the United 
States and the principles of the declaration of independence. And said conven- 
tions .shall provide, by ordinances irrevocable without the consent of the United 
States and the people of said states: 



26 TEREITOKY OF DAKOTA. 

First — That perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, and 
that no inhabitant of said states shall ever be molested in person or property on 
account of his or her mode of religious worship. 

Second — That the people inhabiting said proposed states do agree and declare 
that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands 
lying within the boundaries thereof, and to all lands lying within said limits 
owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes; and that until the title thereto 
shall have been extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and re- 
main subject to the disposition of the United States, and said Indian lands shall 
remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the Uni- 
ted States; that the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing 
without the said states shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands be- 
longing to residents thereof; that no taxes shall be imposed by the states on 
lands or property therein belonging to or which may hereafter be purchased by 
the United States or reserved for its use. But nothing herein, or in the ordi- 
nances herein provided for, shall preclude the said states from taxing as other 
lands are taxed any lands owned or held by any Indian who has severed his 
tribal relations, and has obtained from the United States or from any person a 
title thereto by patent or other grant, save and except such lands as may have 
been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under any act of Congress con- 
taining a provision exempting the lands thus granted from taxation; but said 
ordinances shall provide that all such lands shall be exempt from taxation by 
said states so long and to such extent as such act of Congress may prescribe. 

Third — That the debts and liabilities of said territories shall be assumed 
and paid by said states respectively. 

Fourth — That provision shall be made for the establishment and maintenance 
of systems of public schools, and which shall be open to all the children of said 
states, and free from sectarian control. 

Sec. 5. That the convention which shall assemble at Bismarck shall form 
a constitution and state government for a state to be known as North Dakota, 
and the convention which shall assemble at Sioux Falls shall form a constitu- 
tion and state government for a state to be known as South Dakota; Provided, 
that at the election for delegates to the constitutional convention in South Da- 
kota, as hereinbefore provided, eacb elector may have written or printed on his 
ballot the words " For the Sioux Falls Constitution," or the words "Against 
the Sioux Falls Constitution," and the votes on this question shall be returned 
and canvassed in the same manner as for the election provided for in Sec. 3 of 
this act; and if a majority of all votes cast on this question shall be " For the 
Sioux Falls Constitution " it shall be the duty of the convention which may as- 
semble at Sioux Falls, as herein provided, to resubmit to the people of South Da- 
kota, for ratification or rejection, at the election hereinafter provided for in this 
act, the constitution framed at Sioux Falls and -adopted Nov. 3, 1886, and also 
the articles and propositions separately submitted at that election, including the 
question of locating the temporary seat of government, with such changes only 
as relate to the name and boundary of the proposed state, to the reapportion- 
ment of the judicial and legislative districts, and such amendments as may be 
necessary in order to comply with the provisions of this act; and if a majority 
of the votes cast on the ratification or rejection of the constitution shall be for 
the constitution irrespective of the articles separately submitted, the State of 
South Dakota shall be admitted as a state in the Union under said constitution 
as hereinafter provided; but the archieves, records and books of the Territory of 
Dakota shall remain at Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota, until an agree- 
ment in reference thereto is reached by said states. But if at the election for 
delegates to the constitutional convention in South Dakota a majority of all the 
votes cast at that election shall be ' 'Against the Sioux Falls Constitution, ' ' then 
and in that event it shall be the duty of the convention which shall assemble 
at the city of Sioux Falls on the fourth day of July, 1889, to proceed to form a 
constitution and state government as provided in this act the same as if that 
question had not been submitted to a vote of the people of South Dakota. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the constitutional conventions of North and 
South Dakota to appoint a joint commission, to be composed of not less than 3 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 27 

meiiiUt'i-s ut' t'iich louvi-iititm, whoso <lnty it sliall he to !U«senihle at Bismarck, 
the pi-f.-ieiit seat of pivenmient of said territory, and a^rree u]»on an e(|iiitahle 
division of all i)roperty helon^inu to tlie Tfrriton' of Dakota, the disposition of 
all i)uhlii' records, aiMl also adjust and a^ree iijjon the amount of tlie dehts and 
liahilities of the territory which sliall be assumed and paid by each of the )»ro- 
posetl states of North Dakota and Soutii Dakota, and the a;;recment reached 
respecting; tiie territorial dehts and liahilities shall he incorjwrated in the 
respective constitutions, and each of sanl states shall oblige itself to i)ay its i)ro- 
portiou of such debts and liabilities the same as if they had been create(l by such 
states respectively. 

Skc. 7. If the constitution formed for both North Dakota and South Da- 
kota shall be rejected by the people at the elections for the ratilication or rejec- 
tion of their respective constitutions as provived for in this act, the territo- 
rial government of Dakota .shall continue in existence the same as if this act 
had not been i>a.ssed. But if the constitution formed for either North Dakota 
or South Dakota shall be rejected by the i)eople, that part of the territory so 
rejei-tinj; its proix)sed constitution shall continue under the territorial govern- 
ment of the present Territory of Dakota, but shall, after the state .idoptinji its 
constitution is admitted into the Union, be called by the name of the Territory of 
North Dakota or South Dakota, as the case may be; /VonV/f/. that it either of the 
proposed states provided for in this act shall reject the constitution which may 
be submitted tor ratification or rejection at the election provided theretbr, the 
governor of the territory in whifli such proposed constitution was rejected 
.shall issue his proclamation reconveuinj; the delejiates selected to the conven- 
tion which formed such rejected constitution, li.xing the time and place at 
which said delegates shall assemble; and when so assembled they sliall proceed 
to form another constitution or to amend the rejected constitution, and shall 
snluiiit such new constitution or amended constitution to the people of the 
proposed stat^e for ratification or rejection, at such time as .said convention may 
determine; and all the provisions of this act, so far as applicable, shall apply 
to such convention so reassemlded and to the constitution which may be 
formed, its ratification or rejection, and to the admission of the proposed state. 

Sec. 8. That the constitutional convention which m.ay a.ssemble in South 
Dakota shall provide by ordinance fitT resubmitting the Sioux Falls constitution 
of I'^S.i, after having amended the same as provided in Sec. 5 of this act, to the 
people of South Dakota for ratification or rejection at an election to be held 
therein on the first Tuesday in October, ISSD; but if said constitutional con- 
vention is authorized and required to form a new constitution for South Da- 
kota it .shall be provided for submitting the same in like manner to the people 
of South Dakota for ratification or rejection at an election to be held in said 
proiH)sed state on the .said first Tuesday in October. And the constitutional 
conventions which may a.ssemble in North Dakota, Montana and Washington 
shall provide in like manner for submitting the constitutions formed by them 
to the people of .si\id propo.sed states, respectively, Ibr their ratification or rejec- 
tion at elections to be held in said proposed states on the said fir>!t Tuesday iu 
October. At the elections provided for in this section the (jualilied voters 
of said proposed st;»tes shall vote directly for or again.st any articles or 
l)roj)ositions separately submitted. The returns of said elections shall be 
made to the secretary of each of said territories, who, with the governor 
ami chief justice thereof, or any two of them, shall canv;iss the same; and 
if a majority of the legal votes cast shall be for the constitutions the governor 
shall certify the result to the president of ihe I'nited States, togetlier with 
a statement of the votes cast thereon and upon .*»eparate articles or i>ropo- 
sitions, and a copy of said articles, propositions and onlinances. And if 
the constitution and governments of said proposed st^ites are repnblican in 
form, and if all the provisions of this act have been comjdied with in the form- 
ation thereof, it shall be the duty of the president of the United States to isMie 
his proclamation announcing the result of the election in each, and thereui«m 
the i>roposed states which have adoi)ted constitutions and formed state govern- 
ments as herein provide<l, shall be deemed admitted by Congress iuto the Union 
under and by virtue of this act on an equal footing with the original states from 
and after the date of s;iid proclamation. 



28 TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 

Sec. 9. That uutil the next general census, or until otherwise provided by- 
law, said states shall be entitled to one-representative in the house of repre- 
sentatives of the United States, except South Dakota, which shall be entitled 
to two; and the representatives of the Fifty-first Congress, together with the 
governors and other ofl&cers provided for in said constitution, may be elected 
on the same day of the election for the ratification or rejection of the constitu- 
tion; and until said state officers are elected and qualified under the provisions 
of each constitution and the states, respectively, are admitted into the Union, 
the territorial officers shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective 
offices in each of said territories. 

Sec. 10. That upon the admission of each of said states into the Union sec- 
tions numbered 16 and 36 in every township of said proposed states, and where 
such sections, or any parts thereof, have been sold or otherwise disposed of by 
or under the authority of any act of Congress, other lands equivalent thereto, . 
in legal subdivisions of not less tliau one-quarter section, and as contiguous as 
may be to the section in lieu of which the same is taken, are hereby granted to 
said states for the support of common schools, such indemnity lands to be 
selected within said states in such manner as the legislature may provide, with 
the approval of the secretary of the interior; Provided, that the 16tli and 
36th sections embraced in permanent reservations for national purposes shall 
not, at any time, be subject to the grants nor to the indemnity provisions of 
this act, nor shall any lauds embraced in Indian, military, or other reservations 
of any character, be subject to the grants or fb the indemnity provisions of this 
act until the reservation shall have been extinguished and such lands be restored 
to, and become a part of, the public domain. 

Sec. 11. That all lands herein granted for educational purposes shall be dis- 
posed of only at public sale, and at a price not less than $10 per acre, the pro- 
ceeds to constitute a permanent school fund, the interest of which only shidl 
be expended in the support of said schools. But said lands may, under such 
regiilations as the legislatures shall prescribe, be leased for periods of not more 
than 5 years, in quantities not exceeding 1 section to any one person or com- 
pany; and such land shall not be subject to pre-emption, homestead entry, or 
any other entry under the land laws of the United States, whether surveyed or 
unsurveyed, but shall be reserved for school purposes only. 

Sec. 12. That upon the admission of each of said states into the Union, in 
accordance with the provisions of this act, 50 sections of the unappropriated 
public lands within said states, to be selected and located in legal subdivisions 
as provided in Sec. 10 of this act, shall be, and are hereby, granted to' said 
states for the purpose of erecting public buildings at the capital of said states 
for legislative, executive and judicial x>urposes. 

Sec. 13. That 5 per centum of the proceeds of the sales of public lands 
lying within said states which shall be sold by the United States subsequent 
to the admission of said states into the Union, after deducting all the expenses 
incident to the same, shall be paid to the said state, to be used as a permanent 
fund, the interest of which only shall be expended for the support of the com- 
mon schools within said states respectively. 

Sec. 14. That the lands granted to the territories of Dakota and Montana 
by the act of Feb. 18, 1881, entitled "An Act to grant lands to Dakota, Mon- 
tana, Arizona, Idaho and Wyoming for university purposes," are hereby vested 
in the states of South Dakota, North Dakota and JSIoutana, respectively, if such 
states are admitted into the Union as provided in this act, to the extent of the 
full quantity of 72 sections to each of said states, and any portion of said lands 
that may not have been selected by either of said territories of Dakota or 
Montana may be selected by the respective states aforesaid; but said act of 
Feb. 18, 1881, shall be so amended as to provide that none of said lauds shall 
be sold for less than $10 per acre, and the proceeds shall constitute a permanent 
fund to be safely invested and held by said states severally, and the income 
thereof be used exclusively for university purposes. And such quantity of the 
lands authorized by the fourth section of the act of July 17, 1854, to be re- 
served for university purposes in the Territory of Washington, as, together with 
the lands confirmed to the vendees of the territory by the act of March 14, 
1864, will make the full quantity of 72 entire sections, are hereby granted in 



TEBBITOKY OF DAKOTA. 29 

like manner to the State of Wasliington for the purposes of a university in said 
state. None of tlie lauds granted in tliis section shall be sold at lass than $10 
per acre; but said hinds may he k';ust'd in the same nuiuner :ts i)rovided in Sec. 11 
of this act. The schools, colleges and universities jirovided for in this act shall 
forever remain under the exclusive contnd of the said sUites respe(;tively, and 
no part of the proceeds arising from t lie s;ile or disposal of any Jauds hcreiu 
granted for educational purposes sliall he used for the support of any sectiiriau 
or denominational school, college, or university. The section of land granted 
by the act of .lune Id, 1880, to tlie Territory of Dakota, for an .-isylum lor the 
insiine shall, upon the admission of said State of South Dakota into the Uuiou, 
become the property of said state. 

Sec. 15. That so much of the lands belonging to the United States as have 
been acquired and set apart for the purpose mentioned in "An Act approjjriat- 
ing money for the erection of a penitentiary in the Territory of Dakota," ap- 
proved March 2, 1881, together with the buildings thereon, lie, and the s.ime is 
hereby, granted, together vith any unexi>ended balances ol tlie moneys apjiro- 
priat€d therefor by said act, to said State of South Dakota, for the purposes 
therein designated; and the states of North Dakota and Washington shall, re- 
spectively, have like grants for the same purpose, and sulyect to like terms and 
conditions as provided in Siiid act of ^Macli '2, 1881, for the Territory of Dakota. 
The penitentiary at Deer Lodge City, Mont., and all lands connected therewith 
and set apart and reserved therefor, are hereby granted to the State of Montiiua. 

Sec. 1G. That 90,000 acres of land, to be selected and located as provided in 
sec. 10 of this act, are hereby granted to each of said states, except to the 
State of South Dakota, to which 120,000 acres are granted, for the u.se and 
support of agricultural colleges in said sUites, as provided in the acts of Con- 
gress making donations of lands for such purpose. 

Sec. 17. That in lieu of the grant of laud for purposes of internal improve- 
ment made to new states by the eighth section of the act of Sept. 4, 1841, which 
act is hereby rejiealed as to the states provided for by this act, and in lieu of 
any claim or demand by the said states, or either of them, under the act of 
Sept. 28, 1850, and Sec. 247'J of the Kevised Statutes, making a grant of swamp 
and overflowed lands to certain stiites, which grant it is hereby declared is not 
extended to the states provided for iu this act, and in lieu of any grant of 
saline lands to said stiites, the following grants of land are hereby made, 
to-wit: 

To the State of Soutli Dakota: For the school of mines, 40,000 acres; lor the 
reform school, 40,000 acres; for the deaf and dumb asylum, 40,000 acres; for 
the agricultural college, 40,000 acres; lor the university, 40,000 acres; for state 
normal schools, 80,000 acres; for public buildings at the capital of said st.ite, 
50,000 acres; and for such other educational and charitable jiurposes as the leg- 
islature of said state may determiue, 170,000 acres; in all 500,000 acres. 

To the State of North Dakota a like quantity of laud as is in this section 
granted to the Stat* of South Dakota, and to be for like puriwses, and in like 
proportion as far as practicable. 

That the states jtrovidcd lor in this act .shall not be entitled to any further or 
other grants of land for any purjxise than as expressly provided in this act. 
And tlie lands granteil by this section shall be held, ajipropriated, and dis- 
posed of exclusively for the purposes herein mentioned, in such manner as the 
legislatures of the respective stiites may severally jirovide. 

Sec. 18. That all mineral lands shall be exempted from the grants made by 
this act. But if Sees. 16 and 36, or any subdivision or portion of any smallest 
subdivision thereof in any township shall be tbnnd by thedeiiartnieiit of the in- 
terior to be mineral lauds, .said stjites are heVeby authorized and emiK)wered to 
select, in leg;il subdivisions, an equal quantity of other unappropriated lands 
in said states, in lieu thereof lor the use and benefit of the common schools of 
said stiites. 

Skc. 19. That all lauds granted in quantity or as indemnity by this act 
shall be selected, under the direction fif the secretary of the interior, from the 
surveyed, unrese^^•ed and uuappro]»riated public lands of the United States 
within the limits of the respective states entitled thereto. And there shall be 



30 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

deducted from the number of acres of land donated by this act for specific ob- 
jects to said states the number of acres in each heretofore donated by Congress 
to said territories for similar objects. 

Sec. 20. That the sum of $iO,OUO, or so much thereof as may be necessary, 
is hereby appropriated, out of any monej' in the treasury not otherwise ap- 
propriated, to each of said territories for defraying the expenses of the said 
conventions, except to Dakota, for which the sum of $40; 000 is so api^ropriated, 
$20,000 each for South Dakota and North Dakota, and for the payment of the 
members thereof, under the same rules and regulations and at the same rates as 
are now provided by law for the payment of the territorial legislatures, ^^ny 
money hereby appiopriated not necessary for such purposes shall be covered 
into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 21. That each of said states, when admitted as aforesaid, shall consti- 
tute one judicial district, the names thereof to be the same as the names of the 
states, respectively; and the circuit and district courts therefor shall be held at 
the capital of such state for the time being, and each of said districts shall, for 
judicial purposes, until otherwise provided, be attached to the Eighth judicial 
circuit, except Washiugton and Montana, which shall be attached to the Ninth 
judicial circuit. There shall be appointed for each of said districts one district 
judge, one United States attorney, and one United States marshal. The judge 
of each of said districts shall receive a yearly salary of $3,500, payable in 
four equal installments, on the first days of Januaiy, April, July and October 
of each year, and shall reside in the district. There shall be appointed clerks 
of said courts in each district, who shall keep their offices at the cai^ital of said 
state. The regular terms of said courts shall be held in each district, at the 
place aforesaid, on the first Monday in April and the first Monday in November 
of each year, and only one grand jur^"- and one petit jury shall be summoned in 
both said circuit and district courts. 

Sec. 22. That all cases of appeal or writ of error heretofore prosecuted and 
now pending in the supreme court of the United States upon any record from 
the supreme court of either of the territories mentioned in this act, or that may 
hereafter lawfully be prosecuted upon any record from either of said courts, 
may be heard and determined by said supreme court of the United States. 
And the mandate of execution or of further proceedings shall be directed by 
the supreme court of the United States to the circuit or district court hereby 
established within the state succeeding the territory from which record is or 
may be pending, or to the supreme court of such state, as the nature of the case 
may require; Froiided, that the mandate of execution or of further proceed- 
ings shall, in cases rising in the Territory of Dakota, be directed by the supreme 
court of the United States to the circuit or district court of the district of 
South Dakota, or to the supreme court of the State of South Dakota, or to 
the circuit or district court of the district of North Dakota, or to the supreme 
court of the State of North Dakota, or to the supreme court of the Territory of 
North Dakota, as the nature of the case may require. And each of the circuit, 
district, and state courts herein named shall, respectively, be the successor of 
the supreme court of the territory, as to all such cases arising within the limits 
embraced within the jurisdiction of such courts respectively, with full power 
to proceed with the same, and award mesne or final process therein; and that 
from all judgments and decrees of the supreme court of either of the territories 
mentioned in this act, in any case arising within the limits of any of the proposed 
states prior to admission, the parties to such judgment shall have the same right 
to prosecute appeals and writs of error to the supreme court of the United States 
as they shall have had by law prior to the admission of said state into the Union. 

Sec. 23. That in respect to all cases, proceedings, and matters now pending 
in the supreme or district courts of either of the territories mentioned in this 
act at the time of the admission into the Union of either of the states mentioned 
in this act, and arising within the limits of any snch state, whereof the circuit 
or district courts by this act established might have had jurisdiction under the 
laws of the United States had such courts existed at the time of the commence- 
ment of such cases, the said circuit and district courts, respectively, shall be 
the successors of said supreme and district courts of said territory; and in re- 
spect to all other cases, proceedings and matters pending in the supreme or 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 31 

district courts of any of the territories mentioned in this act at the time of tlie 
admission of such territory into the Union, arising within the limits of said 
proposed st:ite, the courts cst;il)Iislie<l hy such state shall, respectively, he the 
successors of said supreme and district territorial courts; and all the lilcs, records, 
indictments and judcecdin^^s relatiiif^ to such casi-s, shall he transferred to such 
circuit, ilistrict, and strife courts, respectively, and the same shall he proceeded 
with therein in due couixe of law; hut no writ, action, indictment, cause or 
proceedinn now pendin-i, or that i)rior to tlie admission of any of the states 
mentioned in this act shall he pendin;; in any territorial court in any of the 
territories mentioned in this act, shall ahate hy the admission of any such state 
into the Union, hut the same shall he transferred and proceeded with in the pro- 
per United States circuit, district or state court as the case may ))e; Pnnidnl, 
however, that in all civil actions, causes and proceedings in which the United 
States is not a party, transfers shall not be made to the circuit and district 
courts of tlie United States cx(ei)t upon written requests of one of the parties 
to such action or proceeding Hied in the proper court; and in the absence of 
such request, such cases shall He jiroceeded with in tlie proper state courts. 

Skc. '21. That the constitutional conventions may, by ordinance, provide for 
the election of officers for full state governments, including members of the legis- 
latures and representatives in the Flftv-first Congress; l)ut said state goveru- 
mentsshall remain in abeyance until thest;\tes shall be admitted into the Union. 
resi>ectivcly, as provided in this act. In case the constitution of any said pro- 
posed states shall be ratified by the people, but not otherwise, the legisla- 
ture thereof may assemble, organize, and elect two senators of the United 
States, and the governor and secretary of state of such proposed state shall 
certify the election of the senators and representatives as recjuired by law; 
and when such state is admitted into the Union the senators and representa- 
tives shall be entitled to be admitted to seats in Congress, and to all the rights 
and privileges of senators and repre-sentatives of other states in the Congress of 
the United States; and the officers of the state governments formed in pursnance 
of siiid constitutions, as provided by the constitutional conventions, shall pro- 
ceed to exercise all the functions of such state officers; and all laws in force 
made by s lid territories at the time of their admission into the Union shall 
be in force in .said states, except ;vs modified or changed by this act or by^he 
constitutions of the states, respectively. 

Sec. 25. That all acts or parts of acts in conllict with the provisions of this 
act, whether passed by the legislatures of said territories or by Congress, are 
hereby repealed. 

Statehood iu South Dakota. — The first movement for statehood in 
Sooth Dakota was the natural outgrowth of a very general desire for the divi- 
sion of Dakota Territory. This desire was augmented by the formal action of 
the territorial legislature upon the subject at seven successive sessions, which 
was as follows: 

Jan. 12, 1871, a memorial to Congrcs.s, passed unanimously, asking division 
on the 46th par.iUel. 

A similar memorial, adopted Dec. 31, 1872, four opposing votes. 

The .same on Dec. 19, 187 1, one vote iu opposition. 

The same on .Ian. 24, 1877, unanimous. 

In 187!), a protest against the admis.sion of Dakota as one stite. 

In 1881, a memorial asking for division into three states. 

In l"'81-82 there was an unparalleled volume of immigration to Dakota — 
esi)ecially to the south hall', which, it is believed, received fully 250.01K» i>opu- 
lation in those two years. During the session of 1883 another memorial was 
passed asking Congress to divide Dakota. 

During the winter of 1881-82 more than one luunlrcd leading liti/.cns oi :lie 
territory went to Washington and nrucd Coimress to ci)a<t a law cnablinu South 



i 

v 

32 TEEEiaX5EY OF DAKOTA. 

Dakota to form a state constitution and, choose officers preparatory to admission 
to the Union. Such a hill was favorably reported to each house, hut it passed 
neither one. 

During the closing days of the legislative session of 1883 a hill passed that 
body, by a vote that was nearly unanimous, authorizing South Dakota to hold 
a convention and form a constitution, the expense to be paid out of the terri- 
torial treasury. This bill died in the governor's office; he did not care to veto 
it, yet he declined to sign it on the ground that as South Dakota was to he the 
sole beneficiary of the bill, it, and not the territory at large, should pay the cost 
of the convention. The loss of this bill aroused the anger of the friends of di%'i- 
sion all over the state. There was also another occurrence in the acts of that 
legislature which greatly offended a very large portion of the people of South 
Dakota, and contributed not a little toward hastening the desire for statehood 
and division to its culmination. This was the removal of the territorial capital 
from Yankton to North Dakota. The passage of the bill authorizing this was 
followed by indignation meetings in several of the cities in South Dakota; each 
meeting denouncing the legislature and the executive and demanding the 
removal of the latter. By this time a majority of the people in the proposed 
new state were ready for an organization whereby they could throw off their 
"territorial vassalage" and become a state. But how could this be done? To 
go back a little: On the twenty-first of June, 1882, the "Citizens' Constitu- 
tional Association" was held in Canton, ten counties being represented, to con- 
sider the subjects of a constitutional convention, increase of membership of the 
legislature, and of prohibition, with such other matters as might arise. The 
early division on the 46th parallel and the admission of South Dakota was 
debated, and it was the unanimous sentiment of the delegates that everything 
should be done that was necessary to accomplish these results. An executive 
committee of seven was appointed to act as circumstances and their own wisdom 
might indicate. The organization adopted the name of ' ' The Dakota Citizens' 
League," and these are the names of their executive committee: Wilmot Whit- 
field and Joseph Ward of Yankton county, N. C. Nash of Lincoln, S. Fry An- 
drews of Turner, W. C. Bowers of IMinnehaha, F. B. Foster of Hanson, J. V. 
Himes of Union. The convention then adjourned to meet in Huron when 
called by their executive committee. 

In March, 1883, after the loss of the constitutional convention bill and the 
enactment of the law removing the capital, the times were ripe for this com- 
mittee to act; so they called a convention to meet in Huron June 19, 1883, "for 
the purpose of determining upon the advisability of calling a constitutional 
convention." This call struck the popular chord, and great meetings were 
forthwith held all over the state to elect delegates to Huron. On Tuesday, 
June 19th, the convention assembled in that city, holding their sessions in a 
wigwam specially erected for the occasion by the Huronians. The membership 
was 188 delegates from 34 counties, as follows: 

Aurora— S. L. Baker, L. S. Cull, E. W. Robey, J. C. Eyan, E. H. Mcintosh. 

Beadle — Karl Gerner, S. A. Armstrong, John Blair, Fred Grant, John Cain, 
A. B. Melville, L. S. Hazen, S. C. Nash, E. A. Morse, J. W. Shannon. 

Brmvn — 'S>i. T. Hauser, M. J. Gordon, S. H. Jumper, John H. Drake, W. B. 
McChesney, E. A. Bowers, A. O. Titus, W. Winters. 

Brookinf/s—K. H. Natwick, C. A. Kelsey, Geo. A. Mathews, C. H. Stearns, 
L. P. McCiarren, Fage Downing, S. G. Mayland, H. P. Finegan, D. J. Darrow, 
S. W. Lockwood, Charles Davis, E. E. Gaylord, C. W. Williams, J. O'B. 
Scobey, Frank Adams, Ole Knutdson. 



TEBKITORY OF DAKOTA. 33 

Buffalo — E. A. Herman. 

Brule — A. G. Kellam, John H. King, F. M. Goodykoontz, D. Warner, L. 
W. Lewi.s, Charles Cotton, S. W. Duncan, E. J. Wells. 

Bon Homme — M. H. Day, F. M. Ziebach. Robert Dollard, C. T. McCoy, John 
L. Turner. .Joseph Zitka. F. A. Morgan, T. (). Kogart, C. T. Canipl)ell, Peter 
Byrne, John Todd, .1. H. Stevens, (J. S. Kowe, Robert Kirke, O. Kichmoud, 
Frank Trunibo, John C. Memnmer, J. C. Kleninie. 

Compbdl — a. 8. Hius.sett. 

Clark— S. H. Elrod, S. J. Conklin, E. F. Conklin, Don K. Frazier. 

Clay— E. H. Da\v.son. C. G. Shaw. J. Kimball, A. L. Newton, J. K. White, 
H. Newton, John K. Whiteside, C. E. Prentis, P>en Collar, Jared Kunyau, A. 
H. Lathrop, G. S. Agerslwrg. 

Codinffton—H. R. Pease, L. D. Lyon, D. C. Thomas, E. M. Dennis. E. D. 
Wheeiock, T. A. Kingsbury, A. D. Cha.se, Oscar Kemp, O. E. Dewey, Wm. M. 
Pierce, Geo. A. Edes, C. C." Wiley, L. D. F. Poore, W. O. Frazer, W. H. Don- 
aldson. 

DarisoH — U. C. Green, S. D. Cook, S. F. Goodykoontz, J. D. Fegan, S. W. 
Kathburn, Iv. F. Allerton, John Pease, E. S. Johnson, George S. liidwell. John 
Foster, Douglas Lefllngwell, W. H. PJacknian. 

Day — E. K. Kuggles, M. Monlton. <). A. James, B. F. Rtringham. 

Douqlan — W. E. Tipton, George M. Woolman, ,1. J. Devy, F. E. Lawrence. 

Fau'lk-.^. H. De Voe, J. A. Pickler, L. Van Horn. 

Grant — \. B. Smedley, A. Wardall, J. W. Bell, A.J. Blesser, P. E. Skaken, 
A. H. Lewis, Wm. AL Evans, ?. S. Lockhart, O. J. Scheile, J. B. Whitcomb, 
John Bnzzell, A. H. Nash, J. K. Eastman, J. C. Drake, A. C. Dodge, J. C. 
Knapp. 

Hanil — \\. H. Kephart, B. F. Payne, R. T. Smith. E. S. Voorhies, C. E. 
Cort. G. O. Hutson, G. W. Livingstone, C. A. Wheeiock. S. L. Sage. 

Hanson-^. S. Arnold, L. P. Chapman, A. J. Parshall, F. B. Foster. 

Hu(,h>!i—n. J. Campbell. C. D. Mead, W. S. Wells, H. R. Horner, V. E. 
Prentice, C. W. Richardson, Wm. Stougb, H. E. Dewey. 

Hutchinson — A. Sheridan .Tones, L. L. Eisenman, Henry Heil, David Ballon, 
Karl Winter, S. M. Dalx)ll, John Schamber. 

Hyde — 'SI. G. Sinon, E. O. Parker, L. E. Whitcher. 

Kingsbury — P.Lawrence, Thomas H. Ruth. Thos. Reed, J. E. Risedorph, 
L A. keitli, M. A. P.rown, A. Whiting, J. A. Owen. D. C. Kline, L. F. Dow, 
J. C. (Jipsou, J. .1. Sweet. 

Laurinte — G. C. Moody, B. G. Canlfield, S. P. Romans, Porter C. Warner, 
W. L. Hamilton, S. B. Smith, A. J. Knight, G. G. Bennett. W. H. Parker, W. 
R. Steel, D. Corson, A. J. Harding, John R. Wilson. C. F. Tracy, W. H. Riley, 
M. H. Gregg, T. E. Harvey, H. O. Anderson, D. K. Dickinson, W. J. Larimer. 
D<dph Edwards. J. 0. (Jtinsnlly, Geo. F. Robinson, J. W. Garland. John H. 
Davey, Thomas Hartlan, John C. Ryan, Josepli Ramsdell. 

Lincoln — L. Hensley. A. Boynton, J. W. Taylor, E. B. Peterson, B. C. Ja- 
cobs, A. ]'.. Wheeiock, W. K. State, Lars Hilme, Robert Pierce, lulling Opsal, 
Thoma.s Wright. O. D. Hiukley, Wm. Bradshaw. A. P. Dixon, George Conklin, 
Wm. M. Cuppett. 

.VcConlc — J. E. Rutin. J. T. McKee. J. M. Bavard, E. Thomas. E H. Wil- 
son. .John F. Norton, D. S. Pond. H. G. Miller. 

Miner — S. H. Bronson. Mark Harri.s, (J. A. Martin, J. P. Rvan, M.A.Moore, 
H. Weddy, F. Britain. W. G. James. 

Minneli.,ha—li. F. Pettigrew, E. W. Caldwell, C. W. Hubbard. J. Sch.ietzel, 
Jr.. .Melvin (JriKsbv, J. R. Jack.son. Jolin Langne.ss, W. W. Brookings, C. H. 
Wins<.r. T. H. Brown. D. R. I'.ailev, B. F. Campbell. G. A. Uline, S. Wilkin- 
son. D. S. Cilidden, C. E. McKinnev, A. C. Phillips, T. S. Free. W. A. Wilkes. 

Moody — H. M. Williamson. A. "G. Bernard, Wm. Ramstlell, T. E. Carter, 
Roger Brennan, L. W Sherman, F. E. Whaleni, N. Vance, C. D. Pratt, .Tohn 
Hobart, A. P. .Mien. Phil Clark. 

J'cttrr — O. L. .Maun. 

Sanl,orn — C. H. VanTas.se!, H. E. .Mayhew, N. B. Reed, Wm. McFarland, 
Geo. I^iwrence, W. F. Kenfield, F. W. Thaxter, O. H. Jones. 

Spink — E. C. Marriner, C. H. Seely, C. N. Keith, M. Moriarty, F. W. 

3 



34 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

Rogers, J; H. Allen, J. J. Gushing, D. H. Reedan, R. B. Hassell, E. W. Foster^ 
J. M. Miles, C. D. Friberg, C. T. Howard, E. B. Korns. 

Sully — J. A MelooD, J. M. Mooie, B. P. Hooven. 

Turner — L. Newell, J. B. Curreus, J. A. Hand, J. P. Coffmau, A. T. Catb- 
cart, G. W. Perry, Rev. Mr. Harraaling, Rev. Mr. Warnsbuis, Jacksou Davis, 
G. L. Douglass, Joel Fry, N. Tychsen, J. B. Beebe, T. H. Judsou, S. F. 
Andrews, Mr. Parr. 

Union — J. V. Hinies, C. F. Mallahau, Halvor Knudson, C. H. Walwortb, 
Geo. B. Freeman, J. C. Cittel, Geo. Ells, Jesse Akin, N. A. Kirk, Henry 
Kiplinger, Joseph Yerter, M. W. Sheale, Adam Scott, Howard Mosier, J. G. 
Merrill, Thomas Roman. 

Yankton — Bartlett Tripp, Joseph Wird, Geo Brown, C. J. B. Harris, G. W. 
Kingsbury, John R. Gamble, Wilniot Whitfield, Newton Edmunds, J. R. 
Hanson, Fred Schnauber, Maris Taylor, E. Miner, Geo. H. Hand, I. E. West, 
S. A. Boyles, S. H. Gruber. 

The convention was called to order by Wilmot Whitfield of Yankton, chair- 
man of the executive committee of the Canton convention of 1882. Prayer was 
offered by Rev. Dr. Hoyt. B. G. Caulfield of Lawrence presided during the 
entire session; Philip Lawrence of Kingsbury was temporary and permanent 
secretary; assistants: W. B. McChesney of Brown, C. F. Mallahan of Union, 
John Cain of Beadle, Y. E. Prentice of Hughes; there were fourteen vice presi- 
dents. As a result of their deliberations the following resolution was unani- 
mously adopted: 

Resolved, By the representatives of Dakota in convention assembled, in the 
name and by the authority of Dakota, that the interests and the wishes of the 
people of Dakota demand a division of this territory on the 46th parallel; that 
on this measure the wishes of the people of Dakota who live south of this par- 
allel are practically unanimous, and that this is their fixed and unalterable 
will. 

This was followed by the adoption of an ordinance providing for a constitu- 
tional convention and the formation of a state constitution, preparatory to the 
admission of Dakota into the Union. Said convention to assemble in Sioux 
Falls at noon of Tuesday, Sept. 4, 1883, and to consist of 150 members. 

After the reading of an address to the people, and the appointment of an 
executive committee of 36 members with ex-Gov. Newton Edmunds of Yankton 
as chairman, the convention adjourned on the afternoon of June 20th, subject 
to the call of the executive committee. 

The First Constitutional Convention. — In pursuance of the ordi- 
nance adopted at Huron in June, the constitutional convention met in Sioux 
Falls on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 1883, and was called to order by John R. Gamble of 
Yankton, who acted for ex-Gov. Edmunds, chairman of the executive commit- 
tee. He read the roll of delegates elected as certified to the executive commit- 
tee, and the following responded to their names: 

Aurora — S. L. Baker, T. C. Kennelly, Frank P. Baum. 

Beadle — A. B. Melville, C. J. Shefler, Charles Reed, George F.Lane. 

Bon Homme — C. T. McCoy, John L. Turner, Robert Dollard, F. M. Ziebach. 

Brookings — G. S. Clevenger, B. J. Kelsey, A. S. Mitchell, T. R. Qualey. 

Brown — M. J. Gordon, W. C. Houghton. 

Brule — A. G. Kellam, S. W. Duncan, G. E. Schwindt. 

Buffalo — E. A. Herman. 

Charles Mix — A. B. Lucas. 

Clark — S. H. Elrod, C. G. Sherwood. 

Cay — J- P. Kidder, J. R. Whiteside, J. Kimball, E. B. Dawson. 

Codington — A. C. Mellette, Wm. Pierce, E. D. Wheelock, R. B. Spicer. 

Davison — A. W. Hager, A. J. Waterhouse, John C. Tatman, John M. Pease. 

Bay — E. R. Ruggles, M. M. Moulton. 

Deuel — P. A. Gatchell, H. B. Managhan. 



TEBKITORY OF DAKOTA. 36 

D<»ii/hin — J. F. Callahan. 

Kdiiniiiil.s — II. A. l>.iy. 

Faulk— r. K. Knox. 

Grant — 3. C. Klliott, X. I. Lothian, W. T. Bunuan, H. P. Murphy. 

Jf'inilin — John Haves. .F. 1'. Cheever. 

Jfaiul—n. \i. Howell, Clias. K. Cort, Henry Miller, W. N. ISravton. 

y/,i/i.so,j — rniuk I{. Fo.ster, \j. P. Chapman, H. W. Peek. 

Jhii/liis — W. A. Lichtenwallner. 

JlutchinsoH — A. Sheridan Jones, Karl Winter, S. M. iJabull, Mathies Schhm- 
gen. 

ITi/di' — Eli .Tohn.'^on. 

Jrraul(l — C. W. McDonald. 

Kini/sbury — Philip Lawrence, John B. Smith, Knate Lewis, Chas. B. Mc- 
Donald. 

Lah — M. W. Daley, K. A. Mn-ray, K. Wentworth. 

Latcrcnce — (jr C. Moody, B. (r. Caulfield, Porter Warner, Dolph Edward.s. 

Lincoln — O. S. GilVjrd, A. Boyuton, A. B. Wheelock, J. W. Taylor, J. V. 
Conklin, M. E. Rudolph, A. Sherman. 

McCook-J. E. Kutan, W. S. Brooks. 

Miner — S. H. Bronson, M. W. White, Geo. R. Farmer. 

Minnehaha — K. F. Pettigrew, Melvin <rri<;sby, .John Bippus, B. F. Campbell, 
W. W. Brookings, W. C. Lovering. Albion Thorne. G. D. Banister. 

Moo(l!/—H. M. Williamson, C. S. Wellman, A. P. Allen, J. E. Whalen. 

Ptnnin(/ton — R. C. Lake, C. L. Wood. 

Snnliorn — Alouzo Converse. 

Spink— E. W. Foster, Thoma.s Sterling, D. N. Hunt, C. N. Keith. 

Siillf/ and Potter — Edmund W. Eakin. 

Turner — Josej)!! Allen. Christian Epple, Orange Still, A. Bertelson. 

Union — C. F. Mallalian, Ole Gunderson. .Ics.se Akin. 

Vankton — John K. Gamble, Hugh J. Campbell, George H. Hand, Joseph 
Ward, Bartlett Tripp, C. J. B. Harris, C. E. Brook.s. 

Prayer was oftered by Rev. J. N. McLoney of Sionx Falls. 

Arthur C. Mellette of Codington was unanimously elected temporary presi- 
dent. On the second day Bartlett Tripp of Yankton was cho.sen permanent 
president by the unanimous vote of the convention; C. H. Winsor of Sioux 
Falls was temporary and permanent secretary, assisted by H. M. Avery of Sionx 
Falls and T. A. King.sbury of Watertown; Joseph M. Dixon of Sioux Falls was 
sergeant-at-arms. The convention was in session fourteen days and agreed 
upon a constitution. By the terms of its schedule and ordinance it was sul>- 
mitted to a vote of the people at the regular election in November. The offi- 
cial declaration of the result of this vote was: Total vote in forty-two counties, 
19.150: for the constitution. l-2.:?:^fi; against it. 6,814. Majority for it, 5,522. 

S«'f«>M<l Constitutional Convention. — A law was enacted by the 
legislature of 1885 providing for a constitutional convention for South Dakota, 
prejiai-atory to its admission to the Union. The election for choosing the 111 
delegates was held on the thirtieth of .Tune, and the convention a.s.sembled in 
Sioux Falls on Tuesday, Sept. 8, 1885. It was called to order by J. H. Teller, 
secretiiry of the territory, who read the names of the following gentlemen as 
having been certified to him as having been chosen members: 

Aurora — H. F. F'ellows, Matt. A. lij'an. 

Beadle— J. H. More, J. K. P. McCallum, F. F. B. Coflin, S. C. Weatherwai, 
J. M. P.aker. 

Hon llumme — Robert Dollard, Geo. W. Snow, Daniel Wilcox. 

/i/ooAinys— Miles Write, Warren M. Wright, R. C. WalU)n. 

lintwn — J. D. Ma.son, C. J. Macleod, George R. Laylwume, J. T. Dow, 

llrule — A. G. Kellam, C. J. Maynard, C. M. Gregory. 

lUiifiih — Robert J. Brown. 

7>'i(//<— H. J. Grant. 



36 TEEBITOEV OF DAKOTA. 

Campbell — Frank Alexander. 

Charles Mix — Thomas Elfes. 

Clark — John E. Bennett, R. A. Proudfoot. 

Clay — John M. Cleland, J. M. Schultz. 

Codington — S. G. Updyke, I. M. Westfall. 

Custer — Stephen M. Booth. 

Deuel — Charles S. Lowe. 

Edmunds — S. H. Cranmer. 

Faulk — E. M. Jessup. 

Grani — Henry Neill, N. I. Lothian. 

Hamlin — C. E. Andrus. 

Hand — M. E. Williams, H. M. Smith, L. W. Lansing. 

Hanson — W. H. Murphy, Isaac Gray, Sr. 

Hughes — James A. Ward, Samuel Miller, Wm. A. Lichtenwallner. 

Hutchinson — David Belton, Wm. Harding, C. Buechler. 

Hyde — George G. Grose. 

Jerauld — S. H. Huntly, Albert Gunderson. 

Kingsbury — John A. Owen, H. H. Sheets. 

Lake — Gqo. L. Wright, Wm. McGrath. 

Lawrence — G. C. Moody. D. Corson, Kirk G, Phillips, Frank C. Ayers, W. 
H. Parker, John Johnson, Leo. H. Weeden, Alpheus E. Frank. 

Lincoln — Jeremiah Geehon. J. W. Taylor. 

3IcPherson — Frank Gault, Sr. 

31cCook—T. H. Couniff, W. H. Goddard. 

Miner — John H. Patten, S. A. Jones. 

Minnehaha — Vf. W. Brookings, E. P. Beebe, A. J. Berdahl, C. S. Giflford, J. 
B. Goddard, E. T. Oaks. 

Pennington — J. W. Fowler, W. H. Mitchell. 

Po«6T— Willis C. Stone. 

Boberts—W. G. Ashton. 

Sanborn — Theodore D. Kanouse, Robert Dott. 

Spink— J. B. Churchill, F. I. Fisher, C. H. Myers, G. C. Britton, George 
Boyer, F. H. Craig. 

Sully — C. M. Reed, H. F. Pendleton. 

Turner — A. Haines, Joseph Allen, N. C. Tychsen, R. C. Tousley. 

U7iion — K. H. Blair, J. P. Kendall, John Dall. 
Walworth— B. B. Potter. 

Yankton — A. J. Edgerton, Joseph Ward, J. R. Hanson, Hugh J. Campbell. 

A. J. Edgerton of Mitchell was unanimously elected president, and John 
Cain of Huron was chosen secretary by a similar vote. H. M. Avery of Sioux 
Falls was the assistant secretary; M. B. Kent of Elk Point, sergeant-at-arms. 
After a sixteen days' session a constitution was adopted and published. It was 
submitted to the people for ratification at the following November election, 
with this result: Total vote, 31,791; for the constitution, 25,226; against it, 
6,565; majority for it, 18,661. 

At the same election a full ticket of state and legislative officers was voted 
for, and the state officers chosen were the following named : 

Governor — A. C. Mellette of Codington. 

Lieutenant Goternor — A. E. Frank of Lawrence. 

Secretary of State — H. S. Murphy of Brookings. 

Auditor — Frank Alexander of Campbell. 

Treasurer — D. W. Diggs of Grant. 

Attorney General — Robert Dollard of Bon Homme. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction — A. Sheridan Jones of Hutchinson, 

Commissioner of School and Public Lands — W. H. H. Beadle. 

Supreme Judges — D. Corson of Lawrence, A. G. Kellam of Brule, John E. 
Bennett of Clark. 

Members of Congress — Oscar S. Gifford of Lincoln, Theodore D. Kanouse of 
Sanborn. 



TKHRITOEY OP DAKOTA. 



37 



In compliance with the schedule and ordinance of this constitution, the legis- 
lature met in Huron — elected the temporary capital — on the second Monday 
of December, and listened to Gov. Mellette's message. Later they elected A. 
J. Edjierton of Mitchell and G. C. Moody of Lawrence United States senators, 
then adjourned. Conj^ress refused adiui.ssion. 

Third Coii.stitiitioiial Convention. — Under the authority of an act 
of Conj^ress approved Feb. 22, 1889, a third constitutional convention was held 
in Sioux Falls, beginning July 4, 1889, and continuing thirty-two days. Ita 
membership wa.>< :us follows, in alphabetical order, with the address of each: 



R. C. Anderson, Ciann Valley, 

I. Atkinson, White, 

A. J. Herdahl, Dell Rapids, 

Christian Hueihler, Olivet, 

S. F. Brott, Grotou, 

L. T. Boucher, Leola, 

C. Vr. Coats, Sioux Falls, 

E. W. Caldwell, Sioux Falls, 

D. Corson, Deiuhvood, 
H. S. Craig, Mound City, 
P. Couchman, Bangor, 
Geo. C. Cooper, Huron, 

E. E. Clough, Watertown, 
Wm. Coak, Britten, 
George H. Culver, 

T. F. Diefendorf, Montrose, 

T. H. Davis, Ipswich, 

J. Downing, lirookings, 

J. G. Davies, Bowdle, 

W. G. Dickinson, Webster, 

Wm. Elliott, Hurley, 

A. J. Edgerton, Mitchell, 

E. G. Edgerton, Yankton, 

H. W. Eddy, Canova, 

J. A. Fowles, Canton, 

H. T. Fellows, Plankintou, 

C. S. Gilford, Dell Rapids, 

W. H. Goddard, Montrose, 

C. J. B. Harris, Yankton, 

C. A. Houlton, Delmont, 

M. R. Henninger, West Point, 

H. A. Humphrev, Faulkton, 

David Hall, Onida, 

S. F. Huntley, Wessington Springs, 

C. G. Hartley. Miller, 

L. H. Hole. Huron, 

John L. Jollev, Vermillion, 

S. I). JelVrie.s," Clark, 



J. Kimball, Elk Point, 

A. G. Kellam, Chamberlain, 

T. W. P. Lee, Ashtou, 

R. F. Lyons, Madison, 

W. H. Murphv, Alexandria, 

V. T. McGillicuddy, Rapid City, 

William McKusick, Wilmot, 

W. H. Matson, Iro(|Uois, 

A. B. McFarland, Lennox, 

Henry Neill, Milbank, 

W. S. O'Brien, Lead City, 

Sanford Parker, Oelrichs, 

C. H. Price, Highmore, 

S. S. Peck, Estelline, 

A. O. Ringsrud, Elk Point, 

S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket, 

John Scollard, Sturgis, 

M. R. Stroupe, Aberdeen, 

W'illiam Stoddard. Groton, 

Thomas Sterling. Redlield, 

C. G. Sherwood, Clark, 

I. R. Spooner, Lake Preston, 

R. A. Smith, Burnside, 

C. M. Thomas, Deadwood, 

T. W. Thompson, Whitewood, 

William Van Kps, Sioux Falls, 

C. H. Van Tassell, Artesian City. 

S. B. Van Buskirk, Watertown, 

H. M. Williamson, Flandreau, 

W. T. Williams. Tyndall, 

C. L. Wood, Rapid'City, 

S. A. Wheeler, Butte, 

C. R. Wescott, Gary, 

J. V. Willis. Plankinton, 

J. F. Wm>d, Red field, 

J. F. Whitlock. Gettysburg, 

F. (i. Young, Madi.son, 



Joseph Zitka, Tyndall. 

Judge Edgerton was unanimously chosen president; E. W. Caldwell was 
made temporary secretary. F. A. Bnrdick of Yankton was chosen permanent 
secretary; A. W. Hyde of Brookings, enrolling and engros.sing clerk; James 
Carney of Lawrence, sergeant-at-arms; Rev. J. A. Wakefiehl of Brookings, 
chaplain. 

In compliance with the act of Congress above cited, the convention readopted 
the constitution of ISS.'i, with such amendments a-s were authorized by the said 
act of Congress. It was submitted to a vote of the people on Oct. 1, 1889, who 
cast 66,411 votes for it and only 3,247 against it. The legislature chosen at the 
same election met in Pierre, the temporary capital, on October 15th, and on the 
seventeenth they chose R. F. Pettigrew and G. C. Moody as United Statesseuators. 



38 



TERRITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



The state officers elected on October 1st are: 

Governor — A. C. Mellette of Codington. 
Lieutenant Governor — J. H. Fletcher of Brown. 
Secretary of Slate — A. O. Ringsrud of Union. 
Auditor — L. C. Taylor of Hanson. 
Treasurer — W. F. Smith of Lake. 
Attorney General — Robert DoUard of Bon Homme. 
Superintendent of Public Instruction — G. L. Pinkham of Hand. 
Commissioner of School and Public Lands — O. H. Parker ol Brookings. 
Judf/es of the Supreme Court — D. Corson of Lawrence, A. G. Kellam of Brule, 
John E. Bennett of Clark. 

Members of Congress — Oscar >S. Gifford of Lincoln, J. A. Pickler of Faulkton. 

Under the last mentioned constitution South Dakota was admitted into the 
Union by proclamation of President Harrison on Nov. 2, 1889. 

Stateliootl in North Dakota. — Under the authority of an act of Con- 
gress (known as the " omnibus bill") approved Feb. 22, 1889, a constitutional 
convention was held at Bismarck, beginning July 4, 1889, and formulated a 
constitution which was adopted at an election held on Oct. 1, 1889, by a vote 
of 27,444 for, to 8,107 agaiast, — the majority being 19,337. 

The following is the list of the members, with their post office addresses: 

F. B. Fanchee, Jamestown, President. 



Roger Allin, Grafton, 
J. M. Almeu, Grafton, 
A. F. Appleton, Crystal, 
T. W. Bean, Michigan City, 
James Bell, Minto, 
Richard Bennett, Grand Forks, 
L. D. Bartlett. Ellendale, 
W. D. Best, Bay Centre, 
Chas. V. Brown. Sykeston, 
David Bartlett, Cooperstown, 
Andrew Blewett, Jamestown, 
William Budge, Grand Forks, 
E. W. Camp, Jamestown, 
E. W. Chaffee, Amenia, 
John E. Garland, Bismarck, 
Charles Carothers, Emerado, 
Horace M. Clark, New Rockford, 
W. J. Clapp, Tower City, 
J. L. Colton, Burlington, 
James A. Douglass, Park River, 
Elmer E. Elliott, Sanborn, 
Geoi-ge H. Fay, Ashley, 

A. D. Flemmiugton, Ellendale, 
J. B. Gayton, Hampton, 

B. R. Glick, Laugdon, 
Enos Gray, Embden, 
Alexander Griggs, Grand Forks, 
A. P. Haugeu, Reynolds, 

M. F. Hegge, Hatton, 
H. L. Holmes, Neche, 
M. N. Johnson, Lakota, 
Harvey Harris, Bismarck, 
A. W. Hoyt, Mandan, 
W. S. Lauder, Wahpeton, 
Addison Leech, Davenport, 
Jacob Lowell, Fargo, 
Martin V. Linwell, Northwood, 



E. H. Lohnes, Devils Lake, 
M. K. Marrinan, Grafton, 
T. H. Mathews, Larimore, 
O. G. Meacham, Carrington, 
John McBride, Alma, 
H. F. Miller, Fargo, 
S. H. Moer, La Moure, 
J. D. McKenzie, Milnor, 
P. McHugh, Langdou, 
V. B. Noble, Bottineau, 
Knud J. Namland, Caledonia, 
Jas. F. O'Brien, Devils Lake, 
C. P. Parsons, Rolla, 
A. S. Parsons, Mandan, 
E. M. Paulson. Mayville, 
M. M. Peterson, Horace, 
R. M. Pollock, Casselton, 
John Powei?, Havana, 
Joseph Powles, Milton, 
W. E. Purcell, Wahpeton, 
William Ray, Dickinson, 
R. B. Richardson, Drayton, 

A. D. Robertson, Minto, 

E. S. Rolfe, Minnewaukan, 
Wm. H. Rowe, Monango, 
Andrew Sandager, Lisbon, 
John Shuman, Rutland, 
J. W. Scott, Valley City. 
J. F. Selby, Hillsboro, 
Andrew Slotteu, Wahpeton, 

B. F. Spalding, Fargo, 
R. N. Stevens, Lisbou, 
Ezra Turner, Bottineau, 
E. D. Wallace, Hope, 

A. O. Whipple, Devils Lake, 
J. Wellwood, Minnie Lake, 
E. A. Williams, Bismarck. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 30 

The state officers of North Dukotu elected October Ist are: 

Gmrrnor — Joliu Miller. 

Lieutcnnnl Gorenior — .\ltre*l Dickey. 

Srcntarif uf Slatf — John Flittic. 

Sliili TrtaHurrr — L. Jv Hooker. 

Stiilr Auditor — John P. Hniy. 

Sii])riiiilnt(lnit of Pultlic Iiislntclion — William Mitchell. 

Atloniii/ (rciienil — Geo. F. (rood win. 

Ciiinmimiioner of liinnnriiff — 'A. L. Carey. 

Coiiiini.i.^ioin r of Ai/riiiiltiiii' iind Lalior — H. F. Helgesen. 

Commwuioiiern of Jinilronds — Geo. S. Montgomery, D. Bartlett, F. S. Under- 
hill. 

Jitdi/e!! of (he Supreme Court — Guy C. H. Corliss, Joseph M. Bartholomeu, 
AUrc.i Wallin. 

li<jii>ncntnlii^e in Conffrcsn — II. G. Ilansbrough of Devils Lake. 

The lir.st legishiture of the SUvte of North Dikota conveaed at Bismarck, on 
Noveinhor 2')tli, in aci-onlauce with the call of the governor. Judge Wincliester 
of Bismarck administered the oath to the ^senators, and Judge Lauder of Wahpe- 
ton swore in the members of the house. The c^iucus nominees were elected 
ofticers: David B. Wellman of Eddy county, speaker of the house, and J. G. 
Hamilton of Grand Forks county, chief clerk; C. C. Bowsfield of Dickey 
county, secretary- of the senate. On the twenty-first, e.x-Gov. Gilbert A. Pierce 
was elected United States senator, receiving all except 12 Democratic votes cast 
for M. L. McCormack. Ten ballots were cjist for second senator, the last on 
the twenty -si.xth, when Lyman K. Casey of .laincslown Wivs chosen, receiving 
62 votes to 2() for AI. N. John.sou and 4 for D. W. Maratta. Among the other 
leading caudidat&s were Messrs. Ordway, Allen, Walsh, McCumber, La Moure 
and Plumraer. Gov. Miller's message was a long one, but full of valuable de- 
tail and recommendations. 



XL 

GEOGRAPUY. 

Location and Boundaries. — Dakota is geographically half-way east 
and west between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and midway north and 
south between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay — in shorl, the central 
territory or heart of the North American continent, and one of the largest, most 
enterprising and promising of the forty-eight civil divisions constituting the 
federal republic. It is bounded on the north by the British possessions of 
Manitoba and Assiniboia, on the east by the states of Minnesota and Iowa, on 
the south by the State of Nebraska and on the west by tlie territories of Mon- 
tj\na and Wyoming. 

From where the waters of the Ked River of the North start and journey 
languidly to Hudson's bay, travel across wide grain lan<ls, p:istures and fields 
of coal iJoO miles, to where the Yeilow.stone pours its turbid fiood into the Mis- 
souri; tnwel from the Big Sioux river and its palis:ides of jasper across garden 
and grazing lauils :?50 miles, to the hills where there is no want of minerals 
known to earth; then from where the long, winding "Jim" — the Kiviere 
Jac(iues of the French, the Te-han-.san-san of the Sioux — contributes its flow 
to the " Big Mud«ly," travel 100 miles northward to the international Iwund- 
dary line, where the so-called Turtle Mountain.'* rise aliove the pniiries — 



40 TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 

then the traveler has crossed Dakota in cardinal directions, from east to 
west and south to north, across the empire territory so lately attached as two 
sovereign republics to the United States of America, and populated with a peo- 
ple radiant, hopeful and confident of a future, where the energies of a vigorous 
existence bring forth abundant fruits. 

L/atitude and Loug-itude. — Dakota is situated between the 43d and 
49th parallels of north latitude and between the meridians of 96° 20' and 104° 
of west longitude from Greenwich. Its extreme length north and south ap- 
proximates 430 miles, its width east and west 350 miles. 

Most people have been so accustomed to look upon this part of the continent 
as so far north, so cold, so snowy, so far away, and a lot of other so-so's, that 
it would probably never be a fit abode for mankind; but the facts show to the 
contrary. Why, hundreds of miles north of here there is a country with 
winters no more severe than those of the north New England states, and sum- 
mers more suitable for the growing of grains. We are separated from that re- 
gion by the 49th parallel, an imaginary political boundary which nature will 
not take into account when adjusting affairs in the future. The intermingling 
of people of the same blood, speech, religion, ideas and ambitions will obliter- 
ate it. Statesmen have foretold it, and business interests will hasten it. Those 
who think Dakota is a section of the arctic region slipjjed down out of place, 
should look to the east. The south line of Dakota is the 43d parallel of the 
north latitude. Follow this line across the Atlantic, and much of Europe will 
be found lying north of it. All of Britain and Norway and Sweden lie a full 
degree above the northern boundary of our great territory. Edinburgh, St. 
Petersburg, Stockholm and Christiana, in the midst of a swarming population, 
are on the parallel of Sitka, Alaska. England and the north of Europe are 
made habitable by the influence of the Gulf stream. The Kuro-Siwo — the 
Black Ocean river of the Asiatic coast — or the Japan current, gives to this 
northwestern region the same mildness of climate that the Gulf stream does to 
northern Europe, and why should not this country, like that, be filled with 
life and industry ? Water heated off the coast of southern Asia sweeps across 
the Pacific ocean and tempers the climate of our western coast nearly up to the 
arctic circle. This river of warmth gives to British Columbia, Washington and 
Oregon winters so mild that ice is a scarce article, even in Sitka, while roses 
grow in gardens along the Pacific coast at Christmas time. Imparting its heat 
to the air, it passes over the Rocky Mountains — much lower between the 40th 
and 50th parallels than further south — and aftects the climate of a region larger 
than the original United States. Comparisons of temperature made with the 
north Atlantic coast are most favorable to Dakota and Montana. The Missouri 
river at Fort Benton, Fort Buford, Bismarck and Pierre is clear of ice earlier 
than it is at Omaha. In the light of existing knowledge who will say that up 
to the 60th parallel this Northwest is not as capable of being settled as Russia 
and Norway and Sweden south of that line? 

Glance at the physical features of this portion of the continent and one will 
see a great plain sloping northward. It is the latitude of the continental water 
system. Nowhere else in the world is there such a succession of lakes and navi- 
gable rivers; no other country posesses such an area of agricultural land so in- 
tersected by fresh water. Within a radius of 1,000 miles is half the fresh 
water of the globe. At Grand Forks the Red river is less than 1,000 feet 



TEKEITOBY OF DAKOTA. 41 

above the sea; follow the river to its month, Lake Winnipeg, and it has de- 
scended 300 feet; and iu a boat one can steam westward on the Sa.skat<.-hewan 
more than 1,000 miles, and then double the distance on other rivers. 

Follow the Red river to its source in Lake Traverse, and iu high water a 
boat can reach Big Stone lake, the source of the Miunesotii, and there pass to 
the Mississippi, thus joining Hudson's bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Two hun- 
dred miles to the ea.st is Lake Superior and a waterway to the Atlantic. Two 
hundred miles to the west the Missouri can be reached, and the traveler can 
be borne into the shadows of the Rocky Mountains, from whose western side 
another mighty river springs — the Columbia — and leaps to a different sea. 
After the Mississippi and the Missouri, the Columbia drains the largest basin 
in the republic. 

From Lake Superior along the northern boundary of the republic to the Pa- 
cific ocean, the aver.ige altitude ia less than 2,000 feet above the sea. It is the 
only line on which connected agricultural settlement can be made across the 
continent. It is the cereal belt, and history shows that mankind gathers in 
largest numbers where food is most abuudant and cheapest. Southwest of here 
is the roof of the continent; the plains of Colorado are almost as high as the 
mountains of Montana; Denver, surrounded by productive farms, is a half mile 
higher than the average of Mout^ina's valleys and plains. Betwen Omaha and 
Sacnimento there is a continuous elevation of quite 4,000 feet. Ascending every 
three hundred feet makes a difference of one degree in temperature. 

Geology. — The geological structure of Dakota covers a wide range of form- 
ations, from the archa^an of the Black Hills to the fresh water tertiary and 
qnartenary of the great plains and of the Missouri valley. Scientists say that 
Dakota lay directly in the path of a great continental glacier, which in its passage 
crushed the loftiest mountains and the flintiest of rocks and carried the debris, 
according to its composition and specific gravity, to greater or less distances. 
This erosion of the ancient rocks must have been enormous to have produced 
such a vast accumulation of drift material as is found overlying and underly- 
ing the plains of Dakota, as shown by artesian well borings. The surface over 
every part of the territory has been greatly modified since the glacial period by 
the action of flowing water. The greatest effect has been in the Black Hills 
region, where the cuttings reach several thousand feet. The valleys of the 
Missouri, James, Red, Mou'?e, Big Sioux and other rivers have all been cot out 
since the vast blanket of slow-moving ice covered the land. It is al.<'o (|uite 
probable that several fresh water lakes have existed since that period, besides 
the great lake of the Missouri valley, whose waters were drained ofl" by the cut^ 
ting of streams. 

Altitude. — The altitude of Dakota above sea level ranges from 800 feet in 
the Red river valley to 2,000 on the high prairies between the large rivers, the 
average of the territory being alwut 1,500 feet. The most elevated section 
is the Black Hills, where the prairies and tablelands gnulually increase in 
height from 2.000 feet to the culminating points, 7,000 to H,000 feet aljove the 
level of tide-water. 



42 



TEREITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



TABLE OF ALTITUDES IN DAKOTA, COMPILED FROM UNITED STATES GEOLOGI- 
CAL SURVEYS AND OTHER SOURCES. 



Station. 



Aberdeen 

Abiaham Lincoln, Fort 

Alcesler 

Altamout 

Apple Creek valley 

Aurora 

Belfield 

Bennett, Fort, signal station 

Beresford 

Berthold, Fort 

Big Sioux River, water, second crossing., 

Bismarck 

Bismarck, signal station 

Bismarck, Missouri river, low water 

Blue Lake 

Bottineau 

Brookings 

Buford, Kort 

Buford, Fort, signal station 

Biirbank 

Canistota 

Canova 

Canton 

Carthage 

Casselion 

Cavour 

Centreville 

Church's Ferry 

Clark 



Clark, Fort 

Davenport Depot 

Davis Junction 

Deadwood, signal station. 

De Smet 

Devils Lake 

Dickinson 

Doland 

Eden. 
Egan . 



Elk Point 

EUendale 

Eskelon Lake, station. 

Esmond 

Fair view 

Fairview 

Fargo 

Fawn Lake, water 

Flandreau 

Frankfort 

Gary. 



Gaysville 

Gladstone 

GlenUllin 

Goodwin 

Grafton 

Grand Forks 

Hawarden 

Henry 

Herman 

Herman, Lake 

Horace Depot 

Hurley 

Huron 

Iroquois 

Jamestown 

Jetferson 

Kampeska, Lake 

Kampeska, Lake, water . 

Kranzburg 

Lakota 

Langdon 



Authority. 



St. P., M. & M. Ry 

Medical Department U. S. A.. 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

C it >:. W. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

C AN. P. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

V. S. Signal Office 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

Medical Department U. S. A.. 

C, M. & St. P. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

U. S. Signal Office 

N. P. R. R 

F. AS. W. R. R 

St. P., M. ct M. Ry 

C. ANW.R. R 

St. P., M. & M Ry 

U. S. Signal Office 

S C.&U. R. R 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

S. C. A D. R. R 

Dak. Cent. R. R , 

N. P. R. R 

C. &N. W. R. R 

Dak. Cent. R.R 

St. P., M. &U. Ry 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

Petermann 

V.&S. W. R. R 

S.C.& D. R.R 

U. S. Signal Office 

C. &N. VV. R. R 

St. P.,M. <t M. Ry 

N.P. R. R 

Dak. Lent. R. R 

S. C.& P. R.R 

C, M. <feSt. P. R.R 

S. C. &D. R, R 

St. P., M. AM. Rv 

N.P. R. R ■ 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

C. &N. W. R. R 

S. C. A D. R.R 

N.P. R.R 

St. P.A. !B. C. R. R 

C.,M. ASt P. R.R 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

CAN. W. R. R 

S. CAD. R.R 

N. P. R. R 

N. P. R.R 

C. AN. W. R. R 

St. P., M. AM. Rv. 

St. P., M. AM. Ry 

Dak Cent. R. R.! 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

C.,M. ASt. P. E. R 

C, M. ASt. P. R. R 

F. AS. W. R. R 

Dak. Cent. R.R 

St. P.,M. A M. Ry 

C. A N. W. R. R 

N.P. R.R 

S. C. A D. R.R 

CAN. W. R.R 

C.AN.W. R. R 

C. A N. W. R. R 

-St. P., M. AM. Rv 

St. P., M. A M. Ry 



ELEV.iTION. 

Feet. 



1,300 
2,211 
1,355 
1,834 
1,711 
1,630 
2,577 
1,440 
],o05 
1,873 
1,479 
l,6t;8 
1,677 
1,616 
l,96n 
1,645 
1,6.36 
1,949 
1,876 
1,1.53 
1, 55.3 
1,525 
1,291 
1,440 
930 
1,311 
1,233 
1,460 
1, 785 

1, 827 
921 

1,1,30 
4,630 
1,726 
1,469 
2,403 
1,3.55 
1,239 
1,510 
1,142 
1,451 
1,447 
1,430 
1,542 
1,231 
903 
1,320 
1,550 
1,296 
1,484 
1,178 
2,341) 

2, 070 
1, 996 

827 
830 
1,182 
1,810 
1,654 
1,646 
917 
1, 272 
1,305 
1,401 
1,.395 
1,130 
1,6.50 
1,714 
1,982 
1,519 
1,615 



TKRKITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



43 



TA15LI:; OK ALTITUDIuS IN DAKOTA, COMIULKD FKOM UXITKD STATEiJ (iEOLUGI- 
CAL SURVEYS AND OTHER SOURCES — Concludkd. 



Station. 



Lariinore 

Liltlc Missouri 

Mc't'oolc 

McKotizie 

MiKlison l^kc 

MaiulHii 

Mapli'ton 

Meoliling 

Milhiink Junction 

Miiiut 

New Hiitralo 

Ni'w Maiiisou 

Oriska 

I'ark River 

Parker 

IViu)>ina, signal station. 

Pierre 

Preston, Lake 

Rniiilall, Fort 

Kaiisom, Kort 

Riclianlton 

Rutit.v 

St. John 

Salem 

Sanborn 

Sentinel Butte 

Sheyenne River 

Sims 



AUTHOBITY. 



Sioux Falls 

Soutli M.art 

Spirit wood 

Steele 

Steven.son, Fort, signal station.. 

Sully. Fort 

Sully Springs 

TapjM'n 

Tott.n, Fort 

Union, Fort 

Valley Cily 

Valley Springs 

Vermillion 

VIlaH 

Vir^rinia 

Voli;a., 



'Wadswi>rth, Fort 

Wads Worth 

Wahpeton 

Watertown 

Wheatlunil 

Yankton, signal station. 



St. P., M.AM. Ry 

N. P. R. R 

S. C. A II. R. R 

N.P. R. R 

C , M. .t St. P. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

S. f. & l> II. R 

C.,M. A St. P.R. U 

St. P., .M. A M. Ry 

N. P. R. R 

C, -M. A St. P. R. R 

N. P. R.R 

St. P.. .M. A M. Uy 

Dak. Cent. R. R 

U. S. Slj;iial Ollice 

C. A N. VV. R. R 

C. A N. W. R. R 

Medical Department U. S. A.. 
Mediciil Department U.S. A 

N. I'. R.R 

St. P., .M A M. Rv 

St. P, M.AM Rv 

St. P. A S. C. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

N. P. 1{. R 

N. P.R R 

N.P. R.R 

.S. P. AS. C. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

N. P. R. R 

N.P. R. R 

U. .•^. Signal Office 

U.S. Signal Oflice 

N. P.R. R 

N. P. R.R 

Thome 

Toner 

N. P. R.R 

St. P. A .S. O. R. R 

S C. A D R. R 

Dak. Cent R. R 

S. C. A.D R. R 

C. AN. W. K. R 

Mediral Dejiartment U. S. A.. 

Smitlisonian Institute 

St. P.. M. A .M. Rv 

SI. P., MA .M.Ry 

N.P. R. R 

U. S. Signal Office 



Elrvation. 
Fket. 



1,1H8 



1 , o-.iij 

i,5"i; 

1,644 

l.lfiT 
1,149 
1,.V>0 

1, '.'(»; 
• , i; ii; 

1,J40 

l.lMCt 

1,340 
791 
1,438 
1,696 
l,-i45 
l,4:i8 
■J, VA 
1,665 
1,050 
l,ol7 
l,4f,0 

2, 707 

i,-.;oo 

1,960 
1,3«7 
2,470 
1,477 
1,8,^.7 
1,7»4 
1,688 
2,647 
1,760 
1,4K0 
1,970 
1,218 
1,392 
1, 161 
1,4«« 
1.221 
1,636 
1, 8.^6 
1, 6,>0 

962 
1,720 

98.S 
1,228 



Area. — Goveniment reports give tlie territory an area of 150,!»;5*2 s(i»are 
miles or 96.596,480 at-res, Texas and Caliroriiia only being larger. Divided 
into two .state.s, North Dakota will have 71.:512 S(inare miles and South Dakota 
76,620, ca<'h one still larger than any one of sLxteen of the .stiite.s. The great .size 
of the territory can he understood by comparing it with foreign i-onntries, it being 
larger than England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales combined, larger than Nor- 
way or It;ily, twice the .size of Turkey, four times jus large as Tortng.d and ten 
times the size of Denmark. To bring the contra.st nearer home, it may be 
stated that .^[aino, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Ck)Daecticnt, 
Khode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland could be spread 



44 



TEBKITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



over the length and breadth of the great commonwealth and still leave room 
for an average Eastern state. As densely populated as Holland it would con- 
tain half the population of the United States. 

The following diagram, giving the square miles of several leading states as 
compared with the two Dakotas, may aid in establishing correct impressions of 
the great size of Dakota as a whole, and divided. 



Miles. 
150,932 

79,205 
76,185 
68,735 


North Dakota, 74,312. South Dakota, 76,620. 
















65,475 






40,760 


^■i^i^ Ohio. 




35,910 


I^^^^^^B Indiana. 




24,645 


BI^IH West Virginia. 




9,860 


■!■ Maryland. 




8,040 


^H Massachusetts. 





While Dakota overshadows many of the states in area, in population the 
contrast is the other way, as the following, from latest estimates, will show: 

Dakota, 600,000. 
New York, 5,082,000. 



Ohio, 3,198,062. 



Indiana, 1,978,301. 



Massachusetts, 1,783,085. 



Iowa, 1,624,615. 
Minnesota, 780,773. 



Topography and Sui'face. — The general topography of the territory 
is that of a vast undulating plain, which covers about four-fifths of its surface. 
The plateau du coteau des Missouri, the "Little Hill" country of the French 
explorers, occupies a belt of plains occasionally broken by low hills, traversing 
the territory diagonally from the northwest to the southwest. A somewhat 
similar plateau, the plateau du coteau des prairies, or the ' ' tableland of the 
heights of the prairies, ' ' but much less in extent, lies between the Minnesota 
line and the valley of the James river. "West of the Missouri river the country 
has about the same general features, except there are more hills and buttes, 
which finally culminate in the southwestern part in the rugged upheaval known 
as the Black Hills. 



TBBBTTOBY OF DAKOTA. 46 

Mountains and Hills. — Dakota is distinctively a prairie or plain coun- 
try, yet there are two mountainous regions, which occupy, liowever, hut a small 
part of her vast domain. The larger of these two tracts is known as the Black 
Hills, and while it laps over into Wyoming, it covers an area in Dakota ot 
about 4,000 s(|uare miles. The highest point of the Black Hills, Harney Peak, 
reaches an altitude of 8,200 feet above the sea, while other peaks vary from 
6,000 to 7,500 feet, the average elevation of the entire region being alxmt 5,000 
feet, or from 2.500 to 4,500 feet above the surrounding plains. A more ex- 
tended notice of the Black Hills appears elsewhere. 

Turtle Mountains. — The Turtle Mountain region lies in the northern 
part of the t«rritory, and includes an area of 800 scjuare miles along the inter- 
national lK)undary line. It consists of ranges of hills hardly high enough to be 
dignified by the name of mountains, rising, as they do, but a few hundred feet 
above the surrounding prairies. There are only two prominent peaks, Butte 
St. Paul and Bear Butte, each about 3,200 feet above the sea, and only 700 feet 
higher than the rolling plains below. This region, as well as the Black Hills, 
is well timbered. In South Dakota there are several systems known as th«» 
Wessington, IJee and Bijou hills, but not sufficiently elevated to be classified as 
mountains, which is also true of several elevated points in western Dakota, and 
of the Pembina hills in the northeiist. 

Water Surface. — Dakota has a water surface estimated at about 1,500 
square miles. The principal rivers are the Missouri, James or Dakota, Big 
Sioux, Vermillion, Red, White, Green, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, Can- 
non Hall, Heart, Sheyenne, Little Missouri, Mouse and Maple, in all forming 
one of the finest river systems in the country. 

The Missouri River. — The Missouri, varying in width from one-half of 
a mile to two miles, is the most important river of the territory, as it is one 
of the most important in the United States. It Hows in a general .southea.stern 
direction, through a course, counting its windings, of full}' 1,300 miles within 
the boundaries of Dakota, dividing the territory into two nearly e(inal divi- 
sions. Analysis has proven the water to be the purest river water in the world, 
although no one would imagine this to be true, looking at the muddy, yellow 
surface of the stream, caused by the great amount of sediment held in solution. 

The Missouri is navigable for steamers eight months in the year, from March 
to November, the boats a.scending as high as Fort Kenton, Mont., 3,092 miles 
from where it empties into the Missis.si])pi, and 4.465 from the Gulf of Mexico. 
The winter along tiie upper Mi.ssouri is shorter than it is several parallels south, 
and the river is usually clear of ice in North Dakota and Montana before it is 
at Sioux City or Omaha. The conditions under which steamboats operate 
on the Mis.souri river are totally dilVerent froHi those on Ea-stern rivers. The 
boats are of very light draught and of great length and width in proportion 
to their depth. Of such light draught are some of the.se boats it has been 
suggested that they might run over a prairie covered with heavy dew. Their 
models vary from all the u.sual sUuulard shape.s, and are .said to have been 
patterned after the mouth of the cattish. The engines are placed at the 
extreme after-end of the hull, and are coupled at right angles to the shaft ot 
the wheel, which is very much less in diameter than the wheels of a sidewheel 
boat, but extends nearly the whole width of the boat. The Iwilers are placetl 
forward of the centre. It is stated that a sternwheel boat will airry a load ol 



46 



TEREITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



1,000 tons on but little more than half the depth of water required by a side- 
wheeler for the same load. Another important feature of the Missouri river 
boats is the spars used for lifting and dragging the boat over shoals and Vjars, 
the river being noted for shifting its channel. In early days the traific of the 
river was very large, but the railway construction of late years throughout the 
Northwest has reduced the amount of river transportation; however, it is still 
quite heavy, and boats run regularly, during the season, between Sioux 
City and Bismarck, and Bismarck and the head of navigation, far oft' in the 
shadows of the Rocky Mountains. Congress annually appropriates large sums 
of money for improvements to its channel. 

As the ISIissouri is the important stream of Dakota, quite 1,300 miles of it 
flowing through our confines, the following table of distances from its mouth 
to Fort Benton, the head of navigation, will be of interest: 



Mouth of Missouri river to — 

Miles. 

St. Charles, Mo 28 

Hamburgh, Mo 48 

Murdoch, Mo 51 

Augusta, Mo 58 

Washington, Mo 65 

Bates, Mo 82 

Hermann, Mo 92 

Blullton, Mo 100 

Harkersville, Mo 125 

Mouth of the Osage River 130 

Jefferson City, Mo 1.S6 

Burlington, Alo 151 

Eureka, Mo 156 

Searcy, Mo 180 

Arrow Rock, Mo 211 

Saline City, Mo 223 

Glasgow, Mo 234 

New Frankfort, Mo 248 

Miami, .Mo 288 

Lexington, Mo 345 

Sibley, Mo 380 

El Paso, Mo 403 

Kansas City, Mo 431 

Leavenworth, Kan 469 

Atchison, Kan 502 

Petersburgh, Mo 526 

St. Joseph, Mo 549 

Ballast, Mo 580 

Forest City, Mo 607 

Arago, Neij 633 

Brownsville, Neb 661 

Nebraska City, Neb 708 

Plattsmouth, Neb 784 

Council Bluff's, Iowa 804 

Omaha, Neb 806 



Mouth of Missouri river to — 

Miles. 

Little Sioux River, Iowa 929 

Sioux City, Iowa 1,019 

Elk Point, Dak 1,070 

Yankton, Dak 1, 161 

Niobrara City, Neb 1,214 

Fort Randall. Dak 1,268 

Cedar Island, Dak 1,313 

Fori Thompson, Dak 1, 424 

Pierre, Dak 1.528 

Fort Sully, Dak 1,546 

Little Cheyenne, Dak 1,610 

Standing Rock, Dak 1, 766 

Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dak 1,880 

Bismarck, Dak 1,886 

Fort Clarke, Dak 1,951 

Fort Berthold, Pak 2,030 

Little Missouri River, Dak 2,070 

Knife River, Dak 2,105 

White Earth River, Dak 2,155 

Big Muddy River, Dak 2, 225 

Fort Buford, Dak 2,304 

Mouthof the Yellowstone, Dak 2,305 

Fort Kipp, Mont 2,401 

Fort Copeland, Mont 2, 565 

Fort Peck, Mont 2,584 

Harnev's Point, Mont 2,640 

Round Butte, Mont 2,701 

Musselshell Kiver, Mont 2,769 

Carroll, Mont 2, 810 

Grand Island, Mont 2,869 

Antoine Rapids, Mont 2, '.i47 

Eagle Creek, Mont 3,019 

Fort Harvey, Mont 3, 084 

Fort Benton, Mont 3,092 



From the mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico the distance is 1,373 
miles. New Orleans is 110 miles from the Gulf. St. Louis is 21 miles south of 
the mouth of the Missouri. 

The Clieyemie River. — The Big Cheyenne, which with its tributaries 
drains the Black Hills region, contributes the largest volume of water to the 
Missouri of any stream in Dakota. The greater part of the Cheyenne lies 
vrithin the boundaries of the Sioux Indian reservation, as also does that of the 
White, Bad, Moreau and Grand rivers. The Cannon Ball river forms the north- 
ern boundary of this reservation. 



TKURITORY OF DAKOTA. 47 

Tlie lli'd Kiver.— The lied River of the North Ibrins the houtxhiry line 
between Dakota jind Miiines(»t;irrom Lake Traverse to the Manitoba line. It is 
a deep, narrow, and decidedly crooked stream, traveling a devions course of 
some (!0() miles before emptying its wators into Lake Winiiij)^'^, Man. The 
valley of the river is from KO to 80 miles <';Lst and west by .!()() miles north and 
south, and distin};uished as the fine.st wheat district in the world. One hun- 
dred and ei;ihty miles in length and 40 miles in width of this valley are .sita- 
ated in D.ikot.i. Steamers of from ^OO to 'M)0 tons burden, similar in construc- 
tion to the .Missouri river craft, ply about eight months in the year as far up 
the river as Fargo, a distjince of nearly 400 miles; and a part of the season as 
high as .-Vbercrombic, 40 miles further. The (Government ha.s annuallj' appro- 
priated a considerable sum for the improvement of navigation on this river. 
During the summer months millions of feet of pine logs are run down the Ked 
river from the Red lake and Otter Tail pineries in Minnesota to the saw mills 
at (Jrand Korks. 

The James or Dakota Ki\ er. — The James, or as it is locally known, 
the "Jim," river, which drains the country lying between the Red river and 
its tributaries of the north and the Sioux and Vermillion rivers of the south, on 
the east, and the Missouri river on the west, is not navigable. It has its source 
in the central i)art of North Dakota, and tlows in a southerly conr.se to its Junc- 
tion with the Missouri, on the extreme southern boundary of the territory. 
From source to mouth it has a length, counting numerous bends and curves, of 
over .'500 miles, and is the longest stream wliolly in Dakota, and the longest 
stream in the United States solely within one commonwealth. The valley of 
the James river is of great width, and maybe described <is one vast prairie ex- 
tending a distance north and south of nearly 400 miles. The fame of the 
fertility of its .soil has had much to do with the rapid settlement of central 
Dakotii. The valley of the James river is the greatest artesian well district 
known. Artesian wells are found in all parts of Dakota, but those in this val- 
ley are notable for having the heaviest pressure and greatest volume of any in 
the world. 

The Bij^r Sioux River. — The Big Sioux river c^irries a considerable 
volume of water, the drainage of numerous lakes and ponds situated around 
its headwaters in Kingsbury, Hamlin, Codington, Day and other counties. It 
flows in a southerly direction, forming the boundary line between Lincoln and 
Union counties, Dakota, and the State of Iowa, and empties into the Mi-ssouri at 
the extreme southeastern point of the territory. It furnishes the best water 
IK)wer in the territory. At Sioux Falls the river descends through a series of 
ca-scades a distance of ninety-one feet in the course of half a mile, and supplies 
motive power lor flouring mills, granite polishing works and <)ther industries. 
There is practically no limit to the power which can be supplied by the numer- 
ous falls of this stream in the vicinity of Sioux Falls and Dell Iv^ipids when 
fully developed. Along the l?ig Sioux river there is the largest outcropping of 
quartzite or jiusper granite in America. It is of reddish color and susceptible 
of a ghus? like ]iolish, and is so hard that sharp jwints will cut glass like a 
diamond. (,>narrying this stone and preparing it I'or jiaving, building and onia- 
mental jmrpo.ses has become a large industry at Sioux Fall-s, Dell I^aiiids and at 
other places. 



48 TEEEITORY OF DAKOTA. 

The Veniiillion River. — The Vermillion river drains a rich and well- 
settled section of South Dakota, midway between the James and Big Sioux 
rivers. It empties into the Missouri near the city of Vermillion. 

The Mouse River. — The Souris or Mouse river comes down from the 
British territories, and after a long sweep through North Dakota returns to 
the Canadian dominion. It is lined with timber and has fine agricultural and 
grazing lands everywhere tributary. Lignite coal of fine quality abounds 
along the banks. The country it traverses is coming into prominence for 
raising sheep, cattle and horses. Here and to the west is to be found the 
greatest area of good free land in Dakota, if not in America. 

The Sheyenne. — The Sheyenne is the largest stream wholly in North 
Dakota, and has an easterly course to a union with the Eed. The region 
drained by it is more varied than that of the Red or James; it consists of roll- 
ing prairies diversified by ranges of low hills, and is well suited throughout to 
stock raising and general agriculture. 

The Little Missouri River. — The Little Missouri river rises in Wyo- 
ming near the Black Hills, and coursing northward through the western part 
of the territory, finally empties into the Missouri. It is a considerable stream, 
and noted for the extensive coal deposits along its shores and the fine grazing 
country through which it runs. Along the river in North Dakota is a region — 
30 by 60 miles in size — known as Bad Lands, where the clay has been worn 
into fantastic forms by the action of wind, water and fire. Mounds stand up 
in regular form like pyramids, and others assume many marvelous shapes, 
curiously banded with colors due to fire from burning coal beds, some of which 
are still on fire. The valleys are covered with grasses which supply large herds 
of cattle and horses. The Northern Pacific railroad runs through this singular 
region, of which Medora is the central point, made prominent by the business 
enterprise and subsequent failure of the Marquis de Mores. There is also a 
district known as "Bad Lands "along the White river in southwestern Dakota. 

The Yellowstone River. — This river can hardly be considered as be- 
longing to Dakota, because it runs only some twenty miles through the north- 
western part of the territory before it reaches the Missouri, which river it 
doubles in size by the large volume of water it adds. The Yellowstone is navi- 
gable for many hundreds of miles through Montana. 

Numerous streams, creeks and rivulets, of greater or less length and volume 
throughout Dakota, flow into the large rivers, and in all make up an extensive 
and important water system, and supply an abundance of water for stock and 
irrigation purposes. These streams are wooded in many places, and their wa- 
ters are pure and palatable. 

Ijakes and Ponds. — In various parts of Dakota the country glistens 
with lakes and lakelets, notably so in the counties of Brookings, Kingsbury, 
Hamlin, Codington, Walworth, Brown, Day, Roberts, Emmons, Logan, Barnes, 
Stutsman, Kidder, Burleigh. Turner, Benson, Ramsey, Nelson, Foster, Griggs, 
Deuel, Clark, Charles Mix, Brule, Lake and Aurora. The Turtle Mountain 
region, in the counties of Bottineau and Rolette, is full of small Likes and 
ponds, as is also the wide belt of low hills, the plateau du coteau des Missouri, 
extending diagonally from the northwest to the southeast corner of the terri- 
tory. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 49 

Devils Lake. — Minnewaukan or Spirit Lake of tlie Incliaos, situated in 
Ramsey and Benson counties, North Dakota, is the hirgest body of water in the 
territory. It has a lenjjth of about fifty miles and a width ranging from a few 
rods to several miks. The water of Devils lake contains sulpliate and carbon- 
ate of soda, combined with lime, ma;^nt'sia and iron, and in t;uste is not unlike 
sea water. It has l)ecome popular as a health aiid pleivsure resort. Some miles 
distant, in the central part of Ramsey county, is a lake covering over 4,000 
acres, known as Sweet Water lake, the water being pure and clear. Devils lake 
has no outlet, and is belted with heavy timber. It hiis a depth varying from a 
few feet to one hundred, and is about 1,200 feet above sea level. 

Tr.averse aiul Bij;' Stone Lakes. — Ltike Traverse is the virtual head 
of the Ked River oi' tlu- North, whose waters find their way to Hudson's bay, 
in the distant arctic regions, while Big Stone is the source of the Minnesota or 
St. Peter's river, whose waters finally reach the semi-tropical Gulf through the 
" Father of Waters," the Mississippi. These lakes have remarkable length for 
their width, and are navigable for steamers of considerable size. They form 
for lifty miles the boundary between Grant and Roberts couutie.s, Dakota, and 
the State of Minnesota, and in times of flood their waters mingle, and connect 
without break the widely separated Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay. 

Lake Ivaiiipeska. — This pretty lake,!near Watertown, is becoming nota- 
ble as a jtleasure resort. 

Fisliiiiy:. — The rivers and lakes of Dakota abound in fishes of many varie- 
ties, and with the Great Lakes to the east aid in supplying the larger cities and 
towns with fish for a considerable part of the year. The many fine streams 
and lakes present good inducements for fish culture, which with statehood will 
receive proper attention. 

Hunting'. — Wild ducks and geese and other predatory birds feed in count- 
less numbers along the lakes and rivers during the spring and autumn migra- 
tions, and afford fine sport for hunters, who come from all parts of the country. 
Prairie chickous and (juail flock around the grain stacks and stubble fields by 
hundreds and even thousands. The buffalo, elk, moose, deer and antelope, 
which once roamed the prairies and plains in v;ist numbers, have largely dis- 
appeared, the first named entirely so. Rabbits and various kinds of small 
game exist in numbers; villages of prairie dogs divert the traveler in the 
western counties, while field rodents of various species abound in all parts of 
the territory. 

Springs and WeUs. — Where water is not to be had from running streams 
or hillside springs, it is often easily obtained by dug or driven wells. In most 
counties veins of excellent water are found at depths varying from a few feet to 
forty or more, by driving down gas pipe, to which is attached the usual style 
of driven well point and wire strainer. The operation is simple and inexpen- 
sive, a complete well of this sort costing from $25 to $50. In some localities, 
where the andergrouud veins of water are at a greater depth from the surface, 
it becomes necessary to dig or b;)re one of the tubular pattern. A dug well 
will last for years without being walled. The settler in any part of Dakota 
finds but little difficulty in obtaining a supply of good, pure water, either 
from some of the streams, lakes, marshes and ponds scattered throughout 
every county, or else by sinking a well of one of the patterns mentioned. Many 
of the farms have windmills att;iched to the pumps, and so supply a constant 

4 



50 TEKEITOKY OF DAKOTA. 

flow of fresh water for both hoase use and stock purposes. At the Jamestown 
hospital an abundant supply of water for stock use was found in a pasture 
field, by digging into a moist place in the hillside and putting in a barrel, 
which soon filled up, the overflow being sufficient to fill large troughs to which 
the horses and cattle have free access. We doubt not equally good springs can 
be tapped in nearly all ravine hillsides. 

Artesiau Well.s. — In no section of the United States, or the world for 
that matter, can there be found so many artesian wells, of as great pressure and 
supplying the immense volume of water, as those flowing in Dakota to-day, 
particularly in the valley of the James river. They are in successful operation 
from Yankton on the extreme southern boundary of the territory to Grafton on 
the north, covering a distance of nearly 500 miles. In Yankton more than a 
dozen of these wells, from a depth of 550 to 600 feet, pour forth a bountiful 
supply of water — the- increase in the number of wells not having the least 
eft'ect on the flow or pressure from the underground source. 

There is nothing strange or marvelous connected with the flow of artesian 
wells. The principle is precisely that of a reservoir system of water works, or 
of the artificial fountain, common everywhere. By storing a supply of water 
in a basin at some high point and carrying it in pipes to a lower level, con- 
venient water power is obtained. Nature has constructed a vast system of 
underground water works on the same plan — the pervious strata of sand rock 
underlying the earth's surface at various depths, serving as pipes to convey 
the water from the distant reservoir or source of supply, which in the case of 
Dakota is no doubt the Rocky Mountains. 

There are now more than 100 wells in 30 counties of Dakota, of remarkable 
pressure and supply, not to include numerous mere flowing wells. At Yankton 
various factories now utilize the force furnished by the pressure of the under- 
ground current, and the example set will be followed in other places where 
artesian wells only await the application of wheel and belt. Wells costing 
from $4,000 to $6,000 are not out of comparison with steam machinery, the 
saving in fuel in one year in any large establishment being enough to put down 
an average well. The pressure varies in ditterent localities from 30 to 180 
pounds to the square inch, and the flow from 50 gallons to 4,000 gallons a 
minute. The water is more or less mineralized, but the constituents are such 
as have imparted to the water undoubted hygienic and remedial properties, 
analyses showing the presence of carbonates and sulphates of iron, lime, mag- 
nesia, soda, sodium, potash, etc. The artesian water is almost invariably soft, 
and of excellent quality for general household purposes. The temperature of 
the water partakes of the internal heat of the earth, which increases as its 
interior is penetrated at an average rate of one degree for every 50 or 60 feet. 
If no other results were to be obtained from the sinking of artesian wells than 
a cheap and abundant supply of water and a splendid fire protection, as is the 
case in dozens of the towns of Dakota, the value to the people of the territory 
of these underground storehouses would be beyond comparison. 

The records kept by well-borers showing the penetration of various strata, 
establish the fact that the geological formation of the territory contains all the 
essential features which scientists tell us are prerequisite to flowing wells. The 
water is found in coarse-grained sand rock, which has above it a confining 
stratum of shale, clay, or lime rock. The same strata undoubtedly underlie 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



51 



the entire territory, tlioiigh it m ly be necessary in some localities to ^o deep 
before striking the water-bear in;; rock. The accompanying table gives in 
detail the strata penetrated at Yankton and (rrafton, in widely separated locali- 
ties: 



GRAFTON. 



YANKTON. 





Feet. 




Fekt. 




S 

26 
250 1 

20 1 
137 

20 

45 
3 

25 

60 

16 

11 

49 

46 

188 

5 

12 




45 


White clay 

IMue clay 


Chalk rock 

Shule 


40 
160 




3 


Liuu'slone 


Miale 


IDS 


(.>iiickiiaii<l 


Sand rock 


20 


White sand 


Shale 


37 


Slate 


Hard rock 


3 


Water-bearioR rock 

Ked rock or shale 


Sand rock 

1 Shale 


15 
17 


Blue shale 


1 (Quicksand 


3a 


Pink shale 


Hard sand rock 


4 


Gravel 


1 Shale 


27 


Ked shaie 


' Hard rock 


2 


Soapstone 


Coal 


1 


Sandstone 


Shale 


26 


Granite 


Sand rock 


10 




Quicksand 


15 






Shale 


20 




' 


Soft sand rock .. 


3* 






Total 




Total 


916 


610 









Noted wells in all parts of the world fall far short in flow and pre.ssure of 
any of the Dakota wells. The great well — "2,359 feet deep, with 3^ feet bore 
— at Paris, France, throws a little over 1,00(1 gallons a minute, while many of 
the Dakota wells, with less than a half foot bore, throw 3,000 gallons per min- 
ute. The possibilities of the wells of Dakota are beyond estimation. Nature 
stores the supply, and it only awaits tapping and application. It is certainly 
an ideal manufacturing power, and has not been utilized because the country 
has not yet entered the industrial age. 

The territorial as.sembly of 1S87 enacted a law providing for the construction 
and maintenance of artesian wells in towns, townships, cities and counties, by 
the assessment of an etiual t:i.\ upon the property owners and residents of the 
district or community to be benefited — provisions which would undoubtedly 
lead to an extension of the advantages arising from artesian wells to a great 
many farming communities, provided the new st^Ues re-enact similar laws. 

Forj'stM and AVoodlaiuls. — There is a lacking of trees in Dakota, but 
there is compensation in the fact that there are no stumps to clear away to get 
the land ready for the ])low, and al.so that the farmer can plant trees and have 
his groves and orcliards where he wants them. Twenty yeiirs ago much of 
Iowa and southern Minnesota was as treele.ss as Dakota is to-day, but the suc- 
cess of timber culture in these states is attested by numerous useful and beau- 
tiful groves to be seen now in every locality. 

The heaviest limbered section of Dakota is the Black Hills, where the somber 
covering of pine, as viewed from a distance, gives a name to the region. The 
yellow or Norway pine is the most abundant and valuable tree of that section, 
black and white spruce coming next, and then various species of hard and soft 



52 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

woods. The timber area of the Black Hills exceeds in size the entire area of 
the State of Rhode Island or Delaware. All the lumber used in the hills for 
building and manufacturing purposes is made at home, and amounts to millions 
of feet annually. 

Along the Missouri river, cottonwood, ash, willow, box elder and other trees 
grow to a considerable extent, the groves occasionally widening to forests of 
some magnitude. The islands of the Missouri are usually covered with a pro- 
fuse growth of trees and shrubs. 

Around Devils lake there is a large fringe of timber, and another much more 
extensive in the Turtle Mountains near the international boundary line. The 
banks of the Red river are lined with oak and other forest trees of good size. 
Its tributaries, the Sheyenne, Wild Rice, Maple, Goose, Turtle, Forest, Park, 
Tongue and Pembina rivers, are also timbered in many places. The course of the 
Mouse river is marked by a heavy growth of timber, including oak, ash, box 
elder and other varieties. On the coteaus between the Missouri and James 
rivers, and in the breaks of the hills west of the Missouri, patches of timber are 
found. All of the streams emptying into the Missouri from the west, and the 
shores of many of the lakes scattered about the territory, are more or less tim- 
bered. 

Grand Forks, on the Red river, is a lumber manufacturing point of impor- 
tance. Two mills alone have a capacity of over 200,000 feet of pine lumber per 
day. The annual output of lumber of the mills of Grand Forks is estimated at 
20,000,000 feet. The logs are rafted down the Red from the pineries of Minne- 
sota. The national and territorial governments both encourage tree culture, 
and time will find our ijrairies as well dotted with groves and wind-breaks as 
in the prairie states to the south and east. 

Wild Fruits and Berries. — Wild plums, grapes, choke cherries, buffalo 
berries, etc., grow in abundance along the banks, and cover the islands of the 
Missouri and other rivers. The buftalo berry grows on a thorny bush similar to 
the plum or crab tree. Its fruit is about as large as a red currant, which it 
resembles both in color and taste; but instead of having a number of seeds to 
each berry, like the currant, it has but one. Each berry is joined to the tree by 
a stem of its own, though they are so thickly clustered as to have the appear- 
ance of being in pods. These trees or bushes grow ten to fifteen feet high, and 
are so completely covered with berries from within three or four feet of the 
ground to the top, as to look as if they might be trees of red coral. Strawber- 
ries, raspberries, gooseberries, etc. , are found wild in various parts of the terri- 
tory, and often in great profusion. The fact of fruits of such a variety growing 
everywhere is sufiicient guaranty of the adaptability of our climate and soil to 
fruit culture; but in addition to this, the success attending a great number of 
farmers who have surrounded their prairie homes with bearing orchards, show 
that fruit culture in Dakota has passed the experimental stage, and the farmer 
who is without a supply of home-grown fruit, has but himself to blame. 

Forestry. — To encourage the growth of timber in Dakota, every possible 
advantage is accorded the settler. By the national timber culture act he is 
given 160 acres of land if he will sucessfully grow 10 acres of trees. As re- 
ported to the department of agriculture for 1887, there were 2,300 planted for- 
est tracts in Dakota. A few over 400 have received their final certificate under 
the timber culture act. The timber filings made at the difterent laud ofiices 



TKRKITORY OF DAKOTA. 53 

have alt:tino«l as hi^li ligures ns 1^,000 in a sinjile year. Kealizinj; the necesaity 
tor lori'st culture, Dakotii Territory has eiuictetl several I>uui)ties to euconrago 
tho industry. For every five acres of trees the law of Dakota exempts forty 
acre.s, with $1,000 in iniprovemeuts, from taxation for ten years In 1888 the 
territory puid as bounties for troo jtlantiuf^ $2,530. It is olTicially stated that 
bu,0O0,()t»0 trees, covering ()4, 000 arres, have been planted in Dakota. Of the 
nineteen varieties planted, the ash, box elder, cottonwood, elm, maple and wil- 
low are recorded a.s succeeding best. Arbor day was instituted in 1884, and 
tiiousands of trees have been i)lantcd by school children, arboreal societies and 
village authorities a.s well as by individuals acting separately. A forestry jts- 
sociatiou was organized in 18^7. There are several nurseries, worth from $o,000 
to $15,000, dealing exclusively in native-grown tree.s. One of the most profit- 
able crops that a Dakota farmer can plant is trees. Prof. Hayden, the well- 
known geologist, says: " Experiments sljow clearly that forests may be restored 
to the.se almost treeless prairies in a compitratively short period of time. It is 
also believed that the planting of ten or fifteen acres of forest trees on each 
quarter section will have a most important clVect on the climate, equalizing and 
iucreasing the moisture and adding greatly to the fertility of the soil. In the 
tertiary period, when the lignite or brown coal beds were deposited, all these 
treeless plains were covered with a luxuriant growthof forest trees like those of 
the Gulf states or South America." 

The Dakotii Horticultural Society recommends the following trees as .'suitable 
for the purposes named: 

For Forests — Box elder, white or green ash, rock elm, larch, white birch, 
soft maple, butternut, cottonwood, black cherry. 

For Wind-breaks — White willow, cottonwood, box elder. 

For Street Trees — Hard maple, white elm, basswood, hackberry, ash. 

Ornamental Trees — liird cherry, larch, white birch. 

Forest Evergreen — lied cedar, white pine, European larch, Americjm atbor- 
vitae. 

Ornamental Evergreoia — Colorado blue or white northern spruces, Siberian 
fir. Sititch i>ine, dwarf mountain pine, red cedar, any variety of arl)or-vitae. 

Why Trees arc Xecded. — The re;isons for tree planting are many — 
shelter, shade, fuel, ornament, health, lumber, climate — and no pains should 
be spared by every well-wisher of Dakota in arousing public sentiment in liivor 
of a definite, practical, and widespread movement in its favor. It is a matter 
the Karmci-s Alliance should take hold of to be on as extensive a scale as it 
should be, and must be, if Dakota and the whole Northwest is siived from final 
sterility and barrenuess. The work must become the protege of the public — 
of the (iovernmcnt. It is an axiom that he who makes two blades of grass grow 
where but one grew before is a public benefactor. How much more a l>ene- 
factor is he who plants a tree, and how easy it is to earn that proud distinction. 
Let every day and every suitable occasion be Arbor day. Do not wait for the 
governor to ask the children to plant trees around the st-hool bouse, but plant 
them around the home acre in wind-breaks and in forest grove.s. 

President McI.,outh of the Brookings Agricultunil College, says: "Two 
things are greatly needed in Dakota — trees and birds. These will work 
marvels. The trees will ])rodnco lK)th climatic and entomological changes by 



54 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



modifying the temperature, influencing the rainfall and j)roducing a shelter 
for birds. The birds in turn will destroy the insects and larvaj and thus reduce 
by a large per cent danger to crops. ' ' 

Trees are living monuments, which, multiplied, will make our land more 
fertile and fruitful, and our winds less harsh, better our sanitary and health 
conditions, give uniformity to our rainfall and to our streams, mitigate the 
heat of summer and the cold of winter, diminish droughts, supply material 



for fuel and lumber, 
blessed. 



etc., for all of which future generations will call us 



III. 



POPULATION. 



1S61. — The first census of Dakota as a separate organization was taken in 
June, 1861, by order of Gov. Jaynes, preliminary to the apportionment of the 
territory into legislative districts. The returns showed a population of 2,402. 
When the federal canvass was made for the census of 1860 the territory was a 
part of Minnesota, but the figures for the Dakota district were reported at 
4,837. 

1870. — The returns from the national census of 1870, by counties and dis- 
tricts, showing 14,183 population, were as follows: 



















a 


a 

u 




OS 


C 


c 














93 













PA 


M 


a> 


lU 


"3 






Counties, Districts, Etc. 


00 
tJO 

_C3 


i 


c 
a 

M 


i 


CO 

a 




"3 

a 

t3 


a 
so 

1 
P 


a 

50 

'S 

CO 


n 
3 

en 
(U 
bO 

a 


1^ 
so 
a 

3 


bo 

c 

« 


0) 

-..3 

c 

H 

5 




a 
a 

OS 



2 








o 

c5 


is 


'a 


o 

o 


1 
O 


a; 


g 

[24 






s 





• 






o 


o 


O 


o 


o 


d 


o 




























'^ 


;zi 


H 


;z; 


^ 


'A 


^A 


'A 


iz; 


'A 


"A 

11 

24 

'"2 


'A 

48 
100 

1 
5 


"A 

41 

53 

1 

11 


"A 

48 

118 

8 

4! 


"A 


Yankton county 


534 

779 

8 

44 


536 

703 

8 

44 


2097 

3510 

37 

163 


1193 
1919 

7 
15 


877 

1578 

10 

3 


16 

5 

11 

62 


11 

8 
9 

83 


461 

572 

6 
10 


271 


744 




403 10 


933 


Deuel county 







8 


Brookings county 


44 




119 
239 
808 
173 
3 


116 
226 
704 
172 
3 


356 

712 

2623 

608 
5 


184 

403 

1502 

360 

4 


118 

309 

1116 

230 


30 

""i 

9 
1 


24 

"3 
9 


98 
142 
419 
124 


58 

93 

347 

93 


2 
44 


6 

n" 

3 


8 

21 

131 

16 


13 

68 

104 

1 

1 


37 
106 
277 

21 
? 


138 


Lincoln county 


?39 


Clay county 


671 


Bon Homme county 


210 


Jayne county 

Hutchinson county 


,«i 


12 

183 

43 

sr. 

16 


12 
180 
43 
36 
16 


37 

1213 

240 

454 

151 


25 
379 
10 
409 
134 


12 
24 
22 
32 
8 


414 

60 

8 

2 


396 

57 

5 

7 


10 
297 

66 
197 

70 


114 

17 

4 

3 


"2 

2 


1 

7 
1 


3 
40 
4 
4 
2 


"529 

87 

14 

9 


1 

529 

89 

16 

9 


15 


Pembina county 


1?9 


Ft. Totten and vicinity 


40 


Ft. Buford and viciultv 


82 


Ft. Stevenson and vicinity 


21 


Ft. Rice and vicinity 


27 


27 


215 


187 


23 


3 


2 


90 


8 




1 


3 


4 


4 


18 


Grand River and vicinity 


9 


9 


154 


148 


4 


1 


1 


62 






1 


1 







9 


Cheyenne and vicinity 


12 

77 
51 
37 
30 


12 
77 
51 
37 
30 


134 
745 
245 
337 
152 


119 
610 
158 
254 
34 


7 
86 
16 

67 

1 


5 
18 

22 

7 

53 


3 

25 

49 

9 

64 


74 
332 
68 
93 
17 


2 
19 

2 
14 


"3 

"3 
2 


'16 
3 
2 
5 


1 

11 

6 


"4 
66 
58 
28 
55 


4 

70 
59 
31 
58 


13 


Ft. Sully and vicinity 


.34 


Buffalo countv 


45 


Todd count J'..". 


30 


Charles Mix county 


m 






Total of territory 


3240 


3102 


14188 


8151 


4543 


729 


765 


3-208 


1461 


72 


101 


405 


1147 


1528 


3467 



TEKRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



65 



ISSO. — The gain in pnptilation — l'J(J,!»y;>, or «.");{ per cent — tluriiig this 
tk'cade Wiis many iohl greater than in the preceding 10 years, wliile tlie number 
of couutie^ iucreosed from 14 to 59. The following is the popnlatioa returns 
by counties: 



COL'.NTIKS. 



Aurora 

Hiirnes 

HeaiUo 

Hillin„'s 

Don Ilomnie. 

Brookings 

Hrown 

Hriil.> 

niitlalo 

Biirli.'iijh , 

Cuiiipbell 

Cms 

Cliarlia Mix.. 

Cliirk 

Clay 

Codiiikjton 

Custer 

Davison 

Day 

Deuel 

Douglas 



Popiila- 
lion. 



Co U.N TIES. 



6!l 

1,585 

1,290 

1,3'« 

5, 4f.S 

4,905 

.%i3 

■2.'18 

63 

3,246 

50 

8,!)98 

407 

114 

5,001 

2, isr, 

i<95 

1,256 

97 

2, 302 

6 



II 



I Emmons 

I Faulk 

I Foster 

(iraiul Forks 

Uraiit 

HiikIios 

Hutchinson . 

Haiulin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Kid.ler 

Kingsbury... 

Lake 

La .Moure 

Lawrence 

Lincoln 

McCook 

Miner 

Minnehaha .. 

Moody 

Morton 



Ponula- 
tiuu. 



COUNTIE-S. 



38 

4 

37 

0,248 

3,010 

268 

5,5/3 

t>9:t 

1.53 

1,301 

89 

1,102 

2,657 

20 

13,248 

5, 896 

1,283 

3ii3 

8,251 

3,915 

200 



Mountraille 

Poiubina 

Pennington 

Ramsey 

Knn.soiu 

liichland 

Spink 

.Stanley 

Stevens 

Stutsman 

Sully 

Traill 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth 

Williams 

Yankton 

Omitted by change in 
county lines 



Popula- 
tion. 



13 

4,862 

2, 244 
281 
537 

3, .597 
477 
793 
247 
f»07 
296 

4, 123 
5, 320 
6,813 

46 

15 

8,390 



I 



1,785 



Total 135, 177 



or the population in 1880 the whites numbered 133,147, the colored 401, the 
Chinese 238 (mostly in the Black Hills), and Indians (who have become citi- 
zens), 1,490. The sexes were divided as follows: Males, 82,296; females, 52,- 
881. The nativity of the population w.is as follow.'?: Born in Dakota, 17,029; 
born in other states. 66.356; born in foreign lands, 51,795, or about one in every 
three. 



56 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



1885. — The ceasus this year, taken in accordance with a congressional 
law, showed a growth remarkable even in the history of the West. The gain 
was 280,433, while the counties increased from 59 to 107. 



Counties. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Allred 

Aurora .... 

Barnes 

Beadle 

Benson 

Billings 

Bon Homme.. 

Bowman 

Bottineau 

Brookings 

Brown 

Brule 

Buflfalo 

Buford 

Burdick 

Burleigh 

Butte 

Campbell 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Charles Mix... 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington 

Custer 

Davison 

Day 

DeSmet 

Deuel 

Dickey 

Douglas 

Dunn 

Eddy 

Edmunds 

Emmons 

Ewing 

Fall River .... 

Faulk 

Flannery 

Foster 

Grand Forks. 



13 

n, 950 

6, 093 

10,318 

1,255 

737 

7,449 

162 

818 

8,288 

12,241 

7,524 

864 

624 

75 

5,354 

1,081 

1,199 

21,085 

5,029 

4, 022 

4, 892 
6, 201 
5,648 
1,292 

5, 940 
5,601 

76 

4,4(13 

3,897 

3,801 

32 

825 

2, 422 

1,046 

50 

472 

3,120 

64 

992 

20, 454 



Counties. 



Grant 

Griggs 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Harding 

Hettinger.... 

Hughes 

Hutchinson 

Hyde 

Jerauld 

Kidder 

Kingsbury... 

Lake 

La Moure.... 
Lawrence.... 

Lincoln , 

Logan 

McCook 

McHenry.... 
Mcintosh.... 
McKenzie... 

McLean 

McPher.son. 
Marshall .... 

Mercer 

Miner 

Minnehaha . 

Moody 

Morton 

Mountraille 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Fembina 

Pennington, 

Potter 

Ramsey 

Ransom , 

Renville 

Richland 

Roberts 



Popula- 
tion. 



9, 
2, 
3, 
1, 

7, 

5, 
2 

lo! 

7, 



2, 

4, 

13, 

5, 

5, 

3, 

II, 
3, 
2, 

3, 
4, 

9, 

2. 



793 
093 
757 
057 
933 

43 

03 
268 
006 
175 
458 
572 
345 
432 
072 
326 
598 
336 
641 
800 
390 

•21 
942 
422 
187 
254 
928 
857 
1S9 
873 

37 
031 
327 
510 
■224 
336 
271 
286 

31 
043 
154 



Counties. 



Rolette 

Sanborn 

Sargent 

Sheridan 

Spink 

Stanley 

Stanton 

St.irk 

Steele 

Stevens 

Stutsman 

Sully 

Towner 

Traill 

Turner 

Union 

Villard 

Wallace 

Walsh 

Walworth 

Ward 

Wells 

Williams 

Wynn 

Yankton 

NOT IN ANY COUNTSr. 

Acertainstripofland 
lying between Ed- 
munds, MePherson 
andBrowncounties 

Acertainstripofland 
lying between Cav- 
alier, Walsh, and 
Ramsey counties.... 

Sisseton and Wahpe- 
ton reservation 

Total 



Popula 
tion. 



2, 
4, 
3, 

10, 



12, 
1, 



9, 



232 
106 
234 

40 
446 
653 
322 
507 
080 

55 
632 
233 
366 
119 
282 
017 
200 

46 
775 
412 
257 
285 

36 

10 
404 



1,05& 

68 
45 



415,610 



The classified returns for 1885 were as follows: Whites, 414,065; colored, 
707; Chinese, 191; Indians, 647. Males, 236,045; females, 179,565. Born in 
Dakota, 58,530; born in other states, 206,090; born in foreign countries, 150,- 
990. Births in census year, 13,171; deaths during .same period, 2,511. Civil 
condition: Single, 252,910; married, 145,046; widowed, 9,184, divorced, 549. 
Occupation: Farmers, 78,362; mechanics and laborers, 45,494; merchants, 
10,418; professions, 2,632; teachers, 2,116; railroad employes, 2,895. Defectives 
blind, 116; deaf and dumb, 182; idiotic, 112; insane, 225. School attendance, 
63,256; adults unable to read, 3,920; adults unable to write, 4,807. 

The returns as to races show Dakota with an enormous preponderance of 
whites. Forty-seven counties, of which 21 were in South Dakota and 26 iu 
North Dakota, contained none but white residents. The colored population 
was distributed betwen 54 counties, 29 in South Dakota and 25 in North Da- 
kota. The Chinese population was distributed between 25 counties, 17 in 
South Dakota and 8 in North Dakota. The excess of males over females is less 
in Dakota than in any of the other territories except Utah. As our vast prairies- 
are plowed, the once trackless land is made ready for the habitation of man and 
the blessed influence of woman. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 57 

1SS1>. — A careful estimate of tlie imitulation uj) to the thirtieth of June, 
1889, f^ave tlie territory a populatiou of G50,UU(). This estimate is biised upon 
tl>e census of 1885, with estimates of the increase 9inc(; tliat time made from 
tlie total land entries, and correcte<l by comparison witli the total vote of the 
territory at the last election. This estimate w:u'« oht;»ined by multiplyin}^ the 
total number of land entries both upon government and railway lands by 
three, and adding to the result the estimated natural increa.se; these figures, to- 
gether with the population given by the census of 1885, make the total above 
named, which is doubtless a conservative and reasonably accurate e.stimate. 
The returns at the next succeeding election furnisii a praitical method of veri- 
fication. As an illustration of this fact it may be state<l that while the esti- 
mate of ]H>pulation for the year ending June 30, 1888, was placed at 640,823, the 
returns of the election of November bust indicated that the estimate was exces- 
sive, and tlie best opinion placed the population at the ojiening of the present 
year at 600,000 souls. As above stated, the increa.se during the first six months 
approximates 50,000. Of this total population there was probably 370,000 
people within the limits of the future State of South Dakota, and 271,000 in 
the State of North Dakoti, on the thirtieth of June, 1889. Estimates made 
on the returns of the state elections Oct. 1, 1889, justify our calculations for 
South Dakota, but not for North Dakota. See population tables in Parts II. 
and III. 

Iiuliaiis. — Dakota contains, upon eleven reservations, about 32,000 Indi- 
ans — the Sioux, divided into various bands, coustitnte the largest number. 
The Lake Traverse or Sisseton reservation is being allotted in severalty, while 
the Sioux re.servation has been reduced one-half. The Indians are confined to 
their reservations under the care of white agents, and are never allowed to 
roam over the country. For many years they have never given the whites any 
trouble. They are peacfably disposed toward their white neighbors, and as 
but little is seen of them anyway, their presence in the territory on the Gov- 
ernment reservations is hardly observed, and of no concern to the people of 
Dakota generally. A white man can travel unarmed and alone through any 
reservation with as little danger of molestation as on the streets of any great 
city. 

The Indian populatiou of Dakota in 1885 (those abandoning tribal relations) 
was distributed between 26 counties, 11 in South Dakota and 15 in North Dakota. 
An Indian who abandons his tribal relations and adopts the habits and pursuits of 
the white man is held to be a citizen of the United Stiite.s. and may enter an In- 
dian homestead of 160 acres on any vacant public lands, his title to be inalien" 
able for a period of five years I'rora thed.it-e of a patent, which is obtained by 
the Indian after a residence of five years on the land. 

Such little knowledge had the people or the Government of the attractions 
of the Northwest for white settlement, that even in late years large tracts of 
country now stirring with civilization were deeded to Indians " in fee simple, 
forever," as "long as grass grows and wat«r runs," but the warranty could not 
be maintained against the tiile of white growth. It will not be many years ])e- 
fore the reservations will disappear from Dakota. The present acreage held by 
them ecinals eight hundred acres for each head in the territory. 



58 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



IV. 



CLIMATE. 

Dakota is in the same latitude with some of the most prosperous and popu- 
lous states of the Union, yet dense ignorance or prejudice exists in the East 
concerning not only the resources but the climate of the great territory. Da- 
kota contains millions of acres of land in identically the same latitude as a 
portion of the great and flourishing state of Iowa, which state forms a part of 
the eastern boundary of the territory, and millions of acres in a more southern 
latitude than any within the state of Minnesota. The climate of Dakota is 
continental, and not as damp as in the states near the oceans. 

Leug'tli of Seasons. — There is scarcely any appreciable difference be- 
tween the territory and the Atlantic and upper Middle and lake states, in the 
length of the seasons. The changing seasons in our Dakota climate, even if 
the beauties of home are humble, are still infinite. We can secure to ourselves 
endless variety without leaving our own lireside, and say with Ruskin: " How 
different is the view from our windows as we look on the tender green of 
spring, the rich foliage of summer, the glorious tints of autumn, or the deli- 
cate tracery of winter. We may make our daily travels interesting, even 
though, like the Vicar of Waketield's family, all our adventures are by our 
own fireside, and all our migrations from one room to another." 

The spring clothes the face of nature with grass and flowers, the summer and 
fall " rounding" them up in fulness and perfection so gratifying to every sense, 
while the winter, so much dreaded by those who know nothing about it, needs 
the pen of a Ruskin to portray the atmospheric phenomenon: The grandeur 
of the morning and evening skies, the brilliancy of the auroras, the nights 
gemmed with stars, and an air so stimulating and bracing that one is fitted for 
the fullest enjoyment of life. 

Winter. — This is the season of which there is much misconception. The 
winters are cold, it is true; but the air is pure, and full of invigo ration ; dry, 
and devoid of any humidity during the winter months, it never penetrates and 
chills as does the damp atmosphere of the Atlantic states; both human beings 
and animals can stand a pretty low temperature under such circumstances 
without feeling it. There is no rain in winter, no mud, no slush. Under foot 
the snow lies crisp and hard. Less snow falls in Dakota during the winter 
than in the states east and south of us. Some winters there is scarcely enough 
snow to make good sleighing — as for example, that of 1888-89, when farmers 
were able to do more or less work in their fields every month. The railroads 
are very much less obstructed from snow than in any other locality of the same 
latitude. The winter of 1886-87, however, was severe and accompanied by 
much snow, and one storm in January quite as severe as the March storm of 
1888 in New York. The most disagreeable and uncomfortable days of the 
winter are not those indicated by the lowest temperature, as the uninformed 
imagine. It is only when the wind blows strong from the northwest, full of fine 
particles of snow, that the Dakotau thinks of housing himself because of the 
cold. These storms — popularly known as blizzards — are severe, but fortunately 
are rare, and are always followed by days brighter and more sunshiny, if pos- 
sible, than before. The records of the national signal service prove that in the 
winter months Dakota enjoys more sunny days, when human beings and animals 
are comfortable out of doors, than any of the Atlantic or lake states. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



5!) 



The (lrvne.«w of the air diminishes its capability of contiucting heat from the 
body, and men and animals tlicrefore sulVer much less here from cold than 
where there is even siiyhtly more dampness. People work at outdoor employ- 
ments without discomfort when the thermometer lan^e-s from zero to ten or 
twelve decrees below, ten below here not bein;; felt as ten above i.s in ChicaRO 
or New York. The sudden breakin<^ up of the winters is a very noticeable 
feature of Dakotii weatiier. Tliere is none of the intermittent warfare between 
Borejm and Fhcebus, resulting in the prolonged visitation of rain au<l wind, 
alt^ernate freezing and tbawinj;, so common in the eastern states and dreaded 
always as the most disa^jreeable season in the year. 

Suowlall. — The claim is made under tbe title of " Winter," that Dakota 
has less snowtall than in the states east of thi.s, and the claim is reiterated and 
.supported by the annexed table showinji the dci)th of snowfall in Dakota dur- 
ing the months of 188(i-87, as compared with sonir- of tlie states: 

SNOWFALL. IN DAKOTA COMPARED WITH SO.ME OF THE STATE.S. 



STATES. 


December, 
1886. 


Januart, 
1887. 


February,' 
1887. 


Total in. of 
Snowiall 




Snowfall 
In inches. 


Snowfall 
In inches. 


Snowfall 1 
lu inches. ' 


During 1 he 
Winter. 


Dakota 

Now York 


9.8 
15.7 
18.8 
17.6 
19.7 
24.5 
27.9 
21.5 


21.0 
23.9 
25.4 
21.5 
25.3 
28.7 
28.3 
31.1 


17.0 1 

16.1 

16.3 

21.9 

18.9 

32.8 

29.8 

34.6 

1 


! 47.8 
55.7 


Coniieoticiit 


60.5 


Michigan 


61.0 


Massachusetts 

.Maine 


63.9 
86.0 


Now Hampshire 

Veriiiiint 


86.0 
87.2 

i 



• Compiled from the records of the United States signal service. 

• 

The winter of 18H6-7, :i3 above compared, w.is one of the coldest in the his- 
tory of the territory, and was noted for the unusual number of its snow storms, 
yet the Government records show that lea snow fell in D.ikota daring that 
season than in many of the stiites of the E ist, the snowfall in .some of the 
states being nearly double that of Dakota. 

Spring. — Farm operations generally begin in the latter part of Marcher 
early in .Vpril, and are seldom interrupted by the return of frost or snow. 
Occasionally, in the sonthorn juirtion of the territory, seeding is begun jus early 
as February, and the fall plowing continued as late as December. There is 
little question but that the cultivation of the soil, the planting of trees, and 
the improvements of civilization, have already had a marked elVect on the 
climate of D.ikota. Some of the oldest settlers insist th.it even within their 
time these changes have been very decided, and that seeding is now begun a 
month earlier than formerly. It is said by some that climate is determined by 
the great forces and order of nature which man is powerless to alter. What- 
ever the agency or cause, it is true that changes have occurred and are still 
o<rurring, to say nothing of the revolutions which geology shown so plainly, 
when arctic regions were sub-tropiail — when the elephant and tiger roamed 
in the forests of Dakota, and whose remains, with .scores of other animals, are 



60 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



found in the clay beds of Dakotan rivers — or again when the mighty glacier 
plowed its way as far south as Texas. There have been changes of considerable 
magnitude within recent historic times; several of the Windward Isles, clothed 
not long ago in tropic verdure and densely populated, are now barren and 
abandoned, having been literally dried up by some unexplained change in the 
wind currents which brought the rain. Palestine and Syria do not now appear 
to merit the description of "flowing with milk and honey;" and bad govern- 
ment and lack of proper husbandry hardly account for such a change as has 
come to pass in these aud other Eastern lauds. Greenland, Iceland — some ot 
whose people now live within our borders — and Labrador have undoubtedly a 
more rigorous climate than when Eric the Red and the Norsemen were at- 
tracted to aud made settlements on their shores. These are a few cases of 
many that might be given, where climates have changed according to human 
records. The spring season in Dakota opens early, aud without that lingering 
hesitancy which causes so much misery and discomfort in other states. In 
proof of this claim one has only to compare the amount of snow remaining on 
the ground in Dakota at the end of March, after the severe winter of 1886-87 
(the second coldest season in fifteen years), with other localities, as shown by 
the following table: 

Table Showing Depth of Unmelted S>fow on the Ground in Dakota at the End of 
THE Month of March, 1887, as Compared with Some of the States.* 



States. 


Inches. 


States. 


Inches. 


States. 


Inches. 


Dakota 


1.0 
2.0 
3.3 
3.3 




4.8 

6.3 

12.0 

12.3 


New York 


12.9 


Minnesota 


Pennsylvania 


New Hampsliire 

Connecticut 


17 


Iowa 


Massachusetts 


26 


Wisconsin 


IVIaine 


Vermont . . . 


35.2 











Suinmer. — The summer time is characterized by warm days and cool 
nights, a season which perfects the grain crops and gives Dakota a reputation 
for growing the best wheat, the heaviest oats, the brightest barley, the oiliest 
flax and the most superior vegetables in the Union. Dakota has established 
her claim to many advantages when the question of home is being considered, 
and none is more universally admitted than her beautiful evenings, and cool, 
pleasant nights. The day may have been a little too warm to be comfortable, 
the winds high and steady; but at night all is calm and peaceful, and the tired 
laborer or weary invalid never fails of finding rest in the delightful hours of 
the slumber-giving night season. In reality the pure, exhilarating, healthful 
climate of Dakota is one of the enchantments by means of which it holds irre- 
sistibly within its grasp those who have enjoyed a residence within its boun- 
daries, be it ever so short. 

Autumn. — The fall season is a delightful one in Dakota. How mellow the 
days, how golden the sunlight! It is the expressive silence of satiety, of the 
fulness of enjoyment. The potatoes are being dug, aud the grain crops threshed. 
October is a charming month in all of the Northwest, but nowhere is it fairer 
than in Dakota. None of the fever, scarcely any of the malaria, none of the 



♦Compiled from records of the United States signal service. 



TEKKITOEY OF DAKOTA. 61 

storms, which luiujuU- with tlie Octoher days of many other sections of the hind. 
Here is a serenity that seems almost unborn of eartli, and a pernctual sunlight, 
tempered and misty, as if falling through a golden haze. And the white moon- 
light nights — when the sky is a mirror through which the stars twinkle with a 
fur-otV glory, the moon a.s silvery as the sun of day is golden, a Hush of northern 
lights glinting the hori/on — close a perfect day like a benediction from the 
heavens. 

Frost. — The total period of exemption from frost in D.ikota ranges from 
four and one-half to live mouths, which permits ample time for the maturiug 
of all the regular crops. The frost is usually out of the ground to allow plant- 
ing in April, although seeding is often earlier. The first frost generally conies 
in September, but is sometimes delayed until October. Dakota is no more 
endangered by late and early frosts than other states iu this jjaralld. The 
peculiar dryness of the air enables vegetation to resist light frosts, which in 
other sections, where the air is more humid, would prove disastrous. On account 
of the absence of moisture the temperature can fall l)elow the freezing point 
without producing frost. The dry air is valuable iu that it does not generate 
rost, smut, and insects injurious to cereal crops as in wet climates. 

Storms. — Of cyclones and like disastrous storms the people of Dakota 
have no fear. The inve-stigations of the United States signal .service declare us 
to be well out of the track of those extensive and terrible cyclones which fre- 
quently sweep over regions further south and east, causing immense damage to 
property and often attended with serious loss of life. Northwestern "bliz- 
zards," which are grossly exaggerated, are simply high winds accompanied by 
driving snow, and are no worse or more frequent here than in any prairie coun- 
try north of the 38th parallel. Each year's record tells of death-dealing cy- 
clones, of terrible floods, of forest fires, of drought and of earth([uakes in 
neighboring states, and yet no one thinks of maligning those sections of the 
Union by oft-repeate<l e.xaggerations of their misfortunes. Those who live in 
smaller states fail to bear in mind that storms may occur here upwards of 500 
miles apart and still be in Dakota, whereas with most of them such a distance 
would carry the storm far enough beyond their borders for even another state 
to intervene. 

Hoaltht'iiliiess of the Climate. — The inexperienced sometimes con- 
tend that cold and a varialile temperature must be prejudicial to health, but 
the healthfuluess of the climate of this region is so fully tested by experience 
that no reasonable person can longer call the matter into question. Dakota's 
climate, although the thermometer during the winter months sometimes regis- 
tere considerable coldness, is dry, pure, healthful and invigorating, and possesses 
all the good (jualities of the climate of Colorado, without the light, highly rari- 
fied air of a mountainous altitude, which is so dangerous to those who have 
long suffered from lung troubles. The climate, the year round, is especially lia- 
vonible to pulmonary, bronchial and malarial diseases, and is an upbuilder of 
physical and mentiil strength. Very many of those now residing in the territory 
were induced to come hither because of bronchia! or pulmonary ailments, and 
in all cases relief was experienced, and most of them have fully recovered. The 
fever and ague, so common to most new countries, is unknown here as an ail- 
ment originating in this climate, ami fevers of every description that have 
their producing c;»use in miasmatic vapors rarely occur here and are much less 



62 



TEKEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



malignant than in moister regions. The number of deaths in the territory dur- 
ing the census year 1885 was 2,511 or 6.01 to^ every 1,000 inhabitants, or one 
in every 166 of population, and which included a considerable number of in- 
valids who came hither suffering with chronic diseases, which had already so 
nearly exhausted their vitality as to render recovery scarcely possible. 

Mortality. — The following table of the death rate in different states and 
foreign countries, compiled from the United States census report of 1880, is cer- 
tainly a pretty strong argument in favor of Dakota as a health resort: 



TABLE OF MORTALITY STATISTICS. 



Minnesota 1 in 86 

Iowa 1 in 84 

Wisconsin 1 in 82 

Pennsylvania 1 in 67 

Texas 1 in 66 

All of tlie United States 1 in 66 



Norway 1 in 56 

Denmark 1 in 46 

Sweden l in 50 

Great Britain 1 in 46 

Switzerland 1 in 41 

Holland 1 in 37 



Dakota (census of 1885) 1 iu 16G 

The death rate of Sioux Falls, 1887, which might be taken as a fair sample 
of other Dakota cities, was 4f to each 1,000 inhabitants; while the average 
death rate of the leading cities of the country in 1880, according to the census, 
was 20 to each 1,000. 

Expert Testimony.— Dr. T. C. Duncan of Chicago, who made a thorough 
study of the climate, soil, healthfuluess, etc., of Dakota, and embodied the 
results of his investigation in a pamphlet, sums up the characteristics of this 
territory as a health resort in this way: "Dakota is a vast plateau, reached 
from Chicago after passing up through hill and dale, over rivers and picturesque 
lakes. As far as the eye can reach, for miles and miles, green waving grass or 
grain is seen below, and a clear blue sky above. The eifect upon the mind is 
most soothing. Dakota is so situated that there are constant breezes coming 
up the rivers and over the broad expanse of prairie. These increase with the 
evaporating heavy dews, and wax and wane with the sun, as in California. The 
lakes and moisture are on the high ground, so that the air is not so dry as in 
Colorado; therefore there is a large amount of ozone always present. The river 
and surface water is mildly alkaline. The chief ingredient is magnesia. The 
soil is loaded with saline ingredients, which increase the nitrogenous elements 
of the food, rendering Dakota products very healthful and appetizing. The 
people of Dakota are vigorous, intelligent, enterprising, and remarkably hospi- 
table. These are features that, iu the opinion of many medical men, will yet 
make Dakota a famous health resort. Tlie class of cases that will be especially 
benefited will readily occur to you. For consumptives, and those suffering 
with diseases of the lungs in general, it will yet rival Colorado or California, 
especially for the first stage of lung troubles. The tax upon circulation will 
not be so great as in higher altitudes. Advanced cases had better go South, 
especially in winter. The absence of low marshes and malaria make it desira- 
ble for those troubled with bilious disorders. For diseases of the kidneys and 
bladder, the water of Dakota is especially valuable, rivaling that of any noted 
waters. For dyspeptics, especially, the climate, water and cereal products of 
Dakota will yet have a great reputation. For agreeable mental diversion there 
is no better, safer resort. City business men should take a few weeks' vacation 
in Dakota, especially in the spring and the fall. The mental diversion and 
physical energy recovered would amply repay them. Young ladies in the East, 



TERRITORY OK DAKOTA. 



63 



siilVeriiij; from neuntstheuia and euuui, would get lienltli hy a short residence 
in Dakota — as well as a husband, perhaps, and a slice of Government land. 
The whole country is filling up rapidly with very intelligent people. In the 
many towns sjirinjjing up are e.\c«dlont oi)cnint^ for 3'onng nn-n with a little 
money. .Money is in jjreat demand. The enterprising railroads that are a.ssi.st- 
ing amazingly to develop this country, will furnish maps and particulars as to 
special points. Physicians who have visited Dakota agree that the trip is a 
delightful one. Dakota is de.stined, physically, as it is commercially, to wield 
an immense inlluence in this nation. It can invito the dyspeptic, hollow-chested 
yonng men from the East, and expand and develop them into vigorous man- 
hoo«l. The sjuiitary features of this country should be as widely known as are 
its agricultural advantages." 

Sunshine. — No stronger claim can be pat forth in support of the health- 
fnluess of our climate than that there is a great deal of sunshiny weather. It 
is doubtful if auy section of the world can compare with Dakota in the number 
of bright, clear and invigorating days of sunshine. In the year 1886, and a 
year, too, with more than an average of storms, there were 302 days chissed by 
observers as either clear or fair, leaving but 63 days, or an average of 5 to each 
month, which could be called cloudy or stormy. The following table is from 
the reports of the tJovernmeut signal office at the stations named: 

CLEAR, FAIR AND CLOUDY DAYS IN DAKOTA IN 1886. 





.Iasitabv. 


February. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


St.\T10N'S. 

Yankton 

Dead wood... 

Huron 

Fl. Siillv 


S 
u 

8 

14 

8 


& 

IS 
14 
18 


•a 

3 

o 

s 

8 
3 
5 


s 

5 

12 
13 

6 

6 

7 

2 

6 

7.4 


I 

12 
11 
17 
13 
16 
16 
14 

14.1 


S 
O 



4 
4 

5 
9 
5 
10 
8 

6.5 




9 
9 
4 

"g 

4 

10 

7.51 


10 
14 
16 

"n 

16 
12 

13.2 


3 
O 

c 

12 
8 

...... 

11 
9 

10.3 


o 

10 
8 
9 

12" 

12 

12 

10.5 


C 

13 
15 
12 

10' 
11 
7 

11.3 


3 


7 

7 

9 

...„. 

7 

n 

18.2 


s 
c 

8 

12 

8 

"a" 

5 
10 

9 


& 

22 
16 
20 

18 
17 
18 

18.5 


■D 



1 

3 

8 

...„. 

I 
3.5 


C 

2 
12 

18 
15 
12 
7 
4 
10 

11. 1 


15 
10 
10 
18 
■M 
17 
16 

15 


i 


3 
2 

5 



Risiiinrrk.... 
Ft. Hulord.. 
Ft. Tutten... 


9 

3 

12 

9 


17 
21 
14 

16.5 


5 
7 
5 

6.6 


3 
9 

6 


Averages.. 


3.9 





July. 


Auoust. 


Skptkhbkb. 


October. 


^OVKMBBR. 


December. 


Stations. 

Yankton 

I>endwood... 

Htiruii 

Ft. Sully 


h 
3 



12 
17 
13 


17 

9 

15 


1 



2 
5 
8 


a 
ai 

5 

10 
21 
10 

18 
11 
11 
15 


b 

"3 
u, 

17 
10 
18 
11 
17 
17 
16 

15.2 


•9 


t 


u 

a 
a> 

G 

14 
19 
10 


1 

10 

9 

15 


3 



6 
6 




16 
19 
18 


I 

10 
8 
9 


3 




5 

4 
4 


S 


11 
12 
10 


i 

18 
12 
12 


»^ 

3 


6 
6 
8 


8 i 

£ 

9 18 

9 I 20 

10 1 18 


>* 

S 

9 

2 
3 


Bismarck ... 
Ft. Huford .. 
Ft. Totien... 


14 

5 

14 


16 


1 
2 
1 


8 
3 




2.1 




11 

ll 
12.7 




17 
18 
12 

13.6 


2 
8 
6 

8.8 


16 
9 
9 

14.5 


11 
14 
11 


4 

8 
11 


10 

7 
13 


14 

19 
12 


6 

4 
S 

5.9 


9 
6 

7 

8.8 


18 
18 
20 

17.8 

■ 


4 

I 


Avengea.. 


12.5 


"■' 


'■•' 


18.7 


IU.5 


' 


lU.O 


13.8 


4.9 



The stormy or cloudy days were distributed throughout the seasons as fol- 
lows: Winter, 17; spring, 22; summer, 8; fall, 16. 



€4 



TEREITORY OF DAKOTA. 



CLEAR, FAIR AND CLOUDY DAYS IK 1888. 





Januaey. 


February. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


Stations. 






^ 






tA 






>, 






^ 






>. 






^ 






, 


rs 




, 


-a 




, 


•c 


U 


, 


-a 


h 




•d 




, 


-d 




eg 


u 




c3 






C3 




s 


vi 




3 


ca 




3 


Cli 




s 




(S 


CS 


' O 


<v 


C4 


o 


<U 


C3 


o 


a) 


■3 


O 


a> 


OS 


O 


a> 


OS 


o 




6 
13 


12 


U 
6 


8 


6 


d 
15 


9 


In 

12 


u 
10 


U 
11 


13 


6 


3 


11 


17 


6 


19 


o 


Yankton 


5 


Huron 


10 


17 


4 


10 


13 


G 


8 


15 


8 


12 


13 


5 


4 


16 


11 


8 


14 


8 


Fort Sully.... 


15 


10 


6 


7 


16 


6 


9 


16 


6 


12 


15 


3 


6 


17 


8 


12 


11 


/ 


Moorhead 






































(Fargo).... 


11 


13 


7 


7 


13 


9 


6 


12 


13 


4 


18 


8 


6 


13 


12 








St. Vincent 






































(Pembina) 


17 


13 


1 


8 


16 


5 


12 


14 


5 


9 


15 


6 


12 


13 


6 


11 


9 


10 


Ft.Totten.... 


14 


12 


5 


10 


11 


8 


12 


10 


9 


8 


17 


5 


10 


17 


4 


6 


13 


11 


Bismarck.... 


13 


13 


5 


9 


12 


8 


7 


19 


6 


7 


21 


2 


10 


15 


6 


9 


10 


11 


Ft. Buford.. 


8 


19 


4 


4 


12 


13 


5 


19 


7 


4 


17 


9 


4 


15 


12 


2 


13 


3 


Deadwood... 


14 


15 


2 


6 


18 


5 


9 


10 


12 


12 


12 


6 


5 


10 


16 


4 


15 


13 


Averages.. 


13 


14 


4 


8 


14 


7 


9 


14 


8 


9 


16 


5 


7' 


14 


10 


7 


13 


10 





July. 


August. 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Stations. 






t*. 






t>. 






(A 






t». 






t*. 






>. 




t~i 


. 


73 


t. 


. 


rS 


^ 




•a 


b 




tJ 


^ 


, 


-o 


^ 


, 


-d 




a 




3 






-1 


C8 


u 


3 


o! 




3 


ci 




3 


Gfi 


h 


3 




v 


,=* 


O 


0) 


," 


o 


0) 


a 


O 


V 


.* 


O 


a> 


,"* 


_o 


.2 


•3 


O 




U 


\^ 


<-) 


U 

15 

15 


6 
5 


O 
10 

11 


U 

16 
15 


1^ 

7 
18 


7 
2 


14 
13 


10 
10 


7 
8 


O 

14 
21 


1^ 

9 
3 


7 
6 


16 

17 


5 

7 


a 










10 


Huron 


8 


16 


7 


7 


Fort Sully... 


16 


12 


3 


14 


8 


9 


22 


7 


1 


13 


14 


4 


19 


3 


8 


19 


6 


6 


Moorhead 






































(Fargo).... 


13 


11 


7 


16 


4 


11 


17 


2 


11 


10 


1 


20 


18 


4 


8 


17 


3 


11 


St. Vincent 






































(Pembina) 


13 


8 


10 


15 


10 


6 


8 


9 


13 


8 


7 


16 


9 


8 


13 


11 


11 


9 


Ft. Totten... 


17 


6 


8 


19 


5 


7 


17 


8 


5 


10 


8 


13 


18 


3 


9 


14 


11 


6 


Bismarck.... 


11 


14 


6 


11 


11 


9 


14 


14 


2 


14 


4 


13 


18 


5 


7 


19 


2 


10 


Ft. Buford,.. 


6 


16 


9 


9 


9 


13 


10 


14 


6 


3 


14 


14 


13 


10 


7 


8 


15 


8 


DeMwood... 


9 


14 


8 


11 


10 


10 


20 


7 


3 


11 


14 


6 


20 


8 


2 


14 


12 


5 


Averages.. 


12 


12 


7 


14 


7 


10 


15 


9 


6 


11 


9 


11 


17 


6 


7 


15 


8 


8 



Out of the 366 days in 1888, the sun shone pretty constantly on 273 days. 
The average number of clear and fair days for every month of the twelve was 
a fraction less than 23. In January there were 27 days of sunshine, leaving 
but 4 cloudy days, during which the precipitatiu consisted entirely of snow fall. 



TEBRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



65 



The following table, compiled from the reports of the United States signal 
offices, shows the uumher of clear, fair and cloudy days in Dakoti during the 
year 1>SH, in comparison with some of the states: 



STATF^. 


Cloudy 
Days. 


Clkar 
Days. 


Fair 

Days. 


Total. 


I>itki>tA 


62.9 

67.0 

81.8 

K.7 

97.2 

102.4 

103.3 

109.1 

118.0 

118.8 

128.0 

128.1 

129.5 

130.8 

135.3 

153.5 

163.6 


126.7 

124.0 

122.2 

135.0 

106.0 

115.4 

113.3 

96.8 

93.3 

106.2 

103.0 

94.6 

92.3 

90.4 

83.1 

76.1 

79.2 


176.4 

174.0 , 

If.I.O ! 

140.3 1 

161.8 i 

H7.2 1 

14«.4 ! 

159.1 

153.7 

140.0 

134.0 

142.4 

143.2 

143.8 

146.6 

135.4 

122.2 


1 


Ni'bniska 

Khode Island 




1 


Illinois 




Connecticut 

Wisi'onsin ... 




Iowa 


}■ 365.0 


Pennsylvania 




Iniliana » 




Maine 




Ohio 








New York 

New Hampshire 





The Kct'ord. — As our crops testify to the fertility of our soil, so the 
records of our Government signal service and other authorities aid in establish- 
ing the general good character of our climate. The eight stations of the United 
States signal service, from which monthly reports are furnislied to the commis- 
sioner of immigration of the territory, are located as follows: 



LOCALITY. 



MisMOuri Valley — 

Yankton 

Huron 

Fort Sully 

Extfme Surlhu-est — 

Moorhead 

St. Vincent 

Bisiuarck 

Fort Ruftbrd 

Korlhrm Slope — 

Kapid City 



Latitude. 


LosorruDE. 


O I 


O 1 


42 45 
45 21 
44 30 


97 3 

98 90 
101 44 


46 61 
49 00 

4G 48 
48 30 


96 50 

97 00 
103 58 
100 38 


44 04 


103 12 



In addition to dati from the above named stations, this department has 
had the benefit of weather reports covering .•'ome thirty widely separated sta- 
tions in the territory, and extending over a period, in most instances, of fifteen 
years. These weather records were transcribed under the direction of Gen. 
<ireely, chief signal officer, Wiishiugton, from the original reports filed in the 
war department of the post surgeons at all the Government jKxsts established ia 
Dakota since 1872, the reports of the various signal stations maintained from 
time to time in the territory, and the reports from several volunteer ol>servers. 
From these reports the following valuable tables have l)een compiled: 



66 



TEKEITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



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TKRRITOKY OK DAKOTA. 67 

Teiiiponitiire. — By an examination of the first table, thj t of "Mean 

Tempeniture, " it will be seen that January is the coldest month in the year in 
Dakota, and July the warmest. The weather is six degrees warmer in Febru- 
ary than in January, and nearly three degrees warmer in December than in 
January or February. The average temperature of the three winter months in 
Dakota, covering a long period of years, is 11.8°. For the spring months the 
average temperature is 41.1° — or about the mean annual temperature of the 
territory. In March the weather is nearly 12° warmer than the preceding 
month, April 18° warmer than March, and May 14° warmer than April. The 
average temperature during tlic summer time is <iy.l°. In .Tune the weather 
grows warmer by K ', and in July the maximum temperature of the sea.son is 
reached, viz., 71.8°. During August the thermometer begins to fall, and the 
average temperature of this month is 2° and a fraction below that of July. The 
average temperature during the fall is 3° higher than during the three months 
of spring, viz., 44.1^. In September the thermometer averages 10.8^ lower than 
in August, October 13.1° below September, and November 18° lower than in 
October. 

The years 1878 and 1880 were remarkable for an average lemperaturt- in Jan- 
uary but a few degrees below the usual weather of the month of March. In 1876 
we had the coldest March in fifteen years, and in 1878 the warmest. December, 
1879, was the coldest December covering the same period, and 1877, the warm- 
est. In 1875 we had the severest weather for November, 1878, the niilde.st. 
The month of October is noted for the wonderful evenness of its temperature, 
there having been a variation since 1872 of but 8° above and 4° and a fraction 
below the average mean for this month. The winter of 1874-75 was the cold- 
est, and the winter of 1877-78 the mildest, during the period covered by those 
observations. 



68 



TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



A Favorable Comparison. — The average monthly temperature of the 
climate of Dakota, based on observations covering the fifteen years in vrhich 
the records have been kept, is compared in the annexed table with the monthly 
and annual mean temperature of one of the New England and one of the West- 
ern states, which shows that in no month of the year does the weather average 
so cold in Dakota as in either Minnesota or New Hampshire. 



Dakota 

Minnesota 

New Hampshire 



>> 
















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6.8 


12.9 


24.2 


42.5 


56.7 


65.8 


71.8 


69.6 


58.8 


45.7 


27.7 


15.6 


3.2 


10.2 


20.5 


38.5 


52.8|63.0 


66.2 


65.8 


56.0 


44.1 


25.5 


11.6 


6.1 


8.8 


9.6 


20.1 


34.244.3 


46.7 


47.2 


42.6 


30.2 


17.2 


11.3 



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41.5 
38.1 
26.5 



Rainfall. — Dakota has sufficient rainfall to mature all crops, if it comes at 
the right time. This does not always occur, and crops suffer. That the rainfall 
is sufficient in quantity is verified by the reports of the signal service and 
other authorities. The table which follows under the heading of "Precipita- 
tion," shows 22.35 inches of rainfall and melted snow for the year. Beginning 
with January, the month of the year in Dakota when the least moisture is 
precipitated, there is a slight increase of snowfall in February, which is nearly 
doubled in quantity by the rain and snowfall in March. In April the average 
rainfall is 2.5 inches, or twice the depth of moisture falling in the preceding 
month. This is increased thirty per cent in May, the average precipitation of 
the month being 3.2 inches, while in June, at just the time the rainfall is most 
needed to benefit the growing crops in this region of late harvests, the maxi- 
mum precipitation during any single month of the year is reached, averaging 
3.64 inches. Daring the last half of the year the amount of moisture precipi- 
tated each mouth lessens in about the same ratio as it increases during the first 
half By seasons we have the following result: In the winter months the total 
precipitation averages 2.26 inches; in the spring, 9.96 inches; in the summer, 
9.39 inches, and in the fall, 3.77 inches. 



TKKBITORY OF DAKOTA. 



69 











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70 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

Tlie Drought. — The widespread drought in the Northwest this year, 
extending from the lakes to the Pacific coast, being worse in Montana and 
Washington than elsewhere, has been singularly commented upon to the detri- 
ment of the Dakotas, more especially the north state, where in some localities 
aid has been asked on account of short crops and excessive interest rates. It is 
absurd to construe permanent disability, as the shortage of rainfall is pal- 
pably a temporary matter, as shown in the tables elsewhere, taken from the 
records of the signal service. At one time as hard things were said about Kan- 
sas, yet Kansas settlers overcame drought disadvantages, planted trees and in 
various ways promoted moistare. The range cattlemen have had much to do 
with creating the impression that all of the Western plains are arid, to keep 
away agricultural settlers. Dakota belongs to the plains. Maj. Lyons of the 
signal office at St. Paul, in a talk about rainfall, says: "The records for the sig- 
nal service for the whole of Dakota show, as is the case with other portions of 
the country, years of drought and years of quite abundant moisture, nearly up 
to our average here, which is twenty -nine inches. To talk about Dakota being 
a perfectly arid region is preposterous. There are years when there is a defi- 
ciency of rain in the Eastern states just as in Dakota, and my conviction is that 
after this deficient period there will be plenty of moisture for the crops without 
the necessity of expensive irrigation works, except in some localities west of 
Bismarck. The settlers in that new country have not much money, and have to 
live, many of them, on scant rations until they get their farms stocked and are 
able to make provision, as they will, against .short-crop years. It should be 
remembered that the country has only been settled a comparatively short time, 
and it takes years for peo^sle to get comfortably fixed. As to moisture, we 
know that there is as much of it as ever. Water is constantly drawn up from 
the earth and redistributed. It goes somewhere. If it does not fall in one 
locality, it will fall in another, and there is always a compensating distribution 
upon areas that have suffered for a few seasons. That will be the case in the 
Dakotas. Records show that North Dakota has its good years of moisture and 
its bad years. There are, too, untold amounts of water beneath the surface, 
wljich can be secured by drilling artesian wells. This the Government has to 
undertake, as it is a very expensive operation when undertaken on a large scale, 
and private individuals would not be able to enter upon any extensive sj'stem of 
that kind. The moisture collected on the Rockies is enormous in quantity, 
and most of it goes down into the soil and exists in great subterranean streams 
which can be tapped by artesian wells." 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 71 

V. 

AtiRICfLTlKE. 

Two-tliirds of the i)eoj)Io (if Dakota are eiiica^teil in naiiifiil cxciijiations — in 
u}i;ritulture in some of its depart men ts. In produeta of the fiehl, garden and 
pastnre Dakota innst always take pre-eminence, with future high rank in manu- 
facturing. The output of Dakota's products in the past seven years ha.s had a 
marked elTect upon the commerce of tlic world. It lias turned the eyes of the 
pot)r and the rich in astonishment and wonder to this constant increase and 
development. The product has increased from 10 to 20 per cent each year, and 
with the steady increase in the value of real estate and personal projwrty, the 
addition to railroad mileage, etc., the growth is something marvelous. The 
basis of all wealth and prosperity' in Dakota is agriculture, supported by its 
gnisses for live stock. Out of 96,000,000 acres of land in Dakota it is estimated 
that 80,000,000 can be cultivated. In 1880 there were 17,000 farmers in the 
territory; in 188fMhere are S0,000. each with an average of 200 acres to the 
farm. The National Department of .Vgriculture iu June, 1889, estimated 96 
per cent of the area of Dakota uncultivated, but of the cultivated area 96.1 per 
cent was cultivated by owners, a larger percentage than in any other state or 
territory. The lands ea-st of the Mis.souri river range in value from tlie Govern- 
ment price of |1.25 per acre for a ]>rc-emption, to $.") to $10 for lauds proved up, 
but without special improvement and considered wild lands. To begin farming* 
iu either North or South Dakota without means is not a round of pleasure; but 
thousands have succeeded — those blessed with character, industry and endur- 
ance. Our climate is one of the healthiest on the plauet, our prairies being 
ideal land to men whose fathers grew old in clearing away trees and stumps. 
The chances were never better than now tor energetic men to open up farms. 
Land is still vacant, in sight of moving trains and clo.se to markets. The Dako- 
tiis are destined to be a region of snjall tarmers. The day when mcnc^in skim 
over large areas has past. Intensive, and not extensive, farming will be the 
method of the future, when every acre will be subjected to use aud in diver- 
si lied form. 

Gmin raising, of course, will never be abandoned, because the conditions here 
favor the production of the finest wheat in the world, the heaviest oats, the 
brightest barley and the oiliest flax; and in the near future the agriculturist will 
produce everything on his farm, except groceries and clothing, and stop buying 
canned vegetables from Maine and meat from Chicago. The industrious and 
persistent man who will steer clear of whisky and ',i per cent chattel mort- 
gages, can become independent. His experience during fiixt years, if hestiirts 
without means, will be no fairy existence, but in tlie brilliant sunshine aud 
stimulating atmosphere much can be endured and accomplished. 

The people of the great territory feel proud of their accorap'ishments. No 
eciual agricultural population will show a greater, i|uicker and more subst;in- 
tial develojiment iu material aud moral things — schools, churches, banks, be- 
nevolent institutions, railroads, etc. — and tewer criminals and incompetents, 
and they unselfishly urge the landless poor of the older states and of foreign 
lands to come and share the present facilities and aid in getting more. State- 
hood is here, with all "I' it< additional beuelits. lunl v.-t iMiIll..ii«i ..f v;u'ant 
acres await occupancy. 



72 



TEERITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



Wheat. — This cereal has been known from the earliest historical ages, and 
has always fonned a large portion of the breadstuff of all civilized people. It 
is the most perfect of grain, since it contains in itself all the elements in right 
proportions to sustain human life. It is Dakota's principal agricultural prod- 
uct, and will undoubtedly ever remain her chief staple owing to the extremely 
favorable conditions which prevail within the territory for raising the best- 
quality of wheat at the lowest possible cost per bushel. The report of the 
bureau of chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1884, con- 
tains the result of an analysis of 2,759 specimens of wheat, among which were 
included samples from every state of the Union, and many foreign countries. 
The following table is from the report of the chemist: 

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF WATER AND ALBUMINOIDS IN THE COMPOSITION OF 

AMERICAN WHEAT. 



LOCALITY. 



Dakota 

Pennsylvania 

Maryland 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

North Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama 

Ohio , 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Michigan 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Minnesota 

Kansas 

'J'exas 

Colorado 

Utah 

New Mexico 

California 

Oregon 

Washington Territory 



Water, 
Per Cent. 



8.84 

10.73 

10.52 

9.98 

8.55 

10.03 

20.00 

10.82 

10.68 

20.24 

10.83 

10.71 

9.80 

9.56 

9.96 

11.80 

10.03 

9.73 

9.17 

9.. SO 

10.73 

9.74 

9.89 



Albumi- 
noids, 
Per Cent. 



14.95 
11.44 
11.65 
12.10 
10.94 
10.43 
11.78 
11.29 
12.83 
12.50 
13.15 
11.67 
11.56 
12.95 
13.19 
11.15 
13.14 
12.73 
10.15 
10.50 
10.94 
8.60 
8.23 



Highest Per 
Cent Al- 
buminoids 

in any 
Specimen. 



18.05 
15.68 
14.53 
14.00 
11.03 
12.43 
14.00 
13.65 
16.10 
16.63 
14.53 
15.23 
14.00 



17.15 
12.25 
15.25 
15.94 
10.50 
11.73 
12.78 
9.47 
8.75 



The result of the analysis is to establish the fact by national iuA-estigation 
that in the two most important desiderata, dryness and richness in albuminoids, 
Dakota wheat ranks the best of any grown on American soil, and proba bly 
averages the best of all in the world. The average percentage of albuminoids 
in the wheats of all the United States and British America is 12.15; in Dakota, 
the average percentage is 14.95, leading every state and territory. The chemist 
further says that the average percentage of dryness of the wheats of the United 
States and British America is 10. 16. In this respect Dakota also leads every 
competitor with an average percentage of only 8.84 of water in the composition 
of wheat grown on her soil. 

" The Dakota specimens are all extremely rich in albuminoids, one contain- 
ing as high as 18.03 per cent, which is the richest specimen ever analyzed in 
the United States," says the chemist. 

These experiments, carried on by authority of the National Government,, 
establish two facts: 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 73 

First — That a bushel of Dakota wheat flour will make more breatl than the 
snmo quantity of wheat raised in any other state or territory of the Union. 

StTontl — Tliat the bread jnade from l>akota wheat fbmr contains more gluten 
and other of the materials which nourish and build uj) the human body, than 
bread made from any other kind. 

At the World's Eximsition in New Orleans, 1884-85, Dakota was awarded 
first premium lor wheat over competitors from all the famous wheat-jjrowing 
countrie.s of the world. Dakota hard wheat — beinj.; a grade unto itself — com- 
mands from 10 to 20 cents per bushel more than any other wheat gro^^^), and 
it is raised at less cost than in any other section. The range of cost of produc- 
ing a bushel of wheat in Dakota is from 21 cents on the large farms, carefully 
cultivated, to 40 cents on small farms indifferently tilled. Tliis is less than 
the cost of producing the inferior wheat of India, with labor at 10 cents a day, 
and less than half the cost of Eugli.sh production. 

In 18(50. when the development of the territory began, less than 1,000 bush- 
els were produced. lu 1870 the aggregate was 170,662 bushels; in 1880 the 
crop passed the million standard, the total being 2,830,289 bushels; in 1885 it 
mounted up to 38,166,413 bushels; in 1887 it led all the states and territories 
in producing, according to the National Department of Agriculture, 52,406.000 
bushels, and according to the territorial statistician, 62,553,499 bushels; in 
1888, owing to the drought, the total dropped to 37,763,847 bushels, but as 
before, leading all other states; in 1889 — with 41 acres of each 1,000 of the 
total land surface in use for this purpose — the yield reached 44,009,092 bush- 
els, and for the third time leading all others in the grand total, desjMte the 
lack of rainfall, which reduced the yield of cereals in all the Northwest. If 
one-third of the land in Dakota (33,000,000 acres) was sown to wheat and 
raised 14 bushels to the acre, it would result in a crop of 462,000.000 bushels, 
or more than the entire yield of the United States for 18"'6. Wheat will always 
be a part of the farmer's crop in every section of the territory, and an extremely 
profitable one too, when by a rotation of uses the soil is made to yield him a 
better, surer and larger return than even now, and when his live stock interests 
shall relieve him from the necessity of crowding his wheat crop on the low mark- 
ets of the early fall. There can be no more certain and positive indication of the 
success and wealth in store for the farmers of Dakota, than is displayed by the 
progre.'^.s of the bust few years toward a diversity of crops. 

Flour. — The cheniist of the National I)ej)artmeni of Agriculture, in sub- 
mitting the result of an exhaustive analysis of samples of flours submitted 
from the various milling centres of the countrj', says: "The Eastern flour is 
poorer in nitrogen and gluten than any of the others. In fact, the flours fol- 
low clo.sely the composition of the wheat which had been examined from the 
same parts of the country. Dakota makes a flour richer than any other, in 
gluten, in the same way that it produces a wheat of that description. 
The average of these "Northwestern si)ring wheat llours*' is high, and in 
comparison with the re^t of the country they are the richest which have been 
analyzed. The bard wheats of the NorthAvest have furnished the country with 
a finer flour than it has before possessed, and in b.iking exi)eriment«, the bread 
made from these flours excelled all others in quality. 

Com. — Maize, or Indian corn, is the most important crop of the United 
States, its avenige exceeding that of all the other cereals, with a yield nearly 



74 



TEEEITORY OF DAKOTA. 



double that of all other grains. Its cultivation in the United States is much 
wider than that of any other crop. Corn finds its chief use as food for animals, 
but it has other and valuable uses, and must always continue to be a staple. Not- 
withstanding its large yield it does not rank with wheat as an article of ex- 
port. In the eaily days of settlement in Dakota it was thought that corn 
would not grow, but time has dispelled that idea, until now the territory takes 
high rank as a producer, in 1687 raising more corn, with only 8 acres in each 
1,000 of land surface in cultivation for this purpose, than the entire product 
in 1886 of either the states of New York, Minnesota, Maryland, South Caro- 
lina, New Jersey, Louisiana, West Virginia, California, or seventeen other of 
the states and territories. 

"While North Dakota excels South Dakota in yield and general quality ot 
wheat, it cannot compare with South Dakota for growing corn, although the 
north state pioduces the small, hard or flint corn with success and large yield. 
The cultiA'ation of corn, however, has not been attempted on a generous 
scale in North Dakota, owing to the greater success with the small grains. 
South Dakota has established a reputation for its excellent quality of corn and 
its adaptability of climate and soil for its production. The success of corn- 
growing in Dakota is shown in the yield of various years: In 1860 it was 20,- 
269 bushels; in 1870 it was 133,140 bushels; in 1880 it was 200,864 bushels; 
in 1885 it was 7,800,593 bushels; in 1888 it was 19,068,680 bushels; in 1889 it 
was 22,832,073 bushels, of which (luantitj' a little over 1,000,000 was grown 
in North Dakota, the total exceeding that of twenty other states. The crop 
matures without damage from frost or ravages from iusects, and farmers declare 
that the yield, condition, average and profit is better than in any other part of 
the country in which they have had experience. Of the quality of corn raised 
in Dakota the same is true as has been said of the quality of our wheat. It is 
extremely rich in albuminoids and nitrogen (the nourishing properties), and in 
this respect is above the average corn grown in the East, and the general aver- 
age of the composition of American corn. The following table is the result of 
an analysis by the chemist of the department of 290 diiferent specimens of 
corn : 

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN CORN. 



LOCALITY. 


Albuminoids. 


Nitrogen. 


Dakota 




10.75 
10.54 
10.06 
10.07 
10.47 
9.89 
10.26 
10.31 


1.72 


New York 


1.69 


Tllinois 


1.61 


Minnesota 


1.61 


Nebraska '. 


1.68 


Colorado 


1.58 




1.64 


America, 1883 


1.65 







Flax. — The production of flax in Dakota is barely in its infancy as com- 
pared with the interest that will be devoted to this crop in the future, when 
capital shall have built up in the territory manufactories to utilize the seed and 
the fiber. At present, owing to a lack of such industries, it is grown princi- 
pally for the seed, and the fiber or straw is burned or wasted, and the fiber, too, 
being equal to that grown in Ireland, from which the best linens are made. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 75 

Flax aud sod corn are usually the first crops raised on new land. They can 
be sown on freshly turned sod with a reasonable as.surance of a good yield 
under any cireunistanees. Flax is one of the be.st subduers that ran be grown 
on the .sod, and jthues the ground in excellent condition for working the next 
sea.son, for any kind of a crop. Planted in this way it yields, ordinarily, from 
7 to 15 bushels per acre, and in many instances n single crop has paid for the 
hind, in addition to the cost of breaking and planting. As a profitable "sod 
cro))" it is a real godsend to the new settler. If he can turn over 40 acres of 
soil prior to s;iy the twentieth of June, or even later, he can confidently rely 
on 10 bushels an acre, of the value of .say $400, and can make the seed in KtO 
da3's from the time when he unlimbers his plow on the prairie. The llax crop 
of the territory in 1871) amounted to 26,757 bushels; in 18y5 to 2, U1G,98;J bush- 
els, and in 188!) to 3,288,115 bushels. The entire production of seed in the 
United States is tabulated as follows: 

litishels. ' Bushels. 

Dakota 3,2«8,n.5 Kansas 909,881 

Miiine.sota 2,48%!*S0 Missouri 187,000 

Iowa 2,:«2,0OO 

Nebraska 1,250,000 Total 10,4.51,796 

The amount of seed produced elsewhere in the United States than as stated 
alM)ve is so small as not to be taken into account by statisticians. It is thus 
shown that Dakota pro'duces over over one-quarter of the entire product, and 
that Dakota and Minnesota together more than one-half of all the seed raised 
in the country, rroject.s looking to the building up of llax mills, paper and 
cordage manufactories — efforts which are certain to succeed sooner or later 
because of the profit which must ensue to the farmer in raising the crop could 
he find a market at home for the seed and straw. For the immense (|uantities 
of linseed oil, paint*:, oilc^ike, .straw-paper, doth, twine (especially that which 
is used for binding the wheat crop), and other articles manufactured from flax, 
annually consumed in Dakota, we now pay a tribute to other regious which is 
justly due the people of our territory. The introduction of llax mills will add 
a new .source of wealth to Dakota, and furnish a wonderful impetus to the 
growing, by our farmers, of one of the most profitable crops. 

Oat.s. — Next alter wheat in the total yield and value is the oats crop. Its 
use as human food is extending, the Dakota article, as well as all of that pro- 
duced in the Northwest, being of unusual excellence for making me^il. It 
is a hardy plant, and upon the whole considered a very safe and reliable crop, 
being subject to fewer diseases and insect pest.s. and is less exhausting to the 
soil than any other of the cereals. It h:\s ])een known to yield :us high lus 115 
bushels to the acre in Dakota, the average, however, being from 40 to 80 bush- 
els, and weighing, generally, 42 pounds to the bushel. In 1860 the crop was 
2,.")40 bushels; in 1870 it was 114.327; in 18M0 it was 2.217,132; in 1>!85 it was 
22.y70.6!»8; in 1889 it wa.s 30,408,.")85 bushels, and only 13 acres of each 1,000 
in the territory in cultivation with this crop. 

liarh'y. — This cerejil does well in Dakota, the product being of unusual 
brightness, and highly prized by brewers, who tike the entire yield for the 
production of malt to be used in brewing. In European countries it, with rye, 
constitutes the chief breadstuO' u.sed by the pei«a;intry, the two cereals making 
the black bread they eat, wheat or white bread being almo.st unknown to them. 



76 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

In 1889 the yield in Dakota was 4,455,777 bushels as against 4,118 bushels in 
1870 and 277,424 in 1880. It yields from 35 to 48 bushels to the acre, and 
weighs from 45 to 54 pounds to the bushel. 

Rye. — The crop returns a good yield, averaging from 35 to 50 bushels to 
the acre, and weighing from 56 to 62 pounds in the bushel, the berry being 
hard, fall and heavy. Its main use is for distilling, and in respect to the value 
of the crop per acre it stands lowest of all the cereals grown in the United 
States. 

Buckwlieat. — This is an exclusively Northern crop, but it has never be- 
come a staple, its chief recommendation being that it grows where nothing else 
will, which accounts for the fact that the centre of production is in the rough, 
hilly and stony parts of Pennsylvania and New York. The yield in Dakota in 
1889 is reported at 32,564 bushels, against 179 in 1870 and 2,551 in 1880. 

Hay. — This product ranks fourth, if not third, among agricultural produc- 
tions in the United States. The prairie hay crop in Dakota is a voluntary con- 
tribution of wealth by nature almost equaling in value that of the cultivated 
farm products. A large yield of native hay, of excellent quality, can always 
be depended upon. There never has been, in the history of the territory, a 
complete disappointment of the annual profits to the farmer and stock grower 
derived from this crop, although during some seasons the growth of the prairie 
grasses may be heavier and ranker, and the number of tons of hay gathered 
from an acre of ground more, than others. This year is one of the dryest known 
to our history, yet the hay crop is estimated at 3,000,000 tons. 

Grasses. — The native grasses of Dakota are so abundant and nutritious 
that no extended attempts have been made with the cultivated varieties, but 
wherever timothy, blue grass, clover, millet, Hungarian and alfalfa have been 
tried success has followed the effort. The wild grasses of Dakota, of which 
there are dozens of varieties, cure uncut during the summer and fall, and 
maintain their succulence and nutriment, and standing on the ground dur- 
ing the winter are preferred by stock to tame hay in the stack. The famous 
buffalo grass disappears with cultivation; it seeds in the root and cannot be 
transplanted. The cultivation of the grasses has long been held to lie at the 
basis of all successful farming, and time only is needed to place Dakota in the 
front rank among the grass-growing, stock-raising and butter-making sections 
of the Union. 

Potatoes. — Aside from the cereals, the potato constitutes the principal 
vegetable food of the American people. The quality and quantity of the yield 
of vegetables of all kinds, grown in Dakota, cannot be excelled in any portion 
of the United States. Potatoes grow very large in size, a single potato some- 
times weighing as much as 6 pounds, are uniformly sound, very mealj^, and 
conceded to equal those grown in Colorado or any of the other states of the 
Union. They yield from 150 to 500 bushels per acre, and are such good keep- 
ers, owing to their soundness, lasting until late in the summer, that the future 
has much in store for them for export purposes, particularly when the cultiva- 
tion is attempted on a large scale, rendered possible now by the use of machin- 
ery. The crop of 1889, our dryest year, is estimated as 4,038,262 bushels. 

Minor Crops. — Sorghum can be grown successfully throughout the corn 
belt, and not a few farmers make syrup for their own use. Sugar beets, too, 
will grow, and from these two products sugar can be made. Both, too, are 
good fodder crops. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 77 

Tobacco is Krown,juid when properly cured and Ciired iorthe quality is good, 
particularly for smoking purposes. 

Uwuis could he nuulo an important crop. Many varietie-s will grow, the 
small white, or navy bean possessing unusual excellence. In the Northern 
Pacifu- Railroad exhibit at the Buftalo and Detroit international fairs this year, 
the beans and seeds from North Dakota attracted cousiderable attention from 
gardeners and seedsmen. 

Hops of excellent (luality grow wild along the Missouri, James and other 
rivers,^ and on the low lands of the Black Hills, and yield a large and regular 
crop. The fact of hops growing wild along the streams of Dakota is an assur- 
ance that the climate and soil are peculiarly fitted for the production of this 
valuable product. This, together with the knowledge of the fortune-s made by 
the hop growers of the East, should be sufiicient inducement for our farmers to 
give some attention to the subject. The territory where hops are succeasfully 
grown in the United States is limited to small sections of New York, Michigan, 
Wisconsin and Washington. 

Vejfetablos. — All the root, bulbous and salad crops peculiar to the north 
temjjerate zone seem to run riot and grow without stint, making abundant 
yields, attaining gigantic size, and pos.se.ssiug tine flavor. Turnips, pciis, beets, 
l)eans, carrots, stjuashes, cabbages, cauliflower, eggplant, radishes, melons and 
all the tield and garden vegetables, are raised without more than the usual ef- 
fort. All kinds of root crops do well on sod, especially turnips and rutabagas. 
Turnips are usually sown in May or June; rutabagas may be sown lus late as 
in July and will produce a good crop; for stock the mangel-wurzel is a very 
profitable root crop, is a remarkable yielder — tons to the acre — and can be 
raised as easily as rutabagas. Onions are a prolific crop, growing to a large size 
and yielding from -400 to 500 bushels per acre. Cabbage, lettuce, celery, en- 
dive, spinach, etc. — phints whose leaves only are eaten — are more tender here 
than in the wanner climates, because their growth is slower and there is better 
chance for the digestion and distributiou of their juices than in the hot southern 
sun where growth is forced. The superiority of our products only confirms 
what is claimed by many writers, that vegetables generally attain their great- 
est excellence near their northern limit of production. 

Fruits. — Along tlie margin of the rivers and creek.s, in the wootls and 
thickets, wild plums, grapes, crab apples and currants are found. Several 
kinds of edible berries are also foiand. Experience has shown that fruits can 
be cultivated here, and that the product ranks liigh in ([uality, though care has 
to be observe<l in selecting varieties for planting that are adapted to the cli- 
mate, and in placing them in position favorable to their growth. Diflicnlties 
similar to those encountered and overcome in New England, Canada, New 
York, Micliigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and elsewhere are being encoun- 
tered ;ind overcome in Dakota to such an extent as to leave no doul)t alnjut the 
future sucess of a general variety of fruits. In many localities the farmers have 
organized .societies to further the interests of horticulture and forestry, and in 
connection there is a teritorial society called the "Dakota Horticultural and 
Forestry Association." The Farmers Alliance, which is a strong organization, 
has given the fruit (juestion attention, and after a careful consideration recom. 
mended the following varieties for Dakota: 

Aj>]il-n — Wealthy, Duchess, Tetofsky; and in the Mi.ssouri valley a** far west 
as Bon Homme county, Walbridge, Fameuse and Haas. 



78 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

Eyhrid Apples — Whitney No. 20, Crab, Transcendent and Hyslop. 

Easpberries — Turner and Cuthbert. 

Black Easpberries — Gregg and Doolittle. 

Strawberries — Crescent and Downing. 

Curranls — Victoria, Red Ditch and White Grape. 

Goosfherries — Downing and Houghton. Early Richmond is recommended; 
for trial. 

Plums — De Soto, Forest and Garden. 

Flowers. — Dakota has a great variety of flora. The traveler who hurries 
through the country on the cars may get a fair idea of the general landscape, 
but he cannot form a correct opinion of the flowers that bloom across the 
prairies, or high upon the bluffs, or down in the sloughs and ravines. He may 
see from the car windows the compass plant and the native sunflower, but 
there are thousands of little beauties, in which blue and golden colors predomi- 
nate, that can only be seen and appreciated by going among them on foot, and 
inhaling their sweet odors along with the pure air in our bright sunshine. In 
no part of the North are there more wild roses, while the great profusion of 
floral growth gives to the prairie the appearance of a vast flower garden. No 
lover of flowers need fear that by locating in Dakota he or she will be deprived 
of the pleasure of having them. Window and outdoor gardening can be carried 
on to a large extent. The outdoor flowers comprise the usual varieties of roses, 
pinks, peonies, poppies, lilies, dahlias, china asters, pausies, ladyslippers, 
sweet Williams, phlox, larkspur, morning glories, flowering peas, tulips, lilacs, 
chrysanthemums, and a host of others common to the gardens of the Northern 
states. 

The Soil. — Careful investigation shows that the soil of Dakota is a drift or 
alluvial loam from one to four feet deep, underlaid with a clay subsoil having 
the properties of holding moisture to a wonderful degree, which is given out as 
needed by the growing crops; that it contains an inexhaustible supply of the 
most important soil constituents, as soluble silica, lime, potash, soda, phosphoric 
acid, nitrogen and vegetable humus, and will produce for a lifetime abundant 
crops under favorable climatic conditions, and that the[]soil varies but little in 
different localities. It would seem that it contains the proper percentage of 
plant constituents to give it the peculiar chemical composition requisite for pro- 
ducing cereals richest in albuminoids and in life-sustaining properties. By 
Government analysis it has also been determined that Dakota wheat and corn 
take the first rank as regards the percentage of albuminoids and nitrogen of any 
grown in the United States. In appearance the soil is dark to grayish-brown 
color, being darkest in the lower plains and valleys, where it occasionally ap- 
proaches to blackness. It is everywhere exceedingly friable and easily worked. 

Analysis. — The chemist of the National Agricultural Department, in sum- 
ming up the results of analyses of samples of soils from all parts of the United 
States, including three from widely separated sections of Dakota, reaches the 
following conclusions: 

First — The remarkable adaptability of Dakota soils to readily imbibe and 
retain moisture. Of all the samples analyzed by the chemist only one exceeded 
in the percentage of hygroscopic moisture the lowest amount obtained from, 
either of the Dakota soils. 



TRRRITORY OF DAKOTA. 7^ 

Second — That as regards silica iu its soluble state (and in this way only is it 
valuable as a source of plant food), the Dakota soils rank third on the list of the 
thirty samples analyzed, and are, therefore, particularly well adapted to the 
raising of cereal crops, which possess in a marked degree the capacity for feed- 
ing on silicates. And the same is true of the percentage shown of hydrated 
silica, which represents that which is gradually available for plant food. 

T/iinl — It contains the average of four per cent of ferric o.\ide, valuable be- 
cause to its presence is chiefly due the retention of phosphoric acid, and because 
it tends to make day lands easier of tillage. 

Fourth — In the percentage of alumina or clay in the soil, the samples from 
Dakota, cont;iiuing an average of over eight per cent, are again third on the 
li.st. Its presence is valuable as furnishing a supjiJy of potash, and because it 
has the important property ot'absorbing and retaining phosphoric acid, ammo- 
nia, potash, lime and other substances ucces.sary for plant food. The chemist 
declares the light clay soil, containing from six to ten per cent of alumina, the 
best for wheat. 

Fiflh — It shows an abundant supply of phosphoric acid, which, the chemist 
Siiys, " iu general, even iu the most fertile soils, is found iu very minute (juanti- 
ties." The percentage of phosphoric acid found in one Dakota sample is ex- 
ceeded in but one of all the samples analyzed. 

Sirlh — The chennst lays down the rule that the percentage of lime iu clay 
loams should not fall below .250, and in heavy clay soils not below .500. The 
analysis of the samples from Dakot;i shows nearly double the last amount in all 
three instances, and in the case of one it ranks first on the entire list as regards 
the percentage of lime. 

Seventh — The percentage of potash varies only slightly iu the Dakota samples, 
and is ample for all time to come. The chemist remarks that a soil containing 
.125 per cent should furnish potash for a century, and that high per cent of 
potash makes up for low percentage of lime. The Dakota samples show a per- 
centage of potash of .720-, .725-, and .745, respectively. 

Eighth— The analysis show that the amount of nitrogen in the Dakota soil is 
very large, and agrees closely in the three samples, and that it is rich enough 
in this ueces.'^ary soil constituent for the continued raising of abundant crops. 
Two of the samples of prairie soils rank, in this respect, third on the list aua- 
lyzed. 

Xinth — The prairie soils conUiin a percentage of humus, or organic matter, 
greater than 25 out of the 30 samples analyzed. The smallest percentage of 
humus obtained from an analysis of the three samples was 6.171, and the great- 
est 10.175, while the famous black soil of the Ural Mountains in Kussia con- 
tains but 5 to 12 per cent. In the most fertile of soils of this country vegetable 
humus occurs only in small quantities. It is hygroscopic; that is, it greatly 
increases the water-holding power of soils and enables them to withstand pro- 
longed drought, besides furnishing valuable food for the growing plants. 

Croaiii of Soils. — The soil of the whole of Dakota is of unquestioned fer- 
tility. It is about the .same everywhere — a rich, black loam, with Just enough 
sand to cause it to be easily worked and to prevent it from getting muddy, and 
resting on a clay subsoil retentive of moisture. The adaptability of the soil to 
readily al>sorb moisture is observed when one considers the splendid condition 
of our prairie roails, which are always passable even after the heaviest of rain 



80 



TEEKITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



storms. They are never muddy and heavy, as results during the long rainy 
season of the Eastern states. Dr. Duncan of Chicago, a medical man and scien- 
tist of reputation, writes as follows: "The lands east of the Mississippi have 
had their saline ingredients washed out and carried away to the ocean or under 
ground, and are now being tapped at Saginaw and other salt works. Dakota re- 
tains her valuable saline soil ingredients, chiefly, I judge, on account of the deep 
loam, numerous irregular strata of clay, and the level character of the surface. 
The lightness and porosity of the freshly upturned soil of Dakota is a marvel 
to one who would expect sogginess from the luxuriant growth of grass. This 
lightness suggests sand and shallowness, but we see that it is the salient feature 
^f rich land. Nature has pursued a conservative course toward Dakota, enab- 
ling her to hoard her wealth, and her citizens should bear this ever in mind, so 
as to increase the treasury of this wonderful country. It will be years yet be- 
fore this land will need enriching. There is no region that I know of with so 
generally rich a soil." The "cream of soils" is found in the Red river valley, 
which is supposed to have been an immense lake bed in olden times, but, as 
stated, the soil everywhere is good, and without exception as to locality, gen- 
erally speaking, is pronounced to be all that is claimed for it by farmers who 
have been used to doing three times the amount of plowing in Ohio or Illinois 
that is required in Dakota. 

Products. — The test of the soil, however, is in the results. For the past 
three years the territory has lead in the total yield and quality of wheat, as it 
has in flax. If the superiority of Dakota as an agricultural region needed 
further demonstration, it is to be found in the crops of 1889. Reports were 
sent broadcast over the world that the crops in Dakota were an almost total 
failure. Indeed, within the territory the gravest apprehensions were enter- 
tained, for never was the producing capacity of a region more severely tried by 
adverse circumstances. There was an unusual lack of rainfall, and in some 
regions the grain was beset while yet in the milk, by hot winds; yet, out of 
what seemed disaster, out of what might have proved ashes, Dakota again rises, 
Phcenix-like, and surprises the world with a succession of splendid crop totals. 
Again the empire territory distances every commonwealth of the Union in the pro- 
duction of wheat, and rolls up the grand total of 44,009,092 bushels, a total 
based upon a careful estimate; and best of all, nearly every bushel of this great 
amount is of the very highest grade, largely of the No. 1 hard variety, Dakota 
wheat being a grade unto itself. 

Comparisons. — The following tables show the yield for the past two 
seasons : 



1888. 



Wheat 

Oats 

lk)rn 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Flax 

Potatoes 



Acres. 



3, 847, 833 

1,111,574 

615, 055 

197,982 

16, 378 

3,907 

32H, 288 

40, 982 



Bushels. 



37, 763, 847 

30, 408, 585 

19, 06R, 680 

3,811,882 

248, 252 

50, 791 

2, 963, 247 

4,679,328 



1889. 



Wheat 

Oats 

Corn 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Flax 

Potatoes ..., 



Acres. 



4, 669, 717 

1,122,402 

814, 677 

255, 969 

19, 754 

3,033 

403, 314 

45. 656 



Bushels. 



44, 009, 092 

21,369,708 

22, 832, 073 

4, 455, 777 

301,107 

32, 564 

3,28'<, 115 

4, 038, 262 



TERBITORY OF DAKOTA. 



81 



While the average yield for 1889 is less than that for 18^, yet cousideriug 
the adverse couditious meutioned, the showing is a most creditable cue. 

As the territory is upon the eve of division into two states, the subjoined 
tables have been arranged accordingly, giving to each its share of the crops of 
1889: 



Wheat 

Oats 

COTU 

Barli-y 

Biickwiicat. 

Potatoes 

Flax 

Rye 



NORTH DAKOTA. 



ACK^>l 



BUSUELS. 



2,655,991 

AW, 563 

80, 022 

3, 167 

•lOn 

16,119 

67,511 



26,721,660 

9, 746, 093 

1,000,175 

45,487 

2,897 

1,401,130 

495, 202 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



AcBKs. 



2,013,726 

671,839 

784, 655 

127, 338 

2, 828 

29, 537 

345, 803 

16,587 



BUSIIEI^. 



17, 287, 482 

11,623,615 

21,831,898 

1,694,875 

29, 667 

2,637,132 

2,792,913 

255,620 



That the Dakotas are able to present such a summary in a year exceptionally 
bad, is due to peculiarities of soil and climate which seemingly exist nowhere 
else. The marked climatic changes, especially the increase of moisture which 
in accordance with a beueticeut law of nature follows settlement, will rem- 
edy some of the disjvd vantages under which the Dakota farmer labors, while 
the establishment of cheap and elfective systems of irrigation through artesian 
wells, storage reservoirs, windmill service, irrigation pumps, catch basins, etc., 
will largely reduce the hazards of agriculture, and make the Dakotas a region 
of certain crops. Scientilic farming of the future will produce wonders iu the 
soil of Dakota. 

A Short Crop Teaches Diversity. — While the crops throughout the 
Dakoti^s this year were large in the aggregate, they were not all that had been 
expected, and there may be some saftering in short crop localities before an- 
other crop comes, but the distress will l)e nothing as compared with that among 
an equal number of people, winter after winter, in any large city of the coun- 
try. To see poverty and sore distress go among the great host of poor in the 
cities, and the gruml)lers who are predicting calamity here and there in Da- 
kota, on account of failures iu spots, would forever alter hold their peace. There 
may be a lesson in these repeated shortages. It is the experience of every 
country where one crop is run to the extreme, to learn that diversity is the 
best plan, and the les-son was always learned in the costly school of experience. 
Next year let every man give variety to his products, have a few hogs and 
sheep, another cow, and cure his own meats, raise millet, alfalfa and other for- 
age plants, have root crops enough for table-u.se — in short, make the farm 
furnish his table with all the snbstantials of life. 

For crop reports in detail see Parts 11. and III. 



6 



82 TERRITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



VI. 

lEBIGATION. 

It is well known that much of the country west of the 100th meridian re- 
quires irrigation to insure regular success in agriculture. Over this vast region, 
which includes half of the area of the republic, the air is so dry that there is 
little or no dew, and a rainfall too slight or too unseasonable to allow general 
cultivation of the soil. The annual rainfall over this great region ranges from 
twenty inches in western Dakota, down to four in Arizona and southern Cali- 
fornia. The eastern limit of the arid belt approaches the Missouri river in 
western Dakota, and is classed by Maj. Powell as semi-humid, which in one 
season may be well watered, while in the next year everything not artificially 
watered will perish for the want of moisture. In the cycles of dry years, which 
alternate with wet years in recurring periods of from ten to twelve years, as 
maintained by scientific men, the whole of Dakota is liable to suffer from the 
lack of moisture, the area of danger extending eastward even beyond the Great 
Lakes. This year has been remarkable for drought, across the continent from 
the lake region to the Pacific coast. 

Success of Irrig'atiou. — In view of the success of irrigation in various 
parts of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and California, pub- 
lic attention has been gradually attracted to the possibilities of extending 
water service to a large share of the arid belt. Congress has finally taken hold 
of the matter, aud the work has become a national one. This season a senate 
committee visited Dakota and all parts of the North, West and Southwest, 
traveling 14,000 miles, examining witnesses, and looking over sites for pro- 
posed reservoirs and canals to be constructed. • , 

A Public Measure. — Congressional action was asked in aid of irrigation 
early in President Grant's administration, twenty years ago, aud he recom- 
mended a comprehensive preliminary survey, but there was still plenty of land 
untaken in the humid belt, and so the matter rested until September, 1888, 
when an appropratiou of $100,000 was given to pay for surveying and locating 
"storage reservoirs at the heads of streams for the purpose of irrigation." The 
matter was put into the hands of Maj. Powell, superintendent of the geological 
survey, and he has since devoted his time to the consideration of that work. 
He, perhaps knowing more about the subject than any other man in the coun- 
try, says it is possible to reclaim no less than 100,000,000 acres, and year after 
year, one acre of perfectly watered land being worth three of land in a region 
of uncertain rainfall. To convert this enormous area, eqiial to more than two- 
thirds of the states east of the Mississippi, into a habitable and productive land, 
means an accretion of wealth to the republic of which all history contains no 
parallel. 

To say that Maj. Powell's project is new or unprecedented is not the case. 
Systems of irrigation, perhaps not on such au extensive scale, were undertaken 
and carried to success in the long-gone ages. J. H. Beadle, in a recent article 
on this subject, says: "The oldest written records refer to it as a thing of 
course, and among the oldest drawings are those representing the Egyptian 
raising water for his fields. It is scarcely possible to imagine any system which 
has not been practiced in one or more countries, from the use of the rudest 



TERRITORY OK DAKOTA. 83 

vessel to simply clip up the water, up tlirou;;h all the grades of conunou haud 
labor to the Egyptian "Shadouf," or from the simple bamboo wheel of the 
East Indian to the elaborate system of dams, reservoirs, Humes and canals which 
made P.abylonia the very f^arden of the Lord for abundaufc, and which have 
lately lu'cn paralloled by the I'.riti-ih in India and the Americans in Utah and 
Colorado. Etinally difticult would it be to find any new feature as to water 
supply and its value, for in the United Stiitcs alone is found every grade, from 
the rocky little troughs of tlie Moquis Indians of Arizona, by whom the tiniest 
rill is husbanded as if water were golden, to the mammoth flume of lioulder 
county, Colorado, where .a river is anchored U) a mountsiin side and made to 
feed hnndrc'ls of artificial lakes, fi.-*h ponds and fountains." 

Ancient Works. — Of an age which built the pyramids it is easy to be- 
lieve tiiat irrigation works of enually colossal scale were created. A region of 
Asia Minor, now a desert waste, an area of which our own great Dakota would 
only make a part, was once fruitful with gardens and orchards and dense with 
people. Irrigation is mentioned in the earliest Chinese history. In Egypt, 
.Syria and all of eastern Asia agriculture h;vs always depended upon irrigation, 
and so still depends in countries where the people have survived the governmental 
changes all along the path of time. The irrigation of the fields, gardens and 
vineyards is often spoken of in the Bible. The early systems of California and 
other parts of the West are copied from ancient models. The actual history 
of irrigation in our country begins with the Pacific railroad, and it has already 
assumed such proportions that all the interested states and territories have en- 
acted laws governing the construction of the works and the use of water. The 
remains of irrigation works in India and Ceylon show that water was carried 
for hundreds of miles in wide canals along mountainsides and across valleys, in 
such (juantity that, despite the great loss by evaporation under a burning sun, 
there was enough left to fertilize many millions of acres. 

Maj. Powell says the work we are going to do in the American West, men 
did successfully many thousand years ago, and we have the advantage over the 
ancient builders in having superior, even superhuman, machineiy, and possess- 
ing far higher engineering skill. They had to work without steam or 
hydraulic power, and without the compass, or barometer, accomplishing their 
prodigious tasks by the simple multiplication of mere muscle. The loss of life 
involved in the construction of irrigation works in Mesopotamia, Babylonia 
and Persia must have been enormous, but the will of the Asiatic desjxits hesi- 
tated at no obstacle; if the labor supply ran short a war was undertaken and a 
host of captives took the place of the dead and helpless. No such gloomy in- 
cidents will mark the construction of the Western American system. To store 
the waters in the mountains, to e.Kcavate the canals for their trans^wrt to the 
plains, to dig ditches for their distribution, to sink artesian wells and pump 
water from the rivers to the reservoirs, will t-\ke much lal)or, time and money, 
but happily the work will not be dangerous; there is plenty of lal)or, we can 
tiike the time, and there will be no lack of money. It is the claim of 8«)me 
enthusiasts that much of the water of the Mis-souri and tributaries will be ab- 
sorbed by the dry lands througli irrigation, and by this reducing the volumeof 
the lower Mississippi river allow the reclamation of the lands now unavailable 
along the course of that mighty stre«im, and thus prevent disastrous llooils, now 
so common along the lower part of that river. 



84 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

Plans for Using" Water. — From Government reports we learn that the 
different stages of progress in water utilization are six in number, to-wit: 

First — The use of the rainfall in what are properly known as rain belts, by 
the most effective methods of cultivation, and the selection of suitable plants, 
especially those with long tap roots. 

Second — The exhaustion of the supply furnished by rivers and creeks in their 
passage through the plains, by means of irrigation works, such as are already in 
extensive use. There are few streams which cannot be used up to the full 
amount of their annual discharge. 

Third — The enlargement of the existing supply by .the storage at higher ele- 
vations of water which passes away in spring floods, a work now entered upon 
by Congress. The building of numerous catch-basins throughout the plains to 
save the rainfall which is wasted, so far as the lands near by are concerned, will 
add greatly in the supply furnished by running streams. There are natural 
depressions everywhere which can be utilized at very slight cost, and with 
entire immunity from risks of dangerous floods. 

Fourth — The sinking of galleries, or tunnels below the surface of streams, even 
when they are practically dry, and utilizing by canals the underground cur- 
rents. This is becoming a popular resource. Such a ijlan furnishes pure fil- 
tered water at Cheyenne, Wyo., for the supply of the city, without pumping or 
much expense, from a small stream nearly dry in summer. The utilization of 
surface water does not exhaust the supply for irrigation. The application in- 
volves waste. The fugitive waters sinking into the ground pass into the de- 
pressions which make the waterways, and gradually swell the scanty streams 
at lower levels, or course their way toward the sea through the sands below 
the river beds. Thus a part of the water of irrigation canals is gathered a 
second time to do the work of irrigation. This is the case notably in the South 
Platte in Colorado, after its waters have been depleted by the canals above 
Denver and the Cache la Poudre supply has been similarly used between Fort 
Collins and Greeley. At the latter place the cellars require protection from 
overflow, water in wells has risen nearly to the surface, and the waters of irri- 
gation are partially restored to the stream to find their way to the South Platte. 
Fifth — By the use of stationary pumps of sufficient power, in lifting such 
underground currents to the surface from bed rock, for application to surround- 
ing lands. 

Sixth — By artesian wells, which have hitherto proved too expensive for use 
in irrigation. It is probable that their cost and the uncertainty of obtaining 
water will prevent extensive employment of this means of water supply, ex- 
cept in parts of Dakota, Kansas and California. The artesian basin of central 
Dakota is the largest known to the world, and is. the only large locality, proba- 
bly, where water obtained in this way can come into general use. 

Water Measurements.— The quantity of water necessary to irrigate 
an acre depends upon the slope of the land, porosity of the soil, the dryness of 
the atmosphere, and the nature of the crops cultivated. Throughout the West 
the common method of measuring water is by what is known as the "miner's 
inch, ' ' viz. , the quantity which will flow throughout an opening one inch square, 
under a given pressure. Forty miner's inches is considered equal to the flow- 
age of one cubic foot per second, and all authorities agree that this amount 
flawing constantly through the season will be sufficient for about 200 acres 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 85 

uuder the most exacting conditious. By economy, not noierally practiced, 
however, by Americans, it can be mmle to do duty on from 3*0 to 1,(I0U acres 
per second foot, but under the hivish custom of Colorado a miner's inch is 
given to an acre, or a second foot to each forty acres. The price of water to 
consumers varies in ditterent localities, the companies owniufx the cjinals charg- 
ing by the miner's inch, the second foot, or by an acre irrigated. In Colorado 
the cost ranges from ^\.~iO to $5 per inch, with higher rates in California. The 
water is applied to the land by Hooding in thin or deep sheets, and allowing it 
to sUind or run oft' through small ditches; the former method for grain sown 
broadcast, and the latter for crops planted in rows. The ditches vary in num- 
ber according to circumstances, but when small and numerous, with the water 
running continually, very uneven and rolling surfaces can be well served. It 
li:is been found that laud thoroughly watered for a term of years requires much 
less, and in some cases none at all. Tiiis is doubtless due to the subsoil be- 
coming thoroughly soaked and then yielding its moisture by capillary attrac- 
tion to tlie roots of growing plants. 

AVliy Not lrriy:ate. — Land as productive as that of Dakota should not 
be allowed to remain idle. A great part of it can be irrigated, and irrigation 
means a large increase in the yield of crops. The wheat of Dakota is needed 
to feed the hungry of every laud. The certainty of yearly crops commends 
the plan, not to speak of the increa.sed yieUl. Let us move in the matter of 
lining the country with reservoirs and water dit<?hes, and wait no longer for the 
coming of wet periods. Every farmer living near a stream, by means of a 
windmill can get up a little sy.stem of irrigation of his own. The Jamestown 
hospital for the insane irrigated and fertilized 20 acres of garden this year with 
waste water and sewage, and produced several thousand dollars worth of prod- 
ucts. The rainfall of Dakota is sufticient, but it does not always come at sea- 
sonable time.s, and too much of it is of no use. A lack of rain for two or three 
weeks at seedtime, or during, the growing season, is very injurious and some- 
times fatal to crops. In general terms it may be said that could the Dakota 
farmer water his fields when the soil needs moisture, 30 l)ushel3 of wheat 
would ])e a small rather than a large yield. A vital question, then, to the Da- 
kota farmer is the subject of irrigation. If his fields could produce twice as 
much grain — to say nothing about three or four times as much, as claimed l)y 
those who have studied the suiiject — it would certjiinly be a great gain if he could 
manage to secure irrigation. If the valleys of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, 
California, Oregon, Wa.shington and Montana are to be converted into irrigated 
grain fields, the va.st products of these regions will compel the Dakota farmer 
likewise to secure irrigation, or quit farming. How c;in he get ahead with his 
fields averaging 3;4y 15 bushels of wheat, when the far-western farmer, who can 
moisten his fields at will, is getting 30, 40 and 50. The relief to Dakota is irri- 
gation in the oft" years. Can it be accomplished? Certainly. Had the farm- 
ers of Dakota been able to water their fields this year their crops would have 
been enormous instead of being merely fair. By tajiping the artesian basins 
and utilizing the fiow of rivers, by storing the rainfall and saving the melted 
snow, the fields of Dakota could be m.ide to rival those of the Nile in ^iroduc- 
tiveness. This artificial supply of water would not only produce wonderful 
crops of grain, but vegetables, gra.sses. forage plants and small fruits; while 
trees would spring forth in plenty aud glory, covering the lace of the country 



86 TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 

■with orchards and groves, and giving character and beauty to the landscape, 
not possible now without great labor; and then there would be no want of any- 
thing that is in the earth. 

Opposition to Irrig-atioii. — The proposition to begin a general system 
of irrigation in Dakota has some opposition, in the belief that settlement may 
be retarded when the idea goes abroad that artificial agencies are needed to 
properly moisten the soil for agriculture. That is certainly not the right view 
to take of it. To succeed, man must help himself to everything that nature 
provides. When the clouds fail us we must make different arrangements, and 
supply the needed moisture from other sources. The jNIissouri river alone car- 
ries a volume of water sufficient, and to spare, to nourish the crops of an empire 
— water which now wends its way to the sea through a fruitful region, but 
sometimes perishing of thirst. Nature has furnished us with underground 
rivers which only need tapping to give of their abundance. Had there been a 
plentiful supply of moisture to the fields of Dakota this year, the great terri- 
tory would have had $50,000,000 worth more of crops. 

Irrig-atioii is Practical. — The plan of securing flowing artesian wells, 
and pumping water from the rivers into the empty lake beds of Dakota, is prac- 
tical. Eaiufall and melted snow can also be diverted from the streams and 
stored in the lakes, of which there are hundreds — natural reservoirs in which 
the waters can remain until of right temperature for irrigation. Maj. Powell 
suggests what he calls the ' ' tank system ' ' for Dakota. By this he means a 
pond on every farm, where it is possible for the storage of rain and snow water 
until needed. He says that a 20 acre tank filled with water to the depth of 10 
feet will irrigate 300 acres of land, and increase the value of the land several 
hundred per cent and give a wonderful increase in yield. In his opinion Dakota 
has a remarkable soil, and very little irrigation will be needed; It would not 
be necessary to flood the land, but only run the water over it in ditches. 

Senatorial Opinion. — The members of the Senate Committee on Irriga- 
tion, during a visit to Dakota this summer, were most profoundly impressed 
with the extent of the artesian basin of the James valley. They will recom- 
mend to Congress that competent engineers and geologists be appointed to in- 
vestigate fully the extent of the artesian water supply. They will also urge 
the appropriation of a sufiicient sum to sink as many wells as maybe necessary 
in order to determine where such wells may be profitably sunk. 

Senator Stewart, chairman of the committee, was not only impressed with 
the magnitude and possibilities of the two Dakatas, but he expressed surprise 
and pleasure at the general high character of the people. It seemed to him as 
if the entire country had been looked over for the "brawniest and fittest young 
men" to populate and develop Dakota. These young men had built up a 
mighty empire. The result of their labor was the surprise of the times. " It 
seems," says the Senator, "almost like the rubbing of Aladdin's lamp; for, lo, 
in a night and a day, as it were, a new state was born." 



TEKEITOBY OF DAKOTA. 87 



VII. 

STOCK. 

Dakota is peculiarly adajjted to the raisin;; of live stock, as shown hy the 
rapid developiiu-nt ol" that iiulustiy, the incrca-se of values for the last eight 
years being at the average annual rate of $5,000,000. No country in the world 
ciin show more general advantages for the stock grower. All of this region was 
once the feeding ground of Vi\st herds of l)un;do, deer and other wild animals, 
a conclusive argument in support of the fact tlut the country is adajjted to the 
production and growth of animal life. 

Grasses and Pasturajfo. — There is for the present, and perhaps for 
j-ears to come, unlimited range covered with a rich and succulent herbage. The 
prairie everywhere is faced with a plentiful growth of bulValo, gramma, and 
hlue-stem grasses, e<iual for grazing and hay to the tame varieties of the East. 
One ha-s only to find a vacant piece of prairie and his hay croj) will cost him 
nothing except the expen.se of cutting and sUicking. The.se native grasses cure 
to haj' upon the ground, and stock will fatten in the fields almost as rapidly as 
they do in the East stall-feeding on grain. The grass retains its nutrition 
throughout the year, even where uncut. It can be mowed at any time, mak- 
ing tjuite as good hay in the fall as in the summer months. Millions of acres 
of this native forage grow, cure, and go to waste annually, uncut and unfed. 
If the grass growing on the prairies of Dakota could all be utilized and turned 
into meat, it would supjily the markets of America. It is the statement of a 
noted economist that "that country must be considered the most prosperous in 
whicli the inhabitjints are enabled to have the largest ration of meat for their 
food." Statistics show that the United States consumes 120 pounds of meat 
per capita, or double the (juantity of European countries. 

Climate. — The air is dry, bracing and invigorating. There is rare exemp- 
tion from the diseases common to the muddy states. The ground usually 
affords solid footing. Marshes, swamps and low, soft grounds are rarely found, 
and when rain or melted snow makes the ground wet. sun.shine and wind very 
soon dry the surface and put it in fine condition. Tliis is particularly lavorable 
to the feet. The rainfall between October and April is light, and stock remain- 
ing out of doors during the winter seldom gets wet or damp, and there is none 
of that moist air peculiar to Eastern climates, which causes a too rapid radia- 
tion of animal heat, resulting in chilly sensations to man and bejist alike. 
When animals are provided with the least attempts at shelter and forage, there 
is never, or seldom, any loss, and they always come out strong and in good 
flesh in the spring. Were it not for the custom prevailing in .some sections of 
tnrning stock loose on the range the entire year, without provision for shelter 
or food, the percentage of loss would be as small in Dakota as anywhere else in 
America. The need of providing shelter of some sort, and of supplying for- 
age, .so easily had for the cutting, is being imjjrcssed more strongly each year 
on the stock growers of the Northwest. If our stock growers devote but a 
trifle of the labor and expense to the care of the stock that is expended by the 
farmers of Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, or any other state, the raising of horses, 
cattle, sheep and hogs in Dakota would become a most safe and largely profit- 
able investment. 



88 



TEREITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



Feeding". — An abundance of grain and root crops can be raised for feeding 
and for the rapid fattening of stock. In ordinary cases animals do not need 
much grain or other feed than our fine, nutritious hay, but if anything extra 
is needed to crowd them for market, Dakota can produce it as cheaply as it can 
be done anywhere. 

Water. — No country with such range privileges is better or equally sup- 
plied with water in lakes and running streams. Surface water is sometimes 
scarce in dry seasons in certain localities, but no difficulty is found in providing 
wells, and in no part of the world has there been such uniform success in get- 
ting artesian wells of such volume, force and purity. 

Markets. — Dakota is near enough to markets — St. Paul, Minneapolis, 
Duluth, Omaha, Sioux City, Chicago and Milwaukee — to make feeding and 
shipping profitable. No new region of the country is as well supplied with 
railroad facilities. 

Horses. — The indications are that it will not be long before the Dakotas 
will have built up a world-wide reputation for the good quality of their road- 
sters and draught horses. Our farmers are realizing that it costs but little more 
to raise a high-class aninal than an ordinary scrub, and everywhere one hears 
of the importation of the best grades of brood mares and pure- bred stallions. 
Farm work requires heavy draught horses, and the intelligent farmer under- 
stands the value of crossing with the large and powerful French, English or 
Scotch breeds. Horses raised on our prairies have more muscle and lung 
power than the stall-fed steeds of the East. A good many high-bred horses- 
are being brought into Dakota to be trained and get the benefit of the climate 
for their lungs. The East cannot raise horses enough for its own use; the large 
cities call for immense numbers. The position and advantages of Dakota in 
pasture, grains and means of transportation encourage attention to horse rais- 
ing. The annexed table shows the development of the horse industiy in 
Dakota in the last nine years: 

HORSES. 



YEAR. 


No. 


Value. 


Average 
Pee Head. 


ISSO 


33, 998 
73, 106 
142, 079 
20«, 059 
268,410 
296, 825 


81,348,530.01) 
3,258,691.83 
6,438,42u.57 
10,615,162.00 
12,120,346.58 
12,855,105.00 


$89 66 


1882 


44.57 


1884 


45.32 


1886 


51.02 


1888 


45.16- 


1889 


43.3a 







Mules. — The rearing and breeding of mules has not been largely attempted 
in Dakota, but as they bring on an average a price somewhat higher than horses, 
raising them could become profitable. They are tougher than horses, more sure- 
footed, hardier, and will live on poorer fare — feeding upon anything which 
comes in their way, on which account they are more in demand in the 
mountain districts as pack animals and for freighting. They are in greater 
demand in the South for the farm than horses, and raising them has been very 
profitable in Iowa and Missouri under conditions not as favorable as in Dakota. 
The following table, like the others, taken from the assessment rolls, shows that 
the industry is not growing as it should: 



TEBKITORY OK DAKOTA. 



8» 



MULES AND A.<.-~1 s. 



YEAR. 


No. 


V*I f-K. 

»24 1,587.00 
;!95, 112.IP0 
M02,.S.'.9.0'I 
97l,.M7.0O 
822,772.09 
764, 08.}. 00 


AVRRAOK 

Pkk Head. 


isgo 


4, '29 
6, 764 
14,.V21 
16, 73.S 
16,0.i7 
16,30.') 


«9.<W> 


JSS'' 


5S.41 


1,SS4 


5.'". 28 


jk^t^f*, 


58.40 


18^S 


.'1.24 


1889 


46.36 







Cattle. — Wherever settlement has existed any length of time in Dakota, 
fine herds of thoroughbred and graded oattle can lie .seen. Ayrshire.s, Alder- 
neys, Devous, Herefords, llol.steins, Jeraey.s, Shorthorns, and Polled Angus 
appear in lists of cattle exhibit.s at the territorial and various county fairs. 
The increikse of dairies and creameries has create<l a demand for cows, while 
heifers for breeding purposes, oxen for farm work, and fat steers for beef, are 
always marketable. The following table shows the number .nul value for vari- 
ous years: 

CATTLE. 



YEAR. 


No. 


Valde. 


Average 
PER Head. 


isso 


87,250 
183,.S28 
321,816 
475, 342 
597, 808 
623, 734 


81,290,723.00 
2,666,462.24 
4,876,111.09 
7,429,607.00 
7,634,538.94 
7,292,571.75 


814.78 


1<><2 


14. .i3 


1,>,SJ 


15.15 


IS.sd 

isxs 


15.63 
12.77 


1889 


11.69 







Sheep. — In Dakota sheep do not snflFer from the diseases common to the 
more humid climates. Not only do our sheep produce heavy fleeces, but lead 
in price-s among all Western wools. The mutton from healthy sheep is to be 
preferred to that from animals sufi'ering from stab, foot-rot and catarrh, which 
I liseases are practically unknown on oar prairies. This intere.st is growing in 
Dakota, and is one that everywhere is attended with good success. The per- 
centage of animal lo.ss is smaller in Dakota than in almost any other section of 
the country. From the widespread and intelligent interest taken in sheep cul- 
ture by our formers, Dakota will soon be entitled to jis prominent a rank in 
the list of states and territories with regard to mutton and the wool clipius she 
now tiikes when grain product-s are considered. The following table gives the 
number, value and average value of sheep in the territory as returned for 
assessment: 

SHEEP. 



YEAR. 


No. 


Value. 


Average 
PER Ueao. 


1880 


31,.VJ5 

66, 4S0 

12;<, Sii.'i 

132, Ml 

152. ;i9--. 

17H, 467 


S.W, 740.00 
152,773.60 
199,184.50 

l6.^,:^78.oo 

■2'i7, 790. 9S 
212,y:U.s,-i 




81.76 


1 >»i 


2.30 





1.61 




1.27 




1.3»; 




l.:« 









90 



TEEEITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



Swiue. — Hogs raised in Dakota on roots, vegetables and grasses are not as 
fat and coarse as the corn-fed swine of Iowa and Illinois, but the meat is much 
purer, sweeter and leaner, and, Ijetter than all, free from the disease which 
more or less affects every hog now raised in the great corn belt. Hogs do well 
on the native grasses during the summer and the fall, and throughout the year 
are remarkably free from the complaints usually affecting swine. Hog cholera 
is a disease unknown in the territory. The percentage of loss is small. The 
expansion of the corn area in South Dakota resulted in the last few years in a 
rapid increase in the number of hogs. The growth of this interest is shown by 
the following table: 

SWINE. 



YEAR. 


No. 


Value. 


Average 
PER Head. 


1880 

1882 


25, 159 
4H,764 
llfi,0.=>3 
173, 128 
174,028 
255, f.22 


$4.'5, 5)14.00 
120,233.40 
279,414.25 
3s7, 807.00 
446,811.30 
6116,571.86 


SI. 82 
•' 54 


1884 


2 40 


1886 


9 94 


1888 


2.57 


1889 


2.37 







Poultry. — There is hardly any crop which a farmer will find more remu- 
nerative for the investment and labor than chickens. Nearly all breeds do well 
in our climate. Turkeys are easily raised, and become a source of revenue to 
anyone who gives them attention. Ducks and geese are also profitable where 
there is water, the latter having a triple value — for their eggs, their flesh, and 
their feathers. Our lakes are the breeding grounds of millions of wild ducks 
and geese. The extension of poultry raising should be encouraged, as it in- 
creases the supply of good food at a low cost. We have not the statistics of 
poultry, but the eggs returned by the census of 1885 numbered nearly 6, 000, 000 
dozen. The estimate for 1889 is 10,000,000 dozen. 

Statistics. — The tables of the number of stock, given under the respective 
headings, fall far short of giving the true number, as the grazing ranges of the 
unorganized counties in both North and South Dakota contain large and valua- 
ble herds. Mr. P. B. Groat, general emigration agent of the Northern Pacific 
Railroad, in an article showing that the Dakotas have everything essential to 
prosperity and health, and ask only for settlers, says: "The number of head of 
live stock on the farms and grazing ranges of Dakota, according to the report 
of the National Department of Agriculture in February, 1889, is as follows: 
Total number, 2,030,558 head, valued at $49,426,961; comprising 1,052,935 
head of cattle, of which 239,057 were milch cows, and 813,878 head of other 
cattle; 264,581 head of horses; 16,850 head of mules; 242,117 head of sheep, 
and 453,873 head of hogs." These figures are in excess of ours, but they doubt- 
less come nearer the actual number. For number of stock by counties see as- 
sessment tables in Parts II. and III. 



TEUHirOKV Ul- DAKOTA. 91 



VIII. 



MINKKAL KESOURCES. 

Dakota ha-s been viewed mostly iis an aj|;ricultural coiiunnnity. but deposits of 
i oal, petroleutii, .-^alt, ]L;yiismn, tin. iron, fopper, lead, marble, granite, mica, 
i-ibestos, potter's clay, tire clay, ofbre, ee-nent and slate, besides the preoious 
metals, — in tact, almost all of earth's treiusiires so far discovered and utilized 
by man, — are known to exist within the boundaries of the great territory. The 
full extent of our mineral wealth is not understood, as no geological survey has 
been attempted, except in the Hlack Hills, a region in which nature luis distrib- 
uted the valuable and useful metals with the same bountiful hand that has 
given the whole territory such rich soil, good water and healthful climate. 

Coal. — The whole country west of the Missouri river, and a large part of 
the surface of North Dakota, is underlaid with a deposit of lignite coal, which 
crops out in many places in veins sometimes 20 feet in thickness. This lignite, 
or brown coal, is of soft variety, excellent for heating purposes, and has been 
tested and tbund to possess gas-making (jualities. It retains to a great extent 
the texture of the wood from which it wius formed, and in mining lignite, vege- 
tivble matters are often met with in various stages of their conversion into min- 
eral coal. The proi)ortion of carbon in the lignite is from nO to 70 per cent. 
While inferior to anthracite and the be.st grades of bituminous coal, it burns 
well and retains fire like coke. The most extensive mining is in Morton and 
Stark counties on the line of the Northern Pacific railroad, in Ward county on 
the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba road, and in McLean county on the Mis- 
souri river. In many loc;ilities farmers can dig their own supplies from the 
hillsides. 

In and around the Klack Hills coal has been found in veins ranging from 5 
to 20 feet thick, but, like in other parts of the territory, too far from railroad 
facilitiesto handle with profit. In Day county ui the Wessington Hills, at Plauk- 
inton, Huron. Yankton and other localities of Sontli Dakotsi, there are every 
indication of the existence of coal at a greater or less distance beneath the sur- 
face. The great Sioux Indian reservation will undoubtedly prove to be a rich 
coal field. During the winter season the Indians bring in and sell to the set- 
tlers in Walworth county excellent coal from the Moreau river in this reserva- 
tion. An observing writer has said that if the people of Dakota were com- 
]ielled to rely on home supply for fuel, they would find beneath the surface 
millions of tons of coal, and at a cost much less than at present. In several of 
the counties of North Dakota there is enough coal in sight to funiish the terri- 
tory with fuel for ages. Along the Mis.souri river it is exposed in veins from 
10 to 'JO feet in thickness. 

Natural Has. — This gas has manifested its presence in all time and in 
many parts of the earth. How it is generated and how it is stored cannot be 
told, but it is found genenilly in connection with petroleum. Natural gas was 
first discovered in Dakota in Sully county, and sub8e<|Uent finds were made in 
Hughe", Stutsman, Cass, and other counties in both North ami South Ihikota. 
but as yet no other attempts have been made to ntilize it. The last reported 
find is at Salem, McCook county. 



92 TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 

Petroleum. — Rock oil, or petroleum, exists in the Turtle Mountain re- 
gions. Springs in the vicinity of these mountains are often covered with scums 
of oil, paper saturated in it burning with a bright flame. Oil has been 
found in quantities on the western side of the Black Hills, and is used for lubri- 
cating purposes on mining machinery. 

Marble and Building- Stones. — In southeastern Dakota, along the 
Big Sioux river, there is the largest outcropping of quartzite (granite or jasper) 
ever discovered. At Sioux Falls nearly 80 feet of the rock is exposed, and at Dell 
Rapids the perpendicular cliffs of quartzite on both sides of the Sioux river 
tower to a height of 60 feet. An idea of the immense quantities of this beauti- 
ful stone is gained from the report of Maj. Powell, director of the United States 
Geological Survey, who estimates the thickness of the deposit to be no less 
than 3,000 to 4,000 feet. It is said by mineralogists to be equal to the finest 
Scotch granite. The texture and color varies somewhat, though generally it is 
of a reddish or flesh color, and exceedingly fine-grained. The stone polishes 
beautifully, taking a glass-like surface, and is so hard that sharp fragments 
will cut glass like diamonds. It is shipped by thousands of cars to the large 
cities for paving purposes. It is a singular fact that this rock, sent away in 
such quantities for paving blocks in the streets, is also made into beautiful 
table tops and elegant columns, and which, mounted in gold and silver by 
Eastern jewelers, is used in the finishing of costly mansions in the great cities. 
For cemetery work the jasper is in demand; the enduring mirror-like polish it 
receives renders it very attractive for outdoor and inside work. Hundreds of 
men are employed in the quarries and in the polishing works, and the business 
is constantly growing. One of the several companies engaged in handling this 
rock reports total shipments of 8,400 cars of paving material, aggregating 12,- 
400,000 separate blocks. Although very hard, workmen have become so very 
expert in handling it that it is formed into pieces of remarkable uniformity and 
size. The Black Hills contain extensive deposits of various kinds of building 
stones and marbles, of which mention is made in an article in Part III. , descrip- 
tive of that remarkable locality. Beds of limerock and sandstones are found 
in various parts of the territory, but nowhere in such quantities as in the Black 
Hills and in the Turtle Mountains. There are few counties in which granite 
boulders, suitable for foundation, and even structural purposes, cannot be 
found. These pieces of rock were scattered about during the glacial period or 
dropped by floating icebergs when the whole face of the country was covered 
with water. For boulders to have been left where they are now found the 
waters must have been from 500 to 800 feet higher than the present level of the 
Missouri river. 

Mica. — There are surface indications of mica along many of the rivers and. 
streams of Dakota, but nowhere save in the Black Hills have any attempts 
been made to mine it on a large scale. 

Clays. — Clays of excellent quality for the manufacture of brick are abun- 
dant everywhere, and brickyards are located in all towns where there is a 
demand for building material. This clay is suitable, also, for the manufacture 
of pressed and fire brick and terra cotta — industries already developed to some 
extent. In every city of the territory are to be found handsome business 
blocks and neat dwellings, constructed of brick of home manufacture, which 
would do credit to any large city in the East. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 1)3 

Ct'iiieiit and Ijiiiie. — A yood quality of cement and lime is Diade from 
rock found in dilfereut localities of the territory, especially in the Hlack Hills. 
In Yiinktou county chalk rock and ))lue clay abound, which, when crushed, 
ground and burned, is said to produce an article better than the genuine Port- 
land ccnient 

TluTinal ami .^liiieral Spriiifrs.— The most noted springs in Dakota 
are those at Hot Springs, the county seat of Fall liiver county, in the Hlack Hills 
region. The wat«rs of these springs have a temperature of 9<>°, just right for 
batliing, and possess remarkable medicinal properties in the relief and cure of 
chronic diseases, such as rheumatism, neuralgia, dyspepsia, kidney disejises 
and disorders of the blood, and bid fair to outrank the hot springs of Arkansas 
and New Mexico. Chemical analysisshows the water to <ontain silica, peroxide 
of irtm, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, .sodium sulphate, potasium 
sulphate, sodium, chloride and potassa in various proportions. In former times 
these springs were greatly resorted to by the Indians, who had wonderful faith 
in their healing powers. Commodious hotels have been built by the present 
owners, and the facilities for taking care of large parties of health and pleasure 
seekers are ample. The location of these springs, amidst the most charming 
scenery, and at an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet above sea level, insuring a 
clear, dry, pure atmosphere, must result in building up one of the hnest health 
resorts in Americii. The water from these springs never freezes during the 
winter, during its passageway of six miles to the Cheyenne river. Astonishing 
results come from a continuous use of these waters in baths and in drinking. It 
is vouched for on the best evidence that men brought here utterly helpless 
and full of agony from rheumatism, were in a week able to walk, and in a 
month fully restored. Instances are multiplied where men have gone through 
tills .Sjlouui, from almost certain death to the full strength of manhood. A long 
and dreadful list of skin diseases and dyspepsia yield to the medical properties 
of these healing springs. The last territorial legislature located the soldiers' 
home at Hot Springs, and appropriated $50,000 to erect buildings. 

Ten miles from Hot Springs, in the same county, there is another group 
known as Cascade Springs, the water of which has a temperature of alwut 60^. 
There are also sulphur and iron springs in various parts of the territory, one 
sulphur spring in Jerauld county flowing a stream sufficient for milling pur- 
poses. 



IX. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Dakota's manufacturing possibilities and capabilities have been largely over- 
looked. The rapid unfolding of agricultural resources has obscured everj'thing 
else, but our people should, and are beginning to, give attention to projects 
having in view the conversion of at least a portion of our surplus crops into 
articles manufactured in our midst. In many parts of our territory artesian 
wells can be made to furnish water as well tus power to turn machinery, and the 
wind can be made to .serve us. Here and there will be found men who have 
already jiut uj) wind milKs, or, more properly, wind engines, with which to grind 
-Train, saw wood, pump water, etc. The wind is free, and usually there is 



94 TEREITORY OF DAKOTA. 

enough for all practical purposes; so let us harness it to use as it sweeps over 
the prairies. And Dakota has more coal than any equal area west of the Mis- 
sissippi river. The hard and soft wood forests of Minnesota are near, and rail- 
roads already make them available for material to use in furniture factories and 
wagon and carriage shops. 

From tlie Fields. — In the manufacture of flour and oatmeal Dakota can 
excel. There are already many flouring mills in the territory making high 
grades of flour, hut there is room for more. In Iowa and other Western states 
there are oatmeal aud flaxseed oil mills, the entire product of which is sent to 
European countries. Dakota raises as oily a flax and as heavy and edible oats 
as any in the north temperate zone, and the manufacture of oatmeal should be 
attempted in Dakota. England finds that it pays to send to Iowa for flaxseed 
oil cake, and Dakota leads the country in the yield and quality of flax. 

Our flax fiber makes a better binding twine than the imported article, and 
more flax straw is burned every season than would supply our local demand. 
And so, too, with wheat and oat straw, enough to make all the wrapping paper 
used in America. 

The barley of Dakota is of the brightest kind, and just the thing for the 
manufacture of pearl barley. Macaroni could be successfully made here, and 
macaroni suggests cheese. We make good butter aud we make good cheese, 
and for both there is a steady demand. 

As our flour makes the best bread, so it makes the best crackers, and yet our 
stores are supplied with crackers made in distant cities. We cannot produce 
fruits just yet, but we can raise vegetables such as the warm climates know 
not of. And we can raise sorghum and sugar beets and make our own molas- 
ses, and in time, perhaps, make sugar. 

Dakota potatoes bring a premium in Eastern markets, where they are noted 
for their excellent flavor, but the yield is usually so great that they are some- 
times a drug on the market. This could be partially obviated by establishing 
starch factories. Single counties in the State of Maine have starch factories by 
the dozen, the product being made from potatoes not equal to those grown 
here. Potatoes grown in warm climates do not possess starch enough to pay 
for working. 

From tlie Pastures. — The sheep, cattle and hogs of Dakota can be 
made to furnish supplies of wool and hides for makiug cloth, blankets, flannels, 
leather, shoes, etc., while the packing and curing of meats could be made im- 
portant and profitable. Woolen factories in a land where wool can be so easily 
and cheaply grown, and where woolen goods can be worn a great part of the 
year, would seem the practical thing. Creameries have already been intro- 
duced, and the field is hardly touched. Our pastures are equal to any in the 
land, and root crops, valuable for feeding dairy cattle, make fabulous growths. 
In connection with meat-packing houses, consider the possibilities of glue fac- 
tories, tanneries, soap, tallow aud caudle factories, and the manufacture of fer- 
tilizers for use on the wornout farms of the East and South. 

The Beg'iniling". — A general interest is being taken in all parts of the 
territory in encouraging manufacturing enterprises, and a good many fine in- 
dustries have already been established, and with the general feeling the day is 
nigh when many of our food and general supplies will be of home produc- 
tion. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



95 



Statistics of 1S85. — Prior to the territorial census of 18^5 there was 
little data for a compilation of stiitistical information renardinj^ manufacturing 
enterprises. The following is a table of selected industries for that year: 



Meciiasical and Maxufactvrin') In- 

TERKST3. 



The territory 

t lourioK i>Dd t;rist mills.... 

Saw mills 

rUiiiiiiK' mills 

hoiiixlrif.s and Diachiuery. 

('nMmcrics 

IUvThihI pork packiu^ 

HrcwtTlc-s 

Soil.i and mineral water .... 
Brick 



Niinilicr of 

Eitubliiih- 

ments. 



Coal milling 

(iold mining and atauiping (1 copper) 

Railroad lar shops 

(ias works 

ICU'Ctric lijjht works 

All other industries, not including those 
which maybe called "neighborhood in- 
dustries." 



JS6_ 

8.5 

33 

9 

9 

m 

6 
17 

6 
28 

4 
19 

6 

2 



14 



Capital. 



^16, 602, 637^ 
•J, Ih;), 4«)0 

Si, 3<M) 

50, 81)0 

54,000 

fyH, 737 

■I4'.t, 1)00 

52.H, 1.50 

21, '200 

14,5,2,50 

75,500 

11,972,0<K» 

625, OOO 

110,000 

50, 500 



182, 700 



Amount 

paid in Value of 

Wagfs dur- Products. 

ing Year. 



^,405, 8.36 

~23I,4M^ 

5-, '.MO 

31,415 

•.'l,4iK) 

J3, iai> 

94, 420 

71,992 

7,400 

88, 623 

38, 300 

228, 250 

251,272 

21,200 

6,100 



218, 850 



J6, 689^18 

3, f82, 8r>4 
179,082 

97, 175 

01,790 
329, I.S" 
77.', '.ioo 
892, 09 J 

23, HOO 
195. 075 

71,Joo 
47.'i. 'out 
31.'-,. n,H) 

9:;. 

2J...1.0 



379, 780 



Independent of the mining establishments in the Black Hills it will be seen 
that the llouriiig and other industrial enterprises of the territory had a consid- 
erable investment of capital, and enjoyed a large and valuable output. 

Statistics of 18S9. — This department has put forth every eflbrt to 
secure accurate information concerning the various manufactures of Dakota, 
but partial reports only have been received in reply to extensive corresi)()nd- 
ence, from which the following table has been compiled, showing the number 
of mechanical and manufacturing industries now existing in the territory: 



Brickyards 29 

Breweries 16 

Blankbook makers 7 

Bottlim; works 6 

Boiler shops 7 

Broom factories 5 

Canning ractories„ i 

Creameries 32 

Coal mining works 10 

Cigar f:iclories 33 

Cheese factories 6 

Coo|>er shops 5 

Cornice works 1 

Electric light works 13 

Flour mills 120 

Feed mills 32 

Flax mills 8 

Tow mills 2 

Wagon and carriage factories 104 

Grain separator manufactory 1 



Gas works 3 

Marble works 4 

Packing houses 5 

Plow factiiries 3 

Planing mills 28 

Pop factories 2 

Plaster of paris works 2 

Railroad sli<>|»s 7 

.Stone polishing works 1 

Sash and clo<5r factories 4 

Spark arrester manufactory 1 

Stamp mills and reduction works 55 

Shingle mills 26 

Soap works 1 

.«!»w mills 60 

Shirt factory 1 

Foundries 7 

Water works 28 

Woolen mills 2 

Vinegar works 1 



Flouriii}^ 3Iills. — The largest single manufacturing intere.st in the terri- 
tory grows out of the grinding of wheat, and very properly, as the wheat of 
Dakota is the finest rai.sed in the world. The number of mills in the two geo- 
gniphcal divisions is as follows: North Dakota, 38; South Dakot;>, 8*2. See 
Parts II. and III. for li.st.s. 

The total value of the flour output of these mills exceeds $in.O<X).0O0. Much 
of the flour is u.sed for local consumption, the surplus mo«tly going west. While 
it is more profitable to ship flour than wheat, yet in issy over '25,000,000 bushels 
were shipped to eastern milling points. 



96 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

The Dairy.— The dairy business iu its various forms is one of the most 
profitable, and one having fewer risks than any other in all the departments of 
husbandry. This fact is coming home to the farmers of Dakota, as shown by the 
constant increase iu the output of the dairy. In 1880 the production of but- 
ter aggregated 2,000,000 pounds; in 1885 it amounted to 10,804,260 pounds, 
and in 1889 the estimate is 18,000,000 pounds. The cheese product of these 
years was as follows: 39, 437 pounds in 1880; 115,557 pounds in 1885, and 300,000 
pounds estimated in 1889. It costs but little to keep cows in Dakota. The 
ranges as yet are boundless in summer, and hay or root crops for winter feeding 
can be grown tons to the acre. The excellent quality of native forage results 
in the production of as sweet milk as can be found in the world. The yield of 
milk is in excess of what one would expect from prairie-fed cows, and the 
quantity and quality are kept up through the season with a surprising con- 
stancy. The growing interest among the farmers in stock raising, and their 
appreciation of the profits to be derived from keeping cows, has led to the 
building up of a good many creameries and cheese factories. These factories 
send out wagons and gather the cream from a wide section of country, paying 
the farmer for it a price equivalent to from 12^ to 15 cents a pound of butter. 
A creamery will use, as a general thing, the milk from 1 ,000 or more cows 
scattered among scores of farmers of the vicinity. There are already several 
creameries in the territory each using the milk from as high as 5,000 cows. 

Creamei'ies. — Reports of creameries have been received from a number of 
towns in the territory, but the list is incomplete. Creamery butter always 
commands the top price in the market, and there is no reason to apprehend that 
the demand for good dairy products will ever be oversupplied ; the cash price 
for creamery butter in Dakota ranges from 18 to 25 cents a pound. The cream- 
eries as reported are divided between the two divisions of the territory as fol- 
lows: North Dakota, 11; South Dakota, 21. 

Breweries. — The production of malt liquors had become quite a large 
business in the territory, representing a capital invested to the amount of 
$500,000. Both divisions of the territory, however, have declared in favor of 
constitutional prohibition, and this industry must cease. There are breweries 
located at Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, Jamestown, Pembina and Wahpe- 
ton, North Dakota, and at Deadwood, Eapid City, Sioux Falls and Yankton, 
South Dakota. 

Pork Packing'. — This is an industry rapidly growing, particularly in 
South Dakota. There are already large establishments at Yankton, Sioux Falls, 
with smaller houses at Mitchell, Woonsocket and Pierre. St. Paul and Minne- 
apolis, Sioux City and Omaha, all compete for a share of Dakota's trade. The 
census of 1885 valued the hog crop at $1,773,842; in 1889 the estimate is 
$4,000,000. Hog cholera is practically unknown, and the loss from all causes 
is computed at less than 5 per cent per annum. There is money in pork. The 
small farmers of the Western states have realized as much money out of raising 
hogs as any other single i^roduct of their farms. The farmers of Dakota must 
enter more largely into the business of raising swine. Hams, bacon and lard 
bring good prices in the markets of the Northwest all the year round. Good 
fat hogs can be raised without a grain of corn, and farmers who will turn their 
attention to this industry intelligently and energetically will make it pay. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 97 

Raise ;:rain, raise peas, raise roots and vegctaJdes, and raise hogs. As we quit 
the territorial c-ouditiou let us quit payinj? tribute to the city packing houses, 
by raisini; and packing our own pork, beef and mutton. 

Liiinhcr. — The lumber industry is far more important than would be sap- 
po.sed to e.tist in a prairie country, .\longthe Mis.S(iuri river, in the southeast, 
there is a considerable growth of timber, and several saw mills lind employ- 
ment. There is also timber along the upper Mis.souri, in the northwest, and 
along the tributary streams. The largest Iwdies of timber, however, are along 
the Ked river, in the Turtle Mountains, and in the Hhuk Hills. In these sec- 
tions are a number of sash and door factories, and planing and saw milLs, the 
Bhick Hills having the greatest number, and then the Red river country. The 
various establishments engaged in wood working approximate '200 in number. 
Many of these are not large, but find work all the year round in the principal 
towns, making repairs. 

Local liulustries. — In another part of this article we give a list of the 
general and special industries in Dakota. Structural material in the shape of 
brick can be made almost anywhere, and every principal town has its own yard. 
At Pierre, Yankton and R;ipid City a very sui>erior article of pres.sed brick is 
made. .\t Yankton a cement said to be equal to the Portland brand is made. 
Along the Big Sioux river the granite and jasper (luarries have developed fine 
industries. The Black Hills, however, will in time be the source of supply for 
the building stones u.sed in the prairie sections of Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa. 
There are many varieties of limestone, sandstone and marble existing in inex- 
haustible (juantities, and quarries will presently give employment to multi- 
tudes of men. Stucco or plaster of paris is made at several places in the Black 
Hills, and the supply of gypsum is enormous. Pierre has an artificial stone 
factory, while the only oatmeal fictory in the territory is at Parker, as far as 
we could learn. There ought to be a dozen. 

It is a dillicult matter, with the limited funds at the command of this office, 
to collect the facts necessary to an accurate knowledge of even the numbers, 
not to speak of the capital invested, the materials used, and the output, of the 
various manufactories of as large a region as Dakota. The general estimate is 
that the capital invested in manufactories, including the mining establishments, 
but not the small repair shops, — shoe, carpenter, etc., — to be found in every 
community, amounts to at least $20,000,000. 



98 " TEEEITOEY OF DAKOTA. 

FINANCES. 

The states. — The financial standing of Dakota is at the highest point. 
Bonds issued this year for the erection of public institutions sold at a premium 
of from 4 to 6 per cent, the lowest in any American territorial history, and out- 
standing indebtedness was refunded at low rates of interest. The bonded 
indebtedness of the two new states, as determined by the joint committee of the 
constitutional conventions, is as follows: North Dakota, $539,807.46; South 
Dakota, $710,200. This debt, in both cases, was contracted for permanent im- 
provements. The schedule of bonds issued, and for what purpose, is given in 
Parts II. and III. under their respective headings. 

No states ever entered the Union under more favorable auspices. Look back 
at the struggles of the Eastern prairie states, when, without railroads or con- 
nection with commercial centres, and vainly trying to infuse life into state 
banks with uncertain paper capital, they stood for years on the verge of 
bankruptcy in the effort to carry on public improvements. Dakota profited by 
the lessons of the danger of pushing public works in advance of needs. The 
debt of Dakota, small as it is, was created for a good purpose, the result of 
which is excellent benevolent, educational, reformatory and penal institutions, 
equal in every respect to the best in the Union, and the people not burdened 
with public debt as has been the case heretofore in every new state. 

The Comities. — The counties of the two Dakotas are slightly in debt 
with some exceptions, but in every instance the indebtedness was created to 
provide means to build court houses, bridges, and make other permanent im- 
provements. County bonds bear an average of 7 per cent interest, although 
refunding it at a lower rate is constantly going on. 

North Dakota. — The counties of North Dakota had, on June 1, 1889, a 
debt of $933,011 in outstanding bonds, and $428,967 in outstanding warrants, 
a total of $1,361,978. Deducting from these the sum of $64,581 cash in sink- 
ing funds, and $171,712 cash in hand for warrants, or $236,293, leaves the 
counties in debt to the amount of $1,125,685 and the state and counties com- 
bined $1,665,492, or an average of about $1.50 for every $100 of true valua- 
tion. A table giving the debt of the various counties of North Dakota will be 
found in Part II. 

South Dakota. — The counties of South Dakota had, at the same date, 
$2,146,517 outstanding bonds, and $409,679 in outstanding warrants, a total of 
$2,556,196. Deducting from this the sum of $351,562, in sinking funds, and 
$145,171 cash on hand to pay warrants, a total of $496,733, leaves the counties 
in debt to the amount of $2, 059,463,or, combined with the state debt, $2,769,663, 
equal to about $2 on every $100 of true valuation. The debt of the single 
county of Lawrence, in the Black Hills, carries the total to the amount in excess 
of the debt of the north state. A table showing the indebtedness of ttie several 
counties of South Dakota is given in Part III. 

Receipts and Disbursements. — The following table shows the 
receipts and disbursements of the territory for the two years ending Nov. 30, 
1888: 



TEKKITORY OF DAKOTA. 



99 



Nov. 30, 1886, balance tn treasury $232,982 63 

KoccivtHl f rum counties 723,471 97 

Reci'ivi'd from railroads 2.58, ftOO 41 

Koeeivfil from 1'. S. Government by M. L.McConuack, secretary 1,096 70 

Uct-eivud friim premium on bonds 813 40 

Ri-coivcil from insurance comp:inii>s 37,307 60 

Keceivoil from Wcslern Union Teli-graph Company 3,778 10 

lleceiveii from I'Mmunds county 91 80 

Receive<l from N'ortli Dakota Hospital for InsaDc 214 25 

Ueceivcd from sale of bonds .' 622, 849 60 

Received from railroad commissioners 1,4.'>9 16 

Re<-eived frutu territorial auditor, surplus insurance foes 5, 224 88 

Received from secretary of territory, sale of laws '. g."} 25 

Recelvrtl from I'reston A Co., Chicajjo, account of error in coupons 39 05 

Recei veil from A. C. Mather and N. llolfman, administrators 474 10 

SI, 883, 388 80 

Paid auditor's warrants $1,4.38,742 64 

Paid counties' proportion of railroad tax 16.'>, 922 77 

Paid Interest on bonds 94,094 24 

Paid exchange and express charges 847 54 

Paid ISSl bonds refunded 90,000 00 

Paid counties' proportion of telegraph tax 2, 3'.t9 51 

Paid railroad commission warrants ],40<) 45 

Paid M. L. McCormack. secretarv STy 07 

Nov. 30, 1888, balance in treasury 91,890 58 

Ql QQg OQO on 

Nov. 30, 1888, balance in treasury ' ' $94,890 58 

Assessed Values.— The assessed wealth of the whole territory for 1889 
sliows a small in(iou.se over 1888. It is evident that the assessors have made 
an clVort to keep down the rate of a.ssessment, in order to escape what may be 
considered an une(inal share of state taxation. The increase of 1889 over 1888 
is only 2 per cent, which is 1 per cent less than in 1887, and that was 15 per 
cent snialltT than the increase of any year duriii}^ the ptist 11 years. The larg- 
est percentage of increase ever made was in 18a 1, when it wi\s 57 per cent, and 
the next largest was in 188'2, when it was 49 per cent. 

The total assessment of the two Dakot:\s for 1889 is as follows: 



AR-nCLES. 



I>and 

Town lots 

Property investeil in merchandise. 
Capital invested in manufactures.. 
Horses 



Mules and asses. 

Cattle 

She 



i>p 



Swine 

Carriages, etc 

Moneys and credits 

Household furniture.. 

Shares of stock 

All other i)roi>erty 



ToUls. 



NoBTn Dakota. 



S40,0C.l, 

9,;r>4, 

2, .574, 

1.53, 
5,'22<, 

444, 

2, .557, 

78, 

122. 
1,129, 
1,112, 

138, 
1,029, 
2, 875, 



175, 
329. 
741. 
.567. 
877. 
474, 
9.5H 
759. 
454. 
4'1. 
178. 
820. 
635. 
220. 



6.5 
.50 
90 
00 
00 
00 
2-5 
0«J 
•20 
M 
7.5 
OO 
00 
00 



SoiTTH Dakota. 



10. 
3. 



4, 



475, .5.58. .50 
17,5,349.50 
664,472.00 
fi.32, 709.00 
631, -228.01) 
319,611.00 
734,618.50 
164, 175.00 
484, 117.00 
021.415.00 
:i.>*l,.5.'{9.00 
146,<".S1.00 
(V58, ('.19.00 
t«48, 747.00 



$66,8.57,436.30 , 997,342,440.60 



It will be .seen from the above table tliat the a-isosscd value of .South Dakota 
exceeds that of North DakoU by over $:?0,500,(KK). The assessment of 1881 
showed the two sections very nearly equal, though the miuth was slijiht4y ahead. 
During the next year, however, North Dakota went a few hundred thoosiind 



100 



TEEKITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



dollars ahead of South Dakota. Since then the south half has gradually gone 
forward until it is considerably larger than that of her northern sister. The 
growth of 1882 and 1883 in the south ran up the assessment in that section, 
while the Northern Pacific land grant, which has for the most part kept out of 
the assessor's list, keeps the north down. 

The following table shows the assessed value of all the other property except 
live stock, which appears under their respective headings elsewhere, for each 
biennial period from 1880 to 1888: 





Acres of Land. 


Value of Town 
Lots. 


Property in 
Merchandise. 


Capital in 
Manufac- 
tures. 


Year. 


Ko. 


Value. 


|2 
> u 


1880 


3, 749, 409 

7,231,102 

12,965,617 

17,703,331 

23, 832, 816 


$8,994,777.00 
::3, 225, 033.41 
42,942,984.37 
68,511,892.00 
91, 87.-i, 720.84 


$2.40 
3.21 
3.31 

3.87 
3.86 


$2,172,472.00 
8,175,669.91 
16,866,474.25 
•21,293,505.00 
26,125,555.80 


$1,011,921.00 
2,378,565.83 
4,206,873.00 
5,982,601.00 
6,571,007.00 


$50, 006 


1882 


47, S95 


1884 


298,573 


1886 


388, 644 


1888 


893, 850 







Year 


Vehicles. 


Moneys and 
Credits. 


Household 
Furniture. 


Stocks and 
Shares. 


Other 
Property. 


Total Assess- 
ment including 
Live Stock. 


-.9 


1880... 
1882... 
1884... 
1886... 
1888... 


$380,517.00 

639,359.58 

1,541,373.05 

2,555,012.00 

2,250,964.25 


S745, 533.00 

902,847.60 

1,591,551,55 

2,767,546.00 

2,227,115.00 


$82,984.00 
98,063.00 
388,411.00 
461,808.09 
368,636.60 


$163,157.00 

585,3.30.00 

999,153.50 

1,-379,543.00 

2,837,930.93 


$3,666,921.00 
5,049,341 .95 
4,450, 110.00 
9,091,511.00 
7,037,915.01 


$20,750,782.00 

47,701,479. ;i5 

85,759,689.63 

132,063,905.00 

161,420,974.32 


3.5 
3.6 
3.6 
2.4 
3,0 



For the purpose of comparison, the assessment of the past eleven years, to- 
gether with the rate of increase, is herewith given : 

Year. Assessment. Increase, 

Pek Cent. 

1879 $16,267,096 

1880 20,321,530 .25 

1881 .32,055,288 .57 

1882 47,701,478 .49 

1883 68,044,812 .42 

1884 85,881,484 .26 

1885 106,499,550 .24 

1886 132, .542, 703 .24 

1887 157, 084, 365 .18 

1888 161,420,947 .03 

1889 164,199,876 .02 

The gain in these eleven years has been over 1,000 percent, which is certainly 
enormous. 

The growth of territorial wealth has been even greater than these figures 
would indicate, since property is listed at only one-third or one-half its actual 
value. The real increase, on an actual value basis, and considering the prop- 
erty as assessed at 50 per cent, has been from $3-2,000,000 to $3-28,000,000. 
While the total as.sessment for 1889 is but about $3,000,000 more than in 1888, 
the fact that the large bodies of railroad lands of North Dakota were assessed 
last year, but, owing to the law of the last legislature, were not assessed 



TKRRITORY OF DAKOTA. 101 

this year, would make a difTerence of several millions, thus showing a satisrac- 
tory increiise in values since the last assessment. By the above table, divided 
into two divisions, it will be seen that there has been a slight inorea.se in aver- 
age value of laud and swine, while there is a decrease in average value of 
horses, mules and cattle, and sheep average the same. The total value of town 
lots has decrca-sed nearly $2,500,000. Of the entire valuation, 56 per cent is 
land, I'.i per cent live stock, and 'M per cent uuenumerated, such as town lots 
and personal property of various kinds a.side from live stock. There can be no 
doubt that more money is invested in merchandise this year than last, and yet 
we find tliat the a.ssessment has fallen otT nearly $:}5n,000. There is a falling 
off also in the assessment of househould furniture, vehicles, and stocks and 
shares, and yet there must have beeu au increa.se. "It is evident," says Hon. 
J. C. McManima territorial auditor, from whom we quote, "that there has been 
a lack of vigilance or partiality on the part of some a.ssessors." On the whole, 
however, the showing made by the asse-'^sment of 1889 is a favorable one, and 
shows beyond doubt that Dakota hits made progress. Each class of live stock 
has increased, which is one of the very best evidences of gro\vth and prosperity 
in an agricultural community. 

The direct tax to the territory on the asse-ssed valuation will yield a revenue 
of $41)2,599.6;?. This of course does not represent the entire revenue, as rail- 
road, telegraph, express and insurance companies pay a tax on their gross earn- 
ings. Contrast the territorial receipts of a half million dollars with those of 
1866, when the treasurer reports the collection of $60. Ten years afterward, 
in 1876. his collections amounted to $7,930.27, and his disbursements to 
$8,007.36. A decade later, in 1886, the territorial income reached $398,552, 
while the outgo was $326,741. 



XL 



PUBLIC LANDS. 

The entire area of Dakota is computed at 96,596,480 acres. Indian reserva- 
tions Uike up 26,847,105 acres of this great area, soon to be reduced, however, 
n. 000.000 acres by the opening of the Sioux reservation. Out of the total there 
is also to be deducted 7,000,000 acres granted to the Northern Pacilic lijiilroiui, 
and 3,000,000 set apart for a school fund. Up to Sept. 30, 1889, according to 
report of the various land offices, there has been disposed of 40,184,895 acres, 
under the various land laws. 

Vacant Lands by Di.stricts. — The unoccupied lands are distributed be- 
tween the various lauds district, four in North Dakota and five in South Da- 
kota, as follows: 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

Acres. 

Bisniarck land district _ 11,622,500 

("irand Korks land -listrict 660.200 

Devils I>ake land district 4,182,930 

Fargo land district 263338 

Total number of acres _ 16,629,468 



102 TEEKITOB.Y OF DAKOTA. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Acres. 

Huron land district 189,100 

Yankton land district 1-1,097 

Rapid City land district 986,189 

Mitchell land district 5,000 

Aberdeen land district 747,940 

Watertown land district 44,960 

Total number of acres 1,987,286 

There are 3,431,000 acres of unsurveyed land in the Rapid City district to be 
added to the total of South Dakota, an acreage, too, soon to be increased by the 
opening of 11,000,000 acres of the Sioux reservation. From the Aberdeen dis- 
trict, however, a deduction of 113,860 acres located in North Dakota must be 
made. 

Liand Entries. — Prior to 1862 any land taken up in Dakota was by pur- 
chase or pre-emption, the homestead law not becoming a law until May 20, 
1862. From that date to June 30, 1863, there were 75 entries under this act, 
involving 11,829 acres; in 1864 there were 111 entries; in 1865, 64; in 1866, 
154; in 1867, 187; in 1868, 614; in 1869, 523; in 1870, 576; in 1871, 861; in 
1872, 1,009; in 1873, 1,297; and in 1874, 1,778 entries, involving 288, 162 acres. 
From 1875 to 1889 the entries under the homestead, pre-emption and timber 
culture acts have absorbed land as follows: 



AcrG^ Acres A^cres 

1875 205,91^8 I 1880 2,268,808 I 1885 4,547,749 

1876 391,645 11881 2,673,213 ^ "~ 

1877 212, 555 i 1882 4, 360, 131 

1878 1,377,948 1883 7,317,236 

1879 1,656,851 | 1884 11,082,818 



1886 3,075,085 

1887 2,069,668 

1888 1,838,142 

1889 2,382,948 



TERRITOKY OF I>AKOTA. 



103 



The year 1884 was the period of greatest activity in tlie settlement of lands, 
followed by a constant decretwe until 1888, when the average area taken was 
smaller tlian in any year since 1879. This year — 1889 — shows an increase 
and, for comparison, we give the entries lor the past two years: 

NUMBER OF FILINGS, ETC., IN EACU UNITED STATIuS LAND DISTUICT IN DAKOTA 
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1888. 



DtSTRICTS. 


a 
o 

h 


•9 
V 


Timber Cul- 
ture Filings. 


Pre- emplion 
Proofs — Cash 
Entries. 


■« J, »■ 


Final Home- 
stead Proofs. 


Timber Cul- 
ture Proofs. 


Acres Newly 
Filed on. 


Acres .Acquir- 
ed by Final 
Proofand 
Cash Entry. 


£ a a 


Yankton 


124 
222 
.543 
298 
.379 
491 
383 
638 
722 
408 


92 
229 
449 
350 
440 
264 
399 
743 
490 
372 


117 
399 
567 
571 
441 
126 
511 
6.53 
387 
262 


117 
214 
468 
406 
532 
304 
221 
305 
.518 
243 


64 

124 

255 

287 

236 

36 

153 

105 

61 

28 


645 
1,305 
888 
820 
829 

82 
648 
392 

23 
345 


92 

80 

5 

6 


42, 591 
129,;556 
227, 923 
14>»,520 
199, 616 
139,663 
20.S, 077 
318, 0S3 
2.58, .567 
16,5, 746 


136,668 

292,671 

248,414 

237, 757 

188,267 

.53, 937 

160, :«2 

132,- .540 

76, 144 

89. 860 




Mitchell 


440 


Watertown 


960 


Huron 


160 


Aberileen 


40 


Dead wood 






Far^jo 

(iraiid Forks 

Devils Lake 


15 

1 


1,428 


Bismarck 


2 


80 






Totals by districts.. 


4,208 


3, 828 


4,034 


3,328 


1,349 


5,577 


201 


1,838,142 


1,616,650 


3,108 



TABLE SHOWING THE SAME BY MONTHS. 



ISST. 
July 


.360 
223 
250 
361 
13 
228 

193 
204 
305 
627 
674 
671 


297 
215 
262 
3H 
406 
368 

189 
221 
326 
393 
4-'0 
383 


275 
2:^6 
289 
435 
411 
267 

145 
243 
279 
454 
485 
525 


326 
244 
303 
609 
482 
334 

162 
131 
173 
193 
230 
241 


98 
li'O 
112 
256 
242 
149 

63 
43 
65 
74 
91 
S6 


440 
312 
285 
522 
619 
562 

288 
167 
212 
647 
763 
770 


36 
19 
7 
1 
2H 
30 

13 
13 
19 
11 
13 
11 


140,298 
99,219 
131,972 
170,983 
173, 701 
131,188 

84,908 
106, 008 
136,436 
220, .5.59 
226, >i'.n 
215,973 


1.3.3,113 

102, 7.56 

103, 2i39 
213.4;tO 
194, 9.S9 
162, 839 

80,822 

.53, 501 

67, 628 

142. KWi 

1S6,268 

175, 110 




AllRUSt 

September 

October 


40 

160 


November 


160 


December 


320 


1888. 
January 


477 


February 

March 

April 

-May 

June 


631 
520 
320 
320 
160 






Totals by months... 


4,208 


3,828 


4,0S4 


3,328 


1,349 


5,577 


201 


1,838,142 


1,616,650 


3,108 



104 



TERRITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



TABLE SHOWING THE PUBLIC LAND ENTRIES AT EACH OF THE TEN UNITED 
STATES LAND OFFICES IN DAKOTA FROM JULY 1, 1888, TO AND INCLUDING 
JUNE 30, 1889. 






By Districts. 



Yankton 

Mitchell 

Watertown 

Huron 

Aberdeen 

Rapid City 

Fargo 

Grand Forks 

Devils Lake 

Bismarck 

Totals by districts. 



a Ml 
5.2 

is 



180 
507 
357 
826 
752 
330 
647 
1,298 
46G 



5,451 



0) bO 

a .5 



HI 



77 
192 
316 
348 
606 
371 
420 
464 
578 
421 



3,793 






104 
: ■ 
430 
680 
658 
396 
478 
392 
670 
337 



4,535 



CI -a 

O tn 
O. I a5 

<D U ~ 



'O to 
® i.£ 

= gc 

a a-a 



105 
134 
343 
195 
296 
333 
170 
299 
570 
200 



2,645 



30 
57 

111 
82 
86 
32 
50 

140 
09 
14 



671 



al 

o o 



449 
932 

807 
951 
487 

9S 
948 
486 

80 
482 



5, 720 



3 



a£ 

.- 3 



69 

48 

7 



125 






34, 256 
116, 306 
181,319 
161,418 
332, 039 
228, 629 
190, 752 
254, 247 
405, 103 
19.i, 825 



2, 097, 894 



o a 






91,103 
167, 219 
200, 395 
184, 774 
136, 920 

66, 390 
17-=>, 154 
144, 967 
114,427 
101,599 



1,382,948 



Ol-^ 



80 
1,120 



480 
2,400 



200 



4,280 



TABLE SHOWING THE SAME BY MONTHS. 



1888. 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1889. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Totals by months.. 



441 


328 


457 


231 


41 


667 


12 


297 


172 


300 


179 


49 


387 


12 


208 


142 


230 


143 


51 


386 


14 


231 


307 


352 


281 


92 


559 


10 


459 


420 


426 


378 


80 


525 


16 


297 


328 


271 


262 


77 


480 


6 


217 


286 


258 


185 


72 


477 


9 


225 


243 


244 


216 


64 


233 


4 


690 


441 


437 


156 


32 


250 


5 


848 


411 


589 


219 


45 


520 


5 


893 


386 


525 


191 


40 


656 


11 


645 


329 


446 


204 


28 


580 


21 


5,451 


3,793 


4,535 


2.645 


671 


5,720 


125 



208, 774 
118,442 
88, 584 
136, 693 
202, 593 
135, 362 



105, 541 
99, 466 
235, 030 
278, 553 
273, 194 
215, 662 



2, 097, 894 



146,717 
86,128 
92,412 
137, 651 
1.53, 331 
130, 327 



107, 812 
88, 743 
66,941 
120, 067 
128,398 
124, 421 



1,38^9-18 



160 
320 
160 
320 
520 
640 



640 
800 
320 
320 



80 



4,280 



TKRRITOKY OF DAKOTA. 



105 



The following table gives the entries at the dillereut land offices from July 1, 
1889, to Sept. 30, 1889, by districts and montlis: 

TABLE .SHOWING THE PUBLIC LAND ENTIUES AT EACH OF THE TEN UNITED 
STATES LAND OFFICES IN DAKOTA FUO.M JULY 1, 1889, TO AND INCLUDING 
SEPT. 30. 1889. 



BV DiSTBICTS. 


a 
o 

s = 

04 


Homestead 
Filings. 


Timber Cul- 
ture Filings. 


Pre-empt i on 
Proof.s, Cash 
Entries. 


II. 


n 

si 


Timber Ctil- 
turo Proofs. 


Acres Newly 
Filed on. 


Acres Acquired 
by Final 
Proof and 
Ca-sh Entry. 


Acres > urclias- 
ed by Land 
Scrip'. 


Yankton 

Milcliell 

Walorlown 


9 

30 
93 
63 

151 
86 
79 
95 

110 
88 


16 
24 
64 
78 
64 
70 
45 
59 
46 
53 


28 
74 
87 
15k 
115 
53 
75 
68 
47 
62 


IT 
33 
63 
28 
71 

r.'.s 

29 

76 

211 

52 


4 

12 

7 

4 

19 

9 

8 

22 

30 

5 


93 
206 
284 
295 
1.39 

87 
196 
180 

43 
157 


24 

25 

9 


6.700 
18,564 
86, 6.56 
37. 383 
53, 800 
33.231 
30. 657 
83. 103 
28.687 
32. 145 


18,091 
37, 898 
54.116 
52, 76(1 
36.528 
23,278 
43. b07 
46. 7.54 
.38, 072 
3-2,098 


060 






Aberdeen 




160 


Kapiii City 




800 


F"arjjo 

(jrand Forks 


5 

1 


""326 




219 


Bisiuarclc. 













ToUls by districte.. 


804 


619 


768 


705 


130 


1.580 


64 


310,926 


383,402 


2.459 



TABLE SHOWING THE SAME BY MONTHS. 



July, 1889 ^ 

August 1889 

September, 1889 


453 

206 
145 


2.30 
145 
144 


.301 
232 
235 


24 '» 
246 
219 


32 

ti 


622 
44.{ 

515 


25 
18 
21 

64 


148.220 ! 139.480 539 
87.203 114.966 1.280 
75.503 12.H.956 640 


Totals by months... 


804 


519 


768 


705 


ISO 


1,580 


310,926 


8>)3,402 < 2,459 



Not only is there an increase in the area of public land taken during the past 
year over 188)^. but a similar incre:ise is shown in the sales by the Northern 
l';icifie l{;iilroa4l Company in North Dakota, the sales of 1888 amounting to 
23,317 acres, while those of 1889 reached 128,137 acres. 



XII. 

THE EAILROADS. 

The railroad has been one of the most potent factors in opening up Dakota to 
the world, and in bringing settlers hither from all quarters of the globe. The 
far-seeing men at the head of the railroad companies did not wait for the country 
to develop, but pnsiiing ahead with their liuas made transformations in these 
Western wilds, which put necromancy to the blush and ilumbloumlcd political 
economists by their success in leading civilization. With sinews of steel the 
twhi states clinch tirm hold of many of the leading transportjition routes ot the 
land. The first mil road t nick laid in Dakota was on .Ian. 1, 1K7*J, when the 
Northern Pacilic reachwl Fargo. In the same year the Dakot;i Southern was 
extended westward, reaching Yankton in the spring of 1873, aboat the time 
that the Northern Pacific reached I5ismarck. From that time t« this there has 
been added alxjut 300 miles of new track every year. Every section of the 
organized territory is now available. Selecting a home on Government lands in 
Dakota is not the task it was to the settlers of the older states in the East. To- 
day the home-seeker can take n through tmin to Chicago, St. Louis, St. Paul 



106 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

or Duluth, and within 24 hours he is landed on the prairies of Dakota, within 
siglit of his future home. His carload of household goods, machinery and 
stock is on the sidetrack awaiting his arrival. Material for his house is fur- 
nished at the nearest town, and it takes but a day or two to'settle his family on 
the homestead. With improved machinery, and no trees or stones to be cleared 
from the laud, he is enabled to break from 40 to 100 acres, and plant to crop 
the first season. Churches, schools and neighbors surround him on all sides, 
and he soon learns that Dakota is quite as civilized and as desirable a place to 
live in as the home left behind in the East or South. 

Eight of the strongest corporations in the United States have mileage in 
Dakota. During 1888 there was practically no railway building. The year 
1887 was one of activity in railway circles, as some 700 miles of new road was 
constructed by various companies. This remarkable activity has been followed 
by a period of apathy, though several new lines were projected and a consider- 
able amount of grading was done during the last year. The only track laid 
was twenty miles on the extension of the Jamestown Northern branch of the 
Northern Pacific to Leeds, where connection is made with the Manitoba. The 
total mileage of each system in the territory is shown by the following table: 

, Miles of Road 

Name of Company. in Operation, 

1889. 

Black Hills & Fort Pierre Railroad 15 

Burlingtou, Cedar Kapids & Northern Railroad 83 

Chicago, Mihvaukee A St. Paul Railroad 1,215 

Chicago A Northwestern Railroad 758 

Chicago, Si. Paul, Miuueapolis & Omaha Railroad 87 

Fremont, Elkhorn A Missouri Valley Railroad 123 

Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Kailroad 99 

St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railroad 1,191 

Northern Pacific Kailroad 857 

Minuea])olis & St. Louis Railroad 40 

Illinois Central Railroad 15 

Total miles of railroad, not including 215 miles of sidetrack, in 1889 4,483 

The total mileage graded in 1887 and 1888 and not completed is shown by 

the following table: 

Miles of 
Name of Company. Road Graded, 

1889. 
Aberdeen, Bismarck <fe Northwestern Railroad, from Aberdeen, Brown county, to Bis- 
marck, Burleigh county (Minneapolis, vSt. Paul & Saulte Ste. Marie) 160 

Forest City & Western Railway, from Forest City to Hoven, l^otter county 30 

Dead wood & Central City Railway, from Deadwood to Lead City 6 

Total miles of road graded but not ironed 195 

The opening of the great Sioux Indian reservation will doubtless stimulate 
railway building to a marked degree during the coming year. The Chicago & 
Northwestern railway has two lines now at the eastern border of the reserv<ation> 
one with its terminal at Pierre, and the other at Gettysburg. The Chicago & 
Milwaukee system have also a through line, with its terminal at Chambeilain, 
on the Missouri. It is more than probable that one or more of these lines will 
be extended through the reservation to the Black Hills during the coining year, 
and possibly an extension will be made from the Black Hills to Mandan on the 
Northern Pacific. There promises to be rivalry between the Northern Pacific 
railroad and the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba, in new branches in North 
Dakota, as well as extensions of both roads in South Dakota. It is currently 
reported, too, that the Illinois Central contemplates building new lines in 
South Dakota. The general condition of most of the roads in Dakota is 



TERRITORY l>V HAKOTA. 107 

good. Ideal roadbeds can he ma«le everywhere over the iirairies. The 
estimated value of the -J,48:J miles of railroad in Dakota is $1U,IX)0 per 
mile, or a total of $ J 1,4H:{,0()0. The amount of tax jiaid to the territory 
under the "gross ejirnings" law for the last two or three years'is a little 
over $100,000 a year. The total storage c;»pacity of elevators along the varioas 
roads is nearly 2 1, 000. 000 bushels. Dakota's proportion of the total cost of the 
dilVorent roads is ^l 10,000,000. The number of railroad employes in Dakota is 
nearly 8,000. The total tonnage of the Dakota business on the several railroad.s 
for 1888 w;us 2,754,000 tons. This great aggregate exclusive of the steamboat 
tralHc of the Missouri and Uod rivers. 

XIII. 

EDUCATION. 

I).ik<ita is second to none <if the olderstates in providing for the education of 
children, in the common schools upward to the high sciiool, the college and 
university. The system of education has been built on a broad basis, and pro- 
vision is made to enable every child, rich or poor, to obtain a thorough edaca- 
tion practically without cxpen.se. 

Noriusil Iiisti'iK-tioii. — Dakota leads the West for normal instruction. 
Besides having two regular normal schools, aid is given to 10 colleges to sus- 
tiiin normal courses. And more than this, the territory has a thoroughly or- 
gsmized system of teachers' institutes. These movable normal schools, in 
charge of competent teachers, airry the elementixry principles of normal teach, 
ing into every county, and every teacher has a chance to acquire improved 
methods. 

Pllbli<' Schools. — There are now in the territory 4.176 org-anized. schools 
and 4,585 school houses, an average of 52 school houses for every organized 
county in the territory. The table of comparative summaries given on another 
p-ige is one of which every Dakotan should be proud. He should be prond to 
learn that the value of school property in Dakot;\ exceeds all the territories 
combined, and each one of 1(J states, while it leads all the territories and 17 of 
the states in the number of teachers, and has a larger percentiige of children in 
school than 32 of the states. When it is cousidere<l that Dakota's population 
is scattered over such a wide areii, that she is supposed to be more unfavorably 
situated as to her climate, and that her soil ha-s, until a few years ago, lieen 
considered useless in maintitiniug civilized life, this feature of the report is, 
perhaps, the most surprising to those unfamilar with the work of education in 
this territory, and the most siitisfactory to tho.se interested in the educ:ktioual 
progress of Dakota. 

CJradiMl SchooLs. — In all of the leading towns the schools .are graded. 
The cities having an enrollment of over 1,000 i)upils are Fargo and (Jrand 
Forks, North Dakota, and Sioux Falls and Yankton, South Dakota. Those 
with over 700 pupils are Aberdeen, Huron, Mitchell and Watertown, South 
Dakota. Those having an enrollment fmra 200 to 500 are a-s follows: liismarck, 
Manilau, .lamest^iwn. Valley City, Cralton, Lisbon and Wah|)cton, North Da- 
kotii, and Krookings, Canton, Deadwood, Lead City, Rapid City, Ke<ltield, 
Scotland, Pierre, Chamberlain, Milbank, and Vermillion, South Dakota. All 
of these cities have good buildings. 



108 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

Higher Education. — The cause of higher, technical and special educa- 
tion is cared for in several territorial schools and colleges. The territorial in- 
stitutions are the Agricultural College at Brookings, the University of North 
Dakota al Grand Forks, the University of Dakota at Vermillion, the State 
Normal School at Madison, the Normal School at Spearfish, the School of 
Mines at Rapid City, and the Dakota School for Deaf Mutes at Sioux Falls. 
The private institutions are as follows: The Yankton (Congregational) Col- 
lege at Yankton, the Dakota (Methodist) University at Mitchell, Pierre 
(Presbyterian) University at Pierre, Sioux Falls (Baptist) University at Sioux 
Falls, Groton (Presbyterian) College at Grotou, All Saints (Episcopalian) 
School at Sioux Falls, Scotland (Presbyterian) Academy at Scotland, Redfield 
(Congregational) College at Redfield. Jamestown (Presbyterian) College at 
Jamestown, Fargo (Congregational) College at Fargo, Tower City (Baptist) Uni- 
versity at Tower City, Augustana (Norwegian Lutheran) College at Canton. 
The Roman Catholics have parochial schools at Yankton, Fargo, Sioux Falls, 
Bismarck, Grand Forks and Aberdeen. The location of the bishopric of North 
Dakota at Jamestown will result in the building up of special Catholic institu- 
tions at that place. The Arvilla Academy at Arvilla, Grand Forks county, has 
a fine reputation for good work. There are commercial and business colleges 
and night schools at Sioux Falls, Fargo, Yankton, Aberdeen and other cities. 
The territorial and denominational institutions are in the main well provided 
with laboratories, apparatus, libraries and museums, and are justly entitled 
to the excellent character they have acquired. 

In the organization of its school system Dakota has profited by the experi- 
ence of the older states, having placed with phenomenal quickness the work of 
instruction upon as high footing as the East attained only after years of experi- 
ence, expense and labor. The public spirit which has shown itself in the pub- 
lic school system of Dakota is also seen in the number of private institutions 
maintained by denominational and individual eftbrt. 

Indian Schools. — The Government and the different missionary societies 
support 48 day schools, 16 boarding schools and 6 industrial schools, making a 
total of 70 schools, with an average attendance in all of nearly 3,000 pupils. 
The average cost to the Government of the maintenance, for the average school 
attendance of Indian children, is $76 per capita, for the entire school population, 
$15 per capita, and for each school in operation, $4,225 — nearly double the cost 
of tuition in the white public schools in Dakota. The principal Indian church 
schools are those maintained by the Episcopalians and Catholics. The Indian 
industrial school building at Pierre, to be opened about Jan. 1, 1890, is being 
built by the Government at a cost of $69,000. 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 



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TKRUITOBY OK DAKOTA, 111 



XIV. 
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

Aside from the educational institutions — the Agricultural College at lirook- 
ings, South Dakotii; the University of North Dakota at Grand Forks; the Nor- 
mal Schools at Madison and Spearfish, South Dakota; the School for Deaf 
Mutes at Sioux Falls, South Dakota; the Scliool of Mines at Rapid City, South 
Dakota — there are two hospitals for tlie insane, one at Vaukton, South Dakota, 
and the other at Jamestown, North Dakota; two penitentiaries, one at Sioux 
Falls, South Dakotiv, and the other at Bismarck, North Dakota; a reform school 
for wayward youth at Plankinton, South Dakota; a soldiers' home at Hot 
Springs, South Dakota, jtrovisiou for the erection of which was nia<ie l)y the 
last legislature, and a partially completed capitol building, now the property of 
North Dakota. These buildings rejiresented a cash outlay up to the time of 
stateliood of at least $1,500,000; add to this the value of the lands donated by 
the towns where the buiUlings are locatetl, and the value of the investment 
will amount to over 1^2,000,000. For Soutli Dakota the citizens of Pierre, the 
temi)orary capital, are erecting a $15,000 building for the use of the legislature 
and state odiccs. 

Charitable and Penal. — The charitable and reformatory institutions 
of Dakota are among the best in the United States. The Yankton hospital 
was tlie first erected in any of the territories tor the cjire of the insane, while 
the Jamestown hospital, built on the cottage j-hin, has l)ecome a model of its 
cla.ss. The relbrm school for incorrigible boys and girls Wivs also the first of the 
kind built in any of the territories. The fiict that the state prisons of a gov- 
ernment covering nnnli over a half million inhabitants, contain a little over 
100 convicts, a ratio having no ei|ual in .\merica, or the world, certainly speaks 
well tor the hiw-abiding character of the population. Even :is early as 1880 
Dakota had fewer criminals, as compared with the jwpulation, than any other 
state or territory in the Union. This, too, with inhabitants gathered from 
almost every country of the earth. Those wlio think that Dakota is |)o])ulated 
by ignorant foreigners and lawless Americans will be .surprised to learn that the 
territory supports more churches, schools, newspapers, banks, and other civil- 
ized agencies per cai)ita than any one of two-thirds of the state.s. It has not 
only a sTialler prison population than any .state in the Union, but it ranks lillh 
among tlie 4S civil divisions of the republic, in having a larger proportion able 
to read and write. 



112 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

XV. 

^ RELIGION. 

As education and social, moral and religious culture go hand in hand, — 
Dakota, supporting more schools, employing more teachers and publishing 
more newspapers in proportion to population than a majority of the states, — 
so it naturally follows that the great territory enjoys a high standing as a 
religious community. The population, though drawn from many diverse 
sources, has more of the religious element in it than is generally found in the 
West. Most of the colonies in the territory are founded on religious principles, 
particularly the Mennonites, the Germans and the Scandinavians, who often 
bring pastors with them. The Eastern immigrant manifests his remembrance of 
early life by promptly establishing schools and churches. The first indications 
of a town are the spires of the churches and the cupola of the school house, 
while in every settled community steeples gleam across the prairies. From 
data collected by this office the estimate is made that there are in the territory 
over 800 ministers, representing about 20 difterent denominations, and caring 
for over 1,000 different charges. The church edifices number more than 600, 
not including parsonages, schools and missions, with a valuation exceeding 
$3,000,000. The Methodists were the first religious body to begin religious 
work in South Dakota, at Vermillion, in 1860, while the Presbyterians inaugu- 
rated the first work in North Dakota, at Fargo, in 1871. Indian missionaries 
and army chaplains, however, had been employed in their respective fields 
many years previous to permanent white settlement. Now the leading 
denominations, the Methodist Episcopals, the Presbyterians, the Congrega- 
tionalists, the Episcopalians and the Catholics, are strong enough to divide the 
territory on geographical lines. Bishop Marty, of the Catholic Church, came 
to Dakota in 1880, when there were only 8 priests, as vicar apostolic; now the 
territory is divided into two bishoprics, with Bishop Shanley at Jamestown, 
North Dakota, and Bishop Marty at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the two states 
having over 100 priests and 250 charges. The Methodists, Presbyterians and 
Congregationalists each have about 200 charges, the Baptists, ICO, and the 
Episcopalians 90, the latter, with Bishop Hare, at Sioux Falls, in charge of the 
diocese of South Dakota, and Bishop Walker at Fargo, North Dakota. The 
Adveutists, Christians, Lutherans, Universalists, Unitarians and other sects 
are represented in various parts of the territory. No state or territory cau 
show any better record in Sunday-school work than Dakota. Rev. D. P. Ward 
of Sioux Falls, missionary of the American Sunday-school Union, is the pio- 
neer worker in this field. He claims more than 1,000 Sunday-schools for Da- 
kota, a greater number than in California, nearly twice as many as in either 
Florida, Louisiana, New Hampshire or Vermont, and more than in the states 
of Delaware, Nevada, Oregon and Rhode Island combined. There are besides 
the territorial association nearly 50 county Sunday-school organizations. No- 
where in the United States will be found a people who, as a class, are more 
deeply interested than Dakotans in the moral and social welfare of the com- 
munities in which they live. In their homes, even in the primitive "shacks " 
and sod houses, the first dwelling places of the homesteading settler, are to be 
found pictures, instructive books, musical instruments and other evidences of 



TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 113 

taste and culture. Iti.sgratilyiii<^ to know that none of our newer states (nitcrcd 
the Union with a more deserved reputation for ;^ood order, safety of person and 
property, general intelligence and morality in its highest aud purest sense, 
than the Dakolas. It was a safe body of voters admitted with the new states, 
where the insanity of anarehy aud the sophistries of socialism liave no hold; 
where wealth is not worshiped, and social rank or caste not estaljlishetl. IJut 
Dakota is full of surprises to those unacquainted with the real facts concerning 
her rapid growth aud develo])ment, and in no respect is this statement truer 
than JUS it relates to the religious and social standing of its people. 

As the world moves westward, not only do the Eastern and Old World tra- 
iitions, hahits and prejudices lose force, but speculative dogmas which divide 
Christians from each other, and which are the olVsjiring of theological .schools, 
sink with other unpractical idejis, and practical morality prevails, hut witiiout 
loss of religious sentiment, there being more harmony between the sects, in the 
belief that in union there is strength and victory over evil. Thus we see 
everywhere in Dakot^v union preaching aud .Sunday-school services. The man 
of the Eastern states is not denied religious aud educational advantages in Da- 
kotii, while the European finds the broadest religious toleration without the 
penalties usually visited on dissenters across the sea. 



XVI. 

SOCIETIES. 

All the leading religious, benevolent, labor, secret, temperance and edu- 
cational organiz;\tions can be found in Dakota, among which are the following: 

Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Knights of Labor, 

Circle, Masonic — from Blue Lodge to Con- 
White Cross League, sistory, 

American Legion of Honor, Lulepeudent Order of Odd Fellows, 

United .\ncieut Order of Druid.s, Knights of Pythias, 

Father Mathew Temperance .Society, .\ncient Order of Uuited Worknu'u, 

Cru.siiders' Total Abstinence Society, Young Men's Christian Association, 

Protective Order of Elks, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 

Farmers Alliance, Independent Order of (Jood Templars, 

Royal Arcanum. Grand Army of tiie Kepublic, 

Sons of Veterans, Woman's Helief Corps. 

Tiie »»trongest and most important orgiuization is the Farmers Alliance. It 
has been in existence about live years. The president from the lirst h;ts been 
H. L Loucks of Clear Lake. The other olfieers are as follows: First vice 
president, F. H. Fancher of Jamestown; second vice president, J. W. Ilardei) 
of Woonso<ket; secretary, C. A. Soderberg of Hartford; treasnrcr, Z. D. Scott 
of .Milbank; lecturer, A. D. Chase of Watertown. The object of the alliance 
is co-operation in the purcha.se of supplies, in the .s;ile of farm product*!, and 
in insurance. Large savings have alreatly been elVected by the farmers through 
the various plans in operation. Business departments for the sale of machinery, 
twine, coal, etc., at wholesile rates, aud an jinsunince feature covering crops 
from hail and wind, have been instituted, and other co-oi>erative pnije<'t8 are 
in view. No alliance in the country has lieen more successfully mauagetl and 
maiutaine<l, and greater good is to come from it as its membership increiises. 
It already numbers nearly 2U,000 ni.inliers 

8 



114 TEREITOEY OF DAKOTA. 



XVII. 



NEWSPAPERS. 



One of the most potent aud direct influence wliich has contributed to 
the upbuilding of Dakota is the newspaper. Adjusting itself quickly to new 
conditions, the printing press is often found in towns where houses are still with- 
out foundations. Founded not always in response to commercial necessity than 
in answer to the eager demand of an intelligent population, the newspaper has 
become an important and far-reaching element in the growth and greatness of 
our territory. Several of our papers have large and valuable plants. The 
newspapers of Dakota will stand inspection and comparison with the press of 
any j)art of the Union. Dakota has, in round numbers, 400 publications of 
every class. This is more than Minnesota, her more populous neighbor on the 
east, can boast of, and more than any one of 24 states out of 38 on the list for 
1888. This is more than twice the number of newspapers published in Ala- 
bama, Mississippi, Maryland, Arkansas, Maine, Connecticut, West Virginia, 
New Hampshire, Florida, Colorado or Louisiana. Dakota has 3 times as many 
newspapers as the State of South Carolina; 5 times as many as Vermont, and 10 
times the number of Delaware. The 400 publications of Dakota include 25 
issued daily, 358 weekly, 12 monthly, 4 semi-monthly and 1 quarterly. There 
are 392 papers printed in English, 4 in the Scandinavian language, 3 in German 
and 1 in Dutch or Hollandish. There are 382 newspapers of secular and gen- 
eral information, 8 educational, 5 agricultural, 3 religious, and 1 medical; the 
School for Deaf Mutes also issues a weekly paper. 

South Dakota has 275 papers, or more than South Carolina, Delaware, Ver 
mont and Nevada combined — and as many as Minnesota. 

North Dakota has 125 papers, or more than Vermont and Delaware combined, 
more than Montana and Washington combined, and as many as South Carolina. 



XVIII. 

BANKS. 

Dakota has excellent banking privileges found in 336 banks and banking 
houses, a greater number than in the six states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Missis- 
sippi, Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina combined. The banking 
capital is $11,797,440. Of these banks 58 are organized under the national 
banking act. Every bank in the territory is under the careful eye of the law. 

North Dakota has 25 national banks, 38 incori)orated banking companies and 
37 private bankers, having, combined, a total capital of $3,750,575. A greater 
number than Louisiana, either Carolina, West Virginia, Vermont, or any one 
of eight other states. 

South Dakota has 33 national banks, 147 incorporated banking companies 
and 56 private banks, having, combined, a total capital of $8,046,865. A 
greater number than Georgia, California, Louisiana, or any one of 19 other 
states, and as many banks as Texas, a state having four times the population. 



TKRKITOUV 0\- DAKor.V. 



iir, 



Tlie report of the comptroUtr of the currency for the year ending June .'JO, 
1HR9, gives tlie following statement concerning the condition of the national 
hanka of tlie Territory of Dakotu: 



Uraoi'BcBs. 




KlAlilI-ITIES. 






?7,lU.Sno.6S 

1, 2t>.', .1(111,00 

.■i:!!), ii;i:t.'.i;t 

l,fis.';,a47.yi 

802, t>47.7.". 

•2'2'.l,'i.SCi.l8 

l,iyi,71.-).ll 


' Capitnl stock 


$3, CM, 000. 00 

1, itis, tv'j.ys 


V S txiinl!* 






t'irciilalioti 


839, UtO.OO 


\hu* from biiiikM and bankers... 


I)ivi(l('iut» unpaid 


l,<t42.1G 


lU'Jll l*9lUll-' 


I>t'|M>S)!S 


6,4.'i7,K23.7:i 
.S02, '21H.47 




Hue to hanks and bankers 

Redl-ieounts 




497, H8 J. '29 




Total 




Total 


$13,08U.V21.f..l 


813,089,721.03 







The average capital and surplus of each bank is |82,615. In number of 
national banks Dakota exceeds all the other territories combined. 



XIX. 



POST OFFICES. 

Dakota has 1,081 post offices, more than in any one of l-l states, and contrib- 
utes a gross annual revenue to the Government of over a half million dollars. 
Considering that all post olVices the receipts of which entitle the postma-ster to 
$1,000 or over, are called presidential offices, it is worthy of note that Dakota 
has 51 of such offices, or more than in any one of 20 states, some of which have 
populations ranging from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000, and a century's growth back of 
• hem, all of which bears witness to the vigorous growth, intelligence and enter- 
jirise of the great territory. 

North Dak()t;i h:us 4.^4 ollices, of which 18 are presidential ones. 

South Dakota h:is 027 offices, including 33 of the presidential class. 



CONCLUSION. 

Twenty years ago Dakota Wiis not; to-day it is the home of 600,000 people 
l)os.sessed of $30(1,000,000 of i)roperty, and development only just begun. The 
states of the Kast pa.ssed generations of hardsliip and privation in establish- 
ing social and business institutions now common to all Dakota. Then set- 
tlement ptislied to the West by oxen-p.ice; now the Dakotan settler soon 
surrounds him.self with the best forces of modern life; his school, his church, 
his social institutions, are set up like his ready-raade houses, which the rail- 
road sidetracks on the i)rairie. 

We hear some complaint of hard times in Dakota. Why, life is many timea 
more comfortable here now than in the early days of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and 
'wa, indeed anywhere in the Kast, and an hundred Ibid better than among the 
poor of the largo cities or with the millions wlio toil without ht>pe in the Old 
World. Dakotaisnot only building up prosperous communities, but is making 
many forwanl stridcii in intelligence and morality. Our future is fall of promise 
and possibility, and in the strength and glory of decades to come, these lean years, 



116 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. 

because of devotion to one crop — and sometimes personal extravagance or want 
of knowledge — will be forgotten in the plenty brought by diversity and jirac- 
tical methods. To-day it is a struggle for bread and clothes, and preparation 
for covering the land with orchards and forest groves, with school houses and 
churches, and homes for generations to come, when in freedom and purity the 
children of the present will possess the West, the i^ride and glory of the New 
World. At present much of the wealth of the Dakotas is compressed into a 
few counties along the Red, Big Sioux, James and Missouri rivers, compara- 
tively but a small proportion of a grand plateau of prairie 400 miles from north to 
south and 350 miles from east to west, and lying in the heart of the continent. 
It has not been long since its great domain was mapped out as a part of the 
American Desert; now Dakota's pastures furnish meat for the hungry of other 
lands, its wheat is bread for them, and it is beginning to furnish the butter for 
the bread. Besides the spread of agriculture, manufactures are growing and 
the small industries that enable a people to live on its own products are con- 
stantly expanding. With all of our great acreage and natural resources sub- 
jected to human use, what limit can there be to our future prosperity ? Dakota 
has millions of acres of free vacant lands. 

Someone has said that no man has a home until he owns one. Dakota extends 
a friendly hand to the landless, the homeless, and all who eke out a bare exist" 
ence on rented farms or as labor^s in the East or Old World. The peaceful ease 
and rapidity with which the land of Dakota is being brought into use is remark- 
able. Favorable government, climate and soil are inducements, but the price 
of the farm is a prime consideration. The land is free. The intending settler 
can come to Dakota in a colonist sleeper, a palace car or a common coach, and 
take up free lands within the sound of the engine whistle. There is no uncer- 
tainty in coming to Dakota — the reputation of its products has been estab- 
lished. Every man, and every woman, too, who is unmarried, widowed or 
deserted, enjoys the three rights of public land entry under the homestead, 
pre-emption and timber culture acts, and can become the owner of 480 acres of 
fertile soil by complying with the provisions of these laws, which mark the 
most wise and beneficent disposition of public land by any government. 

Dakota is the leading territory even with small development in comparison 
with its great capabilities, and has ambition to become two leading states. 
And why should not this laudable ambition reach fruition ? We have a citizen- 
ship made up of the best brain and blood and muscle of many states and coun- 
tries; men and women gathered from all the best sections of America and 
Europe; men and women blessed with intellectual, social and moral forces, 
and endowed ^vith industry, patriotism and hope; men trained in schools and 
skilled in business, and still in the vigor and strength of youth; and women — 
useful maidens, prudent wives, faithful mothers, careful matrons — who make 
each Dakotan's home a centre of moral iniiuence. In the purity of the home 
lies the safety of the state — and of civilization. 



IJN'DEX. 



Acknowiedgineiits, C. 
Atrrlcultiirt', 71. 

Barley, 7.">. 

Iti-ans, 77. 

UuL-ktvheat, 7G. 

Corn, 73. 

Flax, 74, 7.T. 

Flour, 7;?. 

FruiUs, 77. 

Grasses, 76. 

Hay, 76. 

lliips, 77. 

Oats, 75. 

Potatops, 76. 

Products, 80. 
IJyo, 76. 
.Soil, 78. 
Tables, 80, 81. 
Toliacco, 77. 
VeRotablcs, 77. 
Wheat, 72. 
Allituili', 41; table, 42. 
Ari-a, 43; coniparisoii, 44. 
Assessed ralues, 93, 100. 

Banks, 114, 11,5. 
Barley, 7.5. 
Bii; Sioux river, 47. 
Big Stone lake, 49. 
Buckwheat, 76. 
Itcans, 77. 
Black Hills, 1.5. 
Boundaries, 39. 
Breweries, 96. 

Cattle, table, S9. 

Cements, 93. 

Census returns, m-Tyl. 

I'heyenne river, 46. 

Churches, 112, U.S. 

Clays, 92. 

Clear and cloudy days, 6.J-6-5. 

Climate, 58. 

Autumn, 60. 

Drought, 70. 

Fn>8t,61. 

Healthfulness, fil. 

length of geasous, 68. 

Medical testimony, 62. 



Climate — 

Mortality, table, 62. 

Rainfall, 68; table, 69. 

Snowfall, tal)le8, 59, 60. 

Spring, 59. 

Summer, 60. 

Sunshine, tables, 63-65. 

TenijKjrature, <"i7: tables, 66, 68. 

Winter, .58. 
Coal. 91. 

Congressional history, 10-24. 
Convention, citizens, S. I)., 32. 
Convention, constitutional, lst,S. 1). 34. 
Convention, constitutional, 2d, S. D., 35. 
Convention, constitutional, :W, S. D., 37. 
Convention, coiistitutional, Ist, N. I), 39. 
Creameries, 96. 
Corn, 73; table of analyses, 74. 
Crops, tables, 80, 81. 

Debt by states and counties, 98. 
r»elegates to Congress, 11. 
Devils lake, 49. 
Diversity, short crop tablts, 81. 

Education, 107. 
Graded schools, 107. 
Higher education, 108. 
Indian schools, 108. 
Normal instruction, 107. 
Public schools, 107. 
Statistics, 108, 109. 

Finances, 98. 

Assessed values, 99, 100. 

Debt by states and counties, 98. 

Receipts and disbursements, 99. 

Values compared, IW. 
Fishing, 49. 
Flax, 74 ; table, 75. 
Flour, 73. 
Flowers, 78. 
F^orests and woodland, 51. 

Forestry, 52. 
Fruits, 77. 

Geography, 39. 

Geology, 41. 

(lorernorsof the territory, 12. 

Grasses, 76, 87. 



118 



INDEX. 



Hay, 76. 

Historical sketches, 9. 

Congressional history, 10, 11. 

Early history, 9. 

Legislative roll, 13. 

Omnibus bill, 25. 

Permanent white settlement, 10. 

Provisional or squatter government, 11. 

Statehood, bills for, 23, 24. 

Statehood in South Dakota, 31. 

Statehood in North Dakota, 33. 
Hops, 77. 
Horses, table, 8S. 
Hunting, 49. 

Indians, 57. 
Introductory, 5. 
Irrigation, 88. 

Ancient works, 83. 

A public measure, 82. 

Is practical, 86. 

Opposition to, 86. 

Plans for using water, 84. 

Senatorial opinion, 86. 

Success of, 82. 

Water measurements, 84 

Why not irrigate? 85. 

James river, 47. 

Justices, chief, of the territory, 12. 

Justices, associate, of the territory, 12. 

Lakes, 49. 

Big Stone, 49. 

Devils, 49. 

Kampeska, 49. 

Traverse, 49. 
Land entries, tables, 102-105. 
Latitude and longitude, 40,65. 
Lime, 93. 

Little .Missouri river, 48. 
Lumbering, 97. 

Legislature. 
First, membership, 13. 
Second, membership, 13. 
Third, membership, 14. 
Fourth, membership, 14. 
Fifth, membership, 15. 
Sixth, membership, 15. 
Seventh, membership, 16. 
Eighth, membership, 16. 
Ninth, membership, 17. 
Tenth, membership, 17. 
Eleventh, membership, 18. 
Twelfth, membership, 18. 
Thirteenth, membership, 19. 
Fourteenth, membership, 19. 
Fifteenth, membership, 20. 
Si.xteenth, membership, 20. 
Seventeenth, membership, 21. 
Eighteenth, membership, 21. 



Legislature, 1st, South Dakota, 37. 
Legislature, 1st, North Dakota, 39. 

Manufactures, 93. 

Breweries, 96. 

Creameries, 96. 

Dairies, 96. 

Flouring mills, 95. 

Lumber, 97. 

Minor industries, 97. 

Pork packing, 96. 

Possibilities of, 94. 

Statistics of, 95. 
Marbles, 92. 

Marshals, U. S., of the territory, 13. 
Mica, 92. 
Mineral resources, 91. 

Building stone, 92. 

Cements, 93. 

Clays, 92. 

Coal, 91. 

Marbles, 92. 

Mica, 92. 

Natural gas, 91. 

Petroleum, 92. 

Springs, 93. 
Missouri river, 45. 
Missouri river distances, 46. 
Mountains and hills, 45. 

Natural gas, 91. 
Newspapers, 114. 

Oats, 75. 

Omnibus Bill, 25-31. 

Organizations, 113. 

Educational, 113. 

Labor, 113. 

Religious, 113. 

Secret, 113. 

Temperance, 113. 

Permanent white settlement, 10. 

Petroleum, 92. 

Potatoes, 76. 

Poultry, 90. 

Pork packing, 96. 

Post offices, 115. 

Provisional or squatter government, 11. 

Public lands, 101. 

Public institutions, 111. 

Charitable, 111. 

Educational, 111. 

Penal, 111. 
Population, tables, 54-57. 

Railroads, 105, 106. 
Religion, 112, 113. 
Rivers, 45. 

Big Sioux, 47. 

Cheyenne, 46. 

James, 47. 

Little Missouri, 48. 



INDEX. 



119 



Rivers — 

Missouri, 45. 

Moiiso, 47. 

Ucd, 4S. 

Sheyenne, 48. 

V.Tuilllion, 48. 

Yi'llow. stone, 48. 
Rye, 76. 

.Secretaries of tlie territory, 12. 

Sheyenue river, 4H. 

Signal service stations, 65. 

Springs and wells, 49. 

.S.il, 7g-80. 

Societie;', 113. 

Statistics of manufacture, 95. 

Statehood in North Dakota, 38. 

Statehood in South Dakota, 31. 

Stock, 87. 

Caltlt', 89. 

Climate, 87. 

Feeding, 88. 

Grasses, 87. 

Horses, 88. 

Markets, S8. 

Mules, 88. 



Stock — 

PiLsturage, 87. 

Poultry, 90. 

Sheep, 89. 

Statistics, 90. 

Swine, 90. 

Water, 88. 
Surveyors General, U. S., of the territory, 13. 

Territorial History, 12. 
Tohaceo, 77. 
Top<i(,'r8pliy, 14, 
Trees, kinds to plant, 53. 

Why nee.led,53, 54. 

Fruit, kinds to plant, 77, 78. 
Turtle Mouutaini<, 45. 

Vacant lands by districts, 101, 102. 
Vegetables, 77. 
Vermillion river, 48. 

Water surface, 45. 
Wells and springs, 49. 
Wheat, 72. 
Table of analysis, 72. 



1 8 S ^J . 



THE 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA 

THE STATISTICAL. HISTORICAL AND 
POLITICAL ABSTRACT. 



AtJKICULTURAL, MINEKAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, 

EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND (GENERAL 

STATEMENTS. 




PtTBLISHEI) BY 

FRANK IL IIAGEKTY, 

Commissioner of Immigration and Ex-Officio Territorial Stati.«ti<ian, 

ABERDEEX, S. I). 



AUERDERN, S. D. 

DAILY NEWS PRINT. 

I8S9. 



PAirr Ti. 



I. 


COXSTITrXIOX. 


XI. 


II. 


Kleition Kettrns. 


.\II. 


III. 


Official Directory. 


XIII. 


]V. 


JiOl-XDAKIES. 


XIV. 


V. 


Population. 


XV. 


VI. 


Climate. 


XVI. 


VII. 


Agricultcre. 


XVII. 


VIII. 


Irrigation. 


xvni. 


IK. 


Stock. 


XIX. 


X. 


Timber. 


XX. 



Mineral 1\Esol:rces. 

Manifactires. 

Educational Facilitie.s. 

Churihe-s. 

Public Institutions. 

Public Lands. 

Finances. 

Newspapers. 

Railroads. 

Post Offices. 



CONSTITUTION 



OK 



NORTH DAKOTA, 1889. 



PKEAMBLE. 



We, tlie people of Xortli Dakota, jirateCul to Almighty tioil lor the blessings 
of civil auil religious liberty. <lo ordaiu aud establish this coustitiition. 

ARTICLE I. 
nECLARATIOX OF RIGHTS. 

Section 1. Al! men are by nature ecinally free ami independent, and have 
certain inalienable right.><, among wliieh are those of enjoying and defending 
life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation, 
aud )iursuiug aud obtaining safety and hai>i)iuess. 

Sec 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is insti- 
tuted for the protection, security and beuefit of the people, aud they have a 
riglit to alter or reform thesaiue whenever the public good may re(|uire. 

Sec. 3. The Stite of North Dakota is an inseparable i)art of the American 
Pniou aud the Coustitutiou of the United States is the supreme law of the land. 

Sec. 4. The free exercise and enjoyment of religions profession and worship, 
without disciimination or preference, shall be forever guaranteed in this state, 
and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or J urorou account 
of his opinion on matters of religious beliel'; but the liberty of conscience 
hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or 
lURtify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this stat«. 

Sec. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpii.'^ shall not be .suspended 
unless, when in case of rebellion or invasion, the j)ublic .safety may require. 

Skc. tj. .\il persons shall be bailable by sntVicient sureties, unless for cajiital 
olVenses wlieu the proof is evident or the presumption great. E.xce.ssive bail 
shall not be required, nor excessive tines imposed, nor shall cruel or unusual 
punishments be iutlicted. Witnes.ses shall not be unreasonably detained, nor 
•►e contined in any room where crimiuals are actually impri.soned. 

Sec. T. The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain invio- 
late; but a jury iu civil cases, in courts not of record, may consist of less than 
twelve men, as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 8. Until otherwise provided by law. no person shall, for a felony, be 
proc«-eded against criminally otherwise than by indictment, except in rases 
arisin;^ iu the land or naval Ibrces, or in the militia when in actual service in 
time of war or public danger. In all other cast's, «>fVenses shall be prosecuted 
riminally by indictment or inforuuition. The legislative assembly may change, 
Regulate or alwlish the grand jury system. 



6 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 9. Every man may freely write, speak and publish his opinions on all 
subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. In ail civil and 
criminal trials for libel, the truth may be given in evidence, and shall be a 
sufficient defense when the matter is published with good motives and for justi- 
fiable ends; and the jury shall have the same power of giving a general verdict 
as in other cases; and in all indictments or informations for libels the jury 
shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of 
the court, as in other cases. 

Sec. 10. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble to- 
gether for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the powers of 
government for the redress of grievances, or for other proper purposes, by peti- 
tion, address or remonstrance. 

Sec. 11. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. 

Sec. 12. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing 
army shall be maintained by this state in time of peace, and no soldiers shall, 
in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; 
nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by law. 

Sec. 13. In criminal prosecutions in any court whatever, the party accused 
shall have the right to a speedy and public trial ; to have the process of the 
court to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and to appear and 
defend in person and with counsel. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy 
for the same offense, nor be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due i^rocess 
of law. 

Sec. 14. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use with- 
out just compensation having been first made to, or paid into court for the 
owner, and no right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, 
other than municipal, until full compensation therefor be first made in money 
or ascertained and paid into court for the owner, irrespective of any benefit 
from any improvement proposed by such corporation, which compensation shall 
be ascertained by a jury, unless a jury be waived. 

Sec. 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt unless upon refusal to de- 
liver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be 
prescribed by law; or in cases of tort; or where there is strong presumption of 
fraud. 

Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
tions of contracts shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 17. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punish- 
ment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state. 

Sec. 18. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- 
pers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the person 
and things to be seized. 

Sec. 19. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against 
it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall 
be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same 
overt act, or confession in open court. 

Sec. 20. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which 
may not be altered, revoked or repealed by the legislative assembly; nor shall 
any citizen or class of citizens be granted privileges or immunities which upon 
thesame terms shall not be granted to all citizens. 

Sec. 21. The provisions of this constitution are mandatory and prohibitory 
unless, bye?:press words, they are declared to be otherwise. 

Sec. 22. AH courts shall be open, and every man for any injury done him 
in his lauds, goods, person or reputation shall have remedy by due process of 
law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial or delay. Suits 
may be brought against the state in such manner, in such courts, and in such 
cases, as the legislative assembly may by law direct. 

Sec. 23. Every citizen of this state shall be free to obtain employment 
wherever possible, and any person, corporation, or agent thereof, maliciously 



STATIC OK NOICTII DAKOTA. 7 

iuterterinj; or hinderint; in any way any citizen from olilainin^ or ••mjon m;; «in- 
jiloyiueui already obtained, from any other corporation or i>er>»<tn, shall be 
deemed jjuilty of misdemeanor. 

Skc. 21. To gnard against transuressions of the liigh powers which we have 
dele;;at<'d. we declare that everything; in tiiis article is excepted out of the gen- 
eral jKJwers of government and shall lorcver remain inviolate. 

AKTICLE II. 
TllK LEGISLATIVE DKPAKTMENT. 

Sec. 2;". Tiie lej^iiilative pow<i <hall I>e vested in a .senate and hou.se of 
representatives. 

Sk»' 2<>. The senate shall be comjKised of n<»t less than .!() nor more than 50 
members. 

Sec 27. Scuatoi-s shall be elected for the term of 4 years except as liereiu- 
after jjrovided. 

Sec. 28. No person .shall be a .senator who is not a qualitied elector iu the 
district in whicli he may be chosen, and wiio shall not have atUiined the a>;c 
of 25 years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years next 
jirecedini; his election. 

8Kt\ 2!». The legislative as.sembly shall fix the number of senators, and 
divide the state into as many .senatorial districts as there are senators, which 
districts, as nearly ;us may be, shall be etiual to each other in the number of 
inhabitiUits entitled to representation. Each district shall be entitled to one 
senator and no more, and shall be composed of compact and contiguous territory; 
and no portion of any county shall be attached to any other county, or jtart 
thereof, so as to form a district. The districts as thus aiicertained and deter- 
mined shall continue until ciiauge<l by law. 

Sec. 30. The senatorial districts shall be numbered consecutively from one 
upward.s, according to tjie number of districts prescribed, and the .senators 
shall be divided into two cla.s.ses. Those elected in the districts designated by 
even numbers shall constitute one chuss, and those elected in districts de.sig- 
nated by odd numbers shall constitute the other <'lass. The senatoi-s of one 
class, elected iu the year 1890, shall hold their office for 2 years, those of the 
other class shall hold their office I years, and the determination of the two 
«l;i.s.sessliall be by lot so that one-half of the .seuators, as nearly ;ls practical)le, 
may be elected l)ieunially. 

Sec. '31. The .senate, at the beginning and clo.se of each regular .session, and 
at such other times ;us may be necessary, shall elect one of its meml)ers presi- 
<leut pro tcmporr. who may take the place of the lieutenant governor under 
rules prescribed l)y law 

Sec. ;52. The house of representatives shall be comjwsed of not less than 
60 nor more than HO members. 

Sec. 3:}. Representatives shall be elected for the term of 2 years. 

Sec. 34. No person shall be a represent;itive who is not a (|ualified ele<tor 
in the district for which he may be cho.seu. and who shall not have attained 
the age of 21 years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years 
next preceding his eli'ction. 

Sec. 35. The members of the hou.se of repre.sentatives .shall be apportioned 
to and elected at large fmm e4ich stMiatorial district. The legislative ius.sembly 
.shall, in the year 1895, an<l every tenth year, cau.se an enumeration to be made 
of all the inhabitants of this stat*-, and shall at its first regular te.ssion after 
each such enumeration, and also after each federal census, |)ro«*«d to ti.\ by 
law the numb(>r of senators which shall constitute the senate of North Dakota, 
and the number of representatives whi»h shall ciuistitute the house oi lejv 
resentatives of North Dakota, within the limits prescribed by this constitution, 
anil at the same .session shall proceed to reai>jM>rtion the state into .senatorial 
districts, as prescribed by this constituti(>n, and to lix the number of members 
of the house of rejiresentativcs to be electeil front the several s<'natorial districts; 
I'roiiJrd, that the legislative a.ssembly may, at any regular session, reilistrict the 
state into senatorial di:itucUj, uud apiwrtiou the seuators and representatives 
respectively. 



8 STATE CF XOKTH DAKOJ A. 

Sec. 36. The house ol" representatives shall elect one of its members as 
speaker. 

Sec. 37. No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, 
register of deeds, sheriff or person holding any office of profit under this state, 
except in the nailitia or office of the attorney at law, notary public or jus- 
tice of the peace, and no person holding any office of profit or honor under any 
foreign government, or under the government of the United States, except 
postmasters whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of $300, shall 
hold any office in either branch of the legislative assembly or become a mem- 
ber thereof. 

Sec. 38. No member of the legislative assembly, expelled for corruption, 
and no person convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime shall ))e 
eligible to the legislative assembly, or to any office in either branch thereof. 

Sec. 39. No member of the legislative assembly shall, during the term for 
which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in this stale, 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- 
creased, during the term for which he was elected; nor shall any member re- 
ceive any civil appointment from the governor, or governor and senate, 
during the term for which he shall have been elected. 

Sec. 40. If any person elected to either house of the legislative assembly 
shall offer or promise to give his vote or influence in favor of, or against any 
measure or proposition pending or proposed to be introduced into the legisla- 
tive assembly, in consideration, or upon conditions, that any other person 
elected to the same legislative assembly will give, or will promise or assent to 
give, his vote or influence in favor of or against any other measure or proposi- 
tion, pending or proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, the 
person making such offer or promise shall be deemed guilty of solicitation of 
bribery. If any member of the legislative assembly shall give his vote or 
influence for or against any measure or proposition, pending or proposed to be 
introduced into such legislative assembly, or offer' promise or assent so to do upon 
condition that any other member will give, promise or assent to give his vote or 
influence in favor of or against any other such measure or proposition pending or 
proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, or in consideration that 
any other member hath given his vote or influence, for or against any other 
measure or proposition in such legislative assembly, he shall be deemed guilty of 
bribery. And any person, member of the legislative assembly or person elected 
thereto, who shall be guilty of either such offenses, shall be expelled, and shall 
not thereafter be eligible to the legislative assembly, and on the conviction 
thereof in the civil courts, shall be liable to such further penalty as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 41. The term of service of the members of the legislative assembly 
shall begin on the first Tuesday in January next after their election. 

Sec. 42. The members of the legislative assembly shall in all cases except 
treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to or return- 
ing from the same For words used in any speech or debate in either house, 
they shall not be ([uestioned in any other place. 

Sec. 43. Any member who has a personal or private interest in any measure 
or bill proposed or pending before the legislative assembly, shall disclose the 
fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon without 
the consent of the house. 

Sec. 44. The governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as 
may occur in either house of the legislative assembly. 

Sec. 45. Each member of the legislative assembly shall receive as a com- 
pensation for his services for each session, $5 per day, and 10 cents for every 
mile of necessary travel in going to and returning from the place of the meet- 
ing of the legislative assembly, on the most usual route. 

Sec. 46. A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a (|UO- 
Tum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel 
the attendance of absent members, in such a manner, and under such a penalty, 
as may tie prescribed by law. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 9 

Sec. 47. Each house shall be the jndge of the elettiou return.s aud <|ualifi- 
cationa ol' its own members. 

Sec. 4^. Each house shall have the power to determine the rules of proceed- 
iuK, and punish its members or other penson.s for contempt or disorderly be- 
havior in its presence; to protect its members against violence or offers of brilics, 
or private st)licitation, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a 
mem))er; and shall have all other powers necessary and usual in the legislative 
as.sembly of a free state. But no imprisonment by either house .shall continue 
beyond ;?0 days. Punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar 
a criminal prosecution for the same olVensc. 

Skc. 4!>. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro<'eedings, aud the 3-eaa 
and nays on any questmn shall be taken and entered on the journal at the re- 
quest of one-sixth of those preseut. 

Sec. 50. The Ke.ssions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall 
be open unless the business is such as ouf^ht to be kept secret. 

Si:c. 51. Neitlier hou.sc shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days nor to any other place than that in wliich the two houses 
shall besittina:, except in ca.se of epidemic, pestilence or other great danger. 

Skc. 52. The senate and house of repre.seut;itives jointly shall be designated 
as the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota. 

Sec. 53. The legislative assembly shall meet at the seat of government at 12 
o'clock noon, on the first Tue.sday after the lirst Xlonday in January, in the 
year next following the election of the members thereof. 

Skc. 54. In all elections to be made by the legislative assembly, or either 
house thereof, the membersshall vote vica voce, and their votes shall be entered 
in the journal. 

Sec. 55. The .sessions of the legislative assembly shall be biennial, except as 
otherwise provided in this constitution. 

Sec. 56. No regular sessions of the legislative assembly shall exceed sixty 
days, except in case of impeachment, but the first session of the legislative as- 
sembly may continue for a period of 120 day.s. 

Sec. 57. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislative a.ssembly, 
and a bill pa.''se<l by one house may be amended by the other. 

Sec. 58. No law shall be pas.sed except by a bill adopted by both house.s, 
and no bill shall be so altered and amended on its passage through either 
house a.s to change its original pnrpo.se. 

Sec. 59. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: Be it enacted 
by the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota. 

Sec. 60. No bill for the appropriation of money, except for the expenses of 
the iiovernment, shall be introduced after the fortieth day of the se.ssion, ex- 
cept by unanimous consent of the house in whidi it is sought to be introduced. 

Sec. 61. No bill .shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be ex- 
pressed in its title, but a bill which violates this provision shall be invali- 
datc<l thereby only as to so much thereof as shall not be .so expressed. 

Sec. 62. Tiie general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropri- 
ations for the expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departmeuts 
of thost;ito, interest on the public debt, aud for public .schools. All other ap- 
propriations shall be made by separate hills, each embracing.but one suhjecf. 

Sec. 6lj. Every bill shall be read three .several times, but tlie lirst and sec- 
ond reading, and those only, may be upon the same day; aud the second read- 
ing may be by title of the bill unless a reading at length be demanded. The 
firstand third readings shall be at length. No legislative day shall lie shorter 
than the natural day. 

Sec. 64. No bill shall be revised or amended, or the provisions thereof ex- 
tended or incorporated in any other bill by reference to its title only, but so 
much thereof as is revised, amended or extendeil or so incorporated, shall be 
re-enacted aud published at length. 

Sec. 65. No bill shall l)ecoiue a law except by a vote of a majority of all 
the members elect in each house, nor unless, on its liual passage, the vote be 
t;ikeu by yeas and nays, aud the names of those voting be euttred on the jour- 
nal. 



10 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. GG. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the 
house over which he presides, si<i;u all bills and joint resolutions pas.sed by the 
legislative assembly; imraediacely before such signing their title shall be pub- 
licly read and the fact of signing shall be at once entered on the journal. 

Sec. 67. No act of the legislative assembly shall take etlect until July 1st 
after the close of the session, unless in case of emergency (which shall be ex- 
pressed in the preamble or body of the act), the legislative assembly shall, by 
a vote of two-thirds of all the meniliers present in each house, otherwise direct. 

Sec. 63. The legislative assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry into 
efiect the provisions of this constitution. 

Sec. 69. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any 
of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: 

1. For granting divorces. 

2. Laying out, opening, altering or working roads or highways, vacating 
roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public ground. 

3. Locating or changing county seats. 

4. Regulating county or township affairs. 

5. Regulating the practice of courts of justice. . 

6. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police 
magistrates or constables. 

7. Changing the rules of evidence in any trial or incjuiry. 

8. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. 

9. Declaring any per.son of age. 

10. For limitation of civilactions, or giving effect to informal or invalid deeds. 

11. Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries. 

12. Providing for the management of common schools. 

1 3. Regulating the rate of interest on money. 

14. The opening or conducting of any election or designating the place of 
voting. 

1 5. The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under 
disability. 

16. Chartering or licensing ferries, toll bridges or toll roads. 

17. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 

18. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of pub- 
lic officers. 

1 9. Changing the law of descent. 

20. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the rinht to lay 
down railroad tracks, or any special or exclusive privilege, immunity of fran- 
chise whatever. 

21. For the punishment of crimes. 

22. Changing the names of persons or places. 

23. For the assessment or collection of taxes. 

24. Affecting the estates of deceased persons, minors or others under legal 
disabilities. 

25. Extending the time for the collection of taxes. 

26. Refunding money into the state treasury. 

27. Reliu(|uishing or extinguishing iu whole or in part the indebtedness, 
liability or obligation of any corporation or person to this state, or to any mu- 
nicipal corporatioir therein. 

28. Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or invalid act 
of any officer. 

29. Exempting property from taxation. 

30. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes. 

31. Authorizing the creation, extension or impairing of li^ns. 

32. Creating offices, or prescribing the powers or duties of officers in coun- 
ties, cities, townships, election or school districts, or authorizing the adoption 
or legitimation of children. 

33. Incori)oration of cities, towns or villages, or changing or amending tha 
charter of any town, city or village. 

34. Providing for the election of members of the board of supervisors in 
townships, incorporated towns or cities. 

35. The protection of game or fish. 



STATE OK NORTH DAKOTA. 11 

Se('. 70. lu all «»tlier cases where a general law can be madr- applicable, 
no special law shall l)e enacted; nor| shall the legislative as-neinhly indirectly 
enact sinh special or local hiw by the partial repeal of a ^^eUL-ral law; but laws 
repealing local or special acts may be jiasscd. 

AKl'lCLi: 111. 
EXECUTIVE DKI'AKT.MENT. 

Sec. 71 The execntive power shall be vested in a jjovernor, who .shall 
reside at the seat of government and shall hold his olVue for the term of two 
years, and until his successor is electcil and duly (|ualilied. 

Sec. 72. A lieutenant governor shall be elected at the same tinn- and for 
the .s;ime term as the governor. In case of the death, impeaciimeut, resig- 
nation, failure to qnalily, absence from the state, removal from office, or the 
disability of the governor, the powers and dutiesof the office for the lesidne 
of the term, or until he shall be aci|uitted, or the disability be removed, shall 
ilevolve upon the lieutenant govciiior. 

8ec. 73. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieatenant 
governor unless he be a citizen of the United 8tates and a <]uali(ied elector of 
the state, who shall have attained the age of SO years, and who shall have 
residc<l r> years ne.xt i)receding the election within the state or territory, nor 
ball he be eligible to any other office during the term for which he shall have 
seen elected. 

.Sec. 74. The governor and lieutenant governor shall be elected by the 
<|ualitied electors of the state at the time and places ol" choosing members of 
the legislative assembly. The jiersons having the highest number of votes for 
governor and lieutenant governor respectively shall be declared elected, but if 
two or more shall have an et|ual and liighest number of votes /'or governor and 
lieutenant governor, the two houses of the legislative a.ssem biy, at its next 
regular session, shall forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of such persons for 
.said office. The returns of the election for governor and lieutenant governor 
shall be made in such manner as shall be |>res(ribed l»y law. 

8ec. 75. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military and 
naval forces of the state, except when they shall be called into the service of 
the United States, and may call out the s;ime to execute the laws, suppress 
insurrection and repel inva.sion. He shall have power to convene the legis- 
lative a.ssembly on extraordinary occasions. He shall, at the commencement 
of e.ich session, cninmunicate to the legislative assembly ])y message, informa- 
tion of the <<>udition of the state, and recommend such measures as he .shall 
deem expedient. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of 
the government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as 
may be resolved upon by the legislative a.s.sembly and shall take care that the 
laws be faithfully executed. 

Skc\ m. The governor shall have power to remit lines and forfeitures, to 
grant reprieves, commutiitions and pardons after conviction, lor all offenses ex- 
cept tre;i.son and cases of impeachment; but the legislative a.sserably may by 
law regulate the manner in which the remission of fines, pardons, commuta- 
tions and reprieves may be applied for. Upon conviction for treason he shall 
have power to suspend the exi-cntiou of sentence until the c;ise shall l»e report- 
ed to the legislative assembly at its next regular .session, when the legislative 
assembly shall either pardon orcommute the sentence, direct the execution of 
the sentence, or grant further reprieve. He shall cftmmunicate to the legislati-ve 
as-sembly at each regular session each case of remission of line, reprieve, com- 
mutation or pardiui granted by him, stating the name of the convict, the irime 
for which he is convicted, the .sentence and its date, and the «late of the remi.n- 
sion, commutation, pardon or reprieve, with his rea.son for granting the same. 

Sec. 77. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the .senate, but t^haW 
have no vote unless they l>e e(|ually divide<l. If, during the vacancy in the 
olVue of governor, the lieutenant governor shall be inn>eached, disj>lace<l, re- 
sign or die, or iVom mental or phvsical disease, or otherwise, become incapable 
of piTlorming ttie duties ol' his office, the secretary of state shall act US gover- 
nor until tbi- \.ii;ini V <b:ill br tllli-.l or tin' ili^ibilitv riM\i()Vi'd. 



12 STATK OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 78. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode 
is provided by the constitution or law for filling such vacancy, the governor 
shall nave power to fill such vacancy by appointment. 

Sec. 79. Every bill which shall have passed the legislative assembly shall, 
before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall 
sign, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house iu which it 
originated, which shall enter the objections at large ui^ou the journal and pro- 
ceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the mem- 
bers elect shall ay:ree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the o}))ec- 
tious, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it 
be approved by two-thirds of the members elect, itshall become a law; but in 
all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays. 
and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the governor w^itbin three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been 
presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the legislative assembly, by its 
adjourument, prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, unless he 
shall file the same, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state, 
within fifteen days after such adjournment. 

Sec. 80. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items, 
or part or parts of any bill making appropriations of money or property em- 
bracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, 
and the item or items, and part or parts disapproved shall be void, unless en- 
acted in the following manner: If the legislative assembly be in session he 
.shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of the item or 
items, or part or parts thereof disapproved, together with his objections there- 
to, and the items or parts objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each 
item or part shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of 
bills over the executive veto. 

Sec. 81. Any governor of this state who asks, receives or agrees to receive 
any bribe upon any understanding that his official opinion, judgment or action 
shall be influenced thereby, or who gives or oft'ers, or promises his official influ- 
ence in consideration that any memt3er of the legislative assembly shall give 
his official vote or influence on any particular side of any question or matter 
upon which he may be required to act in his official capacity, or who men- 
aces any member by the threatened use of his veto power, or who offers or 
promises any member that he, the said governor, will appoint any particular 
person or persons to any office created or thereafter to l)e created, in considera- 
tion that any member shall give his official vote or influence on any matter 
pending or thereafter to be introduced into either house of said legislative as- 
sembly, or who threatens any member that he, the said governor, will remove 
any person or persons from office or position with intent iu any manner to in- 
fluence the action of said member, shall be punished in the manner now or that 
may hereafter be provided by law, and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit all 
right to hold or exercise any office of trust or honor in this state. 

Sec. 82. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state, at the 
times and places of choosing members of the legislative assembly, a secretary 
of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner 
of insurance, three commissioners of railroads, an attorney general and one 
commissioner of agriculture and labor, who shall have attained the age of 25 
years, shall be citizens of the United States, and shall have the qualifications 
of state electors. They shall severally hold their offices at the seat of govern- 
ment for the tern of two years and until their successors are elected and duly 
qualified, but no person shall be eligible to the office of treasurer for more than 
two consecutive terms. 

Sec. 83. The powers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, 
superintendent of public instruction, commissioners of insurance, commission- 
ers of railroads, attorney general and commissioner of agriculture and labor, 
shall be as prescribed by law. 

Sec. 84. Until otherwise provided by law, the governor shall receive an an- 
nual salary of $o.OOO; the lieutenant governor shall receive an annual salary of 
$1,000; the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public iu- 



STATK OK NOKTII DAKOTA. 13 

stnution, roramissioner of iiisiiraiu-c, oommissionors of railroads and attorney 
Hk?nerul shall each receive an annual salary of $i,()U(J; the salary of the loni- 
niis-sioner of af^riculture and lahor shall he as prescrihed hy law, hut thesalaries 
of an}' of the said ollicers shall not he iiiereascil or diminished durin-^ the 
period for which they shall have heen elected, and all fees and protita arising 
from auy of the said offices siiall he covered into the state treasury. 

ARTICLi: IV. 

Jt'DIClAI- DEPAKTMKNT. 

Sec. 85. The judicial jwwer of the State of North Dakota shall he vested 
in a supreme court, district courts, county courts, justices of the peace, and in 
such other courts :is may be created by law for cities, iucoriwrated towns and 
villaj^es. 

Sec. H(). The supreme court, except as otherwise i)rovided in this constitu- 
tion, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall he co-extensive with 
the stite, and shall have a general superintending control over all inferior 
courts under such regulations and limitations as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 87. It shall have power to issue writs of /lohiits corpwi, mnntlnmux, quo 
wnintnlo, crrtioniri, injunction, and smh other original and remedial writs as 
may he necessary to the proper exercise of ita jurisdiction, and shall have au- 
thority to hear and determine the same; Pnnidtil, homver. that no jury trials 
shall be allowed in said supreme court, l)ut in proper ciises questions of fact 
may be sent by said court to a district court for trial. 

Sec. 88. Until otherwise provided by law three terms of the .supreme court 
shall be held eat h year, one at theseatof goveruiuent, one at Fargo in the county 
of Ca.ss, and one at Grand Forks in the county of Grand Forks. 

Sec. 89. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, a majority of 
whom shall he nece.s.sary to form a quorum or pronounce a decision, but one 
or more of said judges may adjourn the court from day to day or to a day cer- 
tain. 

Sec. 90. The judges of the supreme court .shall be elected by the qualified 
electors of the state at large, and except as may be otherwise i)rovi(led herein 
for the first election t')r judges under this constitution, said judges shall be 
elected at geueral elections. 

Sec. 91. The term of office of the judges of the supreme court, except as 
in this article otherwise provided, shall be six years, and they shall hold their 
otlices until their su<'<'es.sor3 are duly qualitied. 

Sec. 92. The judges of the supreme court shall, immediately aft«r the first 
election .under this constitution, be classified by lot, so that one shall hold his 
office for the term of three years, one for the term of five years and one for the 
term of seven years from the first .Monday in December, A. D. 18H9. The lots 
shall be drawn by the judges, who shall for that purpose as,semble at the .seat of 
government, and they shall cause the result thereof to be certified to the secre- 
tiry of the territory, and filed in his office, unless the .secretiry of state of 
North Dakota shall have entered upon the duties of his office, in which event 
said certification shall be filed therein. The judge having the .shortest term to 
serve, not holding his office by election or appointment to fill a vacancy, shall 
be chief justice, and sh.ill preside at all terms of the supreme court, and in 
ca.se of his ab.sence the judge having in like manner the next shortest term to 
serve shall preside in his stead. 

Se(\ 9{. There shall be a clerk and also a rejxirtor of the supreme court, 
who shall be appointed by the judges thereot', and who shall hold their offices 
<luring the i)leasure of siid judges, and whose duties and emoluments shall be 
j)re.scribed by law and by rules of the supreme court not inconsistent with law. 
The legislative as.serably shall make provision for the publication and distribu- 
tion of the decisions of the supreme court, and for the siile of the published 
volumes thereof. 

Sec. 91. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the supreme 
court unless he be learned in the law. be at least M) years of age and a 
citizen of the United States, nor unless he .shall have resided in this state or 
territory of D.ikota three years next preceding his election. 



14 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 95. Whenever the populatiou of the State of North Dakota shall eqnal 
600,000 the legislative assembly shall have the power to increase the number of 
the judges of the supreme court to live, in which event a majority of said 
court, as thus increased, shall constitute a quorum. 

Se(;. 96. No duties shall be imposed by law upon the supreme court or any 
of the judges thereof, except such as are judicial, uor shall any of the judges 
thereof exercise anv power of appointment except as herein provided. 

Sec. 97. The style of all process shall be "The State of North Dakota." 
All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the 
State of North Dakota, and conclude "against the peace and dignity of the 
State of North Dakota." 

Sec. 98. Any vacancy happening by death, resignation or otherwise in the 
office of judge of the supreme court shall be tilled by appointment by 
the governor, which appointment shall continue until the first general election 
thereafter, when said vacancy shall be filled by election. 

Sec. 99. The judges of the supreme and district courts shall receive such 
compensation for their services as may be prescribed by law, which compensa- 
tion shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which a judge 
shall have been elected. 

Sec. 100. In case a judge of the supreme court shall be in any way inter- 
ested in a cause brought before said court, the remaining judges of said court 
shall call one of the district judges to sit with them on the hearing of said 
cause. 

Sec. 101. When a judgment or decree is reversed or confirmed by the 
supreme court, every point fairly arising upon the record of the case shall be 
considered and decided, and the reasons therefor shall be concisely stated in 
v^riting, signed by the judges concurring, filed in the office of the clerk of the 
supreme court, and preserved with a record of the case. Any judge dissenting 
therefrom may give the reasons of his dissent in writing over his signature. 

Sec. 102. It shall be the duty of the court to prepare a syllabus of the 
points adjudicated in each case, which shall be concurred in by a majority of 
the judges thereof, and it shall be prefixed to the published reports of the case. 

DISTRICT COURTS. 

Sec. 103. The district court shall have original jurisdiction, except as 
otherwise provided in this constitution, of all causes both at law and equity, 
and such appellate jurisdiction as may be conferred by law. They and the 
judges thereof shall also have jurisdiction and power to issue writs of habeas 
corpus, quo warranto, certiorari, injunction and other original and remedial writs, 
with authority to hear and determine the same. 

Sec. 104. The state shall be divided into six judicial districts, in each of 
which there shall be elected at general elections, by the electors thereof, one 
judge of the district court therein, whose term of office shall be four years from 
the first Monday in January succeeding his election, and until his successor is 
duly qualified. This section shall not be construed as governing the first elec- 
tion of district judges under this constitution. 

Sec. 10.5. Until otherwise provided by law said districts shall be consti- 
tuted as follows: 

District No. 1 shall consist of the counties of Pembina, Cavalier, Walsh, Nel- 
son and Grand Forks. 

District No. 2 shall cousi-st of the counties of Ramsey, Towner, Benson, 
Pierce, Rolette, Bottineau, McHenry, Church, Renville, Ward, Stevens, 
Mountraille, Garfield, Flannery and Bnibrd. 

District No. 3 shall consist of the counties of Cass, Steele and Traill. 

District No. 4 shall consist of the counties of Richland, Ransom, Sargent, 
Dickey and Mcintosh. 

District No. 5 shall consist of the counties of Logan, La Moure, Stutsman, 
Barnes, Wells, Foster, Eddy and Griggs. 

District No. 6 shall consist of the counties of Burleigh, Emmons, Kidder, 
Sheridan, McLean. Morton, Oliver. Mercer, Williams, Stark, Hettinger, Bow- 
man, Billings, McKenzie, Dunn, Wallace and Allred, and that portion of the 
Sioux Indian reservation lying north of the 7th standard parallel. 



STATE OF NORTH I^VKOTA. !.■> 

Rec. lOfi. The loRislative assembly may, whenever two-thinls of the raeni- 
bers of eiich liousp shall coiuur tlu-iein, hut not ofteuor tliaii once in four years, 
increase the number of said . judicial districts and the judjjes thereof; such dis- 
tricts shall be formed from compact territory and bounded by county line.- but 
such increiise or change in the boundaries of the districts shall not won the 
removal of any Judfie from bis ollice during the term for which he may liave 
been elected or appointed. 

Skc 107. No person shall be e!ip;ible to the office of district judge unless he 
be learned in the law. be at lc:ust 25 years of age and a citizen of the United 
States, nor nnU-ss he shall have resideil within the state or territory of Dakota 
at least two yeaix nc^t preceding his election, nor unless he shall at the time of 
bis election be an elector within the judicial district for which he is elected. 

Six'. 108. There sliall be a clerk of the district court in each organized 
county in which a court is hoidcn. who shall be elected by the (jualilied elec- 
tors of the county and shall hold his office for the .same term as other county 
officers. He shall receive such compeu.sition for his services as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Skc". 100. Writs of error and appeals may be allowed from the decisions of 
the district courts to the supreme court under such regulations as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

COUNTY COrRTS. 

Sec 110. Tliere shall be established in each coiinty a county court, which 
.shall be a court of record, open at all times, and bolden by one Judge elected by 
the electors of the county, and whose term of office shall be two years. 

Sec. 111. The county court shall have exclusive original Jurisdiction in 
probate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and 
guardians, the settlement of the accounts of executors, administrators and 
guardians, the sale of lands by executors, administrators and guardi- 
ans, and such other probate Jurisdiction as may be conferred by law; 
I'lovidcd, that whenever the voters of any county having a population of 
2, (too or over shall dec-ide by a majority vote that they desire the Juris- 
diction of said court increased above that limited by this constitution, then 
said county courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts in 
all civil actions where the amount in controversy does not exceed Jl.OOO and in 
all criminal actions below the grade of felony, and in case it is de<ided )tv 
the voters of any county to .so iucrea.se the jurisdiction of said county court, the 
jurisdiction in ca.ses of misdemeanors arising un<ler state laws which may have 
been conferred ujwn police magistrates, shall cease. The qualilieations of the 
judge of the county court in counties where the Jurisdiction of .said court shall 
have been increjised siiallbe tiie same as those of the district Judge, exi-ept that 
he shall be a resident of the county at the time of his election, and sjiid county 
Judge .shall receive such .salary for his .services as may be provided by law. In 
case the voters of any county decide to increase the Jurisiliction of said county 
courts, then such juristliction as thus increased shall remain until otherwise 
provided by law. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 

Sec. 112. The legislative as.sembly shall provide by law for the election of 
Justices of the ])ejice in each orjianized county within the state. But the niim- 
ber of said Justices to be ele<ted in each organized county shall ))e limited by 
law to such a number as shall be neee.«sary for the jiroper administration of 
justice. The Justices of the peace herein provided for shall have concurrent 
juris<liction with the district court in all civil actions when the amount in con- 
troversy, exclusive f)f costs, does not exceed Ji2(M), and in coiinties where no 
c<ninty court with criminal Jurisdiction exists they shall have siicli jurisdiction 
to hear and det«'rmine ca.ses of mi.sdemeanor as may be i>rovided liy law. but in 
no cjvse shall .s;iid justices of the peace have jurisdiction when the iMiundaries of 
or title to real estiite .shall come in (|«estion. The legisl.ative assembly shall 
have power to alwlish the office of Justice of the pence and confer that Jurisdic- 
tion upon judges of county courts, or elsewhere. 



16 STATE, OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



POLICE MAGISTRATES. 



Sec. 113. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the election of 
police magistrates in cities, incorporated towns and villages, who in addition to 
their .jurisdiction of all cases arising under the ordinances of said cities, towns 
and villages, shall be ex-o(ficio justices of the peace of the county in which 
said cities, towns and villages may be located. And the legislative assembly 
may confer upon said police magistrates the jurisdiction to hear, tiy and deter- 
mine all cases of misdemeanors, and the prosecutions therein shall be by infor- 
mation. 

Sec. 114. Appeals shall lie from the county court, final decisions of justices 
of the peace and police magistrates, in such cases and pursuant to such regula- 
tions as may be prescribed by law. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sec. 115. The time of holding courts in the several counties of a district 
shall be as prescribed by law, but at least two terras of the district court shall 
be held annually in each organized county, and the legislative assembly shall 
make provisions for attaching unorganized counties or territories to organized 
counties for judicial purposes. 

Sec. 116. Judges of the district courts may hold court in other districts 
than their own under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 117. No judge of the supreme or district court shall act as attorney or 
counselor at law. 

Sec 118. Until the legislative assembly shall provide by law for fixing the 
terms of courts, the judges of the supreme and district courts shall fix the 
terms thereof. 

Sec. 119. No judge of the supreme or district court shall be elected or ap- 
pointed to any other than judicial ofiices, or be eligible thereto, during the term 
for which he was elected or appointed such judge. All votes or appoint- 
ments for either of them for any elective or appointive office except that of 
judge of the supreme court or district court, given by the legislative assembly 
or the people, shall be void. 

Sec. 120. Tribunals of conciliation may be established with such powers and 
duties as shall be prescribed by law, or the powers and duties of such may be 
conferred upon other courts of justice; but such tribunals or other courts, 
when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judgment to be obligatory 
on the parties, unless they voluntarily submit their matters of difference and 
agree to abide the judgment of such tribunals or courts. 

ARTICLE V. 
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE. 

Sec. 121. Every male person of the age of 21 years or upwards belonging to 
either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the state one year, in 
the county six months and in the precinct ninety days next preceding any elec- 
tion, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election: 

First — Citizens of the United States. 

Second — Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to 
become citizens one year and not more than six years prior to such election, 
conformably to the naturalization laws of the United States. 

IViird — Civilized persons of ladian descent who shall have severed their 
tribal relations two years next preceding such election. 

Sec. 122. The legislative assembly shall be empowered to make further ex- 
tensions of sufi"rage hereafter, at its discretion, to all citizens of mature age 
and sound mind, not convicted of crime, without regard to sex; but no law 
extending or restricting the right of suffrage shall be in force until adopted by 
a majority of the electors of the state voting at a general election. 

Sec. 123. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony, breach of the 
peace or illegal voting, be privileged from arrest on the days of election during 
their attendance at, going to and returning from such election |aud no elector 
shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election except in time 
of war or public danger. 



8TATK OF NOUTH DAKOTA. 17 

Sec. 124. The neneral elections of the state shall he hiennial, and shall he 
hold on the fii-st Tuesday alter tiie first Monday in N'oveniher; I'rovidid , that 
thf tirst jjeneral eloetion under this constitution ahull he held on the first Tues- 
day after the first Monday in Novemher, A. D. 1890. 

Skc. r25. No elector shall he deemed to h:ive lost his residence in this state 
hy reason of his ahsence on husiness of the United States or of this state, or in 
tlu' military or naval service of the I'nited States. 

Sko. 126. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United 
States shall he deemed a resident of this state in couse<iuence of his heing sta- 
tioned therein. 

Sec. 127. No person who is under gnardianship, non compos mends or insane, 
shall he ((ualified to vote at any election, nor shall any person convicted of 
tna.'son or lelon^', unless restore(i to civil rit;hts. 

Sec 12-<. Any woman having (jualifications enumerated in Sec. 121 of this 
article as to age, residence and citizenship, and including those nowciualified hy 
the laws of the territory, may vote for all school oflicers, and upon all (luestions 
pertaining solely to school matters, and he eligihle to any school office. 

Skc. 129. All elections hy the people shall he hy secret hallot, subject to 
such regulations as shall be provided hy law. 

ARTICLE VI. 

MUNICIPAL COEPORATIOX.S. 

Sec. 130. The legislative assembly shall provide hy general law for the or- 
ganization of municipal corporations, restricting their powers as to levying 
taxes and assessments, borrowing money and coutnicting debts, and money 
raised by taxation, loan or assessment for any purpose shail not be diverted to 
any other purpose except by authority of law. 

ARTICLE VIL 
CORPORATIOXS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL. 

Sec. 131. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, changed or amended 
by special law, except in the case of such municipal, charitable, educational, 
penal or reformatory corporations as may be under the control of the .state; but 
the legislative assembly shall provide by general laws lor the organization of all 
corporations hereafter to be created, and any such law, so passed, shall be sub- 
ject to future repeal or alteration. 

Sec. 132. All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive privileges, 
under which a 6onrt_/iVe organization shall not have taken place and husiness 
))(>en commeneed in good faith at the time this constitution takes efl'ect, shall 
thereafter have no validity. 

Sec. 133. The legislative a.s.sembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the char- 
ter to any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same, nor pass any 
other general or special law for the benefit of such corporation, except upon the 
condition that such corjwration shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the 
provisions of this constitution. 

Sec. 134. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be 
abridged, or so constrtied lus to prevent the legislative assembly from taking the 
property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to pub- 
lic use, the same as the property of individuals; and the exercise of the police 
l>ower of this state shall never be abriilged, or so construed as to permit corjw- 
rations to conduct their business in such a manner as to infringe the equal rights 
of individuals or the general well-being of the state. 

Sec. 135. In all elections for directors or managers of a corporation each 
member or shareholder may ca.st the whole number of his votes lor one candi- 
tlate, or distribute them upon two or more candidates, as he may i)re(er. 

Skc. i'M. No foreign corjioration shall do business in this state without hav- 
ing one or more places of business and an authorized agent or agents in the 
.same, upon whom process may be served. 

Sec. 137. No corporation .shall engage in any bu-siness other than that ex- 
l>ressly authorized in its charter. 

*o 



18 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 138. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money, labor 
done, or money or property actually received; and all fictitious increase of 
stock or indebtedness shall be void. 

The stock and indebtedness of corporations shall not be increased except in 
pursuance of general law, nor vrithout the consent of the persons holding the 
larger amount in value of the stock first obtained at a meeting to be held after 
60 days' notice given in pursuance of law. 

Sec. 139. No law shall be passed by the legislative assembly granting the 
right to construct and operate a street railroad, telegraph, telephone or electric 
light plant within any city, town or incorporated village, without requiring the 
consent of the local authorities having the control of the street or highway pro- 
posed to be occupied for such purposes. 

Sec. 140. Every railroad corporation organized and doing business in this 
state, under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a public 
office or place in the state for the transaction of its business, where transfers 
of its stock shall be made, and in which shall be kept for public inspection 
books in which shall be recorded the amount of capital stock sul)scribed, and 
by whom; the names of the owners of its stock and the amount owned by 
them respectively; the amount of stock paid in and by whom, and the trans- 
fers of said stock; the amount of its assets and liabilities, and the names and 
place of residence of its officers. The directors of every railroad corporation 
shall annually make a report, under oath, to the auditor of public accounts, 
or some officer or officers to be designated by law, of all their acts and doings, 
which report shall include such matters relating to railroads as may be pre- 
scribed by law, and the legislative assembly shall pass laws enforcing by suit- 
able penalties the provisions of this section; Provided, the provisions of this 
section shall not be so construed as to apply to foreign corporations. 

Sec. 141. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or 
franchises with any other railroad corporation owning a parallel or competing 
line; and in no case shall any consolidation take place except upon public 
notice given at least 60 days to all stockholders, in such manner as may be pro- 
vided by law. Any attempt to evade the provisions of this section, by any 
railroad corporation, by lease or otherwise, shall work a forfeiture of its char- 
ter. 

Sec. 142. Railways heretofore constructed or that may hereafter be con- 
structed in this state, are hereby declared public highways, and all railroad, 
sleeping car, telegraph, telephone and transportation companies of passengers, 
intelligence and freight, are declared to be common carriers and subject to leg- 
islative control; and the legislative assembly shall have power to enact laws 
regulating and controlling the rates of charges for the transportation of passen- 
gers, intelligence and freight, as such common carriers, from one point to 
another in this state; Provided, that appeal may be had to the courts of this 
state from the rates so fixed; but the rates fixed by the legislative assembly or 
board of railroad commissioners shall remain in force pending the decision of 
the courts. 

Sec. 143. Any association or corporation organized for the purpose shall 
have the right to construct and operate a railroad between any points within 
this state, and to connect at the state line with the railroads of other states. 
Every railroad company shall have the right with its road to intersect, connect 
with or cross any other; and shall receive and transport each other's passengers, 
tonnage and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination. 

Sec. 144. The term "corporation," as used in this article, shall not be 
understood as embracing municipalities or political divisions of the state unless 
otherwise expressly stated, but it shall be held and construed to include all 
associations and joint stock companies having any of the powers or privileges 
of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. 

Sec. 145. If a general banking law be enacted, it shall provide for the reg- 
istry and countersigning by an oflicer of the state, of all notes or bills designed 
for circulation, and that ample security to the full amount thereof shall be 
deposited with the state treasurer for the redemption of such notes or bills. 

Sec. 146. Any combination between individuals, corporations, associations, 
or either, having for its object or efiect the controlling of the price of any pro- 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 19 

t 

iluct of the soil or any article of luauufactiire or commerce, or the cost of 
exchange or transportation, is prohiljited ami hereby declared unlawful and 
ji{j;aiust public p(»licy, and any and all franchises heretofore granted or ex- 
tended or that may hereafter be granted or <'xtended in this sUite, whenever 
the owner or ownerj thereof violate this article, shall be deemed annulled 
and become void. 

ARTICLI-: VIII. 

EDUCATION. 

Sec. 147. A high degree of intelligence, patriotism, integrity and morality 
on the part of every voter in a government by the people being necessary in 
order to insure the continuance of that government and the prosperity and 
happiness of the peo])le, the legislative assembly shall make provision for 
the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools which 
shall be open to all cliildreu of the StiXte of North Dakota, and free from sec- 
tarian control. This legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the 
consent of the United States and the people of Nortii Dakota. 

Skc. 148. The legislative assembly shall provide at its lirst se-ssion after the 
adoption of this constitution, for a uniform system of free publii; schools 
throughout the .state; beginning with the primary and extending through all 
grades up to and including the normal and collegiate course. 

Sec 149. In all .schools instruction shall be given as far as practicable ia those 
branches of knowledge that tend to impiess upon tiie mind the vital impor- 
tance of truthfulness, temperance, purity, public spirit, and respect for honest 
lalK>r of every kind. 

Sec. 150. A superintendent of schools for each county shall be elected 
every two years, whose qualifications, duties, powers and compensation shall 
be fixed by law. 

Sec. 151. The legislative a.sserably shall take snch other steps as may be 
necessary to prevent illiteracy, secure a reasonable degree of uniformity in 
course of study and to promote industrial, scientific and agricultural improve- 
ment. 

Sec. 152. All colleges, universities and other educational institution!?, for 
the support of which lands have been granted to this state, or which are sup- 
ported by a public tax, shall remain under the absolute and exclusive control 
of the state. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the 
state shall be appropriated to or used for llic support of any sectarian school. 

ARTICLE IX. 

.SCHOOL AND PUBLIC LANDS. 

Sec. 153. All proceeds of the public lands that have heretofore been, or may 
herealler be granted by the United States for the support of the common 
.scliools in this .state; all such per centum as may be granted by the United 
States on the .sale olf public lands; the proceeds of property that shall fall to 
the state by escheat; the proceeds of all gifts and donations to the state for 
common .schools, or not otherwise aj)propriated by the termsof th«' gift, ami all 
other projH^rty otherwise acfjuired lor common schools, sliall be and remain a 
l)erpetiial fund for the maintenance of the common .schools of the state. It 
shall bo deemed a trust fund, the principal of which shall forever remain in- 
violate and may be increased but uever diminished. The state shall make 
good all losses thereof. 

Sec. 151. The interest and income of this fund, together with the net pro- 
cecdsof ail fines for violation of state laws, and all other sums which may be 
added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the 
benefit of the common .schools of the state, and shall be for this purpose ap- 
portioned among and between all the .several common s«^hool corporations of 
the st;ite in projwrtion to the number of children in each of school age, as may 
be fixed by law, aiul n> pirt of the fund sliall ever be diverted even tempora- 
rily from this purpose, or used for any other puriwae whatever thaa the main- 



20 STATE OF KUETH DAKOTA. 

tenance of common schools for the equal henefit of all the people of the state; 
Provided, however, that if any portion of the interest or income aforesaid be not 
expended during any year, said portion shall be added to and become a part of 
the school fund. 

Sec. 155. After one year from the assembling of the first legislative assem- 
bly, the lands granted to the state from the United States for the support of the 
common schools, may be sold upon the following conditions, and no other: No 
more than one-fourth of all such lands shall be sold within the first 5 years after 
the same become salable by virtue of this section. No more than one-half of 
the remainder within 10 years after the same become salable as aforesaid. The 
residue may be sold at any time after the expiration of said 10 years. The 
legislative assembly shall provide for the sale of all school lands subject to the 
provisions of this article. The coal lands of the state shall never be sold, but 
the legislative assembly may by general law provide for leasing the same; the 
words "coal lands" shall include lauds bearing lignite coal. 

Sec. 156. The superintendent of public instruction, governor, attorney gen- 
eral, secretary of state and state auditor shall constitute a board of commis- 
sioners, which shall be denominated the "Board of University and School 
Lands," and subject to the provisions of this article and any law that may be 
passed by the legislative assembly, said board shall have control of the appraise- 
ment, sale, rental and disposal of all school and university lands, and shall di- 
rect the investment of the funds arising therefrom in the hands of the state 
treasurer, under the limitations of Sec. 160 of this article. 

Sec. 157. The county superintendent of common schools, the chairman of 
the county board and the county auditor, shall constitute boards of appraisal, 
and under the authority of the state board of university and school lands shall 
appraise all school lands within their respective counties, which they may from 
time to time recommend for sale at their actual value, under the prescribed 
terras, and shall first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands. 

Sec. 158. No land shall be sohl for less than the appraised value, and in no 
case for less than $10 per acre. The purchaser shall pay one-fifth of the price 
in cash, and the remaining four-fifths as follows: One-fifth in 5 years, one-fifth 
in 10 years, one-fifth in 15 years and one-fifth in 20 years, with interest at the 
rate of not less than 6 per centum, payable annually in advance. All sales shall 
be held at the county seat of the county in which the land to be sold is situate, 
and shall be at public auction, and to the highest bidder, after 60 days' adver- 
tisement of the same in a newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity of 
the lands to be sold, and one at the seat of government. Such lands as shall 
not have been specially subdivided shall be offered in tracts of one-quarter sec- 
tion, and those so subdivided in the smallest subdivision. All lands designated 
for sale and not sold within two years after appraisal shall be reappraised before 
they are sold. No grant or patent for any such lands shall issue until payment 
is made for the same; Provided, that the lands contracted to be sold )jy the state 
shall be subject to taxation from the date of such contract. In case the taxes 
assessed against any of said lands for any year remain unpaid until tlie first 
Monday in October of the following year, then and thereujjon the contract of 
sale for such lands shall become null and void. 

Sec. 159. All land, money or other property donated, granted or received 
from the United States or any other source for a university, school of mines, 
reform school, agricultural college, deaf and dumb asylum, normal school or 
other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the proceeds of all 
such lands and other property so received from any source, shall be and remain 
perpetual funds, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of 
all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and ap- 
plied to the ."Specific objects of the original grants or gifts. The principal of 
every such fund may be increased but shall never be dimin;shed, and the interest 
and income only shall be used. Every fund shall be deemed a trust fund held 
by the state, and the state shall make good all losses thereof. 

Sec. 160. All land mentioned in the preceding section shall be appraised 
and .sold iu the same manner and under the same limitations and subject to all 
the conditions as to price and sale as provided above for the appraisal and sale 
of lands for the benefit of common schools; but a distinct and separate account 



STAIK or NtJICni DVKOIA 21 

sliall 111' kopt by the proptT oftlccrs of each of said fiiiids; Pmriihii, that the 
limitations as to the tiitic in vhii h sthool himl may be sold shall apply only 
to lauds granted for tliL' support of common sdiools. 

Sec. 101. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by law 
for the leasing of lands grunted to the state for ednc.ttional and diarital)!*' pur- 
poses; i)iit uo siu'h law shall autliorize tlie leasing of sail' lands lor a longer 
period than live jears. tSaid laml shall only be h-ascd for jia^turagc and 
meadow purix)se.s and at a publii- auction after notice as heretofore piovided in 
caseofs;ile; I'lovided, that all of said school lands now under cultivatiou may 
be leased at the discretion and under the control of the board of university and 
school lands, for other than pasturage and meadow purposes until sold. All 
rents shall be |)aid in advance. 

8eo. Itii. The moneys of the permanent school fund and other edawitional 
funds shall be invested only in bonds of school corporations witliiu the stsite, 
bonds of the United States, bonds of the State of North Dakota, or in first 
mortgages on farm lands in the state not exceeding in amount one-third of the 
actual value of any subdivision on wliii h the same may be loaned, such value 
to l>e determined by the lioard of ajipraisers of school lands. 

Sec. 16.'{. No law shall ever be passed by the legislative assembly granting 
to any person, corporation or association any privileges by reason of the occu- 
jtatiou, cultivation or improvement of any public lands by said person, corpo- 
ration or association subseijuent to the survey thereof liy the general govern- 
ment. No claim for the occupation, cultivation or improvement of any j)ulilic 
lands shall ever be recognized, nor shall suih occupation, cultivation or im- 
])rovement of any public lauds ever be used to diminish either directly or in- 
directly the purchase price of said lands. 

Skc. 164. The legislative as.sembly shall have authority to provide by law 
ibr the sale or disposal of all public lands that hav(; been lieret<»lbre or may 
lieiealter be granted by the United States to the state for purposes other than 
set tort h aud named in Sees. 153 and 15S) of this article. And the legislative 
assembly, in providing for the appraisement, 'sjile, rental and disiJO-sal of the 
same shall not be subject to the provisions and limitations of this article. 

Skc. 165. The legislative assembly shall pass suitable laws for the safekeep- 
ing, transfer and disl)ursement of the state school funds; and shall require all 
ollicers charged with the s;ime or thtj site keeping thereof to give ample l>onds 
for all moneys and funds received by them, and if any of said otBeers shall 
convert to his own use in any manner or form, or shall loan with or without 
interest or shall deposit in his own name, or otherwise than in the name of the 
State of N'lrth Dakota, or shall deposit in any lianksor with any j)erson or per- 
.«ons, or exchange lor other funds or pro])erty any portion of the scho(d funds 
atbre-said, or purposely allow any portion of the same to remain in his own 
hands uninvested except in the manner j)rescribed by law, every such act shall 
constitute an embezzlement of so much of the alore.said school funds as shall 
be thus tiiken or loaned, or deposited, or exchanged, or withheld, and shall be 
a felony; and any failure to i)ay over, produce or account lor, the state school 
funds or any j)art of the 8;une intrusted to any such oHicer, as by law retjuired 
or demanded, shall be held and be taken to be prima •facie evidence of such em- 
bezzlement. 

ARTICLE X. 
COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP OKGANIZATION. 

Skc. 16(5. The several counties in the Territory of D.ikota lying north of 
the 7th standard imrallel, as they now exist, are hereby declared to be coun- 
ties of the Stat. ; North Dakota. 

Sk«;. 1<>"7. T1. legislative ;u>.semb1y shall provide by general law lor orgjiniz- 
ing new counties, locating the county seats thereof tAinporarily, and changing 
county lines; but no new county shall be organized, nor shall any organized 
county be .so rednceil as to include an area of less than "Jl congressional town- 
ships, and eont^iiuiug a population of less than LOiXt/iOHd/Wc inhabitants. And 
in the organization of new counties and in changing the lines of organized coun- 
ties an<l boundaries of <:ongressionel townships, natural boundaries shall l)e 
observeil as nejirly as may be. 



22 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 168. All changes in the boundaries of organized counties before taking 
effect shall be submitted to the electors of the county or counties to be affected 
thereby, at a general election, and be adojited by a majority of all the legal 
votes cast in each county at such election; and in case any portion of an organ- 
ized county is stricken off and added to another, the county to which such 
portion is added .shall assume and be holden for an equitable proportion of the 
indebtedness of the county so reduced. 

Sec. 169. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for chang- 
ing county seats in organized counties, but it shall have no power to remove the 
county seat of any organized county. 

Sec. 170. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for town- 
ship organization under which any county may organize whenever a majority 
of all the legal voters of such county, voting at a general election, shall so 
determine; and whenever any. county shall adopt township organization, so 
much of this constitution as provides for the management of the fiscal con- 
cerns of said county by the board of county commissioners may be dispensed 
with by a majority vote of the people voting at any general election; and the 
affairs of said county may be transacted by the chairman of the several town- 
ship boards of said county, and such others as may be provided by law for 
incorporated cities, towns or villages within such county. 

Sec. 171. In any county that shall have adopted a system of government 
by the chairmen of the several township boards, the question of continuing 
the same may be submitted to the electors of such county at a general election 
in such a manner as may be provided by law, and if a majority of all the votes 
cast upon such question shall be against said system of government, then such 
system shall cease in said county, and the affairs of said county shall then be 
transacted by a board of county commissioners as is now provided by the laws 
of the Territory of Dakota. 

Sec. 172. Until the system of county government by the chairmen of the sev- 
eral township boards is adopted, by any county the fiscal affairs of said county 
shall be transacted by a board of county commissioners. Said board shall con- 
sist of not less than 3 and not more than 5 members, whose term of office shall 
be prescribed by law. Said board shall hold sessions for the transaction of 
county business as shall be provided by law. 

Sec. 173. At the first general election held after the adoption of this consti- 
tution, and every two years thereafter, there shall be elected in each organized 
county in the state a county judge, clerk of court, register of deeds, county 
auditor, .treasurer, sheriff and state's attorney, who shall be electors of the 
county in which they are elected and who shall hold their office until their 
successors are elected and qualified. The legislative assembly shall provide 
by law for such other county, township and district officers as may be deemed 
necessaiy, and shall prescribe the duties and compensation of all county, town- 
ship and district officers. The sheriff and treasurer of any county shall not 
hold their respective offices for more than four years in succession. 

ARTICLE XI. 
REVENUE AND TAXATION. 

Sec. 174. The legislative assembly shall provide for raising revenue suffi- 
cient to defray the expenses of the state for each year, not to exceed in any one 
year four (4) mills on the dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property 
in the statai^to be ascertained by the last a.ssessmeut made for state and county 
purposes, and also a sufficient sum to pay the interest on the state debt. 

Sec. 175. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law, and every law 
imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same, to which only it 
shall be applied. 

Sec. 176. Laws shall be passed taxing by uniform rule all property accord- 
ing to its true value in money, but the property of the United States, and the 
state, county and municipal corporations, both real and personal, shall be ex- 
empt from taxation, and the legislative assembly shall by a general law exempt 
from taxation property used exclusively for school, religious, cemetery or chari- 
table purposes, and personal property to any amount not exceeding in value 



STATK OF NUKTH MAKOfA. 23 

$200 for each individnal liahlc In taxation; >)nt the lc;;isiiaive assenil)ly may, 
])y law, provide for the pa^iiKnt of a jier centum of ;;ros.s earnin;^sof raiiioiul 
companies to he jniid in lieu of all state, county, t<jwnshii> and scliool t^ixes ou 
property exclusively used in andahoutthe prosecution of the husiness of such 
companies us common carriers, hut no real estate of sai<l corporations shall he 
exempted fr(»m taxation in the same manner and on the same hasis as other 
real estate is taxed, except roadlicil, rifjhtof Avay. shops and hnildin;is used 
exclusively in their husine.ss as CDmnioa carriers; and whenever and so lon^; jus 
such law i)rovidinj; for the iKiyinent of a ))er centum <ui earnin;;s shall he in 
force, that part of Sec. 170 of this article relating to assessments of railroad prop- 
erty shall cease to l)e iu force. 

Skc. 177. All improvements on land shall he asses.sed in accordance with 
Sec. 170, hut jdowiug shall not he considered as an improvement or add to the 
value of laud lor the purjiose of a.ssessment. 

Sko. 178. The jiower of taxation shall never he surrendered orsus])ended hj' 
any grant or contract to which the state or any couuty or other municipal cor- 
poration shall he a party. 

Sia\ 179. All property, except a.s hereinafter in this .section provided, .shall 
be a.ssessed in the county, city, township, town, village or district in which it 
is situated, iu the manner ])rescriln(l hy law. The franchise, roadway, road- 
hed, rails and rolling stock of all railroads operated in this state shall be as- 
ses.sed by the stiite board of equalization at theiractnal value, and such a.s.sessed 
valuation shall be apportioned to the counties, cities, towns, townships and 
districts in which said roads are located, as a basis for taxation of such piojterty, 
in projKirtion to the nuinher of miles of railway laid in such counties, cities, 
towns, townships and districts. 

Skc. Ij^O. The legislative assembly may provide for the levy, collection and 
dis])osition of an annual iioll tax of not more than one dollar and fifty cents 
(>!1.50) on every male inhabitant of this state over 21 and under 50 years ol 
age, except paupers, idiots, insane ]»ersons and Indians not taxed. 

Src. 181. The legislative assembly shall pa-ss all laws necessary to carry 
out the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XII. 
PUBLIC DEBT AND PUBLIC WORKS. 

Sec. 182. The state may, to meet ciisual deficits or failure in the revenue, 
or in case of extraordinary emergencies, contract debts, but such debts shall 
never in the aggregate exceed the sum of $200,000, exclusive of what may be 
the debt of North Dakota at the time of the ado])tion of this constitution. 
Every such debt shall be authorized l>y law for certain i)urposes to be definitely 
mentioned therein, and every such law shall i)rovi<l3 for levying an annual tax 
snlVicient to pay the interest semi-annually, and the principal within 30 years 
from the passage of such law, ami shall specially api)ropriate the proceeds of 
such tax to the payment of said primipal and interest, and such api)roj>riation 
shall not be repealed nor the tax discontinued until such debt, both priiK ipal 
an<l interest, shall have been fully jiaid. No debt in excess of the limit named 
shall be incuned except for the ])urpose of repelling invasion, suppressing in- 
8urre<tion, defending the stat« in time of war, or to provide for public defense 
in case of threatened hostilities; but the i.ssuing of new bonds to refund exist- 
ing indebtedness shall not be construed to be auv part or jiortion of said $200.- 
000. 

Sec. 183. The debt of any county, town.ship, town, school di.strict, or any 
other political subdivision, shall never exceed five (5) per centum ujxjn the 
a.s.se.ssed value of the taxable property therein; Proridrd, that any incorporated 
city may, bj- a two-thirds vote, increase such imlebtedness three (^3^ per centum 
on such lussessed value beyond said live (.">^ ]>er ciMitum limit. In estimating the 
indebtedness which a city, county, t*)wnshii>, school district or any other jxditical 
subdivision may incur, the entire amount of existing indebtedness, whether 
coutracteil prior or subsequent to the adoption of this constitution, shall be iu- 



24 _ STATE OF XORTH DAKOJ A. 

eluded; Provided further, that any incorporated city may become indebted in 
any amount not exceeding four (4) per centum on such Jissessed value without 
regard to the existing indebtedness of such city, for the purpose of constructing 
or purchasing water works tor furnishing a supply of water to the inhabitants 
of such city, or for the purpose of constructing sewers, and for no other purpose 
whatever. All bonds or obligations in excess of the amount of indebtedness 
permitted by this constitution, given by any city, county, township, town, 
school district, or any other political subdivision, shall be void. 

Sec. 184. Any city, county, township, town, school district, or any other 
political subdivision incurring indebtedness shall, at or before the time of so 
doing, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest 
and also the principal thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing 
for the payment of the interest or principal of any debt shall be irrepealable 
until such debt be paid. 

Sec. 185. Neither the state nor any county, city, township, town, school district 
or any other political subdivision shall loan or give its credit or make donations 
to or in aid of any individual, association or corporation, except for necessary 
support of the poor, nor subscribe to or become the owner of the capital stock 
of any association or corporation, nor shall the state engage in any work of 
internal im^jrovement unless authorized by a two-thirds vote of the people. 

Sec. 186. No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except upon 
appropriation by law and on warrant drawn by the proper officer, and no bills, 
claims, accounts or demands against the state, or any county or other political 
subdivision, shall be audited, allowed or paid until a full itemized statement 
in writing shall be filed with the otficer or ofi&cers whose duty it may be to audit 
the same. 

Sec. 187. No bond or evidence of indebtedness of the state shall be valid 
unless the same shall have indorsed theieou a certificate, signed by the auditor 
and secretary of state, that the bond or evidence of debt is issued pursuant to 
law and is within the debt limit. No bond or evidence of debt of any county, or 
bond of any township or other political subdivision shall be valid unless the 
same have indorsed thereon a certificate signed by the county auditor, or other 
officer authorized by law to sign such certificate, stating that said bond, or 
evidence of debt, is issued pursuant to law and is within the debt limit. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

MILITIA. 

Sec. 188. The militia of this state shall consist of all able-bodied male 
persons residing in the state, between the ages of 18 and 45 years, except such 
as may be exempted by the laws of the United States or of this state. Persons 
whose religious tenets or conscientious scruples forbid them to bear arms shall 
not be compelled to do so in times of peace, but shall pay an equivalent for a 
personal service. 

Sec. 189. The militia shall be enrolled, organized, uniformed, armed and 
disciplined in such a manner as sliall be provided by law, not incompatible 
with the constitution or laws of the United States. 

Sec. 190. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the establish- 
ment of volunteer organizations of the several arms of the service, which shall 
be classed as active militia, and no other organized body of armed men shall 
be permitted to perform military duty in this state, except the army of the 
United States, without the proclamation of the governor of the state. 

Sec. 191. All militia officers shall be appointed or elected in such a manner 
as the legislative assembly shall provide. 

Sec. 192. The commissioned officers of the militia shall be commissioned 
by the governor, and no commissioned ofiScer shall be removed from office 
except by sentence of couBt mutial pursuant to law. 

Sec. 193. The militia forces sh;'ll in all cases, except treason, felony or 
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at mus- 
ters, parades and election of officers, and in going to and returning from the 
same. 



STATK Ul' XOr.TII l>AKOTA. 25 

AlM'ICLi: XIV. 

IMrKACH.MKNT AND REMOVAL FROM OlllCK. 

Si-U'. 194. The house ol" represeiiUitives shall have the sole power of ira- 
])oaihiuent. The concurreace of a luajority ot* all members elected shall he 
iit( t->.iry to an iiuppa<'hiiieut. 

Si;( . 19"). .\11 iiui>ea<hnu'tits shall be tried by the senate. When sitting 
for that purpose the senators shall be upon oath or allirniation to do justice 
according to the law and evidence. No person shall be convicted without the 
«oucurrcnce of two-thirds of the members! elected. When the governor or 
lieutenant governor is on trial, the presiding judge of the supreme court shall 
preside. 

Skc. 196. The governor and other state and judicial otVicers, except county 
judges, justices of the peace and police magistrates, sliall be liable to impeach- 
ment for habitual drunkenne.s.s, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeiisauce or 
misdemeanor in oflicc, but judgment in such cases shall not extend further 
than removal from oflice and dis((ualilication to hold any olVue of trust or profit 
under the state. The person accused, whetber convicted or ac<|nitted, shall 
nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and pu'iishmeut accord- 
ing to law. 

Skc. 197. All officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal 
for misconduct, malfeasance, crime or misdemeanor in otficc. or for habitual 
drunkenness or gross incompetency, in such manner as may be jirovided l»y law. 

SVX'. 19-(. No officer shall exercise the duties of his office after he shall have 
been impeached and be"fore his acquittal. 

•Sec. 19!). Ou trial of impeachment against the governor, the lieutenant 
governor shall not act as a member of the court. 

Sec. 'iOO. No person shall be tried on impeachment before he shall have 
been served with a copy thereof, at least 20 days previous to the day set for 
trial. 

Sec. 201. No person shall be liable to impeachment twice for the same 
ofl'ense. 

ARTICLE XV. 

FUTURE A.MENDMENTS. 

Sec. 202. .Vny amendment or amendments to this constitution may l>e 
proposed in either house of the legislative assembly, and if the same shall be 
agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such 
projK)sed amendment shall be entered on the journal of the bouse with the yeas 
and nays taken thereon, and referred to the legislative assembly to be chosen 
at the next general election, and shall be published, as provided by law, for 
three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if in the legis- 
lativrt assembly so next chosen as aforesaid such proposed amendment oramend- 
nient.4 shall be agreed to Ity a majority of all tie members elected to e.uh 
liouse, then it shall be the duty of the legislative assembly to submit such 
proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner and at such 
time as the legislative assembly shall provide; and if the p( o]»!e shall appn)ve 
and ratify such amemlment or amendments liy a majority of theelcct<>rs<jua!i- 
lied to vote for members of the legislative jvsscinbly voting thcrcun, smh 
amendment or amenrlments shall become a part of the constitution of this 
state. I J" two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time they 
shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against 
each of such amendments separately. 

ARTICLE XVI. 

COMPACT WITH THE UNITED STATES. 

The following article shall l)e irrevocable without the consent of the United 
States and the i)eople of this state: 

Sei". 20;{. Firitf — Perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, 
and no inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in i>er8)n or property ou 
account of his or her mode of religious worship. 



26 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 

Second — The people inhabiting this state do agree and declare that they for- 
ever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lauds lying within 
the boundaries thereof, and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held 
by any Indian or Indian tribes, and that until the title thereto shall have been 
extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the 
disposition of the United States, and that said Indian lands shall remain under 
the absolute jurisdiction aud control of the Congress of the United States; that 
the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without this state 
shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of 
this state; that no taxes shall be imposed by this state on lands or property 
therein belonging to, or which may hereafter be purchased by the United 
States, or reserved for its use. But nothing in this article shall preclude this 
state from taxing as other lands are taxed, any lands owned or held by any 
Indian who has severed his tribal relations, and has obtained from the United 
States, or from any person, a title thereto, by patent or other grant, save and 
except such lands as have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under 
any acts of Congress containing a provision exempting tlie lands thus granted 
from taxation, which last mentioned lands shall be exempt from taxation so long, 
and to such an extent, as is or may be provided in the act of Congress grant- 
ing the same 

Xhird — In order that payment of the debts and liabilities contracted or in- 
curred by and in behalf of the Territory of Dakota may be justly and equita- 
bly provided for and made, and in pursuance of the requirements of an act of 
Congress approved Feb. 22, 1889, entitled "An Act to provide for the division 
of Dakota into two states aud to enable the people of North Dakota, South Da- 
kota, Montana and Washington to form constitutions and state governments 
and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, 
and to make donations of public lands to such states, ' ' the states of North Da- 
kota and South Dakota, by proceedings of a joint commission, duly appointed 
under said act, the sessions whereof were held at Bismarck in said State of 
North Dakota, from July 16, 1889, to July 31, 1889, inclusive, have agreed to 
the following adjustment of the amounts of the debts aud liabilities of the 
Territory of Dakota which shall be assumed and paid by each of the states of 
North Dakota and Sofuth Dakota, respectively, to-wit: 

This agreement shall take effect and be in force from and after the admission 
into the Union, as one of the United States of America, of either the State ot 
North Dakota or the State of South Dakota. 

The words "State of North Dakota," whenever used in this agreement, shall 
be taken to mean the Territory of North Dakota in case the State of South Da- 
kota shall be admitted into the Union prior to the admission into the Union of 
the State of North Dakota; and the words "State of South Dakota," whenever 
used in this agreement, shall be taken to mean the Territory of South Dakota 
in case the State of North Dakota shall be admitted into the Union prior to the 
admission into the Union of the State of South Dakota. 

The said State of North Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by the 
Territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs or 
maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or Imildings as are located 
within the boundaries of North Dakota, and shall pay all warrants issued un- 
der and by virtue of that certain act of the legislative assembly of the Territory of 
Dakota, approved March 8, 1889, entitled " An Act to provide for the refund- 
ing of outstanding warrants drawn on the capitol building fund." 

The said State of South Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by 
the Territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs 
or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located 
within the boundaries of South Dakota. 

That is to say: The State of North Dakota shall assume and pay the follow- 
ing bonds and indebtedness, to-wit: 

Bonds issued on account of tlie hospital for insane at Jamestown, North 
Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $266,000; also, bonds issued on account 
of the North Dakota University at Grand Forks, North Dakota, the iace aggre- 
gate of which is |96,700; also, bonds issued on account of the penitentiary at 
Bismarck, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $93,600; also, refund- 
ing cajjitol building warrants dated April 1, 1889, $83,507.46. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 27 

And the Stite of South Dakota shall assume and pay the following Ixmcls 
anil imiol>to<lnoj»s, to-wit: 

P.omls issued on acrount of the hospital for the insane at Yankton, South 
Dakota, the face aggregate of wliich is $21(),U00; also, Ijonds i.ssued on account 
of the .school for deaf mutes at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, tlie face aggrejrate 
of which is $.")!, 000; also, bonds issued on account of the university at Ver- 
million, South Dakota, the face ai;grc;:ate of which is $7"). 000; also, lK)nd3 i.s- 
sued on account of the penitentiary at Sioux Tails, South Dakota, the faceaii;;re- 
•;ate of which is $J.»-1,;}00, also, bonds issued on account of the agricultural col- 
ege at I5nK)king9, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $97,500; al.so, 
Iwinds issued on account of the normal school at Madison, South Dakota, the 
fat e aggregate of which is $10, 100; also, bonds issued on account of the .school 
of mines at Rapid City, South I>akota, the face aggregate of which is $:?.'{.000; 
also, bonds issued on account of the retorni .school at Plankinton, South Dakot:J, 
the lace aggregate of which is !j;;]0,000; also, bonds issued on account of the nor- 
mal school atSpearlish, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $25,000; 
also, lK)nds issued on account of the soldiers' home at Hot Springs, South 
Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $15,000. 

The states of North Dakota and South Dakota shall pay one-half each of all 
liabilities now existing or hereafter and prior to the taking elTect of this 
agreement incurred, except those heretofore or hereafter incurred on account of 
public institutions, grounds or building.s, except as otherwise herein specilically 
provitled. 

The State of South Dakota shall pay to the State of North Dakota $46,500, on 
iccount of the exce.ss of territorial appropriations for the permanent improve- 
ment of territorial institutions which under this agreement will go to South 
Dakota, and in full of the undivided one-half interest of North Dakota in the 
territorial library, and in full settlement of unbalanced accounts, and of all 
claims against the territory, of whatever nature, legal or equitable, arising out 
of the alleged erroneous or unlawful taxation of Northern I'acitic railroad lands, 
and the payment of .said amount shall discharge and exempt the State of South 
D.ikota from all liabilities for or on account of the several matters hereinbefore 
referred to; nor shall either state be called upon to payor answer to an,v portion 
of liabilities hereafter arising or accruing on account of transactions heretofore 
had. which liability would be a liability of the Territory of Dakota had such 
territory remained in existence, and which liability shall grow out of matters 
connected with any public institutions, grounds or buildings of the territory 
situated or located within the boundaries of the other state. 

A final adjustraentof accounts shall be made upon the following ba.sis: North 
Dakotashall be charged with all sums paid on account of the public institu- 
tions, grounds or Jiuildings located within its boundaries on account of the cur- 
rent ajjpropriations since March, 9, 1889, and South Dakota shall be charged 
with all sums paid on account of public institutions, grounds or buildings lo- 
cateil within its boundaries on the same account and during the same time. 
Each state shall be charged with one-half of all other expeu.ses of the territorial 
governnunt during the same time. All moneys paid into the treasury during 
the perioil from March 8, 1889, to the time of taking etfect of this agreement by 
any county, municipality or person within the limits of the proposed Stite of 
N'orth Dakota shall be credited to the Stiite of North Dakota; and all sums 
paid into said treasury within the same time by auy county, municipality or 
person within the limitsof the proposed Stiteof South Dakotashall be credited 
to the State of South Dakota; excejit that any and all taxes on gross earnings 
iviid into said treasury by railroad corporations since the eighth day of March, 
I - ■>, ba-sed upon earnings of years prior to 1888, under and by virtue of the act 
Ml the legislative a.ssembly of the Territory of Dakota, api)nived .March 7, 1889, 
and entitled ".\n .\ct pmviding for the levy anil collection of taxes ujion prop- 
erty of railroad coni]>anies in this territory." being Chaj). 107 of the Session 
Laws of 1889 (that is, the part of such sums coing to the territory), shall l>e 
ecjually divided l)etween the states of North Dakotii and South Dakotji, and all 
taxes heretofore or hereafter paid into .said treasury under and by virtue of the 
act last mentioned, based on the gross earnings of the year 18R8, shall be dis- 
tributed as already provided by law, except that so much thereof as goes to the 



28 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

• 

territorial treasurer shall be divided as follows: North Dakota shall have so 
much thereof as shall be or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the 
proposed State of North Dakota, and South Dakota so much thereof as shall be 
or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed State of South 
Dakota; each state shall be credited also with all balances of appropriations 
made by the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Dakota for 
the account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings situated within its 
limits, remaining unexpended on March 8, 1889. If there shall be any indebt- 
edness except the indebtedness represented by the bonds and refunding war- 
rants hereiubei'ore mentioned, each state shall at the time ok' such final adjust- 
ment of accounts assume its share of said indebtedness as determined by the 
amount paid on account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings of such 
state in excess of the receipts from counties, municipalities, railroad corpora- 
tions or persons within the limits of said state, a.s provided in this article; and 
if there should beasurplus at the time of such final adjustment, each state shall 
be entitled to the amounts received from counties, municipalities, railroad cor- 
porations or persons within its limits over and above the amount charged it. 
And the State of North Dakota hereby obligates itself to pay such part of the 
debts and liabilities of the Territory of Dakota as is declared by the foregoing 
agreement to be its proportion thereof, the same as if such proportion had been 
originally created by said State of North Dakota as its own debt or liabitity. 

Sec. 204. Jurisdictioa is ceded to the United States over the military reser- 
vations of Fort Abraham Lincoln, Fort Buford, Fort Pembina and Fort Totteu, 
heretofore declared by the president of the United States; Provided, legal pro- 
cess, civil and criminal, of tbis state, shall extend over such reservations in all 
cases in which exclusive jurisdictior» is not vested in the United States, or of 
crimes not commited within the limits of such reservations. 

Sec. 205. The State of North Dakota hereby accepts the several grants of 
land granted by the United States to the State of North Dakota by an act of 
Congress entitled "An Act to provide for the division of Dakota into two states, 
and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Wash- 
ington to form constitutions and state governments, and to be admitted into 
the Union on equal footing with the original states, and to make donations of 
public lands to such states," under the conditions and limitations therein men- 
tioned; reserving the right, however, to apply to Congress for modifications of 
said conditions and limitations in case of necessity. 



ARTICLE XVII. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sec. 206. The name of this state shall be "North Dakota." The State of 
North Dakota shall consist of all the territory included within the following 
boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at a point in the main channel of the Red 
River of the North, where the 49th degree of north latitude crosses the same; 
thence south up the main channel of the same and along the boundary line of 
the State of Minnesota to a point where the 7th standard parallel intersects the 
same; thence west along said 7th standard parallel produced due west to a 
point where it intersects the 27th meridian of longitude west froni Washington; 
thence north on said meridian to a point where it intersects the 49th degree of 
north latitude; thence east along said line to place of beginning. 

Sec. 207. The following described seal is hereby declared to be and hereby 
constituted the great seal of the State of North Dakota, to-wit: A tree in the 
open field, the trunk of which is surrounded by three bundles of wheat; on 
the right a plow, anvil and sledge; on the left a bow crossed with three arrows, 
and an Indian on horseback pursuing a buffalo towards the setting sun; the 
foliage of the tree arched by a half circle of forty-two stars, surrounded by the 
motto " Liberty and union now and forever, one and inseparable; " the words 
"Great Seal" at the top; the words "State of North Dakota" at the bottom; 
"October 1st" on the left and "1889" on the right. The seal to be two and 
one- half inches in diameter. 



STATE OK NOUTIl DAKOTA. 29 

Sbc. 2(H. The right of the debtor to enjoy the comtbrt.s and necessaries of 
life shall be recognized by wliolesonie law.s exempting from forced sjih- to all 
heads of families a homestead, tlie value of which shall be limited and defined 
by law, and a leasonaliie amount of personal property; the kind and value siiall 
be fixed by law. Tliis .section sliall not be construed to prevent liens against 
the homestead for labor done and materials furnished in the improvement 
thereof, in such mauuer as may l)e prescribeil by law. 

Skc. t2U}). The labor of cliildreu under I'i years of age .shall be prohibited 
iu mines, factorie.>< and workshops in this state 

Six. 'JIU. All tlowing stre.imsand natural watercourses shall forever remain 
theproperty of tlio state for mining, irrigating and manufacturing purposes. 

Sec. 211. Members of the legislative a.ssembly ami judicial department, 
except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before they 
enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and sub.scribe the following 
oath or affirmation: " I do .solemnly swear (or affirm its the c:use may be) that 
I will support the constitution of the United .States and the constitution of 
thcStateof North Dakota; and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 

t ho office of according to the best of my ability, .«o help me (iod " (if an 

oath) ("under pains and penalties of perjury," if an affirmation), and no other 
oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a qualilicatiou for any office or 
public trust. 

Skc. 212. The exchange of '' black lists " between corporations shall be pro- 
hibited. 

Sec. 213. The real and personal property of any woman in this state, 
ac(|uired before marriage, and all proj)erty to which slie may after marriage 
become iu any manner rightfully entitled, shall be her separate ])roperty and 
-liall not be liable for the debts of her husband. 



ARTICLE XVIII. 

COXGRESSIOKAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIOXMEXT. 

Sec. 214. Until otherwise provided by law, the member of the house of 
representatives of the United States apportioned to this state, shall be elected 
at large. 

Until otherwise provided by law, the senatorial and representative districts 
hall be formed and the senators and the representatives shall be apirortioued 
,is follows: 

The First district shall consist of the townships of Walhalla, St. Joseph, 
Ncehe, Pembina, Hathgate, Carlisle, Joliet, Midland. Lincoln and Drayton, 
in the county of IVMubina, and be entitled to one senator and two repieseuta- 
t i ves. 

The Second district shall consist of the townships of St. Thomas. Hamilton. 
Cavalier, Akra, Bejinleau, Thiuftvalla, Gardar. Park, Crystal, Elora and I>o- 
doma, in the county of Pembina, and be entitled to one senator and two rep- 
resentatives. 

The Third district shall consist of the townships of Perth, Latona, .\dams, 
.•^^ilvesta, Cleveland, Morton, Vesta, Tiber, Medfonl, Vernon, (iolden, Lamptou, 
Kden, Kushford. Kensington, Dundee, Ops, Prairie Centre, Fertile. Park Kiver 
and Glenwood, in the county of Walsh, and be entitled to one senator and two 
reprei^entiitives. 

The Fourth district shall consist of the townshijis of Kort»st River, Walsh 
Centre, (Jnifton, Farmington. Ardock, village of A rdock. llarri.son, «ity of Clraf- 
tou, Oakwood. ^Lartin. Walshville, Pula.ski, Acton, Minto and St. Andiew.s. in 
the «-ounty of Walsh, and be entitled to one senator and three representjitives. 

The Fifth district shall con.sist of the townships of tJilby, .Johnstown, Stra- 
ban, Wheatfield, Hegton, .\rvilla, Av(m, Northwood, Lind, Cinice. Larimore 
and the city of Larimore, Klin CJrove. Agnes, Inkster, Klkmount. Oakwood. 
Niagara. Moraine, Logan and Loretta. in the county of Grand Forks, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 



30 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

The Sixth district shall consist of the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Avards 
of the city of Grand Forks, as now constituted, and the townships of Falconer, 
Harvey, Turtle River, Ferry, Rye, Blooming;, Meckinock, Lakeville and Levant, 
in the county of Grand Forks, and be entitled to one senator and two repre- 
sentatives. 

The Seventh district shall consist of the First and Second wards of the city 
of Grand Forks as now constituted, and the townships of Grand Forks, Brenna, 
Oakville, Chester, Pleasant View, Fairfield, Allendale, Walle, Bentru, Ameri- 
cus, Michigan, Union and Washington, in the county of Grand Forks, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Eighth district shall consist of the county of Traill, and be entitled to 
one senator and four representatives. 

The Ninth district shall consist of the township of Fargo and the city of 
Fargo in the county of Cass, and the fractional township number 139, in range 
48, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Tenth district shall consist of the townships of Noble, Wiser, Harwood, 
Reed, Barnes, Stanley, Pleasant, Kenyou, Gardner, Berlin, Raymond, Maple- 
ton, Warren, Norman, Elm River, Harmony, Durbin, Addison, Davenport, 
Casseltou and the city of Casselton, in the county of Cass, and be entitled to 
one senator and three representatives. 

The Eleventh district shall consist of the townships of Webster, Rush River, 
Hunter, Arthur, Anienia, Everest, Maple River, Leonard, Dows, Erie, Empire, 
Wheatland, Gill, Walburg, Watson, Page, Rich, Ayr, Buti'alD, Howes, Eldrid, 
Highland, Rochester, Lake, Cornell, Tower, Hill, Cliftou and Poutiac, in the 
county of Cass, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. 

The Twelfth district shall consist of the county of Richland, and be entitled 
to one senator and three representatives. 

The Thirteenth district shall consist of the county of Sargent, and be entitled 
to one senator and three representatives. 

The Fourteenth district shall consist of the county of Ransom, and be entitled 
to one senator and two representatives. 

The Fil'teenth district shall consist of the county of Barnes, and be entitled 
to one senator and two representatives. 

The Sixteenth district shall consist of the counties of Steele and Griggs, and 
be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Seventeenth district shall consist of the county of Nelson, and be entitled 
to one senator and one representative. 

The Eighteenth district shall consist of the county of Cavalier, and be entitled 
to one senator and two representatives. 

The Nineteenth district shall consist of the counties of Towner and Rolette, 
and be entitled to one senator and one representative. 

The Twentieth district ishall consist of the counties of Benson and Pierce, 
and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-first district shall consist of the county of Ramsey, and be en- 
titled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-second district shall consist of the counties of Eddy, Foster and 
Wells, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-third district shall consist of the county of Stutsman, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-fourth district shall consist of the county of La Moure, and be 
entitled to one senator and one representative 

The Twenty-fifth district shall consist of the county of Dickey, and be en- 
titled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-sixth district shall consist of the counties of Emmons, IVlcIntosh, 
Logan and Kidder, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-seventh district shall consist of the county of Burleigh, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-eighth district shall consist of the counties of Bottineau and 
McHenry, and be entitled to one senator and one representative. 

The Twenty-ninth district shall consist of the counties of Ward, McLean, 
and all the unorganized counties lying north of the Missouri river, and be en- 
titled to one senator and one representative. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 31 

The Thirtieth diatrirt shall consist of the counties of Morton ami Oliver, and 
Ije entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Tliirty-first district sliall consist of tlie counties of Mercer, Stark and 
Billings, and all the unorganized counties lying south of the Missouri river, 
and be entitled to one senator and one representative. 



ARTICLE XIX. 

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

Sec. 215. The following public institutions of the state are permanently lo- 
cated at the places hereinafter named, each to have the lands specitically grant- 
ed to it by the United States in the act of Congress approved Feb. '22, iwy, to be 
disposed of and used in such manner as the legislative as.sembly may prescribe, 
subject to the limitati<ms provided in the article on school and public lands 
containetl in this constitution: 

Firt<t — The seat of government at the city of Bismarck, in the county of Bur- 
leigh. 

i^ifond — The state university and the school of mines at the city of Grand 
Forks, in the county of Grand Forks. 

7'Ain/ — The agricultural college at the city of Fargo, in the couuty of Cass. 

Fourth — .\ state normal school at the cit^' of Valley City, in the county of 
Barues; and the legislative assembly in apportioning the grant of 80,000 acres 
of land for normal schools made iu the act of Congress referred to, shall grant 
to the said normal school at Valley City as aforementioned, titty thousand (V),- 
000) acres, and said lauds are hereby appropriated to said institution lor that 
purpose. 

Fifth — The deaf and dumb asylum at the city of Devils Lake, in the county 
of Kamsey. 

Sixth — A state reform school at the city of Mandan, in the county of Mor- 
ton. 

Seventh — A state normal school at the city of Mayville, in the county of 
Traill; and the legislative assembly, in apportioning the grant of land maile by 
Congress in the act aforesaid for state normal schools, shall assign ;W,000 acres 
to the institution hereby located at Mayville, and said lands are hereby appro- 
priated for said jjurjwse. 

Enjhth — A state hospital for the ius;ine, and an institntion for the feeble- 
minded in connection therewith, at the city of Jamestown, in the county of 
Stutvsman; and the legislative assembly shall appropriate 20,000 acres of the 
grant of land made by the act of Congress aforesaid for "other educational and 
charitable institutions" to thebenelit and for fhe endowment of Siiid institu- 
tion. 

Sec. 216. The following named public institutions are hereby permanently 
lociited us hereinafter provide<l, each to have so much of the remaining grant 
of 17.^. 000 acres of land made by the United States lor "other educational aud 
charitable institutions," and is allotted below, viz.: 

First — \ soldiers' home, when located, or such other charitable institution as 
the legislative a.s.sembly may determine, at Lisbon, in the county of Ransom, 
with a grant of 40,000 acres of land. 

Sivonil — A blind asylum, or such other institution a.s the legislative ass»>m- 
bly may determine, at such place in the county of rembina as the (jualilied 
electors of s;iid county may deteriniue at an election to be held as prescribed 
by tlic legislative a.sseinbly, with a grant of 30,000 acres. 

Third — An industrial school and school for manual training, or such other 
educational or charitable in.stitution as the legislative a.ssembly may provide, at 
the town of I'lleiidale, in the county of Dickey, with a grant of 40,000 acres. 

Fourth — .\ school of forestry, or such other institution as the legislative as- 
sem])ly m.iy determine, at such place in one of the counties of Mcllenry, 
Ward, Bottineau, or Rolette, as the electors of said counties may determine 
bv an election for that purpo.se, to be held as provided by the legislative assem- 
bly. 



32 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 

Fifth — A scientific school, or such other educational or charitable institution 
as the legislative assembly may prescribe, at the city of Wahpeton, county of 
Kichland, with a grant of 40,(t00 acres. 

Provided, That no other institution of a character similar to any one of those 
located by this article shall be established or maintained without a revision of 
this constitution. 

ARTICLE XX. 

PROHIBITION. 

To be submitted to a separate vote of the jjeople as provided by the schedule 
and ordinance. 

Sec. 217. No person, association or corporation shall, within this state, man- 
ufacture for sale or gift, any intoxicating li(|Uors, and no person, association or 
corporation shall import any of the same for sale or gift, or keep or sell or offer 
the same for sale or gift, barter or trade, as a beverage. The legislative assem- 
bly shall by law prescribe regulations for the enforcement of the provisions 
of this article, and shall thereby provide suitable penalties for the violation 
thereof. 



SCHEDULE. 

Section 1 , That no inconvenience may arise from a change of territorial 
government to state government, it is declared that all writs, actions, prosecu- 
tions, claims and rights of individuals and bodies corporate shall continue as if 
no change of government had taken place, and all processes which may, before 
the organization of the judicial department under this constitution be issued 
under the authority of the Territory of Dakota shall be as valid as if issued in 
the name of the state. 

Sec. 2. All laws now in force in the Territory of Dakota, which are not 
repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their 
own limitations or be altered or repealed. 

Sec. 3. All fines, penalties, forfeitures and escheats accruing to the Terri- 
tory of Dakota shall accrue to the use of the states of North Dakota and South 
Dakota, and may be sued for and recovered by either of said states as necessity 
may require. 

Sec. 4. All recognizances, bonds, obligations or other undertakings hereto- 
fore taken, or which may be taken before the organization of the judicial 
department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, 
and may be prosecuted in the name of the state; all bonds, obligations or other 
undertakings executed to this territory, or to any officer in his ofiicial capacity, 
shall pass over to the proper state authority, and to their successors in office, 
for the uses therein respectively expressed, and m.''y be sued for and recovered 
accordingly; all criminal prosecutions and penal ..ctions which have arisen, or 
may arise before the organization of the judicial department under this consti- 
tution, or which shall then be pending, may be prosecuted to judgment and 
execution in the name of the state. 

Sec. 5. All property, real and personal, and credits, claims and choses in 
action belonging to the Territory of Dakota at the time of the adoption of this 
constitution, shall be vested in and become the property of the states of North 
Dakota and South Dakota. 

Sec. 6. Whenever any two of the judges of the supreme court of the state 
elected under the provisions of this constitution shall have qualified in their 
offices, the causes then pending in the supreme court of the territory on appeal 
or writ of error from the district court of any county or subdivision within 
the limits of this state, and the papers, records and proceedings of said court, 
shall pass into the jurisdiction and possession of the supreme court of the state, 
except as otherwise provided in the enabling act of Congress, and until so 
superseded the supreme court of the territory and the judges thereof shall 



8TATK OF NORTH DAKOTA. 33 

coutinae, with like power luul jurisdiction as if this constitution had not beeu 
adopted. Whenever the judj^e of the district court of any district elected 
under the provisions of this constitution shall have ((ualilii-d in his office, the 
several causes then pendiii;^ in llie district court of the territory wifliin any 
county in such district, and the records, jiapers ami proceedings of said district 
court, and the seal and other property perkiinin;; thereto, sliail pass into the 
jurisdiction and ptissession of the district court of the state for such county, ex- 
cept as provided in the enabling act of Congress; until the district court of this 
territory shall he superse<led in the manner aforesaid, the said district court 
and the ju(l;;es thereof shall continue with the same Jurisdiction and ])ower to 
he e.\ercise(l in the same judicial districts respectively its heretofore constituted 
under the laws of the territory. 

Sec. 7. Until otherwise })rovided by law, the seals now in use in the 
supreme and district courts of this territory are hereby declared to be the seals 
of the supreme and district courts respectively of the stite. 

.^EC. 8. Whenever this constitution shall no into etlect, the hooks, records 
anil papers, and jiroceedings of the probate court in each county, and all causes 
and matters of administration and other matters pendinj^ tlierein, shall pass 
into the jurisdiction and possession of the county court of the same county, 
and the said county court shall proceed to final decree or jud<;ment. order or 
other determination in the said several matters and causes as the siiid probate 
court mi^^ht have done if this constitution had not been adopted. And until 
the election and (jualificiitiou of the judges of the county courts provided foi 
in this constitution, the probate judges shall act as the judges of the county 
courts within their respective counties, and the seal of the probate court in 
each county shall be the seal of the county court therein until the s;iid court 
shall have procured a proper seal. 

Sec. 9. The terms " pro])ate conrt" or "probate judge" whenever occur- 
ring in thestotntes of the territory .shall, after this constitution goes into effect, 
be held to apply to the county court or county judge. 

Sec. 10. All territorial, county and precinct officers, who may be in office 
at the time this constitution takes effect, whether holdingtheir offices under tlu 
authority of the United States or of the territory, shall hold and exercise theii 
respective offices, and perform the duties thereof as prescribed in this constitU' 
tion, until their succes.sors shall be elected and qualified in accordance with the 
provisions of this constitution, and official bonds of all such officers shall con. 
tinue in full force and elVect as though this constitution had not been ailopted, 
and such officers for their term of service, under this constitution, shall receive 
the same salaries and compensation as is by this constitution, or by the laws ol 
the territory, provi<led for like officers; Provided, that the county and precinct 
officers shall hold their offices for the term for which they were elected. There 
shall be elected in each organized county in this state, at the election to beheld 
for the ratification of this constitution, a clerk of the district court, who shall 
hold his office under .said election, until his successor is duly elected and ([uali- 
fied. The judges of the district court shall have iH>wer to appoint state's attor- 
neys in any organized county where no such attorneys have been elected, which 
appointment shall continue until the general election to be held in ISSK), and 
until his successor is cle<'ted and i|ualified. 

Sec. 1 1. This constitution shall take effect and be in full force immediately 
upon the admission of the territory as a state. 

vSec. 12. Immediately upon the a<ljournment of this convention, the gov- 
ernor of the territory, or in ciise of his absence or failure to act. the secretary 
of the territory, or in his absence or failure to act, the president of the 
cou'^titntional convention, shall issue a proclamation, whicli shall be ))ub- 
lished and a copy thereof maile<l to the chairman of the l)oard of county ccmi- 
missioners of each county, calling an election by the people on the first Tuesday 
in October, 1889, of all the state and district officers created and nnwle elective 
by this con.stitation. This constitution shall be submitted for adoption or rejec- 
tion at siiid elwtion to n vote of the electors (|nalified by the laws of this terri- 
tory to vote at all elections. At the election provided for herein the ((ualitied 
voters shall vote directly tor or aguiust this coustitution, and for or against the 
article separately submitted. 

*3 



34 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 13. The board of commissioners of the several counties shall thereupon 
order such election Jbr said day, and shall cause notice thereof to be given for the 
period of 20 days in the manner provided by law. Every qualified elector of 
the territory, at the date of said election, shall be entitled to vote thereat. 
Said election shall be conducted in all respects in the same manner as provided 
by the laws of the territory for general elections, and the returns for all state 
and district officers, and members of the legislative assembly, shall be made to 
the canvassing board hereinafter provided for. 

Sec. 14. The governor, secretary and chief justice, or a majority of them, 
shall constitute a board of canvassers to canvass the vote of such election for all 
state and district officers and members of the legislative assem))ly. The said 
board shall assemble at the seat of government of the territory on the fifteenth 
day after the day of such election (or on the following day if such day fall 
on Sunday), and proceed to canvass the votes on the adoption of this constitu- 
tion and for all state and district officers and members of the legislative assem- 
bly Iel the manner provided by the laws of the territory for canvassing the 
vote for delegate to Congress, and they shall issue certificates of election to the 
persons found to be elected to said offices severally, and shall make and file 
with the secretary of the territory an abstract, certified by them, of the num- 
ber of votes cast for or against the adoption of the constitution, and for each 
person for each of said offices, and of the total number of votes cast in each 
county. 

Sec. 15. All officers elected at such election shall, within 60 days after the 
date of the executive proclamation admitting the State of North Dakota into 
the Union, take the oath required by this constitution, and give the same bond 
required by the law of the territory to be given in case of like officers of the 
territory and districts, and shall thereupon enter upon the duties of their re- 
spective offices; but the legislative assembly may require by law all such offi- 
cers to give other or further bonds as a condition of their continuance in 
office. 

Sec. 16. The judges of the district court who shall be elected at the election 
herein provided for shall hold their offices until the first Monday in January, 
1893, and until their successors are elected and qualified. All other state 
officers, except judges of the supreme court, who shall be elected at the elec- 
tion herein provided for, shall hold their offices until the first Monday in Jan- 
uary, 1891, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Until other- 
wise provided by law the judges of the supreme court shall receive for their 
services the salary of $4,000 per annum, payable quarterly; and the district 
judges shall receive for their services the salary of $3,000 per annum, payable 
quarterly. 

Sec. 17. The governor-elect of the state, immediately upon his qualifying 
and entering upon the duties of his office, shall issue his proclamation conven- 
ing the legislative assembly of the state at the seat of government, on a day 
to be named in said proclamation, and which shall not be less than 15 nor 
more than 40 days after the date of such proclamation. And said legislative 
assembly, after organizing, shall proceed to elect two senators of the United 
States for the State of North Dakota; and at said election the two persons who 
shall receive a majority of all the votes cast by the said senators and repre- 
sentatives shall be elected such United State senators. And the presiding 
officers of the senate and house of representatives shall each certify the elec- 
tion to the governor and secretary of the State of North Dakota; and the 
governor and secretary of state shall certify the elections of such senators as 
provided by law. 

Sec. 18. At the election herein provided for there shall be elected a repre- 
sentative to the Fifty-first Congress of the United States, by the electors of the 
state at large. 

Sec. 19. It is hereby made the duty of the legislative assembly at its first 
session to provide for the payment of all debts and indebtedness authorized to 
be incurred by the constitutional convention of North Dakota, which shall re- 
main unpaid after the appropriation made by Congress for the same shall have 
been exhausted. 



STATK OF XOBTH MAKOTA. 35 

Sec. 20. There shall ^^^e snhruitted at the same election at which thi.s consti- 
tntion i.s submitted ibr lejt'ctiou or adoption, Article XX., entitled " rrohihi- 
tion," :uid persons who desire to vole lor said artiolo .shall Jiave written or 
printed on their ballots "For Prohibition," and all persons desiring to vote 
against said article shall have written or printed on Iheir ballots " A;;;iinst Pro- 
hibition.'' If it shall appear aecordiii:^ to the returns hen-in provided for that 
a majority of all the votes ciLst at Siii<l election for and a;;ainst ])rohibition are 
"For Prohiliition," then .said Article XX. shall be and form a part of this con- 
stitution, and be in full force and ellect as such from the date of the admis.sion 
of this state into the Union. But if a majority of .said votes shall ajipoar ac- 
cording to said returns tobe " A^^ainst Prohibition," then saiil Article XX. shall 
be null aud void, and shall not be a part of this constitution. 

Skc. 21. The a<;rc.enieMt made by the joint commission of the con.stitutionnl 
ionventions of North Dakotv and South Dakota concerning the records, books 
and archives of the Territory of Dakota, is hereljy ratilied and confirmed; 
which agreement is in the words foUowini;, that is to say: 

The Ibllowiu'; books, records and arcliives of the Territory of North Dakota, 
to-wit: All records, books and archives in the ollices of the {governor ami sec- 
retjiry of the territory (except records of articles of incorporation of domestic 
corporations, returns of election of delej^ates to the constitutional convention 
'>f 1H89, for South Dakota, returns of elections held under the so-called local 
option law in counties within the limits of South Dakota, bonds of notaries 
puldic appointed for counties within the limits of South Dakota, i)apers n-lat- 
iug to the or^aui;^ition of counties situate within the limits of South D.ikota, 
all which records and archives are a part of the records and archives of said 
.secretary's ollice; excepting, also, census returns from counties situate within 
the limits of South Dakota and i)aiiers relating to re(iuisitions issued upon the 
application of olUcers of counties situate within the limits of Soutli Dakota, 
all which are a part of the records and archives of saiil governor's oflice). 

And the following records, books aud archives shall also be the property of 
the State of North Dakota, to-wit: 

Vouchers in the office or custody of the auditor of this territory relating to 
expenditures on account of public institutions, grounds, or buildings situate 
within the limits of North Dakota. One warrant register in the ollice of the 
treasurer of this territory, being a record of warrants i.ssued under and by vir- 
tue of Chap. 24 of the laws enacted by the Eighteenth Legislative As.sembly of 
Dakota Territory. All letters, receipts and vouchers in the same office now 
tiled by counties and i)ertaining tocounties within the limits of North Dakota. 
Paid and canceled coupons in the same office representing interest on lM)nds of 
North Dakota. 

All other records, hooks and archieves which it is hereby agreed shall l>e the 
jiroperty of South Dakota, .shall remain at the c^ipitol of North Dakota until 
demanded by the legislature of the State of South Dakota, and until the State 
«»f North Dakota shall have had a reitMinable time after such demand is made 
to provide copies or :il>stnicts of such ])ortions thereof as the said State of North 
Dakota may desire to have copies or abstracts of. 

The Stjite of South Dakota may also provide copies or abstract.s o( such 
records, books and archives, which it is agreed shall be the property of Nor^h 
Dakota, as siiid State of South Dakota shall desire to have copies or abstracts 
of. 

The expense of all copies or abstracts of records, lyooks and archives which 
it is herein agreed may be made, shall be l>orne e(iually by said two states. 

Sec. 22. Should the counties cont;»ining lands which form a part of the 
gnmt of lands nia<le by Congress to the Northern Pa<ilic Kailroad Company be 
compelled by law to rel'und moneys paid for such lands or any of them by pur- 
chasers thereof at tax .sales thereof. ba.«ed upon t;ixes illegally levied upon s;iid 
lands, then and in that case the State of North Dakota shall api>ropriate the 
sum of $25,(K.M), or so much thereof as may be uece.s.sary, to rein>bnrse said 
coTinties for the amount so received from .sjiid illegal t;ix sales and paid by said 
counties into the treasury of Dakota Territory, which sjiid Stttte of North Da- 
kota is to a.ssnuie and pay. lvej>orts of gross earnings of the year IH'o^ in the 
.same office, made by corjtorat ions operating lines of railroad situate<l wholly 



36 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 

or mainly withia the limits of North Dakota. Eecords and papers of the office 
of the public examiner of the Second district of the territory. Records and pa- 
' pers of the office of the district boaid of agriculture. Records and papers in 
the office of the board of pharmacy of the district of North Dakota. 

All records, books and archives of the Territory of Dakota which it is not herein 
agreed shall be the property of North Dakota, shall be the property of South 
Dakota. 

The following books shall be copied, and the copies shall be the property of 
North Dakota, and the cost of such copies shall be borne equally by said states 
of North Dakota and South Dakota. That is to say: 

Appropriation ledger for years ending November, 1889-90 — one volume. 

The auditor's current warrant register — one volume. 

Insurance record for 1889 — one volume. 

Treasurer's cash book, "D." 

Assessment ledger, "B. " 

Dakota Territory bond register — one volume. 

Treasurer's current ledger — one volume. 

The originals of the foregoing volumes which are to be copied shall at any 
time after such copying shall have been completed be delivered on demand to 
the proper authorities of the state. 

Sec. 23. This constitution shall after its enrollment be signed by the presi- 
dent of this convention and the chief clerk thereof and such delegates as desire 
to sign the same, whereupon it shall be deposited in the office of the secretary 
of the territory, where it may be signed at any time by any delegate who shall 
be prevented from signing the same for any reasons at the time of the adjourn- 
ment of this convention. 

Sec. 24. In case the territorial officers of the Territory of Dakota, or any of 
them who are now required by law to report to the governor of the territory, 
annually or biennally, shall prepare and publish such reports covering the 
transactions of their offices up to the time of the admission of the State of North 
Dakota into the Union, the legislative assembly shall make sufficient appro- 
priations to pay one-half of the cost of such publication. 

Sec. 25. The governor and secretary of the territory are hereby authorized 
to make arrangements for the meeting of the first legislative assembly, and the 
inauguration of the state government. 

Sec. 26. The legislative assembly shall provide for the editing, and for the 
publication, in an independent volume, of this constitution, as soon as it shall 
take effect, and whenever it shall be altered or amended, and shall cause to be 
published in the same volume the Declaration of Independence, the Constitu- 
tion of the United States and the Enabling Act. 



STATE OK NORTH DAKOTA. 



37 



II. 



THE OFFICIAL VOTE OF XOUTH DAKOTA BY COITNTIE3. 

FIRST ST.VTK ELIiCTIO.V, OCT. 1, 1889. 



ecu NT IE?. 



Rep. in Con- 
gress. 



Barnes 

Riirlfigh 

Beiihou 

B«>Uiuoau 

Billings 

Ca.ss 

Cavalier 

Uiikey 

KUdy 

Eiiiuions 

Foster 

Grand Forks 

GrigKS 

Kiader 

La Moure 

Iy<>i;an 

Morton 

MfHenry 

Mcl^ean 

Mcintosh 

Mercer 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pii-roe 

Richland 

Ransom 

Ranist-y 

Kolitte 

Stark 

Stutsman 

Steele 

Sarjient 

Traill 

Town<T 

WaNh 

Wells 

Ward 

Total 

Majority.... 



c. 

a 

.a" 
a 
£ 

S 

n 



1,2.'H) 

775 

475 

336 

4.^ 

2, 84-2 
fi68 

1,088 
240 
392 
237 

2,170 

341 

257 

595 

77 

687 

220 

222 

875 

70 

665 

28 

1,563 
172 

1,194 
998 
790 
289 
434 
863 
.549 

1,138 

l.ViS 
188 

1,8.37 
190 
292 



53 



446 
310 
105 

sas 

14 

1,288 
515 
.507 
16? 

73 

126 

l,02l! 

21 9 

90 
234 

13 
331 

64 

41 

20 

15 
223 

48 
1,217 

50 
790 
2.52 
.3.30 
205 
179 
547 

92 
110 
470 
241 
1,099 
148 
107 



Governor. 



S 



1,191 

771 

467 

335 

45 

2,712 
64 

1,087 
241 
391 
2:r. 

1,929 

346 

259 

594 

77 

680 

219 

223 

375 

70 

628 

28 

1,5.53 
181 

1,199 
998 
779 
2,50 
432 
818 
54G 

1.027 

1,.524 

im 

1.842 
186 
296 



l§ 



498 

322 

111 

304 

14 

1,411 

534 

506 

161 

78 

131 

i.2<;3 

2ft5 

88 

235 

13 

3.35 

68 

41 

20 

15 

260 

48 

1,241 

46 

771 

261 

343 

238 

182' 

603 

92 

216 

469 

244 

1,100 

1.52 

114 



26, 0771 12, 006 



14, 071 j 



25, 365 



12,632 



12, 7.s;» 



Lieutenant Secretary of 
Governor. I Stale. 






1,119 

700 

481 

3« 

45 

2, 93J 
648 

1,090 
240 
392 
240 

2, 2G7 

366 

259 

570 

77 

692 

219 

223 

375 

70 

660 

28 

1,582 
184 

1.107 

1,015 
805 
292 
431 
653 
542 

1,056 

1,522 
188 

1,8.54 
190 
291 



a 



a 

5 



576 
Xii 
101 
305 

14 

1, 203 

525 

.504 

1.59 

77 
127 
929 
187 

88 
257 

13 
338 

66 

41 

20 

15 
226 

48 
1,211 

45 
862 
245 
3171 
20Ol 
183! 
7531 

98: 

191 
469 
241 
1,0S6 
14U 
115 



a 

V 



1,282 

764 

466 

333 

45 

2,936 
670 

1,092 
242 
.392 
238 

2,194 

359 

258 

599 

77 

681 

219 

223 

375 i 

70 

617 

28 

1,587 
181 

1,198 

1,014 
612 
294 
435 
867 
408 

1,0.50 

1,292 
ISS 

1,846 
192 
290 



a 
a 



o 



413 
3:{1 
115 
305 

14 

1,201 

511 

503 

161 

77 
129 
991 
193 

86 
230 

13 
a37 

66 

41 

19 

15 
268 

48 
1,20.5 

47 
788 
245 
497 
198 
179 
.547 
225 
19.' 
6:t5 
240 
1,09 
14 

ii: 



25,779 l.',316i2.5,6-0 12,424 



13,463' |13, 190 



State Treas- 
urer. 



1,254 

769 

469 

332 

45 

2, 936 
472 

1,091 
2.38 
392 
237 

2,229 

370 

253 

697 

77 

681 

221 

223 

375 

70 

660 

28 

1,623 
182 

1,196 

1,015 
79S 
289 
4.34 
867 
540 

1.054 

1,5.51 
107 

1, 4H4 
l'.i2 
291 






442 

326 
112 
300 

14 

1,194 

70G 

504 

165 

77 
129 
962 
18l| 

88 
233 

13' 
337' 

64 

41 

191 

15 
226 

48 
1,165 

46 
788 
244 
.325 
201 
179 
546 

82 
194 
442 
261 
1.448 
147 
110 



State Audi- 
tor. 



B 
«i 

A 

■E 

a* 
ra 

o 






1,252 

767 

475 

3.33 

45 

2,671 
703 

1,082 
224 
892 
242 

2, T.V-i 
363 
258 
S94 
77 
681 



701 

633 

28 

1,619 

17ll 

l,162j 

l.OOjl 

7«")3 

293 1 

4.33J 

80S( 

546{ 

1.(156 

1.421 

189 

1,7S6, 

180 

289 



442 
32.S 
106 
307 

14 

1,462 

479 

513 

159 

76 
124 
936 
188 

88 
236 

13 
337 

i" ■» 

It 

15 

251 

48 

1,176 

57 

823 

287 

354 

199 

181 

.546 

95 

192 

568 

240 

1.148 

152 

117 



25, 707] 12, .380,25. 719, 12, :W6 



13,321 13,363 



PiRTRifT .TtTiGKS.— The Totc on the variou.-t district jiidgos wns as follows: First di"-'-'* ^ 
.l.O'K.^fe (n-p.i, 4.i''>0; C. F. Templcton (Jem. ^. 0,713. .^iiond district — D. E. Morgan u 
.las F. O'Hrion (dein.), l,4»'>.'i. Thirdiiistrict — Selh Newman (rfp.!, 3.131; W.S. Mci'oui 
3,519. Fourth district — W.S. Lauder (rep.), 8.0.55; S. H. Snvder (.lem.), 2.077; K.S.I 
1,279. Fifth district — O. H. Hewitt (rep.), 2,371; Roderick Hom- (dim.). :i.3Iij. Sixth 
W. H. Winchester (rep.), 2.:«2; John C. Ilollemback (dem.). 1.024. 

SoATTERi.Nii.— For governor. 18; lieutenant governor, 8; secretary of state, 11; treasurer, 4: 
auditor, 3; sufH'rinteudent of public instruction, 12; allorney general, 2; cotuiuissioner of 
insurance, 9; commissioner of railroads, H; commissioner of agriculture and laVK>r, 1; supreme 
^.'uurt judges, 11 ; congressman, 3. 



38 



STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 



OFFICIAL VOTE BY COUNTIES.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Attorney 
General. 



« 



O 

O 



Barnes 

Burleigh 

Benson 

Bottineau 

Billings 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Diekev 

Eddy! 

Emmons 

Foster 

Gra»d Forks. 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

Morton 

McHenry 

McLean 

Mcintosh 

Mercer 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce 

Eichland 

Ransom 

Ramsey 

Rolette 

Stark 

Stutsman 

Steele 

Sargent 

Traill 

Towner 

Walsh 

Wells 

Ward 



Total 

Majority... 



1,240 

771 

480 

332 

4.i 

2,808 
6G1 

1,0S7 
242 
392 
237 

2,165 

3158 

259 

599 

77 

680 

221 

223 

375 

70 

653 

28 

1,5-27 
183 

1,198 
849 
803 
292 
435 
870 
560 

1,0.54 

1, 552 
188 

1,856 
192 
283 



a 



Supt. Public 
Instruction. 



Com. of 
Agriculture 
and Labor. 



451 
325 
102 
307 

14 

1, 324 

524 

506 

161 

77 

128 

1,027 

183 

87 
231 

13 
337 

64 

41 

19 

15 
234 

48 
1,266 

45 
797 
393 
321 
200 
179 
544 

81 
190 
440 
241 
1,086 
147 



« 



S 



1,270 

771 

483 

335 

45 

8,077 
670 
968 
239 
392 
237 

1,774 

371 

260 

593 

77 

679! 

221 

223 

375 

70 

660 

28 

1, 590 
183 

1,199 

1,014 
714, 
292 1 
435 
868 
559 

1,056 

1,523 
188 

1,861 
193 
291 



g 



M 



25,855112,148 25,784 



424 
325 

99 
304 

13 

1,044 

513 

619 

164 

77 
129 
934 
180 

86 
23 

13 
339 

64 

41 

19 

14 
227 

48 
1,203 

45 
7S6 
245 
310 
201 
179 
544 

80 
192 
465 
241 
1,081 
146 
115 



3. 

« 

05 



w 



1,245 

771 

480 

333 

45 

2,943 
699 

1,093; 
237! 
391 [ 
2251 

2,260 

365 

259 

597 

77 

681 

221 

223 

373 

70 

662 

28 

1,587 
183 

1,198 

1,017 
811 
290 
435 
866 
548 

1,053 

1,553 
188 

1,853 
188 
291 



11,746 



1.3,707i 114,038 14,554 14,944 



a 




Ol 




o 






&, 


bO 


<o 




PS 


bo 


>> 


a 


ci 


W 


U 



452 
325 
101 
307 

14 

1,196 

479 

502 

164 

77 
140 
931 
187 

87 
233 

13 
33' 

63 

41 

19 

15 
225 

48 
1,201 

45 
787 
244 
313 
203 
179 
546 

93 
193 
438 
241 
1,083 
148 
llo 



Commis- 
sioner of In-I 
surance. 



Judges of the Supreme Court. 



26,339 11,785 



1,222' 

764! 

486 1 

333' 

45 

3,098' 
670 

1, 094 
239 
392 
237 

2,263; 

366 

235 

604 

77 

709 

221 

223 

374 

70 

659 

28 

1,589 
183 

1,200 

1,049 
807 
292 
435 
898 
559 

1,056 

1, 554 
188 

1,859 
192 



437 
327 

96 
306 

14 

1,035 

514 

494 

163 

77 
129 
932 
175 
110 
22G 

13 
309 

63 

41 

19 

15 
225 

48 
1,202 

45 
786: 
199 
317 
201 
175 
515 

82 
192 
438 
241 
1,080 
147 






<t> 



o 



1,228 

761 

480 

334 

45 

3, 038 

664 
1,100 

239 

469 

233 
2,268j 2, 

550 1 

259 j 

594; 



673 
221 
264 
375 
70 
608 
28 

2,016 
181 

1,200 
999 
810 
293 
435 
868 
562 

1,054 

1, S.'iS 
188 

1,854 
191 
292 



189 

,872 

190 

289 



c. 
X 

3 

3 

.a 
3 

P3 



266 
760 
480 
331 

45 
943 
755 
094 
242 
392 
235 
526; 
3661 
259 
594 

77 
681 
221 
223 
375 

70 
880 

28 
986 
182 
204 
994 
808 
292 
435 
868 1 
.560 
0521 1 
.550 



,268i 

7601 

4801 

3261 

45: 



098: 

244 

391 

244 

260 

368 

259 

062 

77 
681 
221 
223 
375 

70 
656 

28 
584 
179 
199 
001 
808 
292 
435 
868 
470 
050 
552 
188 
853 
191 
289 



a 

a) 

G 



456 
325 

99 
313 

13 



,929i 1,195 
665 515 



501 

163 

78 

128 

892 

187 

86 

232 

13 

.337 

63 

41 

19 

15 

226 

48 

1,210 

48 

784 

247 

311 

198 

179 

547 

162 

194 

438 

240 

1,075 

147 

115 



a 

a 

o 



413 
323 

99 
305 

13 

1,186 

513 

500 

154 

77 
124 
895 
181 

86 
232 

13 
337 

63 

41 

19 

IS 
223 

47 
1,202 

45 
787 
280 
309 
201 
179 
546 

79 
192 
438 
239 
,073 
147 
114 



26, 332111, 388j27, 126 27, 315 26, 289 11, 840 



11, 699 



STATE OK NOKTII I>AKOTA. 



39 






OFFICIAL VOTE KY COUNTIES— CoNCLnDEP. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Hurleigh 

Ik'iison , 

Kottinvau 

Killings 

Cass 

Cavalier. , 

Dickey 

i;.t.ly 

Kininons 

Foster 

(Jrand Forks., 

<JriKK'9. 

Ki'liier 

Lii .Moure 

lyo^an 

Morton 

Mcllenry 

McLean 

.Mcintosh 

Mercer , 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce 

Kictiland 

U.uisora 

K.iiiisey 

l:..N tto 

Stark 

.siiiisman 

.Steele 

Sariront 

Traill 

Towner 

Walsh 

Wells 

Ward 



a. 



o 

3 
o 
ix, 

a 
o 

S. 



000 
769 
481 
333 

45 
935 
654 
074 
226 
392; 
234' 
2.54 
349 
2.59 
597, 

77 
663 
216 
223 
375 

701 
660 

28; 

,542 

I. SO 

.I»6 

999' 

soil 

292' 
434 1 
861 1 
6361 
.13«i 
,541* 

188 

,8481 

180j 



Itailroad Commiuioners. 



c 



•967 

760 

473 

32ti 

43 

2,909 

099 

1,0911 

isg; 

3921 
234, 

2, I6;f 

345 

2.59 

.5971 

77| 

6221 

212 

208 

375 

70! 

658! 

27 

1,531 

1741 

1,1901 

1,002| 

783 j 

292 1 

396' 

846> 

4661 

l.a50l 

1,409. 

1S7. 

1,794, 

145 



n 



a 



1,177' 

76.' 

481 

349 

45 

2,943 
604 

1,084, 
240 
392, 
2331 

2.213 
273 
259 

5V! 

77) 

591 1 

121' 

222 

375; 

70 

633 

19 

1,421 

1.57' 

1,192| 

l,iH)fi 

7991 

300' 

4.%5 

869 

.5;<9 

1,0491 

I,:i39 

I.'<7, 

1,790| 

184 



1,020 
340 
101 
303 

14 

1,226 

537 

528 

262 

77 
131 
931 
303 

86 
234 

13 
485 

64 

41 

19 

16 
227 

54 
1,212: 

461 
809 
272i 
339 1 
201 < 
205' 
573 
199: 
106 
640 
241' 
1, I40i 
190, 



C 



a 

O 



4531 
.324 
109 
310 

14 

1,204 

623 

503' 

159 

77| 

127 

1,028 

192 

86> 
232 1 

13 
337 

5.5 

19 

15 

239 

4", 
1,301 

45 
794 
243 
324 
201, 
I81I 
.5481 

96' 

mi 

.598 

240, 

1,167, 

158 



U 



400 
324 
101 
251 

14 

1,190 

514 

503 

1.50 

77 
126 
948 
175; 

861 
231| 

13 
339: 
177 

41 

19 

15 
240i 

49 
1,334 

75 
786 
244 
324 1 
187; 
179; 
5401 
. 79, 

93, 

439' 

236 

1,088 

157 



Con.itim- 
tiuo. 



Prohibition. 



Total 

Majority., 



1,673 

1,0.H3 

.V':i 

4.50 

57 

4,049 
684: 

1,4/1' 
381 
462 

.rci 

6S7 

351 

340' 

8I81 

90| 

924, 

257 

264 

894; 

84 

127 

47 

1,762 

221 1 

1,409 

1,110' 

810{ 

435 

6IO: 

i,:h.34 

241 

973 
1,411 

284 
606 
336 
■^50 



9 
2; 



8 
2 

45 

116 

1 

31 
269 

26 

13 

•J 

4 

1,930 

150 

3 

11 



21 



660> 
30, 

8-30, 
1| 

2-51 
2:< 

2311 
10 



<7 
361 1 
177| 
4621 

93' 
2,248' 



43 



861 
269 
292 
365 
4 

1,739 
634 
966 
212 
106 
MS 

1..531 

345 

186 

414 

26 

358 

16.3 

69 

166 

22 

540 

29 

1,483 
124 

1,011 
670 
591 
112 
171 
509 
444 
6-20 

1,11. 
148 

1,760 
124 
220 



o 



745 
799 
212 
228 
53 

2, 1.56 
439 
■537 
1.58 
S47 
18i> 

1,4.32 
180 
151 
395 
61 
644 
101 
170 
199 

6:< 

276 
40 

1,137 
70 
885 
&57 
416 
304 
394 
809 
172 
677 
824 
216 

1.1.32 
190 
168 



25, 6.31; 



24, 8.50 2.5, 057 13. 184 12, 227 1 1. 7.50 27. 441 , 8. 107 18, .5.52. 17. ;»3 



.jl9.834| 1.189 



40 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



III. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Issued by F. H. Hagerty, Coinmissioner of Immigration, Dakota Territory. 



Capital — Bismakck, Burleigh County. 



U. S. Senator, - - - Gilbert A. Pierce, - - - Bismarck. 
U. S. Senator, ... Lyman R. Casey, - - - .Tamestown. 
Representative to Congress, - H. G. Hansbrough, - - Devils Lake. 

Governor, John Miller. 

Lieutenant Governor, ------- Alfred Dickey. 

Secretary of State, - - - .JoHN Flittie. 

State Treasurer, -L. E. Booker. 

State Auditor, - - . John P. Bray. 

Superintendent Public Instruction, . - - . William Mitchell. 
Assistant Superintendent Public Instruction, - - - - F. W. Cathro. 

Attorney General, - Geo. F. Goodwin. 

Commissioner of Insurance, ------- A. L. Carey. 

Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, - - , - - H. F. Helgesen. 

Public Examiner, - - - - - - - -J. A. Percival. 

commissioners of railroads. 

Geo. S. Montgomery, D. Bartlett, F. S. Underbill. 

supreme court. 

Chief Justice, -------- Guy C. H. Corliss. 

Joseph M. Bartholomeu, Alfred Wallin. 
Clerk, - - - R. D. HOSKINS. Court Reporter, - - E. W. Camp, 

district court. 

First District, Charles F. Templeton, Judge. 

Second District., ------- D. E. Morgan, Judge. 

Third District, - - Wm. B. McConnell, Judge. 

Fourth, District, W. S. Lauder, Judge. 

Fifth District, --- Roderick Rose, Judge. 

Sixth District, Walter H. Winchester, Judge. 

land districts. f 

Register. Receiver. 

Bismarck, Oscar E. Rea, D. W. Hutchinson. 

Devils Lake, - - - - E. G. Spilman, S. S. Smith. 

Fargo, M. F. Battelle, Frank S. De Mers. 

Grand Forks, - - - - James M.Corbet, James Elton. 

U. S. District Attorney, - John Murphey, - - Yankton, S. D. 

U. S. Marshal, - - - D. W. Maratta, - - - Fargo. 

Surveyor General, - - B. H. SuLLiVAN, - - - Huron, S. D. 

state institutions. 

University of North Dakota — Grand Forks; Homer B. Sprague, M.A., Ph.D., 
president; John G. Hamilton, secretary. 

Hospital for Insane — Jamestown; Dr. O. W. Archibald, superintendent. 

Penitentiary — Bismarck; Dan Williams, warden. 

Board of Agriculture — I. C. Wade, president, Jamestown; Gerald Pierce, sec- 
retary, Bismarck; G. E. Bowers, treasurer, Hillsboro. 

Board of Pharmacy — Frank Frisby, president, Bismarck. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



41 



OFFICIAL rMUF.CTOKY -CoNTlMKin 



COUNTY. 



Hariios 

Hi'iison 

Killin^a 

Holtineau 

Kiirleigb 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickey 

Ediiy 

Kiiimons 

I'osler 

Cntnd Forks. 

<iriK's:8 

Kidder 

La Moure 

lyogaii 

McHt-nry 

Mcintosh 

MrlycaD 

Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Tierce 

U.iiiisey 

Kaiisom 

Kichland 

I'.olette 

Sarirenl 

Si.irk 

S le 



Stutsman. 
Towner... 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



County Seat. 



Valley City 

Minnewaukan 

Medora 

Bottineau 

Bismarck 

Fargo 

Langdon 

Kllendale 

New Roekford 

Willianisport 

Carriiijjton 

Grand Forks 

l^operstown 

.Steele 

La Moure 

Napoleon 

Towner 

.•\shley 

Washhurn 

Stanton 

.Marulau 

Lukota 

Sanger 

Penibina 

Kiigby 

Devils Lake 

Lisbon 

Wahpeton 

St. John 

Forman 

Dickinson 

Sherbrooke 

JameHtown 

Cando 

Caledonia 

Grafcon 

Minot 

SykestoD 



County Clerk 
OR Auditor. 



Chas. S.Walker*... 
JamesM.Cubbisou 
.T C. Williamson... 

M. O. Tibbits 

R.R. Marsh* 

P.S. Golberg* 

n.D. Alien* 

Thurlow Weed*.... 

H. K.tiardner 

E.T. Herrick 

G. L. Faruham 

W. J. Anderson*... 

P. A. Meigard* 

Albert G.Clark 

George RFralick* 
Geo A. Brvant.... 

Allen Mitchell* 

J. H.Wishek 

Herman Hanson.. 

Henry C. Loy 

John Foran 

N. F.Webb* 

George Sanger 

J. Kaliernagle* 

C. A. Krickson 

Henry Hale* 

Tbos. .T. Harris. 

O.H.Perry* 

Cha5.J.I'artridge* 

Chas. Afdem 

(ieorge Auld 

C. G. Huntlev* 

Wni. W. (Jraves*.. 

B. V. Btrry* 

H. A. Langlie* 
O. .M. Fra.Her.... 
Win. (dllins.... 
C.V. Brown 



Trkasuker. 



O.H. deS.Irgens. 

('arl G. Brown 

J. A. Ferris 

P. R. Ferguson 

John P. Dunn 

A. H.Burk 

Geo. F. Winter 

T.W. Millbam 

L. G.Willis 

Dugald Campbell. 

E. F. Porter 

.\. Abrahamsen.... 
Knud Thompson.. 

Isaac A. Foye 

W. E. Brewer 

Chas. J. Hoof 

Geo. H.Soule 

T. O. Gulark 

J. J. Robinson 

D.P.Tresler 

Frank A. Briggs... 
W. C. Daniels.:.... 
J.W.Hendricks.. 
E.T.Thompson... 
Christian Evenson 

()li; Serumgard 

Hans P. Grinager. 
lO. K. Ulsaker 



SlIRHIFF. 



Thos. Hesketh . 



J. D. Yai.-^er 

J. A. Farrah 

K. H. Brtinsdale... 

IS. R. McGinnis 

iCbas. H. Ensign... 

'K. J. Noniland 

N. O. Noben 

G. S. Reishus 

D.T.Davis 



John Simons. 
Fred Snore. 

E. G. Paddock. 
David Hoover. 
Frank Donnelly. 
C.W. Smith, 
(iunder Nel-on. 
W. A Cros.-. 
Jas. E. Daley. 
James .s. McQee. 
Ralph Hall. 
Jas. K. Swan. 
M. L. .Michaels. 
T.J. Woiidmause. 
J.W..sto<idard. 
O.T. House. 

W. R. PitLs. 
C. D. Johnson. 
Peter Lambiuist. 
C. C. Mi'ore (mer. 
G. F. liitigenbei- 

F. K. .McCov. 
P. H. Bagnell. 
Wm. James 
Frank J.Sikes. 
Ever WagnedS. 
T. N. Onim. 

J. H. Miller. 
Thos. C. Flynn. 
F. G. Bartlett. 
Jerry Hayes. 
S. I>. Linn. 
M. H. .Schmitz. 
J. H. McCuno. 
S. N. Ht-skiu. 
Gunden Olson. 
E. Coleman. 
Jav Carr. 



•Auditor. 



42 



STATE OF ^'ORTH DAKOTA. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Benson 

Billings 

Bottineau 

Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Euimons 

Foster 

Grand Forks 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce , 

Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Clerk of Dis- 
trict COCRT. 



A. J. Henry 

J. L. Richmond.... 

J. S. Seaton 

John W. Bennett.. 

6 Ed. .S.Allen 

L. W. Schruth 

John E. Truax 

T.M.Evans 

Wm. (). Baird 

D. R. Streeter 

James Murphy 

L. K. Hassell 

J. P. Jorgenson.... 
L. B. Roseberry.... 

E. M.Whitman.... 

James A. Weed 

C. D. Rice 

C. C. Hammond... 
Charles E. Merrill 

S. C.Walker 

M. B.Doyle 

1 Chas. Adler 

6 George Sanger 

1 Henry D. Borden. 

2 Wm. S.Russell 

2 T. C. Saunders 

4 Gilbert LaDu 

4 J. Shippam 

2 Frank F. Phillips 

4 J. W. Christian.... 
6 E. R. Bonney 

3 W. A. Winslow 

5 T.F.Branch 

2 A. H. Riggs 

3 O.P.Clark 

1 James Garbutt 

2 James Johnson 

5 John A. Williams. 



Register op 
Deeds. 



J. D. Black 

J. M. Cubbison... 
J. C. Williamson. 

M. O. Tibbits 

John N. Richards 

J.H. Hanson 

P. K. Haugen 

GJeo. H. Keyes 

H. E. Gardner 

E. T. Herrick 

G. L. Farnham 

E.G. Elwood 

Roller Berg 

Albert G. Clark... 

J.T.Butler 

Geo. A. Bryant 

Geo. T.Inkster 

J. H. Wishek 

Herman Hanson... 

Henry C. Loy 

Joseph Miller 

A. M. Tofthagen... 

George Sanger 

J. 11. Anderson.... 

C. A. Erickson 

H.M. Creel 

R. M. Davis 

J. M. Euggles 

Ole E, Petesron.... 

A.F.Price 

George Auld 

M. B. Cassell 

A. B. Ashley 

W. E. Pew 

AsaSargeant 

Wm. Tierney 

Wm. Collins 

C. V. Brown 



Attorney. 



G. K. Audrus.... 

E. S. Rolfe 

W. H. Francis.. 
V. B. Noble 

F. V.Barnes.... 
S. B. Bartlett.... 

Fred Zick 

John H. Boyle.. 
Joseph Curry... 



Heber McHugh. 
John M. Cochran. 

Iver Jacobson 

W. F. Cochrane... 
N. B. Wilkinson.. 



Chas. E. Jones . 

Geo. H. Fay 

N. F. Boucher... 



H. G. Voss 

M. N. Johnson 

B. W.Shaw 

Wm. J. Kneeshaw 



Superintend- 
ent OF .Schools. 



Belle S. Spurr. 
M. F. Minehan. 
W. F. Dantz. 
F. AV. Cathro. 
W. T. Perkins. 
W. Clapp. 
E. J. Fox. 
C. A. Kent. 



J. F. O'Brien.. 
Pat Rourke.... 
W. S. Lander.. 



J. E. Bishop 

J. G. Campbell. 

C.J. Paul 

J. A. Frye , 

O. O. Whited.... 

F.W.Ames 

W. J. Hughes... 

E. A. Mears 

A. G. Corel! 



W. B. Andrus. 
L. J. Eisenhuth. 
M. A. Shirlev. 
Theo. F. Kerr. 
Mamie Portner. 
J. M. Devine. 
Janie C. Foster. 
H. J.Koppeadahl. 
A. S. Wiles. 
L. M. Wallin. 
Alice V. Cook. 
E. J. Steele. 
M. L. Williams. 
Mrs. H. R. Thurston. 
C. E. Jackson. 
1. M. McBride. 
John F. Cowan. 
W. F. Granger. 
W. M. House. 
John E. Brown. 
S. A. Danford. 
Alice A. Allison. 
S. J. Axdahl. 
T. S. Wadsworth. 
H. C. Meacham. 
Joseph Kennedy. 
R. M. Evans. 
Sade Webber. 
Kate Needham. 



STATE OF NoKIH IiAKoTA. 



I ; 



orrirr Ai, I'lnFrroRY— rns.iinKi.. 



COUNTIKS. Z 



iJ.inies 

Kfiison 

Billiiij^ 

Bollineaii 

I'.irleigh 

iiliiT , 

I'ickev 

E.!dy.'. 

Kinmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks 

<>rit;gs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McIIenry 

Milntosh 

Mclyean 

Merwr 

Morton 

Nelson , 

Oliver 

Peniltina 

Piercfi 

Kaiusey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsiuau 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



SURVKYOK. 



Assessor. 



Frank White... 
V. B. Matthews. 



County Judge. 



Ole Honenian 

Thos. B. Herron. 

J. D. White 

O. McGuinn 

E. J. Hermans ... 



H. W. Allen. 



Alex. Oldham 

U. A. Ueland 

Frank H. Hill 

C. N. Valentine.... 



.Fohn T.Bailey 

LaMotte Miles 

M. T. Rcc<»rds 

Stephen Tanl 

Lyuian N. Cary... 



Frank E. Hebert.. 
Frank Creek 



M. E. Severance... 

■J. W. BlandinK 

tJiis. E. l>eschene,.i 
John W. Peek... 



E. W. Palmer . 
J. H. Homey.. 
J. M. Snyder.. 

John Anil) 

J. B. Warren . 



Chas. Biladeau,, 



Nicholas Flagler. 

.'^aiiiiiel Ells 

C IL Mason 

Anton Sveiisnira.. 
A. y\. Thomp>son.. 

E. H. Holfe 

To. Assessors 

Tp. Assessors 

.\. D. Tomlinson... 
Charles Mclnlyre 

E. T.Guptil 

Tp. Asses-sors 

F. Greenland 

J. n. Williams 

John Flaherty 

.^. M. Barry 

Peter N. (iillierR... 
H. A. Garbelniann 

P. H. Nelson 

.Samuel Sprechcr. 
G.A.Breekenridge 

Olo O. Forde 

Henry Allwrs 

Tp. Assessors 

E. T. Stroniiann... 

Albert Rolwrts 

K. O. Faucette 

Tp. As.sessor> 

Alex. Cbarlebois... 

Thos. Johnson 

Lewis L. 1.,4'wis 

Warren -Vrcher 

C. H. Flint 

T.J. Noyes 

Tp. As.s<'s.sors 

Tp. AsHes,sors 

H. B. .loliiison 

J.B. Ilardy 



ClIAIKMAN 

BoAKI) 

OF Cl>l»KTY 

COUMI.S.SIONERS. 



J. Jell' Dobbin 
Henry 1'. Thomas 

J. E. .McCaul 

.Archie >Ie.\rihiir 
•lohn F. Philbrick 

A. Roberts 

H. E. Dorval 

S. A. Bowes 

A. C. Buck 

John Klefristra.... 
Geo. II. Estabrook 
Richard Bennett. 
Peter E. Nelson.. 

R. P. Allison 

LL W. John.ston 

[.John Orner 

\V. D. Mcllintock. 

1{. A. Larimer 

A. C. Ranard 

George Hawley... 

E. C. Rice 

H. I). Fruit 

C. M. Grirtith 

E. A. Armstrong.. 
David E^ Thomas 

D, G. Duell 

E.J. Ryman 

John .'^'hippam 

•lohn Burke 

J. .M. Vail 

W H Kieliards 

John Duncan... 
Thos. Hayes .... 
E<1. F. Sibley.... 
J. O. Kjelsberg 

I. L. Cnrrie 

J. B. Roark 

U.B. Chess 



D. Green. 
James Michels. 
.1. A. Van Keghen. 
L. D. Diiiia. 
Anderson Healy. 
Wm. Strihlow. 

E. I. Donovan. 
D. B. McDonald. 
J. W. Ha.kiey. 
James B.(iuyion. 

F. G. Barlow. 
O.L. Steele. 
R. C. Cooper. 

'John Harcoiirt. 
A. E. Raney. 
IWm. E. Hoke. 
G.W. Strong. 
C. V. Bosye. 
Ollrer O. Rhude. 
Wm. T. .loni's. 
J. J. Luck. 
J. H. McLaughlin. 
Louis Connolly. 
.S. L. Haight. 
iGeo. W.Spaun. 
Ja-s. McCormick. 
|L B.Chamberlin. 
I P. S. Larson. 
Patrick Forest. 
'John Herman 
|A.C.M(Gillivray. 
iMartin HansoL. 
J.J. Eddy. 
'Jas. J. .McCanna. 
P. Herbrandson. 
Joseph Tombs. 
Wm. Naek. 
Mark Kaily. 



44 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



THE STATE LEGISLATURE OF 1889. 
SENATE. 

President, Lieut. Gov. Alfred Dickey. 

DiST. Post Office. County. 

1 — Judson La Moure Peinbiua Pembina. 

2 — *A. F. Appleton Crystal Pembina. 

3 — Roger Allen Park River Walsh. 

4—* James H. Bell Minbo Walsh. 

5 — J. E. Stevens Northwood Grand Forks. 

6 — *M. L. McCormack Grand Forks Grand Forks. 

7 — Geo. B. Winship Grand Forks Grand Forks. 

8__W. H. Robinson Mayville Traill. 

9— John E. Haggart Fargo Cass. 

10 — H. J. Rowe Casselton Cass. 

11— *H. R. Hartman Wheatland Cass. 

12 — Andrew Slotten Wahpeton Richland. 

13 — Andrew Heglesou Milnor Sargent. 

14 — Andrew Sandager Lisbon Ransom. 

15 — Samuel A. Fisher Valley City Barnes. 

16 — J. O. Smith Hatton Griggs. 

17— D. S. Dodds Lakota Nelson. 

18 — *John McBride Langdon Cavalier. 

19_*R. D. Cowan Rolla Rolette. 

20 — E. L. Yager Minnewaukan Benson. 

21 — W. E. Swansfcon Grand Harbor Ramsey. 

22 — F. G. Barlow Barlow Foster. 

23 — Bailey Fuller Jamestown Stutsman. 

24 — H. S. Deisem La Moure La Moure. 

25— *M. E. Randall Ellendale Dickey. 

26 — J. H. Worst Williamsport Emmons. 

27— C. B. Little Bismarck Burleigh. 

28 — Anton Svensrud Bottineau Bottineau. 

29— E. H. Belyea Minot Ward. 

30 — George Harmon Mandan Morton. 

21 — N. C. Lawrence Dickinson Stark. 

Secretary: C. C. Bowsfield. Sergeant-at-Arms: J. W. Woods. 



HOUSE. 

Speaker, David B. Wellman. 



DisT. Post Office. County. 

, f John H. Watt Pembina Pembina. 

\ R. B. Richardson Drayton Pembina. 

„ f *H. L. Norton Hamilton Pembina. 

t John Stadelman Cavalier Pembina. 

„/ John H. McCullough Park River Walsh. 

t A. N. Foss Park River ."Walsh. 

fjohn Montgomery Ardocb Walsh. 
A. O. Haugerud Grafton Walsh. 
Alex. Thompson Minto Walsh. 

c / Franklin Estabrook Inkster Grand Forks. 

t NelsTanberg Northwood Grand Forks. 

„ f Geo. H. Walsh Grand Forks Grand Forks. 

1 *L. J. Zimmer Manvel Grand -Forks. 



9 



Court Kutlalo Cass. 

Liiiiger Everest Cass. 



STATE OF NOUTH DAKOTA. 45 

DisT. Post Office. Cocxty. 

_ f A. P. Hwagen Rpynold.s fJrand Forks. 

\Ole T. (ironli Kinerado Grand l-'orks. 

r Hoderick Johusou Uillshoro Traill. 

„ ! *0. T. Jabr Portland Traill. 

^ ] J. F. Si'lhv Hilbboro Traill. 

[h. H. Strom Hillslwro Traill. 

f E. S. Tyler Fargo Cilss. 

\ Frank J. Thomixson Fargo Cius8. 

( Eli D. Mclntyre ." Casselton Cass. 

lu- N. B. Pinkliam Fargo Ca.sa. 

{ .Iiihn O. Bve Hirkson Citss. 

fll. 1). 
11 \ P>ank 

i W. W. Beard Hunter .^. Cass. 

IB. ][. Ilankinson Hankinsou *. Richland. 
K. N. Ink Wahpeton Richland. 
A. (). Heglie Walcott Richland. 

,of E. W. Bowen Forman Sargent. 

\ W. S. Buchanan Forniaa Sargent. 

J J f R. N. Stevens Lisbon Ransom. 

\ J. L. Green Lisbon Ransom. 

. - ( Duncan McDonald Valley City Barnes. 

' \ C. J. Christiansen Valley Citv Barnes. 

jyjW. H. H. Roney ClilVord (Traill) Steele. 

\ Chris. Balkan Coopersto wn Griggs. 

17— Ole E. Olsgard Lakota NeLson. 

1r/ *^' ^^' ^^^^'P'^y Langdon Cavalier. 

\ *F. R. Renaud Langdon Cavalier. 

19 — James Britten Cando Towner. 

Q^ f Geo. E. Ingebretson Minnewaukan Ben.son. 

ID. P. Tbom:is Rugby Pierce. 

(y^ f James McCormack Devils Lake Ramsey. 

" ^ C. A. Currier Devils Lake Ramsey. 

eye, j D. B. Wellmau, Speaker New Rocklord Eddy. 

""1 Ln 

23| 



Luther L. "Walton Sykcston Wells. 

George Lutz Jamestown Stutsman. 

John M i Istad Jamestown Stutsman. 

24 — L. A . Ueland Edgelev La M oure. 

o- f W. B. Allen Ludden Dickey. 

'''' \ A. T. Cole EUendale Dickey. 

2gf George W. Lilly A.shley Mcintosh. 

I. "W. L. Belden Napoleon Logan. 

()„ f E. A. Williams Bismarck lUirlciuh. 

"' { George W. Rawlings Sterling Ihirleigh. 

28 — James Reed Towner Mcllenry. 

2!>— A. C. Nedrud Minot Wanl. 

^ f A. W. Hovt Mandan Morton. 

■^\P. B. Wickham New Salem Morton. 

31— C. C. Moore Stanton Mercer. 

Chief Clerk: J. G. Hamilton*. Sergeant-at-Arms: Fred. Snobe. 

• Democrat^i; all others I(<-pubiican«. 



PART II. 



IV. 



BOUNDAEIES. 



The State of North Dakota is located oa the northern boundary of the 
United States, about midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and half 
way between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay, in the heart of the North 
American continent. Its southern boundary is the 7th standard parallel, 
which separates it from South Dakota, its northern boundary being the 49th 
parallel, which separates it from the British provinces of Manitoba and Assini- 
boia, and barely half way between the equator and the north pole. The east- 
ern boundary is formed by the Red River of the North, which separates it 
from Minnesota. The western boundary is the Greenwich meridian of 104°, 
and the Washington meridian of 24°, which separates it from Montana. Its 
extent from north to south is a little over 210 miles, while from east to west it 
is about 360 miles. It contains 52 countie.s, of which 14 are unorganized, and 
has an area of 74,312 square miles, or 47,.569,680 acres. 

Geog'rapliical Divisions. — The state has several marked geographical 
divisions; the principal ones being the Red river valley, the James river valley, 
the Devils lake and Turtle Mountain regions, the Mouse river country, the 
Missouri slope or coteau country, and the West Missouri or West North Dakota 
country. The main features of these sections are described iinder their re" 
spective headings. 

Red River Valley. — The Red River of the North is so called to dis- 
tinguisli it from the large southern river of the same name. In speaking of 
the valley of the Red river it must not be understood to apply to a narrow 
depression, as is usually the case with rivers, but to a broad, level plain, from 
50 to 60 miles wide, and high enough above the river to prevent overflow 
and afford the best of drainage; and yet it is "bottom laud" in the sense of hav- 
ing a deep black mould as fertile as any in the world. The Red river valley is the 
garden spot of the North. In ancient times its surface was probably the bed of 
an immense lake, whose waters, receding, left a heavy, black alluvial deposit 
from two to four feet deep. This richest of soils produces the best of No. 
1 hard wheat, and raises three-fourths of the crop of North Dakota. The 
valley is a veritable farmers' paradise; there is none other like it on the con- 
tinent for the production of small grains. The Red river is navigable from 
Fargo to Winnipeg, and before the days of railroads it enjoyed a large traffic; 
it empties into Lake Winnipeg, the waters of which reach Hudson's bay 
through Nelson river. The valley is now well supplied with railroads; it con- 
tains over one-third of the present population of North Dakota, and has room 
for many thousands more. Only about one-fifth of the area of the valley is 



STATK i>K NOKTII HAiMnA. 47 

in use at the present time, a fact which will give one some i«lea of the immense 
capacitj' and r<'s<iiirces of this great wheat Itasin. The cost of wheat niising 
has been reduced to tJie iiiiuimuiii, the ligures prepared by a large farmer show- 
ing an outlay' of 40 cents per bushel. It is not only as a granary that the Red 
river valley is entitled to especial prominence. It is coming to be known as 
the home of fine horses and cattle, the thoronghbreds and jiopular breeds pre- 
iloniinating in the stock raised on farms. There are a number of successfol 
breeding farms in the valley, and this industry promises to assume very large 
proportion.s. Not the least significant showing inconnection with thesnccessful 
raising of the best and soundest of horses and cattle in the Red river valley, is 
the fait that but littleor no coru is u.sed in feeding. The substitution of barley 
ground with vegetable fodder is highly satisfactory. The use of this fodder 
with a certain proportion of small grain is no new thing in stock raising in 
northern climates. The Canadians prefer the barley and peas to any other 
feed, and claim it is better tor stock than corn. Results are what tell and con- 
vince, and these may be studied to advantjige in the Red river valley. 

Tlie valley of the Red river is not only of extreme fertility, but so is all of 
North Dakotii. As early as 1882 Prof Denton, a gentleman of hi^h reputation 
as a geologist and agriciiltnral chemist, and whose opinions have been vcrilied 
by results, said: 

"It would be hard to tind as large a connected body of good land elsewhere 
on this continent, where the best food of man can be as readily produced, as 
that which exists within the boundaries of Dakota, and through the heart of 
which lies the Northern Pacific railroad. From Motley, Minn., west, the soil 
improves, being either underlaid by limestone, or the limestone countries lying 
to the north h.ive by glacial agency furnished the soil with valuable constitu- 
ents. Boulders are comparatively few, and the soil becomes deeper, richer, 
blacker, every mile till the Red river valley is reached, when the soil is un- 
surjvussed by that of the Nile valley. Here for nearly fifty miles in breadth is 
exceedingly deep, dark, fine soil" — (meant to include both surface and sub- 
soils) — "and with no boulders or gravel, a remarkable fact in a region so far 
north, and with boulders lying over the country east, west and south of it. 

■'\\'Tien the cold of the glacial period gave place to the present climate, the 
indications are that the change took place instantiineously, and the great ice- 
sheet then covering this northern region — in some places a mile or more in 
thickness — was" (by a new inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its 
orbit) "suddenly introducod to a temperate climate. Melting in the hot sum- 
mer suns, it produced a Hood, the etfects ot" which are observable to the geolo- 
gist, from north Minnesota to the Gulf But such a body of ice melted not in 
one, or a dozen summers. For many years lay the great ice-field to the north, 
preventing the jn^s-sage of waters in tlie direction the general slopt- of the coun- 
try here wonhl have led them, and thus, as far south as the slope of the land 
would permit, a lake existed where the Red river valley now is, and gradually 
enlarged to the north as the ice melted. At the bottom of the lake mud was 
continnally being deposited, prodnced by the ground-down silurian. devonian 
and cretaceous beds lying to the north, over which the ice still for many years 
continued to move, bearing masses of their earthy aulistances; when it was all 
melted, the dammed-up waters found a natunil outlet to Hudsftn's bay, and 
the Red river Wiis formed. Thus in the Red river valley the glacial drift — 



48 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

boulders, gravel, etc. — is covered deep beneath the lake mud, and that mud is 
now the soil of the country, admirably adapted to the production of grain best 
fitted to build up the physical system of man. 

"From the Red river valley west to the Bad Lands, a breadth of more than 
300 miles, is an exceedingly fertile prairie country, destined throughout 
its entire extent to be a very rich agricultural region. The poorest land 
anywhere to be found is better than the average of Massachusetts. In some 
places are large accumulations of glacial material — sand, gravel and boulders 
piled confusedly together where they had been pushed by the sliding glacier 
or left where they had melted out of its mass. But in most of the railroad 
cuttings — especially nearing the Missouri river — were evidences of the action 
of large bodies of water, which had modified the drift material, sorting it into 
stratified beds of sand and gravel ; — evidences, also, that large bodies of water 
had rested at times on the land, depositing sediment — and beds of loess, very 
similar in appearance to that of Iowa and Missouri, had been formed — pro- 
ducing soils of great fertility." 

Lands can still be had in the Red river valley at very low price, considering 
the advantages of being near markets, railroads, schools, churches and post 
offices, and offering other of the comforts and conveniences of much older 
communities. There is still some Government land in the second and third 
tiers of counties from the river, the land offices for which are at Fargo and 
Grand Forks. 

So fertile and productive has this great region proven to be, that it is esti- 
mated that it will furnish a heavy traffic for a railroad every 15 miles apart. 
The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway has three trunk lines through 
most of the western half of the valley, built to strike the very richest aud best 
crop-producing sections of this region. This road hauls a large part of the en- 
tire grain tonnage of the valley, and it has been a most potent factor in a de- 
velopment so rapid that it has not been equaled in the settlement of any part 
of the United States. From Fargo north to the boundary one of the trunk 
lines of this railway reaches for a distance of 170 miles, and enjoys the distinc- 
tion of having the largest grain elevators and grain tonnage at original points 
of any line in the world. The line from Wahpeton, with its various branches 
running north through the valley, also runs through a magnificent farming 
section, already well developed, aud hardly, if any, less inferior in productive 
capacity. From Grand Forks north to the boundary, 90 miles, the railway 
stations of this modern Egypt, although but 4 to 5 miles apart, each have 
from 4 to 10 large grain elevators, with a combined storage capacity at each 
station ranging from 200,000 to 400,000 bushels of wheat, an elevator capacity 
which would be notable in other parts of the country in cities of 50,000 popu- 
lation. At certain stations in Walsh and Pembina counties this road has re- 
ceived as much as 1,000,000 bushels of wheat for freight from a single crop. 
The long lines of tall elevators are the most prominent objects seen in crossing 
the prairies, and although of such great capacity, yet during a year of average 
yield they have proven to have an insufficient capacity for the storage of the 
grain received from the surrounding farmers. During the fall of 1889 this 
branch line of railway has hauled an average of 75 cars a day of wheat, received 
from elevators and farmers along the line, within a distance of 90 miles. Be- 
sides this daily movement of wheat, which has continued since September 15th 



STATE OF NOBTII DAKOTA. 49 

on the crop of the present season, on Deoember 1st there was (juite 1,500,000 
hnshels in store at the 11 stations between Grand Forks and the boundary- 
Tliis will convey some idea of the astouishin>^ productiveness of even the north- 
ern part of the Red river valley. Contrary to gciipral opinion, the yield and 
(luality of crops grown in the valley increa.ses slightly as we go northward until 
we reach the Iwundary, demonstrating the fact that in the northern part of the 
Kod river valley is found the most favorable soil and climate for the produc- 
tion of the small grains. The valley is also traversed north and .south of Fargo 
by branches of the Northern Pacilic road. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
also comes to Fargo, making three great railroad systems in the great valley. 
Not only is this valley well supplie<l with railroads, but nearly every organized 
county in the state is penetrated by the iron rail. 

James Kivor Valley.— The James river valley in North Dakota con- 
tains some of the most prosperous counties of the state. The country along 
tlie river from La Moure to Jamestown is charming, and the lands are fertile. 
Large crops of wheat are harvested in this region and in the district north of 
.Tamestown, and farming of every kind is profitable. All grain is sown in the 
spring. Fair crops of potatoes, flax, oats and light yields of wheat can be 
gathered from the soil the first year if the breaking is done early. Sod crops ot 
llax have brought as higli as $15 to the acre, generally several times the cost 
of the land. Oats, after wheat, make a fine yield, and are the least exhausting 
of any crop produced. The summer nights are too cool for the large varieties 
of corn common to Iowa, Illinois and South Dakota, but the Indian varieties, 
small grained, give profitable yields. Sweet or table corn does as well as in 
Maine, where it is extensively grown for canning purposes. All the forage 
crops, millet, alfalfa, etc., do well, while the root crops, potatoes, turnips, 
etc., grow tons to the acre. The breaking season begins the first of June, after 
all seeding is usually over, the litter commencing about the tenth of April. 
The hay harvest commences during the middle part of July and continues 
:ihout four weeks. The barley, oats and wheat harvesting season begins aboat 
the tenth of August, the crops coming in the order named. Stock raising is 
becoming more of a leading industry all the time, and cattle and horses are 
imported freely for breeding piuposes. There are some fine herds of thorough- 
bred stock in the valley, in both North and South Dakotji. Cattle from James- 
town took first premium at the Minnesota State Fair this year, as well as at 
the territorial fair at Grand Forks. The .la-nes river valley is one of the 
most noted artesian well districts in the world. The well at Jamestown is of 
sufficient volume and force to supply the city with water for all purposes. The 
I'resbyteriau College, standing on a high blufl' three-quarters of a mile distant 
Ironj this well, is supplied with water all over the building at a pressure of fiO 
pounds to the square inch. There is not any Government land to speak of 
along the James river, the little there is being found mostly in the Fargo and 
Devils Lake land districts. The Northern' Pacitic Railroad Company owns 
onsiderablc land in this section, which can be bought on long time at low 
figures. Land can never be lower than now. On this subject E. V. Smalley 
of the Xorfhirr.it Mngnzine, whose knowledge of Dakota lands is from exten- 
sive personal inspection, says: 

"Land in Dakota will never l)e of lower value than at the present time. 
It will certainly rise with the fuller settlement of the country, the division and 

*4 



50 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

admission of Dakota as two states, the building of new lines of railroad, and the 
growth of the towns. It is not extravagant to say that within five years all 
good virgin land in Dakota, suitable for farming and stock raising, will be worth 
at least §10 per acre, as similar laud now is in Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas." 

Branches of the Northern Pacific railroad run north and south from the 
main line at .Jamestown through the valley of the James, the north branch in- 
tersecting the Manitoba at Leeds while the south line is crossed at La Moure 
by a branch coming from Fargo, and ends at Oakes, where connection is made 
with the Chicago & Northwestern, the Fargo branch terminating at Edgeley, 
where connection is made with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. 

Daring the hunting season this region, as well as all of watered sections, 
oflfers a great variety of game. On the prairies are to be found numerous mem- 
bers of the grouse family,,lwhile along the streams and lakes gather millions of 
geese, brant, ducks and other waterfowl. In the fields, after harvest, the geese 
settle down in such numbers that the ground for acres seems to be covered with 
snow. lu the timbered section four-footed game is found, while the lakes and 
rivers afford plenty of fishing. 

Devil-s Lake and Turtle Mountains. — The Devils Lake region and 
the Turtle Mountain and Big Coulee country lying north of it present numerous 
points of attraction to the settler. The magnificent body of water bearing the 
former name — a veritable inland sea — with its romiutic scenery and heavy 
forest belts, constitutes a charm that contributes to one's residence anywhere 
within a day's riding distance from the lake. The climate is cold but bracing, 
the soil good, and the grasses most excellent. Crops of all kinds are raised, 
and special attention is being paid to the growing of fine stock. There are 
many Canadians of means located in this part of the state. They are raising 
and breeding fine cattle and horses, and have introduced some very valuable 
stock, and are rapidly transforming this into a stock country of some preten- 
sions. The Tartle Mountains are a range of hills covering a region 20 by 40 
miles, two-thirds lying in the United States and the remainder in Manitoba. 
The early maps depicted the region in the form of a turtle, but it has no such 
fanciful shape. The highest points, Butte St. Paul and Bear Butte, rise but a 
few hundred feet above the sorrounding low rolling hills and prairies. Coal is 
abundant, and so is building stone, and iron ore is said to exist in paying 
quantities. There are numerous pretty streams of water. The timber in the 
Turtle Mountains draws a good deal of immigration that way, and the good 
farming land everywhere is being settled on and improved very fast. Besides 
the Canadians, there is a Missouri colony in the Big Coulee country, well known 
for their splendid mules, which make superior draught animals. The vacant pub- 
lic lands in this district may be entered at the Devils Lake laud office. Here, as 
in all parts of the two Dakotas, the wagon roads are always good. In the East 
and South, where farmers haul their products to market over rough, uneven 
and muddy roads, the expenses often more than balance the profits. The ad- 
vantages of good country roads are uuderstood by those who have struggled 
and toiled over the bad fall, winter and spring roads of the Eastern and South- 
ern states. In the D.ikotas large loads can be hauled, and horses be spared the 
worry and strain caused by muddy and uneven roads, A good all-the-year- 
round dirt road is one of the boasts of North Dakota, but of which little is 
said in comparison to its value. 



STATE OK KORTH DAKOTA. 51 

The St. rani, Minneapolis & Manitoba Hailway, by its Montana extension 
and various branch lines, has causeil a rapid settlement and development of this 
part of North Dakotiv, from Devils lake, east, west and north. The main line 
leaving Grand Forks, runs in general a direct westerly course to the eastern 
Inmudary of Montana at Buford. A branch line runs north from Church's Ferry 
to St. John at the eastern end of the Turtle Mountains, and another from Rugby 
Junction to Bottineau at the western end of the mountain.s, providing ample 
transportation facilities lor those sections. This line of railway po.ssesscd no 
land grant in North Dakota, thug leaving every section of laud on each side of 
the road free to settlers, which h;us been a very important advant;ige, and con- 
duced to the settlement of the country tributary to the lines of the Manitoba 
more rapidly than where every other section w:is included within the limits of 
a land grant. The Turtle Mountain region is rapidly assuming prominence for 
stock raising as well as for grain raising. On the smooth southern slopes of 
the mountiiiu at Bottineau w;is raised the wheat which took the premium at 
the New Orleans World's Fair. That part of the St. John's branch extending 
from Church's Ferry to Cando has all of the characteristics of soil and climate 
which have proved so favorable to grain growing in the Red river valley. This 
section is developing so rapidly that it will soon assume a front rank both in 
grain and .stock raising. 

3Ioa.se Kiver Country.— The building across North Dakota of the St. 
Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway brought thousands of settlers into the 
Mouse river country in 1836-87. The tide of immigration flowed on across 
the coteaus and along the upper Mi.s.souri. Settlement in this section was 
somewhat retiirded by the delays in Ciovernment surveys, but immigrants are 
hardy and determined, and on once getting to a new country will take "squat- 
ter sovereignty " rights rf they can't have something better right away. There 
are still some desirable lands left a'ong the railroad, and more than half the 
entire vacant area at present open to settlement is found in the interior 
stretches of country where the early pioneers can have the choice of claims 
and will not have very long to wait for the building of branch lines of railway 
connecting with the trunk roads leading East. There is much fine coal land 
all along the Mouse river, farmers being able to dig their own supplies from 
the hillsides. These lands are situated in the Devils Lake and Bismarck land 
districts. The coming of the railroad has changed everything as if by magic, 
in a region where the grazing of cattle furnished the only pursuit a few years 
ago. The United States census of 1890 will show .some remarkable compari- 
sons, as between 1885 and 1890, for this section, and should furnish some very 
eft'ective campaign material for immigration i>uri)oses. There are many large 
herds of cattle and flocks of sheep all tlirough this region. The grass here does 
not die or decay the year of its growth, but sun-cures on the ground and re- 
mains as nature-made hay. The decay does not begin until the next year, after 
the snow luis melted and the spring rains fall. The Mou.se river cornea down 
from the British territories, and after a long swe«>p in ox-lww shape through 
North Dakota, returns north to reach Hudson's bay along with the Red river. 

Northwestern Dakota, through which the St. Paul, lfIinnea]K)li3 & Manitoba 
railway runs, has a contour of surface decidedly dilTerent from that of other 
parts of the state. The Mouse river, heavily timbered, is a valley sunken on 
an average of 200 to 300 feet below the level of the sarrounding plains. 



52 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

The settlers in this section of the country are engaged very largely in sheep 
and cattle raising. The sheep industry, especially, has rapidly increased in 
the past year. An abundance of shelter and plenty of nutritious grasses, 
with a winter climate modified by chinook winds from the Pacific, make this 
an ideal section for sheep and stock raising. The farm-steads of the settlers 
along the river are mostly built of logs. Although many of them have only 
been in the country from two to four years, yet there is a general increase of 
prosperity throughout this section. 

The Des Lacs river, tributary to the Mouse, has a valley 75 miles in length, 
with an abundance of wood and coal in the bluffs, making most inviting op- 
portunities to the stock raiser and farmer for settlement. Leaving the Mouse 
river valley near Minot, the line of the Manitoba pushes directly westward to 
the Missouri slope, which river it reaches at Williston, thence following its val- 
ley to the Montana line. This section, though thinly settled, has been occupied 
along the Missouri river for a number of years, by ranchers who came into the 
country by steamer on the Missouri before the advent of the railway. Here 
thousands of acres are still open to the settler under the homestead, pre-emp- 
tion and tree claim acts. 

The Missouri Slope.— The Missouri slope comprises that part of North 
Dakota lying west of the divide, or coteau region, between the James and 
Missouri rivers. The intermediate region consists of natural meadows, lake 
lands, knolls, rolling hills and sloping vales. In this region there is much Gov- 
ernment land. Those who have settled here like it. The climate is as health" 
ful as anywhere in the world, and the country is not only excellent for raising 
horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, but for the growth of wheat and all of the cereals 
and root crops. The free range and the fine native grasses offer great inducements 
to stockmen. Above and below Bismarck, along the Missouri, considerable 
attention has been successfully given to small fruits. Wild fruits grow in 
much profusion along the Missouri and other streams. The term "coteau," 
as applied to the dividing ridge, is from the French, and means " little hills.' 
It is a region of geological interest, and swarms with game birds during the 
season. No northern land has a greater variety of wild roses than North Dakota, 
and from early s^jring to late autumn tlie prairies and hillsides bloom with 
dainty flowers. There never was a time in Dakota, no matter how the weather 
affected the field crops, that there was not plenty of wild grasses, which, sun- 
cured on the ground, made nutritious feed, and preferred by stock to tame hay 
in the stack. This region is opened up by the main line of the Northern 
Pacific. 

West North. Dakota. — West of the great river the country is known 
as the West Missouri country, and extensively advertised as such. This is mis- 
leading, because readers are liable to confound it with the State of Missouri. 
It should be called West North Dakota. It is quite unlike East North Dakota. 
The surface is more undulating, being a succession of widely separated hills and 
broad valleys, with conical, flat- topped and rounded buttes present in every 
landscape. There is little snow west of the divide formed by the Coteau range, 
and the climate in other respects is different from that of eastern North Da- 
kota. The streams are open first to the north and west, and the season begins 
at Bismarck and Mandan a little earlier than in the same latitude east of the 
James river. There is generally a certain prospect for corn, which has time to 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



53 



mature. lu the West North Dakota conntry there are a nuinber of German- 
American colonies, which have proved thrifty and prosperous. Crops of all 
kinds are raised with uiiirorm success. The wmntry is well watered by the 
Heart, Knife, Cannon I'.all, Green, Sweetbriar, Curlew, Little Missouri, and 
otlier streams. The country is fertile, ple;isinj; to the eye, and free homesteatls 
can be had in sight of the Northern Pacific railroad. The soil contains mineral 
and vegetable deposits of great value, ca.ses l)eing known where it was so 
.strcmgly impregnated with lime that the snb.soil could be used for plastering 
purjioses, the earth being simi>ly mixeil with sand and hair to form a go«d mor- 
tar. Tlie native coal is found on both sides of the Mis,s<)uri river in this 
region, cropping out from the grassy sides of buttes and lidges in great abun- 
dance. There are as fine larming lands yet nntaken in this part of North Dakota 
as have ever been filed on. By going a little distance from the railroad persons 
can get the pick of these lands, and they will not have to wait long before the 
traeks of some new line are laid to their doors. The lands in this section lie 
within the Bismarck land district. 



POPULATIOX. 

There has been no official enumeration of Dakota since 1885, wlien tlie total 
of both sections of the territory Wius 415,tilo, the increase in the preceding five 
years having been 280,433, but the increase in the last four years has not 
been at an ci|ual rate. To figure on the basis of 5 persoas to each voter the 
present population of North Dakota is 190,490, the total vote for governor at 
the October election being 38,098. Tlicre are 14 unorganized counties in which 
votes were not cast nor counted, taking which, together with the stay-at-homes 
in the organized counties, will safely allow an estimate for North Dakota of 
200,000 iwpulation. The following is the vote and estimates by counties: 



COUNTIES. 



BariirB . 

Hcll.SuU 

Billings .. . 
BotliDPau ... 

Riirlfigb 

<"a.S!( 

nivalier 

I)iikey 

F,.l.ly 

KlIllllODS 

Fo^tlT 

Grami Forks 

<iriKK» 

Ki.l.ler 

l.a Moure 

I'>t!an 

Ml Il.'iiry .... 

.M« Iiitosh 

McLean .. 

MernT 



VotPB 


Eatiinatedl 


Tast for 


Popula- 


Governor. 


tion. 1 


l.fiS9 


8,42.S 


j:"* 


'.', S 1) 


6» 


29."> 


6:{9 


, 3, \9r, 


1,093 


s, 4r.s 


4. 12.T 


20,615 


I.IHI 


.'5,9('.'> 


1,.'59.1 


7, <)r,5 


402 


2,010 


4fi'J 


2, :!».'> 


36r. 


i,s:tii 


3, 192 


l.'i,9fi0 


561 


2,7r.."> 


317 


1,7X5 


829 


4,141 


90 


4.'iO 


287 


1.431 


.S95 


1. 97.1 


264 


1,320 


SH 


44.1, 



COLNTIE.S. 



I Votes lEsJimatod 

Cast for . I'opula- 
I'joverii'T '■"Ml. 



Morion ..., 
Ni-lsoii ... 

Oliver 

IVnibina.. 

Pierce 

Kainsey ... 
Itansoni.... 
Ifii'liland.. 
Kitlette .... 
Sargent.... 

.*<lark 

Steele 

.Stutsman.. 

T»WI|.T. .. 

Traill 

WaNh 

Ward 

W.-IIS 



01.1 
888 
78 
794 
227 
122 
■.MU 
970 
488 
243 
614 
r>:i>( 

421 

4-.'« 
••'jit 
942 
410 



Total. 



:{8,098 , 190,490 



54 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 

The Scandinavians — the Norwegians outnnmbering the Swedes — and Cana- 
dians comprise the bulk of the foreign population of North Dakota, and both 
classes are very desirable. So, too, are the German colonists west of the Mis" 
souri river. The native American population comes from the Eastern and 
prairie states, and are an energetic, thrifty people. 

VI. 

CLIMATE. 

Sea.SOns. — North Dakota is cold in winter, but dry, and both human beings 
and animals can stand a pretty low temperature under such circumstances with- 
out feeling it much or suffering from it. There is no rain in winter, and no mud 
or slush. Under foot the snow lies crisp and hard. The storms are not so fre- 
quent as in Ohio or New York, and blizzards like that of 1888 are of short du- 
ration and occur only once in many years. The winter breaks in March, and 
seeding and farming operations begin as soon as the frost is out of the ground 
to the depth of a few inches. There is no stormy weather and muddy roads 
in the spring or autumn. The summers are distinguished by warm days tem- 
pered by constant breezes, and by cool nights. The fall is a delightful season of 
bright, sunny wheather, and frequently extends far into December. Plowing 
generally continues until about the middle of November. During the winter 
of 1888-89 farmers were able to do some kind of work in their fields every 
mouth. 

Temperature. — The mean annual temperature, as shown by the records 
of signal offices at widely separated points in North Dakota, is as follows: Bis- 
marck, 39.4°; Fargo, 37°; Pembina, 34.4°; FortBuford, 38.7°. Theannual rain- 
fall at the same places is as follows: Bismarck, 20.10 inches; Fargo, 27.17 
inches; Pembina, 21.91 inches; Fort Buford, 13.91 inches. For general health- 
fulness there are few climates that can equal that of North Dakota; consump- 
tion rarely originates here, and malarial diseases are unknown. 

Eastern people who think North Dakota is hyperborean or sub-arctic, will be 
astonished to learn that winter is not a dreaded season; on the contrary it is 
an agreeable time of rest and refreshment from the labors of the harvest, and 
without the slush and variableness of Atlantic and lake state winters. That it 
is healthy is seen in the robust, active and energetic people. Warm clothing 
is necessary and with it the cold is rendered powerless. Cold can be kept out, 
but not heat. The cold of a humid region is felt much more keenly than in a 
dry climate. Down on the Gulf coast 30° above zero is more penetrating and 
chilly than zero in North Dakota, and 20° or 25° above zero temperature in 
New Orleans will give a Northern man shakes like an ague. The winds of 
North Dakota are not as piercing as those of Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas, or 
nearest to the warmer rising air currents which cause the winds. 

Kaillfall. — There has been more or less discouragement at what seems a 
diminished rainfall. It is a well-established fact that affairs in both the material 
and moral worlds have their seasons. We have heat waves and cold waves, and 
the results from long periods of observation show that a series of years of de- 
creased rainfall and increased rainfall succeed each other as regularly as night 
follows day. Prof Warren Upham of the United States Geological Survey, who 



STATB OF NOBTH DAKOTA 55 

has been spendiag much timediirinf? the last four years in North Dakota, claims 
1*1 have found a soientilio ba-sis for the theory of tlian^iuj^ periods of maximum 
and minimum moisture by studying the shorelines of Devils lake and other 
boilics of water whicli show regular fluctuations of wet and dry perio<ls. It is 
his opinion, and he is willing to stake his professional reputation uiM)n the asser- 
tion, that the greatest degree of aridity or lack of moisture has been reacheil, 
and that wet seasons may be expected for a series of years. It is his opinion 
that the range from most moisture to the least swings over a period of from ten 
to twelve years. Confidence of more than ordinary importance can be placed 
in the utterance of such a man, who ha.s had superior opportunities to delve 
into the mysteries of Nature and learn her secrets. 

The rainfall may not be materially increased by settlement, cultivation and 
tree planting, but better use is made of what falls, and conditions more con- 
ducive to the growth of new and better forms of plant life are developed. Man 
is changing and subverting the climate and country to his own use, not in viola- 
tion of, but in accordance with, natural law. By turning over the sod and 
breaking up the upper crust, so long impervious to rain, a storehouse is made 
for water, which gradually evaporating, instead of rushing off in torrents, re- 
lieves the aridity of the air and establishes relationship with the clouds through 
electric conductors from the ground in the form of ascending moisture. It has 
not lieen long since meteorologists placed the western line of agriculture at the 
97th meridian, the eastern boundary of the Dakotas, but settlers paid little atten- 
tion to the rain limit, and pushed on west after homes until they are now found 
cultivating the ground in Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, to our benefit, 
hnn<lreds of miles beyond the old meridian, and the once sun-dried and hard- 
trodden plains of Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas have blossomed into fields and 
gardens. It is quite evident that we are in the period of diminished rainfall* 
while other regions are suffering from an oversupply, but our fat years will 
come, and in the exuberance of plenty the present lean ones will be forgotten. 

The Xorth. — Those who come herewith the idea that they are on the 
northern limit of agriculture are .surprised to learn that the North is further on, 
just as the West is further on. Hundreds of miles north of the northern Ikjuu- 
dary line of the state white people live and cultivate the ground. North of the 
international boundary line permanent white settlement was made before what 
is now Dakota was purch:iscd by the United States. Few persons realize the 
enormous extent of territory lying north of the 49th parallel. It is a region 
larger than the entire area of the United States. Althongh under the general 
name of Canada, it is divided into eight di.stinct provinces, in all having a com- 
l)incd area of nearly 3,500,000 square nules and a population of 4 ..lOO.OOO. The 
railroad mileage is about 15,000 miles; the banks have $.>;{0,()()0,()00 assets; the 
imports and exports exceed $200,000,000 a year, and the governmental 
revenues aggregate $35,000,000 per annum. Wheat is raised hundreds of miles 
north of the northern Ixjuudary of North Dakota. The resources of (ields, 
pastures, forests and mines of this v:ust region are boundless, and in the future 
must add immensely to the world's wealth. 



56 STATE OF NORTH DAKO'J A. 

VII. 
AGRICULTURE. 

The foundatiou of the wealth and prosperity of the Dakotas is iu their agri- 
cultural products, and developmeiit is still iu its infancy. The older states are 
overtaking their food-producing capacity, while the possibilities of our agricul- 
tural interests are still an unknown quantity. So rapid has been the growth of 
the Dakotas and so marvelous the yield of cereals, that the great trade centres 
have not ceased wondering at the new factors in food production. 

North Dakota attracted attention by producing a wheat that is a grade unto 
itself, — No. 1 hard, — famous now all over the civilized world as making the best 
flour ever known. Civilization has kept pace with the use of white bread 
among the masses. North Dakota not only produces bread for its own people, 
but sends millions of bushels of the bread-making cereal away to feed the 
hungry of other lands. Of 2,500 samples of wheat from all parts of the world 
tested by the chemist of the National Department of Argriculture, No. 1 
hard from North Dakota led all others for possessing the largest percentage of 
nutritious properties. For the past three years the Territory of Dakota led all 
the states and territories in the total yield of wheat, of which quantity the 
north state's share was more than half. North Dakota's claim to agricultural 
greatness is not confined solely to the growth of wheat, it produces all the small 
grains iu gracious abundance and of splendid quality. 

The Board of Agriculture of North Dakota is constituted as follows: I. C. 
Wade, president, Jamestown; J. P. Power, vice president, Wahpeton; Gerald 
Pierce, secretary, Bismarck; E. Y. Searles, treasurer, Hillsboro; J. B. Valland- 
igham, Valley City; Joseph Tombs, Grafton; R. T. Kingman, Hillsboro; R. D. 
Glasgow, Cisselton; Clarence Price, Bismarck; H. I. Norton, Hamilton; Wm. 
Budge, Grand Forks. 

The North Dakota Farmers Alliance is now a state organization to itself, 
independent of the South Dakota' alliance. The officers are Walter Muir of 
Cass county, president; James Dobie of Pembina county, and Andrew Slotten 
of Richland county, respectively first and second vice presidents; M. D. Wil- 
liams of Stutsman county, secretary; S. W. Unkenholz of Morton county, 
treasurer; Ira S. Lampman of Barnes county, lecturer. F. B. Fancher of Stuts- 
man county has charge of the insurance department. The official organ is the 
Capital, published at Jamestown. 

Statistics. — The accompanying tables, which show the acreage and yield of 
crops for 1888 and 1839, are of interest, and furnish food for reflection. It will 
be seen that in 1883 the little more than 3,000,000 acres in cultivation, out of a 
total of quite 48,000,000 in the state, produced nearly 40,000,000 bushels of 
small grains, not including divers other products of the soil. The table of 
acreage and yield in 1888 is combined, while those of 1889 are given sepa- 
rately. The first table is the report of 1888: 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



57 



I 



AGRICULTURE, 1888. 



Land in Farm and Uskh is 
Connection Therewith. 



C0UNTIE3. 



1 

' Acres Un- 
1 derCulti- 
I TBtiou. 



Barnes 

EWtison , 

•BilliuK's 

Bottiueau 

♦Burleigh 

Cass 

jCavaliiT 

•Dickev 

Edd;-'. 

•Eniruons 

Foster 

'Grand Forks.. 
•GriciT' 

Ki.M.T 

La M<)iire 

Lotau 

McHenry 

•Mcintosh 

McLean 

*.^Ie^cer 

Morton 

Nel.-ion 

Oliver 

•Pembina 

•Pierce 

•Ramsey 

Ransom 

liirhhind 

Rolette 

Sarjrent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

•Towner 

•Traill _... 

♦WaMi... 

Ward 

Wells 

Total. 

•Incomplete. 



1.14,020 

34, 57ti 

200 

30, 7S,S 

35, 345 

BO'S, 045 

71,375 

131,9.39 

31,. '-.41 

14,909 

40, r,75 

323. 214 

55, 782 

30,090 

73, (504 

2,716 

8,4R3 

39, 061 

10,008 

3,080 

23, 532 

91,930 

3, 0f,6 

270, )>J6 

•'., 7fi0 

lOf), lfi7 

114,015 

158, 808 

23, fiSl 

91,313 

15,1 ?4 

114,423 

62, 707 

4,473 

251,424 

27G, 58,5 

0, 161 

30,057 



Acres 
Under 
Fence. 



6, 743 

4, 125 

1,000 

2,123 

13,877 

.35, 275 

10, 778 

11,317 

3,405 

1,268 

1, 194 

.37, 882 

7,812 

1,327 

3, 723 

1,465 

8, 0t;6 

200 

833 

186 

4,916 

8,373 



35,799 



11,297 
13, 9.50 
20. 626 

4, ,381 
11,779 

1,282 
1.3, 1.52 

4,204 

1,241 i 
29. 953 
3.5, 74 i ! 

3,875 i 
282 



Total num- 
ber of Acres 

in Farm 
(Cultivated 
and Uncul- 

tivated). 



Present Cash Value. 



276, 189 
83,585 



115,062 

99, 085 

664,713 

227, 228 

407, SCO 

70,066 

87,4-33 

112,691 

513,035 

114,106 

61,976 

166, 692 

15, 28U 

59,437 



45, 562 

15, 900 
135, 269 
2-'7, 627 

17,916 
455,461 

22, 896 
401,916 
191,615 
305,680 
120, 0.52 
211,614 

.56. Mo 
192, \-,i 
122, >*:;> 
102, 794 
359, 615 
466, 9.59 

49, 770 

26,816 



Of Farm 

IiirludiuK 

Iiiiprove- 

muuts. 



81,. 550, 049 
389,915 



.399, 930 
53(i,.';i;5 

4, 295, 004 
929, 170 

2, 409, 693 
.341,740 
.347, 795 
454,031 

4, 222, 766 
527,120 
338, 020 

1,145,607 

130, .500 

93, 726 



308, 

10, 

264, 

1, 1.39, 

67, 

4, 679, 

1,4»2, 

1,927, 

1,8.3.3, 

620, 

967, 

20;i, 

1, 1 ■-'>:, 

721' 

684i 

4,71.3, 

3, 003, 

124, 

^9, 



91X1 
175 
296 
.344 

928 
672 
S95 
2.") 
7in 

5.'..S 
727 
■U'J 
25.' 
> 's 
iJlO 
1.30 
145 
704 
650 
810 



Of Farroini; 

Imiilcments 

and 
Machinerv. 



$152, 058 

52,490 

1, 197 

32, 648 

71,871 

263, 748 

105, 903 

75, 204 

.32, loO 

22, 320 

18,825 

242, 787 

57, 773 

25, 785 

90, .537 

4,616 

9,809 



13, 777 

2,614 

32.816 

76, 147 

.5,049 

272, 121 

12,203 

11.3,403 

I2:t, l-'fs 

123,927 
41,810 

111,292 
11. '76 
>-^.il44 
.".l,4i»6 
■.i\ 1.57 

260, 623 

152,612 

6,7:7 

•22. 283 



AcRKAfiK and 
YlKLD. 



C^R.N. 



Acres. I Bush 



207 

9 

15 



2,391 

"i,"5od 



2,832 
1.064 



31,776 
12, 940 



2,280 


38, 648 


42 




2,100 


:W,906 


66 


987 


16 




2;« 


1,.379 


469 


6,940 


62 


675 


199 


293 


215 


2, .364 


462 


2,497 


610 


3, 767 


2,48.5 


31,127 


26 


10 


79.5 


3,078 


51 


100 


'""760" 


"i'3."57() 


1,608 


45, 174 


8:w 


i4,i.37 


836 


22,465 


172 


1,190 


45 


225 


371 


1,972 


85 


1.336 


13 





.3,344,053 .353,451 6,604,791 fl2,341,539 S2, 819, 806 18,966 277,441 



58 



STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 



AGRICULTURE, 1888 — Contikued. 

ACREAGE SOWif AND THB YIELD OP THE CEOPS FOR THE YEAR. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes , 

Benson 

♦Billings 

Bottineau 

*Burlelgh , 

Cass 

Cavalier 

♦Dickey 

Eddy 

♦Emmons 

Foster 

♦Grand Forks. 
♦Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

♦Mcintosh 

McLean 

♦Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

♦Pembina 

♦Pierce 

♦Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

♦Towner 

"Traill 

♦Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Total.. 



Wheat. 



Acres. 



100, 79i 
19, 249 



11,7.32 

18, .313 

368, 728 

4-', 528 

6i, 099 

22, 183 

7,670 

22, 013 

206, 421 

36,618 

24,891 

46, 031 

1,386 

2,029 

10, 392 

4,842 

464 

8,361 

55, 320 

649 

17.3, 798 

6,760 

66, 967 

81,288 

110,186 

9,677 

61, 355 

5,242 

72, 910 

42, 975 

22, 459 

227,712 

187, 523 

1,932 

17,931 



2,161,429 



Bushels. 



719, 225 
155.872 



94, 795 

176,641 

3, 179, 093 

617,691 

847,247 

133, 965 

63, 885 

216, 885 

2, 169, 396 

190, 992 

220, 141 

530, 798 

13, 840 

20, 746 

125, 715 

49,313 

3,895 

84, 212 

295, 480 

5,795 

2, 0?9, 206 

66, 600 

418,468 

942, 092 

1, 086, 674 

70, 867 
831. 792 

58, 543 
594, 053 
339, 786 

75, 073 
2,174,568 

2, 284, 392 

19,527 
184, 335 



21,051,598 



Oats. 



Acres. Bushels. 



21,139 

3,717 

90 

2,580 

6,988 

55, 433 

10, 162 

15, 613 

3, 832 

2,476 

4,193 

33, 475 

6,013 

3, 806 

9,998 

447 

1,475 

4,023 

2,396 

350 

4,024 

8, 544 

761 

25, 963 

1,012 

10,391 

19, 101 

23, 671 

3,269 

12, 759 

2,838 

13, 175 

8,801 

4,229 

27, 588 

31, 039 

l,2i9 

3,388 



390,018 



334 
106 

46, 

163, 

1,706, 

326, 

359! 

122 

57 

127 

1,120 

206, 

105 

258 

11 

32 

89 

50 

4 

77 

290, 

13 

957 

2o; 

345 
484 
614, 

65, 
366, 

79 
451 
259 
117 
953 
915 

23, 

95 



015 
876 
900 
852 
250 
187 
632 
640 
806 
528 
628 
018 
569 
235 
514 
358 
389 
931 
060 
729 
908 
245 
388 
872 
240 
675 
465 
208 
150 
444 
654 
728 
219 
032 
001 
865 
203 
760 



11, 362, 174 



Rye. 



Acres. Bushels 



137 
2 



3 

120 

72 



35 



7 

32 

2 

227 



7 

122 

15 

4 
42 
96 
94 
11 



17 



1,093 



2,054 
40 



84 
1,864 
] , 674 



514 

"so 



110 

606 

25 

4,2i6 



10 


77 


7 


201 


/ 


257 






18 


192 


3 


17 



69 

1,997 

236 

30 
802 
702 
980 

70 



515 



17,402 



Barley. 



Acres. Bushels. 



4,995 
618 



90 

366 

6,617 

3,782 

5,537 

799 

565 

513 

10,196 

1,796 

459 

1,5.34 

56 

119 

681 

100 

44 

176 

2,092 

18 

10, 579 



2,291 
1,167 
2,728 

571 
2,526 

133 

118 
1,575 

405 

3,711 

5,734 

58 

76 



■2, 725 



136, 304 
13,013 



1,196 

2,694 

107, 270 

92,912 

123, 721 

14, 947 

11,254 

12, 593 

259, 160 

39, 667 

11,424 

38, 207 

1,560 

2,244 

15, 882 

2,074 

506 

1,758 

42,048 

228 

299, 405 



72, 047 

27, 067 

63, 336 

6,546 

53, 822 

3,527 

29, 970 

40, 053 

7,161 

103,296 

147, 337 

750 

2,915 



1, 847, 894 



♦ Incomplete. 



STATE Ol' XOBTH DAKOTA. 



59 



.VGRICULTURE, 1838 — Concll'DBD. 
ACREAOK SOWN AMD TUK YIELD OF THE CHOPS FOR THE YEAR. 





Flax. 


Beans. 


Peas. 


Broom 
Corn. 


Irish 
Potatoes. 


Buck- 
wheat. 


< 


COUNTIE.S. 




s 
PQ 

2,699 
1,918 


t 

< 


3 
« 


t 

u 

< 

9 
4 


CO 

3 


i 


n 

3 


S 

< 


3 
PQ 


< 



■ ■"s 

2 


■■•■3 

■""3 
23 
64 
13 
10 


J3 
S 

PQ 

"27 
15 

"40 
60 

■"so 

• •••• 

"253 

"i'\J6 
100 


a 

t 


Barnes 


728 
182 


11 


48 


64 


1 


75 


732 
S9 
10 

i;m 

627 
1,395 
248 
831 
58 
276 
170 
524 
167 


75, 477 

0, 639 

1,000 

7, 673 

63, 805 

144,010 

25, 202 

76,452 

9,668 

29, 510 

16,755 

83, S83 

14 517 




Bonson 




•Billings 








Bottineau 


375 

271 

52 

8,407 

366 

543 

550 

25 

277 

75 

1,034 

291 

12 


1,172 

223 

67,711 

777 

5,948 

4,575 

382 

440 

272 

11,997 

1,566 

as 


123 
12 


'83 

67 


8 
8S 
8 
2 
5 
6 
4 
1 
1 
26 
2 
8 










♦Burleigh 

C888 


158 

115 

20 

74 

49 

44 

20 

11 

161 

6 

71 


5 






... 


Cavalier 




•Dickey 


12 


71 




K.Uiy 

•Emmons 

(■ oster 




20 
2 
4 


129 
60 
39 


... 


•Grand Forks.. 
•Grijtgs 




Kidder 


3 
11 


12 
69 


18S 2f. 100 




T.a Moure .... 


470 
35 
108 
167 
115 
47 
610 
234 

&; 

529 

56 
276 
478 
715 


54,635 

8,119 

8,927 
17.532 
i:i,823 

4,217 
66. 945 
10, 942 

6, .524 
79, 505 

5, 600 
20,332 
46, 449 
65,124 

9,6.iJ 
47,219 
30, 742 
3.3.441 
71,415 

2, 6.83 
71,200 
76, 007 

8,777 
11,345 




Mcllenrv 






8 


59 








*McIntosh 


8 312' '^ "10 









McLean 




"■»"•*' 






5 

2 

46 

17 


35 

12 

497 

51 






... 


•Meri'Cr 


292 

606 

180 

20 


1,916 

3, 531 

478 

98 


114 
16 


54 
136 




.Morton 


ff 


N'elson 




(.(liver 








•Pembina 






4 


50 








•Pierce 












•Haiiisev ^. 


59 
10 

564 

86 

2,147 

87 

239 

236 
50 
84 

688 
1 

562 


'456 

40 

4,732 

574 

14,965 

208 

2,102 

1,702 

150 

303 

6, .581 

8 

5,148 




, 


3 
1 
3 

9 
8 
8 
2 

■■■■■4 

15 

4 

12 

318 


45 

15 

18 

101 

165 

115 

24 

'75 

82 

45 

213 


•—j 


"si 




Kansdtu 


27 
18 
4 
10 
18 

""i 
'""4 


47 
106 




Richland 

Rolette 


... 


t^argent 


92 
2 
2 

7 

'26 

9 
4 






'5,83 

358 

400 

496 

48 

670 

861 

82 

96 




Stark 




Steele 




Stutsman 

•Towner 


... 


•Traill 


7 
1.?9 


«9S 




•Walsh 




Ward 




Wells 






412 




8 


106 




ToUl 


27.361 


200,068 


1,057 


2,385 


13,2491 1,368,847 


9 







' Incomplete. 



60 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



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STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 61 

Small Parillillg-. — It is the ayiiie^atiou ofsiuall (hiii<;.s lluit makes lar^;e 
OIKS. It is the siiKiU I'aiiuer of the Kast who eoines out ahead in the loug run. 
i.y the terni small farmer, we ineaii the one who makes good use of all the 
( hauces presented hy farm life. Mouey is made in bulk by securing large crops 
of any marketable product, but in handling large crops the odds and ends 
should not be neglected, because in the.se in the off years there may be salva- 
I ou. There is money in gardening, in poultry and eggs, in batter and cheese, 
and a score of other things which seem trifling to a man who harvests 3,000 or 
1,000 bu.shels of dollar wlieat, but supposing there is a hot wind, a lack of rain 
t;; a frost? The man wlio puts all his eggs in one basket i3 liable to goto 
smash. In a country and climate as suitable and favorable to the growth of 
poultry and the production of eggs as North Dakota, the product ought to ex- 
ceed $119,565, as shown by the returns of 1888. It is the tendency of Ameri- 
cans to run to large results, and for this reason we call upon foreign lands for 
l>roducts so easily and generously yielded on our own soil with but little at- 
tention and care. During the mouth of September, 18S9, according to the re- 
port of the National Bureau of Stati-stics, the United States imported 20,000,000 
dozen eggs, and the past fiscal year shows the country to have imported $50,. 
000,000 more than it exported — an enormous drain of treasure. Many small 
articles that can be readily produced in Dakota are imported every year, yet in 
spite of that the country is growing, but it will grow faster in the direction of 
prosperity through the medium of the small savings, economies and produc- 
tions. The table on the following page shows the value of garden products, 
poultry, butter, cheese and honey produced during 1888: 



62 



STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 



SMALL FARJnNG, 1888. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Benson 

*Billings 

Bottineau 

♦Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier , 

*Dickey 

Eddy 

*Emmons 

Foster , 

*Grand Forks., 
*Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

WcHenry 

•Mcintosh 

McLean 

*Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

*Pembina 

*Pierce 

*Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

*Towner 

♦Traill 

*Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Total 



Gardens. 



^ to 



OS** 

2 b^ 
> 



Poultry. 



Dairy Products During the 
Year 1888. 



Made in Family. 



>.= 

— 3 

O M 

a> bo ^ 

> 



Cheese. 






20 

200 

3.38 

.?,819 

3,741 

1,185 

671 

2.5 

1.55 

280 

2,477 

210 

288 

1,345 



423 



27 

99 

1,384 

401 

146 

972 

400 

11,229 

938 

1,315 

170 

1,663 

1,142 

810 

259 

3 

1,741 

2,827 

176 

205 



89, 356 

287 



382 

8,695 

12, 974 

1, 631 

3, 606 

655 
2,151 

395 
8,581 

905 
1,628 
3,031 



596 



S43, 744 



1,5.57 

239 
9,252 
3, 553 

607 
5, 668 

.350 
5,190 
2,989 
6,367 
1,020 
4,664 
2,408 
1, 768 
3,978 
1,450 
4,886 
6,771 
1,530 

445 



4,080 
200 



405 

9,704 

1,481 

50 

1,360 

500 



1,250 
3,101 
1,047 
150 
255 
9,400 
1,025 



915 

1,086 
2,515 
2,570 
1,5.50 
590 



930 
4,235 
2,024 

980 
1,455 
6,000 

999 
4,325 



Butter. 






207, 434 
63, 685 



40, 179 
53, 582 

332, 802 
96, 8.55 

152, 963 

29,600 

520 

.34, 610 

275, 363 
50, 626 
25,882 
76, 528 
7,930 
39, 988 



3,415 
5,092 



$119,565 



72, 689 



41, 360 

9,255 

91,415 

87, 165 

17, 775 

243, •'554 

600 

110,622 

159, 810 

139, 669 

45, 768 

97, 880 

34, 538 

95, 1.30 

120, 880 

37, 573 

189,654 

23«,513 

45, 606 

5,855 






s 2 a! ? 

^- c; oD * 



83,435 
50 



10,141 
1,723 



7,938 
100 
419 



7,946 

721 

79 

1,594 



25 



100 

65 

187 



78 



1,677 
198 

2,370 
61 

2,119 

5,625 
300 



400 

956 

2, 745 

2,005 



3,301,159 8-53,057 



Bees. 



•a 
a 



o 

.a 

B 

3 



o 



^ a 



1 
32 

2 



294 
250 



24 
35 



588 



' Incomplete. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



63 



Fruits. — The abandauce of wild fraita to be found in the timber alon^ 
the streams is evidence that with right care in selection, planting, etc., tame 
varieties can be successfully grown in North Dakota. Fruit,s are among the 
last things to come in the settlement of a new country, but the time will come 
when orchards will be found in every part of the north state. It is reasonable 
to believe this, when fruit trees grow to the east in parallels far north of ours. 
The returns of nurseries, and the numbers of fruit trees and acres of berries, 
for 1668, appear in the following table: 





q 

8 

ai 


Obciiards. 


Berries. 


Grapes 


Is 


COUNTIES. 


•3.5 

S 

a-ls 


o e c 

h >• M 

= = o 




"So 

lit 

— — 5j 


rg 

bo 

o — 

<D a 

1^ 


Barn6s 


9 


11 


127 


17 




10 


Benson 




BillinRS 














Bottiiienu 














•Burleigh 


1 
81 


IG 
618 
204 

16 

5 

300 


4ns 

1.095 

100 

520 

12 

1.000 


4 

15 




i| 


Cass 






Cavalier 






•Dickey 




43 




10 


Edtlv 






•Emmons 


10 

35 

1 

15 


5 






Foster 




•Gran<l Forks 


766 
43 


262 
14 


1 






•GriEKS 




Kidiler 









La .Moure 


10 




648 








Lopan 











Mc'Henry 














Mcintosh 














Mclx"an 















Mercer 














Morton 


9 
34 


6 


541 


89 


to 


10 


Nelson 




OliTer 




32 

88 








•Pembina 


29 


682 




■ 


Pierce 








•Ramsey 


2 
38 

S 
42 
18 




150 
212 
149 
98 
611 


1 









58 

141 

1,252 

29 


6 






Richland 


2 




Rolette 







Smreent 


157 






.Stark 






Steele 


15 


69 

1 


348 
110 


1 
1 
1 
2 
418 






Stutsman 






•Towner 








•Traill 


6 
57 


898 809 




2 


•Walsh 


142 


368 






Ward 



















7 
















Total 


410 


1 
4. 0S7 7, 792 


7.'i7 


15 


48 









• Incomplete. 

Note. — The term acre as applied to tarries probably means patches or gArdens. 



64 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



Grasses. — The wild grasses have heretofore been so abundant and nutri- 
tious that the need of cultivating tame varieties has been little felt; but as the 
ranges become more circumscribed the cultivated grasses and forage plants are 
given more attention. All the varieties common to the Northern states '.vill 
grow; in fact, the north temperate zone is the only part of the world in which 
the grasses reach perfection. The following table shows the acres of grasses in 
cultivation or to be cultivated in 1889, together with the tons of tame and wild 
hay cut in 1888: 





Acres of 


Grasses in' Cultivatiox or to 
HE Cultivated in 1889. 


Hay. 


COUNTIES. 


5 .2 


o 
3 


• 

i 
> 

o 


is 

o u 

o 


OJ o =S 


a 3 


2 X 


Barnes 


1,069 

72 

30 

79 

2, 104 

7,237 

362 

3,797 

182 

537 

410 

5,109 

289 

5.30 

2,773 

32 

11 

140 

412 

315 

1,939 

133 

451 

1,398 


266 




47 


3,187 


1,23<( 


37 704 






11,661 


♦Billings 




" 1 " 

1 
10 


2 
126 


":;■■::■::;;■■ :::::::: 


1,100 


Bottineau 


1,814 
8,305 

38, 167 
3,821 
0, 924 
215 
2,042 
1,188 

25, 875 

8,801 

360 

2,870 


31 
4,419 
9,723 
1,146 
2,883 


10,916 
16, 647 
59, 825 


*Burleieh 


10 

4, 851 

119 

55 

208 






20, 376 
23, 031 


*D ickey 


1 

4 


73 
2 


Eddy 






600 
676 

9,474 
843 
144 

3,193 


12, 852 
7 .581 


Foster .. 








^Grand Forks 


3,417 
3H 
18 
51 


39 
1 


«4 
1 


45, 723 


*Gri£rffS 


15, 935 


Kidder 


6,801 






14 


13, 337 

1,582 






MoHenrv 


1 




2 
8 
5. 


970 





16, 473 
11,793 










5 




552 


754 

180 

1,751 

245 


4,461 

2,019 

12, 374 


*Mercer 




Morton 


48 
52 


8 
1 




1,710 

6,721 

330 

21,276 


Nelson 




2-% 292 


Oliver 


65 
142 


2, 943 


*Penibina 


609 


34 


'i is'g 




42, 559 




12, 00(1 


♦Ramsey 


190 

2,105 

1,422 

6 

1,023 

1,535 

848 

2,117 

5 

2,670 

2, 975 

94 

398 


86 

200 

1,066 

21 

503 

4 

204 

53 




7 

4 

24 


3,490 

13, 202 

7,152 

4, 826 

14, 235 

198 

7, 038 

595 

1,-336 

29, 246 

25, 587 

962 

170 


395 

],9»8 

1,131 

12 

660 
2,244 
2,576 
3,176 


22, 945 


Ransom 




2)*, 788 


Ricliland 


6 

1 

14 


50, 086 


Rolette . 


11,337 


Sargent 


6 


23, .595 


Stark 


5, 609 


Steele 


9 


18 
11 


24, 575 




14.61.5 


♦Towner 

♦Traill 




8, 206 


3,529 
799 


131 
.. .. 


43 


7, 232 
3, 231 


44,989 


♦Walsh 


29, 438 


Ward 


2 




5, 719 


Wells. 






387 


7, 689 












Total 


44, 799 


16,213 


263 


692 


2.38, 125 


62.431 


692, 576 







♦ Incomplete. 



SIATK OK NOKTII DAKOTA. 65 



VI 1 1. 



IBBIGATIOX. 



The rainfall of North Dakota is sufficient to mature crops, but it is not al- 
ways se;isonable, and owing to the droughty character of a few seasons past, 
the «iuestiou of irrigation is coming prominently to the front. A convention 
was held at Grand Forks recently, and a memorial was prepared asking Con- 
gres.s to take steps preliminary to the construction of a canal from the Missouri 
river in Montana, eastward through Montana and North Dakota to the Red 
river. From this water could be drawn for a vast acreage. The convention 
adopted resolutions urging Congress to give the settled regions first attention, 
rather than the unsettled sections. The two Dakotas have a fair settlement of 
people, and have paid into the United States treasury over $20,000,000 for 
lauds, besides vast sums expended in the improvement of these lands. If aid 
is given less settled regions the people of the Dakotas could not be benefited, 
even if they had money, because they have already exercised their rights under 
the claim laws. Another and imporUint feature attending the conversion of 
arid lands to the west of us into productive fields, when there is already an 
over-production of cereals, is one of interest if not alarm to every Dakotan, as 
well as to dwellers in all of the humid and sul>-humid prairie states. Had 
the farmers of Dakota been able to irrigate their fields this year, their crop.s 
would have been enormous instead of being merely fair. By t.ipping the arte- 
sian basin and utilizing the How of rivers, the fields of both Dakotas could lie 
made to rival those of the Nile in productiveness. This artificial supply of 
water would not only produce wonderful crops of grain, but vegetables, grasses, 
forage plants, small fruits and trees would spring forth in plenty, covering 
the face of the country with orchards and forest groves, and giving character 
and beauty to the landscape not jiossible now without great labor. 



66 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



IX. 

STOCK. 

The growing of wheat has been engaged in by the farmers of North Dakota 
largely to the exclusion of all other means for making money from the soil. 
This was only natural because it took very little capital to raise wheat and the 
returns were speedy and profitable. Of late years, however, formers find that 
mixed or diversified farming pays better in the long run. The adaptability of 
North Dakota to successful stock raising in connection with mixed farming is 
becoming better understood. The success in raising live stock has become so 
satisfactory that every farmer is providing himself, as fast as he can, with as 
many head of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs as he ^an obtain. While wheat is 
the principal harvest crop, oats, flax, barley, rye, corn and all of the root 
crops are largely and profitably raised, yet the climate has proven most favor- 
able for the rapid and healthful growth of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and 
the native grasses are so plentiful and nutritious that the live stock indus- 
try, both with farmers and with stock raisers who make it a speciality, is grow- 
ing in importance. There is no more desirable part of the republic to engage in 
the stock-growing industiy than is offered on the broad and open grazing ranges 
of North Dakota. The coteaus, a chain of low, grassy hills running through 
a portion of the new state east of the Missouri river, and also the wide extent 
of rolling prairies west of the Missouri, afford unsurpassed advantages for the 
profitable raising of sheep, cattle and horses as a business. Sheep, wherever 
tried, have done remarkably well, the dry atmosphere giving exemption from 
diseases peculiar to them, which have always formed so formidable an enemy 
to sheep raising in sections of the East. It may also be stated that North Da- 
kota is free from the dreaded scourge, hog cholera. Hogs raised on roots and 
grains make sweeter and better meat, and not so fat and gross as the corn-fed 
swine. Hogs weighing from 500 to 600 pounds have been raised without a 
grain of corn. 

Statistics. — The returns herewith presented are incomplete, but they give 
an idea of the general distribution of the stock interests in the various coun- 
ties of the state. The table giving the death loss is one of value, in that it 
shows a very low percentage of mortality, particularly when the fact is known 
that much of this stock received very little care or extra feed during the winter 
season : 



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68 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



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STATE OK NORTH KAKOTA. 69 



X. 



TIMBER. 



North Dakota is not all a treeless plain, by any means, and the settlers on 
her open prairies have no reivson whatever to feel disoouragecl about the future 
of their own section. All they have to do is to apply then^elves industriously 
to the task of planting, and replantinj; when necessary, the timber that can 
and does grow in this fruitful soil. The timber area of North Dakota may be 
classilied as native and cultivated. The extent of the native timber belta alone 
will surprise most people. The Red river valley is in part a well-wooded 
country. A number of forest varieties are thrifty natives of the bottom lands 
adjacent to the Red River of the North, and its tributary streams, the Shey- 
enne, Wild Rice, Maple, Croose, Turtle, Forest, Park, Tongue and Pembina 
rivers. There is considerable oak and other timber bordering on Devils lake, 
and a heavy growth of poplar, balm of Gilead, ash and oak in the Turtle 
Mountains. The timber along the Missouri river is mostly cottouwood, which 
in places grows to an immense size. There is not much timber on the James 
river, what is found there being confined to a number of straggling patches 
and a few larger groves. Fringes of trees line all the streams tributary to the 
Mi&souri. The cultivated area of timber is larger than would be sujiposed, tht- 
retums of artificial forests, by counties, being as follows: 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



ARTIFICIAL FORESTS. 







Trees One 


Year Old 


AND Over. 




COUNTIES. 


No. Acres 
Cottonwood 


No. Acres 
Box Elder. 


No. Acres 
Ash. 


No. Acres 
Maple. 


No. Acres 

OtherVarie- 

ties. 


Barnes 


r.2i 


739 
255 


70 
25 


3 


512 


"Ranson 


18 


*Rillincs 






RnttinePii 


19 
864 
676 
349 
158 
131 

87 


59 

612 
989 
116 
586 
133 
1,210 

30 
573 
135 
222 
470 

71 


30 
550 

62 

17 
133 

59 






+f?iirl(»i"h 




110 


Cass 


19 
5 

27 
10 


73 


Cavalier 


62 


+Dickev 


1, 472 


Eddy 


581 














fGrand Forks 


703 

111 

4, 056 

79 

12 


65 

29 
21 


10 


461 


+Grie"£rs 


12 


Kidder 








3 
2 


8 


Logan 

*MpHpnrv 






*MoTntosh 












McTjpan 


52 


209 


66 




1 


*AIercer 






Aforf on 


720 

148 

30 

181 


186 

178 

5 

479 


171 

49 

3 

8 




5 






12 


Oliver 






31 
50 


900 


■fPierce 


60 


tRam?ey 

Ransom 


285 

384 

415 

2 

6,991 

15 

253 

298 

4 

783 

2,260 

1 

63 


230 
393 
4.32 

68 
8, 405 

98 
157 
393 
1 
342 
824 


It 
42 

3, 596 

.37 

31 

54 

1 

59 

126 

1 


13 


43 
96 

.■5,027 






140 


Rolette 


94 




1, 072 


Stark . .. . 


10 


Steele 


1 


102 




23 




o 

21 


1 


tXraill 


122 


tWalsh 


553 


VVanl 


706 


Wells 


.54 















Total 


211,814 


18, i;c.;i 


5,528 


3, ^'-a 


7,123 



* Not reported, 
t Incomplete. 



STATE «»F NORTH DAKOTA. 71 

XI. 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 

Coal. — The minea of North Dakota are chiefly coal. The whole of the 
country west of the Missouri river and a considerable part of that ea.st of the 
Mis,sonri river is underlaid witli deposits of lij;nite coal, which crops ont iu 
many i)laces iu veins from 4 to 20 feet in thickness. "The lignite coal, some- 
times known as browu coal," Siiys E. V. Smalley in the Northn'tst JIagazine, 
"is less rich iu heating properties iu proportion to its weight than anthracite or 
bituminous coal, but i.s nevertheless an e.\cellent fuel for domestic purposes 
and for stationary engines. It is much better domestic fuel than wood. It is 
mined very cheaply from the outeroppings in the sides of the hills, and is more 
and more coming into general use as the common domestic fuel of the country." 
Lignite coal is largely mined for shipment at Sims, Morton <ounty, and at 
Dickinson, Stark county, on the Northeru Pacilic railroad. It is also mined 
for local consumption at New England City, in Hettinger county, and at all of the 
towns in each of the counties west of the Missouri river. It is also mined ea.st 
of the Mi.ssouri river; at Coal Harbor and other places in McLeau county; at 
the Ilawley mine in Burleigh county; at several points iu Emmons county; at 
several points iu the Mouse river couutry and at the Pony Gulch mines in Wells 
county. Settlers in the region west of the Missouri river, where numerous out- 
eroppings of coal are found in a!most every township, are iu the habit of min- 
ing their own fuel. A little work with pick and shovel uncovers a Vein on the 
side of a hill from which a wagon can be loaded without much labor. Lignite 
coal is wood in the first conversion into coal. It retains to a great extent the 
texture of the wood from which it was formed, and its vegetable character can 
often be .seen in the carbonized .>*ectious of limbs and trunks of trees. The pro- 
portion of carbon in this variety of coal will average about 50 per cent. The 
existence of these extensive coal beds is an important matter for the future 
development of North Dakota, and for the comfort and prosperity of the set- 
tlers, insuring them an ample supply of cheap fuel for all future time. 

Itilil(liii<; Stoii<\s. — There are fine deposits of various kinds of stone in 
the Turtle Mountains, and bowlders suitable for foundation purposes are plen- 
tifully scattered over North Dakota. The discovery of valuable minerals has 
beeu announced from the Turtle Mountains, but coal, iron and oil are known 
to exist in quantities. A geological survey of the state would no doubt reveal 
wealth of which we now have no knowledge. 

Clays for brick making, pottery, etc., abound. Xt Dickiuson. Stiirk county, 
an e.vcelleut cream-colured brick is made. 



XII. 

MANUI-ACTrRE.S. 

The manufacturing mure-ts of North Dakota arc not i oiumensurate with its 
possibilities and wants. Its largest and most imiKirtant industry is Hour 
making, a business capable of large expansion, which is also true of u varied 
class of factories for whi«fri the fields aud pastures can furnish an abundance of 
raw material. 



72 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



Flouring Mills. — The milling statistics of the state, as far as could be 



obtained, are as follows: 



OVER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. 



LOCATION. 


Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 


Value of 
Annual 
Product. 


LOCATION. 


Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 


Value of 
Annual 
Product. 


Bismarck 


$50, 000 
40, 000 
75,000 
45, 000 

100, 000 


S160, 000 
150, 000 
240, 000 
175,000 
250, 000 


Hillsboro 

Jamestown 

Mandan 


842,000 
38, 000 
60, 000 
36, 000 
48, 000 


$160,000 

140,000 
210, 000 


Fargo 

Grafton 


Minto 

Valley City 


155, OdO 
190,000 


*Grand Forks 





♦Grand Forks has two other mills of a combined capital of 
8120,000. 



9,000 with an output of 



UNDER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. 



LOCATION. 



Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 



Colfax 

Pembina.... 
New Salem, 
Washburn. 

Salem 

La Moure... 
Wahpeton.. 

Lisbon 

Walhalla.... 
Gladstone.. 
Glen Ullin 
Tower City 



$12, 000 
25, 000 
10, 000 

6,000 
10, 000 
111, 000 
25, 000 
10, 000 
10,000 
15, 000 

8.000 
20, 000 



Value of 

Aunual 

Product. 



$42, 000 
70, 000 
35, 000 
23, 000 
33, 000 
35, 000 
70, 000 
33,0ii0 
36, 000 
40, 000 
35, 000 
63, 000 



LOCATION. 



New Rockford 

Arvilla 

Oakes 

MilBor 

Grandin 

Caledonia 

Mayville 

Portland 

Daily 

St. John 

Dunseith 



Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 



810, 000 

40, 000 

8,000 

8,000 

8,000 

15, 000 

50, 000 

20, 000 

20, 000 

8,000 

12, 000 



Value (jf 

Annual 

Product. 



$S5, 000 
110,000 
30, 000 
29,000 
30, 000 
48, 000 
135, 000 
60, 000 
50,000 
25, 000 
30, 000 



These mills are famished with the latest and most approved rolling appli- 
ances and the best attainable machinery, and make superior grades of flour, such 
as only can be made from No. 1 hard wheat. When it is understood that mill- 
ions of bushels of wheat are annually shipped to Eastern milling points, one 
can readily see the chance for expanding the manufacture of flour. 

Creameries. — Attention is being turned to the manufacture of butter in 
creameries, the number, value aud output being as follows: 



LOCATION. 


Capital 
Invested. 


Value of 
Product. 


i LOCATION. 


Capital 
Invested. 


Value of 
Product. 


Valley Citv 


$8,000 
12,000 
15, 000 

8,000 
12, 000 

5,000 


$24, 000 
35, 000 
50,000 
25, 000 
35, 000 
15, 000 


Taylor 


$5,000 

12, 000 

10,000 

6, 000 

8,000 


812,001) 
38, 000 






Grand Forks 


Mayville 


26, 000 


La Moure 


Richard ton 


18,000 


^landan 


Wahpeton 


25, 000 


Walhalia 









STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 73 

This, too, is ;iu iutlastry capable of indetiDite expausioii, owing to tree ranges. 
The creamery pnxluct is gilt edge and brini^ h'^h prices. A good article of 
dairy batter is al-so extensively made, and has become a valaable lulditioii to 
the incomu of every practical farmer. Reports of the establishment of cream- 
eries and of an occjisional cheese factory are on the increxse. Most of them are 
organized on a liberal scale, and the work entered upon with all the energy 
that Dakota men usually give to enterprises which promise to be of public good 
Dairy products will soon jircscut <|nite a figure in the statistics of our new 
state. The statistics oi' butter and rheesc made on farms will be found in a 
table elsewhere. 

Liiiiibcriu^. — The principal saw mills of North Dakota are at Grand 
I'orks. the logs coming on the Red river from the plnerie.s of Minnesota. Every 
Jeatling town of the sUite, however, has plauing mills and wood-working shops 
of various kinds. 

Minor Industries. — Besides the saw and flour mills, every community 
has small factories engaged principally in repair work and manufacturing for 
local demands. There are several large brickyards, and clay of excellent ijuai- 
ity alx)unds. 



XIII. 

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. 

North Dakota enters the Union with 1,362 public schools, giving employ- 
ment to 1,741 teachers. Money for the support ofthe.se schools was raised 
from direct taxation, the territory having in the last five years expended over 
$10,000,000 for this purpo.se alone. Is this not wonderful for a region so recent- 
ly marked off on the map as a part of the "Great American Desert?" By 
:idmission the state comes into possession of its school lands. Sees. 16 and 36, 
or 1,280 acres, in each township, or a couple of million acres in all, none of 
which can be sold under $10 an acre. The money from the Siile of these lands 
will create a permanent school fund such as none of the other states had on 
entering the Union. Besides the common .schools, all the towns have graded 
and high schools, the state has a university of splendid character, the consti- 
tution makes provision for adilitional institutions, giving higher, special and 
technical education, while several of the religious organizations have colleges 
and academies bearing records for elliciency and good results. 

The graded schools are mo<leled upon the best experience of the older East, 
with courses of study equal to any in much larger Eastern cities. A noticeable 
lenture is the large percentage of attendance a-j 'ompared with tlie ennniera- 
tion, as shoWn by the following table: 



j I 

r-ixiirc No. of ] Pupils 

\.l I if-T*. .« U„_. L*-. — ,. 



Pupils 



III 



Tcichers. , Kniimcrated. c-|,ooi 



F.'irt!0 -■-• LIM J.H7 

«irand Forks :i l.:fOI 827 

Jamestown II SW .510 

Bisiimrck 8 421 :SI 

I,islM)n S -W 247 

Wahpeton i 41" 220 



74 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

These schools are all supplied with suitable buildings and apparatus to prop- 
erly carry on the work. Good teachers are employed, and good salaries are 
paid. Very few states show a higher jiercentage of pupils in regular attendance 
in schools than in North Dakota, a significant fact and one in which all take 
pardonable pride, when it is known that in the sparsely settled localities pupils 
often live long distances from school. 

The constitution of North Dakota has two articles, divided into nineteen 
sections, devoted to the question of schools and school lands. The educational 
sections proper are six in number and provide for all grades of instruction 
from the common school to the university. Sec. 147 makes it the duty of the 
legislature to establish and maintain a system of public schools, and then de- 
clares that "this legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the con- 
sent of the United states and of the people of North Dakota." This is proba- 
bly the fi rst instance of a constitutional provision making it impossible for a state 
to change a common legislative requirement without the consent of the United 
States. 

Denominational Schools. — The Congregationalists have a college at 
Fargo; the Presbyterians have one at Jamestown; the Baptists have a univer- 
sity at Tower City, while the Catholics have schools at Fargo, Grand Forks and 
Bismarck. And since Jamestown has been made the see city of the Catholic 
diocese of North Dakota, no doubt schools of this sect will be established there. 
All these schools present facilities for a liberal education under christian in- 
fluences. 

XIV. 
CHURCHES. 

No new community is better supplied with churches and religious advantages 
than North Dakota; every town and thickly settled farm neighborhood has its 
church, and all the leading christian denominations are represented. The 
Methodists are in numbers sufficient to have the north state set apart as a con- 
ference field ; the Episcopalians have a bishop, and so have the Catholics, the state 
having enough of both sects to be made into a separate diocese. The Congre- 
gationalists, Presbyterians and Baptists, too, have governing bodies confined to 
the state borders. Considering its years. North Dakota can point with pride to 
its church, school and social privileges. 

XT. 
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

The educational, benevolent and reformatory institutions of North Dakota 
are among the best in the land, and reflect great credit upon the people for 
their broad and liberal methods and expenditures in providing higher educa- 
tional advantages, and in caring for the defective and criminal classes. Of the 
latter, however, there are few, there being but 55 convicts in the penitentary, 
or one in every 3,300 af the population, a ratio smaller than in any other state 
in the Union. The cause of higher education is cared for by a state university, 
besides several denominational colleges, to which aid is given in support of 
normal courses. 



STATE or N'ORTH PAKOTA. * 75 

North Dakota University.— Prominent amonK Western educational 
institutions is tlie university at Granil Forks. The object of this university, 
-icordin^j to its charter, is to " provide means of nciiuirin;; a thorough knowl- 
■ if^e of the various lirauches connected with scientifK-, industrial and profes- 
lonal pursuits, in the instructioa and trainin<4 of persons in the theory and art 
nf teaching, and also instruction in the fundamental laws of the United Stiites." 
i he main building of the university is SlxloO feet ia size, four stories hi^h, 
I lid is furnislied thrnutiliout with modern ajipliaiues. There are two winifs to 
he main building, liesides an astronomical observatory, and a dormitory Ijuild- 
ing 5~)xl0:{ feet forms a part of the college building, the cost of all being over 
•-<0,000. The natural history, anatomical, miuerulosiical and geological col- 
lections consist of about 2.">00 specimens.^ The collection of skulls and skele- 
tons representing the dilVereut order of mammalia, birds, reptiles, amphibians 
and fishes, is especially good. A very large and choice collection of Black Hills 
minerals is one of the features of the museum. The typical fossils of the vari- 
ous tbrniations of the Silurian and devonian asjesare well represented, and there 
i-i an unusually fine collection of birds mounted and chussilied. Theie are like- 
wise many anatomical models and other preparations lor illustrating the lectures 
in the several departmeutsof natural .scieuce. Every department is well equipped 
with a])|)aratus. The library numbers nearly 1,000 volumes, embracing, in 
addition to the lea<ling encyclopedia.s, dictionaries and atlases, a tine collection 
of standard works on .science, metaphysics, history, etc. No student who has 
n-sided in the state for one year next preceding the date of his or her ad- 
Miissiou. is required to pay for tuition in any department in the university yet 
-Uibli.shed. A nominal fee to cover incidental expense.s, consisting of ^5 for 
all students who reside in the stat« and $10 for all others, is required to Im> 
(iiid at the beginning of each year. Two degrees, bachelor of arts and bacheloi 
"i" .science, are conferred, and teachers' certiticate.s are given to the graduates oi 
le normal department. Dr. Homer B. Sprague is president, assisted by a 
■ry competent corps of in.structors. John G. Hamilton, is secretary. The trus- 
ses are as follows: AV. X. Koach, I.arimore; H. (J. Mendenhall, Grand Forks; 
Albert T. Hanson. Hillslioro: .Tames Tuumley, Minto; Cliai*. K. Heidel, V.n<'v 

liospital for tlio Insano. — This in.stitution, located at Jamestown, is 

m(»del of its kind. Tiie buildings consist of four ward buildings, two foreacu 

• X, kitchen buildings, assembly hall, office building and residence, engine 

lion.se. water tower, barns, etc., and cost $"276, 000. Except the barns ana 
.ibles, all the buildings are substantially erected of brick, on solid stone liase- 

iients, in the most approved style of modem architecture for hospital i>urposes, 

■Usigned with a view to securing the best sanitary conditions, with strict lefer- 
iice to comfort and convenience in the care and treatment of patient*;. The 

liuildings are all separate and distinct, so that while more room, comfort and 
iiivacy is secured between the sexes, any extensions may be easily made as 
•edetl. The buihlings are connected with corridors. In c;ise of lire or epi- 
■mic diseases the advantjige ot separate buildings is apparent. The buildings 
e lighted with incandes<ent electric lights, supplied with water pijies tluongh- 
it, sti-am-heatiag apparatus, and a jierfect system of .s<'wa,';e. It has In'on the 
mstiuit aim ol' the nuinaneinent Ut have the furnishings |)erfect an<l conven- 
•nt, even to the smallest dstails. Pictures, musical instrument.", (lowers and 



76 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 

other evidences of refinement and taste are found in profusion. The pitients 
are kept as neat and clean as possible. Their minds are diverted from despond- 
ent subjects, and all are cheered and amused and exercised in every reasonable 
way, which method seems to be the only proper course to pursue with insanity. 
Many, with his treatment, recover. There is very little if any force used, and 
there are no jail cells or iron bars to give the impression of confinement or 
prison life. Kindness and cheerfulness, judging from the results here, certainly 
seem to be the best remedies for unhinged minds. 

The location for the hosj^ital is all that can be desired, commanding a view 
*.hat is unsurpassed for beauty, — the varying landscape spread out for miles in 
ivery direction, — the James river, skirted with timber, winding around the 
Toot of the bluff, with a grand view of the city of Jamestown and the valley of 
the James for miles around. There is a large farm and garden connected with 
Ihe institution, much of the work being done by the patients. All the vege- 
^bles used are grown in the garden, and the fields supply all the grain and hay 
keeded for horses and cows. The oflScers and trustees are as follows: Eesident 
ifficers: Dr. O. W. Archibald, superintendent; E. Schwellenbach, steward; D. 8. 
Moore, assistant physician; Mrs. M. A. Archibald, matron. Trustees: F. B. 
Fancher, Jamestown; John A. Rea, Bismarck; N. K. Hubbard, Fargo; David 
Eussell, Steele; E. R. Kennedy, Ludden. 

Peuiteutiary. — This is one of the complete prisons of the country. It 
is a well-constructed and suitably arranged building of brick, iron and stone, 
and contains 72 cells, warden's office, departments for guards, ofificers' and 
guards' dining hall, chapel, barber shop, kitchen and storeroom. It stands on 
a tract of 43 acres, two miles east of the business centre of Bismarck, and cost 
nearly $100,000. The furnishings and appliances are of the plans adopted by 
the older states, including steel cells, water works, sewers, laundry and steam- 
heating apparatus. The prison grounds have been nicely laid out, and several 
hundred young trees planted, stables, root houses, and other out buildings 
erected, mostly by prison labor. The prisoners have also been employed in 
improving Wie capitol grounds. This is one of the few penitentiaries in the 
land in which the convicts are not dressed in stripes, and the large number of 
"trusties " — those on good behavior — and no escapes, indicate that kind treat- 
ment is more beneficial, not to say humane, than to subject convicts to harsh 
and humiliating treatment. There are 55 inmates, or one in every 3,300 of the 
population of the stale. Dan Williams is warden. The trustees are as follows: 
R. M. Tuttle, Mandan; John Haggart, Fargo; John Simons, Valley City; Alex. 
McKenzie, Bismarck; P. McHugh, Langdou. 

New Institutions. — While the north state begins with three public in- 
stitutions as against ten in the south state, the constitution of North Dakota 
makes liberal provisions for all that may be needed in that direction. It takes 
the matter out of the hands of legislative bodies, and thus prevents locality 
contests. It locates the capital at Bismarck, the state university (already 
established) and school of mines at Grand Forks, the agricultural college at 
Fargo, a normal school at Valley City, appropriating 50 000 acres of land there- 
for; the deaf and dumb school at Devils Lake, the reform school at Man- 
dan, a normal school at Mayville, appropriating 20,000 acres of land therefor; 
an hospital for the insane with an institution for the feeble-minded in con- 
nection therewith, at Jamestown, appropriating 20,000 acres of land therefor. 



I 






STATK OF NORTH DAKOTA. 77 

The iusane liospital is already tstal)lislud, and lia.s Wecoiiu- lamed all over the 
whole country lor its tonipleteuess and perfect management. It also perma- 
nently locates the Ibllowing institutions: A soldiers' home at Lisl)on, with a 
grant of 40,000 acres of land; a blind asylum at such place in the county of 
Pembina as the electors may dct<»rmine at an election, with a j^rant of 30,000 
acres; an industrial school for manual training at Ellendale, with a grant of 

•,000 acres; a school of forestry at such place in one of the counties of 
McHenry, Ward. Bottineau or Rolette, as the electors of .said counties may de- 
termine by an election for that purpo.se, and a scientific school at Wahpeton, 
with a grant of 40,000 acres; provided, that no other institution of a character 
similar to any one of those located shall be established or maintained without 
a revi.sion of the constitution. 

The Capitol. — North Dakota begins business with a permanent capital 

ly. When the capiUd was removed from Yankton to Bismarck, the citizens 
of the latter city donated a capitol building costing $100,000, and grounds of 
320 acres, largely laid out in town lots, to be sold for the benefit of the terri- 
tory. The main part of the building only is completed, it being without the 
north and south wings. As planned it is four stories high, built of native 
pressed brick and terra cotta. trimmed with white limestone facings, columns 

ui sills, and heated throughout by steam. It occupies a commanding site on 
.lii elevated plateau about a mile north of the business centre. On the second 
fl(K)r are the offices of the governor, secretary, auditor, treasurer and attorney 
general. The third lloor is occupied by the offices of the railroad commission, 
rooms for the various legislative committees, library, and hi.storical collections, 
and the legislative chamber, which extends in height through the fourth story. 
The senate hall is on the fourth floor. The building when completed will be 
one of the finest edifices in the Northwest. The report of the capitol commis- 
sion furnishes the following data concerning the financial status of the capitol 
building and grounds: 

Cash donatod by citizens of Bismarck SIOO.OOO 00 

Cash received from li ■ lots sold 38, W9 00 

Total indebtedness including interest to April 1, 188a 8.3,607 46 

Total cost or capitol and grounds, including interest and indebtedness to April 1, 

1889 222.356 46 

Unsold lots now owned by stale, 74!> — appraised value S-S, .521 00 

The norib balfof (be north halfoT section 9, township 139, range 80, 160 acres, not valued. 

t"'apitol Park, 20 acres, and buildings, not valued. 



78 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



XVI. 



PUBLIC LANDS. 



The land offices in North Dakota, there being four, Fargo, Grand Forks, Devils 
Lake and Bismarck, represent districts in which there can be found millions of 
acres of land subject to entry under the various laud laws. The annexed tables 
give the average of vacant lands yet remaining in the ditl'ereut counties of the 
state, except that Dickey county has 21,540 acres, Mcintosh 49,920, and Em- 
mons 42,400 acres, attached to the Aberdeen district in South Dakota; and 
2,080 acres in Sargent county; and 1,520 acres in Kichland county, in the 
Watertown (S. D.) district. 

FARGO LAND DISTRICT. 

OFFICE AT FARGO, CASS COUNTY. 

MicHAKL F. Battelle, Register. Frank S. DeMers, Receiver. 



COUNTIES. 



Dickey 

Sargeut... . 
Richland .. 
Ransom... 
La Moure. 



Acres Va- 
cant Oct 
1, 18S9. 



60, 560 
5, 187 
16, 673 
16,646 
30, b20 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes .... 
Slut.-, man. 

Griggs 

Foster 

Eddy 



Acres A'a- 

cant Oci. 

1, 18S9. 



7, mt 

40, 7(ii 
21,07.-. 
49, 4L';> 
25, 088 



Total acres vacant 263,8.33. 

GRAND FORKS LAND DISTRICT. 



OFFICE AT GRAND FORKS, GRAND FORKS COUNTY. 

' James M. Corbet, Register. James Elton, Receiver. 





COUNTIES. 


Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 1889. 


COUNTIES. 


Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1,1889. 


Eddy 


22, 000 
33, 000 
10, 000 


Cavalier 


*22o, 000 


Nelson 


Ramsey 


191, 500 
tl78, 700 


Walsh 


No^ Id any county 


1 




Total acres vacant 




560.2 


30. 



*Six towns unsurveyed, 133,000 acres. jFourtowns unsiirveyed, 90,000 acres. | Four towns 
unsurveyed, 90, "00 acres. 

DEVILS LAKE LAND DISTRICT. 

office at devils lake, RAMSEY COUNTY. 

E. G. Spilman, Reijisler. S. S. Smith, Receiver. 



COUNTIES. 



Eddy 

Wells 

Benson 

McHenry.. 
Bottineau 



Acres Va- 


cant Oct. 


1, 1889. 1 


39, 500 


213,650 


551, 6.5; 1 


806, 740 


517, 440 



Rolette .. 
Towner.. 
Church.., 
Pierce.... 
Ramsey.. 



COUNTIES. 



Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 1889. 



306, 790 
536, 150 
641,260 
541,470 
28, 280 



Total acres vacant 4,182,9.30 



STATK OK NOUTH DAKOTA. 



HISMAUCK LANIi DISTRICT. 



lIKFIt K Ai' Br-iM\K( K, BURI.KKill (OLXTV. 



COUNTIES. 



Acres. 



COL'STIK*!. 



ACR 



i-a. 



Mclnlo^li 17«. fifiO 

Eiiimous 2.i7,y(>0 

liOKiin 2.10,380 

Morton 738, .'i.W 

Heltiiicer.. 624,640 

Bowman 34«, 160 

Billings 671,040 

Stark I 4^0,240 

Oliver , 1.59,840 

Biirliigh 28.5,560 

Kidiier I 265,120 

Stiit.-iman I 21.5, 20') 

Wells 183, 6«0 

Sheri.lan 311,790 \ 

Wallace 8.5.641) ; 

McLean.... 96,160 i 



Mercor ... 

Diiuu 

McKHnzie . 

Stevens 

Ward 

Kenville 

.Mi>iiiilraill*' 
I'laniHTV . 

liiil'ord 

Allred 

Mollenry .. 
Williams ... 

Fo-iter 

Kddy 

Garlield 



im.4.'W 

''•■', UK) 

>l|() 

, . . , .'*» 

47.1, 440 

880, 640 

819,200 

,187,840 

942, 0*) 

10:{, 840 

81,920 

317,440 

3,52' 

960 

20,200 



Total acres vacant ll,622,.50<i 

How to Obtain Piibli<' Tjands.— There are four land oflices in North 
I»;ik()ta, and all can Ix- icached by rail. In each office there are two officers — a 
ii-;;ister, who records the tilings made by .•settlers and keeps run of tlie disposi- 
tion of land.s, and a receiver, who takes charge orthe moneys paid for public 
lands and is the authority to whom proof of settlement must Ije made to secure 
tl)e deed or patent from the Government in the closing act known as "proving 
up." He is al.so judge in contests made for non-compliance with the laud laws. 
In securing agricultural lands there are three methods: By taking a homestead, 
pre-emption or tree claim, 160 acres being the maximum amount that can be 
filed on in each case. A homestead and tree claim, or a pre-emption and tree 
claim can be taken at the s:ime time, but a pre-emption cannot be taken up 
before the homestead is "proved up," or vice versa. The pre-emption and 
liomestead rcfiuire residence on the land to .secure title. In tree claims of IGO 
acres each, eight years are given in which to raise ten acres of trees, the law 
requiring proof that 675 thrifty trees are growing on each acre, or 6,750 in all. 
Thus it is seen that the settler can secure 480 acres of public land. 

The intending settler by applying to the register can get a plat to townships 
in whidi there is still vacant laud. Tiiis official will give the applicant all the 
information he possessesconcerningthecharacter of the landand how to reach it. 
With the plat he proceeds to the locality it designates, and by aid of the figures 
on the section posts or stones, makes his .selection. Settlers already on the 
ground, and anxious to have neighbors, are always glad to a.ssist in locating the 
home seeker. In every town adjacent to vacant lands are agenta wh<» for a 
small fee will aid persons in locating lands. Alter selection is made, the land 
office is again visited, whcrff the regi.stcr will supply the blanks on Avhich the 
applicant will fill out a description of the township, range, section and <iuart«r 
where his selection may he, and make alBdavit of his intention to settle on the 
same. These are filed with the register and a fee of $14 paid, if a homestead is 
taken, after which, at the expiration of five years, the (Jovcrnment will give a 
deed or patent with no additional cost except 1^4 when final proo^" is made. If 



80 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

the settler does not want to wait live years for deed, he can within one year of 
settlement change to pre-emption and pay $1.25 an acre if outside of a railroad 
grant, or $2.50 if within. The only land coming within the $2.50 provision 
in North Dakota is along the Northern Pacific. The pre-emptor can pay in cash 
or by military bounty land warrants, agricultural college, private claims or 
supreme, court scrip. Soldiers can deduct the term of their service in the 
army from the time necessary to secure a homestead, but must make entry at 
land office in person, and pay a declaratory fee of $2. In making entry for tree 
claim, $14 must be paid, and a like sum at the end of eight years on final proof. 

Relinquishments of public lands may often be obtained at very low figures. 
Information about this class of lands must be sought from private parties, 
either the claimants themselves or their agents. There are cases where through 
improvidence or neglect the claimant has failed to comply fully with the pro- 
visions of law and is willing to sell out cheap rather than stand the risk of a 
contest. But these are opportunities a person must hunt up for himself. 

Deeded Lauds. — Farmers who wish to buy land outright and live in the 
more settled localities can find cheap deeded lands, improved and unimproved, 
at very reasonable figures. Superior improved farming lands worth $50 to $60 
an acre can be bought for $20 an acre. Land that sells at $10 an acre is well 
worth $20 to $25 an acre. Unimproved land can often be obtained as cheap as 
$5 and $6 an acre, which is putting a North Dakota farm within nearly every- 
body's reach, aside from the free land area, where all may have one for the filing 
and bona fide settlement of the same. Among the leading advantages which 
North Dakota has to offer at this time, her cheap deeded lands should not be 
overlooked. 

Railroad Lands. — Grants of land were made by the Government in aid 
of the construction of the Northern Pacific and other Western railroads at a 
time when public policy demanded the encouragement of such enterprises, 
which have since proved to be of many times the value which furnished the 
consideration of the land grant. In Dakota Territory, however, there were but 
two frants for this purpose, one of 500,000 acres to what is now the Chicago 
& Northwestern road in South Dakota, and the other of 10,000,000 acres to 
the Northern Pacific Railroad in North Dakota. This company has still for 
sale 7,000,000 acres of land on easy terms to settlers. The Northern Pacific 
lands are among the most desirable to be had, price, soil and location consid- 
ered, and with the increasing tide of immigration flowing northward and 
westward from St. Paul, will be disposed of only less rapidly than the public 
domain. The prices of these lands range chiefly from $3 to $6 an acre for ag- 
ricultural lands, and $1.25 to $4 an acre for grazing lands. Terms of sale 
allow five and ten years' time at 7 per cent, one-sixth or one-tenth of the 
amount of the purchase money being required in advance. Further informa- 
tion about these lands will be cheerfully furnished by the general emigration 
agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, St. Paul, Minn., to whom all inquiries 
are referred. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 81 



XVII. 



FINANCES. 



State Debt.— North Dakota enters the Union with a bonded indebtedness 
of $539,807.46, of which every dollar was well expended, for the erection of 
public institutions. The interest rate on this debt is very low, from 4^ to 5J 
per cent. The schedule of bonds issued is as follows: 

S30,0O0.OO Si.x [XT cent honds, dateil May 1, tSS."?, issued for construption of University of North 

Dalcotuat tirand Forlcs, i)ayable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the state after 

May 1, l.^9:^. 
50,i»o0.()0 Six [vrcent Ixmds.daled May 1, 1883, issued for the construction of the Second Dakota 

Penitoutiarv at Bismarck, payable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the state 

after .May 1, 1S.18. 
50,000.00 Six jH»r cent Imuds, dated May 1, 1884, iss'ied for consfniction of North Hakota n<>9- 

iiital for Insane at Jamestown, payable Mav 1, 1901, or at option of state after 

May 1, ISiU. 
63,000.00 Six txTcent Iwnds, dated May 1,188.1, issued for erection of additional buildings, etc.. 

North Dakota Hospital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May I, 1905, or at option 

of state after May I, 1M90. 
24,000.00 Six percent bonds, dated July 1, 1881, issued for deficiency in construction, etc., of 

North Dakota University at Grand Forks, payable July 1, 1905, or at option of 

state after July 1, 1895. 
U.GOO.OO Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 188.5, issued for improvements, etc.. North Dakota 

Penitentiary, payable July i, 1905. or at the option of the state after ,Iuly I, is'.i,">. 
29,000.00 Four and one-half percent bonds, dated .May 1, 1887, issued fur North Dakota Peni- 
tentiary at Bismarck, payable May 1, 1917, or at the option of the state after 

May 1 1897. 
153,000.00 Four and one half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 18,87, issued for North Dakota Hos- 
pital for Insane at .laniestown, payable May 1, 1902. 
20,000.00 Four per cent bonds, d.ited May 1, 1887, issued for University of North Dakota at 

Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1897. 
22,700.00 Four per cent lionds, dated .May 1, 1889, issued for University of North Dakota at 

Grand Forks, payable .May 1, 19(i9, or at option of the state after .May 1, 1899. 
83,507.46 Five percent refunding warrants for "capitol" dated April 1, 1889, payable April !, 

1894. 



S539,809.46 



County Debt. — The county indebtedness .Tune 1, 1889, was $1,361,978, 
less $226,303 cash on hand for payment of bonds and warranto, leaving the 
actual debt at that time $l,12o,667. This indebteducs-; whs contracted for pub- 
lic improvements, court houses, bridges, etc. The summary ot' county indebt- 
edness is given in the following table: 



82 



STATE OF NORTH BAKOTA. 



SUMMARY OF COUNTY INDEBTEDNESS JUNE 1, 1889. 

COMPILED FROM RETURNS OF COUNTY CLERKS AND AUDITORS TO THE TERRITORIAL STAT- 
ISTICIAN. 



Barnes 

Benson 

Billings 

Bottineau 

Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier «... 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks., 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 

Morton 

NelsoQ (a) 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce(6) 

Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Total. 



COUNTIES. 



Amount 

of Bonds 

Issued. 



$55, 000 
27, 500 



1,200 
59, 600 
100, 000 
16, 000 
20, 500 
14, 900 
20, 000 
18, 000 
39. 000 
62, 000 
S7, 000 



8,500 

6,500 

9,000 

19, 000 



65, 000 

40, 000 

3,000 

40, 000 



58, 000 



28, 906 
20, 000 
10, 000 
15, OOi. 
20, 000 
63, 500 
21, 300 
105 
25, 000 



9,500 



S933,011 



Amount of 
Warrants 

Out- 
standing. 



$44, 794 

1,854 

1,914 

6,930 

100, 853 

35, 000 

1,735 

190 

3,054 

25,478 



Amount of | 
Cash in , 
Sinking 
Fund. , 



2,437 

27, 794 

11,559 

9, 501 

5,484 

7,604 

5,533 

8,740 

18, 126 

22, 000 

1,621 

2,393 



14, 167 
2,714 
9,333 

16, 300 
9,041 
2,909 

16, 526 

8,343 

918 



2,319 
1,803 



$428, 967 



$9,979 



235 

37 

10, 453 

8,532 



2,300 

527' 

'i'4,'952' 



Cash on 
Hand for 
Warrants. 



$5, 087 

1,062 

841 

1,116 

5, 569 

15, 000 



3, 500 
772 



3,430 



8,184 



1,380 



148 
162 



$64, 591 



450 

105 

955 

2,967 

14, 851 

16,913 

1,894 

6,203 

200 

734 

6,970 

1,014 

511 

10, 500 

3, 527 

730 

19, 426 



6,635 



2,120 

1,006 

10, 624 

3,321 

819 

14,053 

13, 658 

1,411 

840 



I 



$171,712 



('() Nelson county. There were $9,822 warrants issued in 1884, enjoined Aug. 14, 1885. Still 
in litigation and not included in the report. 
(6) Pierce county. Newly organized county ; has no debt and no money in treasury. 

The combiued state and county debt (11,665,482) may seem large, but the 
ratio per capita ($8) is exceeded by 20 of the states, aud few of them with as 
much to show for it. The per capita debt of Montana is nearly $20. 

Assessed Value. — The assessed valuation of the real and personal prop- 
erty of North Dakota — $66,857,436.30 — not including the $20,000,000 in rail- 
roads not assessed — represents less than one-half of the true value. In the 
assessment table given below it will be seen that only a little over 10,000,000 
acres of the more than 47,500,000 in the state are assessed, and then at the low 
average of $4 an acre. Millions of acres are not assessed, because the occupants 
have not "proved up" homesteads, etc., not being ta.xable until patents are 
issued. From this it will seem that the state has an enormous reserve fund, 
and there is something to show for every dollar of money borrowed aud ex- 
pended. The table of assessment is as follows: 



STATE OF NORTH DAKtiTA. 



83 



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84 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Banks. — Dakota, as a territory, had nearly 350 banks, or more than in the 
6 Southern states of Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, North 
Carolina and Tennessee combined. Of these banks 57 were organized under 
the national banking law, North Dakota's share being 25, with nearly 100 pri- 
vate banks, or more than in any one of 13 of the older states. The banking 
capital of North Dakota is nearly $4,000,000. 



XVIII. 

NEWSPAPERS. 

North Dakota has 125 newspapers, or more than in the states of Vermont and 
Delaware combined, more than in Montana and Washington combined, and as 
many as in South Carolina. The dailies of Fargo, Grand Forks, Jamestown 
and Bismarck are publications which would do credit to large and populous 
centres of the East. The intellectual, moral and religious condition of the 
north state is presented in unmistakable terms by the independent and most 
excellent tone of both daily and weekly newspapers. With statehood a wider 
field opens before the press in urging the importance of industrial pursuits, in 
demanding diversity in agriculture, and insisting upon a continuance of the 
financial integrity and educational upbuilding that marked the entire career of 
the territory. 

While the newspaper is an index to the character, intelligence and enterprise 
of a people, the post office is also a guide, indicating that the community be- 
lieves in the use of the mails for carrying information, in which particular, as 
in the support of newspapers, North Dakota takes high rank. As shown by 
the table elsewhere, the state has 454 post offices, two-fifths of the offices of the 
entire territory, which combined paid a revenue of a hulf million dollars to 
the National Government, something not recorded of a good many of the states. 



STATE OF NOKTU DAKOTA. 



85 



XIX. 



RAILROADS. 



Two great transcontinental lines run acroas the state from east to west, with 
many branche.'^, while other lines come up from the .snith, altogether forming 
important arteries of iutei-state commerce. The total mileage of North Da- 
kota is 2,063 miles, divided between the Northern Pacific, the St. Paul, Min- 
uepolis & Manitoba, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Miuneaix>lis, 
St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie and the Chicago & Northwestern. The only 
new road constructed in either Dakota.s in 1839 was an extension of the James- 
town Northern from Minnewaukan to Leeds, 18J miles, where connection is 
made with the Manitoba. There is considerable roadway graded, in the aggre- 
gate over S.'SO miles, in the two Dakotivs, on which iron will no doubt be laid 
in the next year or two. 

The miles of road belonging to the different companies (the Leeds extension 
not included), and the territorial and county tax paid by each in 1888, accord- 
ing to the report of the territorial railroad commissioners, will be found in the 
following table: 




86 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

XX. 

POSTAL GUIDE FOR NORTH DAKOTA. 
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF POST OFFICES IN THE STATE OCT. 1, 1889. 



H 




Abbotsford i Lenson. 



Acton 

Addison 

Adler 

Adrian 

Albion 

Alderman 

Alma 

Amenia 

Aneta 

Antelope 

Ardoch 

Argusville 

Armstrong 

Arrowood 

Arthur 

Arvilla 

Ashley, C. H 

Ashtabula 

Atwill 

Auburn 

Ayr 

Backoo 

Baconville 

Barlow 

Barnes 

Barrie 

Bartlett 

Bathgate 

Bay Centre 

Bean 

Beaulieu 

Belcourt 

Belfield 

Belleville 

Bellevyria 

Belmont 

Binghamton 

Bismarck, C. H.... 

Blanchard 

Bollinger 

Bonnersville 

Bottineau, C. H... 

Bowesmont 

Brampton 

Buchanan 

Bue 

Buffalo 

Burlington 

Buttzville 

Buxton 

Byron 

Cable 

Caledonia, C. H.... 

Cando, C. II 

Carlisle 

Carrington, C H.. 

Cashel 

Casselton 

Causey 

Cavalier 

Cayuga 

Cecil 

Christine 

Church's Ferry ... 

Clement 

Clifford 

Coal Harbor 

Coldwater 

Colfax 

Colgate 

Conger 



Walsh. 

Cass. 

Nelson. 

La Moure. 

Stutsman. 

Barnes. 

Cavalier. 

Cass. 

Nelson. 

Stark. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Grand Forks. 

M cintosh. 

Barnes. 

Stutsman. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

Pembina. 

Nelson. 

Foster. 

Barnes. 

Richland. 

Ramsey. 

Pembina. 

Pembina. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina. 

Rolette. 

Stark. 

Grand Forks. 

Steele. 

Traill. 

Cass. 

Burleigh. 

Traill. 

Rolette. 

Ransom. 

Bottineau. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Emmons. 

Nelson. 

Cass. 

Ward. 

Ransom. 

Traill. 

Cavalier. 

Grand Forks. 

Traill. 

Towner. 

Pembina. 

Foster. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

Mercer. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Towner. 

Richland. 

Ramsey. 

Dickey. 

Tr.iill. 

^'• ^"an. 

Mcliil.ish. 

Richland. 

Steele. 

Burleigh. 



Conkling 

Conway 

Coolin 

Cooperstown, C. H 

Corinne 

Crary 

Crofte 

Cromwell 

Crosier 

Crystal 

Crystal Springs 

Cumings 

Daily 

Danbury 

Davenport 

Dawson 

Dazy 

Deapolis 

De Groat 

De Lamere 

Denney 

Des Lacs 

De Villo 

Devils Lake, C. H 

Dickey 

Dickinson, C. H 

Drayton 

Dundee 

Dunseith 

Durbin 

Dwight 

Easby 

Echo 

Eckelson 

Edberg 

Edgeley 

Edinburgh 

Edmunds 

Eldred 

Eldridge 

Elkwood 

Ellendale, C. H 

Ellerton 

Elliott 

Ellsbury 

Ely 

Embden 

Emerado 

Emmonsburg 

Englevale 

Erickson 

Erie 

Ernest 

Esler 

Everest 

Exeter 

Eyford 

Fairmouut 

Falconer... 

Fargo, C. H 

Farmiiigton 

Forest River 

Forman, C H .'. 

Fort Aberorombie 

Fort Abraham Lincoln 

Fort Berthiild 

Fort Buford 

Fort Ransom 

Fort Stevenson 

Fort Totten 

Fort Yates 

Fox Lake 



McLean. 

Walsh. 

Towner. 

Griggs. 

Stutsman. 

Ramsey. 

Burleigh.' 

Burleigh. 

Nelson. 

Pembina. 

Kidder. 

Traill. 

Barnes. 

Emmons. 

Cass. 

Kidder. 

Barnes. 

Mercer. 

Ramsey. 

Sargent. 

Pierce. 

Ward. 

Richland. 

Ramsey. 

La Moure. 

Stark. 

Pembina. 

Walsh. 

Rolette. 

Cass. 

Richland. 

Cavalier. 

Ward. 

Barnes. 

Burleigh. 

La Moure. 

Walsh. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Stutsman. 

Cavalier. 

Dickey 

Cavalier. 

Ransom. 

Barnes. 

McHenry. 

Cass. 

Grand Forks. 

Emmons. 

Ransom. 

McLean. 

Cass. 

Pembina. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Pembina. 

Richland. 

McLean. 

Cass. 

Richland. 

Walsh. 

Sargent. 

Richland. 

Morton. 

Garfield. 

Buford. 

Ransom. 

Stevens. 

Ramsey. 

Boreman. 

Ramsey. 



STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 



87 



POSTAL GUIDE FOR NOKTH DAKOTA— Contisubd. 



Post Offick. 



COOHTY. 



1 iillerlon.. 
( lalosburg. 
iiiilhuiu .. 

(i:ilt 

( ianlnr 

i;.ir(lner.... 

I tiiyion 

I leiR'SOO.... 
( iorirude... 
• lilby 



• Hailstone 

(ilasscock 

1 ilasion 

I ■lencoe 

I iluiitk'ld 

I lien Ullin 

iJlover 

(ioldi'ii Lake 

Grafti'ii.r. H 

tiraud Forks, C. H.... 

Grand Uarlx)r 

( irandin 

(irand Uapids 

I irauville 

•iray 

Great Bend 

Griswold 

(iuelph 

Ilatkett 

Jlajue 

Hallson 

Xaiuilton 

Hamlin 

Hampton 

Hancock 

Hanson 

Hankinson 

Haiiuarurd 

Hannah 

HanoTer 

Harlem 

Harmon 

Harrisburg 

Harwood 

Hatlon ... 

Havana 

Hazen . . 

Hel>run ... 

Helena 

Hensel 

Hensler 

Hiek.son 

Hillsboro 

Hillsd.ile 

Holmes 

Hope 

Horace 

Horn 

Hull 

Hunter 

Hiirricanu Lake 

Hyde I'ark 

Injjersoil 

Ink>ter 

Island l^ke 

.Tn.Wv,,!! 

.'mu.. -i.'wn, C. H 

Jenualcm 

. Jessie 

Jewell 

Johnstown 

Joliette 

Joslyn 

Kel»o 

Kelly's 

Kempton 

Kildahl 

Kindred „ 



Dickey. 

Traill. 

GrigRS. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

Cass. 

Kmmons. 

Sargent. 

Cavalier. 

Grand Forks. 

Cass. 

Stark. 

Burleigh. 

Penibina. 

ICmnions. 

Foster. 

Morton. 

Dickey. 

Steele. 

Walsh. 

Grand Forks. 

Kamsey. 

Cass. 

La Moure. 

McHenry. 

Stutsman. 

Richland. 

La Moure. 

Dickey. 

Barnes. 

TrallF. 

Pembina. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Fmmons. 

McLean. 

Towner. 

Uichland. 

Griggs. 

Cavalier. 

Oliver. 

Sargent. 

Oliver. 

Nelson. 

Cass. 

Traill. 

Sargent. 

Mercer. 

.^[orton. 

Griggs. 

Pembina. 

Oliver. 

Ca.'w. 

Traill. 

Dirkev. 

(irantf Korks. 

Steele. 

Cass. 

Stutsman. 

Kmmons. 

Cass. 

Pierce. 

Pembina. 

McLi'an. 

Grand Forks. 

Itolettc. 

Kamsey. 

Stutsman. 

llamsey. 

Griggs. 

Mcintosh. 

Graml Forks. 

Pembina. 

Renville. 

Traill. 

Grand Fork*. 

Grand Forks. 

Kamsey. 

Case 



Post Office. 



King 

Kinloss 

Klein 

Kloeppel 

Knox 

Kongsberg , 

Krem 

Kurtz 

Lakota.C. H 

LangedabI 

Lambert 

La Moure, C. H. 
■iane. 

Lnngdon, C. U. 
Larimore. 
Larabee. 

Laiona .S.. 

Laureat.. 
Lee. 

Leeds 

I..eunai'd 

l.«roy 

Lidgerwood 

Lisbon, C H 

LitcbviUe. 

Livoua 

I-ocke 

Logan 

Lordsburg 

Lorraine 

Ludden 

McCanna 

McConnell 

MeGuire 

-McKenzie 

.McKinney 

McHae 

.McVille 

Maida 

Mandan.C. H 

Manvel 

Mapes 

Mapleton 

Mardell 

Mayville 

Medl)ery 

Medford 

Medora, C. H 

Mekiuock 

Melville 

.Menoken 

.Merrleourt 

Merrilield 

Michigan 

Miliior, C. H 

Milton 

.Miniii'waukan, C. H. 

Minne Lake 

Minot.C. H 

Minto 

.Mona 

Monango 

Montpelicr 

Mooretrin 

Morris 

Mountain 

.Mount Carniel 

Mouse River 

Mugford 

Na(M)IeoD, C. H -. 

Ncche 

Nesson 

Newburg 

New England City... 

New RcKklord.C. H. 

New Snleiu 

Nin.:ara ~. 

NieboNon 

Noble 



COU.STY. 



Ix>gan. 

Walsh. 

Oliver. 

Richland. 

Benson. 

KlchlaiKl. 

Mercer. 

Morton. 

Nelson. 

Ki.ldrr. 

WaLsh. 

La Moure. 

McHenry. 

Cavalier. 

Grand Forkh. 

hosier. 

WaMi. 

Rolette. 

Nelson. 

Benson. 

Cass. 

Pembina. 

Richland. 

Ransom. 

La Moure. 

KnimoDS. 

liamsey. 

Ward. 

Bottineau. 

Dickey. 

Dickev. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina. 

Kidder. 

Burleigh. 

Renville. 

Bottineau. 

Nelson. 

Cavalier. 

Morton. 

Grand Forks. 

Nelson. 

Cass. 

Steele. 

Traill. 

La Moure. 

Walsh. 

Billings. 

Grand Forks. 

Foster. 

Burleigh. 

Dickey. 

(;raiid Forks. 

Nelson. 

Sargent. 

Cavalier. 

Benson. 

Barnes. 

AVard. 

Walsh. 

Cavalier. 

Pickejr. 

Stutsman. 

Riehland. 

F.ddy. 

Pembina. 

Cavalier. 

McUenry. 

Pembina. 

Ix>gan. 

Pembina. 

Flannerv. 

La Moiii-v 

Hettinger. 

Eddy. 

Morton. 

Grand Forks. 

Sargent. 

ra.«. 



88 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



POSTAL GUIDE FOB NORTH DAKOTA.— Concluded. 



Post Office. 



Noruian 

Nortliwood 

Nowesta 

Oakdale 

Oakes 

Oberon 

Odell 

Ojata 

Olga 

Omio 

Oriska 

Orr 

Oshkosh 

Osnabrock 

Ottawa 

Ottofy 

Owego 

Page 

Painted Woods.. 

Park River 

Pembina, C. H... 

Pendroy 

Penn 

Perth 

Petersburg 

Pickert 

Pickton 

Pingree 

Pisek 

Pittsburgh 

Pleasant Lake... 

Plymouth 

Portland 

Power 

Praha 

Pratford 

Quincy 

Ransom 

Reinolds 

Richardton 

Richmond 

Eidgefield 

Rio 

Ripon 

Rolla 

Romfo 

Romness 

Roop 

Ruby 

Rugby, C.H 

Russell 

Rutland 

Rutten 

St. Andrew 

St. Carl 

St. John's, C. H... 

St. Thomas 

Sanborn 

Sanger, C. H 

Sansahville 

Sargent 

Shapera 

Scovill 

Sentinel Butte.... 

Seymour 

Sharlow 

Sharon 

Sheldon 

Shenfnrd 

Shepard 

Sherbrooke, C. H 

Sheyenne 

Sidney 

SiWerleaf 

Silvesta 

Sims 

Slafon 



County. 



Cass. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina. 

Dunn. 

Dickey. 

Benson. 

Barnes. 

Grand Forks. 

Cavalier. 

Emmons. 

Barnes. 

Grand Forks. 

Wells. 

Cavalier. 

Griggs. 

Nelson. 

Ransom. 

Cass. 

Burleigh. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

McHenry. 

Ramsey. 

Towner. 

Nelson. 

Steele. 

Towner. 

Stutsman. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

Benson. 

Ransom. 

Trail). 

Richland. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

Traill. 

Sargent. 

Grand Forks. 

Stark. 

Walsh. 

Cavalier. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

.Rolette. 

Cavalier. 

Griggs. 

Emmons. 

Nelson. 

Pierce. 

La Moure. 

Sargent. 

Ramsey. 

Walsh. 

Ward. 

Rolette. 

Pembina. 

Barnes. 

Oliver. 

Bottineau. 

Sargent. 

Ramsey. 

Ransom. 

Billings. 

Richland. 

Stutsman. 

Steele. 

Ransom. 

Ransom. 

Pembina. 

Steele. 

Eddy. 

Towner. 

Dickey. 

Walsh. 

Morton. 

Mercer. 



Post Office. 



Slaughter 

Snyder 

Sogn 

Soper 

South Heart 

Spiritwood 

Stanton, C. H 

Starkweather 

Steele, C. H 

Steide 

Sterling 

Stewartsdale 

Stillwell 

Stokesville 

Straubville 

Svea 

Svenby ...... 

Sweet Briar 

Sykeston, C. H 

Tappen 

Tarsus 

Taylor 

Tewaukon 

The.xton 

Thompson 

Titfany 

Tomey 

Tower City 

Towner, C.H 

Trvsil 

Turtle Lake 

Turtle River 

Twala 

Tyner 

Uxbridge 

Valley City, C. H... 

Vang 

Verner 

Verona 

Vesta 

Viking 

Villard 

Voss 

Wahpetou, C.H 

Walcott 

Wales 

Walhalla 

Walle 

Walshville 

Washburn, C. U 

Watson 

Weible 

Welford 

Weller 

Westfield 

Westboro 

Wbeatland 

White Earth 

Wild Rice 

Williamsport, C. II. 

AVilliston 

Willows 

Winchester 

Windsor 

Wines 

Winona 

Wogan.sport 

Woodbridge 

Woods 

Wright 

Wvndmere 

Yo'rk 

Yorktown 

Young 

Youngstown 

Ypcilanti 



County. 



Burleigh. 

Towner. 

Nelson. 

Cavalier. 

Stark. 

Stutsman. 

Mercer. 

Ramsey. 

Kidder. 

Logan. 

Burleigh. 

Burleigh. 

Cavalier. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Barnes. 

Barnes. 

Morion. 

Wells. 

Kidder. 

Bottineau. 

Stark. 

Sargent. 

I'embina. 

Grand Forks. 

Eddv. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

McHenry. 

Cass. 

McLean. 

Grand Forks. 

Rolette. 

Pembina. 

Barnes. 

Barnes. 

Cavalier. 

Sargent. 

La Sloure. 

Wal-sh. 

Benson. 

McHenry. 

Walsh. 

Richland. 

Richland. 

Burleigh. 

Pembina. 

Grand Forks. 

Walsh. 

McLean. 

Cass. 

Traill. 

Pembina. 

McLean. 

Emmons. 

Dickey. 

Cass. 

Mountraille. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Buford. 

Griggs. 

Emmons. 

Stutsman. 

McHenry. 

Emmons. 

Burleigh. 

Cavalier. 

Cass. 

Dickey. 

Richland. 

Benson. 

Dickey. 

Pembina. 

Mcintosh. 

Stutsman. 



INDEX, 



Agriculture, 56. 

Statistics of, 57-00. 

lk»ard of, 5'>. 

Farmers' Alliance, 5fi. 

.Small famiitiK, 61. 
Statistics of, 62-64. 
Area, 46. 

Ariiiicial forests, statistics, 70. 
Absc.xsed valuatiou, 82, 83. 

Banks, 84. 

Barley, statistics, 58-60. 
Bees, statistics, 62. 
Building stone, 71. 
Burkwheat, statfStics, .')'.», 60. 
Butter, statistics, 62. 

Caiiitol building, 77. 
Cattle, statistics, 67, 83. 
Cheese, statistics, 62. 
Churches, 74. 
Climate, 54. 

Rainfall, 54, .55. 

Si'asons, 54. 

Temperature, 54. 

The North, 5.i. 
Coal, 71. 
Constitution, ."i. 

Amendments, future, 2-">. 

Appurtionnients, 29. 

Boundaries of state, 28. 

Compact with U. S., 2.">. 

County organization, 21. 

CourU, 13. 

Corporations, 17. 

Declaration of rights, 6. 

Debt, settlement of, 27. 

Division of property, 35. 

Education, 19. 

IClective franchise, 16. 

Kxi-cutive department, 11. 

Impeachment, 2.'>. 

Institutions, public, 31. 

Judicial department, Ut. 

L4iDds, school and public, 19. 

Legislative department, 7. 

Militia, 24. 



Constitution — 

Miscellaneous, 28. 

Prohibition, 32. 

Preamble, 5. 

Public debt and works, 23. 

Removal from oflice, 25. 

Revenue, 22. 

Schedule, 32. 

.Seal, descrii)tion, 28. 

Taxation, 22. 

Town organization, 21. 

Corn, statistics, 57-60. 
Coteau region, 52. 
Courts, 13. 

County, 15. 

District, 14. 

Justice, 15. 

Police, 16. 

Supreme, 13. 
Creameries, 72. 

Dairy products, statistics, S2. 
Debt, state and county, 81, 82. 
Devils Lake country, 50. 

Educational racilities, 73. 
Denominational schools, 74. 
Graded schools, 73. 
Public schools, 73. 
State institutions, 75-77. 

Farmers' .Miiance, 56. 
Finances, 81. 
Flax, 59, 60. 
Flouring mills, 72. 
Fruits, statistics, 63. 

Ciarden products, statistics, 62. 
(ieograpbical divisions, 46. 
Grains and statistics, 64. 

Hay, sUtistics, 64. 
Honey, statistics, 62. 
Horses, statistics, 67-.S3. 
Hospital for insane, 75. 

Irrigation, 65. 

Jauica river valley, 49. 

Judicial districts, couoties in, 40-43. 



90 



INDEX. 



Land in farms, 57. 

Acres cultivated, 57. 

Acres under fence, 57. 

Valueof land, 57. 
Lauds, public, 78. 

Deeded, 80. 
Land oflBces, list of, 78, 79. 
Legislature, names of members, 44, 45. 
Live stock and statistics, 66-68. 
Live stock Mortality, 67. 
Manufactures, 71. 

Flouring mills, statistics, 72. 

Creameries, statistics, 72. 

Lumbering, 73. 

Minor industries, 73. 
Mineral resources, 71. 

Building stones, 71. 

Coal, 71. 

Clays, etc., 71. 
Missouri slope, 52. 
Mouse river country, 51. 
Mules, statistics, 67, 83. 

Newspapers, 84. 
Nurseries, statistics, 63. 
Oats, statistics, 58-60. 
Officials, county, 41-43. 

State, 40. 
Orchards, statistics, 63 



Penitentiary, 76. 
Post offices, 86-88. 
Potatoes, 59, 60. 
Poultry, statistics, 62. 
Population, county, estimates, 53. 
Public lands, location of, 78, 79. 

How to secure, 79. 

Relinquishments of, 80. 

Railroads, 85. 
Railroad lands, 80. 
Rainfall, 54. 
Red river valley, 46. 
Rye, statistics, 58-60. 

Schools, 73. 

Sheep, statistics, 67, 83. 

Swine, statistics, 67, 83. 

Temperature, 54. 

Timber and statistics, 69, 70. 

Turtle Mountain region, 50, 5L 

University, Grand Forks, 75. 

Valuation, assessed, 82, 83. 
Vote for state officers, 37-39. 

West North Dakota, 52. 
Wheat, statistics, 58-60. 
Wool clip, 67. 



INDEX 



Agriculture, 56. 

Stalistii'sof, .i7-60. 

Hoard of, 55. 

Tanners' Alliance, 5fi. 

."^^niall fanning, fil. 
Statistics of, 62-64. 
Area, 46. 

.Vrtiiicial forests, statistics, 70. 
Ass(.ii.sed valuation, 82, 83. 

Banks, 84. 

Barley, statistics, 58-60. 
Bees, statistics, 62. 
Building stone, 71. 
Buckwheat, statistics, 59, 60. 
Butter, statistics, 62. 

Capitol building, 77. 
Cattle, statistics, 67,83. 
Cheese, statistics, 62. 
Churches, 74. 
Climate, M. 

Rainfall, 51, 55. 

Seasons, 54. 

Temperature, 54. 

Till' North, 55. 
Coal, 71. 
Constitution, 5. 

Amendments, future, 25. 

Apportionments, 29. 

Boundaries of state, 28. 

Compact with U. S., 25. 

Countr organization, 21. 

Courts, 13. 

Corporations, 17. 

Declaration of rights, 5. 

Debt, settlement of, 27. 

Division of property, 35. 

Education, 19. 

ElectiTe franchise, 16. 

Executive department, 11. 

Impeachment, 25. 

Institutions, public, 31. 

Judicial department, 13. 

Lands, school and public, 19. 

Lefrislative department, 7. 

Militia, 24. 



Constitution — 

Miscellaneous, 28. 

Prohibition, 32. 

Preamble, 5. 

Public debt and works, 23. 

Removal from office, 25. 

Revenue, 22. 

Schedule, 32. 

Seal, description, 28. 

Taxation, 22. 

Town organization, 21. 

Corn, statistics, 57-60. 
Coteau region, 52. 
Courts, 13. 

County, 15. 

District, 14. 

Justice, 15. 

Police, 16. 

Supreme, 13. 
Creameries, 72. 

Dairy products, statistics, 62. 
Debt, state and county, 81, 82. 
Devils Lake country, 50. 

Educational facilities, 73. 
Denominational schools, 74. 
Graded schools, 73. 
Public schools, '.i. 
State institutions, 75-77. 

Farmers' Alliance, 56. 
Finances, 81. 
Flax, 59, 60. 
Flouring mills, 72. 
Fruits, statistics, 63. 

Garden products, statistics, 62. 
Geographical divisions, 46. 
Grains and statistics, 64 . 

Hay, sUtistics, 64. 
Honey, statistics, 62. 
Horses, statistics, 67-83. 
Hospital for insane, 75. 

Irrigation, 65. 

James rlvi-r valley, 49. 

Judicial districts, counties in, 40-43. 



90 



INDEX. 



Laod in farms, 57. 

Acres cultivated, 57. 

Acres under fence, 57. 

Value of land, 57. 
Lauds, public, 78. 

Deeded, 80. 
Land offices, list of, 78, 79. 
Legislature, names of members, 44, 45. 
Live stock and statistics, 66-68. 
Live stock mortality, 67. 

Manufactures, 71. 

Flouring mills, statistics, 72. 

Creameries, statistics, 72. 

Lumbering, 73. 

Minor industries, 73. 
Mineral resources, 71. 

Building stones, 71. 

Coal, 71, 

Clays, etc., 71. 
Missouri slope, 52. 
Mouse river country, 51. 
Mules, statistics, 67, 83. 

Newspapers, 84. 
Nurseries, statistics, 63. 

Oats, statistics, 58-60. 
Officials, county, 41-43. 

State, 40. 
Orchards, statistics, 63 



Penitentiary, 76. 
Post offices, 86-88. 
Potatoes, 59, 60. 
Poultry, statistics, 62. 
Population, county, estimates, 53. 
Public lands, location of, 78, 79. 

How to secure, 79. 

Relinquishments of, 80. 

Railroads, 85. 
Railroad lands, 80. 
Rainfall, 54. 
Red river valley, 46. 
Rye, statistics, 58-60. 

Schools, 73. 

Sheep, statistics, 67, 83. 

Swine, statistics, 67, 83. 

Temperature, 54. 

Timber and statistics, 69, 70. 

Turtle Mountain region, 50, 51, 

University, Grand Forks, 75. 

Valuation, assessed, 82, 83. 
Vote for state officers, 37-39. 

West North Dakota, 52. 
Wheat, statistics, 58-60. 
Wool clip, 67. 



1 S 8 9 . 



THE 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA 

THE STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL AND 
POLITICAL ABSTRACT. 



AGRICULTURAL, MINERAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, 

EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL 

STATEMENTS. 




rUBLISHED BY 

TRANK IL IIAGEnTY, 

COMMISSIOMER OF IMMIGRATION AND Ex-OfFICIO TERRITORIAL STATISTICIAN, 

ABERDEEN, S. P. 



AlIERDF.KN, S. I>. 

DAILY NKWS PUINT. 
1889. 



PART TTL 



I. 


CONSTITITTIOX. 


XI. 


Mineral Wealth. 


II. 


Election Returns. 


XII. 


Manufactures. 


III. 


Okficial Dibectobv. 


XIII. 


Education. 


IV. 


Boundaries. 


XIV. 


Churches. 


V. 


Population. 


XV. 


Public Institutions 


VI. 


Climate. 


XVI. 


Public Lands. 


VII. 


Agriculture. 


XVII. 


Finances. 


VIII. 


Irrigation. 


XVIII. 


Newspapers. 


IX. 


Live Stock. 


XIX. 


Railroads. 


X. 


TiMBEB. 


XX. 


Post Offices. 



II 



< 



CONSTITUTION 



\T 



OF 



SOUTH DAKOTA, 1889. 



rnn.AMr.r.E. 



We, the people of South Dakota, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and 
religious liberties, in order to form a more perfect and independent govern- 
ment, establish justice, insure tranquility, provide for the common delense. 
promote the general welfare and preserve t-o ourselves and to our posterity the 
blessings of liberty, do orduiu and establish this constitution for the Stiite of 
.South Dakota. 

ARTICLE I. 

NAME AND BOUNDARY. 

Section 1. The name of the state shall be South Dakota. 

Sec. 2. The boundaries of the State of South Dakotii shall be as follows: 
Beginning at the point of intersection of the western lK)undary line of the State 
of Minnesota with the northern boundary line of the State of Iowa, and run- 
ning thence northerly along the western boundary line of the State of Minnesota 
to its intersection witii the 7th standard parallel; thence west on the line of the 
7th standard panillel produced due west to its intersection with the 27th meri- 
dian of longitude we.st from Washington; thence south on the 27th meridian 
(if longitude west from Washington to its intersection ^\ith the northern lK)un- 
• lary line of theStatt^ of Nebraska; thence easterly along the northern Ixiundary 
line of the State of Nebraska to it^ intersection with the western boundary line 
of the State of Iowa; thence northerly along the western l>ouudary line of the 
State of Iowa to its intersection with the northern boundary line of the Stiite of 
Iowa; thence east along the northern boundary line of the State of Iowa to the 
place of beginning. 

ARTICLE II. 

DIVISION OF THE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT. 

The powers of the government of the state are dirided into three distinct de- 
l>artments — the legislative, executive and judicial; and the powers and duties 
of each are prescribed by this constitution. 

ARTICLE III. 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Skctio.v 1. The legislative power shall be veste<l in a legislature, which shall 
'onsist of a senate and house of represeutiitives. 



6 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 2. The number of members of the house of representatives shall not be 
less than 75 nor more than 135. The number of members of the senate shall 
not be less than 25 nor more than 45. 

The sessions of the legislature shall be biennial except as otherwise provided 
in this constitution. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of senator who is not a quali- 
fied elector in the district from which he may be chosen, and a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and who 
shall not have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years next preced- 
ing his election. 

No person shall be eligible to the officeof representative who is not a qualified 
elector in the district from which he may be chosen, and a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 
years next preceding his election, and who shall not have attained the age of 25 
years. 

No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, states 
attorney, recorder, sheriff or collector of public moneys, member of either house 
of Congress, or person holdiug any lucrative office under the United States or 
this state, or any foreign government, shall be a member of the legislature; Pro- 
vided, that appointments in the militia, the offices of notary public and justice 
of the peace shall not be considered lucrative; nor shall any person holding any 
office of honor or profit under any foreign government or under the government 
of the United States, except postmasters whose annual compensation does not 
exceed the sum of $300, hold any office in either branch of the legislature or 
become a meml^er thereof. 

Sec. 4. No person who has been, or hereafter shall be, convicted of bribery, 
perjury, or other infamous crime, nor any person who has been, or may be col- 
lector or holder of public moneys, who shall not have accounted for and paid 
over, according to law, all such moneys due from him, shall be eligible to the 
legislature or to any office in either branch thereof. 

Sec. 5. The legislature shall provide by law for the enumeration of the in- 
habitants of the state in the year 1895 and every 10 years thereafter, and at 
its first regular session after each enumeration, and also after each enumeration 
made by authority of the United States, but at no other time, the legislature 
shall apportion the senators and representatives according to the number of in- 
habitants, excluding Indians not taxed and soldiers and officers of the United 
States army and navy; Provided, that the legislature may make an apportion- 
ment at its first session after the admission of South Dakota as a state. 

Sec. 6. The terms of the office of the members of the legislature shall be 2 
years; they shall receive for their services the sum of $5 for each day's attend- 
ance during the session of the legislature, and 10 cents for every mile of neces- 
sary travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting of the legisla- 
ture on the most usual route. 

Each regular session of the legislature shall not exceed 60 days, except in 
cases of impeachment, and members of the legislature shall receive no other pay 
or perquisites except per diem and mileage. 

Sec. 7. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government on the first 
Tuesday after the first Monday of January at 12 o'clock M. in the year next 
ensuing the election of members thereof, and at no other time except as provi- 
ded by this constitution. 

Sec. 8. Members of the legislature and officers thereof, before they enter 
upon their official duties, shall take and subscribe the following oath or affir- 
mation: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the constitution 
of the United States and the constitution of the State of South Dakota, and 
will faithfully discharge the duties of (senator, representative or officer) accord- 
ing to the best of my abilities, and that I have not knowingly or intentionally 
paid or contributed anything, or made any promise in the nature of a bribe, to 
directly or indirectly influence any vote at the election at which I was chosen 
to fill said office, and have not accepted, nor will I accept or receive directly or 
indirectly, any money, pass, or any other valuable thing, from any corporation, 
company or person, for any vote or influence I may give or withhold on any 
bill or resolution, or appropriation, or for any other official act. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 7 

Tliis oath alinll be administered by a judye of the supreme or circuit court, 
or the presidiug otTicer of eitlier liouse, in thi> hail of the house to wliidi the 
member or otficer is elected, and the secretary of state sliall reconl and lile the 
oath sii))scribed by each member and olli(!er. 

Any member or olUcer of tiio lejjislature who sliall refuse to take the oath 
herein prescribed shall forfeit his office. 

Any member or oflicer of the legislature wlio shall be convictc-d of havin>» 
sworn falsely t<i, or violated his said oath, shall forfeit his oftice and bedisijuali- 
lied thereafter from liolding the oflioe of senator or member of the house of 
representatives or any olhce within the gift of the legislature. 

Sec. 9. Each house shall be the judge of the election returns and qualifica- 
tions of its own members. 

.\ majority of the members of ejich house shall constitute a quorum, but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may comjjel the attendance 
of absent members in such a manner and under such penalty as each house 
may provide. 

Kach hou.se shall determine the rules of its proceedings, .shall choo.se its own 
officers and employes and fix the pay thereof except as otherwise provided in 
this constitution. 

Sec. 10. The governor shall is.sne writs of election to fill such vacancies as 
may occur in either house of the legislature. 

i-^KC. 11. Senators and representative.s shall, in all cases except trea.son, felony 
or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest daring the session of the leg- 
islature, and ingoing to and returning from the same; and for words used in 
any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other 
place. 

Sec. 12. No member of the legislature shall, during the term for which he 
was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in the state which shall 
have been created or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during 
the term for which he was elected, nor shall any member receive any civil ap- 
pointment from the governor, the governor and senate, or from the legislature 
during the term for which he shall have been elected, and all such appoiut- 
menta and all votes given for any such members lor any such office or appoint- 
ment shall be void; nor shall any member of the legislature during the term 
for which he shall have been elected, or within one year thereafter, be inter- 
ested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with the state or any county 
thereof, authorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have 
been elected. 

Sec. 13. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and publish the 
same from tinie to time, except such parts as require secrecy, and the yeas and 
nays of ineml)ers on any question shall be taken at the desire of one-sixth of 
those present and entered upon the journal. 

Sec. 14. In all elections to be made by legislature the members thereof 
shall vote viva rocc and their votes shall be entered in the journal. 

Sec. 15. The .sessions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall 
be open, unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. 

Sec. 16. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn lor 
more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses 
shall be .sitting. 

Sec. 17. Every bill shall be read three several times but the first and second 
reacling may be on the same day, and the second reading may be by title of the 
bill, unless the reading at length be demanded. The first and third readings 
shall be at length. 

Sec. 19. The en.acting clause of a law shall be: " Be it enacted by the Leg- 
islature of the State of South Dakot;>," and no law shall be passed unless by 
assent by a majority of all the members electt^d to eaih liou.se of the legislature. 
And the (inestion ui>on the final pas.sage shall be taken upon its last reading, 
and the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal. 

Sec. 19. The presiding oflicer of each house shall, in the presence of the 
house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the 
legislature, after their titles have been publicly read immediately before sign- 
ing, and the tact of signing shall be entered upon the journal. 



8 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 20. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and a bill 
passed by one house may be amended in the other. 

Sec. 21. No law shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be ex- 
pressed in its title. 

Sec. 22. No act shall take effect until 90 days after the adjournment of 
the session at which it passed, unless in cas3 of emergency (to be expressed 
in the preamble or body of the act) the legislature shall, by a vote of two-thirds 
of all the members elected of each house, otherwise direct. 

Sec. 23. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special 
laws in the following cases: 

1. Granting divorces. 

2. Changing the names of persons or places, or constituting one person the 
heir at law of another. 

3. Locating or changing county seats. 

4. Regulating county and township affairs. 

5. Incorporating cities, towns and villages or changing or amending the 
charter of any town, city or village, or laying out, opening, vacating or alter- 
ing town plats, streets, wards, alleys and puVilic grounds. 

6. Providing for sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or oth- 
ers under disability. 

7. Authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams wholly within the 
state. 

8. Remitting fines, penalties, or forfeitures. 

9. Granting to an individual, association or corporation any special or ex- 
clusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. 

10. Providing for the management of common schools. 

11. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of 
public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed. 

But the legislature may reppal any existing special law relating to the fore- 
going subdivisions. 

In all other cases where a general law can be applicable no special law shall 
be enacted. 

Sec. 24. The legislature shall have no power to release or extinguish, in 
whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or 
individual to this state or to any municipal corporation therein. 

Sec. 25. The legislature stiall not authorize any game of chance, lottery or 
gift enterprise, under any pretense or for any purpose whatever. 

Sec. 26. The legislature shall not delegate to any special commission, private 
corporation, or association, any power to make, supervise or interfere with any 
municipal improvement, money, property, effects, whether held in trust or 
otherwise, or levy taxes, or to select a capital site, or to perform any municipal 
functions whatever. 

Sec. 27. The legislature shall direct by law in what manner and in what 
courts suits may be brought against the state. 

Sec. 28. Any person who shall give, demand, offer, directly or indirectly, 
any money, testimonial, privilege or personal advantage, thing of value to any 
executive or judicial officer or member of the legislature, to influence him in 
the performance of any of his official or public duties, shall be guilty of bribery 
and shall be punished in such manner as shall be provided by law. 

The offense of corrupt solicitation of members of the legislature, or of public 
officers of the state, or any municipal division thereof and any effort toward 
solicitation of said members of the legislature or officers to influence their 
official action shall be defined by law, and shall be punishable by fine and im- 
prisonment. 

Any person may be compelled to testify in investigation or judicial proceed- 
ings against any person charged with having committed any offense of bribery 
or corrupt solicitation, and shall not be permitted to withhold his testimony 
upon the ground that it may criminate himself, but said testimony shall not 
afterwards be used against him in any judicial proceeding except for bribery 
in giving such testimony, and any person convicted of either of the offenses 
aforesaid shall be disqualified from holding any office or position or office of 
trust or profit in this state. 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 



ARTICLE IV. 



KXECrTIVE DKI'AKTMEXT. 

Section 1. The executive jwwer shall be vested iu a governor who shall 
hold his otBte two years. A lieutenant governor shall be elected at the same 
time and lor the same terra. 

Skc. 2. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lientenant 
governor except a citizeu of the I'nited Suites and a qualitied elector of the 
state, who sliall have attained the age of M years, and who sliall have resided 
2 years next preeedini; tlie election within the state or territ<try; nor shall he 
be eligible to any other ollice during the term for whieh he shall have been 
elected. 

Sec. 3. The governor and lieutenant governor shall be elected by the quali- 
fied electors of the state at the time and places of choosing members of the 
legislature. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes for 
governor and lieutenant governor shall be elected; but if two or more shall 
have an etjual and highest number of votes for governor or lieutenant governor, 
the two houses of the legislature at its next regular session shall forthwith, 
by joint ballot, choose one of such persons for said office. The returns of the 
election for governor and lieutenant governor shall be made ia such manner as 
shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 4. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval 
forces of the state, except whcu they shall be called into the service of the 
United Stiites, and may call out the same to execute laws, suppre-ss insurrec- 
tion and repel invasion. He shall have power to convene the legislature on 
extraordinary occiusious. He shall, at the commencement of eaeh session, 
communicate to the legislature by message, inlbrmation of the condition of tlie 
state, and shall recommend such measures as he shall deem expedient. He 
shall transact all necessiiry business with the officers of the government, civil 
and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon 
by the legislature, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Sec. 5. The governor shall have tiie power to remit tines and Ibrfeitures, to 
grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after conviction, lor all olVenses 
except trea.son and cases of impeachment; Provided, that in all cases where the 
sentence of the court is capital punishment, imprisonment for life, or for a 
longer term thau 2 years, or a line exceeding $200, no pardon shall be granted, 
sentence coTnmuted or fine remitted, except upon the recommendation in writ- 
ing of a l)oard of pardons, consisting of the presiding judge, secretary of state 
and attorney general, after full hearing in open session, and such recommenda- 
tion, with the reasons therefor, shall be filed in the office of the secretary of 
state, but the legislature may by law in all cases regulate the manner in which 
the remi.-ision of fines, pardons, commutations and reprieves, may be applied 
for. Upon conviction for trea.son he sliall have the power to suspend the exe- 
cution of the sentence until the pay .shall be reported to the legislature at its 
next regular session, when the legislature shall either pardon or commute the 
sentence, direct the execution of the sentence or grant a further reprieve. He 
shall communicate to the legislature at each regular se-ssion each ca.se of 
remission of fine, reprieve, commutation or pardon, granted by him in the 
cases HI which he is authorized to act without the recommendation of the said 
boavd of pardon.s, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he is 
convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date of the remission, commuta- 
tion, pardon or reprieve, with his re:usons for granting the .same. 

Sec. <>. In c;L-<e of death, impeachment. resign;>tion. failure to «|ualify, 
ab.sence from the .state, removal from office or other disjibility of the governor, 
the jKiwers and duties of the office lor the residue of the term, or until he shall 
be ac(|uitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant gov- 
ernor. 

Sec. 7. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the senate, but shall 
have only a c;isting vote therein. If dnring a vacancy in the office of governor 
the lieutenant governor shall be impeiu'hed, displaced, resign or die. or from 
mental or physical disea.se or otherwise become incapable of lu-rforming the 
duties of his office, the secretary of state shall act as governor until the vacancy 
shall be filleil or the disabilitv removed. 



10 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 8. Wheu any office shall, from any cause, becoLx vacant and no mode 
is provided by the constitution or law for tilling such vacancy, the governor 
shall have the power to fill such vacancy by appointment. 

Sec. 9. Every bill which shall have passed the legislature, shall, before it 
becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but 
if not, he shall return it with the objection to the house in which it originated, 
which shall enter the objection at large upon the journal and proceed to recon- 
sider it. If after such reconsideration, two-lhirds of the members present shall 
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objection, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it be a^jproved by two- 
thirds of the members present, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the 
vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays, and the names of 
the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of 
each house respectively. If auy bill shall not be returned by the governor 
within 3 days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be ailaw, unless the legislature shall by its adjournment prevent its 
return, in which case it shall be filed, with his objection, m the office of the 
secretary of state within 10 days after such adjournment, or become a law. 

Sec. 10. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items 
of any bill making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the 
part and parts of the bill approved shall be law, and the item or items disap- 
proved shall be void, unless enacted iu the following manner: If the legislature 
be in session he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated, a copy 
of the item or items thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, 
and the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item shall 
then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the ex- 
ecutive veto. 

Sec. 11. Any governor of this state who asks, receives, or agrees to receive 
any bribe upon auy understanding that his official opinion, judgment or action 
shall be influenced thereby, or who gives, or offers, or promises his official in- 
fluence in consideration that any member of the legislature shall give his official 
vote or influence on any particular side of any question or matter on which he 
may be required to act iu his official capacity, or who menaces any member by 
the threatened use of his veto power or who offers or promises any member that 
he, the said governor, will appoint any particular person or persons to any office 
created or thereafter to be created in consideration that any member shall give 
his official vote or influence on any matter pending or thereafter to be intro- 
duced into either house of the legislature or who threatens any member that 
he, the said governor, will remove any person or persons from any office or posi- 
tion with intent to in any manner influence the official action of said member, 
shall be punished in the manner now, or that may hereafter be, provided by law, 
and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit all right to hold or exercise any office 
of trust or honor in this state. 

Sec. 12. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state, at the 
time and places of choosing members of the legislature, a secretary of state, audi- 
tor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of schools and 
public lands, and an attorney general, who shall severally hold their offices for 
the term of 2 years, but no person shall be eligible to the office of treasurer for 
more than 2 terms consecutively. They shall respectively keep their offices at 
the seat of government. 

Sec. 13. Tlie powers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, 
superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of school and public lands 
and attorney general shall be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE V. 

JUDICIAL department. 

Section 1. The judicial powers of the state, except as in this constitution 
otherwise provided, shall be vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, county 
courts, and justices of the peace, and such other courts as may be created by 
law for cities and incorporated towns. 



STATE OK SOUTU DAKOTA. 11 

Sec. 2. The snpreme court, except aa otherwise provided in thi.s constitu- 
tion, shall have appclhite jurisdiction only, which shall he coextensive with the 
state, and shall have a general ynpcrintcndinn control over all interior courts 
under siuh res^ulations and limitations as may h«' |)rescrihcd by law. 

Skc. 3. The supreme court and the judges thereot" shall have power to is- 
sue writs of /i«/«'n.s cmz/ji/.s. The supreme court shall also havt* pciwcr to i.ssue 
writs of mnnd(nnun, i/ito wttrranfo, virtiorari, injunction, and other original and 
remedial writs, with authority to hear and determine the siirae in such ciises 
and under such refjulations aa may he prescribed by Jaw; Proriilrd, hotrrver, 
that no jury trials shall be allowed in said supreme court, but in proper ca.ses 
((uestions of tact may be sent l>y s^id court to a circuit court for trial before a 
jury. 

Sec. 4. At least two terms of the supreme court shall be held each yeiir at 
the seat of •;overnmeut. 

Sec. 5. The supreme court shall consist of 3 judt^es. to he chosen from 
districts by qualifietl electors of the state at larye. ius hereiuat'ter providt-d. 

Sec. 6. The number of .said judges and districts may after 3 years from 
the admission of this state under this constitution be increased by law to not 
exceeding 5. 

Sec. 7. A majority of the judges of the supreme court shall be necessary to 
form a (juorum or Ui pronounce a decision, but one or more of said judges may 
adjourn the court t'rom day to day, or to a du} certain. 

!Se(\ 8. The term of tlie judges of th : supreme court who shall be elected 
at the first election under this constitution shall he 4 years. At all subse- 
quent elections the term of said judges shall be 6 years. 

Sec. 9. The judges of the supreme court shall by rule select from their 
number a presiding judge, who shall act as such for the term prescribed by 
such rule. 

Sec. 10. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the snpreme 
court unless he be learned in the law, be at leixst 30 years of age. a citizen of 
the United States, nor unless he shall have resided in this stjite or territory at 
least two years next preceding his election and at the time of his election be a 
resident of the district from which he is elected; but for the purpose of re-elec- 
tion, no such judge .shall be deemed to have lost his residence in the district by 
reiison of his removal to the seat of government in the discharge of his oflicial 
duties. 

Sec. 11. Until otherwise provided liy law, the districts from which the said 
judges of the supreme court shall be elected shall be constituted ;us t'oUows: 

/■Vr.s/ Distrift — All that jwrtion of the stiitt- lying west of the Missouri river. 

S'icond District — All that portion of the state lying east of the Missouri river 
and south of the 2d standard parallel. 

Third Di-^tricl — All that i>ortion of the state lying east of the Missouri river 
and north of the 2d standard parallel. 

Sec. 12. There shall be a clerk and aI.so a reporter of the supreme lonrt, 
who shall be appointed by the judges thereof and who shall hold office dur- 
ing the pleasure of such judges, and whose duties and emoluments shall be 
prescrilted by law. and by the rules of the supreme court not inconsistent with 
law. The legislature shall make provisions for the i)nbli(ation and distri- 
bution of the decisions of the supreme court, and lor the sale of the juib- 
lished volumes thereof. No private person or cori»oration shall be allowed to 
secure any copyright to such <lecisi(tns, but if any copyrights are secured they 
shall inure wholly to the benefit of the .state. 

Sec. 13. The governor shall have authority to require the opinions of the 
jtidgrs of the sujireme court ujion important questions of law involved in the 
exercise of his executive jiowei-s and u]>on solemn occiisions. 

CIKCriT COCKTS. 

Sec. 14. The circuit courts shall have original jnrisdiction of all actions and 
causes, lK)th at law and in equity, and .sucll appellate jurisdi<'tion as nuiy Ik* 
conferre<l by law and consistent with thistconstitution; such jurisdiction as to 
value and amount and grade of olfeuse may Iks limite<l by law. They and 

f 



12 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

the judges thereof shall also have jurisdiction and power to ^ssue writs of 
habeas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari, injunction, and other original 
and remedial writs, with authority to hear and determine the same. 

Sec. 15. The state shall be divided into judicial circuits, in each of which 
there shall be elected by the electors thereof one judge of the circuit court 
therein, whose term of office shall be four years. 

Sec. 16. Until otherwise ordered by law, said circuits shall be 8 in number 
and constituted as follows, viz. : 

First Circuit — The counties of Union, Clay, Yankton, Turner, Bon Homme, 
Hutchinson, Charles Mix, Douglas, Todd, Gregory, Tripp and Meyer. 

Second Circuit — The counties of Lincoln, Minnehaha, McCook, Moody and 
Lake. 

Third Circuit — The counties of Brookings, Kingsbury, Deuel, Hamlin, Cod- 
ington, Clark, Grant, Roberts, Day, and the Wahpeton and Sisseton reserva- 
tion, except such portion of said reservation as lies in Marshall county. 

Fourth Circuit — The counties of Sanborn, Davison, Aurora, Brule, Buftalo, 
Jerauld, Hanson, Miner, Lyman, Presho and Pratt. 

Fifth Circuit — The counties of Beadle, Spink, Brown and Marshall. 

Sixth Circuit — The counties of Hand, Hyde, Hughes, Sully, Stanley, Potter, 
Faulk, Edmunds, Walworth, Campbell, McPherson, and all that portion of said 
state lying east of the Missouri river and not included in any other judicial 
circuit. 

Seventh Circuit — The counties of Pennington, Custer, Fall River, Shannon, 
Washington, Ziebach, Sterling, Nowlin, Jackson, Washabaugh and Lugenbeel. 

Eiyhth Circuit — The counties of Lawrence, Meade, Scobey, Butte, Delano, 
Pyatt, Dewey, Boreman, Schnasse, Rinehart, Martin, Choteau, Ewing, Harding, 
and all that portion of said state west of the Missouri river and north of the 
Big Cheyenne river and the north fork of the Cheyenne river not included in 
any other judicial circuit. 

Sec. 17. The legislature may, whenever two-thirds of the members of each 
house shall concur therein, increase the number of judicial circuits and the 
judges thereof, and divide the state into judicial circuits accordingly, taking 
care that they be formed of compact territory and be bounded by county lines; 
but such increase of number or change in the boundaries of districts shall not 
work the removal of any judge from his office during the term for which he 
shall have been elected or appointed. 

Sec. 18. Writs of error and appeals may be allowed from the decisions of 
the circuit courts to the supreme court under such regulations as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

county courts. 

Sec. 19. There shall be elected in each organized county a county judge 
who shall be judge of the county court of said county, whose term of office 
shall be 2 years until otherwise provided by law. 

Sec. 20. County courts shall be courts of record and shall have original 
jurisdiction in all matters of probate guardianship and settlement of estates of 
deceased persons, and such other civil and criminal jurisdiction as may be con- 
ferred by law; Provided, that such courts shall not have jurisdiction in any case 
where the debt, damage, claim or value of property involved shall exceed $1,000, 
except in matters of probate, guardianship and the estates of deceased per- 
sons. Writs of error and appeal may be allowed from county to circuit courts, 
or to the supreme court, in such cases and in manner as may be prescribed by 
law; Provided, that no appeal or writ of error shall be allowed to the circuit 
court from any judgment rendered upon an appeal from a justice of the peace 
or police magistrate for cities or towns. 

Sec. 21. The county cour'j shall not have jurisdiction in cases of felony, nar 
shall criminal ca.'^es therein be prosecuted by indictment; but they may have 
such jurisdiction in criminal matters, not of the grade of felony, as the legis- 
lature may prescribe, and the prosecutions therein may be by information or 
otherwise as the legislature may provide. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 13 

JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. 

Sec. '2'2. Justices of the peace shall have such jurisdiction «.<? may be con- 
ferred hy law, but they shall uot have jurisdiction of any cau.se wherein the 
value of th« property or the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of |100, 
or where the boundaries or title to real property shall be called iu question 

POLICE MAOISTEATE. 

Sec. 23. The legislature shall have power to provide for creating such jtolice 
magistrate for cities and towns as may be deemed from time t4) time nece.s.sary, 
who .shall have jurisdiction of all ca.ses ari.sing under the ordinances of such 
cities and towns respectively, and suih iM)lice magistrates may also be consti- 
tuted fj-o///cio justices of the peace for their respective counties. 

state's ATTORNEY. 

Sec. 24. The legislature shall have power to provide for state's attorneys 
and to prescribe their duties and fix their compensation: but no person shall 
be eligible to the office of attorney general or state's attorney who shall not at 
the time of his election be at least 25 years of age, and possess all the other 
qualifications for judges of circuit courts as prescribed iu this article. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sec. 25. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the circuit or 
county courts, unless he be learned in the law, be at least 25 years of age, and 
a citizen of the United States; nor unless he shall have resided in this state or 
territory at least 1 year next preceding his election, and at the time of his elec- 
tion be a resident of the county or circuit, as the case may be, for which he 
is elected. 

Si:c. 26. The judges of the supreme court, circuit courts and county courta 
shall be chosen at the first election held under the provisions of this constitu- 
tion, and thereafter as provided by law, and the legislature may provide lor the 
election of such officers on a ditVerent day from that on which an election is 
held for any other purpo.se, and may for the purpo.se of making such jjrovi.siou, 
extend or abriilge the term of office for any of such judges then holding, but 
not in any case more than G months. The term of office of all judges of cir- 
cuit courts, elected in the several judicial circuits throughout the state, shall 
expire on the same day. 

Sec. 27. The time of holding courts within said judicial circuits and coun- 
ties shall be as provided by law; but at least one term of the circuit court shall 
be held annually in each organized county, and the legislature shall make pro- 
vision for attaching unorganized counties or territory to organized counties for 
judicial purposes. 

Sec. 2S. Special terms of said courta may be held under such regulations as 
may be provided by law. 

Sec. 29. The judges of the circuit courts may hold courts in other circuits 
than their own, under such regulation as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec 30. The judges of the supreme court, circuit courts and county courts 
shall each receive such salary as may be provide<l by law, consistent with this 
constitution, and no such judge shall receive any compen.sjition, percpiisitc or 
emoluments for or on account of his office in any Ibrm whatever, except such 
salary; I'ruvidid, that county judges may accept and receive such fees as may 
be allowed under the land laws of the United States. 

Sec 31. No judge of the supreme court or circuits shall act as attorney or 
rounselor at law, nor .shall any county judge act as an attorney or counselor 
at law in any ca.sc which is or may be brought into his court or which may be 
appealetl therefrom. 

Sec. 32. There shall be a clerk of the circuit court in each organized 
county who shall aKso be clerk of the county court, and who shall be elected by 
the qualified elect<»rs of such county. The duties and compensation of said 
clerk shall be as provided by law and regulated by the rules of the court con- 
sistent with the provisions of law. 



14 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 33. Until the legislature shall provide by law foi fixing the terms of 
courts, the judges of the supreme, circuit and county courts respectively shall 
fix the terms thereof. 

Sec. 34. All laws relating to courts shall be general and of uniform opera- 
tion throughout the state, and the organizatiou, jurisdiction, power, proceed- 
ings and practice of all the courts of the same class or grade, so far as regu- 
lated by law, and the force and effect of the proceedings, judgments and 
decrees of such courts severally shall be uniform; Provided, hoivever, that the 
legislature may classify the county courts according to the population cf the 
respective counties and fix the jurisdiction and salary of the judges thereof 
accordingly. 

Sec. 35. No judge of the supreme or circuit courts shall be elected to any 
other than a judicial oifice, or be eligible thereto, during the term for which he 
was elected sucli judge. AH votes for either of them during such terms for any 
elective office, except that of judge of the supreme court, circuit court or 
county court, given by the legislature or the people, shall be void. 

Sec. 36. All judges or other officers of the supreme, circuit or county courts 
provided for in this article shall hold their offices until their successors respec- 
tively are elected or appointed and qualified. 

Sec. 37. All officers provided for in this article shall respectively reside in 
the district, county, precinct, city or town for which they may be elected or 
appointed. Vacancies in the election of officers provided for in this article 
shall be filled by appointment until the next general election as follows: All 
judges of the supreme, circuit and county courts by the governor. All other 
judicial and other officers by the county board of the counties where the vacancy 
occurs; in cases of police magistrates, by the municipality. 

Sec. 38. All process shall run in the name of the "State of South Dakota." 
All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of and by authority of the 
"State of South Dakota." 

ARTICLE VI. 

BILL OF RIGHTS. 

Section" 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have cer- 
tain inherent rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life 
and liberty, of acquiring and protecting property and the pursuit of happi- 
ness. To secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving 
their just powers from the consent of the governed. 

Sec. 2. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due 
process of law. 

Sec. 3. The right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience 
shall never be infringed. No person shall be denied any civil or political right, 
privilege or position on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of con- 
science hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse licentiousness, the 
invasion of the rights of others, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace 
or safety of the state. 

No person shall be compelled to attend or support any ministry or place of 
worship against his consent, nor shall any preference be given by law to any 
religious establishment or mode of worship. No money or property of the state 
shall be given or appropriated for the benefit of any sectarian or religious .so- 
ciety or institution. 

Sec. 4. The right of petition, and of the people peaceably to assemble to 
consult for the common good and make known their opinions, shall never be 
abridged . 

Sec. 5. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all subjects, 
being responsible for the abuse of that right. In all trials for libel, both civil 
and criminal, the truth, when published with good motives and for justifiable 
ends, shall be a sufficient defense. The jury shall have the right to determine 
the facts and the law under the direction of the court. 

Sec. 6. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and shall extend 
to all cases at law without regard to tlie amount in controversy, but the legis- 
lature may provide for a jury of less than 12 in any court not a court of record, 
and for the decision of civil cases by three-fourths of the jury in any court. 



STATE OK SOL'III DAKOTA. 15 

Sec. 7. In all rriininal prosc('iition.s tho accused .shall have the right to de- 
fend in person and hy counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion against him; to have a co|)v thereof; to meet the witnesses against him 
face to face; to iiuve comjiulsory l>roces3 served for obtain in;^ witnesses in his 
helialf, and to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or dis- 
trict in which the ollense is allej^cd to have been committed. 

Sec. 8. All person.s shall be biiilable by sufficient sureties, except for capi- 
tal oflenses when proof is evident or presumption fire.-.t. The privilege of the 
writ of /('//»f«s C0/7XM shall not be suspended unless, when in case of rebelMon 
or invasion, the ])nblit' safety' may rc()uire it. 

SKf. 9. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to give evidence 
against himself or ])e twice put in jeopardy for the same olfense. 

Sec. 10. No person .shall beheld for a criminal offense unless on the pre- 
.sentment or indictment of the grand jury, or information of the public i)ro.se- 
cutor, excejit in cases of impe;Khment, in cases coj^nizable by county couits, by 
justices of the j>eace, and in cuses arising iu the army and navy, or in tlie mi- 
litia when in actual service iu time of war or public danger; Provided, that the 
grand jury may be modified or abolished by law. 

Sec. 11. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers 
and elfect-s, against unrea.sonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, 
and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause supported by affidavit, par- 
ticularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be 
seized. 

Sec. 12. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts 
or making any irrevocable grant of privilege, franchise or immunity shall be 



Skc. 13. Private property shall not be taken for public use, or damaged, 
without just compensation as determined by a jury, which shall be paid as 
soon as it can be ascertained and before possession is taken. No benefit which 
may accrue to the owner as the result of an improvement made by any private 
corporation shall be considered in fixing the compen.sation for property taken 
or damaged. The fee of land taken for railroad tracks or other highway shall 
remain in such owners, subject to the use for which it is taken. 

Sec. 14. No distinction shall ever be made by law between resident aliens 
and citizens in reference to the possession, enjoyment or descent of property. 

Sec. 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt arising out of or fonnded 
upon a contract. 

Sec. 16. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. 
No .soldier in time of peace shall be (luartered in any house without consent of 
the owner, nor in time of war except iu the manner prescribed by law. 

Sec. 17. No t;ix or duty shall be imposed without the consent of the people 
or their representatives in the legislature, and all taxation shall be equal and 
uniform. 

Sec. 18. No law shall be passed granting to any citizen, class of citizens or 
corporation, privileges or immunities which upon the .same terms shall not 
ecjualiy belong to all citizens or corporations. 

Sec. 19. Elections shall be free and equal, and no jwwer, civil or military, 
.shall at any time interfere to prevent the free exercise of the right ol sullrage. 
Soldiers in time of war may vote at their post of duty in or out of the state 
under regulations to be prescribed by the legislature. 

Sec. 20. All courts shall be open, and every man for an injury done him in 
his property, person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, 
and right and justice administered without denial or delay. . 

Sec. 21. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised, unless by the leg- 
islature or its authority. 

Sec. 22. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the legisla- 
ture. 

Sec. 23. Excessive bail shall not be required, exceasive fines imposed, nor 
cruel i)unishmcnts inrti(t«-d. 

Sec. 24. The right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and 
the state shall not be denied. 



16 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 25. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against 
it, or in adhering te its enemies or in giving them aid and comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the 
same overt act, or confession in open court. 

Sec. 26. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- 
ment is founded on their authority and is instituted for their equal protection 
and benefit, and they have the right in lawful and constituted methods to alter 
or reform their forms of government in such manner as they may think proper. 
Ami the State of South Dakota is an inseparable part of the American Union, 
and the constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land. 

Sec 27. The blessings of a free government can only be maintained by a 
firm adherence to jastice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue, and by 
frequent recurrence to fundamental principles. 



ARTICLE VII. 
ELECTIONS AND EIGHT OF SUFFEAGK. 

Section 1. Every male person resident of this state who shall be of the age 
of 21 years and upwards, not otherwise disqualified, belonging to either of the 
following classes, who shall be a qualified elector under the laws of the Terri- 
tory of Dakota at the date of the ratification of this constitution by the people, 
or who shall have resided in the United States 1 year, in this state 6 months, 
in the county 30 days, and in the election precinct where he offiers his vote 10 
days next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such 
election: 

First — Citizens of the United States. 

Second — Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to 
become citizens conformably to the laws of the United States upon the subject 
of naturalization. 

Sec. 2. The legislature shall at its first session after the admission of the 
state into the Union, subject to a vote of the electors of the state the following 
question to be voted upon at the next general election held thereafter, namely: 
"Shall the word 'male' be stricken from the article of the constitution relating 
to elections and the right of suffrage." If a majority of the votes cast upon 
th.it question are in favor of striking out said word "male," it shall be stricken 
out and there shall thereafter be no distinction between males and females in 
the exercise of the right of suffrage at any election in this state. 

Se •. 3. All votes shall be by ballot, but the legislature may provide for 
numbering ballots for the purpose of preventing and detecting fraud. 

Sec. 4. All general elections shall be biennial. 

Sec. 5. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at election and in go- 
in« to and returning from the same. And no elector shall be obliged to do 
military duty on the days of elections except in time of war or public danger. 

Sec. 6. No elector shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this state 
by reason of his absence on business of the United States or of this state, or in 
the military or naval service of the United States. 

Sec. 7. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United 
States shall be deemed a resident of this state in consequence of being stationed 
therein. 

Sec 8. No person under guardianship, non compos mends or insane, shall be 
qualified to vote at any election, nor shall any person convicted of treason or 
felony be qualified to vote at any election unless restored to civil rights. 

Sec. 9. Any woman having the (lualifications enumerated in Sec. 1 of this 
article, as to age, residence and citizenship, and including those now qualified 
by the laws of the territory, may vote at any election held solely for school pur- 
poses, and may hold any oflice in this state except as otherwise provided in this 
constitution. 



STATE OK SOrTH DAKOTA. 17 

ARTICLE VIII. 

KDCCATION AND 8(;H00L LANDS. 

Section 1. The stability of a republican form of government depending on 
the luonility and iiitfUi^^enre of the jieople, it sliall be tlin duty of the legisla- 
ture to establisli and luainUiin a general and uniform ay.stein of public sciiools 
wherein tuition shall be without cliarge, and equally open to all, and to adopt 
all suitable meaua to secure to the people the advantiigea and opportunities of 
education. 

Sec. 2. All proceeds of the sale of public lands that have heretofore been or 
may hereafter bo given by the United States for the use of public .schools in tiie 
state; all such per centum as may be granted by the United States on the sales 
of public lands; the proceeds of all pro])erty that shall fall to the state by 
escheat; the proceeds of all gifts or donations to the state for public schools or 
not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gift; and all property otherwi.se 
acquired for pul)lic schools, shall be and remain a perpetual fund for the main- 
tenance of public .schools in the state. It shall be deemed a trust fund held by 
ti\e state. The principal shall forever remain inviolate, and may be increased, 
but shall never be diminished, and the state shall make good all losses thereof 
which may in any manner occur. 

Sec. 3. The interest and income of thi.s fund, together with the net proceeds 
of all fines for violation of state laws and all other sums which may be added 
thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the benetitof 
the i)ublic schools of the state, and shall be for this ])urp()se api)ortioned among 
and between all the several public .school corporations of the state in proportion 
to the number of children in each, of school age, as may be fixed by law; and 
no part of the fund, either principal or interest, shall ever be diverted, even 
temporarily, from this purpose or used for any other purpose whatever than the 
maintenance of public schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the 
state. 

Sec. 4. After 1 year from the assembling of the first legislature, the lands 
gniuted to the state by the United States for the use of public schools may be 
sold upon the Ibllowiug conciitions and no other: Not more than one third of 
all sucii lands shall be .sold within the first 5 years, and no more than two- 
thirds within the first In years after the title thereto is vested in the .state, and 
the legislature, shall, subject to the provisions of this article, provide for the sale 
of the same. 

The commissioner of school and public lands, the state auditor and county 
superintendent of schools of the counties severally, shall constitute boards of 
appraisal and .shall appraise all .school lands within the several counties which 
they may from time to time select and designate for sale at their actual value 
under the terms of sale. 

They shall t;ike care to first select and designate for sale the most valuable 
land:), and they shall ascertain all such lands as may be of special and peculiar 
value, other than agricultural, and cause the proper subdivision of the .sjime in 
order tint the largest price may be obtained therelbr. 

Sec 5. No land shall be sold Ibr les,s than the appraised value, and in no 
ca.se for less than $1(j an acre. Tlie purchaser shall pay one Iburth of the price 
in cx><h, and tlie remaining three-fourths a.s follows: Onetburth in 5 years, one- 
fourth in 10 years and one-fourth in 1.") years; with interest thereon at the rate 
of not less than (> per centum p<'r annum, paj'able annually in advance, but all 
such subdivided lands may be sold for cash, provided that uiH)n jtayment of the 
interest for one full year in advance, the balance of the purchju<e price may be paid 
at any time. All .sales shall be at public auction U> the highest bidder, alter 60 
days' advertisement of the same in a newspaper of general circulation in the 
vicinity of the lands to be .sold, and one at the seat of government. Such lands 
as shall not have been specially subdivided shall be otlered in tracts of not more 
than 80 acres, and those so subdivided in the smallest subdivisions. All lands 
designated for sale and not sidd within 4 years after appmisal, sh.all be re:ip- 
l)raised by the Iniard of apprai.>*al as hereinbefore provided before they are .S4ild. 

Sec. 6. All s;ile3 .shall be conducted through the otVice of the commissioner 
of school and public laiuls a-s mav be prescribed bv law. and returns of all 



18 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

appraisals and sales shall be made to said office. No sale shall operate to con- 
vey any right or title to any lauds for 60 days after the date thereof, nor until 
the same shall have received the approval of the governor in such form as may 
be provided by law. No grant or patent for any such lands shall issue until 
final payment be made. 

Sec. 7. All lands, money or other property donated, granted or received 
from the United States or any source for a university, agricultural college, nor- 
mal schoolsor other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the pro- 
ceeds of all such lands and other property so received from any source, shall be 
and remain perpetual funds, the interest and income of which, together with 
the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropri- 
ated and applied to the specific objects of the original grants or gifts. The 
principal of every such fund may be increased, but shall never be diminished, 
and the interest and income only shall be used. Every such fund shall be 
deemed a trust fund held by the state, and the state shall make good all lo.sses 
therefrom that shall in any manner occur. 

Sec. 8. All lands mentioned in the preceding section shall be appraised 
and sold in the same manner and by the same officers and boards under the 
same limitations and subject to all the conditions as to price, sale and approval 
provided above for the apjiraisal and sale of lands for the benefit of public 
schools, but a distinct and separate account shall be kept by the proper officers 
of each of such funds. 

Sec. 9. No lands mentioned in this article shall be leased except for pastur- 
age and meadow purposes, and at public auction after notice as hereinbefore 
provided in case of sale, and shall be offered in tracts not greater than one sec- 
tion. All rents shall be payable annually in advance, and no term of lease 
shall exceed 5 years, nor shall any lease be valid until it receives the approval 
of the governor. 

Sec. 10. No claim to any public lands by any trespasser thereon by reason 
of occupancy, cultivation or improvement thereof, shall ever be recognized ; 
nor shall compensation ever be made on account of any improvement made by 
such trespasser. 

Sec. 11. The moneys of the permanent school and other educational funds 
shall be invested only in first mortgages upon good improved farm lands within 
this state as hereinafter provided, or in bonds of school corporations within the 
state, or in bonds of the United States, or of the State of South Dakota. The 
legislature shall provide by law the method of determining the amounts of said 
funds which shall be invested from time to time in such classes of securities re- 
spectvely, taking care to secure continuous investments as far as possible. 

All moneys of said funds which may from time to time be designated for in- 
vestment in form mortgages and in the bonds of school corporations, shall for such 
purpose he divided among the organized counties of the state in proportion to 
population as nearly as provisions by law to secure continuous investments may 
permit. The several counties shall hold and manage the same as trust funds, 
and they shall be and remain responsible and accountable for the principal and 
interest of all such moneys received by them from the date of receipt until re- 
turned because not laaued ; and in case of loss of any money so apportioned to 
any county, such county shall make the same good out of its common revenue. 
Counties shall inveslj said money in bonds of school corporations, or in first 
mortgages upon good improved farm lands within their limits respectively; but 
no farm loan shall exceed $500 to any one person, nor shall it exceed one-half 
the valuation of the land as assessed for taxation, and the rate of interest shall 
not be less than 6 per cent per annum, and shall be such other and higher rate 
as the legislature may provide, and shall be payable semi annually on the first 
day of January and July; Provided, that whenever there are moneys of said 
fund in any county amounting to $1,000 that cannot be loaned according to the 
provisions of this section and any law pursuant thereto, the said sum may be 
returned to the state treasurer to be intrusted to some other county or counties, 
or otherwise invested under the provisions of this section. 

Each county shall semi-annually, on the first day of January and July, render 
an account of the condition of the fund intrusted to it to the auditor of state, 
and at the same time pay to or account to the state treasurer for the interest 
due on all funds intrusted to it. 



STATE OK SOUTH OAKOTA. 19 

The lopislatiire may provide h}- gj-ncral law that countips may retain I'mm 
interest ('t)lie('to(l in exce.^s of ti per centum jier annum upon all said funds iu- 
trtisted to them, not to exceetl 1 per eentuin per annum. But no county shall 
he exempted from the ohligation to make, .■semi-annually, payments to the stat« 
treasury »)f' interest at the rate provided by law for such loans, except only said 
1 per ciiituni, and in no case shall the interest so to be paid be less than (J per 
centum per annum. 

The le^;islature shall provide by law for the .safe investment of the perma- 
nent school and other educational funds, and for the prompt collection of inter- 
est and income thereof, and to vatry out the objects and provisions of this sec- 
tion. 

Sec. 12. The povernor may disapprove any sale, lease or investment other 
than sucli as are intrusted to the counties. 

Sec. 13. All losses to the permanent school or other educational funds of 
this state which .shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, neglij;ence, mis- 
management or fnmd of the agents or ofiicers controlling and managing the 
same, .shall be audited by tiie jjioper authoritioi' of the stiUe. The amount 
as audited shall be ii permanent funded debt against the state in favor of the 
fund sustaining the loss u^wn which not less than (5 per centum of annual interest 
shall be paid. 'The amount of indebtedne.s.sso created shall not be counted as 
a part of the indebtedness mentioned in Article XIII., Sec. 2. 

Skc. 11. The legislature shall putvide by law for the protection of the school 
land9 from tresjiasaor unlawful appropriation, and for their defen.>je against all 
unauthorized claims or efforts to divert them from the school fund. 

Sei". 15. The legislature shall make such provisions by general taxation, and 
by authorizing the school corporations to levy such additional taxes, as with the 
income from the permanent school I'und shall secure a thorough and efficient 
system of common schools throughout the state. 

Sec. 16. No appropriation ofc" lands, money or other property or credits to 
aid any sectarian school shall ever be made by the state, or any county or 
municipality within the state, nor shall the state or any county or municipality 
within the state accept any grant, conveyance, gift or bequest of lands, money 
or other property to be used for sectarian purposes, and no sectarian instruction 
shall be allowed in any school or institution aided or supported by the state. 

Sec. 17. No teacher, state, county, township or district school ollicer shall 
be interested in the sale, proceeds or profits of any book, apparatus or furniture 
used or to he nssd in any school in this state, under such penalties as shall be 
provided by law. 

ARTICLE IX. 

COUNTY AKP TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. 

Section!. The legi.slatnre shall provide by general law for organizing 
new counties, locating the county seats thereof and changing county lines; but 
no new counties shall be organized so as to include an area of les.s than 24 con- 
gressional townships, as near as may be without dividing a township or frac- 
tional township, nor shall the boundaries of any organized county be changed 
so :is to reduce the same to a less area than above specified. All changes in 
<ounty iKiundaries in counties already organized, before taking efVeet, shall 1)€ 
sutimitted to the electors of the county or counties to be alVected thereby, at 
the next general ele<tion thereafter and be adopted by a majority of the 
votes cast in each county at such election. Counties now organized shall re- 
main as they are unless changed according to the above provi.sions. 

Sec. 2. In counties already organized where the county .seat has not been 
located by a majority vote, it shall be the duty of the < ounty board to submit 
the location of the county seat to the electors of said county at a general elec- 
tion. The place receiving a majority of all votes cast at said election shall be 
county seat of s;iid county. 

Sec. 3. Whenever a majority of the legal voters of any organize*! county 
shall petition the county board to change the lo<'ation of the county seat which 
has once been located by a majority vote, specifying the place to whi<h it is to 
be changed, .said county Iward shall submit the same to the people of said 



20 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

county at the next {general election, and if the proposition to change the county 
seat be ratified by two-ttiirds of the votes cast at said election, then the county 
seat shall be changed, otherwise not. A proposition to change the location of 
the county seat of any organized county shall not again be submitted before 
the expiration of 4 years. 

Sec. 4. The legislature shall provide by general law for organizing the 
counties into townships, having due regard for congressional townsliip lines and 
natural boundaries, and whenever the population is sufficient and the natural 
boundaries will permit, the civil townships shall be co-extensive with the con- 
gressional townships. 

Sec. 5. In each organized county at the first general election held after the 
admission of the State of South Dakota into the Union, and every 2 years 
thereafter, there shall be elected a clerk of the court, sheriff, county auditor, 
register of deeds, treasurer, state's attorney, surveyor, coroner, and superintend- 
ent of schools, whose terms of office respectively shall be 2 years, and except 
clerk of the court no person shall be eligible for more than 4 years in succession 
to any of the above named offices. 

Sec. G. The legislature shall provide by general law for such county, town- 
ship and district officers as may be deemed necessary, and shall, prescribe the 
duties and compensation of all county, township and district officers. 

Sec. 7. All county, townshij) and district officers shall be electors in the 
county, township or district in which they are elected, provided that nothing 
in this section shall prevent the holding of school offices by any person as pro- 
vided in Sec. 9, Article VII. 

ARTICLE X. 

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. 

Section 1. The legislature shall provide by general laws for the organiza- 
tion and classification of municipal corporations. The number of such classes 
shall not exceed 4, and the powers of each class shall be defined by general 
laws, so that no such corporations shall have any powers, or be subject to any 
restrictions other than those of all corporations of the same class. The legisla- 
ture shall restrict the power of such corporations to levy taxes and assessments, 
borrow money and contract debts, so as to prevent the abuse of such power. 

Sec. 2. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, no tax or assess- 
ment shall be levied or collected, or debts contracted by municipal corpora- 
tion;?, except in pursuance of law, for public purposes specified by law; nor 
shall money raised by taxation, loan or assessment for one purpose ever be di- 
verted to any other. 

Sec. 3. No street passenger railway or telegraph or telephone lines shall be 
constructed within the limits of any village, town or city without the consent 
of its local authorities. 

ARTICLE XI. 
REVENUE AND FINANCE. 

Section 1. The legislature shall provide for an annual tax sufficient to defray 
the estimated ordinary expenses of the state for each year, not to exceed in 
any one year 2 mills on each dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable 
property in the state, to be ascertained by the last assessment made for state 
and county purposes. 

And whenever it shall appear that such ordinary expenses shall exceed the 
income of the state for such year, the legislature shall provide for levying a tax 
for the ensuing year, sufficient with other sources of income, to pay the defi- 
ciency of the preceding year, together with the estimated expenses of such en- 
suing year. And for the purpose of paying the public debt, the legislature 
shall provide for levying a tax annually, sufficient to pay the annual interest 
and the principal of such debt within 10 years from the final passage of the 
law creating the debt, provided that the annual tax for the payment of the in- 
terest and principal of the public debt shall not exceed in any one year 2 mills 
on each dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property in the state as 
ascertained by the last assessment made for the state aud county purpo.ses. 



STATIC OK SOl'TH DAKOTA. 21 

Rkp '2. All taxes to be niised iu this st^to shall he unifornt on all real ami 
personal property, aecordiiin to its value in money, to he ascertained hy 
such rules ol' appraisement and luwessmeut as may he prescrihed by the legisla- 
ture hy general law, so that every jH-rson and corporation shall jiay a tjix in 
proportion to the value of his, her or its property. And the le^;islature shall 
juovide hy ^jeneral law (or the as.se.ssinn and levying ol"t;ixes on all corporation 
pro]>erty as near as may he hy the sunje methods its are provided for assessinj; 
and levying of tax<>s on individual proj)crty. 

Ski'. 3. The power t^) ta.>c corjMn-ations and corporate property shall not be 
surrendered or suspended hy any contract or grant to which the state shall he 
a party. 

Sec. 4. The legislature shall provide for taxing all moneys, credits, invest- 
ments in bonds, stocks, joint stock companies, or otherwise; and also for taxing 
the notes and hills discounted or ])urcha.-ed. moneys loaned and all other jirop- 
eity, etVects or dues of every descrii)tion. of all Imnks and of all hankers, .so 
that all property employed iu hanking shall always be subject to a taxation 
equal to that imposed on the proi)erty of iudiviiluals. 

SKt". 5. The property of the United States and of the state, county and mu- 
uicijial corporations, both real and personal, shall he exempt from tiixation. 

Sec. 6. The legislature shall, by general law, exemj)t from taxation, prop- 
erty used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural .societies, for .school, re- 
ligious, cemetery and cliaritjd)le puriwses, and personal property to any amount 
not exceeding in value Ij^-JUO for each individual liable to taxation. 

Sec. 7. All laws exempting i)roperty from taxation, other than that enu- 
merated in Sees. ."> and <> of this article, shall he void. 

Sec. 8. No tax shall Iu; levied except iu jiursuanee of a law, wlueh shall 
distinctly state the object of tho a;une, to which the tax only shall he applied. 

Skc. 5». All taxes levied and collected for state purposes shall be paid into 
the state trea-sury. No indebtedness shall be incurred or money expended hy 
the state, and no warrants shall be drawn upon the .state treasurer except in 
pursuance of an appropriation for the specilic jnirpose lirst made. The legisla- 
ture .shall provide by suitable enactment for carrying this .section into cOect. 

Sec. 10. The legislature may vest the corporate authority of cities, towns 
and villages with jniwer to make local improvementa by special taxation of 
contiguous j)roperty or otherwise. For corporate purposes, all municipal cor- 
porations may he vested with authority to assess and collect taxes; but such 
tiix shall be uniform iu resjtect to persons and property within the jurisdiction 
of the body levying the same. 

Sec. 11. llie uuiking of profit, directly or indirectly, out of state, county, 
city, town or school district money, or using the same for any purpo.se not 
authorized by law, shall be deemed a felony and shall be punished as provided 
by law. 

Sec. 12. An accuratestatemcntof the receipts and expenditures of the public 
moneys shall be published annually in such manner as the legislature may 
provide. 

ARTICLK XII. 
PtrnLIC ACCOrXT and EXPEKDITrRK-S. 

Section 1. No money shall be paid out of the trejusurj- except upon appro- 
priation by law and on warrants <lrawn by the proper ollicer 

Sec. 2. The general a|)propriation bill shall embrace nothing but aj)propria- 
tions for onlinary exjienses of the executive, legislative .nnd judicial de|)art- 
mentsof thestiite, the current exi>en.scs of state instit\itions, int-ereston the jiuldic 
debt, and for common .schooKs. ,\11 other appn)priations shall be nuide by sepa- 
rate bills, each embracing but one object, and shall require a two-thirds vot« of 
all the members of eacdi branch of the legislature. 

Skc. :{. The legislature shall never grant any extra com|>cnsation to any 
public olVner. employe, agent or contractor after the services shall have been 
rendered or the contract entered into, nor authori/.e tin- payment of any claims 
or parts thereof created again.st the stjite, nnder any agreement orcontnict made 
without express authority of law, and all such unauthorized agreements or eon- 



22 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

tracts shall be null and void; nor shall the compensation of any public officer 
be increased or diminished during his term of office; Provided, however, that the 
legislature may make appropriations for expenditures incurred in suppressing 
insurrection or repelling invasion. 

Sec. 4. An itemized statementof all receipts and expenditures of the public 
moneys shall be published annually in such manner as the legislature shall pro- 
vide, and such statements shall be submitted to the legislature at the beginning 
of each regular session by the governor with his message. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS. 

Section 1. Neither the state nor any county, township or municipality 
shall loan or give its credit or make donation to or in aid of any individual, 
association or corporation except for the necessary support of the poor, nor sub- 
scribe to or become the owner of the capital stock of any association or corpora- 
tion, nor pay or become responsible for the debt or liability of any individual, 
association or corporation ; Provided, that the state may assume or pay such 
debt or liability when incurred in time of war for the defense of the state. Nor 
shall the state engage in any work of internal improvement. 

Sec. 2. For the j)urpose of defraying extraordinary expenses and making 
public improvements, or to meet casual deficits or failure in revenue, the state 
may contract debts never to exceed, with previous debts, in the aggregate 
$100,000, and no greater indebtedness shall be incurred except for the purpose 
of repelling invasion, suppressing insurrection, or defending the state or the 
United States in war, and provision shall be made by law for the payment of 
the interest annually, and the principal when due, by tax levied for the pur- 
poseor from other sources of revenue; which law providing for the payment of 
such interest and principal by such tax or otherwise shall be irrepealable until 
such debt is paid; Provided, however, the State of South Dakota shall have the 
power to refund the territorial debt assumed by the State of South Dakota, by 
bonds of the State of South Dakota. 

Sec. 3. That the indebtedness of the State of South Dakota limited by sec. 
2 of this article shall be in addition to the debt of the Territory of Dakota as- 
sumed by and agreed to be paid by South Dakota. 

Sec. 4. The debt of any county, city, town, school district or other subdivi- 
sion, shall never exceed 5 per centum upon the assessed value of the taxable 
property therein. 

In estimating the amount of indebtedness which a municipality or subdivi- 
sion may incur, the amount of indebtedness contracted prior to the adoption of 
this constitution shall be included. 

Sec. 5. Any city, county, town, school district or any other subdivision in- 
curring indebtedness shall, at or before the tiriie of so doing, provide for the 
collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest and also the principal 
thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing for the payment of the 
interest or principal of any debt shall be irrepealable until such debt be paid. 

Sec. 6. In order that payment of the debts and liabilities contracted or in- 
curred by and in behalf of the Territory of Dakota may be justly and equit- 
ably provided for and made, and in pursuance of the requirements of an act of 
Congress approved Feb. 22, 1889, entitled " An Act to provide for the division 
of Dakota into two states and to enable the people of North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Montana and Washington to form constitutions and state governments 
and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, 
and to make donations of public lands to such states," the states of North Da- 
kota and South Dakota, by proceedings of a joint commission, duly appointed 
under said act, the sessions whereof were held at Bismarck in said State of 
North Dakota, from July 16, 1889, to July 31, 1889, inclusive, have agreed to 
the following adjustment of the amounts of the debts and liabilities of the 
Territory of Dakota which shall be assumed and paid by each of the states of 
North Dakota and South Dakota respectively, to-wit: 

1. This agreement shall take effect and be in force from and after the ad- 
mission into the Union, as one of the United States of America, of either the 
State of North Dakota or the State of South Dakota. 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 23 

2. The words "Stiitcof North Dakota" wl\(*rever used in this agreement, 
shall be taken to mean tlie 'IVrritory of North Dakota, ia luise the Slate of 
South Dakota shall be admitted into the Union prior to the admission into the 
Union of the State of North Dakota; and the words "Stijte of South Dakota" 
wherever used in this agreeraent, sliall be tiiken to mean the Territory ol South 
Dakota in eiuse the State of North DakoUi sliall be admitted into the Unioa 
prior to the admission into the Union of the State of Soutii Dakota. 

3. The said State of North Dakota shall assume and pay all Innids issued by 
the Territory of Dakota tt) jirovide funds for the purcliase, construction, repairs 
or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are locat<'d 
within tiie boundaries of North Dakota, and sliall jiay all warrants issued under 
and by virtue of that certain act of tiie legislative assembly of the Territory 
of Dakota, approved March 3, 1HS9, entitled "An Act to provide for the lefuud- 
iug of outstanding warrants drawn on the capittjl building fund." 

4. The said State of South Dakota shall aasunie and pay all Ixmds issued 
by the Territory of Dakota to provide funds lor the purchase, (;onstruction, 
repairs or lUHintenance of such puldic institutions, grouuds or buildings as are 
located within the ])0uudarie3 of South Dakota. 

5. That is to say: The State of North Dakota shall assume and pay the 
following bunds and indebtedness, to-wit: Bonds issued on account of the 
hospitil for insane at Jamestown, North Dakota, the face aggregate of 
which is $2(i6,OUO; also, bcmds issued on account of the North Dakota Uni- 
versity at Urand Forks, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is |96, 700; 
also, bonds issued on account of tiie penitentiary at Bismarck, N.»rth Dakota, 
the face aggregate of which is $93,600; also, refunding capitol building warrants 
dated April 1, 1889, $a3,.->07.-16. 

And the St;\te of South Dakota shall assume and pay the following bonds 
and indebtedness, to-wit: Bonds issued on account of tlie hospiUil lor the insane 
at Yankton, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $-210,000; also, bonds 
issued on account of the school for deaf mutes at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 
the face aggregate of which is $.■>!. 000; also, bonds issued on account of the 
University at Vermillion, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $75,- 
000; also, bonds issued on account of the penitentiary at Sioux Falls, South 
Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $94,300; also, lx>nds issued on account 
of agricultural college at Brookings, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which 
is $97,r)00; also, bonds issued on iK-count of the normal school at Madison, 
South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $49,400; also, bonds issued on 
account of school of miiies at Rapid City, South Dakota, the face augregate 
of which is $33,000; also, bonds issued on account of the reform school at 
riankiiiton, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $30,000; also, l)onds 
issued on account of the normal school at Speartish, South Dakota, the face 
aggregate of which is $'2.^.000; also, bonds issued on account of the soldiers' home 
at Hot Springs, South Dakota, the fa<e aggregate of which is $4,5,000. 

6. The states of North and Soutli Dakota shall pay one-half each of all lia- 
bilities now existing or hereafter and prior to the taking elVect of this agree- 
ment incurred, except those heretofore and hereafter incurred on account of 
public institutions, grounds or buildings, except as otherwise herein specifically 
provided. 

7. The State of South Dakota shall pay to the State of North Dakota 
$4(i,.")00 on account of the excess of territorial ajipropriations for the' perma- 
nent improvement of territorial institutions which under this agreement will 
go to South Dakota, and in full of the undivided one-half interest of North 
Dakota in the territorial library, and in full settlement of unbalanced ac- 
counts, and of all claims against the territory of whatever nature, legal or 
equitable, arising out of the alleged erroneous or unlawt'ul taxation of the 
Northern Pacitic railroad lands, and the payment of .said amount shall dis- 
ctiarge and exempt the St^ito of South D.ikofa fnjni all liability for or on ac- 
count of the .several maUers hereinl)efore referred to; nor shall either state be 
called upon to pay or answer to any portion of liability hereinafter arising or 
accniim: on account of tr.ins;«ctions heretofore had, which liability would be a 
liability of the Territory ol' D.ikota had such territory remained in existence, 



24 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

and which liability shall grow out of matters connected with any public insti- 
tution, grounds or buildings of the territory situated or located within the 
boundaries of the other state. 

8. A fiaal adjustment of accounts shall be made upon the following basis: 
North Dakota shall be charged with all sums paid on account of the public 
institutions, grounds or buildings located within its boundaries on account of 
the current appropriations since March 8, 1889; and South Dakota shall be 
charged with all suras paid on account of public institutions, grounds or 
buildings located within its boundaries on the same account and during the 
same time. Each state shall be charged with one-half of all other expenses of 
the territorial government during the same time. All moneys paid into the 
treasury during the period from March 8, 1889, to the time of taking eifect of 
this agreement by any county, municipality or person within the limits of the 
proposed State of North Dakota, shall be credited to the State of North Da- 
kota; and all sums paid into said treasury within the same time by any county, 
municipality or person within the limits of the proposed State of South Da- 
kota shall be credited to the State of South Dakota; except that any and all 
taxes on gross earnings paid into said treasury by railroad corporations since 
the eighth day of March, 1889, based upon earnings of years prior to 1888, 
under and by virtue of the act of the legislative assembly of the Territory of 
Dakota, approved March 7, 1889, and entitled "An Act providing for the levy 
and collection of taxes upon property of railroad companies in this territory," 
being chap. 107 of the Session Laws of 1889 (that is, the part of such sum 
going to the territory) shall be equally divided between the states of North 
Dakota and South Dakota, and all taxes heretofore or hereafter paid into 
the said treasury under and by virtue of the act last mentioned, based on 
the gross earnings of the year 1888, shall be distributed as already provided 
by law, except that so much thereof as goes to the territorial treasury shall be 
divided as follows: North Dakota shall have -so much thereof as shall be or 
has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed State of North 
Dakota and South Dakota so much thereof as shall be or has been paid by 
railroads within the limits of the proposed State of South Dakota. Each 
state shall be credited also with all balances of appropriations made by 
the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Dakota for the 
account of public institutions, grounds or buildings situated within its limits, 
remaining unexpended on March 8, 1889. If there be any indebtedness 
except the indebtedness represented by the bonds and refunding warrants 
hereinbefore mentioned, each state shall at the time of such final adjustment 
of accounts, assume its share of said indebtedness as determined by the 
amount paid on account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings of such 
state in excess of the receipts from counties, municipalities, railroad corpo- 
rations or persons within the limits of said state as provided in this article; and 
if there should be a surplus at the time of such final adjustment, each state 
shall be entitled to the amounts received from counties, municipalities, rail- 
road corporations or persons within its limits over and above the amount 
charged to it. 

Sec. 7. And the State of South Dakota hereby obligates itself to pay 
such part of the debts and liabilities of tlie Territory of Dakota as is declared 
by the foregoing agreement to be its proportion thereof, the same as if such 
proportion had been originally created by said State of South Dakota as its 
own debt or liability. 

Sec. 8. The territorial treasurer is hereby authorized and empowered to 
issue refunding bonds to the amount of $107,500, bearing interest not to exceed 
the rate of 4 per cent per annum, for the purpose of refunding the following 
described indebtedness of the Territory of Dakota, to-wit: 

Seventy-seven thousand five hundred dollars 5 per cent bonds, dated May 1, 
1883, issued for the construction of the west wing of the insane hospital at 
Yankton, and $30,000 6 per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1883, issued for perma- 
nent improvements of Dakota penitentiary at Sioux Falls, such refunding 
bonds, if is.sued, to run for not more than 'io years, and shall be executed by 
the governor and treasurer of the territory, and shall be attested by the secre- 
tary under the great seal of the territory. 



STATK OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 25 

In case such boiuls arc issued by the territorial treasurer as hereinbefore .set 
forth, before the lirst day of October, lHft9, then upon tlie admission of South 
Dakota as a state it shall assume and pay said bonds in lieu of the aforesaid 
territorial iudel)tedness. 

AUTICLK XIV. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

Section 1. The charitable and penal institutions of the State of South Da- 
kota shall consist of a penitentiary, insane hospital, a school for the deaf and 
dumb, a school for the blind and a reform school. 

Sec. 2. The state institutions provided for in the preceding section shall 
be under the control ofasUite board of charities and corrections, under such 
rules and restrictions as tiie lej!;islature shall provide; siuh board to consist of 
not to e.\( cod 5 members, to l)e appointed by tlie ptvernor and confirmed by 
the senate, and whose comi)ensati(m shall be ti.ved by law. 

Sec. 3. The state university, the agricultural college, the normal .school and 
all other educational institutions that may be sustained cither wholly or in 
part by the state siiall be under the control of a board of 9 members, appointed 
by th»' governor and confirmed by the senate, t») be designated the regents of 
education. They shall hold their office for 6 years, 3 retiring every second 
year. • 

Till) regents in connection with the laculty of each institution shall fix the 
course of study in the same. 

The compensation ol the regents shall be fixed by the legislature. 

Skc. 4. The regents shall appoint a board of.") members for each institution 
under their control, to be designated the board of trustees. They shall hold 
office for 5 years, 1 member retiring annually'. The trustees of each insti- 
tution shall appoint the faculty of the Sivme, and shall provide for the current 
management of the institution, but all appointments and removals must have 
the approval of the regents to be valid. The trustees of the several institutions 
shall receive no compensation for their services, but they shall be reiml)ursed 
for all expenses incurred in the discharge of their duties, upon presenting an 
itemized account of the same to the proper officer. Each board of trustees at 
ita first meeting shall decide by lot the order in which its members shall 
retire from ofiice. 

Sec. .">. The legislature shall provide that the science of mining and metal- 
lurgy be taught in at le;vst one institution of learning under the patronage of 
the state. 

ARTICLH XV. 

MILITIA. 

Section 1. The militia of the State of South Dakota shall consist of all 
able-lwdied male persons residing in the state, between the ages of IH ami 45 
years, except such persons as now are, or hereafter may be, exempted by the 
laws of the United States or of this state. 

Se<'. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for the enrollment, uniform- 
ing, equipment and discipline of the militia, and the establishment of volunteer 
and such other organizations or both, as may be deemed necessary lor the pn»- 
tection of the state, the preservation of order and the efficiency and goo<l of the 
service. 

Sec. 3. The legislature in providing for the organization of thte militia shall 
conlorm. as nearly as jjracticable, to the regulations for the government of the 
armies of the I'nited States. 

Sec. 4. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the governor and may 
hold their commissions for such period of time as the legislature may provide, 
sul)ipct to removal by the governor for ainse, t<j be first ascertained by a court 
martial pursuant to law. 

Sec. ."). The militia shall in all cxses except treason, felony or breach of the 
peace, I>e privileged from arrest during their attendance at muster and elec- 
tions, and in going to and returning trom the same. 



^ 



S6 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 6. All military records, banners and relics of the state, except when 
in lawful use, shall be preserved in the office of the adjutant general as an en- 
during memorial of the patriotism and valor of South Dakota; and it shall be 
the duty of the legislature to provide by law for the safe keeping of the same. 

Sec. 7. No person having conscientious scruples against bearing arms shall 
be compelled to do military duty in time of peace. 

ARTICLE XVI. 
IMPEACHMENT AND REMOVAL FROM OFFICE. 

Section 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of im- 
peachment. 

The concurrence of a majority of all members elected shall be necessary to 
an impeachment. 

Sec. 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate. When sitting for 
that purpose the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation to do justice accord- 
ing to law and evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members elected. When the governor or lieutenant 
governor is on trial the presiding judge of the supreme court shall preside. 

Sec. 3. The governor and other state and judicial officers, except county 
jpdges, justices of the peace and police magisti'ates shall be liable to impeach- 
ment for drunkenness, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeasance or misdemeanor 
in office, but judgment in such cases shall not extend further than to removal 
from office and disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit under the 
state. The person accused, whether convicted or acquitted, shall nevertheless 
be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 

Sec. 4. All officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal 
for misconduct or malfeasance or crime or misdemeanor in office, or for drunk- 
enness or gross incompetency, in such manner as may be provided by law. 

Sec. 5. No officer shall exercise the duties of his office after he shall have 
been impeached and before bis acquittal. 

Sec. 6. On trial of an impeachment against the governor the lieutenant gov- 
ernor shall not act as a member of the court. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be tried on impeachment before he shall have been 
served with a copy thereof at least twenty days previous to the day set for 
trial. 

Sec. 8. No person shall be liable to impeachment twice for the same offense 

ARTICLE XVIL 

corporations. • 

Section 1. No corporation shall be created or have its charter extended, 
changed or amended by special laws except those for charitable, educational, 
penal or reformatory purposes, which are to be and remain under the patron- 
age and control of the state; but the legislature shall provide by general laws 
for the organization of all corporations hereafter to be created. 

Sec. 2. All existing charters, or grants of special or exclusive privileges, 
under which a bona fide organization shall not have taken place and business 
been commenced in good faith at the time this constitution takes effect, shall 
thereafter have no validity. 

Sec. 3. The legislature shall not remit the forfeiture of the charter of any 
corporation now existing nor alter or amend the same or pass any other general 
or special law for the benefit of such corpoj-ation, except upon the condition 
that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions 
of this constitution. 

Sec. 4. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged 
or so construed as to prevent the legislature from taking the property and 
franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to public use, the 
same as the property of individuals; and the exercise of the police power of the 
state shall never be abridged or so construed as to permit corporations to con- 
duct their business in such manner as to infringe the equal rights of individu- 
als or the general well being of the state. 



STATK OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 27 

Sec. 5. In all elections for directors or managers of a corporation each mem- 
ber or shariholdcr may cast the wliole number of his votes for one candidate, 
or ilistribute them upon two or more candidates, as he may jirefer. 

Skc. (). No foreign corjHiratiou shall do any business in this state without 
having one or more known phucs of business and an authorized agi-nt or agents 
in the same upon whom process may be served. 

Skc. 7. No coriK)ration .shall engage in any bn.sine.ss other than that express- 
ly authorized in it^s charter, nor shall it taki; or hold any real estate except such 
as may be necessary and proper for its legitimate business. 

Skc. 8. No corporation shall issue stocks or iKtnds except for money, labor 
done, or money or property actually received; and all lictitious increa.se of 
stock or indebtedness shall be void. The stock and indebtedness of corpora- 
tions shall not be increased except in pursuance of general law, nor without 
the consent of the persons holdiug the larger amount in value of the stock first 
obtained, at a meeting to be held after 60 days' notice given in pursuance of 
law. 

Sec;. 9. The legislature .shall have the power to alter, revise or annul any 
charter of any corporation now existing and revocable at the taking elfect of 
this constitution, or any that may be created, whenever in their opinion it may 
be injurious to the citizens of this state, in such a manner, however, that no 
injustice shall be done to the incorporators. No law hereafter enacted shall 
cre;ite, renew or extend the charter of more than one corporation. 

Sec. 10. No law shall be passed by the legislature granting the right to con- 
struct and operate a street railroad within any city, town or incori>orated vil- 
lage without requiring the consent of the local authorities having the control of 
the streets or highway proposed to be occupied by such street railroad. 

Sec. 11. Auy association or corporation organized for the purpose, or any 
individual, shall have the right to construct and maintain lines of telegraph in 
this state, and to connect the same with other lines; and the legislatureshall by 
general law of uniform operation provide reasonable regulation to give full 
effect to this section. No telegraph company shall consolidate with or hold a 
controlling interest in the stock or bonds of any other telegraph company own- 
ing a competing line, or acquire by purchase or otherwise, any other competing 
line of telegraph. 

Sec. 12. Every railroad corporation organized or doing business in this state 
under the laws or authority thereof shall have and maintain a j)ublic oflice or 
place in this state for the transaction of its busines.s, where transfers of its 
stocks shall be made and in which shall be kept for public inspection books 
in which shall be recorded the »mouut of capital stock subscribed, and by 
whom; the names of the owners of its stock, and the amount owned by them 
respectively; the amount of stocks paid in. and by whom; the transfers of said 
stock; the amount of its a-ssets and liabilities; and the names and i>lace of resi- 
dence of itsorticers. The directors of every railroad corporation shall annually 
make a report, under oath, to the auditor of public accounts or some otbcer or 
officers to be designated by law, of all their acts and doings, which report shall 
include such matters relating to railroads as may be prescribed by law, and the 
legislature shall pass laws enforcing by suitable penalties the provisions of this 
section. 

Sec. 13. The rolling stock and all other movable property belonging to any 
railroad company or corporation in this state shall be considered personal prop- 
erty, and shall be liable to execution and sale in the same manner .as the per- 
sonal proj>erty of individuals, and the legislature shall pass no laws exempting 
snch property from execution and sale. 

Skc. 14. No railroad corp:)ratiou shall consolidate its stock, property or 
franchises with any other railroad cor|)oration owning a parallel or competing 
line; and in no cise shall any consolidation take place except npon public 
notice given out atle.ast (iO days to all stockholders in such manner as may be 
provided by law. Any attempt to evade the provisions of this .section, by any 
railroad corporation, by lease or otherwise, shall work a forfeiture of its charter. . 

Sec. 15. Railways heretofore constructed or that may hereafter be con- 
strnctcd, in this state are hereby d<M-lared public highways, and all railroads 
and transportation companies aie declared to be common carriers and subject to 



28 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

legislative control; and the legislature shall have power to enact laws regulat- 
ing and controlling the rates of charges for the transportation of passengers and 
Ireight as such common carriers from one point to another in this state. 

Sec. 16. Any association or corporation organized for the purpose shall have 
the right to construct and operate a railroad between any points within this 
state, and to connect at the state line with railroads of other states. Every 
railroad company shall have the right with its road to intersect, connect with, 
or cross any other railroad, and shall receive and transport each the other's pas- 
sengers, tonnage and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination. 

Sec. 17. The legislature shall pass laws to correct abuses and prevent dis- 
crimination and extortion in the rates of freight and passenger tariffs on the 
difl'erent railroads in this state, and enforce such laws by adequate penalties, to 
the extent, if necessary for that purpose, of forfeiture of their property and 
franchises. 

Sec. 18. Municipal and other corporations and individuals invested with 
the privilege of taking private property for public use shall make just compen- 
sation for property taken, injured or destroyed, by the construction or enlarge- 
ment of their works, highways or improvements, which compensation shall be 
paid or secured before such taking, injury or destruction. The legislature is 
hereby prohibited from depriving any person of an appeal from any preliminary 
assessment of damages against any such corporation or individuals made by 
viewers or otherwise, and the amount of such damages in all cases appeal shall, 
on the demand of either party, be determined by a jury as in other civil cases. 

Sec. 19. The term "corporations" as used in this article shall be construed 
to include all joint stock companies or associations having any of the powers or 
privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. 

ARTICLE XVIII. 

BANKING AND CUEEENCY. 

Section 1. If a general banking law shall be enacted it shall provide for 
the registry and countersigning by an officer of this state of all bills or papers- 
credit designed to circulate as money, and require security to the full amount 
thereof, to be deposited with the state treasurer, in the approved securities of 
the state or of the United States, to be rated at 10 per centum below their par 
value, and in case of their depreciation the deficiency shall be made good by 
depositing additional securities. 

Sec. 2. Every bank, banking company or corporation shall be required to 
cease all banking operation within 20 years from the time of its organization, 
and promptly thereafter close its business, but shall have corporate capacity to 
sue or be sued until its business is fully closed, but the legislature may pro- 
vide by general law for the reorganization of such banks. 

Sec. 3. The shareholders or stockholders of any banking corporation shall 
he held individually responsible and liable for all contracts, debts and engage- 
ments of such corporation to the extent of the amount of their stock therein, 
at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares or 
stocks; and such individual liabilities shall continue for 1 year after any trans- 
fer or sale of stock by any stockholder or stockholders. 

ARTICLE XIX. 

CONGKESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPOETIONMENT. 

Section 1. Until otherwise provided by law, the members of the house of 
representatives of the United States, apportioned to this state, shall be elected 
by the state at large. 

Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, the senatorial and representative 
districts shall be formed, and the senators and representatives shall be appor- 
tioned, as follows: 

SENATORIAL DISTRICTS. 

District No. 1 shall consist of the county of Union, and be entitled to one 
senator. 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 29 

District No. *2 shall cuusist of the county of Clay, and be entitled to one sen- 
ator. 

District No. 'A shall consist of the county of Yankton, and be entitled (o one 
senator. 

District No. 4 shall consist of the county of Hon Ilonime, and l>e entitled to 
one senator. 

Di.strict No. ."> shall consist of the county of Lincoln, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. G shall consist of the county of Turner, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No 7 shall consist of the county of Hutchinson, and be entitled to 
one senator. 

District No. 8 .shall consist of the counties of Charles Mix and Douglas, and 
be entitled to one senator. 

District No. 9 shall consist of the county of Minnehaha, and be entitled to 
two senators. 

District No. 10 shall consist of the county of McCook, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 11 shall consist of the county of Hanson, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 12 shall consist of the county of Davison, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 13 shall consist of the county of Aurora, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 14 shall consist of the county of Brule, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 15 shall consist of the county of Moody, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. IG shall consist of the county of Lake, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 17 shall consist of the county of Miner, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 18 shall consist of the county of Sanlxjrn, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 1!) shall consist of the counties of Jerauld and Buflalo, and be 
entitled to one senator. 

District No. 20 shall consist of the county of Brookings, and be entitled to 
one senator. 

District No. 21, shall consist of the county of Kingsbury, and be entitled to 
one senator. 

District No. 22 shall consist of the county of Beadle, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 23 shall consist of the county of Hand, and l)e entitled to one . 
senator. 

District No. 24 shall consist of the counties of Hyde and Hughes, and be en- 
titled to one senator. 

District No. 25 shall consist of the couutie-s of Sully and Potter, and l)e en- 
titled to one senator. 

District No. 26 .shall consist of the county of Deuel, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

Di.strict No. 27 shall consist of the county of Hamlin, and l»e entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 28 shall consist of the county of Codington, and be entitled to 
one senator. 

District No. 29 shall consist of the county of Clark, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 30 shall consist of the county of Spink, and be entitled to two 
senators. 

District No. 31 shall con.sist of the counties of Grant and Roberts, and be en- 
titletl to one senator. 

District No. 32 shall consist of the county of Day, and be entitletl to one 
senator. 



30 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

District No. 33 shall consist of the connty of Brown, and be entitled to twa 
senators. 

District No. 34 shall consist of the county of Marshall, and be entitled to on& 
senator. 

District No. 35 shall consist of the county of Faulk, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

District No. 36 shall consist of the counties of Edmunds and McPherson, and 
be entitled to one senator. 

District No. 37 shall consist of the counties of Walworth and Campbell, and 
be entitled to one senator. 

District No. 38 shall consist of the county of Lawrence, and be entitled t<y 
two senators. 

District No. 39 shall consist of the county of Pennington, and be entitled to 
one senator. 

District No. 40 shall consist of the counties of Meade and Butte, and be en- 
titled to one senator. 

District No. 41 shall consist of the county of Custer, and be entitled to one 
senator. 

REPRESENTATIVK DISTRICTS. 

District No. 1 shall consist of the county of Union, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 2 shall consist of the county of Clay, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 3 shall consist of the county of Yankton, and be entitled to four 
representatives. 

District No. 4 shall consist of the county of Bon Homme, and be entitled ta 
three representatives. 

District No. 5 shall consist of the county of Lincoln, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 6 shall consist of the county of Turner, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 7 shall consist of the county of Hutchinson, and be entitled to 
two representatives. 

District No. 8 shall consist of the county of Douglas, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 9 shall consist of the county of Charles Mix, and be entitled to 
two representatives. 

District No. 10 shall con.sist of the county of Minnehaha, and be entitled to 
seven representatives. 

District No. 11 shall consist of the county of McCook, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 12 shall consist of the county of Hanson, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 13 shall consist of the county of Davison, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 14 shall consist of the county of Aurora, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 15 shall consist of the county of Brule, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 16 shall consist of the county of Moody, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 17 shall consist of the county of Lake, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 18 shall consist of the county of Miner, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 19 shall consist of the county of Sanborn, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 20 shall con.sist of the county of Jerauld, and be entitled to one 
representative. 

District No. 21 shall consist of the county of Buffalo, and be entitled to one 
representative. 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. :!1 

District No. 22 shall consist of the county of Brookings, and he entitled to 
three representsitives. 

District No. 2:i shall consist of the county of Kingsbury, and be entitled to 
three representatives. 

District No. 24 shall consist of the county of Beadle, and be entitled to five 
representatives. 

District No. 25 shall consist of the county of Hand, and l)e entitled to three 
representatives 

District No. 26 shall consist of the couniy of Hyde, and be entitled to one 
representative. ▼ 

District No. 27 shall consi.st of the county of Huf^hci?, and be entitled to one 
representative. 

District No. 28 shall consist of the county of Sully, and be entitled to one 
representative. 

District No. 29 shall consist of the conuty of Deuel, and he entitled to two 
repre.sentatives. 

District No. 30 shall consist of the county of Hamlin, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 31 shall consist of the county of Codington, and be entitled to 
three representatives. 

District No. 32 shall consist of the county of Clark, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 33 shall consist of the county of Spink, and be entitled to five 
representatives. 

District No. 34 shall consist of the county of Faulk, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 35 shall consist of the county of Potter, and be entitled to one 
representative. 

District No. 36 shall consist of the county of Grant, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 37 shall consist of the county of Roberts, and be entitled to one 
represent;»tive. 

District No. 38 shall consist of the county of Day, and be entitled to three 
representatives. 

District No. 39 shall consist of the county of Marshall, and be entitled to two 
representatives. 

District No. 40 shall consist of the county of Brown, and be entitled to eight 
rei)resentative.s. 

District No. 41 shall consist of the county of Edmunds, and be entitled to 
two representati\*es. 

District No. 42 shall consist of the county of Walworth, and Ije entitled to 
one repre-sentiitive. 

District No. 43 shall consist of the county of McPherson, and be entitled to 
two representatives. 

District No. 44 sliall consist of the county of Campbell, and be entitled to 
one repre.sentative. 

District No. 45 shall consist of the county of Fall River, and be entitle<l to 
one representative. 

District No. 46 shall consist of the county of Custer, and l)e entitled to two 
reprt'sentatives. 

District No. 47 shall consist of the county of Pennington, and be entitle<l to 
two representatives. 

District No. 48 shall consist of the county of Meade, and be entitle<l to two 
representatives. 

District No. 49 shall consist of the county of Lawrence, and l>e entitled to 
six repre.sentatives. 

District No. 50 shall consist of fhi- <iiut)ty i>f" I'litf.- 'uid bf entitled to one 
representative. 



32 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

ARTICLE XX. 
SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 

Section 1. The question of the location of the temporary seat of govern- 
ment shall be submitted to a vote of the electors of the proposed State of South 
Dakota, in the same manner and at the same election at which this constitu- 
tion shall be submitted, and the place receiving the highest number of votes 
shall be the temporary seat of government until a permanent seat of govern- 
ment shall he established as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 2. The legislature, at its first session after the admission of this state, 
shall provide for the submission of the question of a place for a permanent seat 
of government to the qualified voters of the state at the next general election 
thereafter, and that place which receives a majority of all the votes cast upon 
that question shall be the permanent seat of government. 

Sec. 3. Should no place voted for at said election have a majority of all 
votes cast upon this question, the governor shall issue his proclamation for an 
election to be held in the same manner at the next general election to choose 
between the two places having received the highest number of votes cast at the 
first election on this question. The election shall be conducted in the same 
manner as the first election for the permanent seat of government, and the 
place receiving the majority of all votes cast upon this question shall be the 
permanent seat of government. 

ARTICLE XXI. 

miscellaneous. 

Section 1. Seal and Coat of Arms. — The design of the great seal of 
South Dakota shall be as follows: A circle within which shall appear in the 
left foreground a smelting furnace and other features of mining work. In the 
left background a range of hills. In the right foreground a farmer at his 
plow. In the right background a herd of cajole and a field of corn. Between 
the two parts thus described shall appear a nver bearing a steamboat. Prop- 
erly divided between the upper and lower edges of the circle shall appear the 
legend "Under God the People Rule," which shall be the motto of the State 
of South Dakota. Exterior to this circle and within a circumscribed circle 
shall a^jpear, in the upper part, the words "State of South Dakota." In the 
lower part the words "Great Seal," and the date in Arabic numerals of the 
year in which the state shall be admitted to the Union. 

compensation of public officers. 

Sec. 2. The governor shall receive an annual salary of $2,500; the judges of 
thesupreme court shall each receive an annual salary of $2,500; the judgesof the 
circuit courts shall each receive an annual salary of $2,000; Provided, that the 
legislature may, after the year 1890, increase the annual salary of the governor 
and each of the judges of the supreme court to $3,000, and the annual salary 
of each of the circuit court judges to $2,500. 

The secretary of state, state treasurer and state auditor shall each receive an 
annual salary of $1,800; the commissioner of school and public lands shall 
receive an annual salary of $1,800; the superintendent of public instruction 
shall receive an annual salary of $1,800; the attorney general shall receive an 
annual salary of $1,000; the compensation of the lieutenant governor shall be 
double the compensation of a state senator. i 

They shall receive no fees or perquisites whatever for the performance of any 
duties connected with their offices. It shall not be competent for the legisla- 
ture to increase the salaries of the officers named in this article except as herein 
provided. 

Sec. 3. Oath of Office. — Every person elected or appointed to any 
office in this state, except such inferior offices as may be by law exempted, 
shall, before entering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to 
support the constitution of the United States and of this state, and faithfully 
to discharge the duties of his office. 



8TATK OP SOUTH DAKOTA. 33 

Sec. 4. Kxemption's.— Tbo right of the ilehtor to enjoy the comforts and 
nefe.ssiiries of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws exempting from 
foRi-il sale a liomesteatl. the value of which sliall be limiU-d ami (iefiiied by 
law, t) all heads of familit's, ami a reasonable amount of jjt-rsonal property, the 
kind and value of which to lie fixt-d by general laws. 

Skc. 5. Kkjhts of Maukiki) Wo.mkn. — Tlie real and personal property of 
any woman in tiiia state acquired before marriage, and all property to which 
she may after marriage become in any manner rightfully entitled, shall b« her 
separate property, and shall not be liable for the debts of her husband. 

ARTICLE XXII. 

COMPACT WITH TIIK ITNITKI) STATES. 

The following article .shall be irrevocjible without the consent of the United 
Stjites and the people of the State of South Dakota expressed by their legisla- 
tive a.ssembly : 

Fimt — That perfect toleration of religious sentiment .shall be secured, and 
that no inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in person or proi)erty on 
account of his or her mode of religious woi-ship. 

Sicond — That we, the people inhabiting the State of South Dakota, do agree 
and declare that we forever disclaim all right and title to the uuapproi)riated 
public lands lying within the boundary of South Dakota, and t« all lands 
lying witiiin said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes; 
and tha< until the title thereto shall liave been extinguished by the I'uited 
States, the same .shall be and remain subject to the disposition of the United 
States; and s;»id Indian lantls .shall remain under the absohite jurisdiction and 
contnd of the Congress of the United States; that the lands belonging to citi- 
zens of the United States residing witliout the said state shall never be tjixed 
at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of this stjite; that no 
taxes shall be impo.sed liy the State of South Dakota on lands or property 
therein belonging to or which may hereafter be purchiised by the United 
States, or reserved for its use. I!ut nothing herein shall preclude the State of 
Soutli Dakota from taxing as other lamls are taxed any lands owned or held by 
any Indian who h:i.s severed his tribal relation and has obtiiined from the 
United States, or from any person, a title thereto hy patent or other grant, save 
and except such lands as have been or may he granted to any Indian or Indians 
under any act of Congress containing a i)rovision exempting the lands thus 
granted from taxation. All such lands which may have been exempted by any 
grant or law of the United Stiites shall remain exempt to the extent and as 
prescribed by such act ol' Congress. 

Third — That the State of South Dakota shall assume and j)ay that portion of 
the debts and liabilities of the Territory of Dakota as provided in this cousti- 
tntion. 

Fourth — That provision shall be made for the establishment and mainte- 
nance of systems of public schools, which .shall be opened to all the children of 
this state, and tree iVom sectarian control. 

ARTICLE XXIII. 

A.MESn.MENTS AND REVISIONS OK THE COX.STITmON. 

Section 1. .\ny amendment or amendment.s to this constitution may be 
priiiM)sed in either house of the legislature, and if the Siime .shall be agreed to 
by a majority of the members elected to each of the two hou.ses, snch )>ro|)08ed 
amendment or amendments shall be entered on their Journals, with the yeas 
and n.iys tiiken tiiereon, and it shall be tlie duty of the legislature to submit 
such proposed amendment or amendments to the vote of the people at the next 
general election. And if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment 
or amendment.s by ft majority of the elector-t voting thereon, such amendment 
or amendments shall become a part of this constitution; I'mrided, that the 
:imendment or amendments so proposed shall be published for a period of 12 
vreeks |)revious to the date of said election, in such manner as the legislature 



34 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

may provide; And j^fovided further, that if more than one amendment be sub- 
mitted they shall be submitted in such manner that the people may vote for 
or against such amendment separately. 

Sec. 2. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the 
legislature shall think it necessary to call a convention to revise this constitu- 
tion they shall recommend to the electors to vote at the next election for mem- 
bers of the legislature, for or against a convention; and if a majority of all the 
electors voting at said election shall have voted for a convention, the legislature 
shall, at their next session, provide by law for calling the same. The conven- 
tion shall consist of as many members as the house of representatives of the 
legislature, and shall be chosen in the .same manner, and shall meet within three 
months after their election for the purpose aforesaid. 

ARTICLE XXIV. 
PROHIBITION. 

(To be submitted to a separate vote as provided by the schedule and ordi- 
nance.) 

No person or corporation shall manufacture, or aid in the -manufacture for 
sale, any intoxicating liquor; no person shall sell or keep for sale, as a bever- 
age, any intoxicating liquor. The legislature shall by law prescribe regulations 
for the enforcement of the provisions of this section and provide suitable and. 
adequate penalties for the violation thereof. 

ARTICLE XXV. 
MINORITY REPRESENTATION. 

(To be submitted to a separate vote as provided by the schedule and ordi- 
nance. ) 

Section 1. The house of representatives shall consist of three times the 
number of members of the senate, and the term of office shall be 2 years. Three 
representatives shall be elected in each senatorial district at the first general 
election held after this constitution takes effect, and every 2 years thereafter. 

Sec. 2. In all elections of representatives aforesaid each qualified voter may 
cast as many votes for one candidate as there are representatives to be elected, 
or may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he 
may see fit; and the candidates highest in votes shall be declared elected. 

ARTICLE XXVI. 
SCHEDULE AND ORDINANCE. 

Section 1. That no inconvenience may arise from the change of the terri- 
torial government to the permanent state government, it is hereby declared 
that all writs, actions, prosecutions, claims and rights of individuals, and all 
bodies corporate, shall continue as if no change had taken place in this govern- 
ment; and all process which may be before the organization of the judicial de- 
partment under this constitution issued under the authority of the Territory of 
Dakota, within the boundary of this state, shall be as valid as if issued in the 
name of the State of South Dakota. 

Sec. 2. That all fines, penalties, forfeitures and escheats accruing to the 
Territory of Dakota, within the boundary of the State of South Dakota, shall 
accrue to the use of said state. 

Sec. 3. That all recognizances, bonds, obligations or other undertakings, 
heretofore taken, or which may be taken before the organization of the judicial 
department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, 
and maybe prosecuted in the name of, the State of South Dakota; and all bonds, 
obligations or undertakings executed to this territory, within the boundaries of 
the State of South Dakota, or to any officer in his official capacity, shall pass 
over to the proper state authority, and to their successors in office, for the uses 
therein respectively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered accordingly. 



8TATK OF SOirir DAKOTA. 35 

All criminal prosecutions ami pt-nal artions, which have arisen, or wiiich may 
.uise before the organizationof the judicial department under this constitution, 
and wliicii shall then Ik- pending, may be prosecuted to judgment and ejcecutcd 
in tiie name of the state. 

Skc. 4. All officers, civil and military, novs- holdinj^ their otliics and ap- 
pointments in this territory under the authority of the United iStates, or under 
the authority of the Territory of Dakota, shall continue to hold and exercise 
their respective oflices and appointments until superseded under this consti- 
tution; Prorlih'ii. that the provision of the above .sections shall he subject to 
the provision of the act of L'on<iress providing for the admission of the State of 
South D.ikota, approved by tiie president of the I'nited States on l-'eb. 22, 
188M. 

Sec. 5. This constitution shall be submitted for adoption or rejection to a 
vote of the electors qualified by the laws of this territory to vote at all elec- 
tions, at the election to he held on Tuesday, Oct. 1, 1889. 

At the said election the ballot shall be in the following form: 

For the Constitution: Yes. No.^ 

For Prohibition Yes. No. 

For Minority Representation: Yes. No. 

As a heading to each of said ballots shall be printed on each ballot the fil- 
lowing instructions to voters: 

-Vll persons desiring to vote for the constitution, or for any of the articles 
submitted to a separate vote, must enuse the word " No." 

All persons who desire to vote against the constitution, or against any article 
submitted separately, must erase the word " Yes." 

Any i)erson may have printed or written on his ballot only the words " For 
the Constitution," or "Against the Constitution," and such ballots shall be 
counted for, or against the constitution accordingly. The same provision shall 
apply to articles submitted separately. 

In addition to the foregoing election for the constitution and for the articles 
submitted by this convention tor a separate vote thereon, an election shall be 
held at the same time and places, by the s;iid rjualitied electors, for the follow- 
ing state otlicers, to be voted for on the same ballot as above provided for votes 
on the constitution and separate articles, to-wit: 

A governor, lieuteuant governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attor- 
ney general, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of school and 
public lands, judges of the supreme, circuit and county courts, representatives 
in Congrcs?, state senators, and representatives in the legislature. 

All the elections above provided for shall be held in the same manner and 
(brm as provided lor the election for the adoption or rejection of the constitu- 
tion. And the names of all tlie officers above specified to be voted for at such 
election shall be written or printed upon the same ballots as the vote for or 
against the constitution. 

The judges of election in counting the ballots voted at such election shall 
count all the atBrraative ballots upon the constitution as votes for the consti- 
tution; and they shall count all the negative ballots voted at said election upon 
the constitution as votes against the constitmtion; and ballots voted at said 
«lcction upon which neither of said words "Yes" or "No" following the 
words " For the Constitution " are erased, shall not be counted upon such propo- 
sition. And they .shall count all affirmi>tive biiUota .so voted upon the article 
on prohibition, separately submitted, as votes for such article, and they shall 
count all negative ballots .so voted upon such article as votes against such 
article; and ballots uiKtn which neither the words "Yes" or "No" follow- 
ing the words " For Prohibition " are enused, shall not be counted upon such 
proposition; and they shall count all the affirmative ballots so voted n|)<>n the 
article on minority representation, separately submitted, as votes for such 
article. And they shall count all negative ballots so voted upon such article, 
as votes against such article; and ballots upon which neither of .s;iid words 
"Yes" or "No" following the words "For .Minority Kepresentation " are 
enised, shall not l>e counted ui)on such jirojvtsition. 

If it .shall appear in accordance with the returns hereinafter provided for. that 
a mtyority of the votes }x»lled at such election, for and against the constitution, 



36 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

are for the coustitution, then this constitution shall be the consti tution of the 
State of South Dakota. If it shall appear, according to the returns hereinafter 
provided for, that a majority of all votes cast at said election for and against 
"Prohibition " are for prohibition, then said Article XXIV. shall be and form 
a pari of this constitution, and be in full force and eflect as such from date of 
said election; but if a majority of said votes shall appear, according to said 
returns, to be against prohibition, then Article XXIV. shall be null and void 
and shall not be a part of this constitution. And if it appear, according to 
the returns hereinafter provided for, that a majority of all votes cast at said 
election for and against "Minority Representation" are for minority repre- 
sentation, then Article XXV. shall be and form a part of said constitution, 
and be in full force and effect as such from the date of said election; but if a 
majority of said votes shall appear, according to said returns, to be against 
minority representation, then said Article XXV. shall be null and void and 
shall not be a part of this constitution. 

At such election the person voted for, for any one of the offices to be filled at 
such election, who shall receive the highest number of votes cast at said elec- 
tion, shall be declared elected to said office. 

Sec. 6. At the same time and places of election there shall be held by said 
qualified electors an election for the place of the temporary seat of government. 

On each ballot, and on the same ballot on which are the matters voted for or 
against, as hereinbefore provided, shall be written or printed the words "For 
Temporary Seat of Government." (Here insert the name of the city or town 
or place to be voted for.) 

And upon the canvass and returns of the vote, made as hereinafter provided 
for, the name of the city, town or place, which shall have received the largest 
number of votes for said temporary seat of government, shall be declared by the 
governor, chief justice and secretary of the Territory of Dakota, or by any two 
of them, at the same time that they shall canvass the vote for or against the 
constitution, together with the whole number of votes cast for each city, town 
or place, and the officers above named, shall, immediately after the result of 
. said election shall have been ascertained, issue a proclamation directing the 
legislature elected at said election to assemble at said city, town or place so 
selected, on the day fixed by this schedule and ordinance. 

Sec. 7. The election provided for herein shall be under the provisions of the 
constitution herewith submitted, and shall be conducted in all respects as elec- 
tions are conducted under the general laws of the Territory of Dakota, except 
as herein provided. No mere technicalities or informalities in the manner or 
form of election, or neglectof any officer to perform his duty with regard thereto, 
shall be deemed to vitiate or avoid the same, it being the true intent and object 
of this ordinance to ascertain and give effect to the true will of the people of the 
State of South Dakota, as expressed by their votesiat the polls. 

Sec. 8. Immediately after the election herein provided for, the judges of 
election at each voting place shall make a true and complete count of all the 
votes duly cast at such election, and shall certify and return the result of the 
same, with the names of all the candidates and the number of votes cast for 
each candidate, and the number of votes cast for and against the constitution, 
and the number of votes cast for and against prohibition, and the number of 
votes cast for and against minority representation, and the number of votes cast 
for each city, town or place for the " ' temporary seat of government, ' ' to the county 
clerk or auditor of the respective counties, together with one o£ the poll lists 
and election books used in said election. 

Sec. 9. Within 5 days after said election the several boards of county can- 
vassers, provided by law for the canvassing of the results of the election, shall 
make and certify to the secretary of the Territory of Dakota the true and correct 
return of the total number of votes cast for the constitution, and against the con- 
stitution, of the number of votes cast for and against "prohibition," and the 
number of votes cast for and against "minority representation," and the num- 
ber of votes cast for each city, town or place as the "temporary seat of govern-' 
ment," and of the number of votes cast for each person voted for at such elec- 
tion, except county officers and members of the legislature, and shall transmit 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 37 

the same to the secretary of the Territory* of Dakota, hy mail, ami shall file with 
the county clerk or auditor of each of said c«)uuties a duplicate and certiGed copy 
of said return 

Said l)oard of county canvassers shall Lssue certificates of election to the per- 
sons who shall have received the hiniiest number of votes cast for the respective 
olhces of judge of county court, and representatives in the legislature, and for 
sti\te senator or senators. 

8kc. 10. When two or more counties are connected in one senatorial or rep- 
resentative district, it shall he the duty <>f the clerks anil auditors of the respec- 
tive counties to attend at the oQice of the county clerk of the senior county in 
the date of organization within 20 days after the date of election, and they shall 
compare the vot«s given in the several counties comprising such seuatorial and 
representative district, and such clerks or auditors shall immediately make out 
a certilicate of election to the person having the highest numberof votes in such 
district I'or state senator or representative or both; which certilicate shall be de- 
livered to the person entitled thereto on his application to the clerk of the senior 
county of such district. 

Sec. 11. The secretary of the territory shall receive all returns of election 
transmitted to him :us above jjrovided, and shall preserve the same, and after 
theyha\e been canva.'ised as hereinafter provided, and after the admission of 
the State of South Dakota into the Union, he shall deliver s;iid returns lo the 
proper state oflicer of said State of South Dakota. 

Within 15 days after Siiid election the secretary of the territory, with the 
governor and chief justice thereof, or any two of them, shall canva.ss such re- 
turns and certify the same to the president of the United States, as provided 
iu the Enabling Act. 

They shall also ascertain the total number of votes cast at such election for 
the constitution and agaiust the constitution; the toUil number of votes cast tor 
and against prohibition; and the total numberof votes cast for and against 
minority representation; and the tot .1 number of votes cast lor each city, town 
or i)lace as the "temporary seat of government;" and the total number of votes 
cast for each pei-son voted for, for any olhce at said election, excei>ting county 
judges and members of the legislature, and shall declare the result of said elec- 
tion in conformity with such vote, and the governor of the territory shall there- 
upon issue a proclamation at once thereof. 

They shall also make and transmit to the state legislature, immediately upon 
its organiziition, a list of all the state and judicial officers who shall thus be as- 
certiiined to V)e duly elected. 

The various county and district canvassing boards shall make and transmit 
to the secretary of the territory the names of all persons declared by them to be 
elected meml>ers of the senate and house of representatives of the State of South 
Dakotii; he shall make separate lists of the senators and represeutiitives .so 
elected, which lists shall constitute the rolls under which the senate and house 
of representatives shall be organized. 

The governor of the territory shall make and issue certificates «»f election to 
the persons who are shown by the canvass to have received the highest numi)er 
of vott>s for governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, antlitor, trejL><urer, 
attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of .sch<K>l 
and public lands, and judges of the supreme and circuit courts. Such certifi- 
cates to be attested by the secret;iry of the territory. 

Sec. 12. The apportionment made in this constitution shall govern the elec- 
tions alKive provided for for members of the state legislature, until otherwise 
provided hy law. 

At the first election held under this ordinance for senators and re • tives 

of the legislature, there shall be elected 15 senators and IJ-t reprc- fs in 
the state legislature, respectively. 

Skc. 13. The legislature elected under the provisons of this ordinance and 
constitution shall a-^semble at the temporary .seat of government on the thinl 
Tuesday in October in the year .\. D. lHf*i), at 12 o'chn-k M . and on the first 
<lay of their assemblage the governor and other state otVicers shall take the oath 
of office in the presence of the legislature. The oath of office shall be admin- 



38 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

istered to the members of the legislature and to the state officers by the chief 
justice of the territory, or by any other officer duly authorized by the laws of 
the Territory of Dakota to administer oaths. 

Sec. 14. Immediately after the organization of the legislature and taking 
the oath of office by the state officers, the legislature shall then and there pro- 
ceed to the election of 2 senators of the United States for the State of South 
Dakota, in the moJe and manner provided by the laws of Congress for the elec- 
tion of United States senators. And the governor and the secretary of the 
State of South Dakota shall certify the election of the said senators and 2 repre- 
sentatives in Congress, in the manner required by law. 

Sec. 15. Immediately after the election of the United States senators as 
above provided for, said legislature shall adjourn to meet at the temporary seat 
of government on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of January, 1890, at 
12 oclock M. ; Provided, however, that if the State of South Dakota has not been 
admitted by proclamation or otherwise at said date, then said legislature shall 
convene within 1 days after the date of the admission of the state into the Union. 

Sec. 16. Nothing in this constitution or schedule contained shall be con- 
strued to authorize the legislature to exercise any powers except such as are 
necessary to its first organization, and to elect United States senators, and to 
adjourn as above provided. Nor to authorize an officer of the executive, ad- 
ministrative or judiciary departments to exercise any duties of his office until 
the State of South Dakota shall have beeu regularly admitted iuto the Union, 
excepting such as may be authorized by the Congress of the United States. 

Sec. 17. The ordinances and schedule enacted by this convention shall be 
held to be valid for all the purposes thereof 

Sec. 18. That we, the people of the State of South Dakota, do ordain: 

First — That perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, and 
that no inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in person or property on 
account of his or her mode of religious worship. 

Second — That we, the people inhabiting the State of South Dakota, do agree 
and declare that we forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated 
public lands lying within the boundaries of South Dakota; and to all lands lying 
within said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribe, and that until the 
title thereto shall have been extinguished by the United States the same shall 
be and remain subject to the disposition of the United States, and said Indian 
lands shall remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress 
of the United States; that the lands belonging to the citizens of the United 
States residing without the said state shall never be taxed at a higher rate than 
the lands belonging to residents of this state. That no taxes shall be im- 
posed by the State of South Dakota on lands or property therein belonging to 
or which may hereafter be purchased by the United States, or reserved for its 
use. But nothing herein shall preclude the State of South Dakota from taxing 
as other lands are taxed, any lauds owned or held by any Indian who has sev- 
ered his tribal relations and has obtained from the United States or from any 
person a title thereto by patent or other grant, save and except such lands as 
have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under any act of Con- 
gress containing a provision exempting the lands thus granted from taxation; 
all such lands which may have been exempted by any grant or law of the 
United States shall remain exempt to the extent and as prescribed by such act 
of Congress. 

Th ird — That the State of South Dakota shall assume and pay that portion of 
the debts and liabilities of the Territory of Dakota as provided in this constitu- 
tion. 

Fourth — That provision shall be made for the establishment and mainte- 
nance of systems of public schools, which shall be opened to all the children of 
this state, and free from sectarian control. 

Fifth — That jurisdiction is ceded to the United States over the military res- 
ervations of Fort Meade, Fort Randall and Fort Sully, heretofore declared by 
the president of the United States; Provided, legal process, civil and criminal, 
of this state shall extend over such reservations in all cases of which exclusive 
jurisdiction is not vested in the United States, or of crimes not committed 
within the limits of such reservations. 



These ordinanres shall be irrevocable without tiio consent of the I'nitod 
States, and also tlie people of the HJiid Stjite of South Dakota expressed l>y 
their legislative assembly. 

Sw. 19. The tenure of all oflRcers, who ' 'ion i-! provided for in this 
schedule on the first day of October, A. I) liall hi' as follows: 

Tlic governor, lioutcMiaut governor, socrttary of state, auditor, trea.surer, at- 
torney general, superintendent of public instruction, commi.ssion«r of school 
and public lands, judges of county courts, shall hold their respective oflice.-< un- 
til the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, A. D. 1891, at 12 
o'clock M. and until their successors are elected and «iuali)ifd. 

The judges of the .supreme court and circnit courts siiall hold their offices 
until the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, A. 1). IHJJI, at 12 
o'clock M., and until their successors are elected and qualified; subject to the 
provisions of sec. 26 of Article V. of the constitution. 

The terms of otTice of the members of the legislature elected at the first elec- 
tion held under the provisions of this constitution .shall expire on the first 
Tuesday after tlie first Monday in January, one thousand and eight hundred 
and ninety -one (It*'.'!). 

Sec. 20. That the first general election uuder the provisions of this constitu- 
tion shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 
1890, and every 2 years thereafter. 

Sec. 21. The following form of ballot is adopted: 

CONSTITUTIONAL TICKET. 

INSTP.rCTIONS TO VOTERS. 

AH persons desiring lo voic im the constitution, or for any of the articles 
submitted to a sei)arate vote, may erase the word "No." 

.Ml persons who desire to vote against the constitution, or any articles sepa- 
rately submitted, may erase the word "Yes." 

For the Constitution: Yes. No. 

For rrohibition: Yes. No. 

For Minority Kepresentation: Yes. No. 

For as the temporary seat of government. 

For Governor. 



For Liiulcuant •■nvciuor. 



For Secretary of State. 



For Auditor. 



p., I Tr.^i-iin.T. 



40 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

For Attorney General. 



For Superintendent of Public Instruction. 



For Comraissioner of Schools and Public Lands 



For Judges of the Supreme Court. 

First District. 

Second District. ,.... 

Third District. 

Forjudge of the Circuit Court Circuit. 



For Representatives in Congress. 



For State Senator. 



For Representative in the Legislature. 



For County .Judge. 



Sec. 22. This constitution shall be enrolled and after adoption and signing 
by the convention shall be delivered to Hon. A. J. Edgerton, the president of 
the constitutional convention, for safe keeping, and by him to be delivered to 
the secretary of state as soon as he assumes the duties of his office, and printed 
copies thereof shall be prefixed to the books containing the laws of the state, 
and all future editions thereof. 



STATE OF sorrif DAKOTA. 41 

The ])resi»lent of this convciitiou shall also supervise the making of the ropy 
tliat must he seut to tlie president of the I'liiteil States; saitl copy is to he 
certified l>y the president and ehiet'elerk ot'this (ronventiou. 

Sec. 23. "The aureeiueut made by the joint comniis.sion of the constita- 
tional conventions of North iiud Soutli Dakot^i concerning; the records, tmoks 
and an.hives of the Territory of Dakota is liereliy ratified and continued, which 
agreement is in tin; words following: That is to siiy: " 

The following Imoks, records and archives of the Territory of Dakota shall 
he the property of North Dakota, to-wit: 

All records, books and archives in the offices of the governor and secretary of 
tlie territory (except records of articles of incorporation of domestic lorpora- 
tions, returns of election of delegates to the constitutional convention of iHHJM'or 
South Dakota, returns of elections held under the so-called local o|)tion law in 
counties within the limits of South Dakota, l)onds of notaries public appointed 
for counties withm the limits of South Dakot;i, pai)ers relating to the organi- 
zation of counti'S situate within the limits of South Dakota, all of which 
records and archives are part of the records and archives of sai<l secretary's 
office; excepting also census jeturns from counties situate within the limits of 
South Dakota and papers relating to rciiuisitions issued upon the appliuttion 
of officers ol counties situate within the limits of South Dakota, all which are 
part of the records and archives of said governor's office). 

And the following records, books and archives shall also be the property of 
the Stat« of North Dakota, to-wit: 

Vouchers in the office or in the custody of the auditor of this territory relat- 
ing to expenilitures on account ot public institutions, grounds or buildings 
situate within the limits of North Dakota; one warrant register in the office of 
the treasurer of this territory, being a record of warrants issued under and by 
virtue of chap. 24 of the laws enacted by the Eighteenth Legislative Assembly 
of Dakota Territorj-; all letters, receipts and vouchers in the .same office now 
filed by counties and pert;iining to counties within the limits of North Dakota; 
paid and canceled coupons in the same office representing interest on bonds 
which said State of North Dakota is to assume and pay; reports of gross earn- 
ings of the year 1888 in the same office, made by corporations operating lines 
of railroad situated wholly or mainly within the limits of North D^ikota; 
records and papers of the otliceof the public examiner of the Second district of 
the territorj'; records and papers of the ot^ce of the Second district board of 
agriculture; records and papers in the office of the board of pharmacy of the 
district of North Dakota. 

All records, books and archives of the Territoryof Dakota which it is not herein 
agreed shall be the property of North Dakota, shall be the property of South 
Dakota. 

The following books shall be copied and the copies shall be the property of 
North Dakota, and the cost of such copies shall be borne equally by the said 
stiites of North Dakota and South Dakota. That is to .say: 

Appropriation ledger for the years ending Noveml)er, 1889 and 1890 — one 
volume. 

The current warrant auditor's register — one volume. 

Insurance record for 1S8!) — one volume. 

Treasurer's cash book " D." 

As.sessment ledger "B." 

Dakot;^ Territory iKtnd register — one volume, 

Trea.surer's current ledger — one volume. 

The originals of the foregoing volumes which are to be copied, shall at any 
time after such copying shall have been completed, be delivered on demand to 
the proper authorities of the State of Sonth Dakota. 

All other records. Inxiksand archives which it is hereby agreed .shall be the prop- 
erty of South Dakota shall remain at thecapital of North Dakota until demanded 
by the legislature of the Stite of South Dakotii, and until the State of North 
Dakota siiall have had a re;vs4inable time al'ter such demand is made to provide 
copies or ab.stracts or such jiortions thereof as the said State of North Dakota 
may desire to have copies or abstracts of. 



42 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



The State of South Dakota may also provide copies or abstracts of such 

records, books and archives which is agreed shall be the property of North 

Dakota as said State of South Dakota shall desire to hare copies or abstracts of 

The expense of all copies or abstracts of records, books and archives which it 

is herein agreed may be made, shall be borne equally by said two states. 

Alonzo J. Edgertox, 
President of the Constitutional Convention. 



R. C. Andersox, 
Irenexs Atkinson, 
Lymax T. Boucher, 
Andrew J. Bekdahl, 
S. F. Brott, 
C. Beuchler, 
E. W. Caldwell, 
Edgar E. Clough, 
C. G. Coats, 
Wm. Cook, 
George C. Cooper, 

DiGHTOX CORSOX, 

Peter Couchmax, 

Harry Trumbull Craig, 

George H. Culver, 

J. G. Davies, 

W. G. Dickinson, 

T. F. Diefexdorf, 

j. dowxing, 

H. W. Eddy, 

Edward G. Edgertox, 

W. Elliott, 

H. F. Fellows, 

J. A. FOWLES, 

C. S. Gifford, 
W. H. Goddard, 
David Hall, 
C. J. B. Harris, 
Corbley G. Hartley, 
M. R. Hexxiger, 
L. H. Hole, 
C. A. Houltox, 
s. f. huxtley, 
H. a. Humphrey, 
S. D. Jeffries, 
John L. Jolley, 



A. G. Kellam, 
JoNATHAx Kimball, 
Timothy W. P. Lee, 
R. F. Lyoxs, 
W. H. Matsox, 
A. B. McFarland, 
V. T. McGillycuddy, 
W. H. Murphy, 
Henry Neill, 
Wm. S. O'Brien, 
Saxford Parker, 
S. S. Peck, 
Charles H. Price, 
Samuel A. Ramsey, 

A. O. RlXGSRUD, 

John Scollard, 

C. G. Sherwood, 

R. A. Smith, 

I. R. Spooxer, 

Wm. Stottard, 

Thomas Sterlixg, 

M. P. Stroupe, 

F. W. Thompsox, 

Stephex B. Van Buskirk, 

William Van Epps, 

Clarence H. Vax Tassel, 

Chester R. Westcott, 

S. A. Wheeler, 

J. F. Whitlock, 

J. V. Willis, 

W. T. Williams, 

h. m. w1lliam.son, 

Chauxcey L. Wood, 

Joshua F. Wood, 

F. G. YouxG, 

Joseph Zitka, 



Attest: 
F. 



A. Bur dick, 
Chief Clerk. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



43 



II. 



iXI'KIAL VOTE OF SOUTH DAKOTA BY COUNTIES. 

FIRST STATE Kf-KCTIOX OCT. I. 1889. 



COUNTIES. 



Governor, , 




a 


0) 


11 


« 


Q 


e 


t 




3 








u 


o 


o 


s 


S 



Aurora 

Hcn.lli' I 1, 



BrM.ikiiigs.... 

IJiiir.ilK 

Brul.' 

Hon Homme.. 

Butte 

Custer 

Cauipbi'll 

Clark 

CodinRton ... 
Charles Mix. 

Clav 

Day 

Douglas 

Douel 

Davison 

Kdiiiunils 

Fall Kiver ... 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Huf;hes 

Hutchinson. 

Hyde 

.Terauld. ....... 

KliiK'.shury ... 

Lake 

Lawrence 

Lincoln , 

McCiKik 

MiPherson.... 

Marshall 

Meade 

Miner 

Minnehaha... 

MiLMly 

I'fi'iinKton . 

]■■■■.■■(■ , 

i;..i,.Tts 

.•^anlwrn 

Spink 

Sully 

Piirner 

Tnion 

Wal won h 

Yankton 



Total.. 



781 

y4;i 

20S 

7!il 

203 

819 

929 

224 

.-,87 

f>72 

471 

.Wj 

7r>> 

iJii 

41-' 



M 1 

snii 

8H7 
•2SS 
681 
fi79 
670 
.'{80 
705 
.539 
36.5 
35.5 
.548 
831 
741 
906 
642 
8.{n 
640 
166 

aso 

6 •.' 
366 
972 
293 
643 
494 
124 
404 
143 



53,964 



943 
1,39<> 
43,S 
.56 
757 
8)8 
102 
.337 
129 
40.5 
.540 
30.5 
249 
471 
397 
92 
470 
474 
261 
315 
.571 
•298 
634 
405 
704 
977 
166 
237 
470 
3.34 
1.227 
419 
680 
228 
387 
479 
399 
1,113 
23UJ 
.545 
2.'*i'> 
45 
240 
664 
207 
613 
748 
172 
941 



......; .. rotary Stale , ~;.i:, ..,.. .•.iblic 

Governor. I of .State. ! Auditor. Treasurer. Instruction. 






.a 
o 



783 

2,001 

3, 103 

1,81.5 

202 

818 

972 

229 

587 

567 1 

1,482! 

1,4111 

766' 

1,313 

1.407| 

713 

919 

1,028 

822 

427 

813 

9.55 

835 

1.357 

683 

884 

1,089 

.380 

701 

1,.5.53 

1,377 

2,407 

1,555 

^34 

657 

907 

647 

852 

3,642 

1, 168, 

l,n«.5i 

6 -.5 

:i65 

976, 
2,2901 

5«:» 
1,513 
1, 134i 

398 
1,201 



i_ 

553 
889; 

1,488 
428 1 
56 1 
7601 
769, 
97 1 
3.36 
1331 
396, 
6ir 
303, 
246 
4691 
360 1 
90 
475! 
434 
2-59 i 
316! 
5141 
300| 
537 
404, 
4971 
5.50 
166 
242 
463; 
324 1 

1,1761 
4I2| 
680 
312 
.385 
478 
385 

1.0921 
228 ' 
5401 

27t; 

46| 
238 
6»?7 
185 
493 
739 1 
17.5j 
893 



23, 84M.54, 71 1 22. 946,54, .58; 



_■ 




^ 




r 


5 


3 


Q 






a 


,£ 


s 


s 


787 


549 


1,996 


896 


3, 200 


1.4(18 


1,816 


4271 


209 


.56 1 


816 


762 


974 


7tM 


229 


97 


587 


336 


571 


1,30 


1 , 4.80 


397 


1,416 


63- 


762 


309 


1,304 


2.54 


1,470 


40<; 


697 


374 


919 


90 


1,»» 


473 


829 


478 


427 


259 


811 


317 


953 


513 


83.5 


300 


1,229 


687 


684 


403 


891 


499 


756 


88.3 


381 


165 


699 


243 


1,551 


464 


l,.37.-< 


.324 


2, 86.^ 


1,219 


1,5-7 


412 


836 


679 


744 


225 


902 


.390 


6.51 


475 


8.53 


:«3 


3, 692 


1,09! 


1,169 


OOs 


1.0.84 


.541 


63' 


277 


366 


4.5 


9.80 


234 


2,292 


66.5! 


36.5 


18.5, 


1.491 


617 


1,147 


717 


4011 


172 


1,178 


91.^ 


>4, .587 


•23, 27.' 



CA 



>% 

^ 



783 

1,991 

3, 19(1 

1,811 

202 

813 

98.5 

2. '9 

.588 

3.59 

1,479 

1,407 

767 

1,314 

1,412 

701) 

918 

1,029 

8.'<8 

427 

814 

953 

835 

1,228 

514 

888 

1,084 

380 

699 

1,.5.52 

1,377 

2, 362 

1,557 

8;{4 

741 

906 

651 

848 

,•!. 686 

1,169 

1,084 

6.30 

.365 

••71 

2 292 

,56.5 

1,508 

1, i:«; 

402 
1,189 



a 

a 
o 

O 

n 



1, 1- 

i_ 

764 
758 

97 
3.36 
341 
396 
646 
30.5 
246 
464 
371 

91 
472 
419 
259 
314 
514 
300 
68 
540 
494 
6,56 
166 
243 
464 
325 
1,219 
411 
681 
228 
3W 
476 
3 '9 

.■-1. 
277 
46 
241 
666' 
I> 
4 

1 

y,i- 






a 

CO 



8151 

9S4 

2271 

.5871 

5r,o, 

l,4.si 

1,409 

7671 

1,314 

1,415 

6991 

918 

1,027, 

888 

427 

814! 

951; 

835, 

1,024 

684 

888 

1,090 

880 

684' 

1,5.53 

1,347 

2,360 

l,.5.57i 

8.32' 

744; 

9'M> 

6491 

826 1 



6301 

3591 

972' 

2 2<*9' 



a 



n 

.5.^.3 

912 

1,417 

431 

571 
761 1 
757, 

97 1 
337 
130 
396' 
644, 
3061 
246, 
46 i' 
364 j 

911 
476; 
419 
2.59! 
315; 
513 
300 ' 
879, 
403; 
493 1 
5511 
166 
256 
463 
3211 
1,2231 
411' 
6.8;j 
225! 

39o; 

476 1 
409 
1,098 
23.>< 
6411 
2771 
45 
241 
668, 
188 
494 
735 
173 
764 



^ i 5 

- 55 



7h;! 

1, 99 J 
3, l.H.>< 
1,817 

2«M 

8|:; 

9.-.S 

2'.".' 

5SM| 

.572 

1,4X.5! 

l,4n;' 

767 

1,3(1.5 

1,413 

707 

919 

1,026 

889 

427 

813 

91'* 

«■ ", 

1, 

8,'v^ 

I""'' 

6'.i-i 

l..v,:i 
I,. 37., 

2, .3<">6 
1..5.57 

8.35 
744 
904! 



.3.' 
I, 

l.M- 

62>- 

366 

976 

2,245i 

1, 

1,1. 
404 

i.:rj«; 



554 

899 

1,411 

428 

.55 
765 
777 

97 
3.36 
1.30 
.395 
613 
305 
248 
463 
866 

90 
475 
417 
25B 
316 
516 



494 

9'25 
166 
242 
464 
325 
1,218 
411 
i'.79 
225 
3«.8 



278 

45 

2.37 

713 



172 
769 



23, :109,54, 680 2.3, 052..54, 781 23, 055 
I 1 I I 



CfRruiT .IrtKiivS.— The vote on tho various circuit judip^ was a* follows; Flr«' ••;••■...!' —F 
ti. Smith (rep.), OfiW: G. P. Harl>en (ilrm.), 4,U51. S.-c<md cirruil.— Krank K 
8,7- ;; C. H. Wvnn (deui.\ 2,4:i:<. Third circuit.— .1. n. Andrew- r.i. '^M" \V. .- 
.5, >>•.'".. Fourlh'circuit.— Richard Hancy ir«'|i ), fi.iiVf; \V. A. Por '. Fifth circuit. — 

A.W . Canipl>ell (rep.), 7,84.': IxjuI.h W. Crul"....i (d.m.), 3.771. - Hownrd Ct. Fuller 

(rep. \ 6,32.'; C. H. Prict; (dem.), 3,725. S>ventli circuit. — .lohn W. Nuuiiii ,^. Wm. T. 

Coad idem.). l..'6l. Kighth circuit.— Charle?i M. Thomas (dem.). 3.411. A \ . Uastie 

1.592. 



44 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 
OFFICIAL VOTE BY COUNTIES — Contimded. 





Attorney 
General. 


Com'nr of 
School aud 
Pub. Lauds. ^ 


Judges of the Supreme Court. 


Representatives in 
Congress. 












First 


Sfond 


Third 






I 














District. 


District. 


District. 










COUNTIES. 


d. 


a 


a. 


3 


d 


a 
ft 

a" 


V 


a 


d 


a 


d 


d 


a 


a 


1 


M 


c 


tf 




C4 


.a 


« 


Q 


^ 


Pi 


« 


O 






— 


en 


u. 
o 


a 

a 


a 
o 

i2 


3 


a 


o 

S 


a 
a 


a 


•2 


U 


s 




o 
Q 


fa 


03 


> 


■5 


s 


W 


^ 


n 


> 


o 


p^ 


1-5 


& 




834 


492 


782 


55 » 


783 


554 


783 


554 


784 


552 


781 


781 


556 


552 


Beadle 


1,991 


898 


7,989 


90» 


1,997 


897 


1,995 


899 


1,976 


909 


1,990 


1,995 


898 


896 




3, ISd 


1,414 


2, 750 


1, 83li 


3, 187 


1,410 


3, 183 


1,418 


3, 156 


1,415 


3, ;80 


3,168 


1,441 


1,439 


Brookings .. 
Buffalo 


1,R17 


428 


1,659 


511 


1,825 


428 


1,814 


428 


1,812 


428 


1,817 


1,740 


475 


439 


202 


56 


203 


56 


203 


515 


203 


56 


203 


56 


202 


203 


57 


56 


Brule 


816 
• 984 


762 
749 


790 
983 


762 
757 


815 
985 


752 
754 


833 
985 


754 
757 


816 
983 


761 
754 


816 
983 


810 
943 


760 
762 


763 


Bon Hoiuuie 


750 


Butte 


229 
585 


96 
336 


229 
585 


97 
338 


228 
585 


96 
310 


226 

588 


95 
336 


227 

587 


.96 

336 


2'1 
583 


229 
549 


95 
337 


97 




367 


Campbell ... 
Clark 


672 


130 


544 


132 


564 


139 


572 


130 


572 


130 


571 


571 


130 


130 


1,478 
1,408 


397 
646 


1,466 
1,380 


404 
677 


1,481 
1, 405 


393 
646 


1,479 
1,406 


398 
646 


1,353 
1,251 


497 

783 


1,482 
1, 415 


1,472 
1,404 


384 
640 


392 


r?oclin*''t on 


646 


Charles Mix 


774 


298 


'767 


305 


767 


305 


767 


305 


767 


305 


7.54 


757 


892 


294 


Clay 


1,304 

1,409 

718 


251 
464 
347 


1,313 

1,410 

709 


246 
465 
365 


1,313 

1,413 

709 


246 
450 
365 


1,310 

1,414 

708 


246 
462 
365 


1,314 

1,406 

708 


246 
353 
365 


1,314 

1,468 

707 


1,311 

1, 362 

707 


245 
394 
365 


247 


Day 


392 


Douglas 

Deuel 


365 


917 
1,026 


90 

476 


914 
1,028 


93 

475 


919 
1,028 


90 
474 


919 
1,019 


9.> 
479 


918 
1,029 


89 
474 


918 
l,-035 


919 
1,032 


85 
471 


85 


Davison . ... 


465 




8^9 


418 


889 


418 


875 


417 


889 


425 


829 


478 


878 


815 


484 


420 


Fall River... 


427 


259 


427 


259 


427 


259 


427 


259 


427 


259 


485 


423 


253 


256 


Faulk 


814 
952 


315 
514 


814 
862 


314 
595 


814 
951 


315 
514 


814 
953 


315 
514 


814 
947 


315 
518 


8u8 
944 


856 
958 


278 
523 


285 


Grant 


612 


FTamlin 


836 


299 


834 


301 


834 


300 


834 


300 


832 


303 


833 


832 


301 


300 


Hand 


1,307 


607 


1,310 


597 


1,224 


690 


1,225 


687 


1,220 


689 


1,219 


1,340 


696 


565 




682 


403 


6S4 


40S 


684 


403 


684 


403 


684 


403 


685 


683 


403 


403 


Hughes 

Hutchinson 


889 


493 


884 


497 


888 


497 


888 


492 


886 


492 


883 


882 


498 


498 


1,099 


540 


720 


919 


1,087 


554 


1,088 


553 


1,088 


553 


1,084 


698 


918 


551 


Hyde 


380 
693 


166 
245 


381 
699 


165 
243 


380 
699 


1G6 
243 


380 
700 


166 
242 


379 
699 


166 
243 


353 
701 


333 
700 


239 
240 


165 


,T Aran Id 


241 


Kingsburv.. 
Lake 


1 , 552 


404 


1,545 


467 


1,552 


464 


1,553 


463 


1,551 


465 


1,513 


1,512 


465 


463 


1,377 


324 


1,360 


341 


1, ooc 


325 


1,376 


325 


1,377 


320 


1,370 


1,373 


325 


321 




2, 364 


1,219 


2,314 


1,267 


2, 325 


4,248 


2, 3,59 


1,196 


2, 303 


1,215 


2,3n 


2,397 


1, 186 


1,213 


Tjinooln 


1,557 


411 


1,5.56 


410 


1, 555 


410 


1,557 


409 


1,556 


409 


1,561 


1,548 


376 


409 


MpCook 


8.34 


680 


835 


68; 


832 


680 


834 


681 


835 


681 


839 


835 


675 


676 




658 


310 


743 


226 


744 


225 


744 


225 


659 


313 


728 


658 


297 


223 


Marshall 


902 


318 


895 


37] 


915 


388 


904 


2 ■^6 


873 


452 


905 


876 


389 


388 


Meade 


650 

850 


475 

388 


651 

847 


474 
389 


645 
850 


478 
387 


650 

840 


474 

388 


650 

847 


475 
390 


641 

868 


641 
848 


476 
389 


479 


ISIiner 


388 




3, 66S 


1,098 


3, 679 


1,099 


3, 633 


420 


3, 626 


1,147 


3,679 


1,107 


3, 693 


3,687 


l,06i 


974 


Moody 


1,168 


228 


1,164 


232 


1,168 


229 


1,161 


2.35 


1,168 


228 


1, 165 


1,167 


230 


223 


1 , 085 


541 


1,084 


541 


1,082 


541 


1,081 


544 


1,083 


541 


1,095 


1,087 


537 


520 


Potter' 


630 


277 


626 


277 


630 


278 


630 


282 


630 


278 


G.50 


614 


287 


277 


■Rohprts 


366 


45 


355 


56 


366 


45 


366 


45 


366 


45 


366 


366 


45 


45 


Sflnhoni 


970 


238 


975 


23; 


977 


237 


976 


237 


975 


238 


976 


972 


2,34 


241 


Spink 


2, 29( 

564 

1,513 


666 
185 
494 


2,281 

512 

1,513 


672 
1X7 
495 


2,301 

564 

1,511 


664 
135 
49.5 


2,294 

565 

1,514 


665 
187 
493 


2,270 

562 

1,512 


682 
186 
495 


2,276 

563 

1, 522 


2,251 

557 

1,517 


667 

187 
487 


671 


Sully 


185 




489 


Union 


1,134 


738 


1,135 


736 


1, 136 


734 


1,133 


733 


1,133 


734 


1, 132 


1,117 


743 


732 




404 


173 


402 


17-^ 


404 


173 


404 


173 


404 


173 


1 402 


40.' 


174 


173 


Yankton 


1,327 


768 


1,310 


776 


1,322 


837 


1,326 


736 


1,322 


659 


1,324 


1,204 


779 


874 


Total 


55, 084 


22, 632 


53, 846 


123, 790 

I 


54, 960 


22, 196 


54, 979 


|22, 798 


54, 482 


23, 057 


154,983 


l54, 105 


23,229 


22, 535 

1 



Scattering.— For governor, 23; for lieutenant governor, 13; for secretary of state, 3; for state 
auditor,8; for state treasurer, 9; for superintendent of public instruction, 12; for attorney gen- 
eral, 11;' for commissioner of schools and public lands, 45; forjudges of the supreme court, 821; 
for member of congress, 60; for temporary scat of government, 42. 



STATE OF .SUUTIl I>AKOTA. 



45 



OFFICIAL VOTB BY COUNTII-3-roNCLUi)En. 





Constitution 


Prohibition. 


Minority 
Rep. 


Temporary .Seal 


ortioTernnieut. 


COUKTIKS. 




V3 

a 

BO 

•< 


i 


S 

"1, 

•< 


u 

£ 


1 

■3 
u 

< 


i 


d 

g 

3 
SB 


d 

* 


1 


i 

3 



CI 


d 
'a 

u 

M 

a 

a 

u 


Aurora 


1,247 

2, 595 

4,109 

1.972 

246 

l,.33y 

1,596 

302 

852 

658 

1,5.59 

1,8.50 

1.023 

1,3.53 

l,7:i3 

914 

939 

1,384 

1,188 

670 

1,055 

1,307 

1,047 

1,774 

1,070 

1,219 

1,5.36 

497 

895 

1,785 

l.S'l 

2,8.57 

J, 799 

1,420 

8.58 

1,114 

903 

1, 150 

4,613 

1,283 

1,408 

788 

381 

1,143 

2, 624 

714 

1.871 

1,.544 

648 

1,948 


36 

88 

153 

70 

6 

164 

61 



39 
8 

200 
57 
18 
96 
95 
60 
22 
66 
51 
34 
23 
72 
43 
67 
7 
46 
49 
14 
17 

1.38 
68 

261 

112 
33 
34 
63 

109 
31 
49 

:« 

93 
47 
11 
45 

127 
10 
71 

217 
17 
57 


690 

1.623 

2. 861 

1.422 

118 

773 

6>4 

143 

342 

397 

1,214 

978 

675 

904 

1,082 

425 

562 

837 

667 

301 

626 

8.34 


6a5 

1,179 

1,576 
714 
134 
744 

1,065 
154 
527 
268 
666 

1,020 
458 
669 
771 
599 
418 
621 
574 
334 
459 


527 
1,208 
l,.3:i! 
464 
57 
591 
723 
129 
219 
202 
668 
918 
298 
276 
441 
364 
.302 
410 
440 
163 
.381 
666 
28;i 
793 
440 
603 
605 
221 
282 
390 
383 
1,.34S 
507 
599 
280 
.356 
415 
153 
891 
451 
492 
361 
49 
295 
937 
187 
.508 
667 
172 
624 


705 

1,3.53 

2, 6.35 

1,,5.5;) 

189 

848 

936 

161 

580 

439 

l,a55 

921 

707 

1,058 

1,3.59 

598 

610 

940 

758 

389 

631 

747 

756 

969 

6.36 

588 

924 

264 

586 

1,463 

1,079 

2,068 

1,304 

886 

464 

788 

636 

803 

8, 427 

783 

926 

4.50 

304 

845 

1,725 

523 

1.328 

931 

402 

1.264 


31S 
105 

2, 079 
.524 
248 
213 

1,147 
310 
726 
66.5 
157 
10 
608 
538 
33.5 
399 
108 
9 
916 
613 
748 
191 
36 

1,282 
47 

5,. 388 
6.56 
.542 
.588 
176 
227 

2,611 
265 
181 
701 
678 

1,0.{0 
160 
179 
177 

1,144 
741 
57 
247 
664 
7.39 
394 
422 
.^51 
673 


41 

2,765 

888 

632 


156 

15 

686 

866 


2 


411 
9 

167 
2 
3 

257 

254 


890 


Beadle 


Hniwn 


7i'9 
296 




Bri>.ikiB|;a 




Hiilliilo 


"i'4 


Hriilf 


8 

97 

1 

23 

31 

818 

17 

23 

39.5 

320 

139 

64 

2 

147 

64 

219 

183 

31 

525 

65 

2 

67 

9 

290 

1,666 

3.30 

696 

126 

159 

164 

318 

8 

703 

84 

1.53 

21 

71 

29 

521 

1,615 

3 

691 

454 

21 

.363 




48 
17 

4 
11 

1 
68 

2 

10 

197 

12 

8 

9 

3 
58 

4 
10 
22 

1 
63 
41 

6 
112 


1 007 


Bou Uoume 

Butte 


11 


'l85 


Custer 


9 


1 


141 


Canipliell 


Clark 


'81.5 

2,027 

40 

48 

1,201 

32 

828 

2 

88 


1 

1 

81 

316 
4 

397 


1 


Co.Unnion 


• "harles .Mix 

Clay 


297 
2 


I>ay 




Douglaa 

ruuel 


72 


I>avison 


1,486 

59 

29 

8 

6 


4 


Eiiinuniis 




Fall liiver 


72 


Faulk 


142 

1,0.53 

1,02.5 

7 

1 

1 

14 




Grant 




Hamlin ...„ 


749 1 328 

1,147 677 

5t5i 5.39 




HatKl 




2 


HauMon 


930 


10 


Hu>;hi'.s_ 


545 
401 
320 
698 

1,.305 
828 

1,223 

1,072 
655 
210 
851 
•146 
725 

2,265 
910 
701 
438 
267 
828 

1,8.5.5 
441 
845 
817 
4.13 
767 


710 

1, 1.88 
191 
315 
619 
78;} 

2,103 
842 
804 
630 
353 
622 
454 

2,515 
426 
8.55 
418 
129 
361 
997 
279 

1,106 
952 
126 

1,251 




Hutchinson 

Hyde 


775 


2 


.Tcrauld 


3 

200 

347 

69 

91 

85 

67 

230 

7 

23 

L-M 

269 

182 

58 

3Z5 

15 

399 

2 

26 

136 

2 




54 

3 

61 

28 

239 

637 

1 

3 

31 

225 

20 

6 

28 


6 


KiiiRsbury 

Lake 


62 

714 

189 

1,228 

484 

32 

19 

44 

125 

4,317 

782 

14 

29 






Lawrence 


12 


Lincoln 


3 


Mc< 'ook 




McPiicrson 




Marshall 




Meade 


6 


Miner 




Minnehaha 




Moody •„. 

Pennington 

Potter 




192 


Rolierta 






Sanbora 


fi 

341 

15 

641 

627 


423 
106 




Spink 




Sully 




Turner 


3I« 
200 

I 
219 

7,793 




Union 




Walworth 




Yankton 


51 ; 


4 






Total 


70,131 


3, 267 


10,234 


.34,510 


24, 161 


40.200 


27,2.V. 


1.5,r>47 


12,012 


11,688 


2,421 











46 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



III. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 
Issued by F. H. Hagerty, Commissioner of Immigration. 



Temporary Capital — Pierre, Hughes County. 



U. S. Senator, - - - Gideon C. Moody, - - - Deadwood. 

U. S. Senator, - - - R. F. PettiCxREW, - - - Sioux Falls. 

Representative in Conr/ress, - OSCAB S. Gifford, - - - Canton. 

Representative in Congress, - JOHN A. PiCKLFR, - - - Faulktou. 

U. S. District Judge, - - Alonzo J. Edgerton, - - - Mitchell. 

U. S. District Attorney, - W. B. Sterling, .... Huron. 

U. S. Marshal, - - - Cyrus J. Fry, .... Vermillion. 

U. S. Surveyor General, - B. H. Sullivan, .... Huron. 

Governor, Arthur C. Mellette. 

Lieutenant Governor, ------- James H. Fletcher. 

Secretary of State, - A. O. RiNGSRUD. 

State Treasurer, - W. F. SMITH- 

State Auditor, -...-... Louis C. Taylor. 

Attorney General, Robert Dollaed. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction, . . . GILBERT L. PiNKHAM. 

Commissioner of School and Public Lands, - - - OSMER H. PARKER. 

Adjutant General, J. T. Huston. 

Public Examiner, - - - H. E. Blanchard. 

Commissioner of Immigration, - - • - - - F. H. Hagerty. 
Veterinary Surgeon, Dr. D. E. COLLINS. 

railroad COMMISSIONERS. 

J. H. King, Rapid City. A. D. Chase, Watertown. 

H. J. Rice, Huron. J. L. Robinson, Secretary. 

SUPREME court. 

Chief Justice — Dighton Corson. 

First District — Comprising all of that portion of the state lying west of the 
Missouri river. 

Alonzo G. Kellam. 

Second District — Comprising all of that portion of the state lying east of the 
Missouri river and south of the 2d standard parallel. 

John E. Bennett. 

Third District — Comprising all of that portion of the state lying east of the 
Missouri river and north of the 2d standard parallel. 

Clerk of the Supreme Court — I. W. Goodner. 



STATE OF &OUTH DAKOTA. 



47 



First Circuif. 
Stcond Circuit, 
Third Circuit, 
Fourth Circuit, 
Fifth Circuit, 
Sixth Circuit, 
Srvnith Circuit, 
Kiqhth Ciriuit. 



Aberdeen, 

Huron, 

Mitchell, 

Rapid City, 

Watertown, 

Yankton, 



CIRCUIT COURT. 

E. CI. Smith, Jndge, - - - Yankton. 

F. K. AlKKNS, Jadge, - Canton. 
J. O. -VXDKKWX. Judge, - - - lirookings. 
KlcHAUD IIaxey, Judge, - - riankinton. 
A. W. Campbell, Judge, - - .\l)erdeen. 
Howard G. Fuller, Judge, Bowdle. 
John' W. Nowliv, Judge, - - l;api<l City. 
cirvs. M. Thomas, Judge, - Deadwood. 



r. M. land offices. 

Register. 

J. c;. .A.. Braden, 

- James McDowell, 
m. h. kowley, 

- J. P. LUSE, 

C. G. Williams, 



R«cciTer. 
C. J. C. MACLEOD. 
O. W. BAIlt. 

K. W. Wheelock. 
George V. .\yers. 
R. E. Carpe.vter. 



Solomon Wenzlaff, F. M. Ziebach. 



state institutions. 

Agricultural College — Brookings; Lewis McLonth, A.M., Ph.D., president. 
University of Dakota — Vermillion; Edward Olson,* president. 
Normal School — Madison; W. H. II. Beadle, president. 
Normal School — Spearfish; F. L. Cook, president. 
School for Deaf Mutes — Hioux Falls; James Simpson, superintendent. 
School of Mines — Rapid City; F. R. Carpenter, A.M., C.A., dean. 
Reform School — Plankinton; C. W. Ainsworth, superintendent. 
Soldiers^ Home — Hot Springs; W. P. Phillips, superintendent of construction. 
Hospital for Insane — Yankton; H. F. Livingston, superintendent. 
Penitentiary — Siou.\ Falls; T. D. Kanouse, warden. 

State Board of Agriculture — R. B.Codington, president, Blunt; C. L. Downey, 
secretary, Ashton; C. H. Barrett, treasurer, Vermillion. 
Board of Pharmacy — B. F. Stearns, president, Aberdeen. 



* Killed Not. 30, 13S9, at Minneapoliii, .Mian , in the Tribune Building fire. 



48 



STATE OF SuUTH DAKOTA. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Aurora 

Beadle 

Bon Homme 
Brookiugs... 

Browu 

Brule 

Buffalo 

Butte 

Campbell .... 
Charles Mix 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington ... 

Custer 

Davison 

Day 

Deuel 

Dougias 

Edmunds 

Fall River.... 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Hughes 

Hutchinson 

Hyde 

Jerauld 

Kingsbury .. 

Lake 

Lawrence ... 

Lincoln 

McCook 

McPhersou . 

Marshall 

Meade 

Miner 

Minnehaha. 

Moody 

Pennington 

Potter 

Roberts 

Sanborn 

Spink 

Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth... 
Yankton 



County Seats. 



Plankinton 

Huron 

Tyndall 

Brookings 

Columbia 

Chamberlain 

Gann Valley 

Minnesela 

-Mound City 

Wheeler 

Clark 

Vermillion 

Watertowu 

Custer City 

Mitchell 

Webster 

Gary 

Grand View 

Ipswich 

Hot Springs 

Faulklon 

Milbank 

Castlewood 

Miller 

Alexandria 

Pierre 

Olivet 

Highmote 

We.ssingt'n Sp'gs.. 

De Smet 

Madison 

Deadwood 

Canton 

Salem 

Leola 

Britton 

Sturgis 

Howard 

Sioux Falls 

Flandreau 

Rapid City 

Gettysburg 

Wilmot 

Woonsocket 

Redfield 

Onida 

Parker 

Elk Point 

Bangor 

Yankton 



County Clerk 
OR Auditor. 



Albert Davis* 

C. O. Morgan* 

Paul liandmann... 

W. H. Cornell* 

S. C. Hedger* 

Ben W. Ryan* 

B. C. Huddle 

Peter Miller 

A. Sutherland 

I. W. Beezley 

S. L. Hague 

A. A.Quarnberg .. 
F. H. Adams* 

C. W. Pilcher* 

R. T. Robinson*.... 

Albert Smith* 

J.A.Thronson* 

K. G. Foster 

.1. W. Parmley 

C. E.Sawyer 

.1. L. Chain* 

.lohn Douglass* 

Geo. T. Taft* 

F. H. Burton* 

Geo. E. Foster 

James S. Sebree.... 
J. F. Doescher* .... 
F. M. Barnes* 

F. W. Whitnev.... 
Geo.H. Durkee*.. 

G W. Runkel* 

R. H. Driscoll* 

H. N. Cooper* 

J.B.Clendennen*. 
AudrewWilliams. 

S. H. Marsh* 

E.C.Lane* 

Hugh Smith* 

J.A.Stanfield* 

J. F. Goodsell* 

G. C. Hun'* 

Evan F. Gross* 

D. Eastman 

Eber Wilde* 

J. M. Beidleman*. 
H. E. Kiramel*... 

M. J. Hogan 

J. W. Ellis 

.V.S. Taylor 

t). N. Gross* 



Warren Dye Joseph Stiffler. 

Jas.P. Davis J. E. Huffman. 

F. A. Morgan [John IL. Petrie. 



\Vm. Nicholson 

H.S Williams 

W.V.Lucas 

\Vm. J. Hughes... 

S.A.Wheeler 

J. M. Johnston.... 



Treasurer. 



Sheriff. 



Geo. W. Hurd. 

J. L. Cherry. 

J. N. Van Horn. 

G. D. Waugli. 

G. W. Kingsbury. 

H. W.Sagor. 

W. H. Minahan R. M. Anderson. 

.1. W. Humphrey..! F. H. Geyer. 

Cvrus J. Fry 'Isaac Cope. 

F.P.Phillips iL. S.Detiiing. 

\Vm. S. Wood. 

S. Dwight. 

C. W. Siglinger. 

F E.Millard. 

Harry Toompson 

R. D." Paris. 



E. H. Flynn, 
S.F.Goodykoonz. 

J. T. Goodwin 

Joseph Hebal 

P. Earnis.<e 

P. E. Cox 



H. Z. Eaton Seth Gifford. 

W. B. Monroe H. D. QjiamberlaiD. 

J. S. Farley H. J. Benedict 

H. P. Horswill A. A. Horton. 

B. R. Howell Daniel Walsh. 

P. F. Wickhem Thos. J. Wilson. 

Thos. IE Green. .. A. S. Guthrie. 

John Sjhamber David Bellon. 

J. A. Spdgwick S. R. Meigs. 

H. J. Wallace Pat McDonald. 

A. M Keller J.K.Smith. 

Wm. Tobin Wm. Lee. 



K. G. Phillips 

Edgar Dean 

G. H. Randall 

Clarence Smith,.... 
H. E. Gerberich ... 

E.T.Huffman 

John O. Strand .... 



A. J. Knight. 
B.B.Wright. 
Matthew White. 
Fred Junge. 
W. L. Hinkley. 
W. F. L. Souter. 
F. J. Fox. 



0. S. Swenson Join Sundback. 



Albert Faiyre.. 

G. T. Carr 

H. T. Meacham. 

L.V. Peek 

C.C.Hays 

W. CKiser 

Wm. Tooroey ... 
Gu'^tav Gilbert.. 
C.ll. Williams.. 

B. F. Elliott 

H. Ellerman 



J. W. Bennett. 
Robt. Boyd, Jr. 
L. J. Ferris. 
M. W. Gorman. 
S. Q. Payne. 
W. D. Craig. 
A. A. Faust. 
J. H. Halsey. 
A. Anderson, Jr. 
Peter Couchnian. 
P. D. Wvman. 



* Auditor. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



49 



OFFiriAi. i)rRr:rTonv-rosTi>Tn>. 



COlNTfFS. _ 



Aiirnra 

n,'.\A\i' 

l:-.. I, I! - ... 

i ' '^ II 

I'.: '>'.■ 

Iii::l.il0 

lillltL' 

(■.uiipliell.... 
I iKirles >fix, 

( l.nk 

(lay 

I '"iinglon ... 

("ii^icr 

I>ivi3on 

IHv 

I- , I 

I ' • it'las. 

I!tlmiin<ls .... 
rail River.... 

Faulk 

• iriint 

ilaiiilin 

Iliin.l 

Hanson 

Iluclu-s 

IIiitchiDSon. 

Ifvde 

.r-'niuld 

Kingsbury..., 

I.ake 

Lawrence .... 

Lincoln 

McPook 

McPherson . 

Marshall 

^tl'al^e 

Miner 

Minnehaha.. 

M.xj.iy 

r''nnin>;ton. 

I'.iiter 

Koherts 

-anliorn 

~iiink 

-iillr 

Turner 

I'lilon 

\V«1 worth.... 
Yaukton 



Clkrk of Cik- 
cuiT Coi-riT. 



\V. D. Itowlan.l . . 
|.l. L. SpauUlinj.;. 

C. H Stilwill... .... 

Louis Patnaud 

H. C. Mc.Vllistor .. 

D.W.Spalding 

B.C. Huddle. 

IiQuglas Sayre 

^L .Slocuin 

D. L. P. Lamb 

M. L. Yeainans.... 
lii^o. M. Kimball... 

•I.H. llanlen 

F.J.V.Riitkow.ski 

.1.0. ircBride 

n. E Potter 

.\.J. Peterson 

K. G Fortes 

i:d. F. Hewit 

W. L. .Iiidkins 

H.W. Bailey 

.r. I,. Lockhart 

John i:. Hanna.... 

C. \V. Howne 

Tins. U. Flick 

Dell Coy 

Lewis \i. Carvell... 

.lohnC. Stiiiier 

N'. .1. Oiinhaui 

Philip Lawrence.. 

H.O.Curtis 

W. ir..Iones 

(ii'o L. Hubbard.. 

H. IL Pirrce 

Orvin .1. Roe.. 

W. O. Amphlet 

.Max Hochn 

.r. P. Meirrew 

\V. n. stites 

.\..T. Ct>oo!0 

B K. P.idi?etU 

L .T Kal.Hj 

W. <;. Ashton 

.T. A. Ro.ss 

H. L. Henry 

C.W. Hawea 

G. A. McCartney . 
R. M. Ounimins... 

H. C. Grupe 

.1. T. Smith 



Kecistf.r ok 
DriKns. 



-Simeon R. Drakf.. 

.Nlarvin Cook 

Paul Landmann... 

B. H. Lien 

H. F. Ifiinihani... 

T. A. Sti'vens 

B. C. Huddle 

Peter Miller 

j.T. K Horton 

.1. W. Betzley 

iP. W.Ware 

.V. A. Quarnberg.. 
[W. f). Fraser 

.T. F. Pilcher 

.1. E. Wells 

(J. .S. Mavnard 

It. C. Peterson 

|K. G. Foster 

.1. W.P.irinley 

IC. K. Sawver 

.1. H..'^hirk 

U": W. Martens _... 

IC Gilbertson... 
;N. R. Webber 

<ioo. E. Foster. . .. 

Jaiues.''. Sebree ... 

Henrv H^il 

.Ii.hn'ir. McCord.. 

F. W Whitney 

A. C. Hmson 

V. R. Waddin 

.T.)hn Baker ... 

Geiirge Olson 

.'"lephen Welbes.... 

.\ndrew Williaiii.s 

|K. A.Tooper 

iF". S. Dunham 

I.LJ. Cot 

In. E. Phillips 

IF. E. Minier 

I Lyman Lamb 

IT. .1 O'Neill 

D. Fa.stnian 

J. .AL Kentner 

Llames f'urlin 

:.V. W. Sorter 

M. .T. Hogan 

'J. W. Kills 

A. .*< Taylor 

Peter Roveni 



CoDXTV 

Attokskv. 



nick Hanov 

W. B. Sterling.™... 

.1. n. Kllioit 

.1. O. Anilrews 

E. T. Tautman 

W. A. I'orter 

W. J. Larimer 

.S. S. Bxssett 

E. M. ."^larcher 

S. H. Klr..d 

F.M. K.N.'V 

.I.i;. M.ll.'t'te. 

K. L Siiiilh 

O. O.Sianchtield.. 

A. .1. W.,lf 

IL R. M>inaghan.. 

E. M. Cline 

iL. F. Rowlee 

S. E. Wilson.„ 

j Frank Turner 

J. H.Owen 

|J. P. Cheever 

S. V. Ghi.st 

Frank B. Smith... 

L. E OraflTv 

G. P. HarlKin 

D. A. W. Perkins. 

\. Converse 

.1. F. Watson 

;0 O Murray 

;W. G. Rice 

J. W. Carter 

E. H. Wilson 

L. T. Bmcher 

R. W. Parliman .. 

iT. E. Harney 

ID. D. Holdridge... 

O. C. Bailey 

E. L. Powers 

C W. Brown 

H. Me.Ibury 

A. H. Iiik;>-rsoll 

.1. E. Whitney 

R. B. Hassell 



S. V. Jonea 

Ira L. Nichols , 

W. B. Burr 

W. P. Dewey.... 



' SCPKBISTENTI. 
E.VT OK SciliHllJt. 



W. I' RolK"S<in. 

Cora M. Shf.l.er. 
w. i;. M 
Chas. I; 

C. J. C. M;ul „d. 

H. N. Haiiiiliou. 
Hoincr A. Dvi-. 
Mrs E. a. Ames. 

Ira A. H.I. 1. 
lE. I). W 
:W. A.( ;, 
ICharles Kalil. 
[Frank V. f'rane. 

P. F. .M.-Mahou. 
!H. L I'.ras. 

A.E. B:i-' - 

0. C. Ii 

L. H.P. ... . 
I.LJ. Skihen. 
W. C. Ihompson. 
A. A. .M' 

lO. W.Ir 
Tho'^. War.l. 

E. H.W. .0.1. 
J. H P.-lrie. 
C. G. Davis. 

F. W. Graves. 
T E. Price. 

1. S. Binford. 
|R. .s Glea.son. 

E. H. Evenson. 
;.SueJ.Neill. 

C. B Ishara. 
]M. a Lange. 

r. J. Collier. 

Wm Cook. 

Lulu Schell. 

A. W. McClaran. 

H.J. Whipple. 
iW.W Spear. 
;Ja.s. r. Mcara. 

M. H. Williams. 
|E. S Ir.brid. 
!ldaE.)M..'ii i. 
!R. Mail), fiv. 

J. M. Porter. 
ICortez Salmon. 
[Andrew Ring- 

G. J..S'li"ll.-nKer. 
N. .M. Hills. 



50 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Concluded. 



COUNTIES. 



Aurora 

Beadle 

Bou Homme 
Brookings.... 

Brown 

Brule 

Buffalo 

Butte 

Campbell 

Charles Mix. 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington .. 

Custer 

Davison 

Day 

Deuel 

Douglas 

Edmunds 

Fall River..., 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Hught's 

Hutchinson. 

Hyde 

Jerauld 

Kingsbury... 

Lake 

Lawrence.... 

Lincoln 

McCook 

McPherson.. 

Marshall 

Meade 

Miner 

Minnehaha.. 

Moody 

Pennington. 

Potter 

Roberts 

Sanborn 

Spink 

Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth... 
Yankton 



Surveyor. 



ASSESSOU. 



Geo. Holleuback... 

Wm. B. Jov 

B. E.AVood 

J. A. Hegeman 

A. J. Pierce 

Scott Hays 

J. P. Cleveland 

G.Z.Richards 

E. C. Chilcott 

Geo. Larkee 

J. M. Raymond 

H. J. Austin 

Geo. W. Carpenter 

J. W. Mclntyre 

Israel Greene 

Wm. Alley 

John Crouin 

Jas. A. Parish 

W. S. Campbell 

Walter Scott 

B. F. Ruhlman 

W. S. Crowl 

R. Cunningham... 

G.H. Weaver 

B. B. Colboroe 

Chas. Leischer 

Calvin Marchant.. 
L. C.Hadley 

B.'s. Wheeier.".!!!! 

J. Gregor 

A. 8. Gates 

A. C. Huetson 

w.'asiye'.'.'.. "!!!"! 

Samuel Denton.... 
H. G. Palmer 

B. F. Vaughan 

D. C.Rice 

C. W. Bryden!"!!.! 
F.S. Bullard 

E. Rutledge 

W. R. Smythe 

W. H. Hedges 

M. L. French 

J. H.Shurtleff 

Wm. Vinson 

Jos. Ludlum 

Ed. Palmer 



Tp. Assessors 

Tp. As.sessors 

John D. Garner.... 

Tp. Assessors 

Tp. Assessors 

Joseph Liehart 

E. O. Evenson 

W. H. Bell 

Peter Orth 

W. L. Watson 

H.T. Sexton 

Tp. Assessors 

Tp. Assessors 

W. McDermond.... 

B. H. Bennett 

Tp. Assessors 

Fp. Assessors 

John C. Elbiuger.. 

Elmer Lewis 

H.H. Cossett 

M. Summy 

Tp. Assessors 

Tp. .Assessors 

F. Nichelson 

Tp. Assessors 

A. N. Chandler 

C. Aisenbrey 

Stephen Swift 

Tp. Assessors 

Tp. Assessors 

J. Ayers 

T.J. Sparks 

W. M. Cuppett 

Tp . Assessors 

A. J. Sayre 

Robt. White 

G. W. Serey 

H. M. Hanson 

Tp. Assessors 

OleO. Aaker 

E. Wilson 

Wm. Austin 

Tp. Assessors 

C. L. Bartholomew 
W. B. Lawrence... 

W. D. Weed 

J. V. Oosterloo 

Tp. Assessors 

T. J. Thompson.... 
A. O. S.ingstad 



County Judgk. 



ClI.vrRMAN 
BOAKD 

OP County 
' Commissioners. 



Alonzo Kinyon.... 

John Wood 

Oregan Richmond 
Warren M.Wright 

J. B. Beebe 

.V.E. Roberts 

.I.e. Marshall 

W.J. Larimer 

Frank Alexander. 

M.T. Post 

F. G. Bohri 

Jared Bunyan 

John Nicholson... 

A. T. Feav 

E. S. Johnston 

George Bryant 

T.E.Sanborn 

C. E. F^oete 

W.O. Stout 

W.H.Wood 

C. H. Derr 

T. L. Bouck 

L.F. King 

,T. A Hughes 

Jno.T. Graves 

Wm. Stoiigh 

M. T. Halphide.... 

J. T. Haight 

I. A. Churchill 

A. N. Waters 

N. H. Downs 

J.H. Burns 

A. G. Steiner 

A. C. Biernatzki... 

H. Z. Moulton 

J.H. McCoy 

C. C. Polk 

C. A. Crissey 

E. Parlimon 

CD. Pratt 

Levi McGee 

D. M. Boyle 

F. A. Countryman 
Wm. H. Burdick.. 

Isaac Howe 

T.M. Goddard 

E. C. Kennedy 

N. A. Kirk 

W. H. Burns 

E. T. White 



John L. Heintz. 
J. L. Spaulding. 
W. E. Bardwell. 
A. E. Kinney. 
W. L Steere. 
M. M. Richards. 
H. B. Farren. 
H. M. Stearns. 
A. E. Lewis. 
W. A.Lathrop. 
W. J. Clemons. 
J. E. Norelius. 

E. D. Wheelock. 
J. F. Street. 
John Cook. 

L. Hazelden. 
J. L. Mellom. 
A. Duncan. 
Frank K. Wing. 
A. A. Powell. 
J. A. Day. 
Wm. Jennings. 
Jacob Cass. 

F. D. Ensign. 
A. B. Brown. 
W. S. Wells. 

J. H. Swanton. 
Simon Fritzson. 
John Grant, 
E. H. Cause. 
J. B. Sommers. 

D. A. McPherson. 
Ole Hokenstad. 
Wm. Blankartz. 
W. W. Cornwall. 
J. P. Grant. 

S. H. Martin. 

E. G. Reeves. 
J. C. Eld ridge. 
Dennis Jacobs. 
R. D. Kennedy. 
A. Abrahamson. 
L. .S. Haugen. 
GDziewaunawski 
J. E. Labrie. Jr. 
James Lawrence 
J. H. Shurtleff 
Halver Knudson 
C. E. Havden. 

0. C. Kjeldseth. 



STATE OK SOtTTH DAKOTA. 51 

THE STATE LEGISLATURE OF 1889. 

SKNATORS. 

Presiileut, Lioiit. Gov. Jamks I[. Ff.ktckku. 
DisT. Tost Oki-kk. Covsty. 

1— E. C. Ericson Elk Poiut Uiiiou. 

2 — Jolin L. .ToUey Verniillion Clay. 

:{— L. 15. Freuch.'. Yankton Yankton. 

1 — (Ji'o. AV. .'^now Springfield I ton Homme. 

'■> — H. J. Frank Canton Lincoln. 

fi— Vale P. Thielman Parker Turner. 

7 — C. Fergcn Olivet Hutchinson. 

8— F. E. Tomlinson Ciustalia Charles Alix. 

,, ( A. K. Kittridge Sioux Falls Minnehaha. 

I, .T. A. Cooley Dell Kapid.s ^linnehaha. 

U>— .T. IL Brown Salem McCook. 

1 1 — M. E. Conlan„ Alexandria Hanson. 

1"2 — CJeo. A. Johnson Mitchell I)a\ison. 

13— W. M. Smith Plankinton Aurora. 

14 — .1. H. Green Chamberlain Brule. 

15 — L. Haswold Flandreau Moody. 

16— H. F. Smith Wiufred Lake. 

17 — S. H. Bronson Ifoward Miner. 

18 — H. C. Warner Forestburg Sanl>oru. 

19 — S. ¥'. Huntley \Vessington Springs Jerauld. 

20 — li. J. Coller Brookings I'.rookings. 

21 — I. R. Spooner Lake I'reston Kingsbury. 

22 — .lohn Cain Huron Beadle. 

23 — Geo. R. Maaon Burdette Hand. 

24 — Coe L Crawlbrd I'ierre Hughes. 

25 — S. C. Leppelman Gettvsbnrg Potter. 

26— C. R. Westoott Gary DeueL 

27—010 H. Ford Bryant Hamlin. 

28— W. R. Thomas ^Vate^town Codington. 

29— C. G. Sherwood Clark Clark. 

,,„ f Thomas Sterling Kedlield Spink. 

"^""IH. F. Hunter... Mellette Spink. 

31— John S. Proctor. .Milbank Grant. 

32 — .Tohn Norton \Vebster Day. 

.,« I L. C. Dennis Aberdeen Brown. 

•"'((Jeo. W. Miller Frederick Brown. 

34 — Richard Williams Langtord Marshall. 

35— F. M. Byrne Faalkton Fanlk. 

36 — F. M. Hopkins Roscoe Edmunds. 

37 — Geo. H. HolVman -. Bangor Walworth. 

oQ / F. J. Washabaugh Dead wood Lawrence. 

I Charles Parsons Lead City Lawrence. 

39 — .V. W. Bangs Rapid City Pennington. 

40 — Edward S. Galvin Sturgis City Meade. 

41— A. S. Stewart Hot Springs Fall River. 

Secretiiry: F. A. BtTBDlCK. Sergeant-at-.\rnis: C. H. CuMMixos. 

BEPBESKNTATIVES. 

Speaker, S. E. Yocng. 



DiST. Po.sT Offick. Cochty. 

Berestbrd I'nion. 

1 -i J. B. Brouillette leffersou I'nion. 

Briili- . T'liion. 



f J. E. Sinclair... 
] J. B. Brouillett 



9 



52 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

DisT. Post Office. Col-sty. 

nj Darwin M. Inman .Vermillion Clay. 

1 John E. Norelius % Vermillion Clay. 

John Aaseth Gayville Yankton. 

Fred Schnanber Yankton Yankton. 

Phil. K.. Faulk Yankton , Yankton. 

E. G. Eiigerton Yankton Yankton. 

iA. J. Abbott Bon Homme Bon Homme. 
Frank Trumbe Choteau Ck Bon Homme. 
A. W. Lavender Scotland BonHomme. 

! Henry Bradshaw Maple Grove Lincoln. 
H. D. Fitch Eden Lincoln. 
O. A. Helvig Canton Lincoln. 

(C. J. Bach Hurley Turner. 

6-1 D. W. Tyler Marion Turner. 

(E. M. Mann Swan Lake Turner. 

-, /M. K. Bowen MiUtown Hutchinson. 

\A. J. Yorker Freeman ." Hutchinson. 

_ r F. LeCocq, Jr Harrison Douglas. 

t Frank Peacock Armour Douglas. 

f George Norbeck Bloomington CharlesMix. 

\ Ed vrin Morgan Castalia Charles Mix. 

S. E. Young, Speaker Sioux Falls Minnehaha. 

C. W. Hubbard Sioux Falls Minnehaha. 

John F. Norton Sioux Falls Minnehaha. 

10 -{ LasseBothum Palisades Minnehaha. 

Chas. T. Austin Taopi Minnehaha. 

Sever Wilkinson Nev? Hope Minnehaha. 

J. R. Manning Valley Springs Minnehaha. 

/ Joshua Watson Canistota McCook. 

tw. T. Pierce Dover McCook. 

W. C. Wright Emery Hanson. 

H. P. Benjamin Alexandria Hanson. 

f D. M. Powell Mt. Vernon Davison. 

\ A. L. Tibbitts Ethan Davison. 

/John Davis Plankinton Aurora. 

t J. L. Heintz White Lake Aurora. 

{Henry Hilton Kimball Brule. 
C. J. Maynard Kimball Brule. 
L. S. House Kimball Brule. 

f Samuel L. Hess Flandreau Moody. 

\W. H. Loucks Trent Moody. 

(Frank Knight Romona Lake. 
B. B. Dowell Madison Lake. 
N. O. Helgeson Prairie Queen Lake. 

o/ S. Jones Roswell Miner. 

\ R. D. Stove Howard Miner. 

S. T. Winslow Woonsocket Sanborn. 

W. H. McKeel Artesian Sanborn. 

20 — V. I. Converse Alpena Jerauld. 

21— Ed. Daniels Gann Valley Buffalo. 

22 — M. A. Stunley Volga Brookings. 

22 / H. I. Stearns Brookings Brookings. 

(Asa B. Doughty White Brookings. 

!W. H. Matson Iroquois Kingsbury. 
George H Whiting Esmond Kingsbury. 
Edward Benke Arlington Kingsbury. 

Karl Gerner Iroquois Kingsbury. 

Geo. E. Mahaffy Wessington Beadle. 

24 -i E. Wilson Hitchcock Beadle. 

Frank Munson Virgil Beadle. 

Maris Taylor Huron Beadle. 



6 



i' 



-'9 
30 



:]3 



34 



STATE OF SOl-TH J)AKOTA. 53 

I'l.-'. Post ni'i 11 K. < msTV. 

( I.. W. LansinR IJee H«-inht,s Hand. 

jo-j K. T. Sluldon St. Lawrence Hand. 

( W. W. .Iolius»)n Dean Hand. 

•ifi— I?. R McCorniick HiKlmioie Hyde. 

■-'7 — W. Sninniersido Harrold Hn^lu'.s. 

J8— W. H. Litilo Warnrcke SuJly. 

( M. F. Circely Gary Deuel. 

i. (1. K. Hodgkins Kstellino Deuel. 

( M. M. Karlst:ul Seward Hamlin. 

\ J. C. Sharp Ca.stlewood Hamlin. 

( .\lex. Molntyre Watertovvn Codington. 

31^ A. H. Henry Ifonry Coilington. 

( T. tJ. AVilson Waverly Codington. 

f F. W. Collins Willow Lake Clark. 

32-^ W. R Kenyon Bradley Clark. 

( Alfred Heaton Kay moud CLirk. 

J. M. Howard Tnrton Spink. 

C. H. Driesbach Frankfort Spink. 

P.. F. Bixler Crandon Spink. 

S. W. Bowman Ashton Spink. 

J. F. Wood Doland Spink. 

f E. C. Sage Faulkton Faulk. 

\ W. D. Kiting Faulkton Faulk. 

3.J — C. A. JlcConnell Copp I'otter. 

o/j • W. D. Lawrence Troy CJrant. 

"^ \ A. L. Patridge Milbank (Jrant. 

37 — Louis Mickelson Wilniot Kobert.s. 

f C. W. Statlbrd Audover Day. 

38-^ ^L Rexford Waubay Day. 

(. J. J. Fo.s.<<e Wel)ster Day. 

f Peter Berkman Amherst Marshall. 

i John Hovern Havana North Dakota. 

JL J. Ciordon Aberdeen Brown. 

G. B. Dailey Columbia Brown. 

F. H. Smith Groton Brown. 

S. A. Kennedy Ferney Brown. 

J. C Simmons Frederick Brown. 

J. I. Barnes Westport Brown. 

A. H. Green Warner Brown. 

W. A. 1! urn ham (iroton Brown. 

.-, f John Rndd Roscoe Edmunds. 

\ David (Janible Bowdle Kdmonds. 

42— M. T. De Woody Bangor Walworth. 

^o ' Fred Junge Long Lake McPherson. 

\ Wm. P>ranieier Eureka ^[cPlien<on. 

44 — J. li. Varnum Mound City Campbell. 

45 — }L A. (Jodard Smithwieks Fall Kiver. 

./> / Cyrus Cole Hermosa Cu.ster. 

\ A. S. Way Hermosa Custer. 

,- ( K. B. Hughes Rapid City Pennington. 

I Joseph Jolly Rapid City Pennington. 

.Q ( M. M. Cooper Rturgis Citv Meade. 

*^\S. B. Miller Grnshnll...! . Meade.. 

f W. S. O'P.rien Lead City I-awrenee. 

I W. H. Parker Deadwood Lawrence. 

James Anderson Deadwood Lawrence. 

Sol Star Deadwood Jjiwrence. 

Robt. (Jndiam Terra ville I^wrence. 

John Wolzmuth Siwarfish Lawrence. 

50 — K. B. Cummings Minne.'»ela Butte. 

Chief Clerk: Jvmes W. CoxE. Sergeant-at-.\rms: NirnoLAS Hoisting. 



39 



40-, 



49 



PART III. 



IV 



BOUNDARIES. 



The State of South Dakota is bounded on the north by the 7th standard 
parallel, which separates it from North Dakota; on the east by Lake Trav- 
erse and Big Stone lake, the Greenwich meridian of 96° and 20'', and the Big 
Sioux river, which separate it from Minnesota and Iowa; the western boundary 
being the Greenwich meridian of 104°, or the Washington meridian of 24°, which 
forms the line between it and the territories of Montana and Wyoming, while 
the southern line is the 43d parallel of nortli latitude, which separates it from 
the State of Nebraska. The southern boundary is on the parallel of Detroit, 
Mich., Boston, Mass., and Rome, Italy. It is about 225 miles north and south 
and 360 miles east and west, and has an area of 76,620 square miles, or 49,036,- 
800 acres, divided into 79 counties, of which 29 are unorganized. 

Natural Divisions. — The natural divisions of South Dakota are the 
Missouri valley, the Sioux valley, the James river valley, central Dakota 
(using the term in a limited sense), the Sioux reservation or western Dakota, 
and the Black Hills. These regions are briefly described under their respective 
headings. 

Missouri Valley. — The older Dakota dates in settlement back to just 
before the war, the organization of the territory being effected on March 2, 1861. 
The pioneers of those early days suffered real hardships, and exhibited an in- 
domitable energy and perseverance in settling the country. They have borne 
the burdens of poverty and long waiting, but ere now reaping their reward. 
Theirs is a beautiful and productive country, which has become noted for its 
production of corn and hogs equal to the grain and i)ork of Illinois and Iowa. 
This is the corn belt piroper. Along the railroads in this section may be seen 
long rows of corn cribs which are in keeping with what one sees from the car 
window — improved farm areas, and in season waving corn fields, neat dwell- 
ings, large barns and stables, hog pens, groves of timber, grazing herds of cat- 
tle, fine horses, sheep, swine and poultry. The timber is mostly cultivated, 
and there is much of it used for fnel. The bottom lands along the Missouri 
have produced corn crops in succession for 12 years, of the highest yield and 
quality. Land is still cheap because of the free lands to the north, and at pres- 
ent prices a Yankton or Clay county farm will prove very fine property a few 
years hence. No section in any of the newer states has better educational and 
transportation facilities. 

Big' Sioux Valley. — The Sioux valley lies in eastern Dakota, uniting the 
older district around Sioux Falls, where the country is, comparatively speaking, 
well advanced in agricultural interests and development, and the newer sec- 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 55 

tion tributary to Watertowu. I'lie Sioux valley is as noted for its fine quarries 
of granite and Jiusper rotk as it is famed for its beauty of landscape and for the 
great success which farmers have met with, whether in raising corn and live 
stock in the more southerly counties, or in raising wheat farther north. Corn, 
however, and cattle and horses, are products of every portion of the valley. 
The surface is well watered, the soil is generous, and drinking water is nniisu- 
allygood. Lands are cheap now, for the prevailing reason — free lands to the 
west and northwest — but cannot remain at present prices very much longer. 

James Klvor Valley. — The James river valley, in its entirety, spans all 
of South Dakota and much of the north 8t;ite, the city of .Vhcrdeen being situ- 
ated about in the centre of the valley from north to south, and numerous flour- 
ishing cities being located on or near the banks of the river. That part of the 
valley situated in central southern Dakota ha.s been the best advertised ami it 
is the best known by the name. Some people prefer to call it the "Jim" river 
valley, a term of familiarity not merely, but of endearment as well, to those 
fortunate persons who have so rapidly ama.ssed wealth in its thrifty towns and 
cities or from its lields of golden grain and fertile lands. The James river val- 
ley enjoys the distinction of producing the finest wheat grown in South Dakota, 
■ere, as in the older settled portions of Dakota, there is no vacant Government 
land, but deeded lands are cheap at the present time. Live stock does well, 
and there are a number of stock f:\rms in Brown, Spink and Beadle counties 
and elsewhere which attest the truth of this. The James valley is the linest 
artesian well district in the world. 

Central Dakota. — Central Dakota is a large term, but is used here to 
cover the divide and prairies on either side of it, between the James and Mis- 
souri rivers. This section of country has been called the debatible ground of 
the public land settlement of South Dakota. People have said they would 
never have rain there in sufficient quantities to harvest a crop ; that the soil 
was principally "gumlx)" anyhow; and that for these and a multitude of other 
reasons it could never become an agricultural region. They used to spin these 
same yarns alwut all Dakota, but by degrees they have forced west and further 
on with their doleful predictions, until now we have them landed on the other 
side of the Big Muddy. When the Sioux reservation opens they will be forced 
to make another march, and there seems to be nothing left for them but the 
Bad Lands — and they will be surprised to find grass growing there, and cattle 
grazing on that .so-called arid plain by the thousands. The settlement of this 
sectioB of Central Dakota under consideration began in advance of the railroad, 
and visitors at the territorial fairs were astonished at the exhibits brought by 
wagon many miles from this unknown interior. There were all kinds of grain, 
grading high, vegetables, and even fruits. The r.iihvays have since then pene- 
trated a region who.se inhabitants had done so mncii, unaided, for themselves. 
Towns are thrifty and new villages are starting in life by reason of the settle- 
ment of the surroauding country. Central Dakota has prove<l its title as an 
agricultural section pos.sessing every capability for grain and stock farming, and 
will steadily incre;Lse in prosjierity. There is a small amount of vacant land 
in the coanties west of Aberdeen and northwest of Haron, at which points the 
United States land offices for this.sei-tion are located. 

The Sioux Reservation. — This reservation contains over 22,000,000 
acres, of which 11,000,000 are to \)e opened to settlement — enough to give (krois 

*11 



56 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, 

of 160 acres each to 72, 000 families. It is the largest reservation in the United 
States outside of the Indian Territory, and reaches from the Missouri river to 
the Black Hills, and from the Nebraska state line up into North Dakota near 
Bismarck. The Big Cheyenne, the principal [stream of the reservation, con- 
tributes the largest volume of water to the Missouri, river of any stream in 
Dakota. The greater part of this stream lies within the boundaries of the 
reservation, as does that of the Bad, "White, Moreau^and Grand rivers. The 
Cheyenne forms the northern boundary of the south half of the portion to be 
opened to settlement, and the White river the southern boundary; the other 
portion running north from northeast of the Black Hills. The shape of the 
ceded section is somewhat like the letter L. It is a difficult matter to get any 
correct idea of the full value of the land for agriculture or grazing purposes, but 
the men who have traversed it as freighters agree in pronouncing it as containing 
some of as fine soil as any in South Dakota east of the Missouri, and] that is good 
enough for anybody. The valleys of the many streams are of unquestioned 
fertility, and prospectors claim much for various'parts of the reservation in the 
matter of mineral resources, exclusive of coal which is known to exist in large 
quantities. 

The provisions upon which settlers can procure land are those of the home- 
stead law, by actual settlement, but with an addition which requires the pay- 
ment of $1.25 an acre to the Government for all land disposed of for the first 
three years after the opening, 75 cents per acre for the next two years following, 
and 50 cents an acre for the residue of the land undisposed of. The money 
received from this land is to be used for schools and other support of the Indians, 
the Government paying the cost of the survey, etc., $100,000 having been appro- 
priated for that purpose. The Indians, should they prefer, may take up land 
on the tract opened up, under the severalty clause, having equal rights with 
other settlers. One good feature of the bill is that providing that the reserva- 
tion set aside for the Indians can be purchased by the Government by securing 
two-th\rds of the total vote of the Indians upon any designated reservation, 
without negotiating with those upon other reservations, each reservation 
to be secured separately if necessary. The land to be open for settlement is 
considered equally as good as that retained for the Indians. All the remaining 
land on the Great Reservation, outside the agency reservations, is to be restored 
to the public domain, except American island. Farm island and Niobrara island. 
The law, however, donates to Chamberlain American island in the Missouri 
river adjoining that city, for park purposes; also donates to Pierre Farm island, 
near that city, for the same purposes. The law also provides right of way for 
the Northwestern and Milwaukee railroads across the reservation, from present 
terminals on the Missouri river to the Black Hills. New land offices are talked 
of when the reservation is opened up, Pierre and Chamberlain both being 
mentioned. 

The Lake Traverse or Sissetoii ReservatioQ. — This fine body of 
land in the northeastern part of the state will no doubt be opened to settlement 
next year. In round numbers the wedge-shaped reservation contains about 
1,000,000 acres of land, of which 200,000 will cover the requirements for 
severalty, leaving 800,000 acres for white settlers. It is a rich tract of agricul- 
tural land, and its opening will add much to the counties of Roberts, Marshall, 
Day, Grant and Codington, in which it is located. 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 57 

TIIK BLACK HILLS. 

I>iv«'rsili('(l Kesourcos. — The re>cion known m tlie Black Hills has l»e- 
conie one of the most noted fur <liver3ili.Ml resDurces in the wliole country, it* 
not the world. It includes an area of about 3,r>00 square miles, and is divided 
into the six counties of Lawrence. Butte, .Meade, Penninj^ton, Custer and Fall 
Kiver. It is the only section in Dakota of wliich a geoloj;ical survey has been 
made — that under the direction of Prof. W. P. .lenney, in l^-^Tt, who wis en- 
thusiastic in his review of its mineral and forest wealth, splendid soil and 
water, picturescjue scenery and superb climate. Profs. Hayden, Powell, New- 
ton and Winchell have also made reports on this interesting region. A second 
survey is being carried on by Prof F. K. Carpenter, dean of the territorial 
school of mines at Rapid City, from which very valuable results are expected. 

Gcolog'y. — In geological language, the Bhuk Hills ui)lift is a <iua(iuaversal 
of singular regularity; that is, the sedimentary formations dip away from the 
centre in all directions like the sides of a volcano. From an interesting de- 
scription of the Hills written by Prof G. E. liailey of Riipid City, the follow- 
ing is quoted: "The geology of the Hills is not complex, but may be outlined 
by a simple diagram. Draw an ellipse, with the longest diameter pointing 
northwest; place Harney Peak at the southeast focus and around this ellipse 
draw four more. Draw a north and south line through the northwestern one- 
third of the ellip.se, for the western boundary of Dakotii; each ring will t'aen 
represent the upturned edge of a geological Ibrmition, containing minerals and 
resources distinct and ditferent from those next adjoining. Around the nucleus 
of granite known as Harney Peak are arranged in oval, concentric bands the 
upturned edges of nearly every geologiciil period. Starting downward from the 
peak toward any point of the compass, one would pass first over the upturned 
edges of the archaju slates and schists of the inner ellipse. These slates and 
schista have been heavily eroded, laying bare to the miner the veins of gold, 
silver, copper, tin, mica, etc. Next would be pa-ssed over the sandstones and 
cement beds of the the potsdam, which contain valuable mines of gold, silver 
and copper. The erosion of these slates, sandstones and cements and the re- 
disposition of the gold and tin which they contained, has forme<l in the valleys 
and canyons of the various creeks the rich pla<er deposits now extensively 
worked. After passing these one comes next t4> the carboniferous limestones, 
rich in building .stone of every shade, color and texture, lime, hydraulic cement 
and marbles rivaling those of Vermont and Tennessee. Then the jura-trias- 
sic formation, or 'red IkhIs,' already famous for its va.st deposits of .snowy 
gypsum and variegated simdstones, now extensively u.sed to ornament build- 
ings. Next in order are the sandstones of the cretaceous, which stand np like 
a wall and form the outer edge of a valley by their precipitous inner faces, 
which entirely encircle the Hills, and form what was known to the Indians as 
'The liace Course.' These sandstones are excellent for building purposes, 
and conUiin the strata of whetstone and grindstone grits which are fjvst taking 
a high rank in the Kiistern market. Outride and amund the sandstones, slop- 
ing gently out to the plains, are the coal, oil anil .s;ilt fields now being cxtca- 
sively developetl along the southwestern 6anks of the Hills." 

Minora! Deposits. — The deposits of ores are of great variety. Prior to 
1M7 1 tlie coiintry w.is practically unknown; sin<'« tlien it has become a 8»lf 
su.staiuing region agriculturally, and has dcvelopetl home uf the richee>t got i 



58 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

'and tin mines in the world, and is known to contain in its rugged hills and 
niouutaius large supplies of antimony, asbestos, barytes, building stone, cement, 
coal, copper, fire clay, galena, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, gold, granite, 
graphite, grindstones, manganese, marble, mica, nickel, ochre, oil, placers of 
gold and tin, roofing slate, silver, salt, tin, talc, uranium, vanadium and zinc. 

Gold, Silver aud Lead. — Five difterent geological formations show gold 
in various combinations. The most important mining section so far developed 
is the Whitewood district, of which Deadwood and Lead City are the centres. 
Around Terraville, Central and Lead City are gold ore bodies from 200 to over 
400 feet in width and hundreds of feet in depth that have been tested a distance 
of several miles. It is a low grade ore, yielding about |4 to the ton. To 
supply these mills with fuel and water, the Homestake Company has in oper- 
ation a railroad 27 miles long, and has water ditches and flumes measuring 
over 30 miles. No adequate idea can be formed of the magnitude of the 
work in this district from the mere statement that over 600 stamps are at work, 
aud never stop except for repairs, or that over 1,600 tons, or 20,000 cubic feet, 
of rock per day are crushed by the Homestake Company alone; or that in the 
last year they have taken out over $2,225,000 of gold from ground measuring 
6,000 feet in length by 1,500 in breadth, and on which they have been mining 
for the last eleven years, and on which they . expect to mine for many, many 
years to come. 

The following is a report of some of the principal corporations of this dis- 
trict: 

The Father De Smet Consolidation Gold Mining Company, with a nominal 
capital of $10,000,000, runs 100 stamps, and has paid $1,125,000 in dividends. 

The Homestake Gold Mining Company, with a nominal capital of $12,500,000, 
runs 200 stamps and a "steam stamp" crushing'250 tons of ore a day, and has 
paid $4,393,250 in dividends. 

The Dead wood-Terra Company, with a nominal capital of $5,000,000, runs 
160 stamps, and has paid $1,100,000 in dividends. 

The Caledonia Gold Mining Company, with a nominal capital of $10,000,000, 
runs 80 stamps, and paid dividends amounting to $56,000. 

The Iron Hill Silver Mining Company, with a nominal capital of $2,500,000, 
runs 40 stamps and a 60 ton smelter, and paid dividends amounting to 
$156,000. 

Within a few miles of this great center are quite a number of 10 and 20 stamp 
mills belonging to private parties, and known to be doing a good business. The 
total yield from the quartz mines is reported up to January, 1889, at $42,700,- 
000. Besides these free milling gold ores certain kinds^of " refractory ores " are 
coming into prominence, which have to be treated by leaching processes instead 
of amalgamation. Large sums have been expended in developing and trying 
to work these ores in the Bald Mountain and Ruby Basin districts. The car- 
bonate district near Spearfish has fine developments of gold, silver and lead, 
the Iron Mountain Company having the principal works. From the Galena 
district several companies ship galena ores to outside smelters with profit. To 
enumerate the various mining enterprises and companies of Lawrence county 
alone would be to reproduce a long list of names. 

The mining industries of Pennington county are not as well forward as in 
Lawrence. It promises, however, to become a strong rival of its northern 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 59 

neighbor, as large and valuable veins of ores are known to exist. A good many 
10 and 20 stamp mills are already in operation with good results. The Look- 
out Company has developed ore veins measuring from 50 to ir>0 feet in width, 
and has 40 stamps running. The Sullivan. Bitter-Swoot, MoiiUiiui anil Old iJe- 
liable are groups of mints in this district that show ore liodies from 100 to 300 
feet in width. The Basil and Fairview veins paid well from the start, the 
mines alone paying for all development work, and for a 20 stamp mill. Among 
the promising camps may he mentioned Silver City, with gold, silver, galena 
and autimonial ores; Queen Bee, Unknown District, Grizzly Bear, Golden 
Summit, Junction and many others with gold, etc. To show what a few miners 
can do unaided, the following from a statement by the school of mines isquoted: 
"The four Meyers boys, without Ciipital, have, with a small 5 stamp mill, oper- 
ated a vein during tlie past year with excellent results. The four men worked 
89 days each, etiual to 356 days labor; this at $3 per day, $1,008. They have 
had eight clean-ups, which brought them $;J,383, leaving a handsome profit of 
$2,315. Average samples of their ore assayed at the Dakota school of mines 
at $3.75." 

In Caster county a good many small stamp mills paid in the past while at 
work on the decomposed outcrop of ores, but which when penetrated to any 
depth became refractory and treatment by roasting and other processes is neces- 
sary. 

So far only vein mining has been mentioned, but the visitor to the Hills will 
find miners working the placers, washing out gold, with profit, from many of 
the streams. 

Tiu. — The Black Hills region has the honor of producing the first metallic 
tin in America. There are two well-known tin districts in the Hills. One 
occupies a belt about 5 miles wide, and over 40 miles in circumference, 
around Harney's Peak. Over 4,000 veins have already been discovered, located 
and recorded in this district. The other district is located at Nigger Hill, some 
miles southwest of Spearfish. This district was first worked exclnsively for 
gold, and in it were found rich placer diggings. The miners were troubled by 
the vast amount of " iron " gravel which filled the riffles of their sluce boxes 
and interfered with their work. It was harder to separate from the gold than 
the iron of other districts, for a magnet would not act upon it. No one sus- 
pected the black substance to be tin-stone, but such it was. The American Tin 
Company owns 70 claims, a millsite, water power, etc., in this district. The 
tin veins of both districts are of phenomenal width, measuring from 5 to over 150 
feet in width. The ores run from 2 to over 10 per cent metallic tin. In Corn- 
wall, Eng., the veins average from 3 to 5 feet in width, and' yield 2 per cent 
and less of tin. In Saiony, ores as low as ^ of 1 per cent are successfully 
worked. 

The Black Hills tin is very pure, and the concentrates are easily smelted. The 
ores are not dillicult to concentrate, nor is it diflicult to get rid of its mica. 
Many stitemcnts have been m:Mle, says Prof. Bailey, that it was next to ira- 
I)03sibleto "dress" the ores, but all such stories were originated by "inter- 
ested parties " who had "plans of their own " to carry ont. Tiie proximity of 
coal, the abundance of water for mills, and the vast timber area covering the 
tin district will all aid in the cheap reduction of this metal. 



h 



60 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

When it is remeraberel tHat all of the tin used in the United States is imported, 
and that the importation amounted last year to $24,000,000, and in the lust 10 
years to over $200,000,000, the importance of developing a region capuble of 
supplying the whole world can be readily seen. 

Tin mining is a new industry in America, and in spite of its immense impor- 
tance its development has been necessarily slow; but not slower than the origin- 
al development of the silver mines of Colorado. It i«^Bires large capital to 
properly open and work the mines, and a larger o»tlay for mills than the 
precious metals. The machinery and processes for reducing tin ore are entirely 
different from any other metal, and much time has been lost in fruitless experi- 
ments. 

The first knowledge of tbe^existence of tin inthe Black Hills was as early 
as 1877, but no general interest was taken in the matter until 1883, when Maj. 
A. P. Simmons of Rapid City attracted ^public^atteution to the matter, which 
resulted in the following year in the organization of the Etta Tin Mining Com- 
pany, which expended large sums of money but without success. The Etta 
was subsequently absorbed by the Harney Peak Company, which now owns 200 
veins and several thousand acres of placer land. This company organized with 
a capital of $10,000,000, but in putting its stock on the London market was 
fiercely assailed by various brokers and newspapers, which resulted in the send- 
ing from England of an expert) commissioner who carefully examined the field 
and whose report fully established in the foreign markets the value and import- 
ance of Dakota tin. It is the opinion of Profs. Carpenter, Bailey and others 
that this resource alone will bring in an army of workmen and result in making 
the Hills the Cornwall of America. 

Copper. — This metal has not yet been successfully worked in paying quan- 
tities, but large and well-defined veins exist. As treated at the school of mines, 
the average assay yields 35 per cent, or 700 pounds of pure copper to the ton, 
worth at present prices, $112. In some localities the copper is found in ores 
bearing both silver and gold. 

Smelting" and IJeacliing' Ores. — The business of smelting and leach- 
ing various ores bearing precious metals, copper, lead and iron will be inaugu- 
rated as soon as railroads enter the Hills and give cheap transportation with 
smelters and markets. 

Gypsum. — This product exists in such quantities around the Hills that but 
little value is attached to it. Our soil does not yet need it as a fertilizer, but 
in time it will be in demand for this purpose. Burned, it produces plaster of 
paris, or stucco, and two factories are engaged in making it on a small scale. 

Mica. — It was the working of the mica mines that led to the discovery of 
tin, as the isinglass is found in the granite region.'around Harney Peak. Over 
$150,000 worth has been sold from the mines near Custer City. The plates are 
large and clear, but the high prices of labor and transportation prevent active 
competition with the Eastern product. 

Limes, Cements and Clays. — The limestone belts around the Hills 
supply not only marble, but an abundance of material for lime and cement. 
Along Rapid and other creeks are deposits of fire and potter's clay. The red 
and cream, brick made at Rapid City equals the best Eastern article. Samples 
of kaolins or china clays have been sent East and experimented with to the 
satisfaction of experts. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 61 

Coal. — The coal formtitioDS encircle the entire region, hut do not outcrop ex- 
cept in three districts, where the vein has an averaKe thickness of six feet. It 
is semi-hituminous and extensively used. The coal interest is destineil to be a 
larjiP one. 

I*(>ti'<>leilin. — Rock oil is the product of the Wyoming side of the Hills. 
The oil is used for lubricating purposes. Gas accompanies the oil from the 
wells. 

Salt. — Salt springs and wells arc found in the oil districts, and the manu- 
facture of salt is carried on in a limited way, the protluct being used in roast- 
ing refractory ores. 

Tinibor. — The entire area of the Hills proper is well wooded. The den- 
sity and dark color of the forests covering the mountain sides suggested the 
name of this region. The heavy pine, Piiius ponderosa, is the most abundant 
and valuable tree. Black and white spruce cover the valleys of the central 
and nortliern portion. Burr oak in small groves grown on the cistern slope of 
the range. Wiiite elm is found aloug the valleys of the ea.stern. side. Aspen, 
white birch, ash, mulberry, box elder, ironwood and juniper grow sparingly in 
many localities. The heavy pine is a tall, straight tree, free from limbs for one- 
half its height from the ground. The wood is white, .soft, and has a straight 
and somewhat coarse grain, free from knots, and spliting readily into shingles, 
rails, etc. The wood has weight and takes a good tinish. Timber from 12 to 
24 inches in diameter is abundant, while larger ones are by no means rare, the 
general run being from 30 to 50 feet in length for s:iw logs. Along the valleys 
of the central Hills the black and the white spruce are quite common, growing 
thickly together, and furnish logs 25 to 40 feet long, and from 16 to 24 inches 
in diameter. It is estimated that at least 1,000 s<iuare miles of forests remain 
available for cutting and sawing into lumber, or for mining purposes. With 
the opening of the Siou.x reservation and the construction of railroads to the 
Missouri river and into North Dakota, the benetits of having a forest contain- 
ing more acres of timber than is found in the entire area of Rhode Island or 
Delaware will be appreciated. 

Ajfrioultiire. — It must not be understood that this region is solely min- 
eral; on the contrary, the valleys and surrounding prairies are productive to 
prodigality. 

All the small grains grow, and vegetables are produced without stint. It is 
also one of the finest fruit sections of South Dakota, so far distant from other 
Settlements the population had to raise their own meat and bread. 

Maimfat'tun'S, — The Black Hills invite the attention of capitilists and 
manufacturei-s. The variety and abundance of the crude materials of its own 
forests, mines and fields are sulHcient for the upbuilding of a kingdom. On 
every stream and in every county heavy growths of pine and unrivaled water 
power invite manufactories. The.se, unitc<l with the coaraud oil of the region, 
and the construction of milroads, should make this tlie manutacturiug ceutreof 
the West. What is possible in mauulactures has been concisely outlined by 
Prof. Bailey in a list which omits everything not conne<'t€d with minerals, .such 
as tlour mill.s, creameries and a multitude of industries natural to every well- 
settled region. The list, which aLso omits the pre«'ious metab*. is .xs follows: 

Antimony — Type metal, babbitt metal, etc. 

.\snK.sTOS — Fireproof paints, roofing, machine packing, fireproof cements, 
sheet and roll mill 1)oanl, flooring, felt, etc. 



62 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Baeytes — Paint, putty, "filling," etc. 

Clays — Brick, tiles, drain pipes, earthen and stone ware, crucibles, chim- 
ney tops, terra cotta, fire bricks, jugs, pots, etc. 

CoPPEK — Brass, bronze, and general uses of the trades. 

Gbaphite — Crucibles, paints, lubricants, etc. 

Gypsum — Plaster of paris, land plaster, stucco work, etc. 

Grits — Grindstones, whetstones, hones, etc. 

Iron — The general uses of the trades. 

Lead — Bar, sheet, type, paints, etc. 

Limestone — Lime, cement, etc. 

Manganese — Chlorine for leaching ores. 

Marble — Mantels, table tops, buildings, etc. 

Mica — Pulverized", for explosives, lubricants, ornamental paints, etc. 

Ochres — Paints. 

Petroleum — With mica or graphite, for lubricants. 

Pyrites — Sulphuric acid, sulphates, etc. 

Sands — Glass, glassware, etc. 

Tin — Foil, tinware, babbitt metal, brass, bronze, tin plates, etc. 

Zinc — General uses of the trades. 

Tlie Future. — The Sioux Indian reservation, which has so long stood as a 
barrier between the Hills and the East, will soon be spanned by iron rails, and 
give connection in the proper channels and in the right direction. The little 
inland empire has been isolated, but happily that day is nearly over, and a 
period of rapid and permanent growth is at hand. The country offers a greater 
variety of valuable resources than those which have made Pennsylvania the 
Keystone State. It is a bank to the capitalist, a boundless museum to the 
curious, a mineralogical treasure house to the geologist, a curiosity shop to the 
scientist, a health resort for the invalid, home giving to the agriculturist, unique 
and picturesque to the artist, a land of delights to the pleasure seeker, inviting 
by rich rewards for their labor every class, every trade, and every profession. 



I 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



63 



POPULATION. 



Figuring on the basis of 5 persons for each voter, the population of South 
Dakot<i i3 381), 135, tho vote for governor iu the election of Oit. 1, 1889, being 
77,8'27; the vote and estimate of population by counties being as follows: 



COUNTIES. 



Aurora 

Bfiullu 

lion Iloiume.. 

Bruukiogs 

Brown 

Brule 

Buffalo 

Butte 

Campbell 

Charles Mix.. 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington 

Custor 

Davison 

Day 

Deuel 

Douglas 

Edmunds 

Fall River 

Faulk 

Grant 

Ilainlin 

Hand 

Hiinson 

Hughes 



Votes cast' E^timat- 



f..r 
i Governor. 



ed Popu- 
lation. 



COUNTIES. 



1,334 

2, 893 

1,737 

2,2;i4 

•I.G07 

1,.57G 

259 

32G 

702 

1,073 

1,876 

1,660 

2,048 

924 

1,603 

1,883 

1,010 

1,072 

1,304 

686 

1,129 

1,467 

y.isa 

1,917 
1,086 
1.883 



6,670 
14,405 

8,685 
11,170 

23, o.<r. 

7, 8S0 
1,295 
1,630 
3,510 
5, .S65 
9,380 
7,800 
10, UO 
4,620 
7,515 
9,415 
5,050 
5,360 
0,520 
3, 430 
6, 645 
7,335 
6, 675 
9,585 
6,4.30 
6,915 



Votes cast 

f..r 
GoTurnor. 



Estimat- 
ed I'opll- 
laiiuu. 



I Hutchinson 

Hyde 

{.lerauld 

Kingsbury.. 

[l.ake 

Lawrence.... 

Lincoln 

.McCook 

McPherson . 

.Marshall 

.Meade 

Minor 

Minnehaha.. 

Moody 

I'ennington 

Potter 

Roberts 

Sanborn 

Spink 

.Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth... 
Yankton 

Total 



647 
546 
942 
009 
703 
582 
967 
511 
969 
293 
121 
234 
773 
396 
625 
9ii8 
411 
213 
9.57 
750 
007 
872 
577 
090 



8,283 
2. 730 
4.710 

10,045 
8. 515 

17,910 
9.835 
7,555 
4,845 
6,465 
6.605 
6.170 

23,865 
6.980 
8,125 
4,540 
2.055 
6.065 

14,785 
3,750 

10.035 
9,360 
2.885 

10, 450 



77,827 j 389,135 



The character of the population is of the best, the native born citizens com- 
ing from the stsitea to the west, while among the foreigners the Germans and 
Scandinavians predominate. 



VI. 



CLIMATE. 

Comparison shows that no month iu the year in South Dakota will average 
as cold as in the New England states. The cloudy days in South Dakota average 
60 in the year aa against 160 in New England. The records of the signal 
offices in South Dakota, long distances apart, show temperature of the follow- 
ing annual average: Yankton, 4.">..">°; Deadwood, 42.1°; Huron, 41.8°; these 
figures being the average of I't years. The average temperature of Jannarj", at 
Yankton, during tlie period w:us 11.1°, while at Deadwoo<l it was 21°. The 
average annual rainfall at these points for the same period was as follows: 
Yankton, 2H. 13 iuilies; Huron, 2:5.65 inches; Dea<l\V()nd, 2"< ^23 inches; enough 
for every agricultural ileiuand. The superiority and advantages of South Da- 
kota's climate are not fully understood by even the residents. It is a fact that 
the winters here do not cause the sulTering from cold that the temperature 



64 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

wonld seem to indicate. Dry air is a poor conductor of heat, while air charged 
with moisture rapidly takes away animal heat, and produces those chilly and 
henumbed sensations so common to the Eastern and Southern states. South 
Dakota is distant from the oceans, and its winter air contains but little damp- 
ness, which accounts for the ease with which dwellings can be kept warm, the 
homesteader keeping comfortable in his board shack, while the people of the 
lower latitudes shiver around blazing fires. Stock can run out of doors much 
of the winter. The crisp and exhilarating air gives human and animal life a 
vigor, energy and happiness not possible in a more humid atmosphere. To get 
a correct idea of the beauties of our climate live in it until all homesickness is 
eliminated, and then go back and spend the fall, winter or spring in the raw 
air, mud, fog — "the freeze, thaw, and sneeze" — and general discomfiture of 
the East and South. It is on record for the winter of 1888-89 that South Da- 
kota farmers worked on their farms, plowing, pulverizing and dragging, dur- 
ing November, December, January, February and March — more or less in 
every month of last fall and winter. 



VII. 

AGEICULTUEE. 

South Dakota produces all of the cereals of the north temperate zone. It is 
also in the great corn belt, the yield being large and in quality equaling to that 
grown in any of the prairie states. The tables herewith given announce the 
fertility of soil and the suitability of climate for safe agricultural existence in 
terms more convincing than any mere argument. The board of agriculture 
which so successfully managed the various exhibitions of the territorial faij. 
of the First district, but now constituting the board for the State of South Da- 
kota, is as follows: 

R. B. Codington, president. Blunt; C. L. Downey, secretary, Ashton; C. H. 
Barrett, treasurer, Vermillion; J. V. White, Lodi; Chas. Keith, Volga; C. A. 
Paddock, Tyndall; A. O. Johnson, Montrose; A. M. Bowdle, Mitchell; L. H. 
Bailey, Faulkton; R. E. Dowdell, Letcher; T, E. Camburn, Aberdeen; J. F. 
Bennett, Clark; Oscar P. Kemp, Watertown; H. J. Patterson, Madison; F. D. 
Gillespie, Hot Springs; A. L. Van Osdel, Yankton. 

The Farmers Alliance of South Dakota is a strong and influential organiza- 
tion. It is officered as follows: H. L. Loucks, president; A. D. Gardner and 
C. A. Soderberg, vice presidents; Mrs. J. W. Harden, secretary. As a terri- 
torial organization it was one of the best in the Union, and in a state capacity 
a career of great usefulness is predicted. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



6J 



Statistics.— The acreage and yield of crops for 1888 in the table below 
are tojjetlier, while those of 1889 ire given separately. The first table is that 
of 1888, which also gives the area under fence and the value of lauds: 

AUUlCLLTLKi;. 1>SS. 



COUNTIES. 



•Aurora 

♦Beadlo 

Bon Homme. 
•Brook ingi .. .. 

Brown 

•Bnile 

Buffalo 

Butte 

Campbell 

Charles Mix.. 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington .... 

Custer 

Davison 

•Day 

Deuel 

Douglas 

•Edmunds 

Fall lliver 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

HtiRlies 

Hutchinson .. 

•Hyde 

•Jerauld 

Kingsbury.... 

Lake 

•Lawrence 

Lincoln 

McCook 

•.McPli.rson... 

•Marshall 

•Meade 

•Miner 

•Minnehaha .. 

Moody 

Pennington .. 
•Potter 

Rol>erts 

•Sant>orn 

Spink 

Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth 

Yankton- 



Lano in Farm Ai»r> D-^kh in 
Connection Thkrkwitii. 



Acres Un- 
der Culti- 
vation. 



Tot»l. 



59, 721 
146,900 

89,647 
124, :»4,s 
334, 70:{ 

8.S, 4:!9 

13,079 
6,718 

50,864 

111,288 

45, 481 

93,204 

11,128 

60, 70.'; 

126, 7.'J7 

6S,219 

66,515 

77,704 

9,5i>6 

82,903 

7.'?, 009 

8.5, 105 

i:<6, 506 

74,761 

19. 163 

137,415 

23,616 

48, 090 

149, 768 

89, 7.55 

31,807 

110,247 

112,940 

51 , 622 

91,079 

21,476 

88, 587 

128, .59.1 

112, ll.l 

9,393 




23,212 
.52, 652 
249,241 
37,029 
80, 742 
71,44:t 
20,811 
6.5, 537 



ToUl Num- 
ber of A<;res 

in Farm 
(Cultivated 

and Un- 
cultivated). 



10,073 
30,175 
3.-?, 260 
22, 167 
3.-?, i;!5 
30,514 

2,434 
30, 754 

1,289 
28, 331 
20,640 
82, 518 

8,888 

332, 296 

20,713 

23, 9.56 
10, 193 
10, S42 

8,681 
2 !, 623 
10,083 
1.3,213 
16,014 
16, (W8 

24, 948 
11,:J87 
33, 072 

3,697 
13, 358 
25, 772 
34, 576 
130, 797 
51,490 
26, a5:f 

3, 1.52 
12, 107 
95, 153 
13. 109 
49, 739 
31,616 
41,226 



3, 7a5 
15, 779 
3.5, 580 
11,067 
41.6.33 
109,097 
701 
34,574 



3,892,484 11,672,518 



118,675 
286, 239 
220, 096 
236, 785 
.548, 563 
209, 1,59 

49, 658 

26, 828 
17.5,712 
128, 78,S 
289, 3.59 
182, 168 
173, 824 

79, 644 
126,615 
320, 234 
VM, 040 
2:55, 130 
282,653 
' 68, 267 
2.50, 076 
173, 005 
164, .58.5 
274, 7.39 
157,871 
137, 144 
369,657 

69, 280 
12.1,410 
291,080 
194,633 
1.52, 166 
2.34,216 
192,297 
149,268 
1.56, 9.54 

125, ;»7 
173. 279 
283. 080 
199, 5.19 
62, 293 



58. 620 
126, 869 
400. .Ml 
129,918 
229,238 
2.37, 4.53 

72, 466 
200, 131 



Prksknt Cash Valdr 



Of Farm Of Fiirniing 

including Impleuients 

Improve- ami 

ments. Machinery. 



$727, 279 

1,915,040 

1,768,195 

1,54.3,632 

4, 362, 785 

768, 940 

217,600 1 

67, 723 

111,058 

849, 195 

1,455.511 

2,429,212 

1,200,567 

286,211 

1,011,440 

1,576,310 

855, 310 

698, 420 

1,128,043 

229, 450 

957. 059 

992, 171 

1,096.147 

1, 30.3, 16S 
1,:!79,,543 

.507, 042 

3, 093, 665 

461,100 

613, .3,33 

2, 18.5, 769 
1,418,045 
I,a51,2i5 

2. 373, 377 
1,32.3,098 

(;30, 679 
1,11.3,295 

703. .5.55 
1.2.59, .385 

3, 3*->, 884 
1,107.945 

374, 200 
800,000 
31.5,745 
494,389 

2, 94.5, IB2 
!H\ 976 

1,93.3,697 

3, 404, 856 
235, 373 

2, 48H. 1'24 



?209, 451 

1.39, 247 

126, 265 
72,04« 

238,100 
43,444 
8,416 
3, 766 
48,205 
39. 496 
73,294 
57.636 
72, 983 
14. 228 
56, 252 
74, 166 
.•■.2,917 
27,912 
53,923 
11,316 
60,815 
42, 143 
66,748 
93,271 
67,9a3 
15,875 

214, 894 
24,416 
61,945 
99,029 
58, 443 
53, ia5 
62, 78.5 
77,092 
69,705 
71,464 
32, -235 
39,895 
82,895 
37, 847 
11,815 
24,013 
12,988 
42,284 

176, 793 
19, .360 
49 .5>«9 

16- 
\> 

857. 



ACRKACF. A!fD 
YlKLD. 



Corn. 



Acrat. Bash. 



19,6.53 

24, 739 

30, 121 

6,162 

4,894 

26, 347 

2,791 

2,610 

1,989 

23,807 

2,916 

28,196 

997 

3, 870 
19,456 

1.18;l 
2, 201 

21,783 
3,663 
4,0:M 
8,6.54 
4,080 
1,650 

27, 147 

18,700 
6,866 

36,124 
4,998 

11,575 
7,.<«04 
6, 248 

4, 21 1 
42,29« 
22,100 

I 996 

839 

I 7. 123 

12,888 

24,781 

6,470 

2,4.57 

6,030 

Q-il 
1-. 

19. 
1 10, 72u 
1 29 (itvi 



228, 978 

:«)5, 2.38 

960, 760 

108, 267 

114,821 

314,053 

49, 798 

56,429 

28,931 

465, 201 

.50, 938 

874, 747 

20,750 

101,829 

.3.35. 247 

16,301 

.50. HtW 

195, 9.50 

56.050 

lt<l, 956 

116,, SOS 

73, 640 

29,902 

461,496 

.346, 587 

143, 143 

8.3.5, 150 

92,366 

204, 982 

85,113 

11.5,416 

93, 607 

94 s 083 

40.'. 4.59 

1 1 . '".62 

16, 153 

i:«.292 

179, ,V57 

616,487 

14.5,873 

56.916 

211.050 

'■• 4%a 
■•1 

156,680 
7B7 a<tA 



v»H 



9,276,402 |S63,646,868 93,602,526 629,534 12,829,951 



' 1 ncomplete. 



66 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



AGRICUTLTURE, 1888 — Continued. 



ACREAGE SOWN AND THE YIELD OF THE CROPS.FOR THE YEAR. 





Wheat. 


Oats. 


Rye. 


Ba 


RLEY. 


COUNTIES. 


Acres. 


Bushels. 


Acres. 


Bushels. 


Acres. 


Bushels 


Acres. 


Bushels. 


*Aiirora 

*Be,nlle 


16, 551 
68, 667 
13,410 
64, 19/ 
203, 016 
28, 642 

3, 092 
779 

9, 730 
11,594 
63,291 

6,236 
55, 339 
869 
17,577 
84, 189 
30,961 
16, 708 
38, 006 
216 
48, 372 
45, 050 
38, 921 
38, 776 
24,417 

4,045 
50, 908 

9, 073 
16, 354 
77, 854 
38, 133 

5,232 
23, 034 
35, 291 
22, 210 
53,611 

2, 857 
39, 457 
34, 850 
40, 271 

1,158 
18, 206 
13, 696 
19,716 
182, 070 
15, 6.53 
15,917 

8,907 

9,502 
14, 054 


239 
508 
130 
587 
2,872 
326 

52 

14 
152 
139 
488 

64 
386 

15 
199 
90-. 
255 
175 
40-< 
3 
418 
481 
.359 
470 
270 

31 
536 

79 
215 
626 
367 
108 
158 
394 
268 
740 

48 
406 
368 
318 

27 
236 
119 
161 
990 
123 
167 

80 
117 
157 


874 
638 
452 
543 
730 
933 
393 
459 
646 
006 
754 
558 
127 
611 
001 
555 
068 
666 
.551 
595 
305 
284 
738 
372 
142 
446 
968 
443 
416 
311 
923 
489 
170 
510 
673 
718 
093 
388 
477 
673 
463 
678 
845 
665 
705 
986 
983 
748 
704 
163 


7, 635 
16,9iS 
15,417 
2.J, 501 
42, 556 
11,928 

2, 257 
837 

3, 181 

6,402 

17, 133 

13,055 

13, 899 

3, 674 
10,176 
20, 934 
10,143 
10, 159 

9,708 

257 

10, 404 

10, 746 

14, 329 

10, 463 

12, 320 

1,018 

27, 843 

4,429 

7,543 

24,916 

16,486 

7,261 

29, 560 

18,000 

5, 832 

11,013 

5,537 

12, 002 

49, 341 

19,032 

2,147 

5,295 

3,630 

7,184 

24, 872 

3, 371 

21,. 597 

15, 023 
2, 954 

16, 165 


150 
202 
467 
508 
1,264 
261 

59 

19 

86 
198 
319 
358 
265 

60 
224 
396 
255 
258 
231 
7 
154 
217 
281 
206 
268 

13 
815 

56 
205 
460 
445 
226 
762 
455 
139 
294 
124 
276 
999 
637 

79 
158 

72 
155 
320 

49 
613 
39S 

61 
483 


930 
208 
715 
152 
484 
898 
489 
412 
931 
373 
960 
315 
764 
161 
684 
600 
496 
694 
796 
652 
599 
929 
186 
539 
579 
843 
402 
245 
581 
706 
143 
470 
245 
847 
122 
378 
616 
110 
758 
874 
117 
850 
665 
108 
969 
834 
558 
906 
963 
874 


947 

200 

313 

135 

70 

988 

362 

4 

10 

1,070 

10 

74 

40 

15 

532 

27 

14 

485 

11 

12 

20 

17 

521 

2,457 

472 

630 

595 

299 

614 

146 

58 

41 

136 

201 

27 

3 

7 

439 

468 

41 

21 

251 

4 

93 

238 

710 

127 

37 

18 

193 


13, 436 

1, 862 

2,734 

2, 226 

1,176 

14,290 

4, 942 

30 

122 

20, 080 

49 

1, 5.38 

405 

305 

7,474 

319 

117 

8,387 

128 

256 

91 

105 

790 

23, 313 

9,712 

2,963 

10, 479 

3,202 

10, 048 

1,876 

1,110 

847 

1,484 

3,120 

424 

34 

343 

6,957 

7,640 

678 

430 


1,157 
3,854 

541 

1,571 

17,889 

1,949 

177 
50 

519 

217 
4,547 

29' 

3,379 

37 

676 
3,356 
1,300 
1,387 
3,773 


9,287 
41,741 


Bon Hoiume. 

*Brookiugs 

Browu 

*Brule 


12,598 

30, 823 

476, 288 

42, 043 


Batfalo 


4, 327 


Butte 


1,479 


Campbell 

Charles Mix. 
Clark 


11,207 

5, 195 

59, 454 


Clay 


5,006 


Codington ... 
Custer 


50, 281 
1,095 


Davison 

*I)av 


12,415 
63, 949 


Deuel 


25, 855 


Douglas 

♦Edmunds 

Fall River. 


29, 306 
78, 743 


Faulk 


3,167 

547 

1,895 

1,401 

1,890 

326 

3,634 

505 

1,294 

2,756 

1,928 

113 

1,211 

1,892 

2,007 

2, 532 

89 

2,027 

2, 505 

2,619 

57 

836 

223 

1,185 

11,774 

1,003 

395 

475 

565 

409 


37, 481 


Grant 


9, 663 


Hamlin 

Hand 


31,6-8 
15,176 


Hanson 

Hughes 


34,519 
4, 3.54 


Hutchinson.. 
*Hyde 


88, 44S 
7,747 


♦Jerauld 


25,915 


Kingsbury ... 
Lake 


44, 921 
47,377 


♦Lawrence 

Lincoln 

McUook 

♦McPherson... 

♦Marshall 

♦Meade 


3, 758 
26, 038 
29, 260 
43, 995 
58, 041 

2,363 


♦Miner 

♦Minnehaha .. 
Moody 


37, 529 
66, 229 
60, 125 


Pennington.. 
♦Potter 


1,542 


Roberts 

♦Sanborn 

Spink 


51 
1,198 
1,464 
4,495 
2,122 
403 
170 
2,917 


3,769 

23, 536 

150, 627 


Sully 


11,752 


Turner 


9,141 


Union 


7,874 


Walworth 

Yankton 


14, 850 
8,418 


Total 


1, 680, 665 


16, 780, 639 


640, 083 


14.936,730 


13, 734 


78, 342 


95, 929 


1,817,168 







♦ Incomplete. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



67 



AORICt'iTlTRR. 1888 — CoNcLUDF.n. 



ACREAGE SHOWN AND TIIK VIKI.Ii <>y TIIR (HOPS KOR TIIK YEAR. 



COUNTIES. 



♦Aiir.ira 

♦Beaiile 

Boil Horn me, 
•Hrookiiigs.... 

Browa 

•Brulf 

Riillalo 

iiie 

uu|>hell 

larles Mix. 

irk 

.1) 

"lington.... 

I lister 

Davisoa 

*Day 

Deuel 

Douglas 

•Edmunds 

Fall Kiver.... 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hans >n 

Hughes 

Hiitchinsoa.. 

•Hyde 

•Jerauld 

Kingsbury... 

Uke 

•Lnwrt'noe 

Lincoln 

Mc'"<)ok 

•McPherson... 

•.Marshall 

•.Meade 

•.Miner 

'.Minnehaha... 

Moody 

Penningtou.. 
•Pol tor 

Roberts 
•Sauboro 

Spink 

Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth 

Yankton 



Flax. 



CI 

•< 



3,996 
8,467 
8,480 
15,318 
13,341 
3, 622 
1,804 



3,439 
4,403 
5,4P2 
3,187 
1,294 
2 
2,201 
4, 369 
3,079 
6, ll.i 
9,898 



8,846 

93 

1,281 

10,960 
3,964 
487 
8,079 
3.169 
.5,215 

ll,.'i08 

10, 428 
2 

13,054 
6,795 
7,007 
3,277 



6,309 
14,208 
14, 956 



Total 




s 



17,477 
32,194 
59,113 
122,584 
110,573, 
17,489 
13, 449 



7,875 
28. .559 
28, 372 
26, 190 

8,613 
35 
11,276 
30,681 
29, 146 
37,700 
62, 417 



43, 877 
676 

9,710 
80,471 
23,418 

2,801 
57,610 
22, 186 
34, 569 
61,026 
8.3,916 
36 
133,953 
46, 749 
51,409 
24,511 



29,502 
128, 376 
104, 965 



43,550 
995 

9,848 
69,419 
11.133 
69. 168 

7, 0.-.K 
18,87-' 
30, 300 



Beans. 



•i 

hi 



10 
29 
42 
.•51 
10 
18 
16 
20 

1 
54 
16 

9 

4 
46 
32 

8 
19 

1 
14 
13 
12 
18 

6 
26 
58 

1 
34 

4 
13 
17 
40 
41 
27 
70 

1 

2 

5 
10 
27 
81 
16 



14 
6 
8 
5 

17 

25 
7 

54 



s 



47 

67 

28.5 

260 

80 

130 

8.S 

96 

18 

1,222 

155 

117 

41 

489 

300 

51 

261 

71 

89 

137 

47 

146 

23 

159 

448 

6 

250 

27 

99 

179 

357 

904 

292 

264 

7 

26 

75 

70 

295 

331 

225 



139 
61 
50 
38 

163 

247 
35 

289 



Pkas. 



1 
2 
1 
1 
5 
10 



1 
32 

1 
10 

4 

3 



3 

n 



14 

12 
13 
70 
77 
2 



198 

8 

12 

129 
10 
40 
61 

107 



Brooh 
Corn. 



li 

8 

10 



65L 
•I- 



118 



181 
90l 
131 



12^ 



20 
24 
5.' 



4 

342 

6 

16 

32 

26 



1 

75 

1 



37 



1 

"ii, 
s' 

1,883,4771 l,03»j 9,256, 213| 1,913 216 l,.^'53,26, 106 



16 
30 
10 
11 
11 
1.30 
32 
27 



12 



16 



3 



75 



117 



540 



19 



16 



600 
"db 



Irish 
Potatoes. 






432 
926 
517 
624 
1,663 
717 
129 
148 
162 
331 
612 
409 
639 
444 
409 
618 
481 
459 
650 
190 
491 
.568 
621 
723 
318 
208 
799 
316 

204; 

775' 

645 

912 

650 

542l 

265 

3371 

401 

433 

790 ' 

513 

399 



164 
1,264 
1,060 
481 
675 
706 
101 
.584 



3 

n 



13,859 
37,554 
26, 202 
65, 570 

181,7:10 
22, 6.52 
7, 532 
17,635 
16,549 
23,997 
42, 295 
31,766 
58, 068 
69, 20."? 
20, 47# 
54, 822 
44,731 
20, 2,54 
48,568 
26, 589 
42. 474 
58.484 
34, .595 
49. 900 
18.704 
14..S46 
34. 925 
27,010 
14,652 
.54, 632 
46, 145 

130, 1.5(1 
4.5. 398 
62. 177 
2.< 148 
2fi, 629 
59,642 
1.1.614 
61,476 
49,830 
61,230 



17, 425 
8.127 
89.313 
37, 223 
42. 269 
.■«,696 
13,6.53 
39.479 



2,035,692 



BrcK- 

WIIKAT. 



.SOROIICK. 



2! 



72 

291 

126 

131 

4 

19 

2 



180 
112 
43 
37 
20 
46 



19 

104 

2 



3 

n 



168 

1,666 

1,393 

1,513 

42 

.56 

15 



23 
6 

56 
I 



1,401 

6421 
52i| 
427,. 
367 1 



42 

4 

41 



ss< 



192 20 



253 

580 

40 



6 90 

23 177' 

18l 207| 

188 6.2.32, 

70l 8S.5 



24' 
123: 

6| 
36| 



202! 

937 

58 

161 



]• 
9 

'i'2 
1 
2 

2 
5 
5 

:i5 

90 

1 

33 



278 1,2.52 
6t'. .5.301 



12 
130 
130 

10 



3 
19 
98 
89 

4 



20 

22 

82 

7 

105 

176 



85 



1C2 

914 

778 

91 



75 23 
1.36 1 
94.31 2 
574 

6X| 4 



170 
117 
630 
65 
968 
1,694 



876 



2 
17 

2 
51 
40 
22 

6 
10 



.3,037127,0671 678 



O 



CO 



688 
6,308 

2.362 



603 
441 
145 



2,978 

20 

3,564 



.30 2.394 



905 

65 

5«1 

213 

■739 
16 



530 
141 
492 

:i,470 
10 

2.160 



166 
928 
1.56 
186 



86S 

30 

124 



336 



86 
703 
•224 
404 
2,109 
5.32 
129 
306 



80,099 



Incomplete. 



68 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



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STATE OF 80UTU DAKOTA. 



69 



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70 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Small Farming". — Under the heading of manufactures will be found a 
list of creameries, all of which get their supplies frjiu the farmers. It is iu 
diversity and in making use of the small things on the farm that success is 
attained. In the table given below will be found the returns by counties from 
gardens, poultry, butter, cheese and bees, which in total aggregates a consider- 
able sum, but far short of the actual amount. 



COUNTIES. 



•Aurora 

♦Beadle 

Bon Honinie. 
*Brookings .... 

Brown 

*Brule 

Buffalo , 

Bulte 

Campbell 

Charles Mix. 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington 

Custer 

Davison 

*Day 

Deuel 

Douglas .. 

*Edmunds 

Fall River 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Hughes 

Hutchinson... 

*Hyde 

*Jerauld 

Kingsbury ... 

Lake 

♦Lawrence 

Lincoln 

Metook 

*McPherson... 

♦.Marshall 

*Meade 

*Miner 

*Miniiehaha ... 

Moody 

Pennington... 
*Potter 

Roberts 

*Sanborn 

Spink 

Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth 

Yankton 



Total. 



Gakdens. 



o4^ u 



3 ^ ca 



"S o so 

at.;:; 

3 re 3 
•50-0 



$374 
3,983 

995 
1,585 
6,520 

922 

465 
2,443 

157 

567 
1,572 
2, 363 
2,151 
4,352 
5,241 

419 
8,422 
2,259 

835 
1,394 
2,211 
3,333 
3,662 
1,711 

672 
1, 623 
1,667 

694 
1, 239 
2,666 
2,255 
24, 016 
2,558 

341 
64 

676 
2,890 

565 
1,697 

486 
3,015 



209 

892 
1,380 
1,701 

761 
5,039 

185 
5,243 



8120, 473 



Poultry, 



a •^ 

s 3 

S bc« 
> 



84,743 

12, 774 

16, 305 

4,533 

11,392 

5,882 

1,037 

3,370 

1,445 

5, 132 

4,904 

17,719 

7, .557 

3,935 

6,550 

3,166 

3,876 

8,373 

3,823 

2,221 

6,048 

8,126 

4,598 

5,163 

6,444 

4,067 

20,761 

2,300 

7, 694 

9,410 

6,103 

37, 286 

21,611 

12, 443 

2,575 

2,923 

4,128 

2, 932 

14, 052 

5,828 

4, 525 



Dairy Products During the 
Year 1888. 



2,456 

21,669 

8, 742 

3,848 

24, 642 

14, 931 

169 

15, 460 



Made in Family. 



Cheese. 






1, 036 
9,330 
1, 355 
4,835 
4,742 
3,815 

140 
1,645 
1,011 
1,888 
1,075 
1,600 

820 
1,750 
4,231 
4,751 
4,674 
11, 385 

695 
1, 350 
1,262 
9,655 
22, 740 
7,245 

250 
2,037 

540 
1,630 

4, 5S.5 
7,887 

5, 55iJ 
1,350 

23, 512 

25, 281 

700 

1,050 

4,100 

805 

9,972 

200 

8,130 



8409,671 



1,000 
2, 589 
22, 920 
3,436 
2,585 
2,305 
130 
2,592 



Butter. 



la 



87, 128 

271, 344 

215, 734 

215,731 

263, 255 

126, 678 

26, 235 

29, 875 

73. 029 

13i;241 

144, 236 

372, 959 

133, 648 

66, 352 

110, 442 

144, 282 

149, 303 

116, 135 

80, 428 

32, 168 

97, 547 

172, 593 

114, 238 

66, 396 

238, 380 

40, 426 

342, 820 

77,5'*2 

99, 270 

269, 515 

172,660 

160,519 

411,700 

222, 906 

47, 626 

56, 437 

39, 510 

109, 124 

469, 773 

281,496 

75, 785 



M-2 ■» S 



238, 166 



64, 630 

62,048 
214, 256 

89, 9.53 
301,741 
474, 726 

24,510 
234, 891 



7, 823, 261 



)J3C0 ( 
i bo 03 I 



840 
2,895 
2, 345 
1,640 
8,616 

664 



33 

347 

624 

4,758 

109 

2, 954 

945 

1,002 

2,480 

1,524 

126 

96 

2,472 

5,025 

848 

949 

2,274 

4,666 

1,2^0 

10 

957 

1,360 

6,700 

615 

1,911 

77 

19 



187 

4,885 

10 

2, 655 



1,480 

599 

3,408 

1 



Bees. 



2, 260 



875, 846 



a 

c3 



J2 

'A 



8 
3 
602 
4 
2 
2 



16 
3 



7 
4 
38 
6 
2 



4 
266 



38 



1,039 



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4 
200 



18 



15, 527 

105 

34 

2 



230 
1 

22 



100 
""5 
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360 
41 



2 

408 

45 



3,379 

"2," 096 



22, 612 



► Incomplete. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



71 



Fruits. — The early settlers of all the prairie states doubted tlie fertility of 
the soil because of the absence of trees, but this error went down before the 
march of experience, as did the other one that frnits would not grow. At the 
Centennial of 1876 Iowa had .'J42 varieties of apples on exhibition, and yet in 
the early settlement of the state the man bold enough to declare his belief that 
trees would grow and bear fruit jW;ls ridiculed by his neighbors. South Dakota 
is well through that period of doubt and experiment as shown by the following 
table: 





a 

■< 


Orchabos. 


Bkrbiks. 


Vineyards, Num- J 
berof Acres. •« 

s 


s 

<>»t 


COUNTIES. 


■S.S 
as 


o «>.2 

— -a c 


O * 

m 


> 




12 
2 

99 

65 
5 

42 
5 


874 
1,140 
8,229 

804 
86 

.391 

1,164 

20 

19 

449 

466 
4,831 

109 

30 

1,191 

129 
1,707 

183 

107 

100 


2,415 

3,621 

82,463 

4,190 

953 

32,076 

2,107 

56 

30 

5,388 

2, 168 

13, 166 

354 
1,838 
5,180 

461 
3,398 

931 
1.205 
1.219 
3,075 
4, .386 
1,358 

778 
6.310 

673 
1,014 

668 
2.797 
9,693 
8, 721 
9,292 
25,060 
10, 875 

139 

144 
18,208 
3, 121 
9,208 
5,9.16 
1,540 


3 

10 

59 

213 

2 

8 

2 


1 

5 
1 
8 


20 
256 

1,400 
145 


♦Beadle 






Brown 


♦ Brule 






Butlalo 






Butte 






Campbell 








Charles Mix 


11 

8 

5 
61 


7 

9 
20 
74 
13 

30 
I 

4i 

8 
21 

2 
11 
301 1 
91 

2 
42 
22 
24 
34 
31 
42 

5 
.32 
42 

5S 
'5 


8 


29 


Clark 


Clav 

CouiuKtOD 


S 


160 


Custer.' 






DavisoD 


6 


164 


♦Dav 


100 


Deuel 


2 


18 


80 


Douglas 






196 






Fall River 


1 
2 




Faulk 


3 

22 

5 

110 

204 

2 

2 
91 
72 

2 

145 

28 

1 




(iraiit 


34.i 
727 
195 

1,956 
K 

1,391 


16 


HauillD 


1 
2 


3B 


Ilaii.l 

Hanson 


70 
28 


Mukchps 






HutchinsoD... . 


IS 


1S2 


•Hvilr 




•Jerauld 


268 

802 

1,021 

445 

1,095 

1,222 






Kintrsburv . . . . 




)'>84 


Uike T. 




156 


♦Lawrence 


260 


2,403 


I.inroln 7. 


23 


McCook 


43 


1,031 






Mar-hall . 


25 ■■ 

629 

182 

1,985 

1,079 

501 






♦.Mea.le 


88 
412 

4 


26 


800 




lac 


♦.Minnehaha. „ 


26 


14 
341 






40 


♦Potter . .. 






Uol)rrt9 


9 

6 

«1 

4 

274 
38 


225 

844 

1,513 

:n6 

5,022 
768 


30i 
1,578 
1, 14:< 
6, 251 
27.895 
5,231 
1,029 
8,9.34 

338, 476 


.3 


6 


8 






Spink .. . 


11.3 

2 

3 

17 

3 

20 




1 SO 




14 

4 
1 

"%"' 


10 


Turner „ 


460 

4 


Walworth 






115 
2,4«7 


2,114 


ixi 


Toul 


46.r>40 


' 1,507 


444 


, J8.785 



♦ locoinplete. 
♦12 



72 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



G-rasses. — The native grasses of this region are the same varieties on whicb 
the buffalo and deer fatted and grew great and strong for many generations, 
and their successors, the more useful steer, cow, horse and sheep, now graze on 
the same natural product early in the spring time. This wild grass sun-cures- 
and stands as hay on the ground the winter through, and is preferred by stock 
to tame hay in the stack. The native grass dies out under cultivation, and 
every year adds to the acreage of the tame varieties. The following table gives 
the kinds and acres of tame grasses of 1889, together with the tons of tame and 
wild hay cut in 1888: 



COUNTIES. 



*Aurora 

♦Beadle 

Bon Homme.. 
♦Brookings 

Brown 

*Brule 

Buttalo 

Butte 

Campbell 

Charles Mix . 

Clark 

Clay 

Codington 

Custer 

Davison 

*Day 

Deuel 

Douglas 

♦Edmunds , 

Fall River 

Faulk 

Grant 

Hamlin 

Hand 

Hanson 

Hughes 

Hutchinson... 

♦Hyde 

*.Terauld 

Kingsbury 

Lake 

♦Lawrence 

Lincoln 

McCook 

♦McPherson ... 

♦Marshall 

♦Meade 

♦Miner 

♦Minnehaha ... 

Moody 

Pennington... 
♦Potter 

Roberts 

♦Sanborn 

Spink 

Sully 

Turner 

Union 

Walworth 

Yankton 



Acres of Grasses in Cultivation or to 
BE Cultivated in 1889. 



Total 112,318 



a cs 
•s §> 



2, 4.37 

11,161 

437 

2, 153 

4,960 
780 
333 
619 
143 

1, 152 

7, 33.i 
297 

6,180 
713 

2,470 

1, 301 
2,443 

844 

2, m 

478 

4,535 

5,540 

4,615 

7,108 

1,066 

1,700 

969 

1,475 

1,286 

5, 201 

1,351 

3,450 

150 

549 

865 

720 

l,2.i2 

1,369 

906 

1,509 

451 



1,816 

379 

11,608 

2,705 
134 
511 
517 
224 



o 

a 



886 

1,236 

488 

5,617 

2,702 

199 

305 

337 



382 
1,186 
1,022 

633 

399 
1, 206 

454 
2, 115 

793 
50 
73 

128 

215 
1,143 

494 

8.35 

36 

1,252 

86 

416 
3,511 
2,126 
4,130 
2,127 
1,139 
4 

305 

2.38 
1,371 
2,502 
2,804 

617 



109 

96 

1,077 

239 

909 

1,117 

13 

1,041 



50, 163 



20 

85 

71 

204 

261 

23 

7 

90 



31 
33 
71 
86 
IS 

9 

13 
13 
20 

4 
18 

7 
22 

7 
19 
57 



124 

6 

8 

20 

214 

216 

113 

99 

1 

16 

5 

16 

306 

473 

90 



133 

5 

70 

28 

5 

73 






«C5 



5 

88 

48 

1,4.53 

210 

77 



80 

1 

22 

1 

270 

169 

104 

82 

34 

89 

15 

67 

8 

25 

107 

15 

65 

2i 



126 

1 

4' 

66 

102 

35 

243 

35 



3 

26 

70 

153 

9 
23 



52 



116 

25 

3 

211 



3, 211 4, 360 



•^ U ^ 

cj S >; 
PhEh 



18,904 
21,048 
25, 601 
14, 457 
21,590 
25, 008 
940 



29, 

23: 
43: 

7, 

7 

21 

14 

7 

1 

8, 

3. 

5 

9 

6 

11 

20 

8, 

83^ 

•y 

5' 

30 
27 
2 
25 
26, 
1 

5, 
o 

12 
35 
45 



3 

4 

22 

2 

28^ 

53 

1 

68, 



266 
444 
200 
702 
20t3 
003 
939 
879 
651 
690 
542 
280 
512 
298 
232 
572 
595 
363 
4S9 
•200 
206 
91)8 
706 
582 
809 
781 
931 
643 
475 
557 
989 
554 



791 
441 
714 
899 
396 
807 
188 
891 



Hay. 



9 00 

f-( CO 
(A 

□ a 

I" 



11 



1,308 
9,572 
1,255 
3,208 
7,288 
2,602 

967 

1, 127 

51 

2,960 

1,268 

548 
4,599 
2,160 
2, 7.34 

294 

2, 696 
1,537 

492 

972 

1,221 

5, 792 

3,854 

6,247 

1, .326 

1,104 

1, .537 

494 

2,003 

3,061 

916 

706 

i;387 

549 

265 

287 

1,675 

1,119 

2,699 

3, 034 
1,425 



2, .301 
265 

9, 351 

2,773 
434 

1,380 
348 

1,728 



879,885 116,919 1,4.54,000 



Ph- 






18, 982 
31,146 
44, 201 
40, 720 
46, 530 
23, 307 
6,525 
5,837 
13, 29.3^ 
21,896 
31,019 
76, 303 
21,311 
12,766 

23, .532 
51,529 
9\ 875 
20, 981 
15, 334 

8,417 
8, 965 
17,856 
19,716 
26,313 
^4, 773 
11,397 
71,966 
13,596 
20, 180 
40, 513 
38, 551 
7, 5.55 
86, 693 
36, 309 
12,947 
1.5, 101 
21,801 

24, 249 
76, 325 
43, 409 
14, 467 



6,548 
11,701 
24, .556 
15, 493 
67, 109 
8(1, 300 

6,781 
69, 326 



♦ Incomplete. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 73 

VITI. 
IBRIOATIOX. 

The artilieiiil npplie.itiou of water to the soil has, as a rale, never been need- 
ed in Sootli Dikoti. Hat in view ofocciusional drouj^lity seivsons the (juestion 
of being able to regulate the amount of moisture needed by the growing crops 
by means of irrigating canals — supplied from artesian wells, rivers and stor- 
age reservoirs — is under serious consideration. While the rainfall is sufficient, 
it does not always come at se;i.sonal)le times. 

Duriug tlie p;ist summer a senatorial committee visited both Dakotas and 
were profoundly impressed with the present development of the country and 
the p wsibilities of the future. Tae senators expressed surprise at the e.vtent of 
the arte-iiau well basin and the gre.it f»rce and volume of water from the wells 
in the valley of the James river. 

IX. 
LIVE STOCK. 

The splendid growth of native grasses, the invigorating air, the pure water, 
the comparative immunity from contagious diseases, the ease with which tame 
forage, grain and root crops can be produceil, all combine to make South 
Dakota one of the best beef-growing c Juntries in the world. The horses raised 
here have juore muscle, endurance and lung power than those raised in the 
East. There are some as fine horses and cattle in South Dakbta lus in America. 
The atixte is admirably adapted to sheep and hogs, the country being exempt 
from foot-rot, scab, cholera and other scourges which make .so formidable ene- 
mies to both in other states. Wool growing is beginning to make headway, 
the clip by counties appearing elsewhere. Sheep raising is an industry one 
can engage in with small capitiil. The increase is so rapid that a good-sized 
flock Ciiu soon lie accumulated. 

The ease and certainty with which corn can be raised in South Dakota has 
given great impetus to the swine industry. The farmer who converts his 
grain into i)ork can snap his fingers at the elevator and commission men and 
laugh at the railroads. As a rule, he am sell when he pleases, and if need be 
he can do his own packing. Every fiirmer should keep as many domestic ani- 
mals as possible. He should have at least one or two cows, a few sheep and 
.should keep i>igs and poultry. The road to success in farming is to pro;luce on 
the farm as much food for the family ami feed for the stock as possible, so as to 
make small bills at the stores; besides butter and eggs bring good prices, and 
cattle and hogs are always marketable at good prices and cost very little to 
raise, owing to the free piistnrage. 

Statisties. — The following table shows the number of head of live stock 
in the sUite by couatiea, together with the death rate, the value of animals 
slaughtered, and the pounds of wool clipiMjd: 



74 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOa A, 



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II 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



75 



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76 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



X. 



TIMBER. 



There is a lacking of trees in South Dakota, outside the Black Hills and 
away from the principal rivers, but there is compensation in the fact that there 
are no stumps to clear away to get the land ready for the plow, and also that 
the farmer can plant trees and have his grove where he wants to. Twenty 
years ago much of Iowa and southern Minnesota were as treeless as South 
Dakota is to-day, but the success of timber culture in these states is attested 
by numerous and beautiful groves to be seen now in every direction. 

More attention is being given every year, however, to the planting of trees, 
not only in forest groves, but in windbreaks and for purposes of shade. Re- 
turns made to this office show 21 kinds of trees planted, which are reported as 
doing well, to-wit: Ash, balm of Gilead, basswood, beach, black ash, box elder, 
butternut, catalpa, chestnut, cottonwood, elm, hard maple, hickory, locust, pop- 
lar, soft maple, walnut and willow. The acreage of the artificial forests of 
South Dakota is given in the following table: 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



77 



AUTIFIClAh KjRtlSTS. 



, 




TBEE9 Onk Year Old 


AKD OVKR. 




COUNTIES. 


No. Acres 
Cottonwood 


No. Acres 
Boi Elder. 


No. Acres 
Ash. 


No. Acres 
Maple. 


No. Acres 

OtherVarie- 

tiea. 




601 

890 

4, 200 

l,6i7 

371 

1,221 

166 

152 

•^ 807 

1,186 

5,790 

2, 298 

1,776 

63 

1,148 

453 

865 

1,679 

47 

8 

143 

597 

746 

551 

1,:«9 

3,198 

3, 243 
134 
49S 

1,611 

1,635 

108 

2, 587 

2,007 

.561 

243 

866 

612 

4, 045 
244 
2.56 


527 
658 
427 
690 

2,183 

512 

191 

1 

44 

524 

6,373 
508 

1,656 
24 
380 
678 
139 
324 
312 


191 
709 
192 
346 
184 
414 
126 

IS 

16 

• 194 

5,271 

116 

388 

30 
370 
147 

88 
119 

75 

6 

1,0.30 

123 

105 

423 

242 

2.115 

128 

75 
328 
5<l0 
426 

18 
123 
264 

76 
880 

34 
187 
243 
481 

50 


6S 

SS 

816 

109 

41 

28 

12 

1 

54'"' 

131 

129 

28 

17 

117 

39 

28 

21 

6 


91 
686 
157 
884 
122 


+ Beatlle 






Brown 


tBriile 


M 


Biitl'alo 


23 


lUitlc 




CiiinplH'H 


5 


riiarlcs Mix 


its 


Clark 

Clay 

Cotiinglon 


994 
600 

293 


Custer 


13 


Davison 


409 


tDav 


187 


Deuel 

Diiut;las 


164 
234 


tIMniunils 

Fall Kiver 


77 
40 


Faulk 


323 
360 
378 
876 
325 
181 
215 
393 
521 
837 
421 
2 
457 
589 
291 
961 

IS 
385 
561 
406 

36 


3 

55 

9 

51 

134 

12 

118 


8 


(trant 


401 


ilauilin 


105 


Hauil 


166 


Hanson 


568 


Huk'lies 

Hutchinson 


31 
261 


tHvde 


59 


t Jerauld 


29 

99 

124 

13 

194 

422 

18 

95 

4 

S3 

227 

181 

4 




168 


Kin^bury 


1,085 


Lake 


936 


+I..awrence_ 




Lineoln , 


1,851 


McCook 


263 


tMcl'hersou 


2 




192 


tMeade 


12s 


tMiner 


381 


■i■^^^nehaha 


970 


Moody 

Pennington 

♦Potter 


767 
15 


Roberts ,... 

"fSanborn 


176 

208 

829 

1,368 

2,735 

2,113 

64 

3,408 


98 
159 
978 
765 
423 
529 
207 
243 


36 

102 

309 

421 

. 129 

48 

65 

242 


6 
11 
28 

'{m" 

125 

3 

99 


66 
130 


Spink 


234 


Sullv 


16 


Turner 


592 


Union 


98 


Walworth 


41 


1 anktOD 


745 






Total 


62,668 


28,086 


18,200 


8,448 


15,590 







• Not reported, 
t Incomplete. 



78 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



XI. 



MINEEAL WEALTH. 



The mineral resources of the Black Hills are so varied and valuable that they 
completely overshadow the minor deposits of coal, stone, clays, etc., in difterent 
parts of South Dakota. The cement made at Yankton is superior to the Port- 
land brand, the former standing 925 to 1,000 pounds pressure to the square 
inch to 525 to 600 for the latter, as demonstrated by abundant tests. Red, 
white and fire brick are made at different places. TJje granite and jasper quar- 
ries along the Big Sioux riv«r furnish the largest business in connection with a 
natural product of anything else in the state, outside of the Black Hills. The jas- 
per, or quartzite as it is sometimes called, is of various shades and colors, red, 
green, yellow, etc., being an opaque variety of granite and susceptible of a 
glass-like polish. It also occurs in boulders scattered over the state, in the 
form known as cat's-eye. The jasper is very hard, and sharp points of it will 
cut glass like a diamond. It is in great demand for monumental and orna- 
mental work. Thousands of cars of the Sioux Falls granite have been shipped 
to distant cities for paving purposes. The members of the United States Sena- 
torial Committee on Irrigation were much impressed with the extent and 
value of the granite deposits. Senator Reagan, in referring to what wasiseen 
by the committee on its extensive Western trip, said: "We saw ever so many 
wonderful sights in the course of our journey. The first thing that struck me 
was at Sioux Falls, Dakota. The whole town is underlaid by a most curious 
dark-colored stone, unknown anywhere else in the world, which is so hard 
that it is almost impossible to dress it. I was told it had 70 per cent of 
the hardness of the diamond. But strange to say it is readily split with a 
hammer, and so smoothly that it does not need dressing at all, but is built into 
beautiful houses from the crude blocks. I also saw factories at Sioux Falls 
where they saw up petrified trees from Arizona, and make them into lovely 
polished'slabs and ornaments of extraordinary hardness and brilliant coloring." 

Of the ninety odd varieties of ornamental stone found in the United States, 
South Dakota — the Black Jlills region in particular — has its full share, and 
include agates, jet, garnets, obsidian or volcanic glass, crystals, etc. Minute- 
diamonds have been found in the flexible sandstone used by the wizard Edison 
in his electrical experiments, and taken from the Black Hills, that reservoir of 
every thing useful in the arts and manufactures. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



7» 



XII. 



MANUFACTUKES. 



Nature has supplied South Dakota with abundaut facilities for manufactures,, 
but the country being comparatively new, with attention largely absorbed in 
agriciiltur«>. it has only bejinn to avail itself of its privileges in this direction. 
Here are fertile tields, extensive forests and limitless quarries of precious and 
useful metals and building stones, furnishing crude nuxterials which need not 
be tratisported to distant cities to be fashioned into use, but can be made into 
food and useful articles in the very localities where they grow or exist. 

Kosoiirces. — The forests of South Dakota, largely in the lUack Hills, can 
be made, for years, to supply lumber for every purjiose. The quarries of the 
state yield a variety of stones which cannot be excelled for bridge and general 
building purposes, as well as ornamental and monumental work. The jasper 
along the Uig Sioux river has no ccjual in America for any use to which stone 
can be put, and the business of handling it has become a large and valuable 
one, and will continue to grow because the supply seems inexhaustible. 
Thereare claj's and stone, too, for brick, lime, pottery, cement, etc., and fiand 
for glass making. The fields produce No. 1 hard wheat, from which the best 
flour is made, and other cereals which can be turned into breadstutTs. South 
Dakota is in the corn belt and produces as good quality of corn as any in the 
land. Flax flourishes and yields seed aiul fiber of superior quality. Flocks of 
sheep, herds of cattle and droves of hogs can be made to furuish supplies of 
wool for cloth and hides for leather and meat for packing, and out of which 
could grow a multiplicity of industries. The capabilities of the Black Hills- 
for manufacturing and mining are beyond estimate, and are more thoroughly 
noticed in our article elsewhere, devoted to that region. 

Flouriiiji- Mills. — This industry is the most extensive and important one 
in the state, outside of the Black Hills, the statistics of which, as far as we can 
learn, being as follows: 

OVER 200 HARBELS CAPACITY. 



LOCATION. 


Capital 
Em- 
ployed. 


Value of 
Annual 
Product. 


LOCATION. 


Capita) 

Em- 
ployed. 


Value of 

.\nnual 

rriKluct. 


Abenloen 


S40 OOO 


91. '>5 onn 


Watertown 


r70,000 


S2M,0I» 


Frederick „ 


28, WO 'isoiooo 1 

40, 000 IM, 000 


Sioux Falls 


125,000 


600,000 


Redfield ^.. 








• 











w 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 
UXDER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. 



LOCATION. 



Canova 

Howard 

Bridgewater.... 

Canton 

Speartish 

Deadwood 

Went worth 

Arlington 

De Smet 

Milltown 

Blunt 

Pierre 

Milbank 

Forest City 

Egan 

Cettysburg 

■Crook, City 

Rapid C'iiy 

Flandreau 

Castlewood 

Huron 

Montrose 

Bon Homme.... 

Janie-sville 

Claremont 

Custer City 

Hermo.sa 

Mitchell 

Eureka 

Mount Vernon 

"Webster 

Gary 

Wittenberg ... . 

Altamont 

Castalia 

Butlalo Gap ... 
Big Stone City. 
Scotland 



Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 



$20, 000 

15, 000 

n, 000 

5, 000 

18, '0 

40, 00(t 

8,000 

8,000 

10,000 

10,000 

40, 000 

10, 000 

21,000 

12, 000 

15, 000 

fi, 000 

18,000 

50, 000 

15, 000 
20, 000 
20, 000 
15, 000 

6,000 
35, 000 

8, oon 
12,000 
10, 000 
40, 000 
12,000 

16, 000 
18, 000 
2-1, 000 

5,000 
20, 000 
15,000 

5,000 
16,000 
15, 000 



Value of 

Annual 

Product. 



LOCATION. 



«85, 000 
50, 000 
20, 000 
21,000 

54, 000 
12U, 000 

.30, 000 

28, 000 

29, 000 
28, 000 

110,000 
29,000 
62, OUO 
37, 000 
48, 000 
20, 000 

55, 000 
84, 000 
54, 000 
60, 000 
62, 000 
45, 000 
25, 000 
60, 000 

30, 000 
42, 000 
3"., 000 

110,000 
40, 000 
50, 000 
61,000 
72, 000 
12,000 
64, 000 
43,125 
14,000 
45, 000 
40, 000 



Miller 

St. Lawrence . 
Alexandria.... 
Springfield.... 

I5rookings 

Aurora 

White 

Columbia 

Groton 

Chamberlain. 

Kimball 

Minnesela 

Bloomington. 

Clark 

Vermillion 

Kampeska .... 
Kraiizburg.... 

Waverly 

Travere 

Woonsocket.., 
Artesian City 

Ashton 

Okobojo 

Parker 

Centreville.... 

Marion 

Elk Point 

Richland 

Yankton 

Gayville 

Volga 

Ipswich 

Alexandria.... 

Tripp 

Highmore 

Lennox 

Howard 

Langford 



Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 



Si-*;, 000 

50, 000 

5, 000 

25, 000 

25, 000 

10, 000 

10, 000 

18, 000 

30, 000 

20, 000 

18, 000 

20, 000 

10, 000 

6,000 

18,000 

8,0110 

10,000 

20, 000 

10, 000 

30, 000 

12, 000 

25, 000 

6,000 

20, 000 

15, 000 

8, 000 

30, 000 

10, 000 

30, 000 

8,000 

10, 000 

5,000 

8,000 

3,500 

5,000 

5, 000 

4,000 

10, 000 



Value of 
Annual 
Product 



S50, 000 
135, 000 

23, 000 
70, 000 
68, 000 
30, 000 

29, 000 
56, 000 
83, 000 
62, 000 
57, 000 
60, 000 

30, 000 

24, 000 
56, 000 
30, 000 
33, 000 
61.000 
35, 000 
85, 000 
40, 000 
70, 000 
18,000 
60, 000 
52, 000 
28, 000 
85, 000 
36, 000 
90, 000 
28, 000 
36, 000 
18, 000 
20, 500 
17,000 
14, 000 
20,000 
18, 000 
33, 000 



The Dairy. — Butter making has never received as much attention from 
our formers as its impartauce warrants. There is always a demand for good 
butter, and making it is profitable under conditions which freely exist through- 
out the state. The statistics of butter and cheese made on the farms will be 
found in a table elsewhere in this publication. In the last few years the cream- 
ery system of making butter has beeu introduced and no doubt the future 
will find the number of creameries greatly increased, the statistics of the present 
time being as follows: 



LOCATION. 



Warner 

Gary 

Milbank 

■Olivet 

Bridgeport 
Redfield ... 

Parker 

Kimball ... 

Hurley 

Tripp 

Marion 

DeSmet... 
JBeresford . 
Elk Point . 



Capital. 



m, 000 

8,000 
7, OOO 
4, 000 
3, 000 
8,000 
8,000 
5,000 
8,000 
2,000 
4,000 
3,000 
5,000 
10. 000 



Value of 
Product. 



$21,000 
22, 000 
32, 500 
16, 000 
10, 000 
42, 000 
36, 500 
28, 000 
32, 000 
8,000 
16,000 
12,000 
16, 000 
50, 000 



LOCATION. 



Flandreau... 
Dell Rapids. 

Blunt 

Hillsview 

Arlington .... 

Lennox 

Parkston 

Canton 

Sioux Falls... 
Woonsocket., 

Scotland 

Vermillion..., 
Watertown... 



Capital. 



S3, 000 
6,000 
3,000 
4,000 
7,000 
3,000 
2,000 
4,000 

15, 000 

10, 000 
6,000 
6,000 

18, 000 



Value of 
Product. 



S20, 000 
30, 000 
12, 000 
20, 000 
27, 000 
18, 000 
13, 000 
18, 500 
45, 000 
40, 000 
29, 000 
30, 000 
42, 000 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



81 



Cheese. — The manufac-ture of cheese is successfully carried on at the fol- 
lowing places: Sioux Fulls, Brldgepijrt, De Smet, St. Lawrence, Twin Brooks, 
Marion. Altamont and .Vuror.i. Tlie prodnct is all consumed in Dakota, the 
totiil output IxMU"; hut a fraction as compared with the amount imjxirted. 

Minor Iiullistri«'s. — Every community has small cstaldishmcnts vari- 
ously engaged, but there is room for more. We have wool and llax, we have 
kittle, slioep and hogs, we have wiieat and corn, and we have nearly all the 
minerals known to geologists. \Vc need more flouring mills, wc need packing 
houses, we need flaxseed oil and oatmeil mills, we need woolen factories, we 
need wood-working shops, implement factories, iron foundries and machine 
shops. There is room for legions of capitalists and workers. Of special in- 
dustries, Watertown luus paint works, Pierre has an artificial stone factory, 
Yankton has cement, woolen and flaxseed oil mills, Sioux Falls has stunc polish- 
ing works and woolen mills, and Parker h;is an oatmeal mill. 

Xlll. 



EDUCATION'. 

D ikota as a territory rinked many of the states in provisions for educiitional 
purposes, raising more money by direct taxation in 18S7-88 for support of public 
schools than any one of 24 states. Of the total number of schools in the terri- 
tory the share of the new Stite of South Dakota is 2,978, employing 3,971 teach- 
ers. By admission, the state comes into possosfion of two sections (\(i and '.id) 
of land, or 1,280 acres, in each township, in all more than 2,000.000 acres, 
enough to found an enormous school fund. In the leading towns and cities of 
South Dakota graded and high schools are maintained that etjual in eijuipment, 
efllcieucy, administration and scholarship any in the older states. The state is 
proud of its graded city schools, as it is of the entire public school system. The 
following table explains itself: 



CITIES. 



No. of I 
Teach- 
ers. 



Pupils 
Eniiiu- 
erated. 



Sioux Falls 
Yankton.. .. 
Aberdeou... 

Huron 

Watertown. 
Mitchell 



21 
12 
12 
12 
13 
9 



1,046 
724 
809 

l,l"i 
.■500 



Pupils 

la 
School. 



riTIE.S. 



1,300 
827 
r>;t2 
Gsfl 
667 
495 



Pierre 

Brookings .. 
Deadwood... 
Vermillion. 

Scotland 

Canton 



il 



! No. of 


Pupils 


i Teach- 


Kniini- 


ers. 


craled. 


9 


287 


6 


341 


5 


426 


4 


iVi 


3 


350 


' 


329 



Pupils 

in 
School. 



289 
3M 

275 
288 
250 
244 



In addition to the common schools, free to all, there are several iustitntions 
for higher and special education, supported by the state, and described under 
the heading of public institutions, besides universities, colleges and academies 
uniler denominational control, and all of high order. 

The article devoted to education in the constitution of South Dakota contains 
17 8ection.s, the proper educational .section being v^ry simple and comprehen- 
sive After reciting the fact that the safety and stability of the government 
<lepen<ls upon the morality and intelligence of the people, it says: " It shall be 
the duty of the legislature to establi-sh and mainttiin a general and uniform 
system of i)nblic schools, wherein tuition shall be without charge, and ecjually 
open to all." etc. The disposition of school lands is guarded with minuteness 
of detail. 



82 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

XIV. 

CHURCHES. 

Religion takes deep root iu this free Dakotan soil, and the large church at- 
tendance bespeaks the interest manifested by the people and shows their spirit 
in the work. There are Sunday-schools everywhere, with total attendance reach- 
ing up into the thousands. Dakota as a territory w.vs always well represented in 
the national religious and Sunday-school conventions of the country, and in 
the future South Dakota will have full share in these proceedings. The pulpit 
of South Dakota contains a number of very bright young men, and ought ta 
furnish the church at large, a few years heuce, with some of the most powerful 
advocates in evangelical work. The educational work of the church in Dakota 
is shown by several universities, colleges and academies. The Methodists are- 
numerically strong enough in South Dakota to have a conference, the Episco- 
palians and Catholics each have a bishop, while the Presbyterians, Congrega- 
tionalists and Baptists have their own governing bodies. 

XV. 

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

The State of South Dakota starts with 10 public institutions, exclusive of a 
$15,000 temporary capitol building do'nated by the citizens of Pierre. The 
various institutions are described under their respective headings: 

Agricultural CoUeg-e. — This institution, located at Brookings, is one 
of the best equipped in faculty and apparatus in the West. Its object is to not 
only give a thorough collegiate education, but to furnish instruction in various 
branches of manual industry. Farming, gardening, care of stock, carpentry, 
blacksraithiug, the various parts of the machinist's trade, occupy the young 
men for two hours each day. The various branches of domestic economy, mar- 
keting, cooking, serving food, cutting, fitting and making clothing, typewrit- 
ing, telegraphy, etc., occupy the young women a corresponding time each day. 
The course of study, such as commonly lead to the bachelor of science degree 
are zoology, botany, chemistry, mathematics, physics, history, English lan- 
guage, literature, book-keeping, political economy, and business forms and laws. 
Much attention is also given to the science of agriculture, horticulture, fruit 
raising and forestry, as well as to domestic hygiene and all the parts of home 
making. The college is equipped with the fine chemical laboratory, surveying, 
engineering and physical apparatus to the value of $2,500; a farm of 400 acres, 
herds of thoroughbred cattle, horses, sheep and swine, barns, sheds, teams, and 
a good outfit of farm tools and machinery. There is also a library of over 1,000 
volumes of standard and technical works, and carpenter and machine shops. 
The cost of all to date is over $100,000. 

There are three college buildings, consisting of a college hall and two dormi- 
tories, one for each sex. The institution receives young people, male and female, 
fifteen years of age and of good moral character, who have a competent knowl- 
edge of the common English branches and elementary algebra. A preparatory 
course is provided, for the purpose of fitting students for the college classes. 

By an act of Congress, approved March 2, 1887, and accepted by the terri- 
torial legislature March 11, 1887, an "agricultural experiment station " has 
been established under the direction of this college, and an annual appropri- 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 83 

ation of $15,000 is made by tlie geiuTul novernnunt to tlefray tin- lu'cossaiy 
■expenses of couductiiig the siime. From this station j^ood results have already 
been attained. Dr. Lewi-sMc Louth, president of the college, is assisted hv a 
corps of 11 professors and teachers. The trusteesare as follows: George More- 
house, treasurer. Hrookings; O. T. Cirattan, Klkton; .John .M. Ivojicr, Parker; 
Josopli Holt. Esmond; .\. I?. Smedley, Milhank. 

University of I>:ik<>ta. — This institution was located at Vermillion in 
18fi2. In l**"^! Congress endowed it with 72 sections of land. The main build- 
ing is constructed of Sioux Falls stone, 104x7"2 feet, three stories high, with 
two wings of the same material, each 48x()2, aud is one of the most handsome 
structures in the two Dakotas; in addition there are two dormitory buildings, 
one of brick and the other of stone. The buildings; are heated l)y steam and 
have every modern convenience. The total cost of l)uil(lings, apparatus and 
permanent improvements, is $88,500. Young men and women are admitted on 
equal terms. Instruction fs given in mathematics, literature and Latin, jjsy- 
chology aud ethics, history and natural sciences, languages, zoology, chemistry 
and other branches. A normal department also exists, where students are pre- 
pared for the work of teaching. Three degrees are conferred and diplomas 
given in various departments. The physical and chemical laljoratories are pro- 
vided with all esseutial apparatus to afTord facilities for systematic instruction 
and practical work. A meteorological station, in connection with the Unitetl 
States signal service, is located at the university. A collection of valuable 
minerals and fossils forms the nucleus of mineralogical and geological aibinets, 
aud the zoological cabinet contains alreaily a good collection of birds, beetles, 
and various insects. The library contains several thousand volumes. The uni- 
versity embraces five departments of instruction — the collegiate, the prepara- 
tory, the normal, the musical and the commercial. Edward Olson,* the presi- 
dent, is assisted by an excellent faculty of teachers. The trustees are as follows: 
F. B. Dawson, Secretary; E. E. C'lough, Watertown; H. E. Hanson, Vermillion; 
D. M. Inman, Vermillion; H. H. Blair, Elk Point; F. J. Cory, Kedfield. 

Spcarfish Xoriual Scliool. — This school, located at Spearfish, in the 
north i»art oltbe Black Hills, is one of which every Dakotan is justly proud, on 
account of the high rank it has already attained. The main building is 75x92 
feet, built of stone and brick, with a half-mansard roof coveretl with metallic 
tiles. A tower rises 120 feet from the centre of the front of the building. The 
ground plan shows five class and recitation rooms, cloak rooms and commodi- 
ous corridors. On the second floor are the office, library, assembly room and 
three recitation rooms. In the basement are the furnace, ventilating ap- 
paratus and fuel rooms. The scho(d is professional in character, an<l young men 
and woman are taught to become competent teachers, and have the advantage 
of actual practice in one of the best conducted i>rimar3' schools in the country, 
which was organized in conoection with the Spearfish public school. Total cost 
of the buildings, apparatus, permanent improvements, etc., $:W,(K)(). The last 
session of the legislature appropriated $25,000 for improvements and new build- 
ings for this institution. F. L. Cook is president. The trustees are as follows: 
John Wolzmuth. Spearfish; H. O. Anderson, Sturgis; Eben W. Martin, Dead- 
wood; John A. Stanley, Hermosa; Selden P. Flower, Rapid City. 

•Killixl in Minneapoliii, in Iho Tribune Ixiilding tirp, Nov. 3'», ISt<>. I'rof. Oldon was a 
profound scholar niul linguist, boing couTuruint with souie treotj language;!. His death U 
siacerely luourned. 



84 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Matlisou Normal School. — This institutioo, located at Madison, is a 
four-story structure, 76x84 feet, and has cost to date $35,800. The original nor- 
mal school building, upon which the territory had expended upward of $20,000, 
was destroyed by fire Feb. 4, 1886, after having been occupied but eight weeks. 
Four days after the fire the citizens met in mass meeting, and the result was 
that the city of Madison issued $25,000 in bonds to rebuild. The territory 
afterwards assumed the amount. The dormitory is also a four-story building, 
and, like the main structure, is well fiuishel and furnished. The course of 
study consists of four courses, namely: Elementary, requiring three years to 
complete; advanced, which runs with the elementary, and requires four years, 
as it tixkes Latin, trigonometry, and surveying, in addition; commercial, of 
one year; and professional, for those who, having taken courses in other insti- 
tutions, wish to fit themselves for teaching. Expenses of students are brought 
down to the lowest possible figure, board at the dormitory being from $2.25 to 
$2.50 per week. This includes everything but lights and laundry work. W. 
H. H. Beadle is president of the school. The trustees are as follows: A. E. 
Clough, Madison; J. A. Trow, Madison; G. W. Evarts, Onida; G. L. Piukham, 
Miller; John Norton, Webster. 

School of Mines. — This school occupies a handsome three-story brick 
building, 53x37 feet, at Rapid City. The laboratory building is two stories in 
height, and 138x60 feet in size. It is not attached to the college buildirtg 
proper, but stands a couple of hundred feet from it. The power is furnished 
by a Corliss engine of 40 horse-power. The stamps, crushers, rolls, jigs, van- 
ners, pans, tanks, furnaces, etc., are all of actual working size, and furnished 
by leading manufacturers of mining machinery. Prof. Frank R. Carpenter, 
dean of the school, says: "The Black Hills offer special and peculiar advantages 
for such an institution. We have, close at hand, a greater variety of mines than 
any other school of mines in existence, and have opportunities to practically 
and efficiently study the science of geology and kindred branches, such as are 
seldom found at one point. From Rapid City there are within easy reach 
nearly all the older geological formations, a feature not met with in any other 
locality within hundreds of miles. By going from Rapid City to Harney Peak, 
a distance of but 25 miles, one passes over the upturned edges of nearly all 
known rocks from the cretaceous age to the granite. Within a distance of 50 
miles are mines of tin, copper, iron, antimony, lead, nickel, gold and silver. 
To the north and west are coal measures, oil fields and salt springs, thus giving 
us in small space nearly all the more valuable mineral deposits useful to man. 
It^can therefore be truthfully said, that in the Black Hills regions is a greater 
variety of rocks and useful minerals than is elsewhere known to exist in any 
area of like size." The student is required to make assays and thoroughly treat 
various kinds of ores. The chemical laboratory is supplied with everything 
necessary to the work, and the geological and mineralogical cabinet is large 
and well furnished. The library contains all of the principal works upon 
chemistry, mining, geology, metallurgy, etc. Among the sciences taught 
special attention is given to the study of mineralogy, geology, chemistry, en- 
gineering, assaying, and the practical treatment of ores. Courses of lectures 
are delivered on these and allied subjects, including mining law. This school 
is aiding much in making known the wonderful resources of the Black Hills 



STATE OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 86- 

reniou. The trustees of the whool are as follows: John K. Brennan, Rapid 
City; Vir>?il T. Price, Rapid City; S. M. Booth, Custer; R. E. Grimshaw, Dead- 
wood; M. C Connors, Sjjcarfish. 

School lor l><*af i>Iutos. — This institution occupies two buildings lo- 
cated at Sioux Falls, and cost $.'>;{,000 The main building has two stories and 
an ei^ht-foot basement. The d<)rinitf)ry is tliree stories ami b:iscment. Both 
buildings are made of Sioux Falls granite, and trimmed witii rt-d pipestone. 
Water, gas, sewer pipes and steam-heating apparatus are placed in the build- 
ings throughout, and great care has been taken in the provision of ventilating 
and lighting tvcrv r(»om. Tlierc is also a shop building in which tra<lcs are 
taught, a laundry building and a cow and horse barn. The discipline, scholar- 
ship and general educational advantjiges of the school are highly gratifying. 
Cleanliness is a charming feature of the institution, and the pupils are bright 
and evidently happy. James Simpson, a semi-mute, the superintendent, is a 
man of marked ability and energy', and an educator of high class. The 
trustees of the school are as follows: John F. Norton, Sioux Falls; Frank A. 
Durkee, Alexandria; John H. Patten, Carthage; Frank M. Steere, Clark; J. E. 
Colton, Tioga. 

Soldiers' Home. — This institution, for the construction of which the last 
legislature issued $45,000 in bonds, is being built at Hot Springs, in the Black 
Hills, a most appropriate location, because of the healing springs located there, 
and of the general healthfulness and scenic surroundings. The trustees of the 
home are as follows: Thos. A. Bones, president, Webster; W. V. I.uci\s, secre- 
tary. Chamberlain; J.J.Kleiner, treasurer, Pierre; W. P. Phillips, superintend- 
ent of building. Hot Springs; S. F. Hammond, Ashtou. 

The corner stoue of the main building w;is laid November 11th, under the 
auspices of the masonic grand lodge. 

Hospital tor the Iii.ssme. — The hospital for the insane at Yankton 
was the first of the kind liuilt in any of the territories. The total cost of the 
original buildings and permanent improvements was $"2.'5i>,96(t. The buildings 
are of brick, located on high ground two miles north of Yankton, surrounded 
by a farm of 640 acres that was donated by the United States. The asylum is 
equipped with steam-hciiting apparatus, water pipes and all the latest appli- 
ances for the comfort of its unfortunate occupants. In front of the buihlings 
there is a landscape garden of 40 acres, with neatly graveled drives and beau- 
tiful shade and evergreen trees. An orchard of nearly 4,000 fruit trees flour- 
ishes on the e.v.st side of the asylum farm. The garden and farm, operated by 
the hospital provides all the vegetiibles, grain and small fruits necess;iry to 
supply the demands of the institution. The ollicers and trustee-s of the hospi- 
tal are as follows: Re.sident ofllcers: H. F. Livingston, superintendent; J. A. 
Potter, steward: O. M. Seehuus, a.ssistiuit jthysician; Laura Chamberlain, ma- 
tron. Trustees: .James W. Talcott, Elk Point; Ziney Kichey, Yankton; Wm. 
B.Valentine, Yankton; O. H. Dahl, Sioux Falls; George W. Snow, Springfield. 

Keforiii Sfliool.— This institution, located at Plankinton at a ca^t of 
$30, ()()(>. is for juvenile oflenders. The youth of D.ikota do not seem to \>e of 
the wayward kind, becau.se so far there has been a very small number of in- 
mates. C. W. Ainsworth is superinU'ndent. The trustees are as follows: F. 
D. Powers, Mt. Yernon; C. C. Moulton, Faulkton; Thos. E. Camburn, Aber- 
deen; J. M. R. Hanson, Plankinton; H. D. Walrath, Watertown. 



66 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Peaiteutiary. — The buildings, of this penal institutioa are located a lit- 
tle distance north of the business portion of Sioux Falls, on a site overlooking 
-the Big Sioux river. The main building is 54x70 feet in size, with two wings, 
each 51x77 feet. Native jasper was used in construction. The esta^^lishment 
is supplied with steam-heating apparatus, electric lights, and a fine .system of 
water-works. Commodious and well-appointed workshops have been estab- 
lished, where prisoners are regularly kept at work. One wing of the building 
is used by the general Government for the confinement of persons who violate 
United States laws. Dakota furnished $102,000 for the erection and equipment 
•of this penitentiary, and the work was not begun until the first board of di- 
rectors had made a careful examination of a number of Eastern prisons, so as 
to be able to take advantage of every modern improvement as the work pro- 
gressed. It contains about 80 prisoners. Theodore D. Kanouse is warden. The 
trustees of the prison are as follows: G. A. Uline, Dell Rapids; Roy Williams, 
Sioux Falls; O. S. Pender, Salem; B. S. Williams, Yankton; J. F. Ferguson, 
Lennox. 

XVI. 

PUBLIC LANDS. 

Until the Sioux reservation comes into market the most of the vacant lands 
in South Dakota will be found in the Rapid City (Black Hills) district. There 
is some good laud left in the Aberdeen district, a little still to be had in the 
Huron district, a little less yet vacant in the Watertown district, and none to 
speak of in the Mitchell and Yankton districts. The following tables show the 
vacant lands by counties and districts in South Dakota, except 113,860 acres in 
the Aberdeen district, and 3,600 acres in the Watertown district, which belong 
to North Dakota: 

^APID CITY LAND DISTRICT. 



OFFICE AT RAPID CITY, PENNINGTON' COUNTY. 



J. P. LusE, Register. 



George V. Ayers, Receiver. 





COUNTIES. 


Acres 
Oct. 


Vacant 
1, 1889. 




Surveyed. 


Unsurveyed. 


'P'all Rivpr 


136, 704 
193,715 
261,605 
238, 233 
34, 500 
121,432 


572, 000 




88, 000 




23, 000 




176, 000 






Butte 


446, 000 




704,000 






700, 000 






722, 000 












986, 189 


3, 431, 000 



The above does not include the mineral lands of the Rapid City district, 
which is all unsurveyed, and is estimated at 1,100,000 acres. In Fall River, 
Meade, Harding and Burdick counties large tracts of land have been surveyed 
this year, but plats had not been filed up to date of above report. 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



87 



ABERDKEN LAND DISTRICT. 
OFFIfK AT AIIKKDRKN, HUOW.N COUSTV. 

J. Q. A. BRAnKS, Rer/Uler. C. J. C. Maclkoo, Receiver. 



COUNTIES. 



Walworth 95,040 

Edmunds „ 62,560 

CaiiiplwU i 108,480 

McPherson ■ 868, 000 




Dickey (North Dakota) 

Mcintosh (North Dakotn).. 
Euiniuns (North Dakota).... 



Acnai Va- 
cant Oct. 

1, IR-l:". 



21,640 
49,920 
42, 400 



Total acres vacant 747,940. 



HURON LAND DLSTRICT. 



OFFICE AT HUKON. BEADLK COUNTY. 

James McDowell, RegUler. (). W. Bair, Receiver. 



COUNTIES. 



IIUKhca . 

lolUT 

Hyde 

Kail Ik 



Total arri'x vai'iint 



Acres Va' 

cant Oct. 

1, 1889. 



1 1 



6,040 
80,000 



Hand. 

Sully 



22,000 I, Spink... 
23, 500 ; Beadle , 



COUNTIES. 



Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 1889. 

18,500 

»6,000 

1,500 

1 , tioo 



.189,100. 



WATKUTOWN LAND DISTRICT. 



OFFICE AT WATKRTOW.N, lODINOTON COUNTY. 

C. G. Williams, Register. R. E. Cari'E.stkr, Reeeirer. 



COUNTIES. 


Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 1889. 


COUNTIES. 




Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1,1889. 


Marshall.... 


• 

> 


6, 160 

l,2sii 

14,4'Ml 

1,4^0 


Hamlin 


1,200 


RxbtTls .... 


lIlMlfl 




2.320 

r>80 


Dav 


Kingsbury 


Grant 


HriHikiii);!! .^j 

Sarneiil ( North Dakota) „ ..^ 

Richland (North Dakota) 


160 


Codington 

Clark 


;t, 160 

10,560 


2,080 
1 S20 










T.i 


..1 ■ . r -. vacant 




... 44.91 


80. 



YANKTON LAND DISTRICT. 



OFFICE ATiYANKTOS, YANKTON COUNTY. 
SoujMUN Wkn/.i.aff, Reguilrr. F. .M. /ikbai II, Reeeirer. 



CoUNTIICS. 

Charles Mix.. 

I)»U|(las 



lOt 

- ,#. 

14,017 



*13 



88 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

MITCHELL I, AND DISTRICT. 

OFFICE AT MITCHELL, DAVISON COUNTY. 

M. H. Ro\vlp;y, Register. R. W. Wjieelock, Receiver. 

Brule county — 5,000 acres along bluffs of Missouri river comprise all vacant land iu this dis- 
trict. . 

With the opeuiug of the Sioux aud Sisseton reservations, together with other ' 
vacant kinds, the total acreage of the state awaiting occupancy will aggregate 
17,000,000. 

How to Acquire Governineut Laud. — The publiclands now open 
for settlement in Dakota may be acquired under the homestead, pre-emption, 
and timber culture laws. 

The pre-emption is in effect a contract to purcha.se not exceeding 160 acres of 
laud from the Govern meut. Residence and improvement are stipulated as 
conditions which must be complied with, the law re(iuiring at least .six months 
<!ontinuous residence aud cultivation, aud giving the pre-emptor two years and 
nine months in which to make proof aud payment. The pre-emptor must first 
undertake some act of improvement on the land (before filing) and is given 
three mouths from date of such beginning of settlement in which to file what 
is called his declaratory statement. On filing this paper he is required to pay 
a fee of $2 at the land office. The price of the laud is $1.25 an acre. 

The homestead of 160 acres or less is free to those who complete the required 
term of five years' residence and cultivation. A filing fee of $4 is exacted, in 
addition to a supplementary fee of $10 required in all cases. On making final 
proof the land office fee is $4. Homesteads may be commuted, after six months 
residence, etc., by proceeding the same as under the pre emption law and pay- 
ing the Government price per acre. 

Soldiers and sailors who served in the Union army or navy may file their 
declaratory statements covering certain tracts of land, not to exceed 160 acres 
in each case, and are given six months in which to begin settlement. On filing 
a fee of $2 is paid at the land office. The are allowed the time of their service, 
up to four years, in computing the period of five years. The fee on making 
proof is $4. 

The timber culture claim, or "tree claim," is entered under a contract to 
cultivate at least 10 acres of timber on a tract of* 160 acres. The filing fee 
is $14. The claimant must break or plow at least 5 acres of land the first year; 
the second, cultivate the 5 acres broken, and plow a second 5 acres; the 
third year, plant the first 5 to trees, cuttings or seeds aud cultivate the second 
5 acres; the fourth year coutiuue the cultivation of the trees on the first 5 acres 
and plant the second to trees, cuttings or seeds; the succeeding 4 years 
to continue the cultivation as far as may be necessary of the full 10 acres. 
Proof may be made, after 8 years, by showing compliance with the law, which 
requires the cultivation stated; the planting of at least 2,750 trees, cuttings or 
seed hills on each acre of the 10 or more acres planted, and the thrifty growth 
at the time of making proof of at least 675 trees on each acre of the 10 acre 
tract. The fee on proving up is $4, payable at the land office. It is usual to 
plant 12 acres instead of 10, for precaution's sake, aud it is much the better plau 
to plant trees than seeds. 



STATE OK SOl'TH DAKOTA. P«) 

Heads of laniilies, widows, single pci-soua of either sex, of tlie age of 21 or 
ovtr, and who are citizens of the Inited States, are tlie jtersons hy whom the 
piil>lif hinds may be ac<(uired as above. Deserted wivts. who are dependent 
on their own resources for their support and that of their families, are allowed 
by the Government, under several well established rulings, the .same rights as 
those of a head of a family. 

Heliiujuishnunts of j)ublic lands ean often be had from settlers at low prioes: 
that is, parties who have tiled on land will sell out, for various reasons. 

Clwap I>e»Ml<'<l La lul.-s.— Those who are able and i)refer to inve.st in 
deeded l;inils in tiic older and l)etter .settled parts of South Dakota instead of 
taking up Government land on the frontier, ean get .such lauds, with or without 
improvements, in nearly every part of the state. The price of land is low be- 
cause of the citmjietition of the free jiublic domain. 

There never was but one grant to railroads in South Dakota, a half million 
acre.s, to what is now a part of the Chiwigo iS: Northwestern Company, and a 
very Ifttle of this is left. 

All of the land ofiices in South Dakota are in niilroad towns. 



90 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

XVII. 

FINANCES. 

State Debt.— The bonded state debt of South Dakota is $710,200, every 
dollar of which is wisely expended iu the coustructioa of iniblic iustitutious, 10 
in number, of which every citizen is proud. The interest rate on this debt is 
from 4.J to 51 per cent. The schedule of bonds is herewith given: 

$77,500.00 Five per cent bonds, dated Jfay 1, 1883, issued for construction of west wing, etc., 
Insane Hospital at Yankton, payable Mav 1,1903, or at the option of the state 
after May 1, 1S88. 
12, 000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1, 188;"., issued for construction of School for Deaf Mutes 
at Siou.v Falls, payable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the state after May 1, 186 >. 
30,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1883, issued for construction of main building of 
Dakota University at Vermillion, payable May 1, 19U3, or at the option of the state 
after May 1, 1893. 
30,000.00 Six per cent bunds, dated May 1, 1883, issued for permanent improvements, etc., 
Dakota Penitentiary at Sioux Falls, payable May 1,1903, or at the option of the 
state after JNIay 1, 18>8. 
10,000.00 Five per cent bonds, dated Nov. 20, 1883, issued for construction of Agricultural 
College at. Brookings, payable Nov. 20, 1903, or at the option of the state after Nov. 
20, 1893. 
10, 000.00 Five per cent bonds, dated Dee. 31, I8S3, issued for construction of Agricultural Col- 
lege at Brookings, payable Dec. 30, 1903, or at the option of the state after Dec. 31, 
1893. 
2,000.00 Five per cent bonds, dated April 22, 1884, issued for construction of Agricultural 
College at Brookings, payable April 22, 1804, or at the option of the state after 
April 22, 1894. 
500.00 Five per cent bond, dated Sept. 18, 1884, for construction of Agricultural College 
at Brookings, payable Sept. 18, 19U4, or at option of the state after Sept. 18, 1894. 
500.00 Five iier cent bond, dated Dee. 6, 1884, for construction of Agricultural College 
at Brookings, payable Dec. (i, 1901, or at option of the state after Dec. G, 1894. 
15,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1, 18§5, issued for furnishing main building, etc., 
Dakota University, payable May 1, 1905, or at option of the state after May 1, 1890. 
20,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated .July 1, 1885, issued fur completing Agricultural College 

at Brookings, payable July f, 1905, or at the option of tlie state after .Tuly 1, 1895. 
16,000.00 Six per cent bouils, dated July 1, 1885, issued for constructing dormitory, etc., 
School for Deaf Mutes, ipayafile .July 1, 1905, or at the option of the state after 
July 1, 1895. 
13,600.00 Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 1885, issued for completion Madison Normal School, 

payable July 1, 1905, or at the option of the state after July 1, 1895. 
10,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 1885, issued for construction of School of Mines at 

Rapid <'ity, payable July 1, 1905, or at the option of the state after July 1, 1S95. 
90,000.00 Four and one-half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for refunding G per 
ceni bonds of 1881, payable May 1, 1907, or at the option of the state after May 
1, 1897. 
30,000.00 Five per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for Dakota Reform School at Plank- 

iiiton, payable May 1, 19<i7, or at the option of the state after Iilay 1, 1897. 
23,001.00 Five per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for Deaf ISIute School at Sioux Falls, 

payable iMay 1, 1907, or at the option of the state after May 1, 1897. 
23,000.00 Five per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for School of Mines at Rapid City, 

payable May 1, 19U7, or at the option of the state after May 1, 1897. 
25,000.00 Five per cent bonds, dated May 1, l887, issued for Normal School at Spearfish, payable 

May 1, 1897. 
92,500.00 Four and onelialf per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for Dakota Hospital 
for Insane at Yankton, payable May 1,1907, or at the option of the state after 
May 1, i892. 
30,000.00 Four and one-half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for University of Da- 
kota at Vermillion, payable May 1, 19U7. 
14,300.00 Four and one-half per cent bonds, dated May 1,1887, issued for Dakota Peniten- 
tiary at Sioux Falls, payable May 1, 1907, [or at the option of the state after 
May 1, 1M97. 
54,500.00 Four and one-half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for Agricultural College 

at Brookings, payable May 1, 1907. 
35,800.00 Four and one-half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for Normal School at 

Madison, payable .May 1, 1902. 
45, 000.00 Four per cent bonds, dated Mav 1, 1889, issued for Soldier.s' Home, Hot Springs, pay- 
able May 1, 1909. 

$710,200.00 



STATK or sori li n \i\i)i .\. 



!»1 



County Dt'bt.— Tlie 50 organized «ounties of South Dakota liavc a total 
imlelitetluess of $-2,05!>,lG3, of wliirh oiu-fourth hcloiijjcs to thesinnlocoaiUy of 
Lawrencf. The debt was created for the erection of court houses, l.rid^jes and 
other pernmnent iiuprovenicnts. A suiiiinary of the financial stamliiiL' ..f r:..!. 
county oil .luue 1, 1889, is herewith presented: 



CO! NT IKS. 



Aurora 

IVa'll." 

Ik*n lloiunie ("i 

Brookings (/;) 

Hrowu 

Bnilf 



Biitlalo 

Butt.- 

('aui|il)vll 

Charles Mix.. 

Clark 

Clay 

Ootliiigton 

Ciihier 

Davison 

nay (c) 

Deutl 

I)uii)(la8 

Ediiiiiiiils , 

Kail Kiver 

Kaulk 

Grant 

IlamliD 

Haii.l . 

Hanson 

lIiit;lK-s 

llutcliinson... 

Hyde 

Jerauld 

Kiintsbury.... 

I.ako 

I^jiwrence (d).. 
I-incoln (f).... 

McCok 

Mcl'hfrsoii..., 
MarHliall 

MV»''M/) 

MiniT 

Minnphalia.... 
Mocxiy (7) 

I'ennfngion... 
Poii.r 

K<)l>.'rt/>(Al.... 

Sanborn 

Spink (i) 

Sully 

Turner , 

Cnion 

Wahvorlh 

Vankton.. . 

■r..i.,i 



Amount f>r 

'urranlf-Oui 

'iiiuliijg. 



AlUOnnl 4>f >,,; / .*","'.' ,"' Cash im ll'mil 

B<jnds Is-upd ^^ttrranl(.()ut- C!.^l. in Sink- V ' ' ", 
iMjnu!< i!>--ueii.. ,, ... ., , forWarranlg. 



8H'.', 0(11' 

r>(' (iiH) 



14, MU 



12,600 

i.s.ono 

1,.V)0 

. :., (Hio 
58, x-ir, 
7(1, 35(1 
1.1,000 
Il,.iO0 



13,200 



107,550 



20, 000 

'y\), 100 

3, 722 

26, 100 



13,000 

30, (MiO 

847.750 



20,000 



;». 000 
ifii;. soo 

10,000 
12,000 



»>4, '."in 

10, (HMI 

32. 000 



12,000 
22,000 
24, ISO 



.331,200 
82,1-16,617 



-::,861 
7,270 



.\niouni III 

':l^ll in Sink 

iiig Kuud. 



5,777 
2, 7(iO 
4, .'i52 
4,316 

•;(« 
14,S10 

220 
8,750 



6,671 
2.5, iCO 

2y6 

1.7*9 



$3,078 



91,618 
1,467 



1.931 
.....^„_.. 



1,367 



6,548 
8,184 



16,863 

2, 000 

l.H, 757 

32,654 



2, j27 



97 
2,785 



l,3.'i9 

778 



25,000 ;.. 

19,006 >.. 

3!t6 I., 



88,818 



313,986 



101 
8,227 
1,200 
2,748 
6,014 



42, 563 

Hi.a75 

I "..*. 

I . i5 

:., :iJ2 

179 

13, 379 
7,000 
'J, 249 

y.v. 



4,845 
2, 200 
2,790 



1,858 



1,174 
1,311 



350 
5, 4(M 
1,377 
2, 1.52 
23, 7.50 
3,808 
5,410 

282 
7,699 
1.179 
6, 520 
3, 073 

600 
2,fi62 
3,724 



431 
573 
8,500 
2.725 
9, 452 
1,500 
1,225 
2,125 



2,469 

2,512 
666 
742 
786 

6,972 



10,522 
"3^389 



434 



2, C-JO 
6, 124 

'i'lxsii 

6,139 



S409, 679 



9331.562 



8145, 171 



(nj \Um iiommecouuty — The l>ODds of this couiuy being in litigation no stati-mcnt can b« 

givt n. 

('d r counly —The hond* are due July I, 1S,S0 — ?rhen Ihev will l>o paid. 

Id I ' . — Hhs an iinxctllwl account wiih .Marshall county I'nr court ex|«'n»«i amount- 



III,' I 



iui 



iiOO of 10 per cent bonds are alxmt lo be retlnnl. 

\te issued to liquidate loilion of Lawrence county dtbl. 



irer Irmii |>Hyii>^-. 

-^I>ink county —Sufficient cash to |>ay all oul^taiidiog warrant*. 



92 STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Banks. — South Dakota has 235 banks, or more than in 19 of the older 
states. The national banks number 33, and the combined banking capital of 
the state is nearly $8,000,000. 

Assessed Value. — The total value of all property in South Dakota, ex- 
cepting §20,000,000 in railroads, as returned by the assessors, is $97,342,440.60, 
much less than half the real worth. It will be seen by the table that only 
12,610,049 acres of the nearly 50,000,000 in the state are assessed, the remaining 
area being in Government land, homesteads, etc., not taxable, and Indian reser- 
\ ations. The assessed value of land is only a little over $4 an aci'e. The following 
table gives the number of acres assessed together with number and value of the 
live stock of the state: 



.ST.VTIC ttK sol III ll.\K<irA. 



93 



XI 
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94 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



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STATK or •^orill I>\K(»TA. M.'i 



Will. 



XKWMPAPKKS. 



The iiever-niissiii;j; tiictor, uii essential element ol' even thin;; Anieiican — the 
press — was set up at the very l«b<;inninj; of the territorial history, at Yankton 
and Sionx Falls. South Dakotii ha.s 270 publications, niore than in Minne.sotii, 
onr nei;;hl>or to the east, v/ith five times the jiopulation, and more than in the 
states of Vermont, Delaware, Soutli Carolina and Nevada comliined. Kvery 
principal town hius one or more dailies which rank in character and iulluence 
with mach older journals of the East. The weekly papers of South Dakota, 
too, are creditable t« the large, intelligent and moral commonwealth which has 
jnst taken its rightful place in the great family of states, a consummation 
largely due to the energy and persistence — knowing their lights and daring to 
maintixin them — of the editorial fraternity, exerted faithfully and intelligently 
in this cause, as in everything else for the public weal. 

Another evidence of the fact that the people of South Dakota lulong to a 
reading and letter-writing chuss is shown bj' the number of j)ost oflices, there 
being a total of 627 in the sti\te. as appears from the list given elsewhere. 



KAII.KOADS. 

The railroads have been a most important factor in the development of the 
Dakot;i.s. Roads were built in advance of settlement, the expense of laying 
track not being as great on the prairies of the great territory as in the hilly 
sections of the K-.istern st;it«\s and among the nuiuntains of the West. It has 
not been long since one conld ride for hours on express trains throughoat Da- 
kota and not ace a house or other evidence of civilization. South Dakota has 
more intersecting and branch lines than the north state, owing to settlement l>e- 
ing limited largely' to the region east of the Missouri river, the Sioux reserva- 
tion covering such a large area of the 8«iuth state. Two of the chief railroads of 
South Dakoti halt at the Mi-Jsonri river, waiting for the oi>ening of the reserva- 
tion to pass across to the Black Hills and on to the Pacific coxst. The present 
tobil railroad mileage of South D.ikota is 2,400 miles, divide<l between the fol- 
lowing companies.- Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul; Chicago & Northwestern; 
St. Paul, Minneapolis it Manitoba; Fremont, Elkhorn & .Miss<iuri Valley; 
Chicago, .St. Paiil, Minneajwlis tt Omaha; Hurlington, Cedar Kapids iS: Nnrth- 
ern; Minneapolis «& St. Louis, and Illinois Central. 



96 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



XX. 



POSTAL GUIDE FOR SOUTH DAKOTA. 

AN ALPHAl:ETICAL LIST OF POST OFFICES IN THE STATE OCT. 1, 1889. 



Post Office. 


County. 


Aberdeen 


Brown. 

Jerauld. 

Turner. 

Hyde. 

Grant. 

Union. 

Hanson. 

Jerauld. 

MePherson. 

Clay. 

Deuel. 

Sanborn. 

.Sanborn. 

Hand. 

Marshall. 

Day. 

Bon Homme. 

Lincoln. 

Codington. 

Campbell. 

Potter. 

MePherson. 

Brookings. 

King.sburv. 

Spink. 

Dougla.s. 

Sanborn. 

Ewing. 

Spink. 

Spink. 

Minnehaha. 

Sully. 

Brookings. 

Bon Homme. 

Lake. 

Hand. 

Custer. 

Minnehaha. 

Kingsbury. 

Walworth. 

Lincoln. 

Hanson. 

Charles Mix. 

Hand. 

Brown. 

Lawrence. 

Beadle. 

Miner. 

Aurora. 

Minnehaha. 

Meade. 

Union. 

Miner. 

Douglas. 

Meade. 

Union. 

Grant. 

Brule. 

Afeade. 

Davison. 

Moody. 

Clay. 

Charles Mix. 

Walworth. 

Pennington. 

Clay. 

Hughes. 

Clay. 

Bon Homme. 

Beadle. 

Edmunds. 

Spink. 


Ada 


Adelia 


Afton 


Albee 


Alcester 


Alexandria, C. H 


Alpena 

Alpha 


Alsen 


Altamont 


Alwilda 


Auiboy 

Aine.s 


Amherst 


Andover 


Andrus 


Antioch 

Appleby 

Applegate 


Arena 


Arlington 


Armadale 


Armour 


Artesian Citv 


Ashcrafi 


Ash ton 


Athol 


Aubrey 

Augusta 

Aurora 


Avon 


Badus 


Bailey 


Baker ville 


Baltic 


Bancroft 


Bangor, C. H 


Banner 


Bard 


Barlholdi 


Bates 


Bath 


Bear (julcli 


Beatrice 


Beaver 


Belford 


Beuclare 

Bend 


Beresford 


Berton 


Beuhih 


Big Bottom 


Big Springs 


Big Stone Citv 


Bijou Hills.. ...". 


Black Hawk 


Blendon 


Blinsinon 


Bloomingdale 

Bloomington 

Blue Blanket • 

Bluevale 

Bluff Centre 


Blunt 


Bolton 


Bon Homme , 

Bon ilia 


Bowdle 


Boz 



Post Office. 



Bradley 

Bramhall 

Braudou 

Brandt 

Brant Lake 

BrayAjn 

B'idgeport 

Bridge water 

Bright 

Brisbine 

Bristol 

Britton, C. H 

Broadlaud 

Brookings, C. H.... 

Brooklyn 

Brownsville 

Bruce 

Brule 

Bryant 

Buffalo Centre 

Buii'alo Gap 

Burbank 

Burch 

Burdette 

Burkmere 

Burnside 

Bushnell 

Bussard 

Butler 

Butte 

Calliban 

Campbell 

Camp Crook 

Canastota 

Canning 

Canova 

Canton, C. H 

Carbonate 

Carlton 

Carson 

Carthage 

Cascade 

Castalia 

Castlewood, C. H... 

Cnve Hills 

Cavour 

Cedar 

Centennial Park.... 

Central City 

C«ntreville 

Chamberlain, C. H. 

Chandler 

Chapelle 

Chedi 

Chester 

Childstown 

Choteau Creek 

Claremont 

Clark, C. H 

Clay Point 

Clear Lake 

Clifton 

Colman 

Columbia, C. H 

Colvin 

Conio 

Copp 

Coral 

Cornelion 

Cornell 

Corona 

Cortlandt 



County. 



Clark. 

Hyde. 

^Minnehaha. 

Deuel. 

Lake. 

Sully. 

Custer. 

McCook. 

^pi^k. 

Sanborn. 

Day. 

Marshall. 

Beadle. 

Brookings. 

Lincoln. 

Lawrence. 

Brookings. 

Union. 

Hamlin. 

Buffalo. 

Custer. 

Clay. 

Marshall. 

Hand. 

Faulk. 

Charles Mix. 

Brookings. 

Hughes. 

Day. 

Butte. 

Sanborn. 

Campbell. 

Harding. 

IMcCook. 

Hughes. 

Miner. 

Lincoln. 

Lawrence. 

Clark. 

Sully. 

Miner. 

Fall River. 

Charles Mix. 

Hamlin. 

Pawing. 

Beadle. 

Hand. 

Lawrence. 

I^awrence. 

Turner. 

Brule. 

Charles Mix. 

Hyde. 

Brown. 

Lake. 

Turner. 

Bon Homme. 

Brown. 

Clark. 

Clay. 

Deuel. 

bully. 

Moody. 

Brown. 

Charles Mix. 

Hand. 

Potter. 

Spink. 

Potter. 

Sanborn. 

Roberts . 

Edmunds. 



sr\TK OK SOUTH DAKOTA. 



97 



-III 111 PAKDIA -UiNTINlEli. 



C«)uliK>n 


stanlev. 


Tovle 


Hrule. 


rrniuliill 


Spiuk. 


Crf'sburU 


Faulk. 


Creston „ 


j P♦'nnin^'ton 


Crook (■iiy...™..„„ 


1 Lawreiiec. 


Crow I'rt'ek „ 


1 Butralo. 




j Joniuld. 


Cu.Mler Citv. C. H 


Custer. 


I),»lf>l>cr»; „ 


Clay. 


l>alv>towu _ 


Buu HoniiiK 


I).ttifiirlh „... 


Hantl. 


Danville 


Turner. 


Duvi<ison 


Potter. 


nt'iuivvood, C. 11 


Law re nee. 


Dean - 


Hand. 


Deiirev _ 


HuKlie.-i. 


D.-lhi -„ 


McHiiTson. 


Dell Kiipida _ 


Minnehaha. 


Dfliiianf 


Lake. 


Deliii:>iit _. 


DoucIrr. 


Dempster 


Hamlin. 


IK'iiis 


Penniiifjton. 


DeSiuet.C. 11 


Kingsliiiry. 


Detroit 


Hrown. 


Deiiol .-. 


Detiel. 


De Voe 


1-anlk. 


Doiljje _ 


Brown. 


Doluiiti 


.Spink. 


Dover 


. r, ..k. 


Driikula 


l< ! (lu-i'ury. 


Dii iieiin „ 


HulFalo. 


Diinlap „...„„ ^... 


Brule. 


KarlviUe 


Beadle. 


Kast I'ierre 


Hufuhrs. 


K:i>t Sioux KalN 


Minnehaha. 


IM.i, _ 


Ijineolii. 


1 v i :;crlon ™ _ 


Charl.-- Mix 


Ivlvvin , 


H^ 


i:M_'aii _ 


M.. 


i:---- 


Uke. 


i;'i/.il)eth 


Hand. 


i;ik I'oiut, c. u 


Union. 


KIktoii 


Brookings. 


Klhsville _ 


Faulk. 


Kllsworth 


Clark. 


Kliiiira. 


Grant. 


i:ir..d 


Clark. 


Kiu«rv 


llHON^tn. 


Kiiiniet 


Union. 




Butte. 


Kui.slev 


!>a'. i-iiii. 


Krwiii 


tC ii.'-i'ury. 


KsimmimI. 


K i:'.;-l'ury. 


i;-i.Miii.> . 


i:.-..iiii. 


IStiTly 


' -l.tll. 


Lilian _. 




lit I a Mine.... 


[ II ■ 1 


Kiin>ka 


'li i lier>M>ii. 


l-'airliank 


- illV. 


l".iirliiirn 




1 iirview 


. '1 , 
■lis. 
;loti. 




1 


II. 


l-arw.'ll 


~ .1 ' irii. 


Kaulkl..ii, !• II 


1 .1 .... 


lauston 


1. 1 , . .' 


Fprufv .. 

T ■ * ■ ' 


l;n. ■ 




M' •:■., 


1 ., . 


..,1,,, 



Klynn 

Kol.s<)ni 

l'"orestl>ur){ 

Fore.sl i"j|y 

Ft. lUiiiieit 

Ft. .Mea.le 

Ft. Kandall 

Ft. tjis.soi(in 

Ft. .•'ully 

Frankrorl 

Franklin 

l"rederii;k 

I' reeiuan 

I >. va..„ 

I 1 1 iliem 

Fuliuu 

(jale....» 

(jalena 

Ualla 

Gann Valley, C. H. 
Ganleii City 

< larland „ 

(iary, C. H 

tiayville 

Gem 

(ieueva 

Uetlyshurg, C. II 

(iilherl 

(itiman 

Gleiidwle... 
Goddard.... 

(ioiMlle „ 

(ioodwill 

(iood w i u ....-..— . 

Gordon „_„.„.„ 

Gal li land 

(iaulyvi 1<- 

<iranil Meadow 

< iraiid View, C. H.. 

( irashull 

Greenfield 

(Jn'i'nwood 



.\iirora. 
• tti. I'r. 
• irn. 

■ ■ ''T. 

i-y. 



I 



Fleli~litn i;. 

Fh^ra 

Floreno'- 



<ii..i-»U _ 

tJrover 

n«l9e...._ 

Ilauchcit 

Maud 

Hal laud 

Huram 

Harrold 

Harrison 

llnriiord 

Ilawlejek 

llawley 

Ilayti '. 

Ilavward. 

Ilaitel 

Hazlelon 

Hicia 

Helmick.. 
H- -'v 

1 1 

1 1 i.;rioiore, C. H 

I'' ''nr 



ii iii'iii k 

llolabird. 



Hut :?priUK<'t * - "- 



i|<< 
!il. 

-hall. 

V. 

ik. 



I wn. 
II iii'hin.ioD. 
I'urner. 
<'harl'-« Mix. 

i: 



I I mil. 

Dtiiel. 
V II Ilk ton. 
\U '\\n. 

K'-TtS. 

' ■ i; ' iT. 
■'■ra. 
1 !■:•■. 
Hand, 
-tillv. 

1 i'ile. 
!:■ ■• rl«. 
;■• rl. 

. uld. 

n. 

Hyde. 
Miiiiieliuha. 

: J...-. 

Ml :.i.-. 
' ' \ . 

< :i lies Mix. 

~|. Ilk. 



M •■■ r 
I, :, I. 



\^ ,h.-l.i 
I'll' : • 


r\ 




.i.a. 


! II online 

1 1 :. . 




'II. 


i 1 ■ ..Hi. 





I ; ih-iin. 
I ■ : .1 n. 
!1 ,il. 

,i,..i..i,. 



I ' I'nplon. 



inda. 
1-ali KiTer. 



98 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 
SOUTH DAKOTA— Continued. S 



Post Office. 



Houglitoti 

Hoven 

Howard, C. H... 

Howell 

Huffton 

Humboldt 

Hurley 

Huron, C. H 

Ida 

Idylwilde 

Ilion 

Ipswich, C. H... 

Iroquois 

Irving 

Jaiuesville 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Joubert 

Julian 

Kaujpeska 

Kaspar 

Kidder 

Kilborn 

Kimball 

Kirkwood 

Kolda 

Komstad 

Kranzburg 

La Delle 

Laflin 

La Foon 

La Gr ice 

La Grange 

Lake City 

Lake Henry 

Lakeport 

Lake Prestou.... 

Lakeside 

Laketon 

Langford 

Laverne 

Lawrence 

Lead City 

Lebanon 

Le Beau 

Lennox 

Leola, C. H 

Lesierville 

Letcher 

Lewiston 

Lily 

Lincoln 

Linden 

Link 

Lodi 

Long Creek 

Lons Lake 

Longland 

Lookout 

Loretta 

Lounsberry 

Lower Brule 

Lyons 

Lyonville 

McCain ley 

McGrawville ... 

Mabel 

Macy 

Madison, C. H. 

Maitland 

Manchester 

Mansfield 

Maple Grove... 

March 

Marindahl 



County. 



Brown. 

Potter. 

Miner. 

Hund. 

Brown. 

Minnehaha. 

Turner. 

Beadle. 

Hyde. 

Turner. 

Faulk. 

Edmunds. 

Kingsbury. 

Spink. 

Yankton. 

Ch;irles Mix. 

Union. 

Douglas. 

Clark. 

Codington. 

Sully. 

Marshall. 

Grant. 

Brule. 

Brule. 

Hand. 

Clay. 

Codington. 

Spink. 

Lawrence. 

Faulk. 

Campbell. 

Yankton. 

Minnehaha. 

Kingsbury. 

Yankton. 

Kingsbury. 

Beadle. 

Brookings. 

Marshall. 

Pennington. 

Beadle. 

Lawi'ence. 
Potter. 

Walworth. 

Lincoln. 

McPhersou. 

Yankton. 

Sanborn. 

Sullv 

Day. 

Clay. 

Ijincoln. 

Pennington. 

Clay 

Lincoln. 

McPherson. 

Burfalo. 

Pennington. 

Bon Homme. 

Day. 

Lyman. 

Ikiiunehaha. 

Brule. 

Sullv. 

Faulk. 

Hutchinson. 

Butte. 

Lake. 

Fall Uiver. 

Kingsbury. 

Brown. 

Lincoln. 

Charles Mix. 

Yankton. 



Post Office 



Marion 

Marshalltown 

Marston , 

Martin's Valley 

Marvin 

Mathews 

Mayfield 

Meckling 

Medas 

Mellette 

Melvin 

Men no 

Merritt 

.Merton 

Midway 

Milbank, C. H 

Millard 

Miller, C. II 

Milltown 

Miner 

Minnesela, ('. H 

Miranda 

Mitchell, C. H , 

Moe , 

Montrose 

Morrill 

Moulton 

Mound City, C. H 

Mount Vernon 

Murray 

Myrtle 

Naples 

Nashville 

Neptune 

Newark 

New Holland 

New Hope 

Ney 

Norden 

Norfolk 

Northville 

Norway 

Nurey 

Nutley 

Oahe 

Oak wood 

Odessa.. 

Oelrichs 

Okobojo 

Ola 

Oldham 

Olivet, C. H 

Onid.a, C. II 

Ordway 

Orient 

Orland 

Orono 

Osceola 

Otis 

Pactola 

Palisade 

Palmer 

Parker, C. H 

Parkston 

Parsons 

Pembroke 

Pennington 

Percilla 

Perry 

Phinney 

Pierpoint 

Pierre, C. H 

Pine Ridge Agency.. 

Pitrodie 

Plaintield 



( C)l NTV. 



Turner. 

Clay. 

Sully. 

Custer. 

Grant. 

FallKiver. 

Yaiikton. 

Clay. 

Sanborn. 

Spink. 

Custer. 

Hutchinson. 

Pennington. 

Clark. 

Moody. 

(irant. 

Faulk. 

Hand. 

Hutchinson. 

Miner. 

Butte. 

Faulk. 

Davison. 

Lincoln. 

McCook. 

Potter. 

Pennington. 

Campbell. 

Davison. 

Brown. 

Bon Homme. 

Clark. 

Harding. 

Kingsbury. 

Marshall. 

Douglas. 

Minnehaha. 

Sully. 

Deuel. 

Sully. 

Spink. 

Yankton. 

Lincoln. 

Day. 

Hughes. 

Brookings. 

Hand. 

Fall Kiver. 

Sullv. 

Bruie. 

Kingsluiiy. 

Hutchinson. 

■Sully. 

Brown. 

Faulk. 

Lake. 

Edmunds. 

Kingsbury. 

Custer. 

Pennington. 

Jlinnehaha. 

Deuel. 

Turner. 

Hutchinson. 

Aurora. 

Potter. 

Minnehaha. 

Sully. 

Lawrence. 

Custer. 

Day. 

Hughes. 

Shannon. 

Clark. 

Brule. 



STATK (»P SOI'TH DAKOTA. 



»0 



M)Li 111 I'XKOIA — (.•JNTINUKI). 



i-OM UKMi i:. 



l''»l *ft I UK. 



I'ianu 

I'lanlclntoD, C. H... 

riatie 

IMoyU 

I'oslville 

Hotter > 

Powell 

I'ruirie Knnn 

Prairie Queen , 

Piikwaiia 

Putney 

Kaiusey 

Kuuvillu 

Rapid City, C. H.. 

Kavmond 

UiHltielU, C. H 

Kfil i.ake 

Ret! Stone 

Kee Heights 

Republican 

Kevi'.lo 

Richanls 

Riclilaod 

Ri.ih'e 

Riverside 

Riven 

Roanoke 

Koliey 

Rochfonl 

Roekerville 

RoekliHiu 

Rockport 

Roeks 

Roniona 

Rondell 

Roscoe 

Rose 

Kcisebud , 

Koslyn 

lio-twell 

RoiisHoau .. 

Roweiia 

Rud..lpli 

Running Water... 

Sad<ll<' ("reek 

Saint Herbert 

Saint .losepli 

Saint Lawrence ... 

Saint Mary's 

Saint Onge 

Salem, C. H 

Samlhniu 

Sania I'Ura 

Seanilinavia 

Scat terwood 

S<-<iilanil 

.Scranlon 

Seilewick 

Setina 

Seneca , 

Seth 

S«>ward 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Sherwood 

Shiloh 

Silex 

Silver Cltv 

Sioux Falls, C.H. 
Si.iscion Agency... 

Skjold 

Sninlley 

Sniilhvillc 

Smithwlckii 

Snivth 



Brown. 

Aurora. 

Chiirlea Mix. 

Hrule. 

Meade. 

Poller. 

Edmunds. 

Brookings. 

hake. 

Brule. 

Browo. 

McCook. 

Codington. 

Pennington. 

Clark. 

Spink. 

Brule. 

Hanson. 

Hand. 

Minnehaha. 

Grant. 

Butlalo. 

Union. 

>pink. 

Clay. 

Brule. 

Faulk. 

Aurora. 

Fcniiington. 

Pennington. 

haulk. 

Hanson. 

Ouster. 

Lake. 

Brown. 

Ivlmunds. 

Spink. 

Meyur. 

Day. 

M i ner. 

HughcM. 

Miunehaha. 

Bnjwn. 

Bon tlomnie. 

Lincoln. 

Fdniniidii. 

Or»nt. 

Hand. 

Miner. 

I..awrence. 

McCook. 

Turner. 

fil'own. 

Deuel. 

Faulk. 

Hon Homme. 

Walworth. 

Hvde. 

Lineoln 

Faulk. 

Day. 

Hamlin. 

Pennington 

Minnehaha. 

Clark 

Hiigheii. 

Hand. 

Penniiii! ' 

Minni'li.ii'.t 

Roberta. 

Deuel. 

Walworth. 

Meade. 

Fall Kiver. • 

Moody. 



South Shore., .. 

Spam 

Speurlish 

Spencer 

Spink , 

.■<|H)i.'.wood 

Springilale 

Sprin^;liel(l.._.... 
Spring Lake ... 
Spring Valley.. 

Stophan 

Stock 

Slovor 

Strand 

Strandburg 

SturglB, C. H... 

Success , 

Sullivan 

Sumniur 

Sunset 

Sulley 

Sverdrup._ 

Swan Lake 

Sweetlaiid 

Tabor 

Taopi 

Templeton 

Tennis , 

Terraville 

Telonka 

Theodore 

Thorsou 

Thulo , 

Tiirord 

Togstad 

Toronto 

Towfes 

Travare 

Trent 

Tripp 

Troy 

Tulare 

Turley 

Turlon „. 

Twin Rrooki 
Tvndall, C. H 
Vale ^..... 



Valley Springs 

Vanderbilt 

Vandervoort _ 

Vedette „ 

Vew 

Verdon 

Vermillion, C. H.. 

Verniiint Clly 

Vicior 

Vienna, 

Viewfleld „. 

Vllw „. 

VlrKiL..„ 

V..lK..„ 



V.illn 



\'. ... 

Wanan.. 

Warneoke 

Warner „ 

W«rr»«n — „ 

w 

\', 

\', .,, „„, 

Wall bay 



CornTV. 



Codington. 

Marxliull. 

Lawrence. 

Mct'ooU. 

Union. 

Spink. 

Lincoln. 

Bon Homme. 

King.Hbury. 

Turner. 

Hyde. 

Jerauld. 

Davi.son. 

Day. 

(irant. 

.Meade. 

(lark. 

Jerauld. 

Spink. 

Kwing. 

Canipliell. 

Miuiieliah:t. 

Turner. 

Hand. * 

Bon Homme. 

.Minnehaha. 

Jeruulil. 

Hyde. 

Lawrence. 

Spink. 

Walworth. 

Day. 

Caniplicll. 

.Meade. 

Deuel. 

Deuel. 

La'e. 

Roberts. 

M"oily. 

Hutchinson. 

(irant; 

Spink. 

Siillv. 

Spin'k. 

(irant. 

|{<<n Homme. 

liutle. 

.Miiiiiehaha. 

CainpU-il. 

Clark. 

Campbell. 

Bnllalo. 

Brown. 

Clay. 

Kdmunds. 

D i> ison. 

I l.«rk. 

.Mead*. 

Miner. 

Beartlr. 

Yhi. 

Hamt. 

M.«de. 

kton. 

wofih. 

I ■, Homme. 

^ . , ly. 
Ilfiwn. 

I Urk. 

' 1 lOld. 

V . 

> ..^iington. 
Day. 



100 



STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 



SOUTH DAKOTA— Concluded. 



H.. 



Post Opfick. 



Waverlv 

Welistef, C. 

Welland 

Wellington 

Wentwoith 

Wesley 

Wessint;ton V.. 

Wessi ngtoii SpringSjC.l I 

Westfo'ril 

West Point 

Westport 

Wheeler, C. II 

White 

White Lake 

White Rock 

WhiteSwan 

Whitewood 



County. 



Codington. 

Day. 

Potter. 

Minnehaha. 

Lake. 

Faulk. 

Heaclle. 

Jerauld. 

Hutchinson. 

Minnehaha. 

Brown. 

Charles Mix. 

Rroi 'kings. 

Aurora. 

Roberts. 

Charle.s Mix. 

Lawrence. 



Post Ofkici:. 



Wieklow 

Willow Lake 

Wilmot, C. H 

Wilson 

Winfred 

Winthrop 

Wittenberg 

Wolsey 

Woonsocket, C. H 

Worthini; 

Wounded Knee 

Wyatt 

Yale 

Yankton, C. H 

Yellow Bank 

Zell 

Ziskov 



County. 



Lake. 

Clark. 

Roberts. 

Grant. 

Lake. 

Beadle. 

Hutchinson. 

Beadle. 

Sanborn. 

Lincoln. 

Shannon. 

Aurora. 

Beadle. 

Yankton. 

Grant. 

Faulk. 

Yankton. 



1NM)KX 



.\^;l icultiire, ill. 

hoard of, 64. 

Karnicrs' Alliance, 61. 

Statistic!', ei-^iO. 
Agricultural ('«)lli>;r, H'.'. 
Artificial forests, 77. 
Assessed vniuo. .stalistio?, 98, 9-1. 

Bank!, 92. 

Bees, statistics, 70. 
Bin Sioux valley, .>>. 
Black Hills, .57. 

AKriciilturo, 61. 

Cement, 60. 

Clay, 60. 

Coal, 61. 

Copper, (!0. 

Diversitied resource.", .'57. 

Geolojiy, 57. 

Gold, 5». 

Gy|isuiii, 68. 

Lead, .J8. 

Liuie, 60. 

Mauufactun^, 61. 

Mica, 60. 

Mineral dejiosiis, 57. 

.Miniii); coiupaiiies, .'•9. 

Oil, 61. 

Salt, 61. 

Silver, -W. 

Timber, 61. 

Tin,.iii. 
Itouudaries, .">». 

<'attle. stalUtic", 74. 
('entral Dakota, .Vi. 
Cheese, 81. 
rinir.Ii.-s, 82. 
I 1 ini.iif. r,;;, 
Coii>titution, ">. 

.\Kre<'nient with N..rili Ii:il;,,in ii 

Aniendnieni.o, :<3. 

-ApiKirtlonnient, '.'>. 

BankiriK and currency, 28. 

Bill of rights, 14 

Boundary, .1. 

Compact with the United States, Xi. 

Coiu|ieaftatiun of ofTicem, .12. 



Constitution — 
! Corporationo, 22, 26. 
I County <irgaiii3!alioD, 19 
j Courts, II. 
I Court, district.", II, 12. 

Kducalion, 17. 

Elections, 16. 

Kxecutive department, 9. 

K.Kcmptions, .'K?. 

K.\pendilurcs, public, 21, 

liupeacliuient, 2'). 

Indelilediiess, public, 22. 

Institutions, state, 25. 

Instructiim to voters, ;{9. 

.ludicial ilepartmeiit, 11. 

lA'dislative department, 5. 

Married women, rights of, .33. 

.Militia, 2">. 

.Minority representation. :tl. 

.Municipal corporations, 20. 

Oath of ortice, aj. 

Ordinance, :{4. 

Powers of government, .S. 

Preamble, 5. 

Prohibition, 34 
j Keiuoval from otbce, 2'>. 
' ' Rcpri's.'iiiative districts, 30. 

Uevision of constitution, .'13. 

Kevenue and linanre, 20. 
1 Schedule, 34. 
School lands, 17. 
Seal and coat of arms, 32. 
Senatorial districts, 29. 
Seal of government, 32. 
Settlement with North Dakota, 23. 
State's attorney, 13. 
SUlfrage, right of, IG. 
Taxation, 20. 

Township ort;ani/.alion, 19. 
Courts, 10. 
Circuit, II. 
County, 12. 

Ju>tlce. 13. 

Mi.scellaneous, 19. 

Police, 13. 

Supreme, II. 
County officem, list of, 48-SO. 
CreamerieM, alalistlcs, 80. 



1 V 



102 

Dairy, statistics, 70, 80. 
Deaf mute school, 85. 
Debt, county, 91. 
Debt, state, 90. 

Education, 81. 
Election returns, 43-45. 

Farmers Alliance, 64. 

Finance, 90. 

Flouring mills, statistics, 79, 80. 

Forests, artificial, 77. 

Fruits, 71. 

Granite, 78. 
Grasses, statistics, 72. 

Hay, statistics, 72. 
Horses, statistics, 74. 

Insane hospital, 85. 
Irrigation, 73. 

James river valley, 55. 

Land districts, 86-88. 
Legislature, membership, 51-53. 
Live stock, 73 ; statistics, 74. 

Manufactures, 79. 
Mineral wealth, 78, 57. 
Missouri valley, 54. 
Mortality, live stock, 74. 



INDEX. 



Natural divisions, 54. 
Normal school, Madison, 84. 
Normal school, Spearfish, 83 
Nursery statistics, 71. 

Official vote, 43-45. 
Orchard statistics, 71. 

Penitentiary, 86. 
Population, 63. 
Post offices, 98. 
I'oultry, statistics, 70. 
Public institutions, 82. 
Public lands, 86. 

Reform school, 85. 

Religious organizations, 82. 
Reservations, 55, .j6. 

School of mines, 84. 
Schools, 81. 
Sheep, statistics, 74. 
Sioux reservation, 55. 
Sisseton reservation, 56. 
Small farming, 70. 
Soldiers Home, 85. 
State officers, list of, 46. 
Swine statistics, 74. 

Timber, 76;',siatistics, 77. 

University of Dakota, 83. 
U. S. land offices, 47. 

Vote by counties, 43-45. 






^-Ovj^-rp