PIANOS-BiCYCLElS. FOR BBOOKLYK AND NEW YORK THE CELEBRATED SOHMER PIANOS Are For Sale Only at 149 to 155 East 14th St., New York. 14th St. & 3d Ave. Elevated Station. R ELIABLE B ICYCLES Columbia, Hartford, Lovell-Diamond, and others. BROOKLYN AGENCY -FOR- ^COLUMBIAS No. 555 FULTON STREET, (?Siii!^.) Branch, 1216 BEDFORD AV., (wan'SSSt st.) Complete Line of Clothing and Sundries for Cyclists. BICYCLES SOLD ON EASY TERMS. SCHWALBACH CYCLE CO., (INCORPORATED.) POTTERY WORKS. Telephone, 39 Williamsburg.^ Gr li ^^ EC ^^ 3VL ' S Patent Imperishable Porcelain Wash Tubs. Each Tub composed of one Solid Piece of Hard Burned Earthenware, 1}4 inches thick, and covered on the inside with a Genuine Table Ware Glaze. EVERLASTING. CLEAN, IMPERVIOUS, Graham's YitriM Brown Glazed Earthenware Wash Tubs. Each Tub composed of one SoUd Piece of Hard Btimed Earthenware, 1)4 inches thick, and covered on the inside and outside witn a Thick Dark Brown Glaze. Non- Absorbent, Inexpensive, Durable as Iron. Manufactured by the CHAS. GRAHAM CHEMICAL POTTERY WORKS, 110 to 120 Metropolitan Ave., BROOKLYN, N. Y. INSURANCE. IT LEADS THEM ALL f he jVlutual Life Jpsuppce Gopipapy offlew-yofk, RICHARD A. McCURDY, President. -A.sso-bs O-vex? SlT5^000-,000- The Consol Policy recently announced by The Mututil Life Insurance Company of New York combines more advantages with fewer restrictions than any Investment Insurance contract ever offered. It consolidates INSURANCE, INVESTMENT, ENDOWMENT, ANNUAL INCOME. No other Company offers this policy. Apply only to Company's nearest Agent for details. The Mutual Life paid to its Policyholders in 1892, over $1Q,000,000- The Mutual has ever been in the minds of tlie discriminating public " THE GREATEST OF ALL THE COMPANIES." For full particulars of the above, or any other form of policy, address CHARLES H. RAYMOND, WARREN T. DIEFENDORF, MetroJ>olifati General Age7iiy OR District Agent for Long Island, No. 59 CEDAR STREET, 164 & 166 MANTAGUE ST., BROOKLYN. NEW YORK CITY. (Franklin Trust Company Building.) t:&tc ^i^EisrA- Brooklyn and Long Island. The City's Resources and Residences, The Island's Retreats and Resorts, A Regal City in a Rich Country. -^ RDED by Library, U' ^.^^ye^'^rtm^ntlod «!ignpu(tura BROOKLYN, N, Y. 1893. ^// rights reserved. F- Z'] i,«OB>'' Copyright, 1893, by R. WAYNE WILSON AND COMPANY. KLECTROTTPED AND PRINTED BY ,THK JERSEY CITY PRINTING COMPANY^ 37 MONTGOSir.RY STREET, JERSEY CITV, N. J. 49070 BROOKLYN Cir,^ 397 to 403 Fulton Street, ELEVATORS. An elevator should be so constructed that an accident cannot occur. The elevator having the safest reputation is the "Otis," built by Otis Brothers & Co., 38 Park Row^, New York. eOJ^TEJJTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION ., i HISTORIC LANDMARKS— Early History of Brooklyn — Notable Districts and Buildings — In- teresting Episodes and Facts About Each 3 BROOKLYN ENTERTAINMENTS— Theatres — Opera Houses — Music Halls — Amateur Dramatic Socie- ties — Amateur Actors i6 BROOKLYN'S SOCIAL LIFE— Its Clubs, _ Functions and Leaders — History of its Sets — All Merging ISi ow into Gay Harmony 22 CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS— The Leading Social, Literary, Scientific and Political Organizations of Brooklyn — Their Character, Membership and Homes 30 ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES— Summer Sports and Athletics— Yachting and Rowing— Horse Racing — Winter Sports —Indoor Games and Pastimes 43 PARKS AND ROADS— Brooklyn's Pleasure Grounds — Prospect Park — Washington Park — The Great Parkways — Driving and Bicycling Roads of Brooklyn and Long Island 65 ART AND ARCHITECTURE— Brookyln's Collections of Paintings- Its Statues and Monuments— A Review of the Architecturally Notable Buildings in the City- Greenwood's Mortuary Art 76 GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS— How the PubHc Affairs of the City are Conducted— The Various Departments —Water Works, Bridges, etc 87 FINANCE AND TRADE - The Independent Business Life of Brooklyn — Shopping and Trade Districts— Market — Financial Institutions — Manufacturing Interests and Localities gi THE HARBOR AND DOCKS— Brooklyn's Shipping Interests— Its Great Marine Basins a«d Dry Docks - Its Wharves, Warehouses and Grain Elevators— The United States Navy Yard. 103 CONTENTS, PAGE MEANS OF COMMUNICATION— • The Post Office — Telegraph Service-^Telephone Service— Messen- ger Service 112 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS- The Pubhc School System— Colleges, Institutes, and Academies — Schools ol Art, Music and Medicine — Libraries — Newspapers 126 BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS— The Bureau of Charities— Public and Private Aid— Hospitals, Dis- pensaries. Ambulances and Nurses -Asylums for the Insane- Juvenile Asylums and Homes for the Aged— Reformatories and Day Nurseries— General and Special Rehef 141 CHURCHES— Their Historical Associations— Choirs and Church Music— The Lead- ing Preachers — List and Location of Churches 153 CEMETERIES— Description of the great Burying Places in and about Brooklyn — Incineration 172 SUBURBS AND NEAR-BY RESORTS— The Towns and Villas of Kings County— The Great Watering Places on the Western end of Long Island— Long Island City and its Manufacturing Interests 182 LONG ISLAND " Its Towns, Villages and Summer Resorts— Its Bays and Islands — Land and Water Sports - 193 ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE— The Shooting, Fishing and Sailing along Great South Bay and the Atlantic — Summer Cottages and Merriment — The Clam Shell Road 197 THE WEST OF THE ISLAND— From Roslyn to Oyster Bay — The Hempstead Barrens — Villages and Farms — The Cathedral of the Incarnation — Flushing and its Environs 207 THE ISLAND'S CENTRE— The Beaches of Moriches— The Trouting in the Havens— The Land of Pines and the Headlands of the North Shore 215 THE EASTERN END— The Hamptons and the Beaches to Montauk Point— Great and Little Peconic Bays— Shelter Island and Gardiner's Bay— Historic Land- marks and Episodes 225 GAZETTEER OF LONG ISLAND— A complete List of all the Towns, Villages, Hamlets, Summer Resorts^ and Localities on Long Island, with distances from Brooklyn— Railway and Steamboat Fares, Stage Connections, &c. — L. I. Post Offices and Telegraph Stations 238 CONTENTS, PAGE TRAVELLERS* GUIDE— Means of reaching and leaving Brooklyn— Its Surface and Elevated Railways— Hotels— Express Service— Piers and Docks— The Long Island Railroad — Steamboats, Stages and Ferries 255 BROOKLYN STREET DIRECTORY 279 INDEX 301 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV Index to Bird's~Eye Views and Maps. OPPOSITE PAGE. The Atlantic Basin, Brooklyn 4 Fulton Street from the Ferry to Henry Street 14 Fulton Street from the Bridge to Clarke Street. 26 Fulton Street from Tillary Street to City Hall 38 Fulton Street from City Hall to Gallatin Place . . . . 48 Fulton Street from Lawrence to Gold Streets 62 Fulton Street from Fleet Street to Flatbush Avenue 72 Flatbush Avenue from Fulton Street to Atlantic Avenue'. *. . '. . '. 84 Marcy Avenue from Adams to Bridge Streets . 100 Prospect Park .- jo6 Broadway from the Ferries to Wythe Avenue 116 Broadway from Berry Street to Driggs Avenue 122 Broadway from Roebeling Street to Marcy Avenue 132 Broadway from EUery Street to Myrtle Avenue 140 The United States Navy Yard j^o Grand Street from Bedford Avenue to Roebeling Street 158 Greenwood Cemetery j55 BETWEEN PAGES. Bird's-Eye View of Long Island — Flatbush — Flatlands — New Utrecht . . 170 & 171 Bird's-Eye View of Long Island from Brooklyn to Jamaica 182 & 183 Bird's-Eye View of Long Island from Jamaica to Garden City 194 & 195 Bird's-Eye View of Long Island from Westbury to Smith- town 206 & 207 Bird's-Eye View of Long Island from Ronkonkoma to Speonk 218 & 219 Bird's-Eye View of Long Island from Westhampton to Sag Harbor, and from Easthampton to Montauk Point 230 & 231 Street Directory Map of Brooklyn 250 & 251 Brooklyn Surface Railroad Map 279 & 280 A display advertisement is like the heading of an arti jle. A reading notice is the article itself. One may attract attention, the other holds it. A display advertisement says, " Come in and buy." A reading notice tells why a purchase should be made. The difference between the two forms of advertising is like that between a letter re. commenaitig goods and a traveller's interview with a customer. With a reading notice, the seller buttonholes the buyer. Always Provided The Reading Notice Is Properly Wr tten. The R, Wayne Wilson Company, 23 Park Row, New York City, know how to write reading notices properly. INTRODUeTION. Brooklyn has grown into greatness so unobtrusively that few even of its residents reaUze the nature of the miracle that has been worked on their shore of the East River. To say that Brooklyn's population has passed the million mark, that it is the fourth city of the United. States in population, wealth, manufactures and commerce, hardly conveys an idea of its im- portance and vastness. The multitudes still look upon Brooklyn as the home-half of New York. They ignore the fact that it has an independent life and would be a great city without the crowds who go to New York every business day and do their work on Manhattan Island. A very large proportion of the residents of Brooklyn have no more con- cern with New York than Philadelphians have. Their property, means of livelihood, homes and family and social ties are all on Long Island. In these citizens is Brooklyn's vitality, her strength and power. They attend strictly to their own affairs and care not if the outside world fails to observe the manifestations of their activity. Brooklyn in fact has distinct financial, commercial and manufacturing interests, and these are of vast extent. The real property of Brooklyn is assessed at $470,000,000, and is probably worth at current prices six hundred and fifty million dollars. In the ten years between 1880 and 1890 the number of factories in Brooklyn increased from 5,201 to 10,561 and the capital employed from $61,646,749 to $125,849,053, the number of operatives from 47,587 to 103,683, and the value of the pro- ducts manufactured from $177,223,142 in 1880, to $248,750,184 in 1890. A pro- portionate increase in the amount of banking capital was also made. The pop- ulation almost doubled in those ten years and this rate of progress is being maintained. The number of houses in Brooklyn is not definitely known. The area of the city is about 57 square miles. It is proposed to extend this by an- nexing the adjoining towns, and ultimately no doubt the city limits and those of Kings county will De the same. With this object in view, all the streets and roads in the unannexed portions of the county have been laid out so that they will be continuations of Brooklyn's streets after which the new highways have been named. Thus annexation will bring little or no con- fusion, and as it has been discounted by all the real estate owners and busi- ness men whom it will affect, it will cause no economic derangements. Meantime, the vast and unexampled development of Brooklyn has bur- dened its local government with tasks of improvement and construction such as have seldom fallen to the lot of civic officials. Impatient citizens sometimes grumble because all parts of the city machinery do not run smoothly or at greater speed. To bring Brooklyn in a few years to as good municipal con- dition as New York could not be done without a rate of expenditure which the taxpayers would not tolerate. But marvels have been done and no city in the country has more to show for the money expended. It is un- fortunate perhaps that the improvements made have necessarily been scat- tered over a large area, but the time is within sight when all will dovetail and Brooklyn will be a city second to none in the country. As it is to-day, 2 CITIZEN aUIDE. no citizen can feel ashamed. The municipal buildings are imposing, the roads good, the city properly drained and lighted and well supplied with water. Order is maintained and the persons and property of the citizens thoroughly protected. For the future, Brooklyn's prospects are very bright. Along her shores must be the natural extension of the great port of New York. Her prop- erty is steadily enhancing in value, her industries multiplying, her residence sections becoming more sought after. The scattered portions of the city are being brought into closer communication with each other by elevated and surface roads, the latter operated by electricity in several cases. Every indication of continued rapid growth is presented. Tunnels and bridges are projected and being built to overcome the salt water barrier which divides the city from the continent, and much of the travel from north to south and from Europe to America is destined to pass over the great rail- way system which now makes the whole of Long Island its tributary. As to the island itself , its development is along two distinct lines: in- dustrial on the north shore near Brooklyn and New York, and residential throughout the rest of the island. All the shore remote from factory towns is already studded with summer hotels and the cottages of the rich. Many of the latter have built substantial homes wherein they dwell all the year round. There are many picturesque sites overlooking the ocean or inland still unoccupied, however, and these are fast being taken up. All sorts of neighborhoods are to be found in the village towns that abound in the island — exclusive, democratic, quiet and gay. Of scenery, too, there is much choice, and even of climate. Ocean, infinitely changeable, makes the coast attrac- tive. There are the Sound shore and the great bays of still water for those who 'dislike the roar of the surf; there are inland lakes, forests, stretches of naked sand, scrub and sparse grass and meadows and hills carpeted with verdure. Every variety of sailing, from canoeing to yachting in ocean ships; of fishing, from angling for brook trout to swordfish spearing, of bird shoot- ing, of riding and driving, can be had. The details follow in their appro- priate chapters. What impresses one as being odd about the island are the contrasts presented between manufacturing hives, gay excursion resorts, luxurious country seats, and modest hermitages all within very short dis- tance of each other. The island is only iir miles long by 24 miles broad be- tween outside points. Its area is about i ,450 square miles. After Manhattan it is the most densely populated island in the world, having 828 residents to the square mile. The total population of the island is about i,2co,ooo, of whom over three-fourths reside in Brooklyn. In summer there is also a vast floating population, numbering perhaps a quarter of a million, drawn from all parts of the country by the surf and cool, strong air of the south and east coasts. Statesmen, bankers, merchants, brokers, lawyers, doctors, writers here re- new their vigor, and thus the island adds much to the prosperity of the nation. It seems to have been designed as the resting place and play- ground of the people. So it will always remain, except in its far western end, where business holds sway as imperious as its rule on the other side of the East River. HISTORIC LANDMARKS. Early History of Brooklyn — Notable Districts and Buildings — Interesting Episodes and Facts about Each. Brave though they were, the love of personal adventure was not a fea- ture of the character of either the Hollanders or the Walloons, who founded New Amsterdam. They preferred village life, and were slow to lay out farms beyond the stockade at the lower end of Manhattan Island. With much caution they made boat journeys m and out of the inlet that wound behind Red Hook, from the East River, and crept thence around to Gowanug Bay, and along the Long Island shore, back of Coney Island, to Jamaica Bay. Even more diffidently they approached the steep, dark face ot Ihpetonga (Columbia Heights), covered with big cedars up to its brow. They were broad-bowed fellows, reluctant to climb. Level land, cut up by creeks, and with abundant meadows, suited them best, reminding them of the flatness and wetness of Holland. Yet there were some, more venturesome than the mass, and it is tradi- tionary that these, even as early as 1624, had explored the cove of Meryc- kawick, as far as to the eastern side of the "bend," now known as Walla- bout Bay, and had gone thence up the Rennegackonck, that ran through salt meadows, delightful to them. And it is sure, although no written record of it is extant, that some of them began, prior to 1630, to lay out little farms at Meryckawick so;ith of the indentation where the shore tried to follow the droop of Ihpetonga to the lower and more sloping hills that ran to the east- ward. This is where Fulton Ferry now is. The settlers here intended to be wayfarers. Their ultimate destination was the Wallabout, but they were afraid to go so far without precaution; sothejr lingered, until bolder Dutch- men made settlements in other parts of the island, and used their locality as a means of approach to New Amsterdam, thereby making it advantage- ous not only for them to stay, but for others to join them. In 1636 the first patents for land within the present limits of Brooklyn were granted by Governor Kieft to William Adriaense Bennet and Jacques Bentyn. The land extended from the present line of 27th street in Gowan- us, as far as the present New Utrecht line, and comprised 930 acres. Ben- net soon acquired absolute ownership of it, and built his manor-house about where 27th street crosses Third avenue. This house was destroyed by the Indians during the war precipitated by the cruelty and rapacity of Governor Kieft in 1643. The next patent was procured in 1637, by Joris Jansen de Rapalje, for 335 acres of land within the "bend of Meryckawick," westward from the west side of the Rennegackonck, now known as Wallabout Creek or Canal. Exactly why this region is known as the Wallabout, is hard to determine. By some it is said to mean "the shore or beach of the cove;" by others, "the bay of the foreigners," whijp still others insist that it means "the bay of the Walloons," from the fact that Joris de Rapalje and his family were Walloons. Even de Rapalje was reluctant to go to this region for years after he had procured his patent, and it is probable that he did not settle there until about 1646. In the year prior to that date, Brooklyn was really founded; for it was then that Jan Evertsen Bout settled in what 4 CITIZEN GUIDE. were known as the "maize lands of Meryckawick, on the kill of Gowanus." This had been a favorite honie of the Indians prior to the war of 1643, and when, as the result of that conflict, they were either exterminated or driven farther into the island, the Dutch, led by Bout, took the land for themselves. Huyck Aertsen, Jacob Stoffelsen, Peter Cornellisen, Joris Dircksen and Ger- rit Wolphertsen Van Couwenhoven, were the principal of the followers of Bout, and with him they established the village of Br.euckelen, in the neigh- borhood of where Hoyt and Smith streets now meet Fulton street. They acted under the advice of the Colonial Council, that the Hollanders should follow the example of the English, and establish villages, instead of keeping together in or near New Amsterdam. The name of their settlement they took from a town in Utrecht, Holland. On May 21st, 1646, Jan Evertsen Bout and Huyck Aertsen were chosen Schepens of the village "to decide all questions that may arise," and in the following month the Colonial Council commissioned them and empow- ered them to select two or more persons to assist them in the labor of gov- ernment, should they find that labor too onerous. They evidently did find it too onerous. In a few weeks they appointed Jan Tuinessen as the Schout, or constable, or sheriff. In 1638, the West India Company, through Governor Kieft, bought from the Indians all that part of Brooklyn east and southeast of Renne- gackonck Kill, and extending to the present Newtown. A few settlers soon went there to live on the creeks that ran in from the East River, and, per- haps as early as 1642, they erected a block-house on the headland about where the foot of South Fourth street now is. This bluff was known as the "Keike" or Lookout. Desiring to keep in sight of New Amsterdam, they sought, in 1660, permission to lay out a village on the "Kieke," but this w^as refused them by the Colonial Council. It was not until 1661 that a vil- lage settlement was made on the land purchased by Kieft in 1638. The privilege to establish it was then given to some Swedes and Frenchmen, who were out of sympathy in religion with the sturdy Dutchmen. It was made in the neighborhood of where North Second street and Bushwick av- enue now join, and was called Boswijck, that is, the "town of the woods.' These settlements of Gowanus, Breuckelen on the "maize lands," the Ferry, and Boswijck or Bushwick, were the beginnings of the present great city of Brooklyn. The Old Ferry. It is impossible in a brief narrative, such as this, to make a tour of so great a place, pointing out all the spots of historic interest. We will, there- fore, take a rapid run, noting on the way such places and things as are of special attractiveness. Let us begin at the "P'erry," which was for many years the real centre of life and activity in Brooklyn. Even prior to 1636, there was a boat-ferry, maintained by Cornelius Dircksen, to Peck Slip from what is now the corner of Fulton street and Elizabeth place, for in those days the beach ran in from the present bulkhead line, making a deep cove. A settlement speedily sprang up in the neighborhood of the ferry, mainly on the east side of the road, and lai^s were laid out, whose lines are now fol- lowed by Front and Water streets on the east, and by Doughty street on the west. There was also a lane, afterward known as Everit street, which ran diagonally from the present corner of Columbia and Doughty streets, to the line of Furman street, which was then the beach. It was along this beach that communication was kept up for years between "The Ferry" and BOTTLING. W. A. WISDOM, Pres. JOHN W. BROWN, Treas. I^ ong Island Rottling Co* SOLE BOTTLERS OF "Black Label" Lager — "Braunschweiger Mumme" Malt Tonic, "Gilt Edge" Ale— "Diamond Brand" Brown Stout. The Trade, Hotels and Families Supplied. IJVRITE FOR PRICE LIST. 280, 282 9 284 Ber(§(^p Street, Telephone 307, Brooklyn. BROOKLYN. HISTORIC LANDMARKS. 5 the settlements of Frederick Lubbertsen, on the neck lying between Gowan- tis Kill and the East River, and of Adriaense Bennet at Gowanus. Lub- bertsen's Neck took in all of what is known as South Brooklyn, excepting the Red Hook region, which was taken in 1638 by Governor Van TwiUer, who was the first of our official land grabbers. After the establishment of the community in the present neighborhood of Smith, Hoyt and Fulton streets, a narrow road was broken from there to "The Ferry." This path, for it was hardly more, was widened in 1704, and is now Fulton street. From Breuckelen, also, a path was broken to the Gowanus Kill, and one to, and through, Lubbertsen's Neck to Red Hook. A part of the latter yetremains in what is known as Red Hook lane, which runs out of Fulton street be- tween Boerum Place and Smith street. The big bridge overshadows what was known as "The Ferry" for years. In fact, that structure has in great part crushed out the place, and as one wanders there now, between Fulton and Main streets, and York street and the river, he can get no idea of what it was. The people had small holdings, and up to the Revolution their houses were bunched on Front street or in the small lanes that afterward became known as Dock, James, Mercein and Garri- son streets. They were a happy-go-lucky lot, heavy of head, obstinate, and in- clined to hard drinking. A wedding or a funeral were alike opportunities for revelry. It was the ambition of every man to procure a cask of wine, which should in part be consumed at his wedding, and finally be disposed of at his wake, for wakes were a part of their customs, and at them pipes and wine or schnapps were served without stint. This custom continued in vogue among their descendants until a late date. Rev. Evan M. John- son, whom many Brooklynites can yet remember as the "Dominie John- son" who was so ready to perform a marriage ceremony, was a powerful factor in doing away with it. Indeed, his willingness to marry, when no- tice had not been given of their intention by the parties to the ceremony, was the result of his desire to stop the drinking which always accompanied public functions. Most of the land near "the ferry" on the east side of "the ferry road," and extending almost to the Wallabout, came into the possession, prior to the Revolution, of Jan, or John, Rapelje, grandson of the original patentee at the Wallabout. His home was at the corner of Front street and Fulton street, just above the Corporation House, a building owned by the munici- pality of New York, which was used as an inn, the fish dinners in which were the pleasure of the British officers and are dilated upon in many a diary yet extant on the other side of the "big water." Attaching to John Rapelje is a specially interesting historic fact. He was a Tory, and, when the British left the country, he was banished, although it was admitted that "he had an honest heart and never oppressed a Whig." It is said that he took the Dutch records of Breuckelen with him to Eng- land, where he died. Some years later his descendants came here and made an unsuccessful attempt to recover his estate. When they returned to England they took away all their papers, and it is believed that among them was the original Dutch patent for the entire town of Breuckelen. Whether it was or not, it is almost certain that there was such a patent, for, by inference, rights conveyed by it were confirmed by a patent issued by the English Governor Nicolls on October i8th, 1667, which included Gowanus, Bedford, Wallabout, and "The Ferry" in the town of Breuckelen. These rights were again confirmed by a patent, granted by Governor Don- gan, on May 3d, 1686. 6 CITIZEN GUIDE. A great part of the land owned by John Rapelje was bought by Comfort and Joshua Sands, for twelve thousand four hundred and thirty pounds sterling, in 17S4. It extended from Gold street to Fulton street. Joshua Sands hved in a mansion m Front street, at the corner of Dock street. Opposite there, on the south side of Front street, in Mrs. Chester's long coffee-room, pubhc entertainments were first given in Brooklyn, other than those given by British officers during the Revolution. "Yankee" Hill was the entertainer, and was famous in his day. In later years the drama had a temporary resting place in the Brooklyn Museum, and the variety stage long flourished, with the accompaniment of drinks and pretty waiter girls, in Burtis's Varieties. The Brooklyn Museum is yet standing at the north- west corner of Orange and Fulton streets, and the building in which Bur- tis's varieties flourished is at the northwest corner of Pineapple and Fulton streets. Dramatic performances were also given occasionally at the Brook- lyn, or Military Garden, kept for many years by the Du Flon family, on the site of the County Court House. In this garden the reception to Lafayette was held in 1824. "The Ferry" section of Brooklyn had no church until 1785. It is be- lieved that Philip Embury, and that vahant one-eyed exhorter, Captain Webb, of the British Army, made occasional trips over from New York, after founding the John Street M. E. Church there, and preached in the open air, after the manner of the Salvation Army enthusiasts. But this is a matter of tradition. As matters of history, we know that in one day, in 1785, Woodman Hickson put a wooden slab over a barrel-head at a point in the present Sands street, nearly opposite the lower corner of that street and Fulton street, and that he there preached and pounded until he interested a number of his hearers. Among them was Peter Cannon, the cooper, and thereafter the Methodists met in his cooper-shop, near the foot of the Ferry Road, until 1794, when they built a church about where Hickson planted his barrel. The Sands street M. E. Church stood there until within a few years ago. The East River Bridge caused its abandonment and destruc- tion. On the lower side of Sands street^ at the corner of Washington, in a handsome grove, stood St. Ann's P. E. Church from 1808 until only a few years before the Bridge usurped its site. It was named for Ann Sands, the wife of Joshua Sands. Fashionable St. Ann's-on-the-Heights is its successor m lineage. How little thought of the great future of Brooklyn the early residents had is shown by the fact that the cemetery of St. Ann's was laid out along Fulton street, opposite Clark street, and was maintained there until the city was built far beyond it, audit had become a bleak, dismal, rubbish-strewn plot, where from time to time practical jokers, with weak minds, used to "play spook" to interest and terrify the crowds of passers-by. It was, by the way, on this cemetery plot that the first Episcopal Church stood. An Episcopalian congregation was organized in the house of Marvin Richardson, where Charles Johnson's resort for "sports" now is, at the corner of Fulton and Middagh streets, in 1784. The Independent Meeting House, on the plot of which we have been speaking, having been taken possession of by creditors, the Episcopahans succeeded to the owner- ship of it, and worshipped there until they built in Sands'street. But we have moved some distance from the "Old Ferry" m our discus- sion of the churches. Let us go back, stopping for a moment about mid- way between High and Nassau streets in Fulton street. Here, until May, 1832, stood the Van Syclen House, as it was called, an ancient structure, which in 1752 sheltered the Colonial Legislature when that body fled from HISTORIC LANDMARKS. 7 New York in fear of the smallpox, then raging there. It was the head- quarters of Gen. Israel Putnam, who commanded the patriot forces on Long Island in 1776. Its oaken timbers blunted many a modern implement when it was torn down, and most of those timbers were used in the con- struction of the houses now standing on its site. Only a short distance be- low, at the junction of Main and Fulton streets, and running back a quarter of a mile, were the British army's work-shops during the Revolution. Main street was then but a path, leading up from the big tulip tree on the river bank — a favorite resort for picknickers. This wide-spreading tree was par- tially hollow, so that eight persons could stand comfortably within it. 'J 'he picknickers used to cook in it. One day some of them forgot to put out their lire, which attacked and destroyed the tree, much to the regret of those who used to resort to it and to enjoy themselves cheaply but as satisfactorily as the wealthy club men enjoyed themselves over the river at the famous Belvedere, on the hill near Corlear's Hook. Main street was not opened until 1795, and was then named New Ferry street, because of the ferry then established there — now Catharine Ferry. Prior to that date there had also been a ferry from the foot of Joralemon Hill to Coenties Slip. But it was of little account, as most travelers prefer- red the livelier journey by way of the "Old Ferry," and for some time after the steamboat began to run in 18 14 the "Old Ferry" was a practical mo- nopoly. One block down Main street, and you reach York street, a direct passage from Fulton street to the main entrance to the United States Navy Yard. To your left, as you look toward the river, and nearer to Fulton street, is, or was, an irregular space. Here was for years the principal market of Brooklyn. A market was established at "The Ferry " as early as 1675; and in later years one was held near the New (Catharine) Ferry. Both were abolished in 1884. Brooklyn was incorporated as a village on April 12th, 1816, with boundaries as follows: From the foot of Joralemon street to Red Hook Lane, thence to the Jamaica Turnpike, thence to the Wallabout Poncl and the East River. The villagers soon desired a village hall, and proposed to build one with a market underneath the offices of the village authorities. It was not until 1826 that they undertook to carry this plan into effect. The irregular space through which York street now passes \vas selected as the site of the hall and market, and then the authorities undertook to open away to it from Fulton street; but they met with an ob- stacle, which confronted them for years, in the person of Jacob Patchen, a leather-breeched, slow, conservative old Dutchman. He lived in an ancient shingled house, with its gable end to the street, situated just where Market street had to run; and he chose to live there, luxuriating under the shade of the big locusts that stood in front of his house, and careless of what seemed to others the need of public improvement. When the authorities con- demned his land they were unable to make a tender of the money to him. After playing hide and seek for a long time, they went to his house with a cart loaded with 6,750 silver dollais, of which to make a public offer; but Jacob had escaped and evaded the offer. They, therefore, invaded the house, sold it by auction, and when fat Jacob sought to hold the dwelling against all odds, they had him carried out. The courts again put him into possession of the land, although the house had been torn down, and Mar- ket street had been opened and paved. He built a fence across the street, and a small house, in which he lived, and started the fight afresh. The public had by this time got used to making its way to the market through Market street, so they tore down the fence and kept it down, against all 8 CITIZEN GUIDE. Jacob's protests. But he kept up the fight until he died, in 1840, or for more than fourteen years, and finally the City of Brooklyn, which had been incorporated on April 8th, 1834, was compelled to pay for his land more than double what had been originally fixed as its value. Opposite where old Jacob's house stood a narrow, dark lane runs from Fulton street to Poplar street. It used to be known as Buckbee's Alley, but is now known as Poplar place. The old hay-scales stood there, and on its roof was the first fire-bell owned by Brooklyn. At the head of the alley, in Poplar street, was Poplar Hall, a great resort for dancers fifty years ago. It is now the Newsboy's Home. From the Heights to the Kavy Yard, The easiest way to reach the plain on the top of Ihpetonga — "The Heights" — is from Fulton street by way of Hicks. Until you arrive at Cranberry street there is no place of special interest. There, turn to your left, and in the middle of the block, on the south side of the street between Hicks and Henry streets, is where the first Presbyterian Church was erected in the City of Brooklyn in 1822. Its site is now occupied by the Sunday school of Plymouth Church, whose congregation was so long ministered to by Henry Ward Beecher. On the comer of Henry street formerly stood the Apprentices' Library. The City Armory _ succeeded that edifice, and during the war was the scene of constant activity and interest. From there the famous "red legged devils" of the Fourteenth Regiment went to the front. There the Thirteenth Regiment had its beginning, and at vari- ous times other State military organizations have been quartered there. Opposite to it, in Henry street, is the old Firemen's Hall, the scene of many a lively time in the days of the Volunteer Fire Department; and around the corner from Firemen's Hall, at Orange and Fulton streets, is the old Brook- lyn Museum, where the Twenty-third Regiment was organized. Pass down Orange street to the brow of the "Heights," and you get, through the fence of a little park laid out on the top of a building in Furman street far below, a magnificent view of the harbor. You are now where the British officers used to enjoy themselves to the top of their bent during the Revo- lution. It was on this plain they raced their horses, baited bulls and had festivals of various kinds. Just above here, at Clark street, the patriots erected a battery in the Spring of 1776. It is probable that the terrace, on which now stands the house of Henry C. Bowen, at Clark and Willow streets, is a part of the elevation of that fortification. The British maintained the battery there throughout their occupancy of Long Island. This was for many years, and is yet, the "sweU" residential part of Brooklyn, although many boarding-house keepers have crept in. Here yet live the Lows and the Pierreponts and many other families, whose names have been identified with the progress of Brooklyn. All the land here, lying between Court street and the river, Atlantic avenue and Clark street, passed into the possession of Joris Remsen, son of Rem Jansen Vanderbeeck, in 1706, and he built a mansion on the brow of a rocky promontory, just south of the present Remsen street, or about where the Prentice house has been in recent years. The Remsen mansion was occupied as a hospital by the British. In later years it was tumbled from its lofty situation, down into Furman street, where it long stood. Philip L. Livingston, a member of the Continental Congress, became possessed of a part of the Remsen estate about the middle of the eighteenth century. He built a mansion near where Montague and Hicks streets now cross, which, for its day, was the most HISTORIC LANDMARKS. 9 magnificent in the neighborhood of New York, and perhaps in the country. The gardens about it were the finest in America. The woodwork in it was carved, the ceihngs of every room were ornamented, and the marble chim- ney pieces were all sculptured in Italy. Like the Remsen house, it was used as a hospital by the British. It became the property of Teunis Jorale- mon in 1803. It was to be moved to make way for the opening of Hicks street, and the fine carving in it had all been taken down and packed, when it took fire and was destroyed with all its contents. Joralemon street will now lead you straight to the City Hall and County Court House. The City Hall was planned m 1834 on a magnificent scale. Its cornerstone was laid on April 20th, 1835. The work of construction went on until the panic of 1837 paralyzed every kind of business. After ten years of delay its con- struction on a diminished scale of architectural grandeur was begun again and carried on to completion. It is but a short walk from the City Hall through Fulton street, lined on both sides with magnificent stores, to where the old village of Breuckelen was established in 1646. Here in the middle of the roadway (Fulton street), between Smith and Hoyt streets, stood the first Dutch Church. Prior to 1659, Brooklyn was ministered to by the Rev. Joannes Theodorus Polhemus, who also preached at Midwout (Flatbush), Amersfort (Flatlands) and Gravesend. In that year the people of Brooklyn, for various reasons of inconvenience, petitioned Governor Stuyvesant for leave to procure a minister from Holland, and as a result, the Rev. Henricus Selwyn was installed at Brooklyn, in 1660. His preach- ing soon became famous in the colony, and Governor Stuyvesant agreed to pay part of his salary if he were allowed to preach occasionally in his chapel in the Bowery, which is now known as the Episcopal Church of St. Mark's. Two years later the people of Brooklyn insisted upon having Mr. Selwyn to themselves, and in 1666 they built for him the first Dutch Church — a square edifice, with thick walls and high, narrow windows. It was a damp, dark and gruesome building, but it continued to be used until 1810, when the highway was widened and repaired. Then a new church was built on Joralemon street, near the corner of Court, where the congregation of the first Dutch Church continued to worship until very recently. ' Passing on a short distance, to where Flatbush avenue runs from Ful- ton street, you reach the southeastern-most limit of Brooklyn, as it was when incorporated as a village in 1816. It is impossible now to follow the vil- lage line, which then skirted the hill on which is Washington Park, or Fort Greene, and crossed the country to the western bank of the Rennegackonck and the eastern limits of the original estate of Joris de'Rapalje on the southern shore of the "bend" of Meryckawick. This is true historic ground. Along this "bend" from the Rennegackonk to Marchwyck, the headland which marks its western limit, were buried thousands of patriots whose lives had been sapped in the noisome prison-ships. Out in the Walla- bout lay, from 1776 until the close of the Revolution, the prison-ships Jersey and Whitby, and a number of others from time to time. Several of these others were burned, and many prisoners of war found in the flames a happy release from the slow death by suffocation, starvation and general misery which they had been undergoing. It has been estimated that eleven thousand persons died on the prison-ship Jersey alone. How many died in all is only a matter of conjecture. For years their bones were crop- ping out of the meadows and headlands. In 1808 the Tammany Society of New York, moved by that patriotic feeling which has always character- ized it, had the bones of many of them disinterred, and buried them in thir- 10 CITIZEN GUIDE. teen immense coffins in a mausoleum erected on the eastern side of Hud- son avenue, which runs on the ridge of Marchwyck. This headland was thereafter known as Martyrs' Hook — a corruption of the name of Martyn's Hook, which very naturally resulted from the fact that Jan Martyn, one of the original proprietors of the headland, was easily forgotten, while the m.emory of the martyrs of the prison-ships must always remain fresh. If you wish to visit the Wallabout region, you may take, at Fulton av- enue, opposite the mouth of Flatbush avenue, an elevated railroad train which will carry you to Myrtle avenue and Bridge street, from where, after two transfers, you may arrive within a short distance of the entrance to the Navy Yard from Navy street. You are now in the centre of the Fifth Ward, or "Irishtown." It is a rude change from one to the other, but Irish- town was originally a part of Olympia. When Joshua and Comfort Sands bought the land of John de Rapalje in 17S4, they laid it out in streets and plots, and called it Olympia. John Jackson, who owned much land adjoin- ing theirs, and running to the southeastward, joined them in the enterprise. But it was a slow movement, so, after the Irish revolution, Jackson made a bold bid to get Irish refugees to settle on his land. He called an eminence on his land Vinegar Hill, after the place of their last fight at home, and his plan succeeded. The Irish flocked to him. But an enmity grew up be- tween them and the Dutch at the Wallabout, and continued alive between the people of the two sections — particularly the young men and boys — until the Volunteer Fire Department went out of existence. Even to the present day there is a restraint in the relations between the people who live north and those who live south of Concord street. City Park, up to which Con- cord street runs at Navy street, used to be a great battle ground for the "Bucks" of Irishtnwn who "ran with Seven Engine," and the "Forty Acres" who "ran with Five Engine." In this park the dastardly murder of the Spaniard Don Jose Otero by his treacherous fellow-countrymen took place on Nov. 23, 1S65. "Irishtown" has always been a turbulent neighborhood. Dur- ing and for years after the war it was not uncommon to see United States troops surrounding sections of it, while Internal Revenue officers were raiding illicit distilleries, which abounded there. The strange name of "Forty Acres" had its origin in the fact that the predecessors of the bellig- erents who prided themselves on it lived on or near the forty acres of land along the Wallabout sold to the United States Government for a navy yard site by John Jackson in 1801. The Navy Yard will well repay a visit. It is filled with things of inter- est connected with the past, and instructive respecting the present. Leave it by wa}'- of the Flushing avenue exit, and pass up Cumberland street to Myrtle avenue. There you will find Washington Park, or Fort Greene. Its latter name comes from the title of a fortification erected in 18 14. A Revo- lutionary predecessor of this defensive structure was known as Fort Put- nam. The eminence on which Washington Park is laid out has never been the scene of conflict, yet it is more intimately than any other part of the city associated in the minds of most of our citizens with the idea of war. One reason for this is the fact that the bones of the martyrs of the Revolu- tionary prison-ships are in this park, in a vault on the side of the hill facing the comer of Myrtle avenue and Canton street. They were removed from the Hudson avenue mausoleum, which had fallen into ruin, on Jtme 17, 1873. Brooklyn's Battle Field. When it became apparent early in the year 1776 that the British pro- HISTORIC LANDMARKS. 11 posed to make Long Island the place from which to send expeditions to crush the rebellion in detail, Generals Lee, Putnam and Greene preceded Washington hither. They first built Fort Defiance on Red Hook, a bat- tery on Governor's Island, and Fort Stirling at Columbia and Clark streets. These were to combat the British fleet. Then, beginning with Fort Put- nam, they built a line of defences across the narrow neck that separates the Wallabout from Gowanus Kill. These defences were, starting from the Wallabout: a redoubt on the hillside just to the northward of where Cumberland street and Myrtle avenue cross; Fort Putnam, on the top of the hill; a small oblong redoubt on the southwestern slope of the hill, about where DeKalb and Hudson avenues meet; Fort Greene, a star-sh aped structure mounting six guns, east of the present line of Bond street and between State and Schermerhorn; Fort Box (named after Major Box of Gen. Greene's staff), a diamond-shaped structure about Pacific and Bond streets; and a redoubt on the hill where Co.urt street and Atlantic avenue intersect. The last mentioned hill was known locally as Punkiesberg, but the patriot soldiers who had t)een at Boston dubbed it Cobble Hill, from its likeness to an eminence near that city, The fort here was built to check a rear attack from the East River side, or a flanking movement by way of Gowanus Cove. It was peculiarly constructed, with trenches running spi- rally from the bottom to the summit of the hill, and was commonly known as the Corkscrew Fort. Besides these defences there was a small redoubt at Degraw and Bond streets, commanding a mill-dam on Gowanus Kill. So the village of Brooklyn was well defended on the land side. To defend the approaches to the Jamaica and Bedford Roads, which led to the village, the greater part of the patriot army was thrown out along the ridge of hills which runs from the Narrows to the eastward, with the special duty to guard the coast road and the Flatbush and Bedford (Clove Road) passes. The British, who had crossed the Narrows from Staten Island to Fort Hamilton, then knowm as De Nyse's Ferry, on Au- gust 22d, 1776, soon learned of the occupancy by the Americans of the hills and of the passes already mentioned. For three days they skirmished in a desultory way. On the night of August 26th the British began to move forward from New Utrecht in three columns — one along the coast road to Gowanus, and another — composed of Hessians — to the front of the American position at Flatbush. The third, made up of the main body of the British Army, and commanded by General Howe, with Sir Henry Clinton, Lord Cornwallis and General Percy as aids, made its way to East New York, through the Jamaica Pass, which had been left unguarded, and by way of the Jamaica road to the left flank of the American position. As soon as this body began the attack on the flank and in the rear, the other two col- ums assailed the Americans in front. The fight began at three o'clock on the morning of the 27th of August. By two o'clock in the afternoon it was ended in a decided defeat for the patriots. But, raw and untried as they had been, they had proved themselves able to cope with veterans. The British, with the advantage of a surprise, lost as many in killed and wounded as the jiatriots. Prospect Park is hallowed ground, for it was the scene of the greater part of the fighting done in the first great battle fought after the Americans declared independence to be their aim. Not less holy is the ground from 23d street and Third avenue to Gowanus Creek, where Lord Stirling, with his brave Maryland and Pennsylvania regiments, main- tained an unequal fight for hours. 12 CITIZEN GUIDE. Gen» Putnam was in command of the patriot army in the fight. "Wash- ington was in New York. When his defeated forces arrived within the Hne of intrenchments he took command and made arrangements to repulse the enemy, who, apparently, made ready to build intrenchments for them- selves and to advance by degrees. Their headquarters was at Baker's Tavern, afterward known as Bull's Head, about where Atlantic avenue and Fort Greene place now meet. After some skirmishing in the neigh- borhood of Clinton, Vanderbilt and DeKalb avenues, and after two days of heavy rain upon his unsheltered men, Washington and his advisers, at a council of war held in the Cornell-Pierrepont house, situated where Monta- gue street and Montague Terrace cross, decided to abandon Brooklyn. This decision they carried into effect on the night of August 2gth, without arous- ing the suspicion of the British. When the latter awakened on the morning of August 31st the forts confronting them were untenanted. They entered Brooklyn speedily, and for seven years thereafter made Long Island their base cf supplies. Having strengthened the lyie of fortifications built by the Americans, they projected an inner line, the main feature of which was a fort 150 feet square at Pierrepont and Henry streets. The remainder of the line was an earthwork running over to the brow of the Heights, and a series of works, with connecting trenches, stretching from the fort across Johnson, Concord, Nassau, High and Sands streets to the Wallabout. The fort was built but the connecting works were not. The original fortifications were reconstructed in 1814 by the voluntary labor of the citizens of Brooklyn. Old Fort Putnam was then christened Fort Greene, which is yet the popular name of the eminence on which it stood. Even the redoubt on Punkiesberg or Cobble Hill, at Atlantic avenue and Court streets, was then rebuilt, and its trenches and terraces remained until District street wasbroadened and lengthened into Atlantic avenue. In 1836 the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad, starting from South Ferry, cut through the base and core of Cobble Hill. The tunnel then made was closed about thirty years ago. But only its ends are filled up. The last time public at- tention was called to it, was when ±he revenue officers discovered that some enterprising illicit distillers were making whiskey in it. They Emulated Gargantua. While the British were in New York they made Long Island their special resort for amusement. For hard drinking and good eating no place was more attractive to them than the " Corporation House," or, as it was variously known to them, "The Kings Arms " or Brooklyn Hall. This was a building on the old ferry road below the Rapelje mansion, about the middle of the block between Front and Water streets. It belonged to the city of New York, which then claimed jurisdiction over the Long Island shore as far as the high-water mark. It was always an inn, and in the time of the Revolution was kept by one Loosley, a bitter Tory, but a good cook, whose fish dinners were the delight of the British officers. Loosley also kept a tavern at Ascot Heath, or Flatlands Plain, where the " red coats " raced their own horses, or the best stock they could procure from the farm- ers of Long Island, New Jersey and Connecticut. Between racing at Ascot Heath, fox-hunting toward Hempstead, and bull-baiting on the Heights, they prepared themselves well for the good things that Landlord Loosley set before them in the " Kings Arms." Loosley was a clever advertiser in his way. He lost no opportunity to tell his little world what good things he had to serve ; 'and if ever an opportunity came to illuminate his house. HISTORIC LANDMARKS. 18 or otherwise express his extreme loyalty, he never failed to improve it. One of the most interesting of his methods of advertising is still extant in a newspaper which he called " The Brooklyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette." This was the first newspaper printed in Brooklyn. It was a sheet of dingy letter-size paper, very closely printed, and made up of matter showing the merits of the Tory cause and of his own establishment. A copy of it is m the Lyceum in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The impress of the thirsty British was put upon the character of " The Ferry " deeply enough to stay there for many years. Besides the " Corpo- ration House," there sprang up many less aristocratic drinking places, and it was long afterward a question whether there was a better reason for visit- ing " The Ferry " than to get a drink. Indeed, the embryonic " City of Churches " was in the past a cluster of dram-shops. In 1 796 there was one tavern-keeper to every four persons living between Fulton and Main streets. In 1822, when the village of Brooklyn had 7,500 residents, there were ninety-six places where liquor was sold. There were then four distilleries, or one for less than two thousand people, men, women and children. Now that this city has over 900,000 people, there ought to be, if the ratio had kept up, nearly five hundred distilleries here. In 1826 the excise fees amounted to $3,627. In the same way these fees ought now to be one hundred times as large, or $362,700, but as one dollar in 1826 could buy as many of the neces- saries of life as three dollars now, the real sum, to be proportionate, should be $1,088,100. Yet this hard drinking of our predecessors — which used to be done by the Dutch at home before the British soldiers caused the establish- ment of tap-jrooms — need not be considered to their discredit. They were used to liquor, and they were not light-witted people, likely to be made either hilarious or quarrelsome. Besides they had but narrow roads to reel in and many a fence to cling to. The "Ferry Road " was so narrow until 1817, when it became Fulton street, that a drunken man could stagger from side to side without falling for lack of a house or a fence to support him. It was not until 1848 that Fulton street acquired its present width. The op- portunity to widen it was procured through the great fire of September 9th, in that year, which burned over the territory bounded by Pineapple, Con- cord, Sands, Fulton and Henry streets. The Eastern District. Our discourse has been altogether about what is now known as the "Western District of Brooklyn. The Eastern District, formerly called Wil- liamsburgh, has but a meagre history. From the purchase of the land east of the Wallabout by Governor Kieft in 1638, and the estabHshment of the town of Bushwick, to which we referred in the beginning of this sketch, that region was slumbrous, its restfulness being broken only by occasional forays by the patriots from Westchester or Connecticut during the Revolu- tion. The name of Boswijck or Bushwick, "town in the woods," was coined b}^ old Peter Stuyvesant, when he visited the settlement in March, 1661. He then conferred certain town privileges upon the community, and appointed Peter Janes Wit, Jan Cornells Zeeuw, and Jan Tilje to be its magistrates. From its beginning until 1700 there was no church in Bushwick. Most of the settlers were Lutherans. The Dutch did not allow them to have a minister not of the Reformed Dutch Church, so they went without one. But Dutch families entered among them, and had services in their houses from time to time, whenever a preacher could be procured from New York, Brooklyn or Flatbush. About 1705 the first church— Dutch Reformed— was built be- 14 CITIZEN GUIDE. tweeii Busliwick avenue, North Second street, Humboldt street and Skill- man avenue. Besides being not markedly religious, Bushwick was from the begin- ning incHned to rebellion. It resented the methods of Peter Stuyvesant, and he had prepared himself to discipline it when the English wrested his domain from him. Throughout the English period the Bushwickers were restless. When the news of the dowlifall of James the Second reached them, they celebrated the event with great enthusiasm. They were also eager for the Revolution. Theodorus Polhemus, whose descendants are yet well-known citizens, represented them in the provincial congresses. During the Revolution they were kept in order by Hessians, who were quartered on them. Greenpoint, or Cherry Point, was a part of Bushwick, but was so re- mote from the village that it was even more slumbrous. In 1833 Dr. Eli- phalet Nott and Keziah Bliss bought thirty acres of the Peter Meserole farm and laid the land out with streets. The first house was built there in 1839, in India street, by John Hillyer. Williamsburgh is the offspring of an unsuccessful speculation. In iSoo Richard M. Woodhull, a New Yorker, conceived the idea of establishing a vil- lage near the old ' * Lookout, " through which the produce of Long Island should go to New York, instead of by way of Brooklyn. After much difficulty with the conservative ^farmers, he bought thirteen acres of land in the neighborhood of the foot of the present North Second street, laid them out in city lots, and named the place Williamsburgh, after his friend Colonel Wil- liams, of the United States Army, who surveyed it for him. He estab- lished a ferry from Corlears Hook, and sold a few lots. But he did little else, excepting to fail in 1811. Thomas Morrell, of Newtown, had mean- while laid out twenty-eight acres to the eastward, between North Second and South First streets, and dubbed his place Yorkton. He likewise start- ed a ferry from the foot of Grand street to Corlears Hook, Yorkton was the more prosperous for years, but finally Woodhull's ferry was benefited by the opening of turnpikes to it. Williamsburgh then became known over the island, and the fame of Yorkton departed. Williamsburgh grew, and its prosperity was assured when, in 1819, Noah Waterbury built a distillery at the foot of South Second street, and earned the title of "Father of Williamsburgh." Then David Dunham acquired interests in the vil- lage, established a steam ferry and erected a school house. This was in 1S20, when Williamsburgh had a population of 934, of whom nearly a quar- ter were colored. Rope walks and more distilleries were started later on. The village of Williamsburgh was incorporated on April 14th, 1827, with these boundaries; beginning at the bay or river opposite to the town of Brooklyn, and running thence easterly along the division line between the towns of Bushwick and Brooklyn to the land of Abraham A. Remsen ; thence northerly by the same to a road or highway at a place called Sweed's Fly (Note — probably Swede's Vley, or valley); thence by said high- way to the dwelling house late of John Vandervoort, deceased; thence in a straight line northerly to a small ditch or creek against the meadow of John Skillman; thence by the middle or centre of Norman's Kill to the East River; thence by the same to the place of beginning. By the charter Noah Waterbury, Abraham Meserole, Louis Sanford, Thomas T. Morrell and John Miller were appointed village trustees. Miller declined to serve. At the first election, held November 5th, 1827, the same persons were elected trustees, with the exception of Miller, for whom Peter C. Cornell was sub- I. FULTON STo FEOM FERRIES TO HENMYSI PAPER AND WOOD PULP, I he Olen iManufacturing L/o, I he HaverhiH r aper L/o. ~^ NEWSPAPER AND WOOD PULP. Boston Office: Globe Building. New York Office: Tribune Building. HISTORIC LANDMARKS. 15 stituted. Then came a period of speculation in land, which finally ended in bankruptcy for many who had blindly sought fortunes. The general panic of 1837 made them its victims. Prosperity did not begin to appear again in Williamsburgh until 1844. In the meantime the villagers gave their atten- tion to establishing churches and improving the educational opportunities of the community, of which Bushwick was made part in April, 1835. When a new wave of prosperity came into their view, the people of Williamsburgh sought civic rights. After much wrangling they procured the passage by the Legislature of a city charter, on April 7th, 1851. In the following November they elected their city officers, and their charter went into effect on January ist, 1852. Dr. Abraham J. Berry was the first Mayor of Williamsburgh. William Wall was the second and last. He was a dog- matic and pugnacious man, who made a fortune in ropemaking. He took office on Jan. ist, 1854, and soon became embroiled with the Aldermen. As they would not do as he wished, he vetoed almost every ordinance they passed. His vetoes in the year he held office were afterward collected in a volume of more than one hundred octavo pages. Being unable to force the Aldermen to do his will, he favored the consolidation of Williamsburgh with Brooklyn, and his influence was largely instrumental in causing the passage of the act of consolidation, which went into effect on January i, 1855. East ]N^ew York and New Lots. In 1852 the town of Flatbush was divided and the town of New Lots was created. In this town were four villages, viz: East New York, Browns- ville, New Lots and C3rpress Hills. Its history is not of great interest, ex- cepting so far as it revives memories of the march of the British through its territory to surprise the patriots on August 26, 1776, of the bloody riots that drunken soldiers used to indulge in when they were quartered on the plain now covered by East New York, during the war of the Rebellion, or of the lively times the lovers of trotting had in the days of long ago, when they spurted through the drives of the town, on their way to John I. Snediker's, or Hiram Woodruff's, or to the Union, or the Centreville Course. In those trotting days, when Flora Templeor George M. Patchen was the attraction to the Courses, the roads were thronged with light wagons or sulkies, driven by "whips" who all insisted upon showing the merits of their "nags," no matter who or what they drove over or against. But Hunt-a-fly Road is no longer in the minds of the people. Clove Road is only a historical fact, and few now living knew the joys of Ben Nelson's hostelry at Flatbush, or the delights of Holder's at Bedford. Union Course, built upon the site of Centreville, is practically forgotten, and John I. Snediker and Hiram Wood- ruff have long been gathered to their fathers. The old town of New Lots is now a part of Brooklyn, having been annexed, and labeled as the 26th Ward in 1887. Thus compactly, yet with some degree of amplitude, without which this would be but a summary of events and a series of dates, the endeavor has been made to give here the history of Brooklyn. It is not a romantic tale, but the story of the life-time of a city, which, beginning with a foundation of thrift, honesty and conservativeness, lias been built up to greatness by the efforts of its citizens, inspired by public spirit and the love of home. BROOKbYJM ENTEf^TAlNMENTS. Theatres — Opera Houses — Music Halls — Amateur Dramatic Societies- Amateur Actors. In a city of homes like Brooklyn, where there is no considerable ''float- ing population," the character and quality of the public entertainments may be fitly said to represent the character and quality of the people. Proba- bly there is no other city of its size in the world in which the people do so much to amuse themselves, and depend so little upon professional enter- tainers. The musical and dramatic amateur finds genuine appreciation in Brooklyn, and the church entertainments, in particular and private theat- ricals for the benefit of church societies and charities, bring this talent fre- quently and conspicuously into play. Brooklyn has more than her share of musical societies, some of them of national reputation, while in the matter of amateur dramatic clubs she has no rival on the face of the earth. The "Thespian Society" did not originate in Brooklyn, of course, but its vogue has been carried here to a limit unheard of in other cities. Where- fore, in taking up the subject of public entertainments in Brooklyn ama- teur theatricals come first into the mind. The amateur actor exists, in more or less repute, in every American city, but in Brooklyn he positively dominates. In the last twenty-five years the fame of the Brooklyn amateur has spread over the whole coun- .try. Why Brooklyn, more than any other large city, should have taken to private theatricals with so much energy, it would puzzle and take an experienced student of manners to determine. Brooklynites have the New York theatres at their very doors, and they have long had modem, well-equipped playhouses of their own in which the best of the current plays are performed by the best actors in the season. But the recent growth of theatres in Brooklyn has not in the least retarded the growth of amateur theatricals, and in the dramatic forces of the many societies, whose monthly receptions and performances are social events of acknowl- edged importance, many professional actors and actresses of distinction have had their artistic beginning. Before the organization of the famous and still thriving Amaranth in 1870, the amateur actors in Brooklyn, though numerous, enthusiastic and reasonably ambitious, were not so conspicuously in evidence as they after- ward became. They had few regular performances, and generally ap- peared in public only for the benefit of some local charity. The old Athe- nseum, at Clinton street and Atlantic avenue, was the scene of most of their exploits, while the less ambitious among them found publicity enough to satisfy them at Sawyer's Hall, over the music store of Chas. Carroll Saw- yer, author of war songs and once popular sentimental ballads, at Fulton and Jay streets. The Athenaeum was then much as it is now, and was con- stantly in use for all sorts of entertainments, assembly balls, and meetings, as well as concerts and dramatic entertainments. Sawyer's Hall was a veritable toy theatre, with a tiny stage raised a foot or. so above the floor level of the audience room, a line of twinkling little foot-lights, a painted curtain on a slow revolving and wheezy roller, and a few miniature interior BROOKLYN ENTERTAINMENTS. 11 and exterior scenes that could only be put properly into place by the con- sumption of much time, labor and patience. When the pioneer amateur actors of Brooklyn did not use either of these public halls they exerted their influence in the back parlors of private residences. The Amaranth came into existence suddenly and brilliantly. It had a large membership, and its dramatic corps in the beginning included men and women who might have made a mark on the professional stage. John H. Bird, John Oakey, Chas. Bamburgh, Henry W. Pope, the Messrs. Hardenberg, Leonard W. Moody, Dr. T. A. Quinlan, W. T. Lusk, Fanny Foster, Mr. and Mrs. St. George and Chas. W. Thomas were among its first tragedians and comedians. Its monthly entertainments in the spa- cious Academy of Music, followed by dances in the assembly rooms, drew out the best society of the Heights and the Hill, and were revelations of the ability and enthusiasm of the amateur actor. Then began the pro- tracted period of extraordinary activity among the dramatic amateurs of Brooklyn. Dozens of smaller societies sprang up, and the Brooklyn Ly- ceum, a little theatre in Washington street, became their chief abiding place. This had a real stage, a seating capacity of 500, suitable scenery and a •'greenroom." The Lyceum w^as forgotton long ago, but the Amaranth, as has been said, still survives, having been the progenitor of other socie- ties now equally well known, of which the Kemble and the Gilbert are the largest in numbers and the foremost in importance. The Criterion Thea- tre, a well-equipped and handsome playhouse on Fulton street, opposite Grand avenue, is used almost exclusively for the receptions and entertain- ments of those organizations that do not care to play in the big Academy. I he following is a complete list up to date of the different amateur dramatic societies : Amaranth, Amphion, Ariel, Amateur Opera Associa- tion, Armstrong, Adephi Alumni, Alpine, Assumption, Holy Name Booth, Barrett, Bedford Union, Bijou, Barrymore, Confraternity Sacred Heart, Caledonian, Claudian, Columbia, De Long Council Minstrels, Entre Nous, Elliott, Florence, Fidelia, Gilbert, Hawthorne, Irving, ItaHan South Brooklyn, Jerome, Jefferson, Kendal, Leonardis, Lafayette, Laurence, Laurel, Lutzover, Lyric, Lester, La Salle, Melpomene, Mantle, Midwood, Newspaper League, Nepenthe, Perseverance, Philomathean, Parvows, Portia, Rakes of Kildare, Roja, Salvmi, St. Peter's, St. Ann's, Young Men's, St. James' Young Men's, St. Augustine's Holy Name, South Brooklyn, Swedish, St. John's Young Men's, St. Thomas' Young Men's, St. Paul's Young Men's, Ulks, Visitation Young Men's, Lyceum, Vincentian, Warde. Xavier, Young Men's of St. Francis de Sales, Young Men's Sodality, Young Men's of Our Lady of Victory. Amateur actors who have achieved distinction are Messrs. Frederick Bowne, W. P. Macfarlane, Adam Dove, C. T. Cathn, J. J. Darling, Douglass Montgomery, Burt G. Cole, H. C. Edwards, W. J. Moran, Albert Meafoy, Ernest Jacobson, William Dinsmore, H. W. Noble, W. T. Harris, Frank Norris, H. J. Stokum, John E. Irwin, W. W. Butcher, Chas. Arthur, and J. F.^Dyer; Misses Marie Lamb, Dorothy Dearborn, Carlotta Cole, Mamie T. Cole, Ella G. Greene, Edith Elwood, Mary Farley, Blanche Krisler, Ehse Louis, Sloat, Butcher, Healy, Turner, Webster, and Paige; Robert Hilhard, Edith Kingdon (now Mrs. George Gould), Blanche Bender (now Mrs. Joe Jefferson, Jr.), Nellie Yale Nelson, Alice Chapin Ferris, Ada Aus- tin, Ahce Sheppard, Rose Barrington Clarke, Pauline Willard, Grace Gay- lor Clarke, Mamie Bender. C. H. Canfield, Norman Campbell, Willard ^® CITIZEN GUIDE. Dalton George Sammis, Miss Billings, Mrs Bucklev Frp,1sr,vv c„ .1 James Wilson, C. De Milly, Bert Andr'ews, and a ho^t oUesser Ltte are no^ ag5d° to t?v'4l*''" =»"«««= are vaneS and ambitiout They 7u .''^, f'^'f'd to try bhakespeare and other English classirs The,, „Z ' the rights to present the most popular modern plays Llte^v som7 ^^l" societies have produced original plavs of some mll\t r^^^ T °' "^^ are well managed and the plays are ^ca?efu°l v stSS tL P'^^^ances ant entertainment for man^ th^ousanrof KSes ^ ^""""^ P'"^^" Chur^h'is t^ CZ ^"SlTr ^Ll\^euT't"aiSn^ °^ ''"■^ ^''^ °' t"hntS^^a?Sitt'?i?ri5S^ e'^lrrrS^f^?-^-^"^^ «-"^^^^ rheldTnt^Lrrx.TroC^^t ilS- S^P-^Jnl TS!^!^ made with rare iud^ment 3 f' . APr?^'"''"l'^^^ °^ which are ihe history of the Brooklyn dramatic stage has never been writto„ subiecf W^"°'^^'''!r''2 ^^f°™'^ f°^ an^fnte?esting volume on that vears 'Rrnntf n?™"'''^" ''^^ ^°'"^"y ''ad a stage of its own for many IP fo^iSt^l—Lrfoii^i^^^^^^^^^^^ theTerrfboats har?o' ^?lf '^^^ ■ '' ^^"\^^ ^^' ^°^^ ^^^^er nights! when W n^y cfo "" ""fx,^® *^^i^ w^y through fields of ice and limber- fefries anri T' ,^^? ^K ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ conveyance betweeT the sf and fh. .^T.^^^^^'^- • y^i Wallack's, at Broadway and Thirteenth ni'^htlv oonH. y PJiiicipal New York theatres, always had their S?ge nightly contingent of appreciative Brooklyn theatre-eoers There wS asXf whe^n'rl^'^T?"''^ " '"^^ ^^°^k ^«^P^-y in Bfooklynis longTgo ters opened th^^prrt ^h^r^' ^ T?.°^ '^^^^ ^^"^^^ ^^ theatrical^mft^ LCI b open ea tne l^ark Theatre, on Fulton st., opposite the Citv Hall PnrV Jpp'o ntmentrioSI 'TJ '''^" "' '"^''^ "'^if ^"^ in^te'deco'^a^i'ons'^aSi appointments would not compare very well with the snaoioiiQ mori«-r« Co^nry" 'thVTa?k"'lhSe4r^^^' '^ ^°'- "^^^ s'°n ' BuTunrlS WtoteJ''plly~%'-H^^^^^^^ River, though many of them would not admit the fact BROOKLYN ENTERTAINMENTS. 19 Hooley's Opera House, at Court and Remson streets, was the home of a capital minstrel company in those days, and a little later Donnelly's Olym- pic, a variety theatre altered from a church, on Fulton street, near Hoyt, came into existence. The Brooklyn Theatre, at Washington and Johnson streets, was opened by Mrs. Conway in 1872, and the Park was thereafter managed for a time by A. R. Samuells, who brought the auditorium down to the street level and lost money by trying to compete with Mrs. Conway, though he had a very good stock company. The burning of the Brooklyn Theatre, December 5th, 1S76 (after Mrs. Conway's death, arid the final disbandment of the last of the Brooklyn stock companies), is a catastrophe inevitably recalled by any allusion to the local stage, but it need not be dwelt upon in a chapter upon public entertainments at the present day. The theatre erected on the same site a few years later, and since torn down, was never popular for obvious reasons. Yet that terribly fatal fire was the indirect cause of the establishment of a new and still popular place of amusement in Brooklyn. There was a market on Adams street in 1876, with an L-shaped extension opening on Fulton street at the time of the theatre fire, and it occurred to two shrewd men, with ex- perience as amusement purveyors, that the spot had a fascination for the general public. They secured a lease of the Adams street part of the building, and established a variety hall there with which they laid the foundation of large fortunes. Hyde and Behman's theatre of to -day is the second structure on the old market site, fire having destroyed the first. Near the site of the ill-fated Brooklyn Theatre, at Washington and Tillary streets, stands the newest, and, in some respects, the handsomest theatre in Brooklyn, the Columbia, built in 1891, and managed by Edwin F. Knowles & Co., Mr. Knowles' partners in this scheme being Daniel Frohman, of the Lyceum Theatre, New York, and Al. Hayman. Mr. Knowles is also manager of the handsome Amphion Academy, in the Eastern District. Col. Sinn's new Park Theatre, already mentioned, has the best site of any Brooklyn playhouse, and is equipped with the best modern appliances both on the stage and in the auditorium. These three houses are visited by all the best actors and companies in America, foreign and native, and in them Brooklynites can see the plays of the hour done ^precisely as well as they are done in New York and London, in respect to acting, scenery and stage management. In another new and skillfully managed house, John W. Holmes' Star Theatre, Jay street near Fulton, popular stars and combinations also appear, while the Grand Opera House, on the site of the old Elm Place Congrega- tional Church, is another favorite resort of well-bred folks. All the Brooklyn theatres are necessarily conducted on the " combination "plan to- day. There are only four or five permanently established dramatic com- panies in the United States. Actors are now engaged for the run of plays, beginning in New York, generally, and then continuing in all the principal cities ; or else they are employed in the support of travehng stars. The stock companies of Daly's Theatre, the Lyceum, the Empire and Harri- gan's Theatre in New York, however, appear every year in Brooklyn, and no resident of this city ever need go to New York to see Joseph Jefferson, Helena Modjeska, Henry Irving, Sara Bernhardt, E. S. Willard, W. H. Crane, Stuart Robson, Richard Mansfield or any other famous star under the best possible auspices. In fact, the whole world of theatricals comes to the Brooklynite, if he is willing to stay in his own beautiful and thriving .nty and wait for it. A complete alphabetical list of the theatres, music 20 ; CITIZEN GUIDE. halls and lecture rooms in the city of Brooklyn is aj5pended for easy refer- ence : Academy of Music, Montague St. near Court. Controlled by a board of directors of the stockholders; H. K. Sheldon, president ; J. J. Pierrepont, secretary. Music, the drama, social gatherings, public meetings, etc. Amphion Academy, Bedford Avenue near South Ninth Street, E. D. Owned by the Amphion Musical Association, leased by E. F. Knowlqs for dramatic performances. Art Association Galleries, Montague and Clinton Sts. Exhibitions of paintings and works of art by the Brooklyn Art Association. Association Hall, Fulton and Bond Streets, in the Young Men's Christian Association building. Lectures, concerts, etc. Athen/eum, Atlantic Avenue and Clinton Street. Theatricals, con- certs and lectures. Avon Hall, Bedford Avenue near Fulton. Theatricals, concerts and lectures. Bedford Avenue Theatre, South Sixth St. near Bedford Ave., E. D. Dramatic performances. Bedford Hall, Bedford Avenue near Fulton St. Concerts, lectures and amateur theatricals. Columbia Theatre, Washington and Tillary Sts. Managed by E. F. Knowles & Co. fo/ dramatic performances. Conservatory Hall, Bedford Avenue and Fulton Street. Music. Criterion Theatre, Fulton Street and Grand Avenue. Amateur theatricals. Everett Hall, Gallatin Place and Fulton Street. Lectures and music. Gayety Theatre, Broadway and Throop Avenue. Variety perform- ances. Grand Opera House, Elm Place near Fulton St. Dramatic perform- ances. Grand Theatre, i66 Grand Street, E. D. Variety performances. Historical Hall, Pierrepont and Clinton Sts. , in the building of the Long Island Plistorical Society. Music and lectures. Huber & Gebhardt's Casino, io Elm Place. Variety performances. Hyde & Behman's Theatre, Adams St. and Myrtle Avenue. Variety performances. Jefferson Hall, Boerum Place near Fulton. Lecture, meetings, &c. Knickerbocker Hall. Clymer St. near Lee Avenue, E. D. Lectures, meetings, etc. Lee Avenue Theatre, Lee Avenue near Division Avenue. Dramatic performances. New Turn Hall, Sixteenth St. near Fifth Avenue. Amateur theat- ricals, music, etc. Park Theatre, Fulton St. opposite the City Hall. Managed by W. E. Sinn for dramatic performances. Lyceum Theatre, Montrose Avenue, comer of Leonard St., E. D. Dramatic performances. Proctor's Novelty Theatre, Driggs Avenue near South Fourth St., E. D. Dramatic performances. Rink, Clermont Avenue near Willoughby. Festivals, revival meetings, ba^d concerts, etc. BROOKLYN ENTERTAINMENTS. 21 Rivers' Assembly Rooms, 143 South Eighth St., E, D, Music and social gatherings. S.^NGERBUND Hall, Smith and Schermerhorn Sts. Music. Smithsonian Hall, Greenpoint and Manhattan Avenues. Lec- tures, etc. Star Theatre, Jay St. near Fulton. Managed by John W. Holmes for dramatic performances. Turn Hall, 71 Meserole St., E. D. Private theatricals, music, etc. In addition to the theatres and places of amusements above mentioned, the following are the public halls in Brooklyn: Acme, cor. 7th Ave. and 9th St.; Adelphi, cor. Adelphi St. and Myrtle Ave.; Allemania, 313 Washing- ton St. ; Americus, Grand St. bet. Driggs and Bedford Ave.; American, Ham- burg St, cor. Greene Ave.; Arcanum, 407 Bridge St.; Arlington, Gates and Nostrand Aves. ; Armory, Myrtle and Clermont Aves.; Anon, Wall St. near Broadway. ; Arvena, 9th St. and 6th Ave. ; Assembly Rooms, Washington near Myrtle Ave. ; Assembly Rooms, 19th St. cor. 5th Ave. ; Association, 253 Manhattan Ave., Atlantic, 137 Court St. ; Aurora Grata Cathedral, Bed- ford Ave. cor. Madison St. ; Bartholdi, Greenpoint near Manhattan Ave. ; Bennett's Casino, Alabama and Fulton Aves. ; Cecilian, Herbert cor. N. Henry St.; Central, 351 Fulton St.; Chandler's, 300 Fulton St.; Colfax, Bed- ford cor. Vanderbilt Ave. ; Columbia, Union St. cor. 5th Ave. ; Common- wealth, 317 Washington St.; Co-operative, Howard Ave. and Madison St.; Cooper, Cooper St. and Bushwick Ave. ; Day's, cor. 3d Ave. and 54th St. ; Daly's, 9th Ave. and 20th St. ; Eckford, Calyer cor. Eckford St. ; Eureka, 37c> Bedford Ave. ; Feltman's Tivoli, 5th Ave. and 2d St. ; Fifth Ave. Casino, Fifth Ave. near L^nionSt. ; Granada, 128 Myrtle Ave.; Grand Army Hall, Bedford Ave. cor. N. 2d St.; Greenwood, 5th Ave. cor. 9th St.; Gospel Gates Ave. near Marcy; Happ's Neptune, Liberty Ave. and Wyona St., Heiser's Assembly Rooms, Broadway near Bedford Ave. ; Humboldt, Hum- boldt St. and Montrose Ave. ; Liberty, East New York Ave. ; Masonic Tem- ple, Grand cor. Havemeyer St. ; Matthews, Leonard cor. Scholes St. ; Mes- erole, 125 Meserole St.; Maujer's Casino, Maujer St.; Myers, cor. Union and Johnson Aves.; Military, Leonard cor. Scholes St.; Moore's, 5th Ave. cor. 23d St. ; New Everett Assembly Rooms, Bridge cor. Willoughby St. ; New Brooklyn Turn, Sumpter St. near Saratoga Ave. ; Pouch Gallery, 345 Clinton Ave. • Palace Rink, Grand St. near Berry St.; Park Circle, 9th Ave. cor. 15th S: Remsen, Court cor. Remsen St.; Reese's, 217 Court St.; Renwar, Wil- loughby Ave. and Broadway. ; Ritter's, 83 Barclay St. ; River's Academy, State cor. Court St. ; Robinson's, Gates Ave. and Downing St. ; Saenger- bund, Meserole cor. Ewen St. ; Schiellein's, Atlantic cor. Vermont Ave.; Templars', 467 5th Ave.; Teutonia, Harrison Ave. cor. Bartlett St. ; Tietjen's, 154 Broadway; Tivoli, 8th St. bet. 3d and 4th Aves. ; Tuttle's, 228 Grand St.; Tossing, Reid Ave. and Jefferson St. ; Union Ssenger, Ewen and Mese- role Sts. ; Veteran, 123 Smith St. ; Veteran, 92 Meserole St.; Washington, Myrtle Ave. cor. Navy St. ; Washington, 831 Broadway; Waverly, Waverly and Myrtle Ave. ; Weinlander's Academy, 290 Court St. ; Wilbur, Fulton St and Brooklyn Ave.; Wigwam, 4th Ave. near 19th St.; Wurzler's,3i5 Wash- ington St. BROOKLYN'S SOClAb LIFE. Its Clubs, Functions and Leaders— History of its Sets— All Merging now Into Gay Harmony. To understand fully and completely the complex organization of Brook- lyn society as it is to-day one needs to have lived in a country town and to have studied its conditions. Within the past ten years social life in Brook- lyn has become metropolitan, but its evolution has been that of the village, grown at last out of its childhood. Its society is the most peculiar phase of Brooklyn life, for its growth and its advancement have been unique. Briefly put, in 1870 Brooklyn socially was a collection of little ex-towns or districts, fighting among themselves for supremacy, and all envious of the set on the site of the old village along the water front. The year 1 893 sees these elements beino- fused together and the sectional lines becoming obliterated. New York, from the days of good old Peter Stuyvesant, had a distinct social standing of its own. It was a city even in those times when Wall street marked the line between farms and streets. But on this side of the river the conditions were just the reverse. In 1834 the village of Brooklyn was incorporated as a city; in 1855 the towns of WiUiamsburgh and Bush- wick were added to it, welding the scattering districts into a harmonious whole. The population in i860 was over a quarter of a million, its com- merce was well advanced, its water front was the center of as busy a life as America can boast of. But, in spite of this material prosperity, the social life remained town-like, and a few old families in a single section held the real keys to it. As the Dutch took Holland many years ago, so did they take Brooklyn. Nassau Island— that was what Long Island was called at first- was settled by Mynheer and his vrauw, who built and farmed over the whole of what is now Kings County. Their descendants retain much of the same land even to-day. There are farms on the outskirts of the city— in New Utrecht, Canarsie and Flatlands— that have come down to their present owners in an unbroken line. The English domination of Manhattan Island had httle effect upon these Dutch settlers. Phlegmatically they submitted to the authority of the Duke*of York, and quietly kept on planting and digging. The English soldiery, busy with the affairs of the town across the river, did not find it worth its while to bother with this farming community. So, rather shut off from the outer .vorld, the Dutch founded Kings County, and the little cluster of houses about what is now the foot of Fulton street became the nucleus of Brooklyn town. Before the Revolution the village amounted to barely more than a country "crossroads" of to-day. In 1790, after Independence was declared, it numbered only 1,600. But about this time the "boom" began. Ten years later the population had in- creased one-half , and in 1820 it footed up to over 7.000. Twenty years after the town — now a city — was five times that size. Until the Revolution, the old Dutch families made up all that there was of Brooklyn and of the County of Kings. These old memories are still pre- served in'the annual dinners given by the St. Nicholas Society of Nassau Island, an association 300 strong, with its membership limited to those BROOKLYN'S SOCIAL LIFE. 23 descended wholly or in part from the Dutchmen who lived on the Island previous to 1786. Even after the "foreign element" came in, the Dutch continued to hold the social reins, and remained in a sense "patroons" and the "aristocracy." Society at tirst was essentially the society of a rural community. In the old Dutch days the chief amusement and dissipation was that of tea drinking, which, if the historians tell the truth, the men entered into as heartily as the women. It seems somewhat of a return to those times when it is recalled that afternoon teas are the most popular of Brooklyn amuse- ments to-day. The custom of interchanging visits on Sunday afternoons was prevalent, and swains and belles found the Sabbath the time to make hay in matters of wooing. Marriages were then civil affairs and times of great display. Publicly proclaiming the banns had fallen into, disrepute, but it was necessary to get a license from the Governor before a \vedding could take place. As far back as 1673 an officer was stationed in New York (his jurisdiction extending over the whole of Long Island) his sole duty being the determination of matrimonial disputes. He was known as the "First Commissioner of Marriage Affairs," and the office was kept up for many years. The amusements of the town and country folk at these times were" many and various. Special days and seasons were observed with much hi- larity. Christmas was kept after the fashion of "Merrie England," with the Yule log and the Christmas candles. But it was the patron St. Nicholas, or Santa Klaes, that came the nearest to their hearts, and there is one cus- tom of that season that has never been omitted or lost its force in the slight- est, since the day the first white man landed on Nassau Island — that of hanging up the stockings on Christmas eve. The custom of New Year's calls, which, during the eighteen-seventies, was carried on in Brooklyn with an opulence and an enthusiasm co-equal with that on Manhattan Island, also originated with the early Dutch. The Dutchmen, however, made a far greater affair of it. New Year's eve was made noisy by the firing of guns, elaborate refreshments were served, and later people trooped to a common rendezvous where a gala night was made of it. There were athletic sports, all manner of games and shooting at the target. This revelry was finally stopped by legal enactment. Society to- day has cufe off New Year's as a time of visits, and very many people spend the mid-winter holidays at the winter resorts, for which dozens of small parties are made up, and the only way the social world recognizes that season is when the chimes of "Watch Night" cahs it into the churches. St. Valentine's Day was known as "Vrouwendagh," and was an hour of high carnival. The maidens carried lengths of cord, knotted, and gave the young men "love taps". as they passed. The custom of "Valentines" arose some years later (it can hardly be traced to Dutch sources, however) and be- came both expensive and extensive before it went finally out of date. Easter Day — " Paasch — " a time of religious service and merrymaking, was continued through Easter week, with its chief feature the presentation of Easter eggs. The first Monday in June was observed as a time of great good cheer. "Pinckster Day " (Pentecost) was celebrated with banquets of soft waffles. ^ After the beginning of the Ninteenth Century the Dutch began to lose their individuality. A strong little town was growing up at their feet. Brooklyn itself was younger than the rest of the county. Flatlands had been settled in 1636 under the name of New Amersfoort, Gravesend in 24 CITIZEN GUIDE. 1640, Gowanus and Wallabout in 1646. Neither Gowanus nor Wallabout can fairly be included in the first settlement of Brooklyn. That was around Fulton Ferry, and as the town grew it extended up along the line of Ful- ton street, then a cow path, until, at the inauguration of the city government in 1834, City HaU Square marked its boundaries. Beyond that all was field and wood. These historical details are needed to show the lines along which Brooklyn society has evolved. From early in the century until i860 the social life was in a state of transition. The village grew, and it became a great city commercially, but still the village life remained. Foreign ele- ments poured in — chiefly the English and New Englanders — taking the edge off of the Dutch customs and finally destroying them altogether. In the new Brooklyn — the Brooklyn of progression — two elements became at once most pronounced, the Quakers and the New Englanders, It was a working town, a town of mechanics and poor people, and the days of society were yet to come. It needed the second and the third generations of these old Brook- lynites, with wealth and local family at their backs, to start a social life. The Dutch farmers for the most part remained quietly among them- selves. A fusion of these elements had to come, but it has taken many years. It is gradually growing more complete. There are old families on the edges of the county to-day who hold themselves aloof from the life of Brooklyn and who will never come into the city life until the city reaches them. In the eighteen-twenties Brooklyn came into her " Lyceum Days." It is a stage that every city, except those magically built ones of the new West, experiences, and Brooklyn's " Lyceum Days" do not differ from those of any other town. But they have this point of especial interest to-day, that in 1829 the Hamilton Literary Society was founded. From 1S30 to 1870 nearly every prominent man was at some time a member of this good old debating association. In the forties and the fifties it was very strong and powerful. Its public meetings, when it gave them, were most essentially social red letter nights. It gathered together a library that is now of ex- ceptional value and interest, and then, about 1882, when Brooklyn had come fully into her own socially, surrendered to the new motif of the city's life and became the Hamilton Club. The Hamilton, though, was not by any means the first of these social organizations, nor the beginning of the city's club life. Late in the fifties the old Long Island Club was started. Active politics proved its ruin, and from its debris was formed the Brooklyn Club. A touch of politics, but not a distasteful one, clings around this latter or- ganization. Like the Hamilton, its rolls are crowded with prominent names and the two vie with each other in point of exclusiveness. Through all these "Lyceum Days" the social life was sporadic and without distinctiveness. There was no time, and there was still less money. The great New York merchants, who later on planted themselves on the Heights, and with their sons and daughters started a society that has lived, were then at the very beginning of their careers. The Lows and the Lymans, the Pierreponts, the Whites, the Prentices, the Sangers, the Pol- hemuses, the Litchfields, and many more, were at that time families to be made. The whole of the city could then have been compressed — this in 1840 — into less than what the Second and Fourth Wards now occupy. There was a scattering fringe along the base of the First Ward. The "aristocracy" of the town was massed together on Sands street, and Brooklyn Heights. "Clover Hill," as the early villagers called it, was simply a bluff, with a BROOKLYN'S SOCIAL LIFE. 25 magnificent view, without a house, so far as history tells, and covered with a grove of cedar and locust. Yet this was where the Brooklyn society of to- day was born. The war was the real starting point of the social life of Brooklyn. Fashion had set itself upon the Heights, the houses of the New York mer- chants, wealthy now, overlooking their warehouses, filled with the precious products of the East. The leading lights of the East India trade were gathered here, and many of those who had not already made fortunes, literally coined money while the war lasted. Nearly "everybody," in a social sense, lived in this part of the town during the sixties. The Bedford section and the Park Slope were merely fields and meadows. If there were "aristocrats" in the Eastern District they certainly did not come over to the Heights, and they had no society of their own. A few fine semi-country mansions stood on Clinton avenue, and were occupied by some charming people. But very few of them were bidden into Heights parlors and the Hill "set" was not yet. But about 1865 the region around Clinton and Washington avenues became much sought after. In an incredibly short space of time these two streets were settled nearly from end to end. Many of these mansions are standing to-day, and it was then that the "Hill" really commenced its building up. "South Brooklyn" at this time was more a name than anything else. It had no set of its own, and the famiHes of the magnates of First Place went in the Heights circles. Thus the Uttle "set" of the Heights— a set of English, Dutch, New England and Quaker blood — made up the first formal society of the city. They set the ball a-roUing superbly, too, their entertainments being given upon a lavish scale. It was an age of "open house," according to the old Knickerbocker ideas, long before the era of dancing classes and fashionable balls in public halls. The houses were the great mansions of the time gone by, with long, wide, unbroken parlors and big halls. There were no tete- e-tete corners in the homes of these merchants of the sixties, and their houses seemed built for receiving people and making merry. Originality and a constant change of entertainment was the keynote of the society of those days. There was nothing fixed and cut and dried about the arrangements of a night. In 1864 (the year it came to New York) the cotillon, then known as the "German," because it was imported direct from the "Vaterland," commenced to be danced in Brooklyn. For any dancing af- fair it gained absolute domination. People were fascinated with its evolu- tions, and it went far toward building up society firmly and strongly. Either the old Entre Nous, the pioneer of all dancing classes, meeting m Dodsworth's Montague Street Dancing Academy, went to popularize it, or it went to popularize the Entre Nous. However this was, the "German" of the sixties was a most elaborate affair, both as regards figures and favors. Flowers were used in profusion and the "properties" were unique indeed. Another form of amusement of the time was parlor theatricals. The great amateur societies of the town were not in existence then, nor had " play acting " come into general vogue among the people. The social set of the Heights seized upon it readily and with interest. Series after series of quaint little farces, such as " The Loan of a Lover " and " Ici on Parle Francais," were played in Heights drawing-rooms year after year. Later, in the seventies, amateur opera was once or twice attempted and always with success. But, as the big amateur companies formed themselves, pros- pered, and gave frequent performances in public halls, society rather dropped the " boards." 26 CITIZEN GUIDE. The feature of interest of those times was the early hours kept. As a rule, a dance was over shortly after midnight; it must be a very wonderful and beautiful ball indeed that kept up its revelry long beyond that. One of the most noted and popular houses on the Heights was the home of a typical Quaker. He was liberal in his views, his home was the centre of private theatricals, frequent dancing parties were given there, and his daughter was one of the most brilliant of the Heights belles. But at every gather- ing, at precisely 11:30, he would instruct the musicians to play "Home, Sweet Home." Of such were the social life and manners of 1860-70. The Casket Sociables, held at private houses, first organized the social interests. If there were like assemblages earlier than these, they have made no impression and had no real strength or power. The Entre Nous, already mentioned, lasted with its large membership for many years. The Sanitary Fair, continuing for some weeks, and held in the Academy of Music and Knickerbocker Hall, over the way, with a bridge spanning Mon- tague street, was the social event, par excellence, of the early sixties. Its Board^ of Directresses included every woman of position in the town ; its selling power was enorinous ; it paid into the treasury of the Sanitary Com- mission $400,000. It was the direct progenitor of the Academy fairs for the last twenty years, which have led as social events, and only now have just seen their day. They will be referred to again below. The Art Receptions and the Charity Balls marked the years of the sev- enties. These Art Receptions were gorgeous affairs. The Art Association had just completed its handsome Gothic building, the laymen managed the social and financial interests, the artists constituted the hanging committee, and got together fine loan collections each year. The pictures were hung in the Assembly Rooms, the Academy parquet was floored over and made into a brilliant ballroom. A promenade concert always inaugurated the evening. These receptions were continued until about 1S76, when other social interests caused them to be dropped. Of the same era were the brilliant Charity Balls. They rivaled in in- terest those across the river (it is said that a Brooklyn man, he who headed the management of the first one, was also the originator of these famous New York dances). No finer affairs have ever been seen in Brooklyn. Though not so exclusive as the Ihpetonga, they v>^ere larger, of more mag- nificence and the chief events of a very full social era. They were planned by the women of the board of managers of the Home for Destitute Chil- dren, and were given for the benefit of all the principal charities of the town, the very large profits being divided proportionately. Thus they ap- pealed to the entire community. Both the balcony and the dress circle of the Academy were cut up into boxes for the very first time in Brooklyn's life. As at the Art Reception, the parquet was floored over, and the view of these many box fronts from the dancing floor was only less beautiful than the floor itself. The sixties were marked by dignified and charming evening parties; with the seventies "afternoon receptions" came in, the immediate forerun- ners of the modern teas. Simplicity became the great cry. It got to be the fashion to serve light refreshments. A host on the Heights once de- clared in semi-ridicule that the whole expense attendant on a certain enter- tainment was only fourteen dollars. This simplicity extended even to dress. Elaborate toilets were as a rule discarded for plain street cos- tumes, and for a few years "evening parties" were almost lost sight of. TO, CLAEEE.ST. BANK— SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY. THE Capital and Surplus, $500,000, In its New Fireproof Building, Corner of Fulton and Clinton Streets, Offers every facility to customers consistent ifvitli SOUND BANKING. OFFICERS : HENRY E. HUTCHINSON, President. THOMAS M. HALSEY, Cashier. rURECTORS : Henry P. Morgan, Joseph S. Hibbler, William Sinclair, John Ditmas, Jr. John'Lefferts, Timothy Hogran, Elias Lewis, Jr. George P. Sheldon, Clement Lockitt, George W. Bergen, Thomas H. Messenger, Frederick J ansen, Henry E Hutchinson. The Long Island Safe eposit Company, CORNER OF FULTON AND CLINTON STREETS, ^ n o c^ i^Xj "STO-. FIRE AND BURGLAR PROOF VAULTS. Safes Rented from $5 to $100. SPECIAL DEPOSITS OF SILVERWARE & VALUABLE ARTICLES, AT LOW RATES. Clement Lockitt, Pres. Thos. H. Messenger, V. Pres. A. J. Ditmas, Sec. and Treas. DIRECTORS. Henry H. Adams, Henry E. Hutchinson, John French, Edward D. White, John Lefferts, John Ditmas. Jr. D. W. Northiip, Thos. T. Rarr. John J. Bander, Wm. Sinclair, Thos. Everit, Wm. F. Merrill, D. D. Whitney, Wm. H. Williams, Thos. H. Messenger, Chas. T. Corwin, Geo. W. Bergen, S. Warren Sueden, Fred'k Jansen, Clement Lockitt, Elias Lewis, Jr., John Bunce, James M. Fuller, Abraham I. JJitmas, Henry K, Sheldon, Wm, M, Van Anden. BROOKLYN'S SOCIAL LIFE. S7 One of the important minor organizations of this period was a "Book Club," composed of women of the Heights, who, accompanied by tlieir hus- bands, met fortnightly for literary discussion. Books were purchased by a chosen committee, and went the rounds from house to house. In the meantime, through all these years, the Hill had been growing and founded a "set" of its own. Clinton avenue was its sectional backbone; it was bounded by DeKalb avenue, Grand and Fulton avenues and South Elliott place. Sectional disputes immediately arose. People of wealth were in the new section, they gave expensive and beautiful entertainments, the parades after church showed the onlooker exquisite frocks, and some of the finest equipages in the city were driven by these uptown families. Very largely the Hill set was made up of new residents ; they were not, as the term is, "Old Brooklynites." The cotillon flourished among them, and, in all probability, there were more Germans danced uptown during the seventies than there were on the Heights. In spite of all that could be done, however, the two "sets" would not come together. Oil and water could have been mixed more readily. These "sets" were so far apart, in fact, that a good deal of feeling was caused. There was rivalry and jealousy, and a decided cliqueism. Society at that period was showing its inland town characteristics, and the remedy has not been found till recently, when metropolitanism has gained hold. Other "sets" came upon the scene. The South Brooklyn people had a "set" — and a very successful one — of their own. This has since died out, and is known no more. The Eastern District people, about the fountain in Bedford avenue, backed by a literary and musical clique among them, founded a coterie that has a good deal of power to-day. The Bedford sec- tion — what might be called the "upper hill" — has its own dances and enter- tainments and even dancing classes. And, last of all. Prospect Heights, the Park Slope, has won itself social recognition. More nearly than anything else the Park Slope corresponds to the new West Side of New York. Fifteen years ago the buildings on it were scat- tering, both few and far between. From the old Litchfield mansion in the Park, now the ofiice of the Park Superintendent, there was a superb view of the bay across vacant lots. Now the streets are lined with handsome houses, two of the leading clubs of the town are located there, and the sec- tion has won its social position from the people who live in it. That the sectional lines are being so thoroughly obliterated to-day is due to the clubs and the big Academy fairs, or their successors, the great dances for charity. There is not an important club in Brooklyn that does not number men from all the social districts. Over cigars or the whist table, in the cafe, -or else at one of the Inter-Club Bowling or Whist League meets, these men have become acquainted and learned that there are peo- ple worth knowing in the other "sets." Working side by side for charity at one of the great fairs, these men's wives and daughters have learned ex- actly the same thing. The three or four great Academy Bazaars a season of several years ago have brought Hill, Heights and Slope together as noth- ing else would have done. These fairs were the successors of the Sanitary Fair and the great Charity Balls. Brooklyn has no great public balls to-day nor has it had for a number of years. The fashion runs to more select affairs. Once each season, though, the Emerald Ball for the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum and the Hebrew Ball for the Hebrew Orphan _As5dum are danced, always with the greatest financial success and in the midst of splen- did decorations. The "civic set" is out in full force on these occasions. 28 CITIZEN GUIDE. From about 1875 to 1S90 the Academy fairs went off with nnbotinded social success. They were a financial success because society had set her seal of approval on them, the leading women of the city were behind the booths, the prettiest maidens in the flower bowers and garbed as waitresses. The Homoeopathic Hospital, the Industrial School and the Orphan Asylum were the three leading institutions benefited. To indicate how well charity has drawn the social sets together it is only neces- sary to glance at the roll of the Homoeopathic Hospital's "Ladies' Aid." For the past two seasons great amateur musical and dancing perform- ances have, to an extent, superseded the time-honored fair. The Heights has given "Fasching Thursday in Venice," the Hill "Living Whist," the Park Slope "The Kirmess." The Carnival of Opera this past season was another of these great alfairs and one of much artistic merit. These enter- tainments call out the best people of the town, both on the stage and in the seats. The list of patronesses marks their social importance and their suc- cess. The Academy of Music is always their scene. The era of dancing classes, the chief and the important events in the social life of the Brooklyn of the present, commenced in the fall of 1881 with a series of Bachelor Germans on the Heights. There never was more of a misnomer than this word dancing class. It smacks of the heel-and-toe school down in the lecture room of the old Brooklyn Institute years ago, where the fashionable little misses and masters all went to learn grace and deportment. That this word does not give these dances their true name has been recently recognized, and the two leading classes of the city — the Heights, meeting in Remsen Hall, and the Prospect Heights, meeting in the Pouch Gallery, now dub themselves "Assemblies." The Heights "class" — for as such it was known then — was organized in the fall of 1886. Practically the same set as that which made up the Bachelor Germans composed it. The same year the Hill "set "formed a " class " under the name of the " Cotillons " and ran it for four years under the same roof where the Heights danced, in Remsen Hall. In 1887 the Prospect Heights " class " gave its first cotillon up in Johnston Hall. Since that day there have not been many changes to recall. The Heights as- sembly still meets in Remsen Hall, though last year it held its dances in the ballroom of the Germania Club, and numbers seventy couples. The Hill " class " was absorbed by the Prospect Heights in 1889, and the amal- gamated organizations, under the name of the Prospect Heights, now give three dances a year in the Pouch Gallery, with about the same membership as that of the Heights. There are other "dancing classes" besides — for by this name the smaller must still be called — dances organized only for a season and sub- scription cotillons by the score. But only one other has *made itself per- manent and won itself a name-^the Tuesday Evening Subscription dances — the dance of the younger set of Hill and Slope, now in its third season, and, while not ambitious in its scope, pretty, jolly and full of life. Thus the "assemblies" and " classes" stand as the dominating features of social life. Their big cotillons, splendidly led, for there are true masters of the German in Brooklyn, have overshadowed and taken the place of the pretty cotillons once danced by the dozen in private houses. The German of the great ballroom has size and completeness, color and life. The parlor German has not entirely died out, of course, but not nearly as many of them are given as there were fifteen years ago. People's energies BROOKLYN'S SOCIAL LIFE. 29 are concentrated now on the assemblies, and each year sees these danced in a more complete and enjoyable way. The season blocks itself out early in November. The whole social framework reveals itself at a glance by the time December ist has come. The assemblies and the small " classes " have fixed their dates, the nights of the great "charity performances" are given out, the evening of the Ihpetonga ball, which is to Brooklyn what the Patriarchs is to New York, is named. On this skeleton the fabric of house dances, dinners, " at homes " and •' afternoon teas" is built. Dove tailing in with these, wherever they can best be put, are set the annual club receptions *' to wives, daughters and sweethearts " and the weddings, so well arranged generally that it is seldom that two important events take place on the same night. The mode of entertaining differs little from that of across the river. Brooklyn is metropolitan from the social standpoint nowadays. By the time the year 1900 comes around it is certain there will not be a vestige of the old-time "sets." The "afternoon tea" is stronger than ever and the chief house enter- tainment of the hour. The once popular card clubs have lost their force, and "progressive games" are out of date. An occasional private ball of great magnificence is given, but these are rare, and there is seldom more than one a season. The power of the clubs in making up the new Brooklyn has already been alluded to. It should be added that this social course is strengthened by admitting women to certain parts of the clubhouses at all times. The Riding and Driving Club, whose members come from every social section of the city, has gained immense power in society. It has the leading men and women of Brooklyn on its rolls, and its music rides and ring evolutions by the members themselves each Wednesday night, are watched from the galleries by a most fashionable throng. This club has not its counter- part anywhere in the world. It is distinctively a Brooklyn organization and one of great influence. Family is largely the key to entering therein. It has recently covered itself with glory by giving Brooklyn's first horse show. The Ihpetonga is the one great ball of the town, and is danced but once a year. The Patriarchs itself is not more exclusive and select. It is a loosely bound organization, composed of sixty men of the Heights. The subscription fee is $50, and this gives the management three thousand dol- lars to spend on a single -evening. The Art Association and the Assembly Rooms are completely transformed with the most elaborate decorations. Last season the Art Room was done in red and gold. This season it was turned into an Empire ballroom in green and gold and white, glittering with snowy cornices, mirrors and hundreds of electric globes. An elabo- rate "sittin^-do-^n" supper is always served at little tables in the Assembly Rooms, which are set as a garden with palms and flowers for relief to the eyes, and contrast. The Ihpetonga ball is the night beyond all else of new frocks for Brooklyn women, and the costumes of the town are seen on that evening. The cotillon is danced just after supper, commencing at about half past one. Each subscriber has the privilege of five guests. The asso- ciation was formed in 1886. It is through family that admission to the inner circle of Brooklyn soci- ety is gained. Money avails not at all, locality of residence comparatively little. Yet a home on the Heights has both meaning and power to it. It is by no means a sure and certain key to the magic door, but it goes a very great ways. ©LUBS AND ASSOeiATIONS* The Leading Social, Literary, Scientific and Political Organizations of Brooklyn — Their Character, Membership and Homes. The clubs and associations of Brooklyn are, beyond a doubt, the most remarkable feature of " the city across the river." They embrace in their scope every possible interest, be it of work or of play. Where the power and the finances of an organization are not extended enough to allow of a permanent abode, its members resolutely meet in leased rooms, or even in each other's houses. It is very rare indeed for a Kings County club to go out of existence. The club and the association are the recognized enthu- siasms of Brooklyn life, and chiefest among its amusements. As a whole, the clubs proper have not the elegance without and within of their contemporaries on Manhattan Island. But they are more home- like and cheery, and the members know each other far better. Camera- dei'ie is the essential feature of the Brooklyn club. Science, politics and the arts are well represented in the societies. Literature holds its own, though in a small way. Musically, the singing societies and their contin- ual work have made this the city of choral song. Clubs that are Purely Social. Algonquin Club. — The leading social organization of South Brooklyn. The club is small, but its membership is carefully made up and nearly all on its rolls are residents of that part of the city. It has the old Lyall mansion on President street; there are ten non-resident and very nearly 150 resident members. It was incorporated in June, 1889. Aurora Grata. — The Masons' Club of Brooldyn, and of great success. It was organized in May, 1887, under most unique conditions. Aurora Grata Lodge of Perfection, founded in 1806, bought the Old Dutch Re- formed Church and parsonage at the corner of Bedford avenue and Madi- son street in that month of that year. The church was turned into a Scot- tish Rite Cathedral, and the parsonage was immediately disposed of by thirty of the master masons forming themselves into a club. It was not until March, 1891, though, that the building was fully fitted up and a " house-warming " given. It is almost as much a woman's club as a man's, since the fair sex have one day out of eyery week. Only members of Aurora Grata Lodge are eligible to membership ; 321 men are on its rolls. Bedford Club. — Founded in 1883. Its objects are purely social and fra- ternal. Present membership 200. House, 634 Classon avenue. Brooklyn Club. — A most exclusive organization, famed for its cuisine. More elaborate little dinners have been given in its rooms, it is said, than at an)^ other club in town. It claims to b3 the oldest distinctively social organization in Brooklyn, and this claim has not been as yet disproved. It was incorporated April 24, 1865, and immediately moved into its present quarters at the comer of Clinton and Pierrepont streets. Five years ago the adjoining building was purchased and the whole remodeled and refit- ted at an expense of many thousand dollars. Its tone is distinctively *For fall list of clubs and associations see Citizen Almanac. Tlie most prominent only are given Iiere. CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 31 ^NnV f-hP inrlaeci and citv officials being included in its membership. This has^ven^ti^^^^^^^^ Democratic tinge in contra-distmction to the Rpnublican Union League. It numbers 325 members. ^CarlIton CLUB^-The first of the Park Slope clubs to come into exist- ff hSn^ incoroorated March 24. 1881. It has a small but tasteful Se It the fom^f sS?h avenue and St. Mark's place. Its ongmal by- ?a4 at first prohibited the drinking of anything stronger than cofEee m the laws ^\^^^J P^''^'"f.g„^^^ modified to include malt hquors, and recently the X^lteHrst'dXcSsrwron'&allatin 'place When the Hamilton S\noved to its new building in 1884. the Columbmn took possession of Clubmoveatoiisnew uu q Clinton and Joralemon streets. In May, Ts,f\^evr^S^S^o:^^^^^ ^--^ P^^^^^^^ South Portland ""'"conItTtut^'on cTuT-^ purely social club, but comprised of Democratic politidaS alone Politics are not usually discussed within its walls though ?riThavrundoubtedly been planned there. Location 48 Willoughby s?rtt,nelr the Hall, " Lss " M^cLaughlin's f "^^^f^ ^g^ "tt m^^^^^ from the fire company, " Constitution No. 7,' of the Fifth Ward its mem berThm roll contains many famous local names. Membership 169. cTes?Lt Athletic CLUB.-In spite of its name, its excellent gymnasium andThe finest non-collegiate football team in the X^'S\8?fbf twenty social ore-anization. It was founded as a football club m 1885 by twenty BSoM^tesTmostofwhomhad played on college teams. Its first rooms were orthes^thwest corner of'^Cllnton street and Montague, where it wS definitely formed into an athletic club. In 1889 it consolidated with ^e Nereid Boat Club, and purchased the Van Brunt property at Bay Ridge In the spring of 1890 it moved into its present city house, 71 Pierrepont street Las! spring it absorbed the Alcyone Boat Club (nearly 100 men) The Crescent's presint strength is 1,400, which makes it one of the most powerful clubs in the country Its country house, on the site of the old ^aTBrunTmanSoTcEight^^^^^ street), i's hardly equaled m beauty any- where near New York. .,11.-. ■n> 4. -rk^v+^-^f EcKFORD Club.— Founded in 1865 as a social club by Eastern District men, but for eleven years previous one of the finest amateur baseball or- ganizations in the Atlantic States. Has adopted the crest of the Eckford family of England for its seal. Its rooms are at 95 Broadway and its membership is 56. ^ . . t- .1, -4. Tf t,oo Excelsior Club.— Perhaps the most fraternal club of the city, it nas been well described as a " tight little corporation," for its membership is only about 100, and the members are old friends of many years standing. Report has it that the Excelsior is the most difficult club m town to get into. It was organized in 1854, but for many years devoted itself steadfastly to the interests of baseball. Its house is at the corner of Livingston and Clm- Field and Marine Club.-A country club located at Bath Beach, with its membership drawn largely from Brooklyn. The three houses ^^ V.P^ open throughout the year, but only in the summer months are they made 32 CITIZEN GUIDE. use of to any extent. The club has sleeping accommodations for 70 mem- bers. One of its features is an out-of-door dining-room, commanding a superb view of the Lower Bay. There is no initiation fee, and membership is only to be had by buying, with the club's approval, one of the existing certificates of membership. The transfer fee is $25. Organized 1885; membership 320. Germ ANi A Club. — The "swell" Teutonic club of Brooklyn. There is a provision in its by-laws which says that at least 75 per cent, of its mem- bers must be able to converse in German. It has on the upper floors of its house the most perfect supper and dancing rooms in the city. The danc- ing hall is also provided with a stage, 50x30, on which professionals as well as amateurs have appeared. An "open entertainment" is given about once in every three weeks, and there is nearly always a New Year's ball. Masques are also excessively popular. Organized July 26th, i860; incor- porated 1862; house, 120 Schermerhom street; number of members 516. Hamilton Club. — The most exclusive and carefully guarded club of the city. It possesses an admirably arranged clubhouse at the comer of Remsen and Clinton streets, and the only adequate library to be found in Brooklyn. This library came over from the old Hamilton Literary Asso- ciation (founded in 1830, in Brooklyn's " Lyceum Days"), which was merged into the Hamilton Club at its founding in 1882. There is an annual dinner on January nth, in honor of the birthday of Alexander Hamilton. Mem- bership nearly 700. Hanover Club. — The leading Eastern District social organization. It occupies the old Hawley mansion at the comer of Rodney street and Bed- ford avenue, recently added to and embellished. The members' wives and daughters have the privilege of the cafe and alleys in the mornings. Or- ganized 1890 ; membership 430. Knickerbocker Club. — Originally a tennis organization founded in the spring of i88g. It has since, however, expanded, and is now a genuine social club. Its little house on the outskirts of Flatbush is being enlarged at an expense of $10,000. The tennis feature is still kept up on a beauti- fiilly cut lawn. There are 162 members, divided into three classes — senior, junior and women. A member's ticket gives all the club's privileges to his family. It is essentially a country club. Lawrence Club. — The leading Hebrew social club. It occupies the Dingee mansion, now moved from its Clinton avenue site to the comer of Waverly and Myrtle avenues. The informal entertainments and suppers of the club are its great charm. Organized 1887; incorporated 1890 ; mem- bership 165. Lincoln Club.— Located on the "Upper Hill," at 65 and 67 Putnam avenue, and without specially distinctive qualities. Its membership is drawn from all over the city. It numbers many of the most clubable men of the town. Organized December, 1877; membership about 375. Manhanset Club. — Of recent organization and growth. Its member- ship is composed of the younger Park Slope element. House, 435 Ninth street. MiDwooD Club. — The most prominent social club of Flatbush, and one highly regarded by Bfooklynites. Its house is the quaint and beautiful Clarkson mansion, built half a century ago, and surrounded by three acres of park. It is noted for its exquisite balls and set entertainments. An idea in the minds of its members is to eventually make it a " Driving Club " for Brooklyn people. Organized 1889; membership 80. CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 33 MoNTAUK Club. — The uptown club, par excellence. Vi& facade is the most artistic and unique in the city. A cleverly cut classic frieze showing in bas-relief the exploits of the Montauk Indians adorns the upper stories. Its women's dining rooms are famed throughout the city for feminine luncheons, and the Montauk balls each season are eagerly looked forward to. It is the aknowledged rendezvous of the Park Slope set. House, Eighth avenue and Lincoln Place; organized 1889 ; membership about 300. Oxford Club. — The oldest club on the "Hill." It was organized June 24th, 1880, and has a membership of 350, drawing from all over the town, ^fs members are men of power and standing, and of thoroughly clubable tone. A peculiar but well-working provision has recently been introduced , The initiation fee is $100, and every man who paid that sum previous to January, 1892, has the " privilege " of bringing in a friend without any entrance fee. Saturday night is " club night," and a formal entertainment takes place each month. House, 109 Lafayette avenue. Union League Club. — As in the case of its namesake across the river, a Republican stronghold. The Brooklyn club, however, has more marked social aims. There is a movement, in fact, to break down the political barrier, and admit members purely on social lines. Its forte has been its great commemoration banquets and dinners to noted statesmen. Finest location of any Brooklyn club. Superb women's receptions annually, and the centre of much social " Hill " life. Founded March 1st, 1888 ; location, Bedford avenue and Dean street ; membership 950. Waverly Young Men's Club. — Organized in the Washington avenue .Baptist Church in 1891. The membership is not confined to any sect now, but a majority of the Board of Trustees must be members of that congre- gation. The keynote of the club is absolute temperance within its doors. Membership, 125; house, 459 Waverly avenue. Windsor Club. — An Eastern District organization with purely social aims. Founded 1878; membership 33; house, corner of Lee and Division avenues. Principal Political Clubs. Brooklyn Democratic Club. — An offshoot of the Young Men's Demo- cratic Club, 100 or more members seceding from that organization in the winter of 1887. Its aim is reform of the tariff and independent Democracy. Amalgamation with the Young Men's Club has been sought for but never reached. Early this year the club combined with the Cleveland and Stev- enson campaign clubs of Kings County. Present membership 500; head- quarters, 201 Montague street. Brooklyn Ballot Reform League. — An association rather than a club, formed for the purpose of introducing the Australian ballot into New York State. Rather inactive since the fall of 1890, but numbering 850 members, many of great prominence. Founded January, 1890; headquarters, 392 St. Mark's avenue. Brooklyn Revenue Reform Club. — 176 Columbia Heights. Owes its greatest fame to having been founded by Henry Ward Beecher, December, 1880. It held for many years great public meetings *and debates on the tariff. At present its activity is suspended. Membership 500. Brooklyn Single Tax Club. — A club with the sole purpose implied in its name. It was organized as the Henr)?- George Land Club in 1887, and passed through many changes of name and difficulties until May, 1S90, when as the Single Tax Club it moved into a house of its own at 198 Living- 34 CITIZEN GUIDE. ston street. An immense quantity of literature is sent out by the club to propagate its theories. Present house, 35 Schermerhorn street ; member- ship 200. BusHwiCK Democratic Club. — Formed of the old German Democratic General Committee in the campaign of i88g. It is very largely a social club, but politics is its fountain head. Its strongest hold is upon the upper wards of the city, but many prominent downtown politicians are in its ranks. The club has a very beautiful house on Bushwick avenue at the corner of Hart street. Incorporated October, 1890; membership 383. Lafayette Club. — A strong Republican club confined to Twentietl^ Ward men, located at the corner of DeKalb and Vanderbilt avenues. Or- ganized 1886; membership 175. Seymour Club. — A powerful Democratic club of social tendencies, de- voted during the fall of each year to do effective campaign work. Member- ship 540; organized 1891; incorporated 1892. (It occupies a fine and new house at 186 Bedford avenue.) Young Men's Democratic Club. — Founded October, 18S0, for the pur- pose of bringing about municipal reform, tariff reform and personal purity in politics. Headquarters, 44 Court street; membership about 400. Young Republican Club. — Organized for the same purpose in April, 1881. Headquarters, Johnston Building, Fulton street and Flatbush avenue; membership 1800. Art Clubs. Brooklyn Art Association. — Established 1862 and incorporated 1864, for the purpose of cultivating the fine arts and founding a gallery of pic- tures and statuary. This gallery has never been established, but the asso- ciation has fine loan exhibitions every year, and now, in conjunction with the Brooklyn Institute's Department of Painting, is conducting a most suc- cessful art school. In addition, it has an excellent course of art lectures each winter. Its picture hall is frequently used for great social events. The association's "art receptions " in the early seventies were leading social functions. Membership about 250; building adjoining the Academy of Music. Brooklyn Art Club. — An association of about eighty artists, mainly of Brooklyn, but with some excellent New York names on the rolls, having yearly exhibitions in the picture hall of the Art Association. It was origi- nally known as the Brooklyn Art Social (founded 1862), and after several reorganizations took its present title in 1886. Only self-supporting brush men are admitted to membership. Secretary's address, Hotel St. George. Brooklyn Art Guild. — " For the encouragement of all things artistic" and the keeping up of an art school. Co-operates with the association in this work. Rooms, Ovington Building, 246 Fulton street. Organized 1880 ; membership 40. Rembrandt Club. — An exclusive association, limited to 100 men, who meet monthly at each other's houses and listen to papers read by well- known artists. Organized May, 1880. Literary Clubs. Brooklyn Chautauqua Union. — Formerly the Brooklyn Chautauqua Assembly. It was organized in 1886, is composed of twenty-nine circles, ruled over by a central committee, meeting every two months, and numbers 1,000 members. Seven lectures and entertainments are given during the CLUES AND ASSOCIATIONS. 85 winter, and each summer there is a moonHght excursion and a special train run to Chautauqua and Niagara Falls. "Secretary's address, 279 Bal- tic street. Brooklyn Literary Union. — A successful association of Afro-Ameri- cans, meeting twice a month in Everett Hall, corner of Bridge and Wil- loughby streets, for the object of "general improvement." Organized 1886 ; membership 400. Brooklyn Philosophical Society. — Object, propagation of knowledge, practical and philosophic. Rooms, 118 South Eighth street; membership 50; founded 1878. Brooklyn Press Club. — Fraternal and journalistic. A " Pocket Edi- tion of the New York Press Club." House, 171 State street; organized 1892 ; membership 120. Bryant Literary Society. — Musical and literary in its aims. A series of entertainments are given each winter in Association Hall. The mem- bership includes the best people of the Park Slope, and there are now about 1,000 subscribers. The society at first met in the members' houses, then filled the lecture room of the Memorial Presbyterian Church, and finally had to seek a hall. Organized 1878. Bush Literary Society.— Founded 1888; membership 90; meeting place. Phoenix Hall, South Eighth street. ' Franklin Literary Society.— The oldest and most famous of such or- ganizations in Brooklyn. Since the absorption of the Hamilton it has taken its place. The Franklin has served its chief part as a training school for many of the best of Brooklyn's orators and statesmen. Its rooms are m the Hamilton Building, 44 Court street, where the Hamilton was for many years. Its vigor to-day is unimpaired. Active membership 90; founded 1864. Long Island Historical Society.— An influential and valuable asso- ciation of nearly 1,500 members, founded in 1863. It has a very beautiful building at the corner of Clinton and Pierrepont streets (first occupied in 1880), containing a fine concert and lecture hall, an admirable reference library, and a museum of natural and physical relics of Long Island of in- calculable value, and arranged on scientific lines by Elias Lewis, Jr. Mrs. Field's Literary Club. — A society of well-to-do women, mem- bers of Mrs. Mary A. Field's Literary Classes. Meetings are held once a month at the members' houses, when luncheon is served and papers on various phases of literature are read. Annually, there is a reception to some celebrity in the world of books. Marion Crawford was the club's last guest. Organized 1882; membership 84. Y. M. C. A. Literary Society. — Meets in the association lecture room on Saturday evenings. Organized 1887; membership 30. Scientific and Learned Societies. Brooklyn Academy of Medicine. — A small association of physicians for mutual improvement. Membership about 125, Brooklyn Academy of Photography. — The leading camera society in the city, and including within its membership the chief experts wkh the " little black box." Since its organization in 1887 it has absorbed several smaller organizations, and it now numbers 120 men ; women are not ad- mitted to its membership. Frequent lectures and exhibitions are given in the Brooklyn Art Association rooms. Rooms 177 Montague street. 36 CITIZEN GUIDE. Brooklyn Dental Society. — For the advancement of the art of den- tistry. Rooms, 356 Bridge street; membership 58. Brooklyn Ethical Society, — A unique organization meeting bi- monthly on Sunday evenings in the Second Unitarian Church, Clinton and Congress streets. Its purpose is purely that of ethical and philosophical investigation. Papers are read by noted men and a discussion follows. Founded 1881; membership about 200. Brooklyn Gynaecological Society. — An organization of experts for special scientific study. Membership about 50; rooms, 356 Bridge street. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.— An association abso- lutely unique in its broad scope and comprehensive aims. When its new building on the Park Slope is completed and tenanted, it will have the space for a gallery of art and scientific and natural collections, for all of which preparation is now being made. At present it conducts its work by means of lectures and occasional exhibits under the auspices of some one or other of its twenty-five departments. Each of these departments has its own organization, the Institute itself being ruled over by a board of trustees. The departments are as follows : Archaeology, membership 115; architec- ture, 108; astronomy (once the American Astronomical Society), 113; botany, 154; chemistry, 135; electricity, 215; engineering, 126; entomology, 51; fine arts, 361; geography, 137; geology, 140; mathematics, 47; micros- copy, 133; mineralogy, 117; music, 117; pamting, 80; pedagogy, 158; phil- ology, 422: photography, 170; physics, 154; political and economic science, 404; psychology, 144; zoolog3^ 67. The general library of the Institute con- tains about 13,000 volumes. Its objects are to " provide for rich and poor, educated and unlearned, free access to valuable and well-arranged collections in the realms of science and art, to afford to teachers and pupils otherwise unprovided means to the ends of illustration, and to encourage and aid the specialist." The Institute had its beginnings in the old Brooklyn Apprentices' Li- brary in 1823. In 1843 its name was changed to that of the Brooklyn Insti- tute, and Augustus Graham, its founder, liber all}^ endowed it. The Institute, however, did not get entirely free from debt until 1887. Now it has started on a new course of prosperity. All the old Institute's property and privi- leges have been transferred to the new Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The total membership of the Institute proper is nearly 200. Its financial resources, including endowments and money from the sale of its old building on Washington street, are not far from $250,000. Brooklyn Theosophical Society. — One of the branches of the Ameri- can section of the Theosophical Society, receiving its charter in April, 1889, with six charter members. It meets twice a week (Thursday and Sun- day evenings), and has 38 full members, besides a number of associates. Its rooms are now at 464 Classon avenue. Its ranking is exactly the same in the American section as that of the Aryan Theosophical Society of New York City. HoAGLAND Laboratory. — Object, the fostering of original research in medical science, more especially in regard to bacteriology, histology and pathology. Incorporated, February, 1S87. Ruled by board of directors; house, corner of Henry and Pacific streets. HoMosoPATHic Medical Society of Kings County. — Formed for the mutual study of homoeopathy. Rooms, 272 Halsey street; 117 members.' Kings County Medical Association. — An organization of general practitioners. Rooms, 319 Washington street; 90 members. CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 37 Kings County Pharmaceutical Society. — For the study of pharmacy. Rooms, 339 Classon avenue; membership i8o. Medical Society of Kings County. — The largest of such professional organizations in the city. Membership 417; rooms, 356 Bridge street. Publishes the Brooklyn M,edical Journal, an exceedingly prosperous class organ. Musical Societies. Amateur Opera Association. — The only society for the giving of gen- uine amateur opera that has ever flourished in America. Three perform- ances a year are given in the Brooklyn Academy of Music and frequent receptions at the Remsen rooms. The Association's first performance was given in 1874 in the old Central Hall, corner of Fulton and Flatbush avenues. Members, active (chorus), 75; subscribing, 100. Amphion Society. — Mainly composed of Eastern District men. In 1887 the society built the Amphion Academy for its concerts, but after- ward found it more profitable to lease it as a theatre. Has a good amateur orchestra, besides its vocal chorus. Organized 1879; membership 450 ; rooms, Clymer street and Division avenue. Apollo Club. — This society, now in its fifteenth season of concert, is conceded to have the finest chorus in Brooklyn, from a social point of view. It was founded by Dudley Buck, who is and has always been its musical director. Musically the Apollo is of the highest ranking. Three concerts a year are given in the Academy of Music. The chorus numbers 70, and there are now about 240 subscribers. Arion M/ennerchor. — The leading German singing society of Brook- lyn, with the exception of the Brooklyn Sa^ngerbund, which holds the same position in the Western District as the Arion does in the Eastern. The Arion is three years younger than the Saengerbund, having been founded in 1865, in a Williamsburgh school house. It has a fine clubhouse on Wall street near Broadway, and an excellent picked chorus. Membership about 300. Brooklyn Amateur Musical Club. — A very recently organized society of musical and cultured Brooklyn women, planned on exactly the same lines as those of the Chicago Amateur Musical Club. The club's doors of admission are definitely closed to professionals, the line being strictly drawn. Afternoon concerts (with the performers chiefly the club's mem- bers) are given at Wilson Hall and Brigham Memorial Hall, Y. W. C. A. Building. Organized November, 1892; 60 active and 100 subscribing mem- bers. Brooklyn C^ecian. — Organized in 1881, for the purpose of improving the singing in the public schools. At present it consists of a single class of 100 young women, meeting weekly at Conservatory Hall, Bedford avenue and Fulton street. In past years, however, there have been children's classes under the same management. Brooklyn Choral Society. — The largest society of both male and female voices in Brooklyn. Its chorus numbers 400, and is admirably dis- tributed. Three concerts in a year are given in the Academy, and ora- torio is nearly always attempted. The financial afi^airs of the society are managed by a Board of Trustees, but the chorus has its own organization. The society has just been incorporated. Rehearsals are held at the Taber- nacle. The system of tabulating the attendance of each singer is an intri- cate and a very clever one. The seventh season is now in progress. 38 CITIZEN GUIDE. Brooklyn S^ngerbund. — The status of this society has already been referred to in the description of the Arion. Its object is given as culture of music. Its occasional masques and merry-makings at the Academy have been very artistic. The Ssengerbund was founded in 1862, and incorpo- rated four years later. Its membership is 285. It occupies Burnham's old gymnasium at the corner of Smith and Schermerhorn streets. CECILIA Ladies' Vocal Society. — Said to be the organization of the " Wives, sisters and daughters " of the Amphion men. It gives two or three private concerts a season, generally in the Amphion auditorium. Founded January, 1885; 125 associate and 70 chorus members. Choral Club. — A mixed chorus of forty, consisting of the young society set of the Heights and admirably conducted. It has several fine vocalists and instrumentalists among its members, and recently (in early March) gave its fiist formal concert in the ballroom of the Germania Club. It was organ- ized in the spring of 1892 and meets at members' houses fortnightly. Philharmonic Society of Brooklyn. — Relatively the most important musical society in the city. Its performers are always professional, and the finest talent in America has always been brought before its subscribers. Theodore Thomas wielded its baton for nearly twenty years, and gave the Brooklyn Philharmonic national fame. When he was called to Chicago at the beginning of the season of 1891-92, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, under the guidance of Nikiseh, was secured in his place. The Philharmonic is ruled by a board of 25 directors. The numbers of subscribers varies annually from 600 to 1,200. Founded 1857; first concert at the Brooklyn Athenaeum; headquarters. Chandler's, Fulton street near Pierrepont. Seidl Society. — This association has the direct object of fostering musical culture among the middle and lower classes. It was organized in 1889 by a few enthusiastic women (there are only women in its ranks), and its first work was to enable women and girls to hear Anton Seidl's concerts at Brighton Beach that summer, at a purely nominal cost, the railroad fare and admission being less than the price of entering a concert hall in the city. Each season since then the Seidl has given three practically free con- certs which, curiously enough, have been great social successes as well as popular affairs. Classical music only is played at these concerts, and Anton Seidl is in musical charge. Headquarters, Pouch Gallery ; memberr ship about 400. United Singers of Brooklyn. — Composed of the (active) members of the twenty-five leading German singing clubs of the city. Its complete chorus numbers 934. The association is a branch of the Ssengerbund of the Northeastern States, which has a ssengerfest every three years, the seventeenth to occur in New York City in 1894. Its general object is the perpetuating of German song and the social ways of the Fatherland ; or- ganized 1 88 1. WiLLiAMSBURGH S^NGERBUND. — The oldcst of all the local singing so- cieties. Organized January 12, 1855; membership 250; meeting place, Goetzer's Haft, on Meserole street. Zoellner MyENNERCHOR. — Foundcd i860, and incorporated 1865. Its house was recently destroyed by fire, but the club contemplates building again. Present headquarters, 156 Broadway; membership 400. Miscellaneous Clubs. Brooklyn Chess Club. — This society has no other interest than that of the great eastern game. It numbers practically all of the " crack" players IViFULTOM .STo FEOM TILLAET SI TO CIIT HALL. Every experienced merchant knows that his first business letters were pretty poor stuff. The epistolary models he now dictates are the result of years of constant practice. Yet, because he does write perfect business com- njunications, it by no means foUows that he can write a good advertisement or circular. That is an art acquired after steady work, only by those who have a special talent for it. It is money saved to employ an expert to do writing of this kind, as any merchant may prove, when next about to advertise or issue a circular, by applymg to The R. Wayne Wilson Company, 23 Park Row, New York, tbr the services of a skiUed advertising wntef. CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 39 of Brooklyn, and the rooms are seldom empty. The enthusiasts of the club not infrequently sit the greater part of the night at the tables. The Chess Club's public receptions are exhibition games of famous visiting ex- perts. Organized 1886 ; membership 100; rooms, 201 Montague street. Brooklyn Turn Verein. — A society with a membership that is largely German, with the object of physical and intellectual development. It has about 100 active gymnasts among its members, a dramatic division of 35, a singing division of 50, a fencing division of 20, and a women's auxiliary of about 100. Annexed to the Turn Verein is a German school, where some 300 children are taught the German language after school hours — the boys drawing and modeling, the girls needlework and designing. Founded iSSi; house, 351 Atlantic avenue; membership 238. Ihpetonga. — A club limited to sixty members, wealthy men of Brook- lyn Heights, without a house or rooms, and organized solely for the purpose of giving an annual ball in the Art Association rooms in January. Organ- ized 1886. National Greyhound Club. — To stimulate the breeding and the im- portation of the greyhound, the Russian wolfhound and the deerhound by offering prizes at various shows and at the American Coursing Meet at Great Bend, Indiana. Organized in Queens County in 1886. The second annual bench show of the club took place in the Clermont Avenue Rink last Nov- ember, 600 dogs being exhibited. Nearly all of the prominent owners of the hound breed are members. Offices, 148 South Eighth street. Riding and Driving Club. — Best summed up as^ without doubt the finest socio-equestrian club in the world. The club building on the corner of Flatbush and Vanderbilt avenues has the largest ring of any riding club in America, with a capacious gallery, parlors, reception and dressing room, baths and stabling accommodations for 180 horses. The ring's dimensions are 90x180, splendidly, shaped and with a fine run. " Club night" is Wednesday, when there is a music ride, rough riding and evolutions, and various equestrian specialties, such as tandem riding, the jeu de barre ("tag"), relay races, football on horseback, skirt and potato races. Many of the women are as expert in the saddle as the men. The club is finely situated just on the outskirts of Prospect Park. Many mem- bers stable here, and there is good accommodation for " rigs." Organized 1889; membership 342 (the wives, minor sons and unmarried daughters having equal privileges with the members themselves) ; cost of building, $250,000. Robins Island Club. — An organization, limited in membership, for shooting and hunting. Clubhouse, Robins Island, Suffolk county; mem- bership 25; founded 1881. Associations. Association of Exempt Firemen. — (Brooklyn, W. D.) This associa- tion aims to keep up, in as great a degree as possible, the spirit of the " old fire laddies" by two reunions a month, and to assist comrades in need. It was organized in 1852 and incorporated 1874. Its meetings are held in the City HaU. The membership is large, including very nearly every exempt fireman in the Western District of Brooklyn. Brooklyn Bar Association. — An organization of 100 attorneys, banded together under the Act of 1887 " to cultivate the science of jurisprudence, to promote reform in the law, to cherish the spirit of brotherhood among the members," It sustains the same relations to the Kings County Bar as 40 CITIZEN GUIDE. the Bar Association of the county of New York does to the lawyers there. A permanent meeting place has not yet been acquired, but will be very shortly, Brooklyn Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. — On the same lines as Mr. Gerry's Society across the river; 1,269 com- plaints have been heard this past year, 279 cases prosecuted before the court and 237 convictions obtained. In the society's eleven years' work 4,560 children have been removed from evil parents and guardians and cared for, and 2,939 convictions have been secured. Founded 1880; headquarters and " shelter," 105 Schermerhorn street. Brooklyn Society of Vermonters. — Meets annually to dine on " Ver- monters' Day" Qan. 17). The society was organized March 4, 1891, the looth anniversary of Vermont's admission into the Union. Women as well as men are among its members. Secretary's address, 436 Clinton avenue; membership about 100. Brooklyn Teachers' Association. — An influential organization of nearly 2,000 teachers, male and female, formed with the aim of mutual acquaintance, improvement and the pushing of professional interests. These objects are accomplished by classes in the languages and sciences and frequent meetings in the Board of Education Building. Organized 1874. Brooklyn Women's Club. — This would be considered a purely literary society were it not for its practical work. It founded the Business Women's Union (see below),, and now has a free Kindergarten under its charge. Its intellectual work consists of the reading of Present Day Papers on many topics. Meetings are held every other Monday afternoon at the rooms of the Union. Organized 1869; membership 148. Men are admitted to hono- ary membership. Brooklyn Women's Suffrage Association. — A society for discussion alone. The first meeting was in 1862, and activity only ceased between 1 88 1 and 1S83. The meetings are now held in the parlors of the Business Women's Union on the third Tuesday of every month. Eminent women frequently address the association. Membership about 100. Business Women's Union. — "To furnish a comfortable home for self- supporting women at a low price." Founded in the spring of 1871. Ac- comodates about 40 boarders. Located at 80 Willoughby street. The Daughters of the Revolution. — A " chapter" of the New York society, numbering thirty to forty members, and founded in October, 1891, Its object is primarily patriotic, and afterward social. Papers on local Revolutionary history are read at the meetings. The Regent's address is 46 Willow street. The Sons of the Revolution have no association here, though they are well represented in the New York society. Emerald Association. — By a brilliant annual ball at the Academy (netting usually some $6,000 a year), this society raises funds for the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum. The first ball was held January 12th, 1839. Rooms, 44 Court street; membership 216. New England's Society in the City of Brooklyn. — Celebrates the Landing of the Pilgrims by a banquet on December 21st of each year. Its other objects are to promote charity and good fellowship, to encourage the study of New England literature, and to establish a library. Incorporated 1880; membership 450. Packer Alumnae. — The association was founded in the spring of 1882. About the end of May a luncheon is given at the Packer, and through the CLUBS AND AZr^OCUTlOm. 41 winter Sattl1*5&^* ttiottiing- lectures are teM at private residences. It pub- lishes a paper semi-annually, the " Packer Alumna." Membership 525. Polytechnic Alumni Association. — To keep alive the old. institution's fellowship by an annual dinner. Organized in 1869, ig men present. At the last dinner ('92) over 100 were present. Polytechnic Reunion. — Broader in purpose, including all ex-students. Founded in 1887. Membership varies from 100 to 150. Dinners in Rem- sen Hall. St. Nicholas Society of Nassau Island. — To collect and preserve in- formation of the history, settlements and customs of the early inhabitants of the island, and for social intercourse. Founded 1848; rooms, 30 Court street; membership 300. St. Patrick's Society of the City of Brooklyn. — Object, to celebrate the day by a public dinner. Founded 1848; address, 546 Second street; membership 250. Society of Old Brooklynites. — To preserve the traditions of old Brooldyn. Meets on the first Thursday evening of each month in the Sur- rogate's courtroom. Only those who have been residents of Brooklyn for fifty years are eligible to membership. The annual dinner occurs in April. Membership over 300. Society calls eu masse on the Mayor on New Year's Day. Organized 1880. Union for Christian Work. — "A relief" organization, with employ- ment bureau, laundry providing work for poor women, library and drawing and shorthand classes. The library is the second largest free lending libra- ry in the city. The union is supported mainly by voluntary contributions. It was organized in November, 1886, and its first rooms were in the Hamil- ton Building,- 44 Court street. 3,187 persons were assisted by this associa- tion during 1892. Volunteer Firemen's Association. — To provide a headquarters for ex- firemen of the volunteer days, and for mutual aid. Rooms, City Hall, organized and incorporated 1885; membership 800. Women's Health Protective Association. — Has the aim of bringing about cleanliness of the streets and public vehicles. No regular meeting place. President's address, 73 Macon street. Incorporated i8go; member- ship 300. _ Yale Alumni Association of Long Island.— Purely a fraternal organi- zation. Quarterly reunions and annual dinner. Organized in the fall of 1886; membership over 200; 62 Wall street, New York City. Young Men's Christian Association.— Undenominational, and on the lines of the New York society, after which it is largely modeled. It has a membership of 3,500 in its Central Association (502 Fulton street) and four branches. Two more branches are on the verge of organization , w;hich will add 500 more young men to the rolls. Its g>-mnasia and educational departments (eight of the latter) are admirably equipped. The library of the Central Association contains 12,000 volumes. Over 500 young men secured employment this past year through the association's bureau. There are outing, athletic and camera sections, and a large Boys' Branch. Organized 1853; in new building, 1885. Young Women's Christian Association. — "For the temporal, moral and mental welfare of young women." In its aims and features it closely resembles the Young Men's Association and the New York institution of the same name. Nearly all of the prominent women of Brooklyn are actively Interested in its work; 900 young women secured positions through its 42 CITIZEN GUIDE. employment bureau last year. It has a " Woman's Exchange," with sales- rooms, parlors, hall, gymnasia and baths, besides classes in many branches and a "Vacation House " at Locust Valley, L. I. Attached to the Asso- ciation is a boarding house at 352 Pacific street, where 30 girls can find board and lodging. Endowment fund, $122,000. Membership 3,000; or- ganized 1888. House at the junction of Schermerhorn street and Flatt)ush avenue. THE /cRENA OF SPORTS /cND f ASTIMES. Summer Sports and Athletics — Yachting and Rowing — Horse Racing- Winter Sports — Indoor Games and Pastimes. We Americans do nothing by halves ; it is either the whole thing or nothing with us. Within the past thirty years we have changed from a people who scarcely ever took part m recreative exercises to a condition of rivalry with old England in our natural born love of sports and pastimes. This growth in popularity of recreative physical exercise, too, is not an evanescent thing ; we have really become permanently attached to out- door sports of all kinds, and our desire, as a people, to excel all othep nations, and especially England, in every department of manly exercises will not cease until we have carried off championship honors on every field of sport in the civilized world. There has been a wonderful change in the once staid old "City of Churches " — as Brooklyn is called — within the past quarter of a century in regard to the growth of sports in popular favor in this city, and especially as to field games and athletic sports. Fifty years ago the old Eng- lish game of cricket was the only field game seen play ed in Brooklyn m which adults took part. But since those early days a wonderful transfor- mation has taken place, and now Brooklyn more than rivals New York in the popular favor shown the leading field sports of the period. The sports and pastimes to which Brooklyn people are now devoted may be properly ranked in classes, and these include equestrian sports, such as running and trotting races, driving, riding and the game of polo ; andjthe field games, such as baseball, cricket, lacrosse, football, tennis, croquet, archery, lawn bowls and quoiting. The sports of the several seasons, too, include another variety, such as the summer sjjorts of )^acht- ing, rowing, canoeing, fox hunting, angling and swimming ; added to which are the winter sports of skating, curling, ice-boating and sledding ; and under the generic term of athletics may be named walking, run- ning, jumping, bicycling, hare and hounds, fencing, boxing and wrestling ; while the indoor sports in vogue include billiards, chess, bowling, shuffle board, hand ball, and the special exercises of the gymnasium. Every one of these several sports and pastimes of the present period are now in vogue in Brooklyn, each during its special season and some all the year round, and no visitor to the city can fail to find either facilities for the special sport with which he is familiar or for the particular one in which he may desire to become an expert. With this preface we begin our Guide to Sports and Pastimes in Brooklyn for 1893. There is one thing in which Brooklyn excels all other cities in the way of facilities for the full enjoyment of field games, and that is in its posses- sion of the finest public recreation grounds in the United States, viz., its noted Prospect Park. When this public park was under the superintend- ence of Mr. John Y. Culyer, it was the model park of the country for the facilities it afforded for the playing of all kinds of field games, alike for winter sports as well as those for the summer season. Since Mr. Culyer's retirement, however, these facilities, though still great, have not been im- 44 CITIZEN GUIDE. proved as they should have been. In Prospect Park there is the grand parade ground of forty odd acres in extent, on which the amateur baseball players revel in their pet game as they do on no other public recreation ground in the country. There, too, do the cricketers, lacrosse and foot ball players congregate in force during the summer and fall seasons. Be- sides which there is the great Park Lake with its sixty acres of water sur- face, on which rowing and sailing and miniature yachting are enjoyed dur- ing the summer, and skating, curling and ice-boating in the winter time. Added to these facilities is the extensive common of the Park, with its cut a.nd rolled grassy lawns, on which the tennis and croquet players enjoy their respective games, while near by is the archery field. Besides which there are the Park picnic grounds where the church and school picnics of the summer time are thoroughly enjoj^ed under the protection of the Park police, free from the evil contaminations of the beer garden picnic parks of the city. What Brooklyn would do without its grand public recreation grounds at Prospect Park it would be difficult to tell; suffice it to say, that in no single respect does New York Central Park equal Brooklyn's Prospect Park in the facilities for the enjoyment of sports and pastimes which are at public command. The Sporting Clubs of the City. Brooklyn is now noted for its prominent clubs which are, to a more or less extent, devoted to recreative sports. First and foremost of these is its model outdoor sport organization f the Crescent Club, with its handsome new clubhouse at Bay Ridge, its city headquarters at 71 Pierrepont St., its fine boathouse on the Bay Shore, together with its baseball, cricket, la- crosse, football and tennis fields, and its indoor social attractions. Then there are the wealthy class of social organizations of the city, prominent among which are the clubs with elegant homes, like the Union League, the Mon- tauk, the Hamilton, the Lincoln and the Carleton, together with the Brooklyn, the Excelsior, Aurora Grata, Midwood and Knickerbocker Clubs, all of which foster the most attractive of the indoor sports of the period, such as bowling, billiards, whist, etc. Added to these social organizations are the various bicycle clubs throughout the city, like the Kings County Wheelmen, the Brooklyn Bicycle Club, the Brooklyn Ramblers et al,, all of which enjoy the facilities for wheeling which the asphalt paved streets, its parkways and boulevards provide, to an extent which makes the city an exceptional resort for bicyclists. A finer yachting centre than Brooklyn waters present it would be diffi- cult to provide. Its leading yacht clubs find safe anchorage in front of their respective clubhouses at Bay Ridge and Gravesend Bay, and the best of sailing facilities are afforded by the inner and outer bays of New Yort harbor. The rowing clubs, too, have at command quiet waters for their regattas in front of their boathouses on the Bay Ridge shores and at Gravesend and Sheepshead Bays, while the canoe clubs simply revel in the facilities for their club races which the waters around South and West Brooklyn afford. The devotees of the rod and gun clubs find good fishing waters and shooting grounds at command in the suburbs of Brooklyn, the angling facilities for salt water fishing being unusually great in the island inlets and bays, while an hour's ride by rail will take them to well-filled trout ponds on the south shore of the island. There, too, the votaries of the turf find in the Jockey Club courses at Sheepshead Bay, Gravesend, Brighton Beach and the Brooklyn Driving Club's Park all that can be desired THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 45 « in the way of first-class running and trotting race courses. In fact, Brook- Ivn and Kin^s County combined is now a sporting centre unsurpassed by any other outside of the great metropolis. In deyoting the pages of our Guide to the Sports and Pastimes of Brooklyn, we shall giye them m the order of their classifications under the respectiye heads of the sports of the two separate seasons, and also of outdoor and indoor sports, each sport being giyen a separate head under its special class. The Sports of the Summer Season. We find under this head all of the well-known field games in vogue, as also the special sports of the social club men, such as yachting rowing, canoeing, bicyding, etc. In this chapter we begin with the field games, giving a special article to each in the order of its position in popular favor, and we begin with the national game. Baseball. 'J'he facilities for the enjoyment of baseball in Brooklyn surpass those at commandinNew York "by a large majority." First and foremost comes the great baseball field out at the parade ground at Prospect Park, on which forty-acre field of level turf twenty odd basebah matches can be proceeded with at one and the same time. On the Fourth of July and other hoUday occasions, at one time or another, nearly a hundred ball matches have been played there between sunrise and sunset, A portion of the field on the southern side is laid out ^Aath three diamond fields for the use of the uniformed clubs of the Brooklyn Amateur Association, m their regular championship games of each season. These clubs as well as other clubs having uniformed players, are granted the use of the dressmg ?ooms of the clubhouse at the parade grounds, and it is a very attractive sio-ht to see the six clubs of the association engaged m championship con- ?eirs eve?y Saturday afternoon from May to September each of the three fields being surrounded by crowds of spectators who specially en- iov the free exhibitions. On school half-holiday occasions every vacant lot or field in the suburbs of the city is utilized for ball games; besides which there is the model ball grounds of the professional class of the country looted in the Twenty-sixth Ward of the city at East New York which is patronized to a very large extent every week day during the League championship season, this baseball park being owned by the Brook- lyn Baseball Association, the representative ^League club of Brook- lyn The faciUties for reaching these several ball grounds are as follows : The parade ground is most easily reached by the trolley cars which run from the Hamilton and the Fulton ferries, as they go direct to the club- house end of the parade ground, the fare being five cents and the time from the ferries about half an hour. The Flatbush avenue trolley cars also go near the eastern end of the parade ground, passengers getting out at Clarkson st.;the horse cars from the eastern district of the city run- nine throuo-h Frankhnand Nostrand avenues, with a branch road starting from the Wlllink entrance to the Park, also set passengers out at the parade ^"""""roVeach the professional ball grounds at East New York the nearest route is by the Kings County Elevated Railway from Fulton Ferry and the Bridge, the Union Elevated roads taking passengers from the Eastern District to East New York, but not within a quarter mile walk of the 46 CITIZEN GUIDE. grounds, while the Kings County road runs to the grounds direct. The time to Eastern Park by special trains from the Bridge on match days is twenty -five minutes, fare five cents. Among the prominent baseball clubs of Brooklyn for 1S93 are those representing the several prominent collegiate schools, such as the Poly- technic and Pratt Institute, the Adelphi Academy and the Brooklyn High School and the Latin School. Most of these clubs play their championship con cests at Prospect Park, but some of them play at the old professional grounds at Washington Park, located on Fourth and Fifth avenues and Third and Fifth streets, South Brooklyn. Cricket. The English game of cricket has been a time-honored sport in Brook- lyn for the past half century, and never before has it been as popular in the city as it is' now. The facilities afforded for playing the game on the free field at the parade ground at Prospect Park has been a great aid to the local clubs, the park being the field headquarters of the Cricket clubs of the city. Another thing which materially helped the game of cricket in Brooklyn was its adoption by the Young Men's Christian Association, their club being known as the Brooklyn Cricket Club. The oldest existing cricket organization of the city is the Manhattan Club, which has had a special home at Prospect Park since the seventies. The other local cricket clubs for 1893 are the Kings County, the Bedford, Sons of St. George and the South Brooklyn, all of which clubs play their league championship contests on the centre cricket fields of the parade grounds at Prospect Park. The Crescent J Athletic Club has organized a cricket team for 1893 which will practice on the club's cricket field at Bay Ridge this summer. For infor- mation about reaching the grounds see page 64. There are in the suburbs of the Eastern District of Brooklyn, and ad- joining the Queens County line, and also in Long Island City, several ball grounds which are used by the class of semi-professionals chiefly for Sunday games, the most prominent of which is the Ridgewood grounds near the terminus of th^ Ridgewood branch of the Union Elevated Rail- road. Lacrosse. The Canadian national game of lacrosse is practiced at Prospect Park this year mostly by visiting teams from New York, as there is no reg- ular Brooklyn lacrosse club, as there was a couple of years ago, the wealthy athletic clubs of the metropolis having absorbed nearly all of the Brooklyn lacrosse players. The Crescent Athletic Club of Brooklyn, however, has a lacrosse team which promises to make its mark. FootbalL The most prominent football team in Brooklyn is that of the Crescent Athletic Club, which team, composed, as it hitherto has been, of graduates of Harvard, Yale and Princeton Universities, has won championship honors in the American Football Association for eight consecutive years. The other football teams of note in Brooklyn are those of the Adelphi Academy; the Polytechnic and Pratt Institutes; the Brooklyn Latin and High School; the Columbian Eleven, composed of old graduates of Colum- bia College; the Varuna Boat Club team, and that of the Bedford Prospect teams. The Crescents play their f^hampionship games at Eastern Park, THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 47 and the school teams at Washington and Prospect Parks. All of these games are played under the college rules. But there are several clubs which play Sunday football at Ridgewood Park and at the Recreation grounds of Long Island C.'ity under association rules, besides the clubs which play under the rules of the Gaelic football clrbs, a game which is really the only true football now played. Tennis. Brooklyn ranks as the greatest tennis centre in the United States. The great facilities aiforded for the enjoyment of the game at the public parks of the city — notably so at Prospect Park — has led to the organization of hundreds of local tennis clubs in Brooklyn within the past year or two. Outside of Prospect Park, on " the Hill," at " Prospect Heights," and, in fact, in every part of the city where society people reside, tennis grounds abound, every vacant lot at command of the clubs being utilized in the summer time for tennis players by small clubs and coteries of players. But it is at Prospect Park that tennis especially flourishes. On the Common in the sumaier time over a hundred tennis fields are to be seen occupied at one time on its extensive lawn. The turf is not kept as smoothly cut or rolled as it might be, but the fun and frolic of the game is enjoyed at the Park as it is nowhere else. Tennis is also played at Washington Park, fronting on Cumberland street; also at Tompkins Park, in the " Hill" district of the city, bounded by Marcy, Tompkins, Lafayette an d Greene avenues. Tennis grounds abound, too, in the neighborhood of the Adelphi Academy and the Pratt Institute on Grand and Classen avenues and be- tween Willoughby and Lafayette avenues. In South Brookljm, too, tennis grounds on vacant lots are numerous, one of the largest being located on President and Carroll streets near Seventh avenue, this being occupied by the Altiora Tennis Club. The Prospect Heights Club, too, has grounds on Eighth avenue near Tenth street, as also the Stirling Club on Stirling place. Among the clubs on the " Hill " district of the city, exclusive of the academy clubs, may be named the Bedford Club, the Brooklyn Racket Club, the Brooklyn Tennis Club, the Clover Hill Club, the Jefferson Heights Club, the Kings County Club, the Lament Club, the Lexington, Madison, the Windenmare and a dozen others. All the suburban villages have tennis clubs, that of the Althea Club at Blythebourne being noteworthy. The tennis grounds of the Crescent Athletic Club at Bay Ridge are among the finest in the city. These are reached by the Third avenue steam cars to Eighty-second street. The Marine and Field Club at Bath Beach is another fine tennis resort. Flatbush, too, has several tennis clubs, the most noteworthy for its fine grounds being those of the Knickerbocker Field Club on Eighteenth street and Avenue A, and the Midwood Club on Fulton street. The Flatbush Field Club also has good grounds on Waverly avenue. In fact, it would be difficult to visit any part of the fashionable districts of the city in summer and not meet with a tennis club party enjoying their favorite game. The following rules and regulations governing the free use of the tennis fields at Prospect Park will be found useful to parties of players made up for a day's outing on a tennis field of their own. The demand for the park fields for tennis is very great during the summer months, and early applications are necessary to get an assignment of a field. The rule is "first come, first served," each day, except in the case of clubs playing regu- 48 . CITIZEN GUIDE. larly at the park, to whom a degree of preference is shown. The card of rules is as follows: The following regulations for tennis playing at the parks are establish- ed with a view to secure the comfort and convenience of all persons to whom courts shall have been assigned for the season: The demands for courts at this time are grreater than are our accommodations to meet them; for this reason it is necessary that applicants shall select the days and parts of days preferable by rheni and state them definitely in the application. No person will be permitter! to play in the park without tennis shoes. All organizations must furnish a small banner or pennant with the name of the club inscribed upon it, and fastened on a small staff to be set up near the court when occupied by players. The objecc of this is to identify readily the organization to whom the couit has been assigned and to avoid any interference or confusion. Preference in the assignment of courts will te given to those organizations that are most likely to play with some i-egularity throughout the summer months; discrimination as to choice of ground will De made in favor of adults and more experienced players. Or- ganizations and individuals desiring temporary accommodation will be provided for from the general courts, a number of which wUl be established for the use of those persons who desire to play for the day. These may be applied for on the ground in conformity with the rules governing their use at the time. Clubs must make their selections of the days not to exceed four days in each week in order that courts may be made to serve more than one party if necessary. There will prob- ably be no ditTiculty in accommodating tiiose "svho desue to piay eyery day iii the week, but, in order to avoid possible complaint and dissatisfaction, this condition is imposed upon applicants. A.S far as it is possible for us to do so, lockers will be provided to all organizations of four or more members. Our means are limited in this particular, and the mtention is to provide only for the storage of n 3ts and other playing apparatus, and p.' ay ers should come to the park in clothing suitable for playing, as but linjited dressing facilities can be af- forded The attention of all persons is specially called to the injimction that valuable cloth- ing, money, articles of jewelry, etc., nuist not be left in the lockers or upon the grounds, except in the care of their own memb ers, or their friends, and any disregard ol this I'ule must be at their own risk. It is impossible for us to inform ourselves as to the individual mem- bership of the numerous organizations playing at the park. In case of loss of clothing, etc., of any kind, however, report the facts promptly to the keeper or other attendant. Avoid all discussions or disputes en the gromifls, and consult the keeper or communicate prou' pt- ly with the supei-intendent. The grounds will be ready for use daily from 9 to 6.30, after wliich latter hour it is not desirable to play. When the turf is in condition for use the card designating the court assigned will be delivered to a representative of the club at the Litchfield Mansion, in the Park, in order that there shall be no miscarriage or m)fc,understanding. These rules apply generally to all the parks in which tennis playing is practicable. The courts will be laid out and maintained at all proper times at the ex- pense of the Brooklyn Park Commission. All the employees are paid for their services while upon the park, and there will be no charge whatever for any work or service performed by them under any circumstances. They are prohibited from taking or receiving any fee or presents for any attention or service performed by them, and the giving of any fees or com- pensation is alike prohibited on the part of the players, from whom the priv- ilege of playing will be withdrawn in case this rule is violated, while the employee will be subjected to peremptory discharge. Croquet. This once most fashionable field game, while it has been superseded by tennis to a large extent, still finds its votaries in Brooklyn, the croquet centre of the city being on the Common at Prospect Park. There is but one croquet club in Brooklyn of any note, and that is the Brooklyn Cro- quet Association, which plays what is known as the " scientific game," and has its field at Prospect Park, located on the west side of the Common, near V. FDLTON-ST. FEOM CITI MLL ID GALLATIN RL TRUST COMPANY. THE; l^assau T^fust Gojnpapy lOl BROADWAY, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Capital, $500,000. Deposits received subject to check at sight, and interest allowed on the re- sulting daily balances. Certificates of deposit issued for time deposits, on which special rates will be allowed. Interest Commences from Date of Deposit. Authorized by law to act as Executor, Administrator, Committee, Guardian, Trustee, Receiver, Fiscal and Transfer Agent and as Registrar of Stocks and Bonds; is a legal depository for Trust Funds and for moneys paid into court. LOANS MADE ON APPROVED COLLATERALS. Checks on this Company are payable through the New York Clearing House. A. I>. WHEELOCK, F»rest. WILLIAM mCK^^ j. vice-Prests. O. F. RICHARDSON, Sec'y. JOHN TRUSLOIIV, Wm. Dick, A. D. Baird, Darwin R. James, E. B. Tuttle, John Truslow, Ditmas Jewell, F. W. Wurster, Statement of THE John Loughran, Edward T. Hulst, John T McLoughlin, A. M. Suydam, Wm. E. Wheelock, O. F. Richardson, Henry Seibert. Bernard Peters, Wm. E. Horwill, Judah B. Vorhees, A. D. Wheelock, Wm. F. Gairison, John T. WilJets, Charles H. Russell, NASSAU TRUST COMPANY, of the City of Brooklyn, at the close of business, December 31st, 1892. ASSETS. LIABILITIES. Capital Stock 8^500,000 00 Due Depositors 3, r 61,013 16 Certified Checks 5,073 97 Secretary's Checks ^ 147 75 Expenses Accrued 1,250 00 Unearned Interest 546 68 Undivided Profits 184,835 95 >,443 70 135,860 86 388,403 00 Cash on hand Cash on Deposit in Bank and Trust Company . . . Bonds and Mortgages Stock Investments at Market Value 1,303,048 15 Amount Loaned on Collat- erals 1,438,850 00 Bills Purchased 55,100 00 Interest Accrued 33, 160 GO $3,353,866 40 9 »3,363,866 40 O, F. RICHARDSON, Secretary. THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 49 the Third street entrance to the Park. The club is composed of veteran croquet players, who muster at the Park for play the first spring days that the frost is out of the ground, and they play there every fine afternoon until the snow covers the field in early December. They have a beautiful lawu for the game, and a small shelter house erected by the Park officials lar.t year for the storing of club materials, etc. The club has its annual tour- neys at the Park, and the members play a ver}^ fine game. Of course, there are numbers of croquet coteries which meet at the Park to play the ordinary game; besides Avhich, croquet is played by outing parties andp icnics at the parks; but this kincl of croquet playing does not compare with the scientific methods of the Association players. Archery. The graceful outdoor exercise of archery is still a feature of the field sports enjoyed at Prospect Park, but the furore archery occasioned in Brooklyn some years ago has disappeared. Few votaries of archer^' in Brooklyn will ever forget the grand archery tournament which occurred on the parade ground at Prospect Park a decade ago under the supervision of Superintendent John Y. Culyer. It was shortly after that time that the archery field at Prospect Park was laid out on the field adjoining Ninth avenue and near the Ninth street entrance, and it is on this field that arch- ers are to bo seen flying their arrows to the butts during July and August each year, but there are only small coteries of archers who gather there now, as there are no regular clubs in existence as there v/cre some years ago. Lawn Bowls. This old English lawn game, in vogue with royalty two or three cen- turies ago, is being reintroduced in this country, and it is quite a feature at Dunnellen in New Jersey. Last year a few games were jilayed at Prospect Park, and this year there will be a Lawn Bowls Club organized to play on the Common at Prospect Park. It is a quiet outdoor field exercise, full of excit- ing incidents. It is likened to curling on the green lawn, as it is played on the same principle. A ball is rolled to a certain spot on the lawn and the game consists in rolling other balls as near this spot ball as possible. Quoiting'. The old English game of quoits was a favorite sport in Brooklyn years ago, but of late years it has not been played to any such extent as it was. There is a quoit court on Court street near Hamilton avenue where professional ];31a3^ers gather frequently during the season, known as Dick White's Quoit Rink, located at 577 Court street, the veteran pro- prietor being himself an expert at the game. Quoit matches are played there every day throughout the season. There used to be a number of favorite resorts where the quoit players of the city met some years ago, but this excellent exercise and exciting sport has fallen off in popularity in Brooklyn of late years, but it has sprung up into favor again since 1891. Athletic Sports. Under the head of athletic sports there are a number of outdoor as well as indoor exercises which are not included among the regular field games in vogue in Brooklyn. The programme of recreative exercises of the legit- imate athletic clubs of Brooklyn includes contests in running, jumping, 50 CITIZEN GUIDE. walking and gymnastic exercises generally. Then there are clubs devoted to the pedestrian sport of "hare and hound," or " paper chasing " and " cross-country ruijning," as it is called. Of the legitimate class of athletic clubs, that of the Crescent, with its fine clubhouse and grounds at the foot of Eighty-second St. , Bay Ridge, is the model organization of the city. There is the athletic branch of the Young Men's Christian Association, with its fine gymnasium, at the Association Hall on Bond street and Fulton ; also, the athletic branches of the Polytechnic and Pratt Institute and the Adelphi Academy, together with the athletic clubs of the various Brooklyn National Guard regiments, the events of which take place at the armories, these being chiefly of the Twenty-third, Thirteenth and Forty-seventh regiments. There has been a large increase in the number of athletic clubs in Brooklyn since the era of hard glove fights set in a few years ago. Ordinarily athletic clubs are organized for the sole object of fostering a love of outdoor sports generally, and for the purpose of promoting healthy and manly athletic games and exercises in particular. But a class of so-called athletic clubs have sprung into existence in Brooklyn within the past three years, the real object of which is to obtain gate money by glove fight exhi- bitions, and not solely to promote legitimate athletic sports. Out of a list of twenty or thirty of the existing athletic clubs of the city, scarcely half a dozen are entitled to be classed among such clubs as the older organizations of the kind of the metropolitan district, but one, in fact, combining in its organization the essentials of a model athletic club, that one being the Crescent Athletic Club of Brooklyn. This club occupies an exceptional position in every respect, as it is the only organization of the kind in the city which has its own clubhouse and grounds, while the high social character of its members place it upon the plane of the best athletic club of the metropolis. In the struggle for gate money receipts from prize fight- ing, the so-called athlatic clubs forget all about athletic games at their tour- neys, as a rule, and confine their exhibitions to the glove fights between the semi-professional class of " amachoor " boxers. Now and then they get up a few contests in running and jumping, etc., to give a coloring of legitimacy to their club work, but their principal business is prize fights with hard or " skin " gloves in which knock-outs with plenty of gore thrown in are the " gate " attractions. -The scene of most of these prize fights in Brooklyn was the Clermont Avenue Rink, adjoining the Twenty -third Regiment Ar- mory, until the Coney Island Athletic Club sprang into existence as the headquarters of the local prize fights of the period, that club having soon monopolized all the leading professional prize fighting events at great pecuniary profit to the club. The culminating point in the success of these " peculiar" organizations has been reached this year, and their decadence must follow in the near future. Like the winter racing and all other bru- talizing features of sports, the prize fighting athletic clubs will eventually disappear under the reaction of public opinion which set in in 1892. Hare and Hounds. No better locality can be had for the votaries of the pedestrian's game of "hare and hounds," or "paper chasing," as it is sometimes called, than the suburbs of Brooklyn afford, as the whole country south and east of Pros- pect Park is as level as a prairie, and it is crossed, by plenty of roadways in all directions. The leading hare and hounds club of Brooklyn was the Prospect Harriers, who also engaged in other athletic games, but THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 51 paper chasing was their specialty. But this noted club disbanded last Jan- uary and its athletes joined other clubs. The fine macadamized drives throughout the Park, and the saddle roads and pathways for bicycling, are to be included in the list of facilities for recreative exercises which Prospect Park affords. The Professional Ball Fields. Except in the eastern suburbs of the city, where there are several in- closed grounds on which semi-professional clubs play, chiefly on Sunday, there is but one regular professional baseball ground in Brooklyn, and that is at Eastern Park in East New York, now the Twenty-sixth Ward of Brooklyn, which ground is owned by the Brooklyn Baseball Association, or rather by the syndicate which controls the organization. Eastern Park is situated on grounds adjoining the eastern parkway on its front entrance, and close to the Snedeker avenue and Eastern Parkway Station of the Kings County Elevated Railroad; while the Manhattan Beach Railroad, from Thirty -fourth Street Ferry, New York, runs by its eastern side ; but there is no station of the latter road nearer than the Manhattan junction on Atlantic avenue. The ball grounds are reached in twenty-five minutes from the Brooklyn end of the Bridge, and the Union Elevated Railroad station at Man- hattan junction, carries patrons of the ground from the Eastern District. The grounds are the most extensive of any baseball club in the country. The admission rates are on the theatrical plan of seventy-five cents, fifty cents and twenty-five cents, according as the seats are on the grand stand, the pavilion or the " bleacheries," there being a separate entrance for each. It is the coolest ball ground in the country from June to the close of August, a sea breeze from the ocean blowing in every afternoon in fair weather. Mr. Charles H. Byrne is president and Charles B. Ebbetts secretary, with Messrs. Goodwin, Abel and Byrne, directors. The Sports of Suiniuer — Yachting, Rowing and Canoeing-. Under the head of summer sports, while the various field games already mentioned are of course included, special reference is made to yachting, rowing, canoeing and swimming, which are sports peculiar to the summer season, while several of the field games are indulged in during the early spring and the late fall months. Brooklyn is especially a city available for the yacht, rowing and canoe clubs. On the South Brooklyn shore from Fortieth street to Bay Ridge, not only are there good anchorage grounds for yacht clubs, but also comparatively quiet waters for the rowing clubs. The same may be said of the waters of Gravesend Bay fronting the Island shore from Fort Hamilton to the mouth of Coney Island Creek. Then, too, at Sheepshead Bay there are facilities for the sailing of small sized yachts, and for rowing races on smooth waters, while the waters of the New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, fronting Coney Island, afford good sailing courses for all sized yachts. The leading 3'-acht organization of Brooklyn is the Atlantic Yacht Club, which has its clubhouse and anchorage grounds on the South Brooklyn shore, foot of Fifty-sixth street, its club fleet including first class schoon- ers, steam yachts and large sized sloop yachts, as well as the class of small cabin yachts. The next in importance is the old Brooklyn Yacht Club, once the leading yacht club of the city; it has its clubhouse on the shore at Bath Beach, and its anchorage grounds in front of its clubhouse, as also the Marme and Field Club, which owns a fleet of small yachts which 53 CITIZEN GUIDE. anchor off its grounds near to that of the Brooklyn club. There are also several of the smaller class of ^^acht clubs, such as the Coronet and the Ex- celsior, which have their clubhouses at the foot of Ninety-second street and P'orty-third street, respectively. There is the Bensonhurst Yacht Club, lo- cated at Bath Beach, and the Seawanhaka Yacht Club, which has its old clubhouse at the foot of South Tenth street in the Eastern District, and a new one at South Oyster Bay, L. I., added to which is the Williamsburg Yacht Club, with its clubhouse near Astoria, L. I. The American Model Yacht Club sails its miniature yachts on the large lake at Prospect Park, and stores its boats in a room adjoining the Well House on the lake shore. In the summer time every Saturday afternoon , in favorable weather, the club has its miniature yacht races on the large lake, the scene presented at such times being very picturesque. Rowing in Brooklyn has flovuished for several years past under the Long Island Rowing Assocation, which held its seventh annual regatta in 1892. The clubs located in and around Brooklyn include the Seawanhaka Club, which has its headquarters and boathouse foot of South Tenth street, Brooklyn; theVaruna Boat Club, with its boathouse foot of Fifty-eighth street and its clubhouse at 169 Atlantic avenue; the Nameless Rowing Club, with its boathouse foot of Fifty-sixth street; the Nautilus Boat Club, with its clubhouse foot of Sixty-fifth street, and the Crescent Athletic Club's rowing department, which has its fine, large boathouse on the Bay Ridge shore opposite the clubhouse, foot of Eighty-sixth street. The Marine and Field Club at Bath Beach also has a rowing department and a boathouse on the Gravesend Bay shore. All of these clubs, located on the shore from Thirty-sixth street to Bay Ridge, can be easily reached by the trolley cars on Smith street and Third avenue from Fulton Ferry or the Bridge. Facilities for canoeing are very great in the waters surrounding the southern part of Brooklyn, but at present there is only one bona fide club located in Brooklyn, viz., the Brooklyn Canoe Club, which has its boathouse foot of Fifty-sixth street, and its city clubrooms at 199 Montague street, This is a club which devotes its whole attention to canoeing. It is lim.ited to a membership of 30. Its boathouse floats at the anchorage grounds of the Atlantic Yacht Club, and the house holds thirty odd canoes. It has the best record of any canoe club in and around the metropolis, viz., that of winning eighteen out of twenty-tv»'0 races engaged in in one year. The New York Canoe Club last year located its boathouse on the shores of Gravesend Bay. The other canoe club is that connected with the noted Marine and Field Club, a combination organization which stands next in importance to the Crescent Athletic Club, this club meriting a special de- scription. It is the one club in Brooklyn devoted to summer sports which occupies a decidedly exceptional position, inasmuch as it con-bines facilities for yachting, rowing and canoeing with those for such field games as ten- nis, croquet and lawn bowls, together with social accessories for the full- enjoyment of leisure hours by the seaside during the hot summ.er months. There is no club in the country which possesses a more charming location or as attractive a clubhouse as the Marine and Field Club at their house on the shore of Gravesend Bay at Bath Beach, L. I. For beauty of scenery and extent of marine landscape it is unsurpassed. The building and grounds of the club are located near the picturesque home of the late Barney Williams at Bath Beach, and there is a handsome entrance through the grounds, having a broad gravel walk, shaded by trees on each side, THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 53 which leads up direct to the clubhouse proper, and to the tower hall and the club's cottage dormitory. The former is a handsome three-story build- ing having a wide veranda on three sides, from which a fine view of the lower bay is to be had, and from the upper story a grand marine view is obtained extending from the Atlantic shore to the highlands of Jersey and State n Island Sound. On the western edge there is a well-equipped boathouse which shelters about five thousand dollars' worth of boats, from the large eight-oared bargees to the single-pair-oared racing shells, as also the club's canoes. There is also an extensive well-turfed field for tennis courts front- ing the buildings on the grounds. Several circumstances have combined to make the club a great success since its incorporation in 1885. What with its organizers of financial and executive ability, and the high social position its members occupy — who in 1892 numbered over 300 — together with the club's real estate so delightfully located and its close proximity and easy access to New York, the club possesses exceptional advantages. That valuable aquatic sport and exercise, swimming, has a school for instruction in the natatorial art at the foot of Fifty-sixth street, South Brook- lyn, and at Fort Hamilton, at which swimming is taught by Miss Bennett, who has developed several expert lady swimmers for several years past. Winter Sports — Skatiug and Curling. Brooklyn surpasses the Metropolis in the facilities it offers for a full enjoyment of the winter sports of skating, curling, ice boating and sledding, while the driveways for sleighing, when there is plenty of snow at com- mand, equal the best New York can present^ as the experience of the winter of 1892 and 1893 fully proved. But it is especially for skating facili- ties that Brooklyn is noted, the Prospect Park lakes alone presenting a sort of paradise for the skating fraternity under favorable weather conditions, as the park lakes are easily reached from all parts of the city, besides which skating at Prospect Park is invariably at command some daj's earlier than it is at Central Park, New York* The skating facilities of Prospect Park — after a severe cold wave has given a thick coating of ice to the lakes, and before a fall of snow interferes temporarily with the sport — extend from the skating house, located at the easterly end of the park near Willinck entrance, past the two inner lake bridges to the large sixty-acre lake which reached near to the southern end of the park. The inner lakes are thrown open to the public as soon as a surface of ice at least four inches in thickness has been formed, for until then it is not regarded by the j)ark officials as safe. This inner lake for skating is kept ready for use despite of repeated falls of snow, but a heavy snowstorm temporarily stops skating on the large outer lake beyond the main plaza at the east end. But when the large late has a surface of at least six inches of ice on it without snow, it is then thrown open to skaters, and in the mornings it is used for ice boating. At all times during the winter the curlers are provided with a clear surface of ice on the large lake 'in front of the Well House for their rinks, which seldom exceed half a dozen at one time; but three local curling clubs use the ice for their matches, these being the Caledonia, the Thistle and the Long Island City Clubs, the latter only on match -playing days. The skating hours at Prospect Park, when the ball is up, are from 8 a. m., until 10.30 p. m., the inner lake being lighted up at night for skat- ing when the ice is in good condition. When there is good skating on the large lake as well as on the inner lake, the ball players get up baseball matches on the ice to the gratification of thousands of spectators. The un- 54 CITIZEN GUIDE. precedented cold weather of the winter of 1893, in January, led to a period of sliating at the park unprecedented for many years past, and the Presi- dent of the Park Commission took advantage of the opportunity to inaugu- rate a series of skating matches for prizes which he himself offered, some- thing before unknown either in the history of the Prospect or Central Parks. To reach the park skating lake in winter, the best route is from the bridge to the Willinck or t^ astern entrance by the Flatbush trolley car route. There is also a route as direct from the Eastern District, via the Franklin and Nostrand avenue horse-car routes, which end at the Willinck entrance. The curlers find the readiest access to the curling rinks on the large lake via the Coney Island and Smith street trolley cars to the depot near the south- west entrance to the park, which is not far from the Well House, in which build- ing the curlers store their curling stones. When there is skating at the park on the inner lake there is invariably facilities offered for curling on the large lake, and at times, too, when skating is not at command on the large lake. Ice Boating'. When the ice is in a favorable condition for use on the large lake, facili- ties are afforded for ice boating with small-sized yachts. A few years ago several interesting ice-boat races took place on the large lake, in which ice yachts owned by Messrs. Weed and Decker, Inspector McLaughlin, John Y. Culyer and others took part. The park ice yacht " Eagle," how- ever, is now the solitary yacht sailed on the lake. There is a good stretch of a half mile on the large lake from the plaza at the east end to the southern extremity of the lake for ice yachts, and a mile and a half of cir- cuit sailing on the lake could be easily laid out. The yachts taken to the park, however, should not exceed the size of the Park ice yacht " Eagle." Sledding. The boys' winter sport of sledding down hill finds ample facilities for its enjoyment on the hilly portions of Brooklyn, and especially at Prospect Park and the hilly slopes of Prospect Heights. There is also a short course of a few blocks allowed by the Park Commissioners for sledding on DeKalb Avenue, on the northern sidewalk adjoining Washington Park from Cum- berland to Raymond street. From Ninth avenue down Third street, to Seventh avenue, when the sleighing is good, there is good sport for the boys on their sleds, as also on the streets and slopes leading from Ninth avenue down to Seventh avenue on Prospect Heights. At Prospect Park the offi- cials allow sledding down the hillside bordering the Common at the Park. Sleighing. When sleighing is at command there is a model roadway for fast trot- ters in front of stylish sleighs along the Ocean Parkway to Coney Island, there being plenty of hotels on the route fitted up with glass front verandas overlooking the boulevard, prominent among which is Mrs. Howe's hostelry near Parkville. Stage sleighs run the circuit of the park for passengers at twenty-five cents a head when there is good sleighing in the park. Another good route for sleigh rides is to Fort Hamilton along the New Utrecht road and also on the Eastern Parkway from Prospect Park to East New York. Indoor Sports — The Bowling Clubs. A veteran writer on sports, in this country in an address delivered be- THE ARENA OP SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 55 fore the Society of Old Brooklynites some time ago, referred to the popularity of the game of tenpins in Brooklyn away back in the forties. After-years, however, saw the old game decline in public favor to a very large extent, and it was not until the German residents of New York revived it over a decade ago that it began to attract the general attention which it now enjoys throughout the full extent of the metropolitan district, and especially in Brooklyn, where over a hundred bowling clubs are numbered. The game, in fact, has become the most popular recreative winter exercise in vogue in the City of Churches, all classes as well as both sexes patronizing the club bowling alleys of the city. Now more gam.es are played in Brooklyn in a single week than were played in a whole year in the olden times. There is also quite a difference in the rules of play now to what prevailed in the forties. In the old days solid balls were used en- •tirely. In the game of to-day the German finger-hole ball has taken the place of the old solid balls. Then again the modern alleys are of a superior kind to the old alleys in the early days of the game. For several years there have been bowling tournaments held in Brooklyn, the contestants in which number from half a dozen up to ten or twenty clubs each. The Caruthers annual tournament is the most largely attended, no less than 21 clubs entering its tournament for 1892-93. Then there is the Eastern District tournament, with 15 clubs on its list of entries, and the Heiser tournament, with 11 clubs, added to which is the Bush wick tournament, with 7 clubs on the list, and the Prospect Heights tourney, with 5, as also the Daly tournament, with 5 clubs. A woman's bowling club tourney was inaugurated at the Arlington alleys on March 7th, in which four clubs participated, it being a great success. Women bowlers, too, are given the use of the Carleton Club alleys, as well as those of other of the leading social clubs in the city, once a week. The most interesting gathering of club bowling teams in Brooklyn, however, is that of the Inter-Club Bowling League with its 9 club teams, playing under its own league rules, based chiefly on those of tha American Amateur Bowling League. The Inter- Club League comprises the Union League, Lincoln, Oxford and Aurora Grata Clubs of the "Hill" district of the city ; the Montauk and Carleton of the " Prospect Heights " district ; the Hanover Club of the Eastern Dis- trict, and the Knickerbocker Field Club and the Midwood Club of Flatbush. As a natter of reference the rules of the American Amateur Bowling League v/hich govern all the Brooklyn bowling clubs in the tournaments held there, are appended. Playing Rules of the Ainerican Amateur Bowling League. As Ajjopted by this Association for, the Season of 1891-92. Rule I. These rules shall be known as th3 Rules of the American Amateur Bowling League. n. The games to be played shall be the American Ten Frame Game, III. A regulation alley shall not be less than forty-one inches, and shall not exceed forty-two inches, in width. IV. The spots on the alley shaU be twelve inches apart from centre to centre. V. A regulation pin must be used in match games. Each pin shall be fifteen inches in height and two and one-quarter inches in diameter at the bottom. It must be fifteen inches in circumference at the body or thickest part (four and one-half inches from the bottom), five inches circumference at the neck (ten inches from the bottom), and seven and three-quarter inches in circumference at the thickest part of the head (.thirteen and one-half inches from the bottom). VI. No balls shall be used exceeding twenty-seven inches in circumference. Vn. In the playing of match games there shall be a line drawn upon the alleys and gutter, the centre point of which shall be sixty feat from the centre of the head, or front 56 • CITIZEN GUIDE. pin spot, measuring to the outside of the line, which shall be continued upward at right angles, at each end, if possible. VIII. Match jrames shall b3 called at eight o'clock. Should either club fail to pro- duce its men thirty 'minutes after, the captain of the team present may claim the game. IX. lu m^^tch c^ames an equal number of men from each club shall constitute the teams, in case a club'shall not be able to produce a f uU team, it may play ; but the oppos- ing clu'o may play its full team if present. X. In playing, two alleys only shall be used ; the players of the contesting teams to roll successively and but one frame at a time, and to change alleys each frame. The games shall consist of ten frames on each side. All strikes and spares made in the tenth frame shall be completed before leaving the alley and on same alley as made. Should there be a tie at the end of the tenth frame, play shall continue upon the same alley until a majority of points upon an equal number of frames shall be maintained, which shall con- clude the game. XI. Players must play in regular rotation, and after the first frame no change^ shall be made in players or position of players, unless with the consent of the captains. XII. A player in delivering a ball must not step on or over the line, nor allow any part of his body to touch on or beyond the line, or any portion of his foot to project over the line, while at rest, until after the ball has reached the pins. Any ball so deUvered shall be deemed foul, and the pins made on such ball, if any, shaU be respotted. Should any ball delivei-ed leave the alley before reachmg the pins, or any ball rebound from the back cushion, the pins, if any, made on such balls shall not count and must be respotted. All such balls to count as balls rolled. Pins knocked down by pins or pins rebounding from the side or back cushion shall count as ijins down. XIII. The deadwood must be removed f rom^the alley after each ball rolled. Should any pias fall in removing the deadwood, such pins must be respotted. XIV. In all match games an umpire shall be selected by the captains of the respect- ive teams XV. In all match games there shall b3 a scoi-er appointed by the captain of each team, whose duty it shall be to keep a correct record of the game, and, at the conclusion thereof, sign his name to the score. XVI. The umpire shall take great care that the regulations respecting the balls, alleys and all the rules of the game are strictly observed. He shad be the judge of fair and unfair play, and shall determine ail disputes and difference 5 which may occur during the game. He shall take special care to declare all foul balls immediately upon their occurrence unasked, in a distinct and audible voice, He shall ia every instance, before leaving the alley, declare the winning club and sign his name in the score books. The decision of the umpire in all cases will be final. XVII. Neither umpire nor scorer shall be changed during a match game, unless with the cons3n£ of the captains of the teams. XVIII. No person engaged in a match game, either as umpire or scorer, shall be directly or indirectly interested in any bet upon the game. The Montauk Club won the championship of the Inter-Club Bowling League for 1S93. Bowling^ Organizations. The following is the list of bowling associations of Brooklyn, with the number of clubs belonging to each and the location of the bowling alleys the clubs use : ASSOCIATIONS. CLUB MEMBERSHIP. ALLEYS USED. National BowMng Association, 21 clubs, 1411 Fulton street. Arlington Bowling Association, 15 clubs, Gates and Nostrand avenues. Interclub Bowling League, 9 clubs, On each clubs alleys. Prospect Heights Bowhng Association, 8 clubs, 7tii avenue and 9th street, S B. Acme Hall Bowlmg Association, n clubs, 7th avenue and 9th street, S. B. Golden E igle Bowling Association, 6 clubs, 127 South street. Twenty-sixth Ward Bowling Association, 5 clubs. At East New York. Never before in the annals of bowling has the game been played as during the winter of 1892 and '93, all the public alleys being well patronized, while larger bowling resorts, like Caruthers' great bowling hall, have had THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 57 every one of the private alleys engaged by clubs all the season. One of the successes of the season, too, was the Women' s Bowling Tourney at the Ar- lington alleys on Gates and Nostrand avenues, in which the Independent, Arlington No. i, Jolly Women, and Selected Ladies Clubs of Brooklyn took part once a week during March and April. The Kenil worth Club, which meets on Gates and Reid avenues, has a women membership, as have a dozen other like clubs in Brooklyn. Chess. The royal game of chess has become quite a feature of Brooklyn's in- door recreations, especially since the existing Brooklyn Chess Club was organized in 1886. For nearly fifty years, in fact, chess has been a favorite indoor game with Brooklynites, but never before has it been so extensively played as during the present decade of the nineties. Brooklyn has two Prominent chess organizations in the Brooklyn Chess Club of the Western )istrict of the city and the older organization, the Philidor Club of the Eastern District, which in November, 1892, celebrated its seventeenth anni- versary. The former club has a handsome suite of chess rooms located at 201 Montague street, adjoining the Brooklyn Library, and it is in everyway the strongest representative chess club Brooklyn has ever had. It is pre- sided over by Charles A. Gilberg, the noted American chess problem com- poser, and it ranks among its members some of the most skilled experts in the game in the metropolis. The club has daily chess sessions from 10 a. m. until midnight, and it gives semi-monthly receptions to its members and invited guests, on which occasions the most attractive of chess entertain- ments are given in the form of simultaneous game tourneys, in which some noted expert plays against a dozen adversaries in a few hours contest, or an exhibition of blindfold playing is given. The dues for membership are $10, payable half yearly in advance, and the roll of members has nearly reached the limit of two hundred. The Philidor Club m.eets semi-weekly at 491 Broadway, E. D., and it is reached by the Union Elevated Road from either the bridge or the Wil- liamsburg ferries, the station nearest the club rooms being that of Hewes street. The veteran player, Phil. Richardson, is the club champion and president. The members of the club are mostly resident Germans. There are several chess coteries m Brooklyn, one of which meets at its mem.bers' houses in South Brooklyn, and is composed mainly of veteran Columbia College students. Another, which is of a similarly private character and which has several lady members, is the Evans Chess Coterie, which meets weekly in the "Hill" district, at its president's residence. The St, Mary's Chess Club is another new organization of the " Hill " district. The old Danites Chess Club, which once was very prominent, has occasional re- unions, but its members were absorbed by the Brooklyn Club on thelatter's organization. There is a chess club connected with the Brooklyn Young Men's Christian Association which has become a permanent organization, the ne\^ departure made by the association in its policy of encouraging manly outdoor pastimes, and rational indoor games and exercises, having proved highly successful in promoting the popiilarity as w^ell as the welfare of the organization, none but the most bigoted of the religious portion of the_ com- munity now opposing physical education and healthy sports in the Christian Associations of the country. 58 CITIZEN GUIDE. Chess tables are at free command, too, at the rooms of the Union for Christian Work in Schermerhorn street, near Boerum, and chess playing is a prominent feature of most of the wealthy social clubs of the city, that of the Hamilton Club being the strongest. Billiards. , ..t'^^^^ most attractive indoor recreative exercise is engaged in in the billiard parlors of Brooklyn residents to an extent rivaling that of the pnvate billiard rooms of New York city. In fact, no residence of any wealthy member of Brooklyn's best society is now considered complete without its billiard room, which is frequently in greater demand than the library room of the house. Billiards often keep the young men of the house home at nights when they might otherwise be out "seeing the sights." The time was when bilHards, as a game of the home circle, was tabooed in the " City of Churches," but that period has passed never to return, and now there is no more attractive home recreative exercise than billiards, especially where the ladies of the household participate in the graceful exercise, as so many Brooklyn fair ones do. Brooklyn has now several public billiard resorts which are models in the great facilities they afford for a full enjoyment of the game, and in the excellent order preserved, and the high character of the patronage accorded them, the principal saloon of the city being Maurice Daly's model assem- bly billiard saloon on Washington street near the Post Office, with its twenty billiard and pool tables and its private billiard parlor. There are small billiard saloons by the dozen in the different wards of the city, and most of them are well kept and patronized, the largest, in South Brooklyn, being that at Acme Hall on Seventh avenue. The time will come, and in the near future, too, when the Young Men's Christian Associations will add a billiard table to the attraction of their gymnai^iumH and chess tables, just as the CathoHc Christian Associations do. Roller Skating". This enjoyable exercise reached a public furore in Brookl5m a few years ago,' when not only was the large building known as the Palace Rink on Clerrnont avenue given up to the sport, but there was a fine rink built especially for the purpose on Bedford and Atlantic avenues, and another on Fifth avenue. The former has since been used for boxing tournaments, while the old skating rink on Bedford and Atlantic avenues has been turned into a home for several of the fashionable riding clubs of the city, the Fifth avenue rink having burned down. Roller skating has been relegated to the boys and girls of the period who revel in the sport on the asphalt pavements of the city, which afford excellent facilities for the exercise. Fencing'. While there are no fencing clubs in Brooklyn, as there are in New York, the graceful exercise is engaged in at most of the gymnasiums of the city by the German Turners and at the National Guard Armories by the officers of the regiments, with whom the exercise is quite a favorite, it being valuable to every soldier in the National Guard. The Brooklyn Gun Clubs. Brookl}^ is the headquarters of most of the gun clubs of the metropo- lis, and those belonging to Brooklyn are numerous, and are, as a rule, in- THE ARENA OF SPORTS "AND PASTIMES. 59 fluential organizations. There are three regular shooting grounds occupied by the Brooklyn gun clubs, viz. : The Woodlawn Park Grounds near Park- ville, the West End Grounds at Coney Island, and Dexter's Park on the Jamaica Turnpike Road near the Cypress Hills Cemetery. The latter is the most frequented of the three. The Fountain and Coney Island Gun Clubs meet at the Woodlawn Park Grounds, the former on Wednesdays, and the latter on Saturdays; the Atlantic on Mondays at the West End Grounds , the others having their monthly meetings at Dexter Park. The days of meetings and the gun clubs which shoot at Dexter''^ Park, are as follows: Waverly Gun Club, ist Monday. Long Island Sportsmen, 2d Monday. Acme Gun Club, ist Tuesday. Manhattan Gun Club, ist Wednesday. Crescent Gun Club, ist Thursday. Parkway R. & G. Club, 2d Wednesday. Unknown Gun Club, 2d Thursday. Kings County Gun Club, 3d Tuesday. Glenmore R. & G. Club, last Wednesday, Linden Grove Club, 4th Thursday. Vernon Gun Club, 4th Thursday. Falcon Gun Club, 3d Thursday. Phoenix Gun Club, 4 times a year. Jeannette Gun Club, 8 times a year. New York German Gun Club, 8 times a year. First New York German Gun Club, 8 times a 3''ear. Downtown Gun Club, 8 times a year. Emerald Gun Club meets each month, but no distinct day. The North Side and Hanover Clubs meet at the Queens County Driv- ing Park at Maspeth, L. I. Dexter Park is now under the supervision of the veteran Miller, and he not only caters for the gun clubs in question, but in the summer his large grounds and clubhouse are available for outing parties either for ball games, rifle shooting or other like sports. Blattmacher's shooting grounds at Woodlawn Park are reached at all times by Culver's Coney Island Railroad, and in the summer time by the Sea Beach Railroad direct. The West End grounds on Coney Island are passed by the trolley electric car route from Smith street and Prospect Park. Dexter's Park is easily reached from the Twenty-sixth Ward terminus of the Union Elevated Road and by the electric car route which joins it at East New York. Visiting pigeon shooters going to the gun club grounds in Brooklyn can ascertain full particulars as to days of shooting of the clubs and how to reach their respective grounds on application to the veteran Madison at his shooting headquarters on Flatbush avenue near Lafayette avenue, as he is a member of nearly all of the prominent gun clubs of the city. For the information of those who visit Long Island for rod and gun recreation we give below the new game laws for 1893, applicable to Long Island, which has become one of the greatest of shooting and fishing localities of the At- lantic coast east of Virginia. Long^ Island Sporting Clubs. The island clubs devoted chiefly to fishing and shooting, the members of which are mainly residents of Brooklyn, include the following clubs, lo- cated mostly in Queens and Suffolk Counties: Suffolk Club, Brookhaven; Amagansett Club; North Side Sportsmen's 60 CITIZEN GUIDE. Club ; Robins Island Club, Peconic Bay ; Rod and Reel Society ; South Side Sportsmen's Club, Oakdale ; Olympic Club, Bay ^ Shore; Hanpton Club, South Hampton ; Meadow Brook Hounds, Hempstead ; RocS;away Hunt Club, Far Rockaway ; East Hampton Gun Club Association ; Fisher's Island Yacht Club ; Meadow Club of Southampton ; Quogue Field Club ; Queens and Suffolk County Clubs ; Shelter Island Yacht Club ; Short Beach Club; Wawayanda Club, Islip; South Side Field Club, Bayshore; Great South Bay Yacht Club, Islip ; West Hampton Country Club ; Waverly Gun Club ; Bay Shore Gun Club ; Flanders Club ; Seatack Club ; Keystone Fishing Club; ^4j:tna Fishing Club; Lake Ronkonkoma Fishing and Gun Club ; Undine Fishing Club. Game Laws of Long Lsland— Wild Fowl. The counties of Kings, Queens and vSuffolk on Long Island have special provisions assigned them in the new State game laws for 1S93, as follows: Close season for web-footed wild fowl, except wild geese and brant, May 1st to Octo- ber 1st. Shall not be pursued, shot at, hunted or killed between sunset and daylight. Floating devices may be used for the purpose of shooting v/eb-footed wild fowl therefrom in Long Island Sound, Great South Bay west of Smith's Point, Shinnecock and Peconic Bays, and in any part of said coimties said birds may be piu'sued and killed from boats pro- pelled by hand and from any sailboats in Long Island Sound, Gardner and Peconic Bays. Plover, Wilsons (English Snipe,) Rail. San.ipiper, Mud Hen, Gallinue, Grebe, Bittern, Surf Bird, Snipe, Cm-lew, Water Chicken, Bay Snipe or Shore Bu'ds of any kind.— Close season from January 1st to July 1st. Woodcock, Riiffed Grouse, Partridge and Grouse.— Close season January 1st to Nov- ember 1st. They shall not be sold or possessed between February 1st and November 1st, and possession thereof between January 1st and Febraary 1st is forbidden, unless proved by possessor or seller that said birds were killed within the lawful period for killing the same in or out of the State. Quail.— On Robbins Island may be shot between October 14th and February 1st. Robins are now included among the songbu'ds, and cannot now be killed at any time of the year. ANIMALS. Hares.— Close season, Jannary 1st and November 1st, Rabbits.— Close season, January 1st to November 1st. Deer.— Deer shall net be shot at, himted with dogs or otherwise killed except from the 10th to the loth day of November, inclusive. Squirrels (Black and Gray).- -Close season, January 1st to November 1st. FISH. Jamaica Bay.— Fish shall not be fished for, caught or killed by any device except ang- ling, which shall be lawf id on any day of the year between the first clay of April and the first day of December in the waters of Jamaica'Bay or the inlet thert-of . ' No striped bass, sea bass, or black tish under six inches in length shall be taken in said waters; if any are taken, the same shall be I'eturned to the water without any unnecessary injury. The inlet of Jamaica Bay shall not be wil. fully obstructed by any net or or device so as to prevent the passage of fish therein at any time. This section does not prevent the catching of eels by the use of spear or eel- . eir, or the capture of fish for bate or shrimp by means of hand or cast nets. Speckled on Brook Trout.— April 1st to September 1st, trout less than six inches long to be put back in the water. Black Bass and Pike. — June 1st to January 1st. No fish to be caught in any fresh waters witn any device other than angling except minnow bull heads, eels, suckers and cat- fish. Prohibited.— All shooting, hunting, trapping or fishing on Sunday; shooting wild fowl on any of the waters on Long Island between sunset and davlight with the aid of lights or lanterns; the use of swivel or punt guns; the snarins:, netting or trapping of quail or grouse, and the selling of such birds so taken. Trespassing on inclosed or cultivated grounds forbidden. Fishing^ Clubs. The fishing localities in the suburl3S of Brooklyn include a trout stream running from Flatbush to the Sheepshead Bay, private property; good fishing \ THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 61 waters in Sheepshead, Canarsie and Jamaica Bays, all reached by local railroads; good bass and \veakfishing in Coney Island Creek and Graves- end Bay, 'and blueiishmg witn seabass, and blackbass fishing in the ocean waters facing Coney Island from the point to Rockaway inlet. The Coney Island Rod and Gun Club offers medals to its members for the best catches of the season in local waters, as does the Atlantic Rod and Gun Club. There is a fisiiing club, too, which has its headquarters in the summer sea- son at Lake Ronkonkoma, Long Island, and a rod and reel club whose mem- bers enjoy fishing privileges on the south side of the island. There is a club, too, which has a fine clubhouse for its Brooklyn members at Robins Island'on Peconic Bay which has fishing as well as game preserve privi- leges The annex of the Oxford Club, known as the Seabrook Club, which has trout ponds at Eastport, L. I., is also prominent for its fishing privi- leges. There are several fishing clubs which utilize Jamaica and Canarsie and Sheepshead Bays for their fishing. Equestrian Sports— Horse iiiiciug-. Riding, Driving^, etc. The race courses of Brooklyn include that of the Brooklyn Jockey Club, located at Gravesend; the Coney Island Jockey Club, which has its race track at Sheepshead Bay; the Brighton' Beach Racing Association, the track of which is located at the back of the Brighton Beach Hotel on Coney Island, and the Brooklyn Driving Park, which is a private organization. The track of the Brooklyn Jockey Club was formerly that of the Prospect Park Race Course, the Brooklyn Jockey Club taking possession of it in 1886. The Coney Island Jockey Club went into practical operation in 1888, when its track was finished. It has a running course a mile and a furlong long. That of the Brooklyn Jockey Club is one mile in circumference, and that of the Brighton Beach Association the same. The Gravesend track is reached by the Long Island Railroad from Hunter's Point, with a station at East New York, and from the Flatbush avenue depot, as also by the Brighton Beach road from Bedford and Franklin avenues. The other two public race courses are reached by all the Coney Island railw^ays. There are several fine riding clubs in Brooklyn, the most prominent being that of the Brooklyn Riding and Driving Club, which owns a large and handsome clubhouse on Vanderbilt Avenue and Park Place near the main entrance to Prospect Park. Busch's Riding School, formerly the old roller skating rink on Bedford avenue, corner of Atlantic avenue, is the head- quarters of several riding clubs, including the Adelphi, Algonquin, Brevoort. Brooklyn, East End, Prospect and Bedford Clubs. There is also a riding school on Dean street near Powers, The Parkway Driving Club is an organization which has its private driving park on the Ocean Parkway, with Henry C. Boody as its president and Mr. Still well as its secretary. It is the afternoon resort of wealthy members of Brooklyn society who pride themselves on their fast horses, and the Park is the scene of many a private trotting match. The list of riding schools and clubs in Brooklyn and their location is as follows: CLL'BS AND SCHOOLS. LOCATION. Adelphi Riding Club, Bedford avenue cor. Atlantic avenue. Algernon Riding Club, " " " " Brevoort Riding Club, " " " Bedford Riding Club, Bedf'd Rid'g Acad. (Adolph Busch. director), " " " Brooklyn Riding Club, " " " East End Riding Club, " " " Riding and Driving Club, Vanderbilt avenue near Park Plaza. 62 CITIZEN GUIDE. The equestrian sport of polo was once familiar to the public at Prospect Park, the polo clubs of the metropolis having been allowea for one season to piay their games at the eastern portion of the parade ground at Prospect i^ark; but snice then the game has only been played on the private race course grounds near Hempstead, L. I. Polo is the most expensive field sport in vogue, and none but the very wealthy can afford to engage in it as club members. Bicycliug:. Brooklyn has become one of the greatest wheelmen's cities in the country. Its asphalt pavements on streets leading through prominent districts of the city, and its Prospect Park roadways and the boulevard lead- ing from the Park afford excellent facilities for bicycling. Many of the bicycle clubs of Brooklyn have fine clubhouses, and at some of them there are facilities for billiard 'playing, while others have bowling teams. There is also a ladies' bicycling club m Brooklyn which numbers over a dozen very expert lady riders. Up to the severe winter of 1892 and 1893 wheeling was indulged in for several years past during eight months of the year and even longer. This year, however, the sport was msterially handi- capped by the snow and ice on the roadways during December, January and February. Of a fine afternoon from March to December the asphalt paved streets of the city present lively and picturesque scenes with the hundreds of wheelmen to be seen enjoying their invigorating sport, especi- ally on Bedford avenue in the Eastern District to Atlantic avenue, and on Sixth and Seventh avenues on Prospect Heights. Here is a list of the prominent bicycle and wheeling clubs of Brooklyn which have club houses: CLUB YEAR ORGANIZED. CLUB HOISE. Brooklyn Bicycle Club .June 21, 1879 .... 62 Hanson place. Kings Countv Wheelmen March 17, 1881 .... 12.56 Bedford avenue. KiuRs CountV Wheelmen March 17, 1881 . . E. D. Branch, 18- Clymer street. Long Island Wheelmen Nov. 23, 1882 12^1 Bedford avenue. Prospect Wheelmen Aug. 14, 1888 .... 804 President street. Bedford Cycle Club May 2o, 18S0 ... 980 Bedford avenue. Brooklyn Ramblers Jan. 4, 1889 357 Flatbush avenue. Peerless Wheelmen . . Dec. 18, 1890 ... 100 Buffalo avenue, E. D. Bedford Wheelmen Jan. 2, 1891 153 Division avenue E D. South Brooklyn Wheelmen.. . April, 1891 Eighth avenue and Fifteenth Bt.,B. B. Montauk Wheelmen June 22, 1891 93 Prospect place. Bedford Wheelmen 182 Clymer street. Mattowak Cycling Club Feb. 7, 1892 61 Bradiord street. New Brooklyn Wheelmen Oct. 26, 1892 70 Buffalo avenue. Pratt Institute Bicyc e Club 1892 Pratt Ins., Ryerson n. DeKalb aye. Amity Wheelmen 262 Manhattan avenue, Gref npoint. Centaur Wheelmen Oct. 22, 1889 302 Manhattan avenue, Greenpoint. Flatbush Wheelmen Flatbush. There are also among the newly organized cycling clubs the Brooklyn Roadsters, Phoenix Cvcling Club, Brooklyn City Whee men and the Cler- ical Cycling Club. The wheelmen's route to almost all of the suburbs of Brooklyn to the southeast is through Prospect Park. Entermg by way of the Bridge, the rider, desirous of going to the Park, goes up Henry street to Toralem«Dn, thence down Clinton to Schermerhorn and up that street to Flatbush avenue, and then to the main entrance to the Park. On this route the pavement is either concrete or ridable granite blocks. . t^ 1 From Prospect Park there is fair riding along the Coney Island Boule- vard and on the Eastern Parkway, the former leading direct to Brighton Beach. Going bv way of the South Ferry to the Park, take Hamilton avenue, and thence up Union street to the mam entrance of the Park, an ¥1. FUL'roN,§X,FHOM LAWEENCE TOGOLoilS. AUCTIONEERS. JOSEPH HEGEMAN. ARTHUR WINNINGTON. Telephone No. 1008. ■J AUCTIONEER SPECIAL AND PERSONAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO SALES OF FURNITURE, &c, AT PRIVATE HOUSES, In Brooklyn, New York and Vicinity. Regular Weekly Sales on Fridays OF FURNITURE, PIANOS, CARPETS, AND MERCHANDISE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, AT THE Centra )onis WILLOUGHBY, Cor. of PEARL ST., BROOKLYN. Charges Moderate and Sales guaranteed. STORAGE FOR FURNITURE, S. E. Corner of Henry and Cranberry Streets, Brooklyn. THE ARENA OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 63 up-hill ride, by the way, over granite blocks. Taking the Wall Street Ferry there is quite a hill from the ferry up Montague to Clinton, thence a level road to Schermerhorn, and a hill to mount — asphalt paved — on Flatbush avenue. Appended are the rules for bicyclers in Prospect Park : I. Wheelmen may use at all times the short path at Gate 4, from Drive to East Shelter, and. path in front of same. II. Wheelmen desiring to go to Tennis Grounds may push wheels (f''ismounted) on any path leading to Tennis Grounds from the West Diive, but shall not take wheels upon the tui'f . III. WTieehnen on the way to Restaurants or Shelters may push wheels (dismounted) on the paths leadiner thereto. W heels may be left standing upon patns at Siielter, Restau- rants and Tennis Grounds. IV. Riding faster than 8 miles an hour in the Park is prcihibited, except at Nether- mead Circidt before 9 a. m , and coasting is not allowed. This shall not prevent Safety riders from descending hills slowly under the brake, with feet on the coasting bars. V. Bicycles shall not be ridden in the Park at night, imless exhibiting a lighted lamp. . VI. Wheels may be ridden on all the paths before 9 a. m. VI [. Wheelmen will be required to keep on the right side of the road, and in passing vehicles going in the same direction, pass to the left whenever practicable. By order of the Park Commissioners. Brooklyn, September 17, 1891. Social Sporting CUilbs. , Appended is a list of the prominent social clubs of Brooklyn which make a specialty of indoor games, such as bowling, billiards, whist, chess, etc. , together with the locality of each. Most of them are members of the Inter-Club Bowling and Whist Leagues of Brooklyn, which leagues have annual tourneys for championship honors : CLUBS. SPECIAL SPORTS. LOCATION. Aurora Grata, Bowling, Billiards, etc., Bedford ave. near Madison street. Brooklyn, BUliards, Chess, etc., Pierrepont street cor. Clinton street. Carleton, Bowling, Billiards, C hess, etc., Flatbush avenue cor. Sixth avenue. Excelsior, Billiards, Chess, etc., Clinton street cur Livingston street. Hamilton, " . " Remsen street cor. Clinton street. Hanover, Bowling, Billiards, Chess, Bedford ave. cor. Rodney sti-eet, E.D. Lincoln, " " " Putman avenue near Grand avenue . Montauk, " " " Lincoln Place, near Eighth avenue. Oxford, BowPg, Bill'ds. Shuffleb'd, Ten., Chess, etc., Lafayette avenue cor Oxford street. Union League, " '" " Bedford avenue cor. Dean street. Midwoo< ^ "^ LOCATION. m^ t^ fH ROUTE TO BE TRAVKLBD. Bath Beach 6 • South Union Elev. R. R. or Bath Beach R. R. Bav Ridge 5 .. Southwest.. Third Avenue Trolley R. R. Ba^ Belch JiiAction. '. 5 . . . . South Union Elevutea R- K- ^ ^ Bedford 3-- '"st Kings County Klevated R . R. Bensonhurst .■.■.■.■.■■.■ J South Union We vR. R. & Bath Beach R R, Bushwick Jimction 5. . . .East L. I. R. R^ bunter^sPomt Canarsie 6 . . .East Cauarsie R. R., East >,ew York. j Kuigs Co. Elev. R. R. to Culver R. Coney Island 8. . . .Southeast. . -j ^ ^^ Manhattan Beach R. R. CvDress Hill 7 Fast i ^^^^ Co. Elev. to Electric R. R. at CypressHiii i^^su ^ EastNewYork. East New York : 5 ... Fast . . . Kings Coounty Elevated R. R. Flatbush 3 . . Southeast. .Flatbush Surface R. R. Fort Hamilton . • 6 . . Southwest .3d Avenue Trolley R. R, Fresh Pond 5 East Flushing. R.R., Hunter's Point. Gravesend 6. ...South Culver R. R. Greenpoint 3 — Ea^t Horse cars, Fulton Ferry. _ , . T, . . . -r> u- j Surface R. R., hor;:e cars and ferry HuntersPomt 4....Eas. j ^^ Reck well street. Kings Highway 5 Southsast. . Culver's R. R. J'ariiville 4.... South.. Culver's R. R. Ridgewood 5 . East Union Elevated. Scheutzen Park 5 _,,.-, rf o *v- 4. i Brighton Beach R. R. or Manhattan Sheepshead Bay 7 — Southeast.. -( -n n i p t? Van Dyke Line Station 6 . Southeast. Culver's R. R. West End Sh oting Park . . . 6 . . Southwest.Snoith street Trolley R. R. Woodiawn Shooting Park 5. . . .Southwest.Culyer's R. R. PARKS AND ROADS. Brooklyn's Pleasure Grounds — Prospect Park — Washington Park — The Parkways — Driving and Bicycling Roads of Brooklyn and Long Island. Brooklyn has vied with the other great cities of the land in the institu- tion of great pleasure grounds and other places of outdoor resort for the healthful recreation and amusements of her vast population. The people of few cities in the world are more blessed with the facilities for innocent open air enjoyment. Besides the beautiful parks within the limits of the city, the world-famed ocean beaches at Coney Island and Rockaway are so accessible as to be almost regarded among the great breathing places of the city proper. Altogether there are in Brooklyn about fifteen public parks. The ag- gregate area of these is between 750 and 800 acres. The annual cost of improvements and maintenance is about half a million dollars. Some of the great cemeteries of the city, such as Greenwood, the Evergreens and Cypress Hills, compete with the parks in attracting multitudes of visitors during the Summer months to view their endless wealth of sculptured art, and the beauty of their scenery and landscapes. The parks and pleasure grounds of Brooklyn are as follows: Bedford Park is a small square five acres in extent in the 24th Ward, lying between Prospect and Park places and Kingston and Brooklyn avenues. It is a well wooded piece of land, and within its area is a large mansion which will be used for public purposes. The work of developing this park has just begun. BusHwiCK Park is a new and partly finished park, bounded by Suydam and Starr streets, and Irving and Knickerbocker avenues. When improved according to the plans adopted this will be a very picturesque and attrac- tive little square. Its area is about six acres. Carroll Park is a small public square embracing somewhat less than two acres, bounded by Smith, Court, Carroll and President streets. It was established in 1867 and is tastefully laid out in lawns and footwalks paved with concrete and planted with beautiful ornamental trees and flowering shrubs. A portion of the park especially graded is set apart as a children's playground. Improvements are now being made, which when finished will make it very attractive. City Hall Park is a small triangular square bounded by Fulton, Court and Joralemon streets, in which stands the City Hall. The site of this park was purchased in 1837 from the old Remsen estate, which at that time embraced much of the land in this vicinity and along the " Heights." The statue of Henry Ward Beecher, which now stands on a granite pedes- 66 CITIZEN GUIDE. tal in the small grass plot of this park, is soon to be removed tea more desirable site in Prospect Park. City Park, contiguous to the southeastern extremity of the Navy Yard, is one of the medium-sized public recreation grounds of the city. It comprises about seven and one-half acres and is bounded bv Flushing and Park avenues and Canton and Navy streets. The square has been very much improved during the last few years with trees, shrubs and flowers. Owing to its proximity to the docks, markets and manufacturing centers, it is frequented chiefly by the laboring and poor people. It has been the scene of many criminal episodes and does not bear a very high repute. Its site was originally a part of the muddy shore of Wallabout Bay, now chiefly oc- cupied by the Navy Yard. It was in the numerous slimy creeks and inlets of this bay that the gamins of the neighborhood were wont in former years to swim and fish with bits of twine and bent pins for tomcods and killy fish. A part of this stretch of ooze was reserved by act of Legislature for a public park and subsequently improved at an expense of $100,000. Columbia^ Heights Parks. — Overlooking the harbor toward the south and west are four little parklets or sort of grass-carpeted balconies at the^ extremities of Clark, Pineapple, Cranberry and Middagh streets, on the brink of Columbia Heights. These were reserved by the Park Commis- sioners, who did not wish to have the miagnificent view of the water front . and New York City entirely obstructed by the erection of public and private buildings in these spaces. Various methods w^ere employed in preserving and improving these little plots so as to make them of public utility. Finally, on account of their limited size and the difficulty of maintenance, they were fenced in and lost thereby their chief attractiveness. Cumberland Square is a small breathing spot about three-fourths of an acre in extent, nicely planted with trees and shrubs, at the junction of Ful- ton and Cumberland streets. Highland Park or Ridgewood Park is an irregular-shaped and un- improved reservation surrounding the Ridgewood Reservoir, and lying between the Evergreens and Jewish Cemeteries. It is 46 acres in extent and is destined to be one of the most picturesque and attractive parks of Brooklyn. The site is at present woodland, and appropriations have been made toward its completion, and proceedings are pending to take some 36 additional acres and inclose them into the present reservoir at Ridgewood. Institute or University Park is a rather extensive triangular piece of ground to the east of Prospect Park, and separated from it by Flatbush avenue. The park is bounded on the east by Washington avenue and on the north by the Eastern Parkway, and embraces from 50 to 60 acres of elevated and gently sloping ground. The terrace portion of the park oppo- site to the plaza is occupied by an extensive reservoir of the city's water- works system. From the tower of the gatehouse of this reservoir a mag- aificent view of the surrounding city and landscape may be had which will amply repay the visitor for his fatiguing climb up the lofty flights of stone steps by which the lookout is reached. A good field glass may be procured from the keeper in charge. Save the immediate vicinity of the reservoir, the park is unimproved, and in its present state possesses little attractiveness. The buildings of the Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, an institution recently incorporated and chartered by the State Legislature, is to occupy a prominent position m this park. Leffes-Ts' Park is a small private square a few blocks to the south of PARKS AND ROADS. 67 TompSins Park, bounded by Throop, Tompkins and Gates avenues and Quincy street. Its area is equal to that of a city block. Parade Grounds, at the southern extremity of Prospect Park, and bounded by Ocean Parkway, Coney Island and Canton avenues and Parade Place, is a large stretch of level ground set apart for mihtary parades and reviews. The reservation is 40 acres in extent, and admirably subserves the purpose for which it was laid out. The grounds are most conveniently reached by the Brooklyn and Coney Island Electric Railway from Fulton street. It is also used for athletic sports of all kinds; there are shelters and lockers for the baseball and cricket players, and on the borders a strip of turf is reserved for equestrians. The proximity of the great public park to the ocean, and the delightful freshness of the summer sea breezes make it distinctive in its character among the pleasure grounds of the large cities in the Union. All the chief driveways, riding and bicycling roads of Brooklyn begin at the park or in its immediate vicinity and it has in con- sequence become a fashionable centre for equestrian and cycling exercise and recreation. Prospect Park. — This, the greatest of Brooklyn's pleasure grounds, and justly esteemed as one of the finest public parks in the country, was first planned and surveyed in i860. During the'foilowing year additions were made to the reservation which brought it to its present area of about 526 acres. From 1S61 to 1S65, owing to the Civil War, little was done to improve the site, but immediately after the conclusion of peace rapid prog- ress was made in laying out and embellishing the Park, according to the plans of the Commissioners. In 1874, after about two-thirds of the work had been completed, operations were discontinued, and have since been carried on at irregular intervals, as appropriations from the public treasury would permit and necessity demanded. The Park is now substantially com- pleted. The park comprises the extensive tract of land bounded by Ninth, Flat- bush andPort Hamilton avenues, Fifteenth street and Coney Island Road, and is of an irregular oblong shape, with its greatest length from north to south, The bird's-eye view on another page will give an excellent idea of the position of the Park and the method followed in laying out the ground. The variety and picturesqueness of the landscape is exceedingly charming, and although an enormous amount of money has been expended in improving the beauty of nature, the embellishments have been such and so wonderfully adapted to their surroundings as to heighten rather than diminish the rural attrac- tiveness of the scenery. Richly wooded stretches and slopes border the beautiful expanse of lawns and meadows ; innumerable footpaths, arched overhead with interlaced and leafy boughs, intersect every nook and corner of the grounds, cross the streams by rustic bridges and wind around the borders of the broad and placid lake. Superbly macadamized roadways for carriages and bicycles, crowded with handsome equipages, cross and re- cross the park and skirt it on either side, now making the turn of a shady hill or now crossing a streamlet or gorge by an artistically-wrought bridge of iron or stone, circle in graceful curves among the groves of lofty and luxurious trees, and open upon level or undulating playgrounds, ball greens and grassy meadows. One of the chief attractions is the Lake, covering about 77 acres in extent, and occupying the southeastern extremity of the Park. In part it is a broad expanse of water with innumerable inlets and bays, studded and broken with many little wooded islets and jutting peninsulas! Thj 68 CITIZEN GUIDE. waters of this lake abound with fish of many vafietiss, whose silvery and golden scales glint and sparkle in the sunlight as they glide in shoals from eddy to eddy. Light cedar skiffs and rowboats of all kinds are kept for hire to parties desiring an outing on the water at the exten- sive pleasure dock at the northwestern extremity of the lake. It is said that nowhere in the country is there to be found, a larger fleet of boats used for the purposes of recreation. Besides rowboats of every description and capacity, several beautiful steam launches, graceful in their outlines, safe and most comfortable in their appointment, are kept for hire to parties of larger size who desire to make a voyage of the lakes. Competent engineers are supplied and every precaution taken to guard against accidents. Parents, with their children, and parties of young people may have utmost confidence in the skill and competence of the engineer and navigator. There is no record of accidents in connection with the boa^ service in Pros- pect Park. Courteous and obliging men are employed by the superintend- ent to row the boats for those who either may not wdshorare unaccustomed to row themselves. The fee for the service of these rowers is quite small, and is not at all proportionate to the quiet pleasure afforded by the trip. Young children unescorted by their guardians may be safely trusted to the care of these cautious and watchful boatmen, who can be depended upon to exercise a strict discipline over the movements of the little ones while afloat. A sort of rowing school has been established here to give girls and ladies an opportunity of properly learning the science of rowing and the general principles of managing a boat. The idea has been an ex- cellent one, and has been taken advantage of by hundreds. The charges for instruction are regulated by the number of hours, and no arrangement need be made for lessons in advance. It is well, however, to save confu- sion or possible disappointment, after having selected a comfortable boat and a suitable pair of oars, to have it understood at what time they will be again required, so that they may be reserved for your use. All the boatmen are under the direct supervision of the proprietor, and no deviation from the rules of courtesy and gentlemanly bearing toward the parties under their care need be feared. This stretch of water, having three times the area of the lake in Central Park, New York City, is the best place in the entire metropolitan district for aquatic exercise. The charge for the rowboats is 50 cents an hour for from one to three persons, if they row themselves. The charge for a rower is 50 cents per hour additional. For more than three persons the rate is 10 cents for each additional person. The charge for a trip in the steam launches is 10 cents for adults and 5 cents for children "'':^t over 12 years of age. All the boats are provided v/ith cushions, backboards and tillers. The oars supplied are exceedi'-gly light and strong and of the most approved pattern and are chosen with a regard to the kind of boat in which they are to be used. Superfluous wraps, hand-bags, tennis rackets, etc., may be left in the check room of the boathouse. So popular is this form of recreation that frequently the lake and channels are alive with boats going hither and thither with gay parties of pleasure seekers, and it becomes a problem of navigation to escape collisions and mishaps. The boat landing is within a few minutes walk from the Plaza or Flatbush avenue entrance. This lake is during suitable weather in winter as an open air rink and is patronized by throngs of skaters. It is mainly artificial, being supplied by water pumped from wells situated on the western side of the southern end of the lake. PARKS AND ROADS. 69 The tall tower of the pumping station is one of the conspicuous objects in this part of the grounds, and may be seen from the water. The dock near by is a favorite landing place for parties of rowers. Along the borders of the lake and on some of the islands and peninsulas which stud it are very artistic rustic bowers under the shade of the spreading elms and chestnuts. Boat landings are near by and boating parties may vary the quality of their amusement by resting in these shady arbors and viewing the delightful scenery of the lake and its surrounding woodlands, hills and meadows. At night the shores are lighted by electricity, and all the boats on the water carry colored lanterns in accordance with the U. S. statute. The scene on the lake on a fine night is wonderfully romantic, and reminds one of the wa- ter plazas of Venice, with their gliding gondolas and flitting lanterns. Another feature of the park that contributes largely to the public ap- preciation of its charms of scenery and healthf ulness is the 'carriage service. This service consists of a large number of very comfortable and attractive vehicles so built as to afford all the occupants an unobstructed view of every- thing about them. They are always kept clean and are never allowed to get out of repair, so that their safety even when crowded need never be doubted. Strong a ill well-kept horses are employed in this service, and each carriage is provided with a competent driver and efficient guide, who points out all the places of interest along the route. Parties of children with or without their parents or guardians find a trip on these car- riages a glorious contribution to their other sports and open air enjoyments in the park. The carriages generally stop on Lookout Hill, affording the passengers a superb view of Coney Island, Manhattan and Rockaway Beaches, the Ocean, Navesink Highlands, the Lower New York Bay, Staten Island, and the landscape eastward on Long Island. Every point of interest in the park is visited during the drive, and some rare glimpses of the beauties of the grounds are had. Carriages will be found in waiting at all the entrances and at some of the principal points in the park. The entrances to the park are eight in number, the chief one being through the Plaza at the junction of Flatbush and Ninth avenues. The others are located as follows : Ninth Ave. , opposite 3d St. , Ninth Ave. , opposite 15th St. ; Coney Island Ave.,* opposite i6th St. ; Ocean Parkway and Coney Island Ave. ; Flatbush Ave. and Malbone St. ; and Ocean and Fort Hamilton Aves. At the Plaza entrance to the park is the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, described elsewhere. The great Eastern Parkway begins at this point. Here carriages may most conveniently be taken. The statues and monuments in the park are: Statue of Abraham Lincoln, the Stranahan Monument, and busts of Washington Irving, John Howard Payne and Thomas Moore. These works of art may be seen during the drive. The charge for a roUndtrip in the carriages is twenty-five cents for each adult passenger and ten cents for children. Open-air public concerts are given at the music stand in the park grounds on Saturday and Sunday afternoons from the first week in June until about the middle of September, and attract vast crowds of people. Some idea of the immense cost and utility of Prospect Park may be gained from the following figures : The total cost of the park has been over nine and a quarter million dollars, of which about five and a half mil- lions have been expended upon improvements. Of the 526 acres, no acres are wooded, 260 are planted with shrubbery and exotic plants, 70 are laid out as lawns and playgrounds or as pasture for the iiock of thoroughbred sheep, and 77 are covered by the lake and its ramifi- ^Q CITIZEN GUIDE. cations. There are nine miles of carriageway, over three miles of bridle- paths and about twelve miles of walks. The Park is visited annually by about 2,400,000 vehicles, 127,000 equestrians and 13,400,000 pedestrians. On special occasions nearly 200,000 persons have been known to visit the park in one day. During last year 2,550 baseball games, 307 games of football and over 12,000 games of tennis, besides 12 lacrosse and 37 polo matches were played in the park. The athletic fields of the park are under the control of the Park Commissioner, and their use by private clubs and individuals is regulated by rules and conditions so constructed as to afford the greatest freedom and pleasiire to the greatest number without detri- ment to the grounds or interference with the private rights of precedence. Accommodations are afforded for the safe-keeping and storage of athletic tools and sporting equipments. The carriage road to the right after passing through the Plaza entrance leads to the once well-known Hicks Post Tavern. Farther along this road on the left is the Long Meadow and the lake regions. Midway between the Long Meadow and the lakes is a range of gently sloping hills embel- lished with arcades, bowers, terraces and laid with walks and drives lead- ing to the tree-clad summits near the Farm House, which is reached by a beautiful wooded road, and on either side may be seen the white fallow and North American deer. Prospect Park has very interesting historic associations, which make for it a place not only in the story of Brooklyn, but in the annals of the country. It was around the crest of Prospect Hill that Gen. George Wash- ington in 1776 threw up earthworks and barricades to protect the American army and the neighboring villages from the attacks of the British. Almost in the centre of the park is Battle Pass, a little quiet valley which was the scene of a most desperate and bloody struggle between the Ameri- can and British troops on the 27th of August of that memorable year. About 400 of the Delaware and Maryland soldiers under the command of General Sullivan formed the center of the force stationed around the heights to check the advance of the enemy upon New York, and to this valiant little band belongs the glory ^of having defended this pass against tremendous odds from sunrise until midday, when at last, overpowered by the merciless fire of the British artillery and attacked on the flank and rear, their ranks were broken and they were compelled to retire and yield their position, losing a large proportion of their number. The site of the redoubt in Battle Pass is still preserved to commemorate the scenes of that event- ful day. Near by is a brass tablet telling the tale. On the east side of the park is a little bluff overlooking Flatbush avenue near Valley Grove, where was placed a small two-gun battery which poured a hot fire upon the ranks of the Hessian soldier}^ as they marched up the old post road toward the fortifications. In the middle of the Flatbush turnpike stood the famous Dongan oak, which was felled on the day of the battle to help obstruct the entrance of the pass. • The Brooklyn Tree Planting Society has placed a young oak on the spot where the Dongan oak stood. The occasion was marked by a large gathering of Brooklyn's most patriotic citizens. Prospect Park is most conveniently reached by the following railway lines: Flatbush Ave. Line, Lee and Nostrand Ave. Line, Prospect Park and Holy Cross Cemetery Line, Brooklyn City and Newtown Electric Line, Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad, or the Coney Island and Brook- lyn Electric Railroad. PARKS AND ROADS. 71 ^ RiDGEWOOD Ball Grounds, between Eldert and Hancock streets and Irving and Wyckoff avenues, is a private inclosure for the use of baseball and other athletic clubs. The grounds are most conveniently reached by the Myrtle Avenue Elevated or surface railways. RiDGEWOOD Park, see Highland Park. Sunset Park is a new public square about 14 acres in extent, a few blocks to the south of Greenwood Cemetery. Its boundaries are 5th and 7th avenues and 41st and 43rd streets. The land has been but recently ac- quired, and when improved will form one of the finest of the city's parks. The ground is high, being in some places 170 feet above sea level, and from the top of which one of the finest views of the Harbor and Bay of New York can be obtained. The Plaza is the name given to the circle at the northern entrance of Prospect Park, embracing a central paved space and three small encircling parklets. In the centre of this space stands an immense fountain ornamented with a lofty and very artistic central shaft bearing the lesser receiving basins. Opposite the junction of Flatbush and Vanderbilt avenues stands the col- lossal statue of Abraham Lincoln, by H. K. Brown, and presented to the city in 1868 by the War Fund Committee of Kings County. At the other extremity of the Plaza and overlooking the entrance to Prospect Park is the magnificent granite arch erected by the citizens of Brooklyn to the memory of the Soldiers and Sailors from Kings County who lost their lives during the Civil War. The elevations, arranged in a horseshoe-shaped series of small wooded parks which partly inclose the Plaza, form a charming and natural setting to this highly embellished circle. The cars of the Flatbush and Vanderbilt avenue lines run through the Plaza. The Washington Ball Ground is a private inclosure to the southwest of Prospect Park, and bounded by Fourth and Fifth avenues and Third and Fifth streets. The quickest means of access is by the Fifth Avenue Elevated Railway to the Third street station. Tompkins Park is one of the more beautiful of the small parks of this city, and is bounded b}'- Greene, Lafayette, Tompkins and Marcy avenues. It is between seven and eight acres in extent, and was surveyed as early as 1839, although not graded or improved until about 1870. The ground has been effectively laid out in lawns and walks, and rendered attractive by an abundance of shade trees and shrubbery. The grounds were formerly be- low the level of the bordering streets, but have been filled in and raised to their present level. Twelfth Ward Park is a new and unfinished public square about six acres in area, lying about midway between the Atlantic and Erie Basin. Its boundaries are Richards, Dwight, Verona and William streets. A bill passed by the last Legislature provides for an addition of two blocks south of Wil- liam street. WiNTHROP Park, a new and small place for open-air 'recreation in the northwestern section of the city, is bounded by Monitor and Russell streets and Nassau and Driggs avenues. It embraces about i}4. acres of level ground, and is being rapidly improved by the laying out of lawns and walks and the planting of shrubbery. Owing to the conformation of the land, a large amount of filling had to be done before any attractive improvements could be begun. Washington Park, one of the largest of the city's pleasure grounds, and a place memorable as the arena of many stirring events at the time of the Revolutionary War, is located in the heart of the city, and is bounded by Can- 72 CITIZEN GUIDE. ton and Cumberland streets and Myrtle and DeKalb avenues. The park ex- ceeds thirty acres in extent, and occupies one of the most elevated and health- ful sites within the limits of Brooklyn. The grounds embrace the eminence and slope formerly known as Fort Greene, and used by General Washington and his troops as one of the greatest points of vantage against the British in their attempt upon New York in 1776. For the purpose of fortification, massive earth and stone embankments were thrown up, and the place was so strengthened as to make it one of the principal defences of the Ameri- cans. Again, during the War of 18 12, when foreign invasion was imminent, the disused earthworks were replaced and the fort put into a condition for occupation, thanks in part to the heroic spirit and efforts of many of the women of the then small town of Brooklyn, who, rather than see their country unprepared for defence, gladly helped in throwing up the breast- works. After these episodes, of great local as well as national import, the site of Fort Greene was reserved for public uses; but, owing to various con- tentions over the boundaries of the place, and the assessments for mainte- nance, it came near being leveled and thereby losing much of its historic interest. The Legislature, however, in 1847, in answer to an appeal of prominent citizens, authorized the establishment of the present Washington Park on the site of Fort Greene. After this the place was improved at great expense, and soon became one of the most attractive as well as most interesting parks in the Union. It is now under the control of the Commis- sioner of Department of Parks. The entire space is surrounded by a mas- sive rubblestone wall with a heavy granite coping, which goes far to pre- serve the military aspect of the place. Between Myrtle avenue and Canton street is a broad plaza paved with concrete, where displays of fireworks are sometimes given and public mass meetings held. From the boraer of this plaza rises a series of three superb grassy terraces, which slope to the sum- mit of the hill. These terraces are broken by two broad flights of stone steps which lead to the plateau. On the second ten^ace, between these steps, is the vault containing the remains of the patriotic soldiers who per- ished on the British prison-ship "Jersey," in the East River, during the War of the Revolution. The high ground, which is somewhat undulating, is beautifully laid out in lawns and walks, with an abundance of ornamental trees and shrubbery. On the eastern slope is an ample grass-covered space set apart as a children's playground. From the elevated plateau may be had a commanding view of all the surrounding city and landscape. The neighborhood of Washington Park, especially to the east and south, is one of the most fashionable districts in Brooklyn. Strangers will be well repaid by a visit to this delightful park. Washington Square, about one acre in extent, at the junction of Wash- ington and Underbill avenues, is a small breathing spot artistically planted with trees and shrubs, and during the summer months decorated with prettily-arranged flower beds. The Koads of liOng Island. The roads of Long Island and the streets of Brooklyn may best be de- scribed as in a state of transition. For a generation, and years before, they have been execrable for both the cyclist and the driver. Of late, however, a march of improvement has set in in obedience to the popular demands. Queens County has been especially active in building firm and well-bedded highways, and more are being projected each year. It is still impossible for a wheelman to make an island tour in comfort, but he will find many superb VILFUIUON STc FM(0)M. FLEET SXTO FLATBlLJSHiAVE. PRINTING INKS. SONS Go R. N. PERLEE, President. L. C. LATHROP. Vice-Pres.dent. A. GARRISON, Treasurer. G. L. FENNER, Secretary — as ew York, Chicago, Boston. — -Hffi ESTABLISHED 1816, INCORPORATED 1892. MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF AND pRINTI ♦ VARNISHES Supply "THE WORLD." with their Reliable Perfecting-Press News Ink. Have a National Repute for the fine COLORED and High-Class BLACK INKS. Finest PROCESS CUT INKS, adaptfd for wo king on all grades of paper. Art Publications which have been printed with Geo. Mather's Sons Fine Wood Cut AND Book Ink, which they refer to for Brightness and Permanency of Color. .^ A ._. ^ . , , „ „ Sun and Shade. Photo-Gravure Co.. NewYork. Pictorial Canada, Art Pub. Co., Toronto. Picturesque America, D. Appleton & Co., Picturesque Europe, D. Appleton & Co., Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egsrpt, D. Appleton & Co., Art .Tournal, D. Appleton & Co., Ancient Mariner, Harper & Bros. Pastoral Days, Harper & Bros Scribner's Magazine, Chas. Scribner's Sons, American Art Printer, C. E. Bartholomew. Picturesque Australia, Plot. Atlas Pub. Co. Belford's Magazine. Jenness- Miller Magazine. As well as many other Fine Pictorial Works and Papers, 29 Rose StreetJNew York. Specimen Books and Price-Lists sent on application. PARKS AND ROADS. 73 stretches of road as smooth as a dancing floor. These stretches are being gradu- ally joined together, and a system of macadam is under way that will soon make a perfect network. Queens County is preparing to spend one million of dollars this coming year, and the County of Kings is awakening to the occasion. The sand of Long Island is its road problem. Macadam, is its only solu- tion. Where the highways are of dirt there is seldom satisfaction, however well the soil is packed. The dirt highwa}'^ is found in its best form on the north shore, where the soil is clayey and has little sand. On the slope to the sea macadam has no substitute. The geographical form of Long Island planned and determined its main roads. As the old inhabitants put it — there is a middle country road, a north country road, a south country road. The north road runs from Long Island City out Port Jefferson way; the middle, weU up on the south slope of the hills that marks the island's middle from East New York to Green port; the south, from Jamaica, or perhaps Woodhaven, to Sag Harbor. The summary following does not pick, routes for the horse or wheel. It simply mdicates the chief roads and pikes, their present condition and the way to get on them. Brooklyn and Kin^s County. Asphalt has been meagrely used on the Brooklyn streets. There is enough of it, however, to provide agreeable access on the wheel to Prospect Park. Bedford avenue is an admirable roadway and so is Cumberland street, in a lesser degree. In the lower portion of the city Clinton, Schermerhorn and Henry streets are very rideable. Flatbush avenue, the way to the Park, asphalted on each side of the trolley line, and Hanson Place, together with the lower part of Sixth and Seventh avenues, are much in use by cyclists. Ocean Parkway is the hnest of three great roads leading from Prospect Park south. The Park driveways are well asphalted and the parkway itself is a beautiful piece of macadam. Its width is 210 feet and a double row of trees line it. There are narrow drives on either side and special cy- clists' paths. Unfortunately, it is in too popular use as a speedway. It ends — after five and a half miles — in the Concourse, a fine broad road, lying directly along the ocean and covering over fifty acres. To the east of the parkway is the Graves Turnpike, an excellent road, but much narrower, be- ginning at Wmdsor Terrace, the Franklin avenue entrance to the Park, and ending at the Fair Grounds. West is Fort Hamilton Avenue, generally in capital condition, running from the edge of the Fort to the botmdaries of Greenwood, skirting them and meeting the Graves Turnpike at the Park. A dirt highway, easy to go over and noted for its magnificent sunset views, is the Shore Road from the city line at Sixtieth street to Fort Ham.ilton. Flat ■ BUSH Avenue since its alteration presents an admirable surface from the park to Flatlands Post Office. Its shade trees are the finest in the county. The old Kings Highway meets the Shore Road near the Fort. Thence it runs criss-cross Gravesend and Flatlands to the now almost obliterated but famous Hudderfly road. It is only in passable condition , and its northern com- mencement is difficult to find. A direct line should be taken from Ralph and Atlantic avenues across poor country roads south, for about half a mile. The Eastern Parkway is a great driveway running eastward from the Plaza. Queens and Suffolk Counties. In Queens County all roads, or nearly all, lead to Jamaica. The chief exceptions are the North Shore Turnpike and the Old Shore Road of As- 74 CITIZEN GUIDE. toria. The latter is but fair and without especial interest. The North Shore Turnpike commences in Jackson avenue, Long Island City, a few- blocks from the 34th Street Ferry. After the Newtown line is passed it is macadamized, and runs five miles across the causeway, into Flushing, where, under the name of Broadway, it is continued to the fountain at Roslyn. Good minor roads branch off from here, north to Sands Point, south to Mineola, and across the stream, the pike goes on to Cold Spring and Port Jefferson. The way from Brooklyn to Jamaica is marked with some difficulty to a novice. The usual route is up the Eastern Parkway, from the Park Plaza to, say, Pennsylvania avenue, and thence on to the old Jamaica Plank Road. There are finer highways than these, however. The Plank Road, though often in good condition, is marred by an electric line, and is not agreeable for either wheel or horse. Preferable by far is one of the two great pikes — the Myrtle Avenue, remarkably clear and level its entire length, and with the best macadam of the two, and the Middle Village Turnpike, the Lutheran Cemetery Road, extending from the end of North Second streot and of much picturesqueness. It is at its very prettiest in apple blossom time. There are some bad stretches of road in Newtown, but these are short, for the most part. The Hoffmann Boulevard, best reached by taking the Middle Village Pike to Hopewell Junction (near the Jamaica town line), has a fine run to the northwest into Winfield, and gives a superb view of Flushing Bay. In places, however, its roadbed is only fair. The old Trotting Course Lane, beginning by the side of an old Dutch house at the Woodhaven Water Works, is little known, though in good condition, and is an interesting ride. The Woodhaven Road, commencing at the Pumping Station on the Jamaica Plank Road and running north to meet the Hoff- mann Boulevard, is not to be recommended, though the prospect from it is pleasing. Still another highway — this unnamed — is to be reached by fol- lowing out Grand street, and taking the first road to the left after crossing Newtown Creek. It leads past the summer house of DeWitt Clinton in the hamlet of Berlin. From Jamaica to the southward a multiplicity of roads stretch them- selves out. The Jamaica South Plank Road, once upon a time the old Rockav/ay Plank Road, runs from Woodhaven, on the edges of Jamaica, across the head of Jamaica Bay to Lawrence, At the moment it is in lam- entably bad condition, but it will be one of the first highways to be macad- amized this summer. Lawrence and Cedarhurst, Lawrence notably, have some superbly kept roads, and others again that almost bury the wheels in sand. Finest, perhaps, of all the roads leading out of Jamaica is the Rock- away Road, intersecting the Jamaica South Plank Road at South Jamaica, and extending from Fulton street, Jamaica, down to the shore, or nearly there. It has three miles of the most perfect macadam imaginable. The other RocKAWAY Pike, that from Rockville Centre to Wave Crest, has been gradually improved until much of it is macadam, the rest being excellently packed dirt. The system down the "Rockaway Peninsula" is to be built up this season to Seaside avenue, Rockaway Beach, so that a Brook- lyn wheelman may ride there next Spring, never once leaving the mac- adam. The Old South Road, running from Woodhaven to Bergen's Landing, at the head of Jamaica Bay, is three miles in length and well macadamized. Eastward from Jamaica, extending out from the main street (Fulton), is Jericho Pike. It runs through Hollis, and at Callister Factory begins a PARKS AND ROADS. 75 stretch of seven to eight miles macadam. Beyond this it is a hard dirt highway, well kept, which goes out to Greenport opposite Shelter Island. After Jericho is passed the road commences to get hilly. From Jericho there is a short piece of highway to Hempstead that is in good condition. The Hempstead and Jamaica Plank Road is bad riding at present, but a wheelman will find excellent sidewalks. He will do well, however, to have a care and not ride on the sidewalks inside the town boundaries proper, as the town authorities restrict wheeling on sidewalks, and are strict in imposing fines or imprisonment, or both, on offenders. The Merrick Road from Jamaica is poor to the Hempstead town line, but very fine macadam beyond it. A good solid highway of dirt leads from Hempstead to Farmingdale, weak, however, in several places. The northwesterly little pike to Cold' Spring Harbor is hilly, but very fair riding in all weathers. A highway that is beautiful because of its many windings leads from East WilHston to Roslyn. It runs down to Freeport on the Sound Shore, made of hard packed dirt and always good. From the Town Hall, Jamaica, a finely laid pike of macadam extends due north into Flushing Village. It is known among wheelmen as the Jamaica Pike. This road is duplicated in direc- tion and destination, though hardly in excellence, by the old Black Stump Road that also enters Flushing from Jamaica. The Babylon Pike comes down from Hempstead with a more than pas- sable roadbed, and at Babylon itself the great clamshell road begins, with its straight, dehghtfully shaded run full sixty miles into the sandy regions of the Shinnecock. After that narrow strip is crossed, it improves and stretches down to Sag Harbor smooth as glass and is excellent traveling. Tt IS known everywhere as the Great South Shore Road. N. B.— The best bicycling and driving roads on Long Island are indicated on the sectional bird's-eye views of the island by a dotted line ( - ' - - - ) in the centre of the roads. /cRT A;^ID architecture. Brooklyn's Collections of Paintings — Its Statues and Monuments- A Review of the Architecturally Notable Buildings in the City- Greenwood's Mortuary Art. It is through her private collections that Brooklyn holds a well defined and high place in the Art world. There is at present no public collection whatever, though, when the Institute of Art and Sciences is built, halls and galleries will be reserved for that purpose and one established. A fund for the purchase of pictures already aggregates $10,000, and there will be no lack of further subscriptions when the hour amves. But, throughout the parlors and private galleries of the town there are hundreds of fine can- vases of English, Continental and American masters, the French school of this century being in especial favor. Though from what remains there is no need to complain, the city has recently suffered an irreparable art loss in the complete dismemberment of one of its finest collections and the removeJ of another to New York. Henry M. Johnston of Downing street sold his entire gallery late in February, the canvases including Isabey's " Embarcation," a " Tiger " of Corot's, Daub- igny's "The Afterglow " and a score more quite as valuable. The death of David C. LyaU of Presi dent street brought about the removal of his family to New York and the consequent loss to Brooklyn of all of the Lyall pic- tures. Chief among these were Millet's famous " Birth of the Calf," Dela- croix's great " Rape of Rebecca," four superb Daubigny's, Cot's charming " Springtime," and a wealth of canvases of French artists. Of the collections that remain intact the most important by far is that of Henry T. Chapman, Jr., of Clinton Avenue, corner of Lafayette. Back in the early seventies, when the French painters of the school of 1830 were not understood or appreciated, Mr, Chapman saw their merit and com- menced purchasing. He was the first man in America to understand their art and many of the pictures in his parlor to-day are unapproachable in their beauty. The most important are his Dupre's "Summer," Michel's " Hills of Montremart " (and he has thirteen other canvases of this"* artist), Isabey's "The Cardinal's Blessing," Diaz's "The Cloud Breaking," Rich- ard Wilson's " Ruins of Tivoli," Sir Joshua Reynolds' " Muscipula," and examples of Decamp, Delacroix, Rousseau, Lambinet, Courbet, Millet, Fortuny, Troyon, Rembrandt, Watteau, Crome the elder, and Huet; over 160 canvases in all. Mr. Chapman has also an admirable collection of por- celains (nearly 300 pieces) of all tints and varieties and he is a recognized authority on this subject. In his parlors also are several fine old bronzes. Now that the Lyall gallery has been turned into a club house, the finest private gallery in the city is John T. Martin's of lower Pierrepont street. His ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE. 77 chef d'oeuvre is Knaus' " Christening," and yet others are Millet's " Going to Work," Daubigny's " On the Oise," and canvases of Rousseau, Diaz, Detaille, De Neuville and Meissonnier. Henry T. Cox, at the corner of Joralemon and Henry streets, has a fine Cabanel, Diaz, Daubigny, Gerome and Schreyer and a very beautiful little gallery to place them in. Mr. Cox's particular delight, however, is the costly one of extra illustrating and there is an Izaak Walton in his parlors on which he is said to have spent $12,000. Other volumes he has extra-illustrated extensively are Horace Walpole, "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers" and the "Pilgrim's Progress." The Healys, father and son, of Columbia Heights, had a fine collec- tion two years ago, but it has since been sold. John S. James, near the foot of Pierrepont street, numbers among his paintings examples of David Johnson, Demont, Breton, Hagsborg, Kowalski and Vibert. Carll H. De Silver, a little ways up the street, has an especially fine Vibert, and a W3'ant, added to a Daubigny and a Rico. John Mason, of 138 Hicks street, shows a fine series of the P'rench schools. Edward H . Litchfield, on Montague Ter- race, has excellent statuary throughout his great hall, examples of Fantac- chiotti, Ross and Mead. Latham A, Fish, just opposite Mr. Cox, has Breton, Vibert, Schreyer, and Rico on his walls. John B, Ladd, on Henry near Joralemon, is another of the owners of important paintings. In South Brooklyn, W. W. Kenyon of Union street has now the only collection of size and value. Next to Mr Chapman's the collection on the Hill is that of J. C. Hoagland, on the next block, who possesses an exquisite Henner, a fine Dupre marine, a Gainsborough, a Troyon and one of the best Daubigny's in the country. Art Organizations. ® As early as 1862 the first of the ar^. clubs of Brooklyn was organized un- der the name of the Brooklyn Art Social. There was something of a mini- ature Bohemia in the city at that time — a Bohemia that has long since died out — and it centered in the old buildings in Montague street. In 1864 or '65 (the date is uncertain) the Art Social died, and the Art Association sprang up in its place. Gradually the laymen obtained complete control of this ; and nearly all the artists resigned. In the meantime the Association had erected its fine Gothic building and became of paramount social importance. For the brilliant Academy receptions it gave during the seventies see chap- ter on Society. Of later years it has been devoted to periodic exhibitions, and in conjunction with the new Institute of Arts and Sciences has estab- lished a flourishing art school. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences — for details as to its pro- posed gallery and prospects see chapter on Education. Brooklyn Art Club. — The artists that left the Art Association in 1878 formed this society a year later, building the rules and by-laws so that only actual artists were eligible for m.embership. After some years of insignifi- cance the club entered upon anew epoch in 1885 and in the Fall of 1887 gave its first annual exhibition in the Art Association rooms. Its percentages of canvases sold is the highest in the country, having touched 42^. The present membership is about 80, and there are many New Yorkers in the ranks. The fame of this society has done much to raise the reputation of Brooklyn as an art centre. Its in embers are always found among the exhibitors in all the leading art exhibitions in the Eastern States. 78 CITIZEN GUIDE. Brooklyn Art Guild. — A fraternal association of artists, much smaller and giving no exhibitions. Its rooms are at 246 Fulton street (Ovington's Studio Building). Miss E. R. Coffin is President, and the membership is about 40. Rembrandt Club. — A society of connoisseurs and collectors meeting monthly at the homes of members to hear art papers read by famous art- ists. The membership is fixed at 100 and there is always a large waiting list.' Artists and Illustrators. Brooklyn has been unfortunate in having many of her painters lured across the river to the great picture mart of New York. Well known New York artists who once painted and worked here are M. F. H. DeHaas, James H. Hart, George Innes, Peter Paul Ryder, S. S. Guy, Carlton Wiggins, J. G. Brown, Edwm H. Blashfield, A. B. Wenzel, Wm. E. PHmpton, George h'. Bogart, and Richard Creifelds. Still the city is not without adequate representation now. In figure painting and landscapes there are Frederick J.Boston, parry Roseland, Maria R. Dixon, Benjamin Eggleston, J. B. Whittaker, Joseph H. Boston, Eleanor C. Bannister, S. M. Barstow, Robert M. Decker, Erskine Wait, W. H. Snyder, S. S. Carr and Clark Crum. In illustrating, W. Hamilton Gibson, Alfred Brennan, Albert Blashfield, Wed- worth Wadsworth, Benjamin Eggleston, Frederick J. Boston and Harry Roseland are to be mentioned. Mr. Wadsworth some few years ago illus- trated an edition of Tennyson's "Brook," which called forth a compli- mentary letter from the then Poet Laureate. He is the only American artist possessing such. Warren Sheppard excels as a marine painter, Wedworth Wadsworth in water colors, and Alexander S. Locke, an old pu- pil of LaFarge, is an admirable designer of mosaic glass, Studios and Soliools. The studios of the artists are widely scattered. Montague street once had a nest of them but of late it has lost its hold. There is no building devoted exclusively to the art fraternity. The Ovington Building (246 Ful- ton street) houses half a dozen, the Arbuckle building opposite the City Hall Square and the Bank Building (Atlantic and Clinton streets), each a few. The art schools are prosperous in the extreme. The Brooklyn Art School in the Ovington Building (supported by the Art Association and new Institute) has nearly 150 pupils, instructed by such masters of the brush as Walter Shirlaw and William M. Chase. The Art Guild has excellent instruction for its members. The Adelphi Academy has 150 special art students and a superbly equipped studio. The Polytechnic and the Pratt Institute make distinct departments for art and have adequate courses Statuary of Brooklyn. The city is badly off so far as statuary is concerned. Outside of Pros- pect Park there is only one statue worthy of mention — the bronze Henry Ward Beecher that faces the City Hall. ' In all probability this too will be removed to the park before many months in deference to public sentiment. The figure is semi-colossal, its height being nine feet, and it represents Mr. Beecher in an unstudied pose, clad in a great cape coat, with his hat in hishand. The artist was J. Q. A. Ward, and the figure stands on a ped- ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE. 79 estal that is the work of Richard M. Hunt. This pedestal is adorned with finely modelled bronze figures. Two good bronze figures are set in the Park Plaza. The statue to J. S. T. Stranahan is the design of Frederick MacMonies, who has done the colos- sal group of America for the World's Fair. So far as pose and portrait are concerned it is very nearly perfect. In size it is colossal, and while dig- nified and impressive absolutely unconventional. The Lincoln statue be- longs to an earlier period; it was set in its place in 1868 and was the design of H. K. Brown. It is in no wise remarkable as a work of art and is far too ornate. Within the park itself are busts of John Howard Payne and Wash- ington Irving. In the flower garden is a statue of Thomas Moore, interest- ing solely because of it beautiful floral surroundings. The Memorial Arch. The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch is a striking feature of the plaza, and architect John H. Duncan, the designer of the Grant Monument, has put a good deal of the old war time spirit into it. Its motif is exactly that of the Roman Triumphal Arch and in spite of much of the possible ef- fect having been lost by placing it almost atop of the fountain instead of directly at the park entrance, it has a dignity and a grace of its own. Its material is of light granite with a polished granite base, the arch proper be- ing topped by a fine cornice. At either side are columnated pedestals de- signed to receive groups of statuary. Exquisitely cut figures appear in the spandrels of the south and those to the north have the seals of Brooklyn City and New York State. The keystones are reliefs of the United States Crest. Fountains. There is but one fountain of notability, that alongside the Memorial Arch, the work of Vaux. It is low and without a special design, forming the centre of avast circular basin and is turtle backed in plan, composed of plates of bronze. It was the original plan to have it lit by gas at night.^the light to stream through the gliding water, but this scheme has never been carried out. The fountain was laid out shortly after the park was de- signed. In Greenwood Cemetery. Mortuary art in its very best form is practically confined to Green- v/ood Cemetery. Hundreds of fine granite and marble shafts stand sharp- ly cut out by the green of the perfectly kept lawns. The Siefka monument near the main entrance, built of Connecticut granite, is admirably carved and possesses an exquisite figure of Hope at its apex. "Battle Hill" is marked by the "Soldier's Shaft" of granite surmounted by a military figure cast from cannons captured from the rebels. Nearby is the Litchfield plot, possessing a Michael Angelo in bronze. Further on is the Bennett tomb, with its well conceived group of half life size of a mother praying for her child and being comforted by an angel. The detail of this work is very beautiful, the woman's dress being carved in representation of satin in folds. The Cauda tomb in memory of Charlotte Cauda, who died when a maid of fifteen, is the facade of an exquisite Gothic chapel, perfect in its spires and tracery but marred by bases of granite supporting the finely veined marble. Two kneeling angels guard the sides. Other notable tombs are those of the Brown brothers; Ex-Mayor Gunther of New York, a 80 CITIZEN GUIDE. plain granite shaft with two detached figures ; T. N. Phelps, a Gothic chapel on one of the little lakes; W. J. Florence, a dignified granite cross atop of a square monolith with faces of polished granite; the Danser on Vine and Fir avenues, the Harpers, and the Frazer of black and red granite columns. Architecture. To the unguided stranger within her gates Brooklyn seems to be of lit- tle interest architecturally. There is absolutely no place in the city's boundaries where fine buildings are massed. The seeker after art as ex- pressed in brick and stone has to explore. It wiU pay him liberally and well, for off and on in his travels he will come across some dainty bit of design and color. But these buildings are scattered and far apart. Around and about them are conventional dwellings and stores as like as "peas in a pod." It is only the architectural enthusiast, as a rule, that has the patience to search for v/heat among the heap of chaff. And yet the task of winnowing to-day is a far more grateful one than it would have been ten years ago. Within the past decade Brooklyn has entered into a new architectural epoch. It is only here and there that the change is discernible, it is true, but dozens of buildings mark it. The city in its sixty years of civic life has passed through three ages of building, the age of wood, the age of redbrick and the age of brown stone. The wooden age is now a by-gone, every day seeing more and more of its de- molition. The ages of red brick and brownstone, monotonous for block after block, is gradually feeling the touch of the new dispensation , and their char- acteristics are becoming lost. Conditions exactly the reverse of those across the river have developed Brooklyn's architecture. New York is a narrow island and buildings grew higher and narrower. Brooklyn spread out like a great fan. There was land and to spare, and the price of building lots did not hinder the archi- tect nor tax his inventiveness. He had no need to seek for his floor space in the air. The problem was such an easy one that he did not need to do his best. Of the old architecture of the town there are only a few remaining specimens scattered over the ist, 2nd and 4th wards, the chief character- istics of which are the doorways with their colonial detail, and railings of well executed v/rought iron work. There are also several old churches left to claim interest. It is the new age of terra cotta and yellow brick that m- vites attention, an age of fanciful Romanesque, Americanized, such as has now its way all over the country. The Dutch and English phases of design, once so prevalent in New York, passed the then little town of Brooklyn by; there is very Httle trace of them. One little touch of classicism of the for ties there was a few years ago in two old Dutch Reformed churches col umned like the Acropohs and of dazzling whiteness, one just back of the City Hall, the other on the Heights, at the beginning of Chnton street. But the march of improvement has wiped them both out of existence. From the upper bay a long line of warehouses and piers, backed by three story dwellings, nearly all of the same red brick, presents itself to the eye. There is not a touch of green to relieve it. Red and brown are the colors of the picture. It is best seen at sunset when the gleaming light from over the Jersey hills ritringent. tringent Trochisci Althea.— Emolient. Trochisci Kino.— Astringent. Trochisci Catechu. — Mildly astringent. Trochisci Kratneriae. — Averypower- Trochisci Lactucae. — Soothing and ful astringent. mildly sedative. Trochisci F*otassae Tar. Acidae. Trochisci Potassae Chloratis. — — Topical sialogogue. Stimulating and antiseptic. Trochisci Pyrethri. — A very valuable Trochisci Potassae Citratis.— sialogogue. Topical sialogogue. Sedativi. — Sedative for irritative coughs and painful condition of the pharynx. ROWORTH'S SURPASSING FRUIT TABLETS AND COUGH TABLETS. Lime, Horehound, Orange, Horehound and Tar, Lemon, Horehound and Boneset, Peach, Horehound & Wild Cherry. Raspberry, Malt, Stra ^wherry. Wild Cherry, Pineapple, W^ild Cherry and Tolu, Violet, Slippery Blm, Mint, Cough, Wintergreen, Hops and Boneset, Plum, Everton Toffey, Iceland Moss, Butter Scotch. Manufactured by THE RO WORTH MANUFACTURING CO., 21-27 NEW CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK. ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE. 85 Buildings "have sprung up like magic here during the past decade, and Hancock and McDonough streets, in chief, have caught the spirit of the new residential architecture admirably. But while the general view through the streets is most pleasing, but few edifices of prominence have risen as yet. On Franklin avenue, near Fulton, stands the house and famous garden of David M. Stone, editor of the "Journal of Commerce." On Hancock street, near by, is the quaint iron church of Dr. Behrends, designed by Valk and painted white, a noticeable structure, both from its situation and peculiarity. Two squares above is the great apartm.ent house, the Alhambra, by Montrose W. Morris. It is misnamed, for there is nothing in its design to suggest the architecture of the Moors. At the corner of Bedford avenue and Lafayette is the Temple Israel, the only distinctive piece of Hebrev/ architecture in the city. The material used is amber-toned brick, and a Byzantine dome surmounts it. Its interior, car- ried out in the same style, has a good color scheme in green, yellow and gold (Parfitt Bros). Across Fulton street, where it joins with Bedford avenue, is the massive Brevoort (Mr. Morris' work), an edifice of sandstone and red brick. The Union League Club, of cinnamon brick and brown stone, asserts itself at the Bedford avenue fountain, just across Atlantic avenue. Its features are a bear on the roof, medallions of Grant and Lincoln, and an eagle holding up a bay with its outstretched wings. Across the street from this the walls of the new Twenty-Third Regi- ment Armory are rising. This palace of the guardsmen of " Ours " is of baronial design, battlemented and fortress-like, with Scotch castle towers on its Bedford avenue front, and an admirably arched gateway wdth an iron portcullis. Its towers are pierced for sharpshooters and it presents an ex- cellent defense line. The drill shed, extending back to Franklin avenue, is in perfect proportion to the executive front. Its material is of English brown sandstone and red brick, and its designers were Fowler and Hough, in conjunction with the State Architect. In this district south of Atlantic avenue there is row after row of artis- tic dwellings, big and broad detached houses and beautifully shaded streets. A notable edifice among them is the Hebrew Orphan Asylum at Ralph avenue and Dean street, by John B. Snook & Sons. It is built on Roman- esque lines, and marked because of its size and detached position. St. Bar- tholemew's, on Pacific street near Bedford, is a quaint little edifice, of deep red brick, done by Geo. B. Chappell. Crossing Fulton street again, at the corner of Throop avenue and Willoughby avenue, an excellent campanile is to be seen, the design of Fowler and Hough. Dr. Meredith's, at the corner of Tompkins avenue and McDonough street, is another good example of this class, with a larger tower (George B. Chappell). In amongst a mass of small and new dwellings at Sumner avenue, corner of Putnam, is building the new armory of the " Grey Thirteenth," a red brick structure trimmed with granite, modelled on the lines of a Thirteenth Century feudal castle of France by R. L. Daus. The towers on the Sumner avenue front are splendid pieces of design. Tlie Park Slope. The park slope has had a life of barely ten years. In 1884 the region now splendidly built up with private residences was little more than fields and pastures. To-day it is a place of the Romanesque, with a score or more houses of the French chateau type. It is a land of terra cotta and red brick, of gable roofs and dormer windows. It is a place of charming 86 • CITIZEN GUIDE. homes, of quaint designs, little invaded by flats and apartments. At the turn of Eighth avenue into Flatbush there is one of the most distinctive buildings in the two cities, the Montauk Club of Francis H. Kimball. It is made after a Venetian Palace, following closely the Ca D'Oro on the Grand Canal, That water mansion is gleaming with marble and gold; the Mon- tauk is soberer in yellow brick and pale terra cotta. Within there is no Venetian color, as might be expected, but fittings of natural wood alone. There is a gallery on the upper floor of the front and a charming projecting cornice. Over a row of windows half way up stretches a frieze in bas relief, representing the exploits of the Montauk Indians, Northeast is the Park Plaza and beyond Reservoir Hill, back of which the new Institute of Arts and Sciences wiU stand. A tall, graceful water tower of gray shows itself amid the green, and the great arch of the Sol- diers and Sailors, an Arc de Trio77iphe of America commemorating the exploits of the war, the work of John H, Duncan, guards the foundation and the park approach. Along Eighth and Ninth avenues are a number of beautiful and stately mansions, the most notable being those of Henry C. Hurlburt and J. G. Dittmar on Ninth, Thomas Adams, Jr., J, Rogers Maxwell the yachtsman, and Eugene Maxwell on Eighth. On Seventh avenue, corner of Carroll, is the First Dutch Reformed Church of George L. Morse, modelled in pure French Gothic of Indiana limestone and of a uniform grey tint. It has the highest spire on the slope. A remark- ably strong and faithful adaptation of Gothic of the Thirteenth and Four- teenth Centuries is to be seen in St. Augustine's, on Sixth avenue and Stirl- ing place, the work of Parfitt Brothers. It is constructed of brownstone of a single texture, and has elaborate carving. Here the designer has caught the French spirit and made one of the most notable Catholic sanctuaries in the country. _ It is. designed eventually to build parochial schools, chapel and a parochial residence directly at hand in a complete parish massing, but now only the church stands. St. Augustine's apse, rounding on the street, is its conspicuous feature. The hne of the roof brings out a marked individuality. Here the crossing of the nave and transept are accentuated hy ^Jl^cke, a. dainty spire. A colossal figure of Gabriel stands in front. The doorway has a deep recess hne of crocketed niches, and the tower above them breaks into open work and delicate tracery, its squareness merged into a conical roof by corner pinnacles. The Eastern District. The eastern district, or the old town of Williamsburgh, has altered little except in size since its early days. The Williamsburgh Savings Bank, at the corner of Broadway and Driggs, "The Temple," in the district's ver- nacular (George B. Post), is a curious specimen of classic art, a rectangular structure of granite surmounted by a great metallic dome. The Church of the Holy Trinity on Montrose avenue is a good example of German Gothic, and was designed by Schickel. The old Bushwick Church (Bushwick ave- nue and North Second street) is a country sanctuary of white, spired, originally set among lindens and sycamores. The Bushwick Democratic Club, at the corner of Bushwick avenue and Hart street, shows a catchy exterior of terra cotta brick. GOVERN MEJvJT AND PUBLIC WORKS. How the Public Aifairs of the City are Conducted — The Various De- partments — Water WorkSj Bridges, etc. The local government of Brooklyn in its general features resembles that of New York. It is a government by bureau, all executive power being vested in heads of departments styled commissioners who are appointed by the Mayor. The chief difference between the government of New York and Brooklyn arises from the fact that boundaries of the city and county of New York are the same, permitting of a certain commingling of the powers of the county and city officers, whereas, in the case of Brooklyn the city does not extend to the limits of Kings county, which contains in addition to the city the four towns of Flatbush, Flatlands, Gravesend and New Utrecht. The county has its own legislative body called the Board of Supervis- ors audits own executive officers and buildings. The Board of Supervisors has 34 members, one elected from each of the 28 wards in Brooklyn and from each of the four towns, also the Mayor of the city ex-officio and a super- visor-at-large elected by the whole county. The term of the supervisor is two years aad his salar}^ is $1,000 a year, except in the case of the super- yisor-at-large, who receives $5,000 yearly. Sessions of this Board are held in the County Court House. Its powers are chiefly legislative, pertain- ing to county affairs, and it has the power to borrow money, levy taxes, and fix the salary of its officers. The supervisor-at-large is the pre- siding officer and possesses the veto power over the acts of the Board. He also appoints the Commissioners of Charities and Correction but cannot present any motion. The committees of the Board are appointed at the beginning of each year by a president pro tempore who is elected by the members for the purpose. For headquarters the Board has two very handsome buildings — the County Court House and the Hall of Records. The chief executive officers of the county are the Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, who prepares the tax rolls, the Register, Sheriff, Surrogate, County Clerk, County Treasurer , Coroners, Auditor, Commissioners of Charities and Correction, Public Administrator and District Attorney. The Register is elected by the voters of the county every three years His office is in the Hall of Records and his duties are to file all records of transactions in real property, etc. His compensation comes in the form of fees. The Sheriff is elected for three years by the county. His office is in '„he Court House. He is the chief peace officer of the county and he is charged generally with the execution of all court decrees and the supervi- sion of the county jail. His compensation comes in the form of fees. 88 CITIZEN GUIDE. The County Clerk is chosen every three years by the citizens of the county. His office is in the Hall of Records, and his duties are to keep a record of the judgments of all the courts, to keep the calendar of the Su- preme Court, etc. In his casQ also the maintenance of his office is provided for by fees. The County Treasurer is elected for three years and receives a salary of $5,000 a year. His office is in the Court House, and his duties are to re- ceive, care for and properly disburse the money of the county. There are two Coroners who are elected for three years and are paid by fees. Their office is in the Court House. The County Auditor is elected for three years and is paid $3,000 a year. His office is in the Court House, and his duties are to pass upon the bills presented against the county and to see that they are correct and that no expenditure is made without proper authority. There are three Commissioners of Charities and Corrections, and they are appointed by the supervisor at large to serve four years at an an- nual salary of $5,000 each. Under their charge are the hospitals and asy- lums at Flatbush, the county farm at Kings Park, and the penitentiary, jail and morgue in Brooklyn. A general jurisdiction over the poor of the coun- ty is also exercised. The headquarters of the Commissioners are at 29 Elm Place The Public Administrator is appointed by the County Clerk and Sur- rogate for a term of 5 years and is paid by fees. His office is at 191 Monta- gue street. He is charged with the care of the property of persons dying intestate whose heirs do not immediately claim the property. The District Attorney is elected for three years and receives a salary of $8,000 per year. His office is in the Court House. « The annual revenue of Kings County is about five and a half million dollars— the expenditure rather more than this sum and the debt is $5,240,500 In the government of the city the Common Council has much more power than has the City Council of New York. Much of the legislative pow- er of which the New York Council has been deprived by the State Legisla- ture is still vested m the Council of Brooklyn. This body consists of 19 members called aldermen, seven of whom are elected by the whole city and 12 by districts. The city is divided into three such districts, each of which elects four aldermen. The aldermen are elected for two years and receive a salary of $2,000 per annum. The president of the council is chosen by the aldermen from among their own number and the city clerk is appointed by them. Their legislative powers covpr the protection of life and property, the maintenance of order, the general supervision of the city's finances and property, the regulation of nuisances and obnoxious forms of business, inarkets, licenses, burial of the dead, franchises of corporations, and other matters of strictly municipal concern. The mayor has a power of veto, but this may be overridden by a two-thirds majority of the council. An important body is the Board of Estimate, which has a mixed juris- diction. It is composed of the Mayor, Comptroller, City Auditor, Super- visor-at-Large and the County Treasurer, and its duties are to determine the amount of money necessary to run the city and county governments each year, also to fix the salaries of the heads of departments, of Commis- sioners of Excise, and of members of the Board of Assessors. The City Council possesses the power of curtailing, but not of increasing the appro- priations made by the Board. GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS. 89 The executive officers of the city, with the exception of the Comptroller and Auditor, who are elected for two years, are appointed by the Mayor, also for two years. They are known as the Treasurer, Collector of Taxes, Registrar of Arrears, Corporation Counsel, City Assessors (13 in number), Commissioners of Police, Health Commissioner, Fire Commissioner, Com- missioner of Buildings, Commissioner of City Works, Commissioner of Parks, Commissioners of Elections (4 in number), and Civil Service Commis- sioners (5 in number). There are also six Police Justices who are ap- pointed by the Mayor, Comptroller and Auditor for a term of four years, and three Civil Justices who are elected from their respective districts for this purpose. The Mayor's powers have practically been stated already. He is ex officio a Justice of the Peace, a Supervisor of the County, the responsible head of the Bureaucratic Government, and is supposed to exercise a general supervision over the Civic Administration. He appoints Brooklyn's half of the Brooklyn Bridge Trustees. The Board of Education consists of 45 members serving for three years and 15 of them retire each year. They are appointed by the Mayor and receive no compensation. The Revenue of Brooklyn exceeds $10,000,000 a year, and its expendi- ture, owing to the construction of permanent public improvements, exceeds that sum by several millions yearly. At present the debt of the city is about $46,000,000, against which there is a sinking fund of $1,500,000. The Courts having jurisdiction in Brooklyn are the United States Cir- cuit and District Courts, the Supreme Court, City Court, County Court, Surrogate's Court and Justices' Courts. Brooklyn is in the second circuit and eastern district of New York. Sessions of the Circuit and District Courts are held in the Federal Building. The Supreme Court has general jurisdiction over civil matters, and sitting in Oyer and Terminer its judges become also the highest criminal magistrates. Brooklyn is part of the Second Judicial District of the State. The City Court has concurrent jurisdiction in civil suits where one of the parties to an action is a resident of the city or was served therein or where the cause of action arose in the city. The County Court has civil jurisdiction in cases where the defend- ants reside in the county and where the amount of litigation does not ex- ceed $1,000. Its Judge and two Justices of the Peace sitting in banc con- stitute the Court of Sessions, which has criminal jurisdiction similar to that of the Court of Oyer and Terminer. The jurisdiction of the Surrogate is limited to the estates of persons who previous to death were residents of the county, or who had property in the county but lived outside the State. Brooklyn Militia constitute almost all of the Second Brigade of the National Guard of the State. The only part of this brigade outside of the city is the Seventeenth Separate Company, whose quarters are in Flushing. Brooklyn's military organizations are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Twenty- third and Forty-seventh regiments of infantry, the Third battery of artillery and a Signal Corps. The effective strength of these forces is about 3,000 men. The Police Force is strong, efficient and well equipped; It num- bers 1,427 men and uses 19 patrol wagons and a patrol boat for harbor use. Police Station Houses in Brooklyn are located as follows: 318 and 322 Adams St., 49 and 51 Fulton St., 17 and 19 Butler St. , S. W. corner De 90 CITIZEN GUIDE. Kalb and Classon Aves., N. E. corner Bedford and N. First St.,S. E. corner Bushwick Ave. and Stagg St., N. E. corner Manhattan and Greenpoint Aves., N. E. coraer Fifth Ave. and Sixteenth St., 495 Gates Ave., N. E. corner Sixth Ave. and Bergen St., S. E. corner Hamilton Ave. and Rape- lye St., N. W. corner Atlantic and Schenectady Aves., S. E. corner Tomp- kins and Vernon Aves., S. W. corner Ralph Ave. and Quincy St., Emmet corner Amity St., S. W. corner Lee Ave. and Clymer St., S. W. corner Miller and Liberty aves., Fourth Ave. and 43rd St., Humboldt corner Her- bert St., 93 Cedar St., S. E. corner Flushing and Clermont Aves., Grand Ave. corner Park PL The Fire Brigade is about 700 strong, and has 37 engines, two fire boats, 24 extension ladder trucks, 41 hose wagons and nine coal wagons. Public Works. The public works of Brooklyn are necessarily on a vast scale, for the city has grown as fast as a lanky boy in his teens whose ankles and wris^-s seem perenially outside his trousers and sleeves. An idea of the mxagnitude of the work bemg done may be gathered from the following facts: During 1892, II miles of new sewers w^ere constructed, making the aggregate mile- age of the city sewers 426 1-2. In addition 73-4 miles of granite block pavement, 8 1-4 miles of Belgian block pavement, i 3-4 miles of asphalt pavement and 6 1-4 miles of cobble stone pavement were laid; 333 new gas lamps were put up, 83 new electric hghts, and 209 hydrants; while 11 3-8 miles of new water mains were laid. Brooklyn's water supply comes from the interior of the island, about 20 miles away where the waters of a number of streams and lakes draining an area of about 75 square miles are impounded in storage reservoirs and pumped thence through a stone aquedu^ct built underground to the city. The present daily supply from these works is about £0 million gallons, which quantity will be mcreased by new works underway to 105 mihion. Pressure is equalized by the Mount Prospect reservoir near Prospect Park, which is nearly 200 feet above the tide water, and by a high surface water tower. Of all Brooklyn's public works the one most in evidence is the Brooklyn Bridge, which was built by the two cities of New York and Brooklyn. It is a singularly graceful structure, so beautifully proportioned that its massive strength is not all apparent from a general vievr. It is the greatest suspen- sion bridge in the world, was 13 years in building and cost upwardsof $15,- 000,000. It is hung on four cables anchored at either side and passing over two lofty granite towers. Each cable is composed of 5,296 parallel galvan- ized steel oil-coated wires closely wrapped to a solid cylinder. 11 feet of each of these wires weighs one pound. The bridge, from entrance to en- trance, is 6,016 feet long, its breadth is 85 feet, and the height of the bridge in the centre above high water is 135 feet. The towers rise 272 feet above high water and are built on foundations which are 78 and 45 feet respectively be- low high water. The bridge carries 2 tracks for cable cars, two driveways for teams, and one promenade for foot passengers. About four million pas- sengers cross on the cable road each month. The Brookhm entrance to the bridge is on Sands street near Fulton, and the New York entrance on Park Row opposite the City Hall. The fare on the bridge cable cars is 3 cents. The promenade for foot passengers is free. FINANCE AND TRADE. The Independent Business Life of Brooklyn — Shopping and Trade Dis- tricts — Markets — Financial Institutions — Manufacturing Interests and Localities. Brooklyn is fast becoming of great importance as a financial centre. It is true its banks clear through the New York Clearing House, either directly or through New York banks acting as their agents, but their operations, in- stead of being strictly local as formerly, are being extended much beyond the limits of Long Island. This is especiall}' true of the trust companies which have come into ex- istence within a few years, and have added nearly ten millions to Brook- lyn's banking capital. There are five national banks in Brooklyn with ag- gregate resources of nearly twenty m.illions- sixteen State banks with re- sources exceeding twenty millions; fourteen savings banks with resources aggregating one hundred and twenty millions, and seven trust companies with resources amounting to nearly forty-five millions. Brooklyn is also strong in building and loan associations, of which there are twenty-nine with a total membership of 13,144, and resources aggregating about five millions. There are also four safe deposit companies, four title guarantee companies, and five fire insurance companies in Brooklyn. Tiie Franklin Trust Company. A financial institution whose stock becomes worth $300 within five years after its foundation is something of a prodigy, particularly when its gains can be said to be due to business skill and judgment rather than to the as- sumption of any exceptional risk. This is the record of the Franklin Trust Company. It was organized in August, iSSS, with a capital of $500,000 and a surplus paid in of $250,000. Subsequently the capital was increased to $1,000,000 and the surplus has grown until it now exceeds $750,000. Two causes have promoted this exceptional prosperity. A number of the wealth- iest business men in Brooklyn are among its directors and stockholders, and its chief executive. President George H. Southard, is a man of rare adminis- trative ability and exceptional financial acumen. He has also been assisted by an exceptionally clever staff. The present officers of the company are George H. Southard, President; Wm. H. Wallace, Vice-President ; Jas. R. Cowing, 2nd Vice-President and Secretary ; Crowell Hadden, jr.. Assistant Secretary ; and Edwin Packard, John Winslow, S. E. Huntington, Darwin R. James, John B. Woodward, Alex. E. Orr, Joseph E. Brown, Wm. H. Wallace, Franklin E. Taylor, D. H. Houghtaling, Albro J. Newton, Crowell Hadden, H. E. Pierrepont, Wm. Marshall, Geo. M. Olcott, Geo. H. Southard, Wm. A. Read, Theodore Dreier and Thos. E. Stillman. 92 CITIZEN GUIDE. FINANCE AND TRADE. 93 On December 31st, 1892, the books of the company showed its position to be as follows : ASSETS. LIABILITIES. Bonds and Mortgages, §664,500.00 Capital Stock, $1,000,000.00 U S Gov. Bonds. Market Value, 464,375.00 Siirplus Fund, 732,490.20 City of Brooklyn Bonds, ( ^17000 no Deposits, 5,465,120.88 Market Value, j ^i^WO-OO Certified Checks, (outstanding) 24,559.70 Stocks, Bonds, etc., I j 309 395 OO Interest Accrued 23,685.55 Market Value, j 1' 1 • Bills Purchased, 154,649.90 Loans on CoUateral, 3,106,876.86 Cash in Office and Banks, 704,403.26 Banking House and Lot, 463,919.30 Vault, Furniture and Fixtures, 25,587.99 Interest Accrued, 35,249.02 $7,245,856,33 $7,245,856.33 The Company's offices are on the main floor of one of the handsomest buildings in Brooklyn, erected by the Company for its own use on the cor- ner of Montague and Clinton streets. The basement is occupied by the Franklin Safe Deposit Company, an institution separately incorporated, but having some of the same shareholders as the Franklin Trust Company. Its quarters were specially built for the business it transacts, the storage of valuables of all kinds and the guarantee of their safety. No more secure vaults have ever been constructed. Every convenience is also provided for the transaction of business of patrons. No office building in Brooklyn has better appointments and arrange- ments for the comfort and convenience of its tenants. Among those who have offices in the building are The Lawyers' Title Insurance Co. , The Mutual Life Insurance Co., The New York Life Insurance Co., The Atlantic Avenue Railroad Co., The American Street Railway Association, J. M. & A. H. Van Cott, Jno. Winslow, Nelson G. Carman, Jr., W. M. Van Anden, Wm. H. Reynolds, Chas. E. Burke, Andrew R. Culver, Melvm Brown and others. There are few distinctively jobbing houses in Brooklyn, and these are mostly in the wholesale grocery and provision lines. On the other hand the city is one of the largest manufacturing centres in the country, and many of its products are sold directly to the trade without the intervention of jobbers. The manufacturing districts of Brooklyn are near the water ways for the most part, that is, along Newtown Creek and Canal, the East River, the Upper Bay and Gowanus Bay and Canal. In some lines of manufacture Brooklyn leads the country, as in the refining of sugar, oil re- fining, varnish making, the manufacture of jute fabrics and cordage. _ A large part of Brooklyn is also given up to the lumber industry, this city being the principal lumber depot for the entire metropolitan district. Brooklyn is also the greatest grain depot and the greatest warehousing point in America. There are always on storage here about $200,000,000 worth of goods, and at some seasons as much as $450,000,000 worth. A very important industry is the building and repairing of boats and ships with its side lines connected with the production of naval stores and sup- plies. Iron and brass foundries and machine works are numerous, and the manufacture of chemicals is conducted upon a very large scale. The im- portance of Brooklyn as a manufacturing centre is rapidly increasing. Ac- cording to the census returns the number of manufacturing establishments in Brookljm increased 82.14 per cent, between 1880 and 1890, the amount of 94 CITIZEN GUIDE. capital invested was more than doubled, and the number of hands em- ployed increased no per cent., while the aggregate of wages paid increased nearly 170 per cent. This, notwithstanding that the total increase of the city in population in the decade was only 42 per cent. In the matter of retail stores Brooklyn possesses establishments that are quite as sumptuous as any New York can boast of, and that make quite as inviting a display of goods. Indeed, many New Yorkers come over to Brooklyn to shop, and probably as many delivery wagons cross over from Brooklyn to New York every day as go from New York to Brooklyn. The chief shopping districts are on Fulton street and those contiguous to it, Broadway, Myrtle avenue, Grand street and Flatbush avenue. The American Manufacturing- Company. Among the vast yet unobtrusive industries that have their home along the Brooklyn water-front, should be mentioned the manufacture of jute baggmg — a commodity absolutely necessary in marketing the cotton crop. The intimate and universal bearing of this industry upon the com- merce of the land may not appear at once to many, but a momicnt's reflection will bring to light the astonishing fact that nearly the en- tire vegetable products of the world are conveyed from the field to the markets in bags or wrappings made from the fibre of the _ jute plant. Besides its use in covering raw materials it is emplo3'ed extensively in packing and shipping manufactured goods of all descriptions. The works of the American Manufacturing Company, at the foot of Noble street, near the Twenty-third street ferry landing, are by far the most extensive of their kind in the United States, and are devoted almost exclusively to the manufacture of jute fabrics for the covering of cotton bales. The demand for this article is enormous, and any lack or interruption of the supply re- quired for this purpose would very soon cripple the cotton industry of the Southern States, and thereby disturb the entire money market, which in this country fluctuates to some extent in direct accordance with the success of the cotton growing business. The works of the American Manufacturing Company occupy the block bounded by West, Oak and Noble streets, and cover the adjoining docks. They comprise a great suite of buildings equipped with the most modern and efficient machinery for the treatment of the jute fibre and the manufacture of jute bagging. Some idea of the size of the factory may be learned from the following facts: The main building has a length of 225 feet, a width of 200 feet and a height of about 70 feet. The walls of this building are of brick about three feet in thickness. In addition to this there are boiler, engine and pump houses, the picker house, five huge storehouses and a covered pier, the latter being 40 feet in width by 360 feet in length. The equipment consists of carding, spinning and weaving machinery of great strength and durability. I'riple expansion engines aggregating 1,000 horse-power, believed to be the only ones of their type in Brooklyn, supply the requisite power. To guard against accidental fires, as well as to contribute to the comforts of the employees, the Sturtevant hot air system of heating is employed. Light is furnished by upwards of one thousand in- candescent lamps and over 20 arc lights, supplied by an electric current gen- erated on the premises. Over two -mules of regular fire hose and about three miles of smaller hose are kept in constant readiness in case of fire, although it is improbable that they will ever be required on account of the elaborate system of automatic sprinklers vdth which the entire works are FINANCE AND TRADE. 95 equipped. Any abnormal rise of temperature in any of the buildings is sufficient to tlirow into action this net work of sprinklers, and at the same time to sound a general alarm by means of a delicate electrical contrivance. The loading and unloading of raw material, as well as its transference from place to place in the works is eifected by five powerful electric hoists. The works have a capacity of 200,000 pounds of jute per day, or about 25,000 tons per year. The value of this industry to the economic life of Brooklyn is indicated by the weekly pay roll, which amounts to from $4,000 to $5,000. The American Manufacturing Company enjoys the enviable reputation of having practically created this great industry, as it is to their courage and energy as well as to the protection afforded by the national tariff that its maintenance is due. The margin of profit is so small that any interfer- ence with the existing duties on jute bagging would only have the effect of closing up this and all other such factories, and throw thousands of skilled laborers out of employment, without any material advantage to the cotton growers of the South. The expense of running this seemingly simple busi- ness is immense. Vast capital is employed in the making of advance pur- chases of raw material, an enormous stock of which is constantly carried. Bales of raw material may be seen . in the storehouses of the Brooklyn mill piled five stories high, and ships are constantly unloading more at the dock. Purchases are already being made in East India of the jute for the covering of the cotton crop in this country which will be marketed in 1894. The quality of jute employed in the American Manufacturing Company's works is derived from what is commonly known as "jute butts," or that part of the jute plant formerly rejected as useless by European and East Indian manufacturers. Very little jute fibre proper is manufactured in the United States. Forty per cent, of it is used in Dundee, Scotland, twenty-five per cent, in Calcutta, twenty-five per cent, on the continent of Europe, and five per cent, elsewhere. The higher grades of jute fabrics, although not made to any great extent in the United States, are yet widely used by the people of this country in the form of coarse dress goods, tapestries, carpets, &c. The manufacture of jute bagging from jute butts is almost exclusively confined to the United States, foreign competitors being East India (Calcutta), Germany and Scotland. Tlie Grand Bazaar. This is certainly a period of rapid growths. Great enterprises are formu- lated and enter the field of action in a day. Fortunes are acquired with such rapidity as to make one almost believe in the story of Aladdin's won- derful lamp, and even cities spring up as if by magic. Yet we encounter occasional surprises, and one of such is the phenom- enal growth and development of the Grand Hazaar, the foremost Dry Goods House of the Eastern district of Brooklyn. In July, 1885, Elwin S. Piper, the founder and proprietor of the Grand Bazaar, then a buyer for the house of Wm. H. Frear, the leading Dry Goods firm of Northern New York, was in New York City for his house. During his stay the funeral of General Grant took place and all business houses were closed that day. After viewing the great procession Mr._ Piper decided to devote the remainder of the day in looking over William.s- burg, a suburb of New York which he had never visited. In the course of his ramble he struck Grand street, which astonished him with its throngs of people, and not a single representative Dry Goods House. His wonder prompted the question, "Why is not this 96 CITIZEN GUIDE. the place for a rival to the great Falton street houses?" and the sequence was the resolution, "I will start a store on this very street, for where the people are is the place for business." Mentioning his determination to business men of the vicinity and of New York, his judgment was severely questioned and everybody held up the picture of speedy disaster before him should he make so rash a move. Discouraging prophecies, however, did not deter him, and within a few months his determination took substantial form and he was at the head of a Dry Goods House at the corner of Grand street and Driggs avenue, es- tablished on a scale that was called preposterous, and which he ambitiously- named the "Grand Bazaar." This is a brief story of the Bazaar's origin, and a visit to this great trading centre for not only the Eastern district but also a far reaching territory of the Island, will show you the magnificent realization of Mr. Piper's anticipations. Putting into use a wide experience, an active mind ever ready to re- cognize and shape to his purpose the most practical business methods, throwing into his work an energy that drove everything before it, bringing to the front a limitless supply of resources, advertising so extensively as t( attract the greatest wonder and attention, and always carrying out to th* minutest detail the promises of his advertisements, and living up to hit FINANCE AND TRADE. 97 motto, ''Prices and perfect satisfaction guaranteed, goods exchanged or money cheerfully refunded," Mr. Piper by his indomitable push and en- terprise has built up a mammoth business within the brief span of seven years which is the marvel and the admiration of the city. The Grand Bazaar now occupies a floor space equal to 26 city lots, and, starting with 36 employees, has now upon its pay roll 150 names, which list increases to over 200 at holiday seasons. Under one roof and one man- agement you find 35 large and completely equipped departments, supplying "ever5rthing for everybody," and always at the lowest prices consistent with superior qualities of seasonable goods, bought with ready cash. Upon entermg the Grand Bazaar, you find at the right hand on the mam floor and extending the entire depth of the Grand street building the popular Dress Goods department, always filled with the newest seasonable fabrics produced at home and abroad, the largest, most complete and best pat- ronized in the Eastern district. Occupying the whole centre of the main floor, with double counters, are the Ladies' and Gentlemen's Furnishings, Hosiery, Underwear, Skirts, Boys' Waists and Parasol and Umbrella stocks. The Kid Glove department, the best stocked and largest of its kind in this portion of the city, fills a long counter space at the rear, while Jewelry, No- tions, Soaps, Perfumes and other toilet articles. Dressmakers' Supplies and Ribbons occupy the remaining portion of the main floor of the Grand street building. Four steps up from this floor you find the extensive stocks of Embroidery and Laces, Fancy Goods, Stamped Linens, Handkerchiefs, Ladies' and Children's Neckwear, Silverware and Books, which occupy the entire main floor of the Driggs avenue store. On the second floor, front, is the Upholstery department, the Mecca of all wise housekeepers, and adjoining it the m.ammoth Carpet, Oil Cloth and Matting department, furnishing everything needful in the way of floor cov- erings at popular prices. Further along you reach the Grand Bazaar's fashionable Cloak and Suit department, famous throughout Long Island for its choice, select styles and unequaled low prices. Artistic Millinery also claims a large share of attention on this floor, and here, too, are Shoes for big and little feet. Boys' Clothing, Ladies' Muslin Underwear and Corsets, and a complete assortment of wearing apparel for Infants, from tiny bootees to a complete, sumptuous outfit. The third and fourth floors of both buildings are given up to the store's offices, the receiving department and manufacturing departments. Descending to the large and perfectly lighted basement salesrooms, you first enter the mammoth Housefurnishing department, which fills nearly the whole Grand street store basement, and contains everything to delight the women folks and make housekeeping the easiest and most pleasurable occupation imaginable. In the Driggs avenue basement salesroom the Domestic department with its wealth of Table Linens, Towels, Muslins, Bedding, etc. , and the Wash Dress Goods department impress you with their size, and almost crowd out the White Goods and Lining department, which, nevertheless , affords you a most complete range of goods to select from. Last but not least is the Mail Order department, an institution that carries a big city store and its mammoth stock right to the homes of the country people. A lady wishing to buy a dress, or, in fact, any- thing desired in the line of Dry Goods, has simply to drop a line to the Grand Bazaar, addressing it Grand street and Driggs avenue, Brooklyn, and the next mail carries her samples or such information as to goods and prices as she desires, which guide 98 CITIZEN GUIDE. her in making selections. Her order, accompanied by money or postal note, does the rest, and that, same week she may appear at a party or reception decked out in her new finery, arousing the envy of her neighbors. This department is well known and freely patronized throughout Long Island by people living at a distance so remote as to make a freqaent visit to the Grand Bazaar quite impossible. The Grani Bazaar makes a great specialty of Holiday Goods in their season, and devotes more exclusive attention to this line than any other house in the city. A novel Christmas attraction is a real live Santa Claus who furnishes a never failing entertainment for the youngsters. This famous business house is so situated as to be of easy access to Brooklynites as well as the residents of the outlying towns of Long Island. The city people reach it from the north or south by way of the Crosstown street cars, while those from other parts of the city may take the Grand street and Meeker avenue cars, or the line running through South Fourth and Meserole streets and crossing Driggs avenue but four blocks from Grand street. Newtown and Maspeth people have the benefit of a street car line from those villages direct through Grand street. People living farther out of town can come from one direction by way of Long Island Railroad to Long Island City, from which place take Cross- town surface cars to Grand street, thence one block to the Grand Bazaar; from another direction by Long Island Railroad to Bushwick station, thence by South Fourth and Meserole streets surface line to Driggs avenue, two minutes walk from the Bazaar; or still another by Long Island Rail- road to East New York, then Broadway Elevated road to Driggs avenue, when, leaving the train, go north a short distance to the store. The Grand oazaar is conducted upon the broadest gauge liberal bus- iness policy and is fully up to the times in every respect; a great popular price shopping centre for the people, the "Bon Marche" of the Eastern dis^ trict and the largest, liveliest and most progressive seven-years-old Dry Goods house in the country, with a past record of unvarying advancement which points to a brilliant future of prosperity. Mr. Piper is one of the largest advertisers in the city of Brooklyn, fre- quently filling a whole newspaper page with his lists of bargains, and dur- ing the last holiday season he inserted at one issue five whole pages of ad- vertising matter in a Brooklyn newspaper, declaring at the same time that his bargain story was not half told. He is also a fertile originator of popu- lar advertising schemes, ingenious as they are successful. One of the most novel features of Mr. Piper's original methods of advertising is a system of Presents to Patrons. With every bill of goods a coupon representing the amount of the purchase is given to the customer, who, by saving these coupons, can secure a valuable present when a specified amount is reached. The list of presents is- as varied as it is attractive, and includes Dictionaries, Novels, Books of Poety, Bibles, Prayer Books, articles for household uses, Silverware, and many other items valuable, desirable and representative of the generous business course pursued by the proprietor of this "Head- quarters for Bargains," which stands to-day a monument of well directed enterprise, encouraged by the most flattering success and patronized by thousands of appreciative people. Daily growing in popularity, solidly es- tablished, it is indeed a Grand Bazaar. Liivingston's Maininoth Drug Store. One of the chief boasts of good Brooklynites is that their city contains FINANCE AND TRADE. 99 the largest drug store in the United States — that of B. H. Livingston at 273, 275, and 277 Grand St., near Roebling St. It has a frontage of fifty- feet and a deptii of 100 feet and is most sumptuously equipped. The busi- ness of this house was established in 1848 and has developed steadily to its present vast proportions. The policy of the proprietor is to retail drugs at wholesale prices, hence the large number of his customers, Eveiybody knows that the retailer's margin of profit in drugs is very large as com- pared with the retailer's margin in any other line, but this has always been defended on the ground that the separate transactions of a druggist with his customers are of slight value and the aggregate small while his expenses for rent, clerk hire, etc., are large. Mr. Livingston believed that by put- ting prices low enough his trade would increase sufficiently in volume to warrant the reduction. Experience has proved the soundness of his belief. He has even extended his policy to the prescription end of his business and fills prescriptions more cheaply than any other druggist in Brooklyn. He also fills more of them and employs the largest force of competent reg- istered pharmacists in the city. No matter at' what time of the day or night a prescription is brought to Livingston's it will be compounded by a competent man whose work is carefully checked by another so as to avoid all chance of error. All poisons are kept in a separate locked room so there is no chance of making a fatal mistake. Owing to the extent of this pre- scription trade the drugs used are always fresh and of full efficacy. By a system of duplicate numbered checks, one-half of which is given to the customer and the other half pasted to the prescription, it is impossible for one customer to get another's medicine, no matter how many may be waiting. Competent physicians declare that this is the best regulated prescription department in the country. The Wallabout Market, Brooklyn's chief market will soon be the largest in the world, if not al- ready the largest, as many assert. Wallabout Market occupies the site of the Walloon settlement out of which the present great city grew. Until 1884 the truck raisers of Long Island sold their produce from the wagons on Fulton street near the ferry, greatly blocking up the street and imped- ing its traffic. In that year the site now occupied by the market was leased from the United States government v/ho held it as a portion of the Navy Yard reservation. In 1890 the government sold to the city over seventeen acres of this land for $700,000. Last year the city succeeded in purchasing over seventy-six acres more from the government for about $1,200,000. The market lands are located on both sides of Washington avenue between Kent avenue basin and Flushing avenue. As stated in a newspaper article published at the time of the last purchase, "the site of the Wallabout Mar- ket is almost directly in the centre of the water front of the city, so that it is reached with equal facility by the grocers of Greenpoint or the dealers of South Brooklyn. The shore line at this point also makes a deep, curve to- ward the heart of the city, bringing the market as nearly as possible in the centre of population. It is reached by broad avenues of traffic from every direction, and so far as its location for the convenience of • all Brooklyn's dealers in market produce is concerned it could in no way be improved. A canal 150 feet v/ide, 30 feet deep and 1930 feet long will be dug from with- in 30 feet of Flushing avenue to the Wallabout Bay. Between the western boundary of the new land and the canal a strip 80 feet wide will be left. This is to be paved with Belgian blocks, its side Avill be bulkheaded and a mag- 100 CITIZEN GUIDE. nificent roadway for trucking and carting will be formed. Along the Wash- ington avenue side of the new purchase there will be a strip about 150 feet wide and 1200 feet long reserved for the erection of market buildings. From the canal to these buildings there are to be dredged out six or seven slips, varying in width from go to 100 feet and having docks varying from 60 to 90 feet in width and from 200 to 500 feet in length. At the most northerly end of the market a slip is to be built designed especially for the accommodation of railroad floats and a system of tracks and switches. The land which is already in use is to be covered with buildings with the excep- tion of a commodious market square in the centre. Altogether this mar- ket between the natural water frontage and the projected canal and slips will have one and a half miles of dock room. Deep sea vessels from the Mediterranean and Southern States will unload their fruit and early vege- tables right at the doors of the marketmen, who now have to go to New York for their consignments of this sort. Products from the West will re- main on the cars till the market is reached, then switched to the doors of the consignees." At present the market consists of a great open square of 104,000 square feet and 114 lots, which have been leased to the marketmen who have erect- ed temporary buildings upon them. Th e square and streets between the lots are paved, and provided with sewers, gas and water mains, and elec- tric lights. For the convenience of the marketmen a bank has been es- tablished called the Wallabout Bank, with offices at Myrtle avenue, corner of Clinton avenue. This bank has a capital of $100,000, surplus of about $40,- 000 and total resources of about $560,000. It was established in 1889 and has done a flourishing business ever since. The officers are Charles M. Englis, president; Alonzo Slote, vice-president, and Joseph B. Pigot, cashier. The business of the market has grown enormously. The number of farmers' wagons that came to the market in 1884 was 1,007, in 1888 it was 28,773, and last 3^ear 39,162; the fees received from farmers in 1884 amount- ed to $251.75, in 1888 to $7,193.25, and last year to $9,790.50; the lot rentals in 1884 aggregated $538.03, in 1888 between $17,000 and $18,000 was re- ceived from this source, and a similar amount has been paid in on this account every year since. Among the principal dealers in and around the market are Messrs. An- drew J. & Charles Smith, i, 2, 3 and 38 Wallabout Market and cor. Washing- ton and Flushing Aves., commission produce; John H. Hoeft & Sons, Wal- labout Market, wholesale grocers; Protzman & Seaton, cor. Flushing and East Aves. , wholesale commission dealers in fresh meats; Beers & Resseguie, cor. Washington and Flushing Aves, lumber merchants; John H. Kaiser, 3 Wallabout Market, wholesale dealer in produce and vegetables; Herman Link & Sons, 4, 5 and 6 Washington Ave. and 41 and 42 West Ave. , wholesale grocers; John H. Krogman, 14 Washington Ave., wholesale provisions; Lues & Storman,i8 Washington Ave., cor. Market St., fruit and produce commis- sion merchants; Fred. E. Rosebrock, Wallabout Market, jobber and com- mission merchant in butter, eggs, cheese and poultry; G. Grabau, 34 Wash- ington Ave., wholesale commission merchant in country produce; Fitzgerald & Shanks, 20 Wallabout Market, fruit and produce; Wiilf & Ehler, 73 Wal- labout Market, wholesale commission dealers in beef, mutton, veal and poul- try; Mark Mayer & Co., 71 East Ave., wholesale commission dealers in meats; Peter Nieman, 10 Wallabout Market, dairy produce ; George W. Thur- ling, 33 Washington Ave., tropical fruits; Lippmann Bros., 12 and 49 Walla- bout Market, fruits and produce; Lewis Jurgens, 22 Wallabout Market, dairy IX. MYRTLE AVE. FEOM ADAMS TO EfflPGE STS. FINE ART FOUNDRY. Architect's Designs Executed. Ilesigns for special Sfiibjccts. (no catalogue.) RAT10NAL RiNE 0RT R0UNDRY. ("EstaTDlislieci ISSS.) 218 East 25th Street, New York. MAURICE J. POWER. FINANCE AND TRADE. 101 products and domestic fruits; C. Van Ronk, 24 Market Square, fruits and produce; Tlios. H. Town-icnd, 64 West Ave., fruits and produce; Wittschen & Co., 59 West Ave., cor. South St., country produce; Scliroeder Bros., 58 West Ave., fruits and produce; Z. Brush, 30 Wallabout Market, foreign and domestic fruits and produce; Wm. Irvine & Co., 62 and 64 Washington Ave., wholesale grocers and dealers in butter, cheese, eggs, etc.; W. F. Shotwell & Co., 72 and 74 Washington Ave., commission merchants and dealers in hay, grain, feed, flour, etc., also proprietors of the Wallabout stables on Washington Ave., between Park and Flushing Aves. ; L. Horstmann, Jr., 23 Washington Ave., wholesale dealer in Florida and West India fruits; Frederick Tieleke, Washington Ave., near Wallabout Bridge, kindhng wood; Benson & Gillooly, proprietors of the Fulton Market Restaurant, cor. jCast Ave. and Market Square; O. Velle, 320 and 322 Flushing Ave, near Classoa Ave., manufacturer of butchers' fixtures and ice houses; Wm. B. A. Jurgens, 50 and 52 Washington Ave., wholesale grocer; The H. J. Heintz Co., 17 and 19 Waverly Ave., manufacturers of pickles, preserves, vinegar, mustard, fruit, bitters, etc.; Beyer and Morgan (Thos. Morgan, prop.), Beyer's Elevator, foot Taylor St., Morgan's Elevator, foot East Ave., eleva- tors, also dealers in corn, oats, meal and mill feed; Comins & Evans, 231 Montague St. and 41 and 45 Waverly Ave., roofers; Charles S. Lynan, cor. Clinton and Flushing Aves., blue stone flagging and stone trimmings for buildings; The Spence-Grant Company, 560 and 562 Kent Ave., paint manu- facturers; Barteli& Garms, 18 Wallabout Market, fruit and produce; A. P. Quitnby & Co., 82 and 84 Washington Ave., woodenware and grocers' sun- dries; Von Glahn Bros., cor. Washington and Park Aves., wholesale grocers, importers and commission merchants; The Long Island Poultry Co., 194 Fort Greene Place and 69 East Ave., poultry and game, and S. S. Long & Brother, 77 and 79 Washington Ave. and depot at 82 and 84 Dey St., New York City, dairy produce. The house last named does a business of over two million dollars a year between its two New York depots and this Brooklyn store. Fort Greene Place. The largest dressed meat market in the Eastern States, and the largest in the world outside of Chicago, is the single short street known as Fort Greene place, running between Atlantic and DeKalb avenues. The mar- ket, however, is practically confined to the block between Hanson Place and Fifth avenue. Here almost all the dressed meat that comes from the west is delivered. The loaded cars come in over the Long Island Railway tracks a id are switched to the doors of the great cold storage warehouses locate! here, so that the meat is transferred without being subjected to any change in temperature. The firms whose w^arehouses and offices are here are known throughout the whole country by the magnitude of their business, as will appear upon a brief mention of some of them. S. P. & E. C. Swift are receivers and commission merchants in Swift's Chicago dressed beef. Swift & Company, at 182 and 184 Fort Greene Place, do one of the largest slaughtering and meat packing business in the world. Their capital is $15,000,000. In addition to the Chicago business there are a large number of branch houses which do business independently, but are owned by the Swift Brothers, and are operated under the firm name of S. P. & E. C. Swift, with headquarters at 105 Barclay street. New York. Their Fort Greene store and warehouse is the most elaborately and expensively^ equipped place of its kind in the East. They also control the Fort Greene 102 CITIZEN GUIDE. Sheep and Provision Company, receivers and commission merchants in Swift's dressed mutton, lamb, veal, pork and provisions. This company also has a most elaborately fitte 1 up establishment at 172 Fort Greene Place. Other companies controlled by the Swift Brothers are the Williamsburgh Beef Company, 100 and 102 North Sixth street, and the Brooklyn Beef Company, 74 and 76 Atlantic avenue. The Atlantic Beef Company (Limited), are commission dealers in Geo. H. Hammond's western dressed beef, mutton, lamb, etc. T. H. Wheeler is president of this company, C. M. Wheeler secretary, and W. H. Wheeler treasurer. Russell Hoey, at 150 and 152 Fort Greene Place, does a most extensive wholesale business in poultry, pigs, calves, sheep and lambs. The Armour Packing Company deal in Kansas City dressed beef, pork, mutton and lamb, smoked meats, bologna sausages etc. Besides their place, 201 Fort Greene Place, they have a large market on Thirty-fifth street, between Eleventh and Twelfth avenues. New York. J. M. P. Scanlanhas a large wholesale market at 169 Fort Greene Place, and also operates others at West Washington Market and at 613 to 619 West Fortieth street. New York. The Long Island Poultry Company are extensive dealers in poultry and game, at 194 Fort Greene Place and at the Wallabout Market. They keep at all times poultry in lots to suit the trade. The Schwarzchild & Sulzberger Refrigerating Company have a large establishment on the corner of Fifth and Pacific avenues in addition to their vast works on First avenue, between Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth streets. New York. There are several other warehouses at Fort Greene Place almost as important as these. Butchers come to this market from all parts of the metropolitan district to purchase supplies, and the volume of transactions here runs into enormous sums in the course of each year. TJHE HARBOf^yVJMD DOCKS. Brooklyn's Shipping Interests — Its Great Marine Basins and Dry Docks — Its Wharves, Warehouses and Grain Elevators — The United States Navy Yard. Perhaps the most interesting and from an economical point of view by far the most important feature of Brooklyn, as a great commercial city, is her extensive and splendidly equipped water front. The accessibility of the city by all lines of transportation and the almost unrivalled facilities afford- ed by her docks to foreign, and domestic shipping have made the city one of the greatest commercial marine depots of the world. Among the cities of this country, Brooklyn ranks fourth in population and commerce, a stand- ing largely brought about by her position as a great Atlantic port. The water approaches to Brooklyn are very naturally the same as those of New York. The northern domestic and Canadian shipping enters by the Long Island Sound and the East River, while the trans-Atlantic and Southern traffic gains access through the Narrows and by New York Harbor. A comparison between the commerce of New York and Brooklyn will serve to show the relative importance of the two cities as regards shipping and allied industries. It has been estimated that the arrivals and depart- ures of vessels, both sailing and steam, from the docks of Brooklyn are about one and one-quarter times as many as from New York. The receipt and distribution of raw sugar and molasses is almost entirely confined to Brook- lyn. Save for the petroleum refined in New Jersey, almost the entire re- ceipts of the Atlantic sea-board are brought by the Standard Oil Com- pany's pipes to the works in Williamsburg and Long Island City. Of the cotton business Brooklyn takes one half, and of the grain and general pro- vision traffic four times as much as New York. As a rule, the traffic on the Brooklyn docks is confined to the handling of raw materials or manufactured goods of a voluminous and less destructible character. In general Brooklyn may be regarded as the terminus of the great trans- Atlantic, South and Central American and domestic freight lines, while the passenger service is more particularly confined to New York, Jersey City and Hoboken. Many of the Brooklyn lines, however, carry passengers, as will be seen by the table of steamships in another part of this book. Articles more valuable in proportion to their bulk find their way directly to the wharves of New York, being carried thither by the great express steamship lines. The individual- ity of Brooklyn's commerce is lost in the transactions of the New York Cus- toni House, there being but one institution of this kind for the entire metro- politan district; on this account it is difficult to get accurate figures for the marine traffic of the city. Brooklyn's water frontis, all told, about sixteen miles in length and ex- tends from 65th street, on the south, to and around Gowanus Bay, Red Hook 104 CITIZEN GUIDE. Point, along Buttermilk Channel and the East River to Wallabout Bay, around which the canal of the same name it skirts, and thence runs north- ward to Newtown Creek, the southern shore and canals of which it follows to JSIetropolitan avenue and Randolph street. The entire distance is lined with docks aggregating a wharfage twenty-five miles in length. No docks in the country surpass in extent and solidity of construction those of Brook- lyn. Private and corporate capital has been invested in them and in the warehouses thereon to the amount of about $200,000,000. Besides this a vast sum of money has been expended by the United States Government upon its Navy Yard and by the city and state authorities upon their docks and piers. In the countless warehouses are stored imported goods in bond valued at betAveen $200,000,000 and $300,000,000 annually. Flour, grain, provisions of all sorts, cotton, raw and refined sugars, molasses, glucose, petroleum, and an infinite variety of manufactured material for export or domestic consumption, representing a value of about $300,000000, is also stored in these warehouses. Extensive yards for the storing of coal, lum- ber, bricks, and building materials are scattered along the water front, but more especially to the north of Wallabout Bay. These commodities, which are frequently covered simply by huge sheds, represent an annual value of $50,000,000 to $100,000,000. Along the shores of Newtown Creek, and in Greenpoint and Long Island City, are many shipyards, gas works, lumber yards and petroleum refineries, the most conspicuous being the latter. The largest oil- refinery in the world, the Queen's County Oil Works, is located on this creek about one and a half miles from its mouth. Alto- gether there are eighteen oil refineries in this vicinity and their annual pro- duct is valued at about $20,000,000. On the water front within a block of Broadway, to the north, are located the mammoth refineries of the Ameri- can Sugar Refining Company, which are the largest works of their kind in the world.' They cover the blocks between South First and South Fifth streets and occupy a number of squares on the opposite side of Kent avenue. Over 2000 tons of melado are refined daily in these works, yield- ing 12,000 barrels of different grades of sugar. Contiguous to this refinery stands the Brooklyn Cooperage Company's works which manufacture bar- rels for the sugar refineries. This establishment covers four city squares, is six stories high, and has a capacity of 25,000 barrels per day. It seems almost unnecessary to state that it is the largest cooperage in the world. Other sugar refineries are the Greenpoint Refinery with a capacity of 7,000 barrels per day, the Mollenhauer Refinery at the foot of South Eleventh street, the most modern refineries in the country and one of the largest in the city, and the refinery at the foot of South Ninth and North Second streets. Owing to the enormous traffic connected with these refining es- tablishments, all the great railway lines having their termini in New York and New Jersey maintain large depots along the water front in this neighborhood for the delivery and receipt of freight. It has been estimated by the Census Bureau that 50 per cent, of the sugar consumed throughout the United States is manufactured in Brooklyn. The stranger standing on the East River Bridge or any of the ferry boats will not fail to observe the lofty and grimy structures of the American Sugar Refining Company, which are the most conspicuous objects in this section of Brooklyn. The peculiarity of the docking business of Brooklyn is that it is almost entirely controlled by New York City, owing to the transference of the water privileges of the eastern end of Long Island, by the Dutch charters to the citizens of New Amsterdam. These charters were subsequently con- THE HARBOR AND DOCKS. 1C5 firmed by the English Government, and related more especially to the es- tablishment and maintenance of ferries at different points along the river. The holding of these charters by New York, however, has deprived the Brooklyn City Government of a great source of income which would have aided very materially in providing funds for the carrying out of many neces- sary public works. The Corporation of the City of New York still controls the ferry rights between the two cities. About a dozen and a half ferry lines ply betAveen different points on the east and west shores of the East River, and make every section of Brooklyn most conveniently accessible from New York. Grain Elevators. The most extensive business transacted on and about the Brooklyn docks is the shipment of grain. Four-fifths of the cereals received by all the Trunk Lines and by the Erie Canal are stored in and reshipped from the grain elevators in Brooklyn. The aggregate capacity of these "elevators ex- ceeds twenty million bushels, and the transfer capacity over 125,000 bushels per hour. These huge structures, with their vast mechanical equipments, are mostly confined to the water front south of Brooklyn Bridge, especially on the Atlantic and Erie Basins. They loom up like so many landmarks and form a very noticeable feature in this part of the harbor. These huge elevators, in size and equipment, are by far the greatest in the country, and are almost entirely used for the storage of grain intended for transshipment abroad, although considerable quantities are withdrawn by the breweries of the city. It is a fascinating but an extremely dusty occupation to watch one of these elevators while in operation. The grain, after first being trans- ferred from the canalboats to the capacious bins of the elevator, is carried by a system of broad rubber belts provided with buckets, driven by power- ful engines, to every part of the building for storage. When the grain is to be shipped, it is brought again by these belts to the conveyor, and is thence conducted by a series of pipes to the holds of the vessels. An idea of the vast facilities of these elevators may be gained from the fact that from one of the largest of them, Dow's, at the foot of Pacific street, four ocean steam- ers can be loaded at the same time by means of different chutes at the rate of over 32,000 bushels per hour each. Eight ocean steamships could be loaded by one of these chutes in twenty -four hours. Besides the elevators on Atlantic and Erie Basins, which are the largest in the city, others of scarcely less importance are located at the foot of Atlantic avenue. Pacific, Degraw, Taylor, Second and Furman streets, and on Gowanus Canal. Forming integral parts of the great docking system of Brookljm arc several vast basins and districts especially constructed or improved for the better accommodation of the shipping of the port. Some of these, notably the Atlantic Docks and Basin, and the Erie and Brooklyn Basin, are among the wonders of the city, and represent the expenditure of some scores of millions of dollars and many years in their construction. Beginning at the southern limits of the city, these great docks are as follows : Growanus Bay and Canal. Ocean steamships, before entering the harbor of the sister cities, pass through the lower New York Bay and the Narrows, skirted on one side by the Long Island shore and on the other by the shore of Staten Island; on either side of this channel stand the chief defences of the Metropolitan dis- trict, namely, Forts Hamilton and Lafayette, on the Long Island shore, 106 CITIZEN GUIDE. and Fort Wadsworth, directly opposite, on a promontory on Staten Island, After passing this gate of the harbor the first broad indenture of the Long Island shore is Gowanus Bay, which is embraced in the water front of the City of Brooklyn. The southern shore of this Bay affords docking facilities to various South Brooklyn ferry lines, and anchorage for a large number of miscellaneous craft. The Bay, towards the north, is continued into what is known as Gowanus Canal and branches, a system of waterways which reach far into the heart of this section of the city. It is a stench in the nostrils of South Brooklyn, and the people have long been endeavoring to have the ditch closed. Interference with street traffic is not obviated by a series of drawbridges crossing the Canal at various points, Gowanus Bay is the veritable home of the canalboat, especially during the winter season, when the closing of river navigation prevents their re- turn to inland points. Here are huddled together, anchored in rows, or tied to the spacious docks at the foot of Hicks and Henry streets, and along the sides of the mouth of the Canal hundreds of the turtle-like crafts, painted generally in the most grotesquely -glaring colors. ' Closely moored alongside each other, they form sort of floating docks, and it is not a difficult task to walk from one end to the other of a long row of them. It must not be thought that these curious vessels, useless for the purposes of commerce in the winter, are then deserted, for, as in summer, they are the abode of a large colony of canalboatmen and their families. Children are born and live for many years in these floating homes, and all the varied details of domestic life are here performed. Family washing, strung on poles from the decks, flutters in the breeze in the most fantastic manner. On this boat you may find a cradle being rocked in the shade of the cabin, and on the next a bevy of children playing as joyously as if on land. The usual family pets are not forgotten, for cats and a sort of canalboat species of dog abound. The interior arrangements of the cabins vary with the taste and frugality of their occupants. Many of these little rooms are veiy comfort- able; curtains adorn the small windows, and the w^alls are often hung with miniature pictures, while occasionally a bunch of flowers is to be seen. Sometimes a parlor organ and a sewing machine find their way into these odd aquatic habitations. There was a time, some years since, when canal- boatmen belonged to the noisy and truculent class who made their homes dens of brawling and drunkenness. Fighting was the order of the night, and some sorry tragedies were of too frequent occurrence. Quiet and ele- vating influences have somehow been at work among these people, so that now their existence possesses little of its former terror, and is on the whole quite uneventful. The sight of this floating city after dark is weird in the extreme, as the boats rise and fall on the swell, and the lanterns swing to and fro to the harsh music of chafing timbers and creaking cables. On the west side of Gowanus Bay, at the entrance to the canal, are the ex- tensive docks forming the continuation of Court, Clinton, Henry and Hicks streets. At the foot of Court and Clinton streets are the great ship yards cf C. & I. Poillon, in which are built a large number of pilot boats, yachts and sailing craft of like dimensions. Here also are the marine railways of Downing & Lawrence, by which ships are drawn out of the water on sliding ways by means of very powerful engines. On the eastern shore of Gowanus Bay are several dry docks of the balance type, in which, when the water is pumped out, the vessels are raised bodily several feet above the flooring. Here are located the docks of the New York Yacht Club and some of the finest members of its fleet are often to be seen in them awaiting or under- S'FECT PARK. PIJBIilSHERS. "As a compendium of Information about Brooklyn and Long Island IT HAS NO KW IKL:*-^^^^ Norwich Enterprise. © © ♦ ^" © f) © The Brooklyn Citizen j Alman ac, 400 PAGES OF INFORMATION^ Aliont BrooHyn, Its PeoDle, Its Institutions an4 its Island Neisliliors, • •••-^•eo« A compact marvel, Indispensable to everybody who is in any way concerned in the life and business of BROOKLYN, KINGS, QUEENS and SUFFOLK. WITH TIDE-TABLES FOR 14 POINTS ON THE ISLAN0. O • • >f' • • • How our Island Contemporaries complimented the Citizen's Almanac: The Brooklyn Times. — It is replete with information of the utmost value to every citizen. The Riverhead News.— It is just such a book as one needs on the desk within easy reach. The Bay Shore Journal. — A most comprehensive work, giving fiist in value in its publication a high-tide table for every day in the year and enumerat- ing Babylon, Canarsie, Rockaway In^et, Sag Harbor, and Southold, for I >cal time, with Sandy Hook and Hell Gate. The Shelter Island Tribune.— It contains a wealth of statistics and gener- al intelligtjnce. The Hempstead Inquirer. — Almost anything relatin*? to the events of the past year can be rwmd within its pages. The East Norwich Enterprise. — No household should long remain unpro- vided with a copy. The Sag Harbor Express. — It is a finely gotten up work. Southampton Times.— A very valu able book of reference. The Babylon Signal— There is seem- ingly no question that can arise that can- not be settled by reference to this com- plete and handsome year book. The Huntington Long Islander.— We recommend it to all our readers as a good guide to Long Island statistics. Hempstead Sentinel.— "The Citi- zen " Almanac is as brimful of every day information as could be crowded into it? pages. THE HARBOR AND DOCKS. 107 going repairs. Tebo's and Manning's dock yards are at the foot of 26th and 28t'h streets respectively. The Atlantic Yacht Club has its extensive basin and docks about a mile and a half further down the shore at the foot of 55th street. The west side of Gowanus Bay is conveniently reached by the Van Brunt Street and Cross Town surface lines, and the docks on the east side by the Third Avenue and Court Street lines. The Erie and Brooklyn Basins. Passing along the west shore of this bay one comes to the Erie and Brooklyn Basins — vast enclosed docks bounded by Hicks Street slip on the east and Van Brunt Street dock on the west. These docks, though collec- tively known as the Erie Basin, are managed by different corporations. The Erie Basin, one of the largest enclosed marine depots in the country, was conceived about the middle of this century by Col. Richards and designed and built by Jeremiah P. Robinson. When the enterprise was started much of this territory was under water at high tide and the most of the re- mainder was inhabited bj^- squatters who were driven off as the work of ex- cavation and spile driving progressed. The foundations of these immense docks are laid on spiles 25 feet in length, driven level with the surface and bedded with concrete. On this solid foundation were reared the massive revetement walls of granite which surround the whole basin. The area of the basins is about 100 acres. The granite crib work is filled with exca- vated earth and broken stone and forms one of the most stable wharf struc- tures in the world. The walls and piers encircling the basin are of enor- mous size. The principal one, which is the continuation of Columbia street, extends from Elizabeth street to the southern limits of the basin and thence runs southward and northwestward to the entrance, an entire length of about 2,700 feet. The width of this dock is 500 feet, and upon it stands a great row of warehouses occupied chiefly as the Robinson stores and grain elevators. The basin generally contains upwards of a score of ves- sels from all nations discharging and receiving cargos. On the north side of the basin are about a dozen slips, three of which are owned by the Anglo-American Dock Company, and used as dry docks for the repair of the great ocean steamships. These immense structures will well repay the visitor for any time he may spend in viewing them, while they are perform- ing a hospital service to one of the great trans-Atlantic steamships. They were built in 1866 by a syndicate of Boston contractors and are the greatest in the United States. The largest is No. 2, which is 610 feet long, 124 feet wide at the top and 60 feet wide at the bottom. The dimensions of No. i are, length 510 feet, width at the top 112 feet, width at the bottom 50 feet. The entrances to the Dry Docks are closed by vast caissons which fit so per- fectly as to make the chambers almost water tight. After the steamship has been floated into the dock and the caissons closed the water is drawn from the chamber by a powerful centrifugal pump connected with a pipe four feet in diameter. By means of this pumping apparatus, but two hours are required to exhaust the larger basin, and one and one-half hours the smaller. Number 2 dock is capable of holding the largest vessel afloat. Nearly all the great steamships arriving in New York and needing repairs are docked here. After their collision in the Spring of '87 the White Star liners Celtic and Britannic were taken here to be overhauled. The com- peting yachts Volunteer and Thistle in the last International Race for the America's Cup received here their final polishings and examinations. Other docks in the Erie Basin are: Crane's Dock, situated at the Erie 108 CITIZEN GUIDE. Breakwater and used for the construction of railroad transfjortation barges; Gokey's and Hilton's Docks, where sailing vessels are laid up for repairs. The north side of the basin also contains two dry docks belonging to Messrs. Wm. Cramp and Sons. There are other docks here also used for shipbuilding or repairs above the water line. The Erie Basin is most con- viently reached by the Van Brunt Street line of horse cars from Hamilton Ferry or by the Furman Street line from Fulton Ferry. Leaving these basins, and continuing along the shore line for about a mile one reaches the spacious entrance of The Atlantic Basin and Docks. This magnificent marine enclosure lies directly opposite Governor's Island on Buttermilk Channel, by which it is approached on the water side. Its land boundaries are Hamilton avenue, Imlay and King streets. The Basin is almost a parallelogram in form and covers an area of 40 acres of water surface. Beyond all comparison this basin, with its surrounding docks, is in the solidity of its construction and the completeness of its ar- rangement the finest in the Western Hemisphere. It was projected as early as 1839 by Col. Daniel Richards, by whom the first surveys and soundings were then made. In 1840 the Atlantic Dock Company, with a capital of $1,000,000, was incorporated, and the work of excavation and con- struction began in the summer of the following year. In viewing the enor- mous traffic of this marine market to-day it is almost impossible to realize that it was once a swampy marsh without sufficient water on its surface to be navigable anywhere for anything but the very smallest boats. Yet such it was before the work of reclamation and improvement was begun. The ebbying tide was wont to leave great stretches of the morass uncovered and the air of the neighborhood was in consequence polluted with the odor of the decaying vegetation. The more elevated portions of the ground were occupied by squatters, who formed a sort of littoral colony extending south- ward to Gowanus Bay. After five years of effort on the part of Col. Rich- ards the work was undertaken and carried forward to completion by the now venerable James S. T. Stranahan who, although an octogenarian, still manages the business of this vast enterprise. The first warehouse was erected in 1844 and the first steam grain elevator in 1847. The docks are built upon spiles each about 25 feet in length, driven level with the original surface of the ground and imbedded in concrete. The dock walls are constructed of high granite blocks. The docks surrounding the basin are covered with bnck and granite warehouses from three to five stories in height and about 100 feet deep and aggregating a ground area of about 20 acres. The basin contains four great piers, each about 80 feet in width and from 700 to 900 feet in length. Of these three are entirely covered in by huge storehouses. Wharf room is provided for 150 large sized vessels at once. The frontage line of the piers and basin measures about three miles in length. At low tide the water in the basin has a depth of 20 feet, making it possible for the greatest ocean steamers to load and unload here without danger of grounding. The entrance is 200 feet in width and is not closed by either gate or caisson as are the docks on the Mersey and Tharnes, it being possible for vessels to enter or leave the basin at the lowest tide. This is a unique and time saving advantage of this dock over the European ones. Seven of the largest grain elevators in Brooklyn are located on At- lantic Basin and all but one of them, Pinto's, are controlled by the New York Grain Warehousing Company. The gross capacity of these elevators THE HARBOR AND DOCKS. 109 is between seven million and eight million bushels, making this the greatest single grain depot in the world. The principal regular steamship lines which have their docks in the Atlantic Basin are: Barber and Co., the White Cross Line, the Bordeaux, the Union Line, the Azores and Lisbon hues, Compagnie Nationale de Navigation a Vapeur (Marseilles Line), the Portugese Line, New York and Porto Rico Line, and the Atlantic and Pacific Line. A comprehensive view of Atlantic Docks will be found on page 3 which will give a clear idea of the location of the various wharves and warehouses. In addition to the regular lines of steamships hundreds of others belonging to the irregular or tramp class unload and receive their cargoes at these docks. Scores of canal boats are always to be found in the neighborhood of the grain elevators being lightened of their burdens. The continuous moving of shipping in and out of the basin and the bustling and puffing of a dozen saucy little tug boats give the scene a busy and very interesting aspect. No stranger to Brooklyn should leave the city without first visiting these docks, which may be easily reached by the Hamilton avenue and Van Brunt street car fines, and by the Third and Atlantic avenue lines and their connections as well as by several other routes. Continuing northward along the East River past the Brooklyn Bridge and very many great docks piled with immense warehouses and crowded with shipping, the next wide indenture of Brooklyn's water front is reached, namely, Wallabout Bay, which embraces Wallabout Basin and Canal on the north side and the United States Navy Yard on the south and east. Wallabout Basin and Canal. Wallabout Basin, an extensive and valuable marine enclosure about 70 acres in area facing East River, was originally an unproductive salt marsh reclaimed from the shores of the shallow and muddy bay of the same name. The wharfage aggregates nearly a mile in length and embraces three piers and seven wharves. In addition there is in connection with it the Kent avenue or Wallabout Canal, extending from Taylor to Hewes street, a distance of about a quarter of a mile, affording 2,600 feet more of wharfage. Since the construction of this basin, the lowlands in the vicinity have been filled in and systematically improved and are covered with im- mense warehouses and manufactories which use the neighboring docks for the shipment of their products and receipt of raw material. The water in Wallabout Basin is 1 5 feet deep at low tide. Docking facilities are there afforded to a large fleet of steam and sailing vessels engaged in the domes- tic coastwise and Canadian trade. Perhaps the largest traffic carried on in this vicinity is the lumber business. Here among others are situated the immense lumber yards of Cross, Austin & Company, said to be the largest in the United States. The book factory of the Appleton Publishing Com- pany, the Royal Baking Powder factory, several large stone works, many iron foundries, and other important manufactories are located in the immediate neighborhood of the Wallabout Basin. The docks are most conveniently reached by the Greenpoint, Crosstown and Flushing Ave. lines and their connections. By far the largest portion of the shore of Wallabout _ Bay, as well as the entire island which stands in the middle of it, is occupied by the United States Government as a Navy Yard and marine hospital. The United States Navy Yard. The N. S. Navy Yard, located on the southern and eastern shores of WaUabout Bay, is owned and controlled by the Federal Government, and 110 CITIZEN GUIDE. although in this sense not a Brooklyn institution, it is nevertheless one of the most important as well as most interesting features of the city. It is the chief naval depot of the country, and was during the whole period of the late Civil War one ot the busiest centres on the Atlantic seaboard. It was here that numerous war vessels were built and commissioned for service in the memorable struggle ; and it was in the immense dry docks of this yard that they were often brought back for repairs. The scenes in and about the yard at the time were of unceasing activity and the domestic commerce of Brooklyn thrived to an abnormal degree, owing to the great andconstant demand for supplies of all kinds, both for the construction and equipment of vessels and the provisioning of their crews. The merchantmen of many of the nations at peace with the United States were granted the use of the drydocks of this yard, then the largest in the country, for the making of necessary repairs. The reservation covers an area of about 144 acres, the Navy Yard proper embracing 45 acres enclosed by a high brick wall. Along the western line is more than a mile of splendid wharfage used for the mooring and loading of the national cruisers and transports. Perhaps the most attractive feature of the yard is the immense dry dock which cost about $2,000,000 to construct and is one of the finest and strongest of its kind in the United States. It is built entirely of granite, and the dimen- sions of the main chamber are: Length at top 307 feet; width 98 feet; length at the bottom 286 feet; width 35 feet; depth 36 feet. The chamber is closed with a water tight caisson, and when a vessel has been docked the water is pumped out by powerful hydraulic engines in four or five hours, leaving the enclosure dry. Another dry dock somewhat similar in its con- struction, but for the accommodation of warships of the largest size, is in pro- cess of building here. It will be about 465 feet long and 2io_^ feet wide at the top. The main entrance to the Navy Yard is at Navy and York streets, and is reached most conveniently by the Flushing avenue surface line and its connections. Visitors are admitted between the hours of 8 A. M. and 5 P. M. on Tuesdays and Saturdays without passes, and upon other days, excep- ting Sundays, by permits issued by the gate keeper. Strangers are not permitted to board any vessel in' commission, or to enter any building ex- cept the offices of the Commandant, or to visit the Cob Dock and the receiv- ing ship Vermont. To view these and other points of interest, special passes are required, procurable at the office of the captain of the yard in the Lyceum Building. The road leading from the main entrance to the water front is called Main street. The grounds are regularly laid out in paved streets, the location and names of which, as well as all the principal points of interest in the yard, will be seen on the bird's-eye- view at page 150. The extensive marine barracks connected with the service stand to the southeast of the Navy Yard. Still further to the east and on the opposite side of Washington avenue is the United States Naval Hospital, a very handsome and imposing structure surrounded by 20 acres of ground. In this insti- tution over 500 patients may be cared for at one time. During the time of the Civil War its capacity was often taxed to the utmost. Separated from the Navy Yard proper by Wallabout Channel is a low island which has a circuit of 5,000 feet, and an area of 19 acres, and contains the extensive en- closures of the Cob Dock and Whitney Basin. On it are the residences ot the officers in charge of the receiving ship Vermont anchored in the Basin. Communication is had with the Navy Yard proper by a steam launch. This island forms a sort of breakwater and defence of the main works and THE HARBOR AND DOCKS. Ill buildings of the yard. At anchorage in the channel or moored to the wharves of the Navy Yard may be found at almost all seasons of the year one or more of the splendid warships of the United States Navy. Person;; desiring to visit these vessels are permitted to do so on procuring a pass as stated above, and are provided with an escort. When not at anchor in the waters of the Navy Yard the cruisers sometimes lay in the cove opposite the foot of East 26th street on the New York side of the East River, where they may be reached by row boats from any of the neighboring docks. The yard is under the superintendence of a Commodore of the U. S. Navy. The departments of the yard are : Yards and Docks, Navigation, Ordnance, Construction, Steam and Electrical Engineering, Marine, Medical, Pro- visions and Clothing. Although the number of men employed in the Navy Yard varies with the extent of the operations carried on there, the average is about 2,000. This last fact is an evidence of how important a factor this institution is in the economic life of Brooklyn. The last new ship launched here was the Cincinnati, in November, 1892. Here the monitors TeiTor and Puritan are being built. The former is a double turret ship, and the latter a vessel of the Barbette^ type for coast de- fence. C on tinning along the shore of East River north of Wallabout Bay one passes a great series of docks, a great number of which are used for the storage and transshipment of lumber, and comes finally to one of the most extensive and useful waterways of Brooklyn or Long Island City, namely, Kewtown Creek. Newtown Creek is a natural waterway running inland about 3 miles and provided at several points with canal extensions which greatly increase its docking and warehouse facilities. Along the whole line of this creek, both on the Brooklyn and on the Long Island City side, are situated lum- ber yards, ship yards, coal yards, oil, paint and varnish works, iron foun- dries, machine shops, petroleum refineries, and an endless variety of fac- tories, whose annual product is valued at scores of millions of dollars. This creek, though not picturesque or at all inviting from an artistic point of view, is nevertheless one of the greatest sources of Brooklyn's wealth and prominence as a great industrial centre. It is destined to become, when the talked-of improvements have been effected, one of the finest as it now is one of the busiest and most important docking centres on the Atlantic. JVIEjANS OF eOMMUNie/cTION. The Post Office — Telephone Service — Telegraph Service — Messenger Service. The Brooklyn General Post Office occupies, together with the Federal Courts, the imposing granite building at the corner of Washington and Johnson streets, a location most convenient to the largest business establish- ments in the city. The building is a three-story and basement edifice with Mansard roof. In the centre of the main facade, which extends 236 feet along Johnson street, is the chief entrance to the building — an arched doorway flanked by turrets, opening into a spacious lobby, the walls of which are of granite and the ceiling of beautifully polished Tennessee mar- ble, with settings of black marble. On Washington street the building extends 135 feet and is approached through three doorways. The south- western corner is embellished by a square tower six stories high. The in- terior of the building is quite elaborately finished. The woodwork is of mahogany, very artistically carved and panelled. The corridors, which extend around three sides of the main floor, are tiled with black and white marble. The wainscoting is of chocolate-colored Tennessee marble, sup- porting a cap and resting upon a base of black marble. On the second and third floors, galleries supported upon iron columns extend around the central court, These galleries open into the executive offices of the Post Office and the Federal Court rooms by which the upper stories of the building are occupied. The cost of the building and site was about $1,650,000. A few figures for 1892 will give an idea of the magnitude of the busi- ness transacted at the Brooklyn Post Office. Receipts from sale of stamps, $876,859; expenditure, $601,993; profits, $274,865. The money order busi- ness amounted to $2,079, 117. The total number of pieces of mail matter handled was 235,295,841. The offices and delivery windows of the General Post Office are located aa follows: Entrance, or main floor: General Information Bureau, in charge of the chief clerk, at the comer of Johnson and Adams streets. Open daily from 7 A.M. to 7PM.; Sundays trom 9.30 A.M. to 10:30 A. M. General Delivery, (PosteRestante) windows, in the Johnson street corridor, open daily from 7 A. M. to 9 P. M. ; Sundays from 9:30 A. M. to 1U:30 A. M. l^osTAGR Stamp-s, &c. , for sale at retail, from three windows in the Washington street corridor; windows open from 7 A M. to 7 P. M. ; Sundays from 9:30 A. M. to 9 P. M. Postage Stamps, &.'., at wholesale from first wmdow in Johnson sti-eet corridor; open daily from 7 A. M. to 7 P. M. Superintendent of Mails, first wicket in Washington street corridor. Carrikrs' Window, in Johnson street corridor. Registry Department, at the end of Johnson street corridor; open daily, Sundays ex- cepted, from 8 A. M. to G P. M. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 113 Second floor: Postmaster's Office, open week days from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Assistant Postmast- er's Office open week days from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Cishirr's Office, open week days from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Money Order Department, open week days only from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Registered Letters and Parcels Department, open week days only from 8 A. M to G P. M. Inquiry Office for Missing Letters, &c., open week days only from 8 A. M. to 6 P. H. Besides the General Post Office there are six branch post offices, each in charge of a superintendent, and ten sub-stations, for the convenience of business houses and residents of sections of the city remote from the cen- tral office, and to facilitate the collection and distribution of mails. At the branch Post Offices Domestic and International Money Orders and Postal Notes are issued and paid, postage stamps, &c. , sold, and reg- istry and other postal business transacted. The hours are as follows; For sale of stamps, &c., daily from 7 A. M. to 9 P. M.; Sundays, from 10 A. M. to II A. M, For registry and money order business, from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. week days only. The branches are indicated by letters of the alphabet and are located as follows: P. O. Station B— No. 1,263 and 1,268 Fulton street. E — " 2,f)48 Atlantic avenue. G — " 113 Greenpoint avenue. S— " Broadway, corner Willoughby avenue. V— " 529 Fifth avenue. W— " Bedford avenue, comer S. Fifth street. The Sub-Stations, also designated by letters, are located within the carrier districts of the branch offices and are not delivery stations. They are sub-post offices for registry, domestic money order and postal note business, for the sale of postage stamps and other postal supplies, for weighing and rating of mail matter, and for accepting mail matter too large for street letter boxes. Being located in stores, they are subject to the business hours of the owner, except that the money order and registry bus- iness closes at 6 P. M. The Sub-stations are located as follows : Station A— Pharmacy, comer Henry and President streets. Station C— Pharmacy, 838 Fulton street. Station D— Pharmacy, 689 De Kalb avenue. Station F — Railroad Ticket Office, 596 Atlantic avenue. Station H— Pharmacy, comer Rockaway avenue and Fulton street. Station J— Pharmacy, 586 Myrtle avenue. Station K— Pharmacy, 1,587 Broadway. Station M— Pharmacy, 518 Grand street. Station R— Pharmacy, 302 Van Brunt street. Station X -Pharmacy, 1,02? Third avenue, bet. Fortieth and'Forty -first street. There are in addition to the above, 120 licensed agencies for the sale of postage stamps, postal cards, &c., scattered throughout the city. Newspaper and Package Boxes for the receipt of mail matter too bulky for the ordinary drop letter boxes have been, placed at the following points. The contents of these boxes are collected twice daily, Sundays excepted : Atlantic avenue, cors. Smith Clinton and Bushwick avenue and Grand street. Henry sts. ; Alabama avenue, Columbia Carlton and Lafayette avenues. St. and Van Sicklen avenue. Court, comer Degraw St., Second Place, and Bedford avenue, cors. Taylor, Penn, Madison, Warren st. Hancock sts.. Myrtle avenue, De Kalb Closson, corner Myrtle ave., De Kalb ave. avenue, and Bergen street and Fulton st. Berkeley Place and Seventh avenue. Clermont and Myrtle aves. Broadway and Driggs street, Flushing avenue, Concord and Bridge sts. Park avenue, Halsey, Kosciusko, Hooper, Chnton and Baltic sts. Whipple, Lynch sts. and Wythe avenue. Central ave., cor. Cedar st., and Palmetto st. 114 CITIZEN GUIDE. Cumberland st. and Greene ave. De Kalb ave., cor. Clermont ave., and Sum- ner ave. Eversrreen avenue and Himrod st. Fulton, comers Hoyt St., Rockaway ave., Chnton, Henry, Gold sts., Patchen, Frank- lin, Ralph ave.. St. Felix st., Gallatin Place, St. James Place, Verona Place, Adelphl St. and Sumner ave. Fifth ave., cor. Carroll st., Srirline: Place, Third st.. Seventeenth, Twenty-first, and Ninth sts. Fourth ave and Ninth st. First Place and Court st. Flatbush and St. Mark's aves. Franklin and De Kalb aves. Grand, cor. St. Mark's ave., Wythe ave., Roeb- ling St., and Ewen st. Gates, cor. Nostrand ave., Classon ave., Broadway, Myrtle ave. and Lewis st. Graham ave. and Ainslie st. Garfield Place and Seventh ave. Green, cor Bedford and Classon aves. Hancock and Throop ave. Humbolt and Frost sts. Hamilton ave. and Presi'dent st. Kent avenue and South Eighth st. Livingston and Court st. Lorimer and North Second st. Lewis ave. and Macon st. Lee ave , cor. Division ave.. Rutledge si., l^a- fayetteave, Stuyvesant st., Grand and Siunner ave Loeser's Dry Goods House. Myrtle ave., cor. Tompkins ave., Kent ave., Cumberland St., Nostrand ave., Duffleld street, AdelpM street, Clinton avenue and Jefferson street. Marcy avenue, cor. Hewes and Halsey sts. Montague and Hicks sts. Manhattan and Meserole aves. Naval Hospital. Orange and Henry sts. Putnam and Tompkins aves. President, cors. Coiu"t st., Plenrj^ st., and iSeventh ave. Prospect Place and Nostrand ave. Putnam and Grand aves. Park and North Portland ave. Reed avenue, cor. Macon, Hancock, and Decatur streets, and Gates ave. Ralph ave. and Broadway. Sumner avenue, corner 3lyrtle avenue, Pla- con and Quincy streets. Seventh avenue, corner Seventh. Fourth, Tenth, Eighteenth sts., Flatbush j'.ve. Sixth ave., Flatbush ave. and Union st. Sackett and Columbia sts. Smith and Bergen sts. Sonth Second and Hooper sts. Stuyvesant ave,, Halsey and Quincy sts. Sands and Jay sts. Tompkins ave., cor. Pulaski, Fidton and Hancock sts., Greene, Gates ave., and EUery st. Third ave., cor. Sixteenth, Fortieth. Thirty- ninth, Twenty-secor.d, Seventeenth, Nineteenth and Fifty -fifth sts. Utica ave . and Bergen st. Vanderbilt ave. and Dean st. Van Brunt and Tremont sts. ^Veschlerand Abraham. Washington, cor. Myrtle ave. Warren and Hicks sts. Wythe ave. and Clymer st, York and Navy sts. Scattered about the city, attached to lampposts, in all the leading hotels and public buildings, are drop letter boxes for the receipt of ordinary mail matter, which is collected at intervals ranging from thirty minutes to an hour in the more frequented parts of the city, and somewhat less frequently in the residential quarters. A tablet on the face of each box indicates the hours at which collections and distribution should be made in the special district. Reg^isteretl Mail. Any article of the first, third or fourth-class mail matter may be regis- tered. The fee on registered matter, domestic or foreign, is eight cents for each letter or parcel, to be affixed in stamps, in addition to the postage. Full prepayment of postage and fee is required. Every letter presented for registration must first be fully and legibly addressed, and securely sealed by the sender, and all letters and other articles must also have the name and address of the sender indorsed thereon in writing or print before they can be registered. Postmasters and their employees are forbidden to address a registered letter or a package for the sender, to place contents therein, or to seal it, or to affix the stamps thereto ; this must in all cases be done by the sender. Registered mail matter can only be delivered to the addressees in per- son, or on their written order. All persons calling* for registered matter should be prepared to furnish reasonable proof of their identity, as it is im- possible otherwise at large post-offices to guard against fraud. A receipt MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 115 signed by addressee and showing delivery is returned to the sender of each domestic registered letter or parcel, for which service there is no extra charge. The sender of registered letter or parcel addressed to any country in the Universal Postal Union may, by writing on the face of the letter or parcel "Return Receipt Demanded," have a written receipt sent back from post office of delivery. Letters or packages containing money or articles of value should be registered, and never deposited for transmission in ordinary mail. Mail matter can be registered at the General Post-Office and all stations and sub-stations, between the hours of 8 A. M. and 6 P. M. daily, except Sundays and Legal Holidays.- Money Order System. The money order system is intended to promote public convenience, and to secure safety in the transfer through the mails of small sums of money. The principal means employed to attain safety consist in leaving out of the order the name of the person for whom the money is intended. In this respect, a money order differs from an ordinary bank draft or check. An advice or notification containing full particulars of the order is trans- mitted without delay by the issuing postmaster to the postmaster at the office of payment. The latter is thus furnished, before the letter itself is presented, with information which will enable him to prevent its payment to any person not entitled thereto, provided the remitter complies wnth the regulations of the Department, which prohibits him from sending the same information in a letter enclosed with his order. Particulars Required. — The applicant must, in all cases, write his own given name and surname in full ; and when the given name of the payee is known, it should be stated, otherwise the initial letters of the given name may be used. The given name of married women must be stated, and not those of their husbands. Domestic Money Orders may be procured at any money office, payable at any other money office in the United States, by filling out and presenting the proper application form, accompanied by the amount required and the lawful fees, which are as follows : For sums not exceeding $5, 5 cents; over $5 and not exceeding $10, 8 cents ; over $10 and not exceeding $15, 10 cents ; over $15 and not exceed- ing $30, 15 cents ; over $30 and not exceeding $40, 20 cents ; over $40 and not exceeding $50, 25 cents ; over $50 and not exceeding $60, 30 cents ; over $60 and not exceeding $70, 35 cents ; over $70 and not exceeding $80, 40 cents ; over $80 and not exceeding $100, 45 cents. Limitations. — A single money order may contain any amount from one cent to one hundred dollars, inclusive ; but must not contain a fractional part of a cent. No more than three orders can be used on the same day to the same remitter, and in favor of the same payee and payable at the sam'e office. In case a money order is lost or destroyed or becomes invalid, as all money orders do after the expiration of one year, a duplicate will be issued by the department at Washington, on application therefor from either the remitter, payee or indorsee of the original, at the office of Issue or Pay- ment, and proper blanks "will be furnished for that purpose at any money order post office. Payment of Orders. — Identification. — Every person who applies for payment of a money order is required to prove his identity to be the right- 116 CITIZEN GUIDE. f ul owner of the order. The payee of the money order may, by his written indorsement thereon, direct it to be paid to any person, and the paymaster on whom it is drawn will pay the same to the person so designated, pro- vided he shall furnish proof that the indorsement is genume and that he is the person empowered to receive payment; but more than one indorsement will render an order invalid and not payable, and the holder, to obtain pay- ment, must apply for a new order in lieu thereof, returning the original. Re-Payment of Money Orders. — Repayment of a money order can be made to the person who originally obtained it at the issuing office, and by the return of the order; but the fee cannot be returned. Postal Notes are issued for any sum, from one cent to four dollars and ninety -nine cents ($4.99), but not for any fractional part of a cent. The uni- form fee for the issue of a postal note is three cents. A postal note is pay- able at no particular office, but is payable to bearer, without identification, at an}'' money order office in the United States. No duplicates of lost or destroyed postal notes can be issued. International Money Orders, payable in the Postal Union Countries, can be procured at the Brooklyn General Post Office, and at stations B, E. G, S, V and W. Fees. — The following fees are charged for money orders issued on any of the countries named above: On orders not exceeding $10, 10 cents; over $10 and not exceeding $20, twenty cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40, forty cents; over $40 and not exceeding 50, fifty cents; over $50 and not exceeding $60, sixty cents; over $60 and not exceeding $70, seventy cents; over $70 and not exceeding $80, eighty cents; over $80 and not exceeding $90, ninety cents; over $90 and not exceeding $100, one dollar. The payment of international money orders must be within twelve months after the month of issue, and is governed by the same rules as re- gards identification, signature, etc., that apply to domestic orders. In some cases the remitter forwards the money direct, and in others the post- master forwards it, giving a receipt to the sender. Change of Address. — Persons and firms changing or intending to change their places of residence or business, should promptly notify th^ postmaster. Postage Kates and Conditions— Domestic. Domestic Mail Matter — First Class. The rate on all letters, sealed or unsealed, sent to any post-office in the United States or Canada, is two cents for each ounce or fraction thereof, or one cent for each ounce or frac- tion thereof when mailed or called for at the same office. Letter rate is charged upon all packages sealed against inspection (excepting proprietary articles in original trade packages) typewritten matter, printed matter containing writing (excepting corrected proof sheets, inscribed books, pam- phlets and dated or signed circulars), postal cards to which anything is attached or on the face of which anything excepting the address is writ- ten, and all ordinary cards used as substitutes for postal cards. This class includes postal cards. The Second Class embraces all newspapers, magazines and periodical publications issued regularly and at least four times a year, and having a legitimate list of subscribers, and the rate, when mailed by the publisher or news agent, is one cent a pound, but when mailed by any others is one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof. Limit of weight none. XLeEOAOWAX FMOM THE FEMWES TO WYTHE ME. GUM ELASTIC ROOFING. Laying and Painting Gum Elastic Roofing, The Gum Elastic Roofing IS ABSOLUTELY NON-COMBUSTIBLE and Guarantee! to last A lO years. Costs only $2. GO per lOO square feet. Strongly endorsed by New York Board of Underwriters. Send stamp for circulars, samples and particulars. GUM ELASTIC PAINT Costs only 60 cents per gallon in bbl. lots, or $4.50 for 5-gal. tubs. Color, dark red. Will stop leaks in Tin or Iron Roofs that will last for years. Gum Elastic Roofing Co., 41 West Broadway, New York City. Old Roofs Repaired and New Roofs put on and warranted. ESTIMATES FREE. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 117 Second-class matter must be wrapped so as to allow easy inspection by the Postmaster. Third-Class. The rate of postage on third-class matter is one cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof, fully prepaid by postage stamps. This class embraces books, pamphlets, and all matter wholly in print on paper (and not included in the second-class), such as printed hand bills, cards, labels, calendars, printed postal cards mailed in bulk, legal and insurance blanks, photographs, blank check and receipt books, engravings, litho- graphs, re-productions by hektograph, cyclostyle, or mimeograph or other similar process ; but the following articles, although bearing printing, are not included in the third-class, but are fourth-class matter : Printed letter heads and bill heads ; envelopes printed or unprinted (except when one or two with printed address are in enclosed with third-class matter for reply), printed or unprinted blotters, blank books, playing cards, dissected maps or pictures, oil or water color paintings, crayon, pencil, or pen and ink drawmgs, paper patents, paper sacks and wrappng paper with printing thereon, photographs retouched in India ink or water colors, unprinted postal cards mailable in both. Limit of weight four pounds. Matter of this class must be so tied or wrapped as to permit easy examination. Fourth-Class. The rate of postage on fourth-class matter is one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, which must be fully prepaid by postage stamps. This class embraces merchandise, samples, and all articles (not in themselves unmailable), which are not embraced in the first, second or third-class. Seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions and plants are mailable at the rate of one cent for every two ounces or fraction thereof. Under this head are included samples of wheat and other grain in its natural condition, seedling potatoes, beans, peas, chestnuts and acorns. Not, however, sam- ples of flour, rolled oats, pearled barley, or other cerels which can only be used as articles of food ; or cut flowers, dried plants and botanical speci- mens, which are all subject to postage at one cent per ounce ; or foreign nuts and seeds (such as the coffee bean), used exclusively as articles of food. The limit of weight of each package is four pounds. Matter of this class must be so wrapped or packed to be easily inspected, and when of dangerous nature so secured as to prevent damage to the other contents of the mail bags and the post-office employes. In general, mail matter of the second, third and fourth-class may bear simply the address of the intended recipient and the sender. To the latter the word "from" should be prefixed. Second-class matter may bear the inscription "marked copy," or words directing attention to passages contained therein. Unmailable matter embraces all obscene or lottery literature, any matter otherwise mailable bearing inscriptions of scurrilous or defamatory charac- ter, and all materials of an essentially destructive nature. Concealing matter of a higher class in that of a lower class is an offense punishable by $io fine. Postage due on mail (the amount indicated by postage due stamps affixed to the letter or package), is collectable before delivery. Letters alone may be withdrawn by the person depositing them or his agent within an hour after their receipt at the general post office. Applica- tion must be made to the assistant postmaster before 3 P. M., and a fac- simile to the envelope used and of the address in the same handwnting must be presented. Foreign Mail Matter. All countries, except those enumerated in a succeeding paragraph, are 118 ' CITIZEN GUIDE. included in the Universal Postal Union, between which a nniform postal tariff obtains. The rates of postage on mail matter posted in the United States and addressed to countries included in the Universal Postal Union (excepting the Dominion of Canada and Mexico), are as follows: Letters, per one half ounce, five cents. Postal cards, each, two cents. Newspapers and other printed matter, per two ounces, one cent. Commercial papers: Packets not in excess of ten ounces, five cents; packets in excess of ten ounces, for each two ounces or fraction thereof , one cent. Samples of merchandise: Packets not in excess of four ounces, two cents; packets in excess of four ounces for each two ounces or fraction thereof, one cent. Registration fee on letters or other articles, eight cents. Ordinary letters for countries of the Postal Union (except Canada and Mexico), will be forwarded whether any postage is prepaid on them or not. All other mailable matter must be prepaid at least partially. Mail matter for the Dominion of Canada and Mexico is subject to the same rates and conditions as domestic mail. The following articles are absolutely excluded from the mails to these countries: All sealed packages, excepting letters; all packages (excepting single volumes of printed books) weighing over four pounds six ounces, and publi- cations which violate the copyright laws of these countries. From the mails to Mexico are excluded liquids, pastes, confections, etc. The rate on seeds, etc., to Canada is one cent per ounce. The countries not embraced in the Universal Postal Union are: China, to which all matter may be registered; Cape Colony and the Orange Free State; Morocco (except the European post offices therein); Madagascar (ex- cepting St. Mary's, Tamatave and Majanga): Ascension and St. Helena. The rates to these countries are, for letters ten cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof) for newspapers, etc., two cents for each two ounces or fraction thereof Dutiable articles received as'mail matter^are detained by the Customs Department of the post office and notice of their detention is sent to the addressee, who receives the same upon application and payment of the duties. Duty on books is collected on delivery. Books printed in foreign languages are free. Local Deliveries. There are four forms of delivery of ordinary, non-registered mail mat- ter: One, by carriers; two, through lock-boxes; three, at the "Poste Res- tante" or General Delivery; fourth, by special delivery messengers. There are on an average seven deliveries by carriers daily throughout the most populous part of the city, and at least three in the scattered districts. The first delivery begins at 7:15 A. M., the last 6:40 P. M. Pieces of mail bearing "Special Delivery Stamps" are the only ones delivered on Sunday. Carriers are required to deliver no mail matter except to the persons addressed or their authorized agents; to receive all prepaid letters, postal cards, and small packages handed them for mailing while on their routes; and to col- lect any postage that may be due on mail matter delivered by them. In certain surburban districts they are required to carry a limited number of postage stamps for sale to the public. They are forbidden to deliver any mailable matter which has not first passed through the mails. They are not required to deliver heavy or bulky packages. A notice to call at the MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 1 19 nearest post office for any package of this kind is sent to the person whose address it bears. All ordinary mail matter may be delivered through lock-boxes to the lessees, their employees, members of their families or firms, and their tem- porary visitors or guests. All letters or other mail parcels bearing in addition to the 'address the words " Poste Restante" or "To be called for" are placed in the Poste Restante at the general post office to be called for. All matter failing of delivery or lacking the street or box address, and for which correct ad- dresses cannot be found in the city directories, is likewise placed in the Poste Restante. Letters, etc., bearing the address of the sender are re- turned within thirty days if no shorter time is specified on their envelopes. Clerks conversant with almost all foreign languages are on duty at the foreign delivery widow. Local letters are not advertised, and after re- maining unclaimed in the Poste Restante for thirty days are sent to the Dead Letter Office, Washington, All foreign mail matter of ostensible value is advertised. On Sundays residents of the different districts can ob- tain their mail at wickets of the branch offices during office hours on pre- sentation of reasonable evidence of their identity. Special Delivery. The law establishing the special delivery system provided for the issue of a special stamp, of the face valuation of ten cents, which when attaclied to a letter or package (in addition to the lawful postage thereon), will entitle such letter or package to special delivery within the carrier limit of a free delivery office between the hours of 7 A. M. and 11 P. M., and within a radius of one mile from the Post Office; at all other offices between 7 A. M. and 6 P. M., by messengers who, upon delivery, will procure receipts from the parties addessed or some one authorized to receive them. Posting Special Delivery Letters. — Special delivery letters (particularly those intended for delivery in^Brooklyn) should be posted either at the Gen- eral Post Office or at one of the stations. Special delivery stamps may be purchased at the General Post Office, or at any of the stations, sub-stations or stamp agencies. Telegraphic Service. No country in the world excels the United States in the extent and completeness of its telegraphic service. The Western Union and Postal Telegraph Companies cover the country with their aerial system of wires as with a vast metallic net. Every city and town and almost every village and hamlet in the land is in direct telegraphic communication with the great centres of commerce and population. In Brooklyn and on Long Island the service is very extensive and satisfactory. The teliigraph offices throughout the island, except in the cities, are closed generally at 8 o 'clock in the evening. Besides these two great companies the American district and Brooklyn District Messenger Companies provide Brooklyn with tele- graphic service. The main offices of the Western Union Company for Brooklyn are at 369 Fulton street; those of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company are at 16S Montague. Telegraph offices in Brooklyn are located as follows (those marked with an asterick are open all night): 120 CITIZEN GUIDE. Western Union Offices:— *i 7 Adams St.; Annex foot Fulton St.; *At- lantic Ave., cor. Flatbush Ave. (L. I. R. R. Depot); ^Atlantic, cor. Frank- lin Ave. (L, I. R. R. Depot); 2659 Atlantic Ave.; ^1074 Bedford Ave.; 1233 Bedford Ave.; 26 Broadway; *i53, *io8o, and 1364 Broadway; Bushwick Depot L. I. R. R. ; 4 and ^325 Court St. ; 689 Dekalb Ave. ; *42o Fifth Ave. ; *3 1 3 Flatbush Ave. ; *369; Loeser's; *726, 860, *i7i9, 2069 Fulton St.; 578 Grand St.; 148 Greenpoint Ave; 71 Hamilton Ave.; Manhattan Cross- ing; ^414 Myrtle Ave.; Navy Yard; North Ninth St., cor. Rent Ave.; *242 Sumner Ave.; 734 and 11 79 Third Ave.; 37 Washington Ave.; Eagle Office, Washington St., cor. Johnson; 623 Wythe Ave.; and Hotel St. George, Hicks, cor. Clark St.; Fulton St., cor. Tom.pkins Ave. Postal Telegraph Cable Company's Offices: — 168 Montague; 596 Atlan- tic; 98 Broadway; 746 Flushing; 1306 Broadway; 1587 Broadway; 7 Brook- lyn; 2 Court; 328 Court; 335 Dekalb; 194 Ewen; 453 Fifth Ave.; 426 Ful- ton; 7 Greene Ave. ; 1 100 Fulton; 838 Fulton; 81 Greenpoint Ave. ; Howard House Entry; 93 North Third, 84 Seventh Ave. For offices of the American District Telegraph Co. and the Brooklyn District Messenger Co., see page 125. Telegraphic Rates and Conditions. The words contained in the body of a message alone are charged for. The date, address and signature are transmitted free of charge. Messages may be of any length. Specihc regulations are printed on the back of each message blank. Local Rates: — For messages between points in Brooklyn and New York City, Jersey City, Newark, Bay Ridge, Flatbush, Fort Hamilton, Hoboken, Weehawken, and many of the nearby towns, the charge is twenty cents for ten words and one cent for each additional word. Continental and Foreign Rates: — The rates to a few places only can be given here. These, however, will indicate the cost of sending mes- sages to points throughout the country. Messages containing ten words besides the address and signature are forwarded from Brooklyn to the following points at the rates named: Al- bany, N. Y., 25 cents; Alleghany, Pa., 25 cents; Atlanta, Ga., 50 cents; Boston, Mass., 25 cents; Baltimore, Md., 25 cents; Buffalo, N. Y., 25 cents; Chicago, 111., 50 cents; Cincinnati, O., 40 cents; Cleveland O., 40 cents; Colombus,0., 40 cents; Cambridge, Mass., 25 cents; Camden, N. J., 25 cents; Detroit, Mich., 40 cents; Denver, Col., 75 cents; Dayton, O., 40 cents; Fall River, Mass., 25 cents; Grand Rapids, Mich., 50 cents; Indianapolis, Ind., 50 cents; Kansas City, Mo., 50 cents; Lowell, Mass., 25 cents; Louis- ville, Ky., 50 cents; Milwaukee, Wis., socents; Minneapolis, Minn., 50 cents; Memphis, Tenn., 50 cents; New Orleans, La., 60 cents; New Haven, Conn., 25 cents; Nashville, Tenn., 40 cents; Omaha, Neb., 50 cents; Providence, R- L, 25 cents; Pittsburg, Pa., 25'cents; Reading, Pa., 25 cents; Richmond, Va., 35 cents; Rochester, N. Y., 25 cents; Scranton, Pa., 25 cents; Syracuse, N. Y., 25 cents; St. Paul, Minn., 50 cents; St. Louis, Mo., 50 cents; San Fran- cisco, Cal., $1.00; Toledo, O., 40 cents; Troy, N. Y., 25 cents; Trenton, N. J., 25 cents; Wooster, Mass., 25 cents; Washington, D. C, 25 cents; Wil- mington, Del., 25 cents; and the cities of Middle and Eastern Canada, 40 cents. Night messages forwarded during hours when business is slack on the Great Trunk lines are charged at half the regular rate, but 25 cents is the MEANS OP COMMUNICATION. 121 minimum sum received in payment for any message. Telegrams are deliv- ered and answers received by messengers within the city limits free of charge on week days between 7.30 A. M. and 9 P. M. Out on Long Island messages are delivered free within one half mile of the receiving stations, which are generally situated on the line of the Long Island Railroad. When the distance is greater than one half mile the charge is regulated by the actual cost of the messenger employed and usually amounts to 25 cents for the first additional half mile and 25 cents for each mile thereafter. The officers of the company are instructed to make the cheapest delivery possible in keeping with celerity. Persons may order their messages delivered to their Post Office Boxes, and receive them along with their mail, thus saving delivery charges. Cable Telegraph System. Trans-Atlantic and South American and West Indian telegraph cables have their main offices for North America in New York. The principal European and South American cables are m.anaged by the following com- panies: American Telegraph and Cable Company, 195 Broadway; Anglo- American Telegraph Company, 8 Broad St. ; Commercial Cable Company, I and 3 Broad St. ; Compagnie Francaise du Telegraphe de Paris and New York, 34 Broad St. ; The Direct United States Cable Company, 40 Broad- way; The Pedro Secundo American Telegraph and Cable Company, 44 Broadway, and the Central and South American Cable Company, 39 Wall St. Messages over any of these lines may be forwarded from Brookljm by the Local Telegraph systems without any additional fee. A Tariff of Rates agreed upon by all the Atlantic cable companies is in force. Messages may be written in any language using Roman letters. The maximum length of a cablegram word is ten letters. Should a word con- tain more than ten letters, every ten or fraction thereof is counted a word, except the names in the address. Groups of figures are counted at the rate of three figures to a word. Groups of letters having a secret meaning can be em- ployed only in government messages. To secure accuracy a message may be repeated at an additional cost of one-quarter the ordinary rates . Replies may be prepaid. Cable Messages are delivered free within the city limits. Cable rates per word to some of the most important cities and countries are as follows: Austria, 34 cents; Belgium, 30 cents; Bosnia, 36 cents; China, $1.96; Cjrprus, 64 cents; Denmark, 35 cents; Eg^^t, about 60 cents; France, 25 cents; Germany, 25 cents; Gibraltar, 43 cents; Great Britain and Ireland, 25 cents; Greece, 43 cents; Holland, 32 cents; India, $1.23; Italy, 32 cents; Japan, $2.21; New Zealand, $2.74; Norway, 35 cents; Persia, 84 cents; Portugal, 39 cents; Russia, 43 cents; Sardinia and Sicily, 32 cents; Spain, 40 cents; Sweden, 39 cents; Switzerland, 30 cents. To South and Central American Points: The rate per word to Guate- mala and other Central American Republics is about $7; Argentine Repub- lic, $1.75; Brazil, $1.55; Chih, $2.41; Colombia, $5; Peru, $2.25; Uruguay, $1.96. Telephone Systems. _ The Telephone systems afford the public the most unique, direct and satisfactory means of communication at present in existence. By the tele- phone the delays and the misconstructions incident to the telegraph, postal and messenger services are entirely obviated. The paramount 122 CITIZEN GUIDE. advantages of the system are the rapidity of the service and the possibility of the negotiating par- ties conversing as freely and fully as though they were face to face, while in reality they may be hun- dreds of miles apart. Business which would ordinarily take weeks to transact can thus be begun and ended in a few minutes. The New York and New Jersey Telephone Company provides Brooklyn and Long Island with a most efficient telephone service. The central office and largest exchange of this company is at i6 Smith street. Other large exchanges are located at convenient points. All of the subscribers' lines centering at these offices are conducted underground almost exclusively, and a comprehensive system of underground trunk lines connects the various central offices together. Hereafter anythmg like a serious break-down, due to storms or blizzards, which have heretofore in- terrupted communication in large cities, cannot occur in Brooklyn. The equipment of subscribers' stations is of the highest class known to the telephone art; and it is possible to talk with entire satisfaction from metallic circuit subscribers' stations to any point reached by the long dist- ance wires, including Chicago and all intermediate points in the West; Baltimore and Washington in the South; and Boston and Portland in the East. There are about 4,700 subscribers in Brooklyn. There are in use over 12,000 miles of wire, of which over 8,000 miles are underground. The telephone business is unique in the commercial world, as being the only one which can be done cheaper on a small scale than in a wholesale way. The reason for this paradox cannot be stated in a few words, but is due principally to the fact that, while the income from subscribers bears a direct ratio to their number, yet the cost of apparatus and the plant re- quired to provide the necessary facilities for inter-communication increases at a much greater rate. While the actual sum of money paid for the use of the telephone in Brooklyn is somewhat higher than in small cities, yet when the quality of service and the number of miles of wire over which the subscriber talks are considered, it may fairly be said that the Brooklyn subscriber has the cheapest and the best telephone service in the world. The New York and New Jersey Telephone Company has about 600 em- ployees, 200 of whom are girls (who operate the switchboards at the various offices). This company has complied with the underground law, and as a result nearly two thirds of its wires are buried. In addition to the under- ground system, there are a large number of cables connecting with New York City by the Brooklyn Bridge and with points on Long Island. Under the North River and the Harlem River there is a complete system of sub- marine cables connecting Brooklyn via the City of New York with the North and West. Altogether the problem of telephoning in Brooklyn has been solved in a manner whose success is reflected in the satisfaction ex- pressed by a great majority of the subscribers of the company. XIL BMOAOWAX FROM BEMRY ST, TO PMIGGS AVE. BICYCLES. THE NAME OF SCHWALBACH Is so well known and has been so long identified with the retail icycle Trade, That we wish to IMPRESS on the public mind that he is ONLY CONNECTED WITH ONE FIRM, and that is Ghas. Schwalbach, FLATBUSH AVENUE, FRANKLIX AVENUE ENTRANCE TO PROSPECT PARK. : : : : : j NINTH AVENUE AND UNION STREET, Branches: ^^^^ ^^^ BEDFORD AVENUE. The only indoor TRAINING SCHOOL in Brooklyn \\^HEELS SOLD ON EASY TERMS. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 133 A comparatively new feature of the business is the increasing number of pay stations distributed over the city, so that the residents who do not have the telephone in their houses have but to walk a short distance to places where, at a moderate charge, they may telephone to their fiiends in any quarter of the Island or to any point reached by telephone. The fee for a local message from any pay station to any other telephone in Brooklyn, is lo cents. Long distance messages are charged at a rate proportionate to the distance. Pay Stations, indicated by the sign of the Blue Bell, and equipped with long distance instruments and cabinet sound-proof booths, are located wherever there is business to warrant them. The following is a complete list of pay stations in Brooklyn : — 89 Atlantic ave (Henry st), 404 Atlantic ave (Bond st), 596 Atlantic ave (Flatbush ave), 2469 Atlantic ave (East N. Y. depot), Atlantic ave cor. Elton st, 369 Bedford ave (South 5th st), 433 Bedford ave (South Ninth st), 994 Bedford ave (De Kalb ave), 1071 Bedford ave (Lexington ave), 1074 Bedford ave (Greene ave), 1145 Bedford ave (Madison st), 1222 Bedford ave (Hancock st), 1233 Bedford ave (Halsey st), 14 Boerum st (Broadway), 22 Broadway (Kent ave), 153 Broadway (Bedford ave), 516 Broadway (Union ave I. 1080 Broadway (Reid ave), 1205 Broadway (Lafayette ave), 1316 Bush- wick ave (Covert st), 404 Central ave (Palmetto st), 13 Chauncey st (Lewis ave), 51 Clark st (Hicks st), 397 Classon ave (Greene ave). Court House, Kings Co, 2d floor, 2 Court st (Fulton st), 191 Court st (Bergen st), 325 Court st (Sackett st), 32S Court st (Sackett st), 261 Dean st (Nevins st), Dean st and Sackman st, 231 De Kalb ave (Clermont ave), 236 De Kalb ave (Cler- mont ave), 335 De Kalb ave (St James Place), 346 De Kalb ave (Ryerson st), 140 East New York ave (Powell st) 420 Fifth ave (^ Eighth pt), 445 Fifth ave (Ninth st), 559 Fifth ave (Fifteenth st), 313 Flatbush ave (St. Marks ave), 252 Franklin ave (De Kalb ave , 338 Franklin ave (Greene ave), Fulton st (Foot of), 5 Fulton st (Water st), 285 Fulton st (Tillary st), 369 Fulton st (Opp. City Hall), 371 Fulton st (Arbuckle Building), 460 Fulton st (Elm Place) 505 Fulton st (Bridge st), 518 Fulton st (Hanover Place), 631 Fulton st (Rockwell Place), 670 Fulton st, (So. Portland ave), 725 Fulton st (Lafayette ave), 726 Fulton st (Cumberland st), 793 Fulton st (Cumberland st), 838 Fulton st (Vanderbilt ave), 981 Fulton st (St. James Place), iioo Fulton st (Franklin ave), 1107 Fulton st (Ormond Place), 1179 Fulton st (Spencer Place), 1719 Fulton st (Marion st), 1831 Fulton st (Buffalo ave), Fulton st and Van Sicklen ave, 235 Gold st (Concord st), 288 Grand st (Marcy ave), 578 Grand st (Lorimer st), 7 Greene ave (So. Oxford st), 19 Greene ave (Cumberland st), 178 Halsey st (Marcy ave), Halsey st and Ralph ave, 71 Hamilton st (Van Brunt st), 247 Hewes st (Marcy ave), 149 Lafayette ave (Carlton ave), 322 Lafayette ave (Grand ave), 487 Manhattan ave (Freeman st), 543-5 Man- hattan ave (Dupont st), Manhattan ave and Greene st, 613 Marcy ave (Willoughby ave), 947 Marcy ave (opp. McDonough st), 168 Montague st (Clinton st), 360 Myrtle ave, 406 Myrtle ave (Vanderbilt ave). 448 Myrtle ave (Waverly ave), 679 Myrtle ave (Bedford ave), 1278 Myrtle ave (Cedar st), 107 Nevins st (opp Wyckoff st), 239 Ninth st (Fourth ave), 439 Ninth st (Seventh ave). Pacific st and E N Y ave, 207 Park ave (Clermont ave), 471 Park ave (Franklin ave), 76 Pennsylvania ave (nr.Atlantic ave), 25 Putnam ave (Grand ave), 48 Putnam ave (Irving Place), 268 Putnam ave (Nostrand ave), 263 Reid ave (Macon st), 97 Sands st (Jay st), 84 Seventh ave (Berkeley Place), 16 Smith st (Fulton st), 251 Smith st (Douglass st), 379 South Second st (Hooper st), 242 Sumner ave (Lexington ave), 345 Sumner ave (Putnam 124 CITIZEN GUIDE. ave), Thirty-ninth st and Second ave, 703 Third ave (22dst), 619 Throop ave (Decatnr st), 417 Tompkins ave (Hancock st), 336 Union st (Smith st), 752 Union st (Cor Sixth ave), 143 Washington st (near Sands st), 284 Washington st (Johnson st), 231 Willoughby st (Jay st), 63 Wythe ave (Ross st). The following towns on Long Island are connected with the Central Office by Long Distance Telephones, through which of course they can again be connected with any individual telephones besides, thus affording the most complete service possible. Astoria, Babylon, Baldwins, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, Bay Shore, Bay Side, Bayville, Blythebourne, Brooklyn, Coney Island, Corona, Cypress Hills, East Moriches, East Norwich, Far Rockaway, Flatbush, Flatlands, Flushing, Freeport, Glen Cove, Gravesend, Great Neck, Hempstead, Islip, Jamaica, Lawrence, Little Neck, Long Island City, Middle Village, Wood- haven Junction, Newtown, Oyster Bay, Ozone Park, Port Washington, Richmond Hill, Rockville Centre, Roslyn, Sands Point, Sea Cliff, Sheeps- head Bay, Steinway, Van Pelt Manor, West Brighton, and Whitestone. It is intended to extend the line further East on the Island wherever business warrants the expenditure. The value of this means of communication to the commercial world may be judged from the fact that 10,250,000 messages are transmitted annually through the Brooklyn Exchanges — a daily average of 3,000. Complete directories of the subscribers to the telephone service in the metropolitan districts are to be found in all pay stations, where every ac- comodation is afforded the patrons of the system. Messenger Service. The Brooklyn District Messenger Company, with executive offices at 369 Fulton street, and the American District Telegraph Company, with head offices at Montague corner Clinton street, combine to provide the city of Brooklyn with a most efficient messenger service. A force of several hundred boys in uniform is maintained. In addition to this the equipment includes several thousand automatic electrical call boxes, connected with the nearest offices of the messenger companies and with the police and fire de- partments. These call-boxes are small electrical signal instruments operat- ed with a crank moved through different distances on the arc of a circle and then released— the distance depending upon the service required. As it is possible to summon by these instruments a messenger boy, a policeman, a doctor, or the fire department, persons not familiar with their use should carefully read the instructions printed on the face of the box. Call-boxes are furnished under a peculiar agreement, viz: For the charge of $1.25 per month, the company supply the box and its wire connections with the system and provide a special watchman who patrols at least twice during each night the immediate neighborhood of the building in which the box is placed. No special charge is made for the ordinary use of these boxes, but only for the services of the messengers summoned. Messenger boys are always in waiting at the offices of the company. Messenger Rates. — The regular charge for messenger service is based upon the standard rate of thirty cents an hour. Detentions are charged at the same rate. All persons employing messengers should write plainly upon the tickets presented to them the amount paid and the destination of the message, to prevent extortion and miscarriage. Messengers can be called from the first class hotels and restaurants and many other public places at any hour of the day or night. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 125 Messenger Offices of the different companies are located at the follow- ing points. These offices are never closed : American District Telegraph Company. — 91 Clinton street. Executive Offices 168 Montague street, 328 Court street, 7 Green avenue, 1 100 Fulton street, 7 Brooklyn avenue, 64 Seventh avenue, 335 DeKalb avenue, and 2 Court street. Brooklyn District Messenger Company. — 1074 Bedford avenue, 1233 Bedford avenue, 1080 Broadway, 325 Court street, 420 Fifth avenue, 313 Flatbush avenue, 726 and 1719 Fulton street, 448 Myrtle avenue and 242 Sumner avenue. EDUCATIOJMAL IJMSTITUTIONS. The Public School System — Colleges, Institutes, and Academies- Schools of Art, Music and Medicine — Libraries — Newspapers. During the early history of the village of Brooklyn, as throughout th'; other Dutch colonies, education was fostered by the ecclesiastical author- ities. Beyond the pale of the church there was little or no attention paid to either public or private instruction. The first record of educational work in Brooklyn was the appointment on July 4th, 1660, of a certain Carrel de Beauvois to the position as teacher of a Parish school, located on Red Hook Lane in a little church edifice near what is now the junction of Fulton and Bridge streets, about a pistol shot from the present office of the Board of Education, established for the benefit of the youngsters of the then strag- gling hamlet. This worthy dominie received for his services the entire tax or contribution levied for school purposes, and performed his work subject to the authority of the church consistory. His duties, and those of his successors, were more varied than can well be imagined at the present day. He taught the children — the branches of study being limited to reading and spelling, the curriculum at that time not even including arithmetic— led the church choristers, acted as a lay-reader and sexton, toiled the church bell, conducted the funerals, dug the graves, for small fees attended to all the details of the baptismal services, and served as messenger to the consistory; nor were these tasks merely perfunctory, he was under signed contract to perform them. The simplicity of the curriculum of this early day is readily explained by the multiplicity of the engagements of the teacher. The pro- gress from this stage was slow indeed, for it was not until 1749 that we find any attention paid to th3 higher branches of education, when some inde- pendent schools were established, relying for their maintenance upon the patronage of those desiring a higher training than could be gotten in the -hurch schools. After this day advancement was rapid, and checked only laring the seven years of the Revolutionary War. In 1805 the Public School Society of New York established in that city several free schools and Brook- lyn, jealous of this progress, began to reach forward in the same direction. In i3i6, after prolonged anl obstinate resistance on the part of those pre- judiced in favor of the old systems of education, there was established in Brooklyn the first free school, supported in part by a tax on the inhabitants of the district and in part by a tuition fee of $1.50 per quarter, which fee provided everything necessary for instruction. The new school was under the control of a board of three trustees and the first teacher was Judge John Dikeman. The number of scholars who presented themselves on the first day was sixty-three. The school building stood at the corner of Concord and Adams streets, subsequently the site of public school No. i. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 127 At this time there were in all 553 children in the district who did not attend school. Since this time nothing has checked the progress of the educational system in Brooklyn, a progress which has not been surpassed or even rivalled by any other American city. The present school system is con- trolled by the Board of Education with executive officers at 151 Livingston street. This Board is appointed by the Mayor and consists of forty-five members who serve gratuitously for three years. The term of one- third of the members expires annually and the vacancies are tilled by new appoint- ments. The Board appoints the executive officers, to whose care is en- trusted the management and general supervision of the entire system. This system at present embraces day, evening and industrial schools, ' Efforts are being made to establish well equipped manual training schools to meet the exigencies of a city whose manufacturing interests have so wonderfully developed in the past few decades. There are in all eighty-six public school buildings, affording accommodations for 96,385 pupils. These pupils are under the care of 2,185 teachers. The number of pupils enrolled is many hundreds in excess of the school accommodations, but new build- ings are being erected to provide for the natural demands of a so rapidly growing city. The enrollment in the evening schools is about 12,500 and the average attendance 4,200. In the orphan as^dum schools there are over 1,600 scholars and fifty-seven teachers. The value of school property is about six and a half million dollars. The salaries of teachers, which are graduated according to the grade of school and length of service, range from $350 for a teacher of the primary girls classes to $3,000 for the princi- pal of a grammar school. The total expenditure for 1892 was nearly $2,900,000, of which about $700,000 was expended on new buildings. The new school buildings are constructed upon the most improved plans and are models of their kind. The following are the most important branches of the public school system : — The Training School for Teachers, Ryerson street and Myrtle avenue, established in 1885, has a staff of fourteen instructors, and accommo- dations for 475 students. There are at present 379 young women enrolled. The school is divided into a department of theory and a department of practice. In the former the pupils receive instruction in the principles and history of education and in methods of teaching, while in the latter they are required to teach a class of young children for at least ten weeks, and thus familiarize themselves with class-room devices, the work of instruction and the management of a school in general. As an evidence of the value of this school, nearly all of its graduates have received appointments from the Board almost as soon as they have completed their studies. The cur- riculum includes all the subjects required in the primary and advanced schools in Brooklyn. The Girls' High School, Nostrand avenue near Halsey street, has a staff of fifty-six teachers, and is provided with 1,737 sittings. The number of pupils enrolled last year was 1,536. In this school three courses of study have been established — a language course of four years, an English course of three years, and a commercial course of two years. The accommodations of this school have been almost doubled by the completion of a large annex during the past year, and it seems destined that the institution will be- come one of the largest and most successful high schools in the country. 128 CITIZEN GUIDE. The Boys' High School, corner of Marcy and Putnam avenues, owes its existence as an independent organization to the division of the Central School, two years since, into the Girls' High School and the Boys' High School. The school is equipped with twenty -three instructors, and enrolled during the last year 584 pupils. The number of sittings is 705. The cur- riculum embraces three courses of study— a four years language course, a three years scientific course, and a two 'years commercial course. The Evening Schools, fifteen in number, were established some years since for the benefit of youths employed during the day who desire to ad- vance themselves, and are located at convenient points throughout the city. The courses of study are especially designed to meet the requirements of the class of pupils in attendance. Among the features of these schools are the classes in the English language for foreigners. The enrollment in each has always been large and is constantly increasing. Various expedients have been devised to aid in securing greater regularity in attendance at these schools, which work much good to the laboring classes. Attendance Schools. — Education is compulsory in Brooklyn between the ages of six and fourteen, and in order to enforce this regulation, special " truant agents " are employed by the Board, whose duty it is to report and investigate all the cases of wilful non-attendance. To free regular schools from demoralizing influences, and to insure better the correction of truant pupils, attendance schools have been established. About 40,000 visits are made by the truant officers annually, and about 10,000 cases receive special investigation. Free Scholarships in the leading educational institutions of the State — Columbia College, University of the City of New York, Cornell University, State Normal Schools, Packer Institute — numbering about 100, of an average annual value of $100, have been placed at the disposal of the Board of Education for distribution among deserving graduates of the public schools. Free Kindergartens. — There are in Brooklyn two large free kinder- garten associations, namely, the Brooklyn and the East End, both founded within the past two or three years. The object of these associations is to establish free kindergarten schools for the benefit of the little children of the poorer classes, who would otherwise go untaught during their earlier years, or be forced to submit to the more abstract methods of the public school system. These schools are equipped with all the devices and appli- ances for the natural methods of instruction. The Brooklyn Kindergarten Association maintains four schools. The East End Association is under the management of a Board of Trustees, made up of delegates from the different churches of the Eastern District interested in the movement. Offices, Grand Army Hall, Bedford avenue and North Second street. This association maintains ten schools in the Eastern District. Free Sewing Schools, for the instruction of girls with a view of en- abling them to earn an honorable living, are maintained in connection with about forty churches, chapels and missions in Brooklyn. In general the classes are held on Saturdays, between the hours of 10 and 12 A. M. or 2 and 5 P. M. Brooklyn Chautauqua Assembly, organized in 1886, embraces thirty- two local circles and a large number of affiliated readers. The objects of the organization are similar to those of the Central Chautauqua Society, with which it is associated. There are in all about 1,000 members. The resi- dent counsellor is the Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D., of Plymouth Church. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 129 Although Brooklyn cannot boast of a great university, it possesses many institutions of learning that have gained for themselves a wide and even national reputation. In the great sister city of New York there are no schools established upon the same lines that equal them in point of equipment, breadth of plan, patronage and public utility. Several of these institutions are most intimately connected with every step in the march of progress of the city of Brooklyn. They have provided her with higher education in almost every field of learning and have grown at the expense of many more pretentious colleges in this and the neighboring states. The chief among these are : The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is foremost among the educational organizations in Brooklyn, in that it is the most comprehen- sive in scope and the most alive to the wants of the general public. As at present constituted, it is the result of the organization of the old Brooklyn Institute chartered by the Legislature in 1843, which in turn was the out- growth of the earlier Brooklyn Apprentices* Library Association, founded m 1S23. From 1835 to 1891 the Brooklyn Institute occupied a building on Washington street, where through the various vicissitudes of fortune it did effective work until the building was destroyed by fire in the latter year. During the years 1887-88 a new era in the history of the Institute was inaug- urated. The property of the Institute became the nucleus of a broad and comprehensive institution for the advancement of science and art, and its membership an active association laboring not only for the advancement of knowledge, but for the education of the people through the establishment of public libraries, lectures and collections in art and science. By this new effort it emulated the work done in other cities; also a new charter was secured through the instrumentality of the most public spirited citizens of Brooklyn. The Institute has made, during the past five years, the most wonderful progress in the accomplishment of its ends. The plan of work of this organization embraces departments in every field of learning. At present the active departments are : Archaeology, architecture, astronomy, botany, chemistry, electricity, engineering, en- tomology, fine arts, geography, geology, mathematics, microscopy, miner- alogy, music, painting, pedagogy, philology, photography, physics, politi- cal and economic science, psychology and zoology. Each of these separate branches has a membership of its own and a special course of lectures. The members of the separate departments are ex officio members of the general organization, which at the close of last year had an enrollment of 1790. The corporation of the Institute has se- cured from the Legislature a grant of $300,000 for the erection of a public museum on the East Side lands bounded by the Eastern Parkway, Wash- ington avenue. Old President street and Prospect Hill Reservoir. To this fund the city corporation will add $50,000 as an endowment as evidence of the confidence reposed in the destiny of the new institution and in its power of accretion. The Brooklyn Microscopic Society, the American Astronomical Society, the Brooklyn Entomological Society, and the Lin- den Camera Club have voluntarily become special departments of the In- stitute. The plan of each department provides for lectures, exhibitions and the reading of papers on special subjects. At present the value of the property belonging to the Institute is about $250,000. The projected Museum, when completed, will be leased at a nominal rent to the Institute authorities, and the enterprise mil then have a home worthy of the great future which undoubtedly lies before it. 130 . CITIZEN GUIDE. The General Library of the Institute, which comprises about 17,000 volumes, is the oldest in the city. It is specially rich in American editions and collections of works on travel and exploration. It is free to residents of Brooklyn, and the books are loaa^I for homs u^e. The libraries of the de- partments, some of which possess valuable special collections, are for con- sultation, and are open only to members of the Institute. The Biological Laboratory, located at the head of Cold Spring Harbor, is one of the newer features of the Institute, already attracting wide inter- est and patronage ; it provides courses in Biology and Bacteriology, and offers facilities for advanced work and original investigation. The Labora- tory is open from July 7th to August 2Sth. The tuition fee for the full course is $25. The Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art is located at Southamp- ton, L. I. , and is established for the purpose of affording facilities to students and artists for study and work at the sea-shore during the summer months at reasonable rates. The school is under tlie direction of Mr. William M. Chase, President of the Society of American Artists, and is open from June ist to October ist ; loS students were enrolled last year. The tuition for the advanced classes in portrait, figure and landscape painting, is $15 per month, and for the preparatory classes $3 per month. Good boarding ac- commodations are to be had in the vicinity at reasonable rates. The Adirondack Summer School of Art was established in 1892, at the village of Worcester, Otsego County, N. Y., in the midst of a picturesque hill country, and is intended to provide abundant facilities for landscape, cattle and figure painting. The school is under the supervision of Mr. Walter Shirlaw. The tuition is $12 per month for advanced and $S per month for preparatory work. The Pratt Institute, on Ryerson street, between Willoughby and DeKalb avenues, was founded by Mr. Charles Pratt of Brooklyn, for the promotion of Art, Science, Literature, Industry and Thrift. The Institute is based upon an appreciation of the dignity as well as the value of skilled manual labor. It affords opportunities for complete and harmonious edu- cation, and develops a spirit of self-reliance ; in short, its purpose is to aid those who are willing to aid themselves. Its classes, work -shops, librar}^ reading-room and museum are for this purpose, and while tuition fees are required, yet it is the endeavor to make possible by some means consistent with self -helpfulness and self respect, the admission of every worthy appli- cant. The Institute is provided with a liberal endowment, which enables it to make merely nominal charges for tuition, and to secure the best talent and facilities for the accomplishment of its aim. The tuition fees and all other receipts are used for the advancement and maintenance of its work. The buildings of the Institution are really noble edifices, and are a splendid monument to the memory of their philanthropic founder. _ The buildings are at present four in number, the Main Building, the High School, the Science and Technologv Building, and the Trade School. They are of brick, with trimmings of stone and terra cotta, and are heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The main building is provided with a passenger elevator, which runs at all hours when classes are in session. A new build- ing is about to be constructed on the west side of R3^erson street to contain the Library, Museum, Art Department, and a large Auditorium. Ample play-grounls aggregating 192,000 square feet adjoin the buildings. The Institute U under the control of a Board of Trustees. Its work is conducted QU the departrn^nt system ; the heads of the various departments consti- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 131 tuting the faculty. Morning, afternoon arid evening classes, in all of which the character of the work is similar, are held in all departments. Both sexes are admitted on equal footing to the privileges of the Institute. An important feature of the Institute is its system of lecture courses, de- voted to practical instractioa upon the right mode of living, the problems of social and political life, domestic economy, sanitary science, literary cul- ture, ethics, etc. ; many of these courses are open to outsiders. The de- partments of the Institute are as follows : I. The High School, in which the work is similar to that of other high- schools, but is allied to various forms of manual work. Its literar}" course includes language, sociology, mathematics, science, and drawing; its man- ual work for boys comprises wood work and metal work; for girls, sewing, hygiene, home nursing, and wood carving. The fees range from $io to $20 per term. II. Department of Industrial and Fine Arts, provides practical instruc- tion in sketching and composition, freehand and instrumental drawing, clay modelling, technical designs, architectural and mechanical drawing, wood carving, and art needlework. This department is equipped with fif- teeh studios and rooms especially fitted for the various classes, and has exceptionally fine art collections for reference and study. The fees range from $3 to $15 per term, according to the studies taken. III. Department of Domestic Art and Science, provides two curricu- las, one including sewing, dressmaking, millinery, and physical culture, and the other a normal domestic science course, household science, hygiene and home nursing, public hygiene, cookery, and laundry work. Large, well appointed chemical and physical laboratories, ideal kitchens, valuable charts and models, an extensive library and a rich museum, constitute in part the equipment of this department. The fees range from $2 to $30 per term, according to the special studies selected. IV. Department of Science and Technology, affords instruction in scientific and technical subjects and practical training for the principal mechanical trades. The branches taught are algebra, geometry, physics, chemistry, electrical construction, steam and the steam engine, strength of materials, machine designing, carpentry, plumbing, and house, sign and fresco painting. The fees in this department range from $5 to $30 per term. V. Department of Commerce, gives instruction in phonography and typewriting, bookkeeping, arithmetic and penmanship, English and Spanish. Fees, $8 per term tor each day course and $6 for each evening course. VI. Kindergarten Department, is intended for the training of teachers for this branch of educational work. Fees, $30 per term. VII. Music Department, aims at conferring the benefits of a musical education upon the masses of the people. Fees, from $2 to $10 per term. VIII. Department of Agriculture, provides theoretical and practical instruction during the summer months. Tuition for two months, $15. Board, including room, furnished at $5 per week. The students in all the departments during 1891-92, numbered over 4,000; the instructors 120. The free public library of the Institute comprises 40,000 volumes, and has connected with it large, comfortable and well-lighted reading-rooms and reference-rooms, in which are kept on file over 200 leading periodicals. Over 19,500 persons have registered as members of the library, which cir- culates annually about 170,000 volumes. The library is open daily from 132 CITIZEN GUIDE. 9 A. M. to 6 P. M., and on Wednesdays and Saturdays until 9.30 P. M., while the reading-room is open on week days until 9.30 P. M. A distinctive feature of tliis institution is a sort of savings bank annex called " The Thrift," established to promote habits of economy as well as to instruct in the methods and advantages of public savings institutions. The idea is in part a copy of that employed in many large cities in Europe, and makes use of a so-called stamp system of deposits. There are three branches — investments, deposits and loans — and the plan works exceedingly well. The Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn resulted from the reorgani- zation of the former Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1854, Q-iid is located on Livingston street, between Court street and Court square, immediately behind the Municipal buildings, and occupies a very stately and spacious suite of buildings. Two courses of study are pro- vided, leading respectively to the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts. The educational work embraces two departments, the Academic and the Institute proper, each distinct from the other and occu- pying a separate building. The academic department comprises the prepar- atory courses of the Institute which are designed to prepare students for entrance there as well as for mercantile life. The studies of this depart- ment embrace the ordinary English branches with modern languages, classics and advanced mathematics. In the Institute the courses are four in number — Liberal, Engineering, Chemical and Electrical. In addition to these a post-graduate course is added in Civil and Electrical Engineering which leads to the degrees of Civil or Electrical Engineer. In each of these departments the work is equivalent to the corresponding courses in other colleges or technical schools leading to like degrees. Besides the higher English, classical and mathematical studies, the natural and applied sciences, such as chemistry, zoology, chemical philosophy, blow pipe analy- sis, geology, physics, qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, assay- ing, mineralogy, crystallography, electrical measurements and testing, there are in addition classes in surveying and engineering, architecture, astronomy and the theory and construction of steam engines. The Institute is equipped with a library of 8,000 volumes — a gift of Captain Elihu Spicer, in memory of his son. Connected therewith is a realing room amply supplied with reviews and periodicals. The gymnasium on the ground floor is furnished with every appliance for thorough physical exercise and development; it has a running track, baths and a swimming tank, and is open to students under prescribed con- ditions. The chemical and physical laboratories are spacious and exceedingly well equipped and arranged. The electrical laboratories and machine shops are very complete and are supplied with the Edison current for the generation ~)f the necessary power. The observatory is provided with an astronomical telescope. The museum on the ground floor contains good collections in geology, zoology and paleontology. The art studio is a spacious, lofty and well lighted room at the top of the Institute building and is supplied with studios and designs from the flat, in relief and plaster models. The tuition fees in the Institute are $50 per term; in the academic depart- ment from $25 to $45 per term, according to the grade. Last year over 850 stuaents were enrolled. The Packer Collegiate Institute, originally founded in 1844 as the Brooklyn Female Academy, occupies very spacious quarters on Joralemon M idJEiUMG ST, TO MMO AYZ. CHEMIST. THE OLDEST ESTABLISHED DRUGGIST IN BROOKLYN. DOUGLAS' AMANDINE SOLUTION. For the Cure and Prevention of (happed Hands, Lips and Face. Removing >iiinburn, Pimples, &c. Improv- ing and Beautifying the Complexion, Rendering tlie Sliin Fair, Soft and Transparent. i^^Gentlemen after shaving will find it allay all irritation and tenderness of the skin. PREPARED ONLY BY WNI. H. DOUGLAS, Chemist BROOKLYN, N. Y. ^^-^^t^-'^- Dear Sik:— My ^\^fe has lonpr been in the habit of using youi- "Douglas' Amandine Solution;" some of her neighbors are also in love with the very useful and meritorious article. As ve are not able to procure it here, please send us, soon as convenient, half dozen bottU's, fifty cent size. A. n . WKAY. Sec. Northern Ins. Co. of N. Y., Watertown, N. Y. Dear Sir:— Having: used vour *' Douglas' Amandine Solution" for several years, am happy to say tliat I have always found it decidedly beneficial, and 1 most cheerfully recommend it for chapped hands, lius face or any simple Irritation of the skin, one trial will convhice anj' one of its soothmg' and hednig effects. DR. J. B. BROWN. 80 Lafflvette Ave., Brooklyn, N. 1 . This Prepartion has been before the public for the last thirty years, during -which time its reputation has steadilv increased, and ic now stands unrivaled. Please procure a bottle from your Drug-grist and th )roughly test its merits, for we are confident that one trial will convince the most skeptical that its virtues are not exaggerated. For Sale by all Drugglsts^ and C. N. CRITTENTON, I 15 Fulton Street, N. Y. Price 25 and 50 Cents. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 133 and Livingston streets, half a block from the City Hall. The Institute is a memorial to Mr. William S. Packer, a distinguished citizen of Brooklyn, and is intended to provide a liberal education for young women. It has large resources and offers to students advantages for a systematic and thorough training in primary, academic and collegiate instruction. The buildings are in every way adapted to the wants of a thorough graded school. Besides the chapel, laboratories, studios, library and gymnasium, there are thirty study and recitation rooms. The halls are spacious and the ceilings high, and the rooms large and airy. The climbing of stairs by the students is obviated by the use of an elevator. The chapel has a beautiful Gothic in- terior and accommodates 800 students. The gymnasium is furnished with all desirable appliances for the physical training of young women. The phys- ical lecture room is completely equipped with all the devices and appliances of modern physical laboratories. The chemical laboratory accommodates twenty-four students at a time and is well equipped. One peculiar feature of the school is that the furniture in the class-room.s is not fixed to the floors, thus rendering it possible at any time to change the arrangement if such change is expected to promote the comfort and health of the students. Im- proved apparatus for heating by indirect radiation and for ventilation is used in every room with most satisfactory results; so perfect is the system that a vitiated atmosphere is no longer possible. The work of the Institute is divided into four departments, the primary, academic, preparatory and collegiate. In the academic department two courses are provided, a Latin course and a mathematical course, while in the collegiate department the curriculum is similar to that filled in the higher colleges and embraces such studies as logic, psychology, physiology, chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, geology and drawing. The Institute has several excellent collections of minerals and fossils illustrative of geological history, shells, birds, etc. , for use in the classes in zoology, and a large equipment of apparatus and mate- rial for the study of physiology and natural history. The observatory is provided with a six inch achromatic telescope, fitted with all necessary appurtenances. The library contains 5,000 books, well distributed over the entire field of literature. Twenty-four scholarships, securing free tuition to as many students, are at the disposal of the trustees. Last year therl were 760 students enrolled, of whom 131 were in the colle- giate department. The tuition fees, payable in advance, range from $20 a term in the primary, to $40 a term in the collegiate. The Adelphi Academy, on St. James Place, Lafayette avenue and Clifton Place, was founded in 1869, and occupies very hand- some and commodious buildings, which owe their existence to the generosity of some members of the Board of Trustees, notably Charles Pratt and Hayden W. Wheeler. In 18SS a building endowed by Charles Pratt and occupied by the scientific and art departments of the Academy, was opened. This building was especially planned with the view to healthfulness, and the scientific arrangement is a model of its kind. The courses of study and the methods of instruction are designed to furnish a thorough and systematic training. The work above the Kindergarten is divided among four departments, namely : — The Preparatory, which admits pupils between the ages of six and ten, for elementary study ; the. Academic, which admits students from nine to sixteen years, provides for a good English education and embraces among its studies physiology and some knowledge of German, French or L^tiu, English. History aud English Literature ; the Collegiate, which ad- 134 CITIZEN GUIDE. mits advanced students of all ages, providing three separate courses ; the Classical, the Literary and the Scientific, each of which leads to a diploma, and the Art, which affords advanced instruction in the history and appear- ance of artistic subjects in the highest and widest sense. The students of this latter class are frequent exhibitors at the National Academy of Design and the Water Color Society of New York, and have won no little credit for themselves and the Institution of which they are members. In each cf these departments the course is of four years duration. The Academy and College Curriculum includes extensive and practical work in the chemical and physical laboratories. About 1,150 students were enrolled last year. The instructors number fifty-two ; the tuition fees range from $10 per term in the Kindergarten to $40 in the Collegiate. The Institution possesses a very valuable library. St. Francis College, 300-12 Baltic street and 29-47 Butler street, a Roman Catholic Institution, was founded in 1859. The work of the college comprises four departments, Primary, Preparatory, Collegiate and Com- mercial. In the collegiate department the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, and Bachelor of Science, are conferred upon graduates. In the commercial department students are fitted for every species of business pursuit. The courses extend over four years and embrace in the higher departments such studies as are common to the higher institutions of learn- ing throughout the land. The college is conducted by the Franciscan Brothers. The students number about 300 ; provision is made for boarders as well as for day students. The tuition fees are very moderate ; the an- nual charge for a boarder being $250. Instrumental and vocal music, drawing and painting form part of the curriculum. A good library is con- nected with the institution. St. John's Roman Catholic College, corner Willoughby and Lewis avenues, is invested with the powers and the privileges of a university. Two courses of study are provided, Collegiate and Commercial. The col- legiate course covers those branches usually taught in literary colleges of the first rank ; the commercial course is thorough and practical, particular attention being given to arithmetic, bookkeeping, letter-writing and com- mercial law. Graduates in the former course receive the degree of Bache- lor of Arts. A post-graduate course of two years duration is provided for those desiring to progress further with their literary and classical studies. The tuition fee is $15 per quarter. The number of students is about 200. The trustees have at their disposal several scholarships and many premiums. The Brooklyn Bryant and Stratton Business College, at Court and Joralemon streets, is an institution devoted exclusively to commercial train- ing. The departments are two, namely — theory and practice. The former embraces courses of instruction in mathematics, penmanship, English lan- guage, correspondence and book-keeping, and is extended by a series of lectures upon business customs and commercial law. The department of practice comprises complete training in the different forms of business, such as retailing, wholesaling, agencies, commission, banking, etc., and is supplemented by actual work in conducting banking, jobbing and commis- sion houses, an agency bureau, a transportation office, and a completely equipped post office. The institution is. individual and adapted to the par- ticular wants of the student, enabling him to advance entirely independent of others. Progress is thus made dependent upon diligence and ability. Such trmp-ing as is here giveu has invariably secured rapid ^dymQ^mmt iu EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 135 business houses. Students are received on any school day in the 57'ear. The location of the school is central and healthful and the sanitary conditions and equipment of the building are unexcelled. The Long Island Business College, 103 South Eighth street, is the outgrowth of Wright's College, established in 1873. This institution, which has had a very rapid growth, is at present housed in a very handsome structure recently built for it. The building is excellently equipped with every convenience and arrangement necessary for a commercial institution and affords unrivalled facilities for a practical business education. The college draws its patronage from every corner of the island as well as from New York City, New Jersey and Connecticut. Day and evening sessions are provided in which the studies are substantially the same. For the day session the school year begins early in September and closes at the end of June, while for the evening session the school year begins about the middle of September and closes about the middle of April. Students are received at any time and are charged pro rata from the date of entering. The college embraces five departments: Commercial, Stenographic, Academic, Lan- guage and Drawing, in each of which a thorough training is provided. The students number about 600. Other less important educational institutes in Brooklyn are as follows : Brooklyn Heights Seminary, Montague street near Clinton ; Brooklyn Latin School for Boys, 145 Montague street ; Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, 399 Classon avenue ; Frobel Academy, 686 Lafayette avenue; College of Den- tistry ; Medical Colleges; Music and Art Schools. Schools of Art. The Brooklyn Art School in the Ovington Building, 246 Fulton street, is under the management of the Brooklyn Art Association and is conducted for the purpose of furnishing thorough courses of instruction in drawing, painting, modeling and composition. The methods of the school are similar to those employed in the great art schools of Europe and the Art Students League of New York. Special advantages are offered to artists and advanced students in the study and practice of composition. The studios are large and afford advantages for the best work. Appli- cants for admission to the Life and Painting classes are required to submit finished drawings from cast or life and for the Modeling classes examples of drawing or modeling. Applicants to the Antique classes are admitted without examination. There are seven different classes, namely: life paint- ing, antique, modeling, composition, perspective and sketch. The tuition fees varies from $3 per term in the perspective class, to $40 in the life class. The Art Guild has beeh recently consolidated with the Brooklyn Art School, which in turn is affiliated with the Department of Painting of the Brooklyn Institute. The Art School of the Pratt Institute will be found described above. Schools of Medicine. The Long Island College Hospital, located on Henry street, between Pacific and Amity streets, was organized for the pupose of practically unit- ing a medical school and hospital, and its success has surpassed the most ardent expectations of its promoters. The courses of instruction are given 136 CITIZEN GUIDE. in the hospital buildings, so that the student without any loss of time is brought in direct contact with the patients, not only in the amphitheatre, but also in the wards of the hospital. Clinical teaching is thus made a reality, and the faculties of observation of the students are brought into play. The college buildings, which are incorporated with those of the hospital, are very commodious and equipped with all the conveniences of a great hospital school. In the college department the main amphitheatre has a seating capacity for nearly 300 students, besides a large number of rooms for recitations, examination of clinical cases, etc. There are also a well ea nipped chemical laboratory and a museum, the latter contain- ing a large number of rare specimens, including valuable collections made by the late Professors Austin Flint and Frank H. Hamilton. The CoUege year is divided into two terms — a regular, and a reading and recitation term. The regular term begins in the latter part of Septem- ber and continues until the end of March. The reading and recitation term, which begins at the end of March and closes in June, is designed to thoroughly prepare the student for the ensuing regular term. The course of study extends over three years, and embraces all the branches of theo- retical and practical medicine, clinical and surgical practice taught in the other great medical schools of the country. The requirements for admis- sion are a medical student's certificate from the Regents of the University of the State of New York, or the passing of a satisfactory examination con- ducted by the college faculty. The annual tuition fees and hospital dues are about $130. The number of students is about 250, and of professors and lecturers 30. One of the most important adjuncts of this institution is the Hoagland Laboratory in Henry street, directly opposite the College buildings. It is especially adapted to scientific research in all the important departments of medicine, more particularly in Bacteriology, Histology, Pathology and Medical Photoo-raphy. The equipment includes the most recent apparatus from EuropearT manufacturers, and is perhaps unsurpassed in the country. Special courses in Bacteriology and Photo-micrography, intended particu- larly for graduates, are provided. Microscopes, necessary material and animals for experimental purposes are furnished by the laboratory. The fee for the course is $25. The Brooklyn College of Pharmacy was organized in 1891 under the auspices of the Kings County Pharmaceutical Society for the proper in- struction and training of young men and wom.en desiring to equip themselves for positions as druggists' assistants. The lecture rooms of the college are situated at 399 Classen Avenue. The course of study which extends over two years, embraces general chemistry, botany, materia medica, theoretical and practical pharmacy, phvsics and laboratory work m all departments. The college year begins in September and ends in June. There are about 70 students enrolled. The hours for work are so arranged as to enable those who desire it to engage in lucrative employment during the greater part of the day. The tuition fees are §55 for the junior, and $65 for the senior year. Schools of Music. The Grand Italian Conservatory of Music, located at Fulton street, corner of Gold, was established in 1887. In the department of voice culture it has gained for itself a wide and va^cII merited reputation. The Conserva- tory is under the management of Signor R. E. De Stefani, who is an oper- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 1ST atic artist of distinction and conducts the vocal classes. In his teaching he adopts the purest Italian method. His assistants are Professor Carlo Brizzi, a well known composer, who takes charge of the instruction in instrumental music and harmony; and his son, Professor Louis Brizzi. who is the instructor on the or^an and in solfeggio. Complete instruction is given to those desiring to finish for the profession in vocal music for church or oratorio, concert singing and English and Italian opera. In order to promote the ambition of the pupils Italian operas and public concerts are given each season in the Academy of Music or some other large hall. These entertainments have become a feature of the Institution and have met with the greatest success. The fees of tuition are moderate, and range from $40 to $80 for private vocal instructions, and from $20 to $30 in classes; and for pianoforte, organ, instrumental and harmony from $20 to $30. Instruction in the Italian language and in dramatic acting is included in the vocal department without extra charge. Over 100 pupils of the best social standing are patrons of this Conservatory. The rooms of the Con- servatory are very suitably arranged for the purposes of instruction. Facing the Fulton street side is the large hall, excellent in its acoustic properties, where the vocal lessons are given. This hall is furnished with a platform or stage, on which the students may acquire a knowledge of pose, thereby enabling them to make a graceful, effective and successful appearance before the public. On the Gold street side are the rooms for piano an.d instrumental instruction. The location is central and accessible from all parts of the city. Groschel Conservatory of Music, 136 State street, near Clinton, offers a complete course of musical instruction to amateurs and professionals. All branches of vocal and instrumental music are taught. Special attention is paid to instruction in harmony, counterpoint and chorus. A course of lectures on musical subjects is given. The Conservatory has a staff of over twenty instructors. • Libraries. The Brooklyn Library, formerly the Mercantile, on Montague street, between Court and Clinton streets, directly opposite the Academy of Music, is the chief library of Brooklyn. It is housed in a building espe- cially erected for it in 1868 at a cost of $150,000. The building is of brick with stone trimmings and the style of architecture is Gothic. The library contains about 115,000 volumes, and is supported in part by the fees of sub- scribers. The interior of the building is very commodious and well lighted and ventilated. The main floor is occupied by the reading rooms and library of special reference ; in the former are kept on file all the leading newspa- pers, magazines and reviews in the English and foreign languages. The second and upper story of the building is occupied by the library proper and the reference department. During 1S92, 100,000 persons made use df the reading rooms, and over 97,000 books were borrowed. The reference library contains 12,000 volumes, which were consulted during the same period by over 75,000 persons. A branch of the library with reading rooms has been established in the suburb of Bensonhurst. For the convenience of residents remote from the central library, nine branches have been estab- lished where books may be exchanged daily. These branches are located as follows : I. 1,176 Fulton street, corner Franklin avenue; II. Flat- bush avenue, corner Seventh avenue; III. 981 Fulton street, corner St. 138 CITIZEN GUIDE. James Place; IV. Court "street, corner First Place ; V. 19 Greene avenue, corner Cumberland street; VI. 397 Classon avenue, corner Greene avenue; VII. Lafayette avenue, corner Grand avenue; VIII. 570 Bedford avenue, corner Taylor street; IX. 515 Halsey street, corner Stuyvesant avenue. The number of volumes delivered at these branch stations in 1S92 was over 5,000. The number of members, including life and permanent mem- bers, is about 2,900, The annual subscription fee is $5; life membership may be purchased for $100, and permanent membership for $500. The library derives part of its income from real estate investment and from an endowment fund. The library is open from 8:30 A. M. to 9 P. M. ; the reading room from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M. The Long Island Historical Society Library, housed in the magnifi- cent home of the Society at the comer of Clinton and Pierrepont streets, is a reference library only for the use of members of the society or persons intro- duced by them. Occasional permission is granted by the librarian to those de- siring to consult any special department. The library contains about 48,000 volumes, including many rare and valuable books. It is rich in works relating to American local history and to family genealogy, and contains nearly all the important works which have been pubhshed upon general American history. It is also strong in English and French history and biography, and has a fine collection of costly and richly illustrated volumes, relating to fine art, antiquities and natural history. It contains a good col- lection of general literature, and is well furnished with encyclopedias, dic- tionaries and similar works of reference. The most important American and English periodicals and the New York and Brookl^m daily and weekly papers are supplied regularly, and of many of these periodicals and news- papers the library contains complete or nearly complete files. Many unpublished manuscripts are in possession of the Society, among them a large portion of the papers of Henry Laurens, the correspondence of his son. Col. John Laurens, with letters of Richard Henry Lee, General Gates and other eminent men of the period ; also a series of 123 original letters of Washington, formerly belonging to Edward Everett, and which have recently been printed by the Society. Thus far the Society has pub- lished four volumes with the following titles: Volume I. — Journal of a Voyage to New York and a tour in several of the American Colonies in 1679-80, by Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter; translated from the original Dutch manuscript. Volume II. — The battle of Long Island with connect- ing preceding events and the subsequent American retreat. Volume HI. — The Campaign of 1776, around New York and Brooklyn, including a new and circumstantial account of the Battle of Long Island, and loss of New York. Volume IV. — George Washington and Mount Vernon, a collection of Washington's unpublished agricultural and personal letters. The privileges of the library are extended to the ladies in the imme- diate families of members, and to members, and to members' sons who are minors. The terms of membership in the society are $10 for the first year, and $5 for each year thereafter. The cost of life membership is $100. In connection with the library is a very fine museum, open from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. The hours of the library proper are from 8:30 A. M. to 9:30 P. M. Next in importance rank the libraries of the Pratt Institute and the Brooklyn Institute described above. Other important libraries are : The Union for Christian Work, 67 Schermerhorn St. , containing 30,000 volumes free to all persons of good character ; open daily (Sundays and holidays Educational institutions. 139 excepted), from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M.; Saturdays to 9 P. M; the library is in part supported by an appropriation from the City Treasury; the circula- tion last year reached 183,000. The Long Island Free Library, 568 Atlan- tic Ave., containing about 8,000 volumes, open daily (Sundays and holidays excepted) from 8 A. M. to 9 P. M. Young Men's Christian Association Library, 502 Fulton St., is a free reference library to all and a circulating library among the members; it contains about 11,500 volumes; last year about 41,000 books were drawn; the reading room maintained in connec- tion with this library is free, and has on file over 300 periodicals, read daily by about 275 persons; the library is open from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M. : branches through which books are circulated are located as follows : — 131 South Eighth St., 416 Gates Ave., 362 Ninth St., cor. Pennsylvania Ave. and Liberty St.; and the Long Island College League, cor. Henry and Pacific Sts. Young Women's Christian Association Library, at the junction of Schermerhorn St. andFlatbush Ave., contains over 5,000 volumes, and is free as a reference library to all respectable young women, and as a circu- lating library to the members of the association. Law Library, Room 16, Court House, is strictly a reference library ; from it books cannot be re- moved except upon an order from a judge, and then only to the court room for use in some case or trial; it comprises about 14,000 volumes, treating upon legal subjects exclusively; the number of books consulted last year was 4,000; membership 144. Medical Society Library, 356 Bridge St., contains 6,000 volumes restricted to the use of the medical pro- fession. Public School Libraries, South Third St., cor. Driggs Ave., E. D., free to residents of school districts Nos. 16, 17, 18, 19. 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 33, 34 and 37; open to the public Tuesdays and Fridays from 4 to 6 and from 7 to 9 P. M. ; open to children on Wednesdays and Saturdays from 4 to 6 P. M. ; the library contains about 19,000 volumes, and has a very large circulation. Other important reading rooms not already described are as follows: — All Soul's Free Reading Room, South Ninth St., near Bedford Ave.; Atlantic Avenue Congregational Chapel, Atlantic and Grand Aves.; Children's Mission, 125 Eagle St.; Factory Girls* Improvement Club, 872 Bedford Ave. ; First Reformed Church, Seventh Av. and Carroll St.; First Baptist Church Free Reading Room, Hendrix St., Twenty-sixth Ward; Grace Church, Hicks St., near Remsen; Greenwood Baptist Church, Fifteenth St., near Fourth Ave., free to male residents of South Brooklyn; Hebrew Mission, Rockaway and Sutter Aves.; Kent Street Reformed Church, Kent St., near Manhattan Ave.; Marcy Avenue Baptist Church, Marcy, Putnam and Madison Aves. ; Mount Olivet Presbyterian Church Readying Room and Library, Evergreen Ave., cor. Troutman St.; Plymouth Bethel Free Read- ing Room, 1.5 Hicks St.; Our Saviour's Danish Lutheran Church, Ninth St. near Third Ave.; South Presbyterian Chapel, 184 Twenty-fourth St.; South Third Street Presbyterian Church, South Third St. and Driggs Ave.; St. Paul's P. E. Church, Clinton St. cor. Carroll; Sailors' Reading Rooms, 339 Furman St. ; Trinity Church, Dean St. , cor. Nostrand Ave. ; Willoughby Avenue Chapel, Willoughby Ave., near Grand, for young men only. Newspapers of Brooklyn. That Brooklyn is a great metropolis is shown by her enterprising, go- ahead, splendidly equipped newspapers. They are all published in the afternoon and are filled not only with the news of the city itself given in careful detail '\^^t gt tUe world at large, In sm, scope and gcng ral typo- 140 CITIZEN GUIDE. graphical appearance they are quite the equals of the morning journals of the burg over the bridge. The Citizen is the Representative Home Newspaper and the represen- tative Democratic newspaper of Brooklyn. It can boast a larger circulation among church people than most religious periodicals, because it devotes more space to church news than any other secular newspaper in the met- ropolitan district. In its Woman's Department, it is second only to the great fashion magazines. The passing whims of dress are embodied in its cut paper patterns that are furnished without cost to its readers, who make a selection from figures printed every Sunday. Fraternal Society members find in it the correct news of their orders. It is the official organ of the Legion of Honor, Tonti and the Odd Fellows. High officials of other orders write for it. Scholars in the public schools and their parents find in its Roll of Honor the rating made by the teachers of monthly progress in studies. Thus the Church, the School and the Home are catered to with unflag- ging zeal and watchfulness, and hence the Citizen has become known as the Best Home Newspaper. It has besides everything that pertains to a thor- oughly equipped metropolitan daily. The Brooklyn Eagle, the organ of the Mugwumps, recently celebrated its half century by moving into a handsome building on Washington street that contains the latest improvements necessaiy to make a live, up-to-date, prosperous newspaper. The Standard Union, the Republican organ of the Western District, forsook lower Fulton street with the Eagle and settled on the same block with its rival on Washington street, in new quarters very prettily furnished. It is a cautious, conservative, well edited newspaper. The Brooklyn Times is the able exponent of Republicanism in the city and county at large, and in the Eastern District in particular. Its location is on Broadway near the ferry, but in the near future it will have a nev/ habitation further up the street that will be a credit to the city and a pointer as to its well deserved prosperity. In the " Burg " every one swears by the Times and knows and admires its proprietor and his coadjutors. These four great dailies do not exhaust the journalistic field in the city. There are a number of neighborhood sheets devoted to special interests, trade papers, and individual church publications without end. Out on the island the press flourishes like a green bay tree. Every town has its organ, and it is a very small hamlet indeed that does not sup- port, and generously, too, a weekly exponent of Democratic or Republican opinion and a chronicler of local news. mw%Jl®M-IttEliai^TOJ« FOOLISH ADVERTISING .O JViAKE EVEF^Y OObb/ff^ TEbb, Advertisements SJHOULD BE fREfAREID /vjSID fLACEID BY The P VVy^YJ^JE VVlLSON gOJVlP/rJMY, ISTo. 23 Park Row. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. The Bureau of Charities — Public and Private Aid — Hospitals, Dispen- saries, Ambulances and Nurses — Asylums for the Insane — Juvenile Asylums and Homes for the Aged — Reformatories and Day Nurser- ies — General and Special Relief. Brooklyn is a city of almost a million inhabitants and from its juxta- position to perhaps the greatest cosmopolitan city in the world, New York, it naturally takes upon itself more or less the characteristics of the latter and exhibits every possible phase of prosperity and adversity. One of the paradoxical characteristics of human progress seems to be that in the com- munities where are found instances of the greatest wealth, there also exists examples of the most abject poverty. To this paradox Brooklyn is no excep- tion. A large proportion of the foreign population which drifts into New York finds its way to Brooklyn and meets here the same difficulties in assi- milating itself to American institutions and modes of winning a livelihood. These immigrants in general come from the middle and lower social strata of their native lands and are content with a much lower standard of living than is consistent with the spirit of cur American institutions. This tends to degrade not only the better class of foreign citizens but the lower classes of our native population. These influences, of course, are extraneous, and to them must be added the natural circumstances and tendencies in a great centre of population to produce the class of unfortunates dependent upon public or private charities. In Brooklyn, as in other large cities, the de- mands for assistance have been the means of creating a spirit of generosity, parent to benevolent institutions and societies that cover almost the entire field of charitable work. Besides the innumerable benevolent societies especially connected Vv'ith the various churches and denominations, Brooklyn contains 121 charit- able institutions more or less general in their scope. The number of beni- ficiaries of these institutions aggregated in 1892 about a half a million. The amount annually expended is about two millions of dollars, which, of course, is entirely independent of the large private contributions to similar purposes for which no estimate can be given. The value of the charitable institu- tions, public and private, in Brookl}^ is about $3,000,000. The Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, founded in 1878, acts as acharity clearing house where are intended to be registered the names of all persons seeking or receiving public or private alms. This institution confers upon charitable institutions the advantages of concurrent action so indispensible to all departments of social and business life. It is non-sectarian, non- political and cosmopolitan. Its specific objects are : the promotion of cor- dial co-operation between benevolent societies, churches and individuals ; 142 CITIZEN GUIDE. the maintenance of a body of friendly visitors to the poor ; the encourage- ment of thrift, self-dependence and industry ; the provision of temporary employment and industrial instruction ; the collection and diffusion of knowledge on all subjects connected with the relief of the poor and the maintenance of a free library of information on these subjects ; the preven- tion of imposition and the diminution of vagrancy and pauperism. The registry of this bureau includes to date 82,100 cards representing 170,000 applications for aid by or for 211,800 persons. These figures will give some idea of the value of such a bureau to institutions and persons interested in charitable work. The registry is in short a history of Brooklyn pauper- ism and other phases of poverty, and by consulting it imposters may be easily exposed and the wasteful overlapping of charitable work prevented. All the facilities of this bureau are freely at the service of those who need them. The central offices are at 69 Schermerhorn street, but to facilitate the work the city is divided into fourteen districts, each with a separate office or conference. Last year cases of about 18,000 individuals were investigated for the first time, and about 3,400 people were provided with temporary or permanent work, exclusive of those assisted by industrial agencies and the Union for Christian work. In addition to the conferences the bureau main- tains two industrial wood-yards affording temporary work for men, and tw "> industrial laundries and laundry training schools for women, two work- rooms for women, two day nurseries for babies of working parents, and a lodging house for homeless women. The income of the bureau last year amounted to about $24,000. The applications for alms from stray mendi- cants should be referred to this bureau for investigation, after which those so disposed may follow up deserving cases individually. Public or Official Aid. The Commissioners of Charities and Corrections of Kings County have charge of all charitable and correctional operations of the city and county governm^ent ; offices, 2g Elm Place, corner Livingston street. Applications for relief of any kind, admission to hospital, alms house, asylums, nurseries and work houses should be made to the superintendent of charities at this address. Permits to visit the public institutions are granted from the cen- tral office only. The city charities embrace the following institutions : The Alms tie use, a spacious brick and stone structure at Flatbush, for the care of those over sixteen years of age incapable of self support. Last year the inmates numbered about 1,200, and the expenditure w^as nearly $80,000. Alms House Nursery, an institution subsidiary to the former, and also situated at Flatbush, for the care of foundlings and infants under two years of age of impoverished parents. The County Hospital, Flatbush," is a large and vrell equipped institu- tion for the care of the destitute sick of every age, creed and nationality, residents of the county. Contagious diseases are not admitted. The num- ber of patients last year was about 3,100, and the expenditure nearly $80,000. The Insane Asylum at Flatbush is one of the greatest and most unique of the county charities. The principal building of this institution is very extensive and imposing, having a frontage of 41^0 feet and a depth of about 86 feet. The edifice is five stories high and comprises a central building and four wings all connected b}^ spacious transepts. The buildings are constructed of brick and brown stone. The facade of the central building BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 148 |s embellished by a lofty portico, supported by pillars, and presents a very imposing appearance. This building is also surmounted by a dome which renders the edifice conspicuous from a distance. The interior appointments are in keeping with all modern improvements and conveniences, and it is consequently one of the best appointed public asylums in the State. A branch of this asylum is maintained at King's Park. The cost of the main- tenance of the two institutions is about $320,000 annually. The number of inmates last year exceeded 2,000, of whom over 700 were cared for in the branch. The institution is non-sectarian and admits insane persons of all ages. The City Prison, at Nostrand avenue corner Crown street, is the offi- cial penitentiary of the city and county criminal courts, where are confined oifenders of 16 3^ears of age and upwards. Kings County Jail, in Raymond street, receives prisoners committed by the city and county magistrates. This instiution is presided over by the sheriff of Kings County. The Morgue, corner Willoughby and Canton streets, is intended for the reception and detention for a limited time, until identification, of the unknown dead from the city prisons, police stations, streets, etc. It is the most gruesome of all the city charities, and is open at all hours. Bodies are kept for three days, and if then unclaimed are buried at the public expense in the Potter's Field. Photographs are taken and the clothing and other personal effects preserved for at least one year. Hospitals, Dispensaries, Ambulances and Nurses. Brooklyn is well provided with both general and special hospitals. Many of them are equipped with every modern sanitary improvement and convenience. So perfect are some of these institutions in their appoint- ments and in the quality of the medical service and attendance that they are desirable places of refuge during sickness, and are consequently patronized by many wealthy persons who have long since recognized their superiority to the less scientific arrangements of their private residences or hotels. The medical staffs of the hospitals comprise in general the most distinguished specialists and physicians in the city. Strangers residing in boarding houses or hotels should not hesitate to make use of these institu- tions when necessary. Persons suffering from contagious diseases are not admitted to any of the general hospitals, but are sent by the officers of the Board of Health to the Flatbush Hospital. The Principal General Hospitals of the City are : The Brooklyn Hospital, Raymond street corner DeKalb avenue, founded in 1845, is the oldest and one of the most important hospitals in the city. It comprises an extensive suite of buildings from three to four stories in height, of brick with stone trimmings. The site is elevated and health- ful. The buildings are in part surrounded by an extensive and beautiful lawn. The appointments of the hospital are as perfect as engineering skiU and medical judgment can make them. Patients of all ages and creeds suffering from diseases other than contagious, are received at any hour, The number treated last year was over 1,300. The cost of maintenance is about $70,000 annually. Persons able to pay are charged from $7.00 and upwards per week, according to the attendance required. The hospital has an outdoor department and dispensary as well as a training school for nurses, mentioned below. A special department of this hospital is 144 CITIZEN GUIDE. The Orthopedic Dispensary, which was founded in 1868, in which over 1,100 cases are treated annually. It is especially devoted to the treat- ment of deformed persons of all ages. The Long Island College Hospital, founded in 1858, in Henry street, near Pacific, is a public unsectarian hospital admitting patients of all ages suffering from non-contagious diseases. The buildings of this hospital and the college associated therewith are spacious and well appointed. In the hospital department are wards for surgical, medical, and gynecological cases and a number of private wards adapted to the treatment of private pay patients. The institution is made to subserve the purpose of a clinical school and a general hospital and so far has played the double role with ad- mirable success, About 3,600 cases are treated here each year. The annual expenditure is about $75,000. An outdoor dispensary is attached to the hospital in which about 17,000 people received treatment last year. A depot of the city ambulance system is stationed at this hospital and the surgeons in attendance thereon are appointed after a competitive examina- tion open to graduates of the Long Island Hospital Medical School. Methodist Episcopal Hospital, founded in 1881, is an unsectarian institution for the care of the sick of all ages, and is situated at Seventh avenue and Sixth street. The hospital buildings, three in number, are ex- tensive and built of brick and stone. The site has been well chosen and offers many advantages for such an institution. Patients who are able to pay are charged fees in accordance with the attendance desired. Last year about 1,100 persons received treatment. The income of the institution is in part derived from an endowment fund, and in part from public and private benevolence. The annual income is about $38,000 a year. The hospital maintains a well equipped ambulance service. A training school for nurses is conducted in connection with the institution. St. Catherine's Hospital, founded in 1870, is a Roman Catholic institution for the care of the sick of all ages. It is situated in Bushwick avenue near Maujer street, and occupies a very extensive and commo- dious building. The hospital is in charge of the Sisters of St. Dominic, and although Roman Catholic in its management it is non-sectarian in its field of work, patients of every creed being freely admitted. Pay patients are received at rates proportionate to the services given. Last year over 3,800 cases received treatment. In the outdoor department a very great work is carried on, and many thousands of prescriptions are put up, and innumerable visits made. The ambulance service of this hospital is very efficient and answers about 1,500 calls annually. For support the hospital depends largely upon private subscriptions, iDut derives a small income from public funds. Patients are admitted upon personal application by in- troduction between the hours of 9 and 11 A. M. A contribution of $1.00 a quarter insures membership and in case of sickness admittance to this hospital. St. Peter's Hospital, Henry and Warren streets, a Roman Catholic institution, founded in 1864, admits persons of all ages, irrespective of color, creed or nationality. The hospital buildings are extensive and well appointed. Pay patients are received. Last year about 2,000 persons were cared for, besides whom several thousand outdoor patients received treatment in the dispensary or were visited at their homes and provided with medicine. Admission, unless in extreme cases, is between the hours of 9 A. M. and 5 P. M. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 145 St. Mary's General Hospital, St. Mark's avenue, between _ Buffalo and Rochester avenues, is a Roman Catholic institution founded in 1868. Its buildings occupy an entire block and front on St. Mark's avenue. The main facade is 700 feet long, and the wings on the adjacent avenues 225 feet. The present buildings were opened in 1882, and accommodate about 300 patients. The hospital admits patients of every creed and nation. About eighty per cent of the patients are received free, while the remain- der pay fees proportionate to their ability. A commodious ward is set apart for the diseases of children. An efficient ambulance service is connec- ted with the hospital. The appointment of the hospital buildings is in accordance with the latest discoveries in science and medicine. An out- door department is maintained. St. John's Hospital, Alban}^ street, corner Atlantic avenue, estab- lished in 1848, is a Protestant Episcopal institution, under the direct man- agement of the Church Charity Foundation Society. It receives patients of all ages, suffering from curable non-infectious diseases. The hospital building is a massive and imposing structure five stories high, 140 feet long and ninety feet wide. The institution is well-equipped, and accom- modated last year about 225 patients. The wards contain about 140 beds. Southern Dispensary and Hospital, 119 Third Place, founded in 1873, is an unsectarian institution, and affords medical relief to the poor of all ages. In 1892 about 4,500 patients received treatment. The Brooklyn Homceopathic Hospital, 105 to iii Cumberland street, founded in 1852, admits patients of aU ages and religions. The treatment in the institution is in accordance with the homoeopathic principles of medi- cine. The hospital buildings have been recently erected and are spacious and exceedingly well adapted to the uses they subserve. About 13,000 patients received treatment either in the wards of the hospital or in the out- door department last year. About $40,000 is expended yearly in the maintenance of the institution. Pay patients are received. An ambulance service and outdoor department are annexed to the hospital. Other General Hospitals are : — The Chinese Hospital, 45 Hicks street, for the treatment of Chinese of all ages ; Eastern District Hospital and Dispensary, 108 South 3d street, an unsectarian institution, which treated last year 30,000 patients of all ages and creeds ; Lutheran Hospital, East New York avenue corner Powell street, an unsectarian institution for the care of sick and wounded ; Memorial Hospital, 808 Prospect Place, for women and children of all ages ; Norwegian Lutheran Hospital, Fourth avenue and Forty-sixth street, for the care of sick Norwegians ; and the Charity Hospital at Flatbush, The Special Hospitals for the treatment of diseases indicated by the title of the Institution are as follows : — Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital, 94 Livingston street, founded in 1S68 ; Brooklyn Home for Consumptives, Kingston avenue and Butler street, founded in 1881 ; Brooklyn Maternity Hospital (Homoeopathic), 44 Concord street, founded in 1871 ; Brooklyn Throat Hospital, Bedford avenue and South Third street, founded in 1878, for the treatment of eye, ear, throat, lung, and nasal diseases; Faith Home for Incurables (non-infectious), Classon avenue and Park Place, founded in 1875 ; Orthopedic Dispensary (Brooklyn Hospital), Raymond street and DeKalb avenue ; Brooklyn Home for Habitues, 185 Brooklyn avenue, founded 1891, for the care of sufferers from opium, chloral, and similar vitiating habits ; Long Island Throat and Lung Hospital, 1025 Gates av§JJtte, f stabli§he4 i^ 1891, fpr Xh§ treatment of eye, ear, throat, lung and UQ CITIZEN GUIDE. nasal complaints ; St. Mary Maternity and Female Hospital, Roman Catho- I'c, 155 Dean street; St. Martha's Sanitarium, Kingston avenue and Dean street, for the treatment of chronic and curable diseases; Wells's Sanitarium., 945 St. Mark's avenue, a hospital for wom.en suffering from nervous and mental diseases. Dispensaries. The general and many of the special hospitals o": the city maintain free dispensaries for the treatment of outdoor patients, in which all persons receive attention for ailments or injuries not sufficieixily serious to require their confinement m the wards of the hospitals proper. Many other dis- pensaries have been established at different points throughout the city for the diagnosis of diseases and the dispensing of medicine among the worthy poor. Their value it is impossible to over-estimate. Tens of thousands of patients who would otherwise go uncared for seek the advice and relief that are freely offered to them in this way. In general a small fee is charged for the medicine dispensed. This method in part makes the institution self- supporting, and removes a barrier to many deserving persons who would rather suffer than receive assistance purely gratuitous. In the main, these charities are supported by voluntary contributions. In the performance of their work they recognize neither creed, color nor nationality. To this class belong the following : — Atlantic Avenue Dispensary, 849 Atlantic avenue ; Bedford Dispensary, 1754 Fulton street ; Brooklyn Central Dispensary, 29 Third avenue ; Brooklyn City Dispensary, 11 Tillary street; Brooklyn Medical Mission, 412 Van Brunt street and 224 Concord street ; Brooklyn Eclectic Dispensary, 142 Prince street ; Brooklyn Homoeopathic Dispensarj^, III Cumberland street; Bushwick and East Brooklyn Dispensary, Lewis corner Myrtle avenue ; Central Homoeopathic Dispensary, 39 Sumpter street ; City Park Dispensary, 302 Concord street ; Dispensar}'- for Women and Children, 161 Twenty-second street ; Long Island College Dispensary, Pacific street near Henry ; E. D. Homoeopathic Dispensary, 194 South Third street ; Gates Avenue Homoeopathic Dispensary, 13 Gates avenue ; Hillside Homoeopathic Dispensary, 478 Bergen street ; Helping Hand Dispensary, 266 Jay street ; Lucretia Mott Dispensary, 315 Atlantic avenue ; Memorial Dispensary, 811 Bedford avenue ; Orthopedic Dispensary, DeKalb avenue and Raymond street ; Red Hook Medical Dispensary, 412 Van Brunt street ; People's Dispensary, 1025 Gates avenue ; and St. Martha's Dis- pensary, Dean street and Kingston avenue. As an adjunct to these institutions vv^hich dispense advice and medicine the Brooklyn Diet Dispensary was established in 1S77, upon a strictly un- sectarian basis, for the purpose of suppljdng proper and nutritious food to the sick. Last year about 90,000 diets, consisting of milk, beef tea, nutri- tious broths and meats were dispensed. This charitable work, inestimable in its usefulness, relies for its support chiefly upon voluntary contributions. It is under the management of a group of energetic and self-sacrificing Brooklyn women. The central dispensary is at 21 DeKalb avenue ; branch dispensaries are located at S83 Myrtle avenue, 231 Lorimer street, 86 Dike- man street, 39 Sumpter street and 289 Sackett street. Ainbiilauces. At the principal general hospitals ambulances are kept in constant readiness, and may be summoned at any hour of the day or night to any part of the city for th§ transfer of accident Qases o:^ cases of non-contagious BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 147 diseases to the respective hospitals. Each ambulance is accompanied by a hospital surgeon and one or more orderlies. These surgeons carry such medicine, instruments and appliances as may be of immediate service to the suffering. Ambulances are summoned by police surgeons or ordi- nary policemen by means of a certain telegraphic signal from the police signal boxes. All hospitals are connected by wire with the police stations, and hence these are often the most convenient places from which to call an ambulance. Cases of sudden illness, whether in private houses or public thoroughfares, if reported to the police will receive prompt attention. The Health Department, office in the municipal building, main- ta,ins an ambulance corps in connection with the disinfecting bureau. This corps is more especially concerned with the removal of patients suffering from contagious diseases and their transference to the special hospitals de- voted to their care. Nurses. Brooklyn has not been behind her great sister city, New York, in the establishment of training schools for nurses. Such schools have become one of the leading features of hospital and general medical practice. In these schools the course of study embraces not only a training in the meth- ods to be adopted in the sick-room in the administration of medicine and relief, but also a thorough study of the composition, nature and action of all drugs employed in ordinary medical practice. Trained nurses are filling a field at the present day v/hich was formerly occupied, if at all, by the devoted mother, sister or friend. Strangers and residents requiring the services of such nurses, either male or female, may be furnished with them by applying either directly to the schools or through the attending physi- cian. The following hospitals maintain training schools for nurses : Brooklyn Homoeopathic. 105 Cumberland street ; Brooklyn Maternity, 44 Concord street; Brooklyn Hospital, DeKalb avenue and Raymond street; Long Island College, Henry street, near Pacific; and Memorial Hospital, 808 Prospect Place. Homes for tlie Aged, Upwards of a dozen institutions in Brooktyn are devoted to the care of aged and infirm persons of both sexes. Some of these institutions are well endowed and possess handsome and commodious buildings. The Old Ladies' Home is the pioneer institution of this class and was founded in 1851 by the co-operation of twenty-six different congregations. This home is located at 320 Washington avenue and is devoted to the care of aged and indigent w^omen. At present there are about eighty-six in- mates. The popular name of the home is the Graham Institution, so called in honor of one of its projectors, John B. Graham. It is under the man- agement of the Brooklyn Society for the Relief of Respectable Aged Indigent Females. Applicants for admission must be over sixty years of age and be provided with bedding and furniture for their apartments and pay $100. The Brooklyn Home For Aged Men, 745 Classen avenue, is an unsec- tarian institution founded in 1878 for indigent men over seventy years of age. There are accommodations for about thirty-four inmates. Brooklyn Methodist Episcopal Church Home, Park Place and New York avenue, was founded in 18S3 and is devoted to the care of infirm men over sixty-five years of age who have been members of the Methodist Church for ten years. The admission fee is $100. The property, if any, 148 CITIZEN GUIDE. of an intending inmate must be secured to the Home. At present the in- mates number about fifty. The institution is under the care of a board of lady managers, representative of the M. E. Churches of Brooklyn. Brooklyn Home For Aged Colored People, Dean street, near Albany avenue, is an unsectarian institution established two 3^ears ago for the care of the colored of both sexes over sixty-five years of age. Though unpre- tentious in appearance the Home is doing excellent work and will doubt- less enlist much sympathy and increasing financial support. Church Charity Foundation Society's Home for the Aged, Albany near Atlantic avenue, was founded in 1S52 under the auspices of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church of Long Island. It was not until 1871 that a sep- arate house was provided for the society for this branch of the work. To the Home are admitted aged persons of both sexes over sixty-five years of age who have been members of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The building, which is four stories high, is quite spacious and well adapted to the purposes of the Home. At present there are about eighty inmates. The Bishop of Long Island is President of the Board of Management of the in- stitution, which is in the direct charge of one of the sisterhoods of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church. The institution participates in the general en- dowment fund of the Society. Eligible persons incapable of providing for their own support are admitted, though a regular fee is charged inmates who can afford it. German Evangelical Home, Chauncey street near Broadway, founded in 1878, is an unsectarian institution which provides a home, clothing and all other necessary comforts-for persons over sixty years of age. The in- stitution was established especially for the aged poor of German nativity. Its growth through the past few years has been very marked. There are at present upward of 200 inmates. The institution is under the patronage and management of the German Evangelical Aid Society, under whose auspices its cojnmodious and well appointed home was erected in 1883. Intending inmates are required to pay $500, if able; but if not able, they pay according to their means. The majority are received entirely without monetary consideration. Voluntary subscriptions from the German churches and societies are the main source of income. Greenfoint Home FoR the Aged, Oak and Guernsey streets, estab- lished 1S82, admits persons over sixty years of age who are of the Protest- ant faith. Applicants for admission must have been residents of Brooklyn for at least five years. The annual dues are $50. The inmates at present number about twenty-five. Home For the Aged of the Little Sisters of the Poor, Bushwick comer DeKalb avenue, estabhshed 1868, is an unsectarian institution under the patronage of the Roman CathoHc Church. The building is of brick, three stories high, t8o feet by 72 feet, and has accommodations for 275 persons. It is well supplied with every contrivance that contributes to the comfort of its inmates. A branch of this institution is maintained at Eighth avenue and Sixteenth street. Indigent persons over sixty years of age are admitted upon presentation of a certificate of good character. In the central and branch Homes there are at present about 5 50 inmates, the major- ity of whom pay absolutely nothing for the comforts by which they are sur- rounded. These institutions are "the largest of their class in Brooklyn, and are doing perhaps the most effective work. They are supported by voluntary subscriptions. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 149 St. Peter's Home, iio Congress street, is devoted to the care of indi- gent Roman Catholics over 40 years of age, and was founded in 1886. Wartburg Home for the Aged and Infirm, in Fulton street near Shef- field avenue, was established in 1886. This is a Protestant institution for the relief of both sexes. Applicants must be at least 65 years of age, and be willing to contribute a moderate sum to their own support. At present there are about 75 inmates. Juvenile Asylums and Schools. Thirty-five institutions in Brooklyn are directly devoted to the care and education of orphans or indigent children of every age, race or religion. Many of these are provided with spacious and handsome buildings, often attractive from their architectural design and appropriate surroundings. The most noteworthy organizations in this field of work are : — The Brooklyn Children's Aid Society, mstituted in 1S86, for the pro- tection, care and shelter of friendless and vagrant youth ; and to furnish them with food, raiment, lodging, moral, religious and English education, and to train them to provide for their own wants. From a very modest be- ginning the work of the society has prospered to a wonderful degree, and at present it has under its care the following well equipped and progressive institutions : — Newsboys' Home, 61 Poplar street, for the shelter and edu- cation of homeless boys from 9 to iS years of age ; Industrial School, 61 Poplar street, and 139 Van Brunt street, for the aid and education of neg- lected little children, special attention being given to such work as wiU enable them to become capable of self-support ; Children's Nursery, 139 Van Brunt street, for the care of the infants of working mothers during their hours of absence ; Sewing Machine and Hand Sewing School, 61 Pop- lar street, for the instruction of girls of all ages in needlework, wath a view of equipping them to earn a respectable living ; and the Seaside Home at Coney Island, for the recreation, during the summer months, of little ones under 12 years of age, who would otherwise have no opportunity of breath- ing the fresh air of the seashore or country. About 6,000 children were benefited last year by the latter charity. In the other departments about 1,600 children received instruction and assistance. The society is Protest- ant in its organization and management. Brooklyn Industrial School Association, was organized in 1854, for the care and education of httle boys and girls of Protestant denominations. The Association maintains 5 schools, and a home for destitute children. The latter is located m StirHng Place near Vanderbilt avenue, and contains the principal offices of the Association. In the schools the children are taught habits of neatness and order, and are instructed in domestic orders. The children are provided, when necessary, with food and clothing, and when of a proper age, with employment. Last year about 700 children were enrolled. During minority, the institution is empowered with guar- dianship rights over its former inmates, and can protect them against the abuses of their employers. Dominican Home, or German R. C. Orphan Asylum, Montrose and Graham avenues, founded 1861, for the shelter and education of R. C. orphans of Ge;"man extraction of all ages under 14 years of age. The Asylum is connected with Holy Trinity Church, and under the charge of the Sisters of St. Dominic. There are at present about 300 inmates. The children after passing from the Asylum are indentured to farmers, trades- men and others. Wards are received and boarded from the city and 150 CITIZEN GUIDE. country. The buildings are very extensive and well appointed. The cost of maintenance is about $90,000. :, ^ -n ^ ^ ^ ur x. a Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Ralph avenue and Pacific street, estabhshed 1 8 70 for the shelter and education of Hebrew children under 15 years of a-re The new building of this Institution is undoubtedly the finest and best equipped for its special purposes of any in Brooklyn. _ The facade on Ralph avenue is 140 feet in length, and is embellished with imposing towers and an elaborate entrance. The depth of the building is 26S feet In the interior besides the ordinary rooms, are playrooms tor boys and girls, a tailor shop, dispensary, swimming baths, and many novel contrivances lor the comfort and amusement of the inmates. The building is lighted by electricitv and gas, and is heated by steam. Speaking tubes and electrical signals connect all the departments with each other, and with the central office The danger of fire is obviated by a system of electric alarms. From the top of the main tower a magnificent view is had ot the Lower New \ ork Bay and the intervening landscape. The cost of maintenance is about $30 000 a year. There are at present over 100 inmates. The Brooklyn Orphan Asylum, Atlantic avenue and Kingston street, organized 1833, is a Protestant Institution for the care and support of orphans, from 3 to 12 years of age. This building stands in the centre of the asylum grounds, and is a very handsome structure from an architectu- ral point of view and from the taste and skiU used in its arrangement it may be taken as a model institution. It cost over $250,000, and can ac- commodate 450 orphans. Its capacity is _ taxed to the utmost, few if any vacancies existing at any time. The institution is supported by an endow- ment fund, bequests and voluntary contributions. The asylum is directly governed by a committee of lady managers known as the Orphan Asylum Society of the City of Brooklyn. The cost of maintenance is about $66,000 a year. Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, office 42 Court street, w^as established in 1834, for the care of R. C. orphans, and destitute children of both sexes from 2 to 16 years of age. The Asylums of the Society are : — St. John's Home for Boys, Albany and St. Mark's avenues ; St. Joseph's Asylum for Giris, Sumner and Willoughby avenues ; St. Paul's Industrial Schools, Congress and Clinton streets, for mothers engaged at worlc during the day. Last year the number of children receiving instruction and shelter from these institutions was about 2,300. The annual cost of maintaining the charity is about $220,000. The largest institution of the society is the St. John's Home, which is one of the most extensive and well-appointed asylums on Long Island. Other Asylums and Societies devoted to the care and instruction of orphans and poor children in Brooklyn are -.—Baptist Home of Brooklyn, Greene and Throop avenues; Brooklyn Benevolent Society, 84 Amity street; Brooklyn Howard Colored Orphan Asvlum, Dean street and Trov avenue ; Brooklyn Society for the Prevention of Crueltv to Children, loq Schermer- horn street; Convent of the Sisters of Mercv, 273 Willoughby avenue; Helping Hand Mission Home for Friendless Girls, 136 Lawrence street ;' Holy Innocents Union, 112 Warren street ; Industrial and School Associa- tion of the Eastern District, 141 South Third street; -Church Charity Foundation Orphan Asylum, Albanv avenue and Herkimer street; St. Giles's Home for Cripples, 422 Degfaw street ; St. Joseph's Institute for Deaf Mutes, 113 Buffalo avenue : St. Malachi's "Home, Atlantic and V^n Sicien avenues ; St, Vincent's Home for Boys, 7 Poplar street ; Society IV:" iRiOElM Km YARP TRUST COMPANY— REAL ESTATE GUARANTEE COMPANY. Hamilton Trust Company, 191 MONTAGUE STREET, Telephone, No. 1407. Real Estate Exchange Building. BROOKLYN, N. Y. CAPITAL, $500,000. SURPLUS, $300,000 Deposits received subject to claeck payable throtigh tlie Ne^w York Clearing House. INTEREST ALLOWED ON ALL BALANCES. Special and higher rates of interest allowed when Certificates of Deposit are issued payable on demand or upon specified dates. This Company is a legal depository for Court and Trust Funds, and is autliorized to act as Administrator, Kxeculor, Trustee, Guardian and Reyristrar of Stocl. BAIRD. RICHARD FRITZ. A. D. BAIRD &C0., Stone Mill and Yard, CONNECTICUT BROWN STONE, Blue, Dorchester and Ohio Free Stone. COR. KEAP ST. and WYTHE AVE., Telephone Call, 435 Williamsburgh. BROOKLYN, E, P., N. Y, CHURCHES. 167 Russell Place, cor, Herkimer St. above Saratoga Ave., John J. Foust; Sands St. Memorial, cor. Clark and Henry Sts. , Geo. Van Alstyne; Simpson, Clermont and Willoughby Aves., J. O. Wilson; Sixth Avenue, cor. Sixth Ave. and Eighth St., W. W. Clark; South Second Street, S. 2d St. near Driggs, H. D. Weston, D. D. ; South Third Street, cor. South Third and Hewes Sts., Wm. W. GiUies; St. John's, Bedford Ave. and Wilson St., J. Wesley Johnston; St. Luke's, Penn St. and Marcy Ave., Robert Wasson; St. Paul's, cor. Richards and Sullivan Sts. , Gustav Laass; Summerfield, cor. Washington and Greene Avs., Herbert Welch, Sumner Avenue, cor. Sumner Ave. and Van BurenSt., James S. Chadwick, D. D.; Tabernacle, Manhat- tan Ave., opp. Noble St., A. S. Kavanagh; Throop Avenue, Throop Ave. near Ellery St., R. Stanley Povey; Warren Street, Warren St., near Smith, Wm. E. Smith; Wesley, Eastern Parkway, cor. Berriman -St. , Nathan Hub- bell; Williams Avenue, Williams Ave. near Atlantic, R. W. Jones; York Street, cor. York and Gold Sts., Lemuel Richardson. German Methodist Episcopal. — First German, cor. Lorimer and Stagg Sts., F. H. Rey; Greene Avenue German, 1171 Greene Ave., G.J. Bubeck; St. John's German, Yates Place between Broadway and Flushing Ave., A. Flammann; Wyckoff Street, Wyckoff, near Smith St., Frederick Gleuk. Methodist Episcopal Colored. — St. John's Mission, Howard Ave. bet. Atlantic Av. and Herkimer St. , J. F. Anderson; Union Bethel, Schenec- tady Ave. and Dean St., J. G. T. Fry; Wesle3^an, Bridge St., near Myrtle Ave., W. H. H. Butler; Cosmopolitan, Atlantic, near Troy Ave., C. H. Johnson; Fleet Street, Fleet St. near Myrtle Ave., R. H. Stitt; Union Zion, S. Third St., near Hooper, Geo. E. Smith. Primitive Methodists. — First Primitive Methodist, Park Ave. near N. Elliott PI., Owen Odell (supply); Monroe Street, Monroe St., near Stuy- vesantAv., Stephen Wright; Orchard, Oakland St., near Nassau Ave., J. J. Arnaud; The People's Mission of the Fourth P. M. Church, 246 Myrtle Ave., vacant; Welcome Primitive Methodist, Classon Ave. near Myrtle, Cornelius V. A. Lacour. Methodist Free Church. — First Free Methodist, Sixteenth St., near Fourth Ave., J. T. Logan. Methodist Protestant. — Trinity, South Fourth St., cor. RoeblingSt., J. H. Lucas; Mission, North 3d St., J. J. White. Protestant Episcopal. — All Saints, Seventh Ave., cor. Seventh St., Melville Boyd; Calvary, Marcy Ave. cor. S. Ninth St., Cornelius L. Twing; Christ, (E. D.) Bedford Ave., near Division Ave., James H. Darlington, Ph. D.; Christ, cor. Clinton and Harrison Sts., Arthur B. Kinsolving; Christ Chapel, Walcott St., bet. Van Brunt and Conover, James Buchanan, Ph. D.; Church of Our Saviour, Clinton St., cor. of Luquer, Hugh Maguire; Church of the Ascension, Kent St., R. W. Cochrane; Church of the Atone- ment, Seventeenth St., near Fifth Ave . , E. Homer Wellman, B. D.; Church of the Good Shepherd, McDonough St. , bet. Lewis and Stuyvesant Aves. , A. F. Underbill; Church of the Messiah, cor. Greene and Clermont Aves., Charles R. Baker; Emmanuel (St. Martin's) President, cor. Smith St., H. Ormond Riddel; Grace Church on the Heights, Grace Court, cor. Hicks St., C. B. Brewster; Grace, Conselyea St., near Lorimer, Wm. G. Ivie; Grace Chapel, High St., near Gold St., vacant; Holy Comforter (Schenck Mem- orial), Debevoise St., (E. D.), Wm. T. Tierkel; Holy Trinity, Clinton St., cor. Montague, C. H. Hall; St. Andrew's, 47th St. , near Third Ave. , Wm. Allan Fiske, LL.D.; St. Ann's, cor. of Clinton and Livingston Sts., Reese F. Alsop, D. D.; St. Augustine's, Canton, n^^r Park 168 CITIZEN GUIDE. Ave., J. P. Williams; St. Barnabas', Bushwick Ave. , opp. Ralph St., David L. Fleming; St. Bartholomew's, Bedford Ave. and Pacific St., Turner B. Oli- ver; St. Chrysostom's, Tompkins Ave., cor. McDonough St.. J. B. Nies; St. Clement's, Pennsylvania and Liberty Aves., R. F. Pendleton; St. George's, Marcy Ave., cor Gates, H. R. Harris; St. James', Lafayette Ave. and St. James PL, Chas. W. Homer; St. John's, St. John's PL, near Seventh Ave., Geo. F. Breed; St. John's Chapel, Albany Ave., cor. of Atlantic, A. C. Bunn; St. Jude's, 55th St., near 13th Ave., Blythebourne, Robt. Bayard Snowden; St. Luke's, Clinton Ave., near Fulton, Henry C. Swentzel; St. Margaret's hapel, 135 Van Brunt St., pastorate vacant; St. Mark's, Adelphi St., opencer S, Roche; St. Mark's (E. D.), cor. of Bedford Ave. and S. Fifth St., Samuel M. Haskins, D. D.; St. Mary's, Classon and Willoughby Aves., W. W. Bellinger; St. Matthew's, Throop Ave., cor of Pulaski St., A. A. Morri- son; St. Michael's, North Fifth St., near Bedford Ave., W. H. Thomas; St. Paul's, Chnton and Carroll Sts., J. Dolby Skene; St. Peter's, State St., near Bond, Lindsay Parker, M. A. ; St. Stephen's, Jefferson and Patchen Aves., Henry T. Scudder; St. Thomas', cor. Bushwick Ave. and Cooper St., James Clarence Jones, Ph. D. ; St. Timothy's Chapel, Howard Ave., near At- lantic Ave., Walter T. Stecher; The Church of the Redeemer, Fourth Av. and Pacific St., G. Calvert Carter, M. A.; The Church of the Reformation, Gates Ave. , bet. Classon and Franklin Aves. , J. G. Bacchus, D.D.; Trinity, ArHngton and Schenck Aves. , N. R. Boss. Presbyterian. — Ainslie Street, cor. Ainslie and Ewen Sts., R. S. Daw- son; Arlington Avenue, cor. Arlington Ave. and Elton St., Augustus B. Prichard; Bethany, McDonough St. and Howard Ave., John A. Billingsley; Bethlehem Mission, 575 Atlantic Ave., D. M. He^^-drick; Central, Tompkins aad Willoughby Aves., John F. Carson; City Hall Chapel, Concord near Gold St., Henry G. Golden; Classon Avenue, cor. Monroe St. and Classon Ave., Jos. Dunn Burrell; Cumberland Street, bet. Myrtle and Park Aves., G. M. Makely; Cuyler Chapel of Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, 358 Pacific St. near Bond, John Lewis Clark; Duryea, Clermont Ave. near Atlantic, John E. Fray; Emanuel Chapel, Central Ave. near Madison St., Wm. Phin Mackay; Fifth German, Moore St. near Humboldt St., Charles H. Schwarzbach; First, Henry St. near Clark St., Charles Cuthbert Hall, D. D.; First German, cor. Leonard and Stagg Sts., John G. Hehr; Franklin Avenue, Franklin Ave. near Myrtle, Charles Edwards; German Evangelical, WyonaSt., bet. Fulton St. and Jamaica Ave., Henry Freeh; Grace, Stuyvesant Ave. near Jefferson, Asbiiry C. Clarke; Greene Avenue, Greene Ave., bet. Reid and Patchen Aves., H. G. Mendenhall; Hopkins Street (German), Hopkins St., A. W. Fismer; Kirche Friedens, Willoughby Ave. near Broadway, Louis Wolferz; Lafayette Avenue, Lafayette Ave. cor. S. Oxford St., David Gregg, D. D.; Memorial, Seventh Ave. and St. John's PL, T. A. Nelson, D. D.; Mount Olivet, Evergreen Ave. cor. Trout- man St., David Junor; Noble Street, Noble St. cor. Lorimer St., R. D. Sproull, D. D.; Olivet Chapel, Bergen St. near 6th Ave., pastorate vacant; Prospect Heights, 8th Ave. and loth St., Wm. A. Holliday, D. D.; Ross Street, Ross St. near Bedford Ave., J. E. Adams; Second, Clinton St. cor. Remsen St., John Fox; Siloam, Prince St. near Myrtle Av., W. R. Law- ton; South Third Street, cor. S. 3d St. and Driggs Ave., John D. Wells, D. D. ; Tabernacle, Clinton Ave. and Greene, T. DeWitt Talmage; Throop Avenue, Throop, cor. Willoughby Ave., Louis R. Foote, D. D. ; Trinity, cor. Marcy and Jefferson Aves., J. H. Montgomery; Westminster, Clinton St, cor, First PL, Alfred H. Moment, D, P, CHURCHES. 169 United Presbyterian. — First United Presbyterian of Brooklyn, S. ist and Rodney Sts., James H. Andrew; Second United Presbyterian, cor. At- lantic Ave. and Bond St. , D. J. Patterson. Reformed Dutch. — Bedford Avenue, Bedford Ave. cor. Clymer St., A. W. Mills; Bedford, Ormond PI. cor. Jefferson Ave., H. C. Berg; Bethany, Hudson Ave. near Myrtle, pastorate vacant; Bethany Chapel, Schenck Ave. near Liberty, pastorate vacant; Centennial Chapel, under care of First Reformed Church, Wyckoff St. near 3d Ave., O. P. Stockwell; Church on the Heights, Pierrepont St. near Henry, Wesley Reid Davis, D. D.; E. N. Y. Reformed, New Jersey Av. near Fulton, Jesse W. Brooks, Ph. D. ; First Reformed, 7th Ave. and Carroll St., James M. Farrar, D. D.; Ger- man, Herkimer St. near Howard Ave., J. Webber; German, Graham Ave. near Jackson St., W. Wolenta; Kent Street, Kent St. near Manhattan Ave., Lewis Francis; New Lots, New Lots Ave. near Schenck Ave., N. Pearse; North Reformed, Clermont Ave. , bet. Myrtle and Willoughby , Edwin F. Hal- lenbeck; Ocean Hill, Herkimer St. near Hopkinson Ave., A. Messier Quick; OldBushwick, cor. Bushwick Ave. and N. 2d St., T. Calvin McClelland, Ph. D.; South Brooklyn, 3d Ave. and 52d St., John Tallmadge Bergen; South Bushwick, Bushwick Ave. cor. Himrod St., George D. Hulst, Ph. D.; St. Peter's German Evangelical, cor. Union Ave. and Scholes St., John C. Guen- ther; Twelfth Street, 12th St., bet. 4th and 5th Aves., John E. Lloyd. Unitarian.— Church of the Saviour, Pierrepont St. cor. Monroe PI., Samuel A. Eliot; Second Unitarian, cor. Clinton and Congress Sts., J. W. Chadwick; Unity Church, Gates Ave. and Irving PL, Stephen H. Camp. Universalist.— All Souls', S. 9th near Bedford Ave., John Coleman Adams; Church of Our Father, Grand Ave. and Lefferts PL, C. Elwood Nash, D. D.; Church of the Good Tidings, (Fourth Universalist), Quincy St. near Reid Ave., J. Russell Taber; Prospect Heights (South Brooklyn), 8th St. cor. 7th Ave., J. M. Bartholomew; Church of the Reconciliation, N. Henry St. near Nassau Ave. , pastorate vacant. Miscellaneous. — Berean Evangelical Church, cor. Sumner Ave. and Kosciusko St., W. Gould; Church of the New Jerusalem, Monroe PL cor. Clark St., J. C. Ager; Church of Christ (Disciples), Stirling PL, near 7th Ave., Thomas Chalmers; Church of Christ (Second), Humboldt St. near Nassau Ave., A. B. Phillips; First Church of Christ (Scientist), Aurora Grata Cathedral, Bedford Ave. and Madison St., Frank E. Mason; First German New Church Society, 246 Lynch St., Wm. Diehl; First Reformed Catholic, Cumberland St., E. H. Walsh; Friends' Orthodox Church, cor. Lafayette and Washington Aves. , James B. Chase; Household of Faith, Greene Ave. near Tompkins Ave., Wm. N. Pile; Moravian Church, Jay St. near Myrtle Ave., Clarence E. Eberman. Roman Catholic— St. James' Pro-Cathedral, Jay St., cor. Chapel, Bishop McDonnell, J. A. Brosnau, Pro-rector; St. John's Chapel, Clermont Ave., cor. Greene, James H. Mitchell; All Saints (German), Throop Ave. and Thornton St.,^ Anthony Arnold; St. Alphonsus (German), Kent St., near Manhattan Ave., Wendelin Guhl; St. Ambrose, Tompkins and De Kalb Aves., D. J. Sheehy; St. Agnes, Hoyt and Sackett Sts., James S. Duify; St. Anne's, Front and Gold Sts., James J. Durick; St. Anthony of Padua, Manhattan Ave., opp. Milton St., P. F. O'Hare; Annunciation of the B. V. Mary (German), N. Fifth and Seventh Sts., George Kaupert; Assumption of the B. V. Mary, York and Jay Sts., James J. McCusker; St. Augustine's, Sixth Ave. and Stirling PL, Edward W. McCarty; St. Benedict's (German), Fulton St. near 170 CITIZEN [GUIDE. Ralph Ave., John M. Hanselman; St. Bernard's (German), Rapelyea St. near Hicks, Michael N. Wagner, S. T. D.; St. Boniface's (German), Duffield St. near Willoughby, George Foser; St. Bridget's, Linden St. and St. Nicholas Ave., John McCloskey; Blessed Sacrament, Ftdton and Market Sts., Joseph J. McCoy; St. Cecilia's, Herbert and N. Henry Sts., Edward J. McGoldrick; St. Casimir's (Polish), Greene Ave., near Adelphi St., Vin- cent Brov/nikowski; St. Charles Borromeo's, Sidney PI. cor. Livingston St., Thomas F. Ward; St. Edward's, Canton and Division Sts., James F. Mealia; Fourteen Holy Martyrs, Central Ave. and Covert St., B. F. Kurtz; St. Francis de Sales, Broadway and Hull St., E. M. Porcile, S. P. M.; St. Francis Xavier, Carroll St. and Sixth Ave., David J. Hickey; St. George (Lithuanian), N. Tenth St. and Bedford Ave., M. Yodyszus; Holy Name, Ninth Ave., cor. Prospect, Thomas S. O'Reilly; Holy Family (German), Thirteenth St., bet. Fourth and Fifth Aves., James J. Hanselman; Holy Trinity (German), Montrose Ave., bet. Graham Ave. and Ewen St., Michael May, V. G.; Holy Rosary, Chauncey St., near Reid Ave., Domi- nick Monteverde; Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Leonard and Maujer Sts., James Taaffe; St. John the Evangelist, Twenty- first St., near Fifth Ave., Bernard J. McHugh; St. John the Baptist, Wil- loughby Ave. , bet. Lewis and Stuyvesant Aves., J. A. Hartnett; St. Joseph's, Pacific St., near Vanderbilt Ave., Edward Corcoran; St. Leonard's (Ger- man), Hamburgh Ave. and Jefferson St., Henry F. Weitekamp; St. Louis' (French), Ellery St., near Nostrand Ave., James Jallon; St. Malachi's, Van Siclen near Atlantic Ave. , Mortimer Brennan; St. Mary's Star of the Sea, Court and Luqueer Sts., Joseph O'Connell, D. D.; St. Matthew's, Utica Ave. and Degraw St. , Patrick J. McClinchy; St. Michael's (ItaHan), York and Jay Sts., P. De Santi; St. Michael's (German), John St., near Atlantic Ave., A. M. Nieman; St. Michael's, Fourth Ave. and Twenty-second St., Henry A. Gallagher; Nativity of Our Blessed Lord, Classon Ave. and Madison St., Michael J. Moran; St. Nicholas (German), Olive and Powers Sts., John P. Hoffman; Our Lady of Good Counsel, Putnam Ave., near Ralph Ave., Eugene P. Mahoney; Our Lady of Mere}-, Debevoise PI., near De Kalb Ave., P. J. McNamara, V. G.; Our Lady of the Presentation, Rocka way and St. Marks Ave., Hugh Hand; Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Italian), N. Eighth St. and Union Ave., Peter Saponara; Our Lady of Sorrow (German), Morgan Ave. and Harrison PL, John Zentgraf; Our Lady of Victory, Throop Ave. and McDonough St., James J. Woods; St. Pat- rick's, Kent and Willoughby Aves., Thomas Taaffe; St. Paul's, Court and Congress Sts., Wm J. Hill; Sts. Peter and Paul, Wythe Ave., bet. S. Second and S. Third Sts., Sylvester Malone; St. Peter's, Hicks and War- ren Sts., John J. Canmer; Sacred Heart, Clermont Ave., near Park Ave., John F. Nash; Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Italian), President and Van Brunt Sts., Pasquale De Nisco; St. Stanislaus Martyr (Scandinavian), Fourteenth St., near Sixth Ave., Claudius H. Dumahut; St. Stephen's, Summit and Hicks Sts., Michael T. Kilahy; St. Thomas Aquinas, Fourth Ave. and Ninth St., James Donohoe; St. Teresa's^ Classon Ave., cor. Butler St., Joseph McNamee; Transfiguration, Hooper St., cor. of Marcy Ave., John M. Kiely; St. Vincent de Paul, N. Sixth St., near Bedford Ave., Martin Carroll; Visitation of the B. V. Mary, Verona St., cor. of Richards St., John J. Loughran, D. D. Ecclesiastical Institutions. — St. John's Theological Seminary, Lewis Ave. and Hart St., J. A. Hartnett, CM. REAL ESTATE. New Utrecht Properties. William P. Rae Company BROKERS Managers r^ : AND . ^ REFER TO MAP LOCATING OUR SUBURBS: 57th to 60th Streets. 8th Avenue, to 22d Avenue, 9th Avenue to 13th Avenue, 37th to 40th Streets. Norton's Point„coNEv,sLAND, CHOICEST LOCATION OF ALL NEW UTRECHT. Mapletonj: Martense, QUICK TRANSIT TO BROOKLYN and NEW YORK. 25 Minutes to Bridge, 35 Minutes to Battery. 4 Steam Railroads. 2 Electric Railways. FINEST BOULEVARD DRIVES IN ALL DIRECTIONS. CHOICE BUILDING SITES, Prices, 3200, 3250, 3300 to 3500. WELL-BUILT DWELLINGS— Extra ground. Prices, 33,500, 35,000 to 37,000. Proper Restrictions. Time Payments. Easy Terms. WATER, GAS, EVERY IMPROVEMENT. SCHOOLS, CHURCHES AND STORES. ViolT ANY UAY. Yx^q passes and lithographed plans upon application to WILLIAM P. RAE COMPANY, 394 Gates Ave., cor. Nostrand Ave., ) ^3 189 & 191 Montague St., (2a Fioor^ ) A^rOOKiyn, IMI.BIEOS-EYE VII ^ < o o o ^ -e— 7 «T ^OFLONGISLANl TELEGRAPH— PAPER. WALTER C. HUMSTONE, CHARLES H. ERWIN, WM.. G. MAGOWAN. President. Vice-President. Secretary and Treas. rrxzis Brooklyn District Telegraph Co. Principal Office, 369 Fulton St., ARBUCKLE BUILDING, CITY HALL SQUARE. BRANCH OFFICES. 1074 BEDFORD AV., « « 'J'SG FULTON ST., 1233 BEDFORD AV., 313 l'?19 FULTON ST., 1080 BROADWAY, 414 MYRTLE AV., 325 COURT ST., Flflthlish Av 242 SUMNER AV., 420 FIFTH A v., ' ■ctv»^v*vJii my. Reliable Messenger, Fire and NIGHT POLICE PATROL Service Day and Night. Residences, Stores, Factories, etc., connected with our Improved BURGLAR ALARM SYSTEM at Reasonable Rates. Also TEM- PORARY ALARMS for SUMMER PROTECTION ONLY. KIGHT WATCH SIGNALS A SP£CIAIiTY. EDWARD J. MERRIAM, WHOLESALE .-. AND /.RETAIL. He made the paper used in this book, and Makes to Order and has on hand all kinds, sizes, weights and colors of IT WILL BE WELL FOR YOU TO REMEMBER THIS. 23 Beekman Street, New York City, CHURCHES. 171 Religious Communities. — House of the Fathers of the Congregation of the Mission, Lewis and Willoughby Aves., J. A. Hartnett, C. M.; House of the Fathers of Mercy, Broadway and Hull St. ; E. H. Porcile, S. P. M. , Monastery of St. Francis of Assisi, 33 to 47 Butler St., Bro. Jerome; House of the Christian Brothers, Jay St., adjoining Rectory of St. James Pro- Cathedral, Bro. Castoris; Monastery of the Visitation, Clinton and Wi- loughby Aves. , Mother M. Philomena Darphin; St. Francis of Assisium, Convent of Sisters of Mercy, Willoughby and Classon Aves., Mother Mary Stephen Salter; Convent of the Sisters of Charity, Congress St., near Court, Sister Marie Louise; Convent of the Sisters of Christian Charity, 191 8 Ful- ton St., Sister Caroline; Mother House of the Sisters of St. Dominic, Mon- trose and Graham Aves., Mother M. Emily Barth; Convent of the Order of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, Pacific St. and Hopkinson Ave., Sister Mary Francis Xavier; Monastery of the Most Precious Blood, 212 Put- nam Ave., Mother Mary Gertrude; Novitiate of the Sisters of St. Dominic, Amityville, Suffolk Co., Sister M. Juliana Garch; Mother House of the Sisters of St. Joseph, Flushing, L. I. CEMETERIES. Description of the Great Burying Places in and about Brooklyn- Incineration. Within the limits of Brooklyn or in the immediate vicinity are over thirty cemeteries, embracing an aggregate area of over 3,100 acres, or about five square miles. Up to the present date more than 1,750,000 interments have been made in these "God's acres." These cemeteries, however, must not be regarded as strictly Brooklyn institutions, bu": as the bury- ino- places of Brooklyn, New York, and the metropolitan district in gen- eral. From the prohibition in 1851 of burials south of Eighty-sixth street on Manhattan Island, the great increment in the number and extent of the Brooklyn cemeteries may be dated. Convenience of location, rural attract- iveness, beauty of surroundings, and the general character of the soil, very naturally led to the establishment of numerous cemeteries on the western extremity of Long Island. Here are to be found burying places of almost every denomination, as well as many larger reservations, such as Green- wood, the Evergreens, Cypress Hills, etc., upon which no race or sectarian restrictions are imposed. Millions of dollars have been expended upon the topography and monuments of these great cities of the dead. They contain the finest specimens of sculpture in the country, and are second to none of the city parks as places of restful recreation and public resort. No stranger should sojourn in Brooklyn or its neighborhood without visiting Greenwood Cemetery, which is without a doubt the greatest necropolis of America, and the rival in beauty of scenery and works of art of the most noted cemeteries of the Old World. The following are the cemeteries in Brooklyn and vicinity. The ar- rangement is alphabetical. Ahawath Cheseds, a small Jewish cemetery, thirteen acres in extent, situated in East WilUamsburgh, reached by the Long Island Railroad and North Second street surface cars, from Eastern District ferries. Bayside Cemetery is a non-sectarian burying-ground, located near Jamaica, Queens County. Area, twenty acres. Reached by the Long Island Railroad to Woodhaven, and by the electric railroad from East New York. Calvary Cemetery, at Newtown, Queens County, is the principal Roman Catholic burying-ground of Brooklyn and the metropohtan district. Over a half milhon people are buried here. The cemetery was laid out in 1848, and was at first limited in extent. The grounds, with the recently annexed portion, cover an area of more than 300 acres, subdivided into sec- tions intersected by numerous avenues, roads and foot-walks. The older part of the cemetery occupies a very commanding position on the crest of CEMETERIES. 173 tlie hill, which slopes gently away on all sides. The grounds have been very artistically laid out, the vv'hole producing a pleasing rural effect. One of the chief points of interest is the Soldiers' Monument, erected in 1866 by the City of New York in commemoration of the Union Troops who fell during the Civil War. This monument is a granite shaft 45 feet high, sur- mounted by a life size figure in bronze typifying " patriotism." The sup- porting figures, four in number, symbolize different branches of military service. The remains of Catholic soldiers, who died during the Rebellion, and for whose interment no provision was made elsewhere, are buried in the plot surrounding this monument. The cemetery is owned and man- aged by the Trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. It is reached by the Grand street horse car line from all the Eastern District ferries, and by the Long Island Railroad from Long Island City. Chevra B'Nai Siiolanu is a small Jewish burying-ground, situated on Morris avenue, Newtown. Opened for interments last year. Reached from Long Island City by the Long Island Railroad and the horse car lines. Cypress Hills Cemetery embraces about 400 acres, partly in Kings and partly in Queens County, near the North-eastern boundary of Brooklyn on Jamaica avenue. The cemetery was organized in 1847. The site of the cemeter}?- has a historic fame. During the battle of Long Island it was se- lected as a centre of strategic movements by General Woodhull, and was strongly fortified. Several British cannon balls have been found from time to time by the workmen in the cemetery. The grounds are somewhat ir- regular in shape, and are made up of hills, gently sloping valleys, and level stretches interspersed with small lakes, and shaded by large trees and artistically arranged shrubbery. From the observatory on Mt. Victory, the most elevated point of ground, may be had a splendid view of New York Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, the Highlands of New Jersey, the Hudson and East Rivers, the Palisades and the cities of New York and Brooklyn. Numerous benevolent, ecclesiastical and humane societies own plots in the cemetery. The " Soldiers' Plot," known as the Soldiers' National Ceme- tery, is a reservation purchased by the United States Government, and, under the care of a special keeper, contains the graves of about 4,000 sol- diers, many of whom were veterans (5f the war of 1812. The American Dramatic Fund Association own a plot in which are to be found the tombs of Lysander Thompson, Chas. D. S. Howard, Geo. Sekeritt and other stars of the early American stage. The founder of the fund, Francis Courtney Weymiss, is buried in an adjoining lot. This great city of the dead abounds in elaborate and stately vaults and monuments, attractive, not merely on account of their chaste and artistic designs, but also for their historic associations. Among the notable monuments are the Press Club Monument, the Metropolitan Police Monument, and the monument to Col. Jas. H. Perry, erected by members of the 48th Regiment, N. Y. Volunteers, in honor of their commander. The grounds are reached by Atlantic avenue Rapid Transit Railroad to Crescent street, by horse cars from Grand or Roosevelt street ferries, b}^ Jamaica and Brooklyn Electric Railway, by the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad, or by the horse cars from Broadway and Fulton street. The Evergreens, a rural cemetery chartered October 6th, 1849, em- braces 300 acres and is situated in the eastern part of Kings, and on the con- tiguous western boundary of Queens county. Its main entrance is on Bush- wick avenue and Conway street, Brooklyn. It is at the focus of all the principal lines of travel and conveniently accessible from, the most widely 174 CITIZEN GUIDE. remote parts of Brooklyn and New York. Notwithstanding these un- equalled facilities of access, the location is appropriately secluded from the noise and bustle of the great world of life whose surges break into silence at its borders. Its grounds are unequalled in their fitness for a necropolis. Nature has endowed the spot with varied and picturesque sylvan beauties and a charming diversity of landscape. Magnificent woodland vistas and reaches of mossy, emerald sward loom up in panoramic surprises as the vis- itor rambles over the knolls and slopes, across the dells and plains, and by the margin of the lakelets that here abound. From the terraces of the cem- etery and from the summits of its higher hills the prospect embraces the great cities with their manifold engineering and architectural wonders, and in striking contrast therewith, hamlets nestling amid rural charms, glimpses of bays dotted wnth numerous islands, and, in the distance, the majestic ocean bearing the nation's commerce on its breast. To these admirable nat- ural advantages are to be added the elaborate adornments of art which unstinted outlay on the part of the Trustees has supplied and is continually supplying, and which arise in costly cenotaphs, shrines and monuments, erected by wealthy patrons as tributes to the m-emory of their dead. The selection of its site was made by its promoters after a careful and extensive survey of the entire vicinity of New York and Brooklyn. The original enclosure comprised two hundred acres, which has since been aug- mented by successive additions to the north, south and east, to the present dimensions of three hundred acres. Broad, substantial stone roads, bor- dered with paved gutters, furnish at all seasons a hard and pleasant drive of many miles, conducting the visitor to every part of the cemeter3^ Invit- ing footpaths wind their pleasant ways over and around the hills and ex- plore each shady nook and dell. Few cemetery sites in the world have been more prodigal in their possibilities of development, and the genius of the landscape gardener has here won some of its most noteworthy and ad- mirable triumphs. The work of grading the entire grounds, a work involv- ing immense labor, is now going forward, and is prosecuted with constant regard to the enhancements of beauty and utility. Water for drinking pur- poses, from the pipes of the Brooklyn City Reservoir, is furnished for the convenience of visitors through hydsants placed at appropriate distances upon the grounds. When to these accessories and conditions is added the dry and sandy character of the soil, due to the elevation of the site, it will be understood v/hy orderly thousands of admiring visitors from the crow^ded cities are al- most daily to be foiind in this peaceful resting place, attracted not less by its solemnizing inspirations than by the rural quiet and artistic beauty of the grounds. Considered, therefore, with reference to its position of near- ness and accessibility, the availableness of its entire surface for the purpose of interment, the extent, diversity and beauty of its grounds, its native for- est growth and the loveliness of its surroundings. The Evergreens com- pares most favorably with all other rural cemeteries. Great public interest is manifested in this cemetery, an interest evidenced not only by the throngs who daily visit the spot, but by the rapidly increasing demand for lots and graves. The grounds are reachedby the street cars in Brooklyn from Roosevelt, Grand, 23rd street, Fulton or Wall street Ferry, or by the Brooklyn Elevated R. R. to East New York, or by Manhattan Beach R, R, from Long Island City and statipns along the route, CEMETERIES. 175 Mortuary Art in the Evergreens. One of the handsomest pieces of monumental work that has been erected in a long time past in any of the great cemeteries in the neighborhood of New York is that in the plot of the Actors' Fund in the Cemetery of the Evergreens. It has since been admired by thousands, and all are loud in their praises of the skill which produced its fair proportions. It is the work of the eminent house of R. Cocroft's Sons, v/ho have their works at the corner of Conway street and Bushwick avenue — at the entrance of the Cemetery of the Evergreens. The business now carried on under this style was originally established some thirty years ago by Mr. R. Cocroft, and about sixteen years ago he was succeeded by his two sons, Mr. James Cocroft and Mr. Samuel Cocroft — two very able and popular gentlemen, who have made for themselves and their work a most honorable reputation. The firm undertake every kind of monumental work, in granite and marble, from the plainest to the most elaborate. They produce some of the most artistic and elegant cemetery work ever seen in this country. They personally super- vise all orders, and allow no work to leave their shops until properly exe- cuted and finished, and give the same attention to the smallest tombstone as to the most expensive monument. As their workshops and ground cover a space of eight city lots, they have ample room and facilities for exe- cuting the largest as well as the most modest tombstones. The Actors' Fund monument is one of the best examples of the skill and taste of the firm upon a large scale. The monument and enclosure cost $9,000. Other notable productions' of the house are as follows : A monument for Henry Batterman, of Williamsburg, and one for his father in Greenwood Cemetery. One for Charles Plummer, of New York. One for Geo. C. Bennett, President of the Cemetery of the Ever- greens. One for Samuel Colville, Treasurer of the Actors' Fund. A monument for Ferdinand O. Hen in Evergreen Cemetery. A monument for George W. Adams in Evergreen Cemetery. A very large number of other monuments the productions of this firm have been erected in other cemeteries throughout the United States. The firm have recently built a vault for Wm. Krauss, of New York, in the Salem Fields Cemetery, costing $7,000, and are about com- pleting one for Mr. M. Newborg, to cost about $8,000. A specialty is made of work in Brooklyn and its vicinity and throughout Long Island. Both of the Messrs. Cocroft are thoroughly practical men and take a great pride in the fine character of the work they do. They employ a force of about twenty men at the works and have about as many more working in different quarries. Personally speakmg, Mr. James Cocroft and Mr. Samuel Cocroft are both very courteous and popular gentlemen, and are highly spoken of by all who know them. Their business is now in a better condition than ever before. In the manufacture of monuments and tombstones at these works granite is extensively employed, the most beautiful and perfect specimens being always selected. Many people are often sadly disappointed on find- ing that their costly monuments begin to crack or crumble in a few years from some defect in the stone itself or from the poor quaUty of the material chosen. Such accidents are not liable to happen to the monuments turned out by this firm, on account of the scrupulous pare taken in examining all 176 CITIZEN GUIDE. the blocks of stone used before they are subjected to the stone-cutter's chisel. When marble is used in the production of monuments the purest and most flawless pieces are picked out, and those free from discoloring ingredients, such as oxides of iron or manganese, which, when present, in a very few years completely destroy the beauty of the work by the development of rusty yellow lines and patches. In these works everything is done that will insure permanence and preserve the original beauty and clear outlines of the monuments. Floral Displays. Among the most attractive features of public parks and cemeteries are the artistically arranged displays of flowers and shrub- bery, which give a brightness and beauty to what would otherwise seem monotonous and tame. The eye seems to long for that embelhshment which flowers can give to rural scenery. The beautiful and pathetic practice so widely observed in this country of keeping the graves of departed friends fresh and bright with flowers is one that should never die out. At the main entrance to the cemetery of the Evergreens on Conway street near Broadway is the extensive floral establishment of William H. Hall, which is well worth visiting. Floral decorations and flowers of all kinds are to be had here. Memorial pieces are a specialty with Mr. Hall, who also undertakes to plant and care for the flower beds and floral decorations in the private plots in cemeteries, as well as the supply of flowers of all sorts for public and private entertainments. Friends' Cemetery, located between Tenth and Eleventh avenues and Fifteenth street, is a burying-ground ten acres in extent under the manage- ment of the Society of Friends. It is reached by the Coney Island and Brooklyn R. R. ■ Flushing Cemetery, situated in the eastern part of Flushing, L. I., is a small unsectarian burial place, used more particularly by the people of Flushing and its vicinity. It is reached by L. I. R. R. (north side division) from Long Island City. Greenwood Cemetery is not only the finest of all Metropolitan ceme- teries, but in the variety and grandeur of its embellishments it far excels any other necropolis in America. The cemetery was established in 1S38 and was opened for interments in 1840. It is located m the Southern sec- tion of Brooklyn on Gowanus Heights, overlooking the bay of the same name. The area is about 474 acres. Broad substantial stone roads furnish at all times a firm and pleasant carriageway of over twenty miles in length, and in their windings conduct the visitor to every part of the grounds. Wide and inviting footpaths laid with concrete wind around every hill and explore every dell and shady nook. An immeubc amount of labor and money have been expended in the work of grading the grounds, and laying out and paving the roadways. Constant regard is had , not merely to the utility, but also to the beauty of each improvement. Many fountains are placed at different points throughout the grounds and are supphed by water from driven wells which is pumped into a reservoir and thence conveyed by subterranean pipes. The Brooklyn City Water Works system suppHes water for drinking purposes. Several lakes nestle in the valley of the gently sloping hills and lend an additional charm to the surrounding scenery. The cemetery is drained by eighteen miles of underground pipes connected with over 1,200 receiving basins. There are five different gates to the cemetery, namely : The Main or Northern entrance at Fifth avenue and Twenty-fifth street ; the Western entrance on Fourth avenue at Thirty- fourth street ; the Southern entrance on Thirty-seventh street and Ninth CEMETERIES. 177 avenue ; the Eastern entrance on Fort Hamilton avenue near Gravesend avenue, and the Ocean Hill entrance at Twentieth street on Ninth avenue. The general mnd for the improvement of the cemetery amounts to about $1,700,000. Greenwood is conducted upon a plan different from that of other cemeteries. It is not dependent upon private enterprise, but is a trust organization incorporated under the laws of the State of New York and managed by a Board of Trustees elected by the lot owners from among themselves. The cemetery is thus exempt from the evils of speculation. All moneys received are added to the interest on the General Improvement Fund, which is partly made up of bequests. The annual interest on this fund is applied to the improvement of the cemetery property and to the maintenance and embellishment of private lots. About 270,000 interments have already been made in the grounds. The price of lots is determined largely by position and surroundings, and ranges from $igo to $1,000. The cemetery contains 652 vaults, the majority of which are built in the hill- sides or underground. The monuments and tombstones number about 58,000, and their aggregate cost has been many millions of dollars. The Receiving Tomb, at Arbor Water, has a capacity for 1,500 caskets. In ad- dition to this there are several other public vaults and temporary receptacles. Special detectives patrol the grounds, and a large number of other employees of the cemetery, duly licensed by the Brooklyn Police Commissioners, are also on duty. It is not allowable to pay fees to any gate-keepers or other per- sons in the employment of the cemetery authorities in reward for personal services and attention. Among the notable features of the cemetery are the Northern and Eastern gates. The Northern gate is a massive stone building of N. J. free stone, 132 feet in length and 40 feet in depth, surmounted by a central pinnacle 106 feet high. The recesses over the gate-ways are filled with sculptured groups by John M. Moffitt, representing the " Raising of Lazarus," "The Raising of the Widow's Son," "The Resurrection," and '• Our Saviour's Entombment." The entrance for pedestrians is in the left wing of this gate-way ; in the right wing are the offices of the cemetery, where information may be obtained. At the left of the Eastern entrance at the end of Vine avenue, which may be reached by Prospect Park, is the gate-keeper's lodge, and opposite to this is the building for the use of visit- ors. Over the porches of this latter building are representations in stone of the four ages of man, infancy, youth, manhood and old age, also from the chisel of Mr. Moffitt. The monuments most interesting to visitors are : The John Matthews Monument, by Carl Muller, at the southwesterly end of Valley Water ; the monument and bronze bust of Horace Greeley, on Locust Hill, near Oak avenue, erected by the printers of the United States; the Brown Brothers' Monument, on Hill Ridge, commemorating the loss of six members of this family who perished in the wreck of the steamship Arctic; the Firemen's Monument, erected by the old volunteer fire depart- ment of New York ; the Morse Monument, on High Wood Hill, commem- orative of the inventor of the electric telegraph ; the Chapel Monument, to Miss Mary M. Danser, the philanthropist, at Fir and Vine avenues ; the Monument to Roger WiUiams, the founder of Rhode Island, in section 130 ; the Stephen Whitney Chapel and Tomb, Ocean Hill ; the Monument to the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, in section 140 ; Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy's Family Monument, also in section 140 ; the Thomas T. Read Statue and Monument, in section 160 ; the C. K. Garrison Oriental Tomb, Vernal avenue ; Niblo's Tomb, Crescent Water ; the Archway, Western entrance at Thirty-fifth street and Fourth avenue ; Temple and Statue of A. S. 178 CITIZEN GUIDE. Scribner, at Vine and C5rpress avenues ; the Sea Captain's Monument, at Vista avenue, in memory of Captain John Correja ; the Charlotte Canda Monument, at Fern and Greenbough avenues ; the Soldiers' Monument, on the plateau of Battle Hill, erected by the City of New York in memory of the soldiers who died during the RebelHon ; the Pilots' Monmnent, erected by the pilots of this city in memory of the heroic Dilot, Thomas Freeborn ; the James Gordon Bennett Statuary Group ; the colossal bronze statue of DeWitt CHnton, by Henry Kirk Brown, in Bayside Dell ; the Louis Ber- nard Monument, in Battle avenue, erected by the Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals, in commemoration of Mr. Bernard's philanthro- py, and his devotion to the work of this society ; and the Brookl^m Theatre Fire Victims' plot, at Bayview and Battle avenues, in which are buried 105 unrecognized bodies, victims of the Brooklyn Theatre Fire on the evening of December 5th, 1S76, when nearly 300 persons lost "their lives. Green- wood cemetery is reached by the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad, Fifth avenue Division, and the Third and Fifth avenue street car lines. Holy Cross Cemetery, founded in 1849 by the late Archbishop Hughes, of New York, is located in the town of Flatbush, about five miles from Fulton ferry. It is a Roman Catholic burial place in which, up to the pres- ent date, over 200,000 interments have been made. The grounds are reached by the Flatbush avenue or Nostrand avenue surface cars. Holy Trinity Cemetery, formerly an independent burying ground, has recently been incorporated with the Cemetery of the Evergreens. Linden Hill Cemetery, near Middle Village, is managed by the Ger- man Methodist Episcopal Church of 254 Second street. New York, and embraces about 50 acres of land. It is a favorite burying place for Ger- mans. The cemetery is non- sectarian, and contains a large plot recently purchased by Hebrew societies. It is reached by the Long Island Rail- road from Long Island City, and the North Second street surface cars from the Eastern District ferries. Lutheran Cemetery, situated in Middle Village, Newtown, was founded in 1852 by the United Lutheran Church of New York. Item- braces about 400 acres of undulating land, the largest portion of which has been laid out in sections and improved. The winding roadways are bordered by tastefully arranged shrubbery and thousands of ornamental and ever- green trees. One of the characteristics of the cemetery is the absence of monuments and head stones, the erection of which is contrary to the rules : plain horizontal tablets alone are permitted. Although especially designed for Lutherans the cemetery is non-sectarian, and members of any religious body may purchase plots. It is reached by the North Second street cars from the Eastern District ferries, by the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad to Ridgewood, thence by the dummy steam cars or by the Long Island Rail- road from Long Island City. Machpelah Cemetery, at Newtown, is a small Jewish burying-ground, 40 acres in extent, owned by the congregation of the Temple Beth El, N. Y. The rules of the cemeterv, which are strictly enforced, require lot owners to erect stone pillars at the boundaries of their holdings, and to keep their plots constantly in good order. Members of other denominations may be buried in these grounds. Union Field and New Union Field are small Hebrew burying grounds adjoining Machpelah, and are under the same management. They are reached by the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad, by Jamaica and Brooklyn Electric line, and by the horse cars from Broad- way and Fulton street, CEMETERIES. 179 Maimonides Cemetery is a small burying-grotind. in Jamaica, Long Island, reached by the Electric road from East New York, or by the Long Island Railroad. Maple Grove Cemetery is situated on Hoffman Boulevard, in the Western part of the town of Jamaica, on a beautiful range of hills that runs through the centre of Long Island. The cemetery was organized in 1875, and comprises about 100 acres. The landscape is exceedingly varied and picturesque, and is being constantly improved by the skill of the topo- graphical artist and engmeer. The grounds are reached by the Long Island Railroad from Long Island City to Maple Grove or to Richmond Hill and Morris Park. Methodist Cemetery, at Middle Village, is a small historic burying- ground, dedicated about the year 1770. The second Methodist Church in America formerly stood on a part of the ground now embraced in this ceme- tery, which is one of the oldest on Long Island. It is reached by the Long Island Railroad or the North Second street surface cars. Mount Neboh Cemetery, situated on the Fresh Pond road, adjoining the rear of Cypress Hills, is a small cemetery covering 15 acres, which may be visited by taking the North Second street surface cars, or the Long Island Railroad from Long Island City. Mount Hope is a small cemetery owned by the Free Masons of New York, situated at Jamaica and Nichols avenues, Jamaica, is about 12 acres in extent, and is reached by the Long Island Railroad to Woodhaven, or by the Electric Railroad from East New York. Mount Olivet Cemetery, situated on Grand street, Maspeth, was in- corporated in 1850, and is one of the quietest rural burial places in the neighborhood of Brooklyn. The landscape is undulating, with occasional stretches of lawn tastefully laid out, and shaded with, many rare and beau- tiful trees. Shrubbery and flower beds tastefully arranged add much to the charm of the scenery. Very fine views of the country around may be had from some of the hills within the grounds. The cemetery is reached by the Grand street and Newtown cars from the foot of Broadway, and by other cars from Brooklyn that connect with the Grand street line ; also by the electric cars from Long Island City. National Soldiers' Cemetery is that part of Cypress Hills owned by the U. S. Government, and reserved for the interment of members of the Federal Army. It contains the graves of about 4,000 soldiers. (See Cy- press Hills.) New Union Fields is a small burying-ground, 21 acres in extent, situ- ated in Newtown alongside Cypress Hills, and reached by the same route. Potter's Field is the name of the cemetery which receives all the dead from the public institutions, unclaimed by relatives or friends. It is located in Flatbush near the County Buildings, and is reached by the Flatbush, Nostrand or Franklin avenue street car lines. Quaker Cemetery is a small private burying-ground at Newtown, L. I., belonging to the Society of Quakers. It is reached by the L. I. R. R., or the N, Second street surface ^ars, St. John's Cemetery, on the Jamaica turnpike at Middle Village, New- town, is a large Roman Catholic burying-ground controlled by the trustees of the St, James Pro-Cathedral of Brooklyn. The grounds are 170 acres in extent and may be reached by the L. I. R. R. trains from Long Island City, or by the N. Second street surface cars from the E. D. 180 CITIZEN GUIDE. St. Michael's Cemetery, situated in Newtown, embraces loo acres o£ land and is reached by surface lines starting from the Ninety-second street ferry landing, Long Island City. SaleiM Field, on Jamaica avenue, opposite Market street, adjacent tc Cypress Hills, is the most important exclusive Jewish cemetery in the Met- ropolitan district. Its area is about 210 acres. The grounds, which are laid out in an exceedingly artistic manner, are richly embellished with works of art. There are many granite and marble monuments of elaborate design erected by the wealthy Hebrev/ families of New York and Brook- lyn, The property is owned by the congregation of Temple Emanuel, Fifth avenue and Forty-third street. New York. The cemetery is reached most conveniently by the Brooklyn Elevated R. R., or the Jamaica avenue electric cars. Shareth Israel, popularly known as the Portuguese Cemetery, com- prises six acres in extent and is situated in Newtown. The cemetery is the last resting place of many noted Hebrew men and women. The grave of Commodore Levy of the United States Navy is here, and over it stands a magnificent monument on which is chiseled the statement that the aboli- tion of corporal punishment in the Navy of the United States was due to the humane and untiring efforts of this gallant sailor. The grounds are reached by the Brooklyn Elevated R. R., by Jamaica and Brooklyn R. R. Temple Beth-el is a small cemetery ten acres in extent situated in Newtown and is reached by the same route as that to Cypress Hills. Union Cemetery, on Palmetto street, near Myrtle avenue, contains ten acres of ground and was established in 185 1. The property was owned by the First Methodist Church of Williamsburgh. It is reached by the Myrtle avenue, elevated or surface lines, or by the Greene and Gates avenue lines. The grounds have recently been sold for building purposes and the remains now interred there will be removed to other locations. Union Field is a small cemetery about thirteen acres in extent at Newtown, reached from Brooklyn by the Atlantic avenue Rapid Transit cars of the Long Island R. R. to Crescent street, also by the Jamaica and Brooklyn Electric Line, or by horse car lines from the E. D. ferries. Washington Cemetery, situated on Ocean Parkway about half way between Prospect Park and Coney Island, embraces about 100 acres of land and is a favorite burial place for Hebrews. Many metropolitan societies, clubs and lodges have plots within its grounds. No sectarian rules restrict interment in the cemetery. The most convenient route is by the Prospect Park and Coney Island R. R., to Parkville station. The cemetery is bounded by the great boulevard, 210 feet wide, one of the finest drives in the country. The Crematory. The Fresh Pond Crematory is situated on Mount Olivet near Fresh Pond, Newtown, and was organized in 1884 by the United States Crema- tion Company, which at present owns the institution. This crematory was brought into existence by the growing popularity of cremation as a method of disposing of the dead. Since its establishment over 850 incinerations have taken place. The process of cremation essentially consists in the reduction of the body to ashes by subjecting it to an intense heat of from 2,500 deg. to 3,000 deg. F., in a furnace built especially for the purpose. The body is first placed in a peculiarly constructed retort made of chiseled steel to which the flames have no access. The heat does not destroy the CEMETERIES. 181 form of the body which, however, crumbles to ashes upon contact with the air after the opening of the receptacle. The gases evolved during the pro- cess are consumed in an apparatus constructed for the purpose. Each incineration must be attended by some relative of the deceased or by a representative of the family. The fee for cremation is $35. No special preparation of the body or clothing is required. The body is alwavs cremated in the clothing in which it is received. It is customary to hold the final services over the remains before the removal to the crematory building, but ceremonies, if desired, may be held there immediately prior to incineration. The coffin from which the remains are removed is subse- quently burned, except in cases of death from a contagious disease, when it is consumed with the body. Incinerations may be public or as strictly private as desired. On the day following the ceremony the ashes are de- livered in a suitable receptacle to the friends or relatives of the deceased. The crematory is reached by the Long Island R, R. to Fresh Pond from Long Island City, or by the N. Second street surface cars. SUBUF^BS Aj^D NE/VR-BY (RESORTS. The Towns and Villages of Kings County— The Great Watering Places on the Eastern End of Long Island— Long Island City and its Manufacturing Interests. The growth of Brooklyn has been such within the past two decades as to warrant the presumption that before more than four or five years have elapsed the limits of the city will be co-extensive with the boundaries of Kin2:s County. At present, however, besides Brooklyn, Kings County con- tains four towns, namely. Flatbush, Flatlands, New Utrecht andGravesend, each with its independent local government and system of assessments, edu- cation, police, &c., &c., although all are alike under the general superin- tendence of the county authorities. With a view to the annexation of these townships to the city proper in the near future, the surveys of the streets, avenues and great parkways have been made in harmony with the plan adopted in Brooklyn. When the union does actually occur no renaming or renumbering of the * streets will be necessary, every thing that will tend to simplicity and convenience in this respect having been anticipated. The ae-g-reg-ate population of these townships is about 25,000. They occupy the district bounded by Brooklyn on the north. New York Harbor and the Narrows on the west, Gravesend Bay, the Atlantic Ocean and Jamaica Bay on the south and Eastern Brooklyn and Jamaica Bay on the east. When these towns are incorporated with the city its area will be about doubled, and its advantages as a residential centre unparalleled among the great cities of the Union. Flatbush, contiguous to the eastern border of Brooklyn, is a thriving and populous suburb, reached by the Flatbush avenue surface cars and con- nections from any part of the city. Here are located the County Alni'i Houses, the Insane Asylum and the great Public Hospitals. The town is pro- vided with extensive water and gas works, well paved and lighted streets, an efficient police force, and everything that can contribute to the develop- ment of the place and comfort of its inhabitants. Many of the principal thoroughfares are lighted by electricity, which is also used as motive power on some of the surface railroads in the vicinity. Lying as it does immedi- ately beyond Prospect Park and within easy reach of the business centres both of Brooklyn and New York and the sea shore, the township of Flatbush has been growing steadily as a residential quarter, and a number of handsome and very attractive villa settlements have sprung up within its limits. The place was originally a little Dutch hamlet called Midwout (Middle Woods), founded in 165 1 by a few families from New Amsterdam. It was in that year the first charter was given by Gov. Petrus Stuyvesant, but actual settlement occurred about 17 years earlier. Many of the present residents of the HOTEL— CATERER AND CONFECTIONER. The Carleton TELEPHONE 60 WILLIAMSBURGH FIRST-CLASS R ESTAU RANT ATTACHED. CHAS. RICHTER, Prop. ELEGANTLY FURNISHED ROOMS FOR Gentlemen Only. Cor. South Eighth Street & Kent Ave., BROOKLYN, N. Y. J. A. DILLIARD, is still at the OLD STAND, No. 1207 BEDFORD AVENUE, CORNER HANCOCK STREET, Where he makes a Specialty of WEDDINGS, DINNERS and RECEPTION PARTIES. SILVER, GLASS^WARE AND DISHES TO HIRE. Canopies, Dancing Crashes and Chairs furnished at Short Notice. Estimates Furnished. RESTAURANT and LADIES' DINING ROOM OPEN until 12 P. M T©X©-pl3-03=L.©, 204i Bec3.:eo3:rc3., im. BJHPS-EYE mEW Mm ISLAND rLORlST— SHOES. Greenwood Cemetery Plots and Graves Improved and Cared. Contracts Made and Estimates Furnished for Etc., Etc. ALL KINDS GF pLORAL .-. Designs For Funeral PurposeSi Memorial Designs. Immortelles. BoQtjETS & Cut Flowers always ready at any of my establishments. Green Houses, 291 to 313 24th St., 4th Ave. &. 36th St., and Franklin Avenue, opposite Eastern Cemetery Entrance. J. Condon, m ^H Office 734 and 736 Fifth Avenue, TELEPHONE, 27 SOUTH. Brooklyn. SHOES lyC^^IDE TO OI^HDEI^. CHAS. L. JUNG, (Successor to Jno. R. Wilds), MANUFACTURER OF adies' and Gents' Fine Shoes, PERFECT FIT GUARANTEED. Call and Leave Your Order at Bi^ooKZL-srnsr, nsr, "2". N. B. Stock Always on Hand. Ready-Made. SUBURBS AND NEAR-BY RESORTS. 183 locality are the direct descendants of the first settlers. Some quaint old houses seem to remind the visitor of the past history of the place. Recently an excellent club called the Midwood has been organized and is doing much to centralize and develop the social life of Flatbush and its vicinity, (see Clubs, Brooklyn.) Other social clubs are the Alpine and Acme. The Knickerbocker Field Club has its home in Flatbush. In and about the town proper are many very fine residences surrounded by beautiful lawns artisti- cally set with ornamental trees and flowering shrubs. The chief executive officer of the local government is the Supervisor, under whose jurisdiction are the various departmental boards, namely, police, excise, fire, health, assessors, street and highways, and improvement. The pres- ent aggregate value of real estate and personal property in Flatbush is be- tween $10,000,000 and $11,000,000. The population in 1892 was 12,625. Flatlands. — The stretch of land lying between Flatbush and the west- ern shore of Jamaica Bay and embracing a number of the low, grass-covered sandy islands in which the latter abounds, is called Flatlands. This district was first settled about the year 1636 by a few Dutch families from New Amster- dam, who purchased lands for agricultural purposes from the Indians. The original name of the place was Amersfoort. Of all the Kings County towns it is the least improved, owing chiefly to its remoteness from the business centres of the two great cities. Now that the elevated railroads of Brook- lyn and the other local and suburban rapid transit lines have to a great de- gree annihilated distances, a new era has set in and Flatlands bids fair to become a very populous residential district. The settlement is as yet rather scattered. Farming and market gardening are extensively carried on. A number of residential centres are springing up, the chief of them being Canarsie, on the shore of Jamaica Bay, and reached by the railroad from Manhattan crossing in East New York. The government of the township is similar to that of Flatbush in its organizations, and embraces boards of health, excise, streets and highways, assessors and police. The chief athletic, sporting and social clubs are the Excelsior, Beneficial Gun Club, Amersfoort Athletic Club, Union Gun Club and Canarsie Turtle Club. The population in 1892 was 4,234. The real and personal property of the town- ship is valued at about one and three quarters million dollars. New Utrecht. — Of all the Kings County towns New Utrecht is the most attractive with respect to location and the variety of scenery it affords. It extends from the southern boundary of Brooklyn at 65th street along The Narrows and the shore of Gravesend Bay to the town of Gravesend, which with Flatbush forms its eastern boundary. Its governm.ent is similar in character to that of Flatbush already described and its permanent popula- tion is about seven thousand. Formerly the majority of its people were en- gaged in gardening, but it looks now as if all the farms were being cut up into streets and planted with the homes of the prosperous middle classes. In laying out streets the city plan of Brooklyn is followed, and the streets named and numbered accordingly. The extension of the harbor will eventually sur- round New Utrecht with a line of docks and piers and drive the clubs and summer residences away. Meantime these are in great demand owing to the ease with which their members and owners can travel backwards and forwards to their places of business in Brooklyn and New York. The first village next to Brooklyn on the water side is Bay Ridge, which is con- nected by ferry with New York and by street cars with Brookl3m. There are many handsome residences in this section, especially along the road which overlooks the upper bay. On the shore are the club houses and 184 CITIZEN GUIDE. grounds of numerous athletic clubs, including the Atlantic Yacht Club, Varuna Boat Club, Nautilus Boat Club and Crescent Athletic Club. Eighty-second street divides Bay Rid^e from Fort Hamilton, named after the fort located on the Long Island side of the Narrows. Important works are in progress at this fort which will make it a real instead of an ob- solete defence of the harbor. Just off Fort Hamilton is the dismantled circular fortress called Fort Lafayette, used now principally for the storage of explosives. The trials of the Zabriskie gun were made at this fort. The village of Fort Hamilton contains a number of hotels and boarding houses. It did have a very large hotel which was one of the sights of the harbor a few months ago, when it was burned down. This hoteloccupied a commanding site on the bluff, and at night was made conspicuous by rows of colored lights hung about its verandas. Fort Hamilton is quite an ex- cursion resort and has ^the usual razzle-dazzle features, toboggan slides, dancing pavilions, etc. Fronting on Gravesend .Bay the next village to Fort Hamilton is Bath Beach, which is always crowded in the season. It has a great many hotels, some elegant homes and numerous Queen Anne cottages. The club house of the popular Marine and Field Club is located here. Bath Beach, like all other places on Gravesend Bay, has good still-water bathing and sufficient facilities for boating and canoeing. It is not an expensive place to Summer in and consequently not particularly exclusive. Bensonhurst, farther up the Bay, is more desirable to live in, as all the lots are sold under restrictions and there is only one hotel in the village. All these httle towns are well drained and suppHed with water, and have abundant transportation f acihties by steam and electric cars. Beyond Ben- sonhurst is Unionville. Besides the Marine and Field Club already men- tioned, the houses of the Bensonhurst Club, New Utrecht Club, and Brook- lyn Yacht Club are found along the shore. Inland there are many charming hamlets, which, however, are rather groups of permanent homes than summer resorts. Among the best known of these are West Brooklyn, Blytheboume, Lefferts Park, Martense and Mapleton. The village of New Utrecht proper was originally a cluster of farm houses and country stores, but recently a number of quite handsome residences have been built there. There is also a car building plant at this point. Martense, a new villa site, is located just to the south of Prospect Park, and will doubtless soon be among the prettiest surburban residential centres. Martense is within a mile of 39th street ferry, from which it may be easily reached by the electric cars, or by the Brooklyn, Bath and West End R. R. From Brooklyn Bridge and Brooklyn proper the quickest means of access is by the Fifth avenue elevated R. R. audits connections at Union Depot with the Prospect Park and Coney Island R. R. Mapleton, a beautiful suburb, is situated in the heart of New Utrecht bordering Blythebourne, Bath Beach Junction, Ardmore and the great Ocean Parkway. It is easily reached by the N. Y. and Sea Beach R. R. from 65th street ferry, the Brooklyn, Bath and West End R. R. and the Prospect Park and Coney Island R. R., connecting with the Fifth avenue Elevated R. R. at 36th street (Union Depot.) The convenience of location and pleasant surroundings of the place will make Mapleton one of the most attractive villa centres o£ this part of the island. Gravesend has a population of 8,418. Its boundaries include all ot Kings County not already mentioned, viz: Coney Island and the triangular SUBURBS AND NEAR-BY RESORTS. 185 piece of territory north of the Island between New Utrecht and Flatlands, Its principal villages are Gravesend, Sheepshead Bay, Vv'est Brighton, Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach. Gravesend is inland and is chiefl}^ noteworthy because of its race track where the great Brooklyn Handicap is run every Spring by the Brooklyn Jockey Club. CoNF.Y Island has been written up so often that the supply of appropriate adjectives has run out. There is nothing just like it anywhere in the world, though the more rackety sections of it have been duplicated. What the imitators of Coney Island have failed to recognize is that this little strip of sand has advantages of situation that no other piece of coast can hope to have — that the people who go there constitute much of its charm, perhaps all of it, and that without the hundreds of thousands of excursionists always there in the season Coney Island might perhaps be dull. It is like the Boulevards of Paris, whose habitues, when away, are always homesick for their stretches of pavement. They can find similar expanses of asphalt elsewhere, but nowhere else the same atmosphere. Returning to their beloved streets the Boulevardiers feel revivified. Life seems to be so much fuller of enjoyment, their senses keener to pleasure. So with Coney Island. Long mental association of its name with memories of pleasure there enjoyed makes it impossible for the habitue to feel sad, or gloomy or depressed there. Thousands of gay people make a gay atmos- phere. The air is surcharged with happiness as with electricity sometimes before a storm. First visitors quickly feel this influence and lose the desire to be critical in their determination to be pleased with everything. That is why Coney Island is different from other day resorts. The people who go there feel like the children at a circus. Then, of course, a few people could not create such an atmosphere. Coney Island draws its crowds from New York, Brooklyn, Long Island City, Jersey City, Hoboken, Newark, in fact, all the cities and towns constituting the metropolitan district, wherein more than four million people reside. All these people can go to Coney Island and return for less than a dollar, and the cost to the great majority is only a quarter. The journey consumes from twenty minutes to two hours each way. For most people the time spent on each trip IS about half an hour. Steam cars, steamboats, electric cars and carriages are the conveyances. Of course. Coney Island has other advantages than proximity to the gTeat hive of America. It has the finest beach on the coast, a gradually shelving slope of pure white sand up which the surf rolls and breaks and falls gently in summer time as a rule, but occasionally with dreadful pov, cr. In winter ravages are made, to repair which great sums must be spent each Spring. The beach is always kept in perfect condition and everything else is done to facilitate enjoyment. Coney Island is substantially a part of Long Island, from which it is separated by Gravesend and Jamaica Bays and a narrow creek joining the two bays. The Atlantic shore alone is made attractive, and for only little more than half its length of five miles. In that short distance, however, are distinctive resorts for the comparatively poor, the well-to-do and the rich, all differently named, Norton's Point is the name of the eastern end of the Island. Here the steamboats land when the Atlantic is too boisterous for their safety. There is a lighthouse here and under its lee many small craft take shelter when the weather outside is rough. The land here is being improved and laid out in villa plots for summer residences, for which purpose it is eminently 186 CITIZEN GUIDE. well fitted. A stretch of unimproved property intervenes and then comes the noisy part of Coney Island, West Brighton, the fakir and frankfurter quarter. Admission to the attractions here is cheap and a good deal is given for the money in the way of glare and blare. All the little gambling schemes known to visitors to county fairs are in operation here. Strange monsters unknown to natural- ists are to be seen in the museums. The jokes at the concert halls are de- cidedly broad and the songs full of suggestive innuendo. But there are in- nocent funmakers too — merry-go-rounds, swings, toboggans, razzle-dazzles, a camera obscura, an observatory 300 feet high, and a gigantic elephant, whose inner works are quite marvelous in their way and may be explored at trifling expense. It is so long since that elephant was built that people have forgotten thatitmighthave given rise to an expression everybody uses at some time — "seeing the elephant." "To see the elephant" and "to paint the town" both indicate the stage of hilarity that many visitors to West Brighton reach. But there is no rampant rowdyism, as this, like all other frequented parts of the island, is well policed. Here is the long iron tubular pier 1,300 feet long, at the end of which, away out beyond the influence of the surf, the steamboats land. This pier fascinates visitors, it is so novel and strange, requiring explanation before its seemingly unnecessary length can be under- stood. Soon the bathers catch the eye. On a fine holiday afternoon the beach is often black with them. Then come the endless strings of bath- houses, mare sand, then an emerald strip of lav/n bedecked with bright- hued flowers, on the other side of which is the boulevard or principal thorough- fare of the Island. There are two big hotels here, the West Brighton and Sea Beach, also numerous restaurants, from the open air booths where boiled frankfurter sausages constitute the staple fare, up to somewhat pretentious affairs where more or less well cooked fish dinners may be had. Prices are comparatively low, for West Brighton is the resort of the masses. The classes affect other parts of the island. People who take their pleasures quietly and do not care to pay too heavily for them, go to Brighton Beach, at the centre of the island. It has numerous inde- pendent means of approach, but is also joined to West Brighton by an ele- vated railway. Brighton is not free from the fakir tribe, but they are less blatant than those who infest the western resort and do not persecute visitors. Back of the beach is Brighton race track, where there are very good races every Summer. The bathing houses are very good here , and there are plank and tile walks along the beach. The main attractions, apart from the facilities for bathing and promenading, are the Brighton Beach Hotel, a large structure over 500 feet long with aspacious veranda running round three sides of it, and the amphitheatre where daily concerts are given by famous orchestras. It is this hotel that was moved bodily a con- siderable distance inland some years ago when the sea threatened to under- mine it. The restaurant service at this hotel is good and is patronized by many hundreds daily. Exclusiveness can only be obtained at Coney Island by charging prices that the mob cannot pay. Going west, prices go up steadily. At Manhattan Beach the highest scale is reached. Here none but well dressed people are seen, and the best of order prevails. There are two hotels which enjoy a world wide fame for the excellence of their tables. Their fare is not surpassed in New York and is not elsewhere in America equalled. The Manhattan Beach Hotel is one of the largest in the world. It is given up to transient business almost entirely and does in addition an exception- SUBURBS AND NEAR-BY RESORTS. 187 ally large restaurant business. As many as two thousand people can find seats at one time in its dining room and at the tables upon its bro ad piazzas. The Oriental Hotel is not quite so large as the other and is more pretentious in its architecture. It seeks the patronage of people who intend to pass several weeks at the beach, and excludes mere diners, except those who come invited by guests of the hotel. Manhattan Beach is connected with Brighton Beach by a railway. It is also reached directly by the Long Island Railroad. Besides its epicurean delights the beach is famous for its great musical amphitheatre and its grand pyrotechnic displays. Gilmore's band has played through the season there for years, giving two concerts daily at which many famous musicians have been heard. In addition there are, of course, the bathing and the promenading, the fresh breezes and the surf which constitute the basic attractions of the whole island. Brooklyn, Bath and West End Kailroad, Quite the quickest, safest, most convenient, in some respects the most agreeable way of getting to Coney Island is to take the Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad. Trains on this road leave half hourly between 6.30 A. M. and 11.40 P. M., from the spacious and handsome depot at Fifth avenue and Thirty-sixth street, also from the other large station at Second avenue and Thirty-ninth street. The former is also the terminus of the Fifth avenue line of the Union Elevated Railroad and the latter of the South Brooklyn Ferry which leaves New York from the foot of Whitehall street. On Wednesday and Saturday nights theatre trains are run over the line, leaving the Thirty-sixth street depot at 12.15. Practically, this road is both an excursion line and a suburban road. Hence the comprehensive- ness of the train schedule. Trains leave Unionville every half hour from 5.35 A. M. to II P. M. and Coney Island every half hour from 7 A. M. to 11 P. M. Few suburban towns have so good a train service as those along this line, viz: West Brooklyn, Lefferts' Park, Blythebourne, New Utrecht, Bath Beach, Bensonhurst, and Unionville. As an excursion line this road is also to be highly commended both for safety, comfort and speed. The entire trip from Brooklyn to Coney Island is made in twenty-five minutes. Tickets may be purchased at any elevated railway station in New York or Brooklyn, except those on the line of the Kings County, and cost but 25 cents for the round trip from Brooklyn and 35 cents from New York. Open cars are run during fair weather in Summer, and closed cars dur- ing Winter and stormy weather. The road bed is always kept in perfect condition, and is so systematically and watchfully run that serious accidents never occur. Whenever the crowds are unusually large, special trains are put on, so that the accommodations are always ample. The route is through one of the prettiest parts of Long Island, so that it is a delight to travel over this road. Commutation arrangements are very liberal. Between the Union Depot or the ferry and Unionville or any intermediate station a 300 trip ticket may be purchased for $15. Fifty tickets between Brooklyn and the Brooklyn Yacht Club's Station cost $4.00; Fifty trips between Brooklyn and Bensonhurst cost $3.75, and fifty trips between Brooklyn and Lefferts' Park cost $2. 50. The road has recently been equipped with new locomotives and a num- ber of handsomely appointed cars, so that its rolling stock is now equal to the road bed. The road is seven miles long, double tracked throughout, 188 CITIZEN GUIDE. ballasted with stone, and furnished with steel rails. The Coney Island sta- tion is situated in the very heart of that great pleasure resort and all the terminals are capable of accommodating comfortably crowds of any propor- tion. Sea Beach Route to Coney Island. *'Time will tell," says an ancient saw, and in a double sense this is true of the popular route to the sea. Its running time of twelve minutes from Third avenue and Sixty-fifth street to Coney Island has held it for years in the position of favorite as against the roads which so freely advertise them- selves as the "quickest" but dare not mention their schedule time. At Sixty- fifth street the New York & Sea Beach Railroad makes close connection with the Brooklyn & Union Elevated Railroad, carrying pas- sengers from all parts of Brooklyn for a smgle fare, and also with the Brooklyn City Electric lines which bring passengers directly and quickly from the bridge and all the East River ferries. During Winter trains run hourly, but in Summer they never run at greater intervals than half hourly, and on Sundays, holidays and when business requires it, at intervals of fifteen minutes. The fare is the lowest charged by any road (ten cents each way) while the accommodations are of the best. Passengers are landed in the midst of West Brighton, in the com- modious depot known as the Sea Beach Palace, fronting directly on Surf avenue. In the main hall of this building (360 by 150 feet) a continuous entertainment of great interest is conducted, which is free to passengers, and is patronized by thousands of women and children daily. All the at- tractions of West Brighton centre at this point. Directly adjoining the Sea Beach Palace in the rear is James Pain & Son's mammoth fireworks enclosure, in which, from June to September, is given, nightly, the greatest display of fireworks in the world. Passengers by the Sea Beach Railroad, by exclusive contracts, are admitted to the fireworks display and reserved seats at a reduction of twenty per cent, from the regular prices. During eight years, under the present management, not a single pas- senger has lost life or limb on this road. The circumstance is mentioned as a fact unique in the history of excursion railroads. During the same period no scheduled train has been omitted, and no passenger train has left the tracks or met with collision. Although millions of people have been transported, and frequently as many as thirty thousand in a single day, the train service has never been overtaxed, and the convenience of the public has been regarded as the par- amount consideration. From New York also this route is the quickest, making with regularity its schedule time of 37 minutes from Whitehall street (terminus of all the Elevated railroads) to Coney Island. During the hot Summer months great numbers of Brooklyn residents, whose places of business are in New York, take advantage of its facilities in meeting their families at Coney Island for bathing, dinner and fireworks, returning in the evening to their homes in Brooklyn. Sheepshead Bay is the name of a little bay which separates the east end of Coney Island from Long Island, also of a little villa and Summer boarding house settlement, and of the famous racetrack of the Coney Island Jockey Club, where some of the greatest events of the year are decided, in- cluding the Suburban and the Futurity. There are two race meetings each season here, one in June and one in September. SUBURBS AND NEAR-BY RESORTS. 189 The great sand bar of which Coney Island is the western extremity protects the entire south coast of Long Island, though the sea has broken through in many places, turning portions of this gigantic sand spit into islands. Still other portions are connected with the mainland. Such a peninsula is RocKAWAY Beach, which shelters the waters of Jamaica Bay. Once this strip of sand was the most fashionable and exclusive coast resort in the country. Before Long Branch, Newport and Cape May this beach was the vogue. Presidents summered there, and the greater men who couldn't be presidents, while all distinguished strangers were taken there much as they are now guided to Newport. With easy and cheap means of communication established exclusiveness disappeared and the wealthy sought it elsewhere. To-day Rockaway Beach is about the cheapest of all the seaside excursion places and one of the most extensively frequented. It has an advantage over Coney Island, in that it affords still water as well as surf bathing. People who do not relish the buffets of the Atlantic are well pleased to dis- port themselves in the placid waters of Jamaica Bay, The largest excur- sion boats in the world ply between New York and Rockaway Beach, land- ing at long piers on the bay or ocean sides. It is also reached by rail and by steam ferries from the Brooklyn side of Jamaica Bay. Rockaway has none of the expensive attractions of Coney Island. It hasn't any big hotel or amphitheatre or pyrotechnics. But it has any quantity of bathing houses, bowling alleys, dance halls, bilhard rooms and fish dinner places. Beyond Rockaway Beach a few nriles is Arverne-by-the-Sea, one of the prettiest of the new resorts. It is an exclusive little village, all the villa plots being sold under restrictions and only one hotel being allowed. It has no particular attraction for visitors unless they are looking for a place whereon to build a quiet Summer home. Ocean Park and Wave Crest are similar villa settlements. At the eastern extremity of the Rockaway peninsula is Far Rockaway, which is not so much a place of excursion as a Summer resort. There are several fairly good hotels here and swarms of boarding houses. Excellent driving roads lead in all directions, and there is safe boating on Far Rockaway Bay, also bathing, and in the season some shoot- ing. It was on this point that the famous Marine Hotel stood, where the people who made the beach fashionable used to stay between forty and fifty years ago. Its destruction by fire was fatal to the social supremacy of this resort. Jumping the break in the great sand bar caused by the inlet to Hempstead Bay, we come to Long Beach, one of the most charming seaside retreats along the whole coast. It has a very fine hotel, with cottages annexed for those who prefer greater privacy. The beach here is so hard that driving and walking along its edge involve no more fatigue than if it were paved. A marine railway connects Long Beach with Point Lookout at the eastern end of the Island, where there are more cottages and another hotel. Lonf? Island City. Long Island City came into existence in 1S70 when the State Legisla- ture incorporated under this name the six villages of Astoria, Ravenswood, tlunter's Point, Dutch Kills, Bowery Bay, and Blissville, Its area is about twelve square miles, and it is situated opposite New York and on the other side of Newtown Creek from the eastern district of Brooklyn. At the time of incorporation the population of the city was about 15,000, while now it 190 CITIZEN GUIDE. has grown to close upon 40,000. It is above all things a mantifacturing centre, though portions of it are given up exclusively to residences, many of which are of very sumptuous character, and are occupied either as per- manent homes or summer retreats by some of New York's best known busi- ness men. The value of real estate in the city is placed at about sixteen million dollars, w^hich is a very low estimate. Some of the largest factory plants of their kind in the world are located here. Among these are the mammoth piano factories of Steinway and Sons, the rope walks of the John Good Cordage and Machine Company, and the works now in process of erection for the East River Gas Company. Long Island City is also the principal terminus of the Long Island Railroad. It has plenty of water frontage, is in constant communication with New York and Brooklyn by ferry and street car lines, and has all the modern municipal improvements. There is no better location for factories any- where in the neighborhood of New York, nor on the other hand are there any more attractive suburbs than those parts of Long Island City into which factories have not intruded because of their remoteness from the docks and railway. These districts are readily accessible from New York and Brooklyn, however, and yet have aU the exclusiveness necessar}^ to quiet home life. The city is abundantly supplied with water from driven wells, one at Hunter's Point and one at Steinway. Long Island City has handsome public buildmgs including the Queens County Court House and Jail, the eight public schools and a number of churches. There are in all nineteen churches, owned by the Baptist, Metho- dist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal, Reformed and Roman Catholic denominations. The city is spending a gi-eat deal of money in im- proving the streets and some very handsome thoroughfares are the result. All the principal streets are sewered, guttered, paved and well hghted. There are over fifty miles of sewers. The finest streets are Jackson and Vernon avenues and the Boulevard. At the junction of the two former is a handsome square. Monitor square. The policy of improvement is being vigorously pushed by the New Mayor, Mr. Horatio S. Sanford. There are two police stations, also two fire stations. Much is also being done for the improvement of the city by a number of persons and companies owning real estate. Chief of these is the firm of Steinway and Sons, whose property in Astoria is almost a town by itself. They originally planned to build a model town for the benefit of the em- ployees of their great piano works. Close upon a thousand model dwell- ings have been erected, besides a number of handsome villa residences, and these have been sold or are for sale at very moderate prices and on easy terms. All the streets in Steinway are well graded, curbed, guttered, sewer- ed, planted with shade trees and lighted by gas. Every house has an abundant supply of pure water. The Steinway Railway Company operates a double track electric street car line from the Astoria Ferry which runs to East Ninety-second street. New York, and connecting with the horse car lines to the Thirty-fourth street and James Slip ferries at Hunter's Point. The projected bridge across Blackwell's Island from the foot of Sixty-fourth street, New York, will have its eastern terminus near Steinway. The office of Steinway and Sons is at 107 East Fourteenth street, New York. Other strong factors in the improvements of Long Island City are the Ravenswood Improvement Company, 21 Borden avenue, and the As- toria Homestead Company, 931 Steinway avenue. SUBURBS AND NEAR-BY RESORTS. 191 There are two systems of street railway operated by the Steinway Rail- way Company, whose office is on the corner of Steinway and Winthrop avenues, and the Long Island City and Newtown Railway Company, whose office is at 112 Front street. The former company operates four lines: The Flushing avenue line from Astoria Ferry through Fulton and Main streets to Flushing and Steinway avenues to Steinway and on to North Beach; the Ravenswood line from Hunter's Point Ferry through Vernon avenue to As- toria Ferry; the Steinway and Jackson avenue line from Hunter's Point Ferry through Jackson avenue to Sunnyside, then on Steinway avenue to Steinway, and North Beach; and the Dutch Kills line from Hunter's Point Ferry, along Jackson avenue, branching off at Jane street to Main street and the Astoria Ferry. The other company is controlled by Mr. P. J. Glea- son, who was Mayor of Long Island City for six years. This also is an elec- tric road. Its route begins at Thirty-fourth Street Ferry and follows Borden avenue through BlissviUe across Greenpoint avenue to Laurel Hill, across the Shell Road through Berlin Village, across Merse (?) avenue to Grand street, Maspeth, and across Grand street to Mount Olivet Cemetery, and thence in a straight line to the Lutheran Cemetery. It connects with cars for the Grand, Houston, Roosevelt, Tenth and Twenty-third street ferries to New York from Brooklyn. There are two banks in the city, one a State bank and the other a sav- ings institution. The Queens County Bank, as the former is called, has a capital of $100,000 and a surplus and undivided profits aggregating $85,000. Its building is on the corner of Borden and Front streets. It has a very distinguished board of directors, including such men as William Steinway, H. B. Hollins, Jas. T. Woodward, Wm. F. Havemeyer, E. Lehman, E. Caiman and Jos. A. Auerbach. One of this city's enterprises which bids fair to play a great part is the East River Gas Company, which expects to supply the whole metropolitan district with gas. Its works are between Webster avenue and the East River. The present capacity of its gasometers is 300,000 feet, but when the works now under way are completed they will have twenty times this capacity. This company is tunnelling the East River so as to be able to supply New York city. The tunnel is 135 feet tinder the water at the Long Island side and 150 feet below at the New York side. It runs most of the way through solid rock and will be completed in July, 1893. The New York office of this company is at 40 Wall street, and the officers are Emerson McMillin, President, and Richard N. Young, Secretary and Treasurer. The Long Island City Electric Illuminating Company, whose office is at 112 Front street, supplies many of the principal streets with light, and many factories, stores and residences besides, providing both arc and incan- descent lights, also motive power. It was founded in 1891, has a capital of $50,000, and is proving a very successful enterprise. Edward M. TyrreU is President, and Philip J. Coffey, Secretary. Among the numerous large industrial plants located within the bounds of the city the most celebrated are the piano works of Steinway & Sons, whose headquarters are in New York; the Daimler Company, whose office is at 11 1 East Fourteenth street. New York, makers of the famous Daimler gas mo- tors; the John Good Cordage and Machine Company, office Morris Building, New York; the Oakes Manufacturing Company, whose offices are in New York, Boston and Philadelphia, makers of extracts of dye-woods, dj^e liquors, chemicals, and dye stuffs; and the Sohmer Piano Company, whose warerooms and offices are at 149 East Fourteenth street, New York. Other 192 CITIZEN GUIDE. • important business houses are: Edward Smith & Co., varnishes, works here, and ofhce in the Times Building, New York; Mayer & Lowenstein, 164 Water street. New York, varnishes and Japans; Ward S. Reeves, Boule- vard and Camelia street, lumber; the Astoria Veneer Mills, office 120 East Thirteenth street. New York; L. Hanson, Broadway and Sherman street, dressed timber; H. F. Quinn & Sons, 22 East Fifth street, carpenters and contractors; S. E. Bronson, 52, 54, 56 West avenue, sash and door makers; Smith, Carpenter & Co, Greenpoint avenue and Newtown Creek, lumber; the Sims Lumber Company, Flushing street, North Carolina lumber; A. A. Petry & Co., Seventh street and Jackson avenue, workers in tin, copper and sheet iron ; Hagan & Daly, foot of Seventh street, boiler manufac- turers; the Simonds Manufacturing Company, office at 50 Cliff street. New York, furnaces, ranges, etc.; G. L. Steubner & Company, 168 East Third street, self dumping steel and iron hoisting tubs, etc. ; Julius Hunerbein, 21 Borden avenue, architect; G. E. Clay, 5 Jackson avenue, real estate and insurance; George E. Payne, 75 Jackson avenue, real estate and in- surance; Leonard C. L. Smith, 77 Jackson avenue, civil engineer; Emil Sauermilch, 433 Steinway avenue, real estate and insurance, Rudolph Horak 256 Steinway avenue, real estate and insurance; George H. Paynter, 83 Borden avenue, real estate and insurance; Clonin & Messenger, Boule- vard and Camelia street, coal and wood; Henry Menken, foot of Main street, coal and wood; John T- Peters, 39 Borden avenue, manufacturer of sheep fertilizer and florist, green houses at Dutch Kills; Beyer & Morgan, elevators, foot of East avenue; B. Moore, Jr., corner Main and Remsen streets, baker and caterer; and Wm. K. Moore's Astoria and Long Island City Express, 188 Main street. The most important building contractors are H. F. Quinn & Son, whose business was established in 1870. They built the First and Third Ward schools. David Ingram, manufacturer and dyer of cotton yarns for manufacturers' use, has his dye works and spool- ing mill here. His office is at 96 Spring street, New York. LONS ISLAND. Its Towns, Villages and Summer Resorts — Its Bays and Islands — Land and Water Sports. The Long Island railroad traveler has no need of an observation car. From the windows of his coach only the most prosaic and unattractive part of the Nassau Island of Indian days passes before his eyes. His progress is through unreheved farming country with no marked characteristics, or else through miles of the region of scrub oaks and pines. Hardly ever is there a hint of the delightful little bays, landlocked harbors, glistening beaches and picturesque sand dunes that lie just beyond his range of vision. It has grown into a phrase of the day — this flatness of Long Island. Like many another saying, it was not made " from the card." He who originated it could never once have left his train. The traveler, even, landed on any station platform you please, sees little else around him but flatness. But let him jump into a trap and take up the reins. If he is on the north shore it will be but a few moments before he is transported into a different world, a land of rolling country, of valleys and deep depressions, of little hills and constant surprises in the wavering shore line. On the south shore the land slopes gently down from the ' ' backbone of Long Island" (a ridge of hills through the island's centre, from Brooklyn to the shores of Peconic Bay) to the ocean's beach. From Hempstead to the Hamptons the wonderful Great South Bay makes an aquatic playground for the summer resident. Here is the stillest of water gleaming and lapping the shores. On the narrow strip of land at its outer edge. Fire Island or Great South Beach, you find old ocean at her best. From the Hamptons to Montauk the land's character changes completely. The ocean comes up to the cottagers' very doors, and ths sand dunes raise themselves. But the view from the railroad shows nothing of these beauties. The iron rails take the shortest distance between two points. The railroad builders followed the lead of the makers of Long Island turnpikes. They kept along the Hne of the "middle country road" to Greenport, the "south country road" to Sag Harbor, connecting the two at Manor, a junction in scrub oak land. From the north shore they built three separate spurs, the Flushing Branch, or the North Side, direct from Long Island City; the Oy- ster Bay, leaving the main line at Mineola; and the Port Jeff erson, heading directly "nor'nor'east" from Hicksville. It is interesting to note and compare the Long Island road of to-day, absolutely without competition, with the time of a quarter of a century ago when all these branches mentioned were separate and independent lines. The State Engineer's report, as late as 1874, gives Long Island eight differ- ent roads. Only one of these, A. T. Stewart's Central, from Flushing to 194 CITIZEN GUIDE. Garden City, has fallen into disuse. The others, one by one, have been ab- sorbed into the L. I. R. R. According to the tracks so has the island blocked itself out into sec- tions. At Jamaica is the focal centre. The cry "Jamaica, Change cars!" is a familiar one to the Lon^ Island sojourner. Five miles to the north is Flushing and her quota of tiny suburbs. Ten miles to the south is the Rockaway region. On the southern line of rails stretches the east south side, the south side proper, the "ogues" and the Hamptons. All through this region the chief industries, outside of half a dozen thriving little towns, are boating, fishing, oystering and Summer boarders. Just south of the "backbone range" of hills in the centre of the Island is a superb farming district, from Garden City to Farmingdale. At Farmingdale the land of pines commences,, and lasts, with hardly one interruption, nearly to the shores of Peconic Bay. South of the central range of hills the soil is sandy, north it is mainly loam, though almost on the Sound's shores great sand tracts are to be met with. The north shore towns have a picturesque- ness that is all their own. They are bustling to an extent, and nearly every important one has some profitable manufacturing interest. Sailing is as popular here as along the shores of the Great South Bay. The north shore is more of a region of homes, permanent residents and old families. It has a county and town society that is all its own, well defined social in- terests, and clubs. The Summer months swell its population materially, but it is not inundated with visitors as is the south side. It boasts of no great Summer hotels ; its life is that of the village alone. The south side does not lack these features, but they are not so evident as in the days of summering. The land of cottages and hotels for Long Island is from Rockville Centre to Sag Harbor. "Sportsman's Land" is the island's centre, the Great South Bay and Shinnecock. The fisherman meets with success all along the coast, both north and south. Jainaica, the Gateway. Jamaica is the gateway to the Long Island towns. Through her must the entrance be sought both to Sound and Sea. Train after train rolls up from New York or Brooklyn, transfers its passengers, makes up, and rolls on again, distributing to every point. From the station or car window there is little to see but a railroad yard and a few score buildings of dingy wood. A solitary church tower shows itself to the passer-by. As the train pulls away, it runs through a cut, or on deeply depressed tracks. _ When the surface is again reached, there is httle trace of the town left behind. Yet Jamaica town, though in a township small in extent compared with many of those in Queens and Suffolk counties, has an importance and dig- nity not generally understood. Her standing is commercial, legal and his- toric. Outside of being a railroad centre, Jamaica is the trading place of farmers for miles around. The town's main street is a continuation of Fulton street, Brooklyn. From the Manhattan Beach crossing in East New York to the Jamaica village line (five miles) it is known as the Ja- maica Plank Road. In the town it takes on the name of Fulton street again. An electric line from East New York runs through it to the easterly vihage line. Its tracks are built especially to the market wagon gauge, and each night sees a long procession of produce loads bound city- wards. Though so near to the gates of the " Greater Brooklyn," and recently awakened to a sense of prosperity after a century of sleep, Jamaica isundeni- CHAS. S. LYNAN, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Hortli RlYer and Pennsylvania Blue Stone FLAGGING, SILLS, COPING, STEPS, ETC., Also Rubbed Sills, Mantels and Hearths. PLANED AND SAWED STONE AND TRIMMINGS FOR BUILDINGS, CONSTANTLY ON HAND. Office, cor. Clinton and Flushing Aves., Telephone, 618 Brooklyn. BROOKLITX. H. JOHNSON, SEALER IN Furniture, Stoves, Carpets, Oilcloths. ETC. 1 18 HAMILTON AVE., BKOOKtiYN, N. Y. XX„ BffiOS-EYE VIEW (S LONG ISLANB. CARPETS— PRINTERS— MINERAL WATERS. AprGlEANINGlWORl^S oGAf\PET Store "f \9 ^/ini" HO^^ , ISf^OKLYHJU- Y. & E. GREENEBAUM, STEAM PRINTERS, 13 Spruce Street, Ne^v York. HIGHEST RATES. POOREST WORK. . i I "vi ,^ American Monarch Ginger Ale, Belfast Ginger Ale, Lemon Soda, Extra Plain Soda, Sarsaparilla, Vichy, Kissengen, Seltzer, and Carbonic Waters. CHAMPAGNE, PIPIN AND RUSSET CIDER. Also, SODA FOUNTAINS, SYRUPS AND FRUIT EXTRACTS. GEORGE RUSSELL, 369 JAY ST., BROOKLYN. LONG ISLAND. 195 ably quaint. It is a curious hodge podge of a little city and an old country town. A mile west of the village line on the Plank Road is an old toll gate where payment is still in force. Within the village many of the old and historic landmarks are standing, intact and unmodernized. In a grove of trees, at the west end of Fulton street, is the ancient mansion of the famous King family. Here lived Rufus King, gentleman, statesman, essayist in collaboration with Alexander Hamilton, and farmer. In 1795 he was min- ister to England. As late as 1804 he was back in his Jamaica home, farm- ing once more. His son, General John A. King, was Governor of New York in 1857. The descendants of the family still live in the old time house. It sits well back from the street, still in splendid repair, a testimony to the masterly carpentering of those days, a quaint, long and low white house with a double pitched roof. Up near the village's other end, but still on Fulton street, is the Fosdick homestead, a residence of the same type and belonging to the same era, Its most famous occupant was Judge Fosdick, deceased not so many years ago, a Long Island jurist of wide reputation. Fulton street is the old post road throughout the island's centre. The first of the great series of Long Island's hostelries of three quarters of a century ago is set at the comer of the street that leads up from the station. It is known as Pettit's Hotel, better years ago as "Jim Remsen's house," for this same Remsen stood behind its bar for fifty years. In his way he was a patroon of the west of Queens County. People speak of him nowadays as the "father of Rockaway Beach," for back long before the oldest inhabi- tant of to-day was born, "Jim" purchased it for a song while it was yet a waste of sand. Pettit's is not only historic and its building quaint, but it has the merit,besides,of capital accommodation and repast. In 1656 the town- ship of Jamaica was made. Its founders were a mixed colony of Quakers and Dutchmen, coming from Brooklyn on the one hand, Hempstead on the other. For nearly fifty years the Dutch dominated, until 1798 Jamaica was the county seat. Then a schism arose and after a bitter struggle the court house was placed at Mineola, only to be removed seventy-six years later to Long Island City. Jamaica, however, has always kept the county clerk and surrogate. A handsome brick building, commodious and convenient, has recently been erected for these officials. The Town HaU, a big building put up in 1869, serves the varied purposes of court room, opera house, dancing hall and jail. The old-time mansions and the little cemetery (ten rods square and quite as old as the town) stand for the village of the past. The Jamaica of the present is energetic and prosperous. The assessed valuation of the township is $7,000,000. The village proper boasts a popu- lation of over 5,000, two banks, water works, with the supply derived from driven wells, electric light and many social institutions. The Jamaica Club (a social organization of great prosperity) has just erected a house at the corner of Herriman avenue. There are nine churches, the Methodist dating back to 1800 (present edifice) and the Presbyterian congregation to 1663. The town is an active one socially ; its organizations include a tennis club of nearly forty members and a base ball nine. Its residential section is on the hill immediately north of Fulton street. On this a public park is now being laid out by the women of the town. Its boarding houses offer accomoda- tion for about 150 people. To Woodhaven on the west and to Mineola on the east, the region of Jamaica along the railroad line has blossomed like the rose these past ten years with the upbuilding of surburban towns. At Woodhaven, on the boundary line of the County of Kings, the railroad to Rockaway cuts across 196 CITIZEN GUIDE. the country on a trestle. Woodhaven is a little mannfacttiring village, its industry being the making of "agate iron." The owner of the great fac- tory has an elaborate place with an artificial pond in full view from the car window. Richmond Hill, Morris Park and Dunton are rapidly grown- > ing towns of recent founding, and marked by broad and fine avenues. Dunton has a field club of over 70 members. On the easterly outskirts of Jamaica is Hollis, another suburban village, the residence of F. W. Dunton (until recently chairman of the Queens County Supervisors), who has done more for good roads on Long Island than any other man. Hollis' chief points of interest are an ancient inn on the Hempstead and Jamaica Plank Road, and an Odd Fellows' Home, for indigent members of that fraternity, established last Fall. The soil here has a surface loam which lends itself to good roads. It was on the site of Hollis that General Na- thaniel WoodhuU was taken prisoner after the battle of Long Island. Just beyond is the old settlement of Queens (nearly 1,000 pop.) with a carriage manufactory, a tennis club, a lyceum hall ancl the grounds of the Queens County Athletic Club. A mile to the north is the noted rifle range of Creedmoor where international contests have been held. A spur of the railroad from Floral Park runs here, but it is best reached by the Queens stage. Floral Park has its chief distinction from being the situation of an immense nursery and seed house. It is also a railroad junction, has a good hotel accommodating sixty, very many cottages, and publishes a newspaper that circulates all over the island. East Hinsdale (or Hinsdale) and Hyde Park are tiny settlements on the outskirts of Hempstead Plain. /cbONG THE SOUTH SHO[^E. The Shooting, Fishing and Sailing along Great South Bay and the Atlantic — Summer Cottages and Merriment — The Clam Shell Road. A fanning and grazing country, with the market gardening interests -uppermost, stretches south from Jamaica to the ocean. The land slopes almost imperceptibly from the hills to the coast, its borderland, where sea touches shore, being dotted with handsome residences and made park-like with great tracts of lawn and roads of the finest macadam. Springfield, Foster's Meadow, Valley Stream, Fenhurst and Woodsburgh are tiny hamlets of a country store and a post office each, all within the twenty-mile radius of Brooklyn and well supplied with ozone. Fenhurst is the romantic name given to once prosaic Hewlett's, called after an old Long Island family of farmers. Woodsburgh was named after the late Samuel Wood of Brooklyn, and was originally planned on a grand Bcale. Springfield has a boarding accommodation for about twenty, Fen- hurst fifteen and Woodsburgh several hundred. The latter place has also a good sized hotel. Cedarhurst, the station after Woodsburgh on the Far Rockaway Branch, owes its name and fame to being the seat of the Rockaway Hunt, several years ago the Rockaway Steeple Chase. Of late the course and steeple chasing have been abandoned and the members devote themselves to pursuing the fox and to polo. The Hunt is housed in a very beautiful country club mansion with a fine view of the sea and less than a mile from it. A superb polo ground is laid in front of the broad piazzas and there is an excellent tennis field. Within, the house's chief attraction is a great baronial hall with a gallery at one end, and opposite it a divanned window extending across its entire front. There are fifty hounds in the pack and 150 members on the rolls. Such hunters as Foxhall Keene, Albert La Mon- tague, Rene La Montague, Ricardo Franke, John A. Cheever and Louis Nelson are to be found at the meets. George C. Rand is president, and John K. Cowdin the master of the hounds. James R. Keene, the father of the famous Foxhall, has a splendid country mansion near by, at which he spends the greater part of the year. The Hunt's insignia is a fox's head crossed by two whips. A mile to the west, and with its finest portion half a mile from the sta- tion, is located Lawrence, a place of Summer cottages. Though but a mile distant from Far Rockaway it has a beach of its own, once known as the Isle of Wight. From the village state in which it could have been found a dozen years ago it has evolved into a resort with many of the char- acteristics of Tuxedo. It has a club — or rath'er a casino — with a restricted membership, and fitted up with a dancing room, capable also of being used 198 CITIZEN GUIDE. as a tiny auditorium. The town is beautifully laid out, the houses being artistic both in color and in form, the avenues are broad and well bedded, and many fine gardens are in sight. A large number of New York mer- chants make their country homes here, coming early in the Spring and leaving late in the Fall. Driving, boating, fishing and bathing are alike excellent. It is the nearest place of its class to the city. There is one hotel, accommodating nearly 300, and boarding houses taking nearly 100 more. The strong point of Far Rockaway is that of the marshland. The uplands come down to the sea, only ending upon the beach itself. Far Rockaway is an old time town. Fifty years ago, though it stood alone then on the edge of the sands, it enjoyed all the celebrity it has to-day. The cholera scare of the forties gave it its reputation. New Yorkers flocking to it like sheep. They lived there everywhere, in any place, in tents, in barns. A company v/as formed and the Marine Pavilion erected. It was run under the management of the great boniface Cranston, of the New York Hotel. Famous personages by the dozen slept and ate at this hostelry during its twenty years of life. A notable entry on its old register was that of Gen- eral Scott and his staff. Just at the close of the war it was suddenly burned down beyond restoral. It is a prosperous little place in Winter, with a permanent poptdation of 3,000, a bank whose stock is rated at 250, and three churches, but in Stim- mer time it is in all its glory. The population is then swollen to nearly 7,000. Wave Crest and Bays water, the former fronting on the ocean, the latter on the Hook of Jamaica Bay, have together nearly 250 cottages, the most of which are rented long before the season begins. Wave Crest has long been noted for its exclusiveness, its fine families and its beautiful vil las. Bayswater is taking on many of the same attributes. Besides the cot- tage population there are eight hotels and innumerable boarding houses, tak- ing in nearly 2,000 more. In the inlet there is excellent still water bathing and rowing. A ferry carries visitors over to the beach, which is really a fine one. A village hall for the giving of theatricals and dances, which are a great feature of the Winter's life, is still lacking, but it is planned to erect one next Fall. The Bayswater Yacht Club, three years old, numbering 100 members and thirty to forty yachts, is a leading institution of the town. On a clear night the lights of Brooklyn and the arc of the East River Bridge may be seen from Bayswater Bluff. It is called a " paradise for fishermen" here. Inwood, a hamlet a mile to the north, is the abode of the professional angler. Alonj? the Shore to Babylon. Pearsalls is the first station to the east of Valley Stream, on the Mon- tauk Division. It is a quiet inland village, named after an old family of the south shore, and has changed little during the last half century. At Pearsalls the Long Beach road branches off across the meadows, but the crowd of pleasure seekers of a day does not disturb the tiny village of the cross roads. For it is not much more than that, though its well scattered population numbers 900. It is directly in the centre of a farming commu- nity, and practically marks the bounds of market gardening along the south shore. Its chief pride is its old Methodist church, by whose side is the Rockville Cemetery, over 100 years old, and showing one grave containing 256 bodies, passengers on the ship " Mexico," wrecked off Hempstead Bay during the fifties. Pearsalls' summer accommodation is large. To its southeast is Christian Hook,* or Oceanside, a hamlet a mile and a half from ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE. 199 Rockville Centre station, and East Rockaway, a place of stables and board- ing farms, where the Long Beach visitors keep their teams, and from whence they start on their inland drives. East Rockaway boarding houses hold over loo people. Rockville Centre. — This is a bustling inland town, one and a half miles further down the road, one mile from Hempstead Bay, and two and a half from Long Beach. Its chief manufactures are hat and hammock making. The latter industry is an important one, over 10,000 hammocks being sent away each year, in the main to southern cities. The hammocks are only " strung" in the, factory, the actual work of making being done in the homes of the operatives. There is a resident population of about 2,800, but one-eighth of it being native. Nearly sixty per cent, of the residents are New Yorkers, who have made the town their permanent home, and twenty-five per cent, hail from Brooklyn. The town, though new (there were only two houses on Village avenue, the main street, in 1876), is most progressive. Its trade is active, it has one of the best equipped and edited country newspapers in the State, a State bank and a High School of 800 pupils, especially appointed by the Regents of New York for the instruc- tion of teachers' classes. There are few Summer boarders, no Summer hotel existing, and the houses providing for barely 200. Social interests are most active, especially during the "Winter. The town boasts an opera house capable of seating 800 people, and private theatricals are frequently given. A bowling and a rowing club are features of the life, the women taking a keen interest in both these sports. It is a " village of churches," literally, these edifices numbering seven. There is little evidence — only tradition — as to how the town came by its name. The soil is almost a pure sand, and not a rock can be found in the region as big as a man's fist. The story is that Rockville Centre was called after the Rocksmiths, wrecked on this coast over 200 years ago. Earlier than that it was the meeting place of the Iroquois Indians, traces of them being still visible in the shell bank of the Mill River, a favorite bathing place. In Hempstead Bay there is very good boating and fishing, some famous catches of bass having been recently made. The original storage reservoir and pumping stations of the Brooklyn water supply are here. 'Two years ago the extension of the system to Massapequa, nine miles further on, was completed. The pipe line follows the railroad track closely and is quite visible from the cars. The whole region roundabout, both north and south of the track, is dotted with little ponds and lakes, fed by springs, of which the supply is inexhaustible. It is Q. porous country here, with a rapidly absorbing soil and full of fine farming lands. Staple products are what is raised. Twenty-one and a half miles from the city is Milbum station, known as Baldwins for eighty years, and still called so by the country folk. It is the first oyster town of any magnitude so far approached, and there are large beds of the bivalves on Milbum channel. It is less than a mile from the water, has a population of nearly 2,000, scattered and rural, and adds over 100 to it in the Summer. Freeport. — The main street of this energetic south shore town runs down to the water. It is the first of the villages to the west, situate directly on an arm of the Great South Bay. Freeport's interest, primarily, is aquatic. Nearly 400 sail boats of all rigs and classes are at her docks or about Freeport Bay. The town has nothing in the way of set manufacto- ries, but a very large proportion of the trout flies used in this country are 200 CITIZEN GUIDE. made in Freeport. Over one hundred operatives, mainly young women, are employed, and there are two establishments. The industry was started by an English fly maker settling there some fifteen years ago. Bass flies are also made, but comparatively few. Many city people have made Free- port their Summer home, and a large number of ornamental cottages are placed near the water's edge. The boarding houses add a hundred or so more to the population, which increases to considerably over 2,000 during the Summer months. Education is not neglected, as the village has just voted to put up a $30,000 school house. The Prospect Gun Club of Brook- lyn has its station and preserves near the town. Boating, driving and bowling are the main amusements. The churches number five. The soil here is extremely sandy, and it is a common tradition that a man may walk without rubbers in the morning after it has rained all night. On the way to Amityville several little towns are passed. Merrick is a pretty country place, with its beauties invisible from the railway. It has a dozen or so houses of wealthy men on the main road, and a guild hall for the young men of the district right in their midst. There are practically no boarding accommodations, however, but one small hotel receiving guests. A mile north-east of the depot are the noted grounds of the Long Island Camp Meeting Association, where rovivals and weeks of praise and exhortation are held each Summer. The members are old school Methodists and the meetings are spirited affairs. This is the leading camp meeting on the island and one of the most prominent in the State. Bellemore is a little village with a few cottages near by. Ridgewood, or Wantagh railroad station, is a " cross roads " in the midst of farm lands. Just to the north of it is another great reservoir of the Brooklyn system. This system finally ends in Massapequa Lake, two miles beyond. A mile north is the hamlet of Jerusalem, also reached from the Central Park station on the mainline. Its farming population numbers a trifle over 200. A mile away is Plainedge, the termination of the great Hempstead plain. Here the region of scrub oak and pine commences, but the change is hardly noticeable well down on the south shore. Farmingdale, near by (population 700), is an odd little village supported by farmers. It is the best part of three miles from the south shore and its chief industry is the manufacture of pickles. It is quite a boarding centre, taking m nearly 200 visitors. A trifle to it,s north are Bedelltown, Bethpage and Mannetto Hill, in the centre of farms. Returning to the Montauk Line, Massapequa next comes in view, dis- tinguished by one of the prettiest railroad stations in Queens County. This is in the township of Oyster Bay, and was once known as South Oyster Bay. It is the ancestral home of the Jones family, and "Massa- pequa House," on Massapequa Lake, the residence of a cousin of the present State Senator, Edward Floyd-Jones, is one of the historic buildings of the county. Massapequa is best known to-day for its splendid hotel overlooking the bay, the " Massapequa," one of the best appointed and finest class hostelries outside of New York City. Its capacity is over 300, and it is the centre of much social and aquatic life during the season. Its " hops " are much discussed affairs throughout the region. There is no village at Massapequa, only a dozen or less daintily designed country villas which set off the locality. There is a touch ofwildness here, especially at nightfall, around the big, brilliantly lighted hotel, which com- pletes the picture perfectly. Shopping in Massapequa is done at Seaford, a village of 500 souls, a mile to the southwest, with a boarding house accommodation of some fifty and several good shops. ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE. « 201 Amityville is an old time town that, without appearing to do so, is lap- ping the cream of modern life. For a generation and more it has been a favorite resort of Brooklynites. It has no manufacturing interest nor indus- try, and yet there is a permanent and prosperous population of 2,500. Most of its natives are baymen, sailors and fisherman, or else farmers. The aquatic interest is well developed. Amityville creek was dredged six years ago, so that freight laden vessels can to-day go up to the turnpike. Amity- ville is the only place on the island where this is possible. No town on the south shore has better fishing. Blue fish, black, sea bass and weak fish are readily pulled in. An Amityville Yacht Club has recently been organized with twenty to thirty members, all owning boats. Sailing here is in no wise dependent on the tide, which can be said of comparatively few places along the south shore. There is capital surf bathing on Oak Island Beach across the bay, and Gilgo and Hemlock Beach are also popular nearby re- sorts. The cottages and boarding houses are a mile or so from the station, ^ scattered along the bay front. The boarding house capacity is about 350. *A fine new hotel of 100 rooms, the "Newpoint," will receive guests for the first time this Summer. Amityville boasts fine churches, a bank, and a ly- ceum seating 400. It is lit by electricity and contains the Brunswick Home for epileptics, a Dominican convent, and a private asylum- for the mildly in- sane. Its village street is long, quaint and" straggling. Breslau (now Lindenhurst on the railroad map) is a German settlement of 1,500, devoted to the manufacture of ^cigars and buttons. These German operatives are a quiet set and they have brought about a "Kleine Deutsch- land " on the bluefish shore. The settlement was started many years ago under the name of Breslau, and it was planned to make it a great city. Streets were laid out and business blocks planned. Its projectors, how- ever, never realized their visionSo There is boarding accommodation for over fifty. Three miles beyond and thirty-seven from New York lies the town of Babylon, where the old cry once rang out, "Passengers for Fire Island, out here!" On the Great Soiitli Bay. With Babylon commences the Great South Shore Road. A quarter of a century ago it was known as the '"south country," but men and manners change. It deserves a more pretentious name now, for, beyond a doubt, it is the most beautiful avenue Long Island can boast. For twenty miles, through Bay Shore, Islip, Oakdale and Sayville, up to the country east of Patchogue, it runs in a broad level course, as hard as a rock, for the greater distance with a clam shell surface, and bounded on each side by puperb, gloriously branching old trees that the vandals, if there be any in this legion, have not dared to meddle with. Each and every pleasant afternoon during the Summer sees a magnificent cavalcade of rig and trap from end to end of this twenty miles. No other place within a radius of a hundred miles of New York, not even Newport, can produce such a display. It is not only the quality and the extreme excellence of individual equipage, hackney, cob and thoroughbred, but the mass as well. From Islip, through Oakdale to Sayville, the shore region is cut up into beautiful and extensive parks. Enormous aggregate wealth is represented here. A large number of the wealthiest men of New York have their country homes and stock fcanns on the Great South Bay. There are country and sporting clubs of 202 CITIZEN GUIDE. the highest and most pretentious type along the line, valuable trout pre- serves and shooting boxes, where the gun is at its very best. Besides being the focal centre of driving, these twenty miles are the great abode of out-of-door sport. The sailing qualities of the Great South Bay need no commendation; they are far too well known. It would be im- possible to estimate the number of small pleasure craft spreading their sails along the coast from Babylon to Bellport Bay. It would be a tiresome task simply to count them. Little yacht clubs are scattered along the shore, Islip having the most pretentious one. The catboat is most in favor because of its serviceableness and its ability to meet any emergency in the way of squally winds. The great aquatic sport is bluehshing, and it speaks well for the Great South Bay's resources, that after nearly fifty years of anglers by the hundred these waters are still splendidly stocked by nature and give no sign of being fished out. In the late Fall, after the horde of Summer visitors has departed, the season for duck, snipe, geese and mal- lard shooting commences. At times during the early Winter the bay's sur- face is fairly black with birds. There are half a dozen famous old inns along the shore and the road, where the science of duck and bluefish cook-* ing has reached its highest point, and where the dinners, one's own bag- ging being prepared especially for him, is a something never to be forgotten. Oy storing flourishes during the Fall and Winter, duck shooting lasts during the same months, and with early June the bluefish comes in the bay in shoals. Babylon is the commencement of this sportsmen's and Summer sojourn- ers' land. It is a quiet little village with a beautifully quaint main street, and the last census credits it with a population of 3,000. Originally it was known as Sampawam's Village (after an old tribe of Indians), and as a set- tlement existed long before the Revolution. Its main street is a quarter of a mile from the depot, the dock — where once the Fire Island passengers embarked — a mile further on, and depot and dock are connected by a queer Httle horse car railroad, with but a single track. It is related of Horace Greeley that once upon a time he visited Babylon and entered the horse car (the same old one is still shown under a shed) to journey to the water. But the relic, for. so it was even then, ran off the track, and Mr. Greeley had to alight with the other passengers and help lift it on. The village, though a quiet one, is many sided. To the east and the west and the north stretch the broad properties of New Yorkers and Brook- lynites, many of which are occupied the year round. Two miles to the north is the Belmont estate, a superb stock farm, called by him " The Nur- sery." Here there is a fine stud of western stock, a mile race track and an unpretentious but roomy mansion. One of the best trout ponds in the vicinity is located here and given the greatest attention. To this domain August Belmont the second succeeded on his father's death. Young Mr. Belmont has also a fine farm on Hempstead Plain, which is touched upon in a description of that region. The cost of running the Babylon farm alone is said to be $75,000 a year. Across the road from the Belmonts, and less than half a mile away, is the park of Austin Corbin, mapped out in English fashion and stocked with deer, antelope, reindeer and elk. There are ex- cellent trout preserves in its midst, and a well-built and artistic modern mansion in full view from the side road. Nearby is the Westminster Ken- nel Club's preserve, with a fine collection of pointers and retrievers, This club holds a leading position in the canine and sportsman world. ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE. 203 Most of the mansions, however, have their lands bordering on the Great South Road. The bay is almost constantly in sight. Among the most notable places one passes in a drive towards Bay Shore are Effingham Park, the "manor place" of E. B. Sutton of New York; a curious, filigree ornamented abode of white, yellow and cream, the home of " Aunty Wag- staff," mother of the well-known colonel of that name; the *' Havemeyer " mansion and grounds, where the great sugar magnate used to live, once marked by his nearby herd of valuable Guernseys; and the houses and farms of Henry B, Hyde of the Equitable Life, Charles Magoun of Baring, Magoun & Co. (noted for its jumping horses), and William P. Clyde of steamship fame. On Cap Tree Island in the bay, opposite Fire Island Beach, is the house of the popular Way wayonda Club of New York City, its membership made up of a hundred or more well known politicians, chief among which are ex-Mayor Grant, Jordan L. Mott and Barney Martin. The club house is plain as to its exterior, but comfortable and well furnished within. It is a three story structure, made up of three sections, joined to- gether by broad verandas. The village proper has an active Summer life. There are scores of cot- tages and many hotels and boarding houses. The largest hotel of all — the Argyle in Argyle Park, accommodating several hundred — has been closed for the past two years, but will probably soon re-open. Even without this Babylon has a Summer capacity of nearly 2,000. Six hotels and inns offer accommodation, the Watson and the Sherman'Houses being particularly in vogue among epicurean sportsmen. The merchants are prosperous, the town being the trading centre for miles around. It has whip and carriage factories, six churches, a bank charter (the building is not erected yet), two public halls, water works, an athletic association, a base ball club (champions of the South Shore League), a bicycle club, and the Short Beach Club, made up of men who live in Babylon and Bayshore during the Summer months. It is a religious town, noted for its revivals and church interests. The village society is built entirely on the churches. Though Fire Island has ceased to be a resort and is now State property, excursions across the bay are frequent. Oak Island being the objective point. The "Surf," the famous little craft of Boniface Sammis in the Fire Island Hotel days, has degenerated into oystering. It is a beautiftd drive along the South Shore Road from Babylon, four miles, into Bay Shore. This is a modern settlement, a genuine " cottage land," with streets and cross streets well graded and kept, and set on either hand with pretty little villas and gardens. It is essentially a summer town, Bay Shore being well nigh deserted during the Winter save by the fisher- men and bay men. Cottage life is to be seen there in its most charming form. At the village's eastern end are the houses of its wealthiest and most representative families. Penatauquit Point is the centre of the last named over towards Islip. The houses there are built around the edge of a great square, and in the midst of them are the excellent tennis courts and field of the South Side Field Club. Even Southampton cannot boast of a finer, more perfect tennis lawn. In exactly the centre of the ground is set the " Casino," its first floor admirably adapted for a dance, its upper story rejoic- ing in two little balconies from which to watch the progress of the games. Near this region are the notably fine mansions of Spencer Aldrich, Theron J. Strong and Alanson T. Enos, Mr. Strong's being a particularly interest- ing example of colonial adaptation. Nearly every one in Bay Shore js a cottager. The boarding houses are very few and hold less than 200 in all. 204 CITIZEN GUIDE. There are two good sized hotels, however, the Prospect House, accom- modating several hundred, and old Dominy's Inn, on the main road, an ancient hostelry with a history and traditions in its double pitched roof and low ceilinged parlors and sleeping rooms. It stood there nearly a century before the village of Bay Shore was ever thought of. The South Side Field Club does not monopolize the entire attention of the Sammer sojourners. The Great South Bay Yacht Club belongs as much to this town as it does to Islip, three miles to the east. This is a popular organization and its regattas are great events in the society of the coast. Alden S. Swan of Brooklyn is its commodore and leading member. It has in its fleet all the fast private craft of the neighboring towns. The Olympic Club is a country organization of city men owning a fine establish- ment at the foot of Bay Shore's broadest avenue. Cheever Goodwin, the librettist of " Wang," an ardent fisherman, has made his home at Bay Shore for several seasons. If the traveller goes from Bay Shore to Patchogue by rail he misses the finest driveway and one of the most perfect panoramas on the island. After leaving Bay Shore the road to the east gets more beautiful, its arch-, ing trees form a wonderful vista, broken only by views of stately mansions on either side. Of Islip village there is very little; the section's interest and charm is its private villas, or manses they should be called, its superb views seaward, and its country, picked out like fine embroidery on velvet with lakes and streams. The blue fish is in the bay, but inland the trout is to be found, never finer nor plumper. One of the wealthiest country clubs about New York city, the South Side Sportsman's, has recognized this and settled it- self in a quaint and pretty home, one half of it an old time mansion, directly on the bay. The main pursuit of its members is fishing, but it has a pretty little deer park and an excellent, though small, herd. W. Bayard Cutting's country seat, " Westbrook," was once the Lorillard place, and is notable now for its stables and the fine coach Mr. Cutting drives. The town is well represented in churches, there being four of them, St. Mark's Episcopal having age and historic interest back of it. This church has re- cently erected a parish house containing a gymnasium and including a trainer, classes and a bicycle club. Its endowments from its wealthy com- municants make it one of the most prosperous churches of the faith on Long Island. One hundred and fifty visitors may find rooms in the small private residences within a mile from the station, and there are besides the Pavil- ion and the Lake House, each supplied with unexampled fish and duck chefs. Down the road to the east the Connetquot River, a pretty little stream, is crossed. Here is the station of the South Side Club just mentioned. A mile up to the northwest is Bohemia, a hamlet in the scrub pine country. Next on the road, now at its very finest point, comes Oakdale, a place of private parks alone. Its sylvan solitudes are unmarred by hotel, inn or country store. Oakdale is best known as the country home of William K. Vanderbilt, whose stables here, "The Idle Hour," are unsurpassed in their appointments. Their total cost has exceeded half a million of dollars, prob- ably much more, for the exquisitely designed fence that surrounds the park, ornate iron pickets set on granite blocks, alone cost over $200,000, and Mr. Vanderbilt is said to have spent nearly $1,000 a day on it during the past year. The house is a large irregular Queen Anne of brick and stone. His stables are even finer than his house. Both have a good outlook on the bay. ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE. 205 The grounds run up to within a few rods of the railroad track and the South Shore Road passes in between. "Idle Hour" has, besides, a splendid conservatory with the finest collection of orchids on the south shore, and a celebrated poultry yard containing many rare fowl. It is entered through two superb gateways of brick and grilled iron work. After the Vanderbilt property it seems as if Oakdale had little else to offer, Robert Fulton Cut- ting and Christopher R. Roberts have remarkably attractive places, though, and very near to "Idle Hour" is St John's church, built in 1765. To the southeast is Greenville, a fisherman's hamlet one mile from the Oakdale station and with less than 300 inhabitants. Here, at Brookhaven I3ay, is the widest part of the Great South Bay. Directly opposite is the centre of P'ire Island or the Great South Beach, a narrow tongue of land that ends only when Westhampton is reached. Two miles down the road is Sayville, four miles from the trade centre of Patchogue. It is situate finely, fifty rods from the railroad station, and directly on the bay. The shore line is a bold one, and its handsomest cottages are set on the bank. Fully 2,ooo Summer visitors are to be found in its villas, hotels and board- ing houses, and the town is growing like magic as a resort. Bayport is a smaller place, and an exclusive one. It also numbers many artistic dwel- lings and has a large boarding accommodation (500 nearly) though it still lacks a large hotel. Patchogue. — The first of the "ogues" — a synonym for pleasure and sport on Long Island — has two distinct phases of life. Winter and Sum- mer it is the focus of a busy trade. There is little of the humdrum existence popularly supposed to be the keynote of Long Island villages. Patchogue is all agog and astir. It opens its arms hospitably to the 2,000 and more Summer visitors who flock to it by every train during the season, but its old families have their own life and their own trade interests and do not mingle at all with the people a-summering. Patchogue has two news- papers, a bank with nearly 700 depositors, whose stock is now quoted at 190, and large manufacturing concerns. A mile to the southwest lies Blue Point, whence come the most famous oysters in the American market. The export trade is large, many thousand barrels being sent to Europe each year, and the business to all domestic points is thriving. The Patchogue River runs to the west of the town three miles into the interior. Its channel gives at times a depth of five to six feet of water, and in the Winter there is very good ice boating on its surface. It widens a mile from the bay into Patch- ogue Lake. On the west bank of this sheet of water, which is half a mile wide, is the village's chief industry, the Nottingham Lace Works, capital- ized at $300,000, making goo pairs of lace curtains a week, and with a pay- roll of $1,800. On the opposite bank is an electric light plant. The banks of the river from the bay are lined with little boat building yards. There are twelve of these in all, and they turn out some beautiful specimens of ship- yard joining. Nothing very large is built there, the maximum being about a forty-foot keel. The Patchogue boat yards are known far beyond the island's limits. Other industries are a blind, sash and door factory, said to be the largest lumber interest in either Queens or Suffolk counties (two large steamers are employed in carrying its products to New York), and a paper mill on Canaan Pond, just above the lake. The churches have a large controlling interest in the society of the town. There are five church edifices, all new within the past four years. The Congregational Society, just now putting up one of the finest sanctu- aries outeide of Brooklyn, has recently held its one hundredth anniversary. 206 CITIZEN GUIDE. The total valuation of church property is not far from $150,000. The town has a public library with several thousand volumes, a Young Men's Insti- tute fitted out with bowling alleys, auditorium hall, library and gymna- sium, flourishing secret societies, and the best equipped fire department of any Long Island town. Its engine No. I has won against all comers in the Long Island tournaments, water runs through the village, the Holly sys- tem being used, and a standpipe, 100 feet high, is located on the shores of the lake. An eighth of a mile out of the town are the athletic grounds of the " Institute," a track eight laps to the mile, and a well-made grand stand. Mrs. Lozier, of Sorosis, and J. Adolph MoUenhauer, the sugar re- finer, have places just within the town's limits. Patchogue is said to be the largest village in the country that is unincorporated. Its permanent population is over 4,000. At times the influx of Summer visitors swells it to nearly twice its normal size. There are fifteen Summer hotels of star ding, all located down on the river street, the dock being three-quarters of a mile from the depot. Including these there are nearly fifty places to which visi- tors may go. The fleet of pleasure boats numbers very nearly 300, and there is unexcelled boating and fishing. At East Patchogue, a small settle- ment just beyond. E. W. Durkee has a fine stock farm with model barns and some admirable California horses. BANKS— GROCERS— BOOKS— PRINTS, &c. OLIVER M. DENTON, H. B. AUTEN, PRESIDENT. CASHIER. KINGS COUNTY BANK, 12 COURT STREET, BROOKLYN. DIRECTORS: WTT TT AM B LEONARD, WILLIAM W, GOODRICH, HERMANN WISCHMANN, AT RRO T NEWTON, JAMES McLAREN, RICHARD S. BARNES, DAVID S JONES, LEONARD MOODY, N. S. DIKE, CAMDEN C. DIKE, JAMES JOURDAN, OLIVER M. DENTON. Lovers of good Teas and Coffees CAN BE SUITED AT STORES: 321 Columbia Street, 546 Fiftli Avenue, 219 Myrtle Avenue, 130 Fiftli Avenue, 2725 Atlantic Avenue. JOHN McGAHIE, Established 1870. PROPRIETOR. SABIN , 80 Nassau St., Neiv York. Old and Valuable BOOKS, PRI NTS AND E NGRAVINGS. Special attention given to the needs of Collectors of rare, fine and standard works, and the wants of ** Book Illustrators." GBNERAIi SERVICES AS AGENT IN BUYING OR SEIililNG, VAI.UATION, &c. i LARGE STOCK OF PORTRAITS AHD PLATES. Are You Insured? 1..^^ TtL.: northwestern Mutual lite Insurance Co., Was established 36 years ago, and issues The Strongest, Cheapest, Best form of Investment Life Policy, and has paid over Thirty-Five Million Dollars to its LIVING POLICY HOLDERS. _^^ ^^^ .^.^mT YOU NEED NOT DIE TO WIN. ASSETS, JAN. 1st, 1893, $56,236,089.13. | SURPLUS, Jan. 1st, 189.3, «9,467,384.54. Apply to JAMES F. ATKINSON, General Agent, Garfield Building, Room 4. 26 Court St., coi. Remson St., Brooklyn, N. Y. S-EYE VIEW i LONG ISLAND. BANK— DECORATORS— HATS— BOOKSELLERS. LONG ISLAND BANK. ORGANIZED 182 4. CROWELL HADDEN, President, JOHN H. DITMAS, Vice-President. W. H. LEFFINGWELL, Cashier. DIRECTORS. David B. Baylis, Henry D. Polhemus, James L. Morgan, Michael Snow, Henry D. Van Orden, Crowell Hadden, John H. Ditmas, John B. Kins, Fred'k A. Van Iderstein, Daniel F. Lewis, William A. Read, Abraham Abraham. Wm. H. Lothrop. W. E. Aldridge. H. L. Ennis. THE NEW YORK DECORATING CO. Decorations for Balls, Fairs, Celebrations, Etc., A-wnings, Flags, Tents, Camp Chairs, &c. : : 22 MONTAGUE STREET, - BROOKLYN, L. I. CHAS. BOOSS. G. F. RICH. 6HARLES Beess 4 60., MANUFACTURERS OF *^i HATS AND FURS, h^ 54 Court St., near City Hall, BROOK:L-5risr . FURS BE-DYED, ALTEBED, BEPAIBED AND TAKEN ON STOBAGE. THOMAS LUNT & CO., YYfioLeSftLe ftND ReTftIL ^OOKSELLERS, 188 FULTON STREET, BROOKLYN, Have in Stock a Larger and Cheaper Paper-Covered Line of NOVELS than any other B(3ol< Store in the City. GIVE US A CALL. THE WEST OF THE ISLAJMD. From Roslyn to Oyster Bay— " The Hempstead Barrens "—Villages and Farms— The Cathedral of the Incarnation— Flushing and its Envi- rons. The train that leaves Mineola for the Hempstead Harbor regiom, on the north shore, makes a sharp curve as it nears the great Fair Grounds, and dashes off, almost at right angles, due north. On the edge of Mineola Plain is set East Williston, a hamlet with only 150 people, but boasting a road cart factory, the '• make" of which is famous all over the Eastern States, and one of the finest of yards of fancy ducks, together with a small but excellent stock farm, owned by Timothy Treadwell. Roslyn, two miles ftirther on, has many a historic and romantic association to detain the traveller and prolong his stay. It is a quiet little village, placed down in a valley, its houses clustered at the head of Hempstead Harbor, five miles in from the Sound. High hills tower above it, those to the west bounding Cow's Neck, or Manhasset, on which is Port Washington, a still smaller village, and Sands Point, on which, in spite of its distance from the rail- road, many fine residences and broad pleasure parks stand. Roslyn has a population of but 1,300, and its boarding capacity is barely 100; trade does not disturb it. It is a village of the past, Hving upon its memories, and with a few fine old mansions and •' monuments," so to speak, keeping guard along its banks. The most famous of all of these, on the east bank road, well down on the harbor, is Cedannere, the home of William Cullen Bryant. The house is near the steamboat landing, two full miles from the station, and is occupied by the dead poet's son-in-law, Harold Godwin, the son of the noted mechanical expert, Parke Godwin, who lives directly op- posite. A near neighbor of the Godwins is Lieutenant Emory of the Navy, who was one of the stalwarts of the Greeley Expedition. The Bryant home- stead stands weather-beaten, but strong and sturdy. Outside of the asso- ciations with the author of " Thanatopsis," it is one of Roslyn's historic dwellings. It was built by Rich-j.rd Kirk some time between the Revolu- tion and 1790. Every timber in it was carefully planed, just as the outside timbers are. Bryant's dust lies in the quaint Httle village cemetery a mile away. The place is marked by the largest monument in the cemetery, a plain but exquisite block of granite. Another historic building is the home of Dr. Bogart lived in by Hendrix Onderdonk in 1769. The old mansion is practically intact to-day. At the same time Onderdonk bought the property on the banks of the second of the three ponds that extend back from the harbor's head and established a paper mill, running until a few years ago and the oldest in the State. The old Valentine house, near the stone bridge by the depot, is known to have been built before the Revolu- 208 CITIZEN GUIDE. tion. It is a quaint mansion, on Colonial and old English lines. The Losee house is older yet, having been erected in 1757. The flour mill, of Revolu- tionary or early nineteenth century date, is still revolving for all who will bring grist to it. In Skillman's Woods, a few rods east of the railroad track, there is a bit of the old stone wall behind which the British en- trenched themselves while guarding their commissary department at Hempstead against the depredations of the Yankee oystermen of Hemp- stead Harbor. The town from its modern point of view has little of note. The silk mills and cheese factories started some years ago were given up as unprof- itable enterprises. Roslyn has five churches and some social mterest. Tennis is not a popular game, but baseball meets with much favor. The village is noted for Harbor Hill, the highest point on the island (260-70 feet above high water), with an observatory 80 feet high. Harbor Hill is half a mile east of the village main street. Two miles to the southwest, through a farming district, is Searingtown, remarkable for having the first Metho- dist church on Long Island. Four miles to the northeast, away off from the railroad, is Brookville, celebrated for its factional fights between Dutch- men and Yankees in the Peter §tuyvesant days. To the north are Green- vale, Glenwood and Glen Head, devoted to agriculture and market garden- ing. A few fine stock farms are scattered through this region, notably that of Mrs. S. Tabor Willets, who has made a study and a specialty of cattle. Sea Cliff, with its settlement a mile from the station, is a popular town of hotels and boarding houses, and is set on a high bluff overlooking the Sound. Down one side of the cliff runs an inclined plane railroad, a wonderfully clever piece of engineering. The bluff was originally the home of the same camp meeting association that is now quartered at Merrick on the south shore. In 1871 the place was owned by the Metropolitan Association for camp meeting purposes, but the Methodists soon got complete control. As soon as the "grove" was moved. Sea Cliff began to come into its own as a Summer resort. Now it is exceedingly popular, being easy of access from the city both by train and boat. There are no less than twenty-five hotels and boarding houses, with a total accommodation for 1,500 people. The largest hotel is the Sea CHff House, with a capacity of 300. Many private cottages, besides, adorn the streets. There are two churches in the village. Glen Cove is a town a mile further on, with an all the year round life of its own, a town of commuters and gentlemen farmers (population 4,300), with its own society and individual interests. A few Summer visitors come, but they do not swell the population appreciably, nor enter into the town life. There is a large industry down on the Cove proper in the Duryea Starch Factory, probably the largest concern of its kind in the country, em- ploymg 700 people. The Hempstead Harbor Yacht Club has its house on the point where the Cove merges into the bay. The Glen Cove Athletic Club, recently organized, is something of a feature of the town life. Good- boating and fishing are to be found on Hempstead Harbor. Further along, on the shores of the Sound, is Charles A. Dana's wonderful floral island of Dosoris, surrounded by a superb sea wall and boasting of the finest floral exhibit in New York State. In the centre of the island Mr. Dana has his country home. Visitors are allowed to traverse the outer driveway, and the best approach is through Dosoris Lane, an admirably shaded avenue leading out of Glen Cove village. Nearby is the 150 acres of the Charles Pratt estate, set aside for the agricultural department of the Pratt Insti- THE WEST OF THE ISLAND. 209 tute, Brookl3m. The Pratts have fine villas in this locality, and make it their Summer home. Locust Valley is a farmland, distinguished for the establishment of the Benjamin Downing Vacation Home for Working Girls. The boarding houses of the village will hold about loo. At Matinnecock, two miles in- land, there is an old Friends' Academy, founded 120 years ago and endowed by Gideon Frost. It is one of the best high schools in the State. Almost directly across the road is the ancient and storm worn Friends' meeting house, one of the first Quaker homes of worship to be established on Long Island. Bayville is of more recent settlement. "It is a delightful and a picturesque region, a trifle wild at night fall. A good sized country town is springing up gradually here, and the prospect of the Sound and the shore line is one of the best along the coast. Bayville has numerous fine Summei homes and a capacity of nearly 150 for visitors. It has its chief name from being the country residence of Julian Gordon (Mrs. S. Van Rensselaer Cruger). The railroad terminates in Oyster Bay. This is almost solely a region of wealthy landowners and old families. The turnpike runs along parallel to the shore, and on the shore side, with their grounds almost touching the water, have been built stately mansions in the midst of green lawns. Par- ticularly noticeable among these is the place cf Frank T Underbill, who has been largely instrumental in organizing the modern society of Oyster Bay. He was the founder of the Oyster Bay Polo Club, which has capital grounds a mile east, and well graded tennis courts besides. Over across the bay, on Centre Island, is the house and station of the Seawanhaka Yacht Club of New York. They have a capitally appointed mansion and a famous view from their piazza. Not far away, on Cove Neck, which separates Oyster Bay Harbor from Cold Spring Harbor (the villages are only about three miles apart) Theodore Roosevelt has a country home. Oyster Bay has a bank and six churches, together with excellent school facilities. Its permanent population is 1,800. Its most interesting features are its old families and old homes, built in colonial days. The Summer house on South street is said to be the oldest structure in the vicinitj^ stand- ing intact. Its exact date is not known, but it was certainly built long be- fore the Revolution. The Town send mansion en Main street has been some- what modernized, but its timbers still stand. During the Revolution the British officers were quartered here. Up on Fort Hill, from which Oyster Bay spreads itself out like a great canvas, there is the remnant of the old fort the Hessian soldiers occupied. The Youngs family have contributed to the history of Oyster Bay more than a little. Them as Youngs was the family founder, so far as this region goes. He was the first pilot in the Harbor of New York, and set the first buoys at Sandy Hook. As early as 1650 he built part of the old homestead that is now standing, quaint and beautiful with age, on the main road. One of the landmarks of the town is the Youngs' family burial plot near the homestead. Its first interment was in 1713, the first stone is marked 1720. Daniel K. Youngs of the town is his descendant and the antiquarian of the locality. The driving and boating around Oyster Bay can be most heartily re- commended. The chief native interest is oyster fishing, and the oysters from the bay are luscious ones. The Region of Hempstead. From the outskirts of old Jamaica to the Fair Grounds of the Queens 210 CITIZEN GUIDE. County Agncultural Society stretches the Jamaica Plain. It ends at Min- EOLA, a few scattered houses in the midst of a farming district, gaining its familiar name from its being an important junction and the place of chang- ing cars. Of recent years, however. Garden City and Floral Park have taken much of these privileges away from it. Mineola's population is 600, and outside of the Fair Days, when its road are crowded, it has only a Children's Home to mark it. The county fairs, however, give Mineola importance twice a year. They are held in June and September, and have as their chief characteristics hosts of well dressed people, a fine showing of stock, horseflesh and poultry, every sort of new fangled agricultural machine and a hall for the display of women's fancy work. The first agri- cultural fair in Queens County was held in 1693. No society was organized, however, until 181 7, when a beginning was made at Mineola. The date of the first formal exhibit was two Summers later. This old society went by the board, and nothing further was done until July 21, 1841, when, at a meet- ing of the Executive Committee of the New York State Agricultural Society, a special committee was appointed to see what could be accomplished. The next Fall the first fair of the Queens County Agricultural Society was held at Hempstead. Until 1861 the fairs were held in different towns. In that year permanent grounds, to the extent of forty acres, were donated by the town of Hempstead, a half mile track was laid out and the fair was held in the Fall. Since then the exhibitions have been regularly held tw^ce a year, generally in June and September. G. Howland Leavitt is the society's president, and Jacob Hicks of Old Westbury its secretary. There are nearly 1,700 life members, and the annual membership ranges a little under 2,000. No one needs to be told that Garden City was A. T. Stewart's pet pro- ject and the dream of his life. He started in to found an English cathe- dral city on what was known as the " Hempstead Barrens," a region abso- lutely flat and thought to be worth nothing except for pasturage. Through the most careful and scientific landscape gardening the dusty desert has been induced to blossom, and the lawns around the cottages show broad patches of well kept green. Garden City has not groM' n residentially as A. T. Stewart hoped it would. He purchased the land (7,000 acres) in 1869, paying the town of Hempstead nearly $400,000 for it. He expected that as soon as the great Cathe iral of the Incarnation was finished, people would flock in and build. But the town's population is considerably under i,ogo to-day. The cathedral, however, is one of the most beautiful ecclesiastical structures in the country. It is of brown stone, of Gothic;;/^///' and feeling, vWth delicate tracery and dainty points, and well proportioned in height, breadth and depth. It stands out a noble landmark in the midst of the plain, visible for miles. It dwarfs the little park -like village at its feet, and makes even the big academies, a stone's throw away, seem small. Its organ is one of the finest in the vicinity of New York, and its choristers are care- fully picked and trained. Within, in the richness of its fittings, it is quite as beautiful as without. Crowds of people come to it each pleasant Sunday, in carriage and in train. The Military Academy of St. Paul's, with its de- tailed army officer, its discipline and its constant drills, has gained itself the reputation of being the best military school (only excepting West Point) in the whole United States. Its battalion numbers nearly 100 boys. This, as is also St. Mary's, the girls' school, is under the control of the diocese. Both of these institutions have elaborate buildings. Near the cathedral is the bishop's residence, a commodious and handsome edifice, lavishly furn- ishedt There is also a Casino in the little park, and a club house for the THE WEST OF THE ISLAND. 211 school boys is to be built, with special reference to athletic sports and in- cluding a gymnasium and bowling alleys. The village of Hempstead, twenty miles from New York and reached by thirteen trains each day, has an interest that is both historic and modern. It was the very first settlement made in Central Long Island, practically contemporaneous with the most of Brooklyn, and but three years later than the founding of Southold. In 1643 a company of New Englanders settled quietly down to farming life. A year later they received a patent from Governor Kieft, and so Hempstead was begun. The village has old relics and historic mansions in plenty, but only one that tells the tale of two hundred years ago. That is a silver communion service, presented by Queen Anne of England early in the eighteenth century to St. George's Parish. The service is in use to-day, and handled with reverential hands. St. George's congregation is probably the oldest of the Church of England on the island. The first episcopal service in Hempstead was held in 1698. In 1734 the first St. George's was built, the town voting the churchyard and the glebe lands. The present edifice, a quaint white structure, was put in its place in 1821. The parsonage near by has more historical interest, for it is very nearly the same building as was first built in 1734. It was remodeled m 1793, but not extensively. Fifty years ago the north pitch of the roof was reshingled, and five years ago the south pitch, but the building still preserves many of its characteristics. A quaint old home stands at the north-east corner, one block east of Main, on Front street. It was a private dwelling long before Revolutionary times. It has been remodeled of late, but the old rafters, eight inches square, still remain, and they are well worth seeing. Sammis' Hotel, by the side of the railroad station, is perhaps the best specimen of an old, unaltered house in all the town. It is a weather beaten, two-story dwelling, with a double pitched roof, curious low-ceilinged rooms, and wonderful door frames and casings. There is a tradition through the village that Wash- ington slept here one night, and the visitor is shown the very bedroom, a little apartment on the ground floor. In the bar-room hangs what purports to be the original sign of the old inn. It is a rectangular board bound with iron work, done by the blacksmiths of those days, with these words painted in fanciful and old time script: " Entertainment by Nehemiah Sammis." It is supposed to have swung before the tavern door in 1 712. The present landlord found it in the attic a few years ago. The traditions of the village are innumerable, but there is no space to rehearse them here. The modern phase of Hempstead is one of much ac- tivity. The town is located just at the edge of the great plain, and the many streets are beautifully shaded. Streets and roads are kept in the pink of condition, and they are lined with neat, if not always expensive, cottages and the trimmest of lawns. Hempstead's population is 5,000. Her interests are those of a prosperous inland town, with the trade of the neighboring farms and some little manufacturing of her own. But the beach is only six or seven miles away and much delight is taken in aquatic sports. The Hempstead Bay Yacht Club has a house on Elder Island near Long Beach, the members' point of embarkation being Freeport. There is a membership of fifty or sixty and the club house is well fitted up. There are some good fast yachts already in the fleet, but this Spring a number more are being built. There is good fresh water fishing and sailing near- by. The driving and walking are excellent, for the roads are well looked after, Social interests are g^nt^rv^d mainly in the churches, of which there 212 CITIZEN GUIDE. are seven. They nave a paramount influence in the dictation of amuse- ments. The church societies of themselves are very strong and represen- tative of the young people. The Presbyterian congregation, it is interest- ing to note, was the first sect to have a church building in Hempstead vil- lage. For many years the edifice was also used as a Town Hall. The business interests of the village are a moulding mill, a shirt factory with nearly a hundred operatives, a straw hat factory, a carriage factory, and one for cork soles. Most of these business interests are small, but they are thriving and being pushed. There are two banks and a number of excel- lent stores. The seat of the township government is here, the town clerk having his office in the village. Formerly the whole business of the town- ship was done in Hempstead. There is an excellent village government, electric lights and water being supplied to the houses, and the streets being lit with the incandescent light. Many city people come up for the Summer months, but nearly all take cottages. The boarding accommodation does not exceed fifty. There are several good hotels, but no large Summer one. To the east and to the northeast to Westbury there are fine farm lands and extensive places. The famous Meadowbrook Hunt, with Frank Gray Griswold, Master of the Hounds, has its club house three miles out in this direction at East Meadow. The club has taken an old farmhouse there and refurnished it most elaborately, as well as building on to it. The pack now consists of some fifty hounds. Among the club's members there are some of the most famous cross country hunters in the world, and its stable is excellent. A polo club is attached to the hunt, and beautiful grounds have been laid out. Several fine stock farms lay right in this region. The Hempstead Farm of Thomas H. Terry, with its superb breeding stock, its very remarkable kennels and its display of fancy fowl, is undoubtedly the most noted and the most deserving of especial mention. August Belmont, Jr., has a capital stable of blooded horses, and Richard Ingraham, of Brook- lyn, fifty or sixty specimens of western stock that give his stables great com- mercial value. Old Westbury is a farming region of wealthy old families liv- ing some three miles from Westbury station, very nearly due north from East Meadow. It is fine old Quaker stock that the Westbury people come • from, and they are very proud of their lineage. The Hickses, the Cooks, the Tituses and the Willises are their chief representatives. What is quite prob- ably the oldest meeting house on the island is that at Westbury. It was built in 1 701. The farming country is fertile, and for the most part as flat as a barn floor. On the Wheatley Hills back of Old Westbury, E. D, Morgan has built a superb mansion and established an extensive stock farm. From its elevated situation the house is a landmark for all the region round. Flushing and the North Side. Winfield, Newton, Corona, on the Flushing and North Side Railroad, are little towns in the suburbs, averaging fifteen hundred inhabitants apiece, in the centre of market gardens and devoted to the manufacture of portable houses. Just beyond Corona in the marshes of Flushing Bay the road divides, one branch going to Bridge street, College Point and White- stone, the other to Main street, Flushing, and through Bay Side to Great Neck. Flushing is a genuine suburban town, quaint and picturesque in parts, modern par excellence^ and boasting many handsome mansions in others. It 15 an old town^ its settlement going back to the very same year that THE WEST OF THE ISLAND. 213 Hempstead was founded, 1643. It was first called Vlissenden. Its settlers were English refugees who had fled into Holland to escape the Quaker perse- cution, then raging through Great Britain. Flushing at its founding was a stronghold of Quakers. It is so, even to-day. The first assemblages of the "meeting" were held in theoldBowne Mansion erected in 1661. TheBowne Mansion stands as one of the landmarks of Flushing in an almost perfect state of preservation. It is one of the few old houses that have not felt the touch of time, or that the vandals have not attempted to remodel. In 1695 the "Friends" built their meeting house. The building is standing to-day on Broadway almost opposite the little park with hardly a change, save that its weather beaten boards have recently had a coat of paint. The old history of Flushing is nearly all bound up in the exploits of the Quakers. In the eighteenth century other sects began to gain a foothold in the town. Episcopalism rose up in 1720, and m 1746 land was given for a church. It was erected the same year, of rough gray stone, stately and religious, after the Gothic school, and to-day as St. George's it stands another landmark of the old town. It possesses a fine and resonant old bell. The Flushing of the present day has a population of 8,500 and is 12 miles distant from Long Island Cit}'-. Its streets and avenues are level, broad, well graded and shaded. It sits back a little from Flushing Bay, though a wide creek, perfectly practicable for heavily- laden schooners, runs up along the town's boundaries. It is 5 miles to the Sound as the crow flies. Flushing's industries are important. There are dye works, with about 50 operatives; glass bending works, employing great kilns ; the Flushing iron works, including machine shops and a foundry for the making of tools and lathes; two saw and plan- ing mills ; a portable house company, and a recently established beef con- cern which will send out its wagons all over the County of Queens. What Flushing is chiefly noted for though, in the commercial way, are her two great nurseries, one for hardy stock, rhododendrons, azaleas and ever- greens, the other for fruit and shade trees. The latter, the Bloodgood Nur- sery, dates back as far as 1729; besides there are several large rose farms within the town's limits. The clubs, associations, and societies exert a great influence upon Flushing's life. They are numerous and of large membership. The Niantic Club, fronting on Sanford avenue, is the leading organization. It has over a hundred in its membership, the members being drawn from the old families of the town. It is located in one of Flushing's old residences, and has sleeping accommodations, besides its alleys, parlors and club rooms. Another organization of the same social mold is the Flushing Athletic Club, now nearly a score of years old, and boasting nearly 300 members. It has a fine field and gymnasium, an eighth of a mile running track, base ball, football and tennis grounds, and a pretty little club house, covering in all an entire square. Tennis tournaments are held every Summer, and Flushing numbers more good players, it is said, than any town of its size in this country. The Seventeenth Separate Company, of the N. Y. S. N. G., has a capital little armory. The aquatic interest is weU developed, there being the Nereus, on Flushing Creek, with twelve boats, and the Flushing Boat Club (an oar_ organization exclusively) on Flushing Bay, with two barges and many little crafts. Other organizations are the Alumni Association of the High School, the Republican Club, the Single Tax Club and tlie Good Citi- zenship League of Women. The leading institutions are the Flushing Mili- tary Academy; St. Joseph's School, which used to be a great place for Cuban 214 CITIZEN GUIDE. yoiingsters; the Public Free Library, with three to four thousand books on its shelves, and the famous Convent school with several hundred pupils, es- tablished for over a quarter of a century. The society of Flushing is most exclusive and its participants largely mingle in New York circles. The upper floor of the Town Hall known as the Opera House is used for danc- ing. Dances are also given in the gymnasium of the Flushing Athletic Club. The Bownes, the Lawrences, the Duryeas, the Powells, and the Parsons, are some of the old families that hold up the village's aristocratic tone. There is quite a colony also of well-known artists which the late James H. Beard headed. Its chief representatives are C. Dana Gibson, Daniel C. Beard, and A. B. Wenzel. Flushing has seven churches, lacking only the Presbyterian denomination. At the junction of Broadway and Main street a pretty village park is marked off. It has a monument to those killed in the Civil War, and an ornate iron fountain painted white. It is a great village for newspapers, there being three weeklies and one daily. There is a good water system, the supply being drawn from artesian wells. The Flushing race-course is a mile away from the main street and at the north east comer of the village. The village of College Point immediately adjoins Flushing on the north. Its population is over 6,000, and it is quite a manufacturing centre, being situated on Flushing Bay and Long Island Sound. Its chief industries are factories for doors and blinds, factories for rubber and silk, and comb works. There are four or five singing societies with a membership mostly German. The Knickerbocker Yacht Club of New York has its house here, and the Harlem Yacht Club its cruising station and its starting point for regattas. Whitestone is a village to the east, of 3,000 population. It is mainly a man- ufacturing place, though there is always a goodly colony of Summer boarders. The chief manufactories are the Central Forge Works, which last Summer made one of the largest shafts that has ever been made, to go to the World's Fair, a fishing tackle plant, and a tin-can concern. Fifteen miles from Long Island City is the farming district of Bayside. It has some fine Summer residences, and a rose and chrysanthemum farm. Bayside is situated on Little Neck Bay. Two miles to the north is Willets Point, with its fort and Government station. Passing Little Neck and Douglaston the traveller comes to Great Neck three miles further on. Here is the Sum- mer home of William R. Grace, and Edgewater Stock Farm recently estab- lished by Francis Browne. THE ISLAND'S ©EJ^TI^E. The Beaches of Moriches — The Trouting in the Havens — The Land of Pines and the Headlands of the North Shore. If the traveller will glance at an island map, he will see that fifteen miles north of Patchogue, through a region of scrub oaks and pines, where no regular farming is possible, and seeming at moments something like a western prairie (save for a wooded range of hills), lies the old whaling town of Port Jefferson. This region from Plainedge to Manorville, very nearly from sea to Sound, is the very centre of the island, almost an unknown land to the Summer visitor. It is sparsely inhabited and seemingly has no attrac- tions. The most of it is off the railroad line, and squirrels and hares play happily in its undisturbed woods. Nevertheless, it is one of Long Island's most interesting sections. There is no way of viewing it by rail- road. A sleepy stage lumbers over the bad roads each day from Patchogue to Port Jefferson, stopping at the somnolent station of Manor, touching his- toric but old-fashioned Yaphank. But it needs a trap and a smart cob, if one can have the good luck to obtain one, to see the pine plain adequately, First, however, there are half a dozen towns and villages along the line from Patchogue to Eastport that have great Summer reputations. Bell- port, the first of them, is fifty-eight miles from New York, In Winter it is a quiet fishing town, numbering barely 600. Summer adds nearly that number more to its population. It is not a " cottage town," but one known far and wide for the excellence of its boarding houses. There are at least a dozen of these, several approaching the dignity of Summer hotels in their guest capacity. Though it is not on its private homes that the re- pute of Bellport hangs, it nevertheless has several notable country houses of much beauty. Much of the town is admirably situated on a bluff over- looking Bellport Bay, the end of the Great South water. The shore line runs due south here, to bound the narrow channel, on the other side of which is the Great South Beach. This channel broadens further eastward into East Bay, the territory of the Moriches. At Smith's Point on the peninsula south of Bellport it is quite possibte to trace the remains of the breastworks of Fort St. George, a British stronghold of the Revolution. Brookhaven, two miles away east, the next station on the line, is a village of 350 people and two churches, deriving its importance from being in the midst of an excel- lent fronting region. The country is honeycombed with little lakes, ponds and streams. At South Haven, a post office, a store and one rural church (Episco- pal) a mile away from Brookhaven station, is located the exclusive Suffolk Club and its superb trout reserve. It has been said, and with some accuracy, that it needs a semi-millionaire to get his name put on the membership roll. The club is certainly a close little corporation. Its numbers less than thirty gen- 216 CITIZEN GUIDE. tlemen, Judge Pratt of Brooklyn being a prominent member. Its house and preserve are up on Carman's River, a mile from the bay, exactly the locality where Henry Clay and Daniel Webster used to fish some years ago. This is one of the very best trouting localities in the United States; or rather it was, for it is getting somewhat fished out now, and the Suffolk Club has to stock carefully each year. They have acquired the best of the fishing rights, but there are three or four miles of free water with 'very fair sport still. The season in this part of the country is April ist to September ist. The Moriches commence four miles further on in a station by the name of Mastic. This was the old title given to the big peninsula bounded by Bellport Bay and Forge River. Farming lands are all about and the inland fishing continues good. There is farm house accommodation for about forty people. Mastic was for a time called Moriches and then Forge. Latterly, it has gone back to its old time name. Centre Moriches (station Moriches, Brooklyn 66}4 miles) is a genuine Summer colony down in the sands at the head of East Bay. Its permanent residents number only about 500, and they are farmers and baymen. In the Winter these people keep within their houses, in the Summer they are to be found serving the visitors. The view from Centre Moriches is a fine one and the scenery is of a much wilder character than is to be noticed in the Great South Bay. Wild ducks, geese, black ducks and brant abound, and this is the beginning of the very choicest shooting of the island. Though hundreds of sportsmen go down here and to Shinnecock annually, these regions are not nearly so much shot over as those of the waters to the west. The soil is sandy in the extreme, and the roads are poor. Boats run across the bay to the beach, where there is good surf bathing. The settlement is a mile from the station, is marked by the fine Hotel Brooklyn (accommodation 300) and by Bishop's, an old road house and inn, celebrated for its fine dinners. Bishop is a gun- ner and fisherman born, and his house is a great headquarters for sports- men. Boarding houses are numerous and their capacity is a good 300. The coast is cut up with little inlets of shallow depth, making it a perfectly safe playground for children. For this reason Centre Moriches is admirably situated for youngsters. It boasts two churches, a Methodist and a Presby- terian. As the railroad sweeps on to Eastport, one gets an adequate glimpse of a little bay or cove opening from East Bay, with a big cluster of houses on its shore, prettily; located and with an excellent view. That is East Moriches, and it is a drive of two miles and a half from the Centre Moriches station. East Moriches presents few different characteristics from its neighbor just described. It has no large hotels, but it accommodates about the same number of tourists. The boating and fishing are equally good. The town has more, perhaps, of the quaintness of East Long Island than those that have come before it. The native trees that marked it in Indian times and even a generation ago have all gone now and in their place are being cultivated young maples and oaks. At Eastport the South Shore railroad joins with that in the centre of the island by a spur to Manor- ville; Eastport is merely a junction. No town worth that name gathers itself about the tracks. It is a joining of rails out in the midst of a farming country, with its important industry the raising of ducks. There are capi- tal duck farms in Eastport, and they wiU well repay a visit. The town ac- commodates nearly 100 visitors in its farmhouses. The Long Island Country Club has a place here. THE ISLAND'S CENTRE. 217 Manorville, better known as Manor, is a junction in the pine woods, directly in the midst of a curious farming district. Staple products are not raised with success, as it is a region abounding in swamps, the most exten- sive of which, the old Indian Wampmissic, lies three miles west of the sta- tion. Peaches, strawberries and blackberries are cultivated with profit, however. Manor is historic, getting its name from having been included in Colonel Smith's patent of St. George's Manor, granted in 1693. The vil- lage was settled fully as early as that, and an interesting old church on the road to Baiting Hollow, which will repay the visit of the antiquarian, must date very nearly back to that. The Peconic River, flowing west from Pe- conic Bay, terminate just north of Manor in a succession of little ponds. Due west fror her the character of the country through the island's centre is unchanged in its main essentials for thirty miles. The roads with hardly an exception (save those immediately around Brentwood, north of Islip) are sandy and hard travelling. The hills that form the island's " back- bone " taper off and get lower and lower the further east they go, till at Manor they are hardly discernible. Three or four miles north of the cen- tral railroad line from Manor up to Farmingdale there is good sport with the gun for such small game as squirrels, partridges, quail and rabbits. The further one gets from a station or a village the better he will find the sport. No especial locality can be recommended, but it may be said in general that the further east one gets the less he is likely to encroach upon club preserves, which are very numerous and comprehensive in some sections. Yaphank is a peaceful little village, named after a creek and neck of land at South Haven, which is directly to the south of it. Its population is a trifle over 500, it is in the midst of the farming section above described, and its meadows are well stocked with small game. Its chief claim to no- tice rests upon its being the site of the county asylum, a remarkably weU kept institution and a building noticeable from a distance. It is said to be the largest edifice in the county. Part of its space is devoted to the accom- modation of the county poor. Yaphank is over one hundred years old, and with historic memories. Medford, five miles further to the west on the railroad line, has but a house or two and no village. It is an excellent mel- on growing country and large quantities of this fruit are sent weekly to the markets. The hills to the north are known as Bald Hills. It has room through its farmhouses for some fifty boarders, while Yaphank can accommodate seventy. Holtsville, the postoffice for Waverly station, is a tiny hamlet a little further on, just north of Patchogue town. To the left, driving north, sweep the Dix Hills. From Waverly station as a centre, the traveller has a host of little ham- lets, none of any Summer importance, but all of interest, both north and west. West of Waverly some three miles and a half is Lake Ronkonkoma, the largest purely inland sheet of water on the island, a clear, beautifully banked pond, three miles in circ:umference, and by some curious, hidden law of nature overflowing its banks periodically. Oddly enough, there is no hotel on it, though the drive from the station is less than three miles. But this deficiency is made up by a doz. n boarding houses taking in nearly 250 people. Its shores are lined as well with handsome Summer cottages, and the groves and shrubbery on the lake's borders make it a most romantic spot. The settlement is known as Lakeland. There are a number of ar- tisans near the station whose chief occupation is the making of cigar boxes. Central Islip beyond is chiefly noted for its being the site of the New York County Insane Asylum, The land was purchased in 1884, an4 218 CITIZEN GUIDE. over $300,000 has already been spent on it. Beyond this Central Islip has no especial point of attraction. The farming land is good, and the farm houses will hold about seventy visitors. Brentwood. — In the very heart of the pine region, where these trees grow most luxuriantly, a miniature Lakewood has been set. Two daintily appointed hotels, the Austral and the Brentwood, keep open house all Winter for either the Summer traveler, pure and simple, the over-worked man who badly needs a rest, or the invalid with weak lungs. The balsam from the grove of pines is most soothing, even to robust people. The ridge of hills breaks the force of the north wind. The southern breezes come up warm and sunshiny to the hotel's very piazzas. A glass enclosed piazza, heated by steam when needful, has proved itself a valuable institution. The Austral accommodates 200 guests, the Brentwood about sixty. The latter house has an interesting history. It was erected as a private resi- dence in 1869 by Mr. R. W. Pearsall of" New York, who had Olmsted, the designer of Central Park, lay out his grounds for him in English park style. The house was built on the lines of a French chateau with dainty panelings and inlaid floors. He, or rather Olmsted, laid out the pine forest with trees exactly five feet apart on the northern border to break the force of the wind. Just as the building was completed Mr. Pearsall died and the great house laid vacant until 1888, when a company experimented with their pine sanitarium upon it, a year later building the Austral in modern mode. The driving is excellent, the south shore being some four miles distant. Though the region is sandy the roads have been carefully worked over, and now any trap may traverse them with ease. Several old mansions and Summer cottages surround the " Park of Pines." Just east is Suffolk station and the grounds of the Suffolk Driving Park. To the east is Deer Park, accommodating about forty boarders on its farms. North of Waverly the driving is bad but the shooting good. Selden, on the road to Port Jefferson, is a small, undeveloped hamlet. Coram, until two years ago the town capital, Middle Island and Artists' Lake, over east near Yaphank, are places of the same relative importance. Hardly a house is to be seen on the drive across the island to the north until one strikes the outskirts of P ^rt Jefferson, nor is it until the village is nearly reached that there is a glimpse to be had of the Sound. The view is the bush line to the horizon, monotonous perhaps, but not ungrateful to the eye. As Port Jef- ferson is approached the roads become better. They are largely of loam here, though once in a while a sandy district is reached. On the shore, over beyond Port Jefferson, to the east, is a long line of little places, entirely off the line of railroad communication — Mount Sinai, near which is Mount Misery, said to be the highest point on the island next to Harbor Hill (Roslyn), Miller's Place, where there is a large working girls' home managed by Miss Potter, the daughter of the bishop. Rocky Point, Wood- ville Landing and Wading River, the latter settled m 1671. Manorville is the nearest station to this little village, and Manorville is six miles distant. The Centre North Shore. With Port Jefferson as a centre, the coast line to west and east is bold and clear. The land often comes down to the water's edge in bluffs and cliffs of imposing magnitude. From Port Jefferson to Long Island City, . the whole north shore is cut up into great bays and harbors, peninsulas and necks. 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THE ISLAND'S CENTRE. m coast line is very nearly flat. But at Port Jefferson the inequalities and ab- ruptness of the country are to be seen in all their beauty. The town of Port Jefferson lies in a hollow. The railroad terminates on a broad plateau of farm lands, a mile from the centre of the town. Thence the way lies down a steep hill, bordered by great cliffs. The main street, with quaint old buildings on either hand, ends abruptly in a big wharf, from which a superb view of the harbor is to be had. This harbor is Port Jefferson's pride. Years ago, when she was a whaling town of prominence, the harbor sheltered ship after ship, and gained the name of being one of the best on the coast. Its whaling glory is long since departed, but the ship yards of old still continue. It is true that or late years there have been few vessels of the American merchant marine built. But Port Jefferson has had her share of repairing and occasionally blocking out a new coaster. The four yards of the town are no more idle to-day, at any rate, than they were in "whale times," when eight and ten new vessels would be on the stocks at once. The harbor is perfectly landlocked. Nature made it almost exactly what man desired, and the addition of a breakwater or two has given it extra commercial value. It is one mile wide by two long. A steamer runs every day in Summer and every other day in Winter to Bridgeport, Con- necticut, where the villagers do the most of their shopping. There is also steamboat communication with New York. The town's industries are a steam flour mill with a capacity of loo barrels a day, two large lumber yards, and a moulding and planing mill. There were two shoe factories, but they have gone out of business. Except for its shipyards, it is a sleepy old town. Until 1873 , when the present branch line was built, the village was out of the world, and only connected with the inland by stages from Waverly station, ten miles away. Yet it went through its days of mercantile triumphs, off on a remote corner of the coast, brought into touch with the cities by the frequent callings of the big ships. The ship-building industry was started in 1797. Previous to the es- tablishment of the first yard the village had but five houses, and its only importance was as a landing from which cord wood was taken by the smaU Sound sloops to the New York market. Some old landmarks still remain, in the Roe house (100 years old) and in bits of the ship yards, old hulls and frames. Port Jefferson's days of usefulness are not passed, though she does not show her activity. In a business way the town is quiet. Socially it is very active. There are five churches, "Athena Hall," with an audi- torium capable of holding 1,000 people, in which traveling companies fre- quently play and lecturers hold forth. The village has been educated up to amusements and has two dramatic associations of its own, the Pastime and the Ladies' Literary. The Young Men's Social Club gives frequent dances during the winter in Athena Hall. Out of doors sports are rather neglected, tennis and base ball having fallen into disuse. There is, how- ever, a fine race course in the Gentlemen's Driving Park, a mile out of the town. The farmers near by find their best profits in raising straw- berries for the early markets. The views from the cliff tops, partictdarly that from Cedar Hill Cemetery, show a fine expanse of the Sound and the Connecticut shore. There are no large hotels, but the many inns and boarding houses take about 350 people. Port Jefferson is in the hollow, Setauket on the cliffs overlooking it. This little town has the honor of being, next to Southold, the oldest place in the county. It was settled in 1646, and a house that they say was built 220 CITIZEN GUIDE. in that year is now inhabited and seemingly little changed. A band of Puritans founded the town, and immediately built themselves a meeting house. This stood until 1812, and was then, unfortuately, torn down. Better luck has attended the old Episcopal church, in use to-day, though it was built before Revolutionary days. There are several resid.ences of this period and of colonial type standing in the village. Of the old Episco- pal church the story is told that the Hessians used it as a barracks during the war. Setauket is one mile from the Sound, and two and a half from Port Jefferson. It is divided into two centres — East and West Setauket. A broad field lies in between. This was once known as the " Green;" it is here the quaint old village cemetery is, and here that the first settlement was made. Setauket is on a big and broad neck of land, and gets an ex- cellent Sound view. • The village is one mile from the depot. It has an important industry in a big rubber factory of five to six hundred operatives. The balance of the population of 1,000 are farmers and storekeepers. There is room for 150 visitors, and two churches are in the place. Stony Brook, the next village to the west, has a good harbor of its own at the extreme end of Smithtown Bay. It was called by the Indians " Wopowog," and immense quantities of shells have been found in the neighborhood, indi- cating that it was a favorite native resort. It boasts of three churches, a lumber yard, and accommodation for fifty people. Nearly all of the village is within a mile of the railroad. There is good sport with rod and gun roundabout. St. James is more especially a farming district, its soil being rich and fertile. It lies three miles east of Smithtown Branch, at the head of Stony Brook Harbor, and has about 150 inhabitants and two churches. Though an old town, its historic interest is not marked. Its boarding houses take about seventy people. Smithtown. — There are two parts to this scattering farmers' village, Smithtown and Smithtown Branch. Each has its own postoffice and stores. Together they only number eight hundred inhabitants, and little provision is made for people from the outside world. The Nissequogue River, with excellent trouting along its banks, and oysters, clams and eels as well, can bring scows up to the "bridge," four miles from the Sound, and quite sizable vessels can come up two miles. The whole township of Smithtown is a beautiful stretch of farming country, always peaceful, and with a soil hardly to be bettered. The two little villages mentioned are almost entirely inhabited by Smiths. The most noted member of the family is James Clinch Smith, one of the Stewart heirs. An interesting Smith tradition is that Richard Smith, in 1663, was offered by the Indians all the land he could ride around on the back of a bull in a single day. He immediately started through the underbrush, and in this way laid out the boundaries of his great estate. Whether this tradition is true or not, it is certain that his descendants are called the Bull-Smiths even to-day to distinguish them from other members of the Smith family. The old town has many interesting bits of history, and the records of the Town Clerk's office are well worth careful reading. Several ancient buildings with histories attached to them are shown, among them a house in which General Washington dined. A mile away from the railroad station is located the shooting and trout preserve of the Wyandance (formerly the Brooklyn Gun Club), in- cluding two or three well-stocked trout ponds and the shooting rights over 10,000 acres. The natives say they have so monopolized the sport that nine chances to one, if a squirrel or a bird is scared, he will be on the club's preserve before a rifle can be brought to bear. THE ISLAND'S CENTRE. 221 Comae is a little village six or seven miles to the west, with a large training stable; Hauppauge and Nissaquogue, tiny hamlets to the south and the north. To the northwest, a distance of four miles, is St. Johnland, or Kings Park, the seat of two great eleemosynary institutions. One of these is the St. Johnland Home, providing for the care of crippled and destitute children and indigent and feeble old men. The Home is under the care of the Episcopal Church. The other institution (by far the larger and more important) is the Kings County Farm for the insane and a portion of the county paupers. A beautiful locality has been selected for its site. There is no better view of the Sound anywhere along the coast. The hills on which the many buildings stand — almost a little city by themselves — slope gently down to the meadows, and the little valley of the Nissaqilogue shows itself in a pretty panorama. Nearly $3,000,000 has been expended up to this time, and the colony is not nearly complete. About 1,300 patients are. usu- ally quartered there. The shore road to Northport winds in and out, af- fording picturesque glimpses of the Sound. The brick yards of Fresh Pond are passed on the way, the little settlement of Sunk Meadow and the stock farm of Breeze Hill. Northport is indebted to its magnificent harbor for the position it holds among the Long Island towns. Good sized boats can come up to the dock at low tide. This harbor opens into Northport Bay, or Cow Harbor accord- ing to the old nomenclature, six miles long and four wide. Northport Bay in its turn opens into Huntington Bay which lets out into the Sound. This system of waterways makes an unequalled anchorage for all sorts of craft. It is no wonder that nearly 100 sail is often seen at cfne time abreast the little town, nor that when there were sailing vessels to build Northport should have taken such a prominent part in their making. Vessels as large as eight hundred tons were turned out on the Northport stocks late in the sixties, and then there were five sets of marine railways. Even now the yard or so that remains is kept busy repairing and turning out small craft. Coasting vessels frequently call in, there are a large number of pleasure boats belonging to the town, and the great yacht clubs out on cruises often bring their fleets into the harbor. Northport is distinctively an aquatic town, and it is her sailing facilities that draw the three to four hun- dred visitors that come for the Summer months. Across the harbor, on the east beach of Eaton's Neck, there is good bathing, and bluefish are to be caught in great plenty. The village is well situated, its finest residences being on bluffs to either side, overlooking the bay, its main street, wide and well graded extending back from the water front. Its population is 2,500, its commercial interests, now that ship building has degenerated, are oystering, agriculture, and a planing and moulding mill. It is a good deal of a printing town, there being two newspapers and a law book publishing firm, the latter concern having 100 employees. A yachtsman's magazine, " Modem Yachts and Yachting," a monthly publication, has recently been established by Captain E. S. Lewis, a well known resident of the town. Northport possesses four churches, that of the Episcopalians being an especially artistic and quaint edifice of natural wood shingles, weather beaten in stain, and wooden doors with black markings cunningly put on to imitate iron work. There is also the Young Men's Guild, which is conducted on the lines of a regular club and has its rooms, a dramatic organization of a good deal of ability, an auditorium seating 600, " Union Hill," and base ball and tennis clubs, par- ticularly active when the town is crowded with Summer visitors. The vil- 222 CITIZEN GUIDE. lage is an active one socially, and is regaining its old glory in other fields. It is still lit with oil, but water works are about to be put in. A granite monument in the square in front of the Presbyterian church at the end of the main street is a striking feature of the village. It has a furled flag cut in bas relief in the depressed front of the column, and bears these words : "Erected to the memory of our brave fellow townsmen who died fight- ing for the preservation of our Union." " The wounds of civil war are deeply cut." The monument was erected m 1880 and unveiled on July 4. The Port Jefferson railroad once made its terminus at Northport. When it was extended, the surveyors established a station two miles further inland and ran the road due east from there. The last two miles of the old Northport railway were thus made a spur of the main road. Of recent years this spur has fallen into disuse, and there is a two mile drive into the village. East Northport has a farming population of 200 and a station of its own. Elwood is a rural town of the same size two miles south of Northport. Greenlawn, two miles nearer Brooklyn, is merely the depot for Centreport, also called Laurelton, a pretty watering place two miles north of it on Centreport harbor, an arm of Huntington Bay, separated from Northport harbor by Little Neck. Centreport is as well placed as Northport for scenery and pure air, and can take over 400 boarders. There is no large hotel, but a number of pretty cottages. A brisk drive of five miles from Northport, due east, over a rolling country and roads excellent for the most part, brings the tourist to the lit- tle city of the north shore, Huntington, which has a population of over 3,000, and all the appurtenances and characteristics of a thriving, money making town. It is only thirty-eight miles from Brooklyn, and is ad- vantageously placed at the head of a practical harbor overlooking the beautiful Huntington Bay. The main street of the village is one mile distant from the harbor's head and a mile and five-eighths from the depot. A horse car railroad, running evenings as well as during the day, affords communication between depot and harbor. The lands of West Neck, Lloyd's Neck and East Neck, immediately fronting on the bay, have had many hand- some residences placed on them within the past two years, notable among which is that of J. Rogers Maxwell, of Brooklyn, surrounded by a park 100 acres in extent. Both the harbor and the ba)'- are kept well filled with pleasure craft from May to October. At the head of the village street there stands the Public Library of rougl:. hewed grey stone, a memorial to the Huntington Volunteers of the Rebellion. It is a building of great archi- tectural beauty, and its cost was $9,000. "Within is a beautifully colored room with an onyx fireplace, and a well selected set of books. The read- ing and reference room is free; to carry books away one must pay a small sum. Back of the library is the old Huntington cemetery, with a fine view of the surrounding region. In it can be seen the remains of a British forti- fication, a well defined mound. The tradition is that the English soldiers held this place and baked bread on the tombstones. Certain of these stones date away back to the seventeenth century. The old slate stone is to be found here with its device of winged devils. They say the ground has been used for burial three times over. Other landmarks are the Silas Wood house, built over 200 years ago, and the First Presbyterian church, that on the hill, as the town is approached from the east. Here the British stabled their horses in the days of '76. THE ISLAND'S CENTRE. 223 Besides the First Presbyterian there are seven churches in Huntington. An institution that has met with great success is the People's Room and Gymnasium, where coffee is served and there are pool tables. This was built in opposition to the saloon element by a minister of the village. It is managed oy a committee of women from the various churches. The Huntington school has 500 scholars and seventeen teachers. It is of "Regents' standing," occupying the leading position on Long Island as regards the disposition of these funds. The Opera House seats 1,000 people. Nearly all of the village society is under the auspices of the Huntington Social Club, which is pleasantly located in the centre of the town, with attractive rooms, has fifty members and is five years old. It gives entertainments every fortnight and frequent dances. There is no or- ganized athletic interest, but in its place a rifle club, 25 strong, with month- ly shoots for club badges, a local minstrel troupe, the SuffoUcs of Hunting- ton, a ball nine that once beat the Cuban Giants (4-3), and a small tennis club. The village prides itself on horseflesh and there are many fast trot- ters on the nearby roads. The Long Island Live Stock Fair Association has grounds and a mile track a quarter of a mile south of the depot, and fairs are held twice a year. Last Fall the record of the track was broken by "David Jones,"a local trotter, owned by David Jones, time 2:17. The steamer Huntington makes five trips a week to New York during the Summer season (pier at Pike Slip) and one trip a week to South Norwalk, Conn. Both freight and passengers are carried, the farmers shipping large quantities of produce. The village's industries are a ship yard for repairing, four carriage factories, two printing establishments, a large publishing firm and a canning establishment near the depot. The ruins of an ancient tide mill stand at the head of the harbor. A waterworks system deriving its supply for driven wells has just been put into operation. The Lloyd Point lighthouse marks the entrance to the bay. There is good fishing both inside and outside. The town's accommodation for visitors is small in proportion to its size — less than 200. Cold Spring, on Cold Spring Harbor, two miles to the west, is another of the old whaling towns. Since that marine industry has fallen into de- cadence Cold Spring has lost its hold as a town of affairs. It has given up the paper and the woolen mills that were a feature of its life not so many years ago, and settled down to a quiet country life. Cold Spring Harbor is a superb sheet of water, in which the Great Eastern could have turned around, had she chosen. It is seven miles long and one wide at its head. On the hill-side to the north, overlooking the bay, are a number of fine residences. A mill of the turbine wheel variety that has stood at the head of the harbor for 200 years is still grinding and can turn out 200 bushels of grain weekly. The permanent population of Cold Spring is small, for there is no village to speak of. Summer visitors come to the hotels and boarding houses to the number of nearly 800. Oysters are plentiful, the fishing is beyond reproach. The cluster of hotels is some three miles from the station. On the east side of the harbor is the State Fish Hatchery, established in 1882. It has very complete buildings, an admirable biological laboratory fitted up by that department of the Brook- lyn Institute, and with courses of study mapped out by them, and is always open to the inspection of visitors. This past Winter 250,000 trout were hatched, and this Spring 16,000,000 tom cod, 10,000,000 smelts and 75,000 salmon. The Summer's work will be on shad and weak fish. Mr. Freder- ick Mather is the superintendent in charge. Near by are the picnicking 234 CITIZEN GUIDE. grounds of Laurelton to which excursion steamers run from New York. Inland on the way to Hicksville, where the branch joins the main line, are Syosset, Locust Grove and Jericho — all little farming towns and with accommodations for a few summer visitors in their farm houses. Jericho is not on the railroad. It is best reached from Hicksville by a drive two miles to the north. The latter village is a quiet unpretentious town in the midst of farms (population I5800) with a Summer capacity for at least 100 guests. THE EASTERN END. The Hamptons and the Beaches to Montauk Point — Great and Little Peconic Bays — Shelter Island and Gardiner's Bay — Historic Land- marks and Episodes. East of a line drawn in a northerly direction from the quaint little vil- lage of Eastport to the Sound lies that portion of Long Island that has grown most in the last few years in the favor of Summer tourists and builders of seaside homes. Here are the historic Hamptons, rich in tradi- tionary lore, and the old town of Sag Harbor, second in interest, in beauty of location and in the sort of charm that is lent by antiquity, to none on the island; here also is Shelter Island, famous as a home for fash- ionable people, and Gardiner's Island, granted by the Crown of England in 1639 to Lion Gardiner, whose bones he beneath an old granite sarcophagus in its little graveyard, and whose descendants still hold the island and occupy the baronial mansion that overlooks the blue water of Peconic Bay near its western end. In its historical associations no other part of this most inter- esting island surpasses its eastern end. The town of Southold, on the northerly prong of the lobster claw into which, as has been fancifully said, this part of Long Island shapes itself, and the town of Southampton, on the southerly prong, both claim the honor of the oldest settlement; in fact they were both settled about the same time, in the year 1640. Lion Gardiner was then exercising his right of sovereignty upon his own little island and had probably already made many excursions to the mainland south of him, where he afterward founded the town of East Hampton, in whose shaded main street his marble efiSgy still says to Summer tourists "Memento Mori." The Dutch had already settled the western end of the island and claimed to own the whole of it, though the Algonquins probably laughed at their title. English colonists from Massachusetts Bay had attempted to take possession of some of the valuable farming and woodlands as far east as North Oyster Bay in 1639, and their attempted settlement was prevented by the Dutch Government of New Amsterdam. In 1640 a band of settlers from the mainland of what is now Connecticut effected a landing on the north shore of Peconic Bay at a little place (chiefly associated in the minds of modern Long Island tourists with temperance drinks and swimming baths) called North Sea, and from there worked their way southward and founded the village of Southampton about a mile east of the centre of the present village. At the same time Southold was settled in the same way by another band of adventurers, who brought their families and household goods across the Sound in boats. The two townships named from these settlements, with Riverh^ad. ^ud Easthampton, occupy the whole eastern end of hQn§ Island, 226 ' CITIZEN GUIDE. The charm o£ this country— with its miles upon miles of flat, sandy but not arid meadow land, its profusion of scrub oak and dwarf pine, its many acres of coarse grasses in which the stunted bay tree with its vivid green leaves thrives and forms the only contrast in color to the dull reds and grays, its salt marshes, its great variety of wild flowers, its plentiful supply of game of many kinds, its brackish bays and their inlets, its miles of ocean beach, its sand dunes upon which the hardy grasses ever wave to and fro in the fresh ocean breezes, its windmills that remind the traveler of Holland, its old mansions, its well kept roads— is not quickly felt by the stranger. One has to become gradually accustomed to Eastern Long Island before he can appreciate its beauty. There is not a more healthful country in the world than this part of Long Island. From Eastport to Montauk Point no one has ever heard of a case of malaria. For the sportsman, whether ho prefers the rod and fly or the shot gun; for the swimmer, whether he pre- fers to disport himself in the still water of the inland bay or to boisterous- ly battle with the ocean waves; for the botanist, who wnU find in the flora of this neighborhood a perpetual delight; for the horseman, for the bicyclist or for'the mere lounger, it is a veritable paradise. The artists have seized upon this end of the island and have done their best to make its beauties known to the world, and from Amagansett westward to Speonk and from Orient Point westward to Cutchogue and Jamesport, they have established themselves. Fashion has planted herself firmly in this part of the island. Newport itself is not gayer or more exclusive than that part of Southhamp- ton that borders on the lake. On the dark, cool, pleasant street of old East- hampton one passes descendants of the original Gardiner of Gardiner's II^- land and other folks whose blood is as blue and whose pedigree as distin- guished, while in the newer part of the town, bordering on the Atlantic, the cottages will compare favorably in architectural beauty with those at re- sorts more frequently mentioned in the "society columns." Easthampton, to tell the truth, scorns the "society columns." It lies far away from tho railroad, and its residents want to hear of no nearer approach by Mr. Cor- bin's iron horses. They keep their own carriages and drive to and from Bridgehampton or Sag Harbor. They are nothing if not exclusive. Boating and Shooting, For the amateur sailor this part of the island also has unsurpassable advantages. The East Bay is shallow, but broad, and the sloops and cat-boatr; upon it are as trimly built and swift sailing as anyone sees in the harbor of Patchogue. Shinnecock Bay is a body of water almost as large, and through Shinnecock Inlet, when it is open, one may sail if he choose out into the ocean. At Southhampton they sail on the deep, fresh water lake, and two miles further east, on Mecox Bay, the craft are small, but the sailing is good, as it is also on Georgica Lake at Wainscott. But the true sailor-man prefers the places that border on Peconic Bay or Gardiner's Bay, where the water is deep and the craft are sturdy and sailing in a gale is sailing with a vengeance. The game laws of Long Island differ somewhat from the regular State laws. Wild ducks, geese and brant are plentiful along the shores of the bays, and they may be shot anytime between October ist and April 30th. Quail are abundant and the season is open from November ist to December 31st; Hares and rabbits may be shot from November ist to February ist; Woodcock from August ist to December 31st, and the shore birds, such as snipe, plover, etc. , from July loth t9 December ^^jst, The SeaSOB tov THE EASTERN END. 227 robins, blact birds and meadow larks is from November ist to^ December 31st. Song birds can never be legally shot, and the laws prohibit all shoot- ing, hunting and trapping on Sunday and shooting wild fowl on any waters between sunset and daylight by the aid of lights or lanterns. Eastport is a village of permanent residents. Of course, no accurate estimate can be made of the Summer population of this or any other Long Island town. There are hotels in the place, and almost every other person takes boarders in the Summer. There are some handsome cottages, occupied by city folks in the warm weather, and the Long Island Sportsmen's Club, an association of New York gentlemen, formed for the purpose of propagat- ing and preserving quail and other game, is comfortably situated here, its preserves covermg many acres of wild woodland and marsh. Eastport itself is a sleepy, old fashioned little place whose very appearance delights the tired wayfarer from town. Around its post office and stores one meets retired whalers and other seafaring men to know whom is a privilege. The village straggles along the shore of Eastport Creek. The Summer residents take their sea baths on the beach two miles across East Bay. At Eastport the branch of the main line of the Long Island Railroad from Manorville connects with the Sag Harbor road. Speonk is a still smaller hamlet nestling close to the shore of East Bay. The woodland here runs quite to the edge of the water and the place is very picturesque, though generally overlooked by the Summer tourists. Speonk, indeed, deserves to be better known. It is nearer to the ocean beach than Eastport and the sail over for the morning bath is made very quickly. There are a number of very fine Summer cottages at Speonk, and one of the interesting sights of the place is an enormous duck farm where ducks are raised by the thousand for the New York market. There is no other similar farm on Long Island as large as this ; perhaps it is not equalled any- where else. The regular population of Speonk does not exceed 225, but the railroad station is an important one, because it is convenient to a large tract of country which is much frequented by city folks in Summer. The Hamptons. Westhampton. — This first of the Hamptons covers a large territory and includes many hamlets which are all, correctly speaking, a part of the same village. Westhampton proper is a straggling village of 400 inhab- itants and adjoins Speonk on the east. It is an exceedingly picturesque place. The roads wind in and out of groves of stately trees, through meadows bright with many colored grasses, and the land rolls and swells even near the shore of the bay. Westhampton was settled in the latter part of the 17th century, so that it has a history, and while there are few relics in existence, probably, of its first settlement, there are houses whose antique appearance causes the stranger to pause and view them with re- spectful interest. Many of the farmers here have inherited their large estates from remote ancestors. The Ransom Jagger estate of some 300 acres, extending at some points all the way frorn the railroad to the bay, is one of the most interesting places in the neighborhood. Summer boarders are accommodated in the old farm house, whose broad piazza looks through a clearing in the original forest over well-cultivated meadows toward the ocean and the adjoining cottages. The wood-path, winding beneath stately maples and oaks and pine, through salt marsh lands, and bordered by marshmallow bushes, fragrant wild azalea and tall swamp lilies, covered in e^rlj surnmer b^ the %T?dlin§ grl^utus; deserves to be described by a po^t 228 CITIZEN GUIDE. and certainly offers to the painter a perfect bewilderment of "studies." The well known house of Charles Raynor, situated on Pawcuck Point, right on the shore of the bay, where aU the breezes strike it, in sight of the ocean surf and to the south of the distant cottages at Westhampton beach, is a neighboring hostelry, while north of it along the shore of Beaver Dam Creek, a picturesque little estuary, there are other summer boarding houses. There is a settlement at Beaver Dam, where an old grist mill overlooks the lily pads, and a few old houses cluster around it, which is credited in the census with 60 inhabitants. There are more than that in the grave yard near by where the founders of Westhampton lie in peace. But, after all, the fame of Westhampton proper in the minds of Sum- mer tourists is most closely associated with Oneck Point, approached from the main road through a natural arch of trees which has inspired painters and which every successive Summer grows in favor with the amateur photographer. Through this archway one reaches the plain, white, trim, well- ordered Oneck House. This is a superior Summer hotel, frequented by the families of city men of means. Its cottages look like private houses. Mr. Halsey, the owner of Oneck Point, controls all the game privileges in this part of Westhampton, and sportsm.en in the shooting season frequent his house. There are many fine cottages in Westhampton proper, but to see cottages one must go a mile further eastward to that exclusive settlement, though a part of the same village, known now as Westhampton Beach. Here the Summer residents have a post office of their own, and as they are right at the easterl)'- end of East Bay, they can drive or walk to the surf. General John A. Dix was one of the earliest Summer residents of this place. He built a handsome cottage on the old Dix farm near the ocean, which is a sightly landmark as far west as Moriches, and is always in the view of the cottagers at Quogue to the east. There is a tablet to the memory of General Dix in the little Union Chapel at Westhampton Beach, and his son, the Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix, rector of Trinity Parish in New York, fre- quently conducts the services there Summer Sunday mornings when the Protestant Episcopalians use the chapel. There are 50 permanent residents in and about Oneck and the census attributes 350 to Yv^esthampton Beach. Prof. Chandler is one of the residents of Westham-pton Beach, and his red cottage and the adjoining laboratory stand on the left hand side of the main road in the centre of the settlements There are three well appointed hotels and a few boarding houses, but the cottager rules here. Still further east there is yet another settlement which belongs to West- hampton village, though distinct in itself and exclusive to a degree. This is the Presbyterian hamlet called Quogue, with a Summer population of 100, whose cottages cluster in the forest around a pretty church with shingled walls. Westhampton has another Presbyterian church, and Methodist Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches as well. There is communication by stage through the pine woods and wastes of scrub oak with Riverhead. Quogue is approached from the west by carriage by a bridge across Quantic Bay, a small body of water which is connected by a narrow canal with the water of East Bay, and by the same means with Shinnecock Ba}-, further east. Quogue has 275 permanent inhabitants, but its Summer pop- ulation is more than ten times that number. It is one of the oldest settle- ments in the township of Southampton, and is only a few years younger than Southampton village itself, so that it is rich in historical associations. But in appearance the village is distinctly modern. The eye first rests upon the beautiful Colgate Cottage, with its outlying buildings, ftR4 »ext upou THE EASTERN END. 229 the pretty little shingled church used by the cottagers. The main road running parallel with the ocean, is lined by handsome modern summer res- idences surrounded by well-trimmed lawns and flower gardens The Quogue House, a famous Long Island hotel, is at the end of this road, and there are others of equal capacity in the village, which, of course, has its share of boarding houses. The bathing beach at Quogue is particularly well supplied with appliances for the comfort and convenience of bathers and with life-saving machinery. ' Two miles east of Quogue one passes through the hamlet called Atlan- ticville, at the head of Shinnecock Bay. Atlanticville is not on the railroad, and it has but 325 inhabitants, mostly Summer residents only. Its perma- nent residents are either small farmers or fishermen, or both. It is a most picturesque spot, however, and is worthy the inspection of people lookino- for a cool water-side resort in Summer. AH this neighborhood is associated with memories of De Witt Clinton, Daniel Webster, and other distinguished statesmen of a bygone age. Back from the ocean, near Quogue, are many streams that used to be sought for by trout fishermen. In their leisure hours these great men of the past went fishing here and took their friends. A stage from Riverhead runs to Quogue and Atlanticville. Good Ground (Bay Head). — Good Ground is the old Indian name for the next settlement, going eastward. The railroad station is now called Bay Head. The population of this extensive settlement is about 825 the year round. It abounds in comfortable, well-kept boarding houses, some of which are on the shore of Peconic Bay, while others front Shinnecock Bay. These two bodies of water are at this point very close together. In- deed, at Canoe Place, a mile farther on, both bays are connected by a short canal, built by the State Government, so that the waters of the bays may mingle and improve the fishing, and especially to increase the value of the clam beds. The view at Canoe Place is magnificent. Going eastward , one has directly at his left hand the wide expanse of Peconic Bay, and at his right hand the blue waters of Shinnecock Bay, with the furze-covered Shin- necock Hills in front of him, and not far away, beyond the sand dunes, the ocean surf breaking on the beach. Here, at Canoe Place, is one of the' old- est inns in the State of New York. The tradition is that it was built by one Jeremiah Culver, in the year 1735. In front of it are two willow trees grown from sprouts brought from the Island of St. Helena, and a tall flagpole which has at its base a big wooden figure-head representing Hercules, taken from an old war vessel. This is really a beautiful specimen of wood-carv- ing, and of value as a relic. Canoe Place is rich in tradition. British offi- cers frequented the tavern in Revolutionary days. There is a monument near-by erected early in the century to the memory of the Rev. Paul Cuffee, the last of the Indian preachers, and the little church in which he used to preach is not far distant. There is, also, not far from the inn, the ruin of an old fort used by the British in 1776. Perhaps, however, Canoe Place is rnost famous, now-a-days, as the place where John L. Sullivan trained for his unfortunate encounter with Corbett. At Ponquogue, a point jutting out in Shinnecock Bay, stands one of the best-known lighthouses on the whole Long Island coast. South of Good Ground, and between it and Pon- quogue, is a little hamlet called Springville, and north of Good Ground, on the shore of Peconic Bay, are Squiretown (a very small hamlet), and South- port, which has a Winter population of 50, but is growing in favor as a Sum- mer resort, especially with people fond of boating. At Good Ground there is a regularly-established Methodist Episcopal Church, but members of other 230 - CITIZEN GUIDE. denominations have plenty of churches near at hand in other settlements. Good Ground, or Bay Head, has grown greatly in the favor of cottagers lately, and, especially near Shinnecock Bay, there are many handsome modern villas. ,, r^-f • Shinnecock Hills.— Cross the canal and you are among the Shmne- cock Hills. A few years ago aU this neighborhood was regarded as waste land or fit only for cattle grazing. The early settlers bought large tracts of the land from the Indians with such trifles as barrels of rum and old guns and beads for grazing ground. Probably the artists were the first to dis- cover the strange beauty of these rolling hills situated close to the ocean and between two large bays, so that in spite of the lack of shade there are cool breezes on the hottest Summer days. Shinnecock Hills is noted to-day as a place of resort for wealthy New Yorkers. Their villas dot the landscape on either side of the railroad tracks. The inn nestUng on a side hill right over Shinnecock Bay, so that its gables and chimneys only can be seen from the picturesque railroad station, is frequented chiefly by persons of means. But after all, the most interesting settlements in the Shinnecock regionare the artists' colony, east of the fashionable settlement, and the Indian village on Shinnecock Neck, which extends well out into the w^aters of the bay. ^Here dwell, indeed, the original aristocrats of Long Island. Some of the farmers and fishermen of Suffolk County can trace their an- cestry clear back to 1&40, but then the pedigrees are lost in fog. Who knows how far back these descendants of aboriginal princes and chieftains can trace their fine ? They are to-day a meek, hard working people, in number perhaps 100, who, though they do not indulge in resentment, remember keenly that they or their ancestors once owned all the territory that modem capital has beautified and made into a dwelHng place. In the artists' colony there is a Summer school of drawing and paintmg which is largely attended, and which it is quite the thing to visit on reception days. Wihiam M. Chase, whose own summer residence, a house worthy of an original artist, is at the western end of the Shinnecock settlement, conducts the school, and Rosina Emmet Sherwood teaches there, also with other painters of national repute. It is not an uncommon sight in driving over the well kept roads to encounter a group of artists and students each under his or her individual white umbrella painting from nature. Painting out of doors is the artists' employment on Long Island now-a-days. Very few of them use their studios except for finishing touches on rainy days. Mr. Chase has a studio, of course, in his commodious house, and his weekly receptions there are largely attended by the cottagers from the Hills and from Southampton. The architects who designed the Summer residences among these Hills gave a wide play to their fancy. The old windmill, knoMm technically as the smock mill, from the curious shape of the structure holding the fans, being largely in use in the eastern end of Long Island, the ^^^^1^^*^^^.^^. ^p j"^ cases seized upon that design and used it felicitously. The Golt Club House is a building of particular beautv. From its upper story a tuli view is obtained of the Golf grounds, which' extend for three miles and a nait east and west. The game of Golf, lately imported from Scotland, is m high favor here, and most of the summer residents, male and female, belong to the club. There is a little church among the Hills, architecturally m keeping with the other buildings. All this land was purchased by the Long Island Improvement Company, but the best portion of it is now owned by the Inn and Cottage Company, all New Yorkers. Roads have been "built, the underbrush cleared away, grass seed sown, and flowers planted, FINE WORK— DENTIST— CIGARS— BLANK BOOKS. LONG ISLAND WIRE AND IRON WORKS, 349 Adams Street, Near City Hall, Telephone 1086, Brooklyn. ^x-ools.l3rz3.y aXT. IT, J. NORWOOD & SON, Manufacturers of Iron, Wire and Brass Work, S UITABLE FOR BANKS, OFFICES, STORES, DWELLINGS, CHURCHES, Etc. Coal and Mortar Screens, Wire and Wrought Iron Stall Guards, anv^ other Stable Fixtures, Stoop Gates, Fire Escapes, Railings and Builders' Iron Work in general; Brass Hand Rails, Grills, etc. Manufacturers of the Bostwick Patent Folding and Extension Gates and Guards, made of Steel or Brass. Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers of The Norwood Patent Sand Screen, the Best and Cheapest Screen in the market. •: 'i DeNTISTRY > > In all its branches. Excelsior sets of teeth $6.00. Superior sets $10.00 and $15.00. including extraction. Gas administered. Cp©WJM W©pfl A 8:;?ii^^BKB^ rinmrRmr»T?Rci sewing the Philadelphia Pat- ^^^^^^^^^^SBi^ BOOKBiJNUJ:.Kb. ent Hat Opening Book, which sceived a Medal at the American [istitute Fair, Dec. 10, 1892. JOHN CASSIDY, ZZl, 223 & 225 Fulton Street, New York City, IStela^>,^DLc^M8^9^"'"" '^^^^^ ESTIMATES CHEERFULLY GIVEN. DS-EYE VIEV/ O'F WG [SLANB. The Brooklyn Citizen. It was once said by a writer that if he were permitted to write the songs of the people he cared not who made the laws. He rightly believed that the people could be swayed and governed more easily through their songs than by their laws. But a greater and more potent agency exists to- day, however, than the folk songs. It is the people's newspaper, such as The Citizen has become. The Brooklyn Citizen is, above all else, the people's Home Paper, just as Brooklyn is the City of Homes. Because The Citizen is the home paper, it is also the paper of the schools, the churches, the fraternal societies, the amateur actors, the national guard and the several forms of amateur athletics, and of aU the other agencies that spring from home life. The housewife and mother will always find something to interest and to instruct in the Women's World. On Sunday, there is a column which tells how to own a home, some- thing that every woman desires above all else. Everyday, too, there is something to interest the pupils and teachers of the schools. The Citizen has taken up and directed attention to the sani- tary arrangements of the public schools, and wherever any abuse has been found The Citizen has been the first to expose it. Identified with the home and the school is the church. In fact, they are bound so closely together that the latter could not exist without the former, and the stability of the home would be weakened were it not for the church. Thus The Citizen devotes, daily and Sunday, great space to the doings of the churches of all denominations and to their respective socie- ties. The sporting page is also of interest, and in that is fou nd the latest news of everything that is going on in any of the many branches of that engross- ing subject, until it has become a veritable referee in this city for all legit- imate sports. It is not alone, however, that The Citizen excels in the presentation of its news or in its diversity. It is recognized by the Brooklyn merchants as the best means of reaching the best people of this city, because it is what has been heretofore said, the Home Newspaper of Brooklyn. The Citizen has inaugurated and conducted to a successful issue cru- sades on various abuses, some of which were detrimental to health and others to morals. Other crusades were taken up for the better accommo- dation and protection of the public. Among the latter may be mentioned that by which the builders have been compelled to place danger signals at night on all obstructions placed by them on the streets. Everybody who has to use the city's roads, whether for driving or bicycling, knows of the efforts The Citizen has made to procure better roads, and the wheelmen especially appreciate its labor on their behalf, be- cause success has crowned its efforts and the road to Coney Island is prac- tically a fact. The Citizen has also been the bitterest foe of the pool room, and forced the Police Department to take cognizance of the establishment of the busi- ness in this city and to close it up. The Citizen inaugurated the movement to compel the Smith street and Coney Island Railroad Company to run through cars between the Park Slope and the Bridge without transfer. That the cars are so running to-day is testimony to the efficiency of the efforts. THE EASTERN END. 281 but so far the natural beauty of the hills has been preserved, the effort of the owners being to augment rather than destroy it. The blue sage and the red and yellow wild grasses still grow in luxuriance. Sugar Loaf Hill, the highest point of land on the south shore of the island, is 140 feet high. The Indians have a chtuch of their own, and a school which is supported by the State. Southampton. — Southampton has a regular population of perhaps 1,500, but in Summer this is greatly increased. There are many large stores, and the churches of the village are Catholic, Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian. But to the visitor the most interesting church is St. Andrews-on-the-Dunes, situated within a rod of the ocean surf and at the extreme end of Silver Lake, around which most of the beautiful Summer residences are built. This was once a Government Life Saving Station, but it has been completely transformed, and with the aid of Tiffany stained glass windows and gargoyles brought from Southampton in England, the interior is made most impressive. The services here are conducted during the Summer by eminent Protestant Episcopal clergymen from New York, some of whom have cottages near the beach. One of the discoverers, so to speak, of Southampton, was Dr. Thomas, the distinguished surgeon, whose house is one of the finest in the place; but to give a list of the names of Southampton people would require a reproduction here of a large part of that interesting red and black volume known in New York as the Social Register. They are all well represented — Knickerbockers, Huguenots, Puri- tans, Sons and Daughters of the Revolution and Tories. There is a good hotel near the railroad station, and another on the main street nearer the ocean, but the boarder is not exactly in place at Southampton. He gener- ally prefers to get a mile or so away from the village in the country. There is no lack of good boarding houses north and east. Driving a mile or so northward one reaches North Sea on the bank of Peconic Bay, a settlement with 75 regular inhabitants, chiefly noted as the landing place of the origi- nal settlers of Southampton, whose memorials abound in the streets of the village. Along a road parallel with the ocean, toward the east, we come upon re- minders of some of the early out-lying settlements. There is an old graveyard with tombstones dated way back in the seventeenth century, which mark the last resting place of people who once dwelt in Cobb, and the country around. Cobb is nothing now except three or four farm houses, some very much weather beaten, but none more than seventy-five years old, situated at a most picturesque turn in the road. Here a little group of artists have painted out of doors several Summers, and their impressions of the dunes, the farm lanes, and the moors have all been seen in art exhibitions. Here in the orchard of a quaint old house Carleton Wiggins, a distinguished cattle painter resident in Brooklyn, painted his picture of an Alderney cow for the Columbian Exhibition, which was bought by a well known citizen of Brooklyn before the paint was dry. Hamilton Hamilton, Arthur Hoeber and Clifford Grayson have made "studies" in this neighborhood. Capt. Isaac Pierson, an old whaler, is perhaps the best known resident of this hamlet, and his remarkably trim and well kept farm is noticed by the peo- ple who drive from Southampton. Cobb Creek here flows into Mecox Bay, a body of water two miles long and a mile and a half in width. There is an mlet through the dunes to the ocean, but this closes up in Summer, and the bay is all the bet- ter for sailing. At the western end of Mecox Bay is Flying Point, a large 282 CITIZEN GUIDE. portion of which is owned by Captain Luther Burnett, another old whaler and familiar and genial character with Summer visitors. This end of Me- cox Bay deserves to be better known by Brooklynites and others looking for Summer board on Long Island. The Burnetts, both Luther and his brother Allan, take boarders. Water Mill. — This settlement, with the neighboring hamlets called Hay Ground and Mecox, comprises a population of about 450. Water Mill gets its name from the oldest mill on Long Island, an antique structure which has been greatly modernized and by no means beautified by the ad- dition of a Chicago windmill of iron. This stands at the head of Mill Creek, which empties into Mecox Bay. Back of it is a fresh water lake noted for good pickerel fishing and adjoining it is a Summer boarding house, Benedict's, surrounded by an old fashioned flower garden. The shores of Mill Creek are high and diversified, and there are a number of beautiful Summer homes built upon them. In the centre of Water Mill vil- lage is an old windmill carefully preserved as a relic. At Hay Ground stands the capacious and modern hotel called Mecox Inn, with a number of cottages around it. The popular way of going over to the bathing beach is by cat-boat but one may drive either by way of Hay Ground or by way of Cobb. Bridgehampton. — This is a quaint old village that reminds one of a Connecticut or Massachusetts town. Its one wide, elm-shaded street is lined by old-fashioned houses with well kept yards and a few good stores. At the end of it, where the Sag Harbor road, the Easthampton road and the Georgica Lake road separate, there is a huge liberty pole. There is a typical country hotel at this corner, and Bridgehampton with its population of 1,394 has its quota of boarding houses, but the people of Bridgehampton are plain and old fashioned and are rather proud of being so far removed from the noise and bustle of "the city." There are two churches on the main street, Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal. Bridgehampton is two miles from the ocean. A stage line runs from here to Easthampton, Ama- gansett and other smaller places; indeed, by stage or carriage only can any one of those places or Wainscott or Georgica Lake be reached, but one may start either from Bridgehampton or Sag Harbor. Wainscott, four miles and a half from Bridgehampton, is a handsome cottage settlement on the shore of Georgica Lake, a body of fresh water, and within a stone throw of the sand dunes and the ocean. In the census returns the population is quoted at 125. The Rev. Dr. Heber Newton is one of the cottagers, all of whom are men of wealth and standing. One may go to Easthampton by the way of Wainscott, but the road is winding, and of course the journey is longer than to go directly from Bridgehamp- ton through the forest. By the direct road the distance is six miles. Easthampton and beyond it. — This quaint old village has a population of 1,000 the year round, and they are all the kind of people whom the fact that the nearest railroad station is six miles away does not trouble in the least. While Southampton and Southold contend for the glory of being the oldest settlement, the folks in Easthampton remember Lion Gardiner — they cannot forget him because his monument is in the little graveyard at the head of their main street — and smile at the vain glory of their neighbors; while they also fondly cherish a tradition that the renowned Henrik Hudson set foot upon the site of their town in i6og, 11 years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed on Plymouth Rock. The ocean is not far away and the modern Summer settlement is all near the beach. The one street of East- THE EASTERN END. 233 hampton is shaded by glorious old elms, the peers of which can be found in few other places, even in New England. Some of the houses are mod- ern, and even "Queen Anne," but they stand shoulder to shoulder with historic landmarks among which are the Gardiner homestead, the Tyler homestead (President Tyler married a daughter of the Gardiners'), the home of John Howard Payne's boyhood, the parsonage in which Lyman Beecher, the father of Henry Ward Beecher, lived when he preached in the old church, Samuel Buell lived, wrote and preached here. Easthampton has Protestant Episcopal, Roman Catholic, and Presbyterian churches. Most of the Summer residents are cottagers rather than boarders, and some of them, like the Morans, the famous artists, and the Rev. Dr. Talmage, prefer the shaded quiet of the old street near the frog pond to the colony on the beach. Three miles east is the little settlement called Amagansett, which also boasts its old families, its old houses and its old trees, and 17 miles further on is Montauk Point, the extreme end of the southern shore of Long Island. Here for many years a famous lighthouse has lifted its head far above the water, and until lately there was little else here except graz- ing grounds and deep ponds of fresh water where the cattle drank. This land, about 9,000 acres, was owned by a company who acquired their title fully two hundred years ago from the Montauk tribe. Pasturage was free until 1879, when the land was all bought at auction by Arthur Benson, of Brooklyn, for $15,000. The Montauk Association was formed two years later, and 80 acres near the point was secured by it. Here there are now perhaps a dozen fine cottages with a club-house in which meals are served. Near the point, on the north side of the peninsula, is a magnificent harbor known as Fort Pond Bay. Culloden Point, which helps to make this harbor, was named many years ago when the British Frigate Culloden sank near that spot. From Fort Pond Bay Mr. Austin Corbin proposes to run a swift line of steamships to Milford Haven in Wales, making the journey in something over four days. When that project takes form the present charm of the Montauk Peninsula — the charm of wild grandeur and remoteness — will be lost forever because the line of the Long Island Railroad will then be extended to the bay. At present the road branches to the northeast from Bridgehampton, and terminates four miles further on upon the shore of Peconic Bay. Sag Harbor. — This is a curious old seaport town, beautifully situated, witji a fine harbor formed by Shelter Island, Hog Neck and Mashomack Point. The harbor is called Shelter Island Sound. Sag Harbor has a popu- lation of 3,000, it has many beautiful residences, some fine old examples of colonial architecture, and many modem; it has Baptist, Methodist, Presby- terian, Protestant Episcopal, and Roman Catholic churches, its streets are shaded by tall elms and other fine trees and it has many distinguished resi- dents; but it has comparatively few industries except those connected with biiilding and sailing of summer craft and supplying the wants of summer visitors. Sag Harbor is connected by steamboat with Greenport, Shelter Island and New London, and also with New York City. It is a popular resort with yachtsmen, and the facilities it off ers for pleasure sailing are un- equalled. It is well supplied with hotels and boarding houses. Its whal- ing Industries steadily declined from 1847, when the importation of whale oil and bone was valued at $996,500, until 1862, when it disappeared alto- gether, Recently, several large watch and cigar factories giving employ- IS^lit to many p^r^oos bav§ b§?ia erected in the village, Noyac, an 0I4 234 CITIZEN GUIDE. Indian village with a little bay of its ov/n, and the trout ponds at Oak Grove may be regarded as suburbs of Sag Harbor. The Islands to the North, Shelter Island. — One may go from Sag Harbor to Shelter Island either by taking the steamboat for New London, which makes a landing around by the Manhanset House, or by driving out to the end of Hog Neck where there is a little ferry. Shelter Island has a population of more than i ,000. Both of the large hotels, the Manhanset and the Prospect House, are on the side of the island nearest to Greenport, with which they are in constant communication by means of a little steam propeller. The island is irre- gular in outline and its surface is greatly diversified and heavily wooded. The farming lands are excellent. The island has an interesting history, as it was originally settled by George Fox and other Quakers when they were banished from New England by the Puritans. The owner of the whole island in those early days was Nathaniel Sylvester, who held it under a grant from the English Crown. He was not a Quaker, but was a warm-hearted, liberal-minded man, and his fame has been preserved for all time by the poet Whittier: <«* * * wiser than his age. The Lord of Shelter scorned the bigot's rage." A monument commemorating Sylvester's reception of the Quaker fugi- tives was erected on the island in 1884, near the present Manor House, more than one hundred years old, which is not far from the site of the first house of Sylvester. The natural advantages of Shelter Island had been known for very many years before the formation of the Camp Meeting As- sociation which built up that part of the island now known as the Heights, in 1872. The place was not used as a camp meeting settlement more than seven or eight years and, indeed, before the Methodists discontinued their regular religious services in the grove on the Heights many clergymen of other denominations occupied the cottages clustered around the Prospect House. Among these were the Rev. Dr. Henry M. Scudder, of Brooklyn, as good a sailor as he is a preacher, and the Rev. Dr. Llewellyn D. Bevan, who succeeded the venerable Gardiner Spring as pastor of the historic Brick Chiurch on the summit of Murray Hill in New York. This part of the island, comprising about 300 acres, is as attractive as any Summer resort on Long Island. The hotel stands near the water; there are billiard rooms, bowling alleys and tennis grounds, and the bathing beach of firm, white sand is well supplied with every facility for bathers. . The cottages ramble up the hill-side and on the summit of Prospect Hill, the highest point on the island, there is an observatory from which may be obtained a most in- spiring view of land and sea. From here the eye rests upon Montauk Peninsula at the right, the upper end of the lobster's claw, with Greenport, Orient, Plum and the Gull Islands at the left, the vast expanse of Gardi- ner's Bay directly in front, with Gardiner's Island in the distance; and the view comprehends the Sound at the north and the Atlantic Ocean at the south. The Manhanset House is two miles further east, and is a thorough- ly equipped seaside hotel with a number of fine cottages. This is a popular, resort with the yachtsmen of the New York and other crack clubs, whose^- sloops and schooners frequently lie at anchor in Greenport Harbor. It is also a fashionable resort for residents of Brooklyn and New York. There ^T^ twenty miles of good roads for driving, p^^ facilities fQV sailing are -iiii- THE EASTERN END. 235 surpassed, and the shops of Greenport are only a mile or so away, and easily accessible by the ferry. There are well laid out athletic grounds with tennis courts and a good beach for still water bathing. The Shelter Island Yacht Club has a large membership, Gardiner's Island. — It is a pleasant sail, with a good breeze, through Peconic Bay, from Shelter Island to Gardiner's Island, which has a popula- tion of about 25, principally farmers employed by the Gardiner estate, and fishermen who lease the grounds on the shore. The island is seven miles long, and, in its widest part, about three miles across. The soil is excellent for fruit and cereals, and is well cultivated. In the old Gardiner Homestead, some of the furniture brought from Old England in the time of James I. by the original Lion Gardiner is still preserved. The island is associated with the traditions of the notorious pirate. Captain Kidd, who once buried stolen treasure on the shore. A chest containing gold, silver, diamonds and rare fabrics was dug up once by a commission having State authority. Among the relics in the Homestead is a silk shawl said to have been pre- sented to one of the Gardiner ladies by the pirate. In the old family grave- yard, on a hill near the north end of the island, a dozen members of the Gardiner family were buried, and Lion's bones lie beneath a granite sarco- phagus in the centre. North of the Peconic Bays, Greenport, across Peconic Bay from Shelter Island, the principal vil- lage in the township of Southold, has a population of 3,000. It is the termi- nus of the main line of the Long Island Railroad, and was once a famous whaling port. It is now one of the busiest places on Long Island, and the people are largely interested in shipbuilding and menhaden industry. The harbor is one of the best on the coast, and lately the new breakwater has greatly improved it. Greenport has a bank, a fire department, two news- papers and seven churches; it has steamboat connection with Shelter Island, Sag Harbor, New London and New York. It has its historical associations and traditions, and the house in which Washington slept one night, in 1777, is still standing. The Wyandanck House, the principal hotel for business men, is near the railroad station. Standing on the main street, not far from the steamboat pier,v/ith well-shaded grounds of its own, is the Clarke House, once the home and hostelry of Sheriff Clarke, a magnate of Suffolk County, who is well remembered. The Clarke House to-day, as it has been for many years past, is conducted as a private hotel for families by the Sheriff's daughters. Miss Ehzabeth Clarke and Mrs. Post. There is probably no other resort so homelike, or, in a modest way, so exclusive, on Long Island. They do say that "Miss Bessie," as she is affectionately called by everybody in Greenport, will not permit a stranger to enter the house unless he brings his pedigree and a letter of recommendation. The Booth House is another v/ell-kept resort for Summer boarders, but Greenport is remarkably well- supplied with boarding houses and fine modern cottages that can be rented for the season. A walk of about four miles northward brings one to the cliffs overlooking Long Island Sound, which is here at its widest point. From Greenport, eastward. — A stage runs from Greenport to the end of the northern arm of the island, ten miles further eastward. The road is hard and firm, and almost as smooth as a floor, and near East Marion, a little hamlet midway between Greenport and Orient, where a windmill like those seen so frequently on the southern side of the island still lifts its fans to the \iVt'97,e> and ,2^nnds the grist of iji^, nei^hbpring farmers, th§ waters pf 336 CITIZEN GUIDE. the Sound break on the north side of the road, and those of Gardiner's Bay- on the south side. Orient is an old-fashioned village, with quaint old houses, and flower-gardens in which the holly-hocks, marigolds, dahlias, balsam, and garden roses bloom luxuriantly in beds bordered by box. The popula- tion of Orient is about 800. It is a temperance town, and no liquors are procurable. There is a hotel at Orient and another at Orient Point, a mile or so further east, which is the "jumping-oif place" of the Northern Penin- sula. Near the Point is the famous Comstock stock farm, where the cele- brated trotter Rarus was born and bred. The Comstocks are the most numerous family in this part of the island, and there are as many Comstocks in Orient and thereabout as there are Halseys and Burnetts in the Hamp- tons. Between the Point and Orient many wealthy gentlemen have re- cently built cottages. A mile east of the Point, and separated from it by the historic Plum Gut, through which a famous New York amateur sailor once sailed his yacht and lost a race thereby, is Plum Island (well termed "the paradise of sportsmen"), and beyond this, straight to the east, are the two Gull Islands, Big and Little. Plum Island is credited with a population of 75, mostly interested in fostering and ministering to the wants of sports- manship. The territory of Long Island, however, extends still further, be- cause Fisher's Island, with a population of 250 and an extensive Summer hotel, lying close to the Connecticut shore at the extreme end of Long Island Sound, which is there divided into Fisher's Island Sound and Block Island Sound, is a part of Suffolk county. The nearest place on the main land to this island, however, is New London, Connecticut, and the two places have steamboat communications. From Greenport westvvArd. — Returning to Greenport in our imaginary tour of the Northern Peninsula and proceeding thence westward, the first village we pass through is Southold, settled in 1640. In October of that year, the Rev. John Youngs organized the Southold Presbyterian Church, which is still flourishing. The population of Southold is about 1,400. The village streets are quite well shaded and well kept. The Savings Bank, in a small building with a vine covered front, is one of the oldest and strongest in the State. Southold has Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Univer- salist, and other churches as well as the Presbyterian. There is a hotel and there are many boarding-houses. Some of the private residences are very handsome, and all are kept in good order, the villagers being enter- prising and public spirited. From Southold to the Sound is but a mile, and the light-house on Horton's Point is one of the most important in the neighborhood of New York. Peconic, the next village westward, has a population of 400. The farming land here is particularly fertile. The place was originally called Hermitage. Cutchogue, a mile or so further on, has a population of 800. There are many stock farms in this village and the pic- turesque features of the neighborhood have made it a resort of artists. Southward a mile and a half is New Suffolk, on the shore of Peconic Ba3^ which has long been a famous resort for sailing and fishing. It has a popu- lation of 200. Robins Island, reached from here in a short sail, is owned by a famous gun club, the members of which are prominent residents of Brooklyn. The island comprises 469 acres of meadow and forest, hill and beach. Mattituck is a busy village with a population of 800, excellent Sum- mer hotels and many fine Summer residences erected by Brooklynites. There are four churches. The farming land is of the best quality and the place is famous for its vegetables. The farmers also engage extensively in THE EASTERN END. 237 seed-raising, and the Mattituck cabbage seed has a national reputation. Another thing for which this village is famous is the soft shell crab, which reaches a degree of perfection in the little creek that flows in from the Sound rarely attained by it elsewhere. Jamesport has a population of 300, and is growing rapidly. In late years the accommodations for summer boarders in this place have not equalled the demand, and cottages are increasing in number every year. Jamesport is practically at the head of Peconic Bay. It has Congrega- tional and Methodist Episcopal churches. The boating, saihng and fish- ing facilities are equal to any on Long Island. The water near the shore is shallow, and it is therefore a perfectly safe place for children. There is much social gayety in Summer. Aquebogue, another resort near by, has a population of 250, RiVERHEAn, the county town of Suffolk, has a population of 2,000. The Peconic River, upon the bank of which it is built, empties into the bay of that name a short distance eastward. The people of the village are quite near enough to the bay to enjoy all its advantages of fishing, sailing and bathing, while a drive of eight miles southward through the pine and oak takes them to the ocean. The village is handsomely laid out and is a very lively place, especially when the County Court is in session and when the agricultural fair is held in the Autumn. There is a newspaper, a Sav- ings Bank, a National Bank, and there are six churches. The county build- ings, including the Court House, Clerk's Office and Jail, are imposing struc- tures surrounded by well trimmed lawns. The fair grounds comprise twenty acres, a good trotting track and suitable buildings. Riverhead is in the centre of a rich farming country, especially for cauliflower, potatoes and the small fruits. In June man}^ car loads of strawberries are sent daily to the city markets. There are a number of profitable cranberry bogs in the neighborhood. Great Pond, a mile from the village, is a fine body of fresh water clear as crystal. Flanders, two mfles away, on the shore of the bay is a resort favored by fishermen. Riverhead has stage connection with Westhampton, Quogue and Atlanticville. Manorville, a settlement of 350 inhabitants, is chiefly noted as a junc- tion on the railway where the Sag Harbor branch of the main line separates from the Greenport division. A ride on the railroad of four miles south- ward brings us back again to Eastport, whence we started on this tour of the eastern end of Long Island. Along the ocean beach in this part of the country, the United States Government has life-saving stations at Westhampton, Quogue, Shinnecock Bay, Southampton, Mecox Bay, Georgica, Amagansett, Napeague and Montauk Point. Besides the light-houses already mentioned there are im- portant ones on Plum Island, Little Gull Island, Long Beach Bar, near Orient, and Cedar Island near Sag Harbor, QAZETTEEf^ OF LONG ISbjfOcND. A Complete List of all the Towns, Villages, Hamlets, Summer Resorts, and Locations on Long Island, with Distances from Brooklyn, Railway and Steamboat Fares, Stage Connections, &c. — L. I. Post Offices and Telegraph Stations. Abbreviations.— B B & W E RR, Brooklyn, Bath & West End Railroad; BIS, Block Island Sound; E R, East River; F B, Flusbing Bay; fr, from; GarB, Gardiner's Bay; GB, Gra-vesend Bay; G P B, Great Peconic Bay; Gs B, Grassy Bay; G S B, Great South Bay; Ham, Hamlet; H B, Hempstead Bay; H Har, Hempstead Harbor; In, Inland; Is, Island; J B, Jamaica Bay; KG, Kings Co; L I RR, Long Island Railroad; L P B, Little Peconic Bay; Loc, Locahty ; M B RR, Manhattan Beach Raih-oad; N Y & S B RR, New York & Sea Beach Railroad; N Y & R B RR, New York & Rockaway Beach Railroad; Nor B, North- port Bay; O, Ocean; O B, Oyster Bay; Pen, Peninsula; RR, Raili'oad; S, Long Island Soimd; Sh Is, Shelter Island; Shin B, Shinnecock Bay ; SIS, Shelter Island tound; So B, SoutholdBay; SOB, South Oyster Bay; St, Stage; Sum, Summer Resort; T, Telegraph Office; Vil, Village. Distances are measured by ordinary routes from City Hall, Brooklyn. n Name. '-5 a o Abrams Landing Gar B Acabonac Harbor Gar B Albertson In Alder Island HB Alexandei-viile In Amagansett O Amityville GS B Appletree Neck G S B Aquebogue In Aqueduct . . .In Arduioor K C Arlington Beach O Arshamomaque S Artist Lake In Arverne O Astoria E R Atlantic Park O Atlanticville SB Fares to Near- a, est RR Station or Steamboat t Routes. '^ Landings. V ft +3 ID 3 Single. Excur- sions. Ham 114 LI RR; St from Bridge HamptonlS $ c 2 80 S c 5 05 Har 113 LIRR;St fr Sag Harbor 11 2 95 5 30 RR T 22 25 L I RR 55 1 00 Is HaTn PO T 58 112 L I RR Sum L r RR; St fr Bridge HamptonlO 2 80 5 05 RR PO T 83 LIRR 95 1 70 Pen 40 L I KR; via Baby- Ion 1 10 2 00 Ham PO 78 L I RR; St fr River- head 3 2 20 3 95 RR T 10 N VV & R B RR 25 35 Loc 5 NY&SBRR 25 35 Sum 24 Ham 95 L I R R; St fr Greenport 2 2 80 5 05 Ham 66 LIRR;Stfr Yap- hauk 1 75 3 15 Sum PO T 16 LIRR 45 80 Town P O T 8 Horse cars fr Brooklyn 2 5 10 Sum 24 NY&RB RR; St fr Holland 30 50 Vil PO 80 L I RR St fr Quogue 2 2 30 4 15 GAZETTEER OF LONG ISLAND. 239 d o Name. c -^ U m O OJ J « Babylon G S B Sum Baiting Hollow S Vil Baiting Hollow Sta In RR Baker's Point S Pen Bald Hills In Ham Baldwins In Vil Bar Beach S Pen Barnes Hole BIS Beach Barnum's Island H B RR Barren Island .IB Is Bartlett In Ham Bath Beach . ,.GB Sum Bath Beach Junction. .In Ham Bayport GSB RR Bay Head (Good Groimd) In Vil Bay Islands GSB Is Bay Ridge NYH Vil Bay Shore GSB Sum Bay Side S Sum BayviUe S Vil Beach Channel J B RR Beaver Pond In Pond Bedelltown In Ham Bedford Bklyn Loc Bellmore In RR Bellport GSB Vil Benjamintown In Ham Bennett's Ft NYH Pen Bensonhurst G B Vil Ben's Point Gar B Pen Bergen Island H B Is Berlin In Vil Berrian's Is . . .S Is Bethpage In Ham Bethpage Junction — In RR Blissville In Loc Blue Point GSB Vil Bluff Point Cow H Pen Blydenburgh's L'ding.S Loc Bl'ydenburgh's Mils . . . S Ham Blythebourne In Vil Bohemian Village In Vil Fares to Near- CD .d •fad 0) >j a est RR Station i « or Steamboat s| Routes. ^ Landings . n ■2 p > Ph o-^ Routes. '^ So =» 100 By boat fr Green- port 14 8 Excursion boats fr NY City 42 LIRR. 35 L I RR 97 LIRR 19 L I RR; Stage fr Valley Stream... lU 9 L I RR or Brighton B RR 13 NY&RBRR...;; L I RR 15 L I RR 62 L I RR 29 LIRR; St f r Glen Head 2 107 ByStfrGreenport.lO 5 Street cars fr Bklyn 1 46 By St fr Saj-^riiie . . i 98 L I RR to South- ampton 1 2 Street cars in Brooklyn 5 L I RR and Street cars Bet Bklyn and Gov- ernor's Is 87 By St fr Water Mills 2 61 LIRR ,2 70 LIRR; St fr Bait- ing Hollow 1 57 LIRR 2 6 LIRRorB. W §, 11 Routes. ^ I is J © -sect ^ 33 LI RR; St fr Glen Cove 2 T 16 L I RR 56 Near Setauket 40 St fr Northport... 4 T 10 LIRR T 5 Street cars from L. ICity 1 90 St fr Cutchogue .. 2 61 2 7 Street cars fr. L. I. 2 72 Boats fr Eastport. 40 By St tr Northport 4 62 By St fr Port Jef . . 2 44 St fr Huntington . 6 T 104 LIRR;StfrBridge Hampton 6 16 LIRR 4ij LI RR; St fr IsUp 2 82 St fr Glen Cove.... 3 12 L I RR ; St fr Ja- maica 1 98 L I RR; St from Greenport 3 25 L I RR; St fr West- bury 3 70 L I RR; St fr Mo- ricliGs ■ 9 T 5 Elevated* &" Street cars in Brooklyn 40 LIRR;StfrGreen Lawn 4 T 43 L I RR 32 LIRR; StfrSyos- 57 LI RR ;' St f r Pat- chogue 2 T 72 LIRR 80 LI RR; St from Quogue 2 Sum Off 21 LIRR 56 L I RR; St from Setauket i 4 Street cars in Brooklyn 1 T 21 LIRR 47 L I RR;Stfr North- port 5 59 LI RR; St fr Port Jefferson 2 56 L I RR ; 2 T 40 LI RR 1 55 StfrBayport. . . 2 102 StfrBridgehamp- ton 5 T 18 L I RR;Stfr Floral Park lu 40 LIRR;StfrGreen Lawn 2]^ 7 Street cars from Brooklyn Fares to Near- est RR Station or Steamboat Landings. Single. Excur- sions. 55 85 27 05 1 00 65 50 10 10 2 80 5 05 1 30 2 36 30 50 2 80 5 05 65 1 15 2 00 3 60 5 10 1 10 2 00 85 1 55 1 60 210 2 90 3 80 2 30 4 15 55 1 00 1 65 3 00 5 55 10 1 00 1 20 2 15 1 70 3 05 45 1 10 6 80 2 00 10 GAZETTEER OP LONG ISLAND. 243 § § ft I Name. S e; o g g ^ 0)0 ►3 Q (I4 Execution Rocks S Bar Fair Ground In Ham P O Fair View In Ham False Point BIS Cape Farmingdale In Vil PO Farmingville In Ham Farrington Point L P B Pen FarRockaway O Vil PO Fenhm-st (Hewletts) ... In Vil Fire Island (Quarantine Station) O Is PO Fire Place GB Loc Fisher's Island S Is PO Flanders GPB PV Flatbush In Town PO Flatlands In Town P O Flatlands Neck T B Pen Fleet Point GSB Pen Floral Park In Vil P O Flower Hill S Ham Floyd's Point East B Pen Flushing (Murray Hillj.In Vil P O Flushing F B Town P O Flushing Bay S Bay Ford's Comer In PR Forge River East B Creek Forge (Elastic) East B RR Fort Hamilton TheNar- Vil P O rows Fort Lafayette TheNar-Fort rows Fort Neck SOB Pen Fort Pond Bay ...BIS Bay Foster Meadows (Rose- dale) In RR Fowlerville S Ham Foxes Creek Sh Is Creek Franklin Square In Ham Franklinville GPB Ham Freeport In Vil PO Fresh Pond S Vil PO Fresh Pond In Loc Fre?h Pond S Ham Friar's Head Landing.. S Loc Garden City In Vil PO Gardiner^s Island.. . GarB Is Gardiner's Bay BIS Bay .0 p. «3 26 T 36 43 118 T 31 55 109 T 23 T 13 T 46 117 T 117 78 T 3 T 5 6 37 T 18 25 73 T 12 T 10 10 T 6 66 T 66 T 6 6 80 115 T 14 T 12 97 17 82 T 24 T 44 T 5 T 75 77 T 20 115 115 Routes. '^ Off Manhasset L I RR to Mineola. 1 LIRR; StfrKings Park 2 Near Montauk Pt. . 1 LIRR L I RR 2 LI RR; St fr Sag Harbor 7 LIRR LIRR L I RR; boat fr Babylon 9 L I RR; St fr Sag Harbor 15 Ferry f r Qreenport or Sag- Harbor. . . 7 L I RR; St fr River- head 3 Street cars from Brooklyn L I RR and street cars fr Brooklyn. . BR& WERR.... St fr Lindenhurst. 2 L I RR LIRR; St fr Great Neck 2 St fr Mastic 4 St fr Great Neck ;L I RR LIKR New Flushing LIRR Near Mastic 1 L I RR Street cars fr Bklyn Off Fort Hamilton. 1 . Near Massapequa. 2 Near Montauk Pt. . LIRR, SS Div.... L I RR; St fr Flushing 1 By Shelter Is route St f r Floral Park. . . 2 LIRR L I RR LIRR; St fr North- port 3 L I RR; Street cars from Bklyn St fr Baiting Hollow 6 St fr Riverhead 4 L I RR L I RR to Sag Har bor or Greenport . Ferry 13 West of Gardiner'sis Fares to Near- est RR Station or Steamboat Landings. Single. Exciu*- sions. 65 1 00 1 30 2 35 90 1 60 2 95 50 50 5 30 1 00 1 00 1 10 2 00 2 95 5 30 2 20 3 95 05 10 05 10 45 80 40 70 25 20 40 35 1 90 05 3 40 10 45 80 25 40 7'5 1 25 1 20 2 15 05 10 55 1 00 2 95 5 30 244 CITIZEN GUIDE. g 9 '-3 Oft Name. S c 5 a> George's Neck G SB Pen Genola In Ham Georgica Lake O Sum German Flats East B Loc Glen Cove In Vil Glendale Station In RR Glen Head In RR Glenwood S Ham Goffe's Is Point BIS Pen Good Ground (Bay Head) In Vil Goose Ureek JB RR Gowanus Har Loc Grassy Hollow Gar B Ham Grass Pond In La'ke Gravesend In Vil Gravesend'Bay O Bay Gravesend Beach . . . G B Sum Great Cove GSB Great Gull Island S Is Great Hog Neck L P B Pen Great Neck In Vil Great Island HB Is Great Pond ... .In Lake Great River In \ il Great South Beach... O Sum Great Pond ,.BIS Lake Great Peconic Bay E End of LI Bay Great South Bay O Bay Greenfield In Vil Green Lawn In RR Greenpoint Bklyn Loc Greenport Gar B Town Greenvale In Ham GreenvUle GSB Ham Greenwich Point In Ham Greenwood . .Bklyn Cem Gull Island ShinB Is Guntherville G B Vil Hagerman GSB Loc Half Hollows Hills.... In Ham .0 ^a a ® >t 1? 4^ o -2 P o , On « o ft" Loc Ham 13 32 Loc RR Bum PO PO T T 6 31 27 Pen 101 City PO T 8 Loc 71 Ham Loc Dock Vil Lake Pen 40 83 49 80 68 101 Sum PO T 97 Vil Bay Sum Ham PO T 20 20 5 29 Vil PO 67 VU RR Vil Vil PO T T T 67 10 5 30 104 Vil PO T 5 Pen Ham T 69 33 RR Bay PO T .84 84 Lake 85 Ham RR Vil PO PO T T 99 55 34 RR Vil Vil PO PO PO T T 26 4 65 Vil PO T 5 Ham Ham Ham PO PO T 46 24 64 Oc5 Routes. ^ Miller's Landing S Har Mill Neck OB Pen Mill's Landing.. : GSB Har Mill's Pond . .In Ham Mineola In HR Mittyville In Ham Montauk Point O Pen Money Pond O Loc Moriches GSB Vil Morris Park In Vil Moses Point. S Pen Moscow In Ham Mount Misery S Pen Mount Pleasant In Ham Mount Sinai , S Vil Napeague S Loc Napeague Harbor S Ham Nassakeag In Ham Nassau Point LPB Pen Neptime House O Sum New Bridge Ham New Castl3 In Ham New Hyde Parlr In Vil New Lots J B Loc NewSuifolk LPB Vil Newtown In Vil New Utrecht GB Town New Village , — In Ham NicolPs Point GSB Pen Nissaquag S Ham North Babylon In Ham North Beach S Loc North Bellport GSB Vil North Haven Hog Neck Ham North Moriches GSB ' Loc North Neck BIS Pen Northport S Vil North Sea G P B Ham Northside LPB Ham North ville (Success). . . . S Vil Northwest Harbor .... Gar B Ham p. H fi PO T T PO PO PO T PO PO PO PO TJ PO T PO T 33 64 52 20 60 122 121 67 10 37 52 62 52 G2 117 117 56 91 23 27 24 18 6 90 7 6 53 48 51 40 8 58 103 65 118 43 95 99 105 Routes. St fr Port Jefferson LIRR;St fr Bay- ville 2 Reached fr Bay- port 1 L I RR 1 LIRR L I RR U LI RR;Stfr Sag Harbor 12 St fr Sag Harbor.. .22 LIRR 1 LIRR On Centre Island., LI RR 1}4 LIRR; St frPort Jefferson 3 St frRonkonkoma 3 StfrPt Jefferson. 1 L IRR; Stfr Port Jefferson 15 St fr Port Jefferson LIRR 1 L I RR; St fr Pe- conic 4 LIRR; Stfr Rock- away Beach Stfr Garden City.. 1 StfrWestbury.... I Stfr Hyde Park... Elevated RR in Brooklyn LIRR; St fr Mat- tituck 3 L I RR, Electric }4 cars fr Hunter's Point or street cars fr Brooklyn B B & W E RR; N Y&SBRR&c. LIRR; St frRon- konkoma 5 Reached f r IsUp ... 3 St frSmithtown.. 3 LIRR; Stfr Baby- Ion 2 L IRR ;Stfr Wood- side 2 LI RR LIRR; St fr Sag Harbor 1 LIRR 2 Reached fr Sag Harbor 16 LIRR L IRR ;Stfr South- ampton 3 St fr WatermilJs.. 4 L I RR; St fr Jamesport 4 By St f r Sag Harbor 3 Fares to Near- est RR Station or Steamboat Landings. Single. Excur- sions. 65 65 00 24 70 45 70 05 1 45 1 40 1 10 10 1 75 2 95 2 00 1 15 1 00 2 95 5 30 CO 40 1 70 3 05 2 60 4 70 65 65 50 1 00 1 15 90 05 10 45 15 4 40 25 10 2 60 2 50 2 00 15 3 15 1 20 2 15 2 65 2 74 4 80 4 90 2 35 2 95 4 25 6 30 GAZETTEER OF LONG ISLAND. 249 .2 O -^ XT .2 P< ^ P Name. r s, O fe^ g W M ^ O 0) O J". SEYENTH AYENUE and NIJSTTH ST., BEOOKLYN, K Y. CHAS. NICKENIG, Proprietor. HALL AND MEETING ROOMS —FOR— BALLS, SOCIABLES, WEBBINGS ANB LOBGE MEETINGS. Elegant Billiard Parlor and Bowling Alleys. CAFE AND WINE ROOM. Connected with First-Class Oyster and Chop House. Telephone Call, 237 South. ^ ^Q^^U^ K ^ ST^EETc^IRiCreRY/AAP. /■ SHOWING STRffTS FtRRlCS DOCKS. RAIIWATS. PARKS CEMETERIES And other points or (NTEREiTi rOR KEY 3EE PaGC 275 -EROOflLYN Elevated r r KING,5 COUNTY ELCVATCD RR 3U?FACE 5TEMM Fi Riv- AUCTIONEER— WIRE CLOTH— REAL ESTATE. D. L HA.RDENBRO0K, Real Estate, Auctioneer, BROKER AND DEVELOPER. Manager of Several Large Suburban Properties: Jama- ica, Prospect Park Slope and Hackensack Heights, N. J, offices: 19 Fulton Street, Jamaica, N. Y. 110 Seventh Avenue, | TiT.,^/^HTrr, 189-191 Montague Street, f^rooKiyn. Real Estate Exchange, Room 144 Pulitzer (World) Building, New York City. Expert advice given on developing pub- burban properties. KINGS COUNTY WIRE WORKS. PHILIP SCHMITT, MANUFACTURER OF BRASS, COPPER and GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTH, store and Office Railings, Garden and Cemetery Work. All kinds of Sieves and Sand Screens. Wire Guards for Church, Factory, School and Cellar Windows. Plain and Landscape Window Screens. 156 Graham Avenue, bet. Montrose and Johnson Aves. CHAUNCEY CHICHESTER, REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE AGENT, CENTRE MORICHES, N. Y. Boarding Houses, Dwellln^gs, Farms and Lots for Sale. furnished houses to rent. water fronts a specialty. EAST, WEST, AND CENTRE MORICHES and EASTPORT PROPERTY FOR SALE. "Riverside House/' CENTRE MORICHES, Sufolk County, Long Island, N, Y. This house is beautifully sitimted on the shore of the Great South Bay, surrounded by a well-shaded lawn, sloping to the water's edge. Quarter of a mile of water frontage. Twenty acres of ground. Vegetables from Owner's Farin. One mile from depot, village and post office. Facihties for Bathing, Boating, etc. Bath houses on premises. Surf and still- water bathing. SaU and Row Boats. Good Roads, Pleasant Drives. Wide verandas and large aii-y rooms, most of which command a fine view of the ocean and bay. Cool south-west winds directly from the ocean through the Summer. Accommodates sixty. Private Cottages. Large Bara attached. FOR SALE, J. S, BALDWIN, Proprietor. GAZETTEER OF LONG ISLAND. 251 « -2 S -5 o a S & Kame. 'C -q O B, 2 w to ^ 1^ Q Ph H Eockaway Park O Sum Rock ville Centre In V il T Rocky Point S Pen Rocky Point Landing • • S Har Rocky Point (.Village). . In Ham Ronkonkonia In RR P O T Rosed ale (.Foster's Mea- dows) In RR Rose's Grove LPB Suni Roslyn H Har Vil PO T Ruffle Bar ..O Is RusseU's Neck SIS Pen Sachem's Neck Shi Pen Sagaponack (Sagg) . . O Ham P O Sag Harbor S I B Vil PO T Sag Pond O Lake St George's Manor . . . . G S B Loc St James S Vil PO T St Johnland In Ham T Sammy's Beach..? GarB Sum Sand's Point . S Pen Sayville GSB Sum PO T Sayville Landing . ..GSB Landing Scuttle Hole lu Ham Sea Cliff HB Vil PO T Seafield O Sum Seaford GSB Vil PO Seaside Sum Searingtown In Ham T Seebonac Neck G P B Pen Selden In Ham PO Setauket S Vil PO T Sexton Is GSB Is Shagwong Point B L S Pen Sheepshead Bay O Vil POT Sheet Nine In Ham Shelter Island BIS Sum PO T © >> ^2 16 20 40 67 66 50 14 103 24 Routes. 11 104 101 99 102 99 66 53 45 108 24 48 97 28 31 16 22 89 57 56 47 118 7 33 99 Shelter Island Heights.. Shis Sum PO T 97 LI RR. LIRR, SShoreDiv Reached fr Oyster Bay 4 St f r Port Jefferson 7 St fr Port Jefferson 6 LI RR LIRR St fr Bridgehamp- ton 6 L I RR Or by Str Idlewild frNYCity L I RR . 4 St fr Sag Harbor 2 5 LIRR;StfrBridge harapton 2 LI RR Or by Montauk S B Co frN Y City.... Reached fr Bridge- hampton 3 Stfr Mastic 4 LIRR L I RR; St fr King's Park 1 St fr Sag Harbor... Stfr Great Neck.. 6 LI RR St fr Sayville., 1)4 LIRR; Stfr Bridge Hampton 2 LIR R 1 Or by Str Idlewild fr ft Peck sUp andE 31st street NY L I RR 2 LIRR; StfrMas- sapequa X^ NY&RBRR.... 1 L I RR; St fr Al- bertson 1 St fr Shmnecock Hills 2 LIRR; StfrMed- ford 4 LIRR 1 Reached fr Bay- shore 5 Near Montauk Pt..20 Manhattan Beach RR L I RR 2 L I RR S}4 Boatfr Greenport; or by Montauk S BCo L I RR; Boat fr Greenport V/^ Fares to Near- est RR Station or Steamboat Landings. Single. Excur- sions. 1 70 1 45 3 05 2 60 45 80 2 80 55 5 05 1 00 35 50 2 65 5 80 2 80 2 95 B 05 5 30 1 25 2 50 1 90 1 50 1 30 1 50 2 30 55 35 85 55 00 1 65 3 40 2 70 2 35 2 70 5 05 1 00 50 .1 55 1 00 2 90 3 00 2 80 5 05 1 25 2 80 2 50 5 05 S52 CITIZEN GUIDE. Name. e3 1^ P. o 05 Shelter Island Park. . .Sh Is Sum Shelter Jsland Sound.. E En L I Bay Shinnecock Hills Shin B Sum Shinnecock Neck Shin B Ham Simonson's Creek J B Creek Skoy'sPond In Lake Smith's Landing G S B Ham Smith's Point G S B Ham Smithport In Ham Smithtown In Vil Smithtown Branch In Vil Smithtown Harbor(Nis- saquag) S Ham SmithviUe South In Ham Southampton O Sum South Bensonhurst G B Vil South Greenfield In RR South Haven In Ham South Jerusalem SOB Ham South Northport In Ham Southold SoB RR SoutholdBay E End LI Bay South Oyster Bay E of G SB Bay S Oyster Bay Village. In Ham Southport GPB Ham South Setauket In Ham South Side Club G S B Club South Woodhaven — In Vil Speonk East B Vil Spring Field Store .... In Vil Spring HiU In Loc Springs (The) Gar B Vil Springville Shin B Ham Squtretown GPB Ham Squassucks In Ham Stein way ER Vil Stewartville la Ham Stony Brook S Vil Strong's Point G S B Pen Success (NorL^hviUe^ S Ham Suffolk Driving Park.. In Park POT PO PO PO PO PO PO PO T PO PO PO PO T PO T Fares to Near- «M jj tf est RR Station © >» Ph or Steamboat Sl Routes. ^ Landings. So Sg .^M rt Single. Excur- fi ^ sions. 97 L I RR to Green- port 11^ 2 80 5 05 ICO Bet Gar B and L P B 87 LI RR 2 55 4 60 94 L I RR; St fr Shin- necock HUls 3 2 55 4 60 14 Near Rosedale 1 108 Nr Grassy Hollow. 72 L I RR; St from Mastic 3 1 90 3 40 66 L I BR; St fi'om Mastic 4 1 90 3 40 50 LI RR 1 49 LIRR 1 1 40 2 50 50 LIRR }4 140 2 50 52 St fr Smithtown. . . 3 28 LIRR; St f r Bell- more 1^ 75 1 40 92 LIRR 2 65 4 80 6 Electric cars and BB&WERR... 10 18 6 B&BBRR 64 LIRR; St fr Mas- tic 1 1 90 3 40 29 StfrWantagh. ..1 80 145 42 St fr Northport.... 1 120 2 15 92 LI RR; or by Mon- 2 70 4 85 tank SB Co 1 25 2 50 90 Bet L P B & Green- port Har 28 Reached fr Wan- tagh... 2 34 St fr Amityville.. 1 95 1 70 88 LI RR; St fr Bay Head 3 2 45 4 40 56 St fr Setauket 1 i 65 3 00 47 LI RR; St fr Ishp 1 1 30 2 35 9 LIRR 1 74 LIRR 1 2 15 3 85 14 L I RR; St fr Hol- lis 35 60 33 St fr Flushing 3 20 35 108 St fr Easthamp- ton 12 87 LI RR; St fr Bay Head 1 2 45 4 40 87 L 1 RR;St frBay Head 1 2 45 4 40 63 LI RR 1 8 Street cars fr Brooklyn 3 05 10 25 LI RR 2 56 LI RR 1 1 60 2 90 30 Near Amityville... 2 78 St fr Jamesport... 4 2 35 4 25 46 Reached fr Central Ishp 1 1 30 2 35 GAZETTEER OF LONG ISLAND. 253 47 C8 34 t6 30 92 I ft s & Name. ^ 'C O fe S S ^ '2^ O (U O (C )-] A Ph H Sugar Loaf HIH ShinB Hill Sunken Meadow S Ham Swezey's i .anding S Loc Sweet's Hollow In Ham Sweze.y town S Ham Syosset In Vil POT Terry's Point S Pen Terryville In Ham PO 61 The Cove Village In Vil 36 Thomaston S Vil PO T 18 Three Mile Harbor Gar B Bay 110 Tiana Shin B Ham 87 Tuckahoe In Ham 94 Tuthill's Landing S Pier 69 Union Course In Loc 7 Udall'sRoad In Rd 40 Uniondale In Ham 24 Union Place EastB Ham 75 Unionville GB Ham T 7 Upper Aquebogue In Ham 80 Valley Stream In Vil PO T IS VaUey Stream June... In RR P O 18 Van Pelt Manor GB RR PO T 6 Van Siclen Station Bklyn Loc 6 Vernon VaUey In Ham 42 Wading River S Vil PO 73 Wainscott O Sum PO 101 Wallabout Bldyn Loc PO 1 Wamponissie In Loc 63 Wantagh, (Ridgewood)GSB Vil PO T 28 Washington Square . . . . lu Loc 20 Water Hills Mecox Bay VU P O T 95 Wave Crest O Vil T 24 Waverly In RR T 53 Wawhoo In Ham 73 West Brighton Beach..O Sum 8 Westbriy In RR P O T 23 West Brooklyn In Loc POT 4 Westhampton Ease B Vil PO T 77 Westhampton Beach... O Vil PO 79 West Flushing In Vil PO T 12 WestHiUs Ham 35 West Island S Is 34 West Islip G S B Loc 39 Routes. L I RR; at Shinne- cock Hills Stfr Northport.... 8 St fr Port Jefferson 10 L I RR Stfr Port Jefferson 7 LIRR North of Orient Harbor LIRR; St frPort Jefferson..: 1% Near Oyster Bay Vil. LIRR; Stfr Great Neck Reached fr East- hampton 9 Stfr Bay Head.... 2 LIRR; Stfr South- ampton 3 Stfr WoodvilleLd I. IRR 1 Fr Edge wood to Babylon L I RR 2 St fr Speonk ... 1 BB& W E RR.... St fr Aquebogue . 2 L IRR . LIRR Culver Route; B B & WE RR Street cars in Bro oklyn LIRR; Stfr North port 1 L I RR; St fr Ma- nor 6 LIRR; Stfr Bridge Hampton 3 Street Cars in Brooklyn StfrYaphank 3 LIRR LIRR; Stfr Hemp- stead 2 LIRR LI RR LIRR L I RR 1 B& BBRR LI RR BB& WERR.... LIRR 1 L I RR, and St fr Westha mpton. . . 2 LIRRN SDiv.... St f r Huntington. . 2 Reached frDosoris LIRR; St fr Bay Shore 1 Fares to Near- est RR Station or Steamboat Landings. Single. Excur- sions. 2 55 1 .30 1 70 1 70 4 60 2 15 8 05 3 05 1 55 1 70 8 05 40 2 45 4 40 2 65 1 70 15 4 80 3 05 25 2 15 10 2 20 50 £0 3 85 18 3 95 90 90 10 18 05 10 1 20 2 15 1 95 3 50 2 80 5 05 05 1 75 80 10 3 15 1 45 60 1 10 2 74 53 1 55 4 95 1 05 2 80 15 65 03 2 20 25 1 15 06 3 95 2 20 25 1 05 3 95 40 1 90 1 20 2 15 254 CITIZEN GUIDE. .2 S Kame. s | § S « 43 X 00 M O 0) o iJ Q A WestNeck S pen Westville In Loc WestYaphank In Ham Wheatly In Ham Whitestone S Vil p O Wliitestone Landing . . .8 Pier Wick's Road In Rd Willet's Point S Pt PO Williamsbiu-gh Bklyn Loc P O Will lam sville In Ham Willow Pond In Ham WillowTree In Loc Winantsville In Ham Windsor Terrace Bklyn Loc PO Winfield In RR PO Woodbury In Vil PO Woodfield ,.In Ham Woodhaven In Vil PO Woodhull Park In RR Woodlawn In Vil PO Woodsburgh . ...JB Vil PO Woodside In Vil PO WoodvUle Landing S Ham Wyandance(West Deer Park) In RR PO Yaphank In Vil P O Young Port GSB Ham Zach's Inlet O Chan'l p. la a 2 5« 40 T 22 57 26 T 15 16 42 T 17 T 2 ?a 50 11 8 3 T 7 as 22 T H 12 T 5 T 21 T 7 68 T 33 T 00 48 Routes. '*-* t» o s L I RR; St fr Hunt- ington . 4 L I RR 1 St fr Yaphank 4 LIRR; St frRos- lyn 3 LI RR LI RR Fr Bay Shore to Brentwood LIRR:StfrWhite stone 2 . Street cars in Bklyn 1 St fr Central Park. 3 LI RR 2 Stfr HoUis Street cars fr LICity 1 Street cars in Bklyn LI RR L IRR; St frSy- osset 2 Stfr Hempstead.. 2 LIRR L I RR Culver Route L I RR LI RR LIRR; St frPort Jefferson 10 LIRR LIRR Reached f r Islip. . . 4 Bet South and Jones Beaches. . . Fares to Near- est RR Station or Steamboat Landings. Single. Excur- sions. 1 05 1 75 55 30 35 30 05 80 35 05 15 50 10 1 05 1 75 1 30 1 CO 3 15 1 00 55 60 55 10 1 35 60 10 20 85 1 55 60 1 10 20 30 83 55 1 00 15 1 70 3 05 1 90 3 15 2 35 TRAVELLEf^S' GUIDE. Means of Reaching and Leaving Brooklyn. Its Surface and Elevated Railways— Hotels— Express Service— Piers and Docks— The Long Island Railroads — Steamboats, Stages and Ferries. In Brooklyn, although the streets are not laid out with the same regu- larity as in New York, the accessibility of every part of the city and its sur- roundings is unexcelled. The surface and elevated railway systems are wonderfully complete and are being constantly improved by the adoption of the modern methods of traction by cable and electricity. Every j^ear very extensive additions are made to the railway conveniences of the cit3^ The entire western end of Long Island is covered with a iiet work of steam, electric and horse railway lines, so that almost ever}^ point within ten miles of the city may be reached with the utmost economy of time and with the greatest personal comfort. On Long Island proper the great carrier both for passengers and freight is the Long Island Railroad, which visits by its mam lines or branches all the important centres of population and industry. Stages connect with the railway system and enable the tourist to arrive quickly at any point of inter- est not on the railway line. The regular Long Island steamboat service is, with the exception of the boats that run to Coney Island, Rockaway Beach and the vicinity, confined to points along the north shore and the eastern end of the island. The tables given in this chapter explain them- selves and will be found comprehensive as to the means of visiting all parts of Brooklyn and on the island. Official Courtesies. The employees of all the public services are required to be constantly courteous to patrons of every rank. Information or direction as to where it may be obtained is freely given. Assistance, when it does not interfere with the performance of regular duties, and is not designed to avoid legiti- mate expense, is to be expected. Bureaus of general information are to be found in all railroad depots, and clerks are in attendance whose sole duty it is to answer all proper questions from those in any kind of perplexity. In- civility should be promptly reported to the authorities, by whom all com- plaints are investigated. Aged or feeble persons are assisted to and from public carriages by the guards or conductors. Persons desiring direction or other information while in the thoroughfares of the city, should apply to a policeman and not to the chance passer-by, who may mischievously or from ignorance wrongly direct or inform the inquirer. Strangers, when in need of assistance, should invariably apply to public officials rather than to pri- 256 CITIZEN GUIDE. vate individuals, for in Brooklyn as in every large city, the confidence man is ubiquitous and well disguised. No exception should be made to this rule after dark. Customs Regulations. Baggage Inspection.— The baggage of all persons, native or foreign, coming into the United States by sea or land from other countries, is sub- ject to inspection by the Customs House officials. At New York, only such as enter the city by steamship are required to submit to this generally un- welcome regulation. Where no attempt is made to escape the payment of duty the Customs officials will be found always courteous and liberal in the iLterpretation of the Customs laws. Passengers are furnished with blanks on which, previous to the inspection, they may describe the dutiable articles in their possession, thus avoiding much delay and possible annoyance. Parents and guardians are allowed in the case of families, to sign and swear to these statements when filled out. Trunks and packages so packed or so promiscuous or valuable in their contents as to render easy inspection impossible, are sent to the appraiser's stores, and there examined. Smug- gling is a costly game to play, as its discovery is published by absolute con- fiscation of the articles concealed. A reasonable amount of wearing apparel and of all other personal effects of a quality in keeping with the station of the presumed owner, which are being worn or show signs of wear, are ad- mitted free of duty. Duty is charged upon all new clothing, and jewelry or watches, new or old, not for personal use. Baggage is examined on be- ing discharged at the steamship docks. As the inspection is quite thorough, persons are advised to afford every facility to the officials, and scrupulously to avoid obstructing them in their compulsory task. Interference with them arouses suspicion, and suspicion is sure to occasion delay and possibly much unpleasantness. Vessels are usually boarded by the Customs officials just below the entrance to the Narrows in the New York Bay. The duty upon packages received by express from abroad is paid by the express company, and the charges collected from the recipient upon delivery. Facilities'for Transmitting Money. There are three systems in use in the United States by which money may be transmitted from one place to another in this country as well as to the most important foreign cities. The first and most popular method is by the Post Office Money Order system, the manner of using which is fully explained in the chapter on Means of Communication. A second equally safe and more convenient means of forwarding money is by ex- press money orders which may be obtained at all the offices of the leading express companies throughout the country. This system has advantages over the others in that the express companies, which are generally exceed- ingly wealthy corporations, are entirely responsible for all money received by them, while in the post office system reliability rests with the local agents. Express Money Orders may be purchased at any hour of the day in any of the local offices of the great continental express companies — the Adams, American, National, Wells-Fargo, United States or Southern. The offices of these companies are too numerous to enroll here, but they will be found conveniently located at various points in the city. No writ- ten applications are required. When the order is sent to Europe or other foreign territories the payee receives the full equivalent in the currency of the country where payable. Orders can be deposited for collection in any TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 257 bank and cashed through the clearing houses in the same manner as checques, drafts, &c. The rates for United States and Canada are about as follows : For orders not exceeding $5, 5 cents; not exceeding $10, 8 cents; not exceeding $20, 10 cents; not exceeding $30, 12 cents; not exceed- ing $40, 15 cents; not exceeding $50, 20 cents. Rates for orders payable in Europe: For orders not exceeding $10, 10 cents; not exceeding $20, 18 cents; not exceeding $30, 25 cents; not exceeding $40, 35 cents; not exceed- ing $50, 46 cents. Orders for amounts exceeding $50 to domestic or for- eign places are issued at proportionate rates. The express companies also furnish travelers' checques which are more convenient and less costly than letters of credit or circular notes and available for payment in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, United States and Canada. The principal hotels receive them in payment of bills, and railroad and steamship companies in exchange for tickets, at the face value. They may also be cashed at almost all the leading bankers. The signature of the traveler is sufficient to secure identification. Cheques are issued for amounts varying from $10 to $100, in any quantity, and the fixed foreign equivalents are printed thereon. The rate for checques payable in the United States is about one-quarter of I per cent, of their face value, but the minimum charge is 40 cents; and for cheques payable in Europe one-half of one per cent., the minimum charge being 50 cents. The Telegraph Money Order System is the third mode of forwarding money. For the accommodation of travelers and others, in emergencies, and incidentally to facilitate their own business, the telegraph companies will make transfers of money, in small amounts, containing no fractions of a dollar, between a limited number of its offices. Such transfers will be made upon the following terms and conditions: To cover clerical and inci- dental services a charge is made of one per cent, on all sums of $25 or over, and for smaller amounts the charge is 25 cents in each case. As the usual telegraphic service necessary for each transfer exceeds two telegrams of fifteen words each a further charge is made for this service of a sum not ex- ceeding double the tolls on a single message of fifteen words between the transfer places. Payment of the sums transferred is made at the principal office of the telegraph companies at the point designated, upon satisfactory evidence of the personal identity of the payee being produced. The sending of a telegram requesting the transfer of money to its receiver is not suffi- cient evidence of his identity with the payee of such transfers. In case payment is not made to the payee within forty-eight hours after receipt of the transfer message by the manager of the paying office (exclusive of Sunday and holidays), the transfer will be cancelled and the amount thereof refunded to the sender upon application at the receiving office, but in such case the amount received for services and tolls will be retained by the telegraph companies. Brooklyn Hotels and Restaurants. The following list contains the name, location and minimum rate per day of the principal first-class hotels in Brooklyn. Many of these hotels are equal in their appointments and service to the best hostelries in the country. Suites of rooms furnished in perfect taste and with the highest degree of elegance are provided. Passenger elevators, electric anunciators, messenger, cab and police call boxes, post-office drop boxes, news stands, parcel check rooms, express offices, bureau of information, and city direc- tories are among the conveniences of these hotels. 258 CITIZEN GUIDE. Brooklyn hotels are conducted on either the European or American plan; the rate by the day includes the charge for both rooms and meals; on the European plan, the daily rate is for room only, and all meals must be paid for separately. Some of the hotels give their guests a choice of both plans. AMERICAN PLAN. Mansion House, 139 Hicks St., $3. Secor House, Clinton and Warren Sts., $1.25, The Wyndham, 89 Henry St., $1. EUROPEAN PLAN. Clarendon Hotel, Washington and Johnson Sts., $1. Hotel Boswyck, Bedford Ave. and South Fifth St., $1. Hotel Brunswick, Concord and Washington Sts., $1. AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PLAN. A., American Plan; E., European Plan. Eagle Hotel, 254 Fulton St., A., $2; E., 50 cents. Hotel De Paris, 230 Duffield St., A., $3; E., $1.50, Hotel St. George, Clark, Pineapple and Hicks Sts., A., $2.50; E., $1. Long Branch Hotel, Fulton and Sands Sts., A., $2; E., $1. Pierrepont House, Montague and Hicks sts.. A., $3; E., $1. The Regent, Clinton Ave., near Greene Ave., for rates apply. Besides the cafes in the hotels above mentioned, the following are the leadmg restaurants in Brooklyn : Clarendon, Johnson and Washington Sts.; Gage's Chop House, ig8 Montague St.; Silsbe & Son, 311 Fulton St.; Silsbe & Co., 460 Fulton St.; Blankley's, 518 Fulton St.; Sherlock's, 585 Fulton St.; Holder's, 282 Cler- mont Ave.; Gilman's, 369 Myrtle Ave.; Gage & Tollner, 374 Fulton St.; Slater's, 1252 Bedford Ave.; Gilman's Jefferson Hall Cafe, Court Square, and Duffy's Chop House, 112 Court St. Guide to Brooklyn in the Shopping Districts. The business center of the city, as the term is generally understood, is embraced in that portion of Fulton street extending from the City Hall to Flatbush avenue, with an extension up that thoroughfare for some distance. Its pivotal point was, until a few years ago, about the corner of Fulton and Tillary streets, while an earlier center still, or what at one time promised to be a dangerous rival to Fulton street, was the lower part of Atlantic avenue. The establishment of Messrs. Journeay & Burnham was the nucleus about which the supposedly futiire great business street of the city was to gather. Fulton street, with its traditions and ferry facilities, won the day, however, and it only became a question of which portion of the great artery of trade and traffic should be the business center par excellence. The removal of Messrs. Wechsler & Abraham from No. 297-9 Fulton street to the location the new firm of Abraham & Straus now occupy above Gallatin Place, in February, 1885, was the beginning of the exodus to upper Fulton street. Their removal enabled Messrs. S. Wechsler & Brother to enlarge their borders by absorbing the two adjoining stores, but it was only a question of a little time when the latter firm found it necessary to follow suit, and on May i, 1890, ground was broken for their new buiMing, which was opened just a year later. Messrs. Liebmann Brothers, who had a large real estate interest in the old business center, were compelled to abandon their fine building on Tillary and Fulton and Washington streets, and erect TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 259 a new structure even higher up on Fulton street. Messrs. Frederick Loeser & Co. had previously built a fine business structure at the intersection of Fulton street and De Kalb avenue. These changes had settled beyond a doubt the question of where the retail center of trade was to be. Ovington Brothers, Journeay & Burnham, and other firms of the first class were soon in the market to secure eligible sites for the erection of new stores in the vicinity where the grand army of shoppers were daily gathering. The two firms mentioned were determined to outdo the others in the matter of easterly locations and selected that por- tion of Flatbush avenue just off Fulton street. There they put up buildings adjoining one another which are a decided improvement to that section and a credit to the city. Another notable addition to the upper Fulton street colony of big business houses was that of Messrs. W. Wise & Son, who leased and completely remodelled the corner store of the Johnston building on the angle of Flatbush avenue and Nevins street. Messrs. Smith, Gray & Co. were the pioneers in the matter of the erec- tion of fine buildings in this district, having been the first to put up a really fine structure, located on the corner of Fulton street, Flatbush avenue and Nevins street. This was destroyed by fire about a year ago and has just been replaced with an equally remarkable building. Wm. Berri's Sons' carpet warehouse, C. C. Adams & Co., jewellers, and the millinery store of Mr. Milkman, complete the list of original settlers in the section. Other occupants of stores in this favored district are the Brooklyn Furniture Company, Messrs. Browning, King & Co., Mr. S. Koch, Anderson's piano warehouse. The Cowperthw^ait Company, Messrs. James H. Hart, Limited, and Messrs. T. Kelly & Co. Namm's notion and variety store was moved about two years ago to this hive of industry from lower Fulton street, and Bmt's shoe store is another prominent example of early appreciation of the future course of business. The parallel portion of Myrtle avenue has also a very large amount of trade when such sterling houses as Isaac Mason and Mullins & Sons in the furniture trade, R. Fox & Co. , dry goods, (a recent removal from lower Ful- ton street,) and other large houses in their respective lines have thriving es- tablishments there. This stretch of streets forms one of the most concentrated centers of retail business in the country; in few other cities can there be found so many large retail business houses within such a comparatively short distance of one another. The firms mentioned above are, of course, only a tithe of the number doing business in the seven or eight blocks referred to. There everything that men or women need for either personal adornment, house- hold use or table supply can be found in as great variety and as handsomely displayed as in the stores of any city in this country at least, if not in the world. Expresses. Express offices in which orders may be left foi* the removal of trunks, packages, &c., are to be found in almost every block in the business parts of the city, and at convenient locations elsewhere. The Long Island R. R. Company has an express service with offices at the ticket agencies. Cheques or receipts are invariably given by expressmen when money is paid to them for expressing baggage or when baggage is transferred to their care. Neglect in conforming to this rule frequently entails a great deal of trouble and delay. Expressmen board the incoming trains before 260 CITIZEN GUIDE. they reach the depots, and go through the cars soliciting for the transfer- ring of baggage. As these officials are the employees of the most respon- sible companies, and are recognized by the railroad authorities, they may be relied upon to fulfill any agreement they may make. Receipts are given in exchange for checks relinquished. Care should be taken to give correct addresses, and to see that they are correctly written on the order. Payment at the time of giving the order or upon receipt of baggage is optional. The express companies in Brooklyn may be divided into three classes — foreign, continental and local. The Principal Companies Having Foreign Officcs are: — American, 74 Broadway, 333 Washington St., 726 Fulton St., 296 Flatbush Ave. and 19 Bergen St. ; United States, offices same address as the American; Wells, Fargo & Co. , 333 Fulton St. , and 329 Cumberland St. The Principal Continental Companies are ; — Adams, 52 Nassau St., 4 Court St. , 860 Fulton St., and 98 Broadway; American, 74 Broadway, 333 Washington St., 726 Fulton St., 296 Flatbush Ave., and 19 Bergen St.; Eastern Dispatch & Delivery Co., 166 Pierrepont St.; National, 333 Wash- ington St., 730 Fulton St., 398 Bedford Ave., 19 Bergen St. and 296 Flatbush Ave.; Northern Pacific, 333 Washington St., 726 Fulton St., 398 Bedford Ave. and 19 Bergen St.; Pacific, 333 Washington St., 726 Fulton St. , 398 Bedford Ave. and 19 Bergen St. ; United States, 74 Broad- way, 333 Washington St., 726 Fulton St., 296 Flatbush Ave. and 19 Ber- gen St.; Wells, Fargo & Co., 333 Fulton St., and 329 Cumberland St. The Principal Local Companies are : — Long Island, 115 Broadway, 116 S. 6th St. and Flatbush, cor. Atlantic Avs.; New York Transfer Co., 52 Nassau St., 4 Court St., 860 Fulton St. and 98 Broadway; Van Nostrand's, 115 Broadway, 1149 Myrtle Ave.; 560 Grand St., 419 Kosciusko St. and 116 S. 6th St.; AVestcott, 74 Broadway, 333 Washington St., 726 Fulton St., 296 Flatbush Ave., and 19 Bergen St. Bag-gage Checking System. The baggage-checking system employed throughout this country, Can- ada and Mexico, must be regarded as one of the greatest public conveniences of modern times. It has relieved the weary tourist .of a burden of anxiety and has simplified travel to a marvelous extent. All the railway and steamboat companies employ this system, A small metal check is used, on which is stamped the number of the check and the name of the railway or steamboat line, and destination of the package to be checked. One of these checks which serve as a receipt, is given by the express office official or baggage master, to a person whose baggage is to be forwarded, while another, the exact duplicate of the first, is attached by a leather strap to the trunk or package. On presentation of the check to the baggage master at the other end of the journey, the baggage is promptly delivered to the owner, who, if he be in a city or town of any importance, may have it re- checked and sent by express to his residence or hotel. The baggage, un- less otherwise specified, is almost invariably carried on the same train or steamboat with the passenger, so that delays in delivery are reduced to a minimum. Care should be taken not to lose these checks or to pass them into the hands of irresponsible agents or expressmen, as they are not mere- ly orders for the delivery of baggage, but certificates of ownership as well, and the loss of them is sure to entail agreat deal of vexation and delay, and possibly loss of property. Although transportation companies are respon- sible at law for all articles entrusted to their care, whether checked or not, it TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 361 is nevertheless imperatively necessary for everyone to exercise due precau- tion against the loss of checks, receipts and all other evidence of proprietor- ship. In general, complete reliance may be placed on the efficacy of this system. Cabs and Coaches. Brooklyn is provided with an efficient and well equipped cab service. Single horse coupes and hansoms and double horse coaches may be hired either by the mile, hour or day. Although the rates of fare are fixed by an ordinance of the city authorities to prevent extortion, they are still at the mutual discretion of the driver and passenger, and may often be considera- bly modified for special services. To avoid dispute, charges should be agreed upon before entering the conveyance. Children under eight years of age are conveyed free when in the com- pany of their guardians. Drivers have the right to collect fares when passengers enter the coach or cab. The Legal Rates and conditions are as follows: Mile Rate. — For coaches for conveying one or more passengers any distance not exceeding one mile the rate is $i ; and for each and every addi- tional mile or part of a mile, 50 cents. For cabs for conveying one or more passengers any distance not ex- ceeding one mile the rate is 75 cents; and for each and every additional mile or part of a mile, 40 cents. Hour Rate. —For the use of a carriage by the hour, with the privi- lege of going from place to place, and stopping as often and as long as may be required, the charge is $1.50 for the first hour and 75 cents for each and every additional hour or part of an hour. Baggage. — Every driver of coach or cab must carry on his coach or cab one piece of baggage without extra charge; but for any extra baggage he may carry he shall be entitled to such extra compensation as may be fixed by mutual agreement. Distance. — Twenty blocks shall be deemed a mile through all streets lanes and avenues. Disputes. — All disputes as to prices or distance shotdd be referred to the Mayor, at his office. City Hall, room 3. There are no regularly licensed cab stands in Brooklyn. Cabs, how- ever, may be found in constant waiting at City Hall Park, Brooklyn Bridge entrance, the depots of the Long Island R. R., the ferry landings, the doors of theatres and places of public amusement a few minutes before closing, and at many other public places during business hours. Steam Surface Railroads. Suburban railroad travel on Long Island is enormous. The passenger traffic on the Long Island Railroad alone is many millions in excess of that on any one of the great Trunk Lines leading to New York. Last year this system carried about 14,000,000 people. Altogether there are about 500 miles of railway on the island. In the vicinity of Brooklyn there are many local roads running to the nearby towns and resorts, while the Long Island Railway has a monopoly of the business on the rest of the island. In the summer months especially fast and well equipped express trains are run on the Southern and Central divisions of this line to the fashionable seaside re- sorts — Babylon, Bayshore, Patchogue, Southampton, Bridgehampton, etc. 263 CITIZEN GUIDE. Parlor cars are attached to all the fast express trains. Almost all places of consequence on the Island are either situated on the railroad or are con- nected therewith by stage lines. The new depots of the L. I. R. R. , the one at Long Island City, and the other at Atlantic and Flatbush avenues, are equipped with every convenience that can afford comfort to travelers, and facilitate traffic generally. The following are the railroads on Long Island : — Steam Railroads. Brooklyn and Brisrhton Beach: Depot, Atlantic cor. Franklin Ave. To Parkville Station, Kings Highway, Gravesend, Sheepshead Bay, and Brighton Beach and Coney Island. Brooklyn, Bath and West End: Depots— Union Depot, 5th Ave. cor. 36th St., and 2d Ave. cor. 39th St. To New Utrecht, Bath Beach, Bensonhurst, Guntherville, West End and Coney Island. BrooklynandRockaway Beach Railroad: From Atlantic cor. Vesta Ave., to New Lots, Ca- narsie and Cefciarsie Landing; thence, during summer season, by ferry to Rockaway Beach. Culver Route: Depots— 3d ave. and 65th St.; 5th Ave cor. 36th St.; 9th Ave. and 20th St. To Coney Island and adjacent resorts. Long Island Railroad System: Depots— Flatbush Ave. cor. Atlantic Ave. ; Bushwick Ave. cor. Montrose Ave. ; Bedford Station (Atlantic Ave. near. Franklin Ave.) ; East New York; and Long Island City (Hunter's Point). Main Line: To Richmond Hill, Jamaica, Hollis. Queens, Garden City, Floral Park, Central Islip, Medford, Yaphank, Manor, Riverhead and Greenport. South Shore (Montauk) Division— via Main Line to Jamaica: To Merrick, Amityville, Baby- Jon, Bay Shore, Islip, Sayville, Patchogue, Bellport, Moriches, Speonk, Westhampton, Quogue, Bay Head, Shinnecock Hills, Southampton, Bridgehamptou and Sag Harbor. Port Jefferson Branch — ^vla Main Line to Floral Park: To Mineola, Hicksville, Syosset, Cold Spring, Huntington, Green Lawn, Smithtown, Stony Brook and Port Jefferson. Oyster Bay Branch— via Main Line to Mineola: To East Williston, Albertson, Roslyn, Green vale, Sea Cliff, Glen Cove, Locust Valley, Bayville and Oyster Bay. North Side Division— Depot, Long Island City: To Woodside, Corona, Flushing, College Point, Whitestone, Douglaston, Little Neck and Great Neck. Far Rockaway Branch— via Main Line to Woodhaven Junction or Jamaica: To Arverne, Wave Crest, Far Rockaway. Also via Main Line to Jamaica: To Springfield, Rose- dale, Valley Stream, Fee hiu*st, Woodsburgh,_Cedarhurst, Rockaway, Lawrence and Far Rockaway. Prospect Park and Coney Island— Depots : 9th Ave. cor. 20th St., and Union Depot, 5th Ave. and 36th St. : To City Line, Kensington Junction, Parkville, Washington Station, Woodlawn, King's Highway, Parkway Driving Club, Brooklyn Jockey Club, Graves- end and Coney Island. New York and Sea Beach Railway—Depot at foot of 65th St.: Bay Ridge to 3d Ave. Junc- tion, Bath Beach Junction, Mapleton, Woodlawn, King's Highway, Gravesend and West Brighton, Coney Island Sea View Railroad: From Brighton to West Brighton Beach, Coney Island. Long Island Stage Lines and Connections. Nearly all the villages on Long Island are connected with the stations on the L. I. R. R. by stages which meet the principal trains. The fares are regulated by the distance traveled and the special service rendered. Besides these lines there are stage routes across the island to and from the following points: From Port Jefferson to Patchogue; from Riverhead to Westhampton; from Quogue and Atlanticville to Riverhead; from Ama- gansett and Easthampton to Sag Harbor and Bridgehamptou; from Orient to East Marion and Greenport; from Manor to Wading River; from Yaphank to Middle Island; from Rocky Point, Miller's Place and Mount Sinai to TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 263 Port Jefferson; from Medford Station to Coram and Selden; from Comae to Elwood and Greenlawn; and from Setauket to Port Jefferson. Trunk Railway Lines. The following are the Railways leading to Brooklyn via New York: Baltimore & Ohio.— Depot at Commuuipaw, Jersey City ; from New York by Ferry from foot of Liberty St. To Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Pittsburg, and "Western Cities. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western.— Depot, Hoboken; from New York by Ferry from ft. Barclay St. or Christopher St. To Paterson, Lake Hopatcong, Delaware Water Gap, Wilkesbarre, Richfield Springs, Scranton, Utica, Syracuse, Buffalo and connections for all Western cities. Morris & Essex . —Via Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Route and connections. To New- ark, Orange, Montclair, Summit, Morristown, etc. New Jersey Southern.— Depot at Sandy Hook, reached from New York by boat from Pier 8, North Rivc-r ft. Rector St. ; also via Central Railroad of New Jersey by ferry from Liberty St. To all New Jersey Seaside Resorts. New York & Harlem.— Grand Central Depot, 42nd st. and 4th Av. To White Plains, Lake Mahopac, Berkshire Hills and Chatham, where connection is made with the Boston & Albany R. R. New York Central & Hudson River.— Grand Central Depot, 42nd St. and 4th Ave ; also depot at 30th St. and lOth Av. To all points on the East shore of the Hudson River, Albany, Saratoga, Lake George, Lake Champlain, the Adirondacks, Montreal, Syra- cuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, connecting with Canadian Railroads at Niag- ara Falls, Cleveland, Chicago and coimections with all Western hnes. New York, Lake Erie & Western.— Depot, Jersey City; from New York by Ferry from ft. Chambers St. and foot W. 23d St. To local points in New Jersey, Port Jervis, Watkins Glen, Rochester, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Detroit and connecting with all Western points. Montclair & Greenwood Lake.— Via Erie. To Montclair, Watchung, Greenwood Lake and intermediate points. New York & Greenwood Lake.— Via Erie. To Greenwood Lake and intermediate points in New Jersey. New Jersey & New York.— Via Erie. To suburban points in New Jersey. Northern of New Jersey.— Via Erie. To Englewood, Demarest, Sparkill, and Nyack and intermediate points. New York, New Haven & Hartford.— From Grand Central Depot, 42nd St. and 4th Av. To Bridgeport, New Haven, Hartford, Springfield, Boston, connecting with local branches from Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire cities. Harlem Branch —To New Rochelle, from the north side of the Harlem River; depot near 3rd Av. draw bridge. New York & Northern.— Depot 155th St., 8th Av., via Sixth or Ninth Ave. Elevated Rail- road. To aU local points and Croton Lake, Lake-Mahopac, Peekskill, etc. New York, Susquehanna & Western.— Depot Pennsylvania R. R , Jersey City; from New York by Ferry from foot of Cortlandt St. or Desbrosses St. To pomts in Northern and Eastern Pennsylvania, etc. Ontario & Western. —From Pennsylvania Railroad Depot, Jersey City; from New York by Ferry, from foot of Cortlandt or Desbrosses St. ; also depot Weehawken, from New York by ferry from foot W. 42nd St , and foot Jay St. To Utica, Oswego, Thousand Islands, Buffalo, Niagara FaUs, connecting with all Western lines. Pennsylvania.— Depot at Exchange Place. Jersey City; from New York by ferry from foot Cortlandt or Desbrosf=es St. To Newark, Trenton, and intermediate New Jersey towns, and Philadelphia, Wilmington, Baltimore and all Southern and West- ern points. Reading Railroad System. — Central Railroad of New Jersey.— Depot at Communipaw. Jersey City; from New York by ferry foot Liberty St. To Newark, Elizabeth, Plainfield, Bound Brook, Allentown, Trenton, Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Coal Regions. Newark and New York.— A branch of the Central of New Jersey. To Newark and inter- mediate points. New York and Long Branch.— Depots. Communipaw and Exchange Place, Jersey City; by ferry from foot Liberty, or Desbrosses or Cortlandt St. To New Jersey Seaside Re- sorts. 264 CITI2EN GUIDE. Lehigh Valley.— From Depot, Communipaw, Jersey City; from New York by ferry from foot Cortlandt or Desbrosses St. To Phillipsburgh, Easton, Bethlehem, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, connecting with all railroads for the North, West and South. Philadelphia & Reading. -Depot, Central Railroad of New Jersey; from New York by ferry foot Liberty St. Staten Island Rapid Transit.— Depot, St. George, S. I. ; from New York by ferry from foot Whitehall St. To all points on Staten Island. West Shore & Buffalo.— From Pennsylvania R. R. Depot, Jersey City. From New York by ferry foot Cortlandt or Desbrosses St ; also depot at Weehawken ; from New York by ferry from foot W. 42nd St. or Jay St. To all points on the West Shore of the Hudson River, West Point, Newburgh, Catslcill Momitains, Albany, Utica, Oswego, Rochester, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, connecting with all Western hues. Long Island Steamboat Landings. FARES FROM NEW YORK. LANDINGS. LINES OR BOATS. N. Y. PIERS. SINGLE. EXCURSION Astoria Morrisania Ft. Fulton St S -10 Bay Ridge Bay Ridge Ferry Ft. Whitehall St 10 $ .25 Bayville Str. Northport Peck Slip 60 1.00 Belden Point Iron S. B. Co Battery PL, N. R .40 Brookways Hartford Peck Slip 1.50 2.25 Centre Island Str. Portchester Ft. Pike St 40 .75 Cold Spring Str. Portchester Ft. Pike St 40 .75 College Point N. Y. College Point Ferry. .E. 99th St 10 Coney Island Iron S. S Co Ft. W. 23d St. & BY PI. .35 .50 Davis Island U. S. Government Boat Ft. Moore & Broad Sts Pass Fort Hamilton U. S. Goverament Boat Ft. Moore & Broad Sts Pass Fort Hamilton Pleasure Bay Ft. Jane St 15 Fort Schuyler U. S. Government Boat Ft. Moore & Broad Sts Pass Glen Cove Str. Idlewlld Peck SI. ft. E.31 St 35 .50 Glenwood Str. Idlewild Peck SI. ft. E. 31 St 35 .50 Great Neck Str. Idlewild Peck SI. ft. E. 31 St 35 .50 Greenport Montauk S. B. Co Ft. Beekman St 1.25 2.50 Huntington Str. Huntington Ft. Pike St 50 Lloyd's Dock Str. Portchester Ft. Pike St 40 .75 Northport Str. Northport PeckSlip... 75 1.25 Orient Montauk S. B. Co Ft Beekman St 1.25 Oyster Bay Str. Portchester Ft. Pike St 40 .75 Port Jefferson Str. Nonowantuc From New York City Roslyn Str. Idlewild Peck SUp 35 .50 Sag Harbor Montauk S. B. Co Ft. Beekman St 125 2.50 Sands Point Str. Idlewild Peck Slip 35 .50 Saybrook Hartford Line Peck Slip 1.50 2.25 Sea Cliff Str. Idlewild Peck SI. & E. 31 St 35 .50 Shelter Island Montauk S. B. Co Ft. Beekman St 125 2.50 Southold Montauk S. B. Co Ft. Beekman St 1.25 2.50 Whitestone Str Idlewild Peck Shp Willet's Point Government Launch Ft. Moore & Broad Sts Pass Brooklyn Elevated Railroads. To the elevated railroad system of Brooklyn must be ascribed very much of the recent development of the outlying and suburban districts of the city. The system, which is but four or five years old, has been grad- ually extended until at present it is possible to reach almost every part of the city by its use. Large stretches of hitherto unoccupied land along the routes of the elevated railroads and beyond their termini have been rapidly converted into populous and thriving business or residential centres. These roads and the surface lines connecting therewith have made the newer portions of Brooklyn the most desirable places in the metropolitan district for the building of dwellings, and seem destined to enable Brooklyn to vie with any city in the land as a real " City of Homes." Thousands of New York merchants and business men, attracted by the healthfulness of TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 265 the location, moderate price of land, and above all by the facility of travel, have of late years fixed their residences in Brooklyn or its immediate vicinity. The elevated railroads are controlled by two companies, namely, the Brooklyn and Union, and the Kings County. The Brooklyn company con- trols the Broadway, the Brooklyn Bridge, Grand and Lexington Avenue, the Fifth Avenue, and the Fulton Ferry and Myrtle Avenue lines. The Kings County Company controls the Fulton Street line. The fare on all the roads is five cents for any distance, and by a system of transfers on the Brooklyn and Union lines passengers may reach almost any part of the city. The traffic on the elevated lines last year aggregated about 55,000,000 passengers. The system embraces about 22 miles of track, and owns about 120 locomotives and 360 cars. The elevated railway lines and routes in Brooklyn are as follows: Broadway Line.— From Broadway Ferry to Fulton Ave., to Van Siclea Ave. Distance, 4.80 miles; running time, 20 minutes. Stations: Broadway Ferry, Driggs Ave., Marcy Ave., Hewes St., Lorimer St., Flushing Ave , Park Ave., Mj^rtle Ave., De Kalb and Kosciusko Aves., Gates Ave , Halsey St., Chauncey St. and Broadway Park, Manhat- tan Junction, Alabama Ave, and Van Siclen Ave. Last train leaves ferry at 12:59 A M. Brookyn Bridge, Grand and Lexington Ave. Line.— From Brooklyn Bridge via Adams St. to Myrtle Ave., to Grand Ave., to Lexington Ave,, to Broadway, to Fulton Ave., to Van Siclen Ave. Distance, 6.41 miles; running time, 30 minutes. Stations: Brook- lyn Bridge, City Hall, Bridge St.. Navy St , Vanderbilt Ave., Washington Ave. , Grand and Myrtle Aves., De Kalb A.ve., Greene Ave., Franklin Ave., Nostrand Ave.. Tomp- kins Ave., Sumner Ave , Reid Ave., Gates Ave., Halsey St., Ghatmcey St., Manhat- tan Junction, Alabama Ave., and Van Siclen Ave. Last trainleaves Bridge at 1:10 A M. Fifth Avenue Line. — From Brooklyn Bridge via Fulton St. to Flatbush Ave., toThirty- sixth St Distance, 4.25 miles; rimning time, 20 minutes. Stations: Brooklyn Bridge, City Hall, Bridge St., Fulton St., Flatbush and Atlantic Aves. (Long Island Railroad Station), St. Marks Ave., Union St , Third St., JNinth St. Sixteenth St , Twentieth St., Twenty -fifth St., Thirty -sixth St. Last train leaves Bridge at 12.43 A. M. Fulton Ferry and Myrtle Avenue Link.— From Fulton Ferry via Fulton St. , to York St. , toHudson Ave., to Myrtle Ave., to Wyckoff Ave. Distance, 4.91 miles; nmning time! 24 minutes. Stations: Fulton Ferry, Washuigton St., Bridge St., Navy St., Vander- bilt Ave , Washington Ave., Grand and Myrtle Aves., Franklin Ave., Nostrand Ave., Tompkins Ave., Sumner Ave., Broadway, Evergreen Ave, De Kalb Ave, Knicker- bocker Ave , Wyckoff Ave. Last train leaves ferry at 12 48 A. M. Fulton Street Line.— From Fulton and Sackman Sts.' to Williams PI to SnedikerAve, to Eastern Parkway, 10 Market St., to Liberty St., to City Line iSistance lU miles. Stations: Manhattan Crossing, Atlantic Ave., Eastern Park, Pennsylvania Ave., Van Siclen Ave: This Une is stiU in course of construction, and will not be open for sometime. Kings County Elevated Railway.— From Fulton Feiry and Brooklyn Bridge via Fulton St to Williams PL, to Snediker Ave., to Eastern Parkway, to" Montauk Ave Dis- tance, 8 miles; running time, 85 minutes. Stations: Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn Bridge, Clark St , Court St. and Myrtle Ave , Boerum PI., Elm PI and DuffieJd St.. Flatbush Ave., Lafayette Ave., Cumberland St., Vanderbilt Ave, Grand Ave.. Franklin Ave., Nostrand Ave , Brooklvn and Tompkins Aves , Albanv and Sumner Aves., Utica Ave , Ralph Ave., Saratoga Ave., Rockaway Ave., Manhattan Crossing, Atlantic Ave., Eastern Parkway, Pennsylvania Ave , Van Siclen Ave.. Linwood St , Montauk Ave. Trains run every 45 minutes after 12:30 midnight until 5:00 A. M. Brooklyn Elevated R. R. Co. The following tables of the different branches of the Brooklyn Elevated R. R. Company's lines show the names of all stations and the distance of each from either Brooklyn Bridge, Fulton or Broadway Ferry. The num- bers in parenthesis which follow the names of stations refer to the para- graph following the tables explanatory of the transfer system. The names of avenues and streets along which the railway runs are printed perpendic- ularly, and the stations bracketed therewith are those on the respective ave- nues and streets traversed. 266 CITIZEN GUIDE. LEXINGTON AVE. LINE. FIFTH AVE. LINE. NAMES OF STATIONS. DISTANCE. I ^ I Brooklyn Bridge. , „ o.oo City Hall .0.49 Bridge Street (0) 0.72 Navy Street (1) 0.98 Cumberland Street 1.30 Vanderbilt Avenue. ...... .1,52 Washington Avenue i . 69 Grand Ave. Trans. (1) i . 85 DeKalb Avenue. . . .' 2.08 Greene Avenue 2.28 Franklin Avenue 2.61 Nostrand Avenue 2 . 92 Tompkins Avenue 3.24 Sumner Avenue 3-54 Reid Ayenue 4 . 00 Gates Avenue (2) 4.48 Halsey Street 4 . 89 Chauncey Street 5.29 Manhattan Junction (1 1) ... 5 . 69 Alabama Avenue (12) 5.96 Van Sicklen Avenue 6 . 38 Cleveland Street 6 72 Norwood Avenue 7.08 Crescent Avenue 7.47 Jamaica Avenue ' 7 02 Cypress Hills Cemetery. . j" ' "9 MYRTLE AVE. LINE. NAMES OF STATIONS. DISTANCE. k ^ NAMES OF STATIONS. DISTANCE. ^1 Brooklyn Bridge 0.00 City Hall o . 49 Bridge Street (5) o 72 Fulton Street i . 24 Flatbush & Atlantic (13). . . i .63 St. Mark's Place 1.S9 Union Street 2.22 Third Street (6) 2.51 Ninth Street 2.82 Sixteenth Street 3.16 Twentieth Street 3.41 Twenty-fifth Street (7) 3.64 Thirty-sixth Street (8). . . .4.22 Fortieth Street 4.71 Forty-sixth Street 4-97 Fifty-second Street 5.27 Fifty-eighth Street 5 . 56 ^Sixty-fifth Street (14). . ... .5.89 BROADWAY LINE. NAME OF STATIONS. DISTANCE ^l O. I. Fulton Ferry 0.00 Washington Street 0.30 Bridge Street 0.56 Navy Street (3) 1.32 Cumberland Street 1.64 Vanderbilt Avenue i .85 Washington Avenue 2 . 02 Grand Avenue 2.20 Franklin Avenue 2 . 48 Nostrand Avenue 2.78 Tompkins Avenue 3.10 Sumner Avenue 3-40 Broadway (4) 3 . 69 Evergreen Avenue 4.01 DeKalb Avenue 4.25 Knickerbocker Avenue 4.60 Wyckoff Avenue. ) ^ Ridgewood. ) ^'^ Transfer for stations on Fifth Avenue. Transfer for stations on Myrtle Avenue. Broadway Ferry 0.00 Driggs Avenue 0.35 Marcy Avenue 0.61 Hewes Street 0.89 Lorimer Street .1.19 Flushing Avenue 1.55 Park Avenue i . 80 Myrtle Avenue (9) 2.05 DeKalb Avenue 2 47 Gates Avenue (10) 2 . 90 Halsey Street 3.31 Chauncey Street 3.71 Manhattan Junction 4,11 Alabama Avenue 4.38 Van Siclen Avenue 4.80 Cleveland Street 5 14 Norwood Avenue 5 . 50 Crescent Avenue 5 . 89 Jamaica Avenue ( Cypress Hills Cemetery.. \ "'^^ TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 267 2. Transfer for Broadway Ferries. 3. Transfer for stations on Grand and Lexington Avenues. 4. Transfer for stations on Broadway. 5. Transfer for stations on Myrtle and Lexington Avenues. 6. Washington Park Ball Ground. 7. Greenwood Cemetery. 8. Connect with P. P. & C. I. and B. B. & W. E. R.R. for Coney Island, g. Transfer for stations on Myrtle Avenue. 10. Transfer for stations on Lexington Avenue. 11. Connect with L. I. R.R. for Manhattan Beach. 12. Connect with B. & R. B. R.R. for Canarsie and Rockaway Beach. 13. Connect with L. I. R.R. for aU points on Long Island. Trains on Lexington Avenue, Fifth Avenue and Broadway run all night. Trains on Myrtle Avenue run from 5 A. M. to i A. M. 14. Connect with N. Y. & M. B. R.R., and N. Y. & S. B. R.R. for Coney Island. For all Cemeteries, Prospect Park, Ball Grounds and connections with surface railroads to all points on Long Island and Coney Island, reached by the Elevated Railroads, see general street map of Guide. Kings County Elevated Railway. This road represents the best t}^e of overhead carriage known to-day. In its construction the defects of earlier roads were remedied and every- thing possible done to insure speed and safety and guard against the pos- sibility of interruption. The same desire to promote the comfort and con- venience of passengers is observable in the rolling stock of the road. All the cars are of elegant construction, and are distinctly superior to the cars ordinarily run on elevated roads. Men are particularly partial to this road because the last car of every train is a smoker where the unfinished cigar may be consumed in peace. The route of this road is an interesting one. It starts at Fulton Ferry, has a station connected by a covered walk with the Bridge and continues on up Fulton street past the City Hall, Beecher Statue, County Court House, and Hall of Records. Next comes the fashionable shopping district. At Franklin avenue close connection is made with the trains of the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach R. R. , a direct and pleasant route to the coast. At Manhattan crossing, which is within one minute's walk of the Cemetery of the Evergreens, direct connection is made with the Electric Railroad which passes the entrances to the following cemeteries: National Soldier's, Salem Field, Jewish Cemetery, Union Fields, Cypress Hills and Mount Neboh. Ridge wood Park and Reservoir are also reached by this road, which extends to Woodhaven and Jamaica. At Eastern Park station are the grounds of the Brooklyn Baseball Clubs where many of the championship games are played. The terminus of the road IS at Montauk avenue. The running time each way is 35 minutes. Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad. The easiest way of reaching Brighton Beach is by this road, which connects at Franklin avenue with the Kings County Elevated Railway. The fare is only fifteen cents for a single trip, and twenty-five cents for a round trip. Brighton Beach is the great popular resort of the people who wish to avoid the boisterous frivolity of one end of Coney Island, and the 268 CITIZEN GUIDE, extravagant cost of diversion at the other. It has the best beach for bath- ing on the coast, a superior hotel, good restaurants where prices are mod- erate, and excellent music. Brooklyn and Kockaway Beach Railroad. Canarsie is usually the first objective point of all parties bent on the enjoyment of Jamaica Bay's attractions. To get there most easily, take the Kings County Elevated Railway to Atlantic avenue, and there change to the Brookl}^ and Rockaway Beach Railway which runs directly to Can- arsie Landing and connects there with the ferry to Rockaway Beach. Canarsie Village and Grove are also reached by this road. Canarsie Land- ing is famous for its fish dinners, which may be had cooked to perfection at any of the larger hotels. During the season there are also concerts every afternoon and evening. The excursion fare to Canarsie Landing is only twent}^ cents. Trains run every half hour as a general thing and at shorter intervals on Sundays and holidays. Brooklyn Surface Railroads. The surface railroads of Brooklyn afford a most complete system of local passenger traffic. Until recently the only mode of traction was by horses, but within the past year or so the underground cable and the elec- tric trolley systems have been introduced and operated with success. The latter system is employed on many of the principal surface roads in the city, notably the Brooklyn City, De Kalb Avenue, Brooklyn and Coney Island, Third Avenue and Atlantic Avenue lines. The traffic of the surface lines is enormous, last year aggregating over 150,000,000 passengers. About 7,000 men, 5,000 horses and motors, and 3,000 cars are employed on these roads. The total length of track is about 225 miles. The largest surface railway company is the Brooklyn City, which owns over 88 miles of road and carries 78,500,000 passengers annu- ally. Its equipment embraces over 1,600 horses and motors, and about 1,550 cars. It has introduced electricity as a mode of traction on many of its lines. The fare on all lines, for any distance, five cents. The capital letter or letters following the description of each of the sur- ace railroads in the following list is the letter by which the Surface road is re- lerred to in the text — but more especially on the Brooklyn Surface R. R. map at page 279. The key in the corner of this map shows that squares or locations on the map indicated by the letters and numbers are reached by the surface railway lines designated by the letters following them as above explained. E. G. — Square D 6 is reached by the surface railways indicated by the letters E, O, W, Mm, or Ww. The names of the surface railways are ".n alphabetical order, as are also the key letters. The following are the surface railway lines and routes in Brooklyn: Adams St. Line: From Fulton Ferry tlirou2:h Fulton to Front, to Catherine Ferry, to Adams (Brooklyn Bridge), to Fulton (City Hall and Covu-t House), to Boerum Pi., to Atlantic Ave., by transfer at Long Island R. K., returning by same route. Depot to and from Butler St. line; 5th Ave., by transfer at 15th St , to and from 1.5th St. line to 5th Ave., to Green-vood Cemetery, main entrance. Last night car leaves 23 J St. and 5th Av, at 11:20, and Fulton Ferry at 12:07 A. M. A. Bergen St. Line: From South Ferry, through Atlantic Ave. by transfer at Hicks St , to and from the Hicks St. Crosstown line, to Boerum PI., by transfer at Hoy I; St., to and from the Hoyt St. Crosstown line, to Bergen, to Rochester Ave., returning by same route. Last night car leaves Rochester Ave. at 12:14 A. M., South Feiry at 12:55 A. M. B Broadway Ferry, Metropolitan Ave R. R. (North 2nd St. Line): Foot of Broadway, through Metropolitan Ave., or N. 2d St.. to Lutheran and St. John's Cemeteries; returning by same route. Last car leaves foot Broadway at 1 : 10 A. M. C TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 269 Brooklyn Heights R. R. (Cable Line): From Court and Montague Sts., through Montague St., to Wall St. Ferry, returning by same route. D. Bushwick Line: From Grand, Houston and Roosevelt St. ferries alone: Kent Ave. to Broadway, to Bedford Ave., toS. 4thSt .toMeserole St., to Bushwick Ave., to Myrtle Ave., to City Line; returning by same route. Transfer at Gralmm A v. and Meserble St., to Graham Av. line, and at Flushing and Bushwick and to Flushmg and Union Ave. lines. Night C3rs leave Ridgewood at 1^:04, 1-2:24, 12:54, 1:24, 2:00, 2:84, 3;04, 3:40, 4:14, 4:44; ferry at 12:47, 1:07, 1::^,7, 2:43, 3:17, 3:47. 4:23, 4:.57aad 5:27 A. M. E. Butler St. Line: From South Ferry, through Atlantic Ave. by transfer to Hicks St., to and from Hicks St. Crosstown li i3 by transfer at Long Islanl Depot to .5th Ave, City Hall and 7th Ave. lines, to Washington Ave., to Butler, to New York Ave , reruriiiig by same route. Last night car leaves Nostraud Ave. at 11:33 P. M., and South Icrry at 12:09 A. M. F. Calvary Cemetery Line: From Greenpoint Ferry via Greenpomt Ave., to Calvary Ceme- tery (new entrance^ returnin:!: by same route. Last car leaves ferry at 12:10 and Cal- vary Cemetery 12:30 A. M. G. Coney Island Line: Prom Park Circle of Boulevard to Brighton Beach and Vanderveer's Hotel, Coney Island, returning by sanje route. First cars leave at A. M. and every five minutes thereafter luitil 12 P. M. in the Summer season; in the Winter season, every half hour. Retvu-ning the last car leaves at 11:30 P. M. H. Coney Island and Brooklyn Electric Railroad (Main Line*:— Froin Fulton Ferry, through Water, to MaiP, to Prospect, to .lay, to Smitli,to Ninth, to Fifteenth, to City line; re- turning by same route. Opeaallnight. Cars run every hour at and after 12:35. I. Court street and Greenwood Trolley Line: From i-i"ulton Ferry through Fulton to Court, to Hamilton Ave., to Third Ave., to Twenty-flfth St., to Fifth Ave., to Greenwood Cem- etery connecting with Coney Island and Fort Hamilton trains; returning by same route. Night cars leave depot at 11:53, 1:23, 1:53, 2:23, 2:53, 3:2.^, 3:53, 4:23, 4:43; and Fulton Ferry at 1:37, 2:07, z:S7, 3:07. 3:.37, 4:07, 4:37. 5:07,5:22 A. M. J. Crosstown Line: From Erie Basin, through Richard St. to WoodhuU, to Columbia, to At- lantic Ave., (South Ferry), to Court St., to Joralemon, to Willoughby, to Ray n on d St., to Park Ave., to Washington Ave., to Kent Ave., to Broadway (pas-^ing Grand and Roosevelt Ferries), to Driggs Ave , Van Cott Ave., to Manhattan Ave., to New- town Creek. Annex to Long Island City through Vernon Ave., and Borden Ave., to 34th St. Ferry and Long Island R. R. depot; return same route except Bedford Ave , instead of Driggs Ave. .and Navy St., instead of Raymond St. Night cars leave both de- pots 1 :00, 2;30 and 4:00 A. M. K. Cypress HiUs Extension: From Fulton St. and Alabama Ave., through Fulton St. to Cy- press Ave . , to the main entrance Cypress Hiils Cemetery ; returning by same route. L. Cypress Hills Line: From city line to St. Nicholas Ave. to Myrtle Ave., to Cypress Ave., to Cvi^ress Hills; returning by same route. Last car leaves City Line at' 9:15; Cypress Hills 9:30. M. DeKalb Avenue Line: From Fulton Ferry through Water St., to Washington St., to Fulton St., to DeKalb Ave., to Wykoff Ave. ; returning by same route. Night cars leave de- pot 12:05, 12;20, 12:35, 1. -.35, 2:05, 2:35, 3:24, 3:52, 4:22. Leave Bridge 12:37, 12:51, 1:07. 1:22, 1:.52, 2:22, 2:52, 3:22, 4:21; 4:51, 5:20. N. East New York Line: From Broadway Ferries through Broadway to East New York; re- turn same route. Night cars leave the ferry at 1:50, 2:30, 3:10, 3:50, 4:30, 5:10; leave depot at 1:00, 1:40, 2:20,3:40, 4:20. O. Fifteenth Street Line: From Hamilton Ferry through Hamilton avenue, by transfer at Hicks St. to and from the Hieks St. Crosstown line, to 15th by transfer at 5th Ave . to and from the City Hall and Fifth Ave, South Ferry Lines, to 9th Ave. to 20th St. (Culver's Depot); returning by same route Last night car leaves depot at 11:36; Hamilton berry 12:10. P. Flatbush Avenue Line: From Fulton Ferry, through Fulton St. to Flatbush Ave', to Pros- pect Park and Flatbush; returning by same route; Night cars leave Flatbush Depot at 12, 12:25. 12:55, 1:25, 1:55, 2:55, 3:25, 3:55,4:31 A. M.; and Fulton Ferry at 12:51, 1:21, 1:51, 2;21, 2:51, 3:21, 3:.51, 4:21, 4:51, .5:21 A. M. Q. Flushing Avenue Line: From Fulton Ferry, through Fulton to Sands, to Hudson Ave., to Flushing Ave., to Broadway and Graham Ave., to Van Cott Ave., to Manhattan Ave., to Greenp'.int Ave,, to 23d and 10th St. Ferries, Greenpoint. Transfers passengers to Greenpoint line at CJasson and Flushing Aves. , and to Ridgewood and Grand St., and Broadway Ferries at Graham Ave., and to Meserble St , and to Union Ave. line at Throop and Flushing aves; returning by same route. Night cars leave 10th and 23d St. Ferries (Van Cott Ave 10 minutes later), at 12:08, 12:23, 123S. 12:53, 1 :08, 1:3S, 2:08, 2:.38, 3:08, 3:3R, 4:0=i, 4:38 A. M., and Fulton Ferry, 1:08, 1:23, 1:38, 1:53, 2:22, 2:52, 3:22, 3:52, 4:22, 5:22, 5:38. R. Fort Hamilton Electric Line: From Twenty-sixth St. and Third Ave., to Fort Hamilton, ^long Third Ave., retm'ning by same route. Last car frona depot to Fort Hamilton, 270 CITIZEN GUIDE. 1.00. Leave Fort Hamilton, 1.30. Night cars leave Twenty -fifth St. depot for City , line only at 1.40. 2 10, 2.40, 3.10, 3.40, 4.10, 4.42, A. M.; leave city line: 2 05, 2.35, 3.05, 3.35,4.05,4.35, 4 58. A.M.; passengers transferred to Tliirty -ninth St. Ferry when coming from Fort Hamilton at Sixty-fifth St. and Third Ave. S. FrankUn Avenue Line: From foot of Grand St., through Water St. , to Kent Ave., to Sonth Eighth, to Wythe Ave., to Franklin Ave , Prospect Park, and returning by same route. Last night car leaves Franklin Ave. and Carroll St. depot at 12.04. and Grand St. Ferry at 12.50 A, M . Transfers passengers at cor. of Franklin and DeKalb Ave. T. Fulton Street and East New York: From Fulton Ferry along Fulton St. to East New York, returning by same route. Niglit cars to East New York: 12.08. 12 28, 12 48, 1 .08. 1.28, 1 5'5, 2.28, 2.5G, 3 26, 4. 1, A. M. ; and from Fulton Ferry: 1.08, 1.28, 2.08, 2 30, 3 00. 3.30, 4.00, 4.30, 5.01, A. M. U. Furman Street Line: From Fulton Ferry, along Furman St. to Atlantic Ave (South Brook- lyn), to Columbia St., to Sackett St.. to Hamilton Ferry; returning by same route. Transfers to Van Brunt St. and Erie Basin line and to Hamilton Ave. line from Hamil- ton Ave. V. Gates Avenue Line: From Fulton Ferry, through Fulton St. , to Greene Ave., to Franklin Ave., to Gates Ave., to Ridgewood; returning by same route. Night cars from Ridge- wood at 12 37, 1.12, 1.52, 2.37, 3.05, 3.52, 4.^7, A. M. ; and from Fulton Ferry at 1.32, 2.09 2.47, 3.32. 4.06, 4.47, 5 16, A. M W. Grand Street Line: From foot of Broadway, through Kent Ave., to Grand St , to Maspeth and Newtown; returning by same route . X. Greenpoint and Bushwick Line: This line is operated by system of transfers on Flushing and Bushwick lines. Y. Greenpoint Line: From Fulton Ferry, through Fulton St., to Myrtle Ave. to Classon or Washington Ave , to Kent Ave., to Franklin St.. to Commercial St., toNewtown Creek; returning bv same route Transfers to Flushing Ave. line at Classon and Flushing Aves. Night cars leaves Hunter's Point Bridge at 12.08, 12.30, 1.03, 2.00, 2.30, 3.30, 4.29, A. M. ; and Fulton Ferry at 1 . 12, 1.37, 2.07, 3 07, 3.37, 4.37. 5 83. Z. Greenpoint and Lorimer St Line: From Nostrand and Park Aves , through Nostrand Ave., to Gwinnett St., to Lorimer St., to Nassau Ave., to Manhattan Ave , Greenpoint Ave., to 10th and 23d St Ferries; also from (ireenpoint Ave. through Franklin St. to Mese- role Ave., to Manhattan; returning by same route. Transfers passengers to the Nos- trand Ave. Line at Park and Nostrand Ave Aa. Greenwood Cemetery Line: Franklin Ave. (Willink entrance, Prospect Park,) to Green- wood; returning by same route. Bb. Greenwood Line: From Fulton Ferry, through Furman street, passing Wall St. and S.Ferries, to Atlantic Ave., 5th Ave. by transfer at 15th St. to and from 15th St line to Green- wood Cemetery; returning by some route. Night cars leave depot: 12.05, 12.25, l- Richards' Store. Covered Pier, ) Beard's Store and Elevator. Van Brmit St. New York Warehousing Co. Burtis' Ship Yard. Merchants' Stores Van Dyke^'s. Grerman American's Stores. Johnson & Hammond's Rosin Yard. Mutual Company's Lumber Yard, Roosevelt & McDonald, ft. of Walcott St. Strahan's Tobacco Inspection. Washburn's Stores, ATLANTIC BASIN. Atlantic Basin contains: North Pintis Finth's Elevator. Indian Wharf. North Central Pier. East Central Pier. Commercial Wharf, Masters Elevator. Franklin Stores & McCorraick's Stores. Clinton Wharf Laimbeer's Elevator. South Central Pier. West Central Pier South Pier, Excelsior Elevator. HAT^ULTON AVENUE FERRY. Ward's Inspection Yard. U. S. Warehouse Co. , Iron Elevator. Union Stores — Sedgwick, Irving & Harri- son Sts. Anchor LineBrooklynHer & S.Co.'s Store. Store. Harrison St., Baltic Stores. Robinson's Congress Stores, Baltic & Con- gress Sts. Beard's Amity St., Stores. Cauda & Kane's Yard. Dow's Stores & Elevator. Stores & Elevator. South Ferry. (Atlantic St.) Woodrviff's Stores & Elevator. Prentice's Stores (Wilson Line.) Wall St. Ferry. Pierrepont Stores. Walsh St. , Stores, Mediterranean Fruit Dk. Roberts' Stores. Central Elevator for E. B. Bartlett & Co Harbeck's Stores. AVatsou's Stores. Mai'tin's Stores. Knickerbocker Ice Co. Jewell's Pier. Annex Boat to Pennsylvania R.R. and Fall River Boats. Fulton Ferry. Brooklyn Bridge Pier. Marston & Sons, Coal Yard. Fulton Stores. Empire Stores. Catherine St. Ferry. Muchmore's Coal Yard. Waydell & Co.'s Cooperage Yard. Arbuckle's Coffee Warehouse. Offerman & Heisenbuttel, Jay St., Stores. Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. ) Crabo & Wilson's Sugar Refin- V Bridge St. ery. Gold St. Atlantic White Lead Works. Brooklyn Gas Co. NAVY YARD, WALLABOUT CANAL, BROOKLYN, E. D. Piers 1 & 2. Wallabout Elevator & Mill. Taylor's Coal Yard. Cross & Austin's Lumber Yard. Nassau Gas Works. Wallabout Oil Works. Knickerbocker Ice Co. Moller, Sierck & Co.'s Sugar Refinery. Rush's Sugar Refinery Yard. People's Gas Light Co Decastro & Donner's Sugar Refinery. Grand St. Ferry, Roosevelt St. Ferry. S 9th St., Brooklyn. S. 6th St., Pier. Havemeyer & Elder Storage Havemeyer & Elder Sugar Refinery, from S. 5th to S 2nd. Brooklyn Sugar Refinery G. B. Remsen's Lime & Lath Yard. Grand St. Ferry to Houston and Grand Sts., New York. B. & O. Freieht Depot. N. 2nd St. WiJliamsbui^g. Havemeyf-r & Elder's Sugar Refinery. N. Y. C. & H. R. Freight Pier. N. Y. L. E & W. Pier. Pennsylvania Pier Lehigh Valley R. R. Elevator & Stores. North 10th St., Williamsburg Standard. The Williamsburg Gas Light Co. Pratt's Oil Works (N. 12th St., WilKams- burg). Taft's Spar Yard, 13th St. & 2nd St. Bushwick Creek. GREENPOINT. Quay St., Continental Iron Works. 378 CITIZEN GUIDE. Manhattan Compass & Pipe Factory. Bulmer Lumber Yard. Oak St. Noble St. Ship Yard. Greewpoint Fbhry to 10th St. and 23d St., New York. Kent St. Smith's Steam Saw Mill. Java St. J. C. Orr & Co's Box Factory, Rooney & Morgan's Yard. Huron St., Orr's Lumber Yard. H. Y. Dry Wood Extract & Chemical Co. Freeman St. C. Wyant's (Spar Yard). Newtown Creek, Greeupoint Side. Page's Cooperage Yard. Z. Bergen's Lumber & Stave Yard. I 'eeves & Church's Lumber Yard. Greenpoint Sugar Refinery, Havemeyer, Commercial St., Greenpoint. Chelsea Jute Mills. Manhattan Av. Bridge. Oleophine Yard Oil Works. Smith Spoke Works, Church & Co's Dock. Taintor's Dock. J. D. Leary Yard, Cedar Warehouse Co. Empire Refining Co's. Oil Works, Whale Creek. Kings County Refinery. BUssville Bridge. Central Refinery. Newtown Creek (Hunters Point Side). R. R. Dock. Arable's Dock. Creosote Yard. C. Provost Coal & Wood Yard. Simons' Docks. Tums' Lumber Yard, Burroughs' Yard. Export Lumber Co.. (Limited). McClave's Lumber Yard. L. I. R. R. Dkpot Ferry to Pine St. L. I. R. R Fer. Y to James' Slip and E. 34th St. , New York.. L. I. R. R. Depot, L. I. Coal Docks Barber's Asphalt Works. Coe's Yard, Guano. Devoe's Oil Yard & Works, 10th St., L, I. Canal. Empire Oil Yard & Works. BROOKLYN STREET DIRECTORY. 279 q: o I- o LLi DC Q I- LlJ LLi DC -9 O QQ •a eg a •a H 4J T3 +J -►J IJ V rn ►; t? fl i:; ^2 P^ Q) ^H ^ (U 4J ^^ S ^, a; o »-^ as ^ pj g <1> fl ^ O 2i O O 0) tfl Ei g rj fl /^ -^ :=j ^ >^2 (U O O OS O >• •'-' U Ph (D 03 CD .. ■^ ^ <) a c8 CO CO o':3 1O 03 o es^ o o ^H a «8 t> O c3 ^r:; •> Co /^ _M ^ ,-o c3 . o CO K* -< sen o tS c3 ^ co.g 02S- T?'-' rt JO ^ CO r1 »=(.- '-5 t^i^'n '^' 1^ UO''-'„. i^ -►ir 'a J5 te ■ a^^|?i-5|>;'2.s>|^5occg i S ^ W +i -*J s2»o Hm^=o S f3 © oC'^OJao c8 =S c3 S r-^a^S^P'o'^JS O c3 O 10 -i^ ,-S O ;0 o 2 «3 ^?? e'&w- ,050 c3^.^ -'O Mi-i'-S 0) "«o 5 '"'^^^^^ .ft ^•^ ..• ?2 5 -'"3 M y -H "7^ _, ^ Q >sas CO a f^§^paoo ^ 3^M HO « c3 > w c3 P &^Sh'2 23Qco a^a^a'§3*«S^^'S ©H^ a fat bj).a -j H S"^_pca^ (-1 OS'S ^ tc-t^.ti ^ kT t^lg^-^^a % 3S^«.2:!.2 iS " -MBS a KEY TO THE MAP. In the following columns the capital letters from A to G, with the numbers following them, indicate the several squares on the map, and the letters following the word "by" designate the sur- face railways, by any of which points located in these squares may be reached. A key to the surface railroads will be found in th3 Traveller's Guide Chapter under Surface Railroads. A 5 by K, Z, R or G, Aa, Xx. A 6 by G, LI, K, R, Y, LI, Xx. A 7 by K, Z, G. B 4 by Z, LI, K, Jj.Ww, E, K, O, R, X.Y, Jj. Ll,Ww. B 5 by E, K, O, R, X, Y, Z, Aa, Jj, LI, Xx. B 6 by R, X, Y, Aa, J.i, LI. B 7 by X. Greenwood Cemetery by J. Dd, Vv, S, Ss. Calvary Cemetery by G, K or Z, LI, Xy, Erie Basin by L. Atlantic Basm by L. Cyprus Hills Cemetery by L. East New York by O. Prospect Park by Q, Jj. Flatbush by Q, Co. 39th Street Ferry by S, Ss, Fort HamUton by Dd, Ss, Vv; S. Bay Ridge by Dd, Vv. Coney Island by Dd, Vv, Lutheran Cemetery by Kk. Holy Cross Cemetery by Oo. Gravesend Bay by Ss. Park Theatre by J, K, Q, U, V, W, Mm, Pp, Vv. Navy Yard by K, O, R, Y, Z. D 2 by K, V, Dd. D 3 by J, K, Q. U, V, W, Mm, Pp, Vv. D i by K, Q, U, V\^, Mm, Oo, Pp, Vv. D 5 by U, W, Z, Aa, Jj, Mm, Ww. D 6 by E, O, W, Mm, Ww. D 7 by E. M, O, W, li, Kk, Mm, Xx. D 8 by E, M, li, Kk, Mm, Xx. Rrr. D 9 by E, M, li. Rrr. D 10 by E, M, Rrr. E 2 by K, V, Dd. E 3 by J, V, Dd, Vv. E4b7 Q, if, Oo, Pp. E 5 bv U, Aa, Jj, Pp, "Ww. E 6 by U, Pp. Ww. E7by O, U,Pp. E8by L, 0,U. E 9 by L, O, U. F 1 by J, S, Dd, Ss, Vv. F 2 by J, S, Dd, Ss, Vv. F 3 by J, Dd, Vv. F 4 by Q, Jj, Oo. F5by Q, Jj, Oo. F 6 by Ww. G 1 by S, Ss. G 2 by S, Ss, Vv. G 3 by Vv. G 4 by Q, Oo. G 5 by Q, Oo, F 6 9 10 280 CITIZEN GUIDE. ^rf 0C5O 0«>t& > "3 S*fe tS > Cl O r- O o ^-^ j> Ti W o Tj( a 'lira ^^ r-i - r-J a -a tc 53 t-j +j HH ,M •£"2-^-=; ■ "^ s iJ 2 ^ ,^ .c3 S3 g .s J^ •i-in - ^.c^^ > =g ^ s^-^ til ^ O c3 o 1^ © On P » O c3 cS > §5 .' g fl l^^ ^ ^S ^> ^.2 ,^ fl P. 03 > g o" o ?,bx^ A ^ o3 > he M 3*3 PQ 4j »2 ^ tirl " '''' ■- '^ ■ 00_ fdCC i23 > W 03 t> e3 •3 a o o o a . • a M a ^a^. eoM d fc» '^ s > ^M a«^a3 3^'"''^^ tT-H .'-'5 7^ 3^«^-"K « -!^.3^^ 5 =3 TO m c3 .3 I* o.)i o p ,r p. t7.^ Is V O 50 d a§ 'S^?5 '^ -s a jj ^- a ^ go RO! bt+j a o) 0) be o o o pq m a iricq g § 0) IB p-Wccg tig ao OS o-i^-H 2? cd aoo Cvi> o w 9 ^ a <>*.9 03^ C O sT 0,cS ^.W^^ S3 > 3 a o3 O rt a ,-'^ O ora ooa S.2 V ia i> i> t- 1- 1> 5r ^L,^ ^0-1 OJ-S JU t»>>>>>> 33 2« ca *^«) -c.a . ap5 fl >-.aa Sh! ga a rc eg q£ ^ t^ a ■-« c3 I • a a 03 o3 paw o c a a >^ »^' a , bt- e3»o |^4^a^^fQ£?^H=^ WW W W -^ S I* L ro O O ST, &^S'°'^ g »^ .2 '-' c;.a2 ts -je J> -a c3 o , p^ 02 o * ,2 -a ^ a fe az: hcsTas* a^ !^ w«^*^ ® 3i- .2 bx;bc '^:a r'o .ag^"^aH|- "Swjfc-si^a aw-a>a^4=^ U'^^O^ OJ" o o t>. c3 c3 o3 "TS-g C3 DO) OJ O ® pq ccw W WW BROOKLYN STREET DIRECTORY. 581 e3 fl II CO Q o3 o a t> M ftco fl^^*:0 ocsHH-^ 5^0?;^ Lj ■ ■ _ «i.J X) rp "^ • - m»« M^ ^ > ■•-'[> jj CO "t: I^2S ^^ • o'^ >'« tncs "o (8 ^ t- to >^ M ^ •c M J, _!, ^^ ?r H^ 0) o S. -a t>>c3 03 be . |>^ CO oj ^' & S O 0'J> ■O Oo 5 ,-1 o O) ^ ^- s 03 c8 o o ^ q ^1 ^> ^-^^ OS 1 .' -)j --. fc-IK' 03 ^^ FT 01 '- -^ ^1 a M "^^ a j:: d i> cs ■gllgte a 03 OS o 6cn a j> ■33 c3 O oiinr) 03 '■^ .W -■'"^ S . rt > «? 2 Pe3 «^ w e8-r:) O aj o3 eo a aJ ej a o!l4 - © 3 rj > ^ < . >0 50 C5 tlC^ >,53 _. 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CO TO w - 3e3 -o 2'3 03 so a3 a ^ ^ a?-ii es =* a s q 2 be .9 -a S (>>«3-a c8 .^ > a^Sf^^^,^- - a a- l*''!^ PneOr-s ? *^3^a^'ccSg a .K^-eo'w^i^'fcH g§a-^^.a.S^« 2'Ba«S>-.|^rts Kin CO q$sq><3ao o ^^oaxiS ■ _ J3 ;a -a m as oQ ' tToi ^+J.qcc inio ejio +3 -» +J ^ 03 ^ o3 o3 ^ ^ ^ ^ 2> ^ a ® ^-bT 7 O kT.^' .0 1-1 "o 10 a; J?o c3 gcsao^>2§ a^ a:^a|^^-=s_| ^ cu J^ ^ Si's, -a . ^'^^co-b^^3q-^ B^;gSo§§'^,WH © xi.2< 0) o! 0) ■H CO H, CO If; >^ ^^ _oiO'^.- .at, .•S3 g a 300 CITIZEN GUIDE. P > rt nS2 1-1 IC^ So Et<0 1=1 •5 fli eo (» Ji l-i Q v<^ -ce -H .|S«S-S«55 -S '^/v^'-' g2!i(;3;S'"^ S*0^ 03'W.o'-* ^-^-^ 3 I En Eci cS ho ■UCQ ^^ Cflo «* Esi INDEX. Abbott, Rev. Lyman 156 Abraham & Straus a58 Academy Fairs 28 Academy of Photog^raphy 35 Academy of Medicine. The Brooklyn 35 ''Academy of Music,'* The 26, 28, 82 Academy Receptions 77 Acme Club 183 Acme Hall Billiard Saloon 58 Adelphi Academy, The 84, ia3, 134 Adams Express Company 260 Aertsen, Huyck 4 Afternoon Teas 29 Aged, Home for the 147 Agate Iron Works 196 Ahwath Cheseds Cemetery 172 Alcyme Boat Club 31 Aldermen, The 88 Algonquins, The 225 Alsronquin Club 30 Alhambra, The 85 Almshouse 142 Almshouse Nursery 142 Alpine Club 183 Anton Seidl 18 Apollo Club 37 Apprentices Library 8 Appleton Publishing Co 109 Amachmoor Boxers 50 Amagansett 233 Amaranth Dramatic Society 16 Amateiu* Acu)r 16 Amateur Acrors, List of Prominent 17 Amateur Dramatics 18 Amateur Oi^era Association 37 AmacBiAr Phouographic League 160 Amateur Tneatricals 16 Ambulances 146 American Amateur Bowling League. ... 55 American District Telegraph Com- pany 120, 125 American Express Company 260 American Manufacturing Company 94 American Manufacturing Company, Works of 95 American Model Yacht Club ,'>2 Amersf oort Athletic Club 183 Amersf ort (Flatlands) 9 Amity ville 200, 201 Amity villa Yacht Club 201 Amphion Academy 19 Amphion Society.. 37 Anderson's Piano Warehouse 259 Anglo-American Dock Company 107 Aquebogue 237 Archery . 49 Architecture 76,80 Area of Brooklyn 1 Arena of Sports and Pastimes 43 Argyle Hotel DubUn 203 Argyle Park 203 Arion Maennerchor 37 Arlington, The 81 Art and Architecture 76 Art Association 26, 34, 77, 82 Artists of Brooklyn 78 Art Club, Brooklyn 34 Art Galleries 76 Art Guild, Brooklyn 34,78,135 Artists' Lake 218 Art Organizations 77 Art Receptions 26 Art Schools 78, 135 Art School, Pratt Institute 1.35 Art Social 77 Art Studios 78 Arveme-by-the-Sea 189 Ascot Heath, Racing at 12 Astoria igg Astoria Ferry 191 Asylums for the Yoimg, List of 149, 150 Associations 39 Associations and Clubs 30 Association of Exempt Firemen 39 Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor 151 Athenaeum, The I6 Athens HaU, Port Jefferson 219 Athletic Sports 49 "At Homes " 29 Atlantic Basin and Docks 2, 105, 107, 109 Atlanticville 229 Atlantic Yacht Club 51,184 Attendance Schools 128 Aurora Grata 30 44 Azores S S Line 109 Babylon 75, 198, 202 Babylon Pike 75 Bachelor Germans 28 Backbone of Long Island, The 193 Baggage Checking System 260 Baggage Inspection 256 Baiting Hollow 217 Baker's Tavern 12 Bald Hills 217 Ballamore 200 Ballot Reform League .33 Baptist Churches , 158 Baptist Churches, List of 164 Baptist Churches, Music in 163 Baptist Churches, The Principal 159 Barber S S Line . . 109 Bartow, Mr. & Mrs. Edgar 156 Baseball 45 Baseball Clubs 45 B02 INDEX. Baseball Club Grounds 45 Baseball Fields 51 Bath Beach 184 Battle of Long Island 11 Battle Pass 70 Battle of Long Island, Generals in . . . . 11 Bay Head (Good Ground) 229 Bayport 205 Bay Ridge 183 Bays of Long Island 238, 254 Bay Side Cemetery 172 Bayside, Farming District 214 Bay Shore 201, 203 Bayswater 198 Bayswater Bluff 198 Bayswater Yacht Club. - 198 Bazaar, The Grand 96 Beaver Dam 228 Bedelltown 200 Bedford 154 Bedford Club 30 Bedford Park 65 Beecher, Rev. Henry ^ard..l53, 156,158, 23:3 Beecher, Henry Ward , Home of 81 Beecher, Lyman ■ 233 Beef Markets 98, 102 "Bee Hive"" The 154 Belleport 215 Belleport Bay 202, 216 Belmont Estate, The 202 Belverdere 7 Beneficial Gun Club 183 Benevolent Organizations 141 Benevolent Society 151 Benj, Downing Vacation Home 209 Bennett, Wm. Adriaense 3 Bensonhurst 184 Bensonhurst Club 184 Bensonhm-st Yacht Club 52 Bentyn Jacques 3 Bergen's Landing 74 Berkeley, The Apartment House 82 Berlin , 74 Berlin VUlage 191 Berri'sSons 259 Beth Elohka 158 Bethpage 200 Bible Society, The Brooklyn 160 Bicycle Clubs 62 Bicycle Riding in ProspteCt Park, Rules for 62 Bicycle Roads on Long Island, key to, . . 75 Bicycling 61 Bicycling Roads of Long Island 72 Billiards 58 Black Stump Road 75 BlackweU's Island 190 Blankley's (Restaurant) 258 BUssviUe 189 Block Island Sound 236 Bloodgood Nurseries 213 Blytheboume 184 Board of Assessors.. 88 Board of Education 89 Board of Estimate 88 BoatBuUding ... 93 Boating in Prospect Park 67 Boating & Shooting on Long Island 226 Boats in Prospect Park 68 Books 97 Booth House, The 235 Bordeaux, S. S. Line 109 Boswijch, "Town of the Woods" 4 Boswyk (Bush wick) 13 Bout, Jan. Evertson 3, 4 Bowen,Hy. C 8 Bowen's. Henry C, Country Home 81 Bowery Bay 189 Bowling Alleys 56 Bowling Clubs 55 Bowling League, Playing Rules of 55 Bowling Organizatioiis 56, 57, 63 Bowne Mansion 213 Box Major 11 Boys High School 128 Buck, Mr. Dudley 162 Buckbee's Alley 8 "Bucks" of Ii'ishtown 10 Bull Baiting 13 Burnett, Captain Luther 232 Burt's Shoe Store 259 Burying Grounds 172 Bush Literary Society 35 Bushwick Church 86 Bushwick Democratic Club 34, 86 Bushwick, First Church in 14 Bushwick Park 65 Business Centres 91 Business Women's Union 40 Buttermilk Channel 104 Breeze Hill 221 Brentwood 218 Breslau 201 Breuckelen 4, 154 Bridge, The Brooklyn 90 Bridgehampton 230 Bridgeport, Ct 219 Brighton Beach Driving Club 44 Brighton Beach 185, 186 Brizzi, Prof . Carlo 137 Brizzl, Prof. Louis. . . 137 Broadway Elevated Railroad 266 Brooklyn Amateur Musical Club 37 Brooklvn, Area of 1 Brooklyn Art Club, 77 Brooklyn Art School 135 Brooklyn Art Association 34 Brooklyn's Battle Field 10 Brooklyn Bar Association, 39 Brooklyn Basin 105,107 Brooklyn, Bath & West End Ry 187 Brooklyn Bicycle Club 44 Brooklyn Bridge, The 5, 90 Brooklyn & Brighton Beach Railroad. . . 267 Brookljra Bureau of Charities. . .141, 142, 151 Brooklyn Canoe Club 52 Brooklyn's Cecilian Club 37 Brooklyn Cemeteries 172 Brooklyn Chess Club 38 Brooklyn Choral Society 87 Brooklyn Citizen 140 Brooklyn City Government 87 Brooklyn Club 30, 57 Brooklyn College of Pharmacy 136 Brooklyn's Development 1 Brooklyn District Telegraph Company. ..125 Brooklyn Driving Club 44 Brooklyn Elevated Railroads 264 Broooklyn Elevated Railroad Com- pany 188,265 INDEX. 303 Brooklyn Entertainments.... 16 Brooklyn Ethical Society 36 Brooklyn Ferry Lines 272 Brooklyn's First Church 154 Brooklyn Furniture Company 259 Brooklyn Gun Club 220 Brooklyn, Growth of 182 Brooklyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette 13 Brooklyn Handicap 185 Brookhaven 215 Brooklyn Home for Aged Men 1 47 Brooklyn Homoepathic Hospital 145 Brooklyn Hospital 143 Brooklyn Institute 28 Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 36,129 Brooklyn Institute, History and Descrip- tion of 36,129, 130 Brooklyn Institute Library 130, 138 Brooklyn Jockey Club 44 Brooklyn Library, The 137 Brooklyn Library, B-anches of. 137, 138 Brooklyn Literary Union 35 Brooklyn Maternity H spital 145 Brooklyn M. E. Church Home 147 Brooklyn Museum, The 6,8 Brooklyn Orphan Asylum 150 Brooklyn, Population of 2 Brooklyn Ramblers 44 Brooklyn, Revenue of 89 Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach R. R 268 Brooklyn Sasn^rerbund 38 Brooklyn Savings Bank 81 Brooklyn's Social Life 22 Brooklyn's Social "Sets" 27 Brooklyn Society of Vermonters. . 40 Brooklyn Street Directory 279, 300 Brooklyn Sm-face R. R. Company 268 Brooklyn Tabernacle 153 Brooklyn Theatre, The 19 Brooklyn Theatre Fire 19 Brooklyn Throat Hospital 145 Brooklyn Times, The 140 Brooklyn Tree Planting Society. 70 Brooklyn Turn Verein 39 Brooklyn Waterworks 90 Brooklyn Yacht Club 51, 184 Browmng, King & Co 259 Brownsville 15 Bryant, William Cullen 207 Bryant Literai*y Society 35 Bryant & Stratton's Business College 134, 135 Cab Fares 261 Cabs and Coaches 261 Cable Cars in Brooklyn 288 Cable Telegraph Companies 123 Cable Telegrapti Rates. 124 Cable Telegraph System 123 CaeciUa Ladies Vocal Society 38 Calvary Cemetery 1('2 CaUister Factory 75 Calvary Free P. E. Chiu-ch 155 Cameraderie 30 Cannon, Peter 6 Canaan Pond 205 Canarsie Grove 268 Canarsie Landing 2c/8 Canarsie Turtle Club 183 Canarsie Village 268 Canal Boat Life , , io6 Canal-boatmen ]06 Canal Boats, The Home of .. 106 Canoeing 51 Canoe Place 229 Captain Webb 6 Cap Tree Island 203 Carlton Club 31, 44 Carman's River 216 Carriages in Prospect Park 69 Carriages in Prospect Park, Charges for. 69 Carroll Park 65 Casino, The Garden City 210 Casket's Sociables 26 Cathedral of the Incarnation, Protestant Episcopal 210 Cedarhurst 74, 197 Cedar Hill Cemetery 219 Cedarmere 207 Celebrated Paintings 76 Cemeteries 172 Cemetery of the Evergreens 173, 174 Cemeteries, Routes to 267 Central Congregational Chm-ch. 163 Central Forge Works 214 Central Islip 212 Centre Moriches , 216 Central Park, L. I • 200 Centreport 228 Centreville Course 15 Charities 141 Charities, City 142 Charities, General 151 Charities in Brooklyn 141 Charity Ball 26, 27 Charity Performances 29 Chandler, Prof 22S Chapman Collection of Pamtings 76 Chatauqua Assembly 128 Chautauqua Union, Brooklyn 34 Cherry Point 14 ChessClubs 57 Chevra Benai Sholau 173 Children's Aid Society 149 Children's Home, Mineola 210 Children's Play Ground 73 Choirs, Vested 161 Choral Club 38 Chorus Choirs 162 ChristChurch 83 Christian Hook 198 Christmas Attractions, 98 Churches 153 Churches in Brooklyn. Directory of 164 Church Charities Foundation 'Society, P. E 151 Church Charity Foundation society's Home for the Aged 148 Churches, History of 153 Church Music in Brooklyn 160 Churches, Number of 153 Church Property, Value of 153 Church, P. E. Church 155 Church of the Assumption, R, C 157 Church of the Messiah 84 Church of the Pilgrims 83, 153, 155, 163 Chm-ch of the Reformation 162 Chinches, Seating Capacity of 153 ChiH-ch, the First in Brooklyn 154 Cincinnati, The Cruiser Ill 304 INDEX. CircuitCourt 89 Citizen, The BrooklyTi .. . 140 City Hall 9,65,82 City Hall Square 81, 82 City Mission Home of Indiistiy 151 City Park 10, 66 City of Churches .13, 153, 161 "Civic Set," The 27 ClamsheU Road, The 197 Clarendon Hotel 258 Clarendon Restaurant 258 Clarke House 235 Clay, Henry 216 Clergymen of Brooklyn — 164 Clinton Avenue 27, 84 Clinton, DeWitt 74, 229 Chnton, Sir Henry 11 Chnton street 83 Clinton Street Presbyterian Church. ... 158 Colonial Counsel 4 Clubs and Associations 30 Clubs for Working Boys and Girls 152 Clubs on Long Island, Sporting 63 Clubs, The Power of 29 Coaches and Cabs 261 Coach Fares 261 Cob Creek 231 Cob Dock 110 CobbleHill 11,12 Cocroft's,(R.)Sons 175 Coenties Slip 7 Cold Spring .. 223 Cold Spring Harbor 75, 223 Collectors of Paintings in Brooklyn. ... 76 College Poiut 212,214 CoUodeu Point 233 Colonial Legislature, The 6 Columbian Club 31 Columbia Heights Parks 66 Columbia Theatre 19 Comae 221 Commerce of Brooklyn 103 Commerce of New York — 103 Commissioners of Charities and Correc- tion 87 Common Council ... 88 Composers of Brooklyn 162 Comstock Stock Farm 236 Coney Island 185,188 (^oney Island, How to Reach, 187, 188 Congregational Churches 155 Congregational Churches, List of. 165 Congregational Churches, Value of 156 Con;iregational Society, The 205 Connetquot River 204 Conservatory of Music, The Grand Ital- ian 136,137 Conservatory of Music, the Groschel .... 137 Constitution Club 31 Comptroller, The 88 Cooperage Works 104 Coram 218 Corbin, Austin 202 Cordageand Machine Co.,The John Good 191 Corkscrew Fort 11 Corlear's Hook 7, 14 Cornelhsen, Peter 4 Cornell, Peter C 15 Cornell-Pierrepont House, The 12 Coruw^llis, Lord 11 CoronerSj The 87, 88 Corporation Counsel 89 "Corporation House" 12, 13 CotilUons The 28 "Cottage Land" 203 "Cottage Town" 215 Gotten Jos 156 County Auditor 87, 88 County Clerk, The 87 County Court House 9 County Hospital 142 Coimty Treasurer, The 87, 88 Court Houses, The 82 Courts, The 89 Courts, The Federal 112 Court St 82 Cow Harbor 221 Cow's Neck 207 Cowperthwait Company 259 Cox, Henry T., Art Collection of 77 Crab Fishing 237 Crematory, The 180 Crescent Athletic Club 31, 52, 184 Cricket Clubs 46 Cripple Bush 154 Cross, Austin & Co's Lumber Yards 109 Croquet 48 Cruger Mrs. S. Van Rennsaellcr 209 Cuflfey Rev. Paul 229 Cumberland Square 66,67 Curling 53 Customs Regulations 256 Cutchogue 226,236 Cutler Rev. Henry Stephen 161 Cutting Robert Fulton 205 Cuyler Rev. Theo. L 158 Cypress HiUs 15 Cypress Hills Cemetery 172, 173 Dana, Chas. A., Home of 208 Dancing Classes 28 Dannites Chess Club 57 Daughters of the Revolution, The 40 Day Nurseries 151 Day Nurseries, the Principal, in Brook- lyn 151 DaySchools 127 Deaf Mutes, Institute for 1 52 Decorative Art, Society of 152 Democratic Club 33 Dental Society, The Brooklyn 36 De Nyse's Ferry 11 De Silver, Carl H., Colleotion of Paint- ings 77 Du'cksen, Jans 4 Diet Dispensary 146 Dispensaries — 146 Dispensaries, List of 146 Directory of Sporting Localities, 64 Distilleries in Brooklyn . 13 District Attorney 87, 88 Dix, General 228 Dix Hills 217 Dix, Rev. Dr. Morgan 228 Docking Business of Brooklyn 104 Docks and Harbor . 103 Docks, Charter of 105 Docks of Brooklyn 103 Docks, Value of 104 Dominican Home ..< 149 INDEX. S65 Bongan Oak, The 70 Dosoris 208 Dorosis Lane 208 Dramatic Societies, Amateur, List of . . . 17 Dramatic Stock Companies 19 Driving Clubs 44, 61 "Domine Johnson" 5 Donnelly's Olympic 19 Dr. Behrend's Church 85 Dr. Talmage, Home of 84 Dr. Meredith's Church 85 Drugs ...., 98 Drug Store, Livingston's Mammoth 98 Dry Goods 97 Druggists' Prescriptions 99 Dry Goods Houses 94, 95 Diy Goods Houses, Eastern District . . 95 Dry Goods Stores in Brooklyn 258 Duffy's Chop House 258 Du Flon Family 6 Douglaston 214 Dunham, Daniel 14 Dunton 196 Dry Docks 107 Dunton Field Club 196 Dutch Church, The First 9 Dutch Kills 189 Dutch Reformed Church on the Heights 81 Dutch Society, Early 23 Eagle Building 82 Eagle Hotel.... 258 Eagle, The Brooklyn 140 East Bay 226 Eastern Dispatch & Delivery Company. 260 Eastern District, The 13 Eastern District, The, Architecture in. . 86 Eastern Parkway 74 East Hampton 225^232 East Hinsdale 196 East Marion. 235 East Neck 222 East New York 11. 15, 194 East Northport 222 East Patchogue 206 Eastport 215,216,227 Eastport Creek 227 Kast River 4, 104 East River Ferries 188 East River Gas Co 191 East River Tunnel, 191 East Rockaway 199 East Williston 75, 207 Eaton'sNeck 221 Ecclesiastical Institutions 171 Eckford Club 31 Edgewater Stock Farm 214 Educational Institutions 126, 135 Effingham Park 202 Elder Island 211 Elevated Railroads in Brooklyn 265 Elevated Railroad, The Brooklyn. . . . 265, 267 Elevated Railway, Kings County 267 Ehvood 222 Emerald Association 40 Emerald Ball, The 27 Emanuel Baptist Church 84, 163 Englis, Charles M 100 Entertainments, Brooklyn 16 Equestrian Sports 61 i Erie and Brooklyn Basins 107 Erie Basin 105 Erie Canal 105 Ethical Society, The Brooklyn 36 Evangelical Society 160 Evening Schools 127 Evergreens Cemetery 172,173 Evergreens Cemetery, Means of Reach- ing .174 Evergreens Cemetery, Mortuary Art in. 175 Evergreens, The 173 '■Everything for Everybody" 97 Eye and Ear Hospital 145 Excelsior Club 31 Expresses 259 Express Companies, The Principal 2.59 Express Money Orders 256 Express Offices 259 Factories 1 Factory Girls' Improvement Club 152 Faith Home for Incurables 145 Farmers of Suffolk County 230 Farmingdale 75, 194, 200 Farming on Long Island 197 Far Rockaway 189, 197, 198 ' 'Fasching Thursday in Venice" 28 Fashionable Centres 27 Federal Building, The 82 Federal Courts 112 Female Employment Society 152 Fencing. 58 Fenbm-st 197 Ferry Lines, Brooklyn 272 Ferry Lines on Long Island Soxmd 373 "Ferry," The 4 Field and Marine Club 31 Fifth Avenue Elevated Railroad 266 Finance and Trade 91 Financial Institutions, 91 Financial Quarter 82 Fire Department Headquarters 83 Fire Island 201 Fire Island Beach 203 Fire Island Hotel , . 203 Firemen's Hall 8 First Baptist Church I'iS ••First Commissioner of Marriage affairs" 23 First Dutch Reformed Chm-ch 80 First Reformed Church 154 Fishermen's Paradise of... , 198 Fisher's Island 236 Fisher's Island Sound 236 Fish Hatchery, Cold Spring Harbor. ... 223 Fishing Clubs 60 Fishing Resorts 197 Fish, Latham A., Art Collection of 77 Fish, Seasons for. . . 60 Fitzhugh Mr. Edward J 162 Flatbush 11, 15, 87,182 Flatbush Avenue 73 Flatbush (Midwout) 9 Flatbush, Population of 183 Flatlands 87, 182, 183 Flatlands (Amersfort) 9 Flatlands, Population of 183 Floral Displays 176 Floral Park 196 Flowers in Cemeteries 176 Flushing ..75,191,193,212 ao6 INDEX. FlusMng Athletic Club 213 Flushing Bay 74, 212 Flushing Boat Club 213 Flushing's Industries 213 Flushing Iron Works 213 Flushing Mihtary Academy 213 Flushing's Society 214 Flushing Towa Hall 214 Flushing Cemetery 176 Flying Point 231 Football 46 Foreign Letters 117, 118 Forge 216 Forge River 216 Fort Box 11 Fort Greene 9, 11, 12, 72, 84 Fort Greene Place 101 Fortifications, American, The 12 Fort Pond Bay 233 Fort Putnam 10 Fort Hamilton 105, 184 Fort Hamilton Avenue 73 Fort Lafayette 105, 184 Fort Wadsworth 106 "Forty Acres" 10 Fosdick, Judge 195 Foster's Meadow 197 Fountains in Brooklyn 79 Foiuteenth Regiment 8 Fox, R. , & Co 259 Fi-anklin Literary Society 35 Frankhn Trust Company 82, 91 Frankhn Trust Company's Building 93 Franklin Trust Company, Capital of 93 Frankhn Trubt Company. Ofiacers of 91 Free Methodist Churches 157 Freeport. 75, 199 Freeport Bay 199 Freeport, Industries of 200 Free Scholarships 128 Fresh Pond 221 Fresh Pond Crematory 180 Friendless Women and Children, Society for Aid of 152 Friends Academy 209 Friends Cemetery, The 176 Fruit Market 100 Fulton Ferry 3, 24 Fulton St., Architecture of 83 Gage's Chop House 258 Gage and Tollner (Restaiu-ant) 258 Game Laws of Long Island 59 Game on Long Island 217 Game on Long Island, Seasons for 226 Garden City 191, 210 Gardiner's Bay. 235 Gardiner Homestead, The 233, 235 Gardiner's Island. 225, 234, 235 Gardiner, Lyon 225 Garfield Building 82 Gasworks 104 Gazetteer of Long Island 238, 254 General Hospitals 143 Gentlemen's Driving Park 219 George Washington 70 Georgica Lake 226, 232 German Evangelican Churches 159 German Evangelical Churches, List of. . 165 German Evangelical Home 148 German Evangelical Aid Society 151 German Methodist Episcopal Churches, List of 167 German.R. C. Orphan Asylum . . . . . . . 149 German Society of Charities 152 Germania Club 32, 83 Gilgo Beach ' .'.'//. , gOl Gihnans Restavu-ant .,..." 258 Gilmour's Band i87 Girls High School 127 Glen Cove 2O8 Glen Cove Athletic Club 208 Godwin Parke 207 Golf Club ; 230 Gonzales, The Murder of 10 Good Citizensliip League of Women 213 Good Ground (Bay Head) 229 Gordon, Julian 209 Governor Dongan 5 Government and Public Works 87 Gowanus 3, 154 Gowanus Bay 103, 105 Gowanus Canal i05 Gowanus Cove il Gowanus Creek n Gowanus Kill 5, n Grace M. E. Church 156 Grace, Wm. R., 214 Graham Instution 147 Grain Depot 93 Grain Elevators 105 Grand Bazaar, The 95 Grand Bazaar, Means of Reaching, "Bon Marche" 98 Grand Hotel 258 Grand Italian Conservacory of Music. 136, 137 Granite Works 175 Gravesend 9, 87, 182,184 Gravesend Bay 44, 183 Graves, Robert 84 Graves Turnpike 73 Gray Thirteenth, The 85 Grayson, CUfford 231 Greater Brooklyn 194 Great Neck 212 Great Pond 237 Great South Bay 193, 201 Great South Bay Yacht Club 204 Great South Beach 205 Great South Shore Road 75, 201 Groschel Conservatory of Music 137 Greeley Expedition 207 Greenlawn 222 Greenpoint 141 Greenpoint Home for the Aged 148 Greenport 75, 233, 235 Greenville 205 Greenwood Cemetery 172, 176 Greenwood Cemetery, How Reached 178 Greeowood Cemetery, Monviments in. 176, 177 Grosvenor, The 82 Guide to Brooklyn Shopping Districts. . . 258 Gull Islands 234, 236 Gvm Clubs 58 Gynaecological Society, The Brooklyn. . 36 Habitues, Home for 145 Hall, Rev. Chas. H 161 Hall, WilliamH., Florist 176 Hall of Records 87 INDEX. 307 Halls, Public Directory of 21 Hamilton, Alexander 195 Hamilton Club, The 34, 32, 44, 58, 83 Hamilton Hamilton 231 Hamlets on Long Island 1 238, 254 Hamptons, The 225, 227 Hand BaU 63, 64 Hanover Club 32 Hanover Gun Club 59 Hanson Place M. E. Church 156 Harbor and Docks 108 Harbor Hill 20 218 Hare and Hounds 50 Harper Brothers, Publishers 156 Harper, Joseph 156 Harrison, Gabriel 18 Hart, James H., Co 259 Hauppauge 221 Havemeyer Sugar Refinery 104 Hay Ground 232 Headquarters for Bargains 98 Healy 's Collection of Paintings 77 Hebrew Benevolent Society 151 Hebrew Orphan Asylum 27, 85, 150 Hebrew Synagogues 159 Helping Hand Society 160 Hemlock Beach 201 Hempstead 75 Hempstead and Vicinity 209 Hempstead Bay 199 Hempstead Bay iacht Club 211 Hempstead, Cliurches in 211 Hempstead, Fox Hunting at 12 Hempstead Harbor 208 Hempstead Harbor Yachc Club 208 Hempstead Plain 196 Hempstead Town Hall 2l2 Hempstead Village 211 Henry Ward Beecher 8 Hermitage 236 Hessian Soldiers 11, 70 Hewlett's 197 Hiekson, Rev. Woodward.... 156 Hickson, Woodman 8 Hick's Post Tavern 70 Highland Park or Ridgewood Park — 66, 71 High Schools, Brooklyn 127,128 High School, Rockville Centre 199 Hinsdale 196 Historical HaU 18 Historic Landmarks 3 Historic Landmarks in Prospect Park. .. 70 History of Brooklyn, Early 3 Hoagland, J. C , Art Collection of 77 Hoagland Laboratory, The 36, 83,136 Hoeber, Aj-thvu: 331 Holder's Restaurants. 258 Hoffman Boulevard 74 Hog Neck 233 HoUis "A^m Holmes' Star Theatre 19 Hohsville 217 Holy Cross Cemetery 178 Holy Trinity Cemetery 178 Holy Trinity Church 80, 82, 155, 161 Holy Trinity Church, E. D 86 Home for the Aged 147 Hame for Aged Colored People 148 Home for the Aged of the LltLle Sisters of the Poor 143 Home for Consumptives 145 Home for Destitute Children 26 Home of the Good Shepherd 151 Home of Industry 151 Homeopathic Hosp'tal 8 Homeopathic Medical Society of K. C . . 36 Hooley's Opera House 19 Hopewell Junction 74 Horse Racing 61 Hospitals 143 Hospital, County 14i Hospitals , General, List of 1 15 Hosoitals, Special, List of 145 Hotel Boswyck 258 Hotelsof Brooklyn 257 Hotel Brunswick 258 Hotel de Paris 258 Hotel Regent 258 Hotel St. George 258 Hounds 50 Howe General H Hudson, Henrik 232 Humane Societies 152 Huut-a-Fly Road. 15 Hunter's Point 189 Hunter's PointFerry 191 Huntington 222 Huntmgton Bay 221 Huntington, Churches of 223 Huntington Opera House 323 Huntington School, The 223 Huntington Social Club 223 Huntington Volunteers Memorial 222 Huskin's (Dr.) Church 155 Hyde & Behman's Theatre 19 Hyde Henry B 203 Ice Boating 54 Idle Hour Stables 204 Illustrators of Brooklyn 78 Impoited Goods in Bond, Value of 104 Incineration 180 Independent Meeting House 155 Indoor Sports 55 Industrial Schools 127, 149 Industrial School Association 149 Industries of Brooklyn 93 Inebriates Home 151 Inn and Cottage Co 230 Insane Asylum 142 Institute of Arts and Sciences 76, 77 Institute or University Park 66 Inter-Club Bowling 27 Inter-Club Bowhog League 56 Introduction 1 Inwood 198 Iphetonga 3, 8, 26, 39 Iphetonga Ball, The 29 "Irishtown" 10 Iroquis Indians 199 Isle of Wight. 197 Islip....... 201 IsUp Village 200 Jackson, John. 10 Jagger, Ransom 227 Jail, The Kings County 143 Jamaica 194 Jamaica Bay 3, 74, 189 Jamaica Churches 195 308 INDEX. Jamaica Club 195 Jamaica Pass 11 Jamaica Plank Koad 74, 75, 195 Jamaica, Population of 195 Jamaica South Plank Road 74 Jamaica Town Hall 195 Jamaica Turnpike 7 Jamaica, Value of Realty 195 Jamaica Village 194 James, John S., Collection of Paintings. 77 Jamesport 226, 237 James Slip Ferry 190 Janes M. E. Church 156 Jericho 224 Jericho Pike 75 Jersey, Prison Ship, The 72 Jewish Synagogues 159 Jewisn Synagogues, List of 166 "Jim Remsen's House" 195 Jobbing Houses 93 Johnson, Evan M 5 Johnson's Resort 6 Jones, Edward Lloyd 200 Joralemon HiU 7 Joralemon, Tunis 9 Journey & Burnham 258 Judaism 159 Jute Fabrics 94 Jute Industry, Importance of 94, 95 Jute Manufactm:"e ^ 94 Jute Mills 94 Jute Mills, Capacity of 95 Juvenile Asylums and Schools 149 "Keike" or Lookout 4 Kelly, T. & Co 259 Ken/on. W. W., Art Collection of 77 Kieft, Governor 3, 4, 13 Key to Street Directory Map 279 Key to Surface Railways in Brooklyn. . . 268 Kidd, Captain 235 Kindergartens, Free 128 King, Gen. John A 195 King, Rufus 195 Kings County Club 30 Kings County, Debt of 88 Kings County Elevated Railw^ay 267 Kings County Jail 143 Kings County Medical Association 36 Kings County, Revenue of 88 Kin2:s County Towns 182 Kings Coimty Wheelman 44 Kings Highway 73 Knickerbocker Club 32, 44 Knickerbocker Field Club 183 Knickerbocker Hall 26 Koch, S 259 La Crosse 45 Ladd, John B., Art Collection of 77 Ladies' Benevolent Associatioa 151 Ladies' Literary Club 219 Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church. 158 Lafayette Club 34 Lafayette, Reception of 6 Lake House, IsUp 204 Landlord Loosley 12 Larassey, Rev. Phillip 157 Laurel Hill 191 Laurclton 222 Lawn Bowls i . . . 49 Lawn Tennis 47 Lawn Tennis Rules 48 Lawrence 74, 197 Lawrence Club '. .^ 32 Lawyers' Title .Insurance Co 93 Lebanon Mission 152 Lefferts Park 66, 184 Letter Boxes 114 Letters, Dehvery of 118, 119 Letters, Foreign 118 Letters, Special Delivery 119 Lexington Avenue Elevated Railroad . . . 266 Libraries of Brooklyn 137, 139 Libraries, List of 138, 139 Liebmann Brothers 258 Liebman Building 83 Life Lane Mission and Home 152 Life Saving Stations • . . 237 Lmcoln Club 32, 44, 84 Lincoln^tatue of 91 Linden HiU Cemetery 178 Lindenhurst 201 Lisbon S. S. Line. . . 109 Litchfield Ed. H. , Collection of Statary . 77 Litchfield Mansion 27 Literary Clubs 34 Little Neck 214 "Living Whist" 28 Livingston's Mammoth Drug Store 98 Livingston, Philip L Lloyd s Neck 222 Lloyd's Point Lighthouse 223 Locust Grove 224 Locust Valley 209 Loeser, Frederick & Co 259 Long Branch Hotel 258 Long Beach 189 Long Distance Telephone Service 122 Long Island 193 Long Island, Area of 2 Long Island Business College 135 Long Island Camp Meeting Association 200 Long Island, Central Section of 2i5 Long Island City 104, 111, 189 Long Island City Churches 190 Long Island City, Factories in 190 Long Island City, Leading Firms 191, 19\? Long Island City, Population of 90 Long Island Club 24 Long Island College Hospital..83, i;%, 136,144 Long Island Country Club 216 Long Island Express Company 260 Long Island Historical Society 81 Long Island Historical Society's Library 138 Long Island Gazatteer 238, 254 Long Island Historical Society 35 Long Island Improvement Co 230 Long Island Live Stock Fair Association 223 Long Island, Population of 2 Long Island Railroad 190, 261 Long Island Railroads 26->i Long Island Rowing Association 52 Long Island, Scenery of the Eastern End of 226 Long Island Sound Ferry Lines 873 Long Island Sporting Club 63 Long Island Sportsmen's Club 227 Long Island Stage Lines and Connec- tions 265 INDEX. 309 Long: Island Steamboat Lines 264 Longr Island Telephone Service 122 Long Island— The Eastern End 225 Long Island Throat and Lung Hospital. 145 Long Island, West Side of 207 "Lookout" 14 Lookout Hill (Prospect Park) 69 Low, Seth, Home of 81 Lore tto House . . 152 Losee House, Roslyn 208 Loughlin, Very Rev. John 157 Lubbertsen, Fredk 5 Lubbertsen's Neck 5 Lumber Yards 104, 109 Lutheran Cemetery 178, 191 Lutheran Church 159 Lutheran Churches, List of 168 Lyall Art GaUery 76 Lyceiun Days 24 Macphela Cemetery 178 Mail Order Department, Grand Bazaar. . 97 Maimondes Cemetery 179 Manhasset 207 Manhanset Club 32 IVl mhanset House 834 Manhattan Beach 185, 186 P4annettohill 200 Manorville 215, ^^Z7 Vlauorville (Manor) 217 Mansion House 258 vianufactiuing Districts, Brooklyn 93 Manufactured Products, Value of 93 Manufactures, Value of 1 Maple Grove Cemeteries 179 Mapleton 184 Marble Works 175 Margaret, The 81 Ma/kets 101 Market Gardening 197 Market, The Wallabout 99 Marme and Field Club 51, 52, 184 Marine Hotel 189 Mariae Pavilion 198 Marine Railways 107 Marseilles S. S. Line - . 109 Martense 184 Martin's Private Art Collection 76 Martyn's Hook 10 Martyn Jan 10 Maryland Regiments 11 Mashomacky Point 233 Mason, Isaac 259 Mason, John, Collection of Paintings . . 77 Mispeth 191 Massapequa 191, 200 Massapequa "hops'' 200 Massapequa House 200 Massapeque Lake 200 Mastic 216 Mattituck 236 Matinnecock 209 Maurice Daly's Billiard Saloon 58 Mavor The 87. 89 Meadow Brook Hunt Club 212 Means of Communication 112 Meat Markets 98, 102 Mecox 232 Mecox Bay Ti.2Q Mecox Inn 232 Medford 217 Medical Schools 135 Medical Societies * 37 Megapolensis, Dominie 154 Memorial Arch 79 Merrick 200 Merrick Road 75 Merry Eng.iand 23 Mery ckamic y, 4 Meryckamic, The "Bend of" 9 Meserole Peter 14 Messenger Call Boxes 184 Messenger Rates 124 Messenger Service 124 Methodist Camp Meeting 200 Methodist Cemetery 179 Methodist Episcopal Church, Music in . . 163 Methodist Episcopal Churches, List of . . 166 M. E. Churches, Colored 156 Methodist Episcopal Churches (.Colored), List of 167 Methodist Episcopal Churches, Value of 157 M. E. Hospital 144 Methodist i^'ree Church 167 Methodist Protestant Churches. ..156, 1.^7, 167 Metropolitan Association 208 "Mexico," The Ship 198 Middagh, Jno 154 Bliddie Island 218 Middle Village TiUTipike 74 Mxdwood (Midwout) Club 32 Midwout Club 44, 183 Mxdwout (Flatbush) 9, 154 M.dwout (M.dciJewoods) 182 Milourn 199 Sjiloum Channel 199 ]\j.uibary Academy of St. Paul's 210 IVxixitary Garden, The 6 Miht-ia, The 89 Mill Creek . . . • 238 MillRiver 199 Millers Place 218 Mineola 195, 210, 207 Mineola Fair Grounds — 207 Miscellaneous Churches 159 Miscellaneous Clubs 38 Mollenhauer Sugar Refinery 104 Monastery of the Precious Blood 84 Money, Facilities for transmitting 256 Money Orders, Express 256 Money Order System 115 Money Orders, Telegraphic 257 Montague Street 82 Montague Street Hill 80 Montauk Association 233 Montauk Club 33, 56, 86 Montauk Indians 233 Mantauk Peninsula 233 Montauk Poiat 226, 233 Monuments of Note 175 Monumental Works 175 Morgue, The 143 Rloriches 216 Morrell, Thomas 14 Morris Park 196 Morse. Chas. H 163 Mortuary Art in Evergreen Cemetery ... 175 Mortuary Art in Greenwood Cemetery. 79, 176, 177 MQWnt Hope Cenaetery 179 310 INDEX. Mount Misery 218 Mount Neboh Cemetery 179 Mount Olivet Cemetery 179, 191 Mount Sinai 218 Mrs. Chester's Coffee Room 6 Mrs. Field's Literary Club 35 Mullin & Sons 259 Music. Composers of, in Brooklyn 162 Music Halls 20 Music in Brooklyn Cburches 160 Music Schools . . . . 13> Musical Club r7 Musical Societies 37 Musical Societies, the Prominent ] S Mutual Life Insurance Company . . 93 Myrtle Avenue 74 Myrtle Avenue Elevated Railroad 266 Nameless Boat Club 53 Namm's Variety Store 259 National Express Company 230 National Greyhound Club 39 National Soldiers' Cemetery 179 Nautilus Boat Club 52, 184 Naval Stores 93 Navy Yard, Dry Docks in 110 Navy Yard Officers. . . .' Ill Navy Yard.The United States. 10,103,109, HI Near-by Resorts 182 Nereus Boat Club 213 New Amsterdam 3 New England Society in Brooklyn 40 New Ferry (Catharine Stj) 7 New Lots 15 Newpoint Hotel 201 Newport 20 1 Newsboys Home 149 Newspaper and Package P.O. Boxes. 113, 114 Newspapers of Broooklj'^n 39, 140 Newspaper, The First, in Brooklyn 13 New Sutfolk 236 Newton, Rev. R. Heber, Summer Home of 232 Newtow n 4, 191 New Union Fields 179 Newtown Creek 74, 104, 111 New Utrecht 11,87,182,183 "New Year's Calls 23 New York and New Jersey Telephone Company 120 New York & Sea Beach Railway 1»8 New York Avenue M. E. Lhm-ch 156 New 'York Canoe Club 6.i N. Y. County Insane Asyliun 217 New York Grain VVarehoustnj^ Company 1l9 Niantic Club 213 Nicholls, Governor 5 Nissequogue River 2.c0 North Beach ........ 191 Northern Pacific Express Company 260 Northport 221 Northport Bay 221 North Sea 231 North Shore of Long Island— Central Section 218 North Shore Tiu-npike 74 North Side Gun Club 59 Norton's Point 185, 236 Norwegian Relief Society 152 I^ogtranu ^.vejiue M. E. Church. ..,,.,,. 156 Nottingham Laee Works 205 Nurseries, Day 151 Niu-ses 147 Nurses, Training Schools for 147 Oakdale 201, 204 Oakes Manufacturing Company 191 Oak Grove 234 Oak Island Beach 201 Ocean Resorts, To Reach 187 Ocean Parkway 73 Oeeanside 198 Ocean Steamship Lines 103, 273 Oddfellow's Home, Hollis : . 196 Official Covutesies , 255 Old British Barrack 155 "Old Brooklynites" 27 Old Bushwick Chiu-ch 154 "Old Ferry" 4, 6, 7 OldLaaies Home 147 "Old Man Eloquent" 163 Old Shore Road of Astoria 74 Old South Road 74 Old Westbury 212 Oly mpia 10 Oneek House 228 Oneck Point 228 Open Air Concerts 69 Opera House, Directory of 20 Orient Point 226 Orphan Asylmn, R. C |150 Orthopedic Dispensary 144 Ovingrion Brothers 259 Oxford Cluo 33 Oyster Bay 200, 209 Oyster Bay, Churches in 209 Oyster Bay Po!o Cub 209 Oyster Fishing 202. 223 Packer Alumnae 40 Packer Institute 83, 132, 133 Paintings, Celebrated 76, 77 Paintings, Collections of 76 Palace Rink 58 Parade Grounds 67 "Park of Pines" 218 Park and Reads 65 Park Slope 27,85 Park Theatre, The 18 Partridges 217 Pastimes 43 Pastime Club 219 Patchen, Jacob , 7 Patchogue 205, 215 Patriarch's Ball, The 29 "x'ausch" 23 Pavements, The 90 Pavilion Hotel, Isllp 204 Pearsalls 198 Pecnnic Bay 225, 226, 235 Pecouic Bays 229 Peconic River 21 7 Peconic Village 236 Pennsylvania Regiment? 11 Percy, General 11 Petrolemn Refineries 104 Pettifs Hotel, Jamaica 195 Pharmaceutical Society, The Kings Countv 37 Pharrpacy, College of .,,..,,. , 136 INDEX. 311 philharmonic Concerts 18 Philharmonic Society 18, 38 Philidor Club 57 Philosophical Society 35 Piekles, Manufacture of 200 Pierrepont House 258 Pipes and Manholes, Location of 276 Pierson, Captain Isaac 231 Pigot, Josoph B 100 Pilgrim Fathers 232 Pinckster Day 23 Pinto's Stores and Elevators 109 Piper, Edwin S 95 Places on Long Island 238, 254 Plainedge 200, 215 Plank Road, The 74 Piatt, Charles 164 Plaza, The 71, 86 Pleasures of Rowing 68 Plum Island 234 Plum Gut 236 Plymouth Church 8, 81, 156, 158 Plymouth Congregational Church 153 Point Lookout 189 Polhemup, Theodorus 14 Police Force, The 89 Police Stations, The 89 Political Clubs 33 Polo 61 Polytechnic Alumni Association 41 Polytechnic Institute 83 Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, The.. 132 Polytechnic Institute, Library of 132 Polytechnic Re-union 41 Ponquogue 229 Poplar Hall 8 Population of Brooklyn 2 Population of Long Island 2 Port Jefferson 215, 218 Port Jefferson, Industries of 219 Port Jefferson Railroad 221 Porto Rico S. S. Line 109 Port Washington 207 Postage R ites, Domestic 116, 117 Postage Stamps, Depots for the Sale of. 113 Postal Deliveries 118 Postal Notes -. 116 Postal Teleg aph and Cable Company . . • 120 Post Offlce, The 82, 112 Post Offices, Branch Stations 113 Post Office Building 112 Post Office, Location of Wickets 112, 113 Post Offices on Long Island 238, 254 Post Office, Statistics of the Brooklyn... 112 Post Offices. Sub-stations 113 Potter's Field, Ttie 179 Pouch Gallery 28, 38 Pratt Estate . . 208 Pratt Institute, The 130, 132 • Pratt Institute, Departments of 131 Pratt Institute Library 131, i32, 188 Preachers, Prominent Brooklyn 164 Prentice House, The 8 Presbyterian Churches 157 , VS Presbyterian Church, The First 8, 158 Presbyterian Churches, List of 168 Presbyterian Churches, Music in 163 Presbyterian Churches. Value of 158 Prescriptions, Druggists 99 Pfesident Street ,...,,.,,. 83 Press Club, The Brooklyn 35 Primitive Methodist 157 Primitive Methodist Churches, List of . . . 167 Prisons, The City 143 Prison Ships 72 Prison Ships, "Jersey" and "Whitby". . . 9 Private Art Galleries 78 Professional Ball Fields 51 Prospect Gun club 200 Prospect Heights 27 Prospect Hill 70 Prospect House 234 Prospect House, Bay Shore 204 Prospect Park 11, 43, 44, 47, 58, 54, 67 Prospect Park, Boats in 68 Prospect Park, Open Air Concerts in 69 Prospect Park, Cost of 69 Prospect Park, Entrance to 69 Prospect Park, Historical Landmarks in 70 Prospect Park, Size of 69 Prospect Park, Sports iu 70 Prospect Park, Statues in 69 Prospect Park, Views in 69 Prospect Park, Number of Visitoi-s to. . . 70 Protestant Episcopal Church 153 Protestant Episcopal Churches, List of. . 167 Protestant Episcopal Churches, Number of 155 Protestant Episcopal Churches, Music in 161 Protestant Episcopal Churches, Value of 156 Provision Compauies 101 Provision Market 99 Public Administrator 87, 88 Public Library, Flushing 214 Pubhc or Official Aid 142 PubUc School System 126 PubUc Works 87, 90 Pumping Station 74 Punkiesberg 11 Purcell, William " 157 Puritan, The Monitor Ill Putnam Avenue 84 Putnam, General Israel 7 Quail 217 Quaker Cemetery 179 Quartet choirs 162 Queen's 196 Queen's Coimty — . 195 Queen's County Agricultiu-al Society . . . 210 Queen's County Athletic Club — 196 Queen's County Bank 191 Queen's Coimty Driving Park 59 Quogue 228 Quogue House 229 Quoiting 49 Quoit Rink, Dick White's 49 Railroad Fares to Places on Long Island 23S, 254 Railroads, List of 262 R.u'lroads on Long Island 261 Railroads. Surface 268 R.xpalje, Garrett 154 Rapelje, Jan 5 Rapelje, Joris de 9 Rapalje, Joris Jansen de 3 Ravenswopd .. ..,,..,, 189 812 INDEX. Raynor,Chas 228 Reading Rooms, List of 139 Real Estate, Value of 1 Red Cross Society 152 RedHook 5 Red Hook Lane 7 Red Hook Point 10.3 "Red Leg Devils" 8 Reformatories 1.51 Reformed (Dutch) Church 153, 154 Reformed (TDutch) Chm-ches, Listof . . .. 169 Reformed (Dutch) Church Music in ... 164 Reformed Episcopal Church 1G2 Reformed Episcopalian Churches lo9 Reformed Presbyterian Churches 1.59 Refrigerating Warehouses 10^ Regents Hotel 84 Register, The 87 Registered Mail 114 Religious Communities 171 Rembrandt Club 34, 78 Remsen, Joris 8 Remsen Street 83 Rennegackonk 9 Rennegackonck Kill 4 Republican Club, Fiusliing 213 Reservoir flill 86 Residential Districts 2 Resorts 182 Restaurants of Brookl/n, The Chief. ... 257 Retail Stores in Brool.lya 94 Revenue liaf orm Club 33 Ridgewood 200 Ridgewood Ball Grounds 71 Ridgewood Park or Highluud Park.. . . 66, 71 Riding Clubs 61 Riding and Driving Club 30 Riding Schools 61 Richmond Hill 196 Riverhead 225, 237 Riverhead Stage Connections 337 Roads of Brooklyn 72 Roads in Kiags County 73 Roadg of Long Island 72 Roads and Parks 65 Roads in Queens County 73 Roads in Suffolk County 73 Robins Island Club 39 Robinson's Stores 107 Rockaway Beach 74, 189. .68 Rockaway Hunt 197 Rockaway Peninsula 74 Rockaway Pike 74 Rockaway Plank Road 74 Rockaway Road 74 Rockaway Steep leciiase 197 RockvUle Centre 74, 194, 199 Rocksmiths 199 Rocky Point 218 Roller Skating 58 Roman Catholic Churches, History of . . . 157 Roman Catholic Churches, List of 169 Roman Cathohc Churches, Music in 162 Roman Cathohc, The Principal, in Brooklyn 157 Roman Catholic Churches, Value of 157 Roosevelt Theo., Home of 209 Roslyn - 75, 207 Roslyn, Churches in 208 Ross St. Presbyterian Church 158 Routes to Places on Long Island 238, 254 Rowing 51 Row Boats in Prospect Park, charges for 68 Rowing Clubs 51, 52 Rowing in Prospect Park 68 Royal Baking Powder Factory 109 Sag Harbor 75, 233 Sailing on (ireat South Bay 197 Sailors Coffee House 151 St. Agnes Church 83 St. Andrews-on-the Dunes, 231 St. Ann's 80 St. Ann's Church, P. E 155 St. Anne's Church (Old) 83 St. Aun's-on-the-Heights 161 St. Aususliue s Church 86 St. Bartholomew's Church 85 St. Catherine's Hospital 144 St. Francis College 134 St. George's Manor 217 St. James Hamlet 220 St. James P. E. Church 155 St. James R. C. Cathcdr 1 157 St. John's Cemetery 179 St. John's Hospital 145 St. John's Land 321 St. John's M. E. Church 156 St. John's R. C. College 134 St. .Joseph's Institute for Deaf Mutes. . . 152 St. Luke's Church 84 St. Luke's P. E. Church 155 St. Mark's P. E. Church 9,155 St. Martha's Sanitarian 146 St. Mary's Chess Club 5?" St. Mary's General Hospital 145 St. Mary's Maternal Hospital 146 St. Mary's P. E. Church 155 St. Mary's School, Garden City 210 St. Mary's Star of the Sea R. C. Church 1.57 St. Michael's Cemetery 180 St. Nicholas Society of Nassau Island. . .41 St. Patrick's Church 157 St. Patrick's Society 41 St. Paul's R. C. Chiu-ch 162 St. Paul's School, Garden City 210 St. Peter's Home 149 St. Peter's Hospital 83, 144 St. Peter's P. K Church 155 St. Peter's R. C. Church 157, 162 St. Phoebe's Mission 84, 151 St. Valentme's Day 23 Salem Fields Cemetery 180 Sammis Hotel, Hempstead 211 Sampawam's Village 202 Sands, Mrs. Ann 155 Sands, Comfort of Joshua 6, 10 Sands Point 207 Sands Street Memorial Church 81, 156 Sands Street Blethodist Church 6, 156 Savings Bank 83 Sanitary Commission 26 Sanitary Fair 26. 27 Saturday and Sunday Association 152 Sawyers Hall 16 tSayes, Rev. James 154 Sayville 201, 205 Schools of Art 78, 1^5 Schools, The Brooklyn Publig ...,,,.,,,,. 120 INDEX. §13 Schools in Brooklyn, Statistics of — 126, 127 Schools of Medicine 135 Schools of Music 136 Scientific and Learned Societies 35 Scott, General 198 Sea Beach Route to Coney Island 188 Sea CliflE 208 Searinj?town 208 Seawantiaka Yacht Club 209 Sea Side Avenue 74 Sea Side Home 149 Secor House 258 Selnyn, Rev. Henricus 9 Seidl Society 38 Selden 218 Setauket 219 Sewanahaka Yacht Club 52 Sewing Schools 128, 149 Seymour Club 34 Shareth, Israel 180 Sheepshead Bay 44, 185, 188 Shell Road, The 191 Shelter Island 75, 225, 233, 234 Shelter Island, History of 234 Snelter Island Yacht Club 235 Sheriff, The 87 Sherlock's 258 Sherman Houss, Babylon 203 Ship Bull ding 93, 219 Shipping Interests, Brooklyn 103 Ship Yards 104 Ship Yards at Port JefiEerson 219 Shinnecock 75 Shinnecock Bay 226, 228 Shmnecock HUls 229, 230 Shinnecock Summer School of Art 230 Shooting on Long Island 197, 226 Shopping Districts in Brooklyn 94, 258 Short Beach Club 203 Shore Road 73 Sillman, Benjamin 82 Silsbe&Co. (Restaurant) 258 Silverware 97 Silver Lake 231 Single Tax Club 33, 213 "Sitting Down" Supper 29 Skating 53 Sketch of Brooklyn Society f 2 Skillman's Woods 208 Slater's Restaurant 258 Slaughter Houses 102 Sleddmg 54 Sleighing 54 Slote, Alonzo 100 Smith & Gray Building 83 Smith, Gray & Co 259 Smithtown 220 Smithto^vn Bay 220 Social Clubs . .'. 30 Social Life in Brooklyn 22 Social Sporting Clubs 63 Societies, Scientific and Learned 35 Society, Early Brooklyn 22, 23 Society of Old Brooklynites 41 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 152 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 40, 152 Society of St. Vincent de Paul 151 Sohmer Piano Co 191 Soldiers and Sailors Arch 71 Song Birds of Long Island 227 Southampton 203, 225, 231 South Brooklyn, Architecture in 83 South Brooklyn Ferry Lines 1G6 Southern Dispensary and Hospital 145 South Haven 215 South Jamaica 74 Southold 225, 232, 236 South Plank Road 74 South Shore Resorts 197 South Shore League 203 South Shore Road , 75 Sauth Side Field Club 203 South Side Sportmen's Club 204 Special Charities 152 Speonk 226, 227 Sporting Clubs 44 Sporting Clubs, Social 63 Sporting Localities, Directory of 64 Sporting Clubs on Long Island 63 Sports and Pastimes 43 Sports and Pastimes in Brooklyn,Growth of 43 Sports in Prospect Park 70 Sportsman's Land 194 Sports of Summer 51 Sports of Winter 53 Spring, Rev. Dr. Gardiner 234 Springfield 197 Squiretown 229 Suburbs of Brooklyn 182 Suffolk Club 215 Suffolk Driving Park 218 Sugar Loaf Hill 231 Sugar Refineries 104 Sugar Refining Companies 104 Summer Resorts on Long Island 238, 254 Summer School of Painting 230 Summer Sports 45, 51 Simd Meadow 221 Sunday Schools in Brooklyn 159 Sunset Park 71 Supervisors, Board of 87 Supervisor at Large 88 Surf Bathing 201, 231 Surface Railways in Brooklyn 268 Surface Railways in Brooklyn, Routes of 268, 272 Surface R R. Map, Key to 268 Suydam's P. E. Church 6 Stage Lines on Long Island 262 Standard Union, The 140 Starch Factory, Dur>'ea's 208 State Charities Aid Association 151 Statues in Prospect Park 69 Statuary in Brooklyn 78 Steam 1 launches in Prospect Park 68 Steam Surface Railroads 261 Seamboat Landings on Long Island 238, 254, 264 Steamboat Lines 264 Steamer Huntington 223 Steamship Lines, Ocean 273 Stefani, Signor R. E De 136 Steinway 191 Steinway Piano Works 191 Steinway Railway Company 190 Sterling Lord 11 Stewart, A. T 210 314 INDEX, Stoffelsen, Jacob 4 Stone, L>avid M 85 Stonybrook Harbor 220 Storage Warehouses , Value of Contents . 93 Storrs, Rev. Kichard S 153, 156 Stranahan, James S. T 109 Street Directory of Brooklyn 279, 300 Street Directory Map, Key to 279 Studios 78 Stuyvesant, Governor 9 Syosset 224 Tabernacle, The 84 Tabernacle, The Brooklyn 84, 153, 158 Talmage's Building: 84 Talmage, Rev. T. DeWitt. . . .153, 158, 163, 233 Tammany Society 9 Teachers' Association 40 Telegraphic Mouey Orders 25? Telegraphic Service 119 Telegraph Stations on Long Island. .238, 254 Telegraph Messages, Night 123 Telegraph Officers, Location of 119, 120 Telephone Booths 122 Telephone Busine iS, Statistics of 124 Telephone Directories 124 Telephone Pay Stations, List of — 123,124 Telephone Rates 120, li;3, 124 Telephone System l.»l, 124 Temple Beth El Cemetery 180 Temple Isreal 85 Tennis 47 Tennis Groimds 47 Tennis, Rules for 48 Terror, The Monitor Ill Theatres 16 Theatres, Directory of 20 Theatres in Brooklyn, History of 18 "The Ferry" 4, 5, 6, 13 "The Ferry," Market at 7 The Grand Bazaar 95 'The Heights" 8,81 The Heights "Class" 28 The "HiH" 84 The Hill "Set' 25 The King's Arms 12 "The Kirmess" 28 Theosophical Society 36 The Plaza 71 The Regent (Hotel) .258 The "Temple" 86 Thirty-fourth Street Ferry 190 Thirteenth Regiment 8 Throop Avenue Presbyterian Church... 158 Tdje Jan 13 Times. The Brooklyn 140 Tombstones 175 Tompkins Park 71 Tourists on Long Island 193 Town Hall, Jamaica 75 Towns on Long Island 238, 254 Towns of Kings County 182 Tract Societies 160 Trade and Finance 91 Trade Centres 91 Training School and Home for Yotmg Girls 152 Training School for Teachers 127 Travellers' Guide 255 Travelling on Long Island 11*3 Trolley System 268 Trotting Course Lane 74 Trout Fishing 202. 229 Truant Home, The 151 Trunk Railway Lines 263 Trust Companies 91 Trust Company, The Frankhn 91 Tuesday Evening Subscription Dances. . 28 Tuinnessen, Jan 4 "Tulip" Tree, The Big 7 Twelfth Ward Park 71 Twenty-third Regiment Ai'mory 85 Underground Wires 121 Union Cemetery 180 Union Course 15 Union Depot 184 Union Fields Cemetery 180 Union for Christian Work 41, 151 Union Gun Club 183 Union Hill 221 Union League Club 33, 85 Union S. 8. Line 109 Union ville 184 Unitarian Churches, History of 159 Unitarian Churches, List of ; . . . 169 Unitarian Churi;hes, Music in 164 United Presbyterian Churches 159 United Presbyterian Churches, List of. . . 169 United Singers of Brooklyn 38 United States Express Company 260 United States Navy Yard 109, 111 Universalist Churches 159 Universalist Churches, List of 169 University or Institute Park 66 Utrecht 4 Valentine House, The Old . . . 207 Valley Stream 197, 198 Van Brunt Mansion ' 31 Van Couwenhoven Gerrit 4 Vanderbeeck Ram Jansen 8 Vanderbilt, Wm. K 204 Van Nostrand's Express Company 260 Van Twiller, Gov 5 Varuna Boat Club 52, 184 Vegetable Market 100 Vendome Apartment House 84 Vested Choirs 161 "Village of Churches" 199 Vinegar Hdl 10 Vlissenden (Flushing) 21 3 Volunteer Firemen's Association 41 Volunteer Fire Department 10 Wading River 218 Winscott 232 Wallabout 10, 104, 154 Wallabout Basin 109 Wallabout Bay 3, 109 WaUabout Canal 109 WaUabout Chapel 157 Wallabout Market, Importance of 99 Wallabout Market, The 99 Wallabout Market, Merchants in 100, 101 Wallabout Pond 7 Walloon Settlement 99 WaUoons, The Bay of 3 Wampmissick "17 Wantagb 300 INDEX. 315 Warehouses 93, 102, 104 Warehouses and Piers, Location of 276 War Fund Committee 71 Wartburff Home for the Aged and In- firm 149 Washington Ball Grounds 71 Washington Cemetery 180 Washington, General George 220 Washington Park 9, 71 Washington Square 67, 72 "Watch Night Calls" 23 Waterbury, Noah 14 Waterfront of Brooklyn 103 Water Mills 232 Watson House, Babylon 203 Wave Crest 74, 198 Waverley 217 Waverly Yoimg Men's Club 33 Wayside Home for Girls 151 Waywayonda Club 203 Webb, Thomas 156 Webster, Daniel 216, 229 Wechsler & A braham 258 Wechsler & Brother 258 Wechsler BuUding 83 Wells, Fargo & Co 260 Wells Sanitarium 146 Wescott Express Company 260 Wesley Davis 81 West Brighton 185, 186 West Brooklyn 184 Western Union Telegraph Company 120 West Hampton 227 West Hampton Beach 228 West India Co., The 4 Westminster Kennel Club 202 West Neck 222 Wheatley Hills 212 Whist League 27 White Cross S. S. Lme 109 Whitestone 212 Wholesale Houses , 93 Wild Duck Shootuig 216 Wild Fowl 59 Willet's Point 214 Wiiliamsburgh 13, 14, 95 Williamsburgh Benevolent Society 151 Williarasbm-gh, Growth of 15 Williamsburgh, First Mayor of 15 WilUamsburgh, Last Mayor of 15 Williamsburgh Saengerbund 38 Williamsbm-gh Savings Bank 86 Williamsburgh Yacht Club 42 Windsor Club 33 Winfleld 74 Winter Sports 53 Winthrop Park 71 Wise, W & Son (Jewelers) 259 Women's Club 40 Women's Exchange 42 Women's Health Protective Association. 41 Women's Suffrage Association 40 Women's Work Exchange 152 Woodhaven 74, 195 Woodhaven Road 74 Woodhaven Water Works 74 Woodhull, Gen. Nathaniel 196 Woodhull, Richard M 14 Wood, Samuel 197 Woodsburgh 197 Woodville Landing 218 Working Women's Vacation Society 152 Wright, Rev. George 154 Wyandance Club 220 Wyandanck House 235 Wyndham Hotel 258 Yacht Clubs 51 Yachting 51 Yachting on Great South Bay 202 Yale Alumni Association of Long Island. 41 "Yankee" HiU 6 Yaphank 215, 217 Yorkton 14 Young Men's Christian Association. 41, 83, 160 Young Mens Christian Association, Branches of 160 Y. M. C. A. Literary Society 35 Young Men's Democratic (Jlub 34 Young Men's Institute 206 Yoimg Men's Guild 221 Yoimg Men's Social Club 219 Young Republican Club 34 Young Women's Christian Association, 41, 84, 160 Zeeun Jan Comelis • . . 13 Zoellner Maenchor 38 Directory of Advertisers. ABATTOIRS: J. M. P. Scanlan, 169 Fort Greene Place. See page 102. Scnwarzschild & Sulzberger Co., Pacific st and 5th ave. See page 102. ADVERTISING AGENTS: R. Wayne Wilson Company, 23 Park Row, N. Y. C. See opp page 141. ARCHITECTS: Julius Hunerbein, 21 Borden Ave.. L. I. C. See page 192. AUCTIONEERS; Jos. Hegeroan & Co., cor. Willoughby ave and Pearl st. See opp page 63. BANKS: Brooklyn, Fulton st cor Clinton. See opp page 27. Kings County, 12 Court st. See opp page 206. Long Island, 186 Remsen st. See opp page 207. Mechanics, cor Covu^i st & Montague. See opp page 167. 816 1NDE5C. Nassau, Court st cor Joralemon. See opp page 159. Queens County, cor Borden ave and Front St, L. 1 C. See opp 191. Wallabout, Myrtle and Clinton aves. See page 10(1. BICYCLES; Schwalbach Cycle Co., 1216 Bedford ave. See inside front cover. chas. SchwalUach Company, Flatbush ave near Franklui. See opp page 123. BOILER MANUFACTURER: Hagan & Daly, foot of 7th st, L. I. C. See page 192. BOOKBINDERS: Jno. Cassidy, 221 Fulton st N. Y. C. See opp page 280. BOOKS, PRINTS, &c: M. J. Sabin, 80 Nassau st, N. Y. C. See opp page 206. BOOTS AND SHOES: Chas. L. Jung, 70 Broadway. See opp page 183. BOTTLERS: Long Island Bottling Co., 280 Bergen st. See opp page 5. BUTTEk, EGGS &c: Peter Nieman, 10 Wallabout Market. See page 100. CARPENTERS AND BUILDERS : John Lee's Sons, 216 State st. See opp page 2 0, CARRIAGE AND WAGON MANUFACTUR- ERS: Donigan & Neilson, 745 3d ave. See opp page 219. CATERERS: J. A. Dilliard, 1207 Bedford ave. See opp page 182. B. Moore. Jr., cor Main st and Remsen st, Astoria. Seepage 192 CEMETERIES: Evergreen Cemetery Co., T^ushwick ave and Conwav st. Seepages 173. Vii. CIGAR MANUFACTURER: E. A. Hathaway., 149 Grand st. See opp page 230. COAL & WOOD: Colin & Messenetr, Boulevard, ft of Cam- elia st, E. R., Astoria. See page 192. Law & C^leary , 47 Union st. See opp page 320. Henry Mencken, ft Main st, Astoria. See page 192. COLLEGES: Bryant & Stratton's College, Chas. Clag- horn. Prop , 44 Court st. See page 134. Grand Conservatory of Music, Fulton st, cor Gold. See pages 136, 137. Pratt's Institute. Ryerson st, near De Kalb ave. See pages 131, 132. St. Francis' College, 41 Butler st. See page 134. COMMISSION MERCHANTS: G. Grabau, 34 Washington ave, Wallabout Market. See page 101. Fred E. Rosebrock, Wallabout Market. See page 101. CONFECTIONERS, MANUFACTURING: Roworth Manufacturing Co, 27 New Cham- bers st, N. Y. C. See opp page 85. CONTRACTORS: H F. Quinn & Son, 226 5th st. See page 192 COPPERSMITHS: Frank Clarke, 161 Dikeman st. See opp page 250. CORDAGE: Jno. Good Cordage Co., Morris Building, N. Y. C. See page 191. CORN, OATS, ETC.: Beyer & Morgan, ft of East ave. See pag 101. DECORATORS: The New York Du-corating Co., Wall st Ferry. Brooklyn. See opp page 20?. DENTISTS: E. B. Wicht, 179 Grand st. See opp page 230. DRUGGISTS: W. Douglas, 423 Fulton st. See opp page 133. B. H. Livingstone, 277 Grand st. Seepages 98 and 99. DRY GOODS: Elwin S. Piper, 222 Grand st. See pages 95, 96, 97, and 98. DYEWOjDS, ETC.: Oaks Manufacturing Co., 53 Stone st., N. Y. C. See page 191. EGG DEALERS: S. S. Lone & Bros , 77 Washington ave, Wallabout Market See page 101. ELECTRIC LIGHT: Long Island City Co., 112 Front, L. I. C. See page 191. ELEVATORS: Otis Bros., 36 Park Row, N. Y. C. See page opp Table of Contents. ENGINEERS (CIVIL): Leonard C. L. Smith, 77 Jackson ave, L. I. C. See page 192. EXPRESSES: Wm. K. Moore, 188 Main st, Astoria. See page 192. FIXTURES (BUTCHERS): O. Velle, 320 Flushing ave. See page 101. FLORIST: J. Condon, 734 5th ave. See opp page 183. Wm. H. Hall. Conway st entrance to Ever- green Cemetery. See page 176. Jno. J. Peters, 39 Borden ave, L. I. C. See page 192. FOUNDRY (FINE ART): Maurice J. Power, 218 E. 25th, N. Y. C. See opp page 101. FRUITS AND PRODUCE: Barteld & Garms, 18 Wallabout Market. See page lOl . Z Brush. 30 Wallabout Market. See page 101. Fitzgerald & Shanks, 20 Wallabout Market. See page 100. L. Horstman, Jr., 23 Wallabout Market. See page 101. Lewis Jurgens, Wallabout Market. See page 100. Lippman Bros., Wallabout Market. See page 100. Schoeder Bros., 38 West ave., Wallabout Market. See page 101. INDEX. 817 Geo. Thurling, 33 'Washington ave, Walla- bout Market. See page 100. Thos. H, Townsend, 64 West ave, Walla- bout Market. See page 101. C. Van Ronk, 24 .\larket Square, Walla- bout Market. Seepage 101. FURNACE : Simonds Mfg Co, 50 Cliff st, N. Y. C. See page 1!)2. FURNITURE: H. Johnson, 118 Hamilton ave. See opp pa^e 194. J. E. Keller's Sons, 835-837 Myrtle ave. See opp page 195. FURS : Ohas. Booss & Co., 54 Coui-t st. See opp page 207. GASLIGHT : East River GasUght Co, 40 Wall st, N. Y. C. See page 191. GROCERS: Jno. H. Hoeft & Sons, Wallabout Market. See page 100. Wm. Irvine & Co., 62 Washington ave, Wallabout Market. See page 101. W^m. B. A. Jurgens, 50 Washington ave, Wallabout Market. Seepage 101. HeiTuan JAnk & S )ns, 4, 5 and 6 Washing- ton ave, Wallabout Market, See page 100. Jno. McGahie, 321 Columbia st. See opp page 306. Jas. Thompson, 121 Atlantic ave. See in- side back cover. Van Glahn Bros., Washington st and Pai-k ave. See page 101. GROCER'S SUNDRIES: A. P Quimby & Co. , 82 Washington ave Wallabout Market, See page 101. HATS: Chas. Booss & Co., 54 Court. See opp page 207. HAY, GRAIN, ETC.: W. F. Shotwell & Co., 72 Washington ave, Wallabout Market. See page 101. HOTEL: J. S. Baldwin, Centre Moriches, L. I, See opp page 251. "The Carlton," Chas. Richter, Propr., cor S. 8th stand Kent ave. Sea opp page 182. INK (PRINTERS'): Geo. Mather's Sons & Co., 29 Rose st, N. Y. C. See opp page 73. INSURANCE: Jas. F. Atchinson, 26 Court st. See opp page 206 Mutual Life Insm-ance Co., 371 Fulton st, Brooklyn, and 59 Cedar st, N. Y. C. See opp Title page. IRON WOHKS: A A. Petry & Co., 7tn st and Jackson ave. See page ]Li2. JUTE BAGGING: Am. Mfg. Co., 16 Exchange Place. See pages 94 and 95. LUMBER: Beers & Resseguie, Washington st and Flushi'ig ave See page lOO. W. S, Reeves, Boulevard ft of Camelia st, E. R. , Astoria. See page 192. Sims Lumber Co., Flushing St, L. I. C. See page 192 Smith, Carpenter & Co., Greenpoint ave. and Nevrtown Creek, L I. C. See page 192. EAT (DEALERS IN): Armour Packing Co., 35th st and 12th ave, N. Y. C. See page 102. Atlantic Beef Co. , 174 Ft. Greene Place. See page 102. Brooklyn Beef Co., 74 Atlantic ave. See page 101. Ft. Greene Sheep & Prov. Co., 172 Ft. Greene PI. See page 101. Mark Mayer & Co., 71 East ave, Walla- bout Market. See page 100 Protzman & Seaton, cor Flushing and East End aves, Wallabout Market. Seepage 100. Swif & Bros, 182 Ft. Greene Place. See page 101. Williamsburg Beef Co, 100 N 6th st. See page 102. Wulf & Ehlers, 73 Wallabout Market. See page 100. MEETING ROOMS : Chas. Nickering, 7th ave & 9th st. See opp page 250. MINERAL WATERS: Geo. Russell, 369 Jay st. See opp page 195. MONUMENTS : R. Cocroft's Sons, Conway st entrance to Evergreens Cemetery. Seepages 175 and 176. MOTORS (GAS): Daimler Motor Co, 937 Steinway ave, L. I C. See opp page 191. NEW.sPAPERS : Brooklyn Citizen, 397 Fulton st. See opp Copyright. PAINTS : Spence-Grant C'Jo, 560 Kent ave. See page 101. PAPER, WHOLESALE : Glen Mfg Co, Tribune Building, N. Y. G. See opp page 15. Chas. F. Hubbs & Co, 419 Broome st, N. Y. C. See opp page 2.50. Edw. J. Merriam, 2S Beekman st, N. Y. C. See opp page 171. Geo. H. Simpson, 194 WilUam st, N. Y. C. See opp page 219. PIANOS AMD MUSIC: F. H. Chandler, 300 Fulton st. See opp page 219. Sohmer & Co.. 149-1.55 E 14th st, N. Y. City. See inside front cover. Steinway & Sons, ill E 14.h st, N. Y. C. See page 191. PICKLES. ETC.: H. J Heintz Co , 17 Waverly ave. See page 101. POTTERY WORKS: Chas. Gran ini, 110 Metropolitan ave. See page opp inside front cover. POULTRY, ETC.: Russell Hoey, 150 Ft. Greene PI. See paere i02. Long Island Poultry Co., 194 Ft. Greene PI. See payes 101-102. PRINTERS: F. & E. Greenbaum, 13 Spruce st, N. Y. C. See page opp 195, 318 INDEX. PRODUCE, ETC.: Jno. H. Kaiser, 3 Wallabout Market. See page 100. Jno. H. Krogman, 14 Washington ave, WalJabout Market. See page 100. Lues& Stormau, 18 Washington ave, Wall- about Market. See page 100. Andrew J. & Chas. Smith, Wallabout Mar- ket. See page 100. Wittpchen & Co.. 58 West ave, Wallabout Market. See page 101. PUBLISHERS: Brooklyn Citizen, 397 Fulton st. See opp Copyright. R. Wayne Wilson Company, 23 Park Row, N. Y. C. See opp page 194. RAILROADS: Brooklyn, Bath & West End R. R., cor Chnton and Montgomery. See pages 187 and 188. Brooklyn City R. R. Co., Montague st, cor Clinton Brooklyn. Brooklyn Elevated R. R. Co., 31 Sands st. Coney Island & Sea Beach Route. See pages 188 and 189. Kings Coimty Elevated R. R , 346 Fulton St. See page 268. Steinway Railway Co., Steinway and Win- throp aves, L. I. C. See page 191 REAL ESTATE: Astoria Homestead Co., 931 Steinway ave, L. I. C. See page 191 Jacob Baker, 65 Broadway Seepage 325. Chauncey Chicester, Centre Moriches, L. I. See opp page 251. Geo. E. Clay, 5 Jackson ave. See page 320. Wm. A. Ferry, 2.52 Court st. See page 320. P. J. Grace, 361 Fulton st. See page 320 W.W. Grant, 189-191 Montague st. See page 320 German American Real Estate & Title Guarantee Co., 189 Montague st. See opp. page 151 . D. L Hardenbrook, Pulitzer Bldg, N. Y. C. See opp page 251. R. Horak, .256 Steinway ave, L. I. C. See page 192. Jno. J. James & Son, 103 Montague st See page 320. Geo. E. Payne, 75 Jackson ave, L. I. C. See page 192. Geo . H. Paynter, 83 Borden ave, L. I. C. See page 192 W. P. Rae Co., 394 Gates ave. See opp page 170. Ravenswood Imp. Co., 21 Borden ave, L. I. C. See page 190. Emil Sauermilch, 43:3 Steinway ave, L. I. C. See page 192. Horatio ,S . Stewart, 6 4th ave. See page 320. RKST A.URANT : Benson & Gillooly, cor. East ave and Mar- ket sq uare, Wallabout Market. See page 101. ROOFING: Comins & Ev^ns, 41 Waverly ave. See page 101. Gum Elastic Roofing Co., 41 West Broad- way, N. Y. C. See opp page 117. SASH AND DOOR M AKERS: S. E. Bronson, 52 West ave, L. I. C. See page 192. SCHOOL (LAW): George Chase, Dean, N. Y. Law School, 120 Broadway, N. Y. C. See opp page. SMELTING AND REFINING: Brooklyn Smelting & Refining Works, 375- 383 Driggs ave. See opp page 159. STATIONERY: Thomas Limt, 188 Fulton st. See opp page 207. STONEYARDS: A. D Baird & Co., cor Keap st and Myrtle ave. See opp page 167. Chas. S. Lynan, cor Clinton and Flushing ave's. See opp page 194. TELEPHONIES: N, Y. & N. J. Telephoce Co., 16 Smith st. See pages 120, 121 and 122. TELEGRAPH: Brooklyn District Telegraph Co. See opp page 171. TIMBER: L. Hanson, Broadway and Sherman st, L. I. C. See page 192. TOBACCO: B. Don op's Sons, 11 Montrose ave. See in- side of back cover. TRUST COMPANIES: Franklin, cor Montague st and Clinton, See pages 91, 92 and 93. Hamilton, 191 Montague st. See opp page 151. Nassau, 101 Broadway. See opp page 49. TUBS, (HOISTING): G L. Stuebner & Co., 168 E. 3d st L. I. C. See page 192. TYPE FOUNDRY: Walker & Bresnan, 201-205 WiUiam St, N. Y. C. See opp page 219. VARNISH: Mayers & Lowenstein, 164 Water st N. Y. C. See pa2:e 192. Edw. Smith & Co., Times Building N. Y. C. See page 192. VENEER: Astoria Veneer Mills, 120 E. 1.3th st, N. Y. C. See page 192. WAREHOUSE & STORAGE CO.: The Brooklyn Warehouse btorage Co. See back cover. WIRE CLOTH MANUFACTURERS: Philip Schmitt, 156 Graham ave. See opp page 251. WIRE WORKS: Jos. Norwood, 349 Adam sc. See opp page 230. WOOD (KINDLING): Fred Tielke, Washington ave, near Walla- bout Biidge. Seepage 101. YARNS: David Ingraham, 96 Spring st, N. Y. C. See page 193. LAW SCHOOL AlVD PUBLISHERS. New York Law School, Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, New York City. LARGEST LAW SCHOOL IN THE UNITED STATES, OUTSIDE OF MICHIGAN. Incorporated in June, 1891 . Now in the second year of its existence. Niunber of students during first year, 381 ; during second year, 508. The Professors were associates of Pro- fessor Theodore W. Dwight in Columbia College Law School until his retirement there- from in June, 1891, and follow the DWIGHT 3IETHOI> of legal instruction. Degree of LL.B. given after two years' course. Post-graduate coiu"se now added. Annual Tuition Fee ^lOO. Next Annual Session opens October 2. For Catalogues, information, etc., address GEORGE CHASE, Dean. Everybody advertises sometimes, and most people advertise a good deal at times, and have a great deal of bother when they do. They might save themselves all trouble by intrusting their advertising business to The R. Wayne Wilson Company, 23 Park Row, New York City. Rates the same as over newspaper counters, advertisements written and kept track of, accounts checked, time saved. Give this Company your Real Estate Ads., Summer Hotel Ads., Boarders Wanted Ads., Help Wanted Ads., and all other Ads., and save your energies for your regular business. 8^0 REAL ESTATE— DIRECTORY. WM. A. FERRY, Real Estate and Insnrance Broter. Agency of the HOME FJRE INSURANCE COMPANY, op New York . And LLOYD^S PLATE GLASS INSURANCE COMPANY. Offices, 252 & 254 Court Street, {Opposite Butler Street\ Brooklyn. LOANS NEGOTIATED AND ESTATES MANAGED. Rents Collected. Telephone Call, 1240. P. J. GRACE, Broker IN Real Estate, Insurance, and Mortgage. Loans. Over FULTON Bank, «/»., t7--T4..„ 04- Opposite City Hall, ODi xUltOIl St., Entire charge of Estates a Specialty. RrOOklvn JACOB BAKER, Real Estate and Insurance, No. 421 BROADWAY, Bet. Hooper & Hewes St. Brooklyn. Agent for Lehigh Talley Coal and Wood. NOTARY PUBLIC, W. W, GRANT, Real Estate, 189 & 191 MONTAGUE STREET, Room 403. Brooklyn, N. Y. Horatio S. Stewart, Real Estate and Insurance Broker, 6 Fourth Avenue, Brooklyn, Bet. Flatbuph & Atlantic Av. Telephone 954 Bklyn Orders received for Wood & Coal, Money loaned on Bond and Mortgage. Property managed. JOHN F. JAMES. CLINTON R. JAMES. JOHN F. JAMES & SON, Real Estate Brokers 193 Montague St., Brooklyn. Special attention paid to the collection of Rents and Management of Estates. TELEPHONE, BROOKLYN 1251. COAL AND WOOD— DIRECTORY. Telephone Call, 914 Brooklyn. LAW & CLEAR Y, COAL AND WOOD, Nos. 47 to 57 Union St., One Block from Hamilton Ferry, Brooklyn, .^^ nx^*: Have You Seen our Latest Exclusive Feature? MOST ENTERPRISING, CONSEQUENTLY Most Successful Paper IN BROOKLYN. ^ BRIGHT, NJEWSY and PRACTICAL , We are Appreciated \ THE CITIZEN, 397 to 403 FULTON STREET, W^ Opposite City Hall, Brooklyn, N. Y. ^^v A display advertisement is like the heading of an article. A reading notice is the article itself. One may attract attention, the other holds it. A display advertisement says, " Come in and buy." A reading notice tells why a purchase should be made. The difference between the two forms of advertising is like that between a letter re. commending goods and a traveller's interview with a customer. With a reading notice, the seller buttonholes the buyer. Always Provided The Reading Notice Is Properly Written. The R. Wayne Wilson Company, 23 Park Row, New York City, know how to write reading notices properly. >\re you aware of the fact that it is to your interest to advertise in Brooklyn? at There are a million people I here, and you can send a ^ salesman into nearly every J^ home by an announcement in The Brooklyn - — Citizen . t ^ . . The avmg more special and origi- --i^.i.». fy^ nal lioine features tlian any DCSt Brooklyn paper, it is carried H nm f^ directly to the fireside of — ^— — the readers. r apCr. FOOLISH ADVERTISING <0 JVIAKE EVEF^Y DObbjOrF^ TEbb, Advertisements SjHOULD BE fREfAREID /rJ^JD fLACEID BY The P VV/fYjvjE Wilson gojvip/cjMY, No. 23 Park Ho^w^ TT Pays Advertisers To Patronize Select Mediums. jy^ost Valuable Because Taken in more Homes than any Paper in Brooklyn it has become a part of The Home Circle. IN NEWS. I rst! IN ENTERPRISE. IN POPULARITY. READ BY ALL And pronounced THE MOST ATTRACTIVE. The Brooklyn Citizen CIGARETTES— GROCER. B. Donop's Son, Manufacturer of 5c. /A\ 5c. All Tobacco .-. • • • • Cigarettes. EACH BOX CONTAINS A TICKET. For 50 Tickets a Pocket Knife or Pocketbook. For 250 Tickets an UmbreUa. For 500 Tickets a Clock. 1 1 Montrose Ave., Near Union Avenue, BROOKLYN. JAMES THOMPSON, GROCER— s 121 ATLANTIC AVENUE, Comer Henry, BROOKLYN. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS THE BRC Y\^arehous^^nd 3 V ^y 014 223 624 2 • SCHERMERHORN S . ., v.^. . . .... « z wv,. z. / w R RARTLETT y7;.l/^r.7.V/.;/^ JOHN R. VAN WORMER, Treasurer, CHRISTIAN T. CHRISTENSEN. Secretary, GUY DU VAL. THE massive and absolutely fire-proof structure erected by ^^^^ Brooklyn Ware 1 house and Slorage Company is 225x100 feet and ^^n s'f"^\^^g^^V^^°X^^^^ whatever was used in its construction. The Company will store ^o^^^^^^^^^^^^f '^ of every name and nature, works of art and silver plate xn t™^^,%°\.P^^^^^^^^^^ any description, giving therefor a guarantee receipt. One f^^^he stron^es and most invulnerable Safe Deposit Vaults that human ingenuity has devised is being '"''ThVfiL';rirodern vans, trucks and special wagons for the cartage of valuables* areprovid^ed,^ competent and experienced packers and porters only are employed. The building will be thrown open for business m July, 1893. ^^^p|,o„ses Brooklyn now has the finest, most perfectly equipped hre-proof warehouses in the world.