7/ 'P^sM^ji/s^'^-'- .rVS'L:: .)■ JirUft.'i.y **• , ' J' ■ W ^°-^i: -.V •.^.■r. ry :\ - ,0~ ^»V'. %?• V ,'••0, <: -,\- ».) '!»- ^ ^^ ; 0^ .«,../? ?-^.% 'C, '^^0^ > C r "v. '^o. ^^ .'\ ^' . < o 0^ »LV.L'* ^> -f. °o ^-J^^ .V V. ,> 4 O ' -^ ^' -^ 0^ .^V* '. ^ ^oV -^^0^ 0" Hq, -n^o^ ■ Svn. ■ 'w>m^/ ^/^"ifS'-'j^' '%''^^^J^' »B.' ^-lO^ :S>f^ ■ : AO^ ^0^^ >^-v. >{>. % ^^'\ •*. ii^sy\ -A,..,,- /\ •.^.- ^'^^ *^/.^:- ./% •. •/ ,>.^:-. v^,^ ,-^. ^^^/ ^^:, \^y ^.^. ^ .* J' %. -A •!.* ^^ 'WW.- <& \. •-^»,* •** ** • 0^ .^' ^o r. O " O » "^ % r . » .^'^ M. ^a > V '-^'•- '/'_ T'he Qrooked &^ V^^rrd\^ Streets of the Td)ppn of Boston 1630 — 1822 SUMMER STREET, WASHINGTON AND WINTER STREETS TRINITY CHURCH The Qrooked &^ ^A(arrolP Streets of the To^pn of "Boston 1630—1822 by S 9Y ILCUIiMLM ^y/ SHAWMUT OR TRIMOUNTAIN i630 -^-e. Outline taken from Bonner's Map 1722 ivis. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 5 the most part raised on the sea bank and wharfed out with great industry and care, many of them standing on piles close together on each side of the street and furnished with many fair shops. Their materials are brick, stone and lime, with three meeting houses and a town house built upon pillars where the merchants may confer. Their streets are many and large, paved with pebble stones, and the south adorned with gardens and orchards." In 1664 the Royal Commissioners say, "Their houses are generally wooden, the streets crooked with little decency and no uniformity." Though there are many other descriptions of the town, this last one is more likely to be correct than those written in rosy colors. In 1760 Andrew Burnaby describes Boston as like an English town, with the sidewalks marked by posts and chains. In 1632 the neck of land between Powderhorn Hill and Pullen Point, called Winnisimmet (now Chelsea), be- longed to Boston. In 1634 Long Island, Deer Island, and Hog Island were granted to the town, and it was also to have an enlargement at Mt. Wollaston. In 1636-37 Noddles Island (East Boston) was given to the town. The original bounds of the peninsula were approxi- mately what are now the streets of Charles, Brighton, Leverett, Causeway, Commercial, North, Merchants Row, Kilby, Batterymarch, Purchase, Essex to Washington Street. The neck connecting it with the main land was not much wider than it is now, allowing for marsh on both sides. There were practically no changes in the bounds until after 1800, except that wharves were ex- tended and some filling-in done. In 1808 Beacon Hill began to be leveled, to fill the mill pond. The first bridge connecting the mainland was that to Charlestown in 1785, and the next to Cambridge in 1792. The irregular coast 6 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS was broken by inlets, coves, and creeks, and marsh lands extended nearly around the whole peninsula. When Winthrop took possession of Shawmut as within the bounds described in the charter, it was unoccupied by the Indians, and therefore no payment could be made; but, that no doubt should arise in the future as to the title, on March 19, 1683-84 the selectmen had a deed drawn up, and signed by a grandson of Chickatawbut. Blackstone was merely a squatter, and had no legal claim to the land; but here too the company dealt fairly by paying him for his right. Joshua Scottow said, speaking of the first settlers, "By turf and twig they took possession of this large continent." In the case of a house, the delivery by turf and twig was as follows: The grantor cut a turf and twig out of the ground, and put the twig through the turf, and then delivered it to the grantee, and told him to go in and take possession of the house. Then the grantor shut the door on him, and the bargain was completed. On August 26, 1723, the Boston News Letter tells us: "At Judge Sewall's and the night following at Judge Dudley's was entertained one of the oldest Indians in New England, John Quittamog, living in the Nipmug country near Woodstock. The English inhabitants of Woodstock remember him as a very old man for near forty years past, and which he has all along affirmed and still confirms that he was at Boston when the English first arrived, and when there was but one cellar in the place and that near the common, and then brought down a bushel and a halfe on his back. Now it being 93 years since the British settled at Boston he cannot be supposed less than 112 years old at this time. He says that the Massachusetts Indians sent up word to the Nipmugs that if they had any corn to spare the English wanted it, which OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 7 occasioned his father and others to come. He is now in good health and has his understanding and memory very- entire and is capable of traveling on foot ten miles a day." Again, March 19-26, 1730, the News Letter says: "John Thomas, an Indian of good credit, when he lived in Framingham which was a little before his death, and when he was above a hundred years old, retained his understanding well and related the following story, viz., 'That his father told him that when he,' (viz., the said Thomas's father) 'was about 16 or 18 years old he lived with his father at the place now called Boston, and that there was then a very great sickness and that the Indians lay dead in every wigwam: and his father went about (as he said) and found only a few alive, and they got together and lived in a wigwam by themselves: at length an Indian came to them from Dorchester Neck, and car- ried them thither, where they found the Indians almost all dead. And that both in Dorchester and in Boston the dead were so many that they never were buried.' On March 12, 1730-31, as some workmen were digging for some sand at the hill called Cotton Hill, they found the skull and other bones of a human body which is thought to be one of the original natives, who was buried there." There has been much speculation and a great deal of fun made in regard to the crooked and narrow streets of Boston, and they have been the subject of good-natured banter from wits of all ages, which we have borne with equanimity. There are even some to-day who in all seriousness will say, "My grandmother always said that Boston was laid out by the cows"; and the old conundrum that the streets of Boston were crooked because Boston was never dead enough to be laid out, is still with us. Even though they were not laid out with the regularity of the streets of Philadelphia, certainly the dwellers have 8 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS played a leading part in many of the public events of the country at large, as well as of the town itself. Each street has its interest, and many of the public buildings and even private houses have a world-wide celebrity. The cows may indeed have been a factor. This appeals to the imagination, and this with the old records will easily solve the problem for us. We know from the records where thirty-one of those who came with Winthrop and joined the church in 1630 had their house lots. William Balston and William Coddington were on the west side of Washington Street, between Court Street and Dock Square, and Edward Gibbons on the opposite side, at the corner of the Dock. Samuel Cole on the west side between Court and School Streets, Governor Winthrop on the northeast corner of Milk Street, and Elder Thomas Oliver was next north of him, the famous spring lying between. Thomas Grubb and William Aspinwall were on the west side between School and Winter Streets; Richard Brackett on the west side between West and Boylston Streets, William Colburn on the north corner, and Jacob Eliot on the south corner of Washington and Boylston Streets. Thomas Sharpe was near Colburn. William Talmage, Edward Belcher, Robert Walker, and John Cranwell on Boylston Street; Edward Rainsford on Essex Street; James Penn and Robert Rice on Milk Street; John Wilson, William Hud- son, William Pierce, and Thomas Matson on State Street; Robert Harding near the corner of State Street, on Kilby Street; Edward Bendall at the Dock; Henry Pease and John Underbill on Hanover Street, west of Union Street; Zaccheus Bosworth at the south corner of Tremont and School Streets; James Brown and John Biggs on Court Street, and James Penniman just north of Pemberton Square. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON g In 1629 the Court made an order concerning the allot- ment of land. If the platt of ground on which the town was to be built had been set out, then no man must build his house in any other place, and if his allotment for building his house be not appointed to him within ten days then shall he be free to build his house in any place within the said platt and to impale it to the quantity of one half an acre. We do not read that any surveyor laid out the town as Graves did Charlestown, and, as the governor had probably more than enough to attend to for the general good, it is reasonable to suppose that he allowed the ten days to elapse, and that the men chose their own location. We must imagine the spot as one large field, and that each settler chose the spot best suited to his needs. The town cove or dock, in which all were interested, was favored by nature, and near this those interested in trade settled. The market place must be in the center of the town and near the dock, and that was placed at the head of State Street, which then as now was the principal business street. The church was soon built across the way from the market on the south side of State Street, and as the minister must be near his church, he had his lot on the north side. Those interested in fishing and ships chose their lots on the water front, and so we have a row in North Street, and a few in Batterymarch. A few who liked a rural life went farther away. Gardens and pastures were allotted in the western part of the town. On September 7 (N. S. September 17), the place was named, and it was ordered that every third Tuesday the Court should be held at the governor's house, and no doubt the people began then to choose their lots and to plan building.^ On September 28 the governor's house was still in Charlestown, for the Court held its meeting 10 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS there. But on October 19 the Court was held in Boston, so by this time some of the first rude buildings must have been erected. Now, as the people went from house to house to help one another in the raisings, or to attend meetings, and in those days every one attended church — or drove their cows to pasture on the Common, they made paths for themselves, and these footpaths soon became lanes, and naturally were improved as streets and highways when they had more time to attend to road making. The first record that we find as to the laying out of streets was January 1635-36, when it was agreed that every man should have a sufficient way to his allotment of ground, and that men should be appointed for setting them out. That same year a way was to be made in the field towards Roxbury and some laid out at the north end. There is no mention that Washington, Boylston, State or Court streets were ever laid out. In 1635 it was agreed that no further allotments should be granted unto newcomers but such as may likely be received members of the con- gregation, and none shall sell their house without leave. After October 4, 1636, no house to be built near unto any of the streets or lanes but with the advice of the overseers of the town. That at first the houses were thatched we know from the fact that the house of Thomas Sharpe, which was near that of William Colburn, was burned, and March 16, 1630-3 1, it was ordered that no man should build his chim- ney of wood or cover his house with thatch. The early houses were of wood and of one story only, with occasion- ally a leanto added. Then the gambrel roofs came into fashion. In the early days, stone and brick were rare. Dr. Belknap, writing to Judge G. R. Minot in 1795, says: OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON ii "Curiosity has led me to remark the various modes of building at sundry periods, especially after any great con- flagration. The houses and warehouses near the town dock which were rebuilt after the great fire of 1679 were either constructed of brick or plastered on the outside with a strong cement intermixed with gravel and glass and slated on top. Several of these plastered houses are yet remaining in Ann Street, they being two stories high with a garret, in a high peaked roof. Those which were built after the fire of 1 7 1 1 were of brick, three stories high with a garret, a flat roof and balusrade. They are on both sides of Cornhill and of the State House. Those built after the fire of 1760 were almost wholly (except shops) of brick and slate. They extend from Devonshire Street, through Water Street and Quakers Lane, Kilby and the lower part of Milk Street, round the east side of Fort Hill. Those which have been erected since the fire of 1787 are of wood with three upright stories and a flat roof shingled. This style of building prevails much at present." The way in which bricks are laid often tell the date of a building. The earliest was the old English bond, courses of bricks laid lengthwise alternating with others laid end- wise. Then came a row of bricks laid endwise after every seventh laid lengthwise. About the time of the Revo- lution the Flemish bond came into fashion, in which every row was laid with alternate bricks lengthwise and end- wise, so as very nearly to break the joints and preserve the bond. On April i, 1634, the General Court ordered a survey of the houses and lands in every plantation, but it was some years before this order was fully carried out. In Boston it gave rise to the Book of Possessions (our Domesday Book), which is thought to have been com- 12 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS piled about the year 1645, but there are transfers of a later date before 1650. This book gives the name of each inhabitant (there are two hundred and forty-six names), and his estate with its boundaries, so that the street in which each lived can be easily traced. Sudbury Street or End, and Spring Gate or Lane were known by these names from the earliest times, but no modern name was given to any other street until 1 708, when every street received a name. They were known as broad street, or highway, or lane, the street leading to the Meeting House, the fort street, or myln street, or the street leading to the house of some individual. In the Book of Possessions compara- tively few streets had been laid out. In February 1 715—16, for the first time the town was divided into wards, and they were named North- ward, Fleet-ward, Bridge-ward, Crook-ward, Kings-ward, Change-ward, Pond-Ward, and South-ward. His Maj- esty's justices of the peace, the overseers of the poor, and the selectmen agreed to visit such and so many families in each ward. On March 9, 1735-36, there were twelve wards, named numerically, i, 2, 3, etc. The General Court soon left the government of each town to its own citizens, and then the historic town meet- ings began. Here all men met as equals, and every one was entitled to express his opinion and vote. At these meetings public matters were freely discussed. The records show how freely every detail of the local history was discussed and voted upon, from the management of the cows to education in the schools. But after the middle of the eighteenth century the fields of discussion broadened, and at first it was the town of Boston and its government that bore the brunt of the great struggle against the mother country with all its power and wealth, and it was those meetings that a Tory called "a hotbed c/y THE B Al Showino tV The " ^"^^j^ ^^. WILLIAMS COURT Now Pie Alley OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 117 On the north corner of School Street was what was until recently known as the "Old Corner Bookstore." William Hutchinson had a grant of this lot in 1634, and it extended on School Street to the town lot. This became the home of his wife, the celebrated Anne Hutchinson, who is described by Winthrop as "one Mrs. Hutchinson a member of the Boston Church, a woman of ready wit and bold spirit, brought over with her dangerous errors," and called by Johnson, "The masterpiece of woman's wit," while Cotton, on the other hand, speaks of her as "one well be- loved and all the faithful embrace her conference and bless God for her fruitful discourses." She began to give lec- tures and hold meetings for both men and women. It is not necessary to enter here into all the Antinomian troubles, as the details are to be found in the colony records and have been enlarged upon by many writers. Governor Vane and Rev. John Cotton were among her adherents, Winthrop and Rev. John Wilson were vehemently opposed. The whole town was divided against itself, and families and individuals ranged themselves on one side or the other. She was finally brought to trial and banished, and many of her adherents followed her into Rhode Island. Those who remained were deprived of their arms, which was then considered a disgrace. Many of those who followed Anne Hutchinson into banishment and thus became the founders of Rhode Island were men who had been prominent citizens of Boston, had taken part in the foundation of the town, and had rendered im- portant service as selectmen, deputies, or in other offices, and all were members of the church. They were house- holders, active in business and men of influence. What was a gain to Rhode Island was a great loss to Massachusetts. Through his son Edward, William sold this lot with the ii8 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS house to his brother Richard Hutchinson, in 1639. Rich- ard returned to England and there was agent of the colony. He left a large property behind, which was administered upon by his son Eliakim. Eliakim died in 1718, and his son Eliakim married Elizabeth, daughter of Governor Shirley. Both father and son were counsellors and held other prominent offices. This corner lot after passing through various hands was bought by Thomas Creese, apothecary, in 1 707. The old buildings were destroyed by fire, and Creese built the present building in 171 5. It changed hands several times, and in 1754 it was bought by the children of Thomas Palmer; and it again became the property of the descendants of Richard Hutchinson, for Abigail, wife of Thomas Palmer the elder, was the daughter of Eliakim Hutchinson. Richard Hutchinson also bought the lot next north of the corner lot, which was the original lot of John Cogges- hall, mercer, or silk merchant, who was among the first selectmen, and held other responsible offices, but was not long in the town. On the east side of Washington Street, beginning at Dock Square, we first come to the house and garden of Edward Gibbons, one of those admitted to the church in 1630, and he seems to have been wise in his choice of the location of his home. He was a member of the Artillery Company, and major-general of the colony, 1649-52. La Tour lodged with him, and Gibbons with Thomas Hawkins helped him with ships and money to proceed against his rival, D'Aulnay. He had a farm at Pullen Point, and on February 17, 1742—3, came riding to Boston on the ice, though it was covered with water. In the Book of Possessions John Coggan is registered as having a house and garden at the northeast corner of Washington and State Streets, with John Wilson north OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 119 and east of him. He opened the first shop in the town, and was here as early as 1634, when he was made a selectman and put upon some town committees. Soon, however, he had a rival on the opposite side of the street, for in 1647 John Capen, of Dorchester, writes to his sweetheart Mary Bass, of Braintree, "While I was with your sister Swift being in Boston with sister Upshall, they both being at the hatter's shop, they both did think upon you for a hat, and chose out ye comlyest fasting hat they could find ye shop was ye corner shop over against Mr. Coggan's on ye right hand as one goes up to Mr. Cottons house." On the south corner of Washington and State Streets lived Captain Robert Keayne, tailor. He was admitted to the church in 1636 with wife Ann, and had four children. The eldest son Benjamin married Sarah, daughter of Governor Thomas Dudley, and led a very unhappy life. Keayne's widow married, for a second husband, Samuel Cole. At this corner Keayne harbored the stray pig which caused so much trouble and led to the separation of the legislature into two branches, and here were deposited the arms of those who adhered to the opinions of Anne Hutchinson, and were in consequence deprived of them. Up to 1642, the assistants, or magistrates and deputies, sat in one chamber and deliberated together. In 1636 it was ordered that no law should pass as an act of the court without the consent of the greater number of the magistrates on the one part, and the greater number of deputies on the other part. Winthrop tells us how the legislature came to be divided into two branches: "At the General Court held June 22, 1642, there fell out a great business upon a very small occasion. In 1636 there was a stray sow in Boston which was brought to Captain Keayne: he had it cried divers times and divers people 120 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS came to see it, but none laid claim to it for near a year. He kept it in his yard with a sow of his own. Afterwards one Sherman's wife having lost such a sow laid claim to it, but came not to see it till Captain Keayne had killed his own sow. After being shown the stray sow she gave out that he had killed her sow. The noise thereof being about the town the matter was brought before the elders of the church as a case of offence, many witnesses were examined and Captain Keayne was cleared. She not being satisfied with this, at the instigation of one George Story, a young merchant of London, who kept in her house (her husband being then in England) and who had been brought before the governor on complaint of Captain Keayne as living under suspicion, she brought the cause be- fore the Inferior Court at Boston, where upon a full hear- ing Captain Keayne was again cleared and the Jury gave him three pounds for his cost, and he bringing his action against Story and her for reporting about that he had stolen her sow recovered twenty pounds damages. It was then brought before the General Court in Sherman's name, and the best part of seven days was spent in examining witnesses and debating the cause, and yet it was not de- termined, for no sentence could by law pass without the greater number of both Magistrates and Deputies, which neither Plaintiff had, for 2 Magistrates and 15 Deputies were for the Plaintiff, and 7 Magistrates and 8 Deputies for the Defendant. The next year the case was brought up again to the Elders and Magistrates, where the Elders desired that they might never more be troubled with it. The sow business started the question about the Magis- trates' negative vote in the Court." Thereafter the two bodies sat in two houses, each with a negative vote on the other. Keayne was the prime organizer of the Artillery Com- OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 121 pany in 1638—9. Complaints were often made of him in the courts, for overcharging, and selling dearer than others. He was wealthy and left a will, the longest on record, which made many public bequests. After providing for his wife and only son Benjamin, he left "money to the town for a town house, a conduit, a market place where those who come from the country with their produce may have a place to sit in cold weather, and to have a convenient room or two for the courts to meet in, also for the townsmen and commissioners in the same building and a convenient room for a Library. A gallery or room for the Elders to meet in and one for an armory." The library and gallery being finished he gave "for a beginning his three great writing books which are intended for an interpretation of the Bible." He denied getting his wealth by wrong deal- ings, of which he had been accused. Andrew Faneuil later owned this corner, and it became famous as a bookstore. Daniel Henchman and Henry Knox were tenants, and in 1845 Harrison Gray Otis writes: "It was a store of great display and attraction for young and old, and a fashionable lounging place. I passed it every day and have often seen Knox at the counter. This was just before the siege. I remember prevailing gossip concerning him and Miss Flucker whom he afterwards married." Richard Fairbanks, innkeeper and postmaster, had his house and garden next to Keayne. In 1646 he was licensed to keep a house of entertainment, and in 1652 he sold out to Robert Turner, who was licensed in 1659 and no doubt before, the fact not being recorded. His widow was licensed in 1666. Their son John inherited and was licensed in 1667. In 1689 George Monk, who married Lucy, the widow of John Turner, succeeded. The inn 122 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS was called the ''Anchor," or "Blue Anchor," and is often mentioned by Sewall, and in the records of the time. To dine at Monk's seemed to imply a great occasion. Monk married a second wife, Elizabeth Woodmancy, who suc- ceeded him in 1691, and kept the inn until 1703 when she sold the estate to James Pitts. In 1708 a neighbor- ing estate bounded on the house "formerly the Anchor tavern." In 1720 James Palin was occupying the house as a tenant of Pitts, and he advertised, June 9, for "an Irish man servant who ran away from his master James Palin at the Rainbow Coffee House in Cornhill." So it kept up the tradition of a restaurant, and it is to be hoped it preserved the good reputation of its predecessor. John Campbell, the Postmaster and founder of the News Letter, lived next south of the Anchor Tavern, which house he bought in 1688—89 ^^^ l^^re for many years the paper was published. He married Mary (Clark) Pember- ton, widow of Rev. Ebenezer Pemberton, of the Old South, and she married for a third husband, in 1 729, Henry Loyd. Elder Thomas Oliver was given the next estate, and was only separated from the governor by the spring. He joined the church in 1630, and was disarmed in 1637, thus holding different views from his neighbor. He was the father of Peter Oliver, a noted merchant, and the progenitor of those who became noted in the next century. Water Street was cut through this estate, and part was sold to Henry Webb in 1655—56. This he bequeathed to Harvard College in 1660, and it was perhaps in one of the tenements which the college let to the widow Jackson at the Brazen Head, who had a soldier taken ill at her house, where the great fire broke out March 20, 1 769. Thomas Fleet, the printer, bought the house on the north corner of Water Street in 1744. He had been here as a tenant since 1730—31, when he advertised at the Sign OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 123 of the Heart and Crown. He married Elizabeth Vergoose, or Goose, to whose family has been attributed the author- ship of the old rhymes. We shall find the family home in the next section. After the death of Thomas Fleet, his sons changed the name to "The Crown and the Bible." John Winthrop took as his lot that between the spring and Milk Street. He was also granted six hundred acres at "Mistick Neck," and Conant's Island was given to him, to be called the Governor's Island or garden, which is now Fort Warren. The house in Washington Street could not have been very large, but the quality of its guests made up for its size, and it is a mystery how so many could have been entertained within its walls. Here came the Indian chiefs to pay their respects, Chickatawbut the chief of the Massachusetts, with his sannups and squaws, — that is married men and their wives, — and the chief was entertained at the governor's table, and with one sannup and squaw passed the night. The next year Miantonomo, the chief of the Narragansetts, came and was also kindl}^ received. In 1634 there came a messenger from the Pequot nation desiring the friendship of the new colony. He brought two bundles of sticks, which signified how many beaver and other skins he would give the new- comers. Sagamore John also came, and John Josselyn, the writer of "Two Voyages to New England," was en- tertained. The house later served as a parsonage for the ministers of the Old South, and during the siege was one of those marked to be taken down for fuel. Some of the signs in this section of Washington Street which cannot be definitely located are, — "June 1733 Mrs. Alice Quick who lately kept a shop over against the town house has now removed over against the Old Brick Meeting House in Cornhill at the Sign of the Three Kings, and sells, tea, coffee, chinaware, etc."; "November 1734 124 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Handkerchiefs, gloves etc., to be sold by Roger Hard- castle at the sign of the Three Nuns in Cornhill." Richard Wilkins, bookseller, with whom Dunton the bookseller stayed in 1686, was near the town house. He died in Milton in 1704. July 1732, "Plain Spanish snuff to be sold at the Crown and Gate opposite to the west end of the town house." In 1718 Dr. George Stuart was at the Sign of the Black Boy in Cornhill. He had a house south of West Street and this may have been his office. In 1711 the house of Mrs. Russell was next door to the Cross Keys in Cornhill. In 1708 Isaac Webb, clockmaker, was "at the Sign of the Clock Dial in High Street, two doors from Prison Lane, — who formerly lived next door to the Royal Exchange Tavern." These premises were all leased. In 1669 the controversy on the subject of baptism agitated the colony, and not agreeing with the officers of the First Church twenty-nine members left the church in May, and laid the foundation of the Third Church. In 1659 John Norton, of the First Church, had bought land of Judith, widow of Stephen Winthrop, and April i, 1769, Mary, widow of Norton, sold this to the trustees of the Third Church, to erect a house for public worship, and also a house for the minister. This was on the north corner of Milk Street, and was a part of the original grant to John Winthrop. Among the first members were some of the most influential men of the town. The parsonage was not built until some years later, in the rear on Milk Street. Some of the many interesting incidents connected with the church were Andros insisting upon holding the English service there in 1687; Whitefield preached here in 1740. The day after the massacre, March 6, 1770, Hutchinson called the Council together and a town meeting was also held, but Faneuil Hall proving too small for the great MILK STREET, THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 125 crowd that gathered it was adjourned to the Old South Meeting House. A committee was appointed to wait upon the governor and council and say that the town must be relieved of the soldiers. John Hancock was chairman, but when they stood in the council chamber it was Samuel Adams who conducted the business, virtually at the head. When told that one regiment would be removed to the castle, Adams retorted, if one could go why not both? The end is well known, that, upon the insistence of the people led by Adams, both regiments were removed, and they became known as "Sam Adams' regiments." John Adams gives a picture of the scene in the council chamber, which he said was a fit subject for a painting. Portraits of kings and governors were on the walls, and the coun- sellors with their large white wigs, and English scarlet cloth coats and gold-laced hats seated at the council board, were forced to yield before Adams's great appeal. In 1772 on the anniversary of the Boston Massacre, Dr. Joseph Warren gave his famous address, reaching the pulpit from a rear window as the crowd was so great. December 16, 1773, the Town meeting was held here to protest against the three ships which had arrived with cargoes of tea, from discharging the same. When it was learned that the governor would not grant a permit for the clearance of the ships Indians suddenly appeared at the door, and followed by the large audience, they made their way to Griffen's wharf and discharged the tea into the harbor themselves. John Adams wrote, "Last night 28J chests of tea were drowned." In 1775 the Light Horse Dragoons took possession of the building and used it as a riding school. The ministers were, Thomas Thatcher, 1670—78; Samuel Willard, 1678— 1707; Ebenezer Pemberton, 1700-17, who had as assistants ' Joseph Sewall, 1713-69; Thomas Prince, 1718—58; Alex- 126 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS ander Cummings, 1761—63; Samuel Blair, 1766—69, John Bacon and John Hunt ministers, 1771—75; Joseph Eckley, 1 779-181 1. Sewall says of Josiah Willard who once preached for Mr. Pemberton, "I spent the Sabbath at Mr. Colman's, partly out of dislike to Mr. Willards cutting off his hair and wearing a wigg." Thomas Prince was a voluminous writer and his funeral sermons on the prominent men of the day and his sermons on especial occasions, are still of value to the historian. His most valuable contribution to the history of New England was his "Chronology." He bequeathed his library to the church, and for many years it was neglected and forgotten. Few recognized its intrinsic value, and what now remains of it is in the Public Library. The Dock was formed by nature to be the chief landing place. In 1641 a grant was made by the town to Valentine Hill and his associates, of all the waste ground about the dock, on certain conditions and with certain privileges, and that part of North Street on the north side was ordered laid out, and the highway at the head of the dock, which later became Washington Street. In 1708 the streets immediately bordering on the dock were called "Dock Square," "Corn Market," and "Fish Market." The dock was also called "Bendall's Dock," as well as "the town dock." July 14, 1740, the records say, "that whereas in 1734 a Market was erected in Dock Square and for some years past it has been demolished and pulled down, and as the inhabitants of the town have no certain place for buyer and seller to meet, which forces people to go out upon the neck and spend the whole day in provid- ing necessaries for their families, now Peter Fanueil hath offered to put up at his own expense, an edifice for a mar- ket." In 1742 the building was finished and accepted, and the hall over the market called "Faneuil Hall," and OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 127 rules for the market were settled. The idea of the grass- hopper vane on the hall came from England. According to Sir Walter Besant, when Queen Elizabeth came to the throne the commercial center of the world was Antwerp. When she died it was in London, and this was owing to Sir Thomas Gresham. He built the Royal Exchange and placed on the pinnacle a grasshopper vane, the grasshopper being on the armorial crest of his family. Peter Faneuil placed a similar one made by Shem Drown, on Faneuil Hall and also one in his own garden in Tremont Street. In the same year the dock was filled up and called "Market Place." "12 May 1761 it was further filled up as far as a straight line to be run from the southwest corner of Joseph Tyler's shop to the opposite side which will end a few feet east of the place where the town's shops lately stood, and that part of the dock between said lines and the swing bridge to be left open." In 1762 the engine and the watch houses were to be removed and the whole to be filled. Quincy's Municipal History says, "In the beginning of 1823 the space around Faneuil Hall de- voted to the market, was broken in the center by Odins buildings as they were then called (the feather store) and was bounded to the eastward by Roebucks passage and the town dock. The central common sewer of the city opened into this dock, which was also a station for oyster boats. All the buildings were old. The avenues leading to the market were narrow and crooked, especially Roebucks passage. In a distance of a hundred feet it had three bends and was from 13 to 20 feet wide. Improvements began here in 1824." Edward Bendall, for whom the dock was often called, was one of those who joined the church and chose his lot in 1630, and he seems to have chosen well. It was on the dock and just west of Change Avenue. It later be- 128 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS came the Sun Tavern and was only taken down a few years ago. Bendall mortgaged it to Symon Lynde who took possession in 1653. His son Samuel inherited; and his heirs made a division in 1736. James Meeres occupied it as a tavern in 1699— 1700, but it was mentioned as early as 1694—5, when a street running to the town dock by the Sun Tavern is recorded. Capt James Day was licensed in 1757. In 1637 Edward Bendall was to keep a ferry boat to carry passengers to Noddles Island and also to the ships riding before the town. In 1642 Winthrop writes, "The Mary Rose which had been blown up and sunk with all her ordnance and other goods, was brought to the shore by Edward Bendall. He made two great tubs, very tight, and open at one end, upon which were hanged so many weights as would sink it to the ground. It was let down, the diver sitting in it a cord in his hand to give notice when they should draw him up, and another cord to show when they should remove it from place to place, so he could continue in his tub half an hour and fasten ropes to the ordnance, and put the lead, etc. into a tub or net. And when the tub was drawn up one knocked on the head of it, and thrust a long pole under the water which the diver laid hold of and so was drawn up by it." Bendall had the large lot of land on North Street, as we have seen, but was evidently unfortunate in his financial dealings. He had six children born in Boston, whose names were, Freegrace, Reform, Hopefor, More Mercy, Ephraim, and Restore. Another old landmark in the neighborhood was the so- called Feather Store, which had a varied history as to ownership. It was probably built by Thomas Stanbury after the fire of 1679. At one time it was a hatter's store, but later Daniel Greenlief , an apothecary, made it famous, and early in the nineteenth century the Pomroy family w O H Pi W E H < w w E w' Pi < O o o OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 129 kept a feather store here, hence its more familiar name. Thomas HolHs, who kept what is now the oldest apothe- cary store in Boston, was at first a tenant in the Feather Store and some of the old furnishings are still in the present store in Union Street. There were several taverns near the Dock. The Castle was on the west corner of Elm Street. In the Book of Possessions, William Hudson, Jr., innkeeper, is credited with a house and garden here. In 1674 he conveyed to John Wing his house and buildings commonly called "Castle Tavern." The estate was mortgaged and for- feited, and came into the possession of Benjamin Pember- ton in 1694, "a mansion hitherto called Castle Tavern, since George Tavern." Exactly when it ceased to be a tavern, it is hard to say. On the south side of Faneuil Hall Square was the Three Mariners, the original posses- sion of Isaac Grosse, cordwainer, which Thomas Grosse conveyed to Joseph Pemberton in 1679, and Joseph to Benjamin Pemberton in 1701— 2, as the "Three Mar- iners." In 1723 it was known as the "Bear Tavern," oc- cupied by Elizabeth, widow of Benjamin Davis, who bought the property in 1712, and it was still known as the Bear Tavern in 1795, when bought by William Stackpole. In the nineteenth century it was known as "The Bite." There were others in the neighborhood, of which we have little record. One was the Pine Tree Tavern, where Captain Benjamin Gorham was licensed in Dock Square in 1785. In 1789 Mrs. Baker was an innholder at the Sign of the Punch Bowie, in Dock Square. The Roebuck was occupied by Elizabeth Wittington, who was licensed as an innholder in 1776. This was in Roebuck Passage or Swing Bridge Lane which later became a part of Mer- chants Row. In 1739 John Ballard was licensed as a re- tailer at the Shippen's Crane, in Dock Square. In 1727 I30 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS John Sale advertised all sorts of household goods at the Sign of the Golden Horse near the dock. He was an inn- holder in Corn Market in 1728. Signs other than taverns were those of J. Phillips, who was at the Stationers Arme in 1732 next door to Dolbeare the brazier, and in 1733 William Rand, apothecary at the Unicorn near the dock, "rozin, oil of turpentine and varnish made and sold by him." Corn Court was a lane from the dock in 1650; in 1670 called "a wheelbarrow-way of full five feet"; also an "alley that leads from the house of James Oliver towards the dock"; in 1708 "Corn Court." In 1796 Noyes Alley was part of Corn Court. In Corn Court was the Hancock Tav- ern, bought by Morris Keefe in 1779. His daughter Mary married John Duggan who was a noted lemon dealer and who was granted a license to retail liquor in 1790. In 1 795 he advertised lemons at the Sign of the Governor Hancock. Merchants Row was called "Mr. Hills highway twenty feet in breadth" in 1645 5 ^^ ^ 7^8, Merchants Row, and the part between North Street and the dock, "Swing Bridge Lane." This later was called "Roebuck's Passage," and after the improvements, became a part of Merchants Row. In 1 742 Merchants Row was described as the cross wall (of early days). The Golden Ball Tavern was at the northwest corner of Merchants Row and Corn Court. Edward Tyng was the first owner of the land. He was a brother of William Tyng, and was admitted a townsman in 1639. His pos- sessions extended to State Street, where his house was located in the Book of Possessions. Theodore Atkinson acquired this property before 1662 and conveyed it to Henry Deering in 1690. In 1731 part of Deering's estate was the house known as the Golden Ball, now occupied by Samuel Tyley. Mary (Deering) Wilson inherited and CORN COURT, THE GOVERNOR HANCOCK TAVERN OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 131 bequeathed to her niece, Mary (Deering), wife of John Gooch. In 1795 Benjamin Gerrish Gray and wife Mary (Gooch) deeded to James Tisdale the house known as the Golden Ball Tavern. In 1 798 stores covered the site. In 171 1 Samuel Tyley petitioned for renewal of his license upon his removal from the Salutation to Mr. Deering's house in Merchants Row. "November 14, 1735, died Mrs. Wass, wife of Mr. John Wass who formerly kept the Golden Ball tavern near the town dock." In 1757 it was kept by John Marston. On the northeast side of Merchants Row were the wharves, John Woodmancy being a prominent owner in the early days, and a little later Peter Butler, from whom Butler's Row takes its name. At the corner of Merchants Row and the present North Market Street stood the Tri- angular Warehouse. It was originally on the southern half of Richard Bellingham's marsh. It passed through various hands and in 1650 James Everell deeded to Joshua Scottow part of the marsh in the form of a triangle. Before 1674 it came into the possession of Richard Wharton. Whar- ton was judge of the Court of Common Pleas under Andros, and went to England in 1687 to oppose him. He died there in 1690. He was largely involved in his deal- ings in real estate in Boston and elsewhere, and in 1693 Ephraim Savage administered on his estate, which he was empowered to sell to liquidate his debts. He had large interests in Maine, and these were sold to the Pejepscot Company, which was formed in 1714. What is now the town of Harpswell was part of his possessions. In 1679 the great fire destroyed all the buildings in the neighbor- hood of the dock, and soon after Wharton built the so- called "Triangular Warehouse," which stood until taken down for improvements in 1824. In 1700 it was sold to John Borland. 132 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS State Street was one of the streets of which we have no record that it was ever laid out. Like Topsy, it grew up naturally, from the well-worn footpaths. It was called at various times "the market street," "the water street," "the broad street," "the great street wherein the town house stands," "the townsway down upon the flats," "street leading to the great wharf"; in 1708, "King Street"; in 1788, "State Street." Long Wharf was built by a company in 1709. What was called Minot's T, or T Wharf, was built on the north side, part of the old barricado, and was owned by Stephen Minot and Andrew Faneuil in 1718. In the early days the First Church was the principal building on the street. Organized in Charlestown in 1630 it was two years before there was a building to wor- ship in. The meetings were held in the house of the governor, or out of doors. Winthrop tells us that the congregation of Charlestown and Boston began the meet- ing house in Boston in 1632, for which and for the house of Mr. Wilson, the pastor, they had made a voluntary contribution. In 1639 he says, "the old meeting house being decayed and too small they sold it and agreed to build another. But there grew a great difference where this new one should stand. Some were for the green, others, the tradesmen especially, who dwelt about the market place, desired that it might still stand near the market. At length they all yielded to have it set up by the market place." July 12, 1660, William Colburn, "heretofore Deacon now ruling Elder of the First Church," testified "that the old meeting house and land was sold to Robert Thompson of London, then resident in Boston, the dimensions being sixty-six feet long abutting upon a lane that lieth between the same and house and land of Thomas Leverett, now belonging to Isaac Addington, on OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 133 the north east side; sixty- two feet broad abutting on the great street wherein the town house standeth, on the north west side, sixty-four feet abutting upon partly the aforesaid street, and partly upon an alley that passeth between the same and the house and land of Henry Phillips on the south west; and being sixty feet broad abutting upon a lane that lieth between the same and the land of Robert Scott south east." This building was on the south side of State Street, between Devonshire and Congress Streets. The second building was on the West side of Washington Street, near the south corner of Court Street. Ministers: John Wil- son, teacher, 1630—32; pastor, 1632—67; John Cot- ton, teacher, 1633-52; John Norton, teacher, 1656- 63; John Davenport, pastor, 1668-70; James Allen, teacher, 1668— 1710; John Oxenbridge, pastor, 1670—74; Joshua Moody, assistant, 1684—92 ; John Bailey, assistant, 1693—97; Benjamin Wadsworth, pastor, 1696-1725; Thomas Bridge, pastor, 1705—15; Thomas Foxcroft, pastor, 1717—69; Charles Chauncey, pastor, 1727-87; John Clarke, pastor, 1778-98; WilHam Emerson, pastor, 1799-1811. *'The duties of the pastor were of private and public exhortation, and to administer the word of wisdom; those of teacher, were doctrinal and Scriptural explanation. In the present day they would be called colleagues." Public occasions centred in the church. Meetings and lectures were the recreation of the people. Pirates and other criminals were taken to the church in chains, to listen to a sermon dealing with their sins, while a curious public filled the church. The Meeting House was used for town meetings until the town house was built. Men and women sat apart, and the boys had a separate place, with a tything-man to keep them in order. There 134 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS were two sessions each Sunday, which consisted of prayer and the singing of psalms in the metrical version, and a sermon usually an hour long, timed by the hourglass which stood on the pulpit. May 14, 1634, the court was kept in the meeting house in Boston, and then the new governor (Dudley) and the assistants were entertained at the house of the old gov- ernor (Winthrop) as before. At this court it was ordered that there should be four general courts yearly, but that the whole body of freemen should be present only at the court for the election of magistrates, and that to the other three every town should send its deputies who should assist in making laws and in governing. Thus in this little church was the beginning of representative government. Occasionally a day was set apart to be kept as a day for public thanksgiving, or for fasting and prayer, when some important matter was to be considered. In 1680 Jasper Bankers wrote in his journal his impressions of a fast-day service. "In the first place a minister read a prayer in the pulpit of full two hours in length: after which an old minister delivered a sermon an hour long, and after that a prayer was made and some verses sung out of a psalm. In the afternoon three or four hours were consumed with nothing except prayers, three ministers relieving each other alternately: When one was tired another went up into the pulpit." Next to the church the chief building on the street was the Town House. March 4, 1633-4, the Court ordered a market to be kept every Thursday. In 1636 it was ordered that "all timber in the market place shall be taken away," showing that one of the sawpits had been there. The first town house was built in 1657, when the spot ceased to be the market place and the government took possession. This was burned in the great fire of 171 1. The present OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 135 one was built in 1713, and, though partially consumed by- fire in 1767, the walls remain the same. Merchants met at the exchange, and the shops beneath were rented to booksellers and others. After Captain Keayne had left his books to the town, a Library was established at the east end. John Oxenbridge also left books to the Library. The selectmen and General Court met in the upper chamber, and the lower part for a time continued to be the place for the market. After the building of Faneuil Hall, that was used for the town meetings, and this build- ing for the legislature and the courts. In 1780 John Han- cock was here inaugurated the first governor of Massachu- setts, and it continued to be the State House until 1798, when the new one on Beacon Street was ready. It is now used for historical purposes. In this short review it would be impossible to write of all the historical and impor- tant events which have taken place here. They will be found in all historical books. For many years the pillory and the whipping post stood in front of the building. Since the troops had been in Boston there had been fre- quent quarrels between the soldiers and citizens, and the climax was reached when on March 5, 1770, occurred the so-called "Boston Massacre," when five citizens were killed as a result of a fracas in State Street. Thereafter there was an oration on each anniversary, "To perpetuate the memory of the horrid Massacre perpetrated on the evening of the 5th of March, 1770." March 24, 1780, Jonathan Mason to have five yards of cloth it being a custom to allow the same as a compliment for delivering an oration. March 25, 1783, it was voted "that the cele- bration of the 5th of March shall cease, and instead the anniversary of the 4th of July be celebrated by the de- livery of a public oration." 136 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS State Street is also noted for its taverns, many of which have become famous. The Exchange stood at the north- west corner of Exchange Street. In 1646 Anthony Stod- dard and John Leverett deeded house and land to Henry Shrimpton. His son Samuel inherited in 1666, and in 1696-97 his son Samuel, Jr., inherited ^'The Exchange Tavern." In 1703 he mortgaged this to Nicholas Roberts, and the administrators of Roberts conveyed to Robert Stone, in 1654, "The Royal Exchange Tavern." In 1784 Daniel Parker and wife Sally (Stone) deeded to Benjamin Hitchbone. In 1 798 it was occupied by Israel Hatch, inn- keeper. The Exchange Tavern is mentioned by Sewall as early as 1690-91. March 24, 1701, David Johnston is at the Exchange Tavern. August 27, 1712, the vestry of King's Chapel meet at the Royal Exchange, the house of Mr. Johns. In 17 14 Roland Dike petitioned for a license. Luke Vardy was here in 1737. In 1764 Seth Blodgett, in 1770, Mr. Stone, in 1772, Daniel Jones, in 1776, Benjamin Loring; and in 1788, John Bowers. The Vernon's Head, or Admiral Vernon, was on the northeast corner of Merchants Row. The early posses- sion of Edward Tyng who sold to James Everell in 165 1— 52, and he to John Evered, ahas Webb, in 1657. Webb conveyed to William Alford in 1664, and Peter Butler and wife Mary (Alford) inherited and deeded to James Gooch in 1720. In 1760 John Gooch conveyed to Tuthill Hubbard "the Vernon's Head." In 1798 it was a brick store. In 1745 Richard Smith was licensed, and in 1764 Thomas Hubbard. In 1766 William Taunt, who had been at the Admiral Vernon several years, "prays for a recommenda- tion for keeping a tavern at the large house lately occupied by Potter and Gregory near by." Sarah Bean was licensed in 1774, Nicholas Lobdell in 1776 and 1786, and John Bryant in 1 790. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 137 One of the most famous taverns was the Bunch of Grapes, on the southeast corner of Kilby Street, the early- possession of William Davis, who sold to William Ingram in 1658. Ingram conveyed "the Bunch of Grapes" to John Holbrook in 1680, and the administrator of Hol- brook to Thomas Waite in 1 73 1 . Elisha Doane bought it in 1773, and in 1798 its site was covered by a brick store. June 7, 1690, Francis Holmes was the keeper, and was to billet five soldiers at his house of public entertainment. In 1 712 he was still here, and his widow kept it until her death in 1730-31. 1731—33 WilHam Coffin was the keeper; in 1734, Edward Lutwich; in 1749, Joshua Barker. In 1750, kept by Weatherhead, "being noted," said Goelet, the traveler, "as the best punch house in Boston." In 1757, "one Capt. and one private soldier to be billetted at Weatherhead 's." 1 764—72 Joseph Ingersol was licensed, and Capt. John Mars ton in 1777-78; Wil- liam Foster in 1782. James Vila, 1789, and then re- moved to Concert Hall; and in 1790 Dudley Colman was here. Many noted guests partook of its hospitality, and it was here that, as a rule, the "elegant" dinners were served to the governors on their arrival. In 1737 there was a house called "Bunch of Grapes" in Congress Street, and in 1 790 James Bowdoin refers in his will to the Bunch of Grapes, his house so called, which was on the west corner of Kilby and State Streets. No doubt the tenant of the inn rented both these houses because of an overflow of guests. The Marlborough Arms, or Marlborough Head, was next east of the Bunch of Grapes. In 1649 William Hud- son was allowed to keep an ordinary here. His son con- veyed this to Francis Smith, and Smith to John Holland. James Gibson bought it in 1711 and in 1722 Mary Gibson deeded to her children "the house named Marlborough 138 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS next the Grapes." It passed through several hands, and was bought by Wilham Stackpole in 1 784. In 1 798 the site had been converted into brick stores. EHsha OdHng was licensed here in 1720; Sarah Wormal in 1721; and Eliza- beth Smith in 1722. The Rose and Crown was on the southwest corner of Devonshire Street. Thomas Matson chose this spot when the town was first settled. He joined the church in 1630, but he soon sold out to Henry Webb, and removed to Union Street. Webb deeded to Henry Phillips in 1656-57, and his widow to her son Samuel Phillips, "The Rose and Crown." Peter Faneuil owned it in 1738, and his heirs until 1787, when it had no doubt long ceased to be a tavern. In 1 719 Thomas Finch was licensed at the Three Mariners at the lower end of State Street. In 1740 groceries were to be sold at the second house on Long Wharf, formerly the King's Head Tavern. Of the coffee houses, the most famous was the British Coffee House, on the north side of the street, between Change Avenue and Merchants Row. According to the Book of Possessions James Oliver was the owner of the estate. Elisha Cooke recovered judgment against Oliver and sold to Nicholas Moorcock in 1699. Moorcock to Charles Burnham, in 1 71 7, whose heirs deeded to Jonathan Badger in 1773. Badger conveyed to Hannah Cordis, in 1775, "The British Coffee House," and in 1780 the heirs of Badger confirm to Joseph Cordis "the American Coffee House." Cordis sold to the Massachusetts Bank in 1792. Cord Cordis was the innkeeper in 1771, and John Bryant was licensed in 1 790. This was the resort of the British officers, and here James Otis met his fate at the hands of John Robinson. The Crown Coffee House was on the north side and OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 139 the first house on Long Wharf. Jonathan Belcher was a proprietor, and in 1749 his son Andrew Belcher con- veyed to Richard Smith "The Crown Coffee House"; Smith to Robert Shellcock in 1751, and his arministrators to Benjamin Brown in 1788. In 1798 the site was covered by brick stores. In 1714 Thomas Selby was licensed as an innholder at the Crown Coffee House, and died here ini7i2. In 1729 William Burgess was licensed . March, 1734, "This is to advertise that Edward Lutwich is removed from the Bunch of Grapes to a house in the same street belonging to Gov. Belcher, where his father for- merly lived, and he keeps a Coffee House, and further that Thomas Baker has removed from the Crown Coffee House." November, 1734, "whereas Thomas Baker ad- vertised in the Journal that all persons who were indebted to him at the Crown Coffee House in 1733 to pay him. Now this is to give notice that they must pay Edward Lutwych who instructed said Baker to manage it for him." February, 1734-35, the difference between Lutwych and Baker was decided, and those that were indebted to the Crown Coffee House were desired "to pay sd Ludwych who now lives at the Crown near Scar- letts Wharf." In 1762 Rebecca Coffin was licensed, Wil- liam Bradford in 1766, and Rebecca Coffin again in 1772. Gutteridge Coffee House was on the north side, between Washington and Devonshire Streets. Robert Gutteridge was a tenant of Hezekiah Usher in 1688, and was licensed in 1 69 1. In 1 718 Mary Gutteridge petitioned for a re- newal of her late husband's license to keep a public coffee house. The Exchange Coffee House was on the southeast corner of Devonshire Street, the original possession of Robert Scott. The house was built in 1804, burned in 18 18, rebuilt in 1822, and closed as a tavern in 1854. 140 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Besides being the chief street financially, and the seat of the government, it was at first residential. John Wil- son, the minister, had his house and garden on the north side next to Coggan, on the corner of Washington Street. Devonshire Street was cut through his land, and he sold off many lots. Part was bought by Hezekiah Usher, whose son John sold to John Foye in 1 7 1 1 . Jacob Sheaffe also lived on part of this land. Hezekiah Usher was the first well-known bookseller. His son John was also a bookseller and increased the fortune which his father left to him by foreign trade. For a second wife he married Elizabeth Allen, daughter of Samuel Allen, a merchant in London, who was appointed governor of New Hampshire, and Usher became his lieutenant governor, but he lived for the most part in Boston in his father's house. He was impetuous and domineering, and involved in the connec- tion with Andros, under whom he was a counsellor and treasurer. He finally removed to Medford. On the west corner of Exchange Street, as we have noticed, was the Exchange Tavern. Exchange Street was a new street in 1646, and later known as "Shrimpton's Lane" and "Royal Exchange Lane." On the east corner of Exchange Street was the Royal Custom House in pre-revolutionary times, a house not loved by the people. Here Frankland was noted for not performing his duties, and he was succeeded by William Sheaffe, who issued the writs of assistance, and all the officers with the customs were out of favor. Next in order was the early possession of William Pierce, part of which came into the hands of the U. S. Bank in 1799. In 1639 it was "ordered that a passage of seven feet wide be taken out of Mr. Pierce's garden into the creek near Edward Bendall's house." In 1700 it was "an alley OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 141 from the great street to the land of Clement Grosse, now Benjamin Mountford's"; in 1708, "Pierce's alley," then known as "Fitch's alley," "Davis alley," and "Flagg alley," and finally in 1841 Change Avenue. Edward Tyng was a large land owner next to the British Coffee House on the east side of Change Avenue, part of which was bought by Andrew Faneuil in 1707-8, and was in his family until 1791. William Story, who held a position in the Custom House, bought a house on the north side between Wash- ington and Devonshire Streets, in 1754. This was at- tacked by the mob August 26, 1765, and he sold it in 1766. June 3, 1 73 1, Merrett and Fletcher, grocers, ad- vertised at the Three Sugar Loaves and Canisters in King Street, near the town house. December 15, 17 18, books sold at auction at the Sign of the Lighthouse near the town house. November 21, 1729, James Vincent, silk dyer, advertised at the Sign of the Hoop-Petticoat over against the north side of the town house. In 171 7 Sam- son Sheaffe and Samuel Tyley, public notaries, advertised at the Hand and Pen on the south side of the Court House. In 1720 a collection of books to be sold at the Sign of the Magpy on the south side of the town house. In 1727—28 John Phillips was at the Stationers Arms on the same side, and there also, in 1734, Thomas Cox had books for sale at his shop, The Lamb. John Mein, a Scotchman who came with Robert Sande- man in 1764, was the first to open a circulation library, and kept the London bookstore in 1766; this was just east of Change Avenue. In 1767 he was in Newbury Street. In 1725 Walter Brown was at a house between Change Avenue and Merchants Row, where he advertised a lime kiln to be sold at the Sign of the Blue Anchor. John Boydell came as secretary to Governor Shute, in 142 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS 1716. IniyiS, for fighting a duel on the Common, he was fined ten pounds and twenty-four hours' confinement. He was postmaster, and pubhshed the Boston Gazette, 1732-39. June 10, 1 73 1, his wife Hannah advertised tea, coffee and other groceries in her shop adjoining the naval office, over against the Bunch of Grapes. In July she advertised the same, but instead of a sign to the shop "there's placed before the window cannisters, jars and sugar loaves," thereby imitating her rivals, Merrett and Fletcher, farther up the street. In 1732 Governor Bel- cher wrote: "Mr. Boydell and wife are very easy under the present circumstances. I suppose what he enjoys under me makes four to five hundred pounds a year, and his grocery shop maintains the family. He is a very honest man." February 1 732-33, Benjamin Landon has "choice velvet corke" to be sold at the Sign of the Elephant, at the lower end of King Street. On the south side of State Street, as we noted, Captain Keayne was on the corner of Washington Street, and then came Ralph Hudson, draper, whose daughter mar- ried Governor Leverett and became the grandmother of the president of Harvard College. Hudson came to New England in 1635, and lived first in Cambridge, but in 1637 was granted a house plot in Boston. He married Mary Thwing, daughter of John and Helene Thwing, of King- ston upon Hull. Isaac Addington lived in Half Square Court, be- tween Devonshire and Congress Streets. He was the son of Isaac Addington, and Ann, the daughter of Elder Thomas Leverett. He was a surgeon by profession, but more active in public life, deputy, speaker, assistant, clerk of the Council of Safety, and secretary under the provi- sional government, and also under the new charter. Also OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 143 a counsellor, register of deeds, and judge of probate, and ruling elder of the church. All of these important offices show the high esteem in which he was held. He died in 1 714— 15. He probably lived for a time on the north corner of Essex Street, after his marriage with Elizabeth, the daughter of Griffeth Bowen. Thomas Leverett was an elder in the church, and came in the same ship with John Cotton in 1633. He had been an alderman in Boston, England. He was a selectman in Boston and died in 1650. His son, the governor, John Leverett, lived here after the death of his father. Con- gress Street was cut through this estate. Andrew Belcher, the father of the governor, acquired part of the estate which was part of the early possession of John Winthrop, and Governor Jonathan Belcher sold it in 1 741. On the west corner of Kilby Street was the lot of William Davis according to the Book of Possessions. Part was bought by a syndicate, and later fell into the hands of Jeremiah Dummer, goldsmith. The wife of Thomas Leverett released her share in 1677. Dummer was the father of two distinguished sons, WiHiam, the lieutenant- governor, and Jeremiah, who was of Harvard College in 1699 and passed most of his life as agent of the colonies in England. In 1716 Dummer's property was bought by William Foye, which his heirs sold in 1 744. Foye was also an investor in real estate in other parts of the town, in Hanover Street and elsewhere. He removed to Hali- fax, where he was receiver general and treasurer of the province, 1736—59. His son William was also prominent there, and was provost marshal for twenty- two years. John Erving obtained possession of this estate, and be- queathed it to his daughter, Elizabeth, wife of Governor James Bowdoin. In 1 790 Bowdoin bequeathed this house called Bunch of Grapes to his widow. 144 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Gov. John Leverett acquired much of the land from just east of Kilby Street to Long Wharf, on the south side. This came to Elisha Cooke through his wife EHza- beth (Leverett), which helped to make him one of the wealthiest men of the town. Devonshire Street existed, in the Book of Possessions, only from State Street to Spring Lane. From Dock Square to State Street it was in 1654-55, "a lane from the dock head to the house of John Wilson," and at times called "Wilson's lane" and "Crooked lane, in 1708"; in 1872, "Devonshire Street. From State to Water Street it was commonly called, "churchway to the old meeting house"; "a narrow lane leading from Henry Webb's to Mr. Hib- bens"; "the crooked path of the back lane," etc., various owners being named in various deeds. It was also "a nar- row lane leading from the market place towards the spring"; "lane over against the stone house of ensign Phillips"; "narrow lane leading from the Rose and Crown Tavern down to the back street leading to Oliver's dock (Water Street)"; in 1702 called "Pudding Lane," which name remained until 1766, when, having been enlarged since the fire, was named Devonshire Street in honor of a merchant in Bristol, England, who gave two hundred pounds to the sufferers. From Water to Milk Street it was a highway in 1649; then "a way leading from the spring towards the house of John Joyliffe"; "highway to Mr. Bridghams"; in 1708, "Joyliff's lane"; in 1788, Devonshire Street. Almost all the estates on Washing- ton Street between State and Water Streets extended to Devonshire Street. Congress Square was the property of Robert Scott, according to the Book of Possessions. In 1 708 it was called "Half Square Court"; in 1738, "Exchange alley"; in 1798, "Court Square," and 182 1, "Congress Square." OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 145 Congress Street in 1661 was a cartway to the land of John Leverett from the highway towards the spring (Water Street), In 1667 a street was to be laid out through the land of John Leverett "from the broad street"; in 1695, "an alley or lane leading from the broad street near the Exchange into the creek," and "the street leading from the town street to the Governor's dock"; in 1708 called "Leverets Lane," and for many years known as "Quaker Lane." From Water Street to Milk Street it was laid out through the land of James Dalton, who bought the land in 1756, originally part of the possessions of Henry Bridgham, and called Dalton Street. The principal building on Congress Street was the Quaker Meeting House. The Society grew in spite of persecution, and in 1709 it sold its house in Brattle Square and bought land on the west side of Congress Street, about opposite Exchange Place, of the heirs of John Leverett. A small wooden building was built, and the burying ground was in the rear. In 1760 the Meeting House was partly destroyed in the great fire, but was rebuilt. The society became extinct in 1808, and in 1827 the property was sold, and the re- mains in the burying ground removed to Lynn. KiLBY Street was ordered to be laid out in 1649, "of twelve feet between Capt. Harding and WilHam Davis, along straight to the bridge which the town and Mr. Hill set up." The bridge was at the foot of Water Street. It went, as usual, by various names, according to the fancy of the writer of the deeds, or that of the town clerk: "The street going up to Benjamin Gillum's"; "street that leads from the great or market street towards Fort Hill"; "highway which leads from Exchange Street to the brook and dock called Oliver's dock"; "Dummers 146 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Lane"; in 1708, "Mackril Lane." Miller's Lane and Adams Street were later included in Kilby Street. Until the great fire of 1760, the street was very narrow; it was then widened and called Kilby Street, after Christopher Kilby, who was in New York when the fire occurred, and at once sent two hundred pounds for the relief of the sufferers. Kilby was the son of John and Rebecca (Simpkins) Kilby, and was born in 1705. He married Sarah, daughter of Hon. William Clarke, and when he grew to man's estate he became a partner of his father- in-law, and later of his brother-in-law. He was a rep- resentative in the legislature, and in 1739 was sent to England as agent, especially in regard to the financial questions. He remained there until 1741 and then suc- ceeded Francis Wilkes as agent of the province. He soon entered into business in London, and thereafter made his home in England, visiting his old home at intervals. On one occasion he was entertained by the General Court at a handsome dinner in Concert Hall. He died in England, in 1 77 1. Only one child survived him, his daughter Sarah, who married Capt. Nathaniel Cunningham, a rich Boston merchant. He died in 1756 leaving two young children, and his widow returned to England and married Capt. Gilbert McAdam, of Ayrshire. One of her grand- daughters married the seventh Duke of Argyle, grand- father of the Marquis of Lome. Several streets led from Kilby Street east towards the water. Doane Street was the highway of Thomas Peck in 1695, or his cartway, "and a ten-foot passage to Nathaniel Wheatley's wharf"; in 1806, Doane Street. Central Street was John Poole's wharf in 1709; in 1784, Borland's wharf, and in 1798, passage to Wood- ward's Wharf; in 1858 accepted as a street. Bangs Alley in 1734 was a passage from Mackril Lane to the wharf of Benjamin Salisbury, ten feet wide. Exchange mhA' D O ■^ Z r^ H J < \> Q ^ W o^ DC ^ H ^ H > V. H o OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 147 Place in 1737 was an alley; in 1784, Lindall's Row; in 1873, Exchange Place. Water Street, according to the Book of Possessions was a part of Springate. In 1654 the agents of Stephen Winthrop laid out a highway through his marsh "from Henry Bridgham's house to Benjamin Ward's wharf, as far as his land goeth, and the town grants the residue of the way through the marsh." Later it was called "the street that leads to Peter Oliver's dock"; in 1660-61 there was a lane, which had been cut through the estate of Thomas Oliver, and this connected the first part with Washington Street. It was all called "Water Street" in 1708. William Hibbens was a merchant of note, an assistant, and was an agent of the colony in England. His house lot was on the south side, just east of Devonshire Street. He died in 1654, and the next year his widow, Ann Hib- bens, was condemned for witchcraft. She was said by some to have been quarrelsome and odious to her neigh- bors, and by others that having more wit than some, popular clamor was against her and she was hanged. For some years the town let this property, and John Rowe bought it in 1763. Next to this estate was that of Henry Bridgham, which extended to Milk Street. This was bought by James Dalton, and Congress Street extended through it. In 1736 George and Robert Harris advertised at their tanyard, at the sign of the Tanners and Curriers and Oxhead, which they changed the next year to that of the Boys and Bullocks Head. In 1659-60 Peter Oliver bought some marsh land of Stephen Winthrop on the north side. In 1809 the town sold to William Phillips the water course or Oliver's Dock, which dock extended west of Kilby Street. Hawes Street was a lane in 1723 and a passage to the dock; 148 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS in 1798 called ^'Russell's alley." Below Kilby Street the town sold land to James Johnson in 1656-57, and he deeded part to Peter Oliver in 1660-61. This is included in Liberty Square. In 1 760 land was sold where the Blue Anchor was before the fire, near Oliver's Dock. March, 17 14-15, Nehemiah Partridge advertised ''the Indian Mitchean or Moving Picture, wherein are to be seen windmills and watermills moving around ship sailing on the sea, etc., at his house in Water Street at the head of Olivers Dock." Bath Street was a highway parting the land of John Walley from the land of Jonathan Bridgham in 1685-86. In 1708 called "Tanners Lane," from the numerous tan- yards in the vicinity; later called "Horn Lane." Part of it was included in the extension of Pearl Street, later Post Office Square. Coopers Alley was a lane in 1685, from Water Street south to Milk Street; in 1708 "Coopers alley," also "Board alley" and "Parrott's alley," now covered by Mason Building. Spring Lane was the "Springate" of early times. Here was the famous spring which induced W^inthrop and his companions at the instigation of Blackstone, to come to the peninsula and make it their capital. In later days Judge Minot had his office here. He was one of the early members of the Massachusetts Historical Society, or- ganized in 1 79 1. Milk Street only extended a short distance from Washington Street according to the Book of Possessions, and this was called the "fort street;" then it acquired other names, such as "the front street"; "lane from Robert Reynolds to the marsh"; "highway lead- ing to the seaside." In 1663, Peter Oliver and others petitioned for making "a highway from goodman OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 149 Wards to goodman Pells." In 1673 "it is now ordered that the way laid out in 1663 shall be extended through the land of Benjamin Ward, now in possession of William Hallowell, and Stephen Butler to the sea." Then it was called "lane from the South Meeting House to Atkinson dock"; "South Meeting House lane," and, in 1708, "Milk Street." On the south side opposite the church is the site of the so-called Franklin House, where Benjamin Franklin was born. It was owned by Robert Reynolds, the rear of his lot on Washington Street, and in 1691 his son mortgaged it, "now in the present tenure and occupation of Josiah Franklin." The same year Franklin asked leave to build a small shed. Soon after the birth of Ben- jamin in 1706—7, his father bought the house in Union Street. Savil Simpson, a warden of King's Chapel, who died in 1725, bought a house and land of the Robert Reynolds heirs in 1682, and sold in 17 16. He owned large farms in Hopkinton and Framingham. John Stevenson, whose widow married William Black- stone, had the next lot to Reynolds according to the Book of Possessions. A little farther east was the lot of James Pen, the beadle, who later bought land on Tremont Street. William Dinsdale was not far away, and Devonshire Street was later extended through this estate. William Pell was at the west corner of what later became Federal Street. On the east corner of Federal Street Richard Fair- banks owned seven acres which extended on the west side of Pearl Street and was bought by Theodore Atkinson in 1667. Congress Street was cut through this pasture. The pasture of Eliakim Hutchinson came next, through which Oliver Street was laid out. On the northeast corner of Devonshire Street Captain Thomas Cromwell bought house and land of Richard 150 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Sherman in 1649. Winthrop wrote of him in 1646, "about ten years since he was a common seaman; on return from a voyage he had great money and yet he took up his lodging in a poor thatched house, and his answer was that in his mean estate that poor man had entertained him and he would not leave him now." He left six bells to the town. His widow Anne married Robert Knight, and for a third venture, in 1657, John Joyliffe for whom Devonshire Street was called for a time. The famous Julien Restaurateur was on the northwest corner of Milk and Congress Streets, facing Milk Street. According to the Book of Possessions, John Spoor had a house and one acre here. In 1648-49 Henry Bridgham granted a house and lot in Washington Street to Spoor, and it may be that they exchanged lots, for Bridgham was the owner of this lot in 1655. Bridgham died in 1671, and his widow the next year, and in 1680 the estate was divided among the three sons. John, the eldest, a physician, settled in Ipswich, inherited the new house, and that included the west part on the present Congress Street. In 1719 he conveyed this portion to his nephew Joseph Bridgham, who in 1734-35 deeded to Francis Borland, then measuring one hundred and six feet south on Milk Street, seventy- six feet east on the part set off to Jonathan Bridgham, and west by other estates. Borland also bought a strip of James Dalton, in 1763, which reached the whole length of the lot on Congress Street, laid out through Dalton's land. Borland died in 1763. He left the Milk Street estate to his son, Francis Lindall Borland, who was absent and feared to be dead. In 1765 the estate was divided among the Winthrop children, Jane Borland having mar- ried John Still Winthrop in 1750. These heirs conveyed this comer to Thomas Clement, and in 1794 he sold it OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 151 to Jean Baptist Gilbert Payplat dit Julien, restaurateur. He kept a noted restaurant here, and after his death in 1806 his widow carried it on. The famous JuHen soup still keeps his reputation in remembrance. The heirs sold to a commercial company in 1823, and the house was taken down. The Stackpole house was on the east corner of Milk and Devonshire Streets, facing Milk Street, originally part of the Cromwell estate, and was bought by William Stackpole in 1790. He was a noted merchant and left many valuable estates in the town, in State Street, Dock Square, and elsewhere. In 18 71 the corner stone of the Post Office was laid, and this corner was included in the Federal Building. SECTION III SOUTH END FOR many years this part of the town was very hke a large village, for it was in a great measure devoted to gardens, residences, and the large houses of the rich and fashionable. On the east side, near the water, were ropewalks. It was not until towards the middle of the nineteenth century that business gradu- ally but steadily entered its precincts — that is, business as we know it to-day. It is now devoted entirely to business. According to the divisions which we have marked out, this section extended south of School and Milk Streets to Boylston and Essex Streets, and from and including the east side of Tremont Street to the water (the present Purchase Street). Tremont Street was a part of the Common, south of School Street. Between West and Boylston Streets it was laid out about 1666, and in 1667 it was a lane issuing out of the Common. In 1708, from Beacon Street to Boylston Street was called Common Street. Part of the property of Zaccheus Bosworth, at the corner of School Street, was bought by William Pollard in 1663, and John Pollard deeded to Jonathan Pollard, in 1722, the Horseshoe Tavern. In 1782 the heirs of Pol- lard conveyed it to George Hamlin, when it had probably ceased to be a tavern. In 1738 Alexander Cochran was licensed here. William Aspinwall owned a large estate next to Bos- worth, which extended to Washington Street. Bromfield 152 o o (J SECTION in SOUTH END o o o SECTION m SOUTH END \ l- y. O o ; .'■- THE CROOKED STREETS OF BOSTON 153 Street was extended through it by Edward Rawson. Gil- bert Deblois bought the house at the north corner of Bromfield Street in 1774, and in 1760, Adino Paddock that on the south corner. He sold this to Thomas Bum- stead in 1 78 1. Paddock was a coachmaker, and also Captain of the Artillery. James Smith, from Scotland, living in Milton, had imported some elms from England; Gilbert Deblois asked for some, and said in return he would name his son for Smith, which he did in 1769. Deblois planted the elms and asked Paddock, who lived opposite, to look out for them. Hence the elms which for so many years stood by the Granary Burying Ground came to be known as the "Paddock elms." But that Paddock fulfilled his part is attested by the story that he well thrashed a boy for tampering with them. In 1662 Arthur Mason, a baker, with Antipas Boyce, bought the next large tract which extended to Winter Street. Mason was to have the northern portion. He also bought land in School Street and Washington Street. He died in 1707—8 and his estate was divided among his seven children. The building known as the "Manufac- tory," which stood in Hamilton Place, was on this estate. About 1 718 a company from Londonderry, Ireland, ar- rived in Massachusetts, bringing with them implements for manufacturing linen. December 27, 1720, the town appointed a committee to consider about promoting a spinning school or schools, for the instruction of children in spinning. Little or nothing seems to have been done towards furthering this object until June 2, 1753, when the town petitioned the legislature for a building. This was granted and became the property of the province. In 1768 the building was leased. In 1794 Thomas Pem- berton writes: "Linen manufacture was begun in the Manufactory House with a spirit too violent to continue 154 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS long. Great show and parade were exhibited on the Com- mon at its commencement. Spinning wheels were then the hobby horses of the public. The females of the town, rich and poor, appeared on the Common with their wheels and vied with each other in the dexterity of using them. At the anniversary of its institution (for it continued three or four years) the trustees and company attended public worship when a sermon was delivered suited to the occa- sion, and a contribution made to aid the business. The building was afterwards occupied for a short time for the manufacture of worsted hose, metal buttons, etc. The Massachusetts Bank was kept here for a long time. It now owns it, and it is let to private families." October, 1768, John Andrews writes: "It was here that the first opposition to the soldiers was made. John Brown having leased the building from the Province, refused admission to the military." During the siege, the British used it for barracks and then as a hospital. The land at the north corner of Winter Street fell to the share of Antipas Boyce. It was bought by Samuel Vetch, who was the first governor of Nova Scotia, in 1711, but he sold it in 17 13. In 1722 it was conveyed to Adam Winthrop, the third of the name. He was active in mili- tary affairs and filled many important town offices, and was counsellor and representative. He sold the estate to Thomas Oxnard in 1742. Oxnard was provincial grand master of the Masons in New England, in which office he was installed in 1744. Captain Francis Goelet records in 1750 his visit to the lodge . . . "which is kept at Stone's (the Royal Exchange Tavern) in a very grand manner. Mr. Oxnard presided." John Williams was the next owner, buying it from the heirs of Oxnard in 1768. In 1780 Samuel Breck, Jr., writes, in his "Recollections": "My father purchased a house for twelve hundred guineas OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 155 in gold. It was greatly out of repair having been oc- cupied, as I have often heard, by Lord Percy, who was in Boston during the siege. My father put it in excellent repair and adorned the extensive garden in the midst of which it stood. For a city residence it was remarkably fine. This was sold to my uncle John Andrews when we removed to Philadelphia in 1792. In these gardens my father gave a grand fete on the birth of the dauphin. Drink was distributed from hogsheads, and the whole town was made welcome to the plentiful tables within doors." Lucius Manlius Sargent writes of John Andrews: "I remember him well and his trim dress and white top boots and powdered hair. When I knew him he lived at the corner of Winter Street and the gardens extended down Winter Street. It was an antique wooden house, and once occupied by Francis Bernard. My mother pointed out to me the chamber she occupied when she made them a visit." John Andrews will always be re- membered by the letters he wrote before and during the siege, which give a vivid picture of the life in Boston at that time. He speaks of entertaining Washington at dinner. He then lived in School Street. He says, ''Washington then proceeded to Earl Percy's at the head of Winter Street, belonging to Inspector Williams." Francis Bernard, the ninth royal governor, occupied this house during his term of office. He was born in England in 1 712, appointed governor of New Jersey in 1758, and the following year of Massachusetts. Bernard's daughter Julia says, in her reminiscences, that the Province House was his official residence or government house. She says they had a great number of servants, both black and white. A public day each week, a dinner for gentlemen, and a drawing-room in the afternoon, when all persons of either sex who wished to pay their respects were intro- 156 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS duced ; various refreshments were handed about and some cards. They also had apartments at Castle William, where they moved when the weather became extremely hot. "My father though not tall had something dignified and distinguished in his appearance and manners. He dressed superbly on all occasions. My mother was tall and a very fine woman. Her dresses were ornamented with gold and silver and ermine and fine American sable. My father had a pleasant house in Jamaica Plain, chiefly built by himself, and we generally moved to it in May. [This was near Jamaica Pond, the site now partly covered by Pond Street.] He was always on the wing on account of his situation. There were many worthy and interest- ing families in Boston, with some of these we afterwards renewed our acquaintance in London." The fashion of toasts after dinner was then prevalent, and one of Ber- nard's survived and is still repeated. "Here's a health to all those that we love, Here's a health to all those that love us, Here's a health to all those that love them that love those That love those that love them that love us." During his administration there were six successive minis- tries in England, with a corresponding change in secreta- ries of state, and notable incidents leading up to the Revolution followed each other in quick succession. William Pitt, the great commoner, was in the zenith of his power, and Edmund Burke began his career. Macaulay says, ^'When the bill for repealing the Stamp Act was under consideration, the House of Commons heard Pitt for the last time and Burke for the first time, and was in doubt to which of them the palm of eloquence should be assigned." They were both strong and loyal friends to America, and appealed for her interests. In March, 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, which led to OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 157 riots, mobs, and the destruction of property, and this caused its repeal the following year. The first American Congress met in New York, October 7, 1765, which was the first step towards the national Union, and about this time the terms "Whig" and "Tory" were first used in the provinces. October 28, 1767, at an important town meet- ing, it was agreed not to import nor use articles of British production. September 1768, two regiments, the four- teenth and the twenty-ninth, were quartered on the town, from which arose no end of trouble. All these facts are well known, and have been described minutely many times. They affected the life of the townsmen, and changed the life of the nation. Bernard was upbraided by some for doing too little and by others for doing too much, and the situation be- tween him and the people became more and more strained. In 1769 he was recalled, and there was great joy among the people. His administration came at the most critical time in the history of the province, and he did not under- stand the art of governing the people and at the same time of pleasing the king. On the south corner of Winter Street lived Paul Dudley, in a house which he bought in 1706 and sold in 1724—25. Joseph Dudley was the third royal governor, the son of Gov. Thomas Dudley, and was born in Roxbury in 1647. He always lived there, but was without doubt much at the house of his son Paul. He held many public offices, but, involved in the troubles of Andros, he passed five months in the gaol and was then sent to England. It must have been with great satisfaction that he returned to his native land as governor in 1702. Sewall says, meeting him on board the ship Centurian, "The governor has a very large wigg. He rode to Roxbury in Major Hobby's coach drawn with six horses richly harnessed." During 158 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS his whole term of office he was at constant warfare with the legislature, and he continued to insist that the gov- ernor should have a house provided for him and that he should have a fixed salary, which the House steadily refused. On the death of Queen Anne he asked to be retained in office, but this was not granted, and he re- tired to Roxbury. Samuel Shute was the fourth royal governor, and was born in London in 1653. He arrived in Boston commis- sioned as governor October 4, 1716, and received the usual parade. Hutchinson tells us that he took up his lodging at Paul Dudley's. He inherited from his prede- cessor the quarrels with the legislature, especially in re- gard to a fixed salary, which the people would not give. He finally wearied of the strife, and, obtaining leave to return, he secretly boarded a vessel January i, 1723, leaving the lieutenant-governor, William Dummer, to administer the affairs. The land on which St. Paul's Cathedral stands was owned by John Wampas, the Indian, in 1666-7. On both sides of Temple Place and extending to West Street was the pasture of Richard Carter, which his daughter Ann sold to Hezekiah Usher. In 1 714 it was bought by Francis Wainwright and in 1722 by Jonathan Williams, who conveyed in 1 742 to Stephen Greenlief, the sheriff of Suffolk County and a confirmed royalist. In 1798 it was owned by Hepsibah Swan for her husband James Swan, a merchant who got into financial difficulties and was for many years imprisoned in Paris, as he would not conform to the laws. In the early part of the nine- teenth century the estate was well known as the "Wash- ington Gardens," and later was the site of the Masonic Temple. In 1711-12 Governor Joseph Dudley proposed to pro- OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 159 vide for the town some field carriages if the selectmen would provide a suitable house for them. The site selected was in the Common, just south of West Street. In 1746 there were eight field carriages here. In 1767 the selectmen were desired to repair and enlarge the gun house for the reception of the artillery lately given by the Province for the use of the Boston regiment. In 1769 Capt. Adino Paddock and others of the Artillery Company were given leave to erect a gun house on the town's land near the Common. September 16, 1774, John Andrews writes: "Ever since the cannon were taken away from Charlestown the Gen- eral has ordered a double guard on the new and old gun houses where the brass field pieces belonging to our militia are lodged. Notwithstanding which, the vigilance and temerity of our people have disconcerted him. For Wednesday evening or night they took those from the old house (by opening the side of the house) and carried them away through Frank Johonnot's garden [a distiller who lived on Avery Street]. Upon which the General gave orders the next day to remove those from the new house (which stands directly opposite the encampment of the fourth regiment in the middle of the street near the large elm) into the camp and to place a guard at each end. The officers went to execute his orders and they were gone." The conspirators had seized them and lodged them in the schoolhouse next door, where they were so placed under the master's desk, that they were not found, and a little later they were as secretly taken to Roxbury and concealed in the woods. They were used during the Revolution, and are now at Bunker Hill. The ground on which the gun house stood was sold by the town to private individuals. The next estate of any historical importance was that which the town granted i6o THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS to Richard Bellingham, in 1665, which was bought by Samson Sheaffe in 1677, and for some years it was the home of the schoolmaster. Jacob Sheaffe sold to Abiah Holbrook, whose heirs conveyed to Israel Hatch in 1 794. He was an innkeeper here in 1796. The lot south of the tavern, Hatch sold to the proprietors of the second theater in the town, in 1 796. Washington Street between School and Milk Streets and Winter and Summer Streets was called "Marlborough Street" in 1708, and south of Winter and Summer Streets to Boylston and Essex Streets was named "Newbury Street." They were otherwise known as "the fore street going towards Roxbury"; "the long fore street"; "street to Roxbury," etc. On the west side on the south corner of School Street was the house lot of Atherton Hough, granted to him on his arrival in 1633 i^ the same ship that brought John Cotton and others. Hough was one of the selectmen, and with Vane and Elder Oliver were the first appointed to argue disputes. Francis Lyle the barber was next to him. Harvard Place was later taken out of this lot. It was ordered in 1722—23 that a passage be left, ten feet six inches wide. Later it was called "Joy's alley," and "Coblers Court"; in 1820, "Harvard Place." The next lot became famous as the site of the Province House. The original possession of Thomas Millard, it was bought by Peter Sargent in 1676. Sargent built the house and put his initials over the front door, "16 P. S. 79." He died in 1 714-15. He was a rich merchant and held a prominent place in the town. He married for a third wife the widow of Sir William Phipps, and he was her third husband. For a fourth wife he married Mehitable, widow of Thomas Cooper, and she married for a third husband, after his death, Simeon Stoddard. THE PROVINCE HOUSE The official residence of the Provincial Governors OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON i6i In 1 716 the heirs sold the estate to the Government, and it became the official residence of the provincial governors, most of them if not all obtaining other houses for their family life. After the evacuation in 1776, our own officers used it for public business. The Province House was first used by the governors as their official residence in the time of Shute, but whether many of them lived there is doubtful. It is known that during his brief stay in Boston Lord Bellomont occupied it. Sewall notes, Midsummer day, 1699, that he dined with his lordship at Mr. Sargent's, and that he let him his coach house which was at the head of Bromfield Street. The Government paid the rent to Mr. Sargent for four- teen and a half months and also paid Sewall for the coach house. Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, was an Irish peer, born in 1636, and in June, 1697, was commis- sioned governor of the province. He was by nature a courtier and tried to please the people, but the first decided opposition of the people to the crown came under his administration, when he asked that a fixed salary should be settled on the governor. They argued that they had some control over those to whom they paid a salary raised by taxation, which they would not otherwise have. Bello- mont is best known by his dealings with Captain Kidd. With a view to the capture of the famous Captain William Kidd, Bellomont bent his energies. Kidd was known to Bellomont in London, where he was helped by him and others in fitting out the Adventure galley to suppress piracy. Kidd sailed for the Indian Ocean, and it was soon rumored that instead of suppressing piracy Kidd had himself turned pirate. An order was given for his arrest, and without suspicion Kidd came to New York and sent word to Bellomont that he had ten thousand pounds of goods, part of which was Bellomont's share, and i62 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS he would prove himself innocent of the charges against him. A letter from Bellomont to Kidd was considered as a safe conduct, and Kidd came to Boston, where he was arrested, sent to England, and there tried, condemned, and executed. Bellomont's connection with this matter has not added to his reputation, and by some he has been severely censured. Bellomont went on a visit to New York in the summer of 1700, and died there March 5, 1700— I. William Burnet, the fifth governor, the eldest son of the Rev. Gilbert Burnet, lord bishop of Sarum, was born at The Hague in Holland, March 1686-87, and named William after the Prince of Orange, who stood for his godfather. The Boston News Letter wrote of him, after his death, ''His body was very large, the image of his noble father, and in soul he was heir of his Learning, Jus- tice and Moderation." He had been governor of New York and New Jersey when he was transferred to Massachu- setts and New Hampshire by George II. Though all the royal governors had been well received, his recep- tion exceeded others by its great pomp and parade. The News Letter says, July 25, 1728, "His Excellency Gover- nor Burnet arrived at Dedham on Thursday night and lodged at the house of the Rev. Mr. Dexter. The next morning the house was surrounded with a large concourse of gentlemen who went to attend and guard him to Boston. He was met at the George Tavern by the Lieutenant- Governor, the Honorable Gentlemen of his Majestie's Council, etc., who lighted out of their coaches and con- gratulated him. Here he was received by Colonel Dudley's regiment. About twelve o'clock he with the attendance of five troops, a vast number of gentlemen on horseback, and a great number of coaches and chaises, was ushered into Boston with a splendor and magnificence superior OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 163 to what has ever been known in these parts of the world. Upon his entrance at the fortification he was saluted by guns on small vessels which lay near for that purpose and by the guns at Castle William. From the Fortification to the Town House the windows, turrets and streets seemed to be alive with joyful spectators, while the Pomp was making its orderly procession that was appointed for his reception. After some stay, at one o'clock he was received by the Boston Militia and a train of Magistrates and conducted to the Court House where his commission was opened. After this he was conducted to the Bunch of Grapes where he was entertained at dinner. About six o'clock a company of young gentlemen cadets waited upon him and conducted him to his lodgings with a long procession of merchants etc. following. His Excellency having entered the house, they paid their complements and were dismissed." He lodged at first with Elisha Cooke, as the Province House was undergoing repairs, but later possibly occupied the house at the north corner of Tremont and Winter Streets. His friendship with Cooke was soon broken, on account of their differences upon civil government. He was dignified in manner, courteous towards all and experienced in business, having been bred a lawyer, but he was not always politic in his disposal of public offices. He did not understand the temper of the people nor appre- ciate their spirit of liberty. Hutchinson says that in social affairs he led and took the greatest share in the con- versation not only by right of precedence but by his natural disposition, and that the severe discipline of his early life had the tendency to make him not very keen in his attendance on religious services. He laid little stress on modes or forms, though he was a firm believer. His reply is well known when once asked to dine with i64 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS a family who retained the custom of saying grace, and he was asked whether he preferred it should be said sitting or standing, "Standing or sitting, anyway or no way just as you please." His short term of office was embittered by the same old dispute with the House in regard to the governor's salary. As they adhered to their resolution of granting no fixed salary he retaliated by keeping the House in session all summer, not allowing them to prorogue, and in October adjourned the House to meet in Salem, that the country members need not be under the influence of the people of Boston. He gained nothing by this, but rather the more angered the members. Several sessions were held in Salem with no more success in reaching an amicable solution of the difficulties, and then the gover- nor adjourned the House to meet in Cambridge. August 31, 1 729, as the governor came towards the ferry on his way from Cambridge to Boston, his carriage upset and he was thrown into the water. The exposure brought on his death, and he died after a week's illness. He was buried with great solemnity and honor in the old Burying Ground. October 7 there was sold "at public vendue at the house wherein he dwelt sundry household goods, horses, coaches, etc." November 6, William Dugdale, executor, asked all persons to settle with the estate at the dwelling house, advertising this in the papers of the day. William Shirley was one of the governors who used the Province House simply as the official residence. He bought a house in Roxbury near the Dorchester line. He was born in London in 1694, and a lawyer by profession. He came to Boston bringing letters to Gov. Belcher, whom he succeeded in 1741. His character and ability were appreciated by his fellow citizens who were well satisfied with his appointment. He rarely quarrelled with the OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 165 Legislature. War between England and France again broke out in 1744, and it was in Shirley's administration that the garrison of Louisburg surrendered to the Amer- ican forces led by William Pepperrell. Shirley was re- called in 1756 and later made governor of the Bahama Islands. He returned to Boston in 1769 and died two years later in Roxbury. Three of his daughters married prominent Boston men: Eliakim Hutchinson, John Erv- ing and William Bollan. It has never been stated as far as we know where Thomas Pownall, the governor who succeeded Shirley, actually lived, and he may have passed his whole official life in the Province House. He came to Boston in August 1757 and during his administration William Pitt was determined to put an end to the French supremacy in America. Pownall wrote to Pitt in regard to the part that Massachusetts was willing to play, and said, "This Province ever did and ever will and ever must take the lead when a spirited measure is expected." Pownall was appointed Governor of South Carolina and left a good reputation, besides a map of the town which has become historic. Gen. Thomas Gage was commander-in-chief of the king's forces in America, with headquarters in New York. When troubles arose in Boston, and Hutchinson had re- tired, it was thought best for him to have his headquarters in Boston, and therefore he was commissioned captain general and governor. He arrived May 17, 1774, and was received with the usual parade and "elegant" dinner, be- fore taking up his residence at the Province House. He also had a house in Danvers. He was not unpopular as a commander but he had no sympathy with the people, and was insincere and arrogant in his dealings with them. The Acts of Parliament had ceased to have any effect upon 1 66 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS the people. Their continued oppression drew them closer together, and they soon recognized no power but their own Congress. John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Joseph Warren, as the principal leaders, were ably sup- ported by a host of patriots. The Committee of Cor- respondence who guided public affairs was ever on the alert. Numerous clubs and caucuses were formed, where the situation was freely discussed, and ways and means planned to meet any emergency that might arise, and to watch the movements of the troops. A Committee of Safety was appointed, to devise measures, and all were silently preparing in case of an open outbreak. Gage, sensing the feelings of the people, felt that he too must prepare for the worst, and began to seize arms and ammunition stored in the neighboring towns, and to fortify Boston itself. The result is well known. Gage was the last of the royal governors. It was not so much the fault of the individual governors as that of the government at home, whose instructions they were obliged to follow, that led to the mismanagement of the colonies. Neither the British ministry nor the governors understood the situation nor the people, and they took no pains to inform themselves. The governors found that they were called upon to rule a people who did not want to be ruled, and though they showed lack of wisdom in their dealings with them, and their constant bickerings and controversies with the legislature were anything but dignified ; at the same time any influence which they might have exerted was overborne by the insistence of the rulers in England that their will must be law. There was less excuse for the four governors born on the soil, and these were generally the most unpopular. None of them escaped censure, but the administrations of Shirley and Pownall were the most judicious and most successful. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 167 Thomas Grubb, a leather dresser, came next to the Province House and then WiUiam Aspinwall, both of whom joined the church in 1630. Aspinwall was a deacon and recorder of Suffolk County, 1644- 51. He was no doubt a Hberal subscriber in the stock of the company, for he had a larger lot than many, and he chose this one which extended to Tremont Street, and also had other land in other parts of the town. In 1652 this lot was sold to Theodore Atkinson, and Aspinwall removed to Brookline. In 1653—54 Atkinson conveyed the whole two and a half acres to Edward Rawson. Rawson first settled in Newbury and was a deputy from there to the General Court, where in 1659 he was chosen secretary to succeed Increase Nowell who had filled the position since 1636, and he remained secre- tary until the last meeting of the old colony court, when he was ordered to deliver the records to a committee for safe keeping. Charles Hobby bought the house on the north corner of Bromfield Street in 1702, and hired a stable at the upper end of Rawson Lane. He sold the house in 1708. He was the son of William and Anne, and was born in Boston. He was a gay man and free liver, had plenty of money at times, but died in London insolvent, in 1715. In 1710 he was deputy governor of Annapolis Royal. He was knighted for bravery in Jamaica in an earthquake, but some uncharitably said it was for eight hundred pounds. William Hoar bought the lot on the south corner of Bromfield Street in 1669-70, and in 1687-88 Simon Bradstreet was taxed in Ward 7, next to Hoar. Bradstreet came with Winthrop as one of the assistants, and lived to be the nestor of the company and its last governor, 1 6 79—86. His home was in Salem and Andover, i68 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS but for some years he hired a house in Boston. It was no doubt at this house that Judge Samuel Sewall called when he took the walk, May 8, 1685, that has become famous, and which he described as follows. He left his house (just south of Summer Street) and "called for Mr. Bradstreet, and then went up Hoar lane (Bromfield Street) to the almshouse (corner of Beacon and Park Streets), then down the length of the Common to Mr. Deane's pasture (in 1692 bought by Sewall, and was part of his so-called Elm pasture), then through Cowell's lane (West Street) to the new garden (Sewall had in- herited land east of Temple Place), then to our house, then to our pasture by Engs (in Summer Street), then I waited on his Honor to his gate, and so home." May 20, 1686, the last meeting of the Court met at the Governor's (Bradstreet) house and then the Court adjourned to the second week in October next at eight of the clock in the morning. "Samuel Norwell, John Saffin and Captain Timothy Prout were a committee for a reposi- tary of such papers on file with the Secretary (Edward Rawson) as referred to our Charter and negotiations, with such as refer to our title of our land by purchase of the Indians, etc., and for the security thereof." Sewall gives an account of the last meeting: "Friday, May 21, 1686, The Magistrates and Deputies go to the governor's, Mr. Nowell prayed that God would pardon each Magistrates' and Deputies' sin, I moved to sing, so sang the 17th and 1 8th verses of Habbakkuk. The adjournment which had been agreed before, to the second Wednesday in October next in the morning, was declared by the weeping Marshall-General. Many tears shed in prayer and at parting." On the land of Aspinwall, after various transfers, Philip Gatcomb mortgaged a house in 1 744, known by the Sign H •< UJ .^ Pi ■f\ H s '■/^ o ^ s Q S Z CO < o E \i O 'tr* OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 169 of the Three Horse Shoes. Ephraim Pope, who called himself a planter, came next, but soon sold out to Arthur Mason, baker. In 1639 Pope was imprisoned for drinking strong water. On the north corner of Winter Street, Jane, widow of John Parker, of Brookline, had a house and garden which extended about three hundred feet on Winter Street, reaching that of the house at the corner of Winter and Tremont Streets. In 1656, as the wife of Richard Thayer, she sold this to Stephen Greenlief, who two years later sold to John Pierse. His son Samuel, who inherited, divided it into lots and sold to various persons. In 17 13 the corner lot was bought by Thomas Salter, whose heirs deeded to Dr. John Sprague in 1754, and he in 1757 to the children of Henry and Mary Quincy. On the south corner of Winter Street was the house and garden of Robert Blott, who for a time gave his name to Winter Street and part of this estate was bought by Thomas Bannister, for whom also the street was named. Bannister called himself "a playster," when admitted to be a townsman in 1685, and later a merchant. He bought the Blackstone estate on Beacon Street. The lot next south was that of Anthony Harker, who sold it to Isaac Vergoose in 1659-60, and it remained in his family until 1763. This is the house which is credited to "Mother Goose," who is buried in the Granary Burying Ground, but, though we are loth to give up the old tradition, it must be confessed that definite authority is wanting as to the authorship of the old rhymes. The next lot was bought by John Hull in 1680 and inherited by Samuel Sewall and his wife Hannah. On the south corner of West Street was the pasture of Edward Cowell, which extended to the Common — that is, the present Mason Street. Part of this was bought 170 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS by Dr. John Cutler in 1697, and inherited by his daughter Ruth and her husband, Dr. George Stuart, in 1731. Jacob Leger bought the lot of Richard Brackett, prison keeper, in 1638. Brackett was one of those who joined the church in 1630. In 1694 Edward Durant owned both sides of Hogg Alley, which he bought of John Blake, and he of Ann, the widow of Leger. About 1702 an alley was left out of the land of Durant when he sold a piece to James Blin, in 1708 called "Hogg Alley," and now covered by the Adams House and Keith's Theater. Durant conveyed the southern part of his land to Jona- than Waldo, and his son sold to Samuel Cookson in 1 780, and he to Joel Crosby in 1798. This is the site of the Lamb Tavern, which is mentioned in the town records as early as 1738; in 1782 Augustus Moor was licensed there. It is on the north corner of Avery Street. Avery Street was known in 1670 as "widow Colburn's lane," as laid out through her land, formerly part of the lot of William Colburn, at the north corner of Boylston Street. Avery Street was later known as "Sheaffes lane," from the schoolmaster whose house was on the corner of the lane and Tremont Street. In 1740 called "the high- way which was laid out by John Barrell." South of the street was the White Horse Tavern, which the heirs of Colburn deeded to Thomas Brattle in 1700, "the inn known as the White Horse." Brattle mortgaged to John Marshall who sold to Jonathan Dwight in 1740. William Bowdoin recovered judgment from Dwight and conveyed to Joseph Morton in 1765, and he to Perez Morton in 179 1. In 1798 it was occupied by Aaron Emmes. In 171 7 Thomas Chamberlain was licensed; William Cleeres in 17 18; Mrs. Moulton in 1764; Israel Hatch in 1787, and Joseph Morton in 1789. South of the White horse was the Sign of the Lion which was OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 171 kept by Henry Vose, innholder in 1796, and later became the site of the Melodeon. Peter Daille, the minister of the French church, bought the lot next south of the White Horse. All of these were on the lot of Elder William Colburn, who chose this lot when he arrived with the first settlers. Colburn was one of those who signed the agree- ment in Cambridge in 1629, to pass over the seas. On the east side of Washington Street, on the south corner of Milk Street, was the house and garden of Robert Reynolds, shoemaker, and his lot extended down Milk Street. The house was later known as the Sign of the Buck, where in 1 713—14 Samuel Gerrish kept his book- stall after the great fire, but soon removed to King Street. February 171 5—16, Robert Pateshall, leather dresser, was at the Buck. Daniel Johonnot, the distiller, lived next door. In 1732 Catharine Mariott sells women's and chil- dren's shoes next door to the Sign of the Buck. Oxen- bridge Thatcher was at the Sign of the Three Crowns in Marlborough Street when he advertised for a runaway slave, in 1 71 7. In 1800 Luther Emmes was an innholder at the Rising Sun, in Marlborough Street. John Adams, shopkeeper, went to Nova Scotia in 1710, in Colonel Hobby's regiment, and was a conspicuous figure there for many years, and was a counsellor. He returned to Boston in 1 740, having been compelled by blindness to relinquish his duties. He owned a house on the east side of Marlborough Street, which he sold in 1741, and died in poverty. His daughter Hannah married Hibbert Newton, son of Thomas Newton of Boston, who had filled many public offices. Hibbert settled in Nova Scotia in 1 7 1 1 . William Dummer lived on the east side of Washington Street, between Milk and Summer Streets. He was lieutenant-governor, 1716—30, and acting governor 1723— 172 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS 28, on the departure of Shute. It was during his adminis- tration that the influence of the famous Jesuit Father Rasle was brought to an end by the destruction of his chapel at Norridgewock, Me. On the north corner of Summer Street Nathaniel Wood- ward had his house and garden, which he sold to James Penniman in 1659-60, and it remained in his family for nearly one hundred years. November 9, 1732, James Penniman advertised at the Sign of the Boot, where he sold turpentine, etc. The heirs of Penniman sold to John Sprague, 1750—51. Stephen and Samuel Salisbury were the owners in 1784. They were the sons of Nicholas Salisbury, who lived on the west side of Washington Street, between Bromfield and Winter Streets. Their brother Josiah (1734— 1818), deacon of the Old South Church, was one of the last to wear the old cocked hat. The story goes that it was always known if he had money to let without asking him: if he had he always wore the front peak of his hat high up when he walked down to Exchange, and low down was always a sad fore- boding to borrowers. On the south corner of Summer Street George Bethune owned the estate in 1724, and two doors farther south was the early possession of Robert Hull, which his son John, the mintmaster, inherited. This spot became famous as the home of Judge Samuel Sewall, who mar- ried his daughter Hannah. Sewall was born in 1652 in England, and died in 1730. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1671, and soon entered upon public life. He was counsellor, judge of the Supreme Court, and chief justice, 1718—28. He is best known by his Diary, which he kept faithfully each day, giving public and private events, making it an invaluable political and social history of the time. His son Samuel inherited the OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 173 estate, and it was confiscated in 1782 as the property of a royalist. The next lot was that of Jacob Hurd, part of which came to Bartholomew Green, the printer, in 1705. For forty years he was the principal printer in the town or country, and died in 1732. His father was Samuel Green, the printer in Cambridge, who came in 1630. Captain Samuel Green used to tell his children that on first coming on shore he and several others used to take shelter in empty casks, from the weather, for want of housing. Bartholomew set up his press with his father, but soon came to Boston. He was printer of the Boston News Letter from the beginning. John Draper was his successor in 1748, and in 1783 the estate was confiscated as the property of a royalist. Many books and news- papers were here printed. William Blanton came next, part of whose land was bought by Giles Dyer in 1698—99, and Benjamin Church, the traitor, who married Hannah Dyer, lived here. Thomas Wheeler, who joined the church in 1636, was on the north corner of Bedford Street, and owned down to the pond in Bedford Street. Robert Woodward was on the south corner, part of which was bought by Samuel Walker, whose widow Sarah mortgaged, in 1698, the house called the "Brewers Arms," in tenure of Daniel Elton, innholder. Griffeth Bowen was on the north corner of Essex Street. He conveyed this to Isaac Addington who married his daughter, Elizabeth Bowen, in 1669. His daughter Rebecca married Eleazer Davenport, and this became the property of their son Addington Davenport, who was born in 1670. He was register of deeds and held many responsible positions as clerk of the House and of the Supreme Court and of the Court of Common Pleas. He 174 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS was a counsellor and finally judge of the Supreme Court. The estate remained in the family until 1758. Of his secretary, Edward Turfrey, Sewall says: "January i, 1702—3, Edward Turfrey dies of the smallpox. He was a person of great abilities. His death is a great loss to the town and Province but more especially to Mr. Adding- ton, Secretary of the Province, to whom he was extraor- dinarily serviceable having lived with him ten years. If real worth and serviceableness and youth won't give a discharge in this warfare What Shall? He is universally lamented." He was the son of George Turfrey, of Saco and Boston. In 1 712 Eleazer Phillips was at the Sign of the Eagle on Newbury Street. In 1731 Robert Knox at the Half Moon has chaises and horses to let. In 1789 Israel Hatch was at the sign of the Grand Turk, as innholder. Bromfield Street was laid out by Edward Rawson in 1669. He had bought the Aspinwall estate in 1653-4, which extended on both sides of the street. In 1708 it was called Rawson's Lane, and at times called after the residents therein, Cushing's Lane, Hoar Lane, and finally the palm was yielded to Edward Bromfield, and it has become Bromfield Street. Rawson sold off lots on both sides of the street, but the two most noted families were those of Bromfield and Gushing. Edward Bromfield, the first representative of the family in New England, arrived in Boston in 1675. He was a member of the Council, 1 703- 28. He worshiped at the Old South Church, where he was an "example of strict piety and for the advancement of religion." That he might be undisturbed in his re- ligion he built an oratory in a grove in the pasture behind his house, whither he would retire several times a day. His daughter married Thomas Gushing. He died in 1734. His son Edward, born in 1695, was an eminent merchant. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 175 He married Abigail Coney in 1723, and built a house on Beacon Street, which land he bought in 1742, and here he lived until his death in 1756. In 1747 he entertained here the famous missionary to the Indians, David Brainard. His son Edward, the third of the name, was born in 1723. He died in 1746, but not until he had made a name which has come down as the first in America to make a microscope (grinding and polishing his own lenses) and also an organ. Thomas Gushing, the first of the name, lived at the North End, between Sun Court and Fleet Streets. He was a cordwainer and shopkeeper by trade, but became prominent in public life. Held town offices, and was representative and counsellor. He died in 1740. Thomas Cushing, his son, was born in 1694, and married Mary, daughter of Edward Bromfield. In 1732 he bought land on the south side of Bromfield Street and built his house. He also was active in public life. Was representative, speaker, and held other offices in the town. He died in 1746. Thomas Cushing the third was born in 1724. He was a patriot and the friend of Hancock and Adams. He was representative, speaker, delegate to the Provincial Congress and lieutenant governor when the province be- came a state. He was a great friend of Franklin, and from him received the letters which Hutchin- son, Paxton, and others had sent to friends in England, and which were soon made public here. He died in 1788. John Adams wrote of him, "He is steady and constant and busy in the interests of liberty and the opposition, and is famed for secrecy and his talent at procuring intelligence." Thus all the Cushings were active for the welfare for their town and Country. The house in which the Bromfields lived became, later, the Indian Queen tavern. 176 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS There is no order in the records for the laying out of Winter Street, so that it may be inferred that it was one of the cow paths to the Common which developed automatically into a street. It was called, at times, "Blotts Lane," "Bannisters Lane," "Willis Lane," and in 1708 received the name of Winter Street. This may have been on account of the bleakness of the corner on Tremont Street. In modern times one of the wits of the town said, "The Lord tempered the wind to the shorn lamb, but He did not mean that lamb to stand on the corner of Winter and Tremont Streets." On the north side the estates on both corners met, and gradually were cut up into house lots. Jackson Place, on the south side, was a twelve-foot passage in 1729. In 1784 Samuel Adams, the patriot, bought the house a few doors west of Jackson Place. Temple Place was part of the Hezekiah Usher estate. In 1708 it was called "Turnagain Alley," and in 1714 "an alley of Francis Wainwright." The eastern portion was laid out by Samuel Sewall, Jr., and Henry Howell, as a passage twelve feet wide in 1736, but it was not cut through to Washington Street until 1864. West Street is another of the streets not recorded as laid out. It is spoken of in the Book of Possessions as a lane, and later as "the lane from the common into the broad street"; in 1708, "West Street." The most noted building here was the South Writing School, or the school- house in the common, for at the time when it was built it was practically in the common. March 12, 171 5— 16, it was voted that a Writing school be erected in the south part of the town." May 15, 171 7, the selectmen set out "a convenient piece of land upon the common adjoining Mr. Cowell's lot over against Mr. Wainwright's." December 29, 1718, voted "either to alter a carriage house OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 177 or make a new schoolhouse." In 1744 it was to be en- larged. February 23, 1780, it was destroyed by fire, and a room in the Manufactory was hired until 1782, when a new house was built. March 14, 18 14, the selectmen were empowered to sell to David Greenough and his associates so much of the land of the school lot in West Street as in their opinion will not be injurious to the schoolhouse. January 3, 18 16, Mr. Greenough presented a plan of a piece of land which he offered to exchange for the lot on which the schoolhouse stands." January 31 the offer was accepted "to exchange the lot on which the wooden schoolhouse stands for land immediately north of the new Medical college in Mason Street." The school- masters were, Amos Angier, 1720— 22 ; Jacob Sheaf, 1722— 27; Peter Blyn, 1727-31; Samuel Allen, 1731-42; Zachariah Hicks, 1742; Abiah Holbrook, 1742—69; Samuel Holbrook, 1769-80; JohnVinal, 1781-95. July 14, 1789, the selectmen "permit the Blacks to have the use of Mr. Vinal's school for public worship on the afternoon of the Lord's Day, provided that the exercises begin at the hour on which the several churches in the town are called to- gether." BoYLSTON Street was the spot which five of those who joined the church in 1630 chose for their house lots, and for many years was called the "lane"; also "Snow's Lane," "the lane leading from the house of Jacob Eliot to the sea," "lane from the fore street up towards the trayning field"; in i7o8,"Frog Lane"; in 1809, "Boylston Street." According to the Book of Possessions Thomas Snow, innholder, owned the land on the northeast corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, and a certain amount farther east on Boylston Street. In 1667 he mortgaged the old house "to which the Sign of the Dove is fastened." John Foster, a printer, 178 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS as Sewall calls him, "the ingenious mathematician and printer," died in 1681, aged thirty-three years. He was the first printer in Boston. The first press in the colony was established in Cambridge in 1639, and up to 1674 none were allowed in any other town. After permission was granted, Foster set up his press in Boston "at the Sign of the Dove." It is not at all certain that by this is meant the house of Thomas Snow, but, as there were few signs in the town at that time, it is not likely that there were two of the same name. Essex Street was a lane according to the Book of Pos- sessions, and only extended to Kingston Street; below that, the estates in Summer Street reached to the cove. In 1678 a highway was laid out from South Street to Windmill Point of fifty feet in breadth, upon the beach. The street went by the names of "highway leading from the house in which Mr, Rainsford now lives," "street leading from Deacon Eliot's towards the old windmill"; in 1708 called "Essex Street." It was sometimes called Beach Street near South Street, thereby causing confusion with its neighbor. At one time it was "Auchmuty's Lane," and in one instance called "Reagh alias Essex Street." The first mint house was on the land of John Hull, which he bought in 1653, a little east of Kingston Street, The so-called Sheaffe house was at the east corner of Essex and Kingston Streets. It was built in 1734 by Thomas Child, distiller and sugar baker. His distillery was at the corner of Essex and South Streets. Child married Susannah Hatch, and their daughter Isabella married John Coffin, whose daughter Susannah married William Sheaffe, deputy collector under Sir Henry Frankland, whom he succeeded. Isaac Coffin became an admiral in the British service, and his brother John became a major- general. The first glassworks in the town were on the OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 179 south side, at the west corner of Kingston Street, and in 1 798 the owners were Thomas Walley and Company. Oxford Street was Peck's Lane in 171 7. Kingston Street was a lane, according to the Book of Possessions, later "a lane running up from the seaside to the common field." In 1708, Short Street. In 1800, when opened to Summer Street through the land of Thomas Russell, it was called Plymouth Street, and in 18 10 "Kingston Street." Bedford Street was early laid out as far as Kingston ' Street. Below that the estates in Summer Street extended to the cove. In 1643—4 it was ordered laid out to the south windmill. It was "the highway to Wheeler's pond," "street leading from the Green [in Summer Street] to Wheeler's pond," "street leading from the fore street down to the water"; in 1708, "Pond Street to Captain Dyers barn," and "Blind Lane from the lower end of Pond Street to the Green"; Bedford Street in 182 1. The pond, the town's watering place, was on the north side not far from the corner of Washington Street. In 1753 the town's land, including the pond, was sold to Daniel Wheeler. Giles Dyer, shopkeeper, was a prominent resident in the street, having bought the land in 1699. Previously he lived at the North End. He was colonel, sheriff, and deputy of his majesty's custom's. He died in 1713, and Sewall at his funeral accepted a pair of gloves for friend- ship's sake, but refused to be a bearer or go into the church, for Dyer was a member of King's Chapel. Sewall followed the procession, however. Charles Lidgett, son of Peter Lidgett, lived on the south side, buying the land in 1678 of the widow of Thomas Buttolph. In 1687 he was assistant justice of the Supreme Court, one of the founders of the Chapel and i8o THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS one of the richest taxpayers. He went to England in 1690 and died there. Robert Calef, merchant, bought house and land on the north side at the corner of Washington Street, in 1707—8. He answered Cotton Mather in his delusions on witch- craft, and published, in 1700, ''More Wonders of the Invisible World." In 1771 Benjamin Church, Jr., bought the estate of the heirs of Calef. John Rowe, merchant, whose wharf on Atlantic Avenue still bears his name, and who gave the historic codfish to the town, lived on the north side, in the estate he bought in 1764, which in the nineteenth century became the home of Judge Prescott, the father of the historian. The extreme point beyond Essex, South, and Federal Streets was called "Windmill Point." Federal Street south of Summer Street was in the early days, Sea Street. According to the Book of Possessions the estates were on the bay, and in 1660 it was "the highway next the sea- side"; also called "Rope Lane" on account of the rope- walk there, and, in 1708, "Sea Street." It is now covered in part by the South Station. William Leatherland was admitted to the church in 1633, and had his house lot here. In 1661 there was a windmill set before his land, and in 1663 there was a saw- pit here. Roger Clap bought land on the west side, after he resigned from the Castle, and here he died in 1690— i. He was born in Salcom, Devonshire, and came to Dor- chester with the Dorchester Company, in 1630. He married Joanna, daughter of Thomas Ford, who came in the same ship, and they had fourteen children; only six of them lived to man's estate. He held many responsible positions in the town, both civil and military, and in 1665 was appointed captain of the Castle. Here he continued until 1686, when with the loss of the charter and change WINTER STREET Looking east from Washington Street OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON i8i of government some things were required of him that were grievous to his pious soul, and foreseeing a storm of trouble coming to the country, he resigned and came to Boston to end his days. He wrote his "Memoirs" for his children, which gave a vivid account of the trials of the first settlers. He was buried in the old Burying Ground with a military funeral, the governor and General Court following his body. Henry Knox was born in Boston of Scottish parents, in 1750, in a house in Federal and Essex Streets, which was removed when the streets were widened. After his school education he was employed in the bookstore of Wharton and Bowes, successors of Daniel Henchman, at the south corner of Washington and State Streets. At the age of twenty-one he began business on his own account. In 1774 he married Lucy Flucker, daughter of Thomas Flucker, the secretary of the province; she fol- lowed his fortunes in spite of the opposition of her parents and friends. The career of Knox in the Revolution is well known. South Street was mentioned as a street in the Book of Possessions, and later was known as "the lane leading to the water"; in 1708, South Street. Rev. Samuel Checkley, minister of the New South Church, bought a house on the east side in 1736, which he made his home. Summer Street was the "Mylne Street" of early days, also, "the south street," "the broad street from the town towards the water," "street to Richard Gridley's," "street to the Sign of the Bull," "Seven Star Lane," "South Meet- ing House Lane," and, in 1708, "Snmmer Street." The house on the west corner of Summer and Hawley Streets, the early possession of John Palmer, was bought by Thomas Bannister in 1698, of Robert Earle, — the house known by the name of the "Seven Stars." i82 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Leonard Vassal bought it in 1728, and in 1730 conveyed it to John Barnes and others for a meeting house. The lot was eighty-six feet on Summer Street and one hundred and sixty-nine on Bishops Lane. He bought it for £450 and sold it for £514.7.2. The first sermon preached in the church built here was on August 15, 1735, by Roger Price, of King's Chapel. The stone building, the second one erected on the spot, was destroyed in the great fire of 1872. Ministers: Addington Davenport, 1740—46; William Hooper, 1747-67; William Walter, 1767—75; Samuel Parker, 1775— 1804. The house on the east corner of Hawley Street was that of Philip Dumaresque, which he bought in 1727 and sold to Joseph Barrell in 1780. Barrell was interested in the New England coast trade, and with others fitted out the first Boston vessel to sail round Cape Horn. He sold this property to Charles Vaughan in 1793, and removed to Charlestown. Vaughan also bought more land east of this, and through his estate Arch Street was laid out, which in 1 794 was a highway leading to Franklin Place. Vaughan was one of those interested in developing Franklin Street. Next, Benjamin Bussey bought the house, and in 1807 Governor James Sullivan was living here. In 1738 Peter Pelham occupied a house in Summer Street, next to that of Philip Dumaresque, where he advertised to teach dancing, writing, reading, painting on glass, and all kinds of needlework. In 1748 he married Mary, widow of Richard Copley. Next east of Vaughan was the pasture of Samuel Sewall, which William Pepperell and wife Mary (Hirst) inherited. In 1780 it was sold as the confiscated property of Pepperrell. On the south side of the street, where, according to the Book of Possessions, Gamaliel Waite had a garden, Leon- OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 183 ard Vassal bought land of Simeon Stoddard in 1727 and asked leave to erect a timber house in room of an old one he wished to pull down. Vassal was born in Jamaica, in 1678, and came to Boston in 1723. He married, for a second wife, Phoebe Grosse, a widow, daughter of Samuel Penhallow of Portsmouth, and she married third, Thomas Graves of Charlestown, and fourth, Francis Borland. In 1737 the executors of Vassal conveyed the property to Thomas Hubbard who lived here until his death in 1783. He was a prominent citizen in the town, and treasurer of Harvard College 1762-73; a representative 1746—59. After the death of his widow the house came into pos- session of Frederick Geyer, a loyalist, and it was confis- cated, but restored to him in 1791. He lived here until he died in 1800, when it was sold to Samuel P. Gardner. His son George Gardner built the store of C. F. Hovey Co., on the site in 1854. Richard Hollich, also spelled Hollidge and Hollings- head, owned the next lot to Waite, and in 1680 he and his wife Ann conveyed this to the deacons of the First Church. The church kept this property in their hands until they sold their meeting house on Washington Street to Benjamin Joy, who agreed to build a block of brick houses on Summer Street, in front of their lot. The house here had been used as a parsonage, and they now built a new house in the rear. In 1807 a portion of this property was sold to open a passage of forty feet wide from Summer Street, and this was called Chauncey Place.. Bedford Place was the westerly half of Chauncey Place. The two places were divided at first by a brick wall, pierced with doors corresponding with the sidewalks, and later by an iron chain hanging between posts. In 1808 the street was opened by Mr. Rowe through Rowe's pas- ture, and from Bedford to Essex Street called "Exeter i84 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Street," also "Rowe Street"; in 1856 all called "Chauncey Place." The New South Church was built on land granted by the town September 20, 1715, "commonly called Church Green, nigh Summer Street," to Thomas Peck and others. The first meeting for the formation of this society was held at Bull Tavern, July 14, 1715. The lot was sixty-five by forty-five feet. The house was dedicated January 8, 1 71 6-1 7. It was of timber, sixty-five by forty-five by thirty-one feet, with flat roof and battlements. The minis- ters were, Samuel Checkley, 1719-69; Penuel Bowen, 1766-72; Joseph Howe, 1773-75; Oliver Everett, 1782- 92; JohnT. Kirkland, 1794-1810. Widow Tuttle and William Teft were early possessors of the next estates, and Lincoln Street was laid out by Benjamin Fessenden, Jr., in 1793, through his land which he bought of John Sprague, and was through the Tuthill estate. These estates originally extended to the cove south of Essex Street. The Bull Tavern was at the foot of Summer Street. Nicholas Baxter had his house and garden here, which in 1688 he conveyed to John Bull and his wife Mary, the daughter of Baxter's wife, Margaret. Baxter died in 1692 and in his will recites this deed and divides his personal property between his daughter Mary, the wife of John Swett, and John and Mary Bull. In 1694 and 1704 Mary Swett attempted to regain the whole estate, but Bull gained his case each time. John Bull died in 1723, and his son Jonathan in 1724 bought the shares of the other heirs. He died in England, and by will gave one third of his es- tate to his wife, and two thirds to his children, Elizabeth, John, and Samuel. Both sons died young, and Elizabeth received the whole. She married the Rev. Roger Price, in 1735, and in 1753 went to Eng- SUMMER STREET, THE NEW SOUTH CHURCH ON CHURCH GREEN OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 185 land. Her children returned and tried to regain the property, but it was contested by the widow of John Bull, and there was an endless compHcation. Now the site is covered by the South Station. John Bull was licensed as an innkeeper from 1689 to 17 13, when his widow was licensed. In 1757 Mr. Bean was landlord, and in 1766 the house was let to Benjamin Bigelow. In 1740 the Hawk Inn is mentioned in the records as in Summer Street. Franklin Street was cut through the original pos- sessions of Francis East and Nathaniel Heaton on Wash- ington Street. In 1767 it was only a passage; in 1784, Vincent's Alley, from Ambrose Vincent, who owned land in the neighborhood. In 1793 Thomas K. Jones deeds to William Scollay land formerly called Greenlief's pasture. In 1794 a part of Barrell's pasture was known as Franklin Place. The part of the street east of Devonshire Street was called Bread Street, and changed to Franklin Street in 1796. The improvement in the street and the building of the Tontine Crescent, in 1793, is due to William Scollay, Charles Vaughan, and Charles Bulfinch. According to the Book of Possessions the gardens and pastures of some of the more well-to-do citizens lay be- tween Milk and Summer Streets. William Hudson, Senior, had a garden near Washington Street and Robert Scott was east of him. Thomas Oliver and Captain Robert Keane had gardens east of Scott. Robert Turner's pasture was south of Keayne and northwest of Richard Gridley. The latter was on the bay. In 1668-9 the four-and-one-half- acre pasture of Eliakim Hutchinson, which he had from his father Richard Hutchinson on his marriage with Sarah, daughter of Samuel Shrimpton, was bounded by the lane to Fort Hill (High Street) south, Theodore Atkinson i86 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS west, a ditch north, and the hangings of Fort Hill, Peter Oliver and Edward Hutchinson east. Hawley Street in 1645 was a way laid out through the gardens towards the south windmill, between the houses of Amos Richardson and John Palmer on Summer Street, and its various names were, "the lane in which the house of Gilbert the tanner stands," "a little lane formerly- called Gilbert's lane"; in 1679 and 1708, "Bishops alley," "the boarded alley leading to Trinity Church; in 1799, Hawley Street. Devonshire Street from Milk to Franklin Street in 1697-8, was "the highway from the street to rear lands through the property of the Dinsdales"; in 1712, "a passage leading from Milk Street to the dwelling of John Temple," also "highway of John Dinsdale," "Dins- dale alley," "Decosta's alley," that family having bought property there; in 1773, "a passage five feet wide"; in 1796, "Theatre alley." In 1857 it was extended from Milk to Franklin Street, and a few years later through Otis and Winthrop places to Summer Street. Federal Street. In 1642—3 a footway was to be laid out from the town to the gardens "near widow Tuthill's windmill and a cartway out of myln lane to said gardens"; also called "the lane that leads from Theodore Atkinson's house to Richard Gridley's." "a little lane east of Captain Keayne's garden," "highway from the corner of Pell's house to Gridley's"; at times, "Atkinson Street"; in 1708, "Long Lane"; in 1788, "Federal Street," as the Federal Constitution was ratified in the church there. Federal Court was formerly the pasture of William Deming, and in 1798 "land formerly Webb's pasture." The two buildings by which the street is chiefly known before it became devoted to business, were the church and the theater. When the Scotch-Irish immigrants, Pres- ^ H -1- u: t*. CC "^ H K « (- -:s u- UJ ->i oi ^^ H Q w OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 187 byterians, first came to Boston, in 1727, they converted a barn which stood on the northeast corner of Federal and Channing Streets into a meeting-house. Later they purchased a lot and built a church, the plans being made by Charles Bulfinch. It faced Channing Street. It was here, on February 6, 1788, that the Convention ratified the Federal Constitution after deliberating a week. The ministers were John Moorhead, 1730—73; Robert Annan, 1783-86; Jeremy Belknap, 178 7-1 798; William Ellery Channing, 1803—42. Dr. Belknap had been minister at Dover, N.H. The society is now known as the Arlington Street Church. November 9, 1 791, at a full meeting of the inhabitants, instructions to their representatives were given relating to admitting a theater in the town. August i, 1792, comedians from London fitted up a stable in Board Alley (Hawley Street) and advertised an exhibition. It was soon obliged to close on account of opposition to theaters. In spite of this, a few years later, in 1794, the theater in Federal Street was built. It was the first, but the second soon followed, and the Haymarket in Tremont Street was built two years later. The theater stood on the north corner of Federal Street and Franklin Place facing Federal Street. The land was originally part of Captain Keayne's garden, which Nicholas Page and wife Ann inherited. It was sold to Daniel Johonnot in 1719, and here he erected his large distillery. In 1793 his heirs sold to the trustees of the theater. In 1 713-14 Jeremiah Jackson, clothier, advertised at the Sign of the Three Shuttles in Long Lane. Congress Street was laid out through the pasture of seven acres which Theodore Atkinson bought of Richard Fairbanks in 1667. In 1711-12 it was called "Atkinson Street." From State Street all called Congress Street in i88 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS 1800. Atkinson laid out several streets on the west side. Channing Street was a street in 1711-12, and Bury Street in 1 716. In 1845, Channing Street. Matthew Street in 1679 was a highway to be laid out. In 1711-12, Round Lane; in 1788, Barracks Lane, and Mathews Street in 1868. Leather Square was Sisters Lane in 1711-12, and in 1867 "Leather Square." Pearl Street was "a highway through the fields" in 1662, "part of Eliakim Hutchinson's pasture," a little later, " a lane running to the seaward from the long street up to Fort Hill. 7 In 1708 Gridley's Lane went from High to Purchase Street, which later was included in Pearl Street. In 1 732 from High to Milk Street was Hutchinson Street, and sometimes called "Palmer Street"; in 1800, all Pearl Street. On the west side, between Milk and High Streets, there were seven ropewalks, two next to Congress Street owned by Theodore Atkinson, as part of the old Fairbanks pasture, and five owned by Eliakim Hutchinson. Atkinson sold one to Edward Gray in 1712, and one to William Tilley the same year. Those of Hutchinson were kept in the family until the estate of Governor Thomas Hutchinson was confiscated in 1782. All were burned in 1794, and business houses began to enter this section. March 2, 1770, two soldiers of the Fourteenth Regiment got into a quarrel with the workers at Gray's ropewalks, and a general fight ensued. Thomas Palmer married Abigail, daughter of Eliakim Hutchinson, and they inherited almost all the east side of Pearl Street. In 1 793 James Lovell bought a house here. A house on the northeast corner of Pearl and High Streets was bought by John Marchant in 1783, and William Phillips in 1791, and became the home of the Quincys. Oliver Street was laid out by Peter Oliver, and was a new highway in 1668—9; ^^ 179^, Oliver Street. It OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 189 includes Gibbs Lane, which went from Purchase to High Street, and was at one time called "Back Street." It was originally the property of Edward Hutchinson, bought by Peter Oliver in 1663—4, and part of it by Jacob Wen- dell in 1 729. Wendell also bought land south of Fort Hill, which was that of Benjamin Gillum according to the Book of Possessions. High Street was a lane ordered laid out in 1642, as "the highway already begun from widow Tuthill's wind- mill to the fort." Other names were: "the fort highway," "cartway that leadeth up to Fort Hill," "Fort Hill Lane," in 1798, "Cow Lane." In 1797 the inhabitants rebelled and asked that the name might be changed to High Street, which was granted. The west side was chiefly the property of Eliakim Hutchinson. The east side was a grant of the town to John Leverett in 1664. Nathaniel Byfield and wife Sarah, daughter of Leverett, inherited. Nathaniel Byfield was a merchant who lived for many years in Bristol. He returned to Boston in 1 724. He lived with his first wife upwards of forty years, and soon after her death, in 171 7, he married Sarah, the youngest daughter of Governor Leverett. He died in 1733, in the eightieth year of his age, and his grandson, Byfield Lyde, inherited the bulk of his estate. He lived on the southeast corner of High and Gridley Streets. In 1743 Byfield Lyde deeded part to Andrew Oliver, next to the land for- merly owned by Richard Gridley, and this extended to Summer Street. Gridley Street, from High to Purchase Street, be- tween Congress and Pearl Streets, was laid out by William Tilley, who died in 171 7, and Edward Gray, ropemakers. At first called "Tilley Lane," and in 1753 "Gridley Street." Jeremiah Gridley, called the father of the Boston Bar, bought land on the southeast side of High Street in 1741 iQO THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS and lived here. He was the king's attorney, and was the head of a poHtical or Hterary club which defrayed the expenses of printing the Weekly Rehearsal, of which John Draper was printer. Ragged bluffs were on the north and east sides of Fort Hill, and on the other sides it gradually sloped down. It was flat on top. One of the first orders of the Court was in regard to building a fort, and, May 24, 1632, the fortification on Corn Hill, as it was called, was begun, and men from other plantations came to help, as it was to benefit all. In 1634 John Sanford was cannoneer. Fort Hill was chiefly used for military purposes until after the Revolution, when private houses occupied the summit, except for a space which all were to enjoy. In 1869 it was leveled to fill in the old barricado. In 1642 Widow Tuthill, whose windmill was on Summer Street, was allowed to move it into the fort. In 1794 Thomas Pem- berton writes, "The old fort has been many years de- molished, nor was any other erected on it tifl the Ameri- can war. It was on this hill, in 1765, that the inhabitants first demonstrated their resentment against oppressive acts of Parliament by consuming in a bonfire on it the effigies of the promoters of the Stamp Act." In 1666-7 the town leased to Freegrace Bendall land on Fort Hill, and he was to lay out a highway from Fort Hill of a rod broad down to the waterside through said land and next Governor Leverett's land." "He hath since built his house on part where said way should be, and now, 1673-4, he is ordered to lay out a highway of a rod broad from the lower end of the former." This is what is now Belcher Lane, once called "Sconce Lane," and "Hamilton Street." According to the Book of Possessions, the estates in what was later Battery March bordered on the marsh. In 1649 Ensign Edward Hutchinson, Benjamin Gillum, r-^'''"'^ff K8ff > 2 < O OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 191 Benjamin Ward, and others, had liberty to make a highway from their house over the marsh to the bridge. In 1673 ^ highway was ordered to run from the house of Nathaniel Bishop, known as the ''Blew Bell," and then to the bridge. The street was called, at various times, "highway from the draw- bridge towards the South Battery," "the street from Swing Bridge to and by the Castle Tavern"; in 1708, "Battery March," and part, "Crab Lane." In 1805 Broad Street was extended over part of Battery March, and the street to-day is unlike what it was at the time of which we are writing. The Blue Bell Tavern was on the southwest corner of Battery March and Crab Alley. The land on which it stood was originally a marsh which the town let to Cap- tain James Johnson, in 1656. Part of this land was con- veyed to Thomas Hull in a deed not recorded, but in 1674, in a deed of the next property, it bounds "on land now of Deacon Allen and Hugh Drury, formerly of Thomas Hull, the house called the Blue Bell." In 1673 the house was let to Nathaniel Bishop, who owned a house on the south side of Milk Street. In the partition of Hugh Drury 's estate, in 1692, there was set off to his grandson, Thomas Drury, one half of the house and land commonly called the "Castle Tavern." The Benjamin Ward estate descended to Benjamin Hallowell, his father, William Hallowell, having married Mary, the daughter of Ward. It was on both sides of the street, and continued in the family until after 1800. The old Sun Tavern, at the corner of Belcher Lane, was once the residence of Benjamin Hallowell. William Hallowell's house in 1731 was known by the name of "Union Flag." In 1702 "the house of the widow Salter at the Sign of the Roebuck was nigh the South Battery." 192 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS On the east side of the street, in 1 764, John Rowe bought what has since been known as "Rowe's Wharf." In 1785 the town conveyed more land to him. Benjamin Gillum owned the next lot to Ward, extending to Purchase Street. This was largely owned by Oliver Wendell in the next century. Purchase Street. According to the Book of Posses- sions John Harrison, ropemaker, and Richard Gridley, brickmaker, were the owners of land which afterwards became the street, and in 1666 Gridley sold part of his land to Harrison. In 1662 it was ordered that "there shall be a highway through the fields of Richard Gridley and a passage through the working ground of John Harrison except at such times when he shall be making ropes." In 1673 Gridley granted a highway through his land "from the fort lane to John Harrison's rope walk of twelve feet wide." In 1 708 this was called "Belcher's Lane." In 1 736 Samuel Adams and other abuttors on Barton's Rope- walk asked help for the purchase of a street. In 1741 a street was laid out by the abuttors from Summer Street to the Sconce, twenty-one feet wide, and called "Purchase Street." The most noted resident on Purchase Street was Samuel Adams, the patriot. His great-grandfather was Joseph Adams, of Braintree, who was the same relation to John Adams, the President of the United States. Samuel was the son of Samuel Adams and Mary (Fifield), and was born in 1722, being older than his cousin John, who was born in Braintree (now Quincy) in 1735. Samuel was gradu- ated at Harvard College in 1740 and then took up the life of a merchant, or as a help to his father who was a maltster, but soon relinquished it for a political career. He was more than once in financial difficulties, but friends OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 193 were always ready to relieve him from embarrassment. He served in various offices in the town but when he was elected a Representative his influence in the town began to be felt. He was made clerk of the House, which gave him the opportunity he wanted. In May, 1764, he first came publicly into notice. He was on a committee to instruct the Representatives just elected to the Court, of which he was one, and it was given to him to draw up the paper. It was the first public denial of the right of Parliament to enforce the Stamp Act, and contained important sugges- tions, and hinted that if no redress could be obtained, agreements could be entered into to import no goods from Great Britain. He began his life in the legislature the fol- lowing October, and freely gave himself to his country al- most to the actual end of his life. His work is well known, and it is unnecessary to go into details here. As a manager he was without equal, and he was the power behind all. Jefferson said of him: "I always considered him, more than any other member, the fountainhead of our more im- portant measures. He was truly a great man, wise in coun- sel, fertile in resources, unmoveable in his purposes, and had a greater share than any other in advising and direct- ing our measures in the northern war." His cousin John Adams said: "He is zealous, ardent and keen in the cause, is always for softness and delicacy and prudence where they will do, but is staunch and stiff and strict and rigid and inflexible in the cause." John Fiske wrote, "A man who in the history of the American Revolution was second only to Washington." When he returned to Boston after the siege, he found his house had been so mutilated by the British that it was uninhabitable. He bought a house on the south side of Winter Street, and here he lived until the end came in 1803. 194 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS In 1766 Samuel Adams and John Hancock were chosen as colleagues of James Otis and Thomas Gushing, in the House of Representaives, and these four are inseparably connected with all the events that led up to the Revolution. Otis and Gushing were not allowed to see the promised land, but Adams and Hancock played an active part through the troubles, and lived to fill the highest positions when the province became a state under the federal Gonstitution. And it was these two whom Gage exempted from the pardon he offered to the "rebels," and whom he hoped to entrap at Goncord. Gharles Ghauncey, the clergyman, was another coad- jutor in these times. He continued Mayhew's con- troversy after his death, and in political as well as ecclesiastical matters he was liberal, decided, and firm for the rights of America, and not afraid to speak freely and openly in what he considered the duties of the govern- ment and the people. He opposed Whitefield and all rhetorical exhibition in the pulpit. It has been said of him that he was in dead earnest every moment of his life, both public and private. Richard Gridley was admitted to the church in 1633. He died in 1674. He and his wife Grace had nine children, three of whom were named Return, Believe, and Tremble. The possessions of John Harrison were divided in 1685. The South Battery or Sconce was mentioned in 1673, when the Barricade was to go from Gaptain Scarlett's Wharf to the Sconce. It was built by Governor John Leverett. In 1666 a committee was sent by the Gourt to inspect it, and reported, "a well contrived fort called Boston Sconce, the artillery is of good force and well mounted." Leverett received a vote of thanks. In 1741 voted "that the South Battery be rebuilt and fitted to receive guns as formerly." The neighbors had encroached OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 195 on the grounds. In 1785 it was claimed by Oliver Wendell, and the committee advised giving him a quit claim deed of "the land on which the spermacetti works stand, and sell the remainder between that and Rowe's Wharf." Griffin^s Wharf, the scene of the Tea Party, was at the foot of Pearl Street, now Liverpool Wharf. Colonel Thomas Dawes, one of the noted patriots, in- herited the estate which his father bought on both sides of the street in 1767, between Congress and Summer Streets. He was short, not quite five feet, and was stout and fleshy ; his hair long and gray. He wore smallclothes and buck- skin shoes. When it was announced that he was appointed to the Supreme Court, in 1792, the story goes that Colo- nel Hitchbone, who did not like the appointment, said, "I could put him in my pocket," when Judge Dawes promptly replied that "if he did he would have more law in his pocket than he ever had in his head." On another occasion, standing in a drawing-room with five other guests, all of whom were tall and stouter than he, one of them asked how he felt being so small surrounded by so many large men. He replied, "Like a silver sixpenny piece among five copper cents, much less in size, but of more intrinsic value than all put together." These stories are very clever, but it would be interesting to know if they are true to life. Daniel Oliver, who died in 1732, bequeathed his house adjoining Barton's Ropewalk, called "Spinning House," with the land, "to be improved for learning poor children of the town to read the Word of God and to write if need be, etc., or any other work of charity for the public good." Atlantic Avenue was laid out in 1868 on the line of the old Barricado or old wharf, and included Flounders Lane, which was staked out in 1683, thirty feet wide, on 196 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS the south side of land belonging to the late John Gill, The Barricado was built in 1673, a wall or flats from the Sconce to Captain Scarlett's Wharf, for the security of the town from fire or in case of approach of the enemy. It had openings for the passage of vessels. It was finally built at the expense of private citizens who received in return certain privileges. COMMON h ^^ Section m WEST END SECTION E WEST END SECTION IV • THE WEST END THIS section extends west of Sudbury and Tre- mont streets and north of Boylston Street. It is noted for the spot which the first white man, William Blackstone, selected as the site for his cottage, where it is thought that for many years he lived alone. Also for the Common, the Granary Burying Ground, Alms- house, Bridewell Workhouse and Granary, and for rope- walks and distill houses north of Beacon Street. The great natural feature was the hill, with its three peaks which for a time gave the name to the town, "Tra mount," and the peaks were called "Beacon Hill," "Cotton Hill" and "West Hill." Beacon was the center one, and the highest, one hundred and eighty-five feet above sea level, at first called "Sentry Hill." March 4, 1634-5, it was ordered that a beacon be set up on Sentry Hill, to give notice to the coun- try of any danger. Several beacons succeeded, and the one blown down in 1 789 gave place to a plain doric column of brick and stone, designed by Charles Bulfinch. It had a large eagle of wood, gilt, on the top. The height, including the eagle, was sixty feet, and the pedestal eight feet. In 1753 "the Selectmen find that the hill on which the beacon stands and which belongs to the town is six rods square." Five years later it was found that Mr. Hudson, who had purchased part of the hill was digging it away, and an application was made to restrain him, but it was not until 1 774 that he proposed that the dispute between him and the town should be settled by arbitra- 197 198 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS tion. In 1807 the Mill Pond Corporation was formed and soon after began the digging away and leveling of the hill to fill up the Mill Pond. In 1855 Thomas Bul- finch writes, in answer to one of "Gleaner's" articles: ''At my earliest recollection the appearance of the hill was this; a grassy hemisphere so steep that one could with difficulty mount its sides, descending with a perfectly regular curve to the streets on the southwest and north. On the east it had been encroached upon and the contour was broken. Just opposite the end on Coolidge Avenue now Derne Street, there was a flight of wooden steps, ten or fifteen in number, leading part way up the hill. After that, one had to climb the rest of the way by aid of the footholes that had been worn in the surface, along a wide path worn bare by the feet to the top, where was also a space some fifty feet square, worn bare of sod. In the midst of this space stood the monument." Cotton Hill, the eastern peak of Tramount, is now the site of Pemberton Square, and the West Hill sloped down Mount Vernon Street to the water, now much reduced in height. At or near the foot was what was called "Black- stone Point." Mr. Nathaniel I. Bowditch, the noted conveyancer, has so graphically told the story of the estates of the early inhabitants north of Beacon Street and west of Tremont and Sudbury streets that it would be superfluous to go over the same ground here, and the following items con- cerning the pastures are in a great measure taken from his articles signed "Gleaner," in the Boston Transcript of 1855, and reprinted in the fifth report of the Record Commissioners. For many years this part of the town remained unimproved with the exception of the estates on Tremont and Beacon Streets. The tract was called "Sentry Field," or the "new field" OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 199 and later, "West Boston." It was the section devoted to pastures and mowing ground, and land was granted to those deserving of a grant for some service rendered, or who had been an adventurer in the common stock, or for some good reason, from two to twenty acres each. The district was chiefly noted for its ropewalks, distilleries, and sugar houses. There were fourteen rope- walks here. There was only one church, the West Church, a windmill, and as far as known only one tavern, the White Horse Tavern, which in 1789 was somewhere on Cambridge Street. Cambridge Street originally extended from Sudbury Street to the water, ending in a marsh, the present Charles Street. It was not until after 1800 that that part between Bowdoin Square and Sudbury Street was included in Court Street. According to the Book of Possessions the estates were in the New Field. In 1647 there was ordered "a highway of twelve feet through Mrs. Stoughton's ground and Richard Cook's and Thomas Buttolph's to the end of the lots to Thomas Munt's ground." It was known by various names — "The lane leading to several men's en- closures," "highway leading into Century Field among the pastures," "common way leading to the Bowling Green," "way running by the windmill"; in 1708 named Cambridge Street. We will begin with the estates lying north of Cambridge Street and west of Sudbury Street. James Hawkins, brick- layer, bought the house and garden of William Kirby in 1652, and laid out a lane to accommodate his children's houses. It was called "the highway leading to Hawkins pasture," and "an eight foot way that runs to Captain Gerrishes pasture"; also called "Tattle Street," and, in 1732, Hawkins Street. Part of this pasture through the Kneeland branch remained in the family until 1791. 200 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS The north corner of Hawkins Street was part of the Parker-Gerrish pasture, the south corner that of Robert Meeres' pasture according to the Book of Possessions. Richard Parker owned a pasture of three acres here, be- sides other lots in other parts of the town, which his daughter, who married WiUiam Gerrish, inherited. In 1685 they conveyed to Thomas Harris, and Benjamin Harris inherited. North of Hawkins Street to the Mill Pond the land was acquired by Samuel Howard, and in 1715 Samuel Cun- nable and Daniel Bell, who married Cunnable's sister, bought the land and laid out a street twenty feet wide. It went by the name of ''Bogg lane" and "Distil House Square" until 1786, when it was widened and called BowKER Street, It included all the lots except those on Chardon Street, which were a part of the Gerrish pasture. This whole neighborhood was given over chiefly to distilleries. William Brenton, who was admitted to the church in 1633 ^^d filled various offices in the town, dealt largely in real estate, and acquired land in this neighborhood. And this came to Hugh Drury, whom we have noticed as part owner of Castle Tavern. His grandchildren conveyed this estate to William Alden and John Drury in 1696. A lane ten feet wide was laid out, called Alden Street, and the place cut up into house lots. The pasture of Robert Meeres extended east from Chardon Street and joined the land of Brenton, on Cambridge Street. The corner lot was inherited by his son Samuel in 1666, and it was sold to John Colman in 1 711— 12. Peter Chardon and his wife Sarah (Colman) obtained possession in 1733, and after passing through various hands it was bought by Chris- topher Gore in 1785 who in 1793 removed out of town. The estate extended also some distance down OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 201 Chardon Street. In the deed of Colman to Char- don, in 1733, it is called "The Bowling Green." In 1 7 14 Daniel Stevens advertised that the "Bowling Green formerly belonging to Mr. James Ivers, now doth belong to Daniel Stevens at the British Coffee House in Queen Street, which Green will be opened on Monday next, where all gentlemen, merchants and others that have a mind to recreate themselves can be accomodated." In 1737 Colman sold the lot next to Chardon Street to Thomas Bulfinch, and it remained in the family until after 1800. Chardon Street was laid out through the Parker- Gerrish pasture in 1682. It was called "the highway to Jackson's distill house," "the lane to the mill pond," and in 1785, "Chardon 's lane." Pitts Street was also laid out through the Harris estate. In 171 7 Benjamin Harris promised to lay out a highway. It was sometimes called "Gooch Lane," and has thus been confused with its neigh- bor. In 1788 the lane by Mr. Gooch 's was named Pitts Street. Governor John Leverett owned the large lot next the Gerrish pasture, and in 1672 he conveyed a piece to Ephraim Savage, and the same year this was transferred to Peter Lidgett. James Gooch, Jr., distiller, bought it in 1 72 1, when a street was laid out and it was cut up into house lots. In 1732, "called Gooch Lane," and, in 1877, "Norman Street." This street was noted for its sugar houses. Green Street was a lane from the earliest days, and named Green Street in 1708. Major Thomas Melville, housewright, lived in the house that his father, Allan Melville, bought in 1760 on the south side east of Stam- ford Street. He was a strong patriot, and one of the Tea 202 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Party. For many years he was connected with the fire department, and gained his commission in the war. John Welch, who carved the historic codfish in the House of Representatives, lived on the south side and also bought land on the north side of the street. His father bought land as early as 1733, which he sold to Allen Melville in 1760. Besides the land which he conveyed to Ephraim Savage in 1672, Governor Leverett owned all the land extending to Barton Point, or, as it was known in early days, Haugh's Point. This was eleven acres and its approximate bounds were Green, Chambers, Poplar streets, and the water. In 1725 there was a division among the heirs, when Leverett Street was laid out, and on the north side near the point there was a ropewalk, which later became the site of the new almshouse, built in 1800. In 1 756 Barton Street was called "a street lately laid out"; later, called Second Street. In 1728-9 Spring Street was laid out by Knight Leverett, and named Spring Street in 1825. William Scollay invested largely in this neighborhood, and Milton Street was laid out by him in 1797, as an eighteen-foot highway. But it was still many years be- fore all these streets were improved. Brighton Street was "a beach along the shore"; in 171 7, "a street front- ing on Charles River." In 1 71 7 John Allen conveyed land to Jonathan Belcher, and he built the Copper Works, about which little seems to be known, and the street was known as Copper Street for many years. In 1732 John Caswell was an owner with Belcher. Now, to return to Cambridge Street, we find that by various deeds from the early possessors, Simon Lynde from 1667 to 1685 bought six acres and his son Samuel bought the remaining lot. These lay between Green, Chambers and Cambridge Streets, and converged to a point called the OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 203 Field Gate, at the east end of Bowdoin Square. In 1700 Samuel Lynde conveyed to James Allen and others "a small piece of land in the form of a triangle, and comes to a point where was formerly a gate." This was Bowdoin Square. In 1718, with the exception of this piece, it all came into the possession of John Staniford, and in 1719 he laid out Staniford and Lynde Streets, both of which received its appropriate name at that time. A windmill is shown on the maps of Bonner and Burgis, and though as yet we have found little information about it, it is probably on or near the site of the West Church. In 1736 Hugh Hall and others who had settled in the neighborhood, and had opened up their lands to attract more purchasers, bought land of Benjamin Fitch and John Staniford for the purpose of building a meeting house on the northeast corner of Cambridge and Lynde Streets. William Hooper, the first minister, was a Scotch- man, and was settled over the church from 1 73 7 to 1 746, when he suddenly resigned and the same day was chosen pastor of Trinity Church. In 1746 Governor Shirley wrote that "Hooper came to Boston and was a tutor to a gentleman's son about twelve years ago, and dis- tinguished himself by his natural abilities and was popular as a preacher for which he had great talent, and that a church was built for him, and after nine years he suddenly resigned." Jonathan Mayhew, the next minister, was fearlessly outspoken. He was a strong defender of the rights and liberties of church and state. Some of the ministers had been blamed for keeping silence in the cause of liberty, and he was solicited to preach on the situation, which he did, and this caused some members to leave his church, though otherwise his friends. Mayhew did not accept the Trinity, and thus became, in 204 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS fact, the first Unitarian, though Channing was its first great interpreter. In 1749 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, estabHshed in England under Episcopal auspices, was extending its influence in America, and aroused the ire of Jonathan Mayhew, of the West Church. Thomas Hollis, of London, was a famous antiquary, who was interested in America. He became interested especially in the writings of Mayhew, and a correspondence ensued. Mayhew's writings against introducing and establishing episcopacy were most im- portant in support of the cause of civil and religious liberty, and against the claims of the arbitrary power of the British Parliament. The controversy which took place had great influence on future events. John Adams said, "It spread the alarm against the authority of Parliament and excited a general and just apprehension that bishops and dioceses and churches and priests were to be im- posed on us. If Parliament could tax us they could im- pose an Episcopal church upon us," and he said, "Mayhew practically fired the morning gun of the Revolution." Simeon Howard followed Mayhew from 1 767-1 804. During the Revolution the church was disorganized, and it became extinct after 1885. The building is now a branch of the Public Library. The church lot adjoined on the north a ropewalk belonging to Samuel Waldo, who bought the lot on which it stood in 1732, but nothing further has been found about this ropewalk. John Staniford built a house for himself east of Stam- ford Street, and it was here, no doubt, that he entertained Whitefield. In 1754 Timothy Newell bought it of Stam- ford's widow. Before long Newell bought more land and owned nearly to the corner of the square. Newell is well known by the Diary he kept at the time of the Revolution. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 205 On Cambridge Street, just west of Lynde Street, in 1726, Edward Carter, silk dyer and scourer, and Samuel Hall, advertised at the Rainbow and Blue Hand, and in 1728 James Vincent, silk dyer from London, advertised at the Blue Dog and Rainbow, in Cambridge Street. Edward Carnes, ropemaker (also of the Artillery Company and major in the Boston regiment), bought the land between Chambers and Lynde Streets of John Stani- ford in 1761, and this he named Carnes College, but why so named and what was taught there has not been ascer= tained. It came into the hands of Harrison Gray Otis in 1793, and the house that he built on the west corner of Lynde Street is one of the few left to-day in the city, of those built before the nineteenth century. It is now owned and occupied by the Society for the Preservation of New England antiquities. Next west of the Lynde pasture was that of Charles Chambers, mariner, the approximate bounds of which were, Cambridge, Eaton, Chambers, and North Russell Streets. In 1648 Valentine Hill "grants to William Davis four acres in the new field," and in 1695—6 the widow of Davis conveyed this to Chambers. He laid out Chambers Street; his heirs sold the remainder, and it was cut up into house lots by various owners. In 1727 it was called "a new way running from the highway leading to the Copper Works (Poplar Street) to Cambridge Street"; in 1732, "Chambers Street"; in 1788, called Shute Street from Green Street to the ropewalk, and in 1800 this part was Wiltshire Street. In 181 1 all called "Chambers Street." In 1735 Isaac Solomon, tobacconist, deeded to Michael Asher land on the east side of Chambers Street, "with all privileges except the use of the Bur5dng Ground as it is now fenced in to the Jewish nation," Solomon and Asher 2o6 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS having bought this land together, of Joseph Bradford, in 1733-4. North Russell and Eaton Streets were laid out by a company consisting of Daniel Austin, Thomas K. Jones, and Thomas Clarke, who bought the land of Thomas Russell in 1794, and the streets received their respective names in 1802. Next to the Chambers pasture came the Penn-Allen estate. James Penn, the beadle, had a grant from the town in 1646, and this was probably the eighteen acres which he owned as early as 1648. In 1671 Penn de- vised this to his nephew, Rev. James Allen, and Allen bought two more acres of John Biggs, a grant to him in 1 64 1. In 1706 Allen gave this pasture to his son, John Allen. Its bounds were approximately Cambridge, Cham- bers, North Russell, Poplar Streets and the water (Charles Street) . Allen extended Chambers Street northerly, bend- ing round westerly towards the water, "being a thirty-foot highway known as Allen's highway"; later. Poplar Street. On the south side of Poplar Street there were three ropewalks, fronting on Chambers Street and extending to the water. John Allen gave these to his son, Jeremiah Allen, in 1752, his son-in-law, Francis Welles, in 1752, and sold land to Samuel Gardner in 1730. Through the Allen pasture several streets were laid out — Allen Street, by John Allen, in 1729, as a forty-foot highway, westward to another high- way of thirty feet (Brighton Street). In 1729 Joshua Blanchard had a wharf on the south corner of Brighton Street, which his heirs still held in 1798. Job Prince bought largely on the south side in 1746, selling off part, and part in the family in 1798. McLean Street was a way laid out through the marsh by the various owners in 1797, and received its name in 1828. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 207 Between North Russell Street and the water the land was sold by the heirs of John Allen to Samuel Parkman and Charles Bulfinch in 1792, and part to Parkman and Harrison Gray Otis in 1797. Zachariah Phillips' pasture was on the south side of Cambridge Street, bounded approximately by Cam- bridge, Charles, Pinckney, and Grove Street, with some jogs. It joined the Blackstone estate on Beacon Street. In the early days Samuel Cole acquired it and in 1658 sold nine acres to Zachariah Phillips, butcher. In 1672 Phillips conveyed this to Governor John Leverett, who thus made a substantial addition to his already large real estate in various parts of the town. Leverett died in 1678, and in 1707 half was assigned to the heirs of Hudson Leverett and the other half divided between the six daughters of Governor Leverett. In 1726 Nathaniel By- field had acquired five of these shares, and he married the remaining daughter, thereby getting possession of the whole, at the same time buying the half of the heirs of Hudson Leverett. In 1729 he conveyed the whole to his three grandsons, Byfield Lyde, Francis Brinley, and George Cradock. Later, the Mount Vernon Proprietors got possession of much of the southern, and Charles Bul- finch of the northern part. Byfield laid out streets, and the first lots conveyed were in 1729, but it was still many years before the place was inhabited. The streets laid out were, parts of Phillips Street, called "Southac Street'* until 1866; Revere Street, called "May Street," until 1855; West Cedar Street, called "George Street" and "Southac Street," until 1826, and two streets now built over, called "Hill and Short Streets." In 1793 the pest house stood on the southwest corner of Cambridge and Grove Streets. In the early days gunpowder was stored in private warehouses. That of Robert Gibbs on Fort 2o8 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Hill, and the Granary of Arthur Mason on Tremont Street, were two of these. In 1702 there was an appeal to the government for one or more powder houses, and in 1703 one was placed on the Common. In 1770 it was ordered removed on account of many accidents, and a new one was built at West Boston, which could contain one thou- sand barrels of powder. According to an old map of the Copley estate, this was found to be in this pasture, near the corner of Pinckney and Grove Streets. Next to the Phillips pasture was that of the Rev. James Allen, who acquired about sixteen and one-half acres purchased from various sources. The bounds were prac- tically Pinckney, Grove, Cambridge, Irving, Myrtle to Joy Streets. This included two and one-half acres which he bought of the heirs of Humphrey Davy, which Davy had from the heirs of Richard Cooke. This was the orchard found on Bonner's map between Joy, Pinckney, and Myrtle Streets, at the end of Davies Lane which ran across the State House lot. At the death of Allen, in 1 71 1, his daughter Mary, wife of John Wheelwright, received the southern portion, about seven acres, with the bounds of Myrtle, Joy, Pinckney, and Grove Streets. Myrtle Street extended over the extreme south part. In 1783 Jeremiah Wheelwright sold a ropewalk, 900 by twenty- four feet, to Jonathan L. and Benjamin Austin, and in 1784 the Wheelwright heirs sold another to Joseph Carnes, 900 by 20 feet, and a third was sold to George and Peter Cade in 1792, 900 by 24 feet. In 1805 all were sold to a company, and their site was laid out into house lots fronting north on Myrtle Street and extending to the rear of the Pinckney Street lots. In 1 78 1 Jeremiah Wheel- wright sold the remaining part of his pasture to Enoch Brown, a dealer in real estate, it would seem, in every part of the town. This was later acquired by the Mount OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 209 Vernon Proprietors, and Pinckney Street and part of Mount Vernon Street were laid out. The northerly portion of James Allen's pasture fell to his son Jeremiah, and he opened streets in continuation of those in Phillip's pasture, Revere and Phillips Streets, and made the cross streets of Grove, Anderson, which was called "Centre Street" until 1861, and Garden Streets. The first sale of lots was in 1729. In 173 1 there was a Bowling Green here, west of Anderson Street and south of Phillips Street. Thomas Buttolph's pasture of eight acres came next, extending from Irving Street to Hancock Street and from Cambridge Street south to Myrtle Street. Buttolph bought the land of William Hudson and James Johnson. He died in 1667, but it was not until 1701 that his estate was divided between his three grandchildren, the children of his son Thomas. Nicholas Buttolph obtained the westerly part; Abigail, wife of Joseph Belknap, the middle, and Mary, who had married first Thaxter, and second Robert Guttredge, the eastern portion. In 1 73 7 the heirs of Nicholas laid out Myrtle Street, thirty feet wide, from Irving to Hancock Street. In 1788 called "Warren Street from Hancock Street southerly by Austin's rope- walk and by the powder house to Cambridge bay." At the extreme west end of Nicholas Buttolph's share, Irving Street was laid out in 1707 and called "Buttolph Street" until 1855. In the middle, in 1737, South Russell Street was projected, thirty feet wide, but it fell into disuse, and in 1 794 a new street was laid out by John Phillips and Knight Leverett, in 1802 called "South Russell Street." In 1 734 Joy Street was laid out in Mrs. Belknap's por- tion and called "Belknap Street." On the west side was a ropewalk which Nathaniel Belknap sold to Thomas 210 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Jenner in 1733 and bought by Edward Carnes in 1771. Joy Street was begun in 1661, when a ten- foot way was reserved for Samuel Bosworth from the Common. Samuel sold his land to Richard Cooke, which his grandson Elisha Cooke inherited in 1 715. He extended the street from the south line of his pasture, but here it was stopped by the ropewalks, and Belknap Street was not extended through them until after 1769. In 1736 he sold to John Daniels a ropewalk, 261 by 25 feet, on the west side of Hancock Street and there were two others which were set off in 1763 to Mary, daughter of Elisha Cooke and wife of Richard Saltonstall. These three ropewalks extended from Hancock Street to just west of Joy Street. Joy Street received the name Joy, from Beacon to Cambridge Street, in 1855. The next pasture was that of Joshua Scottow, of four acres, extending from the west side of Hancock Street to just east of Temple Street, and from Cambridge Street back to a little below Derne Street. Richard Wharton foreclosed a mortgage on it in 1680, and in 169 1 his admin- istrators sold the west half to Stephen Minot and the east half to Isaiah Tay. Minot made a ropewalk which he sold in 1 73 1 to Samuel Waldo, and his heirs to Joseph Ridgway in 1 768. Across the west part of the rope walk RiDGEWAY Lane was laid out. In 1 769 it was a new lane, ten feet wide. In 1798 it was called "Ridgway Lane," Minot's heirs sold lots on the east side of Hancock Street, which finally came into possession of Jonathan L. and Benjamin Austin. Benjamin Austin, Jr., who lived on the corner of Cambridge Street, was a conspicuous figure in the eighteenth century, and one of the last to cling to the old dress. He became noted for his political articles in the Chronicle, under the signature of ''Honestus." In 1 73 1— 2 Hancock Street was called "a newly laid RIDGEWAY LANE, THE WEST CHURCH On the left side was the rope walk OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 211 out way called George Street," and in 1736 "Turner Street." Elisha Cooke extended his pasture through it, and on the east side there was a ropewalk, the land of which he had sold to John Daniels in 1731, bounded west by the highway. It was one hundred and ninety-two feet on Han- cock Street by nineteen feet wide, and later came into the hands of the Commonwealth. In 1737 the heirs of Isaiah Tay divided his share and laid out a thirty-foot way, in 1767 called Temple Street. On the east side Joseph Coolidge bought part of the land for a garden. In the partition deeds of the heirs of Isaiah Tay they have ''the privilege of a thirteen foot way next Beacon Hill, at the foot of the steps on the north side of the hill." In 1788 called Hill Street, and in 1806 Derne Street. The four-acre pasture of Jeremiah Houchin comes next, which his executors sold in 1677 to Richard Middlecott and William Taylor. Taylor's son sold his share to Middlecott in 1697, ^^^ ^^ter the death of Middlecott in 1704 a division was made, and a forty-foot street was laid out in 1727, called "Middlecott Street." In 1791 this was extended by Daniel D. Rogers to Beacon Street, and in 1824 all was called Bowdoin Street. The Middlecott pasture extended from a little east of Temple Street to just east of Bowdoin Street and back to Derne and Allston Streets. In 1 757 Harrison Gray bought land which came to Harrison Gray Otis in 1795, east of Bowdoin Street, and in 1 79 1 Joseph Coolidge built his large mansion on the west corner of Bowdoin Street. John Newgate had a house and garden about three- fourths of an acre, which extended from a little east of Bowdoin Street to Bulfinch Street and back to Ashburton Place. This is perhaps better known as Bulfinch Pasture. In 1665 Newgate's son-in-law, Simon Lynde, inherited, and then it went to his son Samuel. The heirs of Lynde 212 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS conveyed to Thomas Bulfinch in 1754, and in 1797 it was bought by Kirke Boott and William Pratt. They built the large house which later was known as the Revere House, taken down in 19 19. Bulfinch Street was called "a new street thirty feet wide in 1797. On Carleton's map in 1796 it is called "Bulfinch Street." According to the Book of Possessions, Edward Bendall, besides his house at the dock and his estate on North Street, had a house and garden with two acres on the west side of Court Street, just north of Pemberton Square. He sold this to David Yeale in 1645, ^^^ ^^ to John Wall, of London, in 1653. This was rented to Governor John Endecott. He had always lived in Salem, but when he was elected governor, in 1655, at the request of the Gen- eral Court he removed to Boston. He continued in office until his death in 1665-6, aged seventy-seven years, and was "with honor and solemnity interred in Boston," in the Granary Burying Ground. Captain Cyprian Southac, who was a noted chart maker, and served in the French and Indian wars, acquired the great part of the Bendall lot in 1702. The lot was about one hundred forty-one feet on Tremont Row or Court Street, and extended back to Ashburton Place, and then with some jogs went to Court Street near Bulfinch Street, The east boundary was about one hundred and seventy feet on Court Street to near Stoddard Street. South of Howard Street the pasture was of an L shape. Valley Acre embraced the land on both sides of Somerset Street to Bulfinch Street, and extended down the hill to the low ground in Court Street. About 1720 Southac laid out a street twenty-seven feet wide, called "Southac Court," and in 182 1 Howard Street. Hon. James Pitts lived here, on the land which he bought in 1748—9. He died OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 213 in 1776. Sampson Salter Blowers, who removed to Nova Scotia and there had an honorable career, and lived to be a hundred years of age, married Sarah Kent, who in- herited an estate on the northeast side of Howard Street, which they sold in 1 784. In 1708—9 there was a new lane leading up to Mrs, Pordage's house, which in 1730 was called Stoddard's Lane, also at times, "Fitch's lane," as Benjamin Fitch at one time was a large landowner in the neighborhood. In 1724—5 Southac sold a lot on Tremont Row (Court Street) to John Jeykill, who died in 1732. He was col- lector of the port for about twenty-seven years, and was succeeded by his son. In 1769 his heirs sold the house to Dr. James Lloyd who occupied it in 1798. Robert Howen had a house and garden next to Southac, east of Stoddard Stret. His son deeded it to Simon Lynde in 1662-3, whose daughter Sarah, wife of Nathaniel New- gate, conveyed the house known as the "Spring House" to Giles Goddard in 1694. Anne Hunne was the early pos- sessor of the lot on the south corner of Howard Street, which Simon Lynde also bought, and in 1785 Theodore Lyman had a fine house and garden here. Robert Meeres came next, whose estate Simon Lynde also bought. Part of this was bought in 1723 by the Rev. Henry Harris, assistant of King's Chapel, and in 1785 Dr. Samuel Danforth had his house on part of this lot. Dr. Benjamin BuUivant, a physician by profession, came to Boston about 1686, and was clerk of the Superior Court and attorney-general. He was a friend of Andros and was arrested and sent to England with the other prisoners, but soon returned. He hired a house in this vicinity, for March 19, 1686, he with Simon Lynde and other neighbors asked the selectmen to pave the street from Bullivant's house to Mrs. Margaret Thatcher's 214 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS property, which was just south of Beacon Street. The Bendall lot, which we have described, came next. Sudbury Street received its name in the first days of the settlement, and as early as 1636 was known as Sud- bury end. It extended to School Street and was also called the street that leads directly from the trayning field to the mill pond." In 1798 it included Deacons Street, which was laid out by Benjamin Andrews in 1776, through his father's estate, and extended from Friend to Portland Street. Stephen Minot lived and died in Sudbury Street. According to the Book of Possessions, John Cotton had house and garden and one and one half acres. This was on the eastern spur of Trimountain. The south bounds were just south of the entrance of Pemberton Square, and it em- braced the whole central part of the square and extended back to the church in Ashburton Place. Sir Henry Vane built an addition to the house, which he left to Cotton's son Seaborn. Sir Henry Vane arrived in Boston October 6, 1635. His father was a privy counsellor, and his eminent social position and his own personal qualities won for him the office of governor the next year. He was only twenty years of age, and with no experience, the Pequot War and the Antinomian troubles proved too much for him, and he held the office for only one year, then returning to England. John Cotton was born in 1685, ^^d after a college education he was settled over the parish of St. Botolph in Boston, England, and remained there until 1633, when he succeeded in getting out of the country to join friends in New England. Archbishop Laud tried to have him arrested for his great influence and his leaning towards non-conformity. He arrived in Boston in the Griff en, September 4, 1633, and in October was chosen teacher of the church where John Wilson was pastor. He !^ w o w w o Q ^- <■? u I H •§ W ^ Pi ^; < •-. ^e O I— 'pi - CQ W OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 215 was twice married and had five children by his second wife, who later married Rev. Richard Mather, and his daughter Maria married Mather's son, Increase Mather. Cotton died in 1652. In 1664 the heirs of Cotton sold the south part of the estate to John Hull and in 1677 Hull bought the residue which had been sold to Nicholas Paige. In 1683 Samuel Sewall and wife Hannah (Hull) inlierited, and the house was occupied by various ten- ants, but apparently not by Sewall himself. May 1 71 6, a letter from Christopher Taylor to Sewall says: "Your house is now altered into two tene- ments. I have let the lower part to Mr. Harris, the minister, who comes in this day: I live in the upper end." In 1729 Sewall's daughter, Judith, wife of William Cooper, inherited, and at her death in 1758 all was conveyed to William Vassall, who was a prominent royalist and lived here until the Revolution. In 1790 Patrick Jeffrey bought this with adjoining prop- erty and it was sold to Gardiner Greene in 1803. He was one of the wealthiest men in the state, and made a beauti- ful estate on this spot. It has often been described and pictured. He lived here until his death in 1832, and Pat- rick Jackson bought it for investment in 1835. Patrick Jeffrey married Mary Haley in Boston in 1786. She was the widow of Alderman Haley of London, and sister of the celebrated John Wilkes. It was a case of a rich widow and a young husband. She soon returned to England, while he remained in Boston and died in Milton in 18 12, aged sixty-four. Gardiner Greene married for his second wife the daughter of Copley, the artist. Daniel Maud, who was admitted to the church in 1635, and who was the first school teacher next to Pormount, had his house and garden, next south of Cotton, and also 2i6 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS a garden plot on the opposite side of Tremont Street, north of Winter Street. He removed to Dover, N.H., in 1642, and Hezekiah Usher bought the estate. After passing through various hands it was acquired by Gardiner Greene in 1824, and by Patrick Jackson in 1835, who included it in his improvements. Richard Bellingham had a garden plot next south of Cotton and Maud. It embraced all the houses which front north on Pemberton Square. He sold the north part to Rev. John Davenport in 1669, whose heirs sold it in 1693 to the deacons of the First Church. After passing through other hands this, too, came to Patrick Jackson in 1835. In 1663 Bellingham sold the southern part to Humphrey Davy, and in 17 10 the heirs of Davy con- veyed to Andrew Faneuil land and a stone house. In 1737 his nephew, Benjamin Faneuil, inherited, and here he died in 1742, just after giving Faneuil Hall to the town. In 1772 a daughter of Benjamin Faneuil, Mary Ann, the widow of John Jones, conveyed it to John Vassal, and it was confiscated as the property of a loyalist in 1783. In 1 791 it was bought by William Phillips, Sr., and occupied by his son William Phillips, Jr. In 1805 Phillips bought the northern part, and all was acquired by Patrick Jack- son in 1835. John Coggan, the first shopkeeper in the town, had about half an acre next south of Bellingham, which was bought by Samuel Myles in 1706—7, and by Rev. John Oxenbridge in 1671. In 1728 Ann, the widow of Myles, sold to George Cradock, and he sold it in 1733 to John Jeffries. Cradock married, in 1718, Mary Lyde, and through her inherited part of the large estate of Nathaniel By field. He was himself a large dealer in real estate in various parts of the town. He was collector of the customs in 1759, succeeding Benjamin Pollard, and the custom OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 217 house was removed to the house of John Wendell at the corner of Court and Tremont Streets. Cradock died in 1 771, aged eighty-seven. The estate was inherited by Dr. John Jeffries, of Har- vard College, 1763. He was a physician and a royalist. He went to HaHfax with the army in 1776. In 1785 he twice flew over the British Channel in a balloon, an account of which was published in London. He returned to Boston in 1790 and died in 1819. Later this spot was bought by Samuel Eliot. James Penn, a ruling elder, at an early date bought land on the north corner of Beacon Street, either of John Coggan or John Wilson, as Beacon Street was laid out between their estates, or on part of one of them. Colonel Penn Townsend inherited from James Penn. In 1750 the estate was sold to Samuel Sturgis, and Samuel Eliot bought it in 1 784 and lived here many years. The Granary Burying Ground was originally a part of the Common and set apart for a burial place in 1660. It was generally known as the "South Burying Ground" until 1756, when that on the Common was established. It received its name from the Granary which stood at the corner of Park Street. The land was let out each year, as in the other burying grounds, for pasturage. Fences were repaired, tombs built, and drainage looked after, and in these particulars often received the atten-. tion of the Selectmen at their meetings. Beacon Street. According to the Book of Possessions the estates on Beacon Street were in the New Field, and bordered on the Common. In 1640 it was "ordered that the street from Atherton Haugh's be laid out to the Century Hill." This became School Street east of Tremont Street, but it in- cluded Beacon Street west of Tremont Street. In 2iS THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS 1658 there ''is let to William Hudson the lane between Elder Penn and Mr. Wilson's garden, he paying ten shillings every first of March and to secure it that it may be ready for passage for horse and foot without interrup- tion." It was no doubt let for mowing. It was called "the highway leading into the common," "the highway to John Turner's house," "the way between the house of the late John Turner and the almshouse"; In 1708 called "Beacon Street," from the corner of Somerset Street. The rest was included in School Street. Rev. James Allen owned the lot next to the corner, and his uncle, James Penn, gave him an additional piece. He left the mansion wherein he dwelt to his son Jeremiah Allen, on whose death in 1741 his son Jeremiah Allen in- herited. Jeremiah's son James inherited the stone house and land in 1754 and sold it to his brother Jeremiah, the high sheriff, in 1789. In 1710 it was bought by David Hinckley, who tore down the old house and built a double stone house. The westerly one was his own residence, and later became the Somerset Club. In 1659—60 James Davis had three acres a little east of Somerset Street, which extended in a triangle to within a few feet of Ashburton Place, and was only thirteen feet on Beacon Street. It was purchased by John Bowers, of Somerset, who bought some additional land and laid out Somerset Street from Howard Street to Beacon Street in 1801. In 1803 David Sears bought the estate which he had occupied some years as a tenant. In the early days Robert Turner, shoemaker, had a large pasture of about eight acres, which he acquired through purchase from various sources. It extended from five feet west of Somerset Street, around the State House lot to nineteen feet east of Hancock Street, and back to Derne Street and Ashburton Place. The western part was c w 5 ° OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 219 finally acquired by Thomas Hancock. The sons of Turner inherited in 1664, but eventually the greater part came into the hands of his son-in-law John Fairweather. He died in 1 71 2, and part was bought by David Sears and the next lot westerly by Edward Bromfield in 1742. He built the house and lived here until his death, and here his son Edward worked over the microscope and organ, and died in early life. William Phillips, his son-in-law, bought the house in 1 763. Phillips was first an apprentice and then a partner of Bromfield, and in 1 744 married his daughter Abigail. He amassed a large fortune, and was active in town affairs and on important committees. The next house was bought by James Bowdoin, the governor, in 1756, of Jonathan Pollard, to whom Fairweather had sold it in 1 703 . The next three acres west, Fairweather sold to Benjamin Alford in 1685, and in 1760 it was purchased by WilHam Molineux, who died in 1774. Thomas Newell says in his Diary, "October 22, 1774. This morning after three days illness William Molineux died in the 58th year of his life. A true son of Liberty and of America, 'Oh, save my country. Heaven,' he said, and died." Charles Ward Apthorp was the executor of Molineux, and being a loyalist the estate was confiscated and sold to Daniel Dennison Rogers. In 1791 Rogers bought more land and laid out a private way, which became Bowdoin Street. According to the Book of Possessions the State House lot was owned by Thomas Millard, and it was bought by Thomas Hancock, in 1752; he also bought various pieces of land in the vicinity. In 1 795 this pasture was conveyed to the town of Boston and by the town to the Common- wealth, and the State House was built from designs by Charles Bulfinch. Zaccheus Bosworth was the first owner of the land 220 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS which Thomas Hancock bought in 1 737 and where he built the historic Hancock house, which his nephew John Han- cock inherited in 1764. March 30, 1776, Edmund Quincy wrote to his daughter Dorothy, wife of John Hancock, that General Pigot, who lived in the house during the winter, had left it in a cleanly state. About 1828 it was a boarding house, and it was torn down in 1863. In 1692 Samuel Sewall bought what he called his "Elm pasture." It was purchased from various owners, and streets were laid out for development, but these proved to be merely streets on paper, and the plan was never carried out. The pasture consisted of about five acres and ex- tended from Joy Street to just west of Walnut Street. Thomas Bannister bought it in 1732 and in 1791 the part west of Walnut Street went to John Joy, who then owned all between Joy and Walnut Streets. In 1770 Copley bought the west part of the pasture. The Francis East pasture was two and one-half acres, and extended from Spruce Street to about halfway to Walnut Street. Thomas Bannister bought this in 1694, and there was a house on the lot. John Singleton Copley, the portrait painter, finally became the owner of about eleven acres, made up of three divisions. The west half of Sewall 's Elm Pasture, the Francis East Pasture, and the Blackstone lot of six acres. Blackstone was a clergyman of the Church of England, and was not in favor of the Puritans. He told them that he could not join their church, for he left England to escape from the lords bishops, and would not serve the lords brethren here. He therefore removed from their juris- diction and went to Rhode Island. He and Roger Williams were the first in that state, as he had been first in the town of Boston. There is no actual evidence how long he had been in New England, nor in Boston. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 221 Blackstone released all his land to the town except six acres which he sold to Richard Pepys, as deposed by Anne Pollard in 1711, who said that Pepys built the house and rented it to her hus- band, WiUiam Pollard, and that Blackstone frequently resorted to their house during the fourteen years they lived there. All of this came to Thomas Bannister in 1708-9, house, barn, stable, orchard, etc. Bannister now owned from Walnut Street to Charles Street, and gave it the name of Mt. Pleasant. The old house which Bannister bought with the East Pasture is now the site of the Somer- set Club. Nathaniel Cunningham acquired the whole property through foreclosure of a mortgage, and his in- ventory mentions house, land, and pasture at the bottom of the Common. A legal battle followed, and in 1769 Peter Chardon, as administrator of Cunningham, conveyed it all to John Singleton Copley. In 1796, Copley, then living in London, deeded his estate to Jonathan Mason, Harrison Gray Otis, and others, called the "Mt. Vernon Proprietors," — rather a shrewd investment on their part, as it was known to them that the new State House was soon to be built in the neighborhood. In 1798 John Vinal on the west and Charles Cushing east of him were the owners and occupiers of two houses on this estate. The bounds of the Copley estate were approximately Beacon, Walnut, Pinckney, and Charles Streets. Park Street was once a part of the Common. In 1733 openings into the Common were ordered, but in 1737 the Common was "much broken by means of carts, etc., passing and repassing on it, and it was ordered that there be but one entrance or passage for carts, coaches, etc., out of Common Street into the Common to be left open near the Granary to go up along by the Workhouse to Beacon 222 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Street and that the other gaps be closed." It was called, late in the eighteenth century, Center Street and Sentry- Street; in 1808, Park Street. In the early days it was set apart as the place for public buildings. The almshouse stood on the northeast corner of Beacon Street. It was erected in 1660 by legacies and gifts, and the selectmen "were empowered to compound with work- men for the erecting and furnishing it." This building was burned in 1684, and rebuilt of brick and stone in the form of an L one hundred by one hundred by fourteen feet and two stories high. "This to be a place where those in need of alms be sent to work." Before long it grew to be a bridewell and house of correction, and in 1713 there was a movement to restore it to its primitive and pious design for the relief of the necessitous, and to build a house of correction to separate those put in for vice and disorder. But, with the exception of considering the subject, nothing was done until 1721. In 1735 the ministers of the various churches in the town were asked to take turns in preach- ing the gospel to the poor in the almshouse. In 1742 there were no persons there, and in 1769, 230, with 40 in the workhouse proper subjects for the almshouse. In 1795 a committee of the town reported that an entire new set of buildings should be erected and they had found a suitable location at West Boston, on the north side of Leverett Street, at Barton's Point. In 1 72 1 the bridewell or house of correction was ordered to be erected by the County of Suffolk. It was placed next to the Almshouse and the dimensions were about fifty by twenty by fourteen feet, and built of brick. Beside the master, there was to be a whipper constantly in attend- ance. A little later part of the house was given up for the insane. The workhouse was first proposed in 1735, and was OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 223 ready for occupation in 1739. It was placed at the south- west end of the house of correction and was one hundred and forty by twenty by sixteen feet and built of brick. It was to be improved for the reception and employment of the idle and the poor of the town. In 1 7 1 2 a little house on Fort Hill was let by the town to Joseph Callender, for a granary. From that time the records show many orders for opening and leasing gran- aries, and their management. There was one at the North End, near the North Mill, at the end of Prince Street, and that of Arthur Mason was on the east side of Tremont Street, between Winter and Bromfield Streets. In 1728 it was voted to build a granary in the Common, next the Burying Ground. It was near the corner of Tremont and Park Streets and a few years later it was moved nearer the Burying Ground to accommodate the workhouse, and make the appearance and prospect better. Corn, rye, and flour were purchased and sold to the poor. It held twelve thousand bushels. In 1788 it was let to a com- pany of sail-cloth manufacturers, and in 1791 Dr. Town- send, the inspector of ashes, was the occupant. In 1796 the land was sold to Henry Jackson, all except the build- ing, which was to be removed. In 1798 it is in the tax list as owned by James Swan and occupied by five tenants in stores. It was of four stories and of wood. Park Street Church was built in 1809, The Granary was taken down and removed to Commercial Point at the corner of Free- port, Union, and Neponset Streets. It was fitted up for a hotel called the "Tinion." In 1 80 1 the first three lots on "Centrey Street" next that sold to Henry Jackson in 1796 were sold by the town to Arnold Welles, Peter C. Brooks, and Thomas H. Per- kins, and in 1803 the next two to Thomas Amory, which included the Almshouse lot. 224 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS In 1637 there was a pound, and Richard Fairbanks was poundkeeper, and to be paid in proportion. In 1654-5 Thomas Woodward sold land lying over against the new pinfold, at the entrance of the training green, which placed the pound on the west side of Tremont Street, a little south of Beacon Street. In 1720 it was voted "to remove the pound into the common nigh the upper end of the burying place." This was not far from the almshouse. In 1737 "the most convenient place for erecting the pound is at the northeast corner of the pasture belonging to the heirs of the late Thomas Fitch, and ordered placed there." This was near Boylston Street. In 1786 it was placed at the North End, where the granary was, and it was still there in 1798, when it was to be repaired. Davies Lane ran across the State House lot to the orchard of Humphrey Davy, which later became the property of James Allen. In 1798 it was "the way from Beacon Street to Allen's orchard." It is now built over or included in other streets. Chestnut and Walnut Streets were both laid out by the Mt. Vernon Proprietors in 1799. Charles Street. In 1794 the Selectmen were to lay out a street sixty feet wide from Pleasant Street along the easterly side of land granted for ropewalks, over the marsh, towards Beacon Street, in order to meet a road that may be opened from West Boston Bridge. THE COMMON "i April 1633 it was agreed that Mr. William Black- stone shall have iifty acres of ground set out for him near to his house in Boston." "June 10 1684 the deposition of John Odlin, age about 82 years, Robert Walker OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 225 about 78, Francis Hudson about 68, and William Lyther- land about 76, being antient, and inhabitants of the town of Boston from the time of the first planting and contin- uing so until this day, depose that about the year 1634 the then present inhabitants did treat and agree with Mr. William Blackstone for the purchase of this estate and right of any lands lying within the sd neck of land called Boston, and for the sd purchase agreed that every house- holder should pay six shillings which was accordingly col- lected, none paying less and some considerably more than six shillings, and the sum collected was paid to Mr. William Blackstone to his full content and satisfaction. In consideration thereof he sold to the then inhabitants and their heirs and assigns his whole right in all lands within the Neck, reserving only unto himself about six acres of land on the point commonly called Blackstone 's Point, on part thereof his dwelling house stood. After which purchase the town laid out a place for a trayning field which ever since and now is used for that purpose, and for the feeding of cattle. We further testify that Mr. Blackstone bought a stock of cows with the money he received and removed and dwelt near Providence." The original bounds extended to Beacon Street its full length, and the first infringement was in 1660, when the almshouse was built and the Granary Burying Ground laid out. The houses on Tremont Street between School and Boylston Streets, were considered as in the Common, which included the gun house and schoolhouse. Many orders were passed concerning the Common. All who were admitted inhabitants were to have equal rights of commonage. There was a cow keeper and a town bull. In 1649 Thomas Painter had leave to erect a mill on Fox Hill, which was on what is now the Public Garden. In 1652 James and Peter Oliver had leave to set up a wind- 226 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS mill on the top of the hill between the town and Fox Hill. In 1703 "a watch house and a centry house were to stand nigh the powder house on the Common." The training was a great source of recreation as well as discipline, and great importance was attached to the mihtia, largely made up of volunteers. The Common was their training field. It was the playground of the town, and it would not be possible to tell in a short space of all the happenings on this historic spot. In 1676 there were eight Indians shot to death upon Windmill Hill. There has been much speculation as to the gallows. We do know that it was on the neck, and the only time that the records mention gallows on the Common was Novem- ber 21, 1787, when "Sheriff Henderson hath liberty of a gallows at the lower end of the Common for the execution of one Shean." In 1723, "sixty-three chiefs came from Albany. They had an ox given to them, which they killed with bows and arrows, and in the evening a fire was made on the Common, and a kettle hung over it, in which part of sd ox was boiled, and they danced after their own man- ner." At the entrance of the eighteenth century, Jan- uary I, 1700-1, just about break of day, Jacob Amsden and three other trumpeters gave a blast with their trum- pets on the Common in rear of Mr. Alford's. Duels were frequently fought here. In 1756 land was bought of Andrew Oliver, Jr., late Colonel Fitch's pasture, at the bottom of the Common for a burying place. This was on Boylston Street. September 21, 1740, George Whit- field preached to about fifteen thousand people on the Common, and again October 12. October 1799 "several male and female rogues were publicly whipped and pilloried on Friday last," says the Boston Gazette. "We are glad that the scene for their punishment has been removed from State Street OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 227 to the Common." September i, 1794, "a, piece of marsh land and flat at the bottom of the Common is granted to the owners of the ropewalks, which were burned in Pearl Street, including the whole or such part of Fox Hill as may fall within the bounds specified." These ropewalks were repurchased by the city in 1824. There were five of them, and they extended from Pleasant Street across what is now the Public Garden. SECTION V THE NECK THE last but not the least important section into which we have divided the town is that which connects the peninsula with the main land. It takes in all that part south of Essex and Boylston Streets to the Roxbury line, just south of the present Thorndike Street, where a short stone post marks the boundary. The land begins to narrow near Essex Street, but the neck proper begins at the narrowest point, which is Dover Street. Tremont Street, south of Boylston Street, was called Nassau Street in 1735. Between Boylston and Hollis Streets it was laid out by the Eliot and Holyoke heirs in 1740, and called "Walker's Street," in 174 1. In 1744 fifty pounds was paid to John Clough for the highway laid out through his land from Frog Lane to Nassau Street. In 1788 "from Orange Street by Rev. Mr. Byles house to Frog lane named Nassau Street." In 1836 it was ex- tended to the Roxbury line, and all called Tremont Street. In 1 771 "a cross way formerly so called now Holyoke Street." The lot on the southwest corner of Boylston Street was that of Robert Walker according to the Book of Posses- sions, but he soon sold out to Jacob Eliot, and William Powell bought it in 1763. The Eliot heirs owned as far as Hollis Street on the west side. Mather Byles bought a house and land of Abigail Stacey in 1741, about on the site of the Children's 228 SECTION V THE NECK WW 6t n.cmmttM SECTION V THE NECK r^.: THE CROOKED STREETS OF BOSTON 229 Mission. The front part of his land was included in the widening of Tremont Street. Major John Crane, one of the Tea Party, lived opposite Hollis Street. He left Boston when the port bill went into effect and served with distinction throughout the war, succeeding Knox as colonel of the Massachusetts regiment of artillery. He was commander of the line on the neck. Nathaniel Bradley bought the house on the south corner of Hollis Street in 1770, and here some of those who were in the Tea Party met to dress. On the southeast corner of Tremont and Boylston Street, on the site of the Hotel Touraine, William Talmage had a garden which his niece, Anne Flack, inherited, and she conveyed to John Clough in 1705-6. His son James Clough inherited. He married Rachel Ruggles of Brain- tree, and she married, (2) 1746-7, Arthur Savage, and (3), 1768, James Noble, and (4) 1774, James Pecker. In 1785 James Pecker and wife Rachel lease to Samuel Breck and others, for twenty years, this corner, for a duck factory. Until 1785, when the Charlestown bridge was built, the Neck was the only thoroughfare leading to the neigh- boring towns, and it has been the scene of both tragedy and comedy. Captain Nathaniel Uring described it when on a visit to Boston in 1710: "The neck of land betwixt the city and the country is about forty yards broad and so low that the spring tides sometimes wash the road, which might with a little change be made so strong as not to be forced. There be no way of coming to town but over that neck." In 1794 Thomas Pemberton says; "The neck which joins Boston with Roxbury, included within the limits of Boston is one mile and thirty yards to the Fortification. The Fortification was built of brick with a deep ditch on the side next the Neck. It had two 230 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS gates through one of which foot passengers and the other carriages passed. It began where Orange Street [Essex Street], ends and extends to the end of the town where the bounds of Roxbury begin." The town records say, September 25, 1741: "The Hne run between the town of Boston and the town of Roxbury, and the ancient bound renewed : beginning at the mouth of the creek which runs into the bay leading to Cambridge, and so goes as the creek runs until it comes in a range with the fence and trees which parts between John Richardson's land, for- merly Mr. Nathaniel Brewer's, and Samuel Welles' land formerly Mr. Minot's, then cross the street or highway till it comes to a stump with a heap of stones, about eighty feet from the highway, and from thence straight to a little knole upon the edge of the creek, a corner of the bounds, and from thence east as the creek runs till it comes to a stake with a heap of stones in Colonel Lamb's dam, and from thence as the creek runs into the bay be- tween Boston and Dorchester." The whole peninsula was sometimes called "the Neck," and the Neck has been called "the common," or "cow common." The first order for the laying out of a way was in 1636, when it was agreed that "there shall be a sufficient foot- way made from William Colburn's field unto Samuel Wil- bore's field end next Roxbury." In 1664 there was a new highway laid out through the land of Mrs. Colburn, Henry Phillips, William Talmage, Major-General Leverett, and Richard Bellingham, for which they were paid, and there- after the estates were conveyed in reference to the old and new way, as in 171 1, the "Towns slip or entrance to the old road on the east side of Orange Street." In 1708 it was called Orange Street from Essex Street to the Forti- fication, and after the visit of Washington in 1789 this part of the Neck proper received the name of Washington OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 231 Street, which in 1824 included Newbury and Marlborough Streets and Cornhill. Money was voted, from time to time, to repair the highway. The importance of a guard was soon felt, and July 26, 1 63 1, it was ordered that there be a watch of six men, and an officer kept every night, "two whereof to be of Boston, two of Charlestown and two of Roxbury," and cattle allowed to go on the Neck were taxed for this pur- pose. March 23, 1635, "brother Wilbore was to see to the making of the gate and stile next to Roxbury, and at the same time, as the wood upon the neck of land hath the last winter been disorderly cut up, whereby many of the poor inhabitants are disappointed of relief, it was agreed that some division should be made and that all the wood left shall be gathered up and laid in heaps." * In 1639 Samuel Sherman was permitted to build a cow house next the gate. In 1674 the town built a house on the east side, near the gate, which was let to various parties, and there was a pasture on the east side for the town bull. The gallows were early erected on the Neck. March 16, 1656, the gallows was to be removed "to the next knole of land before the next execution." Three months later Ann Hibbens was here executed for witchcraft. This was on the site of the Cathedral, and here Quakers and other delinquents suffered the penalty of the law of those days, which now would be considered as out of all reason for the sin committed. August 5, 1685, Judge Sewall notes that, as he was riding to Dorchester Lecture, he saw a few feet of ground enclosed with boards "which is done by the Quakers out of respect to some one or more hung and buried near the gallows though the gov- ernor forbade them when they asked leave." April 24, 1765, Stephen Greenlief, the sheriff, asked leave to erect 232 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS the new gallows which had been ordered by the General Court, on the left side of the Neck, on a little rising spot of ground, and beyond the clay pond, as more convenient than the old location. This was just south of Brookline Street. In 1707 Judge Sewall issued a warrant to the constables: ^'Whereas Abraham Harris, late of Boston, whitewasher, at the age of discretion, hung himself con- trary to the peace of our Sovereign Lady, the Queen, As a warning to others of the like damnable practices, the sd Abraham Harris is denied Christian burial. These are to command you to cause the body to be buried on the Neck near the highway over against the gallows, and to cause a cartload of stones to be laid upon the grave as a brand of infamy." The cost was thirteen shillings. He had com- mitted suicide. August 6, 1 71 7, the town lets "to John Warren, miller, a circular piece of land of 94 feet for the accommodation of a windmill situated on the southerly side of the gallows hill." This changed hands several times and finally was blown down October 23, 1761. South of the windmill was the clay pond and salt marsh. In 1695—6 Colonel Hutchinson and others received a monopoly for making salt in the province for fourteen years, and in 1730 they sold their rights to Henry and Samuel Gibbin. In 1791 Joseph Stacey was "granted liberty to carry on the busi- ness of a tallow chandler in the building on the east side of the neck lately improved as salt works." January 31, 1708-9, the town conveyed to "Samuel Phillips and nine others all the upland, beach and flats and medow ground on both sides of the highway, the highway to be 48 feet in breadth and to be well secured, the land between John Bennet's land on the east side and land of Daniel Epes on the west side, extending to the old Fortifications, and as far as 24 feet beyond the new OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 233 pavement." This tract of about fifty acres extended from Castle Street to a line a little short of Dover Street. It was about a thousand feet in length. In 1709 a divi- sion was made into ten lots. April 30, 1785, the town made another grant of fourteen hundred feet. It was on condition that a sea wall be made "from the southeast corner of the fortification to or outside of Hill's dam and to be built of stone, etc. The wall on the northwest side of the neck is in a tottering state and it is necessary to have a range of strong pickets 1 1 feet long. The grantees are to reserve to the town a street between the premises of 85 feet wide." This grant extended from a few feet south of Dover Street to Maiden Street. It was divided into fourteen lots on both sides. August 27, 1 71 1, it was voted "to build a line of de- fence to face it with stone from the bottom of the ditch to the highest part of the rampart, etc." In 1 714-15 a two- rail fence was ordered from one end of the Neck to the other for the benefit and safety of travelers. In 1718 Sewall notes that he went to Roxbury and had the pleasure to view the wall of our city, the work being closed postern and all. Rules were laid down as to the gates which were to be closed on Lord's days. In 1 746 for further defence the ditch was to be cleared and guns mounted on the breastwork. These works were a few feet south of Dover Street. In 1756 the town voted "to raise by lottery three thousand pounds for paving the neck." On the west side, near Roxbury gate, William Hibbens had a grant of five acres in 1644, and in 1652 he conveyed this to Margery, widow of Jacob Eliot, for the benefit of herself and her children. This remained in the family and was owned by her descendants, Samuel and Arnold Welles, in 1798. The next five acres, north, were granted to James Penn in 1644, and he also in 1653 conveyed to 234 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Margery Eliot. Stephen Minot acquired this in 1698 and 1 701-2, and then he petitioned for a Hcense "to keep an inn at his house nigh Roxbury gate." This was the famous George Tavern, first mentioned by name in 1707. In 1708-9 Samuel Meeres petitioned to sell strong drink as an innholder at the house of Stephen Minot in the room of John Gibbs. Other innholders here were Simon Rogers in 1726, and he was still there in 1733, when Stephen Minot, Jr., inherited the estate. Andrew Haliburton was keeper in 1734—5. In 1768 Gideon Gardner was licensed. Minot sold out in 1738 to Samuel and William Brown, and in 1770 Thomas Bracket was approved "as a taverner at the house on the Neck called the King's Arms, formerly the George Tavern, lately kept by Mrs. Bowdine." July 30, 1775, it was burned by the British, then encamped on the Neck in retaliation for the attack by the Ameri- cans on the house of Enoch Brown, July 8. Both armies had outposts on the Neck. The George Tavern was south of Lenox Street, about opposite Thorndike Street, and Brown's house was between Worcester and West Concord Streets, both on the west side. We will now take up that part which begins at Boylston and Essex Streets and extends to Castle Street. Harrison Avenue comes into this section. Edward Rainsford came with Winthrop in 1630, and chose his lot on the corner of Essex Street. The lane received the name of Rainsford Lane in 1708, and extended from Essex to Beach Street, in 1804, extended south from Beach Street and called "Front Street," and in 1841 "Harrison Ave." John Haskins, distiller, lived in Rainsford Lane, and the story goes, for which we do not vouch, that he was of a deeply religious nature. One day, while the family were sitting down to dinner, the distillery which adjoined the house was discovered to be on fire. The children started OQ ■^ ^s s r-rl « Q oi H jc' -^ > ^ H h^ oi >^ w v^ en c OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 235 to go out, but were instantly checked by their father. Calling them to the table he returned thanks as was his custom, "The Lord be praised for this and all his mercies. Now you may go." On the east side of Washington Street, the south corner of Essex Street, Garret Bourne was the owner of a house and the usual half acre. He soon left the town, and Jacob Eliot became the owner. This was the site of the famous Liberty Tree, an American elm of unknown age, but very old and majestic. The ground under it was called "Liberty Hall." March 31, 1766, the Boston Gazette noticed, "This tree was planted in the year 16 14 and pruned by order of the Sons of Liberty February 14, 1766." Here the effigies of Oliver and Bute were hung in 1 765, and here the Sons of Liberty had many meetings. The British had it cut down during the siege. Jacob Eliot acquired more land in the vicinity extend- ing to near Bennet Street. Andrew Belcher married Hannah Frary, granddaughter of Eliot, for his second wife and acquired much property through her. His son Jonathan inherited. Beach Street comes through this estate. In 1675 the town ordered William Lane to make a highway twenty- four feet broad as he had placed his house on what was formerly a town way, and he was granted the land on con- dition that he would make a new highway between that and the marsh "which he has not done." In 1 708 this was called Beach Street. Kneeland Street was a creek, and was gradually filled up. In 1 73 1-2 it was a town way or common shore, a passage way or water course belonging to the town. Named Kneeland Street for Solomon Knee- land, leather dresser, who first bought land here in 173 1-2. Harvard Street was laid out through the Belcher land. In 1 703 it was a lane leading to the waterside, and it was 236 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS called Hollis Street and Harvard Street until 1788, when it was definitely named Harvard Street. Jonathan Belcher lived between Harvard and Bennet Streets. He was the only son of Andrew Belcher and Sarah (Gilbert), and was born in Cambridge in 168 1-2. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1699, and like his father he became a prominent merchant in Boston. He had been a representative, a member of the council, and was an agent of the province in 1728-9 in England, and was still there when he received his commission. The Daily Journal says: "London, December ist, 1729. On Saturday last Jonathan Belcher Esq., who not long since was deputed by the General Assembly in New England as their agent to this Court in relation to the dispute about fixing the salary on the governor of that province for the time being, had the honor to kiss his Majesty's hand on being appointed Governor of the Province of Massachu- setts Bay and New Hampshire in the room of William Burnet deceased. After which his Excellency and the gentlemen trading to New England dined elegantly at Pontiac's." Belcher arrived in Boston August 8, as the the News Letter tells us. "On Saturday last about the middle of the afternoon we were notified by a signal from Castle William of the near approach of Governor Belcher. He could reach no further that night than the entrance to the narrows. Here he was waited upon as soon as possible by the Honorable committee from the General Assembly, with a number of other gentlemen who were all received and entertained with that nobleness and affability which is natural to the governor. At the opening of the following day was the town of Boston in a voluntary alarm prepar- ing for his Excellency's reception and entertainment. The troop and militia were collected and arranged in the street OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 237 below the town house in martial order to welcome their Captain General. The turrets and balconies were hung with carpets and almost every vessel was blasoned with a rich variety of colors. At length the great object of our hopes and reverent affection was received and congratu- lated at the end of Long Wharf. Cannon were discharged, bells were ringing etc. While the Pomp was making in orderly procession the guns which were bursting in every part of the town were answered in mild and rumbling peals by the Artillery of Heaven. (After opening the com- mission at the Court House, etc.), his Excellency was con- ducted to a splendid entertainment at the Bunch of Grapes, and after dinner to his own pleasant seat." Here he was very hospitable and made a great show in dress, equipages, etc. He married Mary, daughter of Lieutenant- Governor Partridge, of New Hampshire. Belcher was a man of the world, and, on the whole, the people were well pleased with him, but he was so un- reserved in his censure of persons of whose principles he disapproved that he made many enemies. His adminis- tration was, on the whole, peaceable. He became involved in the dispute as to the boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which was one of the causes which led to his dismissal. There was a party in England who were against him and who used their influence towards his removal. Among them were friends of Shirley. Belcher was transferred to New Jersey in 1747, where he ruled until his death in 1757. Part of William Colburn's field was next to the Eliot property. In 1663 he sold to Henry Phillips, and Phillips to John Bennet. Bennet laid out Bennet Street, which was called a new lane in 1706, and in 1732 ^'Bennet Street." The new street divided the lands of Colburn and others, as we have seen, therefore we find them on both 238 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS sides. John Bennet bought a large portion of these fields, and his possessions extended to Castle Street. On the west side, at the south corner of Boylston Street, Jacob Eliot, elder of the church and brother of the Apostle Eliot, so called, of Roxbury, chose this as his lot in 1630. His daughter Hannah, wife of Theophilus Frary, inherited after his death. Their daughter Abigail married Berechia Arnold, who succeeded to the estate, and their daughter Hannah Arnold married Samuel Welles, and thus the property remained in the family until 1805, when it was sold to Joseph C. Dyer. It was bought by the Boylston Market Association in 1809. Peggy Moore occupied part of it as a tavern in 1798. Eliot owned nearly to Dix Place on Washington Street, and his land extended back to Tremont Street. Eliot Street was laid out by the Eliot and Holyoke heirs in 1740, thirty feet wide. Dix Place came within the bounds of William Colburn's pos- sessions. Elijah Dix, for whom the place was named, bought land in 1792. It was called "Dutch lane," or "Dutch Yard," in 1798. Next to this lot of Colburn's came the land of Richard Bellingham. In February, 1673-4, James Penniman swore that about four years since, being in a "shed that John Clough had set up on a piece of land that he had bought of William Talmage, Governor Bellingham came riding by on his bay horse and enquired whether this deponent knew who had pulled down his fence, and he answered he knew not, it was so universally done. Every one almost coming that way finding it so dirty would be pulling down the fence to mend the highway, at which the governor seemed troubled and said, I have given Argola the negro a piece of my land fronting to the highway of fifty feet square. He saved my life coming to me in a boat when I was in the river between Boston and Winnissimmet." OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 239 The next lot to this was sold by the heirs of Bellingham to i\ndrew Belcher in 1 711— 12. This purchase extended to very near Common Street. Belcher laid out Hollis Street in 1728, but it was sometimes called "Harvard Street," which led to confusion with its neighbor. The street was named after Thomas Hollis, a merchant of London, who was a great friend of the colony. January, 1730— I, Governor Belcher proposed to William Pain that if he with others would associate themselves together and build a house for public worship, he would make them a present of a piece of land. Thus certain persons met at the house of Hopestill Foster, who in 1728—9 had bought a large piece of land on the north side of Hollis Street and built a house, and June, 1731, the Society was given "leave to build a Meeting House on the land of Governor Belcher on the main street to Roxbury seventy by sixty feet, and a timber house near by for the ministry, forty- eight by thirty-eight." The church was organized Novem- ber 14, 1732. The building was on the south side of Hollis Street, and faced Washington Street. The church was burned in the fire of 1787, and a new one stood until 1 8 10, when the wooden meeting-house was advertised for sale, and the congregation were to build a larger one in brick. The old one was removed to Braintree, where it stood until recently, when it was burned. The ministers were: Mather Byles, 1732-77; Ebenezer Wright, 1778— 88; and Samuel West, 1 789-1808. In 1734, "through the influence of Governor Belcher Mr. Thomas Hollis, (nephew to our great benefactor) has presented a fine bell of about 800 pounds weight to the south church in Hollis Street," writes a friend to the papers. There is a story told of the Rev. Mr. Pierpont, who once preached in the church but was obliged to leave be- cause of his objection to the storing of intoxicating liquors 240 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS in the basement; one of the deacons, a wine merchant, using it as a storehouse. It is said that the parson vented his disapproval by the following verses: "Spirits above, spirits below, Spirits of love and spirits of woe. The spirits above are spirits divine, The spirits below are spirits of wine." Next to the Bellingham estate on Washington Street, William Talmage had a pasture which in 1670 he deeded to his father-in-law, John Pierce, "on condition that the sd Pierce shall maintain Talmage and his two young children." 1672-3 it was a passageway. Common Street was soon laid out through this land. In 1672-3 it was a passageway. In 1735 called Walker Street and later Nassau Street, as part of Tremont Street. In 1824, received its present name of Common Street. It was owned by Thomas Walker whose daughter Abigail inherited, and sold off many lots in Common Street. The titles are somewhat confused, owing to her frequent change of name. She married ( i ), in 1 700-1, Henry Bridg- ham; (2) 1723, John Dixwell; (3) 1727, William Stacey of Marblehead, and (4) 1737, John Clough. The next pasture was that of John Leverett, and this extended back to the water and to the Common. He sold a lot extending to Tremont Street, to John Bennet in 1675, whose heirs deeded to Robert Weir in 1 760. Elisha Cooke inherited part of the Leverett estate and he with others deeded to Silence Allen in 1710-11. Warren Street comes into Washington Street through this estate, Joseph Callender having acquired a large portion, which Jonathan Mason and Harrison Gray Otis bought in 1796, and sold off in lots. In 1 795 the street was laid out by Aaron May, Joseph Callender, Jr., and Nathaniel Gardner, through their lands, and was called Warren Street in 1 798. John OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 241 Bennet also bought a large portion of the Leverett estate in 1675, ^.nd in 1735, on the division of his property, Pleasant Street was laid out, thirty feet wide on Orange Street, and thirty- five feet at the northwest part adjoining George Tilley. It received its name in 1751. The land of Leverett, ex- tending to near the foot of the Common, Elisha Cooke conveyed a portion to George Tilley in 1739. In 1741 Tilley opened a street of thirty-five or forty feet wide through his land at the bottom of the Common, beginning at Bennet's land. In 1747 it was called Pleasant Street. The ropewalks began here when the land was granted to those who had been burned out in Pearl Street. February 25, 1780, a lot of land was purchased by cer- tain proprietors, of Nathaniel Sparhawk, to erect a school- house upon. This was on the south side of Pleasant Street, not far from Washington Street. In 1 784 Samuel Cheney was appointed master for three months. In 1785 the committee of the school "notify the town that they will let the school to the town for another year provided a master be appointed in room of Cheney." They recom- mended Elisha Ticknor. In 1 788 he was appointed, and a few months later William Basson was made assistant. In 1789 it was to be called the South Reading School. February 10, 1790, it was voted to "erect a new school house for a Reading school agreeable to a new system of education adopted by the town. March i, 1 790, they paid Deacon Richards thirty pounds for land in Nassau Street. Next on Washington Street comes the pasture of Wil- liam Colburn extending from a little south of Pleasant Street to Castle Street, which his heirs conveyed to Daniel Epps, and Epps to Silence Allen in 1 713-14. In 1709 Castle Street was called "a. new way of Stephen Minot's called Castle Street." In 1774 in one deed it is called 242 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS Cambridge Street. In 1737 "a stagecoach belonging to Alexander Thorpe, stablekeeper, and Isaac Casno, saddler, will be ready to set out from Boston to Newport and back once a week." Thorpe lived on the northeast side of Castle Street and Casno in Dock Square. Dover Street was proposed to be laid out in 1804. In 1834 it was extended to Tremont Street and called Dover Street. January 25,172 7-8, ''to be let the Rose and Crown near the Fortification. Apply to Gillum Phillips." It would be impossible to narrate in a book of this nature all the incidents which have happened on the Neck. It would take a much larger volume. Count Louis Phillippe Segur, in his memoirs, describes the entrance of the French army into Boston, to em- bark for France under M. de Baudruil Novem- ber 1782. "Before we entered Boston our troops changed their dress in the open air and appeared in a short time in an excellent attire. No review or parade ever dis- played troops in better order. A great part of the popu- lation of the town came out to meet us. The ladies stood at their windows and welcomed us with the liveliest applause ; our stay was marked by continual rejoicings, by feasts and balls." Newell says in his Diary, "Sept, 13, 1774, the 59th regiment arrived from Salem and encamped on the Neck. In April 1774, workmen began to set out a row of trees in each side of the Neck." The entry of Washington after the siege in 1776, and in 1789, has often been described. In 1786 Joshua Witherle, one of the original grantees and owner of Lot 10, in the rear of Rollins Street, was mint master and erected his works here. Seventy thousand cents and half cents were ordered struck off. Colonel John May had bought Lot 13, and one of the r ' '■' * ill '^'^fir T^^ ECCENTRIC COBBLER Whistling "Yankee Doodle" For Trade OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 243 posts of the gallows formed the boundary of this lot, which, as "Gleaner" tells us, had the words of ownership printed on it. A wag added the words "and portion." "Gleaner" also tells another anecdote: "Two friends riding into town, one of whom, looking at the gallows said jocosely, 'Where would you be now if everybody had their deserts?' And the reply was, *I should be riding into town alone.' " Though of a much later date than that we have been considering, brief mention should be made of a familiar figure well known a generation ago, who daily tramped over the Neck: the cobbler with shoes slung over his shoulders and gaily whistling all day the old tune of "Yankee Doodle." "Yankee Doodle," as he was called, is a character we all like to remember. William Dawes, Jr., a tanner, was the one selected to carry the news to Concord on the i8th of April, 1775, that the regulars were going out, and he was to go through Rox- bury while Paul Revere went via Charles town. We cannot end our journey through the streets of old Boston better than in the company of this staunch patriot. 244 THE CROOKED AND NARROW STREETS WHAT'S IN A NAME? When the lights from the old North Church flashed out, Paul Revere was waiting about. But I was already on my way; The shadows of night fell cold and grey As I rode, with never a break or pause. But what was the use, when my name was Dawes? History rings with his silvery name; Closed to me are the portals of fame. Had he been Dawes and 1 Revere No one had heard of him, I fear. No one had heard of me because He was Revere and I was Dawes. I am a wandering bitter shade, Never of me was a hero made. Poets have never sung my praise, Nobody crowned my head with bays And if you ask me the fatal cause, I answer only, "My name is Dawes." Tis all very well for the children to hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere; But why should my name be quite forgot Who rode as boldly and well, God wot? Why should I ask? The reason is clear; My name was Dawes and his Revere. Helen F. More. OF THE TOWN OF BOSTON 245 NOTES The difference between the Julian calendar and the Gregorian is ten days between 1582 and 1700, and eleven days between 1700 and 1800. The two modes of reckoning are called "old style" and "new style." The Gregorian style was adopted by England and her colonies in 1752, when September third of that year was made September fourteenth. Before that time the year began on the twenty-fifth of March. Usually double dating is used for the first three months of the year, as is done in this work. 1 Page 3: Just before Winthrop sailed, a company set sail from Dorchester, England, organized by the Rev. John White, and arriving May 30, were the first to set up a church in the wilderness. They were the founders of Dorchester. 2 Page 9: This date is one of great importance in our history. Receiving its name September 17, 1630 (old style September 7), it is considered as the date of the foundation of Boston. On September 17, 1643 (old style Septem- ber 7), representatives of the four colonies, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecti- cut and New Haven, met in Boston for the first time; the forerunner of the Federal Constitution of the United States, which was adopted by the general convention September 17, 1787. 3 Page 19: Another great fire in 1787 destroyed the Hollis Street church, and many houses in the immediate vicinity. 4 Page 231: As the whole town was often called the "neck of land," this doubtless refers to the wood cut in every part of the town. INDEX The following are to be found under the general headings: Bridges, Bury- ing Grounds, Churches, Coffee Houses, Docks, Fields, Hills, Indians, Maps, Newspapers, Pastures, Points, Ropewalks, Schools, Ships, Signs, Squares, Streets, Wars and Wharves. Acadia, 36, 37 Adams, Alexander, 3S, 46 Adams, Elizabeth, 35 Adams, Hamiah, 171 Adams House, 170 Adams, John, 73, 171 Adams, John (the President), 40, 49, 98, 100, loi, 107, 108, 109, 125, 17s, 192, 204 Adams, John Quincy, 98 Adams, Joseph, 192 Adams, Mary (Fifield), 192 Adams, Samuel, 192 Adams, Samuel, Jr., loi, 125, 166, 17s, 176, 192, 194 Adams, Thomas, 73 Addington, Ann (Leverett), 142 Addington, Elizabeth (Bowen), 143 Addington, Isaac, 132, 142 Addington, Isaac Jr., 106, 142, 173 Addington, Rebecca, 173 Agent of the Colony, 51, 143, 146, 147, 236 Albany, 226 Alden, William, 200 Alford, Benjamin, 219 Alford, Mary, 136, 208 Alford, Mr., 226 Alford, William, 136 Allen, Deacon, 191 Allen, Elizabeth, 140 Allen, James, 84, 133, 203, 206, 208, 209, 218, 224 Allen, Jeremiah, 100, 206, 209, 218 Allen, Jeremiah Jr., 100, 218 Allen, Jeremiah, 3rd, 218 AUen, John, 202, 206 Allen, Mary, 219 Allen, Samuel, 140, 177 Allen's orchard, 224 Allen, Silence, 240, 241 Almshouse, 168, 197, 218, 222, 224 American House, 84 Amory, John, 85 Amory, Thomas, 223 Amsden, Jacob, 226 Amusements, see recreations Andover, 167 Andrews, Benjamin, 214 Andrews, John, 109, 154, 155, 159 Andros, Edmund, 5, 81, 84, 102, 103, 124 Angier, Amos, 177 Annan, Robert, 187 Annapolis Royal, 2, 167 Antinomian troubles, 117, 214 Antwerp, 127 Apthorp, Charles Ward, 219 Argola, the negro, 238 Argyle, Duke of, 146 Arnold, Abigail (Frary), 238 Arnold, Berechia, 238 Arnold, Hannah, 238 Arnold, John, 94 Artillery Company, 40, 115, 118, 120, 153, 159, 20s, 229 Asher, Michael, 205 Aspinwall, William, 8, 57, 152, 167, 168 247 248 INDEX Assistants, Court of, 3 Atkins, Martha, 67 Atkins, Silas, 67, 76 Atkinson, Theodore, 130, 149, 167, 185-188 Austin, Benjamin, 208, 210 Austin, Benjamin, Jr., 210 Austin, Daniel, 206 Austin, Jonathan L., 208, 210 Austin, Joseph, 39 Avis, John, 66 Ayrshire, 146 B Bacon, John, 126 Badger, Jonathan, 138 Bahama Islands, 165 Bailey, John, 133 Baker, John, 29 Baker, Mrs., 129 Baker, Thomas, 74, 139 Baldwin, Thomas, 67 Ballard, John, 41, 129 Balston (Baulston), William, 8, 113 Bannister, Thomas, 169, 181, 220, 221 Bant, Gilbert, 57 Baptists, 66, 67 Barker, Joshua, 137 Barnard, Bartholomew, 50 Barnard, Dr., 8$ Barnard, John, 69 Barnes, John, 182 Barnstable, 50 Barracks, 23, 154 Barricade, 19S, 196 Barrel, John, 170 Barrel, Joseph, 182 Bartlett, Thomas, 65 Bass, Mary, 119 Basson, William, 241 Batter, James, 49 Battery, North, 33, 34, 35 Battery on Copps Hill, 30 Battery, South, 191, 194. Baudreuil, M. de, 242 Baxter, Nicholas, 184 Baxter, Margaret, 184 Baxter, Mary, 184 Beacon, The, 82, 197 Bearasley, Wilham, 36, 46 Bean, Mr., 185 Bean, Sarah, 136 Belcher, Andrew, 139, 143, 235, 236, 239 Belcher, Edward, 8 Belcher, Governor 65, 139, 143, 164, 202, 239 Belcher, Hannah (Frary), 235 Belcher, Jonathan, 139, 235, 236 Belcher, Mary (Partridge), 237 Belcher, Sarah (Gilbert), 236 Belknap, Abigail (Buttolph), 209 Belknap, Dr., 10 Belknap, Jeremy, 187 Belknap, Joseph, 92, 94, 98, 99, 209 Belknap, Mary (Williams), 94 Belknap, Mr., 92 Belknap, Mrs., 209 Belknap, Nathaniel, 209 Bell, Daniel, 200 Bellingham, Penelope (Pelham), 113 Bellingham, Richard, 35, 45, 46, 97, 98, 113, 131, 160, 216, 230, 238 Bellmont, Lord, 34, 81, 161, 162 Bendall Edward, 8, 37, 127, 128, 140, 212 Bendall, Ephraim, 128 Bendall, Freegrace, 128, 196 Bendall, Hopefor, 128 Bendall, More Mercy, 128 Bendall, Reform, 128 Bendall, Restore, 128 Bennet, George, 54, 59 Bennet, John, 232, 237, 238, 240, 241 Bennet, Richard, 48, 54, 59, 61, 68, 69 Bennet, Samuel, 86 Bennet, Susannah, 68 Bentley, William, 70, 106 Bernard, Governor, 104 Bernard, JuHa, 155 Bernard, Sir Francis, 155, 157 Berry, Elizabeth (Franklin), 75 Berry, Joseph, 75 INDEX 249 Besant, Sir Walter, 127 Bethune, George, 172 Bigelow, Benjamin, 185 Biggs, John, 8, 97, 206 Biggs, Mary (Dassett), 97 Bishop, Nathaniel, 191 Blackstone, Mr., 3 Blackstone, WilHam, 6, 148, 149, 197, 220, 221, 224, 225 Blair, Samuel, 126 Blake, John, 170 Blanchard, Joshua, 206 Blanton, William, 173 Blin (Blyn), James, 170 Blin, Peter, 177 Block Island, 94 Blodgett, Seth, 136 Blott, Robert, 169 Blowers, John, no Blowers, Sampson Salter, 213 Blowers, Sarah (Kent), 213 Blount, Anthony, 05 Bollan, Frances (Shirley), loi BoUan, William, 100, loi, 165 Book of Possessions, 11, 12, references throughout the book. Boone, Nicholas, 116 Boott, Kirke, 212 Borland, Francis, 150, 183 Borland, Francis Lindall, 150 Borland, Jane, 89, 150 Borland, John, 89, 131 Borland, John Jr., 89 Borland, Phoebe (Penhallow-Grosse- Graves), 183 Boston Atheneum, 105 Boston, 3, 4, 6, 7, II, 13, is-17 Boston, bounds run, 230 Boston, description of, 4, J, 6, 226 Boston, first mayor of, 23, 114 Boston, general appearance of, 23, 24 Boston Harbor, 82 Boston, Life in, 23, 24 Boston Massacre, loi, 125, 135 Boston Militia, 163 Boston named, 3, s Boston Port bill, 55, 229 Boston Regiment, 57, 159, 205 Boston, Siege of, 21, 54, 102, 105, 154 Boston Stone, 80 Boston, England, 24, 143 214 Bosworth, Samuel, 210 Bosworth, Zaccheus, 8, 109, 152, 219 Bound, Ephraim, 31, 67 Bound, James, 31, 67 Bourne, Garret, 23s Bourne, Nehemiah, 33, 34, 36, 3Jr Boutineau family, in Boutineau, Stephen, 109 Bowdine, Mrs. 234 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., 198 Bowdoin, Elizabeth (Erving), 143 Bowdoin family, in Bowdoin, James, 137, 143, 219 Bowdoin, William, 170 Bowen, Elizabeth, 143, 173 Bowen, Griffeth, 143, 173 Bowen, Penuel, 184 Bowers, John, 136, 218 Bowes and Wharton, 181 Bowling Green, 91, 98, 199, 201, 209 Boyce, Antipas, 153, 154 Boydell, Hannah, 142 Boydell, John, 141 Boylston Market Association, 238 Boylston, Mary, 81 Boylston, Nicholas, 109 Boylston, Thomas, 81 Boylston, Zabdiel, 102 Boynton, Mr., 96 Bracket, Abigail, 109 Bracket, Anthony, 109 Bracket, Elizabeth (Maylem), 109 Bracket, Joshua, 109 Bracket, Richard, 8, 94, 170 Bracket, Thomas, 106, 234 Bradford, Joseph, 206 Bradford, Thomas, 36 Bradford, William, 139 Bradley, Nathaniel, 229 Bradstreet, Governor, 168 Bradstreet, Mr., 168 Bradstreet, Simon, 167 Brainerd, David, 175 2 50 INDEX Braintree, 29, loi, 119, 192, 239 Brattle, Elizabeth (Tyng), 98, 112 Brattle, Thomas, 98, 99, 103, 112, 170 Brattle, Thomas Jr., 99 Brattle, William, 104 Breck (Brick), Nathaniel, 90 Breck, Samuel, 229 Breck, Samuel Jr., 154 Breedon, Thomas, 61, 62 B ronton, WiUiam, 200 Brereton, John, 2 Brewer, Nathaniel, 230 Brewster, John, 44 Bricks, Laying of, 11 Bridewell, The, 197, 222 Bridges: Cambridge, 5 Charlestown, 229 Draw, 18, 28 Mill, 18, 27, 28, 58, 61 West Boston, 224 Bridge, Christopher, 103 Bridge, Thomas, 133 Bridgham, Abigail (Walker), 240 Bridgham, Henry, 147, 150, 240 Bridgham, John, 150 Bridgham, Jonathan, 148, 150 Bridgham, Joseph, 150 Bridgham, Mr., 144 Brimmer family, iii Brinley, Francis, 207 Bristol, 189 Bristol, England, 144 British officers, 103, 138 British soldiers, 31, 53 British troops, 67 Brockton, 167 Bromfield, Abigail (Coney), 175, 219 Bromfield, Edward, 219 Bromfield, Edward Jr., 174, 219 Bromfield, Frances, 66 Bromfield, Mary, 175 Brompton, England, 56 Brookings, Elizabeth, 36 Brookings, John, 35 Brookline, 13, 42 Brooknell, Charles, 103 Brooks, Peter C, 223 Broughton, Thomas, 29, 72 Brown (Browne), Benjamin, 139 Brown, Enoch, 55, 208, 234 Brown, James, 8 Brown, John, 154 Brown, Samuel, 234 Brown, Walter, 141 Brown, William, 69, 87, 234 Bryant, John, 136, 138 Buckminster, Joseph, 100 Bulfinch, Charles, 65, 185, 197, 207, 219 Bulfinch, Thomas, 198, 201, 212 Bull, Elizabeth, 184 Bull, John, 184, 185 Bull, Jonathan, 184 Bull, Margaret, 184 Bull, Mary, 184 Bull, Samuel, 184 Bullivant, Dr. Benjamin, 213 Bumstead, Thomas, 153 Bunker Hill, 30, 31, 107, 159 Burden, George, 26, 112 Burgess, William, 139 Burke, Edmund, 22, 156 Bumaby, Andrew, S Burnet, Gilbert, 162 Burnet, William, 162, 236 Burnham, Charles, 138 Burrill, Samuel, 47 Burying Grounds: Copp's Hill, 29, 30 Granary, 17, 153, 169, 197, 212, 217, 223-5 King's Chapel, 102, 103, 181 Jewish, 20S On the Common, 217, 226 Quaker, 145 Bury, England, 50 Bussey, Benjamin, 182 Butler, Mary (Alford), 136 Butler, Matthew, 59, 75 Butler, Peter, 131, 136 Butler's Row, 131 Butler, Stephen, 149 Buttolph, Abigail, 209 INDEX 251 Buttolph, Mary, 209 Buttolph, Nicholas, 209 Buttolph, Thomas, 114, 179, 199, 209 Button, John, 26, 89 Byfield, Nathaniel, 189, 207, 216 Byfield, Sarah (Leverett), 189 Byles, Dr., 23 Byles, Mather, 228, 239 Byles, Mather, Jr., 65 Cade, George, 208 Cade, Peter, 208 Calef, Robert, 180 Callender, EHsha, 67 Callender, Ellis, 67 Callender, Joseph, 223, 240 Callender, Joseph Jr., 240 Cambridge, 3, 5, 29, 60 Cambridge, England, 171 Campbell, Duncan, 19 Campbell, John, 19, 20, 122 Campbell, Mary ( Clark-Pemberton ) , 122 Campbell, William, 36 Caner, Henry, 103, 104 Canton, China, 54 Cape Cod, 2 Cape Horn, first Boston vessel around, 182 Capen, Hopestill, 87 Capen House, 87 Capen, John, 119 Capen, Patience (Stoddard), 87 Cards, Manufacture of, 28 Cames College, 205 Cames, Edward, 205, 210 Carnes, Joseph, 208 Carr, Sir Robert, 38, 62 Carroll, Joseph, 69 Carter, Ann, 158 Carter, Edward, 205 Carter, James, 69, 93 Carter, Mr., 93 Carter, Ralph, 17, 45 Carter, Richard, 158 Cartwright, Colonel George, 62 Carwithy, Mrs., 63 Casno, Isaac, 242 Castle William, 25, 156, 163, 180, 236 Caswell, John, 202 Caucuses, 165 Centre Haven, 29, 72 Chaffie, Matthew, 42, 72 Chamberlain, Thomas, 170 Chambers, Charles, 205 Champney, Noah, 41 Channing, William Ellery, 187, 204 Chardon family, iii Chardon, Peter, 85, 200, 221 Chardon, Sarah (Colman), 200 Charles I, 2 Charles II, 51 Charlestown, 3, 9, 16, 31 Charnock, John, 71 Charter, Seal of the, 3 Charter, The, 3 Charter, The new, 63, 64 Chauncey, Charles, 100, 133, 194 Checkley, John, 114 Checkley, Mary (Scottow), 45 Checkley, Samuel, 45 Checkley, Samuel Jr., 45, 50, 181, 184 Cheever, Bartholomew, 83 Cheever, Elizabeth, 83 Cheever, Ezekiel, 106, 107 Cheever, William Downe, 83 Chelsea, S, 113 Cheney, Master, 60, 61 Cheney, Samuel, 241 Child, Isabella, 178 Child, Katharine, 80 Child, Susannah (Hatch), 178 Child, Thomas, 80 Children's Mission, 228, 229 Church, Benjamin, 173 Church, Benjamin Jr., 180 Church Green, 184 Church, Hannah (Dyer), 173 Churches: Arlington, see Federal street Baptist, First, 1665, 64, 67 252 INDEX Baptist, Second, i743. 3i, 67 Blacks, Church for, 1789, 177 Brattle Square, 1699-1885, 24, 42, 84, 99 Christ, 1722, 6S Church of England, see King's Chapel Congregational Church, 1748-1785, III Federal Street, 1727 (Scotch-Irish), now Arlington Street, 187 First, 1630, 15, 18, 25, 78, 84, 116, 123, 132, 134, 137, 183, 216 Good Shepherd, 60 Hollis Street, 1732, extinct, 23, 239 Huguenot, 1686-1748, 11 1 King's Chapel, 1686, 65, 84, 102, 105, 114, 136, 149, 179, 182, 213, 220 Manifesto, see Brattle Square Methodist Episcopal, First, 1792, 46 New Brick, 1721, united with Sec- ond, 1779, 50, 54, 60 New North, 1 714-1863, 17, 18, 59, 60, 66, 70 New South, 1 719, reorganized 1867, 41, 181, 184 North, see Second, 39, 45 Old North, see Second Old Brick, see First Old South, 1669, 31, 64, 70, 124, 125, 172, 174 Park Street, 223 Quaker (Friends Meeting), 1664- 1808, 102, 145 St. Paul, 158, 231 Samuel Mather, 1742-1785, 53, 61 Sandemanian, 1 764-1823, 60 Second (Old North), 1649, united with New Brick, 1779, 17, 18, 49, SO, 54, 60 Trinity, 186, 203 Universalist, First, 1785-1864, 61 West, 1737, extinct, 199, 203, 204 City Charter, 23 City Hall, 94 Clap, Joanna (Ford), 170 Clap, Roger, 170 Clark (Clarke), Elizabeth, 40, 48, 52 Clark, Elizabeth (Hutchinson), 43 Clark, Jemima, 42 Clark, John (minister), 133 Clark, John (physician), 42, 43 Clark, John Jr., 42, 43, 52, 53, 56 Clark, Martha, 107 Clark, Martha (Saltonstall), 42 Clark, Richard, 109 Clark, Robert, 103 Clark, Samuel, 107 Clark, Sarah, 146 Clark, Sarah (Shrimpton), 43 Clark, Sarah (Crisp-Harris-Leverett), 43- Clark, Susannah, 109 Clark, Thomas (merchant), 39, 40, 206 Clark, Thomas (Pewterer), 39, 48 Clark, William, 55, 56, 109, 146 Cleeres, William, 170 Clement, Thomas, 150 Clerks of the Market, 13 Cleveland, Colonel, 107 Clough, Abigail (Walker-Bridgham- Dixwell-Stacey), 260 Clough, Ebenezer, 75 Clough, James, 229 Clough, John, 228, 229, 238, 240 Clough, Rachel (Ruggles), 229 Cobham, Josiah, 91 Cochran, Alexander, 152 Cock, Elizabeth, 41, 57 Cock, Joseph, 41 Cock, Susannah, 41 Coddington family, 24 Coddington, William, 8, 98, 113 Codfish, Model of, 180, 202 Coffee Houses, 16, 34 American, see British, 138 British, 141, 201 British in Queen Street, 98 Crown, 138. Exchange, 139 Great Britain, 46 Gutteridge, 139 INDEX 253 North, 34 North End, 40 Philadelphia, 40 Rainbow, 122 Cof&n, Charles, 45 Cof&n, Isaac, 44, 178 Cofhn, IsabeUa (ChUd), 178 Coffin, John, 178 Coffin, Lydia, 73 Coffin, Rebecca, 139 Coffin, Sarah, 7 Coffin, Susannah, 178 Coffin, William, 137 Coggan, John, 118, 140, 216, 217. Coggan, Mr., 119 Coggeshall, John, 118. Colbum, Elder, iii Colburn, Mrs., 230 Colbum, William, 8, 10, 132, 170, 171, 230, 238, 241 Cole, Ann (Keayne), 119 Cole, John, 92, 93 Cole, Samuel, 8, 39, 116, 119, 207 Colman, Benjamin, 43, 84, 99 Colman, Dudley, 137 Colman, Jane, 85 Colman, Mr., 83 Colman, Sarah, 200 Colman, Sarah ( Crisp-Harris- Lev- erett-Clarke), 43 Columbus, Christopher, i Commissioners, Royal, s, 38, 62 Committee of Correspondence, 166 Committee of Safety, 166 Common, The, 17, 30, 96, 112, 152, 156, 168, 169, 176, 197, 208, 210, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 241 Conant's Island (Fort Warren), 123 Concert Hall, 85, 86, 92, 137, 146 Concerts, 86 Concord, 74, 244 Concord N. H., 87 Conduit, The, 34, 87 Condy, Jeremiah, 67, 68 Coney, Abigail, 175 Coney, John, 57 Congress, 157, 166, 175 Constitution, The Federal, 194 Cook (Cooke), Elisha, 106, 107, no, 138, 144, 240 Cook, Elisha Jr., no, 210 Cook, Elizabeth (Leverett), 144 Cook, Frances, 85 Cook, Francis, 85 Cook, Jane (Middleton), no Cook, Mary, 210 Cook, Richard, no, 199, 210 Cookson, Samuel, 170 Coolidge, Joseph, 211 Cooper, Dr., 23 Cooper, Judith (Sewall), 99, loi, 215 Cooper, Katharine (Wendell), loi Cooper, Mehitable (Minot), 80, 88, 160 Cooper, Samuel, 98, 99 Cooper, Thomas, 88, 160 Cooper, William, 88, 98, 99, loi, 215 Cooper, William, Jr., loi Copley, John Singleton, 109, 215, 220 Copley, Mary, 182 Copley, Richard, 182 Copley, Susannah (Clark), 109 Copp, David Jr., 73 Copp, Patience, 73 Copp, William, 29, 30, 72, 74 Copper Works, 202, 205 Coppin, Thomas, 43 Cordis, Cord, 138 Cordis, Hannah, 138 Cordis, Joseph, 138 Comewall, Thomas, 113 Comhill Corporation, 93 Corwin, Elizabeth (Sheaffe), 31 Corwin, Jonathan, 31 Cotton, Ann (Lake), 44, gi Cotton, John, 50, 92, 117, 133, 143, 160, 214, 21S, 216 Cotton, John 3d, 44, 51 Cotton, Maria, 2x5 Cotton, Sarah, 5° Cotton, Seaborn, 214 Council, The, 124 Council Chamber, 83, 84 2 54 INDEX Council of Safety, 83, 142 Courser, William, 90 Court House, 95, 141. 163 Court of Deputies, 13 Court, The (General), 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, IS, 16, 17, 19, 22, 31, 38, SI, 62, 64, 84, 95, IIS, 120, 134, 13s, 146, 167, 181, 212, 232, 236 Court, The last meeting of, 168 Cove, The, 43, 78, 178, i79 Cove, Bendall's, 27, 33 Cove, Mylne, 57 Cow Common, 13, 230 Cow Keeper, 13, 22s Cow Paths, 176 Cowell, Edward, 109 Cox, Thomas, 141 Coytemore, Thomas, 35 Cradock, George, 97, 104, 207, 216 Cradock, Mary (Lyde), 216 Crane, Major John, 229 Cranwell, John, 8 Creese, Thomas, 116, 118 Cricke, Deborah, 84 Cricke, Edward, 84 Crispe, Richard, 43 Crispe, Sarah, 43 Crocker, Hannah (Mather), 53 Crocker, Joseph, 53 CromweU, Anne, 149 Cromwell, Oliver, 36, s6, iiS Cromwell, Captain Thomas, 149 Crosby, Joel, 170 Crosswell, William, 106 Crow, Christopher, 44 Croychley, Richard, 97 Cullemore, Isaac, 48, 92 Cummings, Alexander, 126 Cunnable, Samuel, 200 Cunningham, Nathaniel, 107, 146, 221 Cunningham, Ruth, 107 Cunningham, Sarah (Kilby), 146 Curwin, George, 87 Cushing, Charles, 221 Gushing, Mary (Bromfield), 175 Cushing, Thomas, 174, 175, 194 Cushing, Thomas Jr., 17s Cushing, Thomas 3rd, 175 Custom House, 97, 140, 141, 216, 217 Cutler, John, 170 Cutler, Ruth, 170 Cutler, Timothy, 65 Daille, Peter, iii, 171 Dalton, James, 147, 150 Danforth, Samuel 213 Daniels, John, 210, 211 Dankers, Jasper, 134 Dansy, Anne, 164 Dansey, Joseph, 164 Danvers, 165 Darwin, 16 Dassett (Dossett), John, 97 Dassett, Martha, 97 Dassett, Mary, 97 D'Aulnay, 37, 38, 118 Davenport, Addington, 103, 173, 174 Davenport, Addington Jr., 182 Davenport, Eleazer, 173 Davenport, John, 133, 216 Davenport. Rebecca (Addington), 173 Davis, Benjamin, 129 Davis, Elizabeth, 129 Davis, George, 37 Davis, James, 218 Davis, John, 67, 88 Davis, Nathan, 70 Davis, William, 137 143, 145, 205 Davy, Humphrey, 20S, 216, 224 Dawes, Colonel Thomas, 19S Dawes, Judge Thomas, 44 Dawes, William Jr., 243 Day, James, 128 Deane, Thomas, 62 Deblois, Gilbert, 85, 86, 92, 153 Deblois, Louis, 85, 86, 92 Deblois, Mr., 91 Decosta family, 162 Dedham, 162 Deer Island, 5, 105 Deering, Henry, 130 Deering, Mary, 131 INDEX 255 Deming, William, 186 D"Estaing, Count, 86 Dennison, Daniel, 115 Depositions, 13, 168 Dexter, Rev. Mr., 162 Dike, Roland, 136 Dillaway, Thomas, 89 Dinely, Fathergone, 97 Dinely, William, 96 Dingly, Amasa, 106 Dinsdale, John, 186 Dinsdale, William, 149 Distilleries, 14, 197 Diving machine, 128 Dbc, Elijah, 238 DLxwell, Abigail (Walker-Bridgham), 240 DLxwell, John, 240 Doane, Elisha, 137 Docks: Atkinson, 149 Ballantine, see Creek Square, 87 BendaU, 126 Governor, 145 Oliver, 17, 18, 145, 147, 148 The. 8, 17, 18, 37, 78, 91, III, 126, 127, 129 Scottow, see Creek Square, 87 Dolbeare, the brazier, 130 Doll, William, 69 Domesday Book, 11 Dorchester, 7, 50, 81, 119, 230 Dorchester company, 180 Dorchester Heights, 21 Dorchester Neck, 7 Douglass (Douglas), Catharine, 88 Douglass, Goodman, 58, 72 Douglass, WUliam, 77, 88 Dover, N. H., 21 5, 413 Downes, William, 90 Dowse, Elizabeth (Franklin-Berry), 75 Dowse, Richard, 75 Draper, John, 173, 190 Drew, Jemima (Clark), 42 Drew, Robert, 42 Drinker, Edward, 36 Drown, Shem, 60, 127 Drury, Hugh, 191, 200 Drury, John, 200 Drury, Thomas, 191 Duck factory, 229 Dudley, Joseph, 47, 94, no, 157, 158 Dudley, Judge, 6 Dudley, Paul, 157, 158 Dudley, Governor, 39, 134 Dudley, Sarah, 119 Dudley (Thomas), 3, ng, 157 Dugdale, William, 164 Duggan, John, 130 Duggan, Mary (Keefe), 130 Dumaresque, Edward, 64 Dumaresque family, in Dumaresque, Mary, 64 Dumaresque, Philip, 182 Dummer, Governor, 100 Dummer, Jeremiah, 143 Dummer, Jeremiah Jr., 143 Dummer, William, 143, 158, 171 Dunbar, Samuel, 106 Dunster, Henry, 114 Dunton, the bookseller, 124 Dupe, Mr., 60 Durant, Edward, 170 Dwight, Jonathan, 170 Duxbury, 106 Dyer, Giles, 173, 179 Dyer, Hannah, 173 Dyer, Joseph C, 238 Earle. Robert, 94, 181 East Boston, 5 East, Francis, 185 Earthquake, The great, 100 Eckley, Joseph, 126 Edes, Benjamin, 114 Exles, Edward, 3 Edes, Peter, 71 Exlict of Nantes, iii Eighteenth century, Entrance of, 226 Eliot, Andrew, 59, 61 Eliot, Deacon, 178 256 INDEX Eliot, Hannah, 238 Eliot heirs, 228, 238 Eliot, Jacob, 8, 228, 233, 235, 238 Eliot, John (minister), 59, 61 Eliot, John, 235 Eliot, John, "the Apostle," 238 Eliot, Margery, 233, 234 EHot, Samuel, 217 Elton, Daniel, 173 Emerson, William, 133 Emmes, Aaron, 170 Emmes, Hannah (Parmenter), 77 Emmes, John, 67 Emmes, Luther, 171 Endecott, John, 2, 3, 212 Engs, 168 Epes, Daniel, 232, 241 Erving, Elizabeth, 143 Erving, John, 21, 22, 143, 165 Evered, John, alias Webb, 30, 31, 136 Everell, James, 80, 91, 131, 136 Everett, Edward, 47, 73, 100 Everett, Oliver, 47, 184 Exeter, 105 Fairbanks, Richard, 19, 121, 149, 187, 224 Fairweather, John, 219 Fairweather Mr., loi Faneuil, Andrew, 97, 121, 132, 141, 216 Faneuil, Benjamin, 216 Faneuil Hall, 17, 21, 87, 106, iii, 124, 126, 127, 13s Faneuil, Mary Ann, 216 Faneuil, Peter, 116, 126, 127, 138 Farniseed, John, 63 Farnum, John, 28 Farr (Fawer), Barnabas, 43 Farr, Tolman, 43 Father Rasle, 172 Feather Store, 128, 129 Federal Constitution ratified, 187 Fence viewers, 13 Fenn, John, 38 Fenn, Mary (Hawkins), 38 Ferry to Boston, 31 Ferry to Charlestown, 31, 74, 76, 80 Ferry to Noddles Island, 128 Ferry to Winnissimmet, 63, 132 Fessenden, Benjamin Jr., 184 Field: Gentry or Sentry, 198, 199 Colburn's, 237 Gate, 203 Mylne, 29, 72 New, 114, 198, 199, 217 Toward Roxbury, 10 Windmill, 29 Fifield, Mary, 192 Finch, Thomas, 138 Fire engine, 17, 18 Fires, 11, 18, 23, 188 Fiske, John, 193 Fitch, Benjamin, 203, 213 Fitch, Thomas, 224 Flack, Anne, 229 Fleet, Elizabeth (Goose), 123 Fleet, Thomas, 122, 123 Fletcher and Merrett, 141 Flucker, Lucy, 121, 181 Flucker, Thomas, 181 Footpaths, 10 Ford, Joanna, 180 Ford, Thomas, 180 Forsyth, Alexander, 74 Fort, The, 190 Fort Warren 123 Fortification, 32, 163, 190, 229, 230, 232, 233, 242 Foster, Abigail (Hawkins-Moore-Kel- lond), 55 Foster, Hopestill, 239 Foster, John, 54, 68, 177, 178 Foster, Lydia 54 Foster, Lydia (Turell), 54 Foster, Sarah, 54 Foster, William, 137 Fourth of July, first celebration of, 24 Fourth of July oration, 135 Fowle, Rebecca, 73 INDEX 257 Fowle, Zachariah, 65 Fowles, Dorothy, 48 Foye, John, 140 Foye, William, 143 Foye, William Jr., 143 Fox, John, 93 Foxcroft, Thomas, 133 Framingham, 7, 149 France, 49, 83, 165 Frankland, Agnes (Surriage), 56 Frankland, Sir Charles Henry, 56, 140, 178 Franklin, Benjamin, 70, 75, 76, 80, 98, 149, 17s Franklin, Elizabeth, 75 Franklin House, 149 Franklin, James, 20, 98 Franklin, Josiah, 80, 81, 149 Franklin medal, 70 Frary, Abigail, 238 Frary, Hannah, 235 Frary, Hannah (Eliot), 238 Frary, Theophilus, 238 Freake, Elizabeth (Clarke), 40, 48 Freake, John, 40, 48 Freeman, James, 44, 103, 107 Freeman, Martha (Clarke), 107 Frizell, Dorothy ( Fowles- Parnell), 48 Frizell, John, 48 Frobisher, William, 89 G Gage, General, 21, 31, 107, 166, 194 Gage, Thomas, 165 Gair, Thomas, 67 Gallop (Galloupe), Benjamin, 31 Gallop, John, 31, 42, 56, 57 Gallows, 24, 226, 231, 232, 243 Gambrel roofs, 10 Gardens, 9, 153 Gardiner, (Gardner), George, 183 Gardiner, Gideon, 234 Gardiner, Nathaniel, 106, 240 Gardiner, Samuel, 206 Gardiner, Samuel P., 183 Gatcomb, Philip, 168 Gay, Mrs. Frederick L., 42 Gee, Elizabeth (Harris), 72 Gee, Elizabeth (Thatcher), 72 Gee, Joshua, 29, 30, 45, 72, 76 Gee, Joshua Jr., 50, 53, 73 Gee, Lately, 89 Gee, Peter, 72 Gee, Sarah, 73 George, Captain, 82 George, H, 162 Gerrish, Captain, 199 Gerrish, Samuel, 171 Gerrish, William, 200 Geyer, Frederick, 183 Gibbin, Henry, 232 Gibbin, Samuel, 232 Gibbons, Edward, 8, 37, 118 Gibbs, John, 234 Gibbs, Mrs., 112 Gibbs, Robert, 31, 207 Gibson, Benjamin, 206 Gibson, James, 137 Gibson, Mary, 137 Gibson, Samuel, 106 Gilbert, Sarah, 236 Gilbert, the tanner, 186 Gill, John, 98, 196 Gill, Moses, 98 Gillum, Benjamin, 145, 189, 190, 192 Glasgow, 48, 84 Glassworks, 178 Gleaner (Nathaniel I. Bowditch), 103, 198, 243 Glover, John, 112 Goddard, Giles, 213 Goelet, Captain Francis, 137, 154 Goffe, the regicide, 62 Gooch, James, 136 Gooch, James, Jr., 201 Gooch, John, 131, 136 Gooch, Mary, 131 Gooch, Mary (Deering), 131 Goodwin, Benjamin, 76 Goodrich, see Guttridge Goose (Vergoose), Elizabeth, 123 Goose, Isaac, 169 Goose, Mother, 169 258 INDEX Gordon, Dr., 25 Gore, Christopher, 200 Gore, Samuel, 102 Gorham, Benjamin, 129 Gosnold, Bartholomew, 2 Gould, Thomas, 67 Granary, The 17, 197, 208, 217, 221, 223, 224 Grant, Moses, 30 Grasshopper Vane, 127 Graves, Phoebe (Penhallow), 183 Graves, Mr., 9 Graves, Thomas, 183 Gray, Benjamin Gerrish, 131 Gray, Edward, 188, 189 Gray, Ellis, 60 Gray, Harrison, 211 Gray, Martha (Atkins), 67 Gray, Mary (Gooch), 121 Gray, Robert, 67 Gray, William, 73, 77 Greaton, James, 65 Green (Greene), Bartholomew, 173 Green, Elizabeth (Brookins-Grove), 36 Green, Gardiner, 215, 216 Green, Joseph, 106, 107 Green, Samuel, 36, 173 Green The, 179 Grosse, Isaac, 129 Green, William, 36 Greenlief, Daniel, 128 Greenlief, Stephen, 158, 169, 231 Greenough, David, 177 Greenough family, 77 Greenough, John, 32 Greenough, Newman, 74 Greenough, Thomas, 56 Greenough William, 41 Gregory and Potter, 136 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 127 Greenwood family, 36 Greenwood, Nathaniel, 37, 46 Greenwood, Samuel, 46 Gridley, Belief 194 Gridley, Grace, 194 Gridley, Jeremiah, loi, 106, 108 189 Gridley, Return 194 Gridley, Richard, 181, 185, 186, 189, 192, 194 Gridley, Tremble, 194 Grosse, Clement, 141 Grosse, Edmund, 39 Grosse, Phoebe (Penhallow), 183 Grosse, Thomas, 129 Grouchy, Mary (Dumaresque), 64 Grouchy, Thomas James, 64 Grove, Edward, 36 Grove, Elizabeth (Brookings), 36 Grubb, Thomas, 8, 167 Guard, The, 231 Gun houses, 102, 225 Gunpowder plot, 78 Guns, removal of, 159 Gunnison, Hugh, 112 Guttridge, Mary (Buttolph-Thaxter), 139, 209 Guttridge, Robert, 139, 209 Gwin, Thomas, 84 H Haley, Alderman, 215 Haley, Mary (Wilkes), 215 Haliburton, Andrew, 234 Halifax, 21, 22, 81, 143, 217 Hall, Hugh, 203 Hall, Samuel, 205 Hallowell, Benjamin, 81, 191 Hallowell, Mary (Boylston), 81, 191 Hallowell, William, 149, 191 Halsey, George, 39 Hamilton, Andrew, 19 Hamilton, Frederick, 91 Hamlin, George, 52 Hancock, Dorothy (Quincy), 220 Hancock, Ebenezer, 86 Hancock house, 220 Hancock, John, 40, 48, 49, 86, 98, 125, "i^ZS, 166, 175, i94» 220 Hancock, Lydia (Henchman), 97 Hancock, Thomas, 40, 46, 97, 219, 220 Handicrafts, 14 INDEX 259 Hardcastle, Roger, 124 Harding, Captain, 145 Harding, Robert, 8 Harker, Anthony, 169 Harris, Abraham, 232 Harris, Benjamin, 41, 201 Harris, Elizabeth, 72 Harris, George, 147 Harris, Henry, 103, 213 Harris, Isaac, 70, 77 Harris, Mr., 215 Harris, Robert, 147 Harris, Samuel, 70 Harris, Sarah (Crisp), 43 Harris, Thomas, 200 Harris, William, 43 Harrison, John, 192, 194 Harrison, William, 90 Hartt, Edmund, 76, 77 Harpswell, 131 Hartford, 20 Harvard College, 51, 52, 87, 114, 122, 142 Harwood, Charles, 103 Haskins, John, 234 Hatch, Israel, 136, 160, 170, 174 Hatch, Susannah, 178 Hatten, George, 103 Hawkins, Abigail, SS Hawkins, Elizabeth, 47, 66 Hawkins, Hannah, 40 Hawkins, James, 199 Hawkins, Mrs., 33 Hawkins, Thomas (baker), 88 Hawkins, Thomas (mariner), 37, 38, 40, 47, 55, 66, 89, 118 Hay, engine for weighing, 17 Haymarket, 1 7 Hayward, John, 19 Heaton, Nathaniel, 185 Helver, Jonathan, 69 Henchman, Daniel, 75, 97, 106, 121, 181 Henchman, Daniel Jr., 97 Henchman, Lydia (Hancock), 97 Henchman, Nathaniel, 65 Henderson, Sheriff, 226 Henry IV, iii Hibbens, Ann, 147, 231 Hibbens, Mr., 144 Hibbens, William, 147, 233 Hicks, Zachariah, 69, 73, 177 Higgens, Robert, 75 Hill, Captain, Z^ Hill, John, 26, 27 HiU, Mr., 14s Hill's dam, 233 Hill, Valentine, 43, 44, 114, 116, 126, 205 Hills: Beacon, s, 28, 197, 198 Blue, 2 Broughton, 29 Gentry, 217 Century, see Beacon, loj Copp's, 28-31, 48, 64, 76 Com, 190 Cotton, 7, 177, 198 Fort, 25, 83, 14s, 186, 188, 189, 190, 207, 208, 220 Fox, 225, 226, 227 Powderhorn, s Sentry, see Beacon, 197 Snow, 29 West, 197, 198 Windmill, 226 Hiller, Joseph, 113 Hinckley, David, 218 Hinckley, John, 114 Hirst, Mary, 182 Hitchbone, Benjamin, 136 Hitchbone, Deborah, 53 Hitchbone, Nathaniel, ^^ Hoar, William, 167 Hobby, Ann, 167 Hobby, Charles, 167 Hobby, Colonel, 171 Hobby, Major, 158 Hobby, Wilham, 167 Hog Island, s Hog-reeves, 13 Holbrook, Abiah, 69, 93, 160, 177 Holbrook, John, 137 Holbrook, Samuel, 177 2 6o INDEX Holland, John, iii, 137 Hollich (Hollinshead), Ann, 183 Hollich, Mr., 33 Hollich, Richard, 183 Hollis, Thomas, 129, 204, 239 Holmes, Francis, 137 Holmes, widow, 137 Holt, Elizabeth, 50 Hospitals, IS4 Hotel Touraine, 229 Holyoke heirs, 228, 238 Holyoke, Samuel, 93 Hooper, William, 182, 203 Hopkinton, 56, 104, 140, 149 Houchin, Jeremiah, 80, 85, 211 Hough, Atherton, 105, 160, 217 Hough family, 24 House of Correction, 222 House of Commons, 156 House of Representatives, 84, 164, 194, 202 Houses, construction of, 11 Houses, thatched, 10 Hovey, C. F. Company, 183 Howard, Samuel, 200 Howard, Simeon, 204 Howe, Captain John, 71 Howe, General, 21, 22, 50 Howe, Joseph, 184 Howell, Henry, 176 Howen, Robert, 213 Howlett, John, 88, 89 Howlett, Susannah, 89 Hubbard, Thomas, 136, 183 Hubbard, Tuthill, 20, 136 Hudson, Francis, 132, 225 Hudson, Hannah, 115 Hudson, Mary (Thwing), 115, 142 Hudson, Mr., 197 Hudson, Ralph, 115, 142 Hudson, William, 8, 112, 137, 185, 209, 218 Hudson, William Jr., 129 Hughes, Dr. William, 74 Huguenots, 11 1 Hull, Hannah, 169, 172 Hull, John (merchant), 63 Hull, John (mintmaster), 30, 169, 172, 178, 21S Hull, Mary (Spencer), 63 Hull, Robert, 172 Hull, Thomas, 191 Hunne, Anne, 213 Hunt, Harriet, 49 Hunt, Joab, 48 Hunt, John, 186 Hunt, Samuel, 106 Hunt, Samuel, Jr., 70 Hurd, Jacob, 173 Hutchinson, Anne, 38, 40, 55, 112, 113, 117, 119 Hutchinson, Abigail, 117 Hutchinson, Chief Justice, 108 Hutchinson, Colonel, 53, 186, 232 Hutchinson, Edward, 54, 68, 117, 189, 190 Hutchinson, Eliakim, 112, 118, 149, 16S, 18S, 188, 189 Hutchinson, Eliakim Jr., 118 Hutchinson, Eliakim, 3rd, 112 Hutchinson, Elisha, 40, 48 Hutchinson, Elizabeth, 43 Hutchinson, Elizabeth (Clarke- Freake), 40, 49 Hutchinson, Elizabeth (Shirley), 118 Hutchinson, Faith, 38 Hutchinson, Hannah (Hawkins), 40 Hutchinson letters, 175 Hutchinson, Lydia (Foster), 54 Hutchinson, Richard, 107, 118, 185 Hutchinson, Sarah (Foster), 54 Hutchinson, Sarah (Shrimpton), 112, 18S Hutchinson, Thomas, 38, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, 59, 69 Hutchinson, Thomas Jr. (the gov- ernor), 55, 61, 64, 124, 158, 163, 188 Hutchinson, William, 38, 40, 55, 117 India, 44, 56 Indian Ocean, 161 INDEX 261 Indians, 6, 42, 44, 94, 123, 125, 226 Chickatawbut, 2, 6, 123 Massachusetts, The, 6 Miantonomo, 123 Narragansetts, The, 123 Nipmugs, The, 6 Pequot nation, 123 Quittamog, John, 6 Sagamore John, 123 Thomas, John, 7 Wampas, 158 Ingersol, Joseph, 97, 137 Ingram, William, 137 Inns, see taverns Ireland, 153 Ivers, James, 98, 201 Johonnot family, iii Johonnot, Frank, 159 Jones, Daniel, 136 Jones, John, 216 Jones, John Coffin, 44, 81 Jones, Mary Ann (Faneuil), 216 Jones, Thomas Kilby, 185, 206 Josselyn, John, 4, 26, 123 Joy, Benjamin, 116, 183 Joy, John, 220 Joy, Thomas, 41 Joyliffe, Ann (Cromwell-Knight), 150 Joyliffe, John, 144, 150 Julien, Jean Baptiste Gilbert Pay- plat dit, 151 Julien, restaurateur, 150 Julien soup, 151 Jacklin, Edmund, 89 Jackson, Edmund, 44 Jackson, Elizabeth, 44, 66 Jackson, Henry, 223 Jackson, Jeremiah, 187 Jackson, Jonathan, 66, 68 Jackson, Mary, 18 Jackson, Patrick, 215, 216 Jackson, widow, 122 Jail, see prison James I, 2 James II, 82 Jamestown, 2 Jamaica, 167, 183 Jamaica Plain, 81, 156 Jeffrey, Mary (Wilkes-Haley), 215 Jeffrey, Patrick, 92, 215 Jeffries, John, 39, 216, 217 Jenner, Thomas, 209, 210 Jepson, John, 58 Jeykill, John, 213 Johns, Mr., 136 Johnson, James, 88, 148, 191, 209 Johnson, John, 6, 96, 117 Johnson, Mr., 3 Johnston, David, 136 Johnston, John, 65 Johonnot, Daniel, 171, 187 Keayne, Ann, 119 Keayne, Benjamin, 119 Keayne, Captain, 135, 142, 186, 187 Keayne, Robert, 119, 185 Keayne, Sarah (Dudley), 119 Keefe, Mary, 130 Keefe, Morris, 130 Kellond, Abigail (Hawkins-Moore), 55 Kellond, Thomas, 55 Kemble, Henry, 46 Kent, Sarah, 213 Kerr, Catharine (Douglass), 88 Kidd, Captain, 94 Kidd, William, 161, 162 Kilby, Christopher, 112, 146 Kilby, John, 146 Kilby, Rebecca (Simpkins), 146 Kilby, Sarah, 146 Kilby, Sarah (Clarke), 146 King, Mehitable, 61 Kingston-upon-Hull, 142 Kirby, William, 199 Kirkland, John T., 184 Kittery, 112 Kneeland family, 199 Kneeland, Samuel, 97, 98 262 INDEX Kneeland, Solomon, 235 Knight, Ann (Cromwell), 150 Knight, Macklin, 92 Knight, Robert, 150 Knox, Henry, 121, 181, 229 Knox, Lucy (Flucker), 181 Knox, Robert, 174 Lake, Ann, 44, 51 Lake, Thomas, 44, 58 Lamb's Dam, 230 Lambert, William, 31 Lane, William, 235 Langdon (Landon), Benjamin, 142 Langdon, Ephraim, 69 Langdon, John Jr., 36 Langdon, Josiah, 70 Languedoc, 108 Lathrop, Dr. John, 50 La Tour, 37, 38, 118 Laud, Archbishop, 214 Lawson, Christopher, 35 Leach, John, 41, 71 Leach, Sarah (Coffin), 71 Leatherland (Lytherland), William, 180, 225 Lechford, Thomas, 14 Lee, Benjamin, 31 Lee, Jesse, 46 Lee, Joseph, 39 Lee, Thomas, 39, 43, 70 Leger, Ann, 170 Leger, Jacob, 170 Legg, Captain, 92 Legislature, division into two bodies, 119, 120 Le Mercier, Andrew, in Leonard, George, 27 Leverett, Ann, 142 Leverett, Elizabeth, no Leverett family, 24 Leverett, Governor, 142, 190, 202 Leverett, Hannah (Hudson), 115 Leverett, Hudson, 115, 207 Leverett, John (governor), no, 114, 136, 143, 144, 14s, 189, 194, 201, 207, 240 Leverett, John (president), 43, iij, 142 Leverett, Knight, 202, 209 Leverett, Major General, 230 Leverett, Sarah, 189 Leverett, Sarah (Crispe-Harris), 43 Leverett, Thomas, 132, 142, 143 Lewis, Ezekiel, 106 Lewis, Stephen C, 65 Liberty Hall, 235 Liberty Tree, 17, 79, 235 Library, The, 121, 135 Library, The circulating, 141 Lidgett, Charles, 179 Lidgett, Peter, 179, 201 Light Horse Dragoons, 125 Lillys, Samuel, 46 Lincoln, Countess of, 4 Lincoln, General, 67 Lisbon, 21 Livermore, Edward St. Loe, 22 Lloyd (Loyd), Henry, 122 Lloyd, James, 116, 213 Lloyd, Mary (Qarke-Pemberton- Campbell), 122 Lobdell, Nicholas, 136 London, 2, 15, 21, 76, 127, 156, 187, 204, 215, 236 London Bookstore, 141 London Stone, 80 Londonderry, 153 Long, Elizabeth (Hawkins), 47, 66 Long Island, 5 Long, Nathaniel, 47, 66 Long Room Club, 98 Loring, Benjamin, 136 Loring, Jonathan, 68 Lotteries, 21 Louis XIV, III Louisburg, siege of, 165 Love, John, 68 Love, Susannah (Bennet), 68, 69 Lovell, James, 71, 88, 106, 188 Lovell, John, 106, 107 Lovell, Mary, 107 INDEX 263 Lowe, Goodman, 27 Lowell, John Jr., 107 Ludwyc±i, Edward, 137, 139 Lyde, Byfield, 189, 207 Lyde, Edward, 82 Lyde, Mary, 216 Lyle, Francis, 160 Lyman, Theodore, 213 Lynn, 3 Lynde, Samuel, 128, 202, 203, 211 Lynde, Sarah, 213 Lynde, Simon, 92, 104, 128, 202, 211, 213 Lynham, George, 6i M Macaulay, 158 McAdam, Captain Gilbert, 146 McAdam, Sarah (Kilby- Cunning- ham), 146 Mackintosh, Mr., 79 Madeira, 40 Magistrates, 38, 120, 163, 168 Maine, 20 Makepeace, Thomas, 28 Malcolm, Daniel, 48 Maiden, 99, 100 Man, William, 112 Manly, John, 68 Manufactory, 61, 153, 177 Maps: Bonner, 90, 203, 208 Burgis, 203 Carlton, 212 Copley estate, 208 Marblehead, 49, 99, 240 Marchant, John, 188 Mariott, Catharine, 171 Market Place, 78, 92, 127 Markets, 17, 126, 134 Marquis of Lome, 146 Marshall, John, 170 Marshall, Thomas, 31, 32, 80, 86, 88 Marston, John, 137, 170 Mascarene family, in Mascarene, Jean Paul, 108 Mason, Arthur, 38, 153, 169, 208 Mason, Jonathan, 135, 221, 240 Masonic Temple, 158 Masons, 86, 154 Masons' hall, 60 Massachusetts Bank, 138, 154 Massachusetts Fields, 2 Massachusetts Historical Society, 46, S2>, 148 Massachusetts Indians, 2, 6 Massachusetts, Province, first gov- ernor of, 63, 64 Massachusetts Province, her history in wars, 165 Massachusetts, State, first governor, 135 Massey, Samuel, 94 Mather, Abigail (Phillips), 52 Mather, Ann (Lake- Cotton), 44, 51 Mather, Cotton, 50, 52, 61, 180 Mather, Dr., 23 Mather, Elizabeth (Clarke), 52 Mather, Elizabeth (Holt), 50 Mather family, 84 Mather, Hannah, 53 Mather, Hannah (Hutchinson), 52 Mather, Increase, 18, 44, 50, 51, 52, 61, 69, 96, 215 Mather, Maria (Cotton), 51 Mather, Richard, 50 Mather, Samuel, 50-53, 56, 61 Mather, Sarah (Cotton), 50 Matson, Thomas, 8, 94, 138 Mattocks, James, 44 Mattocks, Samuel, 44 Maud, Daniel, 105, 106, 216 Maverick, Samuel, 62 May, Aaron, 240 May, John, 40, 242 Mayhew, Jonathan, 194, 203, 204 Maylem, Elizabeth, 109 Maylem, Joseph, 109 Maylem, Mark, 109 Mayo, John, 6, 50, 61 Mechanics club, 53 Medford, 3, 34, 140 Medical College, 177 264 INDEX Meeres, James, iii, 128 Meeres, John, 93 Meeres, Robert, 200, 213 Meeres Samuel, 200, 234 Mein, John, 141 Melodeon, 171 Melvil, Allan, 201, 202 Melvil, David, 94 Melvil, Thomas, 201 Merrett and Fletcher, 141 Merry, Walter, 33, 58, 72, 76, 77 Messenger, Henry, 104 Mico, John, 109 Middlecott, Jane, 10 Middlecott property, 43 Middlecott, Richard, 211 Middlesex canal, 28 Miles, John, 67 Mill Creek, 18, 26, 27, 28, 32, 34, 45, 46, 83, 86 Mill Pond, 28, 63, 67, 78, 198, 200 Mill Pond Corporation, 28, 198 Mill Stream, 76 Millard, Thomas, 160, 219 Mills, 27, 28, 223 Mills, Edward, 93 Milton, 56, 124, 21S Minot, John, 97 Minot, Judge G. R., 10, 148 Minot, Mary (Dassett-Biggs), 97 Minot, Mehitable, 88, 160 Minot, Mr., 230 Minot, Stephen, 24, 132, 210, 214, 233, 234 Minot, Stephen, Jr., 234 Mint, The, 178, 242 Mistick Neck, 123 Molineux, William, 219 Monk, Elizabeth (Woodmancy), 122 Monk, George, 121, 122 Monk, Lucy (Turner), 121 Montague, William, 65 Moody, Joshua, 133 Moorcock, Nicholas, 138 Moore, Abigail (Hawkins), 55 Moore, Samuel, 55 Moores, Samuel, 116 Moorhead, John, 187 Mortimer family, 57 Mortimer, Richard, 61 Morton, Joseph, 170 Morton, Perez, 170 Moulton, Mrs., 170 Mount Pleasant, 221 Mount Vernon Proprietors, 198, 207- 209, 221 Mount Wollaston, 2, s, 13 Mountford, Benjamin, 141 Mountford, Edmund, 54 Mountford, John, 41 Mountford, Jonathan, 54 Mountford's Corner, 54 Mount joy family, 57 Mountjoy, George, 38 Moving pictures, 148 Muddy River (Brookline), 4, 13 Munnings, George, 94 Munt, Thomas, 199 Murray, James, 102 Murray, John, 61 Mylam, John, 57 Myles, Anne (Dansy), 104, 216 Myles, Samuel, 103, 104 Myles, Samuel Jr., 103, 216 N Naval engagement, the first on the coast, 42 Neck, The Accident on, 97 British and American encampments on, 234 Clay pond, 232 descriptions of, 97, 229 fortifications on, 232 gallows, 231, 232 gate and stile, 231 guard, 231 land conveyed, 232 salt marsh, 232 salt works, 232 suicide buried, 232 twenty-ninth regiment encamped on, 242 INDEX 265 whole peninsular so called, 230 windmill, 232 Negroes, i<, Nelson, Elizabeth (Toiler), 83 Nelson, John, 83 Nevis, island of, 82 Newbury, 167 New England, 2, 23, 26, 96, 236 New Hampshire, 140, 237 New Jersey, 237 Newell, Timothy, 204, 219, 242 Newgate, John, 211 Newgate, Nathaniel, 213 Newgate, Sarah (Lynde), 213 Newman, John, 65 Newman, Robert, 65 Newman, Thomas, 65 Newspapers: 20 Boston Chronicle, 21, 210 Boston Evening Post, 20 Boston Evening Transcript, 198 Boston Gazette, 20, 96, 98, 142, 226, 235 Boston Gazette or Country Jour- nal, 21 Boston Gazette or Weekly Adver- tiser, 20 Boston News Letter, 6, 7, 19, 20, 48, SZ, 122, 162, 173, 236 Boston Weekly Advertiser, 21 Boston Weekly Post Boy, 20 Independent Advertiser, 20 Massachusetts Spy, 21, 65, 87 N. E. Courant, 20 N. E. Weekly Journal, 20 Public Occurrences, 19 Weekly Rehearsal, 20, 190 Newton, Hannah (Adams), 171 Newton, Hibbert, 171 Newton, Thomas, 171 Nicolls, Colonel Richard, 62 Nicholson, Colonel, 103 Noble, James, 229 Noble, Rachel ( Ruggles-Clough-Sav- age), 229 Noddles Island (East Boston), 5, 36, 103, 128 Norridgewock, 172 North Battery, 33, 35 North end playground, 69 North-enders, 78 North, Stephen, 89 Norton, John, 124, 133 Norton, Mary, 124 Norton, Mr., 105 Nova Scotia, 2, 22, 108, 154, 171, 213 Nowell, Increase, 167 Nowell, Samuel, 168 Noyes, Dr., 86 o Dates, Dr., 96 Ochterlony, David, 44 Ochterlony, David Jr., 44 Ochterlony, Katharine (Tyler), 44 Odins buildings, 127 Odlin, John, 224 Odling, EUsha, 36, 138 Old Corner Bookstore, 117 Oldham, John, 42 Oliver, Andrew, 189, 235 Oliver, Andrew Jr., 226 Ohver, Daniel, 195 Oliver, Elder, 160 Oliver, James, 130, 138, 225 Oliver, Nathaniel, 106 Oliver, Peter, 122, 147, 148, 186, 225 Ohver, Thomas, 8, 122, 147, 185 Orange, widow of Robert, 66 Orme, Sarah, S3 Orrak, David, 73 Orrak family, 74 Osborn, John, 43 Otis, Harrison Gray, 97, 121, 205, 207, 221, 240 Otis, James Jr., 78, 98, loi, 107, 108, 138 Otis, Ruth (Cunningham), 107 Oxenbridge, John, 133, 135, 216 Oxnard, Thomas, 154 Packers of fish and flesh, 13 Paddock, Adino, 153, 159 266 INDEX Paddock elms, 153 Paddy, William, 58 Page (Paige), Ann, 187 Page, Nicholas, 187, 215 Pain, William, 239 Paine, Robert Treat, 106 Painter, Thomas, 225 Palin, James, 122 Palmer, Abigail (Hutchinson), 118, 188 Palmer, John, 181, 186 Palmer, Thomas, 118, 188 Parker, Daniel, 136 Parker, Jane, 169 Parker, John, 169 Parker, Richard, 115, 200 Parker, Sally (Stone), 136 Parker, Samuel, 182 Parkman, Bridget, 35 Parkman, Elias, 35, 46 Parkman, Elizabeth (Adams), 35, 46 Parkman, Samuel, 207 Parkman, William, 32, 35, 46 Parliament, 193 Parmenter, Hannah, 77 Parmenter, Joseph, 77 Pamell, Dorothy (Fowles'i, 48 Pamell, Francis, 48 Parsonage, Brattle Square Church, 97 Parsonage, Old South Church, 123 Partridge, Governor, 237 Partridge, Mary, 237 Partridge, Nehemiah, 148 Pastures: AUen, 206, 207, 208, 209 Baker, 74 Barren, 185 Bennet, 69, 75 Bulfinch, 211 Buttolph, 209 Chambers, 205, 206 Deane, 168 East, 220, 221 Fairbanks, 188 Fitch, 226 Gerrish, 199-201 Gibbs, 31 Greenlief, 185 Hawkins, 199 Houchin, 211 Hutchinson, 149, 188 Leverett, 240 Lynde, 205 Meeres, 200 Newgate, 211 on the Neck, 231 Parker- Gerrish, 200 Phillips, 207-209 Richards, 59 Rowe, 183 Scottow, 210 Sewall's elm, 168, 220 Sewall on Summer Street, 168, 182 Shrimpton, S9 Stanley, 59, 68, 72 Talmage, 240 Turner, 185, 218 Webb, 186 Pateshall, Robert, 171 Patten, William, 89 Paxton Letters, 175 Payson, Samuel, 106 Peace of Ryswick, 83 Pearce, see Pierce Pease, Henry, 8, 91 Peck, Thomas, 146, 184 Pecker, James, 229 Pecker, Rachel (Ruggles-Clough-Sav- age-Noble), 229 Pejepscot Company, 131 Pelham, Mary (Copley), 182 Pelham, Henry, 23 Pelham, Mr., 86 Pelham, Penelope, 113 Pelham, Peter, 182 Pell, Goodman, 149 Pell, William, 149 Pemberton, Benjamin, 129 Pemberton, Ebenezer, 122, 125 Pemberton, Ebenezer, Jr., 60 Pemberton, Joseph, 129 Pemberton, Mary (Clarke), 122 Pemberton, Thomas, 27, 46, 95, 153, 190, 229 INDEX 267 Penhallow, Phoebe, 183 Penhallow, Samuel, 183 Penn, Elder, 218 Penn (Pen), James, 8, 105, 116, 149, 206, 208, 217, 218, 233 Penn, Mr., 102 Penniman, James, 8, 172, 238 Pepperrell, Mary (Hirst), 182 Pepperrell, Miriam, 44 Pepperrell, William, 165, 182 Pepys, Richard, 221 Percy, Earl, 155 Percy, Lord, 155 Perkins, Thomas H., 223 Perkins, Mr., 93 Perry, Arthur, no Pest House, 207 Philadelphia, 7, 61, 114, 155 Phillips, Abigail, 52 Phillips, Abigail (Bromfield), 219 Phillips, Deacon, 50 Phillips, Eleazer, 174 Phillips, Ensign, 144 Phillips, Gillum, 242 Phillips heirs, 114 Phillips, Henry, 133, 138, 230, 237 PhilUps, J., 130 Phillips, John, 52, 57, 114, 141, 209 Phillips, John (biscuit maker),. 57 Phillips, John (the mayor), 23, 114 Phillips, Samuel, 138, 232 Phillips, Susannah (Stanley), 59 Phillips, ThomaS; 45 'Phillips, William, 29, 30, 38, 59, 63, 72, 116 Phillips, William (merchant), 147, 188, 216, 219 Phillips, William, Jr., 216 Phillips, Zachariah, 207 Phipps, Mary (Spencer-Hull), 63 Phipps, Sir William, 36, 63, 64, 74, 160 Phipps, Spencer (Bennet), 36, 64 Pickering, George, 47 Pierce (Pearce), John, 169, 240 Pierce, , 52 Pierce, Joseph, 77 Pierce, Richard, 19 Pierce, Samuel, 169 Pierce, William, 8, 15, 140 Pierpont, Rev., 239, 240 Pigot, General, 220 Pilgrim, Captain Elias, 57 Pilgrims, 2 Pinfold, see Pound, 224 Piscataqua, 20 Pitcairn, Major, S4 Pitt, William, 156, 165 Pitts, James, 122, 212 Plymouth, 2, 20, 58 Points: Barton, 202, 222 Blackstone, 3, 198, 225 Commercial, 223 Ferry, 72 Gallop, 27, 33 Hough, 202 Hudson, 32, 76, 77 Merry, 32 PuUen, 118 Windmill, 178, 180 Pollard, Ann, 221 Pollard, Benjamin, 216 Pollard, John, 152 Pollard, Jonathan, 152, 219 Pollard, William, 152, 221 Pomroy family, 128 Poole, John, 146 Pope, Ephraim, 169 Pope's Day celebration, 78 Pordage, Mrs., 213 Pormont, Philemon, 105, 106, 116 Porter, Captain David, 40 Post masters, 20, 183 Post office, 20 Postal arrangements, 19 Posts, Eastern, Southern, Western, 20 Potter and Gregory, 136 Pound, The, 224 Powder House, 208 Powell, William, 228 Pownall, Governor, 104 Pownall, Thomas, 165, 166 Pratt, William, 212 2 68 INDEX Preble, Jedidiah, 24 Prescott, Judge, 180 Preston, loi Price, Elizabeth, 104 Price, Elizabeth (Bull), 104, 184 Price, Ezekiel, 104 Price, Roger, 103, 104, 182, 184 Prince, Job, 206 Prince of Orange, 82, 162 Pruice, Thomas, 125 Prison (gaol, jail), 78 Printing press, the first in Boston, 178 Probate office, 94, 95 Proctor, Edward, 41, 43i 57 Proctor, Edward, Jr., 57 Proctor, Edward, 3rd, 57 Proctor, Elizabeth (Cock), 41, 57 Proctor, John, 66, 69 Proctor, John Jr., 67, 69, 93 Proctor, Mrs., 20 Prout, Joseph, 57 Prout, Timothy, 57. 168 Providence, isle of, iS Providence, 22, 225 Province House, 155, 160, 163, 164, 167 Public Garden, 225, 227 Pulling (Pullen) family, 57 Pulling, Richard, 89 Punishments: Cage, The, 96 Pillory, The, 96, 13S Whipping Post, 96, 135, 226 Puritans, 2, 24, in, 220 Pym, John, 45 Pynchon, John Quakers, 41, 43, 231 Queen Anne, 158 Queen Elizabeth, 127 Quick, Mrs. Alice, 123 Quincy, 2 Quincy, Dorothy, 220 Quincy, Edmund, 220 Quincy family, 188 Quincy, Henry, 169 Quincy, Josiah, 23 Quincy, Mary, 169 Quincy, Mrs. E. S., 24 R Radcliffe, Robert, 103, 104 Rainsford, Edward, 8, 234 Rainsford, Mr., 178 Rand, William, 130 Randle, William, 98 Randolph, Edward, 83, 90 Randolph, Mr., 90 Rasilli, 37 Ravenscroft, Samuel 84 Rawlins, brother, 58 Rawson, Edward, 153, 167, 168 Ray, Caleb, 94 Read, John, 77 Record Commissioners, 198 Recreations, 15, 24, 30, 78, 79, 133, 226 Regiments, Sam Adams', 125 Representative government begins, 134 Revere (Rivoire), Apollos, 53 Revere, Deborah (Hitchbone), 53 Revere family, in Revere House, 212 Revere, Paul, 52, 53, 54, 65, 74, 77, 98, 243 Revere, Sarah (Orne), 53 Revolution, The, 65, 76, 99, 109, 190, 193, 194, 204 Reynolds, Robert, 148, 149, 171 Rhode Island, 22, 39, 113, 117, 220 Rhodes, Jacob, 36 Rice, Robert, 8 Richards, Ann (Winthrop), 47 Richards, Deacon, 241 Richards, Elizabeth (Hawkins-Long- Winthrop), 66 Richards, John, 47, 59, 66 Richards, Major, 59 Richards, Thomas, 47 Richardson, Amos, 186 Richardson, John, 230 INDEX 269 Ridgeway, Joseph, 210 Roberts, Nicholas, 136 Robertson, David, 68 Robie, Joseph, 60 Robie, William, 60 Robinson, John, 138 Roe, Stephen, 103 Rogers, Daniel Dennison, 211, 219 Rogers, Simon, 234 Ropewalks, 19, 188, 197, 199, 206, 208-10, 224, 227, 241 Austin, 209 Barton, 192, 195 Harrison, 192 Rowe, John, 147, 192 Rowe, Mr., 183 Roxbury, 3, 4, 16, 72, 59, 96, 97, 157, 158, i6s, 228, 231, 233, 234, 243 Royal commissioners, s Royal Exchange, London, 127 Ruck, Mr., 58 Ruck, Thomas, 74, 77 Ruddock, Abiel, 77 Ruggles, Rachel, 229 Rumford, Count, 87 Russell, James, 87 Russell, John, 67 Russell, Mrs., 124 Russell, Thomas, 90, 179, 206 Saco, 174 Baffin, John, 91, 168 St. Andrews Lodge, 88 St. Augustine, i St. Croix river, 37 Salcom Regis, England, 180 Sale, John, 130 Salem, 2, 3, 164, 212 Salisbury, Benjamin, 146 Salisbury, Josiah, 172 Salisbury, Nicholas, 172 Salisbury, Samuel, 172 Salisbury, Stephen, 172 Salter, Charles, 89 Salter, Thomas, 169 Salter, widow, 191 Salter, William, 94 Saltonstall, Dorothy (Fowles-Parnell- Frizell), 48 Saltonstall, Martha, 42 Saltonstall, Mary (Cook), 210 Saltonstall, Nathaniel, 48 Saltonstall, Richard, 42, 210 Sandeman, Robert, 60, 141 Sanford, John, 190 Sargent, Lucius Manlius, 155 Sargent, Mary (Spencer-HuU-Phipps), 63, 160 Sargent, Mehitable (Minot-Cooper) , 88, 160 Sargent, Peter, 63, &S, 160, 161 Savage, Arthur, 229 Savage, Ephraim, 116, 131, 201, 202 Savage, Faith (Hutchinson), 38 Savage, Habijah, 45 Savage, Mary (Symmes), 39 Savage, Rachel ( Ruggles- Clough), 229 Savage, Thomas, 38, 39, 40, 116 Sawpit, 45, 134 Scarlett, Captain, 48 Scarlett, John, 46 Scarlett, Samuel, 39 School Committee, 106 School house, loj, 106 School house, The Eliot, 73 School Inspectors, 106 Schools: Carter, 93 Centre Writing, 93 Latin, 44 Middle or Writing, 60 Navigation, 41 North Latin or Grammar, 42, 47, 60, 69 North Writing, 53, 55, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73 on the Common, 93, 225 South Reading, 241 South Writing, 176 Spinning, 153, 154 Scollay's Building, 92, 93, 104 ScoUay, William, 93, 104, 202 2 70 INDEX Sconce, The, 192, 194, 196 Scott, Robert, 139, 144, 185 Scottow, Joshua, 6, 45, 62, 86, 93, 131 Scottow, Mary, 45 Scottow, Thomas, 105 Sealers of leather, 13 Sears, Alexander, 60 Sears, David, 218, 219 Sedgwick, Robert, 116 Sedgwick, Sarah, 115 Selby, Thomas, 139 Selectmen, 13, in, 135, 197, 224 Segur, Count Louis Phillippe, 242 Sendell, Samuel, 91 Sewall, Hannah (Hull), 30, 172, 215 Sewall, Joseph, 125 Sewall, Judge, 6, 231 Sewall, Judith, 215 Sewall, Samuel, iS, 29, 30, 32, 36, 41, 47, 64, 72, 80, 82, 90, 92, 93, 96, 99, 106, 107, 122, 125, 126, 136, 161, 168, 169, 172, 178, 170, 215, 220, 233 Sewall, Samuel, famous walk with Bradstreet, 168 Sewall, Samuel, Jr., 176 Sharpe, Thomas, 8, 10 Shattuck, Dr. George C, 83 Shaw, Francis, 54 Shaw, John, 30 Shaw, Samuel, 54 Shawmut (Boston), 3, 4, 6 Sheaffe, Elizabeth, 31 Sheaffe house, 178 Sheaffe, Jacob, 30, 93, 140, 160, 177 Sheaffe, Margaret (Webb), 30 Sheaffe, Mehitable, 88 Sheaife, Mehitable (Sheaffe), 31 Sheaffe, Samson, 31, 89, 141, 160 Sheaffe, Susannah (Coffin), 178 Sheaffe, William, 178 Shean, , 226 Shellcock, Robert, 139 Sherman, Mrs., 120 Sherman, Richard, 149, 150 Sherman, Samuel, 231 Sherwin, Richard, 73 Shipbuilding, 34 Shipyards, 76, 77 Ships and vessels: Adventure galley, 161 Barks, 34 Blessing of the Bay, 34 Centurian, The, 157 Chesapeake, The, 23 Constitution, 76, 77 Hoys, 34 Ketches, 34 Lee, The, 68 Lighters, 34 Liberty, The sloop, 40. 48 Mary Rose, The, 128 Old Ironsides, 77 Pinnaces, 34 Romney, man of war Rose, The frigate, 82 Shallops, 34 Shannon, The, 23 Sloops, 34 Trial, The, 34 37 Shippen, Edward, 43 Shirley, Elizabeth, 118 Shirley, Frances, 100 Shirley, Governor, 100. 104, 118, 165, 166, 203 Shirley, William, 164 Shoare, Samson, 75 Shrimpton, Heniy, 36, 38, 59, 112, 136 Shrimpton, Mary (Hawkings-Fenn), 38 Shrimpton, Samuel, 68, 136. 185 Shrimpton, Samuel Jr., 136 Shrimpton, Sarah, 112, 185 Shute, Governor, 141, 161, 172 Shute, Samuel, 158 Signs: Bible, 116 Bible and Three Crowns, 46 Black Boy, 44, 124 Blue Anchor, 141 Blue Ball, 80, 89 Blue Dog and Rainbow, 91, 205 INDEX 271 Boot, 44, 172 Buck, 171 Buck's Head, 90 Cabbinett, 98 Case of Drawers, 35 Chest of Drawers, 61 Child, Thomas, 80 Clock Dial, 124 Cornfields, 90, 91 Cross, 44 Cross Guns, 45 Cross Keys, 124 Crown, 90 Crown and Bible, 123 Crown and Comb, 86 Crown and Gate, 124 Eagle, 174 Elephant, 142 Good Samaritan, 65 Green Wigg, 61 Hand and Pen, 141 Hoop-Petticoat, 141 Heart and Crown, 123 Kings Arms, 61 Lighthouse, 141 Magpipe, 141 Plume and Feathers, 73 Pope's Head, Mr., 74 Seven Golden Stars, 45 Sloop, 44 Stationers Arms, 130, 141 Sun, 45 Tanners and Curriers and Ox Head, 147 Three Crowns, 43, 171 Three Kings, 123 Three Nuns, 124 Three Shuttles, 187 Three Sugar Loaves and Canisters, 141 Timothy Wadsworth, 41, 42 Two Jars and Four Sugar Loaves, 74 Unicom, 130 Union Flag, 49, 191 Simpkins, Rebecca, 146 Simpson, Jane (Borland), 88 Simpson, Jonathan, 89 Simpson, Savil, 149 Skillings, Samuel, 71, 77 Skillings, Simeon, 71, 77 Skillman, Isaac, 67 Skinner, Francis, 74 Small Pox, 102, 142 Smibert, John, 94 Smibert, Mary (Williams), 94 Smith, Aaron, 70, 106 Smith, Elizabeth, 138 Smith, Francis, 137 Smith, James, 35, 102, 153 Smith, John, 2 Smith, Mr., 79 Smith, Richard, 136, 139 Smith, Seth, 94 Snelling, William, 74 Snow, Thomas, 177, 178 Society for the Preservation of An- tiquities, 20s Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 204 Solomon, Isaac, 205 Somerset Club, 218, 221 Sons of Liberty, 235 South Battery, 191, 194 South-enders, 78 South Station, 180 Southac, Captain, 102 Southac, Cyprian, 212 Sparkawk, Nathaniel, 241 Spencer, Mary, 63 Spencer, Roger, 63 Spermacetti Works, 195 Spinning House, 195 Spoor, John, 150 Sprague, Dr. John, 169, 172 Sprague, Judge, 49 Spring Gate, 12 Spring House, 213 Spring, The, 3, 8, 148 Squares: Adams, 99 Bowdoin, 92, loi, 199, 203 Brattle and Brattle Close, 99, 100, Id, 102, 145 272 INDEX Clarke, see North Congress, 144 Creek, 86 Court, see Congress, 144 Dock, 8, 20, 86, 90, 118, 126, 129, 144, 146, 151, 242 Exchange Alley, see Congress, 144 Faneuil Hall, 129 Frizell, see North, 49 Half Square Court, see Congress, 142, 144 Hay market, 28 Liberty, 148 Market, see North, 49 North, 17, 18, 49, 53, 74 Post Office, 148 Pemberton, 8, 198, 212, 214, 216 Stackpole House, 151 Stackpole, William, 120, 138, 151 Stacey, Abigail (Walker-Bridgham- Dixwell), 228, 240 Stacey, Joseph, 232 Stacey, William, 240 Stage coach, 85, 242 Stamp Act, 79, 156, 190, 193 Stanbury, Thomas, 128 Staniford, John, loi, 203, 205 Stanley, Christopher, 54, 58, 59, 68 Stanley, Susannah, 59 State House (old), 11, 135 State House (new), 135, 208, 219, 221, 229 Stebbins, John, 89 Stebbins, Rebecca (Hawkins), 89 Stevens, Daniel, 45, 98, 201 Stevenson, John, 149 Stillman, Samuel, 64, 67 Stoddard Anthony, 39, 136 Stoddard, Mary (Symmes-Hutchin- son), 39 Stoddard, Mehitable (Minot-Cooper- Sargent), 160 Stoddard, Patience, 87 Stoddard, Simeon, 160, 183 Stoddard, Thomas, 32, 87 Stone, Robert, 136 Stone, Mr., 136, 154 Stone, Sally, 136 Story, George, 120 Story, William, 141 Stoughton, Israel, 81 Stoughton, Mrs., 199 Stoughton, Rebecca, 81 Stoughton, William, 64, 80, 81, 91 Street commissioners, 13 Streets first laid out, 10, 26, 230 Streets: Adams (Kilby), 146 Aldcn, 200 Allen, 206 Allen's highway (Poplar), 206 Alston, 211 Anderson, 209 Ann (Nortli), 11, 34, 44, 45, 46, 98 Arch, 182 Ashburton Place, 211, 212, 214, 218 Atkinson (Federal), 186 Atkinson (Congress), 146, 187 Atlantic Avenue, 180, 195 Auchmuty lane (Essex), 178 Avery, 159, 170 Back (Salem), 63 Baker's alley, 54 Ball's alley (North Centre), 58 Bang's Alley, 146 Bannister Lane (Winter), 169, 176 Baptist Alley (Stillman), 67 Barracks Lane (Matthews), 188 Barton, 200, 202 Bath, 148 Battery March, s, 9, 34, 190, loi Battery, 35, 46 Beach, 234, 235 Beach (Essex), 178 Beacon, 114, 168, 152, 169, 175, loi, 198, 207, 210, 211, 214, 217, 218, 221, 222, 224, 225 Bedford, 173, 179, 183 Bedford Place, 183 Belcher Lane, 190-192 Belcher Lane (Purchase), 192 Belknap (Joy), 209, 210 Bell Alley (Prince), 49, 55, 72 Bennet Avenue, 69, 70, 73, 74 INDEX 273 Bennct, 236, 237 Bishop's Alley (Hawley), 182, 186 Black Horse Lane (Prince), 72, 73 Blackstone, 28, 86 Blake's Alley (North Centre), 58 Blind Lane (Bedford), 179 Blott's Lane (Winter), 176 Board Alley, 42, 43, 57 Board Alley (Cooper's Alley), 148 Board Alley (Hawley), 1S6, 187 Bogg Lane (Bowker), 200 Bosvvorth, 100 Bowdoin, 211, 219 Bowker, 200 Boylston, 8, 10, 152, 160, 170, 177, 197, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 234 Brattle, 93, 98, 112, 113 Bread (Franklin), 185 Brighton, 5, 202 Bromfield, 167, 174 Brookings Lane (Salutation), 46 Bulfinch, 211, 212 Bury (Channing), 188 Buttolph (Irving), 209 Cambridge, 91, 92, 98, 100, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205-207, 209, 210 Cambridge (Castle), 241, 242 Castle, 233, 234, 238, 241, 242 Causeway, 5, 27, 28 Center, Centrey (Park), 222, 223 Central, 146 Centre (Anderson), 209 Centre (North Centre), 58 Centrehill (Court), 91 Centrey (Park), 223 Chambers, 202, 205, 208 Change Avenue, 127, 138, 141 Channing, 187, 188 Chapman Place, 109-116 Chardon, 14, 100, 201 Charles, 199, 201, 206, 207, 221, 224 Charter, 29, 54, 59, 63, 65, 72, 74, 76, 168 Chauncey Place, 116, 183, 184 Cheapside (Comhill), 93 Chestnut, 224 Clarke, 38, 47, 59 Clough (Unity), 75 Cobblers Court (Harvard Place) , 160 Cold Lane (Portland), 91 Commercial, 32, 33, 46, 54, 58, 64-71, 75, 76 Common, 159, 217, 224, 240 Common (Tremont), 152 Conduit (North), 34 Coney's Lane (North Centre), 57 Congress, 18, 133, 137, 143, 145, 147, 149, 150, 187-189, 195 Cook's Court (Chapman Place), 100 Coolidge Avenue (Derne), 198 Cooper's Alley (Brattle), 99 Cooper's Alley, 148 Copper (Brighton), 202 Corn Court, 130 Comhill, 93, 231 Comhill (Washington), 11, 18, 20, 4S, 112, 116 Corn Market, 126, 130 Court Avenue, 105, 116 Court, 78, 83, 8s, 91, 94, 97, 98, loi, 104, 114, 133 Cove (Washington Street), iii Cow Lane (High), 189 Cowell's Lane (West), 166 Crab Lane, 191 Creek Lane, 45 Crooked Lane (Devonshire Street), 144 Cross, 26, 34, 43, 44, 46, so, 57, 60, 63 Cushing Lane (Bromfield), 175 Dalton (Congress), 145 Dassett's Lane (Franklin Ave.), 98 Davis's Alley (Change Avenue), 141 Davies Lane, 98, 208, 224 Deacons (Sudbury), 214 Declination Alley (Henchman), 75 Decosta Alley (Devonshire), 186 Deme, 198, 210, 216, 218 Devonshire, 18, 83, 90, 94, 133, 2 74 INDEX 138, 142, 144, 147, 149, 150, 185, 186 Dinsdale Alley (Devonshire), 188 Distil House Square (Bowker), 200 Dix Place, 238 Doane, 146 Dover, 233, 242 Drawbridge (North), 34, 35 Dummer's Lane (Kilby), 145 Dutch Lane or Yard (Dix Place), 238 Eaton, 205, 206 Elbow Alley, 43 Eliot, 238 Elm, 81, 83, Qi, 112, 129 Essex, 143, 152, 160, 173, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 228, 230, 234, 23s Exchange, 140 Exchange (State), 145 Exchange Place, 145, 147 Exeter (Chauncey Place), 183 Federal, 149, 180, 181, 186, 187 Federal Court, 186 Ferry way (Commercial), 32, 76 Fish (North), 34, 43, 45, 57, 66, 72 Fitch's Alley (Change Avenue), 141 Fitch's Lane (Stoddard), 213 Flagg Alley (Change Avenue), 141 Fleet, 26, 39, 48, 49, 55, 60, 66 Flounders Lane (Atlantic Avenue), IQS Fort Hill Lane (High), 189 Fort, The (Milk), 148 Foster, 54, 75, 77 Foster (Clarke), 47 Franklin Avenue, 98, 102 Franklin, 104, 182, 185 Franklin Place, 182, 185, 187 Friend, 90, 240, 214, 234 Frog Lane (Boylston), 177, 228 Front (Harrison Avenue), 234 Gallop's Alley (Board Alley), 42 Garden, 209 Garden Court, 42, 49, 55, 56 George (Elm), 91 George (Hancock), 211 George (West Cedar), 207 Gibbs Lane (Oliver), 189 Gilberts Lane (Hawley), 186 Gooch Lane (Norman), 201 Gooch Lane (Pitts), 201 Governor's Alley (Province), no Green, 201, 202, 205 Green Lane (Salem), 63 Green Dragon Lane (Union), 87 Greenough Lane, 74 Gridley Lane, 188, 1S9 Grove, 207, 208, 209 Guttredge (Goodrich) Alley (Fos- ter), 75 Hamilton (Belcher Lane), 190 Hamilton Place, 153 Hancock, 209, 210, 218 Hanover, 35, 41, 43, 46, 47, 52-55, 58-62, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77-80, 84, 86, 87, 89-92, 143 Hanover Avenue, 46, 47 Harris, 47 Harrison Avenue, 234 Harvard, 235, 236 Harvard (HoUis), 236 Harvard Place, 160 Hawes, 147 Hawkins, 199, 200 Hawkins (Clarke), 47 Hawley, 181, 182, 186 High, 185, 188, 189 HUl, 207 Hill's Alley (Webster Avenue), 68 Hill (Derne), 211 Hilliers Lane (Brattle), 99 Hoar Lane (Bromfiield), 168, 174 Henchman, 75 Hogg Alley, 170 Hollis, 229, 239 Hollis (Harvard), 239 Holyoke (Tremont), 228 Horn Lane (Bath), 148 Houchin's Lane (Hanover), 79 Howard, 212, 213, 218 Hudson Lane (Elm), 91 Hughes Lane (Parmenter), 74 Hull, 30, 31 INDEX 27s Hutchinson (Pearl), 165, 188 Irving, 208, 209 Jackson Avenue, 75 Jackson Place, 176 Joy, 208-210, 220 Joy's Alley (Harvard Place), 160 Joyliffe Lane (Devonshire), 144 Kilby, no, 137, 143, 144, 146-48 King (State), 18, 20, 104, 132, 141, 142, 145, 171 Kingston, 178, 179 Kneeland, 235 Lafayette Avenue, 73 Leather Square, 188 Lenox, 234 Leverett, 28, 202, 222 Leveret's Lane (Congress), 145 Lime Alley, 75 Lincoln, 184 Lindall's Row (Exchange Place), 147 Link Alley, 89 Long Lane (Federal), 186 Love Lane (Tileston), 68, 69 Lyn (Commercial), 76 Lynde, 203, 295 McLean, 206 Mackril Lane (Kilby), 145, 146 Maiden, 233 Margaret, 31, 73 Market (Comhill), 93 Market (State), 132 Marlborough (Washington), 160, 171, 231 Marsh, 87 Marshall, 80, 86, 87, 90 Mason, 169, 177, 223 Matson, Goodman's Lane (Union), 87 Matthew, 188 May (Revere), 207 Merchants Row, 1 29-131, 136, 138, 141 Methodist Alley (Hanover Avenue), 46 Middle (Hanover), 27, 58, 61 Middlecott (Bowdoin), 211 Milk, 18, 78, III, 123, 124, 144, 148-150, 152, 160, 171, 185, 186, 188, 194 Mill (Hanover), 80 Mill Bridge (Hanover), 58 Miller Lane (Kilby), 145 Milton, 202 Minot's Court (Friend), 91 Moon, 49, 52, 54, 56 Mount Vernon, 209 Mylne (Summer), 181 Myrtle, 208, 209 Nassau (Tremont), 228, 240, 241 Newbury (Washington), 141, 160, 231 Norman, 201 North, 31, 33-36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 57-60, 71, 72, 74, 77, 87, 90, 113, 126, 128, 212 North (Hanover) 32, 35, 58 North Bennet, 52, 53, 58, 61, 66, 68, 69 North Centre, 58 North Margin, 28 North Russell, 205, 206, 207 North Market, 131 Noyes AUej^ 130 Old Way, 32 Oliver, 149, 188 Orange (Washington), 228, 230, 241 Otis Place, 186 Oxford, 179 Paddy's Alley, 58 Palmer (Pearl), 188 Park, 168, 179, 217, 221-223 Parmenter, 50, 60, 61, 74 Parrott's Alley, 148 Pearl, 19, 148, 149, 188, 189, 227, 241 Peck's Lane (Oxford), 179 Phillips, 207 Pie Alley (Williams Court), 116 Pierce's Alley (Change Avenue), 141 Pinckney, 207-209, 221 Pitts, 201 276 INDEX Pleasant, 224, 227, 241 Plymouth (Kingston), 179 Pond (Bedford), 179 Poplar, 202, 205, 206 Proctor's Lane (Richmond), 56 Portland, 84, 89, 90, 91, loi, 214 Prince, 27, 29, 31, 2,7,, 50, 52, 53, 59, 61, 63, 66, 72, 73, 74. 77, 223 Prison Lane (Court), 79, 92, 97, 124 Province, no, in Pudding Lane (Devonshire), 144 Purchase, 152, 188, 189, 192 Quaker Lane (Congress), 145 Queen (Court), 20, 46, 92, 95, 96, 201 Rainsford Lane (Harrison Ave.), 234 Rawson Lane (Bromfield), 167, 174 Reagh (Essex), 178 Red Lyon Lane (Richmond), 56 Revere, 207, 209 Richards Lane (Harris), 47 Richmond, 26, 41, 45, 56, 57, 60, 74 Ridge way Lane, 210 Roberts Lane (Webster Avenue), 68 Roebuck Passage (Merchants Row), 127, 130 Rollins, 243 Rope Lane (Sea or Federal), 180 Round Lane (Matthews), 188 Rowe (Chauncey Place), 184 Royal Exchange Lane (Exchange), 140. 190 Russell's Alley (Hawes), 148 Salem, 31, 33, 59, 60, 63, 66, 68, 70, 74, 167 Salutation, 35, 46 Salt Lane, 87 Savages Court (Williams Court), 116 School, 69, 78, 91, 93, 102, 105, no. III, 117, 153. 155, 160, 214, 217, 218, 225 School Alley (Bennet Avenue), 69 Sconce Lane (Belcher Lane), 190 Scott Alley, 45 Scott's Court (Friend), 91 Scottow's Alley, 45 Sea (Federal), 180 Second (Barton), 202 Sendell Lane (Portland), 91 Sentry (Park), 222 Seven Star Lane (Summer), 181 Sheaffe, 31, 47, 64, 67 Sheaffe's Lane (Avery), 170 Short, 207 Short (Kingston), 179 Shrimpton Lane (Exchange), 140 Ship (North), 34, 66 Shute (Chambers), 205 Shute's Lane (Battery), 46 Sisters (Leather Square), 188 Sliding Alley (Jackson Avenue), 75 Snow Hill, 29, 30, 31, 72, 73 Snow's Lane (Boylston), 177 Somerset, 218 South, 178, 180, 181 South Latin School (School), 105 South Meeting House Lane (Milk), 149 South Margin, 28 South Russell, 209 Southac (Phillips), 207 Southac (West Cedar), 207 Southac Court (Howard), 212 Spring, 202 Springate (Spring Lane), 147, 148 Spring Lane, 148 Spruce, 220 Staniford, 201, 203, 204 State, 18, 20, 58, 83, 90, 96, 97, no, 118, 119, 132, 133, 135, 138, 142, 144, 151, 181, 187 Stillman 67 Stoddard, 212 Sudbury, 58, 78, 91, 92, 197, 198, 199, 214 Sudbury End (Sudbury), 214 Summer 104, 160, 171, 172, 178, 180-186, 189, 190, 195 Sun Court, 41, 49> 54, S6, 60, 66, 74 INDEX 277 Swing Bridge Lane (Merchants Row), 129, 130, 144 Tanners Lane (Bath), 148 Tattle (Hawkins), 199 Temple, 210, 211 Temple Place, 158, 168, 176 Thatcher, 73 Theatre Akley (Devonshire), 186 Thorndike, 234 Tileston, 52, 55, 59, 65, 67, 68 TiUey Lane (Gridley), 189 Tremont, 61, 66, 91-93, 96, 102, 104, 105, 109, 113, 127, 149, 152, 163, 167, 169, 170, 176, 177, 197, 198, 208, 212, 216, 217, 223-225, 228, 229, 240, 242 Tremont Row (Court), 213 Turnagain Alley (Temple Place), 176 Tyng's Alley (Brattle), 99 Union 26, 34, 44, 46, 60, 79, 80, 86-91, 129, 149 Unity, 74, 75 Vernon Place, 74 Vincent Alley (Franklin), 185 Waldo (Causeway), 28 Walker (Common), 240 Walker (Tremont), 228 Walnut, 114, 220, 221, 224 Warren, 240 Warren (Myrtle), 209 Washington, 5, 8, 10, 18, 90, 91, 97, 99, III, 118, 119, 123, 126, 133, 139, 142, 144, 147, 149, ISO, 152 153, 160, 171, 176, 180, 181, 183, 185, 230, 23s, 238, 240 Water, 18, 20, 122, 144, 145, 147 Webster Avenue, 68 West, 124, 152, 158, 159, 169, 176, 177 West Cedar, 207 Whitebread Alley (Harris), 47 Widow Colburn's Lane (Avery), 170 Williams Court, 18, 104, 116 Willis Lane (Winter), 176 Wilson's Lane (Devonshire), 144 Wiltshire (Chambers), 205 Wings Lane (Elm), 86, 91 Winter, 66, 153, i54, iSS, i57, 160, 163, 169, 172, 176, 193, 216, 223 Winthrop Place, 186 Wood Lane (Richmond), 56 Writing School (Tileston), 68 Stuart, Dr. George, 124, 170 Stuart, Ruth (Cutler), 170 Sturgis, Samuel, 217 Suffolk County, 222 Suffolk County recorder, 167 Suffolk County sheriff, 158 Sugar, Gregory, 84 Sugar houses, 102 Sullivan, Governor James, 182 Sumner, Increase, loi Surriage, Agnes, 56 Surveyors, 13 Swan, Hepzibah, 158 Swan, James, 158, 223 Swett, John, 184 Swett, Mary (Bull), 184 Swift, Sister, 119 Symmes, Mary, 39 Symmes, Zachariah, 39 Symonds, Henry, 26 Tailer, Elizabeth, 83 Tailer, Rebecca (Stoughton), 81, 83 Tailer, William, 81-83 Talmage, William, 8, 229, 230, 238, 240 Taunt, William, 136 Taverns, 16, 26, 34, 58 Adams House, 156 Admiral Vernon, see Vernon's Head, 136 American, 84 Anchor, 122 Bear, see Three Mariners, 24 Baker's Arms, see Green Dragon, 88 Baker's Arms, Hanover Street, 89 Baulston, William, 113 2 78 INDEX Bite, see Three Mariners, 129 Black and White Horse, locality not stated. In 1767 Robert Sylvester was licensed here Blue Anchor, Oliver's Dock, 148 Blue Anchor, Washington Street, 45, 122 Blue Anchor (locality not stated. In 1767 a man lodged here) Blue Bell, Union Street, 89 Blue Bell, Battery March, 191 see Castle Brazen Head, 18, 122 Brewers Arms, 173 Bull, 183 Bunch of Grapes, 137-139, 142, 143, 163 Castle, Battery March, 197, 200 Castle, Dock Square, 129 Castle, see Kings Head, North Street, 39 Castle, locality not stated. In 1721 Adrian, widow of John Cunning- ham, was licensed here, and in 1722 Mary English Cole, Samuel, 16 Concert Hall, 85 Courser, William, qo Cromwell's Head, 109 Crown, 139 Dolphin, 41 Dove, 177 Exchange, 140 Flower de Luce, 44 George, see Castle, Dock Square, 129 George, on the Neck, 162, 234 Globe, 77 Goat, locality not stated, mentioned in Elisha Cooke's inventory in 1757 Golden Ball, 130, 131 Grand Turk, 174 Green Dragon, 53, 60, 79, 88, 89 Half Moon, 84, 174 Hancock, 130 Hatch, 160 Hawk, 18s Horse Shoe, 152 Indian Queen, 175 King's Arms, see George on the Neck, 234 King's Arms, Long wharf, 138 King's Arms, North Street, 39 King's Arms, Washington Street, 112 King's Head, see Castle, North Street, 39 Lamb and White Lamb, 141, 170 Lion, 170 Logwood Tree, 77 Marlborough Arms or Head, 137 Mitre, 39 Noah's Ark, 38 Orange Tree, 85 Peacock or Turkie Cock, 43 Peggy Moore, 238 Pine Tree, 129 Punch Bowl, 129 Queen's Head, 77 Red Cross, 43 Red Lyon, 34, 41, S7 Rising Sun, 171 Roebuck, Battery March, 191 Roebuck, Merchants Row, 129 Rose and Crown, Washington Street, 242 Rose and Crown, Devonshire Street, 138, 144 Royal Exchange, see Exchange, 124, 136, 154 Salutation, 35, 131 Schooner, and Schooner in Distress, 43, 48 Seven Star, 181 Ship, North Street, see Noah's Ark, 34, 38 Ship, North Street, 41 Ship, Washington Street, see Cole, 116 Shippen's Crane, 129 Star and Star Ale House, 87, 89 State's Arms, see King's Arms, Washington Street, 112 INDEX 279 Sun, Battery March, 191 Sun, Dock Square, 86, 128 Sun, Washington Street, 114 Swan, North Street, see Queen's Head, 34 Swan, Commercial Street, 77 Swann, locality not stated. In 1777 mentioned in Town Records Three Crowns, 43 Three Horse Shoes, 169 Three Mariners, Dock Square, 18, 129 Three Mariners, State Street, 138 Tinian Hotel, 223 Turk's Head, 39 Turkic Cock, see Peacock, 43 Two Palaverers, see Salutation, 36 Vernon's Head, 136 White Bear, locality not stated; mentioned in Town Records in 1757 White Horse, Cambridge Street, 199 White Horse, Washington Street, 170, 171 Tay, Isaiah, 210, 211 Taylor, Christopher, 215 Taylor, Gillum, 114 Taylor, William, 211 Tea Party, 102, 109, 201, 202, 229 Teft, William, 184 Temple, John, 186 Temple, Sir Thomas, 36, 83 Thatcher (Thacher), Elizabeth, 39, 72 Thatcher, Judah, 30 Thatcher, Margaret (Webb), 213 Thatcher, Mary, 30 Thatcher, Oxenbridge, 100, 171 Thatcher, Peter, 30, 59, 60, 66 70, 99 Thatcher, Thomas, 31, 88, 125 Thaxter, Mary (Belknap), 209 Thayer, Jane (Parker), 169 Thayer, Richard, 169 Theatres: Federal Street, 187 Haymarket, 160, 187 Keith's, 170 Thing, John, 89 Thomas, Evan, 39 Thomas, Isaiah, 65, 87 Thompson, Benjamin, 87, 106 Thompson, Robert, 132 Thoreau Henry, 74 Thoreau, John, 73, 74 Thorpe, Alexander, 242 Thursday Lecture, iS, 82 Thwing, Benjamin, 98 Thwing, Helene, 142 Thwing, John, 142 Thwing, Mary, 115, 142 Ticknor, EHsha, 241 Tileston, John, 73 Tileston, John Jr., 69, 71, 73 Tileston, Lydia (Coffin), 73 TUeston, Rebecca (Fowle), 73 Tilly, George, 241 Tilly, WiUiam, 188, 189 Tisdale, James, 131 Tontine Crescent, 185 Tories, 12, 22, 53, 157 Town bull, 225, 231 Town crier, 24, 90 Town House, 14, 18, 83, 108, 114, 124, 134, 163 Town meetings 12-14, 125, 135 Town records, 43 Town Slip, 32, 230 Town watering place, 179 Town, Wards of, 12 Townsend, Colonel, 102 Townsend, Dr., 223 Townsend, Penn, 217 Townsend, Solomon, 75 Trades, The, 37 Trades, inspectors of, 113 Trades, Lords of, 81 Train band, 17, iiS Training field, 102, 214, 226 Tramount, 4, 102, 198 Travers, Daniel, 30 Triangular warehouse, 131 Trimountain, 3, 102, 214 Trotman, John, 98 Trotman, Katharine, 98 28o INDEX Troutbeck, John, 103 Truesdalc, Richard, 116 Trumbull, John, 94 Trumpeter, 24, 62, 226 Tucker, Commodore Samuel, 49 Tudor, , 108 Turell, Ebenezer, 84, 85 Turell, Daniel, 29, 43, 54, 63 Turell, Jane (Colman), 85 Turell, Lydia, 54 Turf and twig, delivery of a house by, 6 Turfrey, Edward, 174 Turfrey, George, 174 Turner, John, 121, 218 Turner, Lucy, 121 Turner, Robert, 124, 185, 218, 219 Tuttle (Tuthill), Anne, 36, 46 Tuttle, widow, 184, 186, 190 Twine factory, 31 Tyler, Andrew, 44 Tyler, Joseph, 127 Tyler, Katharine, 44 Tyler, Miriam (Pepperrell), 44 Tyley, Samuel, 36, 131, 141 Tyng, Edward, 130, 136, 141 Tyng, Elizabeth, 98 Tyng, William, 88, 98, 112, 113, 130 Tythingman, 13 U Underbill, John, 8 Unitarian, the first, 204 Unitarian chapel, 103 United States Bank, 140 United States flag, the first around the world, 67 Upshall, Nicholas, 41, 54, 56 Upshall, sister, 119 Upshall, Susannah, 41 Uring, Captain Nathaniel, 229 Usher, Elizabeth (Allen), 140 Usher, Hezekiah, 90, 139, 140, 158, 176, 216 Usher, John, 83, 140 Valley Acre, 212 Vane, grasshopper, 127 Vane, The cockerel, 60 Vane, Governor, 117, 160 Vane, Henry, 214 Vardy, Luke, 136 Vassal, John, 216 Vassal, Leonard, 182, 183 Vassal, Phoebe (Penhallow-Grosse), 183 Vassal, William, 92, 215 Vaughan, Charles, 104, 182, 185 Vergoose, see Goose Vernon, Fortesque, 74 Vespucius, Americus, i Vetch, Samuel, 154 Vial, John, 38, 46 Vila, James, 85, 137 Vinal, John, 177, 221 Vincent, Ambrose, 185 Vincent, James, 91, 141, 205 Virginia, 19 Vose, Henry, 109, 171 W Wadsworth, Benjamin, 133 Wadsworth, Recompence, 42, 69 Wadsworth, Susannah (Cock), 41 Wadsworth, Timothy, 41, 42 Waite, Gamaliel, 182 Waite, Thomas, 137 VVainwright, Francis, 158, 176 Wainwright, Mr., 176 Waldo, Jonathan, 170 Waldo, Samuel, 204, 210 Waldron, William, 60 Walker, Abigail, 240 Walker, Robert, 8, 224, 228 Walker, Samuel, 173 Walker, Sarah, 173 Walker, Thomas, 240 Wall, John, 212 Walley, John, 148 Walley, Thomas and Company, 174 INDEX 281 Walter, William, 65, 182 Wars: 1812 England and France, 165 French and Indian, 8, 212 King Philip's, 39, 44, 47, 75 Pequot, 81, 214 Revolutionary Ward, Benjamin, 147, 149, 191, 192 Ward, Goodman, 148, 149 Ward, Mary, 191 Wardvvell, Frances (Cook), 85 Wardell, Jonathan, 85 Wardell, Nathaniel, 17 Warren, John, 109, 232 Warren, Joseph, 85, 98, 125, 166 Washington Gardens, 158 Washington, General George, 21, 49, 68, 70, 97, iSS, 193. 230, 242 Wass, John, 131 Wass, Mrs., 131 Watch, The, 16, 231 Watch houses, 16, 18, 96, 226 Watchmen, 16, 17 Water works, 88 Waters, Lawrence, 35 Watertown, 3, 29 Weatherhead, , 137 Webb, Elizabeth (Jackson), 66 Webb, Frances (Bromfield), 66 Webb, Henry, 30, 122, 138, 144 Webb, Isaac, 124 Webb, John, 59, 66 Webb, John Evered, alias, 30, 136 Webb, Margaret, 30 Webb, Nathan, 69 Webb, Rev. Mr., 60 Webster, Daniel, 97 Weir, Robert, 40, 240 Welch, John, 202 Welden, Captain, 12 Wells (Welles), Arnold, 223, 233 Wells, Arnold, Jr., 109 Wells^ Francis, 206 Wells, Hannah (Arnold), 238 Wells, John, 66 Wells, Samuel, 230, 233, 238 Welstead, William, 60 Wendell, Jacob, 97, 109, 188 Wendell, John, 97, 217 Wendell, Katharine (Oliver), loi Wendell, Oliver, 192, 195 Wentworth, Edward, 44 Wentworth, John, 39 West Boston, 199, 222 West Indies, 76 West, Samuel, 239 Whalley, the regicide, 62 Wharton, Richard, 131, 210 Wharton and Bowes, 181 Wharves, 34, 131 Battery, Z2>, 83 Borland, 131, 146 Clarke, 40 Constitution, 77 Griffen, 195, 214 Halsey, 34, 39 Hancock, 4, 40, 48, 71 Lewis, 40 Liverpool, 195 Long, 82, 132, 138, 139, 144 Minot's T, 132 Poole, 146 Rowe, 180, 19s Scarlett, 34, 39, 48, 77, 139, 196 T, 132 TUley, 76 Union, 37 Ward, 147 Wheatley, 146 Woodward, 146 Wheatley, Nathaniel, 146 Wheeler, Daniel, 179 Wheeler's pond, 179 Wheeler, Thomas, 173 Wheelwright, Jeremiah, 208 Wheelwright, John, 208 Wheelwright, Mary (Allen), 208 Whigs, The, 157 Whipper, The, 222 White, Samuel, 69 Whitefield, George, 100, 124, 194, 204, 226 Wigglesworth, , 106 282 INDEX Wilbore Bro., 231 Wilbore, Samuel, 230 Wilkes-, Francis, 146 Wilkes, John, 71, 215 Wilkes, Mary, 215 Wilkes, William, 33 Wilkins, Richard, 124 Willard, Daniel, 94 Willard, Josiah, 126 Willard, Samuel, 125 William II, King, 64 Williams, Benjamin, 75 Williams, Inspector, 155 Williams, John, 154 Williams, Jonathan, 158 Williams, Mary, 94 Williams, Nathaniel, 106 Williams, Nathaniel Jr., 94 Williams, Roger, 220 Williams, Thomas, 31 Wilson, John, 8, 117, 118, 133, 140, 144, 214, 217 Wilson, Mary (Deering), 131 Wilson, Mr., 3, 132, 218 Wilson, William, 94 Wiltshire, 30 Winbourne, William, 35 Windmill, Mrs. Tuthill's, 186, 190 Windmill on Copp's Hill, 29 Windmill on the Neck, 232 Windmill, South and Federal Streets, 180 WindmiU Walk, 28 Windmills, 28, 29, 72, 190, 203, 225, Windsor, Connecticut, 35 Wing, John, 129 Winnisimmet, 5, 31, 32, 238 Winslow, John, 82 Winthrop, Adam, 47, 66 Winthrop, Adam Jr., 66 Winthrop, Adam, 3rd, 66, 154 Winthrop, Ann, 47 Winthrop children, 150 Winthrop, Elizabeth (Hawkins-Long), 47, 66 Winthrop, Governor, 8, 34, 134 Winthrop, Jane (Borland), 150 Winthrop, John, 3, 123, 124, 143 Winthrop (John), 6, 8, 15, 26, 38, 102. 113, 117, 128, 132, 148, ISO, 167, 234 Winthrop, Governor John of Con- necticut, 47 Winthrop, John Still, 150 Winthrop, Judith, 124 Winthrop, Mr., 33 Winthrop, Robert C, 21 Winthrop, Stephen, 124, 147 Winthrop, Waite, 106 Wiswel, Peleg, 69 Witchcraft delusion, 64 Witherle, Joshua, 242 Wittington, Elizabeth, 129 Woburn, 87 Wood, William, 4, 28 Woodmansy, Elizabeth, 131 Woodmansy, John, 131 Woodmansy, Robert, 106 Woodstock, 6 Woodward, Nathaniel, 74, 172 Woodward, Robert, 173 Woodward, Thomas, 224 Workhouse, 17, 197, 221, 222, 223 Wormal, Sarah, 138 Wright, Ebenezer, 239 Wright, Francis, 36 Writs of Assistance, 108, 140 Yankee Doodle, 243 Yeale, David, 212 Young, Arthur, 36 H 99 78 ■^t .^' » '>'- b V' "t^ . * • o . -^ ^^-^ ;^^''''^ ■^^ .' ^°-n^. 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