O "* <> /) ^ ^^ K ^ ^A^V >» ^-r-fv /, ""^UV^^^ ^ -v * 4 .#\- ■'^%<(jl>'-^^ V^&,\K #• •V-" ^^^^i^ .i\%^/i/' ^yx »■ ^^^^ All P. BENJAMIN, of La. Secretary of Tfar— JAMES A. SEDDON, of Ya. Sec. of Treasury— CB.A&. G. MEMMINGER, of S. C. Sec. of IVa^?/— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, of Florida. Attorney-General— THOMAS H. WATTS, of Ala. Postmaster-General— J AMI^S H. REAGAN, of Texas. FIRST REGULAR CONGRESS— SENATE. Congress met at Richmond, on tlie 2d Monday in Jan., 1863. A. U. Stephens, of Georgia, President. R. M. T. HuNTEE, of Yirginia, President pro tern. ALABAMA. Clement C. Clay "William L. Yancey. AEKANSAS. Robert W. Johnson Charles B. Mitchell. FLOEIDA. James M. Baker Augustus E. Maxwell . GEOEGIA. Benjamm H. Hill Herschel Y. Johnson . KENTUCKY, Henry C. Burnett William E. Simms. LOUISIANA. Thos. J. Semmes Edward Sparrow . MISSISSIPPI. Albert G. Brown James Phelan. MISSOUEL John B. Clark Robert S. T. Peyton. CONFEDERATE CONGRESS. 135 NOETH OAEOLIITA. George Davis William T. Diortch . SOUTH OAEOLINA. Robert W. Barnwell James L. On*. TEIWE9SEE. Landon C. Haynes GuBtavus A. Henry , TEXAS. Wm. S. Oldham Lewis T. Wifffall. YIRGINIA. Robert M. T. Hunter Allen T. Caperton. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Thomas S. Bocock, of Virginia, Speaker. KENTUCKY. ALABAMA. 1 Thomas J. Foster, 2 William R. Smith, 3 John P. Ralls, 4 Jabez L. McCurry, 5 Francis S. Lyon, 6 William P. Chilton, 7 David Clopton, 8 James L. Pugh, 9 Edward L. Dargan, AEKAXSAS. 1 Felly I. Batson, 2 Grand D. Rovstou, 3 A. H. Garland, 4 Thomas B. Henley. FLOEIDA. 1 James B. Dawkins, 2 Robert B. Hilton. GEOEGIA. 1 Julian Hartridge, 2 C. J. Munnerlyn, 3 Hines Holt, 4 Augustus H. Kenan, 5 David W. Lewis, 6 William W. Clark, 7 Robert P. Trippe, 8 Lucius J. Gartrell, 9 Hardy Strickland, '0 Augustus R. Wright. 1 Alfred Boyd, 2 John W. Crockett, 3 H. E. Reid, 4 George W. Ewing, 5 James S. Christman, 6 T. L. Burnett, 7 H. W. Bruce, 8 S. S. Scott, 9 E. M. Bruce, 10 J. W. ]\Ioore, 11 R. J. Breckinridge, 12 John M. Elliott. LOUISIANA. 1 Charles J. Viders, 2 Charles M. Conrad, 3 Duncan F. Kenner, 4 Lucien J. DuPre, 5 John F. Lewis, 6 John Perkins, jr. MISSISSIPPI. 1 J. W. Clapp, 2 Reuben Davis, 3 Israel Welsh, 4 H. C. Chambers, 5 O. R. Singleton, 6 E. Barksdale, 7 John J. McRae. 136 ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. MISSOUEI. 1 W. M. Cooke, 2 Thomas A. Harris, 3 A. H. Com'ow, 4 Casper W. Bell, 5 George G. Vest, 6 T. W. Freeman, 7 Jolin Hyer. NOETH OAEOLINA. 1 Wm. H. K Smith, "2 Eobert R. Bridgers, 3 Owen R. Keenan, 4 T. D. M. Dowell, 6 Thomas S. Ashe, 6 A. H. Arlington, 7 Robert Lauder, 8 William Lauder, 9 Burgess S. Gaither, 10 A. T. Davidsou. SOUTH OAEOLINA. 1 John McQueen, 2 W. Porcher Miles, 3 L. M. Ayer, 4 Mill edge L. Bonham, 5 James Farrou, 6 W. W. Boyce. TENNESSEE. 1 Joseph T. Heiskell, 2 William G. Swan, 3 W. B. Tobhs, 4 E. L. Gardenshii'e, 5 Hemy S. Foote, 6 Meredith P. Gentry, 7 George W. Jones, 8 Thomas Meueese, 9 J. D. C. Atkins, 10 John V. Wright, 11 David M. Cunin. 1 Jolm A. Wilcox, 2 C. C. Herbert, 3 Peter W. Gray, 4 B. F. Sexton. 5 M. D. Graham, 6 W. B. Vaughn. VIEGINIA. 1 M. R. H. Garnett, 2 John R. Chambliss, 3 James Lyons, 4 Roger A. Pryor, 5 Thomas S. Bocock, 6 John Goode, jr, 7 J. P. Hencombe, 8 D. C. De Jarnefcte, 9 William Smith, 10 A. R. Boteler, 11 John R. Baldwin, 12 Waller R. Staples, 13 Walter Preston, 14 Samuel A. Miller, 15 Robert Johnston, 16 Charles W. Russell. INAUGURAL ADDEESS OF JEFFEESON DAVIS. 137 INAUGUEAL ADDEESS OF JEFFEESON DAVIS. Gentlemen of the Congress of the Confederate States of America^ Friends and Fellow- Citizens : Called to the difficult and responsible station of Chief Executive of the Provisional Government which you have instituted, I approach the discharge of the duties assigned me with an humble distrust of mj abilities, but with a sustaining confidence in the wisdom of those who are to guide and aid me in the administration of public affairs, and an abiding faith in the virtue and patriotism of the people. Looking forward to the speedy establishment of a permanent government to take the place of this, and which by its greater moral and physical power will be better able to combat with the many difficulties which arise from the conflicting interests of separate nations, I enter upon the duties of tlie office to which I have been chosen, with the hope that the begin- ning of our career as a confederacy may not be 138 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. obstructed bj hostile opposition to our enjoyment of the separate existence and independence which we have asserted, and which, with the blessing of Providence, we intend to maintain. Oar present condition, achieved in a manner unprecedented in the history of nations, illustrates the American idea that governments rest upon the consent of the governed, and that it is the right of the people to alter and abolish governments when- ever they become destructive to the ends for which they were established. The declared compact of the Union from which we have withdrawn was to estab- lish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity ; and when in the judgment of the sovereign States now composing this Confed- eracy, it has been perverted from the purposes for which it was ordained, and ceased to answer the ends for w^hich it was established, a peaceful appeal to the ballot-box declared that, so far as they were concerned, the government created by that compact should cease to exist. In this they merely asserted the right which the Declaration of Independence of IT's'G defined to be inalienable. Of the time and occasion of its exercise they as sovereigns were the final judges, each for itself. The impartial, enlight- rNAUGTJKAL ADDRESS OF JEFFEBSON DAVIS. 139 ened verdict of mankind will vindicate the rectitude of our conduct ; and He who knows the hearts of men will judge of the sincerity with which we labored to preserve the government of our fathers in in its spirit. The right solemnly proclaimed at the birth of the States, and which has been affirmed and reaffirmed in the bills of rights of the States subsequently admitted into the Uijion of 1789, undeniably recog- nizes in the people the power to resume the authority delegated for the purposes of government. Thus the sovereign States here represented, proceeded to form this Confederacy ; and it is by the abuse of language that their act has been denominated revolution. They formed a new alliance, but within each State its government has remained. The rights of person and property have not been disturbed. The agent through whom they communicated with foreign nations is changed, but this does not neces- sarily interrupt their international relations. Sus- tained by the consciousness that the transition from the former Union to the present Confederacy has not proceeded from a disregard on our part of our just obligations or any failure to perform every constitu- tional duty, moved by no interest or passion to invade the rights of others, anxious to cultivate peace and commerce with all nations, if we may not 140 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. hope to avoid war, we may at least expect that posterity will acquit us of having needlessly engaged in it. Doubly justified by the absence of wrong on our part, and by wanton aggression on the part of others, there can be no cause to doubt the courage and patriotism of the people of the Confederate States will be found equal to any measures of defence which soon their security may require. An agricultural people, whose chief interest is the export of a commodity required in every manu- facturing country, our true policy is peace, and the freest trade which our necessities will permit. It is alike our interest and that of all those to whom we would sell and from whom we would buy, that there should be the fewest practicable restrictions upon the interchange of commodities. There can be but little rivalry between ours and any manufactur- ing or navigating community, such as the north- eastern States of the American Union. It must follow, therefore, that mutual interest would invite good will and kind offices. If, however, passion or lust of dominion should cloud the judgment or inflame the ambition of those States, we must prepare to meet the emergency and maintain by the final arbitrament of the sword the position which we have assumed among the nations of the earth. INAUGUEAL ADDRESS OF JEFFEKSON DAVIS. 141 "We have entered upon a career of independence, and it must be inflexibly pursued through many years of controversy with our late associates of the IS'orthern States. We have vainly endeavored to secure tranquillity and obtain respect for the rights to which we were entitled. As a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed to the conduct of our own affairs, and the per^Dctuity of the confederacy which we have formed. If a just per- 'ception of mutual interest shall permit us peaceably to pursue our separate political career, my most earnest desire will have been fulfilled. But if this be denied us, and the integrity of our territory and jurisdiction be assailed, it will but remain for us with firm resolve to appeal to arms and invoke the blessing of Providence on a just cause. As a consequence of our new condition, and with a view to meet anticipated wants, it will be necessary to provide a speedy and efiicient organization of the branches of the Executive department having special charge of foreign intercourse, finance, military affairs, and postal service. For purposes of defence the Confederate States may, under ordinary circum- stances, rely mainly upon their militia; but it is deemed advisable in the present condition of affairs, that there should be a well instructed, disciplined 142 ECHOES FKOM THE SOUTH. army, more numerous than would usually be required on a peace establishment. I also suggest that, for the protection of our harbors and commerce on the high seas, a navy adapted to those objects will be required. These necessities have, doubtless, engaged the attention of Congress. With a Constitution differing only from that of our fathers in so far as it is explanatory of their well known intent, freed from sectional conflicts, which have interfered with the pursuit of the general welfare, it is not unreasonable to expect that the States from which we have recently parted may seek to unite their fortunes to ours, under the gov- enment which we have instituted. For this your Constitution makes adequate provision, but beyond this, if I mistake not, the judgment and will of the people are, that union with the States from which they have separated is neither practicable nor desirable. To increase the power, develop the resources, and promote the happiness of the Con- federacy, it is requisite there should be so much homogeneity that the welfare of every portion would be the aim of the whole. Where this does not exist antagonisms are engendered which must and should result in separation. Actuated solely by a desire to preserve our own rights, and to promote our own welfare, the separa- ESrATTGUKAL ADDRESS OF JEFFERSON DAVIS. 143 tion of the Confederate States has been marked by no aggression upon others, and followed by no domestic convulsion. Our industrial pursuits have received no check, the cultivation of our fields pro- gresses as heretofore, and even should we be involved in war there would be no considerable diminution in the production of tlie staples which have constituted our exports, in which the commercial world has an interest scarcely less than our own. This common interest of producer and consumer can only be inter- cepted by an exterior force which should obstruct its transmission to foreign markets, a course of con- duct which would be detrimental to manufacturing and commercial interests abroad. Should reason guide the action of the govern- ment from which we have separated, a policy so detrimental to the civilized world, the Northern States included, could not be dictated by even a stronger desire to inflict injury upon us ; but if it be otherwise, a terrible responsibility will rest upon it, and the suffering of millions will bear testimony to the folly and wickedness of our aggressors. lu the meantime there will remain to us, besides the ordinary remedies before suggested, the well known resources for retaliation upon the commerce of an enemy. Experience in public stations of a subordinate 144 ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. grade to tliis which your kindness has conferred, has taught me that care and toil and disappointments are the price of official elevation. You will see many errors to forgive, many deficiencies to tolerate ; but you shall not find in me either want of zeal or fidelity to the cause that is to me the highest in hope and of most enduring affection. Your gener- osity has bestowed upon me an undeserved distinction, one which I neither sought nor desired. Upon the continuance of that sentiment, and upon your wisdom and patriotism, I rely to direct and support me in the performance of the duties required at my hands. We have changed the constituent parts but not the system of our government. The Constitution formed by our fathers is that of these Confederate States. In their exposition of it, and in the judicial construction it has received, we have a light which reveals its true meaning. Thus instructed as to the just interpretation of that instrument, and ever remembering that all offices are biit trusts held for the people, and that delegated powers are to be strictly construed, I will hope by due diligence in the performance of my duties, though I may disappoint your expectation, yet to retain, when retiring, some- thing of the good will and confidence which will welcome my entrance into office. INAUGUEAL ADDRESS OF JEFFEESON DAVIS. 145 It is joyous in the midst of perilous times to look around upon a people united in heart, Avhen one purpose of high resolve animates and actuates the whole, where the sacrifices to be made are not weii^hed in the balance, against honor, right, liberty, and equality. Obstacles may retard, but they cannot long prevent the progress of a movement sanctioned by its justice and sustained by a virtuous people. Keverently let us invoke the God of our fathers to guide and protect us in our efforts to perpetuate the principles which by his blessing they were able to vindicate, establish, and transmit to their posterity ; and with a continuance of His favor ever gratefully acknowledged, we may hopefully look forward to success, to peace, to prosperity. 146 ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. SPEECH OF PKESIDENT DAYIS, AT EICHMOND, JUNE IST, 1861. Friends and Fellow-Citizens: I thank you for the compliment your presence conveys. It is an indication of regard, not for the person, but for the position which he holds. The cause in which we are engaged is the cause of the advocacy of rights to which we were born, those for which our fathers of the Revolution bled — the richest inheritance that ever fell to man, and which it is our sacred duty to transmit to our children. Upon us is devolved the high and holy responsi- bility of preserving the constitutional liberty of a free government. Those with whom we have lately associated have shown themselves so incapable of appreciating the blessings of the glorious institutions they inherited, that they are to-day stripped of the liberty to which they were born. They have allowed an ignorant usurper to trample upon aU the SPEECH OF PEESIDKNT DAVIS. 147 prerogatives of citizenship, and to exercifte powers never delegated to him ; and it has been reserved to your own State, so lately one of the original thirteen, but, now, thank God, fully separated from them, to become the theatre of a great central camp, from which will pour forth thousands of brave hearts to roll back the tide of this despotism. Apart from that gratification we majMvell feel at being separated from such a connection, is the pride that upon you devolves the task of maintaining and defendino; our new Government. I believe that we shall be able to achieve this noble work, and that the institutions of our fathers will go to our children as safely as they have descended to us. In these Confederate States we observe those relations which have been poetically ascribed to the United States, but which never there had the same reality — States so distinct that each existed as a Sovereign, yet so united that each was wound with the other to constitute a whole ; or, as more beauti- fully expressed, " Distinct as the billows, yet one as the sea." Upon every hill which now overlooks Eichmond you have had, and will continue to have, camps containing soldiers from every State in the Con- federacy ; and to its remotest limits every proud heart beats high with indignation at the thought 148 - ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. that the foot of the invader has been set upon the soil of old Yirginia. There is not one true son of the South who is not ready to shoulder his musket, to bleed, to die, or to conquer in the cause of liberty here. Beginning under many embarrassments, the result of seventy years taxation being in the hands of our enemies, we must at iirst move cautiously. It may be that we shall have to encounter sacrifices ; but, my friends, under the smiles of the God of the Just, and filled with the same spirit that animated our fathers, success shall perch on our banners. I am sure you do not expect me to go into any argu- ment upon those questions which, for twenty-five years, have agitated the country. "We have now reached the points where, arguments being exhausted, it only remains for us to stand by our weapons. "When the time and occasion servie, we shall smite the smiter with manly arms, as did our fathers before us, and as becomes their sons. To the enemy we leave the base acts of the assassin and incendiary, to them we leave it to insult helpless women ; to us belongs vengeance upon man. Now, my friends, I thank you again for this gratifying manifestation. (A voice. " Tell us some thing of Buena Yista.") SPEECH OF PRESIDENT DAVIS. 149 Well, iny friends, I can only say we will make the battle fields in Virginia another Buena Yista, and drench with blood more precious than that which flowed there. We will make a history for ourselves. AYe do not ask that the past shall shed our lustre upon us, bright as our past has been, for we can achieve our own destiny. We may point to many a field, over which has floated the flag of our country when we were of the United States — upon which Southern soldiers and Southern ofiicers reflected their brave spirits in their deeds of daring ; and without intending to cast a shadow upon the courage of any portion of the United States, let me call it to your remembrance, that no man who went from these Confederate States has ever yet, as a general oflicer, surrendered to an enemy. Pardon me if I do not go into matters of history, and permit me, again, to thank you for this kind manifestation of your regard, to express to you my hearty wishes for the individual prosperity of you all, with the hope that you will all pray to God to crown our cause and our country with success. He then retired from the windows amid pro- longed cheers. Calls were then made for ex-Governor Wise, to which, after a short delay, he responded as follows : 150 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. SPEECH OF EX-GOVEENOE HENET A. WISE. My Fkiends : Tou all know that I am a civil soldier only, and that in that capacity I was nearly worn down in the siege of the Yirginia Convention. Thank God, however, that with a little rest, some help, and some damage, from the doctors, I have been enabled to recruit my exhausted energies. The time of deliberation has given place to the time of action, and I have taken up my bed as au individual, in common with others, to march to Richmond to meet the President of our now separate and independent republic. I am ready to obey his orders, not only with pride, pleasure, and devotion to the cause, and respect to the office he fills, but with respect to the man himself as one who has our fullest confidence. You have to meet a foe with whom you could not live in peace. Your political powers and rights, which were enthroned in that Capitol when you SPEECH OF EX-GOYEKNOR HENET A. WISE. 151 were united with tliem under the old constitutional bond of the Confederacy, have been annihilated. They have undertaken to annul laws within your own limits that would render your property unsafe within those limits. They have abolitionized your border, as the disgraced IS'orth-west will show. They have invaded your moral strongholds and the rights of your religion, and have undertaken to teach you what should be the moral duties of men. They have invaded the sanctity of your homes and firesides, and endeavored to play master, father, and husband for you in your households ; in a word, they would set themselves up as a petty Providencee by which you are in all things to be guided and con- trolled. But you have always declared that you would not be subject to this invasion of your rights. Though war was demanded, it was not for you to declare war. But now that the armies of the invader are hovering around the tomb of "Washing- ton, where is the Yirginian heart that does not beat with a quicker pulsation at this last and boldest desecration of his beloved State ? Their hordes are already approaching our metropolis, and extending their folds around our State as does the anaconda around his victba. The call is for action. I rejoice in this war. "Who is there that now dares to put on sanctity to depreciate war, or the 152 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. "horrid glories of war." l^one. Why? Because it is a war of purification. Yon want war, fire, blood, to purify you ; and the Lord of Hosts has demanded that yon should walk through fire and blood. You are called to the fiery baptism, and I call upon yon to come up to the altar. Though your pathway be through fire, or through a river of blood, turn not aside. Be in no hurry — no hurry and flurry. Collect yourselves, summon yourselves, elevate yourselves to the high and sacred duty of patriotism. The man who dares to pray, the man who dares to wait until some magic arm is put into his hand ; the man who will not go unless he have a Minie, or percussion musket, who will not be content with flint and steel, or even a gun without a lock, is worse than a coward — he is a renegade. If he can do no better, go to a blacksmith, take a gun along as a sample, and get him to make you one like it. Get a spear — a lance. Take a lesson from John Brown. Manufacture your blades from old iron, even though it be the tires of your cart-wheels. Get a bit of carriage spring, and grind and burnish it in the shape of a bowie knife, and put it to any sort of a handle, so that it be strong — ash, hickory, oak. But, if possible, get a double-barrelled gun and a dozen rounds of buckshot, and go upon the battle- field with these. SPEECH OF .EX-GOVEBNOR HENJRT A. WISE. 153 If their guns reach further than yours, reduce the distance ; meet them foot to foot, eye to eye, body to body, and when 3''ou strike a blow, strike home. Your true-blooded Yankee will never stand still in the face of cold steel. Let your aim, therefore, be to get into close quarters, and with a few decided, vig- orous movements, always pushing forward, never back, my word for it, the soil of Virginia will be swept of the Yandals who are now polluting its atmosphere. The band then struck up " Dixie," which was followed by ^' We may be Ha^Dpy yet." 7* 154 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. PEOOLAMATIO]^ BY JEFFEESON DAYIS, GRANTING LETTERS OF MARQUE. Whereas^ Abraham Lincoln, the Preside] jt of the United States, has, by proclamation, announced the intention of invading this Confederacy with an armed force, for the purpose of capturing its for- tresses, and thereby subverting its independence, and subjecting the free people thereof to the dominion of a foreign power ; and whereas it has thus become the duty of this Government to repel the threatened invasion, and to defend the rights and liberties of the people by all the means which the law^s of nations and the usages of civilized warfare place at its disposal ; ITow, therefore, I, Jeffeeson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America^ do issue this my Proclamation, inviting all those who may desire, by service in private armed vessels on the high seas, to aid this Government in resisting so wanton and PKOCLA]^IATION BY JEFFERSON DAVIS. 155 wicked an aggression, to make application for coni- missicns or Letters of Marque and Reprisal, to be issued under the seal of these Confederate States. And I do further notify all persons applying for Letters of Marque, to make a statement in writing, giving the name and a suitable description of the character, tonnage, and force of the vessel, and the name and place of residence of each owner concerned therein, and the intended number of the crew, and to sign said statement and deliver the same to the Secretary of State, or to the Collector of any port of entry of these Confederate States, to be by him trans- mitted to the Secretary of State. And I do further notify all applicants aforesaid that before any commission or Letter of Marque is issued to any vessel, the owner or owners thereof, and the commander for the time being, will be re- quired to give bonds to the Confederate States, with at least two responsible sureties, not interested in such vessel, in the penal sum of five thousand dollars ; or if such vessel be provided with more than one hundred and fifty men, then in the penal sum of ten thousand dollars, with condition that the owners, . ofiicers and crew who shall be employed on board such commissioned vessels shall observe the laws of these Confederate States and the instructions given to them for the regulation of their conduct. That 156 ECHOES FTIOM THE SOUTH. tliey shall satisfy all damages done contrary to tlie tenor thereof bj such vessel during her commission, and deliver up the same when revoked by the Presi- dent of the Confederate States. And I do further specially enjoin on all persons holding offices, civil and military, under the authority of the Confederate States, that they be vigilant and zealous in discharging the duties incident thereto ; and I do, moreover, solemnly exhort the good people of these Confederate States, as they love their country, as they prize the blessings of free government, as they feel the wrongs of the past and these now threatened in aggravated form by those whose enmit}^ is more implacable because unprovoked, that they exert themselves in preserving order, in promot- ing concord, in maintaining the authority and efficacy of the laws, and in supporting and invigor- ating all the measures which may be adopted for the common defence, and by which, under the blessings of Divine Providence, we may hope for a speedy, just, and honorable peace. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the Confederate States to be affixed, this severdeenth day of April, 1861. By the President, (Signed) Jeffeeson Davis. E.. Toombs, Secretary of State. SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. 157 SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS, AT ATLANTA, GA., APEIL 30, 1861. My Fellow-Citizens ; — I think the country may be considered safe, since your interest in its welfare has brought you out at this hour of tlie night. I have just returned from a mission to old Yirginia. It will be gratifying to you, I know, to state tliat she is not only out of the Union, but she is a member of the Southern Confederacy, and has sent delegates to OUT Congress, now asserahled. l^orth Carolina will have her delegates with us, also, in a few days. Her Legislature meets to-morrow, and I doubt not she will he out of the Union hefore Saturday night. The fires which first kindled the old Mecklenburgh Declaration of Independence are again burning throughout all her domains. From all that we have learned in the last few days, Tennessee will soon put herself on the side of the South, and be a new star in our shining galaxy. The news is also good from 158 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. Kentucky, thougli I have nothing official from there. A few of her public men are trying to put the brakes down on her people ; but they seem unwilling to submit any longer. From Missouri the news is most cheering, and Arkansas will soon be with us. But the best of all is, that Maryland — gallant little Maryland — right under the guns of Lincoln and the threats of Blair, to make it a Free State, if the blood of the last white man has to be shed in accomplishing it — has resolved^ to a man^ to stand ly the South ! She wilkbe arrayed against Abolition- dom, and cling to the South ; and if she has not delegates with us now, she is in open defiance of Lincoln and his Government, and will soon be with us, even by revolution. The cause of Baltimore is the cause of us all, from the Atlantic to the Rio Grande. Her hands must be held up, and triumph must be assured to her. You have probably seen it stated that overtures of peace had been made by Lord Lyons, and, per- haps, by other parties. I tell you it is not true, and is only intended to deceive you. It is also said that the Lincoln Government has done so. This may be true ; but if it is, it is all for treachery, as they gave traitorous assurances to our Commissioners at Wash- ington. For weeks they were kept there under the most positive assurances of a pacific policy and SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. 159 intentions towards us — all with the basest motives that can actuate a treacherous heart. If peace propositions are made bj them now, I conjure you not to trust them for a single moment — they only intend to deceive and betray — to lull your energies and suspicions, till they secure some cowardly advantage. Our enemies say that they only want to protect the public property ; and yet I have it frbm unques- tioned authority that they have mined all the public buildings in Washington — the Capitol and all the other Departments — for the purpose of destroying them. They have called out 75,000 men, they say to protect the public property now in their posses- sion, and to retake and protect that which they have been forced to give up ; yet, wherever they are now, they have prepared to destroy the property, and have destroyed, or attempted to destroy, all that we have compelled them to relinquish, because of their intentions to use it for the purpose of subjugating us. Sumter was mined to be blown up on leaving it. Much of the property was burned up at Harper's Ferry, in hastily vacating that place ; and an attempt was made to burn up not only all the public prop- erty on leaving Gosport E^avy Yard, but the whole city of Norfolk. This is one of the most remarkable instances on record where Providence was on our 160 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. side. Plans were laid to burn up the !N"avy Yard and the whole city. The incendiary fires were lighted ; and, if their intentions had succeeded, such a conflagration had never been witnessed on this continent, and would have been second only to the burning of Moscow ; but, just at the critical moment, before the ravages had extended, the wind turned ! The winds of Heaven turned, and stayed the spread of the devouring element. The same wind that kind Heaven sent to keep off the fleet at Charleston till Sumter was reduced, came to the relief of Norfolk at the critical moment. Providence was signally on our side. They attempted to blow up the Dock, the most expensive one on the continent — but there was a break in the train they had laid, and it failed. They attempted to burn down the old Pennsylvania, Germantown^ and the Iferrimac. They set the match, while they endeavored to get out of the way of their intended destruction ; but the vessels sunk before the fire caught — another remarkable instance of the interposition of Providence on our behalf, and the strongest evidence of our rectitude. We were right at first, are right now, and shall keep ourselves right to the end. "What is to take place before the end I know not. A threatening war is upon us, made by those who have no regard for right 1 We fight for our homes, SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. 161 onr fatliers and mothers, our wives, brothers, sisters, sons, and daugliters, and neighbors! They for MONEY ! The hirelings and mercenaries of the Xorth are all hand to hand against you. As I told jou when I addressed you a few days ago, Lincoln may bring his seventy-five thousand soldiers against us; but seven times seventy-five thousand men can never conquer us. We have now Maryland and Yirginia, and all the Border States with us. "We have ten millions of people with us, heart and hard, to defend us to the death. We can call out a inillion of jpeojple^ if need he / and when they are cut down^ we can call out another^ and^ still another^ until the last man of the South finds a bloody grave, rather than submit to their foul dicta- tion. But a triumphant victory and independence, with an unparalled career of glory, prosperity and progress awaits us in the future. God is on our side^ and who shall he against us? E'one but His omnip- otent hand can defeat us in this struggle. A general opinion prevails that Washington city is soon to be attacked. On this subject I can only say, our object is peace. We wish no aggressions on any one's rights, and will make none. But if Maryland secedes^ the District of Columbia will fall to her by reversionary right — the same as Sumter to South Carolina, Pulaski to Georgia, and Pickens to 162 ECHOES FEOM THE SOTJTH. Alabama. When we Lave the right we will demand the surrender of Washington, just as we did in the other cases, and will enforce our demands at every hazard and at whatever cost. And here let me say that our policy and conduct from the first have been right, and shall be to the last. I glory in this con- sciousness of our rectitude. It may be that " whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad." But for Lincoln's wicked and foolish war proclamation, the border States — some of them at least, would still have lingered in the hope that the Administration and its designs were not so basely treacherous as that document has shown them to be. Tennessee and other States would have lingered for some time. E"ow, all the slave States are casting in their lot with us, and linking their destinies with ours. We might afford to thank Lincoln a little for showing his hand. It may be that soon the Confederate flag with fifteen stars will be hoisted upon the dome of the ancient Capitol. If so, God's will be done, is my prayer. Let us do notliing that is wrong. Let us commit our cause into His hand — perform our whole duty, and trust in Him for the crowning results. I have many things I would like to say to you, but my strength will not admit, even if it were necessary for your encouragement — but it is not. I SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STErHENS. 1G3 ■find that joii are fully up to the music, that you thoroughly comprehend oiir condition, and are resolved to do your whole duty. I find our people everywhere are alive to their interests and their duty in this crisis. Such a degree of popular enthusiasm was never before seen in this country. 1 find my fellow-citizens all along the railroad line eager to hear the news, and to speed our glorious cause with their services. This is the fifth speech which I have made since I left home this evening at 5 o'clock. In my town, yesterday, a meeting was held, a com- pany was organized, and their services tendered to our government. A flag was made in two hours by our patriotic ladies and presented to the company, and §2,200 was raised to equip the company and take care of the needy families of soldiers who may go off to fight for their country. My friends, forget not the soldier ! Send him contributions to make him comfortable while he is in the service. Take care of his family while he is absent. Employ your hands and your substance in doing works of charity in this day of your country's trial. If any should fall in the battle, remember the orphan and the widow, and take care of them. God will bless you in the noble performances of a patri- otic duty. My fellow-citizens, I must close these remarks. 164 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. I am gratified to meet you to-niglit. I am gratified that Georgia and all the South is a unit. I rejoice to be able to tell you the welcome news that Virginia is a unit, l^early every single member of her Convention will sign tlie Ordinance of Seces- sion. And now, with my best wishes, I bid you good-night. His speech was rapturously applauded through- out ; and, as he retired, three cheers for Stephens were given with a will. In a few moments, in response to earnest solicita- tions, he again came on the platform, and said : The news from Washington is very intei'estiug. It has been stated in the newspapers — first, that the Virginia troops had occupied Arlington Heights, just across the Potomac from the President's house ; and again, that Lincoln's troops had occupied tliat point. My information is that both these statements are incorrect. Lincoln, however, has occupied Georgetown Heights. He has from fifteen to t^\^nty thousand soldiers stationed in and about Washington. Troops are quartered in the Capitol, who are defac- ing its walls and ornaments with grease and filth, like a set of vandal hordes. The new Senate cham- ber has been converted into a kitchen and quarters — cooking and sleeping apparatus have actually been erected and placed in that elegant apartment. SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. 1G5 The Patent Office is converted into soldiers' barracks, and is ruined with their tilth. The Post-0 fficc Department is made a storehouse for barrels of Hour and bacon. All the departments are appropriated to base uses, and despoiled of their beauty by those treacherous, destructive enemies of our country. Their filthy spoliatious of the public buildings, and works of art at the Capital, and their preparations to destroy them, are strong evidence to my mind that they do not intend to hold or defend the place ; but to abandon it, after having despoiled and laid it in ruins. Let them destroy it — savage-like — if they will. We will rebuild it. Phoenix-like, new and more substantial structures will rise from its ashes. Planted anew, under the auspices of our superior institutions, it will live and flourish throughout all ages. 166 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. SPEECH OF J. M. MASON. AT EIOHMOND, VA., JUNE 8, 1861. SOLDIEES OF THE MaKYLAOTD LiNE I I aill deputed to do a most grateful duty ; first, in the name of Yirginia, to give you an earnest and cordial welcome to the " Old Dominion ; " and next, to present to you, in behalf of the ladies of Maryland, this flag. I see, soldiers of Maryland, that you are " rough and ready " — the highest honor of a soldier in revolutionary times. We all know who you are. "We all know what brought you here, and we are all ready, as I trust you have experienced, to extend to you a soldier's welcome — the only wel- come, indeed, that can be extended in times like these. Your own honored State is with us heart irand soul in this great controversy. By your enter- prise, your bravery, and your determined will, you have escaped from the thraldom of tyranny which envelopes that State ; and you know, I know — for I SPEECH OF J. M. MASON. 1G7 have been among its people — we all know, that the same spirit which brought you here, actuates thou- sands who remain at home. (Applause.) I wel- come jou, soldiers of Maryland, upon the threshold of the second great war of independence — a war that will be transmitted by history to the future as the greatest of two wars of independence ; a war that is waged against the South with less provoca- tion, less reason, less regard to humanity and honor, than was that waged by the mother country in 1776. Your presence here is proof that you participate in this sentiment. And I tell you further, my coun- trymen, in view of these circumstances, there is not a man among you who will dare to return to Mary- land with that flag dishonored. ISTot one. I tell you further, there is not a man among you who will dare to return to Maryland except as a soldier in victory. Do you ask me why ? Because we are engaged in a great and holy war of self-defence. In after ages, when history l-ecords the transactions of this epoch — when the passions of men shall have subsided, and the historian can take a calm and philosophical view of the events which have led to the present collision between the two sections, he will write that the people of the Southern States understood and protected civil liberty, and that the misguided North either did not comprehend, or 168 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. abandoned it ? For what have we witnessed ? The' Bpectacle of the Chief Justice of the United States, the man who stands at the head of the principal department of the Federal Government — the man who has illustrated in his life, for more than four generations, all that adorns honor, virtue, and patriotism — a native born citizen of your own State of Maryland — Roger B. Taney — that man has put the judicial fiat of condemnation upon the Govern- ment of the United States for its shameless abandon- ment of the very corner stone of our liberties. A native Marylander, he remains at home to defend the last refuge of civil liberty against the atrocious aggressions of a remorseless tyranny. I honor him for it ; the world will honor him, posterity will honor him ; and there will be inscribed upon his monument the highest tribute ever paid to a man. He has stood bravely in the breach, and interposed the unspotted arm of justice between the rights of the South and the malignant usurpation of power by the ]^orth. There he still remains, " a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night," to direct the welfare of our nation in this atrocious aggression upon our liberty. E'ow, my countrymen, why are you here? What has brought you across the border ? What is your mission to Yirginia ? You tell your own tale. SPEECH OF J. M. MASON. 1G9 You have arras in your hands ; you are under a gal- lant leader, and you are to march under a flag honored by the ladies of your own State, worked by their own fair hands. You are here not merely to figlit our battles. 'No, I am not so selfish as to presume that ; but to fight the battles of civil liberty in behalf of the entire South. You are on a high mission. You are not the first Marylanders who Iiave crossed the border. We had, in the days of the first devolution, a Maryland line, whose name has passed into history without one blot upon its fair escutcheon — a Maryland line who illustrated upon every field in the South their devotion to the civil liberty of that day — a Maryland line, who, in tlie remote savannahs of the Carolinas, spilled their blood like water at Camden, at Guilford Court House, at the Cowpens, and at Eutaw, where the last battle was fought, and the enemy finally surrendered. They were your ancestry. They travelled barefooted, unclothed, without blankets or tents, and but few muskets, and you came after them. But you have this peculiar distinction : You are volunteers in a double sense — you are volunteers for the war, and you are volunteers for the great caust\ of the South against the aggressions of the North. You are no strangers ; you are our neighbors. My own hom 3 170 ECHOES FJROM THE SOUTH. is upon the confines of your State. I went there, four weeks ago, immediately after Yirginia had denounced the unholy movements in the ]S"orth, to learn the spirit of your people. I went to Freder- ickstown, where the Legislature were assembled, anxious to ascertain whether Yirginia could rely upon you in the hour of trial. I knew the political incubus by which your people were crushed to the earth ; but such were the indications I perceived on every side, that when I returned to Yirginia I unhesitatingly reported that Maryland is with the South. I staked my word upon it as a man of prin- ciple and a man of truth. The giant arm . of the oppressor has been too strong for the time being, but the spirit is still alive, unsubdued and unrepressed. You are here to confirm this fact by your presence. You are in E-ichmond. AVhat is Richmond ? It is a large city — a city of gallant men and refined women ; a city whose inhabitants are engaged in all the useful and honorable pursuits of life tending to the advance of civilization and prosperity. At the present moment, however, Richmond is a huge camp, where but one mind, one heart, and one deter- mination animates every occupant, man, woman, and child. (Applause.) Our wives, mothers — and I appeal to the ladies, if I may not also say our sweethearts — have entered into it with a zest, which SPEECH OF J. M. MASON. 171 shows that their hearts and affections are fully in the work. You will have no child's j)laj. There is no time now for vain boasting. I confide as much as I can in the prowess of the men of this section, and you will be false to the fame of your fathers if you are not victors ; but your enemies relies upon mere brute force. There are doubtless brave soldiers among them whom it will be bard to con- quer, but you will remember that you are fighting for your fathers, mothers, and firesides. They are mercenaries fighting for pay, you are men fighting for your homes and rights. All you require is subsistence. " Give us," you say, " the means of living, the arms to fight with, and show us the enemy." (Applause.) It may be, that in the provi- dences of war, not one among all those who are before me will return. You may come here, if necessary, to lay your lives upon the altar of your country, and I feel assured that every man will do his duty. I will tell you an incident connected with the Alabama troops. They w^ere attended by a minister of the Gospel, who was a guest at my house. He told me that he had with him a purse of gold, which had been given to him by the parents of two young men in the ranks, with injunction that it should be sacredly preserved during the war, unless his sons 172 ECHOES FBOM THE SOUTH. should fall upon the field of battle. Then, said the father, " Give them a Christian burial." There was a patriot father, who had devoted his sons to the service of his country, and that man does not stand alone. Such is the object with which you have engaged in this war. The true duty of the soldier is not merely to fight a battle or kill an enemy. He has also to endure the trials of the camp ; the weariness of the forced march ; the vigilance of day and night ; the restraints of discipline, and the 'patience to bear with discomforts and disappointments. This is the real test of courage, and he who comes out of the war with the reputation of having thus done his duty through the sunshine and through storm, is the true man, and the thorough soldier. But I will not detain you longer, except to dis charge the grateful duty which remains, of present- ing to you, in behalf of the ladies of Baltimore, this beautiful banner. There it is unfurled before you for the first time. There are emblazoned the fifteen stars of the Southern States, looking prospectively to the day when they will all be with us ! The star of Maryland is among them, and the women of your State have put it there, confiding it to your safe keeping. Look upon it as a sacred trust. In pass- ing through the storm of battle, it may be tattered SPEECH OF J. M. MASON. 173 and soiled, but I believe I can say tliat you will bring it back without a spot of dishonor upon it. But you are not only to return that flag here — you are to take it back to Baltimore. (Cheers, and cries of " We will.") It came here in the hands of the fair lady who stands by my side, who brought it through the camp of the enemy, with a woman's fortitude, courage, and devotion to our cause ; and you are to take it back to Baltimore, unfurl it in your streets, and challenge the applause of your citizens. (Applause.) 174 ECHOES FEOM THE SOrTH. SAM HOUSTON'S SPEECH, AT INDEPENDENCE, TEXAS, MAY 10. The troubles which have com© upon the commu- nity are neither unexpected to me, nor do I fail to realize all the terrible consequences yet to ensue. Since the passage of the ]N"ebraska and Xansas bill, I have had but little hope of the stability of our institutions. The advantages gained to the North by that measure, through the incentive to Anti- Slavery agitation and the opening of a vast territory to Free-Soil settlement, v^^ere such that I saw that the South would soon be overslaughed, and deprived of equality in the Government — a state of things which a chivalrous people like ours would not sub- mit to. Yet I fostered the longing hope that wlien the North saw the dangers of disunion, and beheld the resolute spirit with which our people met the issue, they would abandon their aggressive policy, ,and allow the Government to be preserved and SAM Houston's speech. 175 administered in the same spirit with which our fore- lathers created it. For this reason I was conserva- tive. So long as there was a hope of obtaining our rights, and maintaining our institutions, through an appeal to the sense and justice and the brotherhood of the ISTorthern people, I was for preserving the Union. The voice of hope was weeks since drowned bj the guns of Fort Sumter. It is not now heard above the tramp of invading armies. The mission of the Union has ceased to be one of peace and equality, and now the dire alternative of yielding tamely before hostile armies, or meeting the shock like freemen, is presented to the South. Sectional prejudices, sectional hate, sectional aggrandizement, and sectional pride, cloaked in the name of the Gov- ernment and Union, stimulate the [N'orth in prose- cuting this war. Thousands are duped into its sifpport by zeal for the Union, and reverence for its past associations; but the motives of the Administra- tion are too plain to be misunderstood, ^ The time has come when a man's section is his country. I stand by mine. All my hopes, my fortunes, are centred in the South, When T see the land for whose defence my blood has been spilt, and the people whose fortunes have been mine through a quarter of a century of toil, threatened with invasion, I can but cast my lot with theirs and await the issue. 176 ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. For years I have been denounced on account of my efforts to save the South from the consequences of the unhappy measures which have brought destruction upon the whole country. "When, in the face of almost my entire section, and a powerful JS'orthern strength, I opposed the Kansas and ISTe- braska bill, the bitterness of language was exhausted to decry and villify me. When I pictured the con- sequences of that measure, and foretold its effects, I was unheeded. Now, when every ]Srorthern man who supported that measure is demanding the subju- gation of the South, our people can see the real feelings which actuate them in supporting it. Devoted as I was to peace and to the Union, I have struggled against the realization even of my own prophecies. Every result I foresaw has already occurred. It was to bring peace and strength to the South. It has brought war, and spread free soil almost to the northern border of Texas. All we can now do is to stand firm by what we have, and be more wise in the future. The trouble is upon us ; and no matter how it came, or who brought it on, we have to meet it. Whether we have opposed this secession movement or favored it, we must alike meet the consequences. I sought calm and prudent action. I desired a united and prepared South, if we must leave the 177 Union. Entire cooperation may not now be possible, but we have ample strength for the struggle if we husband it ario;ht. "We must fo-ht now whether we are prepared or not. Mj position was taken months since. Though I opposed secession for the reasons mentioned, I saw that the policy of coercion could not be permitted. The attempt to stigmatize and crush out this revolu- tion, comprehending States and millions of people, as a rebellion, would show that the Administration at Washington did not comprehend the vast issues involved, or refused to listen to the dictates of reason, justice, and humanity. A stubborn resort to force when moderation was necessary, would destroy every hope of peace and the reconstruction of the Union. That my views on this point might not be misunder- stood, I sent to the Legislature, prior to the passage of the Secession Ordinance by the Convention, a message, in which I said : " Having called you together to provide for an expression of the sovereign will of the people at the ballot box, I also deem it my duty to declare that, while the people of the State of Texas are delibera- ting upon this question, no impending threats of coercion from the people of another State should be permitted to hang over them, without at least the condemnation of their representatives. Whatever 178 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. that sovereign will may be when fairly expressed, it must be maintained. Texas, as a man, will defend ■it. While the executive would not counsel foolish bravado, he deems it a duty we owe to the people, to declare that, even though their action shall bring upon us the consequences which now seem impend- ing, we shall all (be our views in the past and present what they may) be united." 'Now that not only coercion, but a vindictive war is about to be inaugurated, I stand ready to redeem my pledge to the people. Whether the Convention acted right or wrong is not now the question. Whether I was treated justly or unjustly is not now to be considered. I put all that under my feet, and there it shall stay. Let those who have stood by me do the same, and let us show that at a time when peril environs our beloved land, we know how to be patriots and Texan s. Let us have no past, except the glorious past, whose heroic deeds shall stimulate us to resistance to oppression and wrong, and buryiug in the grave of oblivion all our past difficulties, let us go forward, determined not to yield from the position which the people have assumed until our independence is acknowledged, or if not acknowledged, wrung from our enemies by the force of our valor. It is no time to turn back now — the people have put their hands 179 to the plow ; tbej must go forward. To recede would be worse than ignominy. Better meet war in its deadliest shape than cringe before an enemy whose wrath we have invoked. I make no preten- sions as to myself. I have yielded up office and sought retirement to preserve peace among our people. My services, perhaps, are not important enough to be desired. Others are perhaps more com- petent to lead the people throngh this revolution. I have been with them throngh the fiery ordeal once, and I know that with prudence and discipline their courage will surmount all obstacles. Should the tocsin of war, calling forth the people to resist the invader, reach the retirement to which I shall go, I will heed neither the denunciations of my enemies, nor the charms of my own fireside, but will join the ranks of my countrymen to defend Texas once again. Then I will ask those who have pursued me with malignity, and who have denounced me as a traitor to Texas and the South, to prove themselves more true, when the battle shock shall come. Old and worn as I am, I shall not be laggard. Though others may lead, I shall not scorn to follow ; and though I may end life in the ranks, where I com- menced it, I shall feel that the post of duty is the post of honor. We have entered upon a conflict which will 180 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. demand all the energies of the people. E'ot only must they be united, but all the heroic virtues which characterize a free people must be brought into requisition. There must be that sacrificing spirit of patriotism which will yield the private desires for the public good. There must be that fortitude which will anticipate occasional reverses as the natural consequences of war, and meet them with becoming pride and resignation ; but, above all, there must be discipline and subordination to law and order. Without this, armies will be raised in vain, and carnage will be wasted in hopeless enter- prises. The South, chivalric, brave, and impetuous as it is, must add to these attributes of success thorough discipline, or disaster will come upon the country. The Northern people by their nature and occupation are subordinate to orders. They are capable of great endurance and a high state of disci- pline. A good motto for a soldier is, IlTever under- rate the strength of your enemy. The South claims superiority over them in point of fearless courage. Equal them in point of discipline, and there will be no danger. Organize your forces; yield obedience to orders from headquarters. Do not waste jouv energies in unauthorized expeditions ; but in all things conform to law and order, and it will be ten times better than running hither and thither, spend- SAM houstoj^'s speech. 181 ing money and time, without accomplishing any of the phms of a campaign which your leaders have marked out. Once organized, stay organized. Do not be making companies to-day and unmak- ing them to-morrow. If you are dissatisfied with your captain, wait until the battle day comes, and he gets killed off, then you can get another. It is better to fight up to him and get rid of him in that way than to split off, and make a new company to be split up in the same way. I give this advice as an old soldier. I know the value of subordination and discipline. A good citizen, who has been obedient to law and civil authority, always makes a good soldier. I have ever been conservative, was conservative as long as the Union lasted —am a con- servative citizen, of the Southern Confederacy, and giving to the constituted authorities of the country, civil and military, and the Government which a majority of the people have approved and acquiesced in, an honest obedience, I feel that I should do less than my duty did I not press upon others the importance of regarding this the first duty of a good citizen. 182 ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. SPEECH OF HOWELL COBB, AT ATLANTA, GEORGIA, MAT 22. Fellow-Citizens: I feel that I cannot com- pensate you for the trouble you have taken to call me out. You, as citizens of Atlanta, know that there has Leen no instance of my being called upon, by you, in which I failed to respond, unless for the very good reason that I had nothing to say / and this evening I must offer this excuse for failing to address you at length. I presume that a curiosity to know what we have been doing in the Congress recently assembled at Montgomery, has induced you to make this call upon me. We have made all the necessary arrangements to meet the present crisis. Last night we adjourned to meet in Richmond on the 20th of July. I will tell you why we did this. The " Old Dominion," as fou know, has at last shaken off the bonds of Lincoln, and joined her noble Southern sisters. Her SPEECH OF HOWELL COBB. 183 soil is to be. the battle ground, and her streams are to be dyed with Southern blood. We felt that her cause was our cause, and that if she fell we wanted to die with her. (Cheers.) We have sent our soldiers on to the posts of danger, and we wanted to be there to aid and counsel our brave " boys." In the progress of the war, further legislation may be necessary, and we will be there, that when the hour of danger comes, we may lay aside the robes of legis- lation, buckle on the armor of the soldier, and do battle beside the brave ones who have volunteered for the defence of our beloved South. (Loud cheers.) The people are coming up gallantly to the work. When the call was made for twelve months' volun- teers, thousands were offered ; but when it was changed to the full term of the war, the nuinbers increased ! The anxiety among our citizens is not as to who shall go to the wars, but wlio shall stay at home f No man in the whole Confederate States — the gray haired sire down to the beardless youtli — in whose veins was one drop of Southern blood, feared to plant his foot upon Yirginia's soil, and die fight- ing for our rights. In Congress, the other day, I told them that if no other arm was raised to defend Virginia, noble old Georgia — proud in her love of independence — would 184 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. rise np to a man, and crossing to the southernmost bound of Abolitionism, would say to Lincoln and his myrmidons, " Thus far, traitor I shalt thou come ; but 710 farther ! " (Tremendous applause.) This good old commonwealth — solitary and alone, if need be — will fight until she sees the last foul invader in his grave ! And I know, fellow-citizens, that thej;e is no loyal son of Georgia before me, whose heart does not beat a warm response to this pledge. (Cries of, " We will ! we will ! ") But we not only need soldiers, we must have treasure to carry on this war. Private contributions have been offered to a vast amount. I will mention an instance which occurred on the Mississippi a few days ago. An aged man — whose gray hairs and tottering limbs forbade his entering the ranks, and whose children of the first and second generations were in the ranks of his country's defenders — was asked how much he would give to carry on the war. The spirit of the old man rose up in him — '' Tell them," he said, " that my yearly crop of 1,000 bales of cotton they may have. Only give me enough to sustain me, and let the balance go to my country ! " Offers of this sort come pouring in upon the Govern- ment from all parts of the country. But the Government does not require contribu- tions from individuals ; she has the means within SPEECH OF HOWELL COBB. 185 herself of sustaining this war. [N^o donations are necessary, except for the equipment of your own vohmteers and those you can and will provide for. But I tell you what you may do. Those of you who raise large crops of cotton, when your cotton is ready for market, give it to your Government at its market value, receive in return its bonds, and let it sell your produce to Europe for the specie to sustain our brave " boys " in Yirginia. This was agreed on at Montgomery, and we promised to throw out the suggestion, that the people might think about it. I raise some cotton, and every thing above my necessary expenses my Government shall have. When this was proposed in Congress, a gentleman from Mississippi rose up and said that he did not raise cotton ; it was his misfortune not to be able to help his country in that manner. " But," said he, " I will go home and canvass my section, and every man that I meet, who raises cotton, sugar, and rice, I will persuade him to sell it to his Government.-' But this patriotism is not confined to the men ; the women, with warm hearts and busy fingers, are helping the soldiers. I will give you an instance that happened at Montgomery. A message was received on Friday evening that a thousand sand bags were wanted, with which to build batteries to 186 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. protect onr men at Pensacola. What could be done ? Some one suggested that the ladies be made acquainted with our wants. It was Saturday morn- ing. Monday evening I received a notice to attend a meeting: to be held at 5 o'clock in the Methodist church. Between the reception of the message and 5 o'clock that evening, the money had been raised, the cloth purchased, and the lovely women of that city, with their own delicate hands, at their homes and in the sanctuary of the living God, were making bags ; and on Tuesday I saw the sand bags start for Pensacola, to protect our brave soldiers ! (Cheers.) Talk about subjugating us ! Why, we might lay aside the men, and all Abolitiondom couldnH run down the women even ! (Prolonged applause.) They say at the IS'orth that we are alarmed. What cause have we to be so ? When the Congress assembled at Montgomery there were only six States represented. IS'ow there are nine, and every breeze that comes from Tennessee bears us news that her people are rising up unanimously against the usurpa- tions of Lincoln. l!Torth Carolina — the State of my parentage, and I love her with a love next to my native State — she, too, is aroused, and her Conven- tion has unanimously adopted the ordinance of secession ; and theso, States will soon shine as bright stars in our galaxy. With such aids as these, and SPEECH OF HOWELL COBB. 187 with SO many brave hearts in our hind, we can never he conquered! I have spoken enthusiastically, but pardon me. I can say nothing more. (Cries of, " Go on ! ") You will excuse me, as I have been speaking at every town on the road, and am quite hoarse. 188 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. GEN. E. E. LEE'S ADDEESS TO HIS TEOOPS. Headquaetees Army Noetheen Vieginia, ) October 2d, 1862. \ In reviewing the achievements of the army dur- ing the present campaign, the commanding general cannot withhold the expression of his admiratioJJ of the indomitable courage it has displayed in battle, and its cheerful endurance of privation and hardship on the march. Since your great victories around Eichmond yon have defeated the enemy at Cedar Mountain, expelled him from the Rappahannock, and, after a conflict of three days, utterly repulsed him on the plains of Manassas, and forced him to take shelter within the fortifications around his capital. Without halting for repose, you crossed the Potomac, stormed the heights of Harper's Ferry made prisoners of more that 11,000 men, and cap- GEN. R. E. lee's ADDRESS TO HIS TROOPS. 189 tiired upwards of seventy pieces of artillery, all their small arms, and other munitions of war. While one corps of the army was thus engaged, the other ensured its success by arresting at Boons- boro' the combined armies of the enemy, advancing under their favorite general to the relief of their beleaguered comrades. On the field of Sharpsburg, with less than one- third his numbers, you resisted, from daylight until dark, the whole army of the enemy, and repulsed every attack along his entire front of more than four miles in extent. The whole of the following day you stood pre- pared to resume the conflict on the same ground, and retired next morning, without molestation, across the Potomac. Two attempts, subsequently made by the enemy, to follow you across the river, have resulted in his complete discomfiture and being driven back with loss. Achievements such as these demand much valor and patriotism. History records few examples of greater fortitude and endurance than this army has exhibited ; and I am commissioned by the President to thank you in the name of the Confederate States for the undying fame you have won for their arms. Much as you have done, much more remains to be accomplished. The enemy again threaten us 190 ECHOES FKOM THE SOUTH. witli invasion, and to your tried valor and patriotism the countrj looks with confidence for deliverance and safety. Your past exploits give assurance that this confidence is not misplaced. E. E. Lee, Commanding General, SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. 191 SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. AT EIOHMOND, VA., APEIL 22, 1861. The distinguished gentleman was introduced to the throng by Mayor Mayo, and received with hearty cheers. In response, Mr. Stephens returned his acknowledgments for the warmth of the personal greeting, and his most profound thanks for it as tlie representative of the Confederate States. He spoke of the rejoicing the secession of Virginia had caused among her Southern sisters. Her people would feel justified if they could hear it as he had. E'orth Carolina was out, and did not know exactly how she got out. The fires that were blazing here he had seen all along his track from Montgomery to Kichmond. At Wilmington he had counted on the street twenty flags of the Confederate States. The news from Tennessee was equally cheering — there the mountains were on fire. Some of the States still hesitated, but soon all would be in. 192 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. TeDnessee was no longer in the late Union. She was out bj the resolutions of her popular assemblies in Memphis and other cities. Kentucky would soon be out; her people were moving. Missouri— who could doubt the stand she would take ? — when her Governor, in reply to Lincoln's insolent proclama- tion, had said : " You shall have no troops for the furtherance of your illegal, unchristian, and dia- bolical schemes ! " Missouri will soon add another star to the Southern galaxy. Where Maryland is you all know. The first Southern blood has been shed on her soil, and Yirginia would never stand by and see her citizens shot down. The cause of Balti- more is the cause of tlie whole South. He said the cause we were engaged in was that which attached people to the Constitution of the late United States — it was the cause of civil, religious, and constitutional liberty. Many of us looked at the Constitution as the anchor of safety. In Georgia the people had been attached to the pre- vious Union, but the Constitution which governed it was framed by the Southern talent and understand- ing. Assaults had been made on it ever since it was established. Lately a latitudinous construction had been made by the North, while we of the South sought to inter- pret it as it was — advocating strict construction, SrEECH OF HOX. A. H. STEPHENS. 193 State rights, tlie right of the people to rule, &c. He Bpoke of all the fifteen Southern States as advocat- ing ^this construction. To violate the principles of the Constitution was to initiate revolution ; and the JSTorthern States had done this. The Constitution framed at Montgomery dis- carded the obsolete ideas of the old Constitution, but had preserved its better portion, with some modifica- tions, suggested by the experience of the past ; and it had been adopted by the Confederate States, who would stand by it. The old Constitution had been made an engine of power to crueh out liberty ; that of the Confederate States to preserve it. The old Constitution was improved in our hands, and those living under it had, like the phoenix, risen from their ashes. The revolution lately begun did not effect alone property, but liberty. He alluded to Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers, and said he could find no authority in the old Constitution for such a flagrant abuse of power. His second proclamation had stig- matized as pirates all who sailed in letters of marque ; this was also in violation of the Constitu- tion, which alone gave Congress that power. What had the friends of liberty to hope for ? Beginning in usurpation, where would it end? You are, however, said he, no longer under the rule 9 194 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. of this tyrant. Witli strong arms and stout hearts you have now resolved to stand in the defence of liberty. The Confederate States have but asserted their rights. They believed that their rulers derived their just powers from the consent of the governed. 'No one had the right to deny the existence of the sovereign right of secession. Our people did not want to meddle with the Northern States — only wanted the latter to leave them alone. When did Virginia ever ask the assistance of the General Gov- ernment ? If there is sin in our institutions, we bear the blame, and will stand acquitted by natural law, and the higher law of the Creator. We stand upon the law of God and Kature. The Southern States did not wish to resort to arms after secession. Mr. ^Stephens alluded to the negotiations between Major Anderson and the authorities of the Confederate States, to demonstrate the proposition. History, he said, if rightly written, will acquit us of a desire to shed our brother's blood. The law of necessity and of right compelled us to act as we did. He had reason to believe that the Creator smiled on it. The Federal flag was taken down without the loss of a single life. He believed that Providence would be with us and bless us to the end. We had appealed to the God of Battles SPEECH OF HON. A. H. STEPHENS. 195 for the justness of our cause. Madness and fully ruled at AVashiiigton. Had it not have been so, several of the States would have been in the Union for a year to come. Maryland would join us, and may be, ere long, the principles that Washington fought for might be again administered in the city that bore his name. Every son of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, should rally to the su2:)port of Mary- land. If Lincoln quits Washington as ignominioiisly as he entered it, God's will will have been accom- plished. The argument was now exhausted. Be prepared ; stand to your arms — defend your wives and firesides. lie alluded to the momentous conse- quences of the issue involved. Hather than be conquered, let every second man rally to drive back the invader. The conflict may be terrible, but the victory will be ours. Yirginians, said he, you fight for the preservation of your sacred rights — tlie land of Patrick Henry — to keep from desecration the tomb of Washington, the graves of Madison, Jefferson, and all you hold most dear. 196 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. THE LAST MANIFESTO OF THE OONFED- EEATE OONGEESS. JUNE 15, 1864. Joint resolution declaring the dispositions, jprinci- pies and' purposes of the Confederate States in relation to the existing war with the United States. Whereas, It is due to tlie great cause of hiiraanity and civilization, and especially to the heroic sacrifices of their gallant army in the field, that no means, consistent with a proper self-respect, and the approved usages of nations, should be omitted by the Confederate States to enlighten the public opinion of the world with regard to the true character of the srruggle in wliich they are engaged, and the disposi- sitions, principles and purposes by which they are actuated; therefore, I^esolved hy the Congress of the Confederate' States of America, That the following manifesto be issued in their name and by their authority, and that THE LAST MANIFESTO. 197 the President be requested to cause co])ies tlieroof to bs transmitted to our commissioners abroad, to tlie end that the same may be laid before foreign Gov- ernments. MANIFESTO OF THE CONGRESS OF CONFEDEExVTE STATES OF AMERICA, RELATIVE TO THE EXISTLNG WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES. The Congress of the Confederate States of America, ackno^Yledging their responsibility to the opinion' of the civilized world, to the great law of Christian philanthropy, and to the Supreme Ruler of the universe, for the part they have been compelled to bear in this sad spectacle of w^ar and carnage which this continent has, for the last three years, exhibited to the eyes of afflicted humanity, deems the present a fitting occasion to declare the principles, the sentiments and the purposes by which they have been and are still actuated. They have ever deeply deplored the necessity which constrained them to take up arms in defence of their rights and of the free institutions derived from their ancestors ; and there is nothing they more ardently desire than peace, whensoever their enenty, by ceasing from the unhallowed war waged upon them, shall permit them to enjoy in peace the shel- tering protection of those hereditary rights and of 198 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. those cherislied institutions. The series of successes with which it has pleased Ahnighty God, in so signal a manner, to hless our arms on almost every point of our invaded border since the opening of the present campaign, enables us to profess this desire of peace, in the interests of civilization and humanity, without danger of having our motives misinterpreted, or of the declaration being ascribed to any unmanly sentiment, or any distrust of our ability fully to maintain our cause. The repeated and disastrous checks, foreshadowing ultimate discomfiture, which their gigantic army, directed against the capital of the Confederacy, has already met with, are but a continuation of the same providential successes for us. We do not refer • to these successes in any spirit of vain boasting, but in humble acknowledg- ment of that Almighty proteetion which has vouch- safed and granted them. The world must now see that eight millions of people, inhabiting so extensive a territory, with such varied resources and such numerous facilities for defence as the benignant bounty of nature has bestowed upon us, and animated with one spirit to encounter every privation and sacrifice of ease, of health, of property, of life itself, rather than be degraded from the condition of free and independenf States into which they were born, can never be con- THE LAST MANIFESTO. 199 quered. Will not our adversaries themselves begiu to feel that humanity has bled Ions; enouo-h • that tears and blood and treasure enough have been expended in a bootless undertaking, covering their own land, no less than ours, with a pall of mourning, and exposing them, far more than ourselves, to the catastrophe of financial exhaustion and bankruptcy, not to speak of the loss of their liberties by the despotism engendered in an aggressive warfare upon the liberties of another and kindred people ? Will they be willing, by a longer perseverance in a wan- ton and hopeless contest, to make this continent, which they so long boasted to be the chosen abode of liberty and self-government, of peace and a higher .civilization, the theatre of the most causeless and prodigal efi'usion of blood which the world has ever seen, of a virtual relapse into the barbarism of the ruder ages, and of the destruction of constitutional freedom by the lawlessness of usurped power ? These are questions which our adversaries will decide for themselves. We desire to stand acquitted before the tribunal of the world, as well as in the eyes of omniscient justice, of any responsibility for the origin or prolongation of a war as contrary to the spirit of the age as to the traditions and acknowl- edged maxims of the political system of America. On this continent, whatever opinions may have 200 ECHOES FKOM THE SOUTH. prevailed elsewhere, it has ever been held and acknowledged bj all parties that government, to be lawful, must be founded on the consent of the gov- erned. We were forced to dissolve our federal connection with our former associates by their ag- gressions on the fundamental principles of our compact of union with them ; and in doing so, we exercised a right consecrated in the great charter of American liberty — the right of a free people, when a government proves destructive of the ends for which it was established, to recur to original principles and to institute new guards for their security. The sep- arate independence of the States, as sovereign, and co-equal members of the Federal Union, had never been surrendered ; and the pretension of applying to independent communities, so constituted and organ- ized, the ordinary rules for coercing and reducing rebellious subjects to obedience, was a solecism in terms, as well as an outrage on the principles of public law. The war made upon the Confederate States was, therefore, wholly one of aggression. On our side, it lias been strictly defensive. Born freemen, and the descendants of a gallant ancestry, we had no option . but to stand up in defence of our invaded firesides, of our desecrated altars, of our violated liberties and birthright, and of the prescriptive institutions which THE LAST MANIFESTO. 201 guard and protect them. 'We have not interfered, nor do we wish, in any manner whatever, to inter- fere with the internal peace and prosperity of the States arrayed in hostihty against ns, or with the freest devek)pment of their destinies in ari}^ form of action or Hne of policy they may think proper to adopt for themselves. All we ask, is a like immu- nity for ourselves, and to be left in the undisturbed enjoyment of those inalienable rights of " life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," which our common ancestors declared to be the equal heritage of all the parties to the social compact. Let them forbear aggressions upon us, and the war is at an end. If there be questions which require adjustment by negotiation, we have ever been willing and are still willing to enter into com- munication with our adversaries in a spirit of peace, of equity, and manly frankness. Strong in the persuasion of the justice of our cause, in the gallant devotion of our citizen-soldiers, and of the whole body of our people, and above all in the gracious protection of Heaven, we are not afraid to avow a sincere desire for peace, on terms consistent with our honor and the permanent security of our rights, and an earnest aspiration to see the world once more restored to the benificent pursuits of industry and of mutual intercourse and exchanges, so essential to its 9* 202 ECHOES FROM THE SOUTH. well-being, and which have been so gravely interrupted by the existence of this unnatural war in America. But if our adversaries, or those whom they have placed in authority, deaf to the voice of reason and justice, settled against the dictates of both prudence and humanity by a presumptuous and delusive con- fidence in their own numbers, or those of their black and foreign mercenaries, shall determine upon an in- definite prolongation of the contest, upon them be the responsibility of a decision so ruinous to themselves and so injurious to the interests and repose of mankind. For ourselves, we have no fear of the result. The wildest picture ever drawn of a disordered imag- ination comes short of the extravagance which could dream of the conquest of eight millions of people, resolved with one mind " to die freemen rather than live slaves," and forewarned by the savage and ex- terminating spirit in which this war has been waged upon them, and by the mad avowals of its patrons and supporters, of the worse than Egyptian bondage that awaits them in the event of their subjugation. With these declarations of our dispositions, our principles, and our purposes, we commit our cause to the enlightened judgment of the world, to the sober reflections of our adversaries themselves, and to the solemn and righteous arbitrament of Heaven. LAST PROCLAMATION OF PKESIDENT DAVIS. 203 THE LAST PEOOLAMATION OF PEESIDENT . DAVIS. Danville, Va./ April 5, 1865. The General-in-Chief found it necessary to make such movements of his troops as to uncover the capital. It would be unwise to conceal the moral and material injury to our cause resulting from the occupation of our capital by the enemy. It is equally unwise and unwoi thy of us to allow our own energies to falter, and our efforts to become relaxed under reverses, however calamitous they may be. For many months the largest and finest army of the Confederacy, under a leader whose presence inspires equal confidence in the troops and the people, has been greatly trammelled by the necessity of keeping constant watch over the approaches to the capital, and has thus been forced to forego more than one opportunity for promising enterprise. It is for us, 204 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. mj countrjmeH, to show by our bearing under reverses bow wretcbed bas been tbe self-deception of tbose wbo have believed us less able to endure mis- fortune with fortitude than to encounter dangers with courage. We have now entered upon a new phase of tbe struggle. Kelieved from tbe necessity of guarding particular points, our armj will be free to move from point to point, to strike tbe enemy in detail far from bis base. Let us but will it, and we are free. Animated by tbat confidence in your spirit and fortitude wbicb never yet failed me, I announce to you, fellow-countrymen, tbat it is my purpose to maintain your cause witb my wbole beart and soul ; tbat I will never consent to abandon to tbe enemy one foot of tbe soil of any of tbe States of tbe Con- federacy. Tbat . Yirginia — noble State — whose ancient renown has been eclipsed by her still more glorious recent history ; whose bosom bas been bared to receive the main shock of this war ; whose sons and daughters have exhibited heroism so sublime as to render her illustrious in all time to come — that Yirginia, with the help of the people, and by the blessing of Providence, shall lye held and defended, and, no peace ever be made with the infamous inva- ders of her territory. If by the stress of numbers we should ever be LAST PEOCLAMATION OF PRESIDENT DAVIS. 205 compelled to a temporary withdrawal from her lim- its, or those of any other Border State, we will return nntil the baffled and exhausted enemy shall abandon in despair his endless and impossible task of making slaves of a people resolved to be free. Let us, then, not despond, my countrymen, but, relying on God, meet the foe with fresh defiance, and with un conquered and unconquerable hearts. Jefferson Davis. 206 ECHOES FKOM THE SOUTH. GENEEALS OF THE CORFEDEEATE AEMY.* GENERALS. 1. Samuel Cooper, Yirginia, adjutant general. 2. Albert S. Johnston, Texas, commanding in Kentucky. 3. Joseph E. Johnston, Yirginia, commanding J^orthern Yirginia. 4. Eobert E. Lee, Yirginia, commanding South Atlantic coast. 5. P. G. T. Beauregard, Louisiana, commanding Army of Potomac. 6. Braxton Bragg, Louisiana, commanding at Pensacola. * This list refers generally to the first period of the war. There were, of course, mauy shiltings of comina,nLl, promotions, changes in the names of military department^, &c., that it is impossible to include. The early Confederate armies in Virginia were known as "the Army of the Potomac " and " the Army of the Shenandoah." AiWwards there were only known two great army organizations in the Confederacy, east of the Mississippi River — "the Army of Northern Virginia" and " the Army of Tennessee." GENERALS OF THE CONFEDERATE ARifY. 207 LIEUTENAJSTT-GENERALS. 1. Leonidas Polk, Louisiana, commanding at Memphis. 2. Earl Yau Dorn, Mississippi, Army of Potomac. 3. Theopliilus II. Holmes, ISTorth Carolina, Army of Potomac. 4. James Longstreet, Alabama, Army of Po- tomac. 5. Thomas J. Jackson, Yirginia, commanding Northwestern Yirginia. 6. Edmund Kirby Smith, Florida, Army of Po- tomac. 7. Richard S. Ewell, Yirginia, Army of Potomac. MAJOR-GENERALS. 1. David E. Twiggs, Georgia, resigned. 2. Gustavus W. Smith, Kentucky, Army of Po- tomac. 3. William J. Hardee, Georgia, Missouri. 4. Benjg,min Huger, South Carolina, command- ing at JSTorfolk. 5. John B. Magruder, Yirginia, commanding at Yorktown. 6. Mansfield Lovell, Yirginia, commanding coast of Louisiana. 7. George. B. Crittenden, Kentucky, command- ing East Tennessee. 208 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. 8. Milledge L. Bonham, South Carolina, Army of Potomac. 9. John B. Flojd, Yirginia, commanding Army of Kanawha. 10. Henry A. Wise, Yirginia, waiting orders. 11. Ben McCulloch, Texas, Missouri. 12. Henry E. Jackson, Georgia, resigned. 13. Robert S. Garnett, Yirginia, killed in action. 14. "William H. T. Hill, Georgia, resigned. 15. Bernard E. Bee, South Carolina, killed in action. 16. Alexander R. Lawton, Georgia, commanding coast of Georgia. . 17. Gideon J. Pillow, Tennessee, Kentucky. 18. Samuel R. Anderson, Tennessee, Kentucky. 19. Daniel S. Donelson, Tennessee, coast of South Carolina. 20. David R. Jones, South Carolina, Army of Potomac. 21. Jones M. Withers, Alabama, commanding coast of Alabama. 22. John C. Pemberton, Yirginia, coast of South Carolina. 23. John H. Winder, Mar^^land, Richmond. 24. Jubal A. Early, Yirginia, Army of Potomac. 25. Thomas B. Elournoy, Arkansas, died in Ai*- kansas. GENKRALS OF TUE CONFEDERATE ARMY. 209 26. Samuel Jones, Virginia, Army of Potomac. 27. Arnold Elzej, Maryland, Army of Potomac. 2S. Daniel H. Hill, JSTorth Carolina, Army of Potomac. 29. Henry H. Sigley, Louisiana, Texas frontier. 30. William H. C. Whiting, Georgia, Army of Potomac. 31. William H. Loring, IS^orth Carolina, Western Yirginia. 32. Kichard H. Anderson, Soutli Carolina, Pen- sacola. 33. Albert Pike, Arkansas, Indian Commissioner. 34. Thomas T. Fauntleroy, Virginia, resigned. 35. Kobert Toombs, Georgia, Army of Potomac. 36. Daniel Ruggles, Virginia, Louisiana. 37. Charles Clark, Mississippi, Army of Potomac. 38. Eos well S. Ripley, South Carolina, coast of South Carolina. 39. Isaac P. Trimble, Maryland, Army of Poto- mac. 40. John B. Grayson, Kentucky, died in Florida. 41. Paul O. Hebert, Louisiana, coast of Texas. 42. Pichard C. Catlin, I^orth Carolina, command- ing coast of North Carolina. 43. Felix K. Zollicoffer, Tennessee, Eastern Ken- tucky. 44. Benj. F. Cheatham, Tennessee, Kentucky. 210 ECHOES FEOM THE SOUTH. 45. Joseph R. Anderson, Yirginia, coast of iN'orth Carolina. 46. Simon B. Buckner, Kentucky, Kentucky. 47. Leroy Pope Walker, Alabama, Alabama. 48. Albert G. Blanchard, Louisiana, l^orfolk. 49. Gabriel S. Rains, l^ortli Carolina, Yorktown. 50. J. E. B. Stuart, Yirginia, Army of Potomac. 51. Lafayette McLaws, Georgia, Yorktown. 52. Thomas F. Drayton, South Carolina, coast of South Carolina. 53. Thomas C. Hindman, Arkansas, Kentucky. 54. Adley H. Gladden, Louisiana, Pensacola. 55. John Porter McCown, Tennessee, Kentucky. 56. Llyod Tighlman, Kentucky, Kentucky. 57. Nathan G. Evans, South Carolina, coast of South Carolina. 58. Cadmus M. Wilcox, Tennessee, Army of Po- tomac. 59. Philip St. George Cocke, Yirginia, died in Yirginia. 60. R. F. Rhodes, Alabama, Army of Potomac. 61. Richard Taylor, Louisiana, Army of Potomac. 62. Louis T. Wigfall, Texas, Army of Potomac. 63. James H. Trapier, South Carolina, coast of Florida. 64. Samuel G. French, Mississippi, Army of Po- tomac. GENERALS OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY. 211 65. William II. Carroll, Tennessee, East Ten- nessee. 66. Hngli W. Mercer, Georgia, . 67. Humphrey Marshall, Kentucky, Kerntucky. 68. John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky, Kentucky. 69. Richard Griffin, Mississippi, Army of Po- tomac. TO. Alexander P. Stewart, Kentucky, Kentucky. 71. William Montgomery Gardner, Georgia, on furlough. 72. Richard B. Garnett, Yirginia, Army of Po- tomac. 73. William Mahone, Yirginia, ^N'orfolk. 74. L. O'Brien Branch, l^orth Carolina, coast of IN'orth Carolina. 75. Maxey Gregg, South Carolina, coast of South Carolina. The only Official and Aiitliorized Southern History of the "War. By E. A. POLLARD. THE LOST CAUSE. By EDWARD A. POLLARD, of Virginia, Editor of the Eicbmond '* Examiner " during the War. Comprising a fcxl and authentic account of the rise and progress of the late southern confederacy— the campaigns, battles, Incidents and Adventures of the most gigantio struggle of the world's history. Complete in one large Hoijal Octavo Tolunie of over 700 pages. With Twenty-Four Splendid Steel Portraits or DISTINGUISHED CONFEDERATE LEADERS. The Publishers take pleasure in announcing that they have secured the talents of this distinguished Author and Historian, in preparing a work worthy of the theme and the occasion. The history of the vanquished has too often fallen to the pen of the victor, and to insure justice to the Southern cause, the pen must be taken by a Southern man, who is willing to devote his time and talents to the A-indica- tion of his countrj-men, in a history which shall challenge the criticism of the intelligent, and in\-ite the attention of all honest inquirers. Mr. Pollard, of all writers in the South, is doubtless the best qualified to prepare a complete and Standard History of the War, and to commit to the present and future generations a faithful and worthy record of their great struggle, and of a cause lost save in honor. He comes to the work by the encouragement and authority of Generals R. E. Lee, J. E. Johnston, Beauregard, "Dick" Taylor, Fitzhugh Lee, Ex-Gov. Wise, and other distinguished Confederate leaders. In Substantial Cloth Binding, (Imitation Morocco,) . , . $5.00 In Plain Leather, Library Style, (Sheep,) 6.00 In Extra Half Calf Binding, 8,00 SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION. jQ^ To energetic Men and Women, a rare chance is offered to make money. Address, E. B. TREAT & GO., Publishers, 654 Broadway f N. T. For Branch Ofl&ces, see Title-page. WASHmGTO:^ & HIS GENERALS: COMPRISING POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES OF By Hon. J. T. HEADLEY, Author of "Napoleon and his Marshals," "Saceed Mountains," &o. Embellislied with numerous Steel Plate Engravings. COMPLETE IN ONE LARGE OCTAVO VOLUME. This is truly a great national work, giving an authentic account of the early life, military career, public services, and character of Major-G-eneral G-eorge Washington, Major-General Nathaniel Greene, " Israel Putnaa, " William Moultrie, ■' Eichard Montgomery, " Hanry Knox, " Benedict Arnold, " Benjamin Lincoln, " John Stark, " Charles Lee, " Philip Schuyler, " James Clinton, " Horatio ' rates, " John Sullivan, " Frelk. Wm. Steuben, " Lafayette, " William Sterling, Commodore Paul Jones. Including Brigadier-G-enerals Marion, Pickens, Mercer, Wooster, and otherSi From Preface. — The object in the following work is three-fold. First, to group around the "Father of his Country " the generals who stood shoulder to shoulder with him through the stormy period of the Revolution. Second, to 3;ive in successive pictures rather than in military detail, the great battles 'of the RevoiUtioQ. Third, to present the early history of each general, show- ing how tliey were trained by Providence for the very work to which their lives were given. There could be no better time than now to contemplate those pure patriots, who knew no sectional interests, but were bound together anl borne aloft by a common love for the whole country — when Massachusetts called aloud from Bunker Hill, and Marion, froru the swamps of South Carolina, answered her — when New York and Virginia moved side by side, bound by a common interest, and resolved to share a common destiny. May that common ruheritance never be divided ! Cloth, Gilt Side and Back, $3.50 Leather, JLihrary Style, 4.00 E. B. TREAT & CO., Publishers, 65i BROADWAY, N. Y. Agents Wanted. MPOLEON AND HIS MARSHALS: COMPRISING A FULL AND AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT OF THE fife, glilit:irg €i\xm, QmuUx, €ult anb Jcaflj OP NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, 'THE HEKO OF A HUNDRED BATTLES." By Hon. J. T. HEADLEY, Author of "Nafoleon and his Marshals," "Sacred Mountains," ko. Including Biographies of the most prominent Marshals that clus- tered around Napoleon in his victorious Campaigns. Marshal HertUier, Marshal St. Cyr, Marshal Victor, *' Aufjereau, " Soult, *' Bessieres, " Davonst, '* Mortier, " BernadottCf '*■ Zannes, " Mtirat, ** Suchct, " 3Iacdonald, *' Massena, *' Sninc, ** Moncey, *' 3Iarm6nt, *' JVey, and others. Embellished with, numerous Steel Plate Engravings. F I^ O IvI F E, EJ F .A- c E. It has been my design, in the follomng work, not only to give the true character of Napoleon, and the wars he waged, but to illustrate the men wlio led his armies to victory ; forming as they do, a group the like of which the •world has never seen. Their battles revolutionized the whole art of war, and form a gallery of pictures that has no equal in the history of any nation. Many of these reno'mied battle-fields I have gone over in person, and hence been able to give more accurate descriptions than I otherwise could. These never will lose their interest while great deeds are admired and trae heroes honored. Napoleon's marshals can appropriately be placed side by side with our own great generals of the present war. The portraits are copies of those in the National Gallery of France, and hence must be considered accurate likenesses. Cloth, Gilt Side and Back, $3.50 Zicather, Library Style, 4.00 Sent post-paid, upon receipt of price. E. B. TREAT & CO., Publishers, 654 BROADWAY, N. X. Agents Wanted THE SACRED MOUNTAINS, AND SCENES m THE HOLY LAND. Bt Hon. J. T. HEADLEY, ' Author of ••Washington and his Generals," "Napoleon and his Marshals," fcc Illustrated with beautiful Steel Plate Engravings. Comprising sketches and descriptions of Mount Ararat, Sinai, Moriah, Pisgah, Zion, Tabor, Calvary, and many others mentioned in the Sacred Writ- ings ; which have been the ^theatre of the most wonderful exhibitions of Divine power, wisdom and goodness. Including glowing do=^^ ' tions of Events, Incidents and Scenes in. the Holy Land, illustrating the great and glorious manifestations of God to man ; making more familiar and life-like the Great Truths of the Bible. The author having actually made the Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and visited the places made sacred by scenes described in the work, renders tho book deeply interesting and more attractive. The Steel Plates are from accurate drawings of the mountains described, as they now appear. The other plates are from designs by Daklet, the most distinguished artist in America, not only well known in the world of art, but in the religious world, for many of the similar beautiful designs he has made for the Tract Society. The work is printed on superior paper, and comprises over four hundred pages, with twenty Steel Plate and other engravings, from designs by Dabley, and substantially bound. 627 Full Gdlt Side and BacTe, Sprinkled Edge, 'T . . $3.00 Full Grilt Side, BacTc and Gilt Edges, S.50 Sent post-paid upon receipt of price. Agents Wanted. E. B. TREAT & CO., Publishers, 654 BKOADWAY, N. Y. ^>' -- ^-/^ ^^ ^ ^'',:^^ ■%^-^^ N>'s-:/. ^'. o ^ - ^ -0 -^ ft 6 "> f a^ ,•0^ — ' *- X- '; ^o 0^ ^ .•^ X"' %<. '-^^ >- w \^ ov-' c^. y .'^^s^^^ L^ <^. s^-^. -%.^^'