Electric ♦ * ♦ ♦ • TI)om^on-Hoa^ton Apparafa^. * GENERAL * • • « « * %v' • • • ELECTRIC Coi»\PAN*I. Boston, nass. New qorlj, N. *I. :\> GENERAL ELEGTRIG COMPANY. Electric Mghting Jland Book, flo. 1 ,..7.J The edition of this book is limited *and its issue to you is registered. tf-/^ J ' C 5k Electric Licrfytincr @ © ® ® ® fiand P>°°^- COMPILED BY AND ISSUED BY ^cireaa of Information, general Electric Company, BOSTON, MASS. First Edition Boston, 1892. 7W" & Copyrighted 1892 by General Electric Company. GE^E^AIi FO^MtJ LiAE. . = current in amperes. . = electromotive force. L. = resistance in ohms. V. = energy in watts. &«■£, C.R. = E., R. = f C. E. = W. W. E. 2 = R7 c - 2E - = W. 746 = H - P - W - = 746 H. P. w. Formulae giving the volts or amperes necessary for a given horse power on circuits of constant current, and constant potential, respectively. 746 H.P. (1) E. : (2) C. : C. X K. 746 H.P. E. X K. E. = potential of circuit. C. = amperes. K. = efficiency of machine. H.P. = horse power. GENERAL FORMULA FOR INCANDESCENT WIRING. c. m. = circular mils. d. = length of wire, in feet, on one side of circuit, n. = number of lamps in multiple. . c. = current in amperes, per lamp, v. = volts lost in lines. r. = resistance per foot of wire to be used. 10.8 ohms is the resistance of one mil-foot of commercial copper wire at 75° F. ,.,, 10.8 X 2d. X n. X c. (1) c. m. = (2) r ' = n. X c X 2d. Formulae 1 and 2 may be used for feeders, mains, branch mains, service wires and inside work on the direct current system, and for secondary wiring on the alternating system. (3) (4) PRIMARY WIRING, ALTERNATING SYSTEM. 10.8 X 2d. X c' c' X 2d. of = Total current in amperes on primary circuit. c" may be determined by dividing the total amount of current on the secondary circuits by the product of the ratio and efficiency of conversion. The ratio of conversion is 20 to 1 on 1000 volt apparatus and 40 to 1 on 2000 volt apparatus when using 52 volts on secondaries. The efficiency of conversion is 95%. Thus: To find total current (c') required on 1000 volt primary circuit having 500-16 c. p. lamps on secondary: — Current required on sec. for a 16 c. p. 52 v. lamp is 1.04 amp. Current required on pri. for a 16 c. p. 52 v. lamp would be 1.04 ^-^ = .0547 amp. Current required on primary for 500-16 c. p. 52 v. lamp would be 500 X .0547 = 27.35 amp. In determining the size of wire to be used for inside work, after finding the c. m. always refer to the table of "Safe Carrying Capacity 1 ' and see that the wire obtained by the formulae is suffi- ciently large to carry the current. If not, use larger wire regardless of percentage of loss. For line construction never use wire smaller than No. 8, B. & S. gauge. These formulae may be transposed to find v. — c. — n. — 2d. or c'. thus : (a) c. m. {/>) v. (J) n. Formula No. 2. {a) T ' ~ n. X c X 2d. (b) v. = n. X c X 2d. X r. (c) c. Formula No 10.8 X 2d. X n. X c. . 1 to c. 2d. c. m. X v. 10.8 X 2d. X n. X c. V. c. in. c. m. X v. ~~ 10.8 X 2d. c. m. X X n. v. 10.8 X 2d. X c 10.8 X c. X n. ' 2d. X n. X r. c. X 2d. X r. w n. X c X r. (a) c. m. (c) c'. Formula No. 3. 10.8 X 2d. X C. v. (*) v. 10.8 X 2d. X c'. e. m. cm. X v. 10.8 X 2d. (d) 2d. c. m. X v. — 10.8 X c'. Formula No. 4. (,,) r - = c'. X 2d. (l,) v.=r. XC. X2<1. w c '- = r^2d: <*> 2d -=5r^r For example : — If we wish to find the size of wire necessary when using 50-110 volt 16 c. p. lamps, 500 feet from the dynamo, allowing a loss of 3 volts in transmitting, we would proceed as follows: A 110 volt 16 c. p. lamp requires 0.58 amperes (see table on page 13) hence 50 X .58 = 29 amperes of current necessary, then 29 X 500 = 14500 ampere feet. Now referring to page 11, the nearest corresponding number under the column headed 3 (volts lost), we find the number 14790; following this line to the left we find under size wire, that No. is necessary for given loss of volts. In case we should care to lose 20 volts in transmitting we could use a No. 8 wire. Again, suppose we wish to transmit 70 amperes 1000 feet with a loss of 50 volts, we have 1000 X 70 = 70000 ampere feet; dividing this by 10 we have 7000. Also dividing volts lost by 10 we have 5. Now referring, as in the previous ex- ample, under column headed 5, we find the nearest number to 7000 is 7750, and as before we find the size wire to be No. 5. IT CORRESPONDING NUMBER /IRE. ).3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 ).6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.45 5.2 4.4 3.5 2.7 1.8 0.9 ).3 8.8 7.1 5.5 3.7 1.9 Ai 5 4 3 2 1 280 49400 39520 29640 19760 9880 )40 39200 31360 23520 15680 7840 590 31075 24860 18645 12430 6215 580 24650 19720 14790 9860 4930 160 19550 15640 11730 7820 3910 >00 15500 12400 9300 6200 3100 T60 12300 9840 7380 4920 2460 TOO 9750 7800 5850 3900 1950 300 7750 6200 4650 3100 1550 380 6150 4920 3690 2460 1230 326 3855 3084 2313 1542 771 no 2425 1940 1455 970 485 330 1525 1220 915 610 305 L52 960 768 576 384 192 '26 605 484 363 242 121 refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from whi ut 40 per cent. less. -COMBINATION WIRING TABLE.- MULTIPLY CURRENT IN AMPERES BY SINGLE DISTANCE AND REFER TO THE NEAREST CORRESPONDING NUMBER UNDER COLUMN OF ACTUAL VOLTS LOSS, TO FIND SIZE OF WIRE. CE NT AGE OF LO 2000 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 1000 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 500 6.5 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.3 3.9 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 220 13.7 12.0 11.0 10.3 9.3 8.3 6.5 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.45 110 - - 20.0 18.5 17.0 15.4 12.0 8.4 7.6 6.8 6.0 5.2 4.4 3.5 2.7 1.8 0.9 52 22.4 16.1 14.7 13.3 11.8 10.3 8.8 7.1 5.5 3.7 1.9 -ACTUAL VOLTS LOST.- ^Carrying Capacity Amperes. Size B. &S. 35 30 27.5 25 22.5 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 300 0000 345800 296400 271700 247000 222300 197600 148200 98800 88920 79040 69160 59280 49400 39520 29640 19760 9880 245 000 274400 235200 215600 196000 176400 156800 117600 78400 70560 62720 54880 47040 39200 31360 23520 15680 7840 215 00 217525 186450 170912 155375 139837 124300 93225 62150 55935 49720 43505 37290 31075 24860 18645 12430 6215 190 172550 147900 135575 123250 110925 98600 73950 49300 44370 39440 34510 29580 24650 19720 14790 9860 4930 160 1 136850 117300 107525 97750 87975 78200 58650 39100 35190 31280 27370 23460 19550 15640 11730 7820 3910 135 2 108500 93000 85250 77500 69750 62000 46500 31000 27900 24800 21700 18600 15500 12400 9300 6200 3100 115 3 86100 73800 67650 61500 55350 49200 36900 24600 22140 19680 17220 14760 12300 9840 7380 4920 2460 100 4 68250 58500 53625 48750 43875 39000 29250 19500 17550 15600 13650 11700 9750 7800 5850 3900 1950 90 5 54250 46500 42625 38750 34875 31000 23250 15500 13950 12400 10850 9300 7750 6200 4650 3100 1550 80 6 43050 36900 33825 30750 27675 24600 18450 12300 11070 9840 8610 7380 6150 4920 3690 2460 1230 60 8 26985 23130 21202 19275 17347 15420 11565 7710 6939 6168 5397 4626 3855 3084 2313 1542 771 40 10 16975 14550 13337 12125 10912 9700 7275 4850 4365 3880 3395 2910 2425 1940 1455 970 485 30 12 10675 9150 8388 7625 6862 6100 4575 3050 2745 2440 2135 1830 1525 1220 915 610 305 22 14 6720 5760 5280 4800 4320 3840 2880 1920 1728 1536 1344 1152 960 768 576 384 192 15 16 4235 3630 3328 3025 2723 2420 1815 1210 1089 968 847 726 605 484 363 242 121 NOTE.— In case a larger loss than any given in the table is required, proceed as follows :— Divide the ampere feet by 10 and then refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from which we find the size wire as before. * Safe carrying capacity of exposed wire as adopted by N. E. Insurance Exchange. Capacity of wires enclosed in moulding is about 40 per cent. less. . ■ ■ . . . T CORRESPONDING NUMBER fIRE. 1.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 .2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 \.l 2.2 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.45 >.2 4.4 3.5 2.7 1.8 0.9 1.3 8.8 7.1 5.5 3.7 1.9 5 4 3 2 1 !S0 49400 39520 29640 19760 9880 >40 39200 31360 23520 15680 7840 :90 31075 24860 18645 12430 6215 180 24650 19720 14790 9860 4930 t60 19550 15640 11730 7820 3910 |oo 15500 12400 9300 6200 3100 '60 12300 9840 7380 4920 2460 '00 9750 7800 5850 3900 1950 {00 7750 6200 4650 3100 1550 t80 6150 4920 3690 2460 1230 i26 3855 3084 2313 1542 771 110 2425 1940 1455 970 485 S30 1525 1220 915 610 305 52 960 768 576 384 192 26 605 484 363 242 121 refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from it 40 per cent. less. -COMBINATION WIRING TABLE. MULTIPLY CURRENT IN AMPERES BY SINGLE DISTANCE AND REFER TO THE NEAREST CORRESPONDING NUMBER UNDER COLUMN OF ACTUAL VOLTS LOSS, TO FIND SIZE OF WIRE. -PERCENTAGE OF LOSS.- 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 6.5 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.3 3.9 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 13.7 12.0 11.0 10.3 9.3 8.3 6.5 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.45 ~ - 20.0 18.5 17.0 15.4 12.0 8.4 7.6 6.8 6.0 5.2 4.4 3.5 2.7 1.8 0.9 -ACTUAL VOLTS LOST.- ♦Carrying Capacity Amperes. Size B. &S. 35 30 27.5 25 22.5 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 300 0000 345800 296400 271700 247000 222300 197600 148200 98800 88920 79040 69160 59280 49400 39520 29640 19760 9880 245 000 274400 235200 215600 196000 176400 156800 117600 78400 70560 62720 54880 47040 39200 31360 23520 15680 7840 215 00 217525 186450 170912 155375 139837 124300 93225 62150 55935 49720 43505 37290 31075 24860 18645 12430 6215 190 172550 147900 135575 123250 110925 98600 73950 49300 44370 39440 34510 29580 24650 19720 14790 9860 4930 160 1 136850 117300 107525 97750 87975 78200 58650 39100 35190 31280 27370 23460 19550 15640 11730 7820 3910 135 2 108500 93000 85250 77500 69750 62000 46500 31000 27900 24800 21700 18600 15500 12400 9300 6200 3100 115 3 86100 73800 67650 61500 55350 49200 36900 24600 22140 19680 17220 14760 12300 9840 7380 4920 2460 100 4 68250 58500 53625 48750 43875 39000 29250 19500 17550 15600 13650 11700 9750 7800 5850 3900 1950 90 5 54250 46500 42625 3S750 34875 31000 23250 15500 13950 12400 10850 9300 7750 6200 4650 3100 1550 80 6 43050 36900 33825 30750 27675 24600 18450 12300 11070 9840 8610 7380 6150 4920 3690 2460 1230 60 8 26985 23130 21202 19275 17347 15420 11565 7710 6939 6168 5397 4626 3855 3084 2313 1542 771 40 10 16975 14550 13337 12125 10912 9700 7275 4850 4365 3880 3395 2910 2425 1940 1455 970 485 30 12 10675 9150 8388 7625 6862 6100 4575 3050 2745 2440 2135 1830 1525 1220 915 610 305 22 14 6720 5760 5280 4800 4320 3840 2880 1920 1728 1536 1344 1152 960 768 576 384 192 15 16 4235 3630 3328 3025 2723 2420 1815 1210 1089 968 847 726 605 484 363 242 121 NOTE.-In case a larger loss than any given in the table is required, proceed as follows :— Divide the ampere feet by 10 and then refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from which we find the size wire as before. * Safe carrying capacity of exposed wire as adopted by N. E. Insurance Exchange. Capacity of wires enclosed in moulding is about 40 per cent. less. ' 1 • ! ALLOWABLE LOSS IN LINES. For the alternating system, under ordinary circumstances, 5% loss at full load from dynamo to transformers on primary circuits, is a maximum. For long distances a larger loss, generally 10%, may be allowed if the dynamo is specially wound to overcome a heavy loss. A loss of from 1% to 2% may be allowed on secondary circuits from transformers to lamps. The special rules of the General Electric Company should be strictly followed on all outside construction. The rules and requirements of the Insurance Exchange must also be carried out. In order to obtain the best results in central station work, the feeders and mains should be so arranged as to give as even a potential as is possible at all points and great care should be taken to obtain the proper centre of distribution. Transformers in the alternating system and service wires in the direct current system, should be connected to mains or branches and not to feeders. 12 CONDUCTORS. The Weight and Resistance per mile of round wire, where d. is the diameter in mils, are : Weight. Resistance at 75° d 2 . n 56970 , For copper wire .... „ lbs. — -p — ■ ohms. ^ . . d 2 . „ 380060 , For iron wire Hrt lbs. — ^ — ohms. 72 d 2 . Copper wire is approximately 1 1-7 times the weight of an iron wire of the same size. A copper wire 334 circular mils in cross section and 1000 feet in length, weighs one pound. The Percentage Conductivity of any wire is found by multiplying the resistance of a pure wire of the same length and weight at the same temperature by 100, and dividing the product by the resistance of the wire as measured. LAMP FORMULA. C. = current in amperes. E. = electromotive force in volts. R. = -r^ = resistance of lamp, hot. C. P. = candle power of lamp. W. c. p. = watts per candle power (a measure of efficiency of lamp). One electrical H. P. = 746 watts. C X E. Watts per C. P. = ^ p 746 Number candles per electrical H. P. = ^ — As the efficiency of conversion of good dynamos is 90%, the calculations of candles per electrical H. P. must be multiplied by this factor to give the number of candles per mechanical horse power. 13 s ooo.ocown^Mw OfflCOWOt-MWOH iSC'MCO i« Ol COflCMH & c 01 oj ■«*i oi rn ic cc o< c cd = ^ dc '-' y" -+' -#' 01 -it^rt'x ciiHH^ct^o' •■# © XiCMr.OH<-*M(f< CD M Ol e X lO r- 1 l~- co ooico r-i co ffi eo eo tH »o CO CO t- DC 01 DC -h X X X 1 - r; *k 0- p. > ' i-i iH in' < 10 ed d ■a .bo pl! OfflOC(MO-*iOO«0 H H tl »l CO iO C I- ; Mi* OfflOCfflO^iOOiOO HHlMCMCOiOSt-CMiO S H 2 u CD E 0) +-' c/) toll \ J CO 'g f2 h; tH =D 0) -3 0- 3S»Ssr^52 £- --------- -5 s 1 O o E O > E-i u 05 o 3 o booeo t-^MNNHHTjIOXt- C 3888.3 CttMOOb- o;«fflot-coo 0"*oo 000 coooo E < c ; :: » c m ^ x 1.1 — i- ■* t> r. h ■* « ?. it. a * o * CO 00 O OI DC •- D CD © O ■ i-i r-i r-i o co Q Z o z ! Ph o»oc«o-*woco osocfjo^iooioo e DfflCiOfl D-ClCOLOO H i-l Ol 0-1 CO ICC CC t- CD 01 1C i % S":':":':':"::"::: O- - - » - - » - - - > 14 INCANDESCENT LAMPS. For Alternating Street System. Designated by Amperes and Candle-Power. Amperes. C. P. Volts. Watts per Lamp. Watts per C. P. Hot Resistance. 3.50 20 20. 70.0 3.50 5.71 " 25 25. 87.5 " 7.14 " 30 30. 105.0 " 8.57 " 40 40. 140:0 " 11.43 " 50 50. 175.0 " 14.29 5.50 20 12.73 70.0 3.50 2.31 " 25 15.91 87.5 " 2.89 " 30 19.09 105.0 " 3.47 " 40 25.45 140.0 " 4.63 " 50 31.82 175.0 " 5.79 FOR USE WITH DISTRIBUTOR ON ARC CIRCUITS. *1.32 20 51.06 67.6 3.38 38.56 tl.21 20 54.66 66.0 3.30 45.27 *Called F 12, used 5 or 6 in mult, on 1200 C. P. circuits. tCalled F 2, used 8 org in mult, on 2000 C. P. circuits. FOR USE ON ARC CIRCUITS. 6 Amp. Lamps are designated by star; 9.7 Amp. Lamps are designated by crescent^ 6.6 20 10.57 70.0 3.50 1.60 " 25 13.22 87.5 " 2.00 " 32 16.92 112.0 " 2.56 " 65 34.37 227.5 " 5.19 " 125 66.09 437.5 " 9.98 9.7 20 7.25 70.0 3.50 .75 " 25 9.06 87.5 " .94 " 32 11.59 112.0 " 1.20 " 65 23.55 227.5 2.44 " 125 45.29 437.5 " 4.69 Circ ,T LAMPS. '.istance in feet one way (not 2d.) Volts %I 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 285 249 222 199 166 142 124 111 99 212 186 165 148 124 106 93 82 74 No. B 139 122 109 98 81 70 61 54 49 ooc 70 61 56 49 41 35 30 28 24 oc 54 48 43 38 32 27 24 21 19 c 44 38 34 31 25 22 19 17 15 34 30 27 24 20 17 15 13 12 27 24 21 18 16 13 12 10 9 21 19 17 15 12 10 9 8 7 17 15 13 12 10 8 7 6 6 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 5 10 9 8 7 6 5 8 7 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 Circular Mils for different % Loss. WIRE TABLE FOR 16 C. P., 52 VOLT LAMPS. Figures at top of columns indicate the number of Lamps. Figures in columns give distance in feet one way (not 2d.) Volts Lost .29 .52 .79 1.06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Loss. % 1 1% 2 211600 9984 4992 3328 2496 1996 1664 1426 1248 1109 998 832 713 624 554 499 399 333 285 249 222 199 166 142 124 111 99 211600 157701 7441 3720 2480 1860 1488 1240 1063 930 826 744 620 531 465 413 372 297 248 212 186 165 148 124 106 93 82 74 No. B. & S. 211600 139281 103803 4898 2449 1632 1224 979 816 699 612 544 489 408 349 306 272 244 195 163 139 122 109 98 81 70 61 54 49 0000 211600 105800 69640 51901 2449 1224 816 612 489 408 349 306 279 245 204 174 153 139 122 98 81 70 61 56 49 41 35 30 28 24 000 167805 83902 55226 41159 1942 971 647 485 388 323 269 242 215 194 161 134 121 107 97 77 64 54 48 43 38 32 27 24 21 19 00 133079 66539 43798 32642 1540 770 513 385 308 256 220 192 171 154 128 110 96 85 77 61 51 44 38 34 31 25 22 19 17 15 105592 52796 34751 25899 1222 611 407 305 244 203 174 152 135 122 101 87 76 67 61 48 40 34 30 27 24 20 17 15 13 12 1 83694 41847 27544 20528 968 484 322 242 179 161 138 121 107 96 80 69 60 53 48 36 32 27 24 21 18 16 13 12 10 9 2 66373 33186 21844 16280 768 384 256 192 153 128 109 96 85 76 64 54 48 42 38 30 25 21 19 17 15 12 10 9 8 7 3 52634 26317 17322 12910 609 304 203 152 121 101 87 76 67 60 50 43 38 33 30 24 20 17 15 13 12 10 8 7 6 6 4 41742 20871 13737 10238 483 241 161 120 96 80 69 60 53 48 40 34 30 26 24 19 16 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 5 5 33102 16551 10894 8119 383 191 127 95 76 63 54 47 42 38 31 27 23 21 19 15 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 6 26250 13125 8639 6438 303 151 101 75 60 50 43 37 33 30 25 21 18 16 15 12 10 8 7 6 6 5 7 20816 10408 6850 5105 240 120 80 60 48 40 33 30 26 24 20 16 15 13 12 9 8 6 6 5 8 16509 8254 5433 4049 191 95 63 47 38 31 27 23 21 19 15 13 11 10 9 7 6 5 10 10381 5190 3416 120 60 40 30 24 20 17 14 13 12 10 8 7 6 6 12 6530 3265 75 37 25 18 15 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 14 4107 47 23 15 11 9 7 6 5 5 16 2582 29 14 9 7 5 • • 1 Circular Mils for different % Loss. WIRING TABLE FOR 1000 VOLT PRIMARY CIRCUITS ALT. SYSTEM. Figures at top of columns indicate number of amperes. Figures in columns indicate distance to centre of distribution (not 2d.) Volts Lost 11.1 20.4 30.9 41.6 52.5 63.6 86.8 111.1 - 2 • « 5 6 ■ 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 . 55 60 65 70 75 %Loss. 1234568 10 211600 1088368 544184 302780 272192 217673 181394 130000 10SS63 90697 77740 68048 60464 54418 43534 36278 31096 27219 24185 21767 1978S 18134 107(1 15518 14484 211600 165318 850318 425159 283430 212579 170063 141719 106289 85031 70859 60737 53144 47239 42515 34012 28343 24294 21257 18895 17006 15460 14171 13081 12147 11337 211000 15: ; 121131 623044 311522 207681 155761 124608 103840 77880 62304 51920 44503 38940 34613 31152 24921 20768 17801 15576 13845 12460 11328 10384 9585 8900 8307 211000 1740110 127084 00000 514305 257152 138101 128576 102861 69050 64288 51430 34525 36736 32144 23016 25715 20572 13810 14665 12857 11429 10286 9351 0005 7912 7332 6857 211000 107007 138405 101411 70230 407526 203763 135842 101881 81505 67921 50940 40752 33960 29109 25470 22640 20376 16301 13584 11643 10188 9056 8150 -400 6792 6269 5821 5433 21 1000 157174 12 45 41 102805 75327 58851 302705 151352 100901 70676 60541 50450 35338 30270 25225 21621 17669 16816 15135 12108 10090 8648 7067 6726 6054 5503 5045 4657 4324 4036 No.B.SS. 211601) 13!«i!l(! 103705 82221 07874 49730 3885:; 199844 99922 66614 49961 39968 33307 24980 19984 16653 12847 12490 11102 9992 7993 6661 5709 4996 4440 3996 3633 3330 3074 2854 2664 0000 211800 1 If, 135 7001 1 50100 41738 30030 27059 21160 108738 54369 36246 27184 21747 18123 13592 10873 9061 7767 6786 6041 5436 4349 3624 3106 2718 2416 2174 1977 1812 1672 1553 1449 000 107805 1113(1:-. 00270 44774 35478 29286 21459 16774 86233 43116 28744 21558 17246 14372 10779 8623 7186 6159 5389 4790 4311 3449 2874 2463 2155 1916 1724 1567 1437 1326 1231 II 10 00 l:i307!l 72-110 47805 33105 28136 23430 17018 13205 68387 34198 22795 17099 13677 11397 8549 6838 5698 4885 4274 3799 3419 2735 2279 1953 1709 1519 1367 1243 1139 1052 976 911 105592 57454 37101 28174 22325 18428 13503 10540 54262 27131 18086 13565 10852 9043 6782 5426 4521 3875 3391 3014 2713 2170 1808 1550 1356 1205 1085 986 904 884 775 728 1 83094 45538 3000.1 22331 170,05 14606 10702 43009 21504 14336 10752 8601 7168 5376 4300 3584 3072 2688 2389 2150 1720 1433 1228 1075 055 860 781 716 661 614 573 2 66373 36114 23813 17710 14033 11584 34108 17054 11369 8527 6821 5684 4263 3410 2842 2436 2131 1894 1705 1364 1136 974 852 757 682 620 568 524 487 454 3 52684 28630 18007 14044 11128 27048 13524 9016 6767 5409 4507 3383 2704 2004 1932 1691 1336 1352 1081 901 772 676 601 540 491 450 416 386 860 4 41742 22712 14994 1 1 137 21450 10725 7150 5362 4290 3575 2681 2145 1787 1532 1340 1191 1072 858 715 612 536 476 429 390 5 33102 18010 11801 17010 8505 5670 4252 3402 2835 2126 1701 1417 1215 1063 945 850 680 567 486 425 PRIMARY CURRENT lil-qniinl for ,',2 Kill lumoHor, Ham v Efficiency of convention fin per 6 20250 14283 13490 6745 4496 3372 2698 2248 1686 1349 1124 963 843 749 674 539 449 iar- 7 20816 11326 10697 5348 3565 2674 2139 1782 1337 1069 891 764 668 594 534 427 16 C. P. .0547 Amp. 8 16509 8483 4241 2827 2120 1696 1413 1060 848 706 605 530 471 424 20 " .0684 S 13091 6728 3364 2243 1682 1345 1121 841 672 560 480 420 25 .0857 10 103S1 5380 2690 1793 1345 1076 896 672 538 448 388 82 .1094 MOTOR WIRING FORMULA. e. = potential of motor. d. = distance from gen. to motor, v. = volts lost in lines. k. = efficiency of motor. 10.8 = resistance in ohms of 1 ft. of 97% pure copper wire one mil in diameter. h. p. of motor X 746 X 2d. X 10.8 C ' m - = e. X v. X k. To find size of wire from c. m. see table, page 23. MOTOR EFFICIENCY. V/ 2 h.v 75% 3 h. p ... 80% 5 h. p 80% 1% h. P- and upwards ■ 90% AMPERES PER H. P. OF MOTORS AT DIFFERENT EFFICIENCIES AND VOLTAGES. VOLTS. At 100% At 90% At 85% 110 6.78 amperes 7.54 amperes 7.98 amperes 220 3.39 3.77 3.99 500 1.49 1.66 1.75 20 TABLE OF CIRCULAR MILS REQUIRED TO TRANSMIT 100 H. P. 1000 FEET (FROM GENERATOR) AT DIFFERENT PRESSURES AND PER CENT. LOSSES. EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR 90%. E.M.F. at Motor. 10% Loss. 15% Loss. 20% Loss. 25% Loss. 33%% Loss. 500 volts 64455.04 40582.52 28646.40 21484.88 14318.88 1000 " 16113.76 10145.63 7161.60 5371.22 3579.72 1500 " 7161.67 4509.17 3182.93 2387.21 1590.98 2000 " 4028.44 2536.41 1790.40 1342.80 894.93 3000 " 1790.42 1127.29 795.73 596.80 . 397.74 6000 " 447.60 281.82 198.93 149.20 99.43 A very convenient formula by which can be calculated the Cir- cular Mils, assuming the above conditions of H. P. and distance transmitted, for 1000 volts is 1790400 CM.- where v. is volts lost. The Circular Mils vary directly as the H. P. and distance trans- mitted and inversely as the square of the electro-motive force. The cost of copper for long distance transmission varies directly with the horse power transmitted and as the square of the dis- tance. 21 The H. P. required at Generator pulley under certain con- ditions is as follows : EFFICIENCY OF GENERATOR 90%. EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR 90%. % Drop in line. 10 15 20 25 33^ Efficiency of System. 72.9 68.85 64.80 60.75 54.00 H. P. required when transm'g. 100 H. P. 137.16 145.24 154.32 164.61 185.18 H. P. delivered to Motor. 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 The H. P. at Generator pulley and also the H. P. delivered to Motor varies directly as the H. P. output of Motor. E. M. F. AT GENERATOR FOR 1000 VOLTS AT MOTOR. 1111.11 . 10% loss 1176.47 . . . • 15% " 1250.00 . . 20% " 1333.33 . . . 25% « 1500.15 . j. • 33^%" FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION. TABLE OF VOLTS LOST AT DIFFERENT % LOSS, AND DIFFERENT VOLTAGES. [Voltage. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 33/ 3 % 110 5.7 12.2 19.4 27.5 36.4 55. 220 11.5 24.4 38.8 55. 73.2 110. 500 26.3 55.5 88.2 125. 166. 250. 1000 52.6 111.1 176.4 250. 333. 500. 1500 78.9 166.6 264.7 375. 500. 750. 2000 105.2 222.2 352.9 500. 666. 1000. 3000 157.8 333.3 529.4 750. 1000. 1500. LOSS IN VOLTS AT DIFFERENT PER CENT. LOSSES ON LIGHTING OR POWER CIRCUITS. Volts %% 1% v/ 2 % 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 52 .26 .52 .792 1.06 75 .376 .757 1.14 1.53 2.31 3.12 3.94 4.78 5.64 6.52 7.41 8.33 104 .522 1.05 1.58 2.12 110 .552 1.11 1.67 2.24 3.4 4.58 5.78 7.02 8.28 9.56 10.88 12.22 220 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 6.6 8.8 11. 13.2 15.4 17.6 19.8 22. 500 2.5 5.0 7.5 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35.0 40. 45. 50. 1000 5.02 10.1 15.23 20.41 30.92 41.66 52.63 63.83 75.26 86.95 98.90 111.11 23 TABLE OF DIMENSIONS AND RESISTANCES OF COPPER WIRE. Area BARE WIRE. UNDERWRITERS WIRE. Gauge No. Diam. Circ. Mils B. and S. Mills. Lbs. per Lbs. per Feet per Lbs. per Lbs. per Feet per Gauge. 1000 ft. Mile. pound. 1000 ft. Mile pound. 0000 460. 211600. 640.73 3383.04 1.56 800 4224. 1.25 000 410. 167800. 508.12 2682.8.") 1.97 666 3516. 1.50 00 365. 133100. 402.97 2127.66 2.48 500 2640. 2.00 325. 105600. 319.74 1688.20 3.13 363 1917. 2.75 1 289. 83690. '253.43 1338.10 3.95 313 1653. 3.20 2 258. 66370. 200.98 1061.17 4.98 250 1320. 4.00 3 229. 52630. 159. 3S 841.50 6.2S 200 1056. 5.00 4 204. 41740. 126.40 667.38 7.91 144 760. 6.9 5 182. 33100. 100.23 529.23 9.98 125 660. 8.0 6 162. 26250. 79.49 419.69 12.58 105 554. 9.5 7 144. 20820. 63.03 332.82 15.86 87 301. 11.5 8 128. 16510. 49.99 263.96 20.00 69 364. 14.5 9 114. 13090. 39.65 209.35 25.22 10 102. 10380. 31.44 105.98 31.81 50 264. 20.0 11 91. 8234. 24.93 131.65 40.11 12 81. 6530. 19.77 104.40 50.58 31 164. 32.0 13 72. 5178. 15.68 82.792 63.78 14 64. 4106. 12.44 65.658 80.42 22 116. 45.0 15 57. 3257. 9.S6 52.069 101.40 16 51. 2583. 7.82 41.292 127.87 14 74. 70.0 17 45. 2048. 6.20 32.746 161.24 18 40. 1624. 4.92 25.970 203.31 11 58. 90 19 36. 1288. 3.90 20.594 256.39 20 32. 1021. 3.09 16.331 323.32 Approximate weight of weather proof triple braid line wire is 10% less than the weight of underwriter's wire as given above. 24 TABLE OF DIMENSIONS AND RESISTANCES OF COPPER WIRE.— Continued. Gauge *Safe Carry- ing Capacity. Ohms per Ohms Feet Area C. M. No. Cur. in Amp. 1000 feet. per Mile. per Ohm. B. W. G. 0000 300 .04904 .25891 20392.9 206100 000 245 .06184 .32649 16172.1 180600 00 215 .07797 .41168 12825.4 144400 190 .09827 .51885 10176.4 115600 1 160 .12398 .65460 8066.0 90000 2 135 .15633 .82543 6396.7 80660 3 115 .19714 1.04090 5072.5 67080 4 100 .24858 1.31248 4022.9 56640 5 90 .31346 1.65507 3190.2 48400 6 80 .39528 2.08706 2529.9 41210 7 67 .49845 2.63184 2006.2 32400 8 60 .62849 3.31843 1591.1 27230 9 .79242 4.18400 1262.0 21900 10 40 .99948 5.27726 1000.5 17960 11 1.2602 6 65357 793.56 14400 12 30 1.5890 8.39001 629.32 11810 13 2.0037 10.5798 499.06 9025 14 22 2.5266 13.3405 395.79 6889 15 3.1860 16.8223 313.87 5184 16 15 4.0176 21.2130 248.90 4225 17 5.0660 26.7485 197.39 3364 18 10 6.3880 33.7285 156.54 2400 19 8.0555 42.5329 124.14 1764 20 5 10.1584 53.6362 98.44 1230 Eesistance of 1 ft. commercial copper wire 1 mil in diameter, 10 8 = 10.8 ohms. — '— = c. m. where r. = resistance of wire per foot. Resistance of copper increases .21 of 1% for each degree of in- creased temperature Fahrenheit. * Safe carrying capacity of exposed wire as adopted by N. E. I; change. Carrying capacity of wires enclosed in moulding is about 40% less, 25 TABLE OF THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRES WHEN INCLOSED. The safe carrying capacity of a wire is the current (in amperes) which it will convey without raising its temperature above a certain specified amount. This limit changes under different circumstances, and is about forty per cent, less when the wire is inclosed in a tube or moulding than when exposed to the air, so that the heat is readily radiated. It must be clearly under- stood that the size of the fuse depends upon the size of the smallest conductor it protects, and not upon the amount of current to be used on the circuit. Below is a table showing the safe carry- ing capacity of conductors of different sizes, according to the Brown & Sharp and Birmingham gauges, which must be followed in the placing of interior conductors : Brown & Sharp. Birmingham. Gauge No. Amperes.* Gauge No. Amperes.* 0000 175 0000... 175 000 145 000... 150 00 120 00... 130 100 0... 110 1 95 1... 95 2 70 2... 85 3 60 3... 4... 75 4 50 65 5 45 5... 60 6 35 6... 50 7 30 7... 45 8 25 8... 35 10 20 10... 30 12 15 12... 20 14 10 14... 15 16 5 16... 10 18... 5 * Safe carrying capacity of enclosed wire as adopted by the National Electro- Insurance Bureau and Boston Board of Fire Underwriters. 26 EQUIVALENT CROSS SECTIONS OF WIRES. BROWN & SHARP GAUGE. 0000 000 2— 4— 3 8— 6 16— 9 32—15 64—15 2— 1 4- 4 8- 7 16—10 32-Yc 61—16 2-2 4- 5 8— 8 16—11 32—14 64—17 2- 3 4— 6 8— 9 16—12 32— U 64—18 2-4 4— 7 8—10 16—13 32— If 2— 5 4— 8 8-11 16—14 32-r 2— 6 4— 9 8—12 16—15 32 — IS 5 2— 7 4—10 8—13 16—16 2— 8 4—11 8—14 16—17 2— 9 4—12 8—15 16—18 2—10 4—13 8—16 2—11 4—14 8-17 2—12 4—15 8-1S 2—13 4—16 2—14 4—17 2—15 4—18 2—16 2—17 2—18 12 13 14 15 16 General Instructions INSTALLATION AND CARE DYNAMOS. 29 INSTALLING THE DYNAMO. Location and Mounting". The dynamo should be located in a cool, dry room, free from dust, metal chips, or flying particles of any sort. It must not be placed in a room where moisture is liable to col- lect. Basements are often very objectionable on this account. The dynamo should be set upon a firm, level, well-seasoned wood or brick foundation (preferably brick). Care must be taken to in- sulate the frame of the dynamo from earth. Space should be left around the machine to give ample room for reaching all parts of it, particularly the commutator end. Driving* Power. The driving power should have character- istics of steadiness and regularity of speed, and should always be sufficient to drive the dynamo with its full load, in addition to the other work which it may be called upon to sustain. Unsatisfac- tory results are always obtained in attempting to run a dynamo on an overloaded engine. Wooden bed plates are supplied, when ordered, for all Spherical Armature Dynamos, and for Bipolar Dynamos from Class D 2 to D 15 inclusive, and iron bed plates are supplied for alternating current machines and for Bipolar Dynamos from Class D 20 to D 90 inclusive. All machines are fitted with a ratchet and screw bolt, so that they may be moved backward or forward on the bed plate in a direction at right angles to the armature shaft. By this means the driving belt may be tightened or loosened at will while the machine is in operation. Care should be taken in tightening the belt not to bind the bearings of the armature and force the oil from between the surfaces of the shaft and boxes ; such practice will inevitably cause heating of the bearings and consequent injury. Machines are assembled, unless ordered otherwise, so that the armature revolves from left to right when the observer faces the pulley end of the shaft. All bipolar dynamos, however, may be driven in either direction by reversing the brushes and crossing the brush cables. Pulley. The machine is provided with a pulley of the proper size to transmit the power demanded, and a smaller one should not 30 be substituted unless special permission be obtained from the Company. When driving from a countershaft, or when belted directly to the main shaft, a loose pulley or belt holder should be used to ad- mit of starting and stopping the dynamo while the shafting is running. Belts. A thin double or heavy single belt should be used, about a half inch narrower than the face of the pulley on the dynamo. An endless belt, one without lacing, gives the greatest steadiness to the lights. Bolts and I^uts. All bolts and nuts must be firmly screwed down. All nuts which form part of electrical connections should receive special attention. Commutator and Brushes. The commutator brushes are carefully ground to fit the commutator, and they should be set in the holders so as to bear evenly upon its surface. On machines where two or more brushes are supported on one spindle, the brushes on the same side of the commutator must be set so that they touch the same segments in the same manner. The brushes on the other side of the commutator must be set so as to bear on the segments diametrically opposite. When the brushes are not so set it is impossible to run the machine without sparking. A convenient method of determining the proper bearing point for the brushes is to set the toe of one brush at the line of insulation, dividing two segments of the commutator; then count the dividing lines for one-half the way around the surface, and set the other brush or brushes at the line diametrically opposite the first. Thus, on the forty-four segment commutator, after setting the tip of one brush at a line of insulation, count around twenty-two lines, set- ting the other brush at the twenty-second line, thus bringing the tips directly opposite each other. The angle which the brushes form with the surface of the commutator should be carefully noted, and the brushes should not be allowed to wear, so as to increase or decrease this angle. Careless handling of the machine is at once indicated by the brushes being worn either to a nearly square end, or to a long taper, in which the forward wires of the brush far out- run the back or inside wires. Either condition cannot fail to be attended with excessive wear of both commutator and brushes. After the brushes are set in contact with the commutator, the armature should never be rotated backward. If it is required to 31 turn the armature back, raise the brushes from the commutator by the thumb screw on the holder provided for that purpose, before allowing such rotation. When starting a machine, it is always better to let the brushes down upon the commutator after the machine has started rather than before. See that the bearings of the machine are clean and free from grit, and that the oil reservoirs are filled with a good quality of lubri- cating oil. The oil reservoirs should always be examined before starting, and all loose grit removed. After starting the machine, the oil should all be drawn off at the end of each day's run for the first three or four days, after which it can be assumed that any remain- ing grit has been carried off with the oil, and it will only be necessary to add a little fresh oil once in seven to ten days. STARTING THE DYNAMO. Fill the oil reservoirs of the dynamo and see that the automatic oiling rings are free to move. In the case of dynamos fitted with oil cups, start the oil running at a moderate rate. Too little oil will result in heating and injury of the bearings ; but on the other hand, excessive lubrication is unnecessary, wasteful, and sometimes productive of harm. When the dynamo is ready to be started, place the driving belt on the pulley on the armature shaft, and then slip it from the loose pulley or belt holder on to the driving pulley on the counter shaft. Tighten the belt, by means of the ratchet on the bedplate, just suffi- ciently to keep it from slipping. Care should be taken not to put more pressure than is necessary on new bearings ; carelessness in this respect is often followed by heating of the boxes, and possible permanent injury. The brushes may now be let down upon the commutator, and the field switch closed. The magnets will be slowly energized. Move the brushes slowly backward or forward by means of the yoke handle, until there is no sparking at the lower brushes. Clamp the yoke in this position. If the top brushes then spark, move them slightly, one at a time, forward or backward in the brush-holder until their non-sparking point is found. 32 The spring pressure exerted upon the commutator brushes should be just sufficient to produce a good contact without causing cutting. If the brushes cut, the commutator must be smoothed by the use of sandpaper, not emery cloth. The dynamo should run, without load, at the speed given by the Company, and this speed should be uniformly maintained under all conditions. In the case of Incandescent dynamos any increase of speed, above that given, is prejudicial to the life of the lamps, while a variation below causes unsatisfactory lights. Polarity. Before the load is put on, the dynamo should be tested for polarity. This may be done by holding a small pocket compass near the field or pole piece. In a spherical armature dynamo the right-hand field facing the commutator should be the north pole. In a bipolar dynamo, the left-hand field facing the commutator should be the north pole. If the dynamo is connected to be run in multiple with another machine and happens to be polarized wrong, it can be given the right polarity by lifting the brushes from the commutator, closing the field switch, and then closing the double-pole switch used to throw it in multiple with the other machine, which is supposed to be now running. After the current has been allowed to pass through the fields for a few mo- ments, the double-pole switch can be thrown open, and if a test with the compass is again made the polarity will be found to be right, and the dynamo is ready to be started in the usual manner. In starting, for the first time, a bipolar dynamo which is to be run in multiple with a spherical armature dynamo, the above instructions should always be followed. If the dynamo is to be used in series with another on the three wire system, and is found to be polarized wrong, it can be given the right polarity by making a temporary connection from the positive brush of the new machine to the positive brush of the machine already in operation ; and also a temporary connection from negative brush to negative brush, having first raised the brushes from the commutator and closing the field switch. Keep this connection for a few minutes, then open the field switch and break the temporary connections. Another test with the compass will show that the polarity of the machine is now correct, and the dynamo is ready to be started in the usual manner. Assuming that the lamps and lines are all ready, the follow- ing 1 precautions must be observed when starting the dynamo: — Be very careful that the brushes are properly set, and diametri- cally opposite each other, as explained before. Be sure that all connections are securely made, and all nuts on the connection boards firmly set. In cases where two or more dynamos are connected in multiple by the use of the equalizing connection, care should be taken that the circuit wires from both positive brushes be connected to the same side of the main line, while those from the negative are con- nected to the other side. The diagram on page 91 shows two spherical armature type dynamos connected in multiple with the "equalizer," and the diagram on page 111 shows the same connections for two bipolar dynamos. A neat arrangement of the equalizing connection can be made by using triple-pole switches on the switchboard, instead of double- pole switches, and making the equalizing connections through the center pole of the switch, instead of running a cable direct from one dynamo to the other. This method is especially desirable where three or more dynamos are run in multiple. Page 95 shows the use of Transfer Switches on the three-wire system. When dynamos are connected in series, as in the cases where the three-wire system is in use, the leading wire from the positive brush of one machine is connected to the negative brush of the other. The other two brushes (negative and positive) are con- nected to the main wires on the outside of the system, while the third or center wire is connected to the conductor between the two dynamos. See diagram on page 93. 34 CARE OF THE DYNAMO. Every part of the machine should he kept scrup- ulously clean. Keep the bearings well supplied . with oil. Only the hest quality of mineral oil should be used. Insulations. Keep all insulations free from dust or gritty substances. They should be carefully cleaned at least once a day. Connections. If any of the connections of the machine be- come heated, examination will show that the metal surfaces are not clean or not in perfect contact. Ice and Water. Avoid the use of water or ice on the bear- ings in case of accidental heating, as the water may get to the armature and injure the insulation. The Commutator should be kept clean and allowed to polish or glaze itself while running. No oil is necessary unless the brushes cut, and then only at the point of cutting. A cloth slightly greased with vaseline is best for the purpose. Never use sandpaper on the commutator without first lifting the brushes. Otherwise, the grit will stick to the brushes and cut the com- mutator. The Brushes. Care should be taken to keep the com- mutator brushes in good shape, and not to allow them to be worn out of square; that is, too much to one side, so that the end is not worn at right angles to the lateral edges. When the machine is not running, the brushes should always be raised from the commutator. The brushes should be kept carefully cleaned, and no oil or dirt allowed to accumulate upon them. This can be done by wash- ing them occasionally in benzine or a hot solution of soda ash. The diagrams on page 35 show the brushes as correctly ground and set, also in other conditions and positions too often seen. Fig. 1 shows the brushes properly ground, and set in their proper position on the commutator, diametrically opposite each other. It will be noticed that a line drawn perpendicularly to the plane of the brush makes an angle of 45 degrees with the line representing the bearing surface of the brush. This angle should neither be in- creased, as shown in Fig. 2, nor diminished, as shown in Fig. 3. 36 In Figs. 2 and 3 the position of both A and B relatively to the dotted line should be noted. In Fig. 2 the brushes are set too flatly, and have worn away until the ends curl up. In Fig. 3 the brushes are also set badly, being too much depressed. It may seem that the illustrations are overdrawn, but brushes have been returned showing the faults noted in Fig 2, and others showing the faults of those in Fig. 3, while still others have been received, taken from the same dynamo, one of which resembled A in Fig. 2, and the other B in Fig. 3. Gauge and Jig". The Company has prepared a gauge which should be used occasionally to test the wearing of the brushes. If they are found to be worn either too flatly or too bluntly, they should be filed into proper shape, or, better still, ground on a grindstone. The company will furnish with each machine a suit- able jig or holder in which to place the brush while filing or grinding it. The Spindles upon which the brush-holders are arranged to slide, should be cleaned with emery cloth often enough to prevent tarnishing or the collection of dirt, which might cause heating by impairing the electrical connection. The Brush Holders, which can be moved laterally on the spindle by which they are supported, should be so arranged that the top and bottom brushes will bear on different parts of the length of the commutator, for the purpose of distributing the wear more uniformly. Jl 37 HOT BOXES. For an inexperienced person the most natural thing to do in case of a hot box is to shnt the machine down, but this should never be done until the following alternatives have been tried and have failed : 1st. Lighten the load. 2d. Slacken the belt. 3d. Loosen the caps on the boxes a little. 4th. Put more oil in bearings. 5th. If all the above fail to remedy the heating, use a heavy lubricant, such as vaseline or cylinder oil. Should the heating then diminish, the shaft must be polished with crocus cloth and the boxes scraped at the end of the day. 6th. Under no conditions put ice upon the bearing, unless you are perfectly familiar with such a procedure. 7th. If it is absolutely necessary to shut down, get the belt off as soon as possible, keeping the machine revolving meanwhile in order to prevent sticking, and at the same time take off the caps of the bearings. Do not stop the flow of oil to the bearings. When the caps have been taken off, stop the machine and get the linings out immediately, and allow them to cool in the air. Do not throw the linings into cold water, as it would be apt to spring them. Scraping should be done only by an experienced person, other- wise the linings may be ruined. Polish the shaft with crocus cloth or, if cut badly, file with a very fine file and afterward polish with crocus. Wipe the shaft as well as the boxes very carefully, as perhaps grit has been the cause of the hot box. Inspect the bearings, see that they are in line, that the shaft has not been sprung, and that the oil collar does not bear against the box. 39 3T(STI0N EQUIPMENT. On the following pages is given the standard list of Station Equipment required for the Arc System and the Incandescent, hoth Alternating and Direct. Of the instruments for an alternating current installation the exciter current indicator may be dispensed with when using only one alternator and one exciter, but when using two dynamos and two exciters it is advisable to have a current indicator in circuit with each exciter. When exciting two dynamos with one exciter a current indicator should be used. In direct current systems, when running two dynamos in multi- ple, it will be necessary to use an equalizing cable. Diagrams on pages 91 and 111 show the method of connecting this cable. 41 STANDARD LIST OF APPARATUS FOR STATION EQUIPMENT. PARTS REQUIRED FOR ARC SYSTEM. Cat. No. No. required for One Two Each Add'l. Regulator and Controller, included with dynamo 1 2 1 1751 Type A Lightning Arrester (two re- quired for each circuit) . 2 - - S600 Magneto to ring through 15,000 ohms . 1 1 - 10-18 Ammeter 1 1 - 1773 Ammeter Jack and Plug (only one plug necessary) .... 1 2 IJack Switch Board (2-4-6-8-12-16-20-24 circuit) 1 1 PARTS REQUIRED FOR DIRECT INCANDESCENT SYSTEM. Cat. No. No. required for One Two Each Add'l. 7421 Type 141 Kheostat f or D 2 . 1 2 1 7419 " 165 " " D3 . 1 2 1 7422 " 142 " " D5 . 1 2 1 7425 " 145 " " D 7>£ to D90 incl. 1 2 1 8100 Type B Lightning Arrester . 2 4 2 7694 Ground Detector Main Line Switch D. P. S. T. (when 1 1 using one dynamo) .... 1 2 1 Main Line Switch T. P. S. T. (when running two dynamos in multiple) - 1 - Field Switch (except with Spherical Type) 1 2 1 Current Indicator 1 2 1 Voltmeter 1 1 - Direct Current Meter .... 1 2* 1 Feeder Board (1-2-3-4 and 6 circuits) . 2 4 2 * It is not absolutely necessary to have a meter, but if one is supplied it wiil answer when two machines are run in multiple, provided its capacity is great enough. 43 PARTS REQUIRED FOR ALTERNATING SYSTEM. Cat. No. No. required for One Two Each Add'l. 7422 Type 142 Rheostat for Alternator fields (for A 25) 2 1 7421 Type 141 Rheostat for Exciter fields (for Dl#) 2 1 7420 Or, Type 133 Rheostat for Alternator fields (for A 50 or A 100). 2 1 7419 Type 165 Rheostat for Exciter fields (for D3) 2 1 8200 Type F Lightning Arrester . Ground Detector (with clip and 10 feet 4 2 cable) 1 - Main Line Switch, 75 Amp. D. P. S. T. 2 1 Or (when using two machines) 75 Amp. D. P. D. T 2 1 5179 Exciting Circuit Switch, 30 Amp. D. P. D. T. (used only with two machines and two Exciters) .... 2 1 5000 Exciter Field Switch, 30 Amp. S.P.S.T. 1 2 1 Current Indicator (for A 25) . 1 2 1 Or, Current Indicator (for A50- 100-200) 1 2 1 Exciter Current Indicator 2 1 Potential Indicator .... 1 2 1 Station Transformer .... 1 2 1 Meter Transformer .... 1 2 1 Primary Meter 1 2 1 Feeder Block 2 4 2 Pilot Lamp (including Bracket, Lamp and Half Shade) .... 3 6 2 Bank Board (when running Street Circuit) 1 2 1 NOTE.— Machines larger than A 50 require a larger switch than that given above. It is not absolutely necessary to have a primary meter and transformer but the use of same is recommended. A special rheostat is required for A 200. Arc Lighting Apparatus. Thomson-Houston Arc Light Dynamo. TESTING ARC LIGHT DYNAMOS. The following points are noted and carried out very carefully in the testing of arc light dynamos in the factory, and they are very essential to the successful running of the dynamo. For the benefit of those who have not had experience in the factory they are here given : — The commutator should fit the shaft snugly, but be sufficiently free to turn easily on the shaft. Be very careful to put the short brush holders on the outer yoke, and long brush holders on the inner yoke. Also see that the long binding post attached to the sliding connection is on the lower left- hand brush holder, and the short post on the lower right-hand brush holder. Always set the brush holders at the proper angle by the brush holder gauge. They should first be tightened up and then turned to the correct position by means of a piece of steel wire passed through the holes in the holder body. Tighten up the brush holders very firmly and try them with gauge to see that they are the same distance from the commutator. Always be careful to get the brushes exactly straight and flat before clamping them to the brush holders, and alway set them to the exact length of the brush gauge. On all machines with air blasts, the " cut-out " should be set so that when two segments are just coming into multiple with one of the primary brushes in the direction of rotation of the armature, the secondary brush of opposite polarity should project over the slot between the segments exactly l-64th of an inch. If the secondary brush projects more than this, the regulator arm should be bent down; if it projects less than this, the regulator should be bent up. These adjustments on the regulator arm are always made in the factory before testing the machine, and should never be changed on machines away from the factory unless they have become bent by accident. If it becomes necessary to make any adjustments away from the factory, they must be made by means of the sliding connection attached to the inner yoke. 50 Always try the "cut-out " on both primary brushes. If it does not come the same on both, turn one over, and if the brush holders are correctly set by the gauge, there should be no trouble in getting the " cut-out" set properly after one or two trials. To set the commutator in proper position, find the leading wire of the first coil. This can be found, from the fact that it is always more heavily insulated than any other wire, and is found in the centre of the first coil on the commutator side of armature. With this leading wire turned underneath the armature, rotate the arm- ature forward until the pegs on the right side of the coil just dis- appear under the left field. The armatures on all dynamos should be in this position when the commutator is set. On Ring" Armatures which have no pegs there is painted a Black Line which is used as a substitute when finding the proper position for the commutator. The approximate leads of different machines are, as follows : i Class Dynamo. Old Type Armature. Ring Type Armature. MD 7-16 inch positive 3-16 inch positive LD12 " 3-8 " 1-4 " LD2 3-8 " 1-8 " M12 1-8 " negative 1-4 " negative M 2 1-8 " 1-2 " L2 1-8 " 7-16 " P2 1-8 " No Ring Armature K12 1-4 " positive 3-16 inch positive K2 1-4 " 1-8 " Hl2 1-4 to 5-16 inch positive No Ring Armature H2 1-4 inch positive " " E12 7-16 " " " E2 1-4 " " " C12 1-4 " " " C2 3-8 " " " C3 1-2 " " " Positive lead is ii Negative lead is i direction of rotation of the armature, l opposite direction to rotation of the armature. On Ring Armatures the three lead wires, between the point of connection with the coils and the point of entering the shaft, lie 51 side by side; the middle wire being from coil No. 1, the right-hand from coil No. 2, and the left-hand from coil No. 3. These lead wires are colored red, white and blue, leading respectively from the first, second and third armature coils. In setting the commutator, the first half of the third coil should be just on the point of entering the left-hand field ; this coil will readily be recognized by following back the lead wire No. 3. When the armature is in this position the commutator should be placed with segment No. 2 up, then after setting the ' ' cut-out ' ' see directions on page 53 and giving the proper "lead" to the seg- ment, tighten all set screws, and then fasten the white wire in the binding post No. 2, the red in No. 1 and the blue in No. 3. Left-Hand Arc Machines. When the first half of coil No. 1 has just entered the right field, coil No. 2 is just entering. Now place the commutator with segment No. 3 up, and fasten the wires in the binding posts as before. On right-hand machines measure the lead from the edge of segment 2 to the tip of the negative secondary brush. Then set the commutator with segment marked 1 in the same relative position of the first coil, turning it so the lead shall come on that segment. After the commutator is placed in proper position, see that all of the set screws are properly tightened up. Place the screws in the binding posts at the lower ends of the sliding connections, and put on the dash-pot connections between the brushes with heads of the connecting screws outward (P ma- chines have screw heads inward). In every case the barrel jjart of the sliding connection is connected to the top brush holder, and the plunger part to the bottom brush holder. Always note that the field and regulator wires are connected, and that all connections are securely made. The jets of the air blast should clear the surface of the commu- tator at least l-32d of an inch. Air blasts on small dynamos are set by raising the regulator arm as high as possible, then turning the jet of the air blast into such a position that it clears the tip of the brush l-32d of an inch. Large air blasts are set by fastening the bolts in the middle of slots, then raising the regulator arm as high as possible until the jet clears the tip of the brush l-32d of an inch (see diagram page 56). After the parts have been connected make a careful examination of screws, joints and all moving parts. They must be free from stickiness, and not bind in any position. 52 To determine when the machine is under full load, notice the position of the regulator armature. This should be within l-8th of an inch of the stop. The normal length of spark on the commu- tator should be about 3-16ths of an inch. If it is less than this, move the commutator forward until the spark reaches the desired length. If the spark is too long, move it back the proper amount. CURRENT STRENGTH. The amount of current generated by each dynamo depends upon the adjustment of the spring in the wall controller. If the tension of this spring be increased, the current will be diminished. If the tension of this spring be diminished, the current will be increased. DYNAMO COINTNECTIONS. In setting up an arc machine the following is a convenient way to remember the different connections : Facing the commutator end of the shaft the connections are, Eight Field — the outside end of the winding is connected to the brushes ; the inside end to the binding post on the right hand leg of the machine. Left Field — the outside end of the winding is connected to the brushes ; the inside end to the regulator binding post on the end of the frame. The short wire from the regulator is also connected to this post, while the long wire from the regulator is connected to the binding post on the left hand leg of the machine. The negative side of the circuit is connected directly to the bind- ing post on the right hand leg of the machine. The positive side of the lamp circuit is connected to the top binding post of the controller. The left band lower binding post on the controller is connected to the binding post on the left hand leg of the machine, and the right hand lower binding post of the controller is connected to the regulator binding post on the end of the machine frame. The outside ends of the fields are always connected to the brushes. 53 DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING CUT-OUT ON ARC DYNAMOS. A — Commutator Seg- ments. B 2 B 4 B2) n 4 } Primary Brushes. B 1 ) o j r, i D — Point of Brush. B3 } Secondary Brushes. £ _ Br ^ sh Holders> C — Forward point of seg- F — Point of Contact, ment. To set " Cut Out." Care must be taken that the angle of the brush holder E is correct, and the distance of each brush holder from the commutator is exactly the same on the straight edge of the brush holder gauge. Set the brushes by the brush gauge, in an exactly straight position. Turn the commutator, in the direction of rotation of the armature, until there is just a contact between brush B 4 and the end of the commutator segment C, at the point F, see diagram. When there is just a contact and no more the point D on brush B* should overhang the point C on the following segment l-64th of one inch. Turn the commutator in the direction of rotation until brush B2 just makes a contact with the point C on the segment A3 , then the brush B3 should over- hang on the following segment l-64th of an inch. If, when the contact is exact on the primary brushes, the second- ary brushes overhang more than l-64th of one inch or do not come to the point of overhang, loosen the bolt in the adjustable connec- tion and move connection up or down as the case may require, then try again by turning commutator, and see if correct. The cut-out should be set only with the regulator arm down on the stop. 54 DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING AIR-BLAST JETS ON ARC DYNAMOS. A — Commutator Seg- ments. g 4 J Primary Brushes. ■D3 > Secondary Brushes. C — Forward point of seg- ment. D— Point of Brush. E— Brush Holders. G— Air-blast Jet. H— Face of Air-blast. J— Slot in Back Plate and Air-blast Bolts. Direction or Jet Delivery. To set "Air-blast Jets." Raise the regulator arm and fasten it at the extreme height. When the jet is put in, the point K, see diagram, should come about l-32d of an inch in front of the end of the brush and not less than l-32d above the face of the com- mutator segments, and the direction of delivery of air should strike the commutator just in front of the under side of the point of the brush. If it does not strike this point, loosen the bolts at J and move the Air-blast on the back plate to bring it right. Air-blast Key- Ways. If, from any cause, an Air-blast key- way should break making it necessary to cut a new one, the proper place to cut it is exactly one-third farther around the circumference of shaft from the old one. 55 BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS ON MD AND LD DYNAMOS. Lift Regulator as high as possible. 56 BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS ON MD AND LD DYNAMOS. (See page 55.) With new segments. Loosen the bolts A-A-A-A and turn the air-blast so as to bring the bolts in the centre of the slots B-B-B-B. Set the brushes by the gauge. Lift the regulator lever as high as possible and set the point "D" of the air-blast jet l-32d of an inch in front of the point "P" of the brush "A." Place the lower jet in the same relative position with the lower brush. As segments wear down. Loosen the bolts A-A-A-A and follow up the wear of the segments by turning the air-blast to the right as indicated. Turn the point of the jet downward, so as to blow more directly through the slot between the segments. Set the lower jet in the same relative position with the lower brush. BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS ON E, H, K, L, M AND P DYNAMOS. (See page 57.) With new segments. Set the brushes by the gauge. Lift the regulator as high as possible. Set the point "D" of the jet in line with the point "P" of the brush. Keep a space of l-32d of an inch between the jet and segment. As segments wear down. Loosen the bolts A-A-A-A and follow up the wear of the segments by turning the air-blast to the right, as indicated. Turn the point of the jet downward, so as to blow more directly through the slot between the segments. Set the lower jet in the same relative position with the lower brush. 57 BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS ON E, H, K, L, M AND P DYNAMOS. WlfH NEW SEGMENTS. Lift Regulator as high as possibl 58 REVERSAL OF POLARITY. Cases are frequently reported where dynamos, from lightning discharges, wrong plugging on the switch-board, or some other reason, suffer a reversal of polarity. The effect of this is that the lamps in circuit with the machine burn ' ' upside down ; ' ' that is to say, the lower carbon becomes the positive, which has the effect of throwing most of the light up instead of down, and with some car- bons the arc will flame badly. This can be remedied temporarily by changing the plugs on the switch-board. Occasion should be taken, however, the following day or as soon thereafter as possible, to properly magnetize the fields so that they will be of the right polarity. This may be done as follows : — Eemove the brushes from the commutator and connect the points A A 1 , see cut page 47, with a short wire, run a loop from an other dynamo which is running, and connect at points 1ST and P 2 , see cut page 47 so that the current enters at N and leaves at P 2 , then close the switch which is placed in this loop. Allow the current to pass through the fields in this way for a few moments. Disconnect the temporary loop and reset the brushes and on starting again the polarity of the machine will be found to be correct. If the machine is fitted with a short-circuiting switch on the field winding, A A 1 need not be connected nor the brushes re- moved from the commutator. CLEANING ARC ARMATURES. By far the best, and in fact the only satisfactory method of cleaning an armature, is to tip the machine on end and remove the top field and the yoke rods, so as to expose the armature in every part. A stiff brush should then be used to loosen all dirt and dust which can afterward be blown out with bellows. After getting out all the dirt possible, take some waste and alcohol or methyl, and thoroughly wash the armature, rubbing finally with dry waste; then give it a coat of thin shellac and after drying several hours, it will look like a new armature. It is not necessary to remove the air-blast, yokes, or any trim- mings except the regulator. This can all be done in from four to five hours, and when properly done, the armature is clean. DIRECTIONS FOR REPLACING COILS ON RING ARMATURES. In case it becomes necessary to remove a faulty coil the follow- ing directions should be carefully followed: — After the armature has been taken out of the fields, remove the brass binding wire. This will have to be done by cutting the bands with hack-saw or file, care being taken to cover all the ex- posed parts of the armature with a cloth so as to prevent filings from lodging on the winding. Carefully remove the insulating bands, as they can be used again in rebinding the armature. Ke- move the cord and the tape from the joints of the lead wires. Take out the lead wires and remove the wooden discs from the shaft. These discs are held in place by a set-screw, passing through a brass piece set into the disc and resting on the shaft. Unsolder the joints of the coils that are to be removed. Take out the bolts holding the two gun-metal spiders together. The loose spider is on the commutator end of the shaft. The spider next to the pulley is securely fastened to the shaft by a steel pin driven tightly into a reamed hole, passing through both spider and shaft. By driving on the commutator end of the shaft with a hard-wood block, mallet or lead hammer, the shaft with the fixed spider may be removed and the remaining loose spider may then be driven out with a block of wood. Before removing the shaft and spiders note the position of the wedge. - Its position in the iron core is always indicated by the letter "W" plainly stamped on the hub of loose spider. Caution. While working on the armature it should rest on the floor on a mattrass or bag of waste so as to avoid any injury to the wire. The wooden spacing blocks having been removed, slip the coils around on the core until the imperfect coils are over the wedge; then spread these coils apart so as to expose the wedge, and cut away the insulation on the core for a space of 3^ ;/ on top and bottom, over the space containing the wedge ; wedge may then be driven out towards center of core, care being taken that it does not drop on the coils opposite and injure them. The faulty coils may now be removed, new ones inserted to take their places, and the "wedge replaced and reinsulated very carefully. This insulation is put on, beginning with the layer next to iron core, as follows : — 1 layer of paper, 1 layer of mica, 1 " mica, 1 " canvas, 1 " sheeting, 1 " tape, 1 " tape, 1 " paper. As shown below the insulation of wedge should break joints with the insulation of the body of the core; i.e., on a line %" to ji" from ':'#" cut half through and remove the insulation, then insulate the space "°SPH. INC. DYNAMOS OMSON-HOUSTON ELECTRIC CO. ENGINEERING DEPT. f. A pp. «#z^ a .tx~*~M*„CH22J892. CLASS A B c D L F G H J K L M N T i e: 88 64 70 46 25 2 L Ms 62 6 8 39 24 12 6i 12 19 H 88 64 70 46 "i| 62 6 8 39 24 12 s-.', 12 -''.'■ NUMBER Or BRICK K 64 70 46 ' lit 62 6 8 39 24 12 6| 12 "' CLASS >IM L 8R 54 67 fi 8 24 17 6jl ■H II II M flfi 6? 78 54 24j I6i 62 6 8 47 24 12 6^ 12 2Bi E.H.K.HI ooo LD „a 62 78 54 24j 16; 62 6 8 47 24 12 6i 12 MO 86 6? 78 54 1244 16 \ R? 6 8 47 24 12 6i 12 28 z CI 79 ss Bl 37 21 — 6? e 8 30 18 12 5i 9 19* HI 64 70 46 62 6 8 39 24 12 6* 12 PROVIDE rOOTINOS TOR BRICK FOUNDATION. fOOTINCS SHOULD BE TLAT STONES LAID IN CEMENT Depth or foundation should be coverned Brick foundation must be properly bonded every tenth course with proper bond stones. Timbers and tloorinc on foundation must be independent of station fiooh FOUNDATION DIMENSIONS ARC/SPH. INC. DYNAMOS '"'"JuMWTirnhmnGt . . . 67 ?wM^vvt^ VU.3%HG. ZLfk.lS, \$?o. ARC FIELDS. THE TABLE REFERS TO ONE SPOOL, OR ONE HALF OF ENTIRE FIELD. Class of Machine. Size of Wire. B. and S. No. of Layers. Cold Resistance. C12 10 7 1.92 C2 9 7 1.42 E12 10 10 4.43 E2 8 7 1.50 H12 10 10 6.52 H2 8 9 3.21 K12 9 12 6.6 K2 8 9 3.45 L 8 11 5.2 M12 10 15 14.0 M2 8 12 5.86 p 8 13 7.5 LD12 10 13 11.91 LD2 9 10 6.65 MD 8 13 6.05 Approximate H. P. consumed at dynamo pulley of arc machine when running under full load. Classification. H. P. C 3 E . H . K . M . LD MD 15 23 27 38 72 3RC PLUG aWlTCM^O^RDa. Classification. 2 circuit board 12 16 20 24 Dimensions. 14" X 18K" 24" X 24X" 34" X 29^" 4' X 31^" 5' 8" X 41^" 8' X 4' 6^" 11' 4" X 6'3X" 73 i 75 INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPAIRING, TESTING AND ADJUSTING ARC LAMPS. It frequently becomes necessary, after the lamps have been in use for a considerable length of time, and especially when used for street lighting, to repair and readjust them. If the parts are not complete it will be necessary to put new parts in a lamp. These can be ordered by referring to the number of the part needed in the Catalogue of Parts, Arc Lighting. After the repairing has been done, it is very necessary that the lamp be tested and readjusted, for experience shows that when- ever even one new part of the lamp or dynamo has been put in without being tested it has caused trouble, and we therefore always advise that in no case should a piece of apparatus be used without first being tested and adjusted. In order to properly test the lamps that have been repaired, we should advise selecting some part of the station where the lamps will not be subjected to draughts of air, otherwise they may hiss and act badly no matter how carefully the adjustments are made. We will suppose that the lamps have been hung up in some such location and have been attached to the hanging boards or some similar arrangement for connecting to the circuit in the usual manner. The carbon rods should be cleaned thoroughly with cotton waste. If any sticky or dirty spots appear which cannot be readily removed with waste, use a piece of well worn crocus cloth, always being careful to use a piece of clean waste after the crocus cloth and be- fore pushing the rod up into the lamp. This is of the utmost im- portance, and it will be well for the trimmer to keep in mind that under no circumstances whatever should the rods be pushed up into the lamps in a dirty condition, but should always be cleaned after the manner just described. The tension of the rods is adjusted by raising or lowering the arm at the top of the guide rod, thus increasing or diminishing the tension on the clamp spring. If the tension is too tight the rod and clutch will wear badly, and the feeding will be uneven, causing unsteadiness in the lights. If the tension is too weak the clutch will not hold the rod firmly, and any sudden jar to the lamp will cause the rod to fall and the light to go out. 76 =^m M BG a^J 77 The double or M lamp should have the tension of the second carbon rod a trifle lighter than that of the first. When adjusting the tension be sure to keep the guide rod per- pendicular; that is, in perfect line with the carbon rod, and it should be free to move up and down without sticking. The tension of the clutch in the D lamp should be the same as that of the K lamp, and is adjusted by tightening or loosening the small coil spring from the arm of the clutch to the bottom of the clamp stop. To adjust the feeding point in the K lamp, press down the main armature as far as it will go, then push up the rod about one-half its length, release the armature and then press it down slowly, and note the position of the lower side of armature above the base of the curved part of the magnets. When the rod just feeds this should be l-4th of an inch. If it is not, raise or lower the small stop which slides on the guide rod passing through the arm of the clutch until the carbon rod will feed at that point. To adjust the feeding point of the M lamp the above will indicate what should be done in regard to the first rod. After this has been done let the first rod down till the cap at the top rests on the transfer lever. The second rod should feed with the armature at a point l-16th of an inch higher than it was while feeding first rod ; that is, it should be 5-16ths of an inch from the magnets. The feeding point of the D lamp is adjusted by sliding the clamp stop up or down so that the rod will feed when tbe relative dis- tance of the armature of the lifting and the armature of the shunt magnets from the rocker frame are in the ratio of two to one. There should be a slight play in the rocker, between the lugs of the rocker frame. Make a careful examination of all joints, screws, wires and all parts of lamps. The armatures of all magnets should be central with cores, and come down squarely and evenly. There should be a separation of l-32d of an inch between the silver contact points when armature of the starting magnet is down. The contact should be perfect when the armature is up. The arm for adjusting the tension should not touch the wire or frame of the lamp when at the highest point. There should be a space of 3-32ds of an inch or l-8th of an inch between the body and the arm of the clutch. This is to allow for wear on the bearing surfaces. 78 r m 79 Always trim lamps with carbons of proper length to cut out automatically ; that is, the carbon rod in the upper holder should be twice as long as the piece which projects from the lower holder. Always allow a space of l-4th of an inch from the round headed screw in the rod near the upper carbon holder to the edge of the upper bushing when the switch is turned off so as to allow sufficient space to start the arc. Be careful to get the carbons as accurately centered as possible. They will generally come right after one or two trials, by turning them around in the holders and clamping them in different positions. The arcs of the 1200 candle-power lamps should be adjusted to 3-64ths of an inch, with full length of carbon. Arcs of 2000 candle-power lamps should be adjusted from l-16th of an inch to 3-32ds of an inch when good carbons are used. Lamps should always maintain a fairly even arc, Its length will slightly increase as the carbons burn away, but they should not hiss, flame or over- feed at any time. If the switch be thrown and the lamp cut off and then turned on quickly, the top carbon should "pickup" promptly with the normal arc and not hiss over a few seconds, and then burn as quietly as before. When the top carbon rod is drawn up by hand, the lamp should cut out promptly, and not " flash" the dynamo. In case the arc is very long or causes flashing, look at the contacts and see that they are clean and make a good square contact. Also examine the centering of the armature. The cause of the trouble will usually be found in one of these places. The action of a bad-feeding lamp may be confounded with that of a bad-flaming carbon. This can be readily distinguished after a few minutes' observation. The arc of a bad-feeding lamp will gradually grow long until it flames, the clutch will let go suddenly, the top carbon will fall until it touches the lower one and then "pickup." A bad carbon will burn nicely and feed evenly until a bad spot in the carbon is reached, when the arc will suddenly become long and flame and smoke; due to impurities in the carbon. Instead of dropping as in former case, the top carbon will go down to the correct position without touching the bottom carbon. After the lamp has been tested and burns satisfactorily in the station, tighten up the adjusting screws, and, if necessary, put a small amount of thick shellac on bottom of guide rod. This will 80 prevent the stop from falling in case the screw which holds it becomes loose or broken. The lamp is now ready to be placed in the circuit and should be put in some part of the station where it will not become covered with dust before it is taken out. If it has become dusty, use a small hand bellows to blow away the dust that may have collected on it before placing in the circuit. Always close the cut-out switch on a lamp before trimming. Direct Current Incandescent Lighting Apparatus. Spherical Incandescent Dynamo. 85 THE INCANDESCENT LAMP. An incandescent lamp consists of a thin rod or filament of hard carbon sealed in a glass globe from which the air has been ex- hausted. The conductors through the glass consist of two small pieces of platinum wire upon the inside ends of which the carbon filament is mounted. The durability or "life" of the lamp depends on the brilliancy or degree of incandescence to which the filament is brought by the electric current ; that is the temperature at which the filament is maintained directly affects its life. The potential at the lamps should remain at the standard under all circumstances. A very slight increase in brightness or degree of incandescence in a lamp above that for which it is made will greatly shorten its life, and far more rapidly than in the ratio of the increase of brilliancy. Within ordinary commercial limits the candle power of an in- candescent lamp will be raised 5 per cent., and the life shortened from 15 per cent, to 18 per cent, for every 1 per cent, increase in the E. M. F. above normal. It is always desirable, where it can be done, to install the lamps so that they shall project downward instead of upward or sidewise, as there will be less shadow and less trouble from the filaments changing their position, particularly with high-voltage lamps. With a long and thin filament, there is some risk of its sagging, particularly if overstrained. r SPHERICAL TYPE. -INCANDESCENT DYNAMOS. ISOLATED STATION. Classification. Volts. Out put in Amperes. No. of 16 C. P. Lamps. Approx. H. P. consumed at Dynamo. B 1 75 48 60 8 C I 75 96 125 13 CI 110 72 125 13 E I 75 180 250 25 E I 110 135 250 25 H I 75 360 450 45 H I 110 270 450 45 ■*_ 87 &*t. 13,1891. "f eta**. DUt WiiaU. -iseff _a Jb. J. \i. X. &£ 700. 1600. 60. HOOD. 31 \z\ Ml 30 i 23% 63. 12 0. \550 125 8000 Z5\ 31\ 15 Z7\ V7\ \H 38\ as J* AA_ 22 50. \2 50. 150. \6000. __)2i_ 32k HS \2 10 %h 33 g 23i \9H 27h H5\ 3Me J5J. HHOO. I 150. H50. 30000. l5J H0\ 62>k \5 \2 2?s 38 A 25h 33>j 5H M8\ 89 2 < o O Ql CD 1- z LJ CO O O CO LJ Q < O Z 2 < 6)1 oil <*^ tl 1- ?^ * " J UJ ^ o F o SHOWING METHOD OF —USING — EQUALIZING CONNECTION 93 A SHOIV/NG METMOO OFAtAX/HG gjggfig W//IE ' rwo w/y?£ sysr£/ff. r 4 '" * *■ t *' w4h m &*.(!&. 13.1885. rt rata 44 t «w§+ jMTKuno' [3S5SBS ^cHirM H > £>%V j L 4o ,| Wr J #w- U*nam&- fc*n Mu. hunamo' AeiUi toil Ai ten- 6)\aamm $h*b\n& 9\b4mc&x& 97 Bipolar Incandescent Dynamo. a> 00 *sf CM a d- Q_ M 00 2? CO a o CD 3 cO oo CO co CM -n o r^ ^|C0 CO CO -|CM 3 CD oo CO CD 00 O CM 00 CM ^|co o Q CD cd CM Z o CD CM CD R LQ -|00 CM CM CO N CM CM -It CM 00 CO O CO -|cvi CD =|SS LO CM CO CO CM CO CO CD o LO oo Z o LQ CM O CD -leu CD CO -lev, JO ~ CM s -|c\l CO -h- CD CD ^|CD 8 =|2 oo LO CM CD CO oo o z o o LO •nico CD K|C0 LO CO -|cu CO C£> -1* 5 o CM o CD «oft- CM -h- £5 C9 CD Njco o CM CM CO lo CO CO o cd CD 2 o JPC LO CM CO CO CM CM CO -|CM CM CD 2 CD ^|CO CO CO eo CO CM 3 -|CO CD N|«0 LO CD CM 212 o CO o CO d 3 Q o en o ro CO CD CD z o O CD CO O CO ff)|, BIPOLAR GENERATORS FOR INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. Classifi- cation. Amp. at 125 Volts. Amp. at 110 Volts. No. of 16 C. P. Lamps. Cent. Stat. No. of 16 C. P. Lamps Iso- lated Plants. Old Classifica- tion. Motor Classifica- tion. D 2 16 18 26 27 — 4 D 3 24 27 40 45 1 6 D 5 40 45 65 75 2 10 D V/ 2 60 68 100 110 3 15 D 10 80 90 135 150 4 20 D 15 120 130 200 215 6 30 D 20 160 182 275 300 8 50 D 25 200 227 370 380 — 60 D 30 240 270 420 450 12 70 D 40 320 360 530 600 16 100 D 50 400 450 700 750 20 120 D 62 500 540 870 900 25 150 D 90 720 810 1250 1350 — " 220 105 U) C£ in' o o h O' < o u z u in' O o H C6 Z o ID -l«M* X o 0) 107 fi inn -IB i|Hiniii| iRi R© 1 ^S^ 7 DYNAMO NS2. [ 0^ GHAM SH0 */NG 'TWO INCANDESCENT OYHAMOS IN MULTIPLE AND USE OF THOMSON -HOUSTON ELECTRIG CO. J>Tg3443. Jan. 20,1892. > N N -c « ol 2 s s a 9 ■ - s i = «r "^ -«? 2! "i s z o ; o o o o o 5 o o o CO o o Oi : < O < < in til < co en z o en < g a> 2 b? Pk < ID O b < CO 141 7\ % * c § g 2 o o z o M I I i * 1 g DC P : s »: <£ L. Q a oa t- I- S CLASS A-18 A- 25 A-35 A-50 A-70 A- 100 A-165 2389 :.-.<■;■ 663 . ,),, Sptto ' ■ 1070 1000 a 30 so 65 100 A-18 WILL Bt5rEET CUSS 25 35-50 70^00 165 2 A 5 35-50 A 70-100 A DEEP AND6I - X67" AT BASE AND 49XS5 ..].,, ■Vi R eoj /B F 45! a NUMBCR OF BRICKS F 64J 100 122 T 39 38 4Sj 59} CLASS .!":i';; A 18 9i A25 9J l2 4 "' si ,4 ;/ AI65 9500 12 '2 12 - -' 13 la IS _ 20 Provide footincs for brick foundation TOOTINCS SHOULD BE TLAT STONES LAID IN CEMENT Depth or foundation shoulo be ooverned by thc bottom found and never less than f"lvc feet Brick foundation must be properly bonded every tenth course with proper bond stones. Timbers and flooring on foundation must be independent of station floor . FOUNDATION DIMENSIONS tor ALTERNATING DYNAMOS THOMSON- HOUSTON ELECTRIC CO. ENGINEERING OEPT A/l 349/ Apr <#zjp~~™.~ March 14. 1891 131 - Connections ofA-25 :OMPOSITE-FIELD DYNAMO 0.3551. General Electric Co. AuG.i5,i89a 133 Connections orA-50 COMPOSITE-FIELD DYNAMO No. 5527. General Electric Co. Au£. 15, 1892. 135 CONNECTION'S OF A-lOO COMPOSITE FIELD DYNAMOS SNd.3532. General Electric Co. Julyl5,'92. OCT.I>) 0£& *M63. L 139 - S ALTERNATING STREET SYSTEM IN CONNECTION WITH HOUSE LIGHTING by TRANSFORMERS . fc*™ T-H. ELECTRIC C* OO/I. Arp-CtvC:&. ._ DEC.14,1891. CONNECTIONS OF GEfflJMB DETECTORS ALTERNATING GROUND DETECTOR FOR ONE CIRCUIT. To Q round" DIRECT CURRENT qROUND DETECTOR. jJeuW Wire "m ti-MYire Sv^&te^ ALTERNATING GROUND DETECTOR FOR TWO CIRCUITS. ToGtRound -~}i=ia TO GJROUND !— -4 IF THE LAMP BURNS A GROUND IS INDICATED ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE CIRCUIT FROM THAT TO WHICH THE SWITCH IS CONNECTED. OCT. 15, 1891. A pp .lLC#. 3261. E- SKELETON SWITCHBOARD ALTERNATING SYSTEM WITH I ll\ir I 1 V i\i An«n Ul^lL U I INrMVlS^ AND CONNECTED TO WATER PIPE BY A COPPER STRIPW«V2. When wires are run through the floor, class M.34S8 Jlpp. /i^A Fel. 11,1892. insulators will be used. s > ^ LACED UNO B HE. F ED. *2 *-§ 2*8 x? eta* *~ « 3\= CO < EHTNINC A BOARD AND R STRIP '/ HCN WIRE ASS INSUL JoS>o (BCTODS FOUR fl-70 •siTErPishD Dynnmos STY SWITCHBOARD jW. 30 ►T^TO[CofjfJBCTlOf(§ FOURfl-70 Cotopositwield Dynflnws 'a.C% SflPETY SWITCHBOARD " i: . 05? £ I ' i \, A ■ T\m 33HH THREE UNIT SWITCHBOARD 8RUSH ALTERNATING SYSTEM. THOMSON-HOUSTON ELECTRIC COMPANY. ^ 151 MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR SINGLE SKELE- TON SWITCHBOARD. Quantity. Article. 40 feet No. 4 Clark Wire for A35 and 50 Or 40 " " 2 " for A70 and 100 25 " " 8 50 " " 14 5 " Silk Cord. 25 " L3 Porcelain Cleats and Backs. 10 " M3 15 " M2 6 " MM 35 " E2 Porcelain Knobs. 60 " El " 3 " Type G. Eosettes. 3 " Pilot Lamps, complete. 200 " 1 1-4" No. 9 Screws, flat head bright. 10 " 2" "13 " round head brass. 20 " 3" Glass Floor Insulators. 20 " 1-16" x 2" Copper Strip. 24 " 2" No. 9 Screws, flat head bright. 153 r n Type F Transformer. 155 TRANSFORMERS. When possible transformers should be placed on poles. When fastened to the sides of buildings they should be separated from the building by blocks of well seasoned wood, coated with water- proof paint. Transformers are equipped witb iron hooks, see cut, page 153, which are bolted firmly to the transformer case and are then hooked over a cross bar fastened in a horizontal position. This arrangement greatly facilitates the installation of the transformer and allows easy removal in case a change is required. If it is necessary to place two transformers upon the same pole, a four pin cross arm can be used instead of the lower two pin arm, as shown in diagram B 503, page 179. The transformer sills should be bolted to the outer ends of cross-arms, to allow sufficient room for a lineman to pass between them. Transformers should not be placed inside of buildings, unless special permission is obtained from the underwriters, and it is recommended that all transformers so placed be inclosed in fire- proof closets, having a connection with the chimney for ven- tilating purposes. Transformer boxes should be given a coat of good water-proof paint at least once a year, for the purpose of preventing the box from rusting. Transformer lightning arresters (Type E) should be installed as shown in diagram B 508, page 189. DIRECTIONS FOR INSTALLING TYPE F TRANSFORMERS. In installing type F transformers it is necessary to place a cut- out box in circuit with the primary wires between the main and transformer leads. Secondary fuses are to be placed inside the building at or near the point where the secondary wires enter. The grounding wire, which is placed between the primary and secondary leads on the left hand side of the transformer, should be well grounded by being connected to water or gas pipe. This grounding wire should have as few bends as possible on its line to earth. 156 All transformers are designed to be filled with oil. The oil should be put in immediately after the transformer is installed be- fore any current is thrown on the transformer. This oil greatly increases the insulation of the transformer and renders it less sub- ject to damage from lightning discharges. An oil best suited for the purpose has been selected and will be furnished free with each order for transformers requiring not less than five gallons, and will be sent in cans of five gallons or multiples of five. The amount of oil required for each size of type F transformer is given in the following table : F 600 watts 2 quarts. F 2,500 watts 6 quarts. F 1,000 " 2% " F 4,500 " V/ 2 " F 1,500 " 4^ " F 7,500 " 9 With orders requiring less than five gallons, oil will not be sent unless specially ordered. 157 %&. M;'9L # TYPE E TRANSFORMERS 3318 1000 VOLTS ON PRIMARY CIRCUIT. 52o R |Q4 - » SECONDARY Class Weioht A B C D E F LlCHTS IE 53 91 8| 7i 24 134 7 5 2E 88 io! 9! 91 21 I5| 74 10 3E 110 II 9| 12* 2* 18 § 71 15 5E 135 \1l II io4 2| I7| 94 25 8E 180 I5| 14* ill 2f 18 * 94 40 159 mjs,m™^ TO LAMP /* CIRCUIT TO LAMP CIRCUIT 2 CO' z D LU Ld 2 r q: hi cc =2 o t £ J h- CO J Z * 1- c4 z Z CO £ PC CO K Pi CO < « CO ^= = » > z ' >■ = OT S I w ui % z 2 5 GO y x >- _ U. h tn z ^ 161 TRANSFORMER! WOUND FOR 1040 VOLTS ON PRIMARY CIRCUITS ;52oh 104 H .1 SECONDARY ff JWatts WB6HT A B C D E F O Lights F 600 66 ioir 3 Bfc 2% 12% 6£ 134 12 F 1000 85 10% 8^ 8'te 2% 14% 8* 16 20 F 1500 117 141 134 6 3 13 3 15 30 F 2500 144 14% 13% 7^ 3 144 m 16^ 50 [F 4500 215 15 13% 10% V/a 18% 8>8 \d 7 4 30 F 7500 315 15 13% 164 $y 4 231 8^ Zbk 150 f No. 3446 Jan,9 1892 App.IM. — ^— 163 FOR a ¥ irLi PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEADS ARE CONNEC- TED TO THE BINDING POSTS M/\RKED RESPECTIVELY PRIMARY" AND "SECONDARY" THE SECONDARY WINDING CONSISTS OF TWO SEPARATE COILS. THE TERMINALS OV ONE COIL ARE BROUGHT OUT AT r A,A" AND THOSE OF THE OTHER AT I.B" TO OBTAIN 52 VOLTS ON THE LAM P CIRCUIT THE COILS ARE PUT IN MULTIPLE BY INSERTING TWO BRASS STRIPS *S.S" AS INFIG.1. TO OBTAIN 1 04 VOLTS THE COILS ARE PUT IN SERIES BY INSERTING BOTH STRIPS AS IN FIG.2 3d. 12,1891. 3364. App.CWlfc, 165 A m^m wtmm STAGE FLOOR -o- -o -o £25 -o -o- ^^^^#^^^^^^ *** PROW DYNAMO OR TRANSFORMER USE OF REACTIVE COIL FOR DIMMING LIGHTS EST THEATRES. 166 LONG DISTANCE INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. DOUBLE CONVERSION SYSTEM. As an example in the saving of copper in using this system, we show herewith a table of circular mils and sizes of wire required to transmit the necessary energy for 1000, 16 c. p., 52 volt lamps different distances and at different potentials, allowing a loss of 5% in transmission. 5,000 VOLTS. Distance from Generating Station to Distributing Station-Miles. Circular Mils. Size Wire. B. &S. 5 23,460 6 6 28,152 5 7 32,844 5 8 37,536 4 9 42,228 4 10 46,920 3 10,000 VOLTS. 12 15 20 25 14,064 17,580 23,440 29,300 With the above conditions, using 5,000 volts, the circular mils necessary for any distance may be found by multiplying the dis- tance in miles (one way) by the constant 4,692. With 10,000 volts use the constant 1,173. 167 E i 22 [ too ; c Bog O O 8 V ( ) \ / L / V q) k igJ IE c -ScSrr t»1 o.G«0 c <5 o o o t>ra c c/s 3 a cr — I CD O UL O.E S-<2 — J9||0XJ OJ, Construction Work AS ADOPTED BY THE Lighting Department GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. 171 INSTRUCTIONS. On the following pages are given diagrams, showing different methods of construction, as approved by the Lighting Depart- ment of the General Electric Company. The expert, in installing, is supposed to exercise to a certain extent his own judgment, and to follow as nearly as possible the rules as given herewith. All construction and repair work should be done in strict accordance with the rules of the Board of Underwriters, Insur- ance Exchange or Inspector of Electrical Construction within whose territory the work may be. Copies of the "Rules and Requirements" of the New England Insurance Exchange will be furnished upon application to the office. L 173 CONSTRUCTION WORK General Dimensions for Pole Line. THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. CO. ENGINEERING DEFT. mB 500 App.J.&Tpu&^MAMN 30,1892.. ^ 175 Fig.l. 4 Fig. 2. 6lock 2jx3C. x varies as the diameter of the pole. '■ When running a heavy line wire it is necessary „ to use two cross arms tastened as shown in fig.2. if lines are not heavy, only one cross-arm will 8e necessary. i incase lines cross the street diagonally, the t arms where the wires leave and those to whictf i they run are both set at an angle. ■ when turning an abrupt corner, only one arm " is.turned. f the above cannot be used where feeders tap into double branches. _ , in such cases the method as given in flg. i 19 USED. CONSTRUCTION WORK Position* Cross^rms^ Turning Corners. THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. CO. ENGINEERING DEPT. NS85QI App.J.d7yjJ^APniL 8 1892. 177 n% RUN WIRES DIRECTLY FROM BREAK ARM TO BRACKET. The line wire should be fastened to the insulator on the break arm and twisted back upon itself a few turns then run to ««.,*-«. .^-..^a. .., **«*.* THE BRACKET. ONE SIDE SHOULD BE TWISTED CONSTRUCTION WORK FURTHER THAN THE OTHER SO THAT WIRES METHOD OF LEAVING THE ARM MAY BE OF UNIFORM DIS- |mc T AL LING SthF. FT SYSTEM BRACKFTS TANCE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE POLE. INSTALLING STREET SYSTEM BRACKETS THE ABOVE METHOD IS PREFERRED TO THAT THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. CO. OFRUNNING THE WIRES DOWN THE POLE, ENGINEERING DEPT THERE BEING LESS DANGER OF SHORT- <~ * ^ „ CIRCUITI NG . N?BS02. Apr /$•& 7fc2&£mL 18,1892. 179 Wall brackets as shown may be used n place of the hook block and rubber hooks. any non-combustible tube may beused where wires enter building. when transformers are placed on poles, the hook block is fastened to the building by two 4x|" lag screws. ^ hook blocks and sills should have a oouble coat of insulating paint. CONSTRUCTION WORK Installing Transformers thomson-houston elec. co. ENGINEERING OEPT. NP-BS03 App. J?& 7\jeJ!iu\ Aphii. /8 /892. 183 185 S^v\ GAL. IRON WIRE OF SUFFICIENT STRENGTH>r\ PORCELAIN CIRCUIT- BREAKER - INSULATION FOR LIGHT LIMB WORK AND TREE-TOPS. KEEP LOOP AWAY FROM BRANCH. w & INSULATOR WHEN /// NECESSARY TO TIE !/ - TO TREE. SUPPORTING \\ INSULATORS CONSTRUCTION WORK Tree Insulation THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC CO. ENGINEERING DEPT. NSBS06. App. gf.&'?]utjA* s MAy.S,l892. 187 Cut-out may be housed if necessary . Secondaries of transformers, above class 15000, are connect- ed so as to give 104 or 208 volts and the wiring may be either for two wire or three wire systems. for three wire system the secondary connections for two transformers may be made as shown by dotted lines. CONSTRUCTION WORK Installing Transformers THOMSON-HOUSTON ELE1C. CO. ENGINEERING DEPT. /VS BSQ7. App. 189 .PRIMARIES m B508. Aer. CONSTRUCTION WORK METHOD OF Installing Type El Lightning Arrester on Pole. thomson-houston elec. co. ENGINEERING OEPT. June 20, 1892, The grounding plate should be well imbed- ded in broken coke and buried in moist earth; and should be about two feet square, a copper rod one half inch in diameter driven down well into the COKE WILL ANSWER IN PLACE OF THE PLATE AS SHOWN. THE GROUNDING WIRE FROM THE ARRESTER MUST BE WELL SOLDERED TO THE EARTH PLATE IN SUCH A MANNER AS TO PREVENT THE CONNEC- TION FROM CORRODING OFF. 191 POLES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT WORK. It is very essential to a proper installation that the poles receive due consideration ; a fact that is too often overlooked. In selecting the style of pole necessary for a certain class of work the conditions and circumstances should he considered. They may be arranged in three classes ; the size of wire they are to carry being one of the important regulating circumstances. First Class. — Alternating current plants for lighting small towns. Main line of poles should consist of poles of from 25 to 30 feet with 5-inch tops. These are strong enough for all the weight that is placed upon them. No pole less than 30 feet with 6-inch top should be placed on a corner for lamps. The height of trees, of course, will have to be considered in many cases. For the Edison system, where more than one set of wires are used for street lighting, a 6-inch top should be the size of the poles, the length being not less than 25 feet, and more if the streets be hilly and filled with trees. Second Class. — Town lighting by arc lights. All poles should be at least 6-inch tops. The corner poles should be 7-inch tops, and wherever the cross-arms are placed on a pole at different angles the pole should be at least a 7-inch top. A 30 foot pole is sufficiently long for the main line, but it would be advisable to place 35-foot poles on corners. Third Class. — Where heavy wire, such as No. 00, is used for feeder wire, the poles should be at least 7-inch tops. Where mains are run on the same pole line the strain is somewhat lessened, and poles of smaller size than 7-inch will answer all purposes. 192 CULL POLES. The question as to what is a cull pole, is something on which many authorities differ. Of course, if specifications call for a certain sized pole, parties supplying the poles should be compelled to send the sizes called for. All poles that are smaller at the top than the sizes agreed upon, are troubled with dry rot, large knots and bumps, have more than one bend, or have a sweep of over twelve inches, should certainly be classed as cull poles. Specifications for electric light and power work should be, and in many cases are, much more severe than those required by telegraph lines. A cull pole, one of good material, is the best thing for a guy stub, and is frequently used for this purpose. A cedar pole is always preferable to any other owing to the fact that it is very light in comparison to other timber and is strong, durable, and very long lived. POLE SETTING. In erecting poles, it seems to be the universal opinion of the best posted construction men that a pole should be set at least five feet in the ground, and six inches additional for every five feet addi- tional length above thirty-five feet. Also additional depths on corners. Wherever there is much moisture in the ground it is of much value to paint or smear the butt ends of the poles with pitch or tar, allowing this to extend about two feet above the level of the ground. This protects the pole from rot at the base. The weakest part of the pole is just where it enters the ground. Never set poles further than 125 feet apart. Pole holes should be dug large enough so that the butt of the pole can be dropped straight in without any forcing, and when the pole is in position only one shovel should be used to fill in, the earth being thoroughly tamped down with iron tampers at every step until the hole is completely filled with solidly packed earth. Where the ground is too soft for proper tamp- ing a grouting composed of one part of Portland cement to two parts of sand mixed with broken stone may be used to make an artificial foundation. WHITE CEDAR POLES. FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT WORK. SIZE. Average Weight, pounds each. No. of Poles to a Car. SIZE. Average Weight, pounds each. No. of Poles to a Car. 25 ft. , 5-inch top 200 150 35 ft , 7-inch top 650 90 25 " b/ 2 u " 225 130 40 " 6 " " 800 80 25 " 6 " " 250 120 40 " 7 " " 900 75 28 " 7 " " 400 80 45 " 6 " " 900 70 30 " 5 " " 300 110 45 " 7 " " 1000 65 30 " 6 " " 350 90 50 " 6 " " 1200 55 30 " 7 " " 420 75 55 " 6 " " 1400 45 35 " 6 " " 550 100 All Poles 35 feet long and over must be loaded on TWO CARS. For chestnut poles add 50% to weights as given above. 194 NOTES ON LINE CONSTRUCTION. When poles are to be painted, a dark olive green color should be chosen in order that they may be as inconspicuous as possible. One coat of paint should be applied before pole is set, and one after pole is set. CROSS ARMS. The distance from the top of the pole to the cross arm should be equal to the diameter of pole at the top. All cross arms should be well painted with one coat of paint before placing and must be of standard size as shown in the dia- grams. Cross arms of four or more pins should be braced, using one or two braces as occasion demands. Cross arms on one pole should face those on the next, thereby making the cross arms on every other pole face in one direction. All pins should have their shanks dipped in paint and should be driven into the cross arm while the paint is wet. The upper part of the pin should also be painted. Iron pins can be furnished for corners where there is a heavy strain, but are not advised, the Company preferring to use the construction as shown in the diagrams. Pins should be secured to arm by an eight penny nail driven through shank of pin. Put double arms on the pole where feeder wires end. GUARD IRONS. Guard irons should be placed at all angles in lines and on break arms. All junction and lamp poles should be stepped so that the dis- tance between steps on the same side of the pole will not be over 36". Poles carrying converters should also be stepped. All poles, at angles in the line, must be properly guyed, using No. 4 B. & S. galvanized iron wire or two ]STo. 8 wires twisted. All junction poles should also be guyed. Never attach a guy wire to a pole so that it prevents a cross arm from being removed. INSULATORS. For alternating work, double petticoat insulators are recom- mended. The use of pole brackets, except in connection with the "Davis" tree insulators, will not be allowed. LINE WORK. All wires should be stretched taut and well fastened with tie wires of equal insulation to the line. All joints should be well soldered and thoroughly taped and painted over with "P. • D D 5 J\l* 3421. bee;. 9.1891. iJSS&MBLy a/d FouipMppion ThomBon -Houston ClecGo. Provide* footings for brick founl Footings should be flat faced stones laid in cement. Depth of foundation should be governed by the bottom =!ICK FOUNDATION MUST BE PROPERLY BONDED EVERyTeNTN IURSE WITH PROPER BONO STONES. MBERS AND FLOORING ON FOUNDATION MUST BE DEPENDENT OF STATION FLOOR. Speed 900 Rev. per Min. Total weight without Bed Rate _ 10320 Lbs. Weight or BedHate.. 2220 * One Pole Piece 743 * FieloCore 669 • ' Frame(Base.) 2416 " ' " Armature 1465 " Fi£loSpooi~sSeriesWinoing..294 " StandardSj Box Pulley End. .47 1 " " Com .."...467 Pulley ...126 1 c.5 «2 ! a.-o— „ §ooE>>£. i^tf B*g- 5 s 5 ■ 5 5 D si ASSEMBLY AND FOUNDATION FOR M-P-4-100-650 GENERATOR -WI THg)IR ON BED PLATE ON TIMBERS - 44 3 ' 8 - -J- f -|- 37V Pulley 300 Armature 2,386 2 Standards 7)2 Trimmings 350 Total 2,113 11,830 Revolutions per minute:- 650 Timbers to be 10"* 10" Georgia Pine. Provide footings for brick foundation. Footings to be flat faced stone laid in cement. Depth of foundation to be governed by bottom found ^»> should never be less than five feet. _ Brick foundation must be bonded every tenth course with proper bond stones. Timbers *fo flooring on foundation must be independent of station floor. no. 3568. General Electric Co. Sept/ lil 9 *. . ... ' - ■■!■ LiJ ^ >"" lO 1? ipO \* VO O O ^o^ o CU ^ o - no ^ ^ §4? *> » i or. 2 2 feJ2 § £ c£"t*> ns± c t. £ « ^"S ^2 5 : S^ ill .*=>©- Z ; r * S - - ■i c — ^-S c ^ 2 i'-s §<£ a-s-s ^ CD'" Q CO fc-S a u '"'-'"■ "§?£,§ <£ ?«££§ § S g CD COe^ C X O WT) T3 boo «Dc2 O t_ C 5 3 35 5 ■ <5 o > o SO CM O P^ fcxET.y c e a> J- o j* -54i---^i Provide footings for brick foundation. Footings shoula beflat faced stone laid in cement. Depth of foundation should be governed by the bottom found and should nevterbe less Than FiVe feel Brick foundation must be properly bonded e\/ery Tenth course With proper bond stones. Timbers and flooring on foundation musHe independent of station floor. Speed 425Re\/.perMin. Weight of Extension " LoWer Frame 1515 " 3 Standards / 930 "„4Pole Pieces 3 804 •• Upper Frame .4 I 26 " Armature 4 140 - •• Pulley. " 4 Field Spools / eoo " "Trimming's. 210 Total.J Hi *Q , ' 1 '. CD CT Z3 —juJ ■ | O) 15 |lo §oS w-g-S h -^ c2n=3 CD CT>' Assembly X FDunflalianlDr4-3DD-4DD Generalnr. ND.25Z3 General Eleclric Co. Julul5*gZ Proyide footings for brick foundation. Footings shoula be flat faced stone laid in cement Depth of foundation should be governed b/tbe bottom found and should nev/erbe lessfhan FiVe feet. Brick foundation must be properly bonded ev/er/ Tenth course With proper bond stones. Timbers and flooring on foundation must be independent of station floor. Speed40O Re\/.perMin. Weight of Extension. " LoWer Frame. " 5 Standards. " 4 Pole Pieces. " Upper Frame. '• Armature. - - Pulley. •• 4 Field Spools. " Trimmings. Jlpp. UtfWntjStS- Total, 3050 12370 3 84, 5 7 00 7055 692 2420 I 800, 325' 42724' m EL 'V ;... V CI 5 Pj 3 to ■■■'■ : : 211 H !C3 2 O 213 217 STATION CONNECTIONS OF ONE D-62 GENERATOR FOR 220 VOLT CIRCUITS Circuit" Breaker * — feeders. — •» -j Copper51rip2*x/fe.'1b Waterpipe below surface. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY Sept.l5.l892 Stationary Motors. I 221 Stationary Motor. 227 Connections of {{hunt and Shunt-Reversing Stationary Motors p2>285. /- ^JV!ar.7;92. v Shunt J^lotor Thomson-l-louston Electric Co. 229 oj L--0- 1 Recording Watt Meters. 233 BRUSH eiND?NG R1 F"03T-| ^B l 'i'' l l l l|HnBHirwfe--=^9 — armature IBS ;£ T^-'-l SHAFT PI - ... ^mm BASE ~ ~^3 "T- sz CAP ~^y .SPRINS ^ DISC |^ - 'Jewel bushing 235 THOMSON RECORDING WATT-METERS. 50 VOLTS THREE WIRE. 10 L ghts, 10 Amperes 220 VOLTS. 15 15 " 20 Lights, 7>< Amperes 25 25 50 " 15 50 50 " 90 " 25 100 100 '* 200 « 50 150 150 " 400 » 100 300 300 " 600 « 150 600 600 " METERS EOR MOTOR 75 VOLTS. SERVICE. 14 I, ghts, 10 Amperes 220 VOLTS. 20 " 15 " 35 " 25 u 3 H. P. 15 Amperes 75 50 u ^A " 25 150 100 » 15 " 50 " 225 150 (C 25 100 450 300 u 40 " 150 900 600 " 80 160 » 300 600 100 TO 110 VOLTS. 16 L ghts, 10 Amperes 500 VOLTS. 25 15 ' v/ 2 H. P. 15 Amperes 45 25 ' 15 " 25 90 50 ' 30 " 50 175 100 ' 60 " 100 250 150 ' 100 " 150 500 300 i ' 200 " 300 L000 600 " 400 " 600 PRIMARY CIRCUITS 1000 to 20 00 VOLTS. 15,000 Watts . 25,000 " 50,000 " 100,000 " Wit] i Tra nsform er. ^ 236 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLING THE THOMSON RECORDING WATT- METER. In unpacking the meter, it is necessary to handle the several parts in a careful manner, and to follow these directions in every detail. The registering dials or " train" of gears, the top bearing stud, the level, and a light steel bar for screwing down lifting nut, will be found in a small box in the compartment at one end of the packing case. Set the meter frame upon a bench or table, and remove the wedges from between disc and magnets ; loosen the screws which hold the temporary clamps supporting the armature in the frame ; insert the top bearing stud and bring it down to the shoulder on the shaft ; fix the stud at this point by means of the set-screw provided for the purpose. Remove the temporary clamps, being careful not to injure the armature in so doing, and place the field coils in position ; being sure to screw them down firmly before fastening the lead wires to the binding posts. Place the registering dials carefully in position so that the worm on the armature shaft, which gears into it, is not injured. Do not remove the wedge under the nut beneath the disc, which raises the shaft off the jewel, until after the meter is set up and ready to start. This is important. In setting up the meter, screw it to a solid perpendicular sup- port, inserting a screw through the upper right-hand hole first, then one through the diagonally opposite slotted hole, bringing the meter very carefully to a level by means of spirit-level, on the base near the magnets. Connect the meter with the circuit in accordance with diagram of its class ; there are three classes of meter : 2-wire, 3-wire and primary, the connections of which are different. The meter is now ready to start. Never let the shaft down on the jewel until everything else is ready for the meter to start. H 'ims •SdUiUT m O Connections of THOMSON RECORDING WATT-METER No. 3522. General Electric Co. June 15,1892. Two Wire System, Direct or Alternating. I sizes below. 100 Amp. except 15 Amp-50,Volts. 100 Amp.^ larger. 3 Wire. Less than,50Amp. Primary of Alternating System. 3 Wire. 50 Amp. or more. F rom Dynamo.-^ F rom Dynamo.^f Neutral wire does not enter the Meter. S Meter FrdrrPDynamo, -Transformg. from Dynamo ! FromlynambTJbTransforme r. Neutral wire does not enter the Meter. 239 Be cautious about changing the tension of the brushes, as they are carefully adjusted before leaving the factory. A slight sparking will sometimes be noticed at the commutator, when the meter is first started. This will soon disappear, as it is simply due to small particles of dust which have collected on the commutator and brushes in shipment, and will soon rub off. Should the commutator ever need cleaning, carefully insert a piece of narrow tape between the commutator and brushes and draw it gently back and forth, at the same time rotating the shaft slowly. When doing this be careful not to spring the brushes out of their original position. More complete directions will be found packed with each meter. For directions relating to changes or improvements, see instruc- tions with meter. DIRECTIONS FOR READING METER DIALS. To correctly read the sum indicated on the dial of a recording meter, it is necessary to use considerable care and to bear several important facts in mind. First, it must be remembered that the figures marked under or over each dial (1,000, 10,000, etc.) represent a complete revolution of the hand of that dial. Therefore, each division on the dial to the extreme right indicates, not one, two, three, or four thousands of units, but one, two, three, or four hundreds of units. A complete revolution of the hand will be one thou- sand and will have moved the hand on the second dial one division. Thus, in reading No. 6 of accompanying cut, the first dial (the one to the extreme right) indicates 700, not 7,000. It must be remembered also that a dial hand when read as hav- ing completed a division must be confirmed by the dial be- fore it (to the right). It has not completed the division on which it may appear to rest unless the hand before it has reached or passed the 0, or, in other words, completed a revolution. For this reason it will be found easier and quicker to read the dials from right to left, as shown by reading No. 2 of accompanying cut. The first dial (the extreme right) indicates 900. The second hand apparently rests on ; but since the first rests only on 9 and 240 99.700 Q ioooooo iooooo ioooo Qj TYPE N? 1 CAP. AMP VOLTS 10000000 1000 ,0 THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. C2 LYNN.MASS USA.Q ^ Q ioooooo iooooo ioooo ("Y 1 TYPE N? 6 CAP AMP \6 5 4 VOLTS ^^ 10000000 1000 ^Q THOMSON -HOUSTON ELEC. C. LYNN.MASS USA Q, NO 2 = 999.900 N° 7 = S31210O N° 3 = lOOOlOO Q 1000000 1 I0Q000 IOOOO Q • -/^ TYPE N° 3 CAP AMP. VOLTS OIUUUUUUU IDUD _^ THOMSON -HOUSTON ELEC.C LYNN MASS USA (_) 9.925.000 o IOOOOOO IOOOOO IOOOO o type m a CAP AMP VOLTS ft VA^J THOMSON HOUSTON ELEC. C* LYNN.MASS.USaQ N° 4 = 9.9 9 9.4 O IOOOOOO IOOOOO mm O] o TYPE m? a CAP AMP. V0LT5. IUUUUUUU THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC.CS LYNN,MAS5.USA. ^j o IOOOOOO IOPQ0G o z\ TYPE N° 9 Kjs V CAP AMP. VOLTS. ^-^ IUUUUUUU IUUU . O THOMSON -HOUSTON ELEC C! LYNN.MASS USaO, N° 10 = 9928300 r-\ 100000a iooooo ioooo ry ; 9 ^/a type H°- b f» rf 2 ' * 3-) CAP AMP V$ ,. 4 l TYPE N2 B CAP AMP VOLTS -^ 10000000 Lj THOMSON- HOUSTON ELEC.C2 LYNN MASS USA.O, 241 has not completed its revolution, the second has not com- pleted its division, thus the second dial indicates also 9. This 9 placed before the 900 already obtained, gives 9,900. The same is true of dial 3. The second at 9, has not quite completed its revolution, so the third has not completed its division, therefore another 9 is obtained, making 99,900. The same thing holds true of dial 4, making 999,900. The last dial (the extreme left) appears to rest on 1, but since the fourth is only 9, the last has not completed its division, and therefore reads 0. The total reading is 999,900. The hands are sometimes slightly misplaced. In cut No. 8 the first dial (the extreme right) is 0, which gives 000. The hand of the second dial is misplaced. As the first registers 0, the second should rest exactly on a division, therefore it should have reached 8, making 8,000. The third hand is ap- parently upon 3, but since hand No. 2 is at 8, the third cannot have completed a division, and must therefore indicate 2. The remaining two dials are correct, and make a total of 9,928,000. In cut No. 9 the second hand is misplaced, for since the first indicates 1, the second should have just passed a division. As it is nearest to 8 it must have just passed that figure. The remain- ing three dials are approximately correct. Total 9,928,100. In cut No. 10 the second and fourth dial hands are slightly behind their correct position, but not enough to mislead in read- ing. The total indication is 9,928,300. By carefully following these directions little difficulty will be found in reading the meter, even when the hands become slightly misplaced. Rheostats, Switches, Brushes, Fuses and Pulleys. 245 RHEOSTATS. USED WITH 37 Fields of A-18 and A-6 self-exciting dyna- mos. 51-D (110 Volt.) Class 50 Motor. 51-D (220 Volt.) Class 50, 60 and 70 Motors. 51-D (500 Volt.) Class 50, 60 and 70 Motors and Railway Motors. 52 F-40 Railway Motors. 60-A Class 15 to 30 inclusive, 110 Volt Motors. c Class 3 to 10 inclusive, 110 Volt Motors. ( Class 10 to 30 inclusive, 220 Volt Motors. 60-B 60-C ( Class 6, 220 Volt Motor. } Class 30, 500 Volt Motor. 60-D ( Class 3, 220 Volt Motor. 1 Class 15 and 20, 500 Volt Motors. 60-E Class 6 and 10, 500 Volt Motors. 60-F Class 3, 500 Volt Motor. 63 12 and 13 inch projectors. 68 1 Arc lamp on 80 Volt circuit or 2 Arc lamps on 125 Volt circuit, for 4 to 10 Amperes. 71 1 Arc lamp on 80 Volt circuit or 2 Arc lamps on 125 Volt circuit, for 10 to 15 Amperes. - 72 1 Arc lamp on 125 Volt circuit, for 4 to 10 Amperes. 73 1 Arc lamp on 125 Volt circuit, for 10 to 15 Amperes. 83 W P-50 and S R G-50 Railway Motors. 246 RHEOSTATS (Continued). USED WITH 85 Type 85 Controller, built in two forms for 220 and 500 Volts. 92 Type J Controller, (built in three forms B, C andD.) 133 A-60 and A-120. 141 D-2, 110 Volts. 142 A-30 and D-5, 110 Volts. 143 A-18 and A-70. 144 B-6 separately excited dynamo. 145 D-71 to D-90 inclusive, 110 Volt Generators. 146-A D-2 and D-3, 220 Volt and D-5 to D-90 inclusive, 500 Volt Generators. M P-4-200-425 Generator. M P-l-100-650 Generator. 147 D-5 to D-90 inclusive, 220 Volt Generator. 148 A-35 and A-240. 165 D-3, 110 Volt Generator. 181-A M P-90 and M P-4-300-400, 500 Volt Generators. 182-A D-2 and D-3, 500 Volt Generators. 187 Special A-140. 189-A M P-270, 500 Volt Generator. 191 Arc Dynamo (for light loads.) 193-A M P-4-500-350, 500 Volt Generators. 247 RHEOSTATS. CARRYING CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE. Cross Section of Iron, in inches. Size of Wire Average Number Type. of Contact B. & S. Gauge. Resistance. Points. 51 D (110 volts) 2% x 4 inch. .75 Min. 43 51 D (220 volts) 2^x4 " — 3.00 Min. 43 51 D (500 volts) 2^x4 " — 12.00 Min. 43 52 D 2^x4 " — 9.00 Min. 43 60 A 2J^x4 " — lto 5 10 60 B 2^x4 " — . 5 to 10 10 60 C 2^x4 " — 10 to 25 10 60 D 2^x4 " — 25 to 50 10 60 E 2^x4 " — 50 to 100 10 60 F 2% x 4 " — 100 or over 10 6S .072 .064 .051 8.5 8 71 .091 .081 .072 4.44 8 72 .072 .064 .051 16.20 8 73 .091 .081 .072 7.75 8 83 B 2J^ x 4 inch. — 8 to 10 63 133 .081 7.58* 20 141 .045 .036 61.47* 20 142 .057 18.11* 20 143 .114 .102 5.00* 40 145 .072 23.16* 40 146 and 146 A .032 209.26* 40 • 147 .051 72.90* 40 14S .091 2.67* 20 165 .045 .036 80.43* 20 181 A .051 .045 104.25* 79 182 and 182 A .025 446.00* 40 189 A .064 .057 59.00* 79 191 .072 .057 42.10* 2 193 A .040 .028 290 79 *Mean resistance of from 5 to 50 rheostats of this type. 248 SWITCHES. Single Pole, S. P., 5 and 10 amperes. Double Pole, D. P., 10, 20, 40 and 50 amperes. Station Switch, Single Pole, S. P., 30, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1000 amperes. Station Switch, Double Pole, D. P., 30, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1000 amperes. Station Switch, Single Pole Double Throw, S. P. D. T., 30, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1000 amperes. Station Switch, Double Pole Double Throw, D. P. D. T., 30, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1000 amperes. Station Switch, Triple Pole, T. P., 30, 75, 150, 300 and 600 amp. Station Switch, Triple Pole Double Throw, T. P. D. T., 30, 75, 150, 300 and 600 amperes. CUT-OUTS. Main Line Single Pole, S. P. M., 100, 200 and 300 amperes. Main Line Double Pole, D. P. M., 10, 30, 75 amperes. Double Pole Double Branch, D. P. D. B., 10, 20, 40 and 70 amp. Electrolier, S. P. and D. P., 5 and 10 amperes. REACTIVE COILS. 15 light 52 and 104 volts. 35 " 52 " 104 " 75 " 52 " 104 " 250 " 1000 " 500 " 1000 " Also class 15, 35 and 75 for primary circuits to order. In ordering supplies the expert will refer to the supply catalogue for details as the above is given merely as an outline. 249 TABLE OF BRUSHES. Dynamo Class. Number of Brushes used. Carbon or Copper. Size of Brush. No. Motor Class. Number of Brushes. Size of Brush. No. D2 110 2 Copper 3-500 V'lts 2 No. 1 500 2 Carbon 6-500 " 2 1 D3 100 2 Copper 10-500 " 4 ' 1 500 2 Carbon 15-500 " 4 ' 1 D5 110 4 Copper 20-500 " 4 ' 1 500 4 Carbon 30-500 " 4 ' 1 D7^ 110 4 Copper 50-500 " 4 ' 9 500 4 Carbon 60-500 " 4 Carbon ' 9 D10 110 4 Copper 70-500 " 6 ' 9 500 4 Carbon 100-500 " 4 * 5 D15 110 4 Copper 120-500 " 4 ' 5 500 4 Carbon 150-500 " 4 ' 5 D20 110 4 Copper 220-500 " 8 ' 10 500 4 Carbon 9 D25 110 500 110 500 110 500 110 500 110 500 4 ' 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 Copper Carbon Copper Carbon Copper Carbon Copper Carbon Copper Carbon 4 9 3 9 3 5 3 5 3 5 D30 Number of Brushes Size of Brush D40 D50 D62 MP 4-100-650, 500 volts MP 4-200-425, 500 " MP 4-300-400, 500 " MP 4-500-350, 500 " 8 carb. 10 " 16 " 20 " 2y 2 xy 2 D90 110 10 Copper 5 500 8 Carbon 10 BI C I EI 75 110 75 110 75 110 4 4 4 4 4 4 Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper 1 1 1 1 2 2 All Motors taking over 40 amperes are supplied with copper brushes ; those taking less than this are supplied with carbon brushes. (This does not include those above HI 75 6 Copper 2 Type 30.) 110 500 6 9 Copper Carbon 2 9 250 FUSES. The following list contains all of the Fuses regularly kept in stock, and supersedes all previous lists : GENERATORS. BIPOLAR. Cat. No. D 2 110 Yolts, 15 Ampere Fuse, . . 7705 D 2 125 ' 15 7705 D 3 110 ' 25 7706 D 3 125 ' 25 7706 D 5 110 ' 40 7707 D 5 125 ' 40 7707 d n% 110 ' 60 7708 D V/ 2 125 ' 60 7708 D 10 110 ' 80 7709 D 10 125 ' 80 '■< , ' 7709 D 15 110 ' ' 120 7740 D 15 125 ' t 120 7740 D 15 500 ' 30 7711 D 20 110 ' ' 200 7897 D 20 125 ' ' 160 7712 D 20 250 ' 80 7713 D 20 500 ' 35 7714 D 25 110 ' ' 240 7715 D 25 125 ' ' 200 7857 D 25 250 ' ' 100 7895 D 25 500 ' 50 7862 D 30 110 ' ' 300 7898 D 30 125 ' ' 240 7715 D 30 250 ' ' 120 7716 D 30 500 ' 60 7717 D 40 110 4 ' 400 7720 D 40 125 ' ' 320 7718 D 40 220 ' ' 180 7707 D 40 500 ' 80 7719 D 50 110 ' ' 500 7722 D 50 125 ' ' 400 7720 D 50 500 ' ' 100 7721 D 62 110 ' ' 600 7903 D 62 125 ' ' 500 7722 D 62 250 ' ' 250 7723 D 62 500 ' ' 150 7724 D 62 500 ' ' 125 10680 D 90 110 ' ' 850 7855 D 90 125 ' ' 750 7900 D 90 500 ' ' 180 7902 251 MULTIPOLAR MP 80 500 Volts , 160 Ampere Fuse, MP 90 500 " 180 " " MP 100 500 k ' 200 " ' k MP 200 500 " 400 u a MP 300 500 " " SPHERICAL INCANDE BI 75 Yolts 40 Ampere Fuse, BI 110 " 40 " " CI 75 " 100 " " CI EI 110 " 75 " 60 200 " u EI 110 " 160 " " EI 125 " 120 " " HI 75 tl 400 " " HI 110 " 300 " u HI 125 " 240 " " HI 250 " 120 " " HI 500 " 60 MOTORS. 7906 B 7902 B 7911 B 7896 B 7760 A 7760 A 7787 A 7761 A 7765 A 7764 A 7763 A 7720 A 7898 B 7715 A 7716 A 7717 A STATIONARY MOTORS. Class 2. 110, 220 and 500 Yolts 7 Ampere Fuse, 7730 A " 3. 110 Yolts, 10 Ampere Fuse, 7731 A " 3. 220 and 500 Yolts, 7 Ampere Fuse, 7730 A " 6. 110 Yolts, 25 Ampere Fuse, . 7732 A " 6. 220 " 10 " 7731 A " 6. 500 " 7 " 7730 A " 10. 110 " 36 " 7733 A " 10. 220 " 18 " 7734 A " 10. 500 " 15 " 7735 A " 15. 110 " 50 " 7736 A " 15. 220 " 31 " 7737 A " 15. 500 " 15 " 7735 A " 20. 110 " 80 " 7709 A " 20. 220 " 35 " 7741 A " 20. 500 " 20 " 7739 A " 30. 110 " 120 " 7740 A " 30. 220 • " 50 " 7742 A " 30. 500 " 30 " 7711 A " 50. 500 " 50 " 7862 A 252 TRANSFORMERS. TRANSFORMER PRIMARY CONNECTION BOARDS. 3 Ampere Fuse, Rubber Covered, 4 " 7 7830 A 7831 A 7832 A TRANSFORMER SECONDARY CONNECTION BOARD. 7 Am pere Fus 10 ' " 15 i u 18 ' " 25 ' " 36 I 50 i u 70 ' " 7832 A 7773 A 7774 A 7775 A 7776 A 7777 A 7778 A 7833 A 7839 A FUSE WIRE. The following table shows the sizes of fuse wire carried in stock, and the approximate current carrying capacity of each size : — AMETER. AMPERES. .017 . . . . . 3 .020 .... 4 .032 7 .042 10 .056 15 .065 18 .075 25 .085 28 .096 31 .111 36 .130 50 .150 70 7705_ 7706^ ^7707^ 7708 ^ 7709 ^ 7 7I0_^ 7711 ^ 7712 _ 77l3 _^ 7m - ^- ¥ 715 -< -^ ^y 7716 ^x 7717 7718 77| g 77Z0 fiFtn) (fiLif) ifJr=Gi> (rlMn) 7721 ^ .,' 7722 7723 ,<-^-i 7724 n r^-x 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 (n ^^^ n) ra — m m — @ e~iH) r~g @ — ra 7735 7736 7737 7739 7740 7741 774Z In) ^^TT)^ g(f>^^ZZiea-^K^^ 7743 77B0 77B1 7762 ,-7763 ^7764 __^ 7765 _, 7766 ^— ^ 7770 7771 777Z 7773 7774 7775 7776 7777 7778 7780 7785 7786 W~^i W~D %r~v) w~f) w^r) ra (pxp) (rt>^ 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 (RjpiCn) (n-3B \j\zzjv (pIZTp) (p. ' Jr) o\ 7793 7794 7795 7 8 oo 7801 _7804 7805 <&xp) ci^ [ ^Lj? ^-^ (p^^^r^^ziB 7815 7816 7817 78i8 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7830 7831 7832 7833 7839 7845 7845 7847 7848 7849 7850 7851 7852 ^j 3 7854 7855 sf=^ f^^ w^m g^w 7857 7858 EM ^^ r^ ^F6) fiFfc ^^ 15648 15643 PLATE B. 7864 73G5 7869 7870 (rT~&3 $r~B en? sr~f3 ir~i& gt~$ i?r~^ 7872 7873 7874 787? gt-w §n? r~i §rn fr-efMKM^ c&- 7883 7884 7885 (fiS H^ ^3 m ff& — 7887 7888 7889 fl B»tfc ^*«^> 1-4 x 1-1 5-16x5-32" 3-8 x 3-16" 3-8x3-16" 3-8 x 3-16" 3-8x3-16" 3-8 x 3-16" 3-8 x 3-16" I x 3-16" Multipolar Gen. MP 4-] IP 4-200425 MP 4-300400 MP 4-500-350 3-4 x 3-8" 1 1-2 x 3-8" 1 1-2 x 3-8" Motors and Generators, 10 30 50 70 100 150 220 D2 D5 D7£ D10 D 15 D20 D25 D30 D40 D50 D62 D90 5-16 x 5-32" 5-16x5-32' 3-8 x3-16' 7-16 x 7-32" 7-16 x 7-32' 7-16 x 7-32' 1-2 xl-4" x 5-16" 3-4 x3-8" 3-4 x3-8 3-4 x3-8" 3-4 x3-8" Alternators. Class Keyway. A6 3-8x3-16" A 12 3-4 x 3-8" A 18 3-8 x 3-16" A 35 3-8 x 3-16" A 70 3-4x3-8" A165 1 1-8 x 1-2" A 25 3-8 x 3-16" A50 3-8 x:3-16" A100 • 3-4 x 3-8" A200 11-4x1-2" A30 3-8 x 3-16" A60 3-8 x 3-16" A120 3-4 x 3-8" A300 11-4x1-2" Spherical Inc. BI EI HI 1-4 x 1-8" 5-16 x 5-32" 3-8 x 3-16" 3-8 x 3-16" General Information, Formulae and Tables. FORMULA FOR WROUGHT IRON OR STEEL CONTINUOUS SHAFTING. (Pencoyd Iron Works.) , ^50h. p. . . . .. _ _j Rd 3 d = — „ for bare shafts, or H. P. = , ^70h. p. . ,, + . .. , Rd 3 or d = — 5 for shafts carrying pulleys, etc. or H. P. =— — — \K ^/"^ 1 = 720 d 2 for bare shafts, or d = v -=^z 720 or 1 = 140 d' 2 for shafts carrying pulleys, etc. or d H. P. = horse power transmitted. d = diameter shaft in inches. R = revolutions per minute. 1 = length between supports in feet. HORSE POWER OF ENGINES. P. L.A.N . ' 33000 p = Mean effective pressure. L = Length stroke in feet. A = Area of piston in square inches. 1ST = Number strokes = twice number of revolutions. H. P. = Horse Power. WEIGHT OF PIPES. Let D = external diameter in inches. d = internal " " " w = weight per lineal foot in pounds, h = constant for material. Then w = K (D 2 — d*). Values of K : For cast iron = 2.45 " wrought iron = 2.64 " brass =2.82 " copper =3.03 " lead =3.86 140 D 2 BELTING. Length of Belts: Open L = -|- S + 2c (1 + 14, c L = Length of Belt. S = Sum of Pulley Diameters. C = Distance between Centres of Pulley. D = Difference of Pulley Diameters. tt = 3.1416. An approximate rule for calculating the length of a belt is as follows : — To twice the distance between centres of pulleys add one half the circumference of each pulley. Horse Power of Belting. (For double belts only.) H. d X r X b — 1925 d = diameter small Pulley. r = revolutions small Pulley. b = breadth of Belt H. P. = Horse Power transmitted. Arc of Contact of Belt. Fraction of circle. Power transmitted, C. 180° .1-2 ... 1.00 1571-2 .... . 7-16 . . . .92 135 .3-8 ... .84 1121-2 .... . 5-16 . . . .76 90 .1-4 ... .64 For "single" belting: H. ] b X s X c * ~ 1000 b = breadth of belt in inches. s = speed in feet per minute, c = constant from table. H. P. = Horse Power transmitted. "Double" belting is expected to transmit twice and "light" double one and one-half times as much power as "single" belting. 263 RULE FOR FINDING THE HORSE POWER OF A PULLEY. Multiply the circumference of the pulley in feet by the revolu- tions per minute, and the product thus obtained by the width of the belt in inches and divide the result by 600. This rule is founded on the fact that good, ordinary, single- leather belting, with a tension of fifty-five pounds per inch width, will require fifty square feet of belt surface passing over the pulley per minute for one horse power. Fifty square feet per minute is equal to a belt one inch wide running 600 feet per minute. To find the speed of a belt, multiply the circumference of the driving pulley in feet by the revolutions per minute. The circumference is equal to the diameter multiplied by the constant 3.1416. Belts should always be run with the grain side next to the pulley. Kule for finding size of Dynamo Driving Pulley: — d X S x = required diameter of dynamo pulley, d = diameter of engine pulley. S = number of engine revolutions per minute. S 1 = required revolutions of armature per minute. 264 CHIMNEYS. SIZES OF CHIMNEYS WITH APPROPRIATE HORSE-POWER OF BOILERS. The following table has been computed by means of a modifica- tion of Rankine's formulae and will be found useful for ready reference. Height of Chimneys. w 5f ^1 lide of uare of iroximate area, nches. S.s 50 ft. £° 70 1 80 | 90 ft. 1 ft. | ft. 100 1 110 1 125 1 150 | 175 1 200 ft. | ft. 1 ft. | ft. 1 ft. 1 ft. Commercial Horse-Power. en ft 18 23 25 27 0.97 1.77 16 21 35 38 41 1.47 2.41 19 24 49 54 58 62 2.08 3.14 22 27 65 72 78 S3 2.78 3.98 24 30 84 92 100 107 L13 3.58 4.91 27 33 115 125 133 141 4.47 5.94 30 36 141 152 163 178 182 5.47 7.07 32 39 183 196 208 219 6.57 8.30 35 42 216 231 245 258 271 7.76 9.62 38 48 311 330 348 365 389 10.44 12.57 43 54 363 427 449 472 503 551 13.51 15.90 48 60 505 539 565 593 632 692 748 16.98 19.64 54 66 658 694 728 776 849 91S 981 20.83 23.76 59 72 792 835 876 934 1023 1105 1181 25.08 28.27 64 78 995 1038 1107 1212 1310 1400 29.73 33.18 70 84 1163 1214 1294 1418 1531 1637 34.76 38.48 75 90 1344 1415 1496 1639 1770 1893 40.19 44.18 80 96 1537 1616 1720 1876 2027 2167 46.01 50.27 86 265 SIZE OF DRILLS FOR SCREWS. (Morse Gauge) Screw Drill Screw Drill Size. Thread. Body. Tap. Size. Thread. Body. Tap. 2 48 42 49 18 18 5-16 15-64 4 36 32 42 1-8 40 30 39 4 32 32 42 1-4 20 - 9 6 32 26 34 5-16 18 - 1-4 6 30 26 34 5-16 20 - 17-64 8 32 17 27 3-8 16 - 19-64 10 32 8 18 7-16 14 - 11-32 10 24 7 21 1-2 12 - 25-64 12 24 1 9 1-2 13 - 13-32 14 24 1-4 4 9-16 12 - 15-32 14 20 1-4 8 5-8 11 - 17-32 16 16 9-32 3 3-4 10 — 21-32 DEFINITIONS OF ELECTRICAL UNITS. All electrical units are derived from the following mechanical units : The centimeter is the unit of length, and equals .3937 inch, or .000000001 of a quadrant of the earth. The gram is the unit of mass, and is equal to 15.432 grains, the mass of a cubic centimeter of water at 4° C. The second is the unit of time and is the time of one swing of a pendulum, swing- ing 86464.09 times per day, or the l-86400th part of a mean solar day. The volt is the unit of electro-motive force [E]. Electro-motive force, which is the force that moves electricity, is usually written E. M. F. (in formulas E) and various writers use it to express potential, difference of potential, electric pressure and electric force. One volt will force an ampere of current through one ohm of resistance. Its value is purely arbitrary, but fixed. The ohm is the unit of resistance (R). Its value is not absolutely known, but all electricians in 1884 agreed to consider it, for ten years, as equal to the resistance of a column of pure mercury 1 square millimeter in section and 106 centimeters long at the temperature of melting ice. One ohm is that resistance through which one ampere of current will flow at a pressure of one volt of E. M. F. The megohm = 1,000,000 ohms. The ampere is the unit of current strength [C] Its value may be defined as that quantity of electricity which flows through one ohm of resistance when impelled by one volt of E. M. F. One ampere of current flowing through a bath will deposit 0.017253 grain of silver or 0.005084 grain of copper per second. The coulomb is the unit of quantity [Q], and is the quantity of electricity pass- ing per second when the current is one ampere. The farad is the unit of capacity [K], and is that capacity that will contain one coulomb at a potential of one volt. A condenser of one farad capacity, if charged to two volts, will contain two coulombs, if to 100 volts, 100 coulombs, etc. The microfarad [mfd], = one-millionth of a farad. The joule is the unit of work [W]. It is the work done, or heat generated, by a watt in a second. It is equal to .7373 foot-pound. The watt is the unit of electrical power [P], and is the energy contained in a current of one ampere with an electro motive force of one volt. 746 watts =: one horse power. A current of 10 amperes, and 74.6 volts will do the work of one horse power. The Kilowatt (kw) equals to 1000 Watts. The E. M. F. is distributed according to the resistance of the various parts of the circuit, except where there is counter E. M. F. Counter E. M. F. is like back pressure in hydraulics. Thus, to find the available E. M. F., or the resulting current against a resistance where there is a counter E. M. F., the counter E. M. F. must be deducted. For example : Suppose a storage battery with a resistance of .02 ohm and a C. E. M. F. of 15 volts, and you wish to charge it with a dynamo which gives an E. M. F. of 20 volts at the battery binding posts : there are 20 — 15 = 5 volts working through a resistance of .02 of an ohm with consequently a current of 250 amperes. The fall of potential is, however, virtually 20 volts, and not 5 volts, and the power is 20X250 == 5,000 watts, and not 5X250= 1,250 watts, as might perhaps be supposed. It is obvious that the C. E. M. F. has acted as a true resistance. In the above case 5X250 = 1,250 watts were wasted in overcoming the resistance of the storage battery ; and the remaining 3,750 watts were stored up in the chemical changes which they brought about in the active material of the storage battery. Mils = Thousandths of an inch. d 2 = circular mils. The cii'cular mil is now generally used as the unit of area when considering the cross-section of electric conductors, the resistance being inversely, and weight of copper directly, proportional to the circular mils. 267 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 1-64 : 1-32 : 3-64 : 1-16 : 5-64 : 3-32 7-64 : 1-8 : 9-64 : 5-32 : 11-64 3-16 13-64 : 7-32 : 15-64 : 1-4 : 17-64 : 9-32 : 19-64 : 5-16 : 21-64 11-32 : 23-64 : 3-8 : 25-64 : 13-32 : 27-64 : 7-16 : 29-64 : 15-32 : 31-64 : 1-2 : .015625 .03125 : .046875 .0625 .078125 .09375 .109375 .125 .140625 .15625 .171875 .1875 .203125 .21875 .234375 .25 .265625 .28125 .296875 .3125 = .328125 .34375 .359375 .375 .390625 .40625 .421875 .4375 .453125 .46875 .484375 .5 33-64 = .515625 17-32 = .53125 35-64 = .546875 9-16 = .5625 37-64 == .578125 19-32 = .59375 39-64 = .609375 5-8 = .625 41-64 = .640625 21-32 = .65625 43-64 = .671875 11-16 = .6875 45-64 = .703125 23-32 = .71875 47-64 = .734375 3-4 = .75 49-64 = .765625 25-32 = .78125 51-64 = .796875 13-16 = .8125 53-64 = .828125 27-32 = .84375 55-64 = .859375 7-8 = .875 57-64 = .890625 29-32 = ..90625 59-64 = .921875 15-16 — .9375 61-64 = .953125 31-32 = .96875 63-64 = .984375 1 = 1.000000 TABLE OF CIRCLES. Circumferences or areas intermediate of those in the table, may he found by simple arithmetical proportion. The diameters, etc., are in inches ; but it is plain that if the diameters are taken as feet, yards, etc., the other parts will also be in those same measures. DlAM. Cm- Area. DlAM. ClR- AnEA. DlAM. Cm- Area. Ins. OUMF. Ins. Sq. Ins. Ins. CUMF. Ins. 8q. Ins. Ins. CUMF. Ins. Sq. Ins. 1-64 .049087 .00019 1 15-16 6.08684 2.9483 i 15-16 15.5116 19.147 1-32 .098175 .01(077 2. 6.28319 3.1416 5. 15.7080 19.635 3-64 .147262 .00173 1-16 6.47953 3.3410 1-16 15.9043 20.129 1-16 .196350 .00307 1-8 6.67588 3.5466 1-8 16.1007 20.629 3-32 .294524 .00690 3-16 6.87223 3.7583 3-16 16.2970 21.135 1-8 392699 .01227 1-4 7.06858 3.9761 1-4 16.4934 21.648 5-32 .490874 .01917 5-16 7.26493 4.2000 5-16 16.6897 22.1C6 3-16 .589049 .02761 3-8 7.46128 4.4301 3-8 16.8861 22.691 7-32 .687223 .03758 7-16 7.65763 4.6664 7-16 17.0824 23.221 1-4 7,^5398 .04909 1-2 7.85398 4.9087 1-2 17.2788 23.758 9-32 .8S3573 .06213 9-16 8.05033 5.1572 9-16 17.4751 24.301 5-16 .981748 .07670 5-8 8.24668 5.4119 5-8 17.6715 24.850 11-32 1.07992 .09281 11-16 8.44303 5.6727 11-16 17.8678 25.406 3-8 1.17810 .11045 3-4 8.63938 5.9396 3-4 18.0642 25.967 13-32 1.27627 .12962 13-16 8. 83573 6.2126 13-16 18.2605 26.535 7-16 1.37445 .15033 7-8 9.032(18 ■ 6.4918 7-8 18.4569 27.109 15-32 1.47262 .17257 15-16 9.22843 6.7771 15-16 18.6532 27.688 1-2 1 57080 .19635 3. 9.42478 7.0686 6. 18.8496 28.274 17-32 1.66897 .22166 1-16 9.62113 7.3662 18 19 2423 29.465 9-16 1.76715 .24850 1-8 9.81748 7.6699 1-1 19.6350 30.680 19-32 1 .86532 .27688 3-16 10.0138 7 9798 3-8 20.0277 31.919 5-8 1.96350 .30680 1-4 10.2102 S.2958 1-2 20.4204 33.183 21-32 2 06167 .33824 5-16 10.4065 8 6179 5-8 20.8131 34.472 11-16 2.15984 .37122 3-8 10.6029 8 9462 3-4 21.2058 35.785 23-32 2 25802 .40574 7-16 10.7992 9.2806 7-8 21.5984 37.122 3-4 2.35619 .44179 1-2 10,9956 9.6211 7. 21.9911 38.485 25-32 2.45437 .47937 9-16 11.1919 9.9678 1-8 22.3838 39.871 1316 2.55254 .51849 5-8 11.3883 10.321 1-4 22.7765 41.282 27-32 2.65072 .55914 11-16 11. .5846 10.680 3-8 23.1692 42.718 7-8 2.74889 .60132 8-4 11.7810 11.045 1-2 23.5619 44.179 29-32 2.84707 .64504 13-16 11.9773 11.416 5-8 23.9546 45.664 15-16 2.94524 .69029 7*8 12.1737 11 .793 3-4 24.3473 47.173 31-32 3.04342 .73708 15-16 12.3700 12.177 7-8 24.7400 48.707 1. 3.14159 .78540 4. 12.5664 12.566 8. 25.1327 50.265 1-16 3.33794 .88664 1-16 12.7627 12.962 18 25.5254 51 .849 1-8 3.53429 .99402 1-8 12.9591 13.364 1-4 25.9181 53.456 3-16 3.73064 1.1075 3-16 13.1554 13.772 3-8 26.3108 55.088 1-4 3.92699 1.2272 1-4 13.3518 14.186 1-2 26.7035 56.745 5-16 4.12334 1.3530 5-16 13. .5481 14.607 5-8 27.0962 58.426 3-8 4.31969 1.4849 3-8 13.7445 15 a33 3-4 27.4889 60.132 7-16 4.51604 1 6230 7-16 13.9408 15.466 7-8 27.8816 61.862 1-2 4.71239 1.7671 1-2 14.1372 15.904 9. 28.2743 63.617 9- 16 4.90874 1.9175 9-10 14.3335 16.349 1-8 28.6670 65.397 5-8 5.10509 2 .0739 5-8 14.5299 16 800 1-4 29.0597 67.201 11-16 5.30144 2.2365 11-16 14 7262 17.257 3-8 29.4524 69.029 3-4 5.49779 2.4053 3-4 14.9226 17.721 1-2 29.84511 70.882 13-16 5.69414 2.5802 13-16 15.1189 18.190 5-8 30.2378 72.760 7-8 5.89049 2.7612 7-8 15 3153 18.665 3-4 30.6305 74.662 269 TABLE OF CIRCLES— Continued. DlAM. ClR- Area. DlAM. ClR- Area. Diam. ClR- Area. Ins. CUMF. Ins. Sq. Ins Ins. CUMF. IN9. Sq. Ins. Ins. CUMF. Ins. Sq. Ins. 9 7-8 31.0232 76.589 16 3-4 52.6217 220.35 23 5-8 74.2201 438.36 10. 31.4159 78.540 7-8 53.0144 223.65 3-4 74.6128 443.01 1-8 31.8086 80.516 17. 53.4071 226.98 7-8 75.0055! 447.69 1-4 32.2013 82.516 1-8 53.7998 230.33 24. 75.3982 452.39 3-8 32.5940 84.541 1-4 54.1925 233.71 1-8 75.79091 457.11 76.1836 461.86 1-2 32.9867 86.590 3-8 54.5852 237.10 1-4 5-8 33.3794 88.664 1-2 54.9779 240.53 . 3-8 76.5763 466.64 3-4 33.7721 90.763 5-8 55.3700 243.98 1-2 76.9690 471.44 7-8 34.1648 92.886 3-4 55.7633 247.45 5-8 77.3617! 476.26 11. 34.5575 95.033 7-8 56.1560 250.95 3-4 77.7544 481.11 1-8 34.9502 97.205 18. 56.5487 254.47 7-8 78.1471 485.98 1-4 35.3429 99.402 1-8 56.9414 253.02 25. 78.5398 490.87 3-8 35.7350 101.62 1-4 57.3341 261.59 1-8 78.9325 495.79 1-2 30.1283 103.87 3-8 57.7268 265.18 1-4 79.3252 500.74 5-8 36.5210 106.14 1-2 58.1195 268.80 3-8 79.7179 505.71 3-4 36.9137 108.43 5-8 58.5122 272.45 1-2 80.1106 510.71 7-8 37.3064 110.75 3-4 58.^049 276.12 5-8 80.5033 515.72 12. 37.6991 113.10 7-8 59.2976 279.81 3-4 80.8960 520.77 1-8 38.0918 115.47 19. 59.6903 283.53 7-8 81.2«87 525.84 1-4 38.4845 117.86 1-8 60.0830 287,27 26. 81.68J4 530.93 3-8 38.8772 120.28 1-4 60.4757 291.04 1-8 82.0741 536.05 1-2 39.2699 122.72 3-8 60.8684 294.83 1-4 82.4668 541.19 5-8 39.6626 125.19 1-2 61.2611 298.65 3-8 82.8595 546.35 3-4 40.0553 127.63 5-8 61.6538 302.49 1-2 83.2522 551.55 7-8 40.4480 130.19 3-4 62.0465 306.35 5-8 83.6449 556.76 13. 40.8407 132.73 7-8 62.4392 310.24 3-4 84.0376 562.00 1-8 41.2334 135.30 20. 62.8319 314.16 7-8 84.4303 567.27 1-4 41.6201 137.89 1-8 63.2246 318.10 27. 84.8230 572.56 3-8 42.0188 140.50 1-4 63.6173 322.00 1-8 85.2157 577.87 1-2 42.4115 143.14 3-8 64.0100 326.05 1-4 85.6084 583.21 5-8 42.8042 145.80 1-2 64.4020 330.06 3-8 80.0011 588.57 3-4 43.1969 148.49 58 64.7953 a34.io 1-2 80.3938 593.96 7-8 43.5896 151.20 3-4 65.1880 338.16 5-8 86.7865 599.37 14. 43.9823 153.94 7-8 65.5807 342.25 3-4 87.1792 604.81 1-8 44.3750 156.70 21. 65.9734 346.36 7-8 87.5719 610.27 14 44.7677 159.48 1-8 66.3661 350.50 28. 87.9646 615.75 3-8 45.1604 162.30 \A 66.7588 3.54.66 1-8 88.3573 6. ; 1.26 1-2 45.5531 165.13 3-8 67.1515 358.84 1-4 88.7500 626.80 5-8 45.9458 167.99 12 67.5442 363.05 3-8 89.1427 632.36 3-4 16 3385 170.87 5-8 67.9369 367.28 1-2 S9.5354! 637.94 7-8 46.731-2 173.78 3-4 68.3296 371.54 5-8 89.9281 643.55 15. 47.1339 176.71 7-8 68.7223 375.83 3-4 90.3208 649.18 1-8 47.5166 179.67 22. 69.1150 380 13 7-8 90.7135, 6.54.84 1-4 47 9093 182.65 1-8 69.5077 381.46 29. 91.1002, 1,60.52 3-8 48.3020 185.66 1-4 69.9004 388.82 18 91.4989, 066.23 1-2 48.6917 188.69 3-8 70.2931 393.20 1-4 91.89161 671.96 92.2843 677.71 5-8 4'.). 0874 191.75 1-2 70.6858 397.61 3-8 3-4 49.4SOJ 194.83 5-8 71.0785 402.04 1-2 92.6770 683.49 7-8 49.872W 197.93 3-4 71.4712 406.49 5-8 93.0697 689.30 16. 50.265:. 201.06 7-8 71.8630 410.97 34 93.1624 695.13 1-8 50.6582 204.22 23 72.2566 415.48 7-8 93.8551 700.98 1-4 5 1.0509 207.39 1-8 72 6103 420.00 30. 94.2478 706.80 3-3 51.4430 210.00 1-4 73.(1120 424.56 1 8 94.6105 712.76 1-2 51 .8363 213.82 3-S 73 . 4347 429.13 14 95.0332 718.69 5-8 52 2290 217.08 12 >. 73.8274 433.74 3-8 95.4259 724 64 270 ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY GLOBES. The light cut off by Arc Lamp globes is : — Ordinary glass 10% Light ground glass .... 30% Heavy ground glass . . . . 45 to 50% Strong opal glass . . . . 50 to 60% The light cut off by Incandescent Lamp bulbs is : — Ordinary glass . . . • . 6.5% Light ground or frosted glass . . 12% According to Paris Exhibition tests, if the horizontal intensity in front of an incandescent lamp be taken as 1, the mean intensity all round is 0.98. The horizontal intensity at an angle of 45° to the front is 1.33. THERMOMETERS. The following formulae may be found convenient for converting thermometic readings of the Centigrade scale to those of Fahren- heit, and vice versa. C = Centigrade. 9° Fahrenheit scale F = Fahrenheit. = 5° Centigrade scale. F = 9/5 C -f 32. C = 5/9 (F — 32). 271 SOLDERING SOLUTIONS. 1. For outside line wires : — Saturated solution of Zinc, 5 parts, Alcohol, 4 parts ; Glycerine, 1 part. 2. For iron, steel and dirty metals : — Hydrochloric acid (H CI), 1 part ; Water, 1 part. CLEANSING SOLUTION. The following solution is used for cleaning dirty metals, such as brass or copper. Equal parts of Sulphuric acid (H 2 S O4), and Nitric acid (H ISTOs) to which add a small quantity of common table salt (Na CI). The articles to be cleaned are immersed in this solution and afterwards thoroughly washed in hot water. This treatment gives them the appearance of new metal. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. PAGE Absorption of light by Globes, 270 Air-blast Jets on Arc Dynamos, Directions for setting, . 53 Alternating Current Dynamos, Connections of, . . . 131 Alternating Current Dynamo, Dimensions of, . . . 123 Alternating Current Dynamos, Foundations for, . . 129 Alternating Current Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, . 117 Alternating Current Street System, in connection with house lighting by Transformers, 139 Arc Dynamos, Dimensions of, 63 Arc Dynamo Fields, 71 Arc Dynamos, Foundations for, 65 Arc Dynamos, Station Connections, 69 Arc Dynamos, Testing, 49 Arc Lamps, Cross Suspension for, Lighting Construction, . 181 Arc Lamps, Instructions for Kepairing, .... 75 Arc Lighting Apparatus, ....... 45 Arc Plug Switchboards, 72 Assembly and Foundation of Power Generators, . . 201 Belting, Formulae for, 262 Bipolar Dynamos, Connections of, 105 Bipolar Incandescent Dynamo, Dimensions of , . . . 99 Brushes, Table of, 249 Carrying Capacity and Resistance of Rheostats, . . . 247 Carrying Capacity of enclosed wires, 25 Causes for flashing of Arc Dynamos, 61 Chimneys, sizes of, with horse power of Boilers, . . 264 Circles, Table of, 268 Cleaning Arc Armatures, 58 Cleansing Solution for Metals, 271 Combination Wiring Table, Incandescent, .... 9 Conductors, Forinulss for weight and resistance of, . . 12 274 PAGE Connections for 1000 volt Alternating Current System, . 137 Connections of Bipolar Dynamos, 105 Connections of Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, . . 89 Connections of Alternating Current Dynamos, . Connections of Ground Detectors, Connections of Stationary Motors, Connections of Thomson Recording Watt Meters, Connections of Ring Armatures for Arc Dynamos, . s . Connections of Power Generators, Connections of Type E Transformers, . Connections of Type F Transformers, Construction work, Lighting, Copper wire, dimensions and resistances of, ... Cut-out on Arc Dynamos, Directions for setting, Cut-outs, Decimal Equivalents, Definitions of Electrical Units, Dimensions of Alternating Current Dynamos, Dimensions and resistances of copper wire, Dimensions of Bipolar Incandescent Dynamos, . Dimensions of Elevator Motors, Dimensions for pole line, Lighting Construction, Dimensions of Arc Dynamos, Dimensions of Stationary Motors, ..... Dimensions of Type E Transformers, Dimensions of Type F Transformers, Direct Coupled Dynamos for Marine Lighting, . Direct Current Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, Directions for reading Meter Dials, ..... Directions for setting Air-blast Jets on Arc Dynamos, Directions for setting Cut-out on Arc Dynamos, Double Conversion System for long distance Incandescent lighting, Drills for screws, sizes of, Morse Gauge, .... Efficiencies of Motors, Electric Lighting Poles, Electrical Units, Definitions of, Elevator Motors, Dimensions of, Enclosed Wires, Carrying capacity of, Equivalent Cross sections of wires, 275 PAGE Equipments, Station, 39 Parts required for Arc System, ..... 41 Parts required for Direct Current Incandescent System, 42 Parts required for Alternating Current Incandescent System, 43 Exciters for Alternating Current Dynamos, . . . 127 Fields of Arc Dynamos, 71 Flashing of Arc Dynamos, Causes for, .... 61 Formulae for Belting, 262 Formulae, General, 5 Formulae for Horse Power of Engines, .... 261 Formulae for Incandescent Wiring, 6 Formulae, Lamp, 12 Formulae for Motor Wiring, .... . . 19 Formulae for Shafting, 261 Formulae for Weight of Pipes, 261 Foundation Dimensions for Alternating Current Incandes- cent Dynamos, . . . . . . . 129 Foundation Dimensions for Arc and Spherical Incandes- cent Dynamos, 65 Fuses, .250 General Formulae, 5 General Instructions for the Installation and Care of Dynamos, ......... 27 Ground Detector Connections, 141 Horse Power of Engines, Formulae for, . . . . 261 Horse Power of Pulleys, Kule for finding, . . . . 263 Incandescent Dynamos, Spherical Type, .... 86 Incandescent Lamps for Arc Circuits, .... 14 Incandescent Lamps for Alternating Current Street System, 14 Incandescent Lamps for Multiple Arc Circuits, ... 13 Incandescent Lamp, The, 85 Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, Direct Current, . 81 Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, Alternating Current, . 117 Incandescent Lighting, Long Distance Double Conversion System, 166 Incandescent Wiring Formulae, 6 Incandescent Wiring Table, 9 Installation and care of Dynamos, General Instructions for, 27 Installation Connection for 1000 volt Alternating Current System, 137 276 PAGE Installation of Transformers on Houses, Lighting Con- struction, 187 Installation of Transformers on Poles, Lighting Construction, 179 Installation of Type E Lightning Arrester on Pole, Light- ing Construction, 189 Instructions for Installing Thomson Recording Watt Meters, 236 Instructions for Repairing Arc Lamps, .... 75 Instructions for Starting an Alternating Current Dynamo, 121 Keyways for Pulleys, Sizes of, 258 Lamp Formulae, 12 Line Construction, Notes on, 194 Lightning Arresters, Installation of Type E, on Pole, . 189 Lighting Construction Work, 169 Long Distance Incandescent Lighting, .... 166 Loss in Yolts on Lighting or Power Circuits at different per cent, losses, 22 Loss, Per cent, allowable in lines, 11 Marine Dynamos, 115 Material required for Single Skeleton Switchboard, . . 151 Miscellaneous Formulae and Tables, ..... 259 Motor Efficiencies, 19 Motor Wiring Formulae, 19 Notes on Line Construction, 194 Poles for Electric Light Work, 191 Pole Line Dimensions, Lighting Construction, . . . 173 Power Generators, 199 Pulleys Standard, 257 Reactive Coils, 248 Reactive Coil, Diagram of Connections for use in theatres, 165 Replacing Coils on Ring Armatnres, Directions for, . . 59 Reversal of Polarity, Arc Dynamos, .... 58 Ring Armatures, Directions for replacing coils, ... 59 Ring Armatures for Arc Dynamos, Connections of, . . 67 Rheostats, ........... 245 Roof Structures, Lighting Construction, . . . . 183 Rule for finding the Horse Power of a Pulley, . . . 263 Shafting, Formulae for, 261 Slow Speed Direct Current Dynamos, 115 Soldering Solutions, 271 Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, Connections, ... 89 277 PAGE Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, Foundations for, . . 65 Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, 80 Standard Pulleys, 257 Station Connections of one D-62 Generator, 220 volts, . 217 Station Connections for two Arc Dynamos, ... 09 Station Equipment, 39 Parts required for Arc System, 41 Parts required for Direct Current Incandescent System, 42 Parts required for Alternating Current Incandescent System, 43 Station Wiring, 197 Stationary Motors, 219 Stationary Motors, Dimensions of, 223 Switchboards, Arc Plug, 72 Switchboard for Brush Alternating System, . . . 149 Switchboard Safety for four Alternating Dynamos, . . 147 Switchboard Skeleton for one Alternating Dynamo, . 143 Switchboard Skeleton for two Alternating Dynamos, . 145 Switchboard Skeleton, Material required, .... 151 Switches, 248 Table of Circles, 208 Testing Arc Light Dynamos, 49 Transformers, 155 Thermometer Readings, 270 Three Unit Switchboard Brush Alternating System, . . 149 Type E Transformers, Connections, 159 Type F Transformers, Connections, 162 Type E Transformers, Dimensions, 157 Type F Transformers, Dimensions, 101 Volts lost on Lighting or Power Circuits at different per cent, losses, 22 Watt Meters, 231 Watt Meters, Connections of, 237 Watt Meters, Instructions for Installing, .... 236 Weight of Pipes, Formulas for, 261 Wire Table for 16 c. p. 52 volt Lamps, .... 15 Wiring Table for 1000 volt Primary Circuits Alternating Current System, 17 Wiring Formula for Motors, 19 Wiring Table, Incandescent, ... . . . 9 INDEX TO DIAGRAMS. ARC. PAGE Armature connections — Ring 67 Connections, M. & K. Lamps 78 Cut-out — position of brushes 53 Dimensions of Arc Dynamos 63 Diagram of circuit 76 Diagram showing wedge in core of ring armatures 60 Foundation dimensions 65 Position of air-blast jets 54 Position of air-blast jets on M. D. & L. D. Dynamos 55 Position of air-blast jets on E. H. K. L. M. & P. Dynamos 57 Station connections 69 Switchboard connections 73 ALTERNATING INCANDESCENT. Connections A 25 131 Connections A 50 133 Connections A 100 135 Connections of Ground Detectors 141 Dimensions of Alternating Current dynamos 123 & 125 Foundation dimensions 129 Installation connections 1000 volt 137 Long distance Incandescent lighting system 167 Street system in connection with house lighting 139 Skeleton switchboard — one dynamo 143 Skeleton switchboard — two dynamos 145 Safety switchboard — four dynamos 147 Three Unit switchboard, brush system 149 TRANSFORMERS. Connection boards — type E transformers 159 Connection boards — type F transformers 163 Dimensions type E transformers 157 Dimensions type F transformers . . , 161 DIRECT INCANDESCENT. Connections — D \% — T> 15 — 125-volt S. & S. generators 107 Connections — D 20— D 90 — 125-volt S. & S. generators 109 PAGE Connections — Dl^ — D 15 shunt generators 105 Connections spherical type, Incandescent Dynamos 89 Dimensions spherical type, Incandescent Dynamos 87 Dimensions bipolar generators 99 & 101 Equalizing connections for two spherical type Incandescent Dynamos in multiple 91 Equalizing connections for two bipolar dynamos in multiple Ill Foundations — bipolar generators (see Power Generators) ....... Foundations — spherical type 129 Switchboard for three-wire system 95 Method of making connections for changing from three to two-wire system . 93 LIGHTING CONSTRUCTION. General Dimensions for Pole line 173 Position of Cross Arms when turning corners 175 Installation of Street System brackets 177 Installation of Transformers on poles . . . i 179 Cross Suspension for Arc Lamps 181 Roof Structures 183 Tree Insulation 185 Installation of Transformers on houses 187 Installation of Type E Lightning Arresters on poles 189 STATIONARY MOTORS. Connections for shunt and shunt reversing 227 Dimensions, Classes 3 to 30 223 Dimensions, Classes 50 to 220 225 Dimensions, elevator motors 229 METERS. Connections of Thomson Recording wattmeters 237 Diagram of dials 240 POWER GENERATORS. Assembly and foundation, D 50 201 Assembly and foundation, D 62 203 Assembly and foundation, M. P. 4 — 100— 650 205 Assembly and foundation, M. P. 4 — 200 — 425 , 207 • Assembly and foundation, M. P. 4 — 300 — 400 209 Connections D \ l / 2 to D 15 — 520 and 500 volt S. & S. generators 211 Connections D 20 to D 90 — 250 volt generators 213 Connections D 20 to D 90 — 500 volt generators 215 Foundations. (See assembly and foundation) *. Station connections for one D 62 — 220 volt 217 NOV 3 !