A WIRING MANUAL With this Wiring Manual you will be able to quickly locate and repair faulty circuits, generators, starting motors, batteries, coils, controllers, switches, etc., relating to all electric systems on all cars from 1912. There are 680 pages showing the wiring diagrams of 550 cars and 175 in¬ ternal diagrams—or over 700 diagrams in all-and blue prints. Hundreds of cars must be re-wired because of oil soaked and worn out insulation. The job is difficult unless te this course tow to wire a to know more car from these diag about it. Price, $12. We D Also Repair C It is impossible to out. Quite often th< testing, we find magi thing quite different, together with staterm ation and we will tes Glass_ ~ Tb )4£T ‘9 ng Motors out first testing ;ctive, but after points, or some- ; to us prepaid, it acts in oper- h the work. Subs T We offer you a i 140 pages. It is a practical p; Several pages of ( Practical hints an Book_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. le average, about nd illustrations. 3 of subscribers. FILL Gentlemen: Enclosed find $_, for which send me tor one year, without further cost to me, the Automobile Trade Magazine which you recommend. Name_ Address. (write plain) Street_State_ SUBSCRIPTION PRICE Price, $1.50 per year in all states, except Arizona, Calif., Colo., Idaho, Kans., Mont., Nebr., Nevada, New Mekico, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Okla., Oregon, Utah, Washin., Wyoming. In these states the subscription price is $2.00. Subscription price for Canada $1.50. Address A. L. Dyke, Publishers, Granite Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. TL 145 . D98 Copy ^ Examination Questions • FOR Dyke’s Home Study Course OF Automobile Engineering o o By A.‘ L. DYKE Assisted by Mr. A. W. Rhein Copyrighted 1919 By A. L. DYKE, St. Louis, Mo. Published by A. L. DYKE, Publisher ST. LOUIS, MO., U. S. A. II Preface. One of the Chief Advantages of Dyke’s Home Study Course of Automobile Engineering is in the Examination Questions. The student answers the examina¬ tion questions by writing them down. Even though you do nothing more than copy the answers to the questions and write them down, you would learn more than you would by merely reading a book, because you would memorize the answers to the principal points (or, just what you ought to know) while writing. It will be to your advantage, however, to write the answers from memory, after studying each instruction. These questions are especially prepared in order to bring out the principal features of each subject, and if the questions are answered seriatim you will advance step by step, in a progressive, accumulative manner, as you should. The Models. These models are made solely for instruction purposes. They are of no value otherwise. Wait until you are into the subjects of engine valves, valve timing, firing orders, etc., and you will then begin to appreciate their real value. A Few Practical Pointers You Should Always J Remember. THINK before you ACT. There is no profession today which one should take more pains to cultivate the habit of thinking first—before acting, than the profession of an automobile repair¬ man and a surgeon. A surgeon might operate on a person for something that did not require operation—if he acted before thinking—and just so with the automobile repairman. Remember that most bolts and nuts have right-handed threads, some have left-handed threads; if so, it is there for a purpose—THINK. Remember that a large monkey wrench on a small nut may result in breaking something, as the leverage is much greater. Remember that bolts and nuts of the same size may look alike, but may have different threads. To “cross thread” a nut on a bolt is an unpardonable sin. Remember that pliers are not in¬ tended to be used where a wrench is APR supposed to be used. They are made for different work. Remember that all parts are intended to fit in place easily and are not to be forced. Remember that all nuts should be drawn snug, but also remember that many a water manifold flange has been cracked by drawing the nut too tight. I could continue with this kind of ad¬ vice for many pages more, but it is not necessary as you now know what I mean by Thinking Before You Act—don’t you think so? Remember that when you remove parts of an engine, if these parts are replaced wrong—well, you know the answer. Ad.opt some system of working and have a box or pan for each lot of parts. Remember that order and system is the first step to success and spells effi¬ ciency, and efficiency saves dollars. If you don’t know the full meaning of these two words, find a dictionary ant\ learn the meaning right now. 25 !9I9 ©Cl.A525261 < * >h£x<,' III Instructions to the Student. Vour enrollment number is stamped in this square i tw WHEN WRITING OR ANSWERING QUESTIONS, PUT YOUR NAME, ADDRESS AND THIS ENROLLMENT NUMBER, ALSO YOUR INSTRUCTION NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EACH INSTRUCTION PAGE. DON’T FAIL TO DO THIS, OTHERWISE YOUR PAPERS WILL BE DELAYED. Send in answers to the following instructions at one time, thus dividing the Questions in four sections: Instructions 1 to 15; 16 to 33; 34 to 43; 44 to 49, and be sure to prepay postage in full, otherwise papers may be lost (see subject on postage). You are at liberty to send in answers to all of the lessons at one time if you so desire. But don’t send answers to a single instruction.. You may take as long a time as you wish, up to one year after date of enrollment, to answer the questions. Write on plain paper, light weight as possible, and with ink or typewriter. Be sure and put your name, address, etc., as per above. In order to answer the questions intelligently, make a careful study of the Instructions, and when ybu feel fairly sure that you understand, try to answer the questions without assistance. Answer as many as possible without referring to instruction, only using it for further study when it is absolutely necessary. Each Instruction must be thoroughly understood before proceeding to the next. My advice is to read the instruction through and learn the names of all the parts, and then study and answer the questions on going over it the second time. We do not expect every word and sentence to be absolutely correct; we simply want to know that you understand the principle or the idea—that’s all. The first few instructions are for the man who never saw the inside of an automobile, yet the most expert will find valuable information on practically every point touched. When you get to No. 7 lesson you will find every word of growing interest and value. You can’t judge the Course by looking it over, get into the reading matter. Dictionary and Index: It is advisable for the student to refer to both, where words and terms are not clear. Don’t get in a hurry, take time, cultivate patience, set a time to do this work and concentrate on it properly and you will be well rewarded in the long run. Name and Address- - --— Enrollment No.- Instruction No.— How to Answer the Examination Don’t write the question, merely the answer, but be sure and put the number of question down. Light Weight Paper to Save Postage. Get a five or ten-cent writing tablet and rule it up as shown in the illustration—but be sure to get light weight paper. Also note that name and address, enrollment num¬ ber and instruction number should appear at the top of each instruction sheet. Don’t send in answers to less than one section (not one instruction) at a time. (See “Instructions to Stu¬ dents.”) IV If You Ask Questions It will save considerable time and make the question easier to answer, and for you to understand the answer— if you will oblige us by asking one question at the time, and place a number before the question, as, Question No. 1; then leave space for the answer to be written. Another point to observe in asking questions is, that you ask for the answer on that part of the subject you don’t understand. Don’t ask us to answer all of the question when it is answered in the text book, probably much clearer than we could answer it by a letter. Make an effort to answer it yourself and then, if you must, ask the question on the part which bothers you. These questions are for you to answer— not us. * If you don’t answer some of the questions but leave it blank, we will assume that you did not look it up and it will be returned to you unanswered by us. If the answer cannot be found, refer to the index and text book. A Few Words About Postage. In sending answers to the questions, prepay full postage. Please include postage for return of your Examination papers. We have cautioned our students many times about writing on heavy paper— some do this, and put only a 2c stamp on same, and we are compelled to pay sometimes, as high as 20c for one set of answers which are sent in, written on heavy paper. While this small amount does not amount to much on one letter—it does amount to a considerable sum where we get several hundred per month. For instance, if we receive a hundred per day and pay 2c and 4c postage dues on the 100, it costs us $2.00 to $4.00 per day, and because our students write on heavy paper and do not pay sufficient postage. At the low price we sell our course and the time we devote to your papers leaves a very small margin of profit. Note:—In sending in final answers include 12c for postage to cover mailing the Diploma. Don’t send postage of foreign countries as it cannot be used in this country. Send P. O. order payable in the U. S, A Binder for Keeping Your Examination Papers. Please note before reading this: you don’t abso¬ lutely have to have this binder and special examina¬ tion paper; you can use a 5 or 10c writing tablet, but inasmuch as many of our students have re¬ quested something of the kind, we have prepared special paper and binder at a small additional cost. The special examination paper is printed and ruled as shown in the illustration. I would advise that every' student keep his answers in such a manner that he can refer to them Price for Binder, Paper, Spe¬ cial Envelopes, prepaid,$i,00 Note: Binder now opens from the end instead of the side. from time to time. With the binder you will have your examination papers in nice shape where you can keep them indefinitely and refer to them easily. When you get actually into the business of repairing or operating a car, you will, no doubt, have occasion to refer to various subjects. 1 QUESTIONS TO INSTRUCTION No. 1. The Automobile—General Assembly. . (See index for subjects, if not fully covered on pages given.) question Page 1 How many systems of propulsion are there in general use?.10 2— Which is the most popular, and why?.10 3— What are the two distinct parts of a car?.10 4— What part of a car is the chassis?.10 5— What part of a car is the running gear?.10, 11 6— What part of a car is the power plant?.10 7— What part of a car is the transmission system?.10 8— What part of a car is the control system?. .10 9— Explain the purpose of a main frame and sub-frame.11 10— What purpose do the front wheels serve besides supporting the load?.11 11— How are the power plants suspended and where located?.11 12— What purpose does the engine serve?.11 13— What purpose does the transmission serve?.12 14— How is the transmission connected with the engine?.12 15— What is placed between the engine and transmission, and why?.12 15a-Explain the purpose of a clutch.12 16— What is a drive shaft .for, and where is it locate'd?.13, 19 17— How is the drive shaft connected with transmission?.13, 19 18— Why is a universal joint necessary, and how constructed?.13, 19, 43 19— What does the rear end of drive shaft connect with?.13 20— What is a drive pinion, and what does it connect with?.13, 19 21— What is the bevel gear (also called ring gear) used for on a differential?._13 22— How is the bevel gear connected with the axle?.13, 34 23— Why is a differential necessary?.13 24— What are wheels made of, and why smaller than horse-drawn vehicles?.15 25— Why is a tail, or rear light necessary on an automobile?.17 26— What is the difference between a speedometer and an odometer?.17 27— What does wheel base mean?.17 28— What is meant by the tread?.17 29— What is meant by the clearance of a car?.17 INSTRUCTION No. 2. Drive Methods. 1— How many methods are there for driving a car?.18 2— What is meant by a double chain drive?.18 3— Explain how an engine can drive a car with double chains, and how would the power be transmitted to the rear axle?.18, 20 4— What purpose does the jack shaft serve?.18, 20 5 — How is the differential used in connection with a double chain-driven car, and where placed?.29 6— What type of chain is in most common use?.18, 749 7 — How is the slack taken up when worn?.19 7a-What is meant by “a silent chain,” and where is it used?.21,728 8— What are the advantages and disadvantages of chain drive, and what type of drive is now generally used on trucks?..19, 747 9 — How does the engine drive a car with a single chain drive, and where is differ¬ ential placed?.^9, 20 2 10— What is the modern method of driving a rear axle?.19, 747 11— What purpose does a propeller shaft or driving shaft serve?.19 12— What is the drive pinion, and what does it connect with?.19, 35 13— Could the drive pinion and differential ring gear have spiral bevel teeth as wpll as straight bevel teeth?.21, 35 14— What is the worm gear and worm wheel?.21, 35 15— Can the worm be placed under the worm wheel as well as over it?.21, 35 16— Explain the meaning of drive reduction.22 16a-What is meant by “gear-ratio”?.22,781 16b-How could the “gear-ratio” be changed on a Ford, (as an example)?.781 17— What is a torsion rod for?.22 17a-What is the meaning of the word torque?.22, 864 18— What is a radius or distance rod for?...20, 21 18a-Explain what is meant by “Hotchkiss” drive.22 19— What kind of a gear is a spur gear?...21, 25 20— What kind of a gear is a bevel gear?.21, 25 - 21— What is the advantage of a “helical” gear over a “straight tooth” gear?.. .35, 21 INSTRUCTION No. 3. Steering, Springs, Brakes. 1— How are the front wheels of an automobile controlled?.23 2— What purpose does steering knuckles serve, and where placed?.25 3— Name the different types of steering devices.25,692 4— How is a steering device connected with the front wheels so they can be controlled by the steering wheel?.24 5— Name the types of springs in general use.27 6— Which is the most popular type of rear spring?.27 7— What is the proper method of lubricating the springs?.27, 749, 559 8— Why are shock absorbers used on a car?. 27 9— Name the different types, and where located.27 10— Where are brakes usually placed on a car?.29, 685 11— Name the two types in general use.29, 685 12— Explain the action of the foot brake, and where located.29, 685 12a-Explain the action of the hand brake, and where located.. v ..29, 685 13— Is the foot brake the external or internal brake on rear axle brake drum?.29, 685 14— Are the band brakes single or double acting?.29, 30 15— Explain the difference between the “double acting” and “single acting” brake.29, 30 16— What is a brake equalizer?.30 17— What is a “toggle type” brake?.687 18— Explain the principle of a “cam type” brake.686 19— Explain how you would take up wear on an “external type” of brake. .30, 684, 689 20— Explain how you would adjust a toggle type brake.687 21— What are brake bands lined with?.30,691 21a-What are internal brakes lined with?.30, 685, 691 22— If a brake squeaks, what is the cause?.30, 685 23— Give a brief explanation of how to use brakes.494, 685 3 INSTRUCTION No. 4. Axles, Differentials, Bearings. 1— Name the different types of front axles.31 2— Why is the front axle dropped in front?.31 3— What are the steering spindles?.31 4— What are the steering knuckles?.31 5— Name the different types of rear axles.31, 669 6— Explain the difference between a “live” axle and a “dead” axle.31 7— Is the “live” axle the one most generally used.?.31 8— If “live” axles are in two parts, called axle shafts, how are they held together? 31 9— Explain the principle of the differential.35 9a^Name the various parts of the differential.34, 35 10— How is the differential connected with the axle-shafts on a shaft-driven car?.34, 35 11— Explain what is meant by a “full floating” axle..33, 669 12— Explain what is meant by a “semi-floating” axle...33,669 13— Explain what is meant by a “three-quarter” floating axle.33,669 14— Can the differential be removed from a “full floating” axle without removing entire rear axle from under car?. .. ..33, 669 15— Can differential be removed from a “three-quarter floating” or “semi-floating” axle without removing entire rear axle from car?.33,675,780 16— How are differentials removed?.669 17— How are axle shafts fastened to the wheels of a “full floating” axle.33,669 18— A “three-quarter and semi-floating”; how are wheels fastened?.33,669 19— Can the axle shafts be withdrawn from a “full-floating” axle without removing housing? How?...669 20— Can a “three-quarter floating” axle shaft be withdrawn without removing axle housing? How?.669, 675 21— Can a “semi-floating” axle shaft be withdrawn without removing the axle housing from under car?.-.669, 780 22— Why is it necessary to take up wear between “drive pinion” and “ring gear” on a differential?.673 23— How is this done?... -673 24— Name the different kinds of bearings.36 25— Where are plain bearings used?.36 26— Where are roller bearings used?.36 27— Where are ball bearings used?....36 28— Describe the different kinds of ball bearings and their use and construction-36 29 — When a ball is broken, how is it known?.36 30— What is meant by a “radial load”?.36 31— What is meant by a “thrust load”?.36 32_What type of bearing is there which can take a “radial” and “thrust” load?-36 INSTRUCTION No. 5. Clutches—Universal Joints. 1— What is a clutch for?.37 2— How is it connected to transmission?. 37 3— How is it connected to engine?.37 4— Name the principal parts of a clutch.37 5— What is meant by “clutch-out”?.37, 41 4 5a-What is meant by “clutch-in”?.38, 41 6 — What device is used to throw the “clutch-out”?.39, 41 7— What device is used to throw the “clutch-in”?.39, 41 8 — Can engine be started with “clutch-in”?.41 9— How can engine be started without moving car if clutch is held in by a spring?.41 10— What is mean by gears in “neutral”?.41 11— Why doesn’t car move if clutch is held “in” by a spring and gears are in “neutral”?..41 12— After engine is started (with gears in “neutral”) what is the procedure in start¬ ing car?.41 12a-What is the procedure of operating clutch when stopping car?..41 13— Name the different types of clutches.39 14— Explain the principle of the “cone clutch”.39 15— Explain the principle of the “disk clutch”.41 16— Explain the principle of the “plate clutch”.41 17— Why is it necessary to adjust a clutch?.43 • 18— Describe the principle of the Borg & Beck “single plate” clutch.4*2 19— Is the asbestos friction ring positively attached to the driving part or to the driven part?.42 20— How can a slipping clutch be remedied?.43,668, 661,669 21— What should be guarded against, relative to clutch pedal?.43 22— Which way should slot bolts be shifted to tighten the clutch?..842,668 23— What should be done in case clutch does not work smoothly?.842, 668 24— If a cone clutch slips, what is the usual cause?.661 25— If a cone clutch is “fierce,” what is the cause?.662 26— -If a disk clutch slips, what is the usual cause?.43, 663 27— What is the remedy for a slipping cone clutch?.661 28— What is the remedy for a slipping disk clutch?.43, 663 29— What is meant by clutch spinning, and what results?.662 30— What is the purpose of a universal joint?.43 31— Explain the construction of a universal joint.43,680 INSTRUCTION No. 6 . Transmission, or Change Speed Gears. 1— What is the purpose of the transmission?. 45 2— Where is it usually located?. 47 , 46 2a-Describe three different places transmission could be located.46 3— Is it ever located adjoining the rear axle?. 47 4— Name the types. 46 5— Which type is most ponular?.46, 48, 50 6 — What type is used on the Ford?. 46 , 47 7— Name the parts of a “selective” gear type transmission.48, 50, 38 8 — Is the main transmission shaft, or square shaft rigidly connected with the clutch shaft?. 48 , 50 , 38 9— Is the square shaft connected with drive shaft to rear axle?.48, 50, 38 10— Is the main drive gear connected rigidly to clutch shaft?.48, 50, 38 11— Then how is the square shaft made to revolve?.48, 50, 38 12— When the “dogs” on the sliding gear on square shaft are thrown in connection with the “dogs” on main drive gear—would the square shaft then be made to revolve by power of engine?. 48, 5 o, 58 5 13—How is “second speed” obtained?.51 34—Is the counter-shaft (or secondary shaft) connected with the clutch-shaft? How?.48, 50 15— How is “low speed” obtained?...51 16— How is “reverse” obtained and must car be stopped?.51,493 47—How many sliding or shifting gears are there in a selective type 3 -speed. transmission? .41 18— How are they moved on the square shaft?.49 19— How many shifting rods are there on a three-speed selective type trans¬ mission? . 49 20— Are both rods shifted at once, or is one rod “selected” and then shifted? How?.49 21— Name the two popular types of- gear shifting levers?.49 22— Which is the most popular the “ball and socket” or the “gate” type?.49 23— When engine is being started what position should the shifting gears (SG-2 and SG-1, page 48), be in?...48, 51 24— What is meant by gears in “neutral”?.51, 46 25— When starting car from a standstill, what gears should be meshed and how?. .48 26— When car is left standing, should the sliding gears be in “neutral”?.51 27— Why would car not run if gears were in “neutral” and the engine run¬ ning?. 38, 51,488 28— Could car coast if engine is running and gears are “neutral”?.38, 51,494 29— Could car coast if engine is running and clutch is “out”?.38, 51,494 30— Why is it necessary to always “throw-out” clutch when changing gears?.493 31— How would you shift into “neutral” if car was running and engine run¬ ning? .51, 38,494 32— Why is a “selective” type transmission preferable to a “progressive” type transmission?.46 33— What is meant by a “unit power plant”?.46,121 34— Explain the principle of the friction disc type of transmission?.46 35 — How does a “four-speed” selective type transmission differ from a “three- speed,” and which is the most popular, 3 or 4 speeds?.47,490,500 36— Explain briefly the principle of the “planetary” transmission.46,775 to 779 37 — Does it contain gears; how many and what are they called?.779 38 — Describe briefly, the action of the Ford planetary transmission.775 to 779 39— How many changes of gears has it?.775 40 — where is the clutch located on a Ford car?.775, 779 41 — Of how many plates is it constructed—small and large ones?.779 See questions to Ford Supplement for further information. The Magnetic or Electric Transmission. 42— What is the purpose of the “Magnetic” transmission?.480, 481 43— Is it true that there is no mechanical connection but an “air-gap” which con¬ nects engine with rear axle, if so, explain.480,481 44— Is this electric transmission system called the Entz system?.480 45 — Is there a generator and a motor?.480 46 — Where are generator field poles located?.480 47 — where is generator armature located?.480 48— Where are motor field poles located?.480 49 — Where is motor armature located. 480 50 — Explain how the different speeds are obtained.480,481 51— Explain how the neutral position is obtained.480.481 6 INSTRUCTION No. 7. The Gasoline Engine. 1.—How many motive powers are there in use?.53 2— What type of engine is the gasoline engine called?.53 3— What type of engine is the steam engine called?.53 4— Explain the difference between internal and. external combustion.53 4ar-What is the back and forth motion of piston termed?.55 5— What is the motion of fly wheel termed?.55 6— Is the gas combusted on both sides of piston in a gasoline engine?.55 7— What forms the combustible mixture?.53 8— What space is termed the “combustion chamber”?.53- 9— What is the piston for?.55, 75 10— What type of piston is used in a gasoline engine?.75 11— Why is it necessary to have piston rings?.75 12— What is the connecting rod for?.55 13— What is the fly-wheel for?.55,307, 67* 13a-Should. a fly-wheel for a two-cylinder or multiple cylinder engine be as heavy as for a single cylinder engine, and why not?.117 13b-How is a fly-wheel fastened to crankshaft of engine?.65 14— What is termed a “stroke” of the piston?.55 15— What type is used most; the two or four cycle?.57 16— How many “strokes” of piston are there to one revolution of the crank?.55 17— What is meant by a revolution of the crank; what crank?.55 18— Since there are four “strokes” of piston to two revolutions of the crank-shaft, does this complete the cycle?..57 19— Name the four events that constitute a complete cycle.57 20— Are these cycles repeated over and over again?.67, 57 21— What is the “suction stroke” for and does the inlet valve open on this stroke? If so, how?.57, 59 22— Should valves be open or closed on “compression stroke”?.59 23— Are valves open or closed on “power stroke”?.57, 61 24— Are exhaust valves open or closed on “exhaust stroke”?.59, 61 25— What causes inlet valves to open?.91, 59 26— What causes exhaust valve to open?.91 27— By what means are they closed.?.91 28— What would be the effect if they did not open and close at the right time?.59, 61 29— Why is an engine first cranked or started by a starting device?.59 30— Does engine develop power during suction, compression and exhaust stroke?..59 31— What stroke does develop power?.59 31a-Why does not the piston remain at the end of its stroke? What causes it to return?. 59, 67 32— How is the speed of engine controlled?.67, 69, 61, 59 33— How is the fuel introduced into the cylinder?.142, 60 34— What is the carburetor for?...142, 60 35— What is the purpose of the fly-wheel after gas is ignited?.67, 55, 307 36— What is the purpose of the ignition?.69,206, 61 37— What parts are necessary to produce ignition or a spark?.211, 60 38— WTiere is the spark plug placed?.60,219,286 39— Explain the prirciule and name the parts of a spark plug?.218,219 7 40—When should the spark occur to ignite the compressed gas?.61,319 41 If the spark occurs after piston is over top of compression stroke, will it com¬ bust all the mixture?.61,308 42— What is meant by spark “advanced.”?.61, 67, 68,227 43— What is meant by spark “retarded”?.61, 67, 68,227 44— How is the spark made to occur at the right time?.61,227 45— What circuit does the commutator close?.227,218 46— How is commutator made to advance and retard?.61,222 Note questions on pages 68 and 69 of text book. 47— Why is it necessary to cool the cylinder of a gasoline engine?.69 48— What number of cylinders are generally used?.53, 63, 70, 71 INSTRUCTION No. 8. Engine Parts. 1— What is meant by the “power plant”?.10, 11 2— What is meant by the “three-point suspension”?.72 3— What is meant by a “unit power plant,” and name the parts?.72, 44 4— Name the stationary parts of an engine?.72, 55 5— Name the moving parts of an engine?.72, 55 6 — What part of an engine revolves?.55, 77, 87 7— What part of an engine inoves in a “reciprocating” motion?.55, 864 8 — Why is a gasoline engine single-acting?..55 9— How is engine usually suspended in a car?.12, 72 10— What is the crank case for and what made of?.72 lOa-If lower part of crank case contains bearings, what is it termed? (foot¬ note) ..62, 72 lOb-If it does not contain bearings, what is it termed? (foot-note).62, 72 lOc-How is the crank shaft removed from the “barrel type” crank case?.62, 72 lOd-What type of crank case is there on engine shown on page 647? What type on page 62? Bearings. 11— Name the different kinds of bearings on a crank shaft?.72,641 12— How many bearings are there usually on a four-cylinder engine crank shaft?.72 12a-How many bearings are there usually on a six-cylinder engine crank shaft?.72 12b-What governs the number of bearings on a six-cylinder engine crank shaft? ..72, 73 13— Explain the construction of crank shaft main bearings?.73,641 14 — When a bearing becomes worn what is the remedy?.73,641 15 — what are “shims” for and, what made of?.73, 641 16 — Where are “shims” and “bushings” usually placed?.73 17 — what is a “bearing bushing” for?..73,641,644 Ig—what bearings on an engine usually require attention first?.73,641 Connecting Rods—Pistons. 19— Explain the construction of a connecting rod?.73,645 20 — What does lower end of connecting rod connect with?.73 21 — What does upper end of connecting rod connect with?.73,645 22 _How does upper end of connecting rod connect with piston?.73,645 23 —What is a “piston pin” or “wrist pin” for?.73,645 8 23a-What is meant by a “stationary” piston pin?.645 23b-What is meant by an “oscillating” piston pin?.645 24— What is a “yoked” connecting rod?....75 25— What is a “side-by-side” connecting rod?.75 26— What is a piston for?.55 27— What is meant by “piston clearance”?. 75,651 28— What type piston is used on a steam engine?.75 29— What is the difference between the two?.75 30— Of what metals are pistons usually made of?.645 31— Does piston fit inside of cylinder tight?.75,651 32— What “clearance” does a cast iron piston have?.651 33— What “clearance” does an aluminum piston have?.651 34— What are the disadvantages of aluminum pistons?.645,651 35— What is meant by “compression” and “compression stroke”?.61,627 Piston Rings. 36— If a piston does not fit cylinder tight, then what prevents the pressure of ^ gas from escaping to the crank case?.75,654 37— How are piston rings fitted to the piston?.75,654 38— How do they prevent pressure of gas from escaping to the crank case?.75, 645 39— Are the ends of rings open or closed? Name the two types of piston ring joints? .74,655 40— What is the difference between a “concentric” and “eccentric” piston ring?.651 40a-Why are piston rings made eccentric?.651 41— What are piston rings usually made of?.77 42— What is meant by “pinning” the ring and why are they pinned?.653,655 43— If a piston ring leaks, what is the cause and result?.655 44— Are the ends of rings absolutely tight when in piston groove?.655 45— Then what prevents pressure of gas escaping past these ring joints?.655 Crank Shafts. 46— What is a crank shaft for?.77 47— What supports the crank shaft?.77 48— What part is the “crank arm”?. 77 49— What part is the “throw”?.77 50— How many crank pins are there to a single cylinder engine?.77 51— How many crank pins are there to an opposed type two-cylinder engine?...77 52— How many crank pins are there to a four-cylinder engine?.77 53— How many crank pins are there to an eight-cylinder engine?.79 54— How many crank pins are there to a V-type motorcycle engine?..79 55— How many crank pins are there to a three-cylinder engine?.79 56— How many crank pins are there to a six-cylinder engine?. 79 57— How many crank pins are there to a twelve-cylinder engine?.79 58— What is meant by a degree of circumference?.93 58a-What do 360 degrees constitute?.93 58b-By what sort of symbol is a degree designated?.93 58c-How many degrees are there in a complete circle?.93 58d-What part of a degree is a “minute” and how designated?.93 58e-What part of a degree is a “second” and how designated?.93 58f -How many revolutions of a crank shaft does 360 degrees represent?.93 58g-How many revolutions of a crank shaft does 720 degrees represent?.93 9 58h-How much of a revolution does 90 degrees represent?. 93 58i-How much of a revolution does 180 degrees represent?. 93 59 How many degrees apart are crank pins spaced on a two-cylinder opposed, type engine?... 77 60— How many degrees apart are crank pins spaced on a four-cylinder engine?... .77 61— How many degrees apart are crank pins spaced on an eight-cylinder engine?..79 62— How many degrees apart are crank pins placed on a three-cylinder engine ?..79 63— How many degrees apart are crank pins placed on a six-cylinder engine?.79,123 63a-How many degrees apart are crank pins placed on a twelve-cylinder engine?.79 64— Name the two kinds of crank shafts?. 79 64a-State which is used most and advantages of each?. 79 65— Name the two kinds of six-cylinder crank shafts.123 66 — How does the piston transmit its power to the crank shaft?.55 67— How does the crank shaft transmit its power to the clutch?.37 68 — How does the clutch transmit its power to the car?.39 69— What causes the piston to move?.55, 57 70— How is the gas admitted through the inlet valve and when?.57, 59,143 71— Why is it always necessary to start a gasoline engine?.59,143 Cylinders. 72— What are cylinders usually made of?.79 73— What are airplane engine cylinders sometimes made of?.916,913 74— How are cylinders cast?.81 75— How are cylinders cast for six-cylinder engines?. 81 76— How are cylinders cast for V-type engines?.81 77— Name the different cylinder shapes?.81 77a-What is the advantage of casting cylinder heads separate from cylinders?. .81 78— What is meant by a cylinder cast in-block?. 81 79— Is the connecting rod and crank arm in line when cylinders are “off set”?..81 80— How is a cylinder finished inside and what part works inside of it?.81 80a-How are valves placed on a “T” J head cylinder engine; which side for exhaust and which side for inlet valves? (foot-note).56, 81 80b-How are valves placed on an “L”-head cylinder engine?.81 Stroke and Bore. 81— What is meant by the “stroke”?.81, 99 81a-How far does crank shaft revolve to one stroke of piston?.99 82— What is meant by the “bore”?.81 83— What is meant by a “square stroke”?.83 84— What is meant by “long stroke”?.83 84a-How many degrees would crank pin of crank shaft turn if piston makes one stroke? .93 84b-How many degrees would crank pin of crank shaft turn if piston makes two strokes ? .93 84c-How many degrees would crank pin of crank shaft turn if piston makes three strokes? .93 84d-How many degrees would crank pin of crank shaft turn if piston makes four strokes? . 93 10 Miscellaneous Parts. 85— What part is the combustion chamber?. 83 86 — What part is the valve chamber?. 83 87— What part is the inlet manifold?.83,159 88 — What part is the exhaust manifold?.12,159 89— Are exhaust and inlet manifolds always on same side of cylinders?....;... .83 90— Should the inlet manifold offer least resistance possible to flow of gas?....83 90a-If inlet pipe is long and exposed to cold atmosphere would this cause a tendency for the gas to condense?. 83 91— What is the advantage of a “divided exhaust”?.82 92— What is the advantage of water-jacketed inlet manifold?.82,157 93— What is the advantage of an exhaust heated inlet manifold?.158 94— Are the exhaust ports or valves always next to the water jacket?.91 95— What is a muffler for and why is it needed?.84, 83, 12 95a-What care must be given to a muffler? Why?.622 95b-Of what value is a muffler cut-out valve?.84,608,732 96— Where are valve caps usually placed and what purpose do they serve?.87 97— Where are compression cocks usually placed and for what purpose?.87 98— What is the commutator or timer for?.84 99— What are spark plugs used for?.84 99a-What is a cam?.87 100— What is a cam used for in connection with engine valves?..87 lOOa-Describe different forms of cams?.87, 94 101— What is a cam fastened to and how fastened?.87 102— How many cams are there to each cylinder?.87 103— Name them.,.87 104— By what other name is a cam-shaft known and what drives it?.87 105— What drives the cam-gear?.87 106— What drives the crankshaft gear?.87 107— How many revolutions does the cam-shaft make to two revolutions of the crankshaft? .,.87 108— Are both inlet and exhaust cams on one side or opposite sides of cylinder when cylinder is “T” type?.87 109— How arranged for “L” type cylinders?.87 110— Is the cam gear the same size as the crank shaft gear? How many teeth has each? .i.87, 89 111— What is meant by “half-time” or “two-to-one” gears?.89 112— Does the cam-shaft revolve in the same direction as the crank shaft when driven by gears?...89 113— Does it revolve in the same directtion when driven by a silent chain?.89 114— What kind of gear is generally used for driving the cam-shaft?.89 115— Are chains used to drive cam-shafts, if so, state kind?.89,128,728 116— Is the cam-shaft sometimes placed overhead?.91,109 Valves. 117— How many valves are there to a cylinder?.89 118— Name them.89 119— What is the “inlet valve” for?.89 120— What is the “exhaust valve” for?.89 121— What is necessary if a valve leaks?.92 11 122— How are valves operated?..91 123— What is the principle of a “mechanically operated valve”?.91 124— What is the principle of an “automatic valve”?.91 125— Which type is the most popular?.91 126— What is meant by the “lift” of the valve?.91, 95 126a-What is the average amount of lift to a valve?.95 127— What part is the “valve face”?. 92 128— What part is the “valve stem”?.92 129— What is a “valve stem guide” for?.92 129a-What is a “valve lifter” for and what other names is it known by?.92 129b-What is the difference between the “mushroom” and. “roller” type of valve lifter? .94 130— Where are the valves located?.91, 90 131— What is meant by “side” operated valves?..91, 90 132— What is meant by “overhead” operated valves?.91 133— When valves are operated overhead can they be in the cylinder head or in cages? .91 134— Can overhead valves be operated by push rods with cam-shaft on the side of engine? .90 135— Can overhead valves be operated by cam-shaft overhead?.90 136— Then how is the overhead cam-shaft driven?.90,137,915 137— What is meant by a “poppet” type valve?.92,587 137a^Name two other kinds of valves used on gasoline engines.138,139 137b-What kind are used on two-cycle engines?.756 138— WTiat part of cylinder does valve set in?.92 139— What is the “valve stem guide” for?....92 140— What is the “valve spring” for?.92 140a-How and why do valve springs vary in strength?.92 141— What is the “valve lifter guide” for and how renewed when worn?.92 141a-What is a “valve rocker” and how many kinds?.92 142— When valve is seated, should end of valve lifter touch end of valve stem?.95,110 143— Suppose lifter rod did touch end of valve stem when cam nose did not raise valve lifter, then would there be a leak at valve seat?.95 Valve Clearance. 144 — What is meant by “valve clearance”?.92, 94, 95 145— How is “valve clearance” adjusted on an engine with valves on the side?...92, 94, 95 145a-How is “valve clearance” adjusted with an overhead-valve with rocker-arm and valve rod on the side?......94,109 145b-How is valve clearance adjusted with overhead-valve and overhead cam¬ shaft? ...137, 913 145c-How much clearance is usually given the inlet valve?.94, 95,634 145d-How much clearance is usually given the exhaust valve?.94, 95 145e-Is valve clearance usually adjusted when engine is cold, or warm?.95 145f-Is valve clearance usually adjusted before or after grinding valves?.94 145g-When valves are not adjusted properly what kind of a noise indicates that the space is too great between end of valve stem and. valve lifter?.94,634 145h-What kind of a gauge is generally used to test the valve clearance with?.634, 94 145i -Is the cam nose raising the valve when this test is made?..634, 94 12 146— What is meant by a “pitted” valve?.92,630 147— What is the remedy for a “pitted” or leaky valve?.92,630 148— What is meant by “grinding a valve,” what part is ground?.92,631 149— Are some valves ground to fit the seat in head, of cylinders and others in seat of valve cages which are removable?.91, 90,631 150— What is the advantage of a “mercury cooled” exhaust valve?.824 INSTRUCTION No. 9. Valve Timing. 1— What does “valve timing” mean?.97, 95 la-What does “setting the valve” mean?.103 2— How are valves opened?.95 3— When should the inlet valve open, before or after suction stroke starts?. .95, 96 4— When should the inlet valve close?.96 5— When should the exhaust valve open?.97 6 — When should the exhaust valve close?.97 6 a-Why are inlet valves closed, past bottom center and how is this possible without discharging some of the fresh gas drawn in?.96 7— What is meant by “valve clearance”?.95 8 — What is meant by “valve lift”?.95 9— What is meant by “air gap” in connection with valves?.95 10— What is the result if air gap or valve clearance is greater than the lift of the valve? .95 11— What is the average “valve lift”?.95, 91 12— What is meant by “dual valves”?.927,109 13— What is the average lift of a 2 : *4-inch valve?.927 14— What proportion is a valve made to bore of cylinder?.927 15— Suppose a valve was large, say, 3-inch d,i. for a \y%- in. di. cylinder and the lift of valve was %-inch, would the valve be noisy, if so, why?.927 16— Then how is this overcome with “dual valves”?.927 17— Do large valves or valve openings increase the power?. 927 18— What is meant by “back-lash”?. ....96 18a-What is “valve timing” dependent upon?.96, 97 19— Where is the most sensitive point in the cycle of a four-cycle engine?.97 20— What is meant by “lag”?.98 21— What is meant by “inertia lag”?.98 22 — What governs valve timing?.98 23— For high speed work where should inlet open and close?. 98 24— How far does crank shaft revolve to four strokes of piston?. 99 25— How far would the crank shaft turn to one stroke of piston?. 99 26— If valves open too early, what will be the result?.98 27— Are long stroke engines slower speed than short stroke?.98 28— Is the inlet valve usually held open as long as the exhaust valve?. 99 29— Does the shape of the cam determine the length of time a valve is open?. 99 30— Is a valve opened, by a steep cam more noisy yet more powerful than one giving a slow opening?... 99 31— Where does inlet valve usually open and close?. 99 32— Where does exhaust valve usually open and close?. 99 33— How often is each inlet and exhaust valve on each cylinder opened during two revolutions of the crank shaft?. 99> 57 34— Does two revolutions of crank shaft represent four strokes of each piston?. 99 , 57 35— What is meant by “valve lap”?. 36— What is meant by “zero lap”?. 37— What is meant by “minus (—) lap”?. 38— What is meant by “plus ( + ) lap”?. . 39— What is meant by “valve lead”?. 101 Valve Timing Procedure. 40— Does position of piston determine the point when valves are to be set to open or close?. .103 41 Then how is cam-shaft set so that the valves will be raised, at the proper time? .99,112 42— Is it necessary to set both inlet and exhaust valves on a “T” head engine? Wh y ? .103,102,104 43— State procedure for setting valves on a “T”-head engine?.102,105 44— Is it necessary to set both inlet and exhaust valves on an “L” head engine with valves on the side? Why not?.103,102,104 45— Which valve would you use for setting?.103,102 46— State procedure for setting the valves on an “L” head engine with valves on the side?.103,102,104 47— What cylinder would you work with in timing valves on a multiple cylinder en S ine ? .103 48— Which has the longest period of travel, the suction, compression, exhaust, or power stroke? .. 49— Does a wide or broad nose cam keep the valve open longer than a narrow nose cam? .. 99 9 4 50— Which valve usually has the wide cam?. 99f 9 4 51— Are marks usually placed on fly wheels to show when piston is at top of stroke? .104,102,110 52— What marks on a four-cylinder engine fly wheel would usually indicate this? .104,107 53— What marks are on a six-cylinder engine fly wheel?.106,113 54— How would you proceed to time overhead valves with push rods on the side?.105,109, 636 55— How would you proceed to time the valves of an overhead cam-sjiaft operat¬ ing overhead valves? .137,913 56— Suppose you had an engine without any marks on fly wheel, how would you determine when piston was at top of stroke?.320,312,636 57— How would you go about marking a fly wheel to show when piston was on top and also to mark when exhaust valve closed 10 degrees after top?.107 58— Suppose you were told, to mark on a 17-inch fly-wheel in inches, what would 10 degrees represent, how many inches from center line would you mark?. .115 59— Give an example of valve timing in “inches,” that is, how you would proceed to time valves if you were told that the exhaust closed 1-32 inch after top, and engine had valves on the side? If there was no opening in end of cylinder head, and no marks on fly Wheel, then you might remove cylinder head and measure piston movement and mark fly wheel, but if you knew in degrees you could, refer to table page 115 and mark fly wheel without removing the head to measure. See also page.114 14 60— How would you proceed to check the valve timing?.HO 61— Suppose the valve timing was not correct, that is, if valves did not open according to marks on fly wheel what would be the procedure?.Ill 62— Are there usually marks on the timing-gears?. 112 63— Is it important that the valve clearance be adjusted accurately when set¬ ting valves? .103,112, 94 64 — when silent chains are used, is the procedure the same as resetting timing gears? . 113 65 — Does the cam-shaft revolve in same direction when silent chains are used as when timing gears are used?.113,112 66— How would you proceed to time valves on an eight-cylinder engine with valves on the side?. 104 67 — What is a “valve timing indicator,” or “trammel” for?.114,112 68— State what is the average valve timing of exhaust opening and closing and inlet opening and closing?.. 444 INSTRUCTION No. 10. Firing Order. 1 — Does a four-cycle single-cylinder engine fire more than once during two revo¬ lutions of the crank shaft?..... 447 2— How many times does a two-cylinder opposed type engine fire during two revolutions of the crank shaft?. 447 2a-Stat,e the “firing order” of an opposed two-cylinder type engine?.118 3 — Need the fly wheel be as heavy and of as large diameter on a two-cylinder engine as on a single-cylinder engine?..I 47 4 — How many times does a three-cylinder engine fire during two revolutions of crank shaft? ..117,119 5 — How many times does a four-cylinder engine fire during two revolutions of the crank shaft? . 119,116 6 — How many different firing orders could a four-cylinder engine have?-116,119 7 — Does the position of cams on cam shaft determine the firing order?.116 8 — Which cams? . 446 9— How would you determine the firing order of a four-cylind.er engine by posi¬ tion of piston and valves?. 120 10— If a four-cylinder engine fired 1, 2, 3, 4, what would be the disadvantage?. .119 11 — When a four-cylinder engine fires 1 , 3, 4, 2 ; when piston of No. 1 cylinder is on power stroke, what are pistons 3, 4, 2 doing?.116 12 — When No. 3 is on power what are No. 4, 2 and 1 pistons doing?. .116 13 — what are the different firing orders of a six-cylinder engine?.124,123 14 — what “throws” of the crank shaft govern the firing order on a six-cylinder engine? . 122 15— If No. 3 and 4 throws are to the left of No. 1 and. 6 throws, what will be the firing order? . 122,124 16 — if No. 3 and 4 are to the right of No. 1 and 6 , what will be the firing order? .122,124 17 — At how many degrees angle are the “throws” or crank pins placed on a six- cylinder engine? . 122,124 18— How many “power impulses” are there to a six-cylinder engine during two revolutions of crank shaft? .123,125,124 15 How many degrees do two cylinders “lap,” or are together on power stroke in a six-cylinder engine? ..126 20— When No. 1 piston is on “power stroke” of a six-cylinder engine, firing 1, 4, 2, 6, 3, 5, what are No. 4, 2, 6, 3 and 5 doing?.124 20£ulf firing order of a six-cylinder engine was 1, 4, 2, 6, 3, 5, would the cams on cam-shaft be set in different positions, if it was changed to fire 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4? 124. Which of the cams would be changed.? Would cams for cylinders No. 1 and 6 be changed? . 124,123 20b-How would the cams be arranged on a six-cylinder engine cam-shaft; make a sketch showing how exhaust cams and inlet cams would be placed?.121 20c-Are exhaust valves always next to the water jacket? Why?.91 20d-Are exhaust cams usually on outer ends of cam-shaft?.91 21— State “firing order” of the eight-cylinder Model 53-55 Cadillac engine?.131 22— If No. 1L is just starting to fire what are the other pistons doing on the above engine? .131 23— How many “power impulses” are there to an eight-cylinder V-type engine during two revolutions of crank shaft?.127 24— How many degrees do two cylinders lap or are on power stroke on an eight- cylinder V-type engine? .127-126 25— Give the “firing order” of a twelve-cylinder engine (considering each side as a separate six-cylinder engine firing 1, 4, 2, 6, 3, 5)?.135 INSTRUCTION No. 11. Six, Eight and Twelve Cylinder Engines. 1— How many “throws” are there to a six-cylinder crank shaft?.123 2— Which “throws” are in line on a six-cylinder “righthand” crank shaft?. .123,122 3— Which “throws” are in line on a six-cylinder “lefthand” crank shaft?_123,122 4— At how many degrees angle are the throws or crank-pins placed?.123 5— How many revolutions does the crank make to one of cam-shaft?.123 6— How many bearings are usually used on a six-cylinder engine?.123 7— What type of crank shaft is used on an eight-cylinder V-type engine?.127 8— At how many degrees angle are cylinders usually placed on an eight-cylinder engine? .128,134 9— How are the connecting rods connected to the four throws or crank-pins of an eight-cylinder V-type engine?.127 10— If crank shaft on an eight-cylinder V-type engine revolves twice, how many times would timer or distributor brush revolve on an eight-cylinder engine?. .131 11— If crank shaft revolves twice and cam shaft once, how many revolutions does timer make?.131 12— How far apart are cylinders usually placed on a twelve-cylinder V-type en¬ gine? .134 13 — Would the angle of cylinders placed 45 degrees as shown on page 918, be suitable for automobile work? Why not? .918 14— Does a twelve-cylinder V-type engine use a regular six-cylinder crank shaft?.134,135 15 — How are twelve connecting rods attached to a six-cylinder crank shaft to make a twelve-cylinder engine? .134 16— How many “explosions” or “impulses” are there during two revolutions of crank shaft? .134 16 17— How many cylinders work together on power during two revolutions of crank shaft and for how many degrees? .135,126 18— Explain the relation of movement of distributor to crank shaft on a twelve- cylinder V-type engine? .135 19— When No. 1 R piston is on power or impulse stroke what are other pistons doing on a twelve-cylinder V-type engine?.136 20— How does the “sleeve valve” engine differ from the regular “poppet valve” engine? .136 21— How are the sleeves operated, what takes the place of the cam shaft?.136 22— Explain the principle of the “rotary valve”?.138 23— What is the difference between an engine with “rotary valves” and a “rotary cylinder”? .....136 24— How does the Weidley engine differ from the L-type engine?.137 25— How are the valves operated on a Weidley engine?.137 26— What is the principal reason why a “multi-cylinder” engine is best?.123 INSTRUCTION No. 12. Carburetion. 1— What is the mixing together of gasoline and air called?.142 2— How does the gasoline and air enter the cylinder?..142 3— What is the device called which mixes the air and gasoline to the proper proportions and then feeds it to the cylinders?.142 4— W T hat device on the engine permits the air to be fed to the cylinders and what shuts off the supply to cylinders?.141,143 5— Name the parts of a carburetor?.145,147,146 6— How does the carburetor differ from the old style mixing valve?.141 7— What amount of air to gasoline is the usual proportion to feed to cylinders?. 142 8— What device on carburetor regulates the amount of gasoline to be admitted into mixing tube? .. 9— Where is the air taken into carburetor?.143,141 10— When there is too much gasoline what is the result?.142 11— When there is too much air what is the result?. .....142 12— What is a float for?.143,145 13— Of what advantage is the “auxiliary air inlet”?.144 14— If the float is too low what is. the result?.144,145 15— If gasoline leaks into float what is the result?.445 16— What is the “float needle valve” for, and explain its mechanism?.145 17— What is a “gasoline needle valve” for?. ;.147 17a-Explain the difference between the “hand operated,” “mechanically oper¬ ated” and the “automatic mechanically operated needle valve”? .147 18— What is a concentric float?. 445 19— What is a “side float”?. 445 20— What is the “throttle valve” for?. 443 21— Why is it necessary to crank or use a starter, on a gasoline engine?.143 22— What is a “spray nozzle” for?. 447 23— What is a “venturi tube”?. 447 24— What is the “air valve” for, and if spring is too strong, what is the result?.. 147 25— By what other name is a “spray nozzle” known?. 447 26— When a carburetor has more than one “jet tube,” what is it called?.147 17 27— How is the speed, of an engine controlled?.143,152,153 28— Name the different types of carburetors?.149 29— Explain the difference between the five different types?.149 30— Who conceived the idea of a simple form of carburetor?.144,150 31— Who conceived the idea of adding an “auxiliary air valve”?.144,150 32— What is the disadvantage of the Maybach principle?.150 33— What is the meaning of a “Pitot tube”?.149 34— What is a “dash pot” for?....150 35— What does “acceleration” mean?. 150 *36—Explain the relation between acceleration and gasoline consumption?.150 37— Explain the action of a “compensating jet” type carburetor?.150 38— What is a “metering pin”?.151,178 39— Explain the action of a carburetor with a “metering pin”?..151 40— Is there a carburetor with a “metering pin” and “dash pot” in the one car¬ buretor? .;_151 40a-Would the carburetors shown on pages 172 and 174 be of the “metering pin” type? .Yes 40b-Briefiy explain the “metering pin” and “metering valve” action of the Stewart carburetor on page 178?. 178 41— Explain the action of an “expanding type” carburetor?.151 42— Explain briefly the principle of a “Pitot tube” or “plain tube” type of car¬ buretor? .151,149,177,800 43— Name the make of carburetor where a ball governs the intake of air?.152 44— Give a brief explanation of a “venturi tube”?.152 45— How many different kinds of throttle valves are there?.153 46— Which type is used most?.153 47— What is meant by “idling”?. 153 48— How is the engine stopped?.153 49— What is an “accelerator” for?.153,154 50— What is a “governor” for?. 153,839,154 51— Name the two types?.153 52— On what kind of automobiles are governors used most?.839 53— What is the purpose of a governor?.839 54— How are governors operated?.839 55 — What is the modern method for starting an engine?.153 56— How is starting facilitated?....153,170 57 — What is meant by “priming carburetor,” and state the different methods?.. .153 57a-What is meant by “choking the air supply”?.158 58— Does an engine operate better when hot than when cold, if so, at what degree of temperature?.. 59 — what is the result of too much priming?.153 60— What is meant by “vaporizing” of gasoline?.155 61— Name the different methods of heating or vaporizing the gasoline?.155,158 61a^Is the temperature of the gas mixture to cylinder of engine increased more with an exhaust heated intake manifold than with a hot water heated mani¬ fold? Why?. 155 62— What does “carburetting” mean?.155 63 _Will low gravity gasoline permit more heating than high gravity gasoline?. .155 64—How is the air heated, before it enters a carburetor?.155,159,170 18 65— What is a temperature regulator for?.155 66 — Does an engine require more gasoline in winter than summer? Why?.155 67— What is meant by “heating the mixture”?.157,158, 170 68 — How can the “mixture” be heated?.157,158 69— Which plan heats the mixture quicker when cold, “hot water” or “exhaust” heating? ...158 70— Explain what would be an ideal heating method for “heating the air” and the “mixture”? .159 71— If a carburetor is too small what is the result?.158 72— If too large, what is the result?.158* 73— What is gasoline produced from?.• •...158 74— What is meant by “volatility” of gasoline?.158 75— WTiat. is meant by “gravity” of gasoline?.161 76— Is it advisable to open throttle all the way when engine is cold?.161 77— How would you put out a gasoline fire?.161 78— What is the result if water is in the gasoline?.161 79— If old gasoline is used does it lose its strength?.161 79a-Why is it necessary to have a small hole in the gasoline tank and where is it usually located?.162 79b-If this hole becomes clogged, what is the result?.162 80— How can kerosene be used for carburetion?.160,754 81— Does it require more heating than gasoline?.160,754 81a-If kerosene is used as a fuel, how is engine started?.160,754,827 82—What is the difference between “gravity” and “pressure” feed gasoline sys¬ tems? . 164 83— Explain the action of gravity feed system?.164 84— Explain the action of pressure feed system.164 85— Explain the action of the “vacuum tank” and “gravity feed” principle?... .165 86— What method is used to draw the gasoline to the “vacuum chamber”?.165 87— How is the gasoline then admitted to the gravity tank?.165 88— What prevents gasoline being drawn into intake manifold when gasoline is drawn from main gasoline tank?. 165 89— How is the gasoline fed to carburetor?. 165 90— Suppose gasoline failed to feed to carburetor, what would you do?.163 91— How would you proceed, to fill tank if empty?.163 92— Are carburetor gaskets, or packing joints, necessary, and where are they placed? .164,159 93— Which is the best, a long or short intake manifold? And why?.. ..164 94— What is a “water jacketed” manifold for?.157,163 95— What is an “exhaust heated intake manifold” for?.157,153 96— What is the difference between “heating the carburetor” and, “heating the mixture”? .. 97— What is meant by “hot-spot” heating of mixture?. 157 98— What is the inlet manifold connected to and what is it for?.159 99— What is the exhaust manifold connected to and what is it for?. 159 19 INSTRUCTION No. 13 Carburetor Adjustments. 1— What is the first thing to see to before adjusting a carburetor?.166 2— What are the parts to adjust on an “air valve” type carburetor?.166 3— When a carburetor drips, what is the cause?.166,167 4— How would you adjust the float?.167 5— How would you test the float height?.167 6— What is the gasoline level in a Stromberg carburetor?.167 7— What is the gasoline level in a Rayfield carburetor?.167 8— r-What is the gasoline level in a Zenith carburetor?.168 9— What is the usual height of gasoline in the jet?.167 10— Should mixture be richer at high speed than low speed?.168 11— Does the quantity of gasoline consumed vary with the speed and the pull of engine?.168 12— How would you test the mixture?..169 13— If black smoke is emitted from exhaust, what is the cause?.169 14— If blue smoke is emitted from exhaust, what is the cause?.169 15— If flame from “relief cock” is light yellow, what kind of mixture?.169 16— If flame from “relief cock” is red and smoky, what kind of mixture?.169 17— If flame from “relief cock” is light blue, what kind of mixture?.169 18— What is meant by “rich” and. “lean” mixtures?.169 19— What is the result if mixture is too rich?.169 20— What is the result if mixture is too lean?.169 21— What is the cause of too rich a mixture?.169 22— What is the cause of too lean a mixture?.169 23— What is meant by “loping” and cause?.169 24— What is meant by “choking” or “loading up” of carburetor, and cause?. .. .169,175 25— What is meant by. “back-firing” ?. 170 26— What is the cause of “back-firing”?.170 26a-What is the cause of a “back-kick”?.170 27— What is meant by “popping” in carburetor?.170 28— What is the cause of “popping” in carburetor?.170 29— What is a “choker” for?.170 30 — What is necessary to change adjustment on air valve carburetors in winter?.... .170,171 31— Briefly state what you would do to obtain a slow, even pull of engine without missing.171 Read the description of the different makes of carburetors on pages 172 to 184 and note the difference, at the same time see if you can determine the kind of carburetor it is; if an “air valve type,” “compensating jet type,” “metering pin type,” “expand¬ ing tube” or “plain tube” or “pitot” principle. INSTRUCTION No. 14. Cooling. 1— Why is cooling necessary?.185 2— What part of an engine is cooled?..'.185 3— How are the cylinders cooled?. 185 4— Which system is most popular?.185 4a-What is the purpose of the radiator?.185 5 — is a fan generally used in connection with a water cooling system, if so, what is the purpose of same?.185,187 20 6— How is the fan driven?.185,187 7— How is the fan belt usually tightened?.187 8— What is the result if fan belt is too loose?. 187 9— What two types of fans are there in general use?.187,192 10— Would the pitch or angle of fan blade make a difference of quantity of air drawn through radiator tubes?.788 11— Should the fan be kept well oiled?.187 12— What does a water cooling system consist of?.185 13— Where are water jackets on a cylinder placed?.185 14— Mention the two systems of water circulation.185 15— Explain the principle of the “thermo-syphon” system.185 16— Does the heated water rise and pass to top of radiator and is it cooled as it passes through radiator back to lower part of the water jacket?.185,188 16a-How should the radiator be placed in the thermo-syphon system and why?.. .185 17— Is it important that the height of water in radiator be maintained with a “thermo-syphon” system?.185, 788 18— What is meant by a “force” circulation water system?.185 19— What circulates the water in the “force” system?.185 20— Is the water forced from bottom of radiator through water jacket of engine then to top of radiator?.185 21— How are pumps driven and connected?.187 22— Name the different types of circulating pumps..187 22a-What type of circulating pump is used most?.186,187 23— Where are radiators usually located?.187 23a-Could radiator be located at rear of engine?.186 24— Name the different types.187 25— What is the difference between a “cellular” and “tubular” radiator?.187 26— Explain the purpose and principle of the “radiator shutter” (fig. 10).188,191 27— What other device is used to heat the water quickly?.187 28— What is a “water thermostat” for?.187,191 29— How is it connected and explain its action?.187 30— Explain the purpose and action of a “temperature indicator”?.187,188 31— What is a “condenser” for as used on the Cadillac?.187,730 32— On what make of engine is the air-cooled system used most?.189 33— Explain how the Franklin engine is cooled. See insert No. 2 and.189 34— Mention the different air cooling methods.189 34a-Explain how the fly-wheel can be used to assist cooling.189,186 35— Name some of the causes of engines overheating.189 36— Does driving on low gear and retarded spark cause excessive heating?.788 37— What are the secondary causes of overheating?.189 38— What are the primary causes of overheating?.189 39— At what temperature does water boil at atmospheric pressure?.191 40— At what temperature does engine operate best and why?.191 41— What kind of water is best to use?. 191 41a-Does water become heated more quickly in high altitudes?.582 42— What attention does a circulating pump require?.191 43— What attention does a fan require?.191,788 44— How would you clean the inside of a radiator?.191,789 45— How would you clean the outside of a radiator?.191 46— -How can a small leak in radiator or water jacket be remedied?...:.191, 715 47— Mention some of the sources of leaks in a water system?.191,193 48— If you thought water leaked into cylinder how would you test for the leak?.. .193 49— What is the result if the water freezes?.193 50— What is used to prevent water from freezing?.193 51— Why is kerosene not suitable for use in cooling?.585 52— Suppose your water did freeze would this cause engine to overheat and would steam come from radiator vent tube?.•..193 53— In what part of the radiator does the water usually freeze first; top or bottom? (see foot-note).579 54— If radiator is warm at bottom then the water would be circulating, would it not? (see foot-note).579 55— How would you proceed to thaw out a frozen radiator?.788,193 56— How would you test for a radiator leak?.194 INSTRUCTION No. 15. Lubrication. 1 — What is the purpose of lubrication?.196 2— What parts of an engine requires lubrication?.196 3— What is a “breather pipe” and what is its purpose?.197 4— Name the different kinds of lubrication systems.196 5— Name the circulating systems?.196 6 — Name the non-circulating systems?. 196 7— What kind of an oiling system has the Ford? (see semi-circulating sys¬ tem) . 197,772 8 — Explain the principle of the “splash” system..197,198 Sa~What are the objections to the plain splash system?.197 9— What are the objections to the “full force” system of supplying oil to the main bearings and crank-pins?.199,198,200 9a-State the kind of oiling system used on the Hudson and the kind of oil pump used and how it is operated and adjusted.198, 694 9b-What kind of a lubrication system is a true “constant level” system?.197 9c-What is meant by a “constant level”?.:.197 9d-How is the oil supply regulated in a “constant level” system.197 9 e-Is the viscosity affected by varying temperatures in a “constant level” sys¬ tem? ..•*. 199 10— What is the oil pump for?.1" 11— Name the different types of oil pumps.199 12— How are oil pumps driven?.••.•'.1" 12a-State the kind of oiling system used on the King and the kind of oil pump used and how it is operated and adjusted.198 13 — what are oil “pressure gauges” for?.199 14 — How are they connected to oiling system?.199 15 — what would cause a variation of oil pressure?.199 10 —what is the result if pressure is too high?.199 17 — How is the oil pressure regulated?.199,198,200 17a-When will maximum pressure be indicated and should oil pressure be adjusted when engine is hot?.,. 18— Explain the action of the “spring and ball” valve for regulating the oil pres¬ sure, 199, 198, 200 and fig. 10, page.741 19— What is meant by “priming” the oil pump?.200 20— If the oil gauge shows full pressure when running at slow speed, what is the cause?.....200 21— How is the oil pressure regulated on system shown on page 198, in figs. 3, 1 and 2..•.200, 694 22— What is the maximum temperature in cylinders at top of explosion stroke? (foot-note).*....200 23— Do gas engines use mineral oils?.200 24— Why is a special oil required for a gasoline engine?.200,201 25— Is it advisable to add oil of another kind to engine?.201 26— When should fresh oil be added?.201,491 27— How would you clean crank-case?.201,491 28— Should crank-case be cleaned oftener in winter? Why? (foot-note).201 29— What is meant by a “scored” cylinder?.201 30— What are the results if too much oil is used?.201 31— What are the results if not enough oil is used?.201 32— Is the oil sometimes cooled on airplane and marine engines? (foot-note, page 201 and 909 and page.915 33— Is castor oil sometimes used in engines?.918 34— If engine does not get enough oil what is liable to happen to cylinders and what is the result?.....202 35— If piston “sticks” or “seizes” from overheating, what would you do?.202 36— What is the result of using too much oil?.202 37— Describe one effective method for the prevention of over-oiling.202,652,793 38— If piston rings leak, what is the result?.202 39— What is meant by “carbonization”?.861 40— Briefly state the cause and effect of “carbon deposit”?.202, 623 41— If black smoke is emitted from the exhaust, what is the cause?.202, 652 42— If white or blue smoke is emitted from exhaust, what is the cause?.202,652 43— If grey smoke is emitted from exhaust, what is the cause?...202, 652 44— If the smoke comes out exhaust in a steady stream what is indication?.. .203, 652 45— What is meant by “piston pumping oil”?.653, 793 46— How can an excess of oil be prevented passing into combustion cham¬ ber? .652, 793, 202 47— Are leaky piston rings often the cause of excessive smoke?.203, 655,652 48— What are “oil grooves” in engine bearings for?. 203 49— How should an oil groove be cut in a bearing?.203 50— Why shouldn’t an engine be “raced” when cold? (foot-note).203 51— When an engine is new why should it be run at slow or moderate speed for the first 1,000 miles?....203 52— What is meant by “piston clearance”?.651, 588 53— If clutch is a “lubricated disk type,” what kind of oil would you use?.201, 203 54— How much lubricant would you put into gear box?.205 55— How would you lubricate the differential and rear axle?.205 56— Should graphite be used with a “force” circulating system?.205 57— How does unvaporized gasoline thin the oil?.205 58— If gasoline passes from combustion chamber to crank case is oil thinned and what is result?.•.205 59— Is it true that raw gasoline drawn into cylinders during cold weather, due to excessive priming, causes the oil to be thinned?.205 23 59a-Is it advisable then, to clean crank case and put in fresh oil in winter oftener than in summer?.205 60— What is meant by a “lasting film”?. 201 61— Describe a simple method of testing crank case oil.201 62— What is the difference between the “flash point” and. the “burning point” of oil?.201 63— What is the cause mostly, of oily exterior of engine?.203 64— What is the most noticeable symptom of “burnt-out” engine bearings?.202 65— Which bearings need the most oil new or old?.202 INSTRUCTION No. 16. Ignition: Low Tension Coil Systems. 1— Name three things required before an engine will run.206 2— What is meant by “ignition”?.206 3— What method was originally used for ignition?.206 4— What is electricity?.206 5— How is electricity transmitted from its source back again?..206 6— What is used, to transmit the electricity from its source back again?.206 7— Would this be termed a “circuit”?.206 8— If the circuit is broken will the flow of electricity stop?......206 9— What is the wire called which leads the electric current from its source?.206, 207 10— What is the wire called by which it returns?.206 11— If these wires were bare and they touched, or if there was a lead from the wire to some metallic substance, what would this be termed?.207 12— What is a “conductor”?.207 13— What metal is the best conductor?. 207 14— What metal is next best conductor?...207 15— What are “insulators” for and what are they made of?.207 16— Are wires insulated., if so, how and for what purpose?.207 17— If a wire has more electric current passed through it than it can conduct, what is the result?. 207 18— What is then necessary?......207* 19— Explain the meaning of “volts”.207 20— Explain the meaning of “E. M. F.”....,. ..207 21— Explain the meaning of “ampere” ..207 22— Explain the meaning of “coulomb”.207 23— Explain the meaning of “ohm”. 207 24— Explain the meaning of “watt”.207 25— What kind of a connection is a “series” connection? Make a sketch showing how three dry cells would be connected in series.207, 214 26— Make a sketch showing 3 dry cells connected in “parallel”.208, 214 27— Make a sketch showing 6 dry cells connected in “multiple series”.209, 214 28— Explain what the voltage and amperage would be of 3 dry cells connected in “series”.207 29— What would the voltage and amperage be of 3 (l^-volt) d.ry cells connected in “parallel”?.208 30 — What would the voltage and amperage be of 6 cells connected “multiple- series”? .209 (Note.—There is no difference between “multiple-series” or “series-multiple” con¬ nection.) 24 31— What is meant by “resistance”?.209 32— What metals offer resistance to the flow of current?.209 33— In forcing current through resistance, is heating generated?.209 34— What is a “rheostat” for?.209 35— How many “terminals” has every generator of electricity? Name them....209 36— Does the current leave the generator from the “positive” or “negative” terminal?.209 37— What sign or symbol designates the “positive terminal” of a generator of electricity?.356 38— What sign or symbol designates the “negative terminal” of a generator of electricity?.356 39— What condition is necessary before current will flow?.211 40— How is current passed, through a lamp or coil?. 211 41— What is meant by a “short-circuit”?. 211,412 42— What is a “switch” for?.. .211, 213 43— What parts are necessary to produce ignition?. 211 44— How can electricity be “generated”?.211 45— Name the two kinds of “chemical generators” of electricity.211 46— Do chemical generators produce a “direct” flow of current?.211 47— What are “primary cells”?.211 48— What are “secondary cells”?..211 49— How are “dry cells” made?.211 50— How are “secondary” or “storage battery cells” made?.211,212 51— Are storage.battery cells called “accumulators” and “secondary cells”?.211 52— What--terminal of a dry cell is the positive ( + ), the “carbon” or “zinc” terminal?.211 53— How would you tell the positive and negative terminals of a storage battery if it was not marked? (see also foot-note).452, 212 54— How would you find the polarity of a wire or terminal and what does this mean?.452 55— What is the usual “voltage” of an ordinary dry cell?.211 56— What is the usual “amperage” of an ordinary dry cell?. .211 57— When should a dry cell be discarded or replaced?.211 58— For what sort of service are dry cells, which are also called primary cells, intended, mostly? . . . . 211,210,255 59— Can secondary cells be recharged again when exhausted?.211 60— About how many volts does each cell of a storage battery give?.212 61— Does the amperage of a storage battery vary with its size of plates?.441 61a-Does the empere-hour capacity of a battery depend upon the rate of dis¬ charge? . 441 62— How can a storage battery be recharged?.327,337 63— How is electrolyte made?.212 64— What instrument is used to determine the correct solution?.212 65— When a storage battery is discharged, what will the voltage of each cell drop to?.212 66— What kind of a generator of electricity is a “mechanical generator”?... .212, 256 67— What does a mechanical generator of electricity consist of.212, 256 68— How can the “field poles” be constructed?.212. 256 25 69 When the “magnetic field” is produced by a “permanent magnet,” is this type usually a magneto, generating “alternating current”?.212,256 permanent ^a^gnets 6 t0 construction of armature, but magnetos generally have 70—When magnetic field is produced by an “electro-magnet” is this generator called a dynamo?. 212 ^ ^ armature is a “shuttle” type, would the current generated be alternat¬ es”? ...212,256 72—If armature is a “drum” type would the current generated be “direct” cur- ... U A-U) 73 Could a “drum” type armature be used with either a “permanent” or “electro¬ magnet” field and generate direct current.212, 256 74—What is an armature?.256,257,323 —How is a “drum” type armature constructed?.256, 257,323 76— How is a “shuttle” type armature constructed?.256 77— Are “alternating current generators” divided into two classes? if so, name them . 257 78— What is meant by a “grounded terminal” of a generator of electricity?.213 78a-What is the object or advantage of a grounded terminal?.213 79— Can the frame of car be used for the “return wire”?.213 80— Which terminal of a generator of electricity can be “grounded”? (foot-note). 213 81— If you saw the letter “G” or “GRND” on a coil, would you know that this terminal of coil was to be grounded?.213 82—How can the ignition of an engine be started from batteries and then run with a dynamo or magneto?.....213 83— Name the two systems of electric ignition.213 84— What does the word “tension” mean?..213 85— Is the low tension ignition system now in general use?.213 86— Which system is in general use?.213 87— Name the different kinds of “low tension” systems.213 88— Name the different kinds of “high tension” systems.213 89— How is a “low tension” or “primary coil” constructed?.215 90— Explain its action..215 91— Explain the action and how the low tension “make and break” system is used to ignite the compressed gas in a gasoline engine.215, 214 92— Make a sketch of a low tension “make and break” ignition system on a single cylinder engine using a storage battery for source of electric current.214 93— What operates the “igniter”?.214 94— When should the igniter make the spark?. 315 95— Could either “dry cells,” “storage battery” or “direct current generator” be used as a source of electric supply?.214,217 96— Make a sketch of a four-cylinder engine using a “make and break” ignition system, using d.ry cells to start on and a dynamo to run on.216 97— When a low tension magneto is used with the “make and break” system, is a low tension coil necessary?.217, 260 98— What is meant by “electrodes”? (foot-note).215 99— Explain the action of a “wipe spark”.215 100—What type of engine is it usually used on? (foot-note).215 26 INSTRUCTION No. 17. Ignition: High Tension Coil Systems. 1— Is the high tension system sometimes called the “jump-spark” system?.. .219, 218 2— What is the purpose of a “spark plug”?.219,218 3— Name the parts of a spark plug?.218 4— Where are spark plugs used on gasoline engines? (foot-note).219 5— How are they constructed?.219,218 6— Is the center wire or “electrode” of a spark plug connected with the electric current and is the “shell” of spark plug insulated from the center wire?. .219, 218 7— How is the center wire insulated from the shell?.219,218 8— Then the metal part of engine is used for the return circuit is it not?.219, 218 9— Is there a “gap” between the center wire and wire on iron shell (S), fig. 3, page 218, when assembled and screwed into cylinder?.218 10— Then how will the electric current jump the “gap” and produce a spark?.218, 219 11— Explain the construction of a “high tension coil”.219 lla-How is electricity “induced.”.223 12— W T hat parts of a high tension coil connect with the “primary winding” of the “high tension coil”?.218 13— What is the “commutator” for and how driven?.218, 222 14— When the contact is made by the “roller” of commutator revolving, then the circuit is closed between the battery and primary wire of coil, is it not?. .218, 220 15— Then what happens?.219,220,221 16— When current flows through the primary winding of coil, although the sec¬ ondary winding is not connected with the primary, but merely wound around it, is there a “high tension” or “high voltage” current produced in the sec¬ ondary winding sufficiently strong enough to jump the gap of the spark plug points?.219, 220, 221 17— What do the two ends of the secondary wires of coil connect with.218 18— How is the current “induced” in the secondary winding?.219, 221, 223 19— WTiat is the object of a “vibrator” on a coil?.220 20— Explain its action.220 21— Suppose there were no vibrator on the coil, would it be necessary to use a commutator or timer similar to fig. 2, page 220? Why?.•._225 22— Then the coil with a vibrator is called a “magnetic type of vibrator,” is it not? And a commutator which would make a “wiping” or “roller” contact, would be necessary to use with it, would it not?.225 23— If the “mechanical vibrator” is used (as in fig. 2, page 220), then by using this device instead of a commutator a non-vibrating coil would be used, would it not?.223 24— If a coil with a “magnetic type of vibrator” were used, would there be a “suc¬ cession of sparks” at the spark plug gap?...225 25— If a non-vibrating coil is used with a mechanical vibrator, would there be a “succession” or a “single spark”?.223,225 26— WTiich is considered the most effective?. .225 27— How is a commutator constructed?.222, 227 28— What is a “commutator segment” for and how many segments are there to a 1, 2, 4 or 6-cylinder engine?.227,226 29— What part of the commutator is connected to spark lever and why?.227, 222 29ar-What part of the commutator revolves and what is its revolving part con¬ nected to?.222,227 27 30— How many revolutions does revolving part of commutator make to two revolu¬ tions of crankshaft on a 1, 4 and 6 cylinder engine.227 31— Suppose you had a commutator and. high tension coil on a single cylinder engine, when should the commutator roller make contact and cause the spark?.316 32— What is the difference between a “timer” and a “commutator”?.225 33— Are timers (also called interrupters) made so that they “open” the circuit to produce the spark?.225,243 33a-If so, what are they termed?.225 34— Are timers made so that they “close” the circuit to produce the spark?.. .225, 243 34a-If so, what are they termed?.225 35— Do both “closed” and “open” circuit timers produce a “single spark” and are they generally used with “non-vibrating coils”?.225, 243 36— Whether timer “opens” the circuit or “closes,” it produces the spark at that time and no other time. Does it not?.225, 243 37— This is due to the fact that it is used with a non-vibrating coil, is it not?. .225, 243 38— If a commutator is used, then it must be used with a “vibrating type coil” and merely closes the circuit, causing the vibrator on coil to vibrate, producing the “succession of sparks,” does it not?.225 39— Must a commutator always be used with a non-vibrating coil?.225 40— Make a rough sketch of a high tension coil using a magnetic vibrator type coil and commutator, connected to a spark plug on a single cylinder engine, with a battery as a source of electric supply.218 41— Make a rough sketch of a four-cylinder engine with four spark plugs, using the same kind of a system, but with four vibrating type coils in one box and two batteries, either of which could be used separately.226 42— Make a sketch of a vibrating type coil connected to battery and spark plug in a single cylinder engine with the condenser connected? (lower illustra¬ tion) .228 43— What is an electrical condenser for?...... .227,228,229 44— Where is condenser usually placed?.228,229 45— How is a condenser constructed?.229 46— How does the commutator or timer help control the speed of engine?_227, 68, 69 47— What does “advancing the spark” mean?..227, 68,305 48— What does “retarding the spark” mean?.227, 68,305 48a-After engine is running why doesn’t an advanced spark reverse the engine?.. .308 48b-If spark is advanced too far, what is the effect on the power of engine and wdiat is the evidence of this?.308,307 49— What are the two methods of advancing and retarding the spark?.227 50— If spark lever is too far advanced, what is the result?.227, 68 51— If spark lever is retarded too much, what is result?.69, 319 52— Should the spark lever be retarded to reduce speed?.69, 320 53— The rule is, to let the speed of engine follow the throttle and make the spark follow the engine speed, is it not?.69 54— Why?.69 Study pages 229 to 231 for different coil wiring systems. 55—How can a four-cylinder (or multiple cylinder engine) be operated with one vibrating type coil and four non-vibrating coils?.232,230 56 — What kind of a coil is this called which vibrates for the four coils?.232 57— Name the parts of the “master vibrator” system?. .230 28 58— How many segments should the commutator have?.227 59— What is the advantage of this system over using four vibrating type coils?... .232 60— What is the disadvantage of this system?.232 61— How many windings has the “master vibrator” coil?.232,230 62— How many windings have the four “non-vibrating” coils?.232,230 63— What does “synchronous” or “synchronization” mean?.864, 232 64— How would it he possible to operate a four-cylinder (or multiple cylinder engine) with one vibrating type coil?.232,230 65— Explain the construction of a distributor.232, 230 66— What part of the distributor revolves?.232 67— At what speed does it rotate?.232 68— Does one brush of distributor revolve and make contact for the primary circuit of coil?.232 69— Does another brush of distributor revolve at the same speed and make contact for the secondary or high tension circuit?.232 70— What is the advantage of this system?.. v .232 71— How would a modern ignition system be altered to improve over this system? 232 and fig. 2 and 3.242, 243 INSTRUCTION No. 18. Spark Plug and Coil Troubles. Spark Plugs. 1— When an engine stops what is likely the cause?. 233 la-When an engine stops what should be inspected first?.233 2— If engine “misses fire” or “explosion,” what is usually the cause?.233 3— What causes a spark plug to “soot” and what is the result?.233 4— Explain what is meant by engine “missing explosion”.233 4a-Explain what is meant by “pre-ignition”.233 5— State the usual spark plug troubles.233 6— State other causes of spark plug “missing”.237, 236 7— How would you test a spark plug to see if that was the cause of missing explosion?.233,237 8— How would you test to see which spark plug was missing?.233 9— How would you test out the spark plug itself?.233, 236 10— If you suspected a spark plug was “leaking compression” how would you test it?.233 11— What is the “plug gap”?.233 12— What is the usual distance to “set gap” when used with “magneto ignition”?. .233 13— What is the usual distance to “set gap” when used with a “vibrator type coil”?.233 14— What is the usual distance to “set gap” when used with a non-vibrating coil as the Atwater-Kent, and similar systems?.233 15— Is it essential that the battery be kept fully charged in order to produce a hot spark?.233 16— If gap is too close, what is the result?.233 17— If gap is too far apart, what is the result?. 233 18— What governs the amount of gap to give a spark plug?.233, 299 19— When spark plug is in cylinder under compression will it jump as wide a gap as when in the open air?.233 20— Where is the spark plug usually located and why? (foot-note).219,237 29 21— Should the plug be located where the water jacket surrounds it? Why?.237 22— What would be termed a “poor location” for spark plug?.237 23— What would be termed a “good location” for spark plug?.237 24— How would you try setting spark plug gap if you did not know just what space to set it?.235 25— Are good plugs required for engines with overhead vaLves and engines of high compression and. where are plugs located in engines with overhead valves? (foot-note 219).235 26— Name the two kinds of construction of spark plugs.'.235 27— Name the parts of a spark plug.235,218 28— What is the “insulation” part made of?.235 29— What is the “electrode” made of?.235 30— What is the cement used for?.*.235 31— What type of plug is best?.235 32— What is the result of using poor grade plugs?.235 33— How would you clean a spark plug?.235,237,592 34— Name the different threads used on spark plugs.235,238 35— What “thread” is used most?.238,239 36— Explain meaning of “%-18”.238 37— What type of engine is the “metric” thread used on most?.238 38— What is meant by a “long body” spark plug?.238 39— Does kind of “valve cap” in engine determine if plug should, be a long or short “body”?.238 40— When would a “long thread” spark plug be required?.238 41— Explain the construction of a spark plug for an aeronautic engine.238 41a-What kind of a spark plug is a “double pole” or “double spark” plug?.238 42— What are gaskets used, for on spark plugs? What are they made of?.239 43— What type of a spark plug is used on the Ford?.808 Coil Troubles. 44— What is the most common trouble of a vibrator type coil?.235 45— What is the cause of “sticking vibrator”?.. 235 46— How would you test with the vibrators on a coil used on a multiple cylinder engine to see which cylinder was missing?.236 47— How would you adjust a vibrator coil?.234 48— How would you “dress the points” on vibrator and on vibrator screw?.234 49— What causes a “pitted point” and what is the result when points are pitted?.234,235 50— How would you test a coil itself?.236 51— What kind of wire is used for winding a coil?.240 52— What kind of wire is the primary winding?.240 53 — what kind of wire is the secondary winding?.240 54 — what kind of wire is used for winding the primary and secondary of a magneto armature?.240 55 — What kind and size of wire is used for low tension circuits?.240, 425, 427 56 — What kind and size of wire is used for high tension circuits?.240,425,427 57 — should lamp cord wire be used for wiring a car?.240 57a-What is metal conduit? and what is it used for?.240, 426 58— How would you make a grounded connection?.240 59 — Name other causes of missing as enumerated on page.241 30 INSTRUCTION No. 19. Modern Battery and Coil Ignition Systems. 1 — What is meant by a “constant source” of electric supply to the ignition system?.2 2— How does the modern interrupter or contact-breaker (fig. 2 and. 3, page 242) differ from the commutator shown on page 230 (fig. 1A).242 3— How does the system fig. 2, page 242, differ from the system fig. 1 , page 242?..230 4— How does the system, fig. 2, page 242, differ from system, fig. 3?.242 5— What is meant by “open circuit” principle?.243 6 — What is meant by “closed circuit” principle?....243 7— Do both systems accomplish the same purpose?.243 8 — What is the advantage of the “closed, circuit” principle?.243 9— What is the advantage of the “open circuit” principle?.243 10— What is meant by “electrical lag”?..243 11— What is meant by “mechanical lag”?.243 12— What kind of a coil is used in connection with the figs. 2 and 3 systems?.243 13— What advantage has systems, fig. 2 and 3, over fig. 1?.243 14— Is a “single spark” given by systems, fig. 2 and 3?.243 15— Name the parts of a modern battery and. coil ignition system?.245 16— Where is the distributor usually placed?..245 17— How is the timer shaft driven and at what speed?.245 18— What revolves with the timer shaft?.245 19— What part of the timer makes and breaks the flow of current if open circuit type, and opens the circuit, if closed circuit type?.245 20— How many projections would, the cam have for a four-cylinder engine?.. .245, 244 21— When projection on cam separates the contact points what happens?.245 22— What is the distributor brush connected with?.245 23— Does the distributor brush actually make contact, or is it the “gap” type? (it is the gap type).247 24— Explain what is meant by “gap type”.247 25— What kind of a coil is used?.245 26—Is the electric current for this type of ignition system (Delco, Atwater-Kent, Connecticut) taken from a storage battery and also from a generator? State how and when. 246 27— What is a “resistance unit” used for in connection with an ignition system?. .246 28— Are there “resistance units” used with the “closed-circuit” type of “coil and, battery” ignition?.246 29— What is an “electric thermostat” used for in connection with a “coil and bat¬ tery” ignition system?.246,254 30— Explain the purpose and action of a “depolarizer switch”.246,248 31— What is meant by “automatic advance of spark”?.246,249 32— Explain its action.246,249,248 33— What is the advantage of a system of this kind.?.246 34— When the ignition unit is automatic, can it also be controlled by hand? How?.246, 249 35— Why is the hand control also used?..246, 249 36— If the governor or automatic, advances the time of spark with the timer, can the distributor housing be advanced and thereby gain more advance of spark? (foot-note). 309,249 31 37— Name the parts of the Atwater-Kent “open circuit” ignition system?.247 38— Do you understand the operation of the “contact maker” clearly?.247 39— Is the circuit normally open and then closed suddenly and. opened again?.. .247 40— Is a “resistance unit” used in connection with an “open circuit” ignition sys¬ tem? .247 41— Is a “single spark” produced and is a non-vibrating type coil used?.247,248 42— What speed, does timer shaft revolve?.247 43 Study the action of the Atwater-Kent timer and distributor, pages.247,248 44—Could either a “single wire” and “grounded return wire” (to frame), or “two wires” be used with this system?.249 45— How does the Atwater-Kent “closed-circuit” system differ from the “open- circuit” system? .250 46— Is there a “single spark” and a “non-vibrating” type coil used with both systems? .250 47— Explain the advantage of a “single spark” over a “succession of sparks”_250 48— Does the gas combust immediately when spark is produced in engine?. .250, 308 49— State briefly how you would time the Atwater-Kent ignition system.250 50— What adjustments are usually necessary? State briefly.250 51— What is meant by “gap between contact points”?.250 52— What distance is “spark plug gaps” set for use with this system?.250 53— How does the Remy “timer-distributor” system differ from the Atwater-Kent “closed-circuit” type?.’.251 54— Is the Remy a “closed-circuit” type?. 251 55— Is a “resistance unit” used with this system?.251 56— State briefly the adjustment of the Remy system.251 57— What “gap” is given spark plugs with Remy system?.251 58— How does the Westinghouse “timer-distributor” ignition system differ from the “Remy”?. 251 59— Is the Westinghouse a “closed-circuit” type of ignition?..251 60— Briefly state the adjustments and distance to set spark plug gap with this system.251 61— What is the “ballast-coil” for, as used with the Westinghouse ignition system?.251 62— Is the Connecticut “timer-distributor” system of ignition a “closed-circuit” system?. 251,254 63— Explain the purpose of the “thermostat” used with the Connecticut system.. 254 64— How would you test a coil?.253 65— Is the Bosch “timer-distributor” system a “closed-circuit” system?.253 66 — Explain the action and purpose of a “special switch” used with this system..253 INSTRUCTION No. 20. Review of the Various Coil Ignition Systems. 1— What is the disadvantage of the low-tension coil system?.255 2— What is the disadvantage of the high-tension system with a vibrator coil?.255 3 — what is the disadvantage of using a magneto alone?.255 4— What is meant by a “dual” system of ignition?.255 5— What is meant by a “double” system of ignition?.255 6 — What w r ould be an ideal ignition system?.255 32 INSTRUCTION No. 21. Low Tension Magnetos. Construction. 1 — What difference is there between a “direct current generator” and a “mag¬ neto”? .25? 2— What kind of “field poles” has a magneto?.257 3 — What kind of “field poles” has a direct current generator?.257 4 — How many kinds of magnetos are there in general use? Name them.257 5 — How many windings are there on armature of a low-tension magneto?... .257 6 — How many windings are there on armature of a high-tension magneto?... .257 7 — is the principle of a magneto similar to that of a low-tension coil?.257 8 — What kind of an armature is there used on a low-tension magneto?.257 9— How many permanent magnets are there on a low tension magneto?.257 10— What are the magnets attached to?.257,258 11— Why is aluminum or brass base used?.302 12— What are permanent magnets made of?.303 13— Is the winding on a low-tension magneto armature called the primary wind¬ ing and. is it of coarse or heavy insulated wire?.257 14— What does one end of the primary winding from armature connect to, if a “make and break” system of ignition?.260 15 — what kind of arrangement is necessary to open or interrupt the circuit, is it called an “igniter,” if used with a “make and break” system of ignition?.260 16— What operates the “igniter”?.260 17— Is there a coil used with the make and break igniter using a low-tension magneto?. 260,259 18 — Suppose you wished, to start an engine easy, which used the make and break system of ignition, and which had a low-tension magneto, could you use a separate ignition system consisting of a low-tension coil and battery, to start on and then use the low-tension magneto to run on?.260 19— When should the interrupter of current by the “igniter” take place?.257 20— Make a rough sketch of a “low-tension magneto” supplying current for a “make and break” ignition system on a single cylinder engine (Fig. 1).. ..260 21— How would you obtain a “high-tension” or “jump spark” current, to use spark plugs, by using a “low-tension magneto” as a source of electric supply?.259, 260 22— Is the armature, with this system a “single wound” armature?.259 23— If a high-tension coil is connected, with this low-tension magneto, is the coil a “double wound” high tension coil?.259 24— Does one end of the primary winding on the magneto connect with the primary winding on coil?.259,260 25— Does the primary winding on the magneto supply the electric current for the coil?.259,260 26— What kind of a device and what is it called, that is placed in between the primary winding of coil and primary winding of magneto?.259,260 27— W r here is the interrupter located?.259,260 28— How is the interrupter cam driven?.259,260 29— Is the interrupter cam driven at the same speed, as armature?.259,260 30— How many revolutions would the armature make to two revolutions of the crank shaft on a four-cylinder engine?.259,261 31— How many sparks would the magneto give to two revolutions of engine crank shaft?. 259 33 32— Does the armature give its “maximum spark” just as it is leaving vertical position?.....259,261,295 33— Then it is necessary that the magneto armature be driven at a “fixed speed” so that the armature will be in maximum position when piston has com¬ pleted its compression stroke and ready to fire?.259,261,295 34— Then must the circuit be interrupted, by the interrupter or contact-breaker just as the armature is in “maximum” position?.259 35— If engine crank shaft turned two revolutions and armature turned two revo¬ lutions and four sparks were necessary during this time, then it would be necessary for the armature of magneto to have its closed circuit with coil “interrupted” four times, would it not? In other words, the armature must produce a spark every half revolution. Is this correct?.259 36— What kind of a “cam” would be used on the end of armature shaft so that this interruption would occur every half revolution of armature?... .259,295 37— When the primary circuit of magneto armature and coil is interrupted, what takes place in the secondary or second winding of fine wire on the high- tension coil?. 260 38— What d.o the ends of the secondary wires on coil connect with?.260,261 39— If one end of the secondary winding is grounded and the other connects with a distributor brush, explain how the high-tension current would be carried to the spark plugs in engine?.261.260 40— What drives the distributor brush and where is distributor located?.261 41— Explain the purpose of the distributor and name the parts and how con¬ nected? .259,261 42— At what speed is the distributor driven, on a four-cylinder engine magneto?.261 43— Make a sketch showing a low-tension magneto, high-tension coil and dis¬ tributor for a four-cylinder engine, showing the path of current flow of secondary current and of the primary current. s .260 44— If the time of spark to occur, or interruption of primary current was when the armature was just leaving vertical position, with the interrupter in retarded position when starting, how would you arrange the interrupter or contact-breaker, so that the spark could fire in advance of this time, when engine was running fast?. 259 45— Could either a “gap type” or “brush type” distributor brush be used on a magneto distributor?.261 46 — What is the disadvantage of the low-tension magneto with a high-tension coil just described?.261 47— What method could be used to improve this system?.261 48— Explain the two methods of using a battery to start on and. magneto to run on?.261 49— Explain the difference between the two systems shown on pages-262, 263 50 — Would the system on page 263 give a “succession of sparks” by using the vibrator coil, battery and commutator to start on, and a “single spark” after engine was started, and switch placed so that the vibrator coil was cut out and other coil and magneto would operate?.263 51— Would the system on page 262 give a “single spark”?..262 52 — Would batteries be used to start on with systems on page 262, and during this time, the magneto be off, but the interrupter would be in use only?...262 53 — By tracing the circuit at bottom of page 262, when magneto is connected, it would appear as though the coil would be cut out. Is it so or not?.262 34 54— Then how does the current of magneto pass through coil?.262 55— Can the condenser he located, in coil, or at any other point of the system, just so long as it “bridges” the points of the interrupter?.262 56— It will bridge the interrupter points even though it be placed in the coil and connected as shown in illustration at bottom of page 262, will it not?....262 57— Are systems shown on pages 262, 263 “dual” systems of ignition?... .262, 263 58— Are the distributors placed on the magneto on the systems on pages.. 262, 263 59— How does the “inductor” type armature differ from the shuttle type?.265 60— Explain the principle of the Remy “inductor” type armature and how many sparks or “impulses” it gives during one revolution.265 61— How many “impulses” does the K-W. inductor type magneto give to one revolution and why more than the Remy inductor type?. ....265 62— Can the K-W. of this type generate current suitable for lights? Why is this possible?.265 63— Is there a magneto which can be used in connection with a vibrator type of coil and which will supply current for the coil and. also lights without being set at a “fixed speed”?.265 64— What other well-known magneto is suitable for lights?..265 Ford Low Tension Magneto. 65— Due to the fact that the Ford magneto has 16 coils and 16 magnets, its alternations of current are so close together it is possible to obtain current for light and a vibrator coil? Is this the reason?.265 66 — Does the Ford, magneto generate alternating current? If so, explain the 16 positions in each revolution.265 67— Is the Ford magneto an “inductor” type?.265 68 — Explain the eight positions in each revolution.265 69— Name the parts of the Ford magneto.805 70— Is the coil a “vibrating” type? How many units has it?.803 71— What part of a Ford, magneto revolves?.265 72— What part of a Ford magneto is stationary?.265 73— At what speed does the magneto revolve?. ....265 74— What are magnets attached to?.265 75— Will the Ford magneto recharge a storage battery? (foot-note).265 Oscillating Magnetos and Magnetic Plugs. 76— Describe briefly an “oscillating” type magneto.264 77— For what type engine is it designed?...264 78— What is meant by an “oscillating motion”?.863 79— Does the armature revolve in an “oscillating” type magneto?.264 80— Is it a low or high tension magneto?.264 81— Explain the principle of a “magnetic plug”.264 82— Name the principal parts.264 83— Is it used on a low or a high tension system?.264 84— Make a sketch showing how the magnetic plug is used with a low-tension magneto for a four-cylinder engine? (fig. 4), bottom of page.262 Magneto—Principle of Operation. 85—Can a low-tension magneto supply current for a separate high-tension coil or an “igniter” as used, on a “make and break” ignition system?.266 35 86—Does a magneto work on a “closed” or on an “open” circuit?.266 —Is current generated and stored in the winding during the time the circuit is closed and armature revolves?.266 88— When the circuit is open what happens?.266 89— What opens the circuit?.266 90— When should the circuit be opened?.266,267 91— What is meant by “impulse” of a magneto?.267 92— When armature is in horizontal position is the E.M.F. at zero?.266 93— When armature is in a vertical position is the E.M.F. strong?.266 94— Technically, the correct time then for the interrupter to open the circuit is when the armature is in a vertical position, is it not?.266 94a-What is the correct time in actual practice?.266 95— How many “electrical impulses” are there to one revolution or 360 degrees rotation of armature?.266 96— Is the “voltage wave” polarity in the same direction during the revolution?.266 97— What kind of a cam is necessary to break or interrupt the current twice during a revolution?...267 98— How would you set the magneto armature in relation to the interrupter?. .267 99— How is the spark “advanced” or “retarded”?...267 How Current is Produced. 100— What is a permanent magnet made of?.267 101— What is meant by the “magnetic field”?.267 102— What is meant by “magnetic lines of force”?.267 103— How do the magnetic lines of force flow?. 267 104— If a bar of iron is placed between the N. & S. pole of the magnets, will the lines of force flow through it?.267 105— Will it be an easier path? Why?. 267 106— Is soft iron used for the armature?.267 107— If a closed circuit of copper wire connected to a galvanometer, is passed down in front of the lines of force extending from the N. to S. pole of a magnet, will there be a momentary current generated on the wire, flowing in one direction?.267 108— If wire is quickly moved up past the same pole of magnet, 'will there be another momentary current generated, but flowing in opposite direction?. .267 109 — Then would this movement illustrate how current is induced in the wire by “cutting” the lines of force?.267 110— When would the “induced” current be greatest?.267 HI—in what position of armature would coil of wire on armature be “cutting” the greatest number of lines of force?..267 112— Does electric current in the wire depend upon the E.M.F. to cause it to flow?.267 113 — Does the generated E.M.F. depend upon the strength and quantity of lines of force and what else?.267 114— Is the coil of wire on armature “cutting the lines of force” in fig. 4?.267 115 — How are the lines of force flowing in fig. 4?.267 H6—Which side of the coil is starting to cut the lines of force in fig. 5? Is the E.M.F. strong? Why not?.267 117 —j s the L side of coil cutting the greatest number of lines of force in figs. 6 and 7?. 267 H8—What is most important in the generation or current?.267 36 119— Is the path of the lines of force changed in its direction through armature in fig. 7 to what it was in fig. 5?.267 120— Then what action takes place and is this time between 6 and 7, the practical maximum position for the interrupter to open?.267 121— What are lines of force doing in fig. 5?.267 122— Is the E.M.F. weaker?.267 123— How many degrees has armature turned from fig. 4 to fig. 9? What part of a revolution has it made?.267 124— Is the E.M.F. strong or weak in fig. 9?.267 125— When armature continues to revolve from position fig. 9, will the “R” side of coil begin to cut the lines of force and will the voltage polarity then be in an opposite direction as per fig. 20, page 266?.267 126— When the armature makes another half revolution per fig. 9, then the same action will occur but voltage polarity will be in opposite direction and during the complete revolution we would have had two “maximum” positions of armature, or two “impulses” or sparks, would we not?.267 127— What is necessary for a permanent magnet to retain its magnetism? (foot¬ note) .267 128— If the base of magneto, to which the magnets are attached, are brass or aluminum (in other words—non-magnetic), what would take the place of the keeper? Would it be the armature?.267,302 129— This would depend upon the position of armature when magneto was idle, would it not?.302 130— What condition of engine would place armature so it would not act as a “keeper”?.302 131— What is meant by “magnetic flux”?.267 INSTRUCTION No. 22. High-Tension Magnetos. Construction. 1—What is the difference between a low tension magneto and a high tension magneto?.269 2— Are there two windings on a high tension magneto?.269 3— Name the two windings.269 4— How many layers, and what size of wire is used on the primary and secondary winding of a Bosch high tension magneto? (foot-note).271 5— Does the primary winding serve primarily for generating current?.273 6— What purpose does the secondary winding serve?.273 7— Is a high tension coil necessary to be used with this magneto?.269 8— Where is the condenser usually located in a high tension magneto?.269 9— How is the high tension current obtained from a high tension magneto?... .269 10— Explain the purpose and location of the “collector ring”.269 11— Where is the distributor located?.269 12— Name the parts of the distributor.271,270 13— Explain how the secondary current path travels.269 14— What is the speed of the distributor brush relative to the speed of armature?.271 15— Where are the distributor “sectors” located?.271 16— How is the secondary current taken from the secondary winding?.271 17— How many magnets are generally used?.271 37 18— What type of armature is generally used?....271 19— How is the armature made? (fig. 6 ).258 20— What is the interrupter for and where located?.273 21— How is it constructed?.273 22— Is it also called, the “contact-breaker”?.273 23— Explain how the current flows through the primary circuit and how and when it is “interrupted”..273 Condenser and Safety Spark Gap. * 24— What is the principle and purpose of the condenser?..273,227,228 25— How is the condenser constructed?. 273 26— What is the “safety spark gap” for?.273,275,299 27— Where is it located on magneto?.273 28— Suppose the spark plug terminals were too far apart, what would be the result?.. .275, 299 29— How would the safety spark gap prevent damage to magneto winding?... .275 30— Explain the construction of a safety spark gap...275 31— Is the gap at safety spark gap set slightly wider than spark at plug gap? Why?.275,299 32— Does armature shaft run in ball bearings?.275 33— How would you stop or cut-off magneto ignition?.275,299 Examples of Magneto Systems. 34— What is meant by “dual” ignition?. 277 35— What is meant by “double” ignition?.277 36— What is the disadvantage of using a high tension magneto alone?.277 37— What is meant by a “two-spark” magneto ignition system, and advantage?... .277 38— What is meant by a “two-point” magneto ignition system?.277 39— With a “two-point” system would the spark occur at two spark plugs at one time? If so, what would prevent two cylinders firing at one time?.277 40— What is meant by a “kick-switch”? (foot-note).277 41— What kind, of a system is a “Bosch Duplex” system?.279 42— How would you proceed to time the Bosch D. U. 4 or D. U. 6 magneto?.279 43— How would you proceed to time the Eisemann type “G”?.279 44— Does the winding of a Remy or K.W. Magneto revolve with the armature?. .279 45— Where is this winding located?...256,288,264 46— Is the wire wound on the armature and does it revolve with armature?.279 47— What is meant by an “armature” type magneto?.279 48— What is meant by an “inductor” type magneto?.279 49 — Name three leading makes of magnetos in which the armature revolves-279 50— What is meant by a “primary” wound armature?.279 51 — What is meant by “compound” wound armature?.279 52 — Could an “inductor” type magneto be a high tension type with two stationary windings? A primary and a secondary winding..279 53— Describe (briefly) a magneto of the “pivoting” or “rocking” type.279,287 54— What is the advantage of the “pivoting” type?.287 55— Explain (briefly) the principle and construction of the Eisemann automatic advance magneto.287, 289 56— How does it differ from the usual type?.287,289 See page 286 and study the different ignition systems, first reading page 287 carefully. 38 57— What makes of ignition systems would be termed the modern “battery and coil” ignition systems?.,.287 58— State (briefly) in what respect the “Dixie” magneto differs from those having shuttle type or revolving armatures.290,291 59— Does the Dixie magneto have a “revolving” type armature with wire wound on it?.290 60— What kind, of an armature has the Dixie magneto?.290,291 61— How many rotating poles has a Dixie magneto for an 8 or 12 cylinder- engine? .290,293 62— How many rotating poles has a Dixie magneto for a 4 or 6 cylinder engine?.293 63— Where is the winding located, and is it stationary?.290,291 64— Is there a primary and secondary winding?.290,291 65— Is the Dixie magneto a “high tension” magneto?.290,291 66— How is the high tension current conducted from the winding on the Dixie, to the spark plugs?.290,291 67— What is the “safety spark gap” for?.291 68— What should be the width of gap of this device for high compression engines and for average compression engines?.291 69— Suppose gap of “safety-spark-gap” was less distance apart than the “spark¬ plug-gap,” would the engine missfire? Why?. 291 70— How would you remedy this? What distance would you then set the gap of spark plug and safety gap?.,.291 71— Where is the Dixie contact breaker (interrupter) located?.292 72— Do the contact parts revolve?....292 73— Does the cam (which causes the contact parts to separate at the proper time) revolve?.292 74— Where is the cam located and what causes it to revolve?.292 75— Is the breaker shifted or moved, to advance or retard the spark?.292 76— Is the breaker housing attached to the part to which the coil is attached?. .292 77— How would you “synchronize” the position of “rotor” relative to opening of breaker points?. 292 78— Is the contact breaker (interrupter) housing adjustable?.....292 79— State (briefly) how you would proceed to time the Dixie magneto to engine. .292 80— Make a sketch showing correct position of distributor brush in contact with segment when breaker is fully advanced.292 81— Are there four sparks produced during each revolution of drive shaft on an eight-cylinder Dixie magneto?.293 82— Are there four rotating poles to armature or “rotor”?.293 83— Is the armature or “rotor” driven at crank shaft speed?.293 84— How is the distributor geared to run, and why?.293 85— What is meant by “cam shaft speed”? Is this half the speed of engine crank shaft?.293, 87 86— On the 4 and 6 cylinder Dixie magneto, how are the “segments” placed in distributor?. 293 87— How are they placed in the eight-cylinder distributor?.293 88— How is the high tension current “collected,” and where is it conducted to?..293 89— How many sparks are there produced on a Dixie 12-cylinder magneto, and how many rotating poles has “rotor”?.....293 90— What speed does “rotor” revolve, in relation to crank shaft of engine?_293 91— What speed does distributor on a Dixie 12-cylinder magneto revolve?.293 92— How does the Dixie 12-cylinder distributor differ from the eight-cylinder?.. .293 INSTRUCTION No. 23. Magneto Installation, Care and Adjustments. 39 1— Where is the magneto usually placed on an engine?.295 2 — What is the base of a magneto composed of?.295,294,302,301 3— How is the magneto usually driven?.295,301,302 4— From what shaft is the magneto usually driven from?.295 5— Should a magneto be driven by a belt? Why not?.295,294 6— Is the magneto driven at a “fixed” speed, and why?.295 7— Is it a fact that the best drive for a magneto is a flexible coupling, as shown in fig. 4, page 302, which prevents strain on the armature shaft if it should be slightly out of line and also reduces vibration to armature? Yes. 8— If gears are used to drive the magneto, then they should not be meshed too tight, as undue strain would result on bearings. Is this a fact? Yes. 9— How many sparks or impulses are there to each revolution of a magneto armature of the usual type?..295 10— How are these sparks transmitted to the spark plugs?.295 11— How often does the interrupter break the primary circuit during a half revo¬ lution of armature?. 295 12— How often would the interrupter break the circuit during two revolutions of crank shaft of a four-cylinder engine?.295 13— How many sparks are required during two revolutions of crank shaft on a four-cylinder engine?.295 14— At what speed would the magnetu armature then be geared to run?.295 15— How many sparks are required during two revolutions of crank shaft on a six-cylinder engine?. 295 16— How often would interrupter break the primary circuit during two revolu¬ tions of crank shaft of a six-cylinder engine?.295 17— How many revolutions would armature of magneto make to one revolution of crank shaft of a six-cylinder engine?.295 18— How many revolutions would armature make to two revolutions of crank shaft of a six-cylinder engine?.295 19— Would the distributor brush revolve one-half the speed of crank shaft on both a four and six cylinder engine?.295 20— What is necessary to determine before the magneto distributor can be con¬ nected with the spark plugs?.295 21— How would you determine the firing order if you did not know?... .295, 119,120 22— What is meant by “clockwise” and “anti-clockwise,” and is the drive or shaft end of armature the end where this is determined?.296,313,306 23— If armature turns clockwise, what direction would distributor brush turn?..296 24— Then it is important to first learn the firing order of engine and connect the spark plugs with connections to the distributor, in order that cylinders fire and brush makes contact on distributor. Is it not?...296 25 — What care should be given a distributor?.297 26 — What kind of wire is best to use from distributor to spark plugs?.297 27 — What are these wires called?.297 28— What, is meant by “static electrical discharge”?.297 29— How would you prevent static effects?.297 30 — Which of the plans, A, B, C or D, is best to avoid static effects?.297 31— Should terminal connectors be used on the ends of all wires? Why?.297 40 32— What is meant by interrupter adjustment?.297 33— What should be the distance between platinum points? .297 34— How is this distance usually regulated? .297 35— If the points of interrupter are “pitted” what should be done to them?.298 36— Is “pitting” of points on a magneto as likely to occur as on a vibrator type coil using battery ignition? Why not?..299 37— What are common contact-breaker (interrupter) troubles? .298 38— If engine “misses” more at low than high speed, (with spark lever retarded) should contact-breaker points be closer or wider apart?.298 39— If engine “misses” more at high speed than low speed (with spark lever advanced) should points be closer or wider apart? .298 40— Why? .298 See questions 26 to 31. instruction 22, on the safety spark gap. 41— State how, and how often you would lubricate a magneto....299 42— Is it important that oil be kept away from interrupter parts?.299 42a-What kind, of lubricant is best suited for the ball bearings?.299 43— How is the magneto “cut off” from giving a spark? Explain why the primary circuit is grounded.299 44— If you suspected the magneto to be at fault in case of “missing explosions” and only one cylinder missed (if a multiple cylinder engine) then you would know that the trouble was not likely to be with magneto, would you not?. .299 45— Whereas, if all cylinders failed to fire, then it would be time to look to the magneto for trouble. Is this assumption correct?.299 46— Name the three sources where trouble with a magneto would most likely occur.299 47— How would you tell if safety spark gap was short circuited?.299 48— How would you determine if spark plug gap was too wide?.299 49— What would likely be cause of no spark at all?.299 50— What would likely be cause of missing at low speeds?.299 51— What would, likely be cause of missing at high speeds?.299 52— What would likely be cause of ignition failing suddenly?.300 53— Is it necessary to give a quick, sudden pull to starting crank (if not equipped with self starter) to start a magneto generating .300 54— Then if engine did not start what would likely be the trouble if you “knew” that the carburetion was all right?.300 55— How would you facilitate easy starting when stopping engine?.300 56— What is meant by “synchronizing” the interrupter points, cam and. dis¬ tributor? .301,864 57— If the winding on a magneto is suspected of being short circuited, and miss¬ ing occurs and cannot be located, how would you diagnose the trouble?.301 58— How would you test secondary winding?.301, 302 59— Suppose you had a “dual” system of ignition consisting of a battery and coil and a high tension magneto and while running with a high tension magneto, missing would occur, would you then throw on the battery and coil and see if the missing continued, and if it did not, would you then look for the trouble in the magneto? .. 301 60— What is meant by “remagnetizing magnets”? .301, 303 61— How would you test to see if magnets needed remagnetizing or charging?.301. 303 62— What are magnets made of? .... 303 63— Does soft steel lose its magnetism easily? . 303 41 63a--When magnets are weak what is the result? .303 64— Should all like poles of a magnet be on one side? .303 65— How would you test to see which is the “N” or “S” pole of a magnet?.303 66— How would you test a high tension coil?.302 67— How would you test a condenser?.303 68— When condenser is not working properly, what is the result?.303 INSTRUCTION No. 24. Ignition Timing. 1— What position should, armature be in when the “charge of gas” is to be ignited?.305,266,267,310,309 2— What position is piston, and on what stroke when spark should occur?.307 3— If engine is started by hand should spark be retarded or advanced?.305 4— What is meant by “advance of spark”?. 305 5— What is meant by “retard of spark”?.'..305 6— What determines the amount of “advance” and “retard” to give the spark?.305 7— What methods are used to “retard” and “advance” the spark?.305 8— Explain what is meant by “hand control” of spark.305 9— Explain what is meant by “automatic advance” of spark.307 10— Explain what is meant by “fixed spark”.307 11— What is the disadvantage of a “fixed spark”?.....307 12— When should the spark occur?.307,308 13— Suppose it occurs after piston has started down, is the “compression” as great, and what is the result?.’.307 14 — Suppose it occurs before the piston is on top of its compression stroke, what is the result?-... 307 15— Does the “combustion” occur immediately when spark occurs?.308 16— Then how would you determine just how far advanced of top of compression stroke to have spark occur?.308 17 — what are the two main points to first be considered?.308 18 — What is the second consideration?.308 19 — Suppose engine was running 500 r.p.m., would the spark occur later (retarded) than if engine was running 1,000 r.p.m.?.308 20— As the speed increases it is necessary to have the spark occur earlier or ad¬ vanced, is it not?.308 21 _Then, “setting the time of spark to occur before top of compression stroke” is called “advancing the spark.” Is it not?...308 22 _How many revolutions would armature make to two revolutions of crank shaft, on a four-cylinder engine?.308 23 _What speed would distributor turn (on the four-cylinder engine magneto) when crank shaft turned two revolutions?.308 24 —Would a “two-point cam” on interrupter be used? Why?..308 25 _Does the cam shaft on either a four or six cylinder engine turn one revolu¬ tion to two of crank shaft?..308 26 _How many revolutions would armature, distributor and cam turn on a six- cylinder engine magneto when crank shaft of engine turned two revolu¬ tions? .309,294 27 —Would a “two-point cam” be used on interrupter? Yes. 42 28— How far apart are “contact segments” placed on a six-cylinder magneto dis¬ tributor? ..309 29— How many sparks does a single-cylinder engine require, and how is the “cam” arranged to permit one spark every other revolution?.309 30— What position is armature of magneto in, when it is at maximum position?.309 31— What is meant by “maximum position”?.309 32— When armature is in maximum position is the cam separating the points on contact-breaker? . . . . .309 33— Suppose the “contact breaker” was retarded, then the “contact breaker points” would not separate and, cause spark to occur until armature had passed maximum position. Is this not a fact?.309 34— What would be the result?.309 35— In what position is armature, when retarded?.309 36— When speed of engine is slow, should contact breaker be retarded? Why?..309 37— If speed were increased., should contact breaker be advanced? Why.309 38— What is the average “range of advance” or movement of contact-breaker housing? (foot-note) .309 39— Is there a greater range with a timer, such as the Atwater-Kent system?..309 40— About how much space is there between the “armature cheek” and “pole piece,” when armature is advanced or at “maximum” position?.309 41— What rate of speed of an engine is termed “average speed,” and what rate “high speed”?.309 42— When “setting a magneto” what particular points are necessary to consider?.309 43— What is meant by “setting tjie time of spark” of a magneto?.311 44— What positions of piston could you consider when setting the time for the spark to occur?.311 45— What is meant by a “variable spark”?..311 46— What is meant by a “fixed spark”?. 311 47— When “setting a magneto” with a “fixed spark” where would contact-breaker be set, “advanced” or “retarded”?.311 48— When “setting the magneto” with “variable spark,” briefly state the three methods which could be employed. 311 49— How would you proceed to “set a magneto” if you saw a mark “C” or “F” on fly-wheel?. 311 50— How would you proceed to “set a magneto” if you were told that the time for spark to occur was full advance position measured 3% inches on fly-wheel before upper dead center?. 311 51— Suppose you were instructed to set the spark 34 degrees before top of com¬ pression stroke, “advanced,” on an engine with a stroke of 5 % inches, how would you proceed?...311 52— Is there a “battery interrupter” and a “magneto interrupter” both mounted on the magneto of a Bosch Dual Magneto Ignition System?.311,281 53— Would you “set the magneto interrupter” and would this answer for both?. .311 54— Does the “battery interrupter” break its contact 10 degrees later and is this taken care of in setting the magneto interrupter?. 311 55— What distance should the “interrupter points” and “spark plug points” be set with the Bosch Dual System?.... 56— Which of the three methods is used most for “setting a magneto” (as ex¬ plained under a, b, c, referring to setting a magneto of the variable spark type)? .. 311 43 57 Is this the method shown on page 310, “setting piston” on top and “ignition retarded,” the method generally used?.311,310 58— Make a sketch showing piston on top of compression stroke, “contact breaker retarded,” and show what the cam on interrupter is doing, also what position cam of exhaust valve would be in and where distributor brush would be, to fire cylinder No. 1, supposing this was a four-cylinder engine?..310 59— Which cylinder on a multiple-cylinder engine, is usually the one used to set a magneto with position of piston?..311,310 60— W’hy is piston placed on top of compression stroke?.307 61— How would you find the “compression stroke” of an engine?.310,320,312 62— In setting a magneto, is it necessary to uncouple it from its drive? If so, how?. 312 63— Is the magneto usually driven from cam shaft or crank shaft?.295,294 64— Suppose you were told to “set piston % inch after top of compression,” and “set interrupter housing retarded,” how would you proceed?.310 65— Is this the setting usually for slow speed engines?.310 66— Is this a similar setting as the Waukesha?.312 67— How would you time or set a Remy inductor type magneto?.313 68— How would you time or set the Eisemann magneto?.313 69— When timing a high tension magneto to an engine (taking a four-cylinder engine as an example), state briefly what points should be considered.313 70— Does the old style ignition system (using a vibrator type coil and commutator) require a greater advance setting than a magneto? Why?.315,316 71— How would you proceed to time the ignition on a Ford engine?.316 72— What distance would you set the spark plug gap?.316 73— Suppose an Atwater-Kent ignition system was placed on a Ford engine, where would you place piston, and why?.316 74— How would you time ignition for a “make and break” ignition system, using a low tension magneto?..316 75— How would you set the time of spark on a stationary engine? (foot-note) page 315 76— What is meant by “checking ignition timing”?.316 77— What is meant by “remeshing timing gears”?.316 78— State procedure to set time of spark using the Atwater-Kent ignition system.317 79— State procedure of timing the Connecticut ignition system.253 80— What is meant by “verifying ignition timing”?.317 81— How would you test to see if ignition is set too far advanced?..317 82— Is it advisable to ignite the charge of gas as near the point of maximum compression as possible?.319 83— Is there greater heat produced in engine when spark is retarded?.319 84— Suppose you had spark advanced full and were running at high speed and came to a hill where engine slows down considerably, would piston be coming up or going down, when ignition took place, and what would be the result?. .319 85— In this case the spark should be retarded—should it not?.319 86— What is meant by an “ignition knock”?.320 87— Should engine be run with spark advanced as far as possible without causing it to knock, and why?.....320 88— What are the marks usually on fly-wheels of engines to indicate when piston is on top of its compression stroke and what will this mark line up with?..320 89 — What pistons would this mark represent if it was on top of compression stroke, “DC1-4,” and would this refer to a four-cylinder engine?.320 44 90— If a six-cylinder engine was marked “DC1-6,” what would, this mean, and why?..320 91— If your fly-wheel is not marked and it is not possible to place a wire through head of cylinder, how would you then proceed to find when piston was on top of compression stroke?.320 INSTRUCTIONS Nos. 25 and 26. Engine Starters and Electric Starting Motors. 1—Why is it necessary to first start a gasoline engine either by cranking by hand or some form of self-starter?.59,143 2— What method was first used to start engine without using a crank?.321 3— Was this method always reliable?.*.321 4— Mention other methods of starting an engine, other than by hand crank or electric motor?.321 5— What is the principle of the Christensen gasoline and air starter?.321 6 — Is the electric starting motor the modern method?.321 7— What are its advantages?..321,325 8 — From where does the electric starting motor obtain its electric current?.321, 325 9— Briefly state what an electric starting motor is for.325 10— Name the parts of an electric starting motor.325 11— How is an electric starting motor usually wound?.323,325 12— What is meant by a “permanently” magnetized field core?.325 13— What is meant by an “electro” magnetized field core?.325 13a-What name is given'to a two-pole machine?.325 14— What is it called when it has more than two poles?.325 15— What part of an electric starting motor is the armature?.325 16— What does it revolve between?.325 17— What type of armature is most generally used for starting motors?.325 18— Could the shuttle type armature be used on a starting motor? Why not?..325 19— Is the electric current used for a starting motor direct or alternating cur¬ rent? .325 20— What is the purpose of a commutator on an armature?. ....325 21— How is it constructed?. 325 22— What purpose do the brushes serve and where located on a starting motor?.325 23— What are brushes usually made of, and how many are there to a starting motor?.325 24— Does a great quantity of current pass through the brushes when starting an engine with a starting motor?.325 25— What are the usual commutator troubles?.325 26— How can the electric starting motor be connected to the engine? Name the different methods.327 27— Name the two drive methods through fly-wheel..327 28— Name the two automatic methods..327 29— Which system is most popular?.327 30— After engine is started, how is the starting motor stopped?.327 31— What kind of switches are used for starting motors?.,.327,329 32— From what source does the electric starting motor obtain its electric supply?.327 33— What is the usual voltage?.327 34— How could you determine the voltage of a storage battery?.327 45 35— How many volts does each cell give?.327 36— Is the current consumed by a starting motor when first starting engine, very heavy? .327 37— About what length of time is it necessary to hold, switch closed?.327 38— State the average cranking current in amperes when first starting and for how long...327 39— Is the overload on battery considerable and is it practically short-circuited for an instant when first starting?.327 40— What method is used to charge a storage battery when it has exhausted its current?.327 41— What is meant by a “multi-polar” and “bi-polar” type field pole?.328 42— Explain the principle and. action of the Bendix automatic principle of start¬ ing .326, 331 43— Explain the principle and action of the starting motor using a “displacement” type of armature.330 INSTRUCTION No. 27. The Electric Generator. 1— Do the words “dynamo” and “generator” (referred to in this instruction), mean the same thing? (foot-note).333 2— Is an electric generator similar in many respects to an electric motor?... .333 3— In what respect do they differ?.333 4 — Could a “series,” “shunt” or “compound wound.” generator operate as a motor?. 5— Name the parts of a dynamo or generator.333, 335 6— What is a generator used for on an automobile (in addition to charging the battery)?.333,335 7— Is the current generated, direct or alternating?.333, 335 8 — Would alternating current charge a storage battery?.335,447 9 — what kind of windings are there on a generator of the type we propose using for charging the storage battery on a car?.335 10— What does the word “shunt” mean?.335 11 — Into h 0W many classes are direct current dynamos or generators divided.. .335 lla-In what manner do they differ?.335 12 — What part of a generator is the “field core”?.335 13— In what two ways can the “magnetic field” be produced?.335 14— Which of the two is the most popular?.335 15 — What manner of winding has the armature of a direct current generator?. .335 16 — By what means is the electric generator usually operated?.337 17 — when operated by a silent chain, state the different methods employed to adjust the tension of chain.728 18— Should the chain be as tight as possible without causing noise?.728 19 — what amount of free movement should chain have?.728 20— Explain the principle of the “Morse adjustable sprocket” used with that make of silent chain.728 2 1 _When engine is running slow, or not at all, from what source is the current for lights and ignition obtained?.337 22 _When engine is running at seven to ten miles, or over (car speed), from what source is the current for lights, ignition and current to charge the battery obtained?. 337 46 23— What device is used to connect the battery with generator at this speed and to disconnect battery at low speeds?.337 24— What is the purpose of the “automatic cut-out”?.337 25— What is meant by the term, “floating the storage battery on the line”?-337 26— Are there two coils on the Ward Leonard automatic “cut-out”?.344 27— What is the name of coil A, on “cut-out,” page 344, and what does it con¬ nect with?.344 28— What is the name of coil L, on “cut-out,” page 344, and what is it connected with?.344 29— What is the purpose of coil L?.344 30— Why is de-magnetization necessary, and what action takes place when the core (B) is de-magnetized?.344 31— Does the voltage of a dynamo increase as the speed increases?.337, 344 32— What would happen to the lamp bulbs if the voltage increased excessively?.337 33— What method is used to prevent excessive voltage as the speed of engine is increased?.337 34— Would the amperage or quantity of current increase also?.337 35— Are there methods employed to regulate both the voltage and amperage of generators?.337 36— Name the different methods..337 37— Name the three classifications of regulating the voltage and amperage of a generator?... 343 , 925 38— What is meant by “inherent constant current regulation”?.343 39— With this system is the “current output” constant, and does voltage vary slightly?. 343 40— What different systems of regulation may be termed the inherent or “con¬ stant current” regulation control?. 343 41— Explain the principle of the “third brush” regulation method.343 42— Explain the principle of “bucking series” regulation. 345 43— For what purpose is the “series field winding” S.E.F.?.345 44— For what purpose is the “shunt field winding” S.H.F.?. 345 45— Is there a separate “mechanical regulator” used with this system?...,_345 46— How and when is the generator connected with battery?. 345 47— Does the output of generator rise rapidly or gradually after it has gener¬ ated its maximum amperage?. 345 48— Is the amperage kept constant, after reaching its maximum?. 343 49— Explain how the series coil bucks or opposes the flow of current in the “shunt” field coil winding, and what effect this has on generating current ?.345 50— How and when does the flow of current in the series coil, S.E.F., reverse direction, and is this the cause of the series coil S.E.F. bucking or opposing the shunt coil S.H.F., instead of assisting it and thus prevent excessive cur¬ rent rise?. 345 51— What other method could be employed to cause the series coil to buck or oppose the “shunt” coil?.. 52— What is meant by a “cumulative” compound winding?. . 345,347 53— How does the “cumulative • compound winding” differ from the “bucking series” regulation?.. 54— Can the regulation of current of a generator be regulated externally by a “mechanical type of regulator”?.. 55— Explain how.. 342 47 56— What is meant by “voltage regulation”?.345 57— How does a “voltage regulator,” or “regulating unit,” as it is sometimes called, operate? Explain its action.925,345 58— With a “voltage regulation” system, is the amount of current generated dependent upon the state of charge of battery?.925,345 59— Is the current rate generated by generator higher, when battery voltage is low, and low when battery voltage is high?.925,345 60— What is the difference between a “constant current” regulated generator and a “constant voltage” regulated generator?.925,343 61— How would you adjust to “increase the voltage” of a “voltage regulated generator”?.925 62— How would you adjust to increase the “output” of a “constant current regu¬ lated generator,” using the “third-brush” regulation?.925 63— Briefly explain what takes place when “starting-pedal” is depressed on start¬ ing and generating system, shown on page 338, engine supposed to idle....338 64— Where did starting motor obtain its current to start engine?.338 65— Where did engine obtain current for ignition to start?.338 66 — After engine is started and running at a speed of nine or ten miles per hour, car speed, what action takes place?...338 67— Where does the ignition system of engine then obtain current?.338 68 — Does generator start to charge battery at that time?.338 69— When engine is running at a very high speed, what device prevents the generator from generating an excessive high voltage?.338 70— Would this method of regulation be termed a “voltage regulation” method?.338 71— What is the difference between the starting motor method of starting engine on page 342 to that on page 338?.342,338 72— Prom what part of engine is generator usually driven?.341 73 — what is meant by an “over-running generator clutch,” and where and when is it used?.^41 74 — what kind of a clutch is a “roller type,” and where and when is it used?..341 75 — could the distributor and timer, or “ignition unit,” as it is termed, be mounted on the generator?. 341,342 76— How would it be necessary to drive it?.341 77 — what is meant by a “single unit” starting motor, generator and ignition system?. 340,343 78 — What is meant by a “two-unit” starting motor, generator and ignition sys¬ tem? .340,343 7 g—What is meant by a “three-unit starting motor, generator and ignition sys¬ tem? . 340,343 80— How could the “two-unit” system be arranged?. 340,343 81— How could the “three-unit” system be arranged?.340,343 82— Why is the term “magneto” ignition sometimes referred to when the system is a coil and battery system and direct current only is used?.341 83— is the “starting, generating and ignition system” explained on pages 343 and 342 a two-unit system?. 341,342 84— Name the different parts which make up this system....341, 342 85 — What voltage is required for starting motor?.343,342 86 — What make and type of drive is used with this starting motor?.343,342 87— What kind of starting switch is there used?.343 88 — Explain the method of starting, and what takes place?.343 48 89— After engine starts, what occurs?.343 90— Where does generator current go when car speed is ten miles or more per hour?...343 91— What purpose does the “automatic cut-out” serve?.343 92— What purpose does the “regulator” serve?.343 93— What type of “regulator” is this called?.343 94— What is the difference between the “regulator” and “cut-out”?.343 95— What is meant by the “controller”?.343 96— What is meant by a “reverse current cut-out”?.344,342,348 97— Name the parts of the Westinghouse starting, generating and ignition sys¬ tem ..346, 347 98— Why is the regulator used with this system called the “inherent” sys¬ tem? .346,343 98a-Are the terms “relay” and “cut-out” synonymous?...346 99'—What parts make up the ignition system?.346,347 100— How is the “ignition unit” driven?.346,347 101— What is the “ballast resistor” for?.347,348 102— What is meant by a “mechanical governor control”?.347 103— What does it control?. 347 104— Explain the principle and drive method.347 105— What is the “roller clutch” for?. 347 106— What is the clutch on governor of generator for?.347 107— Explain the action of the “mercury type regulator”.347 108— Does it cut-in and cut-out resistance into the field circuit?.347,380 109— Can one armature serve for both the generator and the starting motor?... .347 110— Is it then called a “motor-generator”?.347,352 111— Name the parts of the Entz motor-generator system.347,352 112— Is the motor-generator converted into a generator above 600 revolutions per minute, and does it serve as a starting motor under 80 revolutions per minute?.352 113— Explain briefly how this is accomplished.r-.352 114— Where is the U.S.L. “motor-generator” placed on an engine?..347,353 115— How many windings has the field?.353 116— What is the action when used as a generator?.353 117— What is the action when used as a starting motor?.353 118— What is the voltage of this generator?.353 119— What kind of a regulation system has the U.S.L. 1914 generator? And explain its action.347, 353 120— What kind of a regulation system is there on the 1915 U.S.L. generator?. .353 121— What is the purpose of a fuse block?.348 122— What is a fuse?.428 123— Is the Westinghouse “timer” (or interrupter) a “closed” or “open” circuit type?.251,252 124— Is the generating system shown on Page 349 a “voltage” regulated system?.349 125— Explain the purpose, principle and action of the Remy regulation system shown on Page 350, and explain what the thermostat is for.350 126— Carefully study the Gray & Davis motor-generator system.354 127— Is this a two-unit system?. 354 128— How is the starting motor applied to engine to start it?.354 129— Explain briefly the regulation method of generator.354 49 130— What is meant by a “grounded switch” system?... 355 131— What is meant by a “grounded motor” system?.355 INSTRUCTION No. 28. A Study of Leading Electric Starting and Generating Systems. 1— What is meant by electrical symbols?.356 2— What is meant by a single wire system?.356 3— What is meant by a two-wire system?.356 4— Make a sketch of the following electric symbols: Positive terminal, negative terminal, wires crossing, separate circuits, storage battery, dry cell.356 5— Make a sketch showing the designation for 6 volt, 3 cell battery.376 5a-Make a sketch showing two 12 volt batteries connected so they can be charged from a 12 volt generator...353 6—When making the symbol of a storage battery, d.o the long light lines repre¬ sent “positive” and the short black lines “negative” terminals or plates? For instance, see lower left corner of fig. 1, page 391, hnd make a sketch to desig¬ nate a 3 cell battery, assuming that one long line (positive) and one short line (negative) comprise a cell.391 7— Make a symbol which indicates a “ground connection” of a wire to engine or frame.356 8 — Is the electric system on page 357 a “single” or “two wire” system?.357 9— Is it a “two” or “three unit” system?.357 10— Explain how you would proceed to “set the timer” on this system.357 11— How is the fly-wheel marked, and what do marks mean?.357 12— What make of generator and starting motor is there used on the Overland?. .358 13— What make of drive system is there used on the starting motor?.359 14— How is generator driven?.359 15— How is output of generator controlled?.359 16— What is the function of the “circuit breaker”?.359 17— What is the purpose of the “ammeter”?.359 18— Where is the “switch box” placed?. 359 19— What does the first “switch button” at top of switch box control?.359 20— What does the second “switch button” control?.359 21— What do the third and fourth switch buttons control?.359 22— What use was made of the fifth switch button (in the old models)?.359 23— What make of ignition system is used?.359,358,254 24 — What is the object of the “automatic ignition switch” or “thermostat” used with the Connecticut ignition system?.254,358 25— Is this automatic switch or thermostat placed in the combination switch box of the Overland.?.254 26— State distance the “breaker points” of interrupter and spark plug gap should be set.359 27— State briefly how you would time the ignition.,-359 28— study the electric systems on pages 360 to 368 inclusive, and clearly get in your mind the method of regulation used with generator, the make of ignition system and the kind of starting motor drive used. 29 — What voltage does generator deliver to battery on the Maxwell “25” elec¬ tric system?.3 50 30 _What voltage does starting motor use from battery (when starting) on the Maxwell .. 3< ^ 7 31 — How many cells are there in this battery and what is the voltage of the com¬ bined cells?...*.. ’ * 3 ^ 32— When six volts are given to the 12 volt battery by generator, how is this con¬ nection made so that the 6 cells are charged at 6 volts?.366 33 — what make of electric system does the Dodge use, and is it a single or two wire system?.369, o<0 31 _j s the starting motor and generator combined in one unit and does one arma¬ ture serve for both generator and starting motor?.369 35 — How is the motor generator driven?..... 369 36— Briefly explain how the Dodge starter and generator chain is adjusted.411 37 _what voltage does the Dodge system employ, and how many cells to the battery?...;. 369 38 —What make of ignition system is used and where located and how driven?..369 39 _What is “firing order” of engine, and what distance are spark plug gaps set?.369 40—Explain briefly how you would “time the ignition”.369 41 _is the regular type of “reverse current cut-out” (as described previously) used to connect and disconnect the battery?.370 42— Is the “cut-out” enclosed in the housing of starting switch?..923 43 — How is the “output” of generator regulated, or what regulation method is used?. 370 44 — How would you alter the “charging rate” of generator to battery?.370 45 — what is the “charging rate in amperes”?...923 40 _Where is the fuse located in generator, and. is it the first place to look in case of failure of current supply?.924 47 _Explain briefly the difference between the “constant voltage” regulated gen¬ erator and the “constant current” regulated generator, as exemplified in the Bijur make. 925 48— How would you adjust the Bijur voltage regulator?.925 49— How would you adjust the Bijur cut-out?. 925 50— How would you adjust the Bijur constant current regulator?.925 51 _Explain the action of the “thermostatic control” on the Remy system used on the Reo. 371 52 _How does the starting motor connect with engine (to start) in this system?.371 53 —what make and. kind of ignition system is used on the Reo?.372,371 54 _what is the maximum opening of breaker points and what is the proper spark plug gap?. 372 55—How would you set the ignition on the Remy-Reo?.373 INSTRUCTION No. 28A. *Delco Ignition Systems. 1 _Explain the principle of the early form of Delco ignition system.375 2 _is the Delco “relay” system similar to the “master vibrator” system, explained on page 230, and how does it differ?.375 3 _is a “succession of sparks” given to start on and only a “single spark” to run on? If so, explain how.375,374 ♦The word “Delco” is the manufacturer’s trade name, being- the initial letters of their name, Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co., Dayton. Ohio. 51 4— What is the objection to the old style “commutator” for ignition?.375 5— What device has now taken the place of the old style commutator for igni¬ tion? ...375 6— Does the “timer” give a “single” or “succession” of sparks?.375 7— Is only one coil used with a timer?.375 8 — Then, to use only one coil, it is necessary to have a distributor, is it not?.375, 374 9— Make a sketch, showing the 5 dry cells for source of electric supply, then a double wound high tension, non-vibrating coil. Connect the timer and dis¬ tributor, showing how four spark plugs would be fired every 180 degree move¬ ment of crank shaft or 90 degree movement of brush B, figs. 3 and 4, page. .374 10— Is the distributor usually placed over the timer, and is the timer and dis¬ tributor brush (B) driven by the same shaft?.374,378 11— Is the timer-distributor shaft sometimes driven from cam shaft and at cam shaft speed?.244, 254 12— Does the cam shaft turn one revolution to two revolutions of crank shaft?-99 13— Since timer distributor shaft revolves the same speed as cam shaft, how many revolutions does the distributor brush B, fig. 3, page 374, make while crank shaft makes two revolutions?..99 13a-Consider this in degrees; while crank shaft is making two revolutions or 720 degrees, the distributor brush B, would make 360 degrees, or one revolution, would it not?.• *99 In other words, the idea is to impress the importance of knowing that the distributor brush (B) and timer cam (D) (page 374, figs. 3 and 4), on a coil and battery system always revolve at camshaft speed, or 1 revolution to two of crankshaft. Whereas with magneto ignition (page 295), the armature turns the same speed as crankshaft on a four-cylinder engine, but 1V 2 times crankshaft speed on a six-cylinder engine (usine- a 2-lobe cam), due to the fact that the magneto armature makes only two sparks per revolution—however, the distributor on magneto always revolves one revolution to two of crankshaft. A little study of the subject will make it clear that on a timer we can place “lobes’ on the cam, so that as many sparks as are desired can be made during one revo¬ lution of crankshaft, and on the distributor, we can place as many segments as there are cylinders. We can’t do this with the magneto contact breaker cam with only two lobes because the armature of magneto only gives two impulses per revolution (unless it is designed to give four, as explained farther on). Another po’nt to bear in mind is that the crankshaft must always make two revo¬ lutions on a l, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 12-cylinder engine (four cycle), in order to complete its cycle evolution (as explained on page 57). nn come rnaanetos, however, such as magnetos for airplane work, explained on page ' thl aTmitSre is designed to give 4 sparks per revolution, therefore, if it gives 4 snarks pe™?evolution it will give 8 sparks for two revolutions and by using a 4-lobe lam or^ the migneto contact breaker, there would be 8 sparks for two revolutions of Smatime and 2 revolutions of crankshaft, hence it would turn at crankshaft speed. 14— Would the timer circuit, figs. 3 and 4, page 374, be an “open” or “closed” circuit principle?.* * ‘ V ^ V ‘ V ‘ t ’ 15— Explain the difference between the “open-circuit” and closed circuit type interrupter of the “Delco” make?.* * * " “ ‘'' ’ " ‘ * * * * ’ .7 *. ?/ 8 16— How is the adjustment of contact points made on Delco ‘ closed-circuit-timer .o 78 .. 17— To adjust the “open-circuit-timer,” fig. 6, it would be necessary to have breaker arm off the cam lobe, would It not? Yes. 18 — What gap or distance is this space when properly adjusted?.378 19 — Express in writing, the following dimension (.020 inch).541 20— What tool is best suited to measure these distances. ... . .^.699 21— Name the parts of a modern Delco distributor-tuner (fig. 8 ) page. 377 22 — Is the tifner-distributor shaft driven at V 2 speed of crank shaft?.377 52 23— Is distributor placed above the timer?.377 24— What is meant by “automatic advance of spark”?.249 25— How is this accomplished and where is the automatic governor located?.377, 249 26— Is there a slightly different arrangement of the governor action as used on Delco-Cadillac timer-distributor?.132 27— What occurs as the speed increases?.249,377,132 28— Does this governor also automatically advance the distributor brush?.249, 377,132 29— Can the time of spark be advanced, independent of the automatic advance? .377, 246, 249, 132 30— What part does the hand control move?.377,246,249,132 31— Why is hand control used at all, if spark can be automatically advanced and retarded?.246,249,377,307 32— What range of advance is it possible to get with a timer-distributor, and is it more than with a magneto? (foot-note).309 33— How many lobes or notches would there be in or on the timer shaft used, for a six-cylinder engine?.248 34— How many segments on distributor for a six-cylinder engine?.248 35— How many for an eight-cylinder engine?.132 35a-Would it be possible to use a regular magneto type of interrupter and cam and revolve the timer and distributor at different speeds, in connection with a coil and battery system of ignition?.244 35b-If cam had but two projections, how many revolutions would it make and how many revolutions would distributor brush make to two revolutions of crank shaft on a six-cylinder engine?.244 36— What distance is usually given the spark plug gap with a Delco system?... .378 37— Where is ignition unit located on the system shown on page 376?.376 38— How is the timer-distributor driven?.376 39— What speed does pump shaft revolve?.377,376 40— Then, if timer-distributor shaft must revolve at half speed of crank shaft, then the change could be made in the gear on timer-distributor shaft, fig. 8, page 377, so that timer-distributor shaft would turn at half speed, of crank shaft, could it not? Yes. 41— Is the motor generator also driven, in this instance, by the pump shaft?.377 (Note.—It is of course understood that the pump shaft drives the pump, not shown in illustration, and this pump shaft could be driven by gears connected with crank¬ shaft gear or camshaft. 42— Where is the Delco ignition coil located in this instance?.378 43— Could it be located on the dash or elsewhere if necessary?.376 44— Is it also called an ignition transformer coil, and is it a regular double wound high tension coil without a vibrator?...378 45— What is the primary winding of coil connected with? Is one end connected with timer or interrupter terminal, and does the other contact on timer con¬ nect with ignition resistance unit, thence to ground, or frame, thence to nega¬ tive (—) battery terminal?.378,376 46— Does other end of primary winding on coil connect with d.ry cells through switch button B, and storage battery or generator, through switch button M?.376 47— Could current for primary circuit of ignition coil also be taken from' generator if speed was high enough? Yes. 48— In system shown on page 376, does one armature serve for both generator and starting motor? (See foot-note, page 386). 49— When the timer contacts interrupt this primary circuit, what takes place?...378 53 50— What does one end of the secondary winding of this coil connect with?. .378, 376 51— What part of the distributor d,oes the other end connect with?.376,378, 377 52— From the center connection of distributor, where does the secondary current go?.378,376,377 53— What is the object of a condenser? Where is it located, and for what pur¬ pose? .378 54— What is the result if condenser is defective?.378 55— What is the ignition resistance unit for, and how made, and where located?. .378 56— What is meant by “impedence” of the coil?.378 INSTRUCTION No. 28B. Delco Electric Systems. 1— Does the Delco electric system employ one armature for the starting motor and generator?.381 2— How many commutators are there, and what is each for?.381 3— Where can the commutators be located?..381 4 — Are there two windings on armature, and what for?.381 5— How many windings are there on the field, and what kind of field poles are employed?. 381 6— Name the two windings on the field poles.381 7 — What method is employed to drive the Delco motor-generator on page 379?. .379 8— when starting motor is in operation how does the current flow?.379 9— Explain briefly the action of the one-way clutch.379,380 10— How does the starting motor start the engine?.379 11— State briefly the procedure of starting engine with the system on page.379 12— What is the purpose of first using the generator as a motor?.379 13— Is the brush on “starting motor” commutator in action at this time?.379 14 — After generator armature is revolving slowly, what is the next operation, and what takes place?. 379 15 — is the motor generator brush disconnected as in fig. 2, page 379 and page 380, after engine is started, and starting lever placed in normal position again? .379,380 .. 16 _Are the generator brushes always on contact, and during the period of starting, does the armature turn free of shaft driving it, due to the one-way clutch, and after motor brush is raised, is the armature then driven by this clutch, and does generation of current begin?.. .379,380 17— Name the different kinds of regulation methods employed on the different qoi Delco systems.° 18 — Which method is the one now most popular?.381 19 _what is the object or purpose of regulating the output of the generator?.380, 381 20— Name the parts of the “mercury” voltage regulator.380 21— Explain (briefly) the action of the “mercury” voltage regulator and how it regulates the output of generator and when.380 22— Name the parts of the “variable-resistance” regulator.381,384,383 23— What does this regulate and what for?...381,384,383 24— Explain (briefly) the action of the “variable resistance” method of regulating the output of generator and state what method and device is used to vary the amount of resistance “cut-in” and “out” of the field circuit of gen- .383,381,384 erator. 25— Is this variable resistance mechanism incorporated in the ignition unit?.. 384, 383 54 26— What is the ignition resistance-unit (D, fig. 3, page 384) for?.383,246,381 27— Is the timer cam or time of spark automatically advanced at the time the resistance is cut-in?. v .383 28— For what purpose was the “cut-out” used, on the early Delco electric system?.383 29— Is the “cut-out” eliminated on the later Delco systems?..383 30— Explain (briefly) the principle now employed to take the place of the “cut¬ out” .. 31— Explain (briefly) the starting operation of the Hudson “six-40”.385 32— Explain (briefly) the starting operation of the 1918 Hudson.385 33— Was the variable resistance method (Delco electric system) used on the Hudson “six-40”?. 382 34— What kind of regulation (Delco electric system) was used on the 1918 or “super-six” Hudson car?.391 35— Was the Delco “third brush regulation” used on the Delco motor-generator applied, to the Buick D54 and D55?.386 36— Where was motor generator and also the ignition apparatus located?.386 37— What three distinct functions does the motor-generator perform?.386 38— What is meant by “motoring the generator”?.386 39— When does this operation take place?.386 40— Why is the “motoring of generator” necessary?. 386 41— What is the cause of clicking sound heard during the time of “motoring gen¬ erator”? .386 42— What is the purpose of the “generator-clutch”?.386 43— How is this clutch lubricated, and. how often?.386 44— What is meant by “cranking operation”?.386 45— Explain, briefly, what takes place when the cranking operation is per¬ formed .386 46— Should the cranking operation be for as brief a time as possible? Why?-387 47— Explain, briefly, the action of the ammeter during the cranking operation. .. .387 48— What should be done the instant engine fires or starts?.387 49— What is the “motor-clutch” for and where located?.387 50— How is this clutch lubricated and how often?.387 51— When the cranking operation is finished, and the starting pedal released, what action then takes place?.387 52— State at what speeds the generator supplies charging current?.387 53— What parts does the motor-generator consist of?.387 54— Explain, briefly, the flow of current when cranking and generating.387 55— How is “direct” current obtained?.387 56— Explain the principle of the flow of ignition current.389 57— What is meant by “third-brush” regulation?.389 58— Explain, briefly, the principle of “third-brush” regulation.389 59— At what speed is trouble experienced in keeping battery charged?.390 60— When car is driven at high speed, does this cause generator to produce more current?.390 61— How can the output or amount of current of generator be decreased or in¬ creased? .390 62— Is it necessary to sandpaper the brush each time the position of it is changed?..ri.390 63— State the highest ampere rate the generator should ever be set for.390 64— Explain, briefly, the method of timing the Delco system on the Hudson.390 55 G5—What is meant by checking the ignition timing?.390 66— How does the Delco system on page 393, differ from the one on page 392?..393,392 67— On page 3S4, the armature has a commutator at each end; state what purpose each commutator serves.384 68— On page 395, where are the motor and generator commutators located?.395 69— How does this Delco motor-generator differ from the one on page 384?.. .384, 395 70— How does the Delco system on page 396 differ from the one on page 388?.396, 388 INSTRUCTION No. 28C. Care, Tests and Adjustments of Delco Electric Systems. 1— Name the five principal places to lubricate the Delco electric system, and bow often. 397 2— In the Delco system using “variable resistance” method of regulation, are the resistance spools individually suited for different generators?.397 3— How would you test the output of generator?..397 4— In the Delco system which used, a “cut-out,” what must be kept in mind when adjusting?. 398 5— How is the Delco generator clutch removed?.398 6— How would you test for a defective condenser?.398 7— How would you test for a defective coil?....398 8— What is the result if there is a short-circuit in the secondary winding?.398 9— How would you test the accuracy of an ammeter?.398 10— Can a volt meter and an ammeter be combined in one instrument?.398,414 11— How many amperes and. how many volts should the scale maximum readings provide for, on a good instrument?. 398,414 12— Explain what the parts consist of and what parts move?.398 13— Explain the principle of the ammeter shown at bottom of page 414 and state how it differs from the one on page 398.414,398 14 — what is the purpose of an ammeter and how is it placed in the circuit?. .415, 417 15 — Does it show the quantity of current consumed by the starting motor?.... .415 16 — Could you test a storage battery with an ammeter by placing the terminals directly across the battery?. 399 17 — when does ammeter needle indicate that battery is being charged and dis¬ charged? .415,417 18 — What is the purpose of a volt-meter?... .414, 453, 399 19 _Can a volt meter be connected directly across the battery terminals, as shown in diagram B, page 416?. 416 20— Could you also test the voltage of each cell, as shown in diagram A, by con¬ necting voltmeter with terminals of each cell?.416 21— Could you also test for an open circuit, per diagram I, or test a coil for a ground, per K, with a volt-meter?. 416 22 _if you were to test with an ammeter by placing it across the terminals of a * battery, it would, damage ammeter, would it not?.399 23 _Then, for an ammeter to be used to indicate the ampere discharge, up to the capacity of the ammeter (say it is designed for 30 amperes) then it would be placed in “series” and would indicate the quantity of current passing in the wires, as in fig. 1, page 391, would it not?.415 24 _if you desired, to test the ampere capacity of a battery higher than that of the capacity of the meter, is there a “shunt” used?.414 56 25 — What is a “shunt” for; what is it made of, and how connected with an ammeter? .. . 25a~What is meant by a shunt winding?... 333 > 335 > y45 The “shunt” used with an ammeter has no relation to the shunt winding’, but this question is asked in order to distinguish the two. When an external shunt is usea in connection with an ammeter (page 416), it will be noted that the connection is a “shunt connection,” or across the line. 26— How would you test the voltage of a storage battery?.399, 453 27— Make a sketch showing how you would connect a volt-meter to test a single cell of a battery? . 416 27a--Make a sketch showing how you would connect volt-meter to test all the cells of battery.• .. 416 28— Make a sketch showing how you would test the voltage of a generator.414 29— Make a sketch showing how you would test a generator with a volt-meter to see if coil in armature is open-circuited or short-circuited.402 30— How would you test a dry cell with a volt-meter or, ammeter?.241 31— It would make no particular difference if you tested a dry cell with an ammeter if the amperage capacity of battery was below the range of the meter. Would it? . 399 32— Make a sketch showing how you would test the adjustment of vibrator on a high tension or induction coil with a special low reading ammeter,.234 33— What are test points for?.• .. 399 34— How would you make a set?. 399 35— Make a sketch showing how you would connect same to a circuit.399 36— Is the lamp in series with the points and must the points touch to cause lamp to light? . 399 37— What is meant by “counter-electro-motive-force”? ..399 38— How does this affect the first reading of an ammeter?.399 40— When “motoring” generator and ignition button is pulled out, what should ammeter indicate in amperes? ..400 41— Suppose the armature did not revolve when “motoring” the generator, what would likely be the cause? .400 42— If ammeter vibrates at each revolution of armature during time of “motoring- generator,” with engine running at low speed, what is evident?...400 43— How does the current flow and from what source when cranking the engine ?.400 44— Is the shunt field current necessary when performing this operation?.400 45— How much average power is consumed when cranking?...400 46— What are “cranking” or starting failures due to?.400 47 — when cranking, what voltage should the three-cell battery show if specific gravity registers 1,200 or more? .••.400 48— What is likely the trouble if starter, lights and horn all fail?.401 49— What is likely the trouble if lights, horn and ignition are OK. but engine fails to start? .••.401 50— If starter fails to start, or starts slowly, and lights go out, or get very dim while starting, what is likely the trouble?.401 51— If engine fires properly on “M” button but not on “B” button, what is likely the trouble? ..401 52— If engine works OK. on “B” button, but. not on “M” button, what is likely the trouble? .401 53— If both systems of ignition fail and supply of current from both the storage battery and dry cells is OK., what is likely the trouble?.401 57 54— What are buttons “M” and “B” for?.382 55— Explain what is meant by “cranking engine” and how does the current flow in this instance (Delco) ? ...400 56— What is likely the cause if starter motor fails to start? .404 57— When testing for short-circuits or grounds in the armature windings, or motor armature, are brushes raised and cardboard inserted? If so, what for?.402 58— How would you proceed to test for a grounded generator coil?.402 59— How would you proceed to test for a grounded motor coil?.402 60— How would you proceed to test for a short-circuit between motor and generator armature coils ?. 402 61— How would you test for open or short-circuited generator coils?.402 62— How would you test the high tension ignition coil?. ........402 63— How would you test for grounds?.403 64— How would you test for short-circuits between two wires?.403 65— How would you test for open circuit in a field coil?.403 66 — How would you test for grounds in a field coil? .403 67— How many commutators has the Delco armature?.404 68 — What are the troubles which commutators are subject to? .404, 409 69— What is the result when mica protrudes ?.404 70— What is the mica for? .404 71— What is the cause of the mica protruding or “high-mica”?.404, 409 72— How would you remedy the trouble?.404, 409 73— What are some of the causes of commutator noises?.404 74— How can the noise sometimes be eliminated?. 404 75— Of what material are generator brushes usually made? (foot-note).408, 405 76— Of what material are generator brushes usually made for starting motors? (foot-note) ...325 77— When fitting Delco Motor brushes, what is necessary to do?.404 78— Name the faults of brushes and brush holders?. 408 79 — When brush spring tension fails what is the cause and result?.408 80— When brushes stick, what is the result and remedy?.408 81— What causes brush holders to overheat?. 408 82— What causes sparking at the brushes?.409 83— How would you clean carbon dust from lower part of generator?.409 84— How would you proceed to keep a commutator smooth?.409,404 85— How would you clean a greasy commutator?.409 86 — How would you dry out a damp or wet motor-generator?.409 87— What are the symptoms, when generator does not generate full output?.409 88 — What is the cause?.409 89— Name the two arrangements of Delco third-brush.405 90— Plow is the charging rate increased?.405 91— How is the charging rate decreased?. 405 92— How is the overcharging of a battery indicated? .• •.405 93 — if a driver uses his car a great deal at night and very little in daytime, how much of a charging rate should he have?.405 94 _How would you adjust the third-brush of Delco generator where third-brush is over the commutator? .405 95— Are carbon brushes used on Delco generators? Why? .405 96 — What kind of brush is used on Delco starting motor?.405 58 97 — How would you test for a dirty or rough commutator?. 406 98— How would you clean a commutator?. 406 99— State, briefly, how to clean various metals. 401 INSTRUCTION No. 29. Care, Adjustment and Tests of Electric Starting, Generating and Lighting Systems. 1— Is the starting motor used as much as the generator?.407 2— How often should you oil the starting motor, and what kind of oil?.407 3 — what care should you give the-commutator?. 407 4 — what care should you give the brushes?. 407 5— What is likely the trouble if starting motor fails to start?.407 6— if engine does not pick up after starter turns engine crank over a few times, what is likely the trouble?.. 6a-If starting motor fails to start the engine, how would you proceed to test for the trouble?.. 407 7 — if starter only cranlcs engine slow, what is the cause?.408 8— if starter does not rotate at all, what is the cause?.408 9— If starter rotates, but does not start engine, what is the cause?.408 10— If starter cranks engine few revolutions and stops, what is the cause?..-408 11 — What are some of the causes of a weak starting motor?...408 12 — What is a “cut-out” or “relay” for?.342 13— What is likely the trouble if cut-out fails to operate?. ...409 14— Name the mechanical reasons why cut-out fails to operate?.409 15 — Name the electrical reasons why cut-out fails to operate?. ...409 16— How would you determine if cut-out was working properly?.411 17 — How would you proceed to test if you thought cut-out was not operating properly?.....410 18— How would you tighten the silent chain which drives the motor-generator on the Dodge?.411 19— What places would, you first look for generator troubles?...411 19a-What would likely be the cause of a burned-out and grounded armature?.411 20— Where are armature troubles sometimes found?.411 20a-What is the meaning of torque?. 864 2 1— How would you determine if the torque was even or not?.411 22— If armature is burned out or there is broken connection, what will this cause armature to do?. 411 23 — state another method of testing for defective armature coils?.411 24 — No current from generator, may be due to what?.411 25 — What would cause a “grounded” generator?...412 26— What is the cause and result of weak field magnets?. .412 27 — what would a defective or short-circuited circuit-breaker (cut-out) result in?.412. 28— What is meant by a short-circuit?.412 29— What is meant by a “dead” short-circuit?. 412 30— What is meant by a “slight” short-circuit?.412 31— What is meant by a “ground”?. 412 32— What is a fuse for?.412,428 33— What is a fuse wire made of?....412, 428 34_What are the indications of a ground or short-circuit?.413 35 —state some of the causes of short-circuits and grounds.413 59 36— What is meant by an “internal short-circuit”?.413,456 37— Where would you look for “grounds”?..413 38— How would you proceed to test for “grounds” or “short-circuits”?... .413, 415, 418 39— What is meant by an “open circuit,” and what is the result?.415 40— How can “open circuits” be located?.415,418 41— W'hat is the purpose of an ampere meter?..415 42— How would, it indicate an “open circuit”?.417 43— Would the blowing or melting of a fuse result in an “open-circuit”?.415, 419, 408 44— If fuse melted, what is the cause and how would you proceed to locate it? Would you then put in another fuse?.....419 45— State the two classes of ammeter troubles?.417 46— At what average speed of car should ammeter show “charge”?...417 47— At what average speed, of car should ammeter show “discharge”?...4l7 48— W'hat takes place when ammeter shows “discharge”?.417 49— What takes place when ammeter shows “charge”?.417 50— Does the “cut-out” cut the generator into battery when ammeter shows “charge,” and cut it out, when ammeter shows “discharge”?.417 51— What would indications be if a battery was connected wrong to generator? . 417,421 52— If high candle-power lamps are used, will this consume more current or amperes?. 417 53— If the ammeter itself failed to operate, what would likely be the trouble?-419 54— Name some of the causes of starting and lighting troubles.419 55— What parts of the electric system would these causes affect?...419 56— If lamps do not light, state probable reasons.419 57— If lights are dim, state probable reasons. 419,420 58— If some of the lamps light up, but others do not, what would probably be the cause?. 420 59— If fuses “blow” often, state probable reasons.420 60— If lamps go out for an instant only, what is probable cause?.420 61— If lights burn dim when starting motor is used, what is the probable cause?.420 62— If lamps flicker, what is the probable cause?. 420 63— Read the matter on page 421, relative to reversal of battery terminals to gen¬ erator; also see page..925 64— What is the symbol for positive terminal of a battery?. .421 65 — what is the symbol for negative terminal of a battery?.421 66— What is the color of a positive terminal of a storage battery?.421 67_what is the color of a negative terminal of a storage battery?.421 68— How would you test which was negative or positive terminal of an electric wire if it was not marked?. 452 69 — Will a poor contact of battery wire, which is grounded, cause dim lights? (foot-note).421- 70— State the different causes of a battery not holding its charge?. .....422 71— What are the indications of a run-down or weak battery?.422 72 — is there more trouble with battery in winter than in summer? Why? (foot¬ note) . 422 60 INSTRUCTION No. 30. Wiring a Car. 1 — What is meant by a single-wire or “grounded return” system?.425* 426 2— What is meant by a “two-wire” system?..425* 426 3 — what is meant by a “three-wire” system?., ’ 4 — What is meant by the “neutral” wire, when used with a “three-wire system, and what purpose does it serve?... 426 5 — What is a coupling box . 6 — What is a junction box for?. 426 7— What is a conduit for?. 420 8 — What is a flexible steel armored cable for?. 240 9 — Name the kinds of wire used on a car?.425* 240 10 — What is primary wire used for?..425* 240 11 — What is secondary cable used for?.425* 426 12 — How is the wire insulated,?...' 9C 13 — what kind of wire is used for a starting motor, and why large.. 14 _is a large quantity of current consumed for a moment, when starting engine, and is this virtually short-circuiting the battery ?... 427 ’ 827, 4 15 — During this period would battery be “overloaded”?. 16— is a fuse used to protect a storage battery if its wires to starting motor become short-circuited?... 4#8 ’~* 17 — what would happen if left shorted, for several hours?. 18— Explain how a storage battery of 120 ampere-hour capacity can deliver 475 .427,327 amperes.. 19 _what is meant by grounding a wire, and how should a grounded connection , , 0 .426,428,240 be made?.. •. 20—How should wires connecting to battery terminals be treated. 4 8 2 i_Are wires running from generator to battery smaller than wires from battery to starting motor? Why?. 42 ^ 22 — Read the list of sizes of wire to use, on page. 425 497 23— State some of the wiring troubles. 24— What are fuses for?. 428 25— Where are they placed?. 428 26— Name the different types of fuses.- 428 27 _if a fuse “blows” or melts, what is the result, and what should you then do? .428,419 28 _What capacity or size fuse should there be used for side lights and head lights?. 428 INSTRUCTION No. 31. Lighting a Car. 1 — State the different methods for lighting a car. 2 — what can-the gas light be produced from?.... 3 — What sources can electric lights be produced from?. 4 — what lights are required by law?. 5 — State the different methods for lighting a car with electric lights 6 _What is meant by candle-power, and how is it expressed?. 7 — Does a reflector increase the brilliancy of a light?. 8 — What does it do?.• .. .431 .431 .431 .431 .431 .431 .431 .431 61 9—What voltage lamp is generally used?...431 10— What governs the amperage or quantity of current consumed by the lamp bulb?.431 11— What is meant by Watts?...431 12— Where are different lamps placed, and state different c.p.431 13— What is meant by a “carbon filament” lamp? (foot-note).431 14— Name the two types of lamp bulbs generally used.432 15— What is meant by a “vacuum” lamp?. 432 16— W T hat is meant by a “gas filled” or “nitrogen” lamp?.432 17— Is the nitrogen, or “Mazda C” lamp used mostly for headlights?.432,434 18— Is the gas filled lamp sensitive to an increased voltage? (foot-note).432 19— What voltage lamps are used, and how are they connected for use on the Ford, magneto?. 434 20— What is a lamp base?. 432 21— Name the different types of lamp bases. 432 22— What is meant by a S.C. and D.C. base?.432,434 23— Which type of base is used most?. 432 24 — what does the light you get on the road depend upon?.432 25— What is meant by focusing a lamp bulb?. .432 26— State, briefly, the different methods for focusing the lamps.432 27 — what type reflector is used in most headlamps?. 433 28— Suppose a lamp bulb was used without a reflector, how would, the light be thrown?. 433 29 — What is the advantage of a reflector?.433 30— What is meant by a “ray” of light?. 433 31— What is meant by a “beam” of light?.... 433 32 — What is one of the fundamental laws of light?.. 433 33— What is meant by “angle of incidence”?.433 34 — What is meant by “angle of reflection”?.433 35— How is the angle of light striking the reflector controlled?.433 36— What is meant by the “focal or focus point”?...433 37— What is meant by the “light source”?.433 38— Explain what is meant by a “straight beam,” and where is lamp filament placed?. 433 39 _Explain what is meant by a “spreading beam,” and where is lamp filament placed?. 433 4 Q_Explain what is meant by a “crossed beam,” and where is lamp filament placed?. 433 44 _What part of the light, leaving a reflector is the part which produces glare?.433 42— State, briefly, some of the methods for reducing glare?.433 43 — State briefly the difference between a “diffusing” lens and a “deflecting lens” ’..433, 429 44 _When a diffusing type lens is used what kind of a beam is best?.435, 429 45 —How would you determine if a lamp bulb was set for a spreading or crossed beam?. 435 Read pages 435 and 429 carefully. 46 _How are electric headlamps usually opened?.437 47 —Name the two methods of lighting a car by gas.... 437 4 g_what is a pressure gas storage tank used for, and what kind of gas is it?.. .438 49 —what is meant by “ATM”?. 438 Read page 439 carefully. 62 INSTRUCTION No. 32. Storage Batteries. 1 — Do storage batteries actually store electricity when charged from some out¬ side source?.441,447 2— What does actually take place when being charged?. 447 3— What does actually take place when being discharged?.447 4— How is a storage battery charged?...447 5— Must “direct” current only, be used for charging?.447,459 6 — What is the object of charging?.447 7— Name the parts of a storage battery. 442,445 8 — Name the two kinds of plates and state which is used most.445 9— What is the “grid” for, and what made of?.445 10— What are “grids” pasted with?. 445 11— What is a “lug”?.445 12— What is meant by a “group of plates”?.445 ' 13— What are “straps” for?. 445 13a-What are “separators,” and why are they necessary?.445 14— What is the “element”?.t..445 15— What does “electrolyte” consist of?.445,448 16— What is the “jar” for?...445 17— Why is a “vent” used?...445 18— How is the “positive terminal” marked, and what color?.445 19— How is the “negative terminal” marked, and what color?.... ..445 20— What is meant by a “cell”?.445 21— How many volts should each normal cell give?.....443,447,440 22— What is meant by “forming” the plates?.447 23— What takes place during this “forming” process?....447 24— Is water lighter or less dense than acid?.447,449 25— Would a glass bulb or tube, air tight, with a weight in one end (to cause it to stand upright in the water) sink deeper in water than if placed in acid?. .447 26— The amount of acid in the water would then determine just how deep or far the tube would sink, would it not?...447 27— Then the proportion of acid to that of water (or the density of the solution) would govern its specific gravity, would it not?.447 28— The glass tube could then be graduated, showing the different depths it would sink, due to the density, could it not?. 447 29— By what name is such a tube known?.447,450,451 30— The hydrometer could then be enclosed in a syringe and specific gravity of the electrolyte or solution tested by drawing the solution from battery in the syringe, per fig. 15, page 450, could it not?..450 31— What is meant by the abbreviations “SG” and “sp. gr.”?. 447 32— What is meant by “specific gravity”?... 447,449 33— When a battery cell is being used, and as discharge progresses, does the elec¬ trolyte solution become weaker and less dense, and does the acid go into the plates?. 447 34— Then when fully discharged most of the acid would be in the plates and the solution would be almost plain water, would it not?. 447 35 — What is the specific gravity of water?. 447,449 63 36— If we put a hydrometer in the solution of a discharged battery, would it sink deeper than in the solution of a charged battery? Why?....447,450 37— What is the average specific gravity of the solution of a discharged battery? ... .447,450 Note the deeper hydrometer sinks in the solution, the less the specific gravity, or nearer to the specific gravity of water (1000). See page 450. 38— When a battery is being charged is the acid returned to the electrolyte or solution, from the plates, and does it begin to get denser with acid?.447 39— What is the average specific gravity of the electrolyte when battery is fully charged?. 447,450 40— If a hydrometer is placed in the electrolyte of a charged battery, it does not sink as deep, as in the solution of a discharged battery, does it?...447 41— Would the reading or scale on hydrometer then indicate a higher specific gravity?. 447,450 42— Should the gravity test within 25 points in each cell?.450 43— What is meant by points?.449 44— If the hydrometer reading should be considerably lower in one cell than another, what would it indicate?.....453 Electrolyte. 45—What is “electrolyte” composed of, and where is it used in a battery?.448 45 a-What is “concentrated” sulphuric acid, and what is its specific gravity?.448, 449 45 b-What is meant by “eighteen-thirty-five”?.449 45c-Would a battery operate with acid alone, as a solution?.448 45d-Then how is it diluted?.448 45e-How is electrolyte prepared?.448,449,458 45f—State 7 precautions you would take in preparing electrolyte..449 45g-Should the acid always be poured into the water?.458,449 45h-Should the electrolyte be cooled before placing in the cells?.458 45i-Will acid from a storage battery, damage clothing, and what is the remedy?.458 45 j -What proportion of water (volume) would there be used to 1 part sulphuric acid (1835 s.g.) if a solution of 1300 s.g. is desired? (table)...448 45k-What is meant by “chemically pure acid” or “CP”?.449 451—What is the usual method of determining the strength of electrolyte?.449 45m-What is meant by a “pilot cell”?...449 45n-Does the actual proportion of water in the electrolyte slightly affect the “gravity” independently of the state of charge?.449 45o-Is it necessary (to properly test electrolyte), to make “temperature correc¬ tions,” if temperature is above or below 70 degrees Fah.?.449 45p-After reassembling of battery after repairing or overhauling, is new electro¬ lyte added?. 470 45q-Does condition of plates govern the specific gravity of the electrolyte?.470 45r-If new “elements” are used what specific gravity of solution would be used?.470 45 s-If “old plates and new separators” are used, would electrolyte be higher than the old electrolyte?.470 45t —If “old plates and old separators” are used, what would, be the gravity of the solution?. 470 45u-Suppose a battery had been repaired and cleaned out, and new separators used and new solutions of 1250 specific gravity added to each cell, and charg¬ ing started, would the specific gravity of the acid rise or drop?.470 64 46—Why would it drop?... 4 46a-Would it rise again, after continued charging, and to what point, or specific gravity?. 470 46b-If the specific gravity only showed. 1200 s.g., after fully charging, would stronger acid then be added?...470 46c-If the battery is in a discharged state, and new solution was added, what is the result?.... 470 46d-What should specific gravity be of the solution put into a charged, battery?..470 46e-How many hours after filling battery cells with electrolyte, should charging be started?. 4 70 46f-Should charging then be at one-half the normal rate, and for what length of time?. 47 0 46g-If new elements, how many hours will be required?.470 46h-If old plates which are badly sulphated or dried out, how long a time will be required.?.470 46i —If only one cell is repaired, should the other two cells be discharged? Why?.470 46j-What is meant by “adjusting gravity”?.471 Temperature. 47— What is meant by “gassing,” and what is the cause and result if excessive? . 447,448 48— W T hat is the effect of overcharging?. 448 49— What is the effect of low temperature on a battery?.448 50— WTiat is the effect of high temperature on a battery?. 448 51— What is the effect of an over-discharge?.448 52— What is the effect of an overcharge?. 448 53— Should the temperature of a battery cell be permitted to go above 110 degrees Fah.?..448, 460, 461, 464 53a-Suppose the temperature exceeds 110 degrees Fah., what is the result?.448 53b-Does electrolyte expand when heated?..449 53c-Does the strength of the solution change if heated?.449 53d-Does the specific gravity change if heated?...449 54— What causes heating in a battery?...448 55— Is it necessary (to properly test electrolyte) to make temperature corrections, if temperature is above or below 70 degrees Fah.?.449 55a-What is meant by “temperature corrections”?.449 56— What is this standard temperature?...449 57— Suppose conditions were such that you could not test the electrolyte when its temperature was 70 degrees Fah., what method would you adopt in order to tell?. 449 58— Suppose temperature of electrolyte was 100 degrees Fah., and hydrometer reading showed 1.275 S.G., what would be the actual specific gravity?.449 59— Suppose the temperature of electrolyte was 40 degrees Fah., and hydrometer showed a reading of 1.235 S.G., what would be the actual specific gravity?.. .449 60— Is there a special thermometer which could be used, and which would show these variances? Explain its principle. 450,449 Battery Tests. 61— What is the specific gravity of a fully charged battery?.451 62— What is the specific gravity of a three-quarter charged battery?.451 65 63— What is the specific gravity of a one-half charged battery?.451 64— What is the specific gravity of a fully discharged battery?. 451 65— When battery is used, for starting motor, what is the lowest gravity test battery should be permitted, to go? (foot-note).451 66 — Then how many points range would this allow? (foot-note). 45 l 67— When taking a hydrometer reading should the electrolyte be put back in the same cells?. 451 68 — When should the hydrometer readings be taken?.451 69— Is the hydrometer reading accurate, immediately after adding water?...451 70— Why is water added, and what causes evaporation?....454 71— What kind of water is used, and why should water which comes from metal roofs not be used.?. 455 72— How would you proceed to add water?... 454 73— Is acid ever added?.455,454,470 74— Suppose electrolyte is spilled from battery, what is used to replace?.473 75— What is meant by electrolyte level?. 454 76— Will the solution in a battery freeze? If so, when?.451 77— If the electrolyte should become frozen, what is sometimes the result?.451 78— What is the procedure to renew battery if it is frozen?.....451 79— What is the best plan to avoid, freezing?.451 80— Is the volt meter often us,ed for testing battery?.453,460 81— When, and how?...453,460 82— Can the voltmeter be used to tell the positive and negative pole of battery? How?.453 83— Is the voltmeter only suitable for telling condition of battery when it is dis¬ charging? . 453 84— What other methods are there for finding the positive and negative poles (polarity) of a battery or electric wires?.452 85— What is meant by the ampere-hour capacity of a battery?.441 86 — What is the ampere-hour capacity dependent upon?..441 87— Will a battery have a greater ampere-hour capacity if discharged, at a lower rate?.441 88 — How would you tell when a storage battery needs recharging?.453 88 a-What is the lowest specific gravity battery should test if used for starting motor, lights and ignition?. 453 89— What is the lowest specific gravity battery should go if used for ignition and lights only?. 453 90— Why is an open flame dangerous around a battery when it is charging?.454, 458 91— Why should a battery be charged, immediately after adding water during cold weather?.454 92— If battery is not to be used for a considerable time what precaution is neces¬ sary? . 455 93— Why does a battery develop more trouble in winter than summer? (foot-note) .422 INSTRUCTION No. 32A. Storage Battery Troubles and Repairs. 1 — What is meant by sulphating of battery plates?.456 2 — What is the cause of sulphated plates?...456 3— What care should the battery terminals have?.456,428 66 4— What will poor connections of battery result in? (foot-note).421,457 5— Name the two kinds of battery short-circuits which might occur..456 6 — What is likely the cause of an “internal short-circuit”?.......456 7— What is likely the cause of an “external short-circuit”?.456 8 — Where does sediment collect in a battery?..456 9— What causes this sediment, and what is the result?...456,458 10— What are the indications of sediment, and how is it overcome?.456 10a--When there is a large sediment deposit what is likely the cause?.458 11— What is meant by “buckling” or “warping” of plates?.456 12— How does this affect the battery?. 456 13— What are some of the causes of plates buckling or warping?.456,458 14— How would you care for a battery to prevent it from buckling or warping?.457 15— If the starting motor does not start engine promptly and lights burn dim, and there is missing of explosion, what would likely be the cause?.457 16— How would, you determine if battery was at fault?.457 17— When lights burn bright, but starting motor will not crank engine, what is likely the trouble?.457 18— Should the specific gravity of the solution in one cell be lower than in others?.457,458 19— What would likely be the cause?. .457 20— What is the remedy?.457,458 21— If one cell is dead, what is likely the cause?. 458 22— If a jar is broken, what is the result?.457 23—What is the cause of a cracked battery jar, and can it be repaired?.458, 471, 473 24— What is meant by a “double voltage” system? (foot-note).45? 25— If the battery is constantly low, what is likely the cause and remedy?... .458 26— If the battery exhausts quickly while idle, what is likely the . cause and. remedy?....458 27— If the battery will not take a charge, what is likely the cause and remedy?.458 28— If the battery plates are “buckled,” what is likely the cause and remedy?.458 29— If one cell is dead, what is likely the cause?.458 30— If separators are punctured, what is likely the cause?......458 31— If electrolyte s.g. is down to 1.100 what is likely the cause?.458 Head pages 458-459 carefully. Battery Charging. 32— When charging, is it important to connect positive terminal of battery with positive terminal of charging wire?... 459 33— Suppose by mistake, the terminals were connected wrong and. a “reversed” charge took place, what would be the procedure to overcome this trouble ?.459 34— Should direct current only be used for charging a battery?.459 35— What rate of charge should a battery be started with?.459,467,461 36— What indication shows that battery should then be given normal or finish rate?..459,467 37— When is a battery charge complete, and how would you determine if you had no voltmeter or hydrometer to test?.459,460,464 38— What is meant by a 24-hour rate of charge?. 459 39— Is it best to charge a battery at a low rate for a long period of time?.460 40— If charged at a high rate, what is the result?.460 41— What should the specific gravity of the electrolyte be at the end of charge?.461 67 42— What will the voltage be (approximately) of a cell at end of charge, with current flowing at minimum rate?..461 43— How would you use a hydrometer to test during a charge?.460 44— If specific gravity shows 1.275 to 1.300 and. battery gases freely, then is the Charge reduced?.460,461 45— If the S.G. does not rise above 1.250, is the battery probably old?.460 46— Suppose the battery plates are sulphated, how would you proceed to charge it?. 461 47— Explain what is meant by normal and abnormal sulphate?.448 48— Could a battery be charged from a 110 volt “direct current” light circuit?.460, 461 49— Is it necessary to use resistance?....460, 461 50— What kind of resistance can there be used,?.461,463,460 51— Make a sketch showing how you would charge a single battery, using 32 c.p. lamps, to charge at 10 amperes.460 52— Suppose you wished to reduce the charge to 5 amperes, how many 32 c.p. lamps would you use?. 460 53— How many amperes does a 32 c.p. carbon filament lamp allow to pass?....460 54— What part of an ampere does a 16 c.p. carbon filament lamp allow to pass?.460 55— Make a sketch showing how you would charge 11 batteries at one time, using lamp resistance. 460 56— Why is it necessary to use more lamps when charging more batteries?... .460 57— What rate of charge is best to charge several batteries at one time?.460 58— Suppose some of the batteries are smaller and some are only partially dis¬ charged, and others fully discharged, how would you regulate the charge?..460 59— If you had an ammeter in the circuit during the charge, how is it connected, and what does it indicate?. 460 60— What instruments can there be used to test with, during the charge?.*.460 61— How would you determine when battery is charged, with a volt-meter?.460 62— How would you determine when a battery was charged, with a hydrometer?.460 63— Could you charge batteries from a 220 volt “direct current circuit,” if so, would you use more lamps than on a 110 volt circuit?.461,460,465 64— Why?. 461,460 65— Could you charge a battery from a 500 volt “direct current circuit”? If so, would you use more lamps than on a 110 or 220 volt circuit?.461,465 66— Why?. 461,465 67— what is a rheostat for, and how constructed?.460,474,464,463 68— Could water be used for resistance?...463 69— What is a “resistance” unit?.463,464 70— What is a “resistance” unit made of?...464 71— is resistance referred to as “ohms”?.464 71a-What is meant by an “ohm”?.863,207 72_Are these “resistance units” then measured in so many “ohms” capacity?. .464 73— How hi any “ohms” resistance is there required for charging a 3 cell battery at a 3 ampere rate?. 464 74— How many ohms resistance is there required for charging two 3 cell batteries at a 3 ampere rate?.. 464 75_Suppose you had two resistance units of full 15 ohms capacity each, giving a total of 30 ohms, are there “taps” or connections provided whereby only part or all of the resistance can be thrown into the circuit?.464 68 76— When connection clamp is at A, fig. 11, is all the resistance in the circuit, and is there less current flowing through battery?.464 77— When connection or clamp is at F, is there a less amount of resistance in the circuit, and is the charging rate greater?...464 78— When connection is at J, how many ohms resistance is there in the circuit?.464 79— As the resistance is cut out, the charging rate is higher. Is it not?.464 80— The more batteries in series the less resistance to be used,. Is this correct? Why?......464 81— How are batteries connected when there are more than one battery to charge?. 464,462 82— Is the positive pole of one battery connected to the negative pole of the next, and so on?. 464 83— Is the positive and negative terminal of battery connected with the positive and negative terminal of charging circuit?. 464 84— As the batteries become charged will the charging rate become less?.464 85— If so, how would you increase the charge, when using resistance units?...464 86 — How would you tell when battery was charged?....464 87— If one battery becomes charged before the others do, what is necessary to do? . 464,460 88 — Can a storage battery be charged from an alternating current circuit?.463 89— What is a rectifier for?..463 89a-What is a mercury arc rectifier for?...463 (Note.—The General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. (Supply Dept.), now supply what is known as a f ‘Tungar Rectifier.”) 90— Could water and acid be used as a rectifier?.463 466 (Note.—The solution used in rectifier, fig. 22, page 466, is a concentrated solution of common baking powder and pure water. 4 , 91— When charging with a rectifier is it important to have positive terminal of battery connected with positive terminal of charging wire? Ans. Yes; on all types of rectifiers except one type of vibrator rectifier. 92— What is a motor-generator set for?...462 93— What does it consist of?.462 94— Suppose you had a 3 cell, 6 volt battery and the headlights were 6 volt, but tail light and dash light 3 volt;.make a sketch showing how you would connect same..466 95— Suppose you had a 9 cell, 18 volt battery and you wished to obtain 6 volts at the battery terminals, how would you connect the cells?.466 96— Would the ampere capacity of the combined cells be greater, if the 9 cells were connected for 6 volts, than if connected for 18 volts?.466 Read ‘‘Battery Connections” carefully on page 466. 97— With a Tungsten filament lamp, what amperage does a 6 c.p. lamp draw at 6 volts?..*.467 98— With a Tungsten filament lamp, what c.p. is a lamp which consumes 1 ampere at 6 volts?.467 99— With a Tungsten filament lamp, what c.p. is a lamp which consumes 5 amperes at 6 volts?.467 100—With a Tungsten filament lamp, what c.p. is a lamp which consumes Ty 2 amperes at 6 volts?.. 467 Read page 443 and note what the numbers on a battery indicate. 69 Storage Battery Repairing. 101— What tools are generally used for storage battery work?.463,474,473,472 102 — What are the most common battery troubles ?....463 103— Before disassembling a battery should the battery be tested to locate the defective cell ?.463 104— Should other cells, if not defective, be washed and new separators added.?..463 105— State procedure for disassembling a battery?. 463,469 107— How would you proceed to take the elements apart?.469 108— How would you proceed to remove a bad. plate?.469 109— What examination should be given the positive plates?.....469 110— What examination should be given the negative plates?.469 llOa-What examination should be given the wood separators?..469 111— What are separators made of, and how should wood separators be kept?. .469 112— Is it advisable to wash out all sediment when a battery is apart?.469 113— What should, be done with the old electrolyte?.. .469, 470 114— If an old battery case is to be used again, which is acid-soaked, what should be done with it?.469,473 115— State procedure for assembling a battery...470 116— State procedure for assembling the elements.470 117— State procedure for inserting separators. 470 118— State procedure to seal a battery. 470 119— What attention would you give the connectors?.470 120— After repairing a battery, what is each cell filled, with?.470 121— Suppose new plates are used, what should specific gravity of electrolyte be?.470 122— Suppose old plates and new separators are used, what should s.g. of elec¬ trolyte be? And why higher?. 470 123— If battery was repaired for a short-circuit, what s.g. of electrolyte is used?.470 124— When putting in new separators and new electrolyte, if s.g. should drop, while charging, instead of rising, what is likely the cause?.470 125— If storage battery is in a charged state and new solution or electrolyte is put into it, what is the result, and what s.g. solution should be used?.470 126— How long after repairing a battery should the charge be started?.470 127— At what rate should you charge a repaired battery, and for how long?.470 128— Should temperature readings be taken?. 470 129— When the charge is complete, what should be done?.471 130— What is meant by “adjusting gravity”?.471 131— Suppose adjustment is considerable, what is necessary to do?..471 132— After adjustment, what should be done?.471 133— If the temperature is far from normal, what should be done?.471 134— Should top and sides of battery be wiped.? What with?.471 135— What is meant by “lead burning”?. 471 135a-What is the difference between a “burned connector” and a “bolted” con¬ nector? .468 135b-What parts of a battery require “lead burning”?...445,470,471 136— Can a gas outfit be used for “burning” lead connectors?.471,472 137— What kind of gas is used, and which is best?.471,472 1,38—Name the parts of a gas “burning outfit”.471,472 139— Can electricity be used?. 471,472 140— Name the parts necessary for an electric “arc”?.471,472 70 141— Could a storage battery be used for a source of electric supply?.471, 472 142— What is necessary to do before starting to burn?.471 143 — Briefly outline how you would proceed, to burn a lead connection.471, 472 144— How is corrosion of battery terminals prevented?..471 145 — what solution is good for cleaning removable parts of battery?.471 146 — Can a broken or cracked battery jar (hard rubber) be repaired.?.471 147— How can celluloid battery jars be repaired?.473 148— How would you proceed to remove a cell from a Willard battery?..473 149— How would you remove a cell from the Exide battery?... • • • .473 150— If the compound on top of battery cell cracks, how would you remedy same?.473 151— How would, you make a battery box acid proof?.473 152— Suppose electrolyte has been spilled from a cell, what would you do in replacing it?.. 473 153— What is compound for sealing jars made of?.474 154— In what sort of receptacle should electrolyte be kept?.474 154a-What is meant by a “Cadmium test” of a storage battery? Ans. By means of a stick of cadmium inserted into the electrolyte, the positive and negative plates of each cell can be tested, in order to find out if one or more plates are defective. 155— What are the plates in an Edison storage battery cell made of?.475 156— What is the voltage of each cell?.475 INSTRUCTION No. 33. The Electric Vehicle and Other Electrical Devices. 1 — For what are electric vehicles used mostly?...477 2— What is the disadvantage of an electric vehicle?...477 3— What are the main parts of an electric vehicle?.477 4— How many cells are generally used.?...477 5— is the consumption of current greater when first starting from a standstill?.477 6— what is the mileage of an electric vehicle dependent upon?.477 7— What is the function of the controller?...477,478 8— How is the speed of motor varied?...477,478 9— Describe, briefly, the principle of the Woods Gas-Electric car.479 10— Describe, briefly, the principle of the Electric brake.479 11— Describe, brrefly, the principle of the Prest-O-Vacuum brake. ....479 12— Explain, briefly, the principle of the Entze electric transmission.480 13— Is there any mechanical connection between engine and drive shaft?.. .480, 481 14— Is a clutch used?..480,481 15— What takes the place of the clutch?. 480,481 16— What takes the place of the transmission?.480,481 17— How does the engine drive the rear axle?...480,481 (Note.—Study the control lever positions, page 481. See also questions 42 to 51, under Instruction No. 6.) 18— Explain, briefly, what the magnetic gear shift is for.482 19— How are the gears of transmission shifted.?.482 Read page 482 carefully. 20— What was the “magnetic latch” on 1914 model Cadillac used for?. ....483 21— Where was the magnetic latch placed?.483 71 22 Briefly state operation of it when engine was started by starting motor....483 23— Briefly state for what purpose the two drive pinions on drive shaft, and two driven gears on differential were for, on the Cadillac (1914) “two-speed” rear axle....483 24— Was this in addition to the transmission?....483 25— Briefly state how the speed change on rear axle was made, and what the magnetic latch was used for in connection with it.483 26— How is the Gas-Electric truck driven, as shown on page 484?.....484 27— Where is the gasoline engine placed, and what is it used for?.484 28— Where are the electric motors placed, and what are they used for?.484 29— Where is the electric generator placed, how driven, and for what purpose is it used?., .484 30— How are the four wheels steered?.484 31— What is the function of the “evener device”?.....484 INSTRUCTION No. 34. Operating a Car. 1 — What are the first things to become familiar with before attempting to operate a car?..485 2— State a simple method for doing this.485 3— What is the “gear shift lever” used for on a selective type transmission, and state the kinds in general use.485, 49 4— What is the purpose of a clutch?..37,493 5— What is the purpose of the transmission?.45 6 — What is meant by “neutral” position of gear?.46 (Note. —Review questions under Inst. 6. It is not necessary to answer same.) 7—Name the different types of lever systems which have been used, and those that are now used.485 8 — Name the usual foot pedals.485 9— Is the clutch pedal always the left one, and the brake pedal the right one?.29, 39 10— Where is the spark lever usually placed?.485 11— Where is the throttle lever usually placed?..485 12— What is the function of the accelerator?.492 13— Is the throttle lever usually longer than the spark lever?.485 14— Before starting an engine or car, what is the first precaution?...487,493 15— Where would you place gear lever or gears, before starting engine?-487,493 16— State, briefly, exact procedure in starting engine, just what you would do first, then next, and so on, until engine was running.487,493 17— After engine had started what would you do?.487,494 18— Before attempting to place car in motion, what would you do?.487 19— How would you then start car?..486 20— Should starting of car be done on low gear?.486,493,494 21— State, briefly, how you would put gears in first, or low speed from “neutral”. .486 22— State, briefly, how you would change from “low speed” to “second speed,” and then from “second” to “high or third” speed.486 23— Is most of the running done on high gear?. 486 24— What does “high gear” mean?.486 25— How would you set spark for starting?...486, 67, 68 26— How would you set spark after starting?.486, 67, 68 72 27— Do you advance spark as engine is speeded up?.486, 67, 68 28— How would you stop car?....489,495 29— How would you reverse car? And. what is first necessary to do?.486,488 30— Could engine run if car is not running?.489 31— What would be necessary to do to prevent car from running?.489 32— How would you slow your engine down when car was not running?.489 33— How would you stop engine?.489 34— Is it a good idea to draw gas into cylinders just before stopping?. .489 35— How and why would, you do this?. 489 36— What is necessary to do before “running in” or “breaking in” a new car?.489, 491 37— What is liable to happen if a new engine is run too fast?.203 38— Is it advisable to “race” engine, after having been left standing over night? (foot-note). 203 39— What is meant by gear shift movements?.490 40— What is the difference between the “gate” type and “ball and socket” type?.490 41— What, is meant by the “S.A.E. standard” gear shift movement?.490 42— Is this the movement which is used most?.490 43— What does S.A.E. mean?. 534 44— Make a sketch of the S.A.E. 3 speed gear shift movement. Which is used, most?. .490 45— Make a sketch of the S.A.E. 4 speed gear shift movement.490 (Read the following pages carefully, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495.) 46— What is the best method of applying the brakes to stop a car, and why?. .494, 495 47— Which brake on a car is used most, the foot or the hand brake?.691 48— When should a change be made from high to low gear?.494 49— What is meant by a car “skidding”?. 506,495 50— Does the rear end usually skid first?.495 51— What causes a car to “skid.”?..495,506 52— What is the best method to overcome “skidding”?.551,588,495 53— Are chains provided on the rear tires to prevent skidding?.551 (Study pages 496, 497, 498, 499 and 500 carefully.) 54— From foregoing information, and information on the pages mentioned here, briefly state just how you would start the engine on an Overland car.497, 358, 254 55— What gear shift movement (on page 490) does Overland gear shift movement correspond with, and what type of gear shift lever is used?. 49 INSTRUCTION No. 35. Rules of the Road. 1— What side of the road should you drive on?...501, 502 2— Should slow-moving vehicles remain closer to the curb or on the right side of the road?....501,502 3— Should fast-going vehicles take more of the center of the road?.501,502 4— In passing a vehicle, should you pass on its left?.501, 502, 504 5— In stopping or slowing down, should you be on the extreme right side of the road? .501, 502 6 — When turning a corner, what side should you turn on?.502 (Read and study illustrations on pages 502-504, carefully.) 7— When two vehicles approach a street intersection simultaneously, as per lower illustration, page 502, which one has the right of way?.502 73 8 What is the minimum distance from a fire plug allowed by law, when parking your car on a street?.503 9—Is it against the law (in most states) to have glaring headlights?.504,433 INSTRUCTION No. 36. Care for a Car. 1— If a tire “blows out,” should the brakes be applied suddenly?.506 2— What happens to tires that are not sufficiently inflated?.506 3— When applying new tires, is it a good, plan to put them on the rear wheels and remove those on the rear to the front wheels, if tires are all the same size?. .506 4— In case of a gasoline fire, what is the best method to put it out?.506,507 5— After an engine has run a great number of miles, what is likely to happen? .506,507 6— Should all nuts and bolts be gone over and tightened periodically?.507 7— State procedure of washing a car?.507 8— Is it injurious to the varnish to rub mud off a car?.507 9— When washing car, what should be used?.507 10— After washing car, what should, be used to dry it with?.507 11— Should the chamois be washed out and all of the water squeezed or wrung out of it when wiping off the car?.507 12.—How would you clean mud from a radiator?.507 13— Should a car be washed immediately after it is rained, upon?.507 14— Is body polish a good thing to use to polish car after it is washed and dried?. .507 15— Should the surface be rubbed dry after using body polish, in order that it does not collect dust?.508 16— Is it injurious to the varnish of a car to wipe the dust off? Yes. It will cause the dust to scratch the varnish. Dust off first with a soft wool duster. (Read pages 507, 508, 509, and 510 carefully.) INSTRUCTION No. 37. Accessories. 1— What is the purpose of a speedometer?.511 2— What is the purpose of an odometer?. 511 3— How are speedometers and odometers usually driven?.513 4— What is the “trip register” for on an odometer?.511,512 5— What are the indications of trouble of a speedometer?.512,742 6— What is a bumper for?.511,514 7— Name the necessary accessories...511 8— Name the desirable accessories.515 8a-Name the types of electric horns.515,514 9— What is the principle of the “electric vibrating” horn?.515,514 10— What is the principle of the “electric motor” horn?.515,514 11— State, briefly, how you would adjust the Klaxon horn?...514 12— What is the difference between the “compression whistle” and the “exhaust whistle”?.515, 514 (Read pages 515, 517, 518, 519, 520, if you ever start on a tour.) INSTRUCTION No. 38. Insurance, License and Laws. 1— What is the difference between fire and theft, liability, property damage and collision insurance?..521 2 — Name the two kinds of licenses issued by states and cities.522 3— What is the usual age limit?.522 4— How would you proceed to obtain a chauffeur’s license?. . .522 (Read pages 524, 525, 526, 527.) 5— State, briefly, the things to be considered before purchasing a second-hand car?.528 6 — State, briefly, some of the important points to consider before purchasing a commercial car.528 INSTRUCTION No. 39. The Automobile Salesman. 1—What is necessary to become a successful automobile salesman?.529 Read carefully, “Salesmanship Pointers,” pages 529, 530, 531, 533. Read carefully and ask yourself the following questions (you are not required to write the answers): 1— What are the advantages of the long stroke engine?.531 2— What are the advantages of the short stroke engine?.531 3— What are the advantages of a five-bearing crankshaft?.531, 532 , 4— What are the advantages of a three-bearing crankshaft?.532 4a—What are the disadvantages of a five-bearing crankshaft?.532 5— What are the advantages of the “offset” cylinders?.532 6 — What are the advantages of the eight-cylinder engine?.532 7— What are the advantages of the six-cylinder engine?..'532 8 — What are the advantages of the four-cylinder engine?.532 9— What are the disadvantages of the eight-cylinder engine?.532 10— What are the advantages of the T-head engine?.532 11— What are the disadvantages of the T-head engine?.532 , 12— What are the advantages of the over-head valve engine?.532 13— What are the advantages of dual valves?.927 14— What are the advantages of a balanced crankshaft?.532 14a-What are the advantages of a full-floating axle?.532 15— What are the advantages of a three-point suspension?.533 INSTRUCTION No. 40. Horsepower, Table and General Data. 1— Explain the meaning of horsepower.535 2— Explain the meaning of “brake” horsepower.535 | 2a-Explain the meaning of “actual” horsepower.535 3— Explain the meaning of “indicated” horsepower.535 4— Explain the meaning of “total power” of an engine.535 5— What do the initials H.P. (as here used) stand for?.535 6 — What do the initials B.H.P. (as here used) stand for?.535 7— What do the initials I.H.P. (as here used) stand for?.535 8 — What is the h.p. of an engine dependent upon?.534 9— What is meant by piston speed of an engine?.534 10— What piston speed was the S.A.E. horsepower formula worked, out from?_534 11 — What does the factor of piston speed take in?. 534 12— Suppose the stroke of an engine was 4 inches, how many strokes would the piston make to travel 12 inches or one foot?. 534 13— How many strokes would piston make, to travel 1 foot, if engine was a 6 -inch stroke?. 534 75 How many feet would a piston travel in an engine with a 3-inch stroke when crank shaft was turning 200 revolutions per minute?.540 15 State how the S.A.E, formula estimates the h.p. of an engine.534 16 Figure out the h.p. (S.A.E. formula) of a four-cylinder engine with a 4 -inch stroke. ,...534 17— What does D 2 mean?.. 534 18— What does N mean?. 534 19— Is the stroke of engine considered, at all in the S.A.E. formula?.534 20— What is meant by the “constant”?. 534 21 Hoes a gasoline engine depend upon speed for its power? Why?.536 22 Why are transmission gears necessary in use with a gasoline engine for auto¬ mobile work?.. 23— Is the maximum h.p. greater than the nominal h.p.?.536 24— What is a fan dynamometer for?.536 25— What is an electrical dynamometer for?.536 26— Is the amount of work the dynamo will do, such as lighting lamps, etc., depend¬ ent upon the power put into it by the engine, and. is the h.p! calculated in this way?.. 27— What is meant by a “prony” brake h.p. test”?. 537 28— What is a taximeter for?. 537 29— What is the meaning of “piston displacement”?.538 30— What is the “piston displacement” of a four-cylinder engine, 4 -inch bore, and 5* 4 -inch stroke?.. 31— How are “grades” expressed?. 539 32— Make a sketch showing the “incline” or “angle” of a line to represent a 100 per cent grade. 539 33— What “angle” would a “100 per cent grade” represent, from the horizontal line A to B?. 539 (Study the other subjects on page 539.) 34— What is meant by a “degree,” and what is the designation or symbol of a degree?.541, 93 35— What is a “protractor”?.... 541 36— Express in figures, “one-thousandth of an inch”.541 37— WTiat would the following figures mean: .015?.541 38— What would the following figures mean: .030?.541 39— What part of an inch would .125 be, expressed in a common fraction?.541 40— What is meant by “metric system”?.541 41— What is the sign or symbol of “inches”?.541 42— What is the sign or symbol of “seconds”?.541 43— What is the sign or symbol of “feet”?.541 44— What is the sign or symbol of “minutes”?.541 45— What is the sign or symbol of. “millimeters”?.541 46— What is a “millimeter”?. 541 47— What part of an inch are 20 mm.?.541 48— How many cylinders has the Ford engine?. 544 49— What is the “bore” and “stroke” of a Ford engine?.544 50— What is the horsepower of a Ford engine?.544 51 — What is the “piston displacement” in cubic inches?.544 52— What is the “high gear ratio”?. 544 76 53— What is the make of engine?.544 54— What “type of cylinder” is used?.544 (These questions are asked in order to familiarize the student with the method of determining the specifications of leading cars. The balance of the specifications can be followed out by the student.) (See pages 547, 548, where to obtain parts for Orphan Cars, or cars no longer manu¬ factured. Some day, when you are repairing cars of old makes, this may be of value to you.) INSTRUCTION No. 41. Tires. 1— Why are rubber tires used on automobiles?.549 2— Name two types of tires.549 3— Why are “solid tires” not suitable for high speed cars?.549 4— What kind of a tire is a “pneumatic tire”?.549 5— Name the two forms of pneumatic tires.549 6— Of how many parts does the modern pneumatic tire consist?.549 7— How is the tire held to wheel?..549 8— What is meant by a “single tube” pneumatic tire?.549 9— What is meant by “double tube” pneumatic tire?.549 10— What are “bolts” or “lugs” used for?.549 11— What part of a pneumatic tire is the “shoe” or “outer casing”?.549 12— What type of inner tube is used on “double tube” pneumatic tires?.549 13— What part of the inner tube is the “valve stem”?.549 14— What is the “valve stem” for?.549 15— What part is the “valve-stem-seat”?.549 16— What part is the “inner valve”?.549 17— What is the “inner valve” for?.549 17a-Describe a Schrader valve...550 18— State, briefly, how you would proceed to inflate a tube in a pneumatic tire... .549 19— State, briefly, how you would deflate tube.551 20— State some of the causes of “slow air leaks”?.551 21— How would you test for “inner-valve leaks”?.....551 22— How would you test for a “valve stem,” or “slow leak,” or “puncture”?.551 23— What is the average life of a tube?..551 24— What part of an outer casing (shoe) is the tread?.549, 551 25— What part of an outer casing (shoe) is the bead?.549,553 26— State the two kinds of “treads” on outer casings.551 27— What is the purpose of a “non-skid” tread tire?.551 28— What other method is used to prevent “skidding”?.551 29— Is the chain considered the best prevention for skidding?.551 29a-How are weed chains applied?.550 30— What are “rims” for, and to what part of the wheel are they fitted?.549,551 31— Name the two classes in general use?.551 32— Name the different “clincher” type rims?.551 33— What is the difference between the “plain clincher” rim and the “quick detachable clincher” rim?. 551 34— What is the difference between the “quick detachable clincher” rim and the “quick detachable, demountable clincher” rim.551 35— Could the “straight side rim” be “quick detachable”?.552 35a-Could the straight side rim be a “quick detachable, demountable rim”?.553 77 35b-What is meant by a “reversible rim”? (foot-note).553,552,551 36 When removing a tire with a “plain clincher bead,” from a “plain clincher rim,” is the rim removed?.558,551 37—Is it necessary to remove tire to take out a defective tube and put in another? ..558,551 38—When removing a “clincher bead” or “straight side bead.” tire from a “quick detachable rim,” is the entire rim removed? If not, what part?.551 39— Is it necessary to remove tire from rim to repair tube?.551 40— When removing a “quick detachable, demountable” tire from a wheel, is the rim removed with tire?. 551 41— Is another tire mounted on rim already inflated, then put in place of the tire and rim removed.?. 551 42— How does a “side ring” type rim differ from a “split rim” of the Q.D. demount¬ able type?.556,557 43— State, briefly, how you would proceed to remove a tire from the rim of a “side ring” type. 556 44— State, briefly, how you would proceed to replace a tire on the rim of a “side ring type. 556 45— State, briefly, how you would, proceed to remove a tire from the rim of a “split ring” type. 557 46— State, briefly, how you would proceed to replace a tire on the rim of a “split ring” type. .557 47— How does the “cord” tire differ from the regular “fabric” type tire?.559 48— State four ways of keeping down tire expense..553 49— What causes more than three-fourths of all tire troubles?.553 50— What governs the “inflation pressure” of a tire?.553 51— Does an “under inflated” tire ride easier than a “fully inflated” tire?.553 52— Is “under inflation” injurious to a tire?.553 53— Name the different methods for “inflating” tires.553,562 54— How are “power air compressors” driven?.553,562 55— Explain the principle of the “impulse tire pump”.562 56— Explain the principle of the “power driven air compressor”.562 57— Describe, briefly, a “compound air pump”.562 57a-For what different purposes can air compressors be used in garages?... .563, 564 (Note how to determine size pulleys and speed to drive air compressors, page 563.) (Note size tanks to use for inflating certain number of tires, page 564.) 58— On what 2 types of vehicles are solid tires generally used?.560 59— Why are solid tires not suitable for pleasure cars?.549 60— What kind of a solid tire is a “cushion” tire?. 560 61— What kind of a solid tire is a “dual” tire?.560 (Note the different methods for attaching “grip” chains to solid tires on page 560.) 62— What kind of tires are there used on heavy trucks and some tractors?.561 63 — What kind of wheels are there used on tractors?.829,826 64— What tools are necessary to remove clincher tires?.558 65 — what tools are necessary to remove Q.D. and Q.D. demountable tires?. .556, 557 78 INSTRUCTION No. 42. Tire Repairing. 1— How is a “pneumatic tire” made?.565 2— What part of tire holds the strain and pressure?.565,566 3— Is the rubber merely a cushion and. a protection for the canvas?..'_565 4— What is the best material for the “carcass” of a “fabric” tire?.566 (Note the “cord” tire is considered the best carcass and others are called “fabric” carcasses.) 5— Is it injurious to a tire to run it flat, even for a short distance?.565 6— Is oil and grease injurious to a tire?...565 7— What is meant by “alignment of wheels”?.565,683 8— What is the result, if wheels are “out of alignment”?.683 9— What is meant by “camber” of front wheels?.683 10— What is meant by “toe-in” of front wheels?.683 11— When a tire has a worn place around the center of the tread, what is usually the cause?.. 12— Why does a right rear tire wear faster than the others?.683 (Note.—See page 683 and 682 and study carefully.) 13— Name some of the troubles a tire is heir to.566 14— How can small cuts on the tread be repaired?.566 15— How can a “sand blister” be remedied?.566 16— What is meant by “retreading” a tire?.566 17— What is meant by a “rim cut”?.566 18— What is meant by a “blow out”?.566 19— Name the two classes of “blow-outs”.567 20— What is the usual cause for a “rim blow-out”?.567 21— What is the usual cause for a “tread, blow-out”?.567 22— How would you prevent a “rim blow-out”?.567 23— How would you prevent a “tread blow-out”?.567 23a-What is a “loose tread”? “worn tread”?.566 24— How would you protect “weak places” in tires?.567 25— What is meant by a tube “pinching”?. 567 26— How would you test an inner tube for a leak?.567,568 27— How would you test an “inner valve” for a slow leak?..!.551,568 28— How would you test a “valve-stem” for a leak?.*.551,568 29— How would you remove an “inner valve”?. 568 551 30— Is it possible for a slow leak to come from an “inner-valve” being screwed down too tight? (foot-note).. 31— If you get a puncture, is it important to see if nail or tack, or whatever caused the puncture, is not left in the tire case to puncture tube again?.567,558 32 Is it best to always put in spare tube and not try and repair tube on the road, but vulcanize it later?. 5 69 33 Is the modern method, to carry an extra tire inflated complete on a demount¬ able rim ready to apply? Yes. 34—In this instance, would it be necessary that wheel be fitted for a demountable rim? Yes. (Note page 569 how to cement a patch on an inner tube, also other pointers stated on p3-g6 5d»7,) 35—What is the average “life of an inner tube,” become as it grows old?. and in what condition does it .569 79 36— What is meant by “lubrication of a tube”?.569 37— Is there a liability of soapstone forming in lumps and injuring the tube, if too much is used and not evenly spread inside of tire case?.569 38— What are “valve spreaders” used for?. 571 39— When inserting an inner tube in a tire, is it best to slightly inflate it?.558 40 State, briefly, how you would proceed to remove an inner tube.558 41— State, briefly, how you would proceed to replace an inner tube.558 42— What is meant by “vulcanizing”?.. 43— In repairing an inner tube puncture with an electric vulcanizer, what is first necessary to do?.. 44— If hole is small, what is the procedure?.572 45— Are edges then beveled?... 572 46— How long should repairs of this kind be vulcanized?....572 47— If inner tube is cut or torn, what is the first thing to do?.572 48— What is the next thing to do?.572 49— How long is this vulcanized?.572 50— When mending large bursts or blow-outs of inner tubes, what is the procedure? 572 51— State, briefly, how you would proceed to “splice” an inner tube...572 52— State, briefly, how you would proceed to repair a “valve-stem-seat”?.572 53— What governs the time required for vulcanizing an inner tube?.573 54— What steam pressure is generally used for steam vulcanizing?. 573 55— How would you test a vulcanized tube after repairing?.573 56— How would you proceed to repair a “blow-out” in a tire case? State what would be the first thing to do. 575 57— How many coats of cement would you apply after scraping and cleaning?_ 575 58— How large would you cut the “first layer of fabric” for repair, and what kind of fabric would you use?. ..575 59— How large would you cut the “second layer of fabric,” and would it be coated on bpth sides with para?. 575 60— Would you use a third and “fourth layer of fabric,” and what kind, and where would you place it?.. 575 61— What would you do next with the tire?.... 575 62— W T here would you then sprinkle soapstone?.575 62a-Is waxed paper then placed over the repair? What would you do next?....575 63— State, briefly, how you would then proceed to vulcanize, and for how long..575 64— Suppose the “blow-out” was close to the rim, how would the repair differ?..575 INSTRUCTION No. 43. Digest of Troubles. 1 — What does “diagnosing” automobile troubles require?.576 2— Should you first “think” and try to reason out the cause of a trouble before starting to try and remedy same?.576 (In other words, you should first “think.” then “act,” and not act before thinking. Remember this, it will save a lot of time.) 3 — what are the two essentials necessary before an engine will run?.576 4 — to w hat are most troubles due?.576 (Note.—Read page 576 carefully before proceeding further.) 5 — What is meant by “process of elimination”?.577 6_Do you clearly understand the meaning of the six lines at top of page 577? 80 7— Have you carefully read page 577? 8— Name three kinds of ordinary engine troubles.578 (Note.—Ask yourself the following- questions and answer same from memory after reading page 578 and 579. You are not required to send the answers in unless you so desire. This is a matter of reference.) 9— Briefly state cause if engine “fails to start”. 578 10— Briefly state cause if engine “starts, but misses”.578 11— Briefly state cause if engine starts, but “pops in carburetor”.578 12— Briefly state cause if engine starts, but “will not pull”.578 13— Briefly state cause if engine “runs regularly for a few minutes and then stops.578 14— Briefly state cause if “engine stops suddenly”.578 15— Briefly state cause if “engine stops slowly with missing”.578 16— Briefly state cause if “engine loads up”.578 17— Briefly state cause if “engine lacks flexibility”.578 18— Briefly state cause if “engine misses explosion”.579 19— Briefly state cause if “engine misses on high speed”.579 20— Briefly state cause if “engine misses on low speed”.579 21— Briefly state cause if “engine misses at all speeds”.579 22— Briefly state cause if “engine does not deliver full power”.579 23— Briefly state cause if “engine overheats”.579 24— When an engine overheats by steaming, if the radiator is cold at the bottom and hot at the top, what is likely the trouble? (foot-note).579 25— If radiator is warm at the bottom, is it likely to be frozen?.579 26— Briefly state cause “if engine knocks”.580 27— Briefly state cause “if engine will not stop when switched off”.580 28— Briefly state cause if “engine runs well, but car drags”.580 29— Briefly state cause if “the clutch drags”.580 30— Briefly state cause if “the clutch grabs or is fierce”.580 31— Briefly state cause if “the clutch leather (cone type) is oily”. 580 32— Briefly state cause if “engine back-fires in muffler”.580 33— Briefly state cause if “crank case becomes very hot and engine weak”.580 34— Briefly state cause if “exhaust pipe and muffler overheats”.580 35— Briefly state cause if “engine makes a hissing noise”.;.580 36— Briefly state cause if “gasoline fails to reach carburetor”.580 37— Briefly state cause if “smoke continually comes from muffler”.580 38— Briefly state the effect if there is a “crack in cylinder”.......580 39— Briefly state cause if “carburetor drips”.580 40— Briefly state cause of “abnormal noise from transmission gears”.580 41— Briefly state cause if “lubrication stops”.581 42— Briefly state cause if “oil gauge does not show flow of oil”.581 43— Briefly state cause of “oil leakage from engine”.581 (Note the freezing point, boiling point and specific gravity of water, kerosene, alcohol and gasoline, page 585.) (Read pages 581 to 590 carefully.) , INSTRUCTION No. 44. The Automobile Repairman. 1— What class of work is the automobile repairman called upon to do most?_593 2— Is the trade of a machinist and that of an automobile repairman two distinct trades?.*.593 81 3— What is meant by “order and system,” in doing work around an automobile?.593 4— What kind of an automobile repairman would we class the “auto mechanician”? . . ..594 5— What are some of the jobs most anyone can do after completing this course?.594 6— What is meant by giving a car a “general overhaul”? Does it include all parts?.594,595 (Read carefully, on pages 594 and 595, what is necessary to do to clean engine, lubri¬ cate engine, clean car, lubricate car, inspection and adjustment, inspection of engine and parts, engine adjusting.) 7— Is there a good profit in selling supplies?.595 (Read page 595 carefully.) 8— How would you start as an “automobile mechanician,” and what is the best plan to begin the trade?.594,597 9— Is it advisable to secure catalogues, instruction books, etc., of the different manufacturers of cars, carburetors, electric systems, etc? Yes. 10—How would you find the address? See index, under “addresses.” INSTRUCTION No. 45. Equipping Garage and Shop. 1— What is the difference between a “repair shop” and a “garage”?.597 2— Then it would be a question of first deciding if you wished to do repair work or operate a garage and do repair work also.597 3— State the different departments you could add to a garage.597,601, 610 4— State the different departments you could add to a repair shop.597,601,610 (Read pages 596, 597, 598, carefully.) 5— What method is used most for heating a garage?.59S, 599 6— Name some of the “fixtures” required for a garage.599, 601 7— How should the “gasoline supply” be stored?.599, 602 8— What is a curb or roadside gasoline pump for?.602 9— Is it important that a stock room be provided?.601 10 — Name some of the supplies in the rubber line which are always needed.601 11— Is it profitable to handle lubricating oils and greases and sell to your cus¬ tomers? .601 12— Name other departments which can be added which are profitable.601 13— Do batteries require charging more often in the winter? Why?.601 14 — what is an “inspection pit” for?.601,604 15— What is a “chain hoist” for?.601, 604 (Read pages 607, 608, 609, carefully, and note supplies which are always needed around a garage.) 15 —What is meant by an “oversize piston,” and when is it required?.609,653 16£u-What are the standard for oversize pistons?.653,654 17 _What is meant by an “oversize piston ring,” and when is it required?.609 18 _What is meant by an “oversize valve-stem,” and when is it required?. .609, 630 19 — Name the different kinds of “open end wrenches”.611 20— Where are open end wrenches used?.611 2 1— what two classes are open end wrenches divided under?.611 22 — What is the difference between the “U.S.S.” and “S.A.E.” wrenches?.611 (Note_Study this page 611 carefully and note how to find the size wrench to fit a standard cap screw or bolt and nut. It will first be necessary that you learn the difference between a “cap screw” and a “bolt,” which is explained on page 701.) 82 (Read page 612 carefully and note the difference between the “S. A. E. cap screw and bolt sizes” and the “U. S. S. bolt sizes”; head and nut. Note the difference in the number of “threads” to the inch. Threads are explained on page 702. 23— What is a “spark plug shell”?.612 24— Give the number of “threads to the inch,” and “size of threads” used on S.A.E. spark plugs..612 25— What is the diameter of the “small hexagon” of the S.A.E. spark plug shell?.612 26— What is the diameter of the “large hexagon” of the S.A.E. spark plug shell?.612 27— What are “screw dies” and “taps” used for?.612,704 28— What are “socket wrenches” used for, and how do they differ from an open end wrench?.613 (Read pages 614. 615, 616, 617 carefully.) 29— What are “cylinder reamers” for?.616,653 30— What are “reboring machines” for?. 616,653 31— What is the difference between “reaming a cylinder” and “reboring a cylinder”? .616, 653 (See questions 240a to 251, under Inst. 46.) 32— Name some of the machine shop equipment desirable for a small shop?.618 .33—What proportions of sand, gravel and cement are used, when mixing concrete, suitable for foundation and floor of garage?.619 INSTRUCTION No. 46. Repairing and Adjusting. 1— What does an “overhaul of a car” consist of?.620 2— How would you proceed to “clean a radiator”?.620 3— What attention should be given to carburetor?.620 4— What attention should be given to clutch?.620 5— What attention should be given to universal joint?.620 6— What attention should be given to transmission?.620 7— What attention should be given to wheels?.621 8— What attention should be given to rear axle?.621 9— Briefly state how you would proceed to “clean an engine”. 621 10— What would you do after cleaning engine?. 621 11— Briefly state what attention you would give to the “exhaust system”.622 12— Briefly state how you would “grease a car”?.622 13— Briefly state how you would “lubricate the springs”.,622 14— What is meant by “oil film,” and how does the proper film protect the engine?.623 15— What kind, of oil should be used?.603 Carbon. 16— What is meant by “carbon deposit”?.202,623 16a-What causes carbon deposit?. 623,202 17— Will either too much gasoline fed to cylinders by carburetor, or too much oil and poor grade of oil, cause carbon deposit?.623 (See page 202, “smoky exhaust—cause of,” and read carefully.) 18— What are some of the causes of carbon deposit from the use of lubricating oil?.623 83 19—When a charge of gasoline and. air is taken into the cylinder, what does it consist of?..623 20 — Is it the “oxygen” in the air combined with the “carbon and hydrogen of the gasoline,” that produces an explosive mixture?.623 21— If the amount of air entering the carburetor is not sufficient to insure com¬ plete combustion, what is the result?.623 22— How does this principle compare with that of a lamp wick?.623 23— Where does carbon lodge or collect?.623 24— Briefly state the bad effects of carbon deposit?.625 25— Briefly state the “indications of carbon deposit”....625 26— Name the different methods of “removing carbon” from cylinders.625 27— Where should piston be placed when using oxygen for carbon removal?.625, 626 Compression. 28— State the main causes why an engine fails to develop its usual power?.626 29— What is meant by “compression”?.862 30— What is the ratio between the “compression pressure” and the “explosive pressure”? (foot-note).626 31— Where is the “compression space” on an engine?.627 32— Where could “compression leaks” occur on an engine?.627, 628 33— What is the most frequent cause of “loss of compression”?.628 34— Could a “loss of compression” be caused by leaky piston rings?.628 35— How would you test an engine for compression?.629 36— How does a cylinder of an engine with good compression crank?.629 37— How are leaks through one or more valves indicated?.629 38— How would you test for a leak at the valve cap, spark plug or relief cock? . 629,233 39— How would you test for a leak between the piston and cylinder walls?.629 40— How would you test for a leak at the inlet valve?.629 41— When spark plugs are constantly oily, and foul often, what does this indicate? ......630,652 42— How do spark plugs indicate the valve condition?.630 43— How would you test a “valve seat” to see if valve seats tight?.630 44— To obtain a slow, even pull and steady running at idling speed, is it impor¬ tant that there be no compression leaks?.171 45 — What is the advantage of “high compression”?.627 46 — What is the disadvantage of “high compression”?.627 47 — Why is an engine more subject to overheating if compression is higher?.. .627 48 — i s it d.esirable to have large valve openings and long periods of exhaust open¬ ings, if high compression is used?.627 49 — Where are spark plugs usually placed when valves are “overhead”?.627 50 — is it desirable to eliminate “valve pockets” when using a high compression, and is the “L»” type cylinder more subject to valve pockets?.627 51— Is the “maximum compression” determined when throttle is wide open?.627 52— If a smaller charge is taken into the cylinder, then the compression would be less, would it not?..626 53 — state the variety of causes “faulty compression” could come from?.626 54 — what is meant by a “compression knock”?.640 54 a-What is a “spark knock”?..639 54b-How does a knock caused by “high compression” sound?.640 84 55— How is it possible to sometimes reduce compression on an engine if it over¬ heats and you are sure it is caused by too great a compression?.640 56— On engines using kerosene as fuel, what is the average compression in pounds? (foot-note). 627 57— What is the compression on the Hudson?.627 57a-State other causes of loss of power.626 58— Will the power of an engine be less if the compression pressure is low?-628 59— Will the power of an engine be greater if the compression pressure is greater? .628 60— Is the most frequent cause of “loss of compression” due to leaky or pitted valves and piston rings?.628 Valve Adjustments. 61—How would, you determine if the valves needed regrinding or reseating?-630 62—What is meant by “grinding a valve”?.630, 631, 632 62a-What is meant by “reseating a valve”?.630,631,632 63— How would you test to see if a valve needed grinding?.630 64— What would be the “first” thing to do when starting to grind valves?.630 65— What would be the “second” thing to do when starting to grind valves?.631 66— What would be the “third” and “fourth” things to do?...631 67— After grinding, what would you then do?.631 68— What pressure is best for grinding valves?.631 69— Should “valve clearance” be adjusted after grinding valves?.631 70— How does grinding a “cage” type valve differ from grinding a valve in a “T” or “L” head type cylinder?...631,632 71— How would you grind the valves in a “detachable cylinder head”?.636 72— How would you tell if valve which has been ground has a perfect seat?.631, 632 73— What is meant by “refacing a valve”?.632 74— What is meant by “reseating a valve-seat”?.632 75—Are many valves now made of hard Tungsten steel, and would it be possible to grind a valve of this type?.632 76— How is a Tungsten valve refaced or ground to its seat?.632 77— What is meant by “reaming valve guides”?.632,630, 609 78— When valve stems or the valve guide becomes worn, what is then necessary to do?.630 79— How do “oversize valve stems” usually vary in size?.630 80— Are “valve guides” sometimes “bushed,” and can they be renewed?.634 81— What is the average “clearance” on a Dodge between “valve guide” and “valve stem”?.634 82—When valves are noisy, isi it usually due to the valve clearance being too great?.634 83— How is this overcome?.634 84— Will improper valve clearance cause lack of power? How?.635, 94, 95 85— How would you determine which valve was noisy?.635 86— If no space at all is left between the valve stem and plunger (or tappet), * What would be the result?...635,634 87— Is the exhaust valve given more clearance than the inlet valve on some engines, due to its heating more? (foot-note).634 88— What are valve springs for?.92,635 89— If the springs lost their tension, what is the result?.635 85 90—What would be the reason for missing explosion from a weak exhaust spring?.635 91— What is the result if inlet valve springs are too weak?.635 92— Will this also cause noise at the cams? How?.635 93— How would you test for a weak exhaust spring?.635 94— How would you increase the tension of a valve spring?.635 Knocks. 95—Name the different parts of an engine which would likely cause a knock if loose or worn.635,790 96— How would you proceed to locate the knock?.635,638 97— Would you first assure yourself that the knock was not due to minor causes?.635 98— State what these minor causes would, be.635 99— What is meant by “piston slap”?.'.637 100— Are “aluminum alloy” pistons more subject to “piston slap” than “cast iron” pistons? Why?.637,638 101— What troubles will cause a knock on a hill but not on the level ground?.637, 790 102— How can the “lean mixture” trouble be remedied?.637 103— Will climbing a hill with spark too far advanced cause knocking?.637 104— Will cylinder nuts, if loose, cause a knock?.637 104a-Will fly-wheel, if loose, cause a knock?.639 104b-How would you test for a loose fly-wheel?.638 105— If connecting rods should be bent out of true would this cause a piston to slap?...,... 637 106— What is meant by “pre-ignition,” and how would, this cause a knock?.639 107— How would you proceed to locate the cause of a knock?.639 108—If a slight metallic rap is heard at 10 or 15 m.p.h. on level road, what is likely the cause?. 639 109— If a slight knock is heard which slightly increases as the car mounts the hill, what is the cause?. 639 110— How would a knock caused by carbon deposit be indicated?.639,790 111 — How would, a knock caused by loose connecting rod on the crank shaft or piston pin be indicated?.630,790 llla-State one method for testing for a loose connecting rod lower bearing-638 112— How would a knock caused by worn crank shaft main bearing be indicated?.639 113— How would you detect a “spark knock”?.639 113a-How would a broken piston ring be indicated?.793 114 — What is meant by a “seized piston,” and what causes it to seize? (foot-note) .639 115— How would you proceed to remedy a trouble of this kind?.639,202 Engine Bearings and Connecting Rods. 116 —Are the main bearings of an engine a very important part?.640 117 _Name the kind of bearing usually used on main bearings of crank shaft-640 118— what kind is used on upper end of connecting rod?.73,644 119 — What is the difference between a “bearing” and a “bearing bushing”?.73 120— Are there two “bushings” in a main bearing on the crank shaft?.641 121— What is a “shim”?. 641 122— Where are the shims placed?. 641 423 _Does the rear main bearing next the fly-wheel usually require attention first? Why?. 641 124—How would you proceed to take up a main bearing on a crank shaft?-641 86 125— How would you test after taking up?.641 126— Is most of the wear on the lower bearing cap?.643 127— If bushing is burned or cut, can it be scraped?.643 128— How would you proceed, to “scrape a bearing”?.642,643 129— What is meant by “marking” or “spotting in” a bearing?. 642 130— How often is this “spotting in” process repeated?.642 131— After “scraping,” what is the next procedure?.642 132— What is meant by “crank shaft alignment”?.643 133— What is meant by a “scored” crank shaft?.642 134— How would you remedy same?.642 135— How would you “take up” on the lower end of a connecting rod bearing?.641, 642 136— How would you “scrape” a lower connecting rod bushing?.642,643 137— Would, you first sfart with the rear connecting rod cap bushing?.643 138— State exact procedure of “spotting in” a connecting rod lower end bushing. .643 139— How would you test the adjustment of a connecting rod. lower end on the crank shaft?.643 140— How would you proceed to test for “parallelism” of the connecting rods? .642, 646, 649, 659 141— Name the three “disalignments” possible in piston and. connecting rod (foot¬ note) .649 142—If the “small end” of connecting rod is worn what is necessary to do?....642 (Read “bearing pointers,” page 643, carefully.) 143— Are “oil grooves” in bearing bushings very important, and how should they be arranged?.644,203 144— What is a “piston pin” for, and what is it made of?.645 145— What is the difference between the “stationary piston pin” and the “oscillat¬ ing piston pin”?. 645 146— How would you remove piston pin if stationary?.645 147— How would you remove bronze bushing in “upper end” of connecting rod?. .645 148— What “clearance” is allowed for connecting rod bearing at “upper end” on the Oldsmobile? (foot-note).645 149— How would you test to find out if lower connecting rod bearing was loose? .645,837,638 150— How would you “take up” or adjust same?.645, 837 151— Is “side play” necessary? About how much?.645 152— What is meant by “side play”?.645 153— Give a brief outline of what you would do “first” in adjusting the main bear¬ ings and connecting rod bearings of an engine, using the Waukesha as an example?.837 154— What is the “second” procedure?. 837 155— What is the “third” procedure?.837 156— What is the “fourth” procedure?.837 157— Before replacing the “connecting rod cap” what w’ould you do?.837 158— How would you determine if you had bearings too tight or not?.837 159— How would you proceed to “replace worn or damaged main bearings”? State the first, second, third and fourth procedure?.838 160— After fitting bearing in crank case, what would you do next?.838 161— If the bearings are too tight, what is necessary to do?.838 162— Are the rear main bearings fitted first?.838 87 163—Should, the crank shaft first be fitted to the half of main bearing in crank case before proceeding to fit caps?.838 164— Should the rear main bearing cap be fitted first, and how?..838 164a-Is the center bearing then fitted in the same manner, but with the rear bearing off or aside?. 838 164b-Is the front bearing then fitted in the same manner, but with the rear and center bearing off or laid aside?. 838 165— State the fifth, sixth and seventh procedure.838 166— State, briefly, the first, second, third and fourth procedures in “replacing a worn or damaged connecting rod bearing”.838 167— How would you “adjust the bearing to crank pin”?. 839 168— Would you draw the connecting rod bolts tight?.839 169— How would you proceed to inspect the “oiling system” of an engine, using the Waukesha as an example?.834 170— How would you “drain the oil”?.834 171— How would you “test the oil flow”?.834 172— How would you put oil in the engine?.834 Timing the Valves. 173— -How would you get at the gears?. 835 174— -Is it necessary to “mark the gears”? Why?.835 175— How would you proceed to “time the valves” of the Waukesha engine?.836 176— What would be the first procedure?.836 177— What would be the second procedure?.836 178— What would be the third procedure?.836 179— What would be the fourth procedure?.!.836 180— What would be the fifth procedure?.....836 181— How would you proceed to “time by position of the piston” if you are unable to get at the fly-wheel?.836 Pistons. 182— What are pistons made of?...645 183— Do cast iron pistons expand under heat, less than aluminum alloy or steel pistons?...645 184— What are “grooves” in pistons for?.645 185— How many “rings” are usually fitted to the average piston?.645 186 — Where great speed is desired, how are pistons arranged?.645 187 — what are the advantages of “aluminum alloy” pistons?.645 188— What are the drawbacks of “aluminum alloy” pistons?.651 189— What is meant by “piston clearance”?.651 190 — Does cast iron require less “clearance” than aluminum alloy? Why?.651 191 — why is more “clearance” required at the top of a piston, and what is the usual graduation of clearance at bottom, middle and top?.651 192— How much “clearance” is usually given to aluminum alloy pistons?.651 193 — How much “clearance” is usually given a Ford piston?.793 194— If pistons are fit close to cylinder wall, will it run quieter? Why?.651 395—If driven at high speed is there a liability of piston expanding to such an extent that it is liable to stick or “seize”?.6 195a—What is meant by “expanding?” See your dictionary. 195b—What is meant by “contracting?” See your dictionary. 195c-Does metal expand when heated and contract when cold? Yes. 88 196— Should greater clearance be given to pistons on engines running at high speed?.651 197— If the pistons do not fit tight in cylinders, what prevents the gas escaping to the crank case when under compression?.75 Piston Rings. 198— Are piston rings fitted tight in the grooves of piston?.654 199— Are piston rings split? If so, for what reason?.651,655 200— What is meant by a “concentric” piston ring?.654,651 201— What is meant by an “eccentric” piston ring?.654,651 202— Why are rings made “eccentric”?.....651 203— Is the “groove” in piston where ring fits, slightly larger than the width of the ring? Why?.654 204— Suppose the “groove” is too large, what is the result?.654 205— Is it necessary that the rings expand, and should they expand equally at all points?.655 206— If they do not, what is the result?. 655 207— What permits the ring to expand?.655 208— About how much of a “gap” is allowed when ring is in cylinder?.655 209— If slit is too far apart, What would be the result?.-.655 210— If rings should work around in the grooves, so that the slits in the rings should be in line, would this likely cause a leak?..655 211— How could this be remedied?. 655 211a-Why is it necessary to use more than one piston ring?.. .655 212— Make a sketch of a “step-cut” piston ring.655 213— Make a sketch of a “miter-cut” piston ring.655 214— How does the “Leak-Proof” ring differ from the step or miter cut ring?....655 215— How does the “Inland” ring differ from the step or miter cut ring?.655 216— What are the results if piston rings are not equal in expansion on all of its surface?.655 217— How would a leaky piston ring cause a loss of compression?.655 218— If rings are in good condition how would they appear?.655 219— If rings are dull and dirty in spots and streaks, what is the indication?... .655 220— Name some of the causes of leaky piston rings.„. .656 221— How would you determine if the rings leak?.656 222— What is meant by a “gummed ring,” and. how is it Remedied?.656 223— If a ring is “scratched,” what is necessary?.65C 224— If cylinder wall is “cut or scratched,” what is necessary to do?.656 225— If ring has lost its tension, what can be done to remedy it?.656 226— Is it possible for an excess of oil to get into the com ( bustion-chamber, even though the rings be a tight fit?.653,652 227— State how.653,652 228— Can you tell when an engine is getting too much oil by the color of the smoke issuing from the exhaust?.652,203 229— If the smoke is “black and foul-smelling,” what is the cause?.652,202 230— If the smoke is “white or blue,” what is the cause?..652,202 231— If the smoke is “gray,” what is the cause?.652, 202 232— If spark plugs are constantly oil-soaked, what is the cause?.652,630 233— What is meant by a “piston pumping oil”?.653,652 234— How would you remedy this trouble?.652.653 89 235— What method is used on Ford, pistons to remedy “piston pumping oil”?....793 236— What is meant by “chamfer”?..793 237— What is meant by “vacuum cause of piston pumping oil”?.652 238— What is meant by vacuum? (See your dictionary.) 239— If “blue smoke” is emitted from exhaust at “various speeds,” is it generally due to excess of oil or oil passing the rings?.652 240— If it only occurs when engine is “running slow for long periods,” or “idling at the curb,” and then on “starting up from a standstill,” clouds of smoke come from the muffler, what is the cause?.652 240a-What is meant by a “scored, cylinder”?.201,202 241— What will cause the cylinder walls to become scratched or “scored”?.653, 201, 202 (Note.—A common cause is due to piston ring working loose and cutting cylinder walls.) 242— How is a “scored” cylinder remedied?.653 242a^What is the result of a “scored cylinder,” and what are some of the indica¬ tions? .653,202 243— What is the difference between “re-boring” and “reaming” a cylinder?-654 244— What is the advantage and disadvantage of each?.654 245— When a cylinder is “re-bored” or “reamed,” is it necessary to fit “oversize pistons and rings”? Why?.653 246— if cylinders are not “scored” too deep, how could this be remedied without re-boring cylinder?.653 247— What is meant by “lapping”?.653, 650 248— What is the object or purpose of “lapping” piston rings and cylinders?-650 249— If cylinders are “slightly scored” should they be lapped with an old piston?.650 249a-What mixture is used for lapping?.650 249b-What other compound could there be used? Ans. Flour of emery and engine or coal oil. If a fine finish, use crocus. 250— If cylinder is “badly scored,” what should be done?.650 (Note.—A scored cylinder can now be remedied, by electrically fusing a metal into the score, thus saving the time of reboring or reaming. This process is known as the “Lawrence process.”) 251— if cylinder surfaces are in good condition, should only the rings be lapped? Why?.650 252— Should an “expanding lapper” be used on badly scored cylinders?.650 253 — should the “regular piston” that is to be used in the engine, be used for lapping?. 650 254— Briefly state what the “lapping process” consists of.650 255— How would you proceed to “remove a ring from piston groove”?.657 256— What is meant by “poening” a piston ring, and when is it necessary?.657 257 — When starting “to fit a set of piston rings,” what is the first operation?.. .657 258_Why is it sometimes necessary to “file” a mitre cut ring?.657 259— How much space should there be between “ends of ring,” and why?.657 260— Should the ring be tried in the cylinder before fitting to piston? Why?.. .657 261— How would you “lap” a ring to fit the cylinder?.657 262— If ring did. not fit even all around in cylinder, how would you tell?.658 263— When ring fits even all round in cylinder, then how much “opening” should there be between its two ends?.658 264_If this opening or “gap” is too great, what is the result?.657 265—If no opening or “gap” at all, what is the result?.658 90 266— After rings have been “fitted to cylinder,” what is the first thing to dcf to “fit them 1 to the'piston”?.658 267— Should the rings “fit free in the grooves of piston”?.658 268— If they “fit tight,” how would you dress them down?.658 269— Is this process also called “lapping”?...658 270— When “fitting rings in the groove,” which “groove” do you fit ring on first? . > .658, 659 271— Is the “best fitting ring placed at the top”?.659 272— How should the “joints of rings” be placed., and why?.659 273— When replacing piston with rings on it, into cylinder, should cylinder oil be applied? Where?.659 274— When replacing piston with rings on it in cylinder, is it necessary to hold the rings in the grooves so it will easily enter the cylinder? Why?.659 275— When replacing cylinders “cast in pairs” or “in block,” over pistons, what is a good plan to follow?.659 276— When installing, suppose the piston is pushed too far up into cylinder, what is the result?.659 277— Are connecting rods liable to be bent when replacing cylinders, and what is the result?.*.659 278— How would you test the “alignment” of pistons and connecting rods in order to see that they are not bent?.659 279— After fitting bearings, pistons or rings, is it a good idea to “run them in”?.658,793,203,489 280— What is meant by “running in”?..793,203,489 281— When replacing a “cylinder head,” how should the bolts be tightened?.. .649, 717 (Read pages 646, 647, 648. 649, 652, 654, carefully.) INSTRUCTION No. 46A. Repairing and Adjusting Clutches, Transmissions and Axles. 1— Is it a good plan to keep your foot on “clutch pedal” when driving?.661 2— How is a clutch damaged?.661 3— W'hen car slows down almost to a standstill, is it hard on the clutch to “pick up,” if on “high gear”?.661 4— What should be done?.661 5— Is it best to “engage clutch gradually”?.661 6— Is it best to slow down and speed up by use of the accelerator or throttle, or in other words, “run on the engine,” instead of constantly throwing the clutch “out” and “in”?.661 7— Name the parts of a cone clutch. 661 8— Briefly state the adjustments on a cone clutch.660 9— Are “clutch pressure or plunger studs” provided on some of the cone clutches, and where are they placed?.660 10— What are the “clutch rollers” for and where located?.660 10a-What is a “clutch brake” for, and where is it usually located?.660,662 (Read page 660 how a new leather is fitted to a cone clutch.) 11— Name the different troubles a cone clutch is liable to have.661 12— What is the cause of clutch “grabbing”?.661 13— What is the cause of clutch “slipping”?. 661 14— What is the cause of cone “clutch spinning”?.662 91 15— What part “spins,” and how does it affect gear changing?.662 16— What is the remedy?.662 .17—Where are cone clutches generally lubricated.?.662 18— If clutch fails to “release,” what is it termed, and what is the cause?.662 19— If a cone clutch “slips,” how can it be remedied?.661, 662 20— Should the tension of clutch spring be not too great? Why?.662 21— If a cone clutch “slips,” what is a temporary remedy?.662 22— Should the “clutch pedal” be properly adjusted?.662 23— What is the method for adjusting a “disk clutch”?.663 24— When a “lubricated type” of disk clutch slips, what is the remedy?.663 25— If clutch still slips after this treatment, what would you do next?.663 26— If slipping cannot be eliminated, then what is the next procedure?.663 27— If the clutch of the lubricated disk type “grabs” or is “fierce,” what would you do to remedy it?.663 27a-If a dry plate disk clutch “grabs,” what is the remedy? Ans. Inject a mixture of one-third kerosene and two-thirds lubricating oil into clutch through adjusting screw hole (A, page 842) with an oil gun. Ordinarily, merely injecting kerosene will suffice. 28—Is it important that light weight oil be used in lubrication of disk clutches? Why?..663, 203 (See questions on page 4 in this book, for the single dry plate clutch. See also pages 40, 42, 43, 668 and 842 of text book.) 29— Is it sometimes a difficult matter to “compress the clutch spring”?.663 30— What kind of a clutch is an “internal expanding” type?.663 (Read pages 664, 665, 666, 667, carefully.) 31— Briefly state some of the evidences of trouble in the “Borg & Beck” clutch..668 32— Briefly state how you would “clean” same.....668 33— Briefly state how you would “repair clutch brake”.668 34— Briefly state how you would “remove clutch”.668 35— Briefly state how you would “dismantle clutch”..668 36— Briefly state how you would, “tighten and adjust the clutch”.842 (Note.—On the “Borg & Beck” clutch the “throw-out” bearing is lubricated by a small hole in clutch shaft, from oil in the transmission case. If oil is too thick and gummy in transmission case, then this part cannot be oiled. 36a-What type of clutch was there used on the first 50,000 Dodge cars? What type on later cars?. 6( 36b-How many driven plates and how many drive plates are there in the Dodge dry disk clutch ? Ans. There are four driving disks supported on six pins riveted to fly-wheel and three driven disks carried on three pins riveted to clutch spider. 36c-How is this clutch adjusted? Ans. By tightening the clutch spring, by moving split washers into one of three grooves on clutch shaft. 37— What is meant by “gear-set”?.669 38 — What are the usual troubles of transmission?. 669 39 — What is the cause of dripping oil from gear case?. ..669 40 — What part of a transmission are the “dogs”?.48,669 41 — When “dogs” become worn, what is the result?.669 42— What are some of the causes of noise?..669 53 _if difficulty is experienced‘in shifting gears, state the three likely causes-669 54 _if you suspect too much “end play” in transmission shaft, how can it be determined?. 6 92 55— How would you proceed to determine cause of “clashing gears”?...669 56— What kind, of oil should be used in transmissions?.203 57— What is the average ratio of the gears in a transmission?.669 Rear Axle Pointers. 58— Name the three types of rear axles in general use..669 59— How would you tell the kind of an axle on different cars?.669 60— What kind of an axle is there used on a Ford? (foot-note).780 61— State the S.A.E. distinction between the “semi-floating,” “% floating,” and the “full floating” axles.669 62— Briefly state the advantage of the “semi-floating” axle.669 Pointers on Removal of Differential. 63— In removing differential from a “semi-floating” axle and some “% floating” axles, must the entire rear axle be removed.?.669 64— Is the axle housing “divided” in the center on above type of axles?.669 65— Then how is the axle disassembled and differential removed?.669 66— In removing or adjusting the differential on a “full-floating” axle, is it neces¬ sary to remove entire rear axle?.669,677 67— Is the axle housing divided in center on a “full floating” axle?.669,677 68— How are the “axle shafts” removed?.669 69— How can the “differential then be withdrawn” from axle housing?.669,677 70— How is the “differential fastened” to a “semi-floating” axle?.669 71— How is a “differential fastened” to a full floating” axle?.669 (Note.—Read pages 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, carefully.) Ford Rear Axle and Differential. 72— In “removing the differential” from a Ford car, must rear axle be removed?.780 73— How would you proceed to remove rear axle”?.780 74— How would you proceed to “remove axle shafts”?.780 75— How would you proceed to “remove differential”?.781 76— Is there a “fibre washer” between ends of axle shafts? (see fig. 28).781 77— Are there “keys” near the ends of axle shafts?..781 78— How would you proceed to remove the “drive pinion” from the “drive shaft” ?.780 Rear Axle Adjustments. 79— What is meant by “adjustment of gears” on a rear axle?.673 80— State the three conditions of an axle that make it advisable to adjust the gears. 673 80a-When there is an excessive grinding or humming noise in rear axle, what does this indicate?.675,676 81— What is meant by “back-lash”?.673 82— What would you do to eliminate noise, and what noise?.673 82a-What would you do to “take up” “back-lash”?...673 83— What would you do to “take up” looseness in bearings on pinion shaft?.673 84— When is it necessary to replace the gears, and what gears?.673 85— Is the axle shown on page 673 a “full floating axle”?.;. .673 86— What type is the axle shown on page 674?.674 87— What type is the axle shown on page 675, and why? (foot-note).675 88— Before making an adjustment on the axle on page 674, for “elimination of noise” “or back-lash,” what should first be done?.674 93 89— How would you proceed to “take up” on these bearings, where are they located, and what purpose do they serve?.. ..674 90— How would you proceed to “adjust for elimination of noise”?.674 91— How would you proceed to “adjust to take up back-lash”?.674 91a-When are gears properly adjusted?.674 (Read the “standard gear ratio” and “specifications of the axle” on page 674.) 92— What type of axle is there used in the illustration on page 677?.677 93— Is the axle housing “divided” in the center?.677 94— How can differential be removed from this axle housing?.677 95— How can the “Prussian blue test” be made with teeth of gears when adjusting the differential gears?.677 96— What is meant by an “internal gear” drive axle?.678 97— How does it differ from other types of axles?.678 98— What kind of cars is it used on most?.678 99— Are the adjustments similar to other axles?.678 100— How is “oil leakage from rear axle” prevented?.678 101 — Oil or grease working out through brake drums, from rear axle causes what kind of trouble? (foot-note).678,685 Rear Wheels. 102— How are wheels attached to the axle of the Studebaker car? Page.679 103— Is this a “full-floating” type axle?.679 104— Can “axle shafts” be withdrawn, without removing wheels?.679 105— How is the “wheel bearing” adjusted?.679 106— How are the Cadillac rear wheels removed?.679 (Note.—You can find out if axles on different cars are “full, semi, or three-quarter floating” type, by referring to pages 543 to 546.) 107 — how are rear wheels removed from a “semi-floating” axle?.781 INSTRUCTION No. 46B. Adjusting Wheels, Brakes and Steering. 1— How would, you test for “play” in front wheels?.681,680 2— If a click is heard when turning front wheel, what will likely be the cause?. .681 3— Name the parts of a front axle as shown in fig. 5, page 680...680 4 — what is the procedure for adjusting ball bearings on front wheels?.680 5 — what is the procedure for adjusting roller bearings on front wheels?...680, 687 6— How is the Timken roller bearing adjusted?.687 7 — if grease runs out between hub and steering knuckle, what is the cause?... .680 8— What should you do before replacing front wheel?..680 9 — How often and how would, you lubricate front wheels?.681 10— Should “hub caps” be kept tight?. 681 / Note —Where wire wheels are used of the interchangeable type it is very necessary that the hub caps be drawn very tight, else a clicking noise will be heard and probable damage to bearings will result.) 11— Suppose a spoke is loose on a wood wheel, what would this result in?.810 (Note._Loose spokes cause an intermittent noise as wheel revolves. As wheel revolves faster, the noise becomes more steady.) 12— How could it be remedied?. 810 13 — what are “universal joints” used for?.43 13a-Explain, briefly, what attention should be given to universal joints.681 14— What kind of lubrication is best for universal joints?.681,680 15— How often is it advisable to fill this joint?.680 94 16— Where and how is the lubricant injected into the Spicer universal joint?-680 17— Is it filled full, or two-thirds full?..680 18— Is the propeller end of drive shaft fitted with splines, which fit into a sleeve of universal joint, and does this “splined shaft” slip back and forth?.680 (Note.—Sectional view illustration showing the ‘splines.” Splines are used for the same purpose as keys in a shaft; but are not fitted in key ways—they are cut or milled into the shaft and square grooves are cut in the sleeve for the splines to fit into. Study page 680 carefully.) 19— What is necessary to do if a knock or rattle or jerking motion comes from a worn universal joint?..685 20— How would you test for lost motion in a front wheel?.682 21— How would you proceed to “true up a front wheel”?.682 22— How would you “test a rear wheel bearing”?.*..682 Alignment of Wheels. 23— What is meant by ‘‘alignment of wheels”?.683 24— Why is it important that wheels be properly lined up?.683 25— How would you proceed to “line up springs with the axle”?.683 26— How would you “line up the front and rear wheels”?.683 27— What is meant by “camber” of the front wheels?.683 28— What is the purpose of front wheels being properly cambered?.683 29— How are front wheels usually “cambered”?.683 30— If wheels are out of true and are wobbly, what is likely the cause?.683 31— What is meant by “toe-in” of front wheels?.683 32— How can “toe-in” be adjusted?.....683 33— How would you check the “toe-in”?.683 34— What should the “toe-in” be in a Dodge, measured on felloe of wheels, level with the hub?..683 35— Should the front and rear wheels “track,” and how would you determine the fact, if they did not “track”?..683 36— Should spring clips be kept tight? If so, why?.683 37— Why do tires sometimes have worn places around the tread?.683 38— Why does a right rear tire wear faster than others..683 Brakes. 39— State the three general classifications of the brake mechanism..685 40— State the different methods of the operation of the brake mechanism.685 40a-How is the external brake usually operated, and what is the pedal called which operates it?. 685 41— How is the “external brake” usually operated, and what is the pedal called which operates it?.685 42— How is the “internal brake” usually operated, and what is the lever called which operates it?.685 43— Where “metal to metal” brakes are used is a constant supply of oil required?.685 44— What material is best for “brake lining”?.685 44a-Is asbestos of a mineral or a vegetable composition?.685 45— What are the causes of slipping brakes?.685 46— How can slipping brakes be remedied?.685 47— If brake lining is worn badly, what is necessary to do?.685 48— Does “holding brakes on” for a long time heat the lining?.685 49— If when applying brakes, the car has a tendency to “skid,” what is likely the cause?.685,495 50— Is it best to apply brakes gradually when car “skids”?.685 51— If the brake “squeaks,” what is the cause?. 685 52— What parts of a brake require oil?.685 53— In adjusting brakes, what is the first thing to do?.691 54— How would you test the brakes to see if band or lining is worn?.691 55— What is meant by “clearance adjustment” of an external brake?...691 56— What is the purpose of “clearance adjustment” of an external brake?.691 57— What is the proper clearance?.691 58— If brake band drags at any other point, how would you clear it?.691 59— Do many repairmen adjust the brakes with the “wheels on the ground”? Why?. 691 60— How would you adjust the “internal brakes”?.691,686,687 61— Why does the “foot-brake” require more adjusting?.691 62— What is the “hand-brake” used for most?.691 63— How would you test the “bake pedal” for adjustment?.691 64— How is brake lining usually measured and sold?.691 65— What kind of a brake is there shown on page 684?.684 66— If brakes do not hold, what might be the cause?.684 67— If brakes do not hold securely, could it be due to “insufficient forward travel” of the brake rod?.'.** 84 68— If brakes drag, could this be due to “insufficient backward travel” of the brake rod?. 684 69 — How would the last two mentioned troubles be remedied?.684 70 — j n adjusting external brakes of the Timken type, what would be the first thing to do?.. 684 71— What is next?. 684 72— Before making adjustments what should be seen to first?.684 73 — Would you adjust the clearance next?.684 74 — Would you adjust the lower half of brake first?.684 75 — If so, how?. ^ 84 76— How would you then adjust the upper half?.684 77 — What kind of internal brake is there shown on page 686 ?. 686 78 — What kind of internal brake is there shown on page 687?..687 79 _Briefly state how you would adjust the “cam” type internal brake. 686 go—Briefly state how you would adjust the “toggle” type internal brake.687 Relining Brakes. 81 —Name the three things essential to the care of brakes.688 82_How can grease be removed from brake linings?. 688 83— If brake band is too badly worn, what is necessay to do?. 688 84— State what you would do first in relining a band brake of the external type ?.688 85 — state the second and third procedures. 688 86 — How would you measure the lining?... *> 88 87— How would you mark the lining for the holes?. 688 88 — How would you secure the lining to the band?.,. 688 89— Should the holes be countersunk, if so, how, and why?. 688 90— How would you place the rivets?. 689 91 _Does the rivet head go next to the fabric, and is the riveting done on the band side?..*.^ 92—When riveting “external” brakes, how would you start?. b8y 96 93— When riveting “internal’' brakes, how would you start?.689 94— What kind of rivets are used?.689 95— Briefly state the procedure of relining Dodge brakes. v .689 96— Briefly state the procedure of adjusting Dodge external brakes.689 97— Briefly state the procedure of adjusting Dodge internal brakes.689 98— What material is there required for a Dodge relining job?.689 99— What kind of brakes are there on the Buick “Light Six”?.689 100— What brake does the foot pedal connect with?.689 101— What brake does the “hand lever” connect with?.689 102— Briefly state procedure for adjusting the “foot” or “service” brake.689 103— Briefly state how you would adjust the “hand” or “emergency” brake.689 (Note.—Read carefully, miscellaneous matter on page 690.) Steering Gear Adjustment 104— Name the different kinds of steering gear mechanism.691 105— What kind of a steering device is the “bevel” type?.691,692 106— What part of a steering device usually requires adjusting?.691 107— How would you proceed to adjust the “worm and wheel” type?.691 108— Name the make of steering devices using a “worm and wheel”.692,693 109— How would you proceed to adjust the “worm and nut” type of steering device?.691 110— Name the make of steering devices using the “worm and nut” principle.692, 693 111— Does a tight adjustment cause difficult steering?.691 112— About how much play is permissible in steering wheel?.691 113— Do steering devices require plenty of lubrication? What kind, and how?... .691 114— Should all parts of steering device and rods and parts connected to it be well lubricated? Yes. 115— If wheels are out of “alignment,” will this make steering harder?.683 116— If gears have become worn after long usage, so that adjustment will not prove satisfactory, how can one save the expense of new gears?.690 117— What kind of a steering device is the Jacox?.692 118— What kind of a steering device is used on the Maxwell?.693 119— What kind of a steering device is used on the Studebaker?.693 120— What kind of a steering device is used on the Buick?.693 121— What kind of a steering device is used on the Overland?.693 122— What kind of a steering device is used on the Dodge?.693 (Read carefully, page 693, how to adjust each.) INSTRUCTION No. 46C. How to Use Tools and Make Repairs. (Read page 695, how to solder aluminum, how to case harden, how to temper drills, tempering steel and brazing. All of this is a matter of reference when needed, there¬ fore questions will not be asked on same.) Measurements. 1— What is meant by the “thousandth part of an inch”?.697 2— What is meant by the figures “.020”?.697 3— How would you read decimals?.697 4— What do the following figures mean: .3?.697 5— What do the following figures mean: .03?.697 6 — What do the following figures mean.: .003?.697 97 7— What parts of an ignition system are usually measured in “thousandths part , of an inch”?. v .697 8 — What is a “thickness gauge” for?.699,697 9— What is a “micrometer” for?. 698 10— What is the difference between a “Vernier caliper” and, a “micrometer caliper”?. 698 (Read pages 698 and 699 carefully.) 11— What is a “drill gauge” for?. 699 12— What is the first row of figures for on gauge? Page.699 13— What is the second row of figures for on gauge? Page.699 14— What are the figures from 1 to 60 (turned sideways) for?.669 15— What are the figures 228, 221, etc., under the holes for?.669 16— Suppose you had a cap screw, and saw by referring to table No. 100 (page 703) that it required 10x32 tap, how would you find the proper drill to use with this gauge?.699 17— What divisions are machinists’ steel rules of 6 -inch length usually divided into?.700 18— What is a “screw pitch gauge” for?.700 19— Name the different kinds of chisels.700 20— What is a “center punch” used for?. 700 21— What is a “cold chisel” for?.700 22— What is a “cape chisel” used, for, mostly?.700 23— What is a “diamond point chisel” used for, mostly?.700 24— What is a “scriber” used for, mostly?.700 Bolts, Screws and Nuts. 25— Are nuts generally used on cap screws?.701 26— Are nuts generally used on bolts?.701 27— What kinds of nuts are used on bolts?.701 28— Where is the measurement of the diameter of a bolt or screw usually taken?.701 29— What is the difference between the U.S.S. and S.A.E. capscrew?.701 30— What is the difference between the S.A.E. bolt and the S.A.E. cap screw?..701 31 — what is the difference between a “capscrew” and a “machine bolt”?.701 32— What is the difference between an S.A.E. bolt and U.S.S. cap screw?.701 33 — "What is the difference between a U.S.S. bolt and U.S.S. cap screw?.701 34— What is the difference between a machine screw and a machine bolt?.701 35 — will a wrench that fits a U.S.S. cap screw fit an S.A.E. cap screw?.701 (Read the other paragraphs on page 701 about wrenches.) 36— What is a “stud” and where is it usually placed?.701 37 — What are “taper-pins” for?. 701 38— What are “set-screws” for?. 701 (Note illustrations of other kinds of bolts and screws on page 701.) Thread. 39 — Make a sketch of fig. 8 and name the parts of a thread.702 40 — What is meant by the “angle” of a thread?.702 41 — What is meant by the “pitch” of a thread?.702 42— What is meant by the “root diameter”?.702 43 — What is meant by the “basic diameter”?.702 98 44— What is the difference between the “sharp V thread” (U.S.S.) and the “Whit¬ worth oval” thread?. 45— What is meant by the “flat” of a thread?.^02 46— What kind of a thread is the U.S.S. and S.A.E.?.702 47— What is the difference between the U.S.S. and S.A.E. threads?...702 48— How can the number of threads to an inch be measured?.702 49— What is meant by the “pitch” of a thread?.702 50— Where are fine threaded screws used most?.702 51— Where are coarse threaded screws used most?.703 52— Wbat kind of thread is there used most for bolt work?. 702 53— What kind of thread is there used most for pipe work?.702 54— What are tables 101, and 102, page 703, for?..702,703 55— Is the “sharp V thread” favored much?.702 56— Is the length of thread on a cap screw more than on a bolt?.702 57— What is the purpose of table No. 100?....703 58— What is each column for?.703 59— Do you understand tables Nos. 101, 102 and 103 thoroughly?.703 60— State what each column is for..• ••.703 61— How many threads per inch has a ^4-inch S.A.E. tap?.703 62— How many threads per inch has a *,4-inch U.S.S. tap?. 703 63— How many threads per inch has a ^-inch pipe tap?.703 64— Do S.A.E. cap screws have a finer thread, consequently more to the inch?.. .703 Dies. 65— What is a “die” for?. ; .-704 66 — What two classes are dies divided into?.704 67— Are dies also adjustable?.704 68 — How are dies marked?....704 69— What is meant by “clearance of a bolt or nut”?..704 70— What is a “die stock” for?. 704 71— What is a “screw plate set”?.704 72— Can threads be cut on a lathe?.704 73— When a thread is cut on the outside as (9), is it called a male thread, and when inside (12), a female thread?.704 Screw Taps. 74— What are “screw taps” for?.704 75— What are “machinist’s hand taps” used for?. 704 76— What are “pipe taps” used for?. 704 77— What is the difference between a %-inch “machinist’s hand tap” and a %-inch “pipe tap”?.....704 78— What is a “taper tap” for?.704 79— What is a “follower tap” for?..704 80— What is a “bottoming tap” for?.704 81— What are “flutes” in a tap, and what is the object of same?. ... .704 82— Briefly state how you would use a tap...705 83— What kind of lubricant would you use?.,.705 84— How would you make a tap cut oversize?.705 85— How are taps marked?.705 86 — What sizes do taps run in, from No. 1 to 30?.705 99 87— What sizes do taps run in, numbers above 30?.705 88 — What size taps are used most?.705 89— What size is the maximum used in auto work?.705 90— What size tap is used for i^-inch spark plugs?.705 91— What size taps is used for S.A.E. %-18 spark plug?.705 Drills. 92— What are twist drills used for?.706 93— What are flute drills used for?... .706 94— What is the “shank” of a drill?.706 95— Where are “straight shank” drills used?.706 96— Where are “taper shank” drills used?.706 97— What size drills use a No. 1 taper shank?..706 98— What size drills use a No. 2 taper shank?.706 99— What size drills use a No. 3 taper shank?.706 100— What size drills use a No. 4 taper shank?.706 101— Are drills from iy 2 " to 80 numbered and lettered?.706 lOla-Is a No. 80 drill larger or smaller than a No. 70?.706 102— What size (in thousandths of an inch) is a No. 80 drill?.706 103— Do drills from No. 80 to No. 1 bear numbers or letters to indicate their size?.706 104— How. do drills No. 80 to No. 1 range in size?.706 105— What size (in inches or parts of an inch) is a No. 1 drill?.706 106— Suppose you wished to drill a hole for a tap to cut a ^4-inch U.S.S. thread with a pitch of 20 threads, what size drill would you use? (table 101).703 107— What size or number of* tap would you use to tap a ^4-inch U.S.S. thread?. .703 108— How would you find the number of drill to use for a ^-inch U.S.S. tap?.703 109— Suppose a tap was marked “14-20,” what would this designate?.703 110— What size tap would you use for a ^-inch S.A.E. thread? (table 102).703 111 — Suppose it was not marked ^-inch, but had a number on it, what would that number likely be?..703 112— Would the same tap which would tap a U.S.S. ^-inch thread, tap an S.A.E. thread? What would be the difference? (table 102).703 113— What size or number of drill would be used for a ^-inch S.A.E. tap? (table 102 )..703 114 — What size (in fractions of an inch) is a No. 4 drill? (foot-note).703 H 5 —Would the same drill do for either a U.S.S. or S.A.E. tap? (under table 102).703 (Note the drill gauge (page 699) will instantly tell the size drill to use for different size taps. It will also tell the size drill from 1 to 45 in decimals. For instance, a No. 1 drill is .228.) 116—If a tap is marked “J4-20,” what would this mean?.705 417 —if a tap is marked “%-28,” what would this mean?.705 Hg—Suppose you wished to tap for a “pipe thread” of ^4-inch size, what size drill would you use? (table 103).703 119 _What is the decimal equivalent of 27-64ths? (table 106).706,541 120 _What size tap would be required for cutting a thread in this size hole?.703 121 _How many thousandths of an inch would this tap differ from the Mi-inch tap?.703 122 —State a simple method of finding the size drill to use for tapping (fig. 1)-706 123 _Briefly state the four factors necessary in sharpening drills.707 124— Briefly state how you would proceed to drill.707 125 — How would you measure the length of “cutting lip” of a drill?.707 i % % > ) > * > 100 126— How would you measure the “angle” of a drill?.707 127— What kind of an edge is a “beveled edge”?.707 (Read carefully, 9 to 17, under “Drilling - ,” page 707.) 128— How would you lay out work for drilling?..707 129— What is meant by “scribed”?.707 130— When drilling a piece of thick metal, and drill has a tendency to bore crooked or off center, how can it be re-centered?.707 131— What are “reamers” for?.706 132— What kind is a “taper reamer”?.706 133— What is meant by “draw filing”?.708,643 134— What are “keys” (as used on shafts) for?.708 135— Name the different kinds.708 136— What kind of a key is a “Woodruff key”?.708 137— What kind of a key-way does a Woodruff key require?.709 138— What is a “drift”?.709 (Read and thoroughly study pages 709, 710 and 711.) Soldering. 139— What is a “soldering copper”?.711 140— By what other name is it mostly known? (fig. 2).711 141— Must a soldering copper be “tinned”?.711 142— What is meant by “tinning,” and how is it done?.711 143— What is necessary to do a good soldering job?.711 144— How is soldering acid prepared?.711 145— Must a soldering copper be red hot?.711 146— What is meant by “hard soldering”?.711 147— What is meant by “soft soldering”?.711 148— What is a “blow torch” for?.711 149— Briefly state how you would fill and operate a blow torch.735 150— What is the difference between a “blow torch,” as shown on page 735, and a “brazing torch,” shown on page 712?.712 151— Could gas be used to heat a soldering iron?.696 152— What is a “ladle?”. .....696 153— What is meant by “wiping a joint”?.712 154— What is meant by “annealing”?....713 155— How would you proceed to anneal copper tubing?.713 156— What kind of a metal saw would you use for iron and steel?.713 157— What kind of a metal saw would you use for brass and soft metals?.713 158— What kind of a metal saw would you use for brass or steel tubing?.713 (Read page 714 carefully. Read page 715, how to test radiators.) Gaskets. 159— What are gaskets used for?.717 160— State the different kinds. 717 161— Where are copper or brass gaskets generally used?.717 162— Is paper sometimes used for gaskets?.. (Read page 716 carefully; how to cut gaskets.) 163— What is shellac used for?.. 164— How would you mix shellac?. 716 (Note illustration on page 738 showing a convenient method for keeping shellac air¬ tight.) 165— Where are gaskets used on spark plugs? 166— What kind of a gasket is used?. 101 717,235 ....239 Oxy-Acetylene Welding. 167— Name the two types of oxy-acetylene outfits. 168— What do the parts of the stationary outfit consist of?. 169— What do the parts of the portable outfit consist of?. 170— Briefly state how a weld is made. 171— How is acetylene usually supplied?. 172— What is meant by “autogenous welding”?. 173— Name the parts of a welding outfit?. 174— How is the “welding flame” obtained?. 175— How is the welding flame adjusted?. 176— What is the temperature of the oxy-acetylene flame?. 177— Why is “pre-heating” necessary, and what does it mean?... 178— What are “filling rods” used for?. 179— What are “fluxes” used for?. 180— What determines the size of the “blow pipe tip”?. 181— Is most of the so-called “wrought iron,” mild steel?. Read carefully how to weld mild steel. Read carefully how to weld hard steel. Read carefully how to weld nickel steel. Read carefully how to weld vanadium steel. Read carefully how to weld chrome steel... Read carefully how to weld malleable cast iron. Read carefully how to prepare parts for welding. Read carefully how to weld cast aluminum. Read carefully how to weld copper, bronze, brass and lead. Read carefully how to weld in a patch. Read page 720 carefully. Note the flame in fig-. 4. 182— State some of the other uses for a welding flame. 1 83— What is meant by “oxy-acetylene cutting”?. 184— is an “oxygen regulator” used where material to be cut thick?. 185 — state the two kinds of oxy-acetylene cutting blow pipes- (Read pages 724, 725, 726, 727.) 186— Can oxy-hydrogen be used for welding and cutting?. 187 — What is the “oxygen decarbonizer” used for?. .718 .718 .718 .718 .718 .719 .719 .719 .719 .719 .719,721 .719 .719 .719 .721 ..721 .721 .721 .721 .721 .721 .721 .721, 723 .723 .723 .723 .724 is over 3 inches .724 .724 .725 727,726,624 Silent Chains. 188—What are silent chains used for?.. 188a—State various methods of adjusting the tension of silent chains (Read pages 728 and 729 carefully.) 21, 89,728, 729,411 .728 INSTRUCTION No. 46D. Useful Shop Hints and Devices. The matter under this instruction is mostly miscellaneous, therefore questions will not be asked, but it is advisable to read each and every page carefully. 102 INSTRUCTION No. 47. Commercial Cars. 1— Is the truck constructed along the same line as a pleasure car? How does it differ?. 747 2 — What are the two usual motive powers of trucks?. 747 3 — what type of engine do most trucks employ?. 747 4 — What is the difference between the “worm drive” and the “chain drive” truck?.747 5 — Does a chain driven truck use a solid or “dead” rear axle?.747, 14 6 — Does a worm driven truck use a “live” rear axle?. 747 > 44 7 — what are the disadvantages of double chain drive?. 49 8 — Is the worm gear drive considered best?. 49 9 — What is the average speed of a truck of ^-ton capacity?.747 10 — What is the average speed of a truck of 5-ton capacity?.747 11 — Briefly state the cause of wear of chains. 749 12— How is a chain cleaned and lubricated?. 749 13— How would you adjust chain tension?. 749 14 — what kind of tires are generally used on trucks?.749,560,561 15— How does the “Jeffrey Quad” truck differ from the usual type of truck?.748 16— How are the front wheels driven?. 748 16a-How are the rear wheels driven?. 748 16b-How many differentials are used, and what kind of front axle and rear axle is there used?. 748 17 — How is the steering of the four wheels accomplished?.748 (Read page 748 carefully.) IS—How would you “take in” or “let out” on wheel alignment of front wheels?. .750 19 — Briefly state how you would remove rear wheels on the Sheldon truck axle shown on page 750. 7 50 20 — Briefly state how you would remove “worm" and “worm wheel carrier”.750 2 1— is the “worm” above the “worm wheel” on this axle?..750 22— How often would you drain oil from rear axle, and what kind of oil would you put into it?. 759 23— How would you adjust the foot brake?. 7 51 24 — How would you tighten up on the brake levers?.751 25— Briefly state what you would do when using engine as a brake on low gear on a hill. 7 ^ 4 (Read other subjects of page 751 carefully.) 26— What are “trailers” for?.•.746 27— How does a “hydraulic hoist” operate?.746 28— How does the Ford truck differ from the Ford touring car?.825 29 — ig the operation of a truck similar (in most respects) to a pleasure car?.749 30 — is magneto ignition often used on truck engines?.749 Governors. 31— Are truck engines sometimes fitted with governor?. 839 32— What other kinds of engines are governors often used on?.839 33— State the two reasons why governors are used.839 34 — state the different methods for driving governors.839 35— What is meant by “transmission drive”?.839 36— What is meant by “engine drive”?.83.9 103 37— What is meant by “dual drive”?.$39 38— Briefly explain the principle of the Pierce governor?.840 39— Briefly explain the principle of the Simplex and Duplex governor?.841 40— What difference is there between the Duplex and the Simplex governor?.841 41— Briefly explain the principle of the Monarch governor.841, 842 42— How does it differ from the Pierce and Simplex governor?.841 43— What is meant by a “throttling” type governor?.757 44— What is meant by a “hit and miss” type governor?.757 45— On a stationary engine, when is the “hit and miss” principle generally used?. .757 46— When is the “throttling type” generally used?.757 47— Would the Pierce, Simplex and Monarch be the “throttling” type?. 839, 840, 841, 842 48— The difference then in using a “throttling” type of governor on automobile engine and using it on a stationary engine would be in the fuel used, would it not? (This does not hold true for all stationary engines, as some use gasoline fuel and a throttling type governor.) 49— What is the difference between a “throttling” type governor and a “hit and miss” governor?.757 50— Briefly explain the principle of the governor used on the Waukesha engine.. 835 INSTRUCTION No. 48. T ractors. (The student is not required to answer questions on the tractor subject unless he so desires.) 1 — What kind of engines are there used on tractors?.753,831,832,833 2— Is the tractor engine subjected to harder usage than an automobile engine? Why? (foot-note). 753 3— How are tractors usually driven?. 753 4 — Briefly explain the 10 tractor designs shown on page.752 5 — what kind of work must a tractor do?.752 6 — Does “belt work” represent half of the work of a tractor engine?.753 7 — What size tractor is best for average work?.753 8 — Briefly state how you would determine the power to use for different soil, and why.. 75S 9 — what kind of a carburetor is generally used on a tractor?.754 10— Is kerosene sometimes used?... • • • -754 lOa-If kerosene is used as a fuel, how is engine first started?.754,828 11 — Must the kerosene be heated? How, and why?.754 12 — Is water sometimes used? How, and why?....754 13— Briefly explain the principle of the Kingston kerosene carburetor...754 14 Whv are two carburetor bowls, or float chambers used, and how are they used?. 754 15— What is an “air washer” for?. 828 16 — Briefly explain the principle. 828 17 — Briefly explain the principle of the Holley vaporizer.827 18 — What kind of an engine is used on the Ford tractor .826 19 — How is the Ford tractor driven?.. 826 21— Name the parts of a Ford tractor. 826 22— is the Ford tractor a “worm drive” system?.826 104 23— Where is the “worm gear drive” placed?.826 24— What part does the “worm gear” drive?.826 25— What is the “worm wheel” attached to?.826 26— How is the Ford tractor steered?....826 27— What kind of drive wheels has the Ford tractor?.826 28— What kind of transmission is there used on the Ford tractor?.826 29— What kind of fuel does the Ford tractor engine use?.826, 827 30— Is gasoline used for starting?..826,827,831 31 — what does the compression vary from, on tractor engines using kerosene Jluel?...827 32— What is the average compression which is considered best, when kerosene is used?.827 33— Does kerosene require more than a heated carburetor, if so, what else should be heated?.,.831 34— Does kerosene have a tendency to condense, if so, what trouble would this cause?.831 35— When engine smokes excessively from exhaust, and smoke is black, what does this indicate?.831 36— For a heavy tractor to travel over all kinds of roads, is it necessary that it lay its own track, and why?.829 37— Name the different kinds of treads employed.829 38— Briefly explain what is meant by a “flat wheel tread”.829 39— Briefly explain what is meant by a “chain tread”.829 40— Briefly explain what is meant by a “rail track tread”.829 41— What is the weight of tractor supported upon when a rail track tread is used?.829 42— How is the chain driven?.829 43— What is the difference between the “chain tread” and the “rail track” tread?.829 (Study fig. 4. page 829, carefully.) 44— What is meant by a “caterpillar” tractor?.829,830 45— Briefly state the names of parts of the caterpillar tractor shown on page-830 46— How is the transmission of power to drive system 1 usually arranged on a tractor?. 831 47— What type of clutches are generally used?.831 48— Is a “clutch lever” used instead of a “clutch pedal” quite often?.831 49— How many speed changes are there usually in transmission?.831 50— What speed does the “Twin-City” tractor, page 830, travel when on “high¬ speed”? .830 51— What speed does it travel when on “low speed”?.830 52— What speed does it travel when on “reverse”?.830 Read specifications of the Twin City carefully.830 53— How are tractors steered?.....831 54— When there are three wheels to a tractor, how is it steered?.831 55— When there are four wheels to a tractor, how is it steered?.831 56— What is the weight of the Cleveland tractor, and would it be termed a light tractor?.831,830 57 — Where is the power plant located on the Cleveland tractor?.831 58— What size engine is there used on the Cleveland tractor?.831 59— What speed does engine crank revolve when tractor travels 4 m.p.h.?.831 60— What speed does engine crank revolve when tractor travels 3 y 2 m.p.h.?.831 105 61— What type of clutch is there used, on the Cleveland tractor?.831 61a-What type of carburetor is there used on the Cleveland tractor?.831 62— Does the Twin City tractor engine use gasoline to start on, and kerosene to run on?.832 63— Is a Stewart vacuum system, as explained on page 165, used with this engine?.832 64— What size are the engine cylinders?.832 65— What is the speed of engine?.832 66 — Is a governor fitted to this engine?...832 67— What does the governor operate in the carburetor, and would it be the “throt¬ tling” type?.832 68 — What heats the carburetor mixture?.832 69— What type of ignition system* is there used, on this engine?.832 70— How does the K.W., model H magneto, differ from the HK?.832 71— How does the K.W., model HK magneto, differ from the HT?.832 72— How does the K.W., model HT magneto, differ from the HTK?.832 73— What is meant by an “impulse starter”?.832 74— Where is the K-W Impulse starter located?.832 75— Briefly explain the action of impulse starter.832 76— What is the advantage of impulse starter?.832 INSTRUCTION No. 49. Other Types of Engines. (Note.—Student is not required to answer these questions under Instruction 49 unless he so desires.) Motorcycle. 1 — What kind of engines are generally used on motorcycles?.755 2 — Are air cooled cylinders generally used?.755 3— At what angle are “twin cylinders” usually placed?.755 4 — When cylinders are at an angle of 42 degrees, and No. 1 piston is on top of compression stroke, where is the piston of the other cylinder?.846 5 — jf No. 1 fires and travels 42 degrees on its power stroke, where is No. 2 piston ?.846 6 — if No. 1 piston makes a complete revolution, how far in degrees will it have traveled?. 84 ** 7 — how far in degrees will No. 2 piston have traveled?.846 8 — Therefore, when No. 1 travels 360 degrees, must No. 2 travel 360 degrees plus 42 degrees, or 402 degrees before it fires, or No. 1 will fire again, 318 degrees after No. 2 fires? Is this correct?. 846 (Read page 846 carefully.) 9 — How are the connecting rods usually placed when twin cylinders are used?. .755 40 —what kind of transmission is there used on some motorcycles?.845,844 44 _Are they 2 and 3 speed, and similar to an automobile transmission?-844,845 42 _What kind of a device is a “neutral counter shaft,” and what is it for?.844 43 —How is engine started, on the motorcycle, fig. 1, page 844, when a one-speed device is used?. 844 14—How is starting accomplished when a three-speed gear box is used?.844 45 —where is the Indian starter operated?. 844 46 _What kind of a clutch is there used on the Indian motorcycle?.845 17—Explain its operation. 845 48 —What kind of a carburetor is there used?. 845 106 19— Briefly explain its principle.845 20— What does the right handle bar grip (fig. 2) control?.844 21— What does the left handle bar grip (fig. 2) control?.844 22— What kind of ignition is used?.844 23— How is the clutch controlled?.844 24— How would you proceed to start the engine on the three-speed model (Harley Davidson)?. 843 25— Briefly explain the electric system.843 26— Briefly explain the action of the “vacuum controller” formerly used.843 27— What type, size, and at how many degrees angle are cylinders placed on the Indian engine?.Insert No. 3 28— What type, size, and at how many degrees angle are cylinders placed on the Harley Davidson engine?.Insert No. 3 29— What is the bore and stroke of the engine shown, of the Indian? Insert No. 3 30— What is the bore and stroke of the engine shown, of Harley Davidson? .Insert No. 3 31— How are the valves placed on the Indian?.Insert No. 3 32— How are the valves placed on the Harley Davidson?.Insert No. 3 33— Briefly explain the action of the inlet valve on the Indian.Insert No. 3 34— Briefly explain the action of the inlet valve on the Harley Davidson. .*...Insert No. 3 35— Briefly explain the action of the exhaust valve on the Indian... .Insert No. 3 36— Briefly explain the action of the exhaust valve on the Harley Davidson. ..Insert No. 3 37— What is meant by a “compression relief,” and where located on the Indian? .Insert No. 3 38— What is the purpose of the “compression relief” on the Indian?. .Insert No. 3 39— Is there an “exhaust compression relief” on the Harley Davidson, and where is it located, and what controls it?.Insert No. 3 40— Is there a “crank case compression relief” on the Harley Davidson, and where is it located, and what purpose does it serve? Explain its action. .Insert No. 3 41— Briefly state the path or flow of oil of the Harley Davidson.Insert No. 3 42— How would you increase the oil supply?.Insert No. 3 (Note.—Study the ignition system of the Indian on this No. 3 Insert and also the ignition timing and particularly the valve operation.) Two Cycle Engine. 43—How many types or kinds of two-cycle engines are there in general use? Name them.757 44— What is the “twoport” type adapted for?.*.757 45— What is the “three-port” type adapted for?.757 46— What is the ‘two and three port” type adapted for?.757 47— Why is a two-cycle engine called a “valveless”tvpe of engine?.757 48— How many strokes of piston are there to the four operations of intake, exhaust, compression and explosion?.757 49— How many strokes of piston are there to the same operation on a four-cycle type engine?.. .757, 58 50— What type engine is shown in figs. 1 and 2, on page 756?. 756 51— What is occurring in engine, fig. 1?.756 52— What is occurring in engine, fig. 2?.756 107 53— What is a baffle plate for?.756 54— Does exhaust port open slightly before inlet port?.756 54a-If inlet and exhaust ports are open at the same time, what would prevent the fresh charge from passing out the exhaust port with the exhaust gases?.756 55— Explain the action of a mixing valve used on a two-cycle engine?.756 56— Explain the action of a carburetor used on a “two-port” type engine.756 57— Is a vacuum formed in crank case when piston travels up?....756 58— Does the vacuum thus formed create a suction and cause the gas to be drawn into crank case?.756 59— Where is the gas drawn from?.756 60— How is the gas then admitted into cylinder?.756 61— After explosion stroke, state how and when the gas passes out the exhaust port.756 62— What opens and closes the exhaust port?.756 63— Does the exhaust port open slightly before the inlet port? How?.756 Stationary Internal Combustion Engine. 64— Does the stationary type of internal combustion engine usually operate on the four-cycle principle?.757 65— Is the stroke usually larger than the bore?.757 66— What is the speed of a stationary engine?.757 67— Is the speed constant?.757 68— What device keeps the speed constant?.757 69— State the two types of governors generally used on stationary engines.757 70— Explain the difference between the “throttling” type governor and the “hit and miss” type.757 71— Explain the principle and action of the governor on the engine, fig. 20.757 72— What type of ignition is generally used on the stationary engine?.757 73— Explain the action of the “wipe spark”.215 74— How is the exhaust valve operated on the engine, fig. 3?.... 757 75— How is the exhaust valve operated on the engine, fig. 20?.757 76— Is the exhaust valve held open by governor action on engine, fig. 20? When, and for what purpose?.757 77 — Are inlet valves sometimes of the “automatic type” on stationary engines?.. .757 78— What is meant by an “automatic inlet valve”?. 91 79— What kinds of fuel can be used on stationary engines?. 757 g 0 —When kerosene is used, must it be heated?.*.757 Diesel Engine. 81—Briefly explain the principle of the Diesel engine. 758 g2—What part is the injection valve, and what purpose does it serve?.758 83 — what operates the injection valve?.758 84— What is the air admission valve (A) for?.758 85 — What is the exhaust valve (E) for?.758 86— During the admission or inlet stroke, is cylinder filled with air only?.758 87_During compression stroke is this air compressed to about 500 pounds per square inch, and does this produce a higher temperature?.758 88— When piston reaches upper end of the compression stroke is fuel then admitted? . 758 89— Is the fuel oil pumped into the space around the valve spindle?.758 108 90— Is the air for fuel injection admitted behind the oil, to blow the oil into the cylinder when valve opens?. 7 ^ 8 90a-Is this injection air supplied by separate air compressor, driven from engine shaft?. 7 ^ 8 90b-What ignites the gas?. 758 91— Briefly explain the action of the power stroke.758 92— How is the quantity of fuel governed?.. 758 93— When does the exhaust valve open?.758 Gas Producer. 94— Explain what is meant by a gas producer.757 95— What is the gas thus produced used for?.757 96— Name the two types.757 M iscellaneous. 97— What is a “service” car for?.759 (Read pages 759, 760, 761, 762.) Steam Car. (Questions will not be asked on this subject. Read pages 763, 764, 765 and details of a steam car will no doubt be understood.) FORD SUPPLEMENT. (The student is not required to answer questions under this subject unless he so desires.) (Read pages 766 and note location of parts. Read data on page 770.) 1— What part of a Ford is the Chassis?.770 2— State the different “units” the Ford Chassis is divided, into.770 3— Is it well to remember these units when repairing?.770 4— Before starting engine, what is necessary to do?.771 5— What does the hand lever do when it is pulled back?.771 6 — How would you retard the spark lever?.771 7 — where is spark lever placed., and what movement retards, and what move¬ ment advances the spark?.771, 805 8 — What does spark lever connect with?.805 9— Where is the throttle lever placed, and what does it connect with?... .771, 799 10— Where is the spark lever placed for starting?.771 11— Where is the ignition switch located?.771 12— Where is it placed when starting and running?.771 13— How would you prime the carburetor for easy starting?.771,798 14— Is there a dash adjustment for the carburetor, and where is it located?... .798 15— Suppose engine is difficult to start, state briefly procedure in starting it...798 16— Briefly state how you would crank a Ford engine.771 17— After engine is started, how would you start car?.771 18— Briefly state how you would reverse car.771 19— Briefly state how you would stop car.771 20— Briefly state how the speed of car is controlled.771 21— When running where would, you place spark lever?.771 22— When running where would you place throttle lever?.771 23— When should spark be retarded while running?.771 109 24— How is oil put into engine?.772 25— When engine is new, how much oil would you put into crank case?.772 26— After engine has been limbered up, how much oil should there be in crank case?.772 27— How should you test the oil level?.772 28— Briefly explain the principle of oiling the engine (see splash system, semi- circulating) .197 29— What kind of oil is recommended, for use in engine?.772 30— Should graphite ever be used in a Ford engine? Why not?.772 31— How should you proceed to drain the oil?.772 (Read the other parts of page 772 carefully.) Ford Steering. 32— Briefly explain how the Ford front wheels are steered and the parts that constitute the steering system.773 33— Instead of having gears at the bottom of the steering post, where are they located, and what is at the bottom of steering post?.773 34— What purpose do the steering reduction gears serve?.773 35— What is the pinion (B, fig. 8 ) connected with?.773 36— Is the steering rod fitted with a flange, and are there three small gears mounted on studs on this flange?.773 37— Then when steering wheel is moved the steering rod is also moved, but through the movement of the three gears, is it not?.773 38— How can you gain access to these gears?.773 39— How can the steering wheel be removed?.773 40— How would you tighten steering gear?.773 41— If ball and socket, which is placed on rod A and B, fig. 9, becomes worn from lack of oil, how would you take up on the wear?.773 42— What part is the “spindle arm”?.-773 43— Are there bushings in these spindle arms?.773 44— How would you remove the bushings?.773 45— How would you fit a new bushing?.773,792 46— How would you proceed to remove the front wheels?.774 47— How would you proceed to test the front wheels?.774 48— How would you proceed to adjust the front wheel bearings?.774 49 — How would you proceed to remove the front axle?.774 50— What is meant by “transposing tires”?.774 51— What care should the front springs receive?.774 52 — What is meant by “alignment of the wheels”?.774,683 53 — How would you proceed to align the front wheels?.774 Ford Transmission. 54 — How does the Ford transmission differ from a gear type transmission?.775 55 — ;where is the Ford transmission mounted?. 775 56 — Where is the Ford clutch located?. 775 57 — How many speeds “forward” does a Ford transmission give?. 77 5 58 — How many speeds “reverse” does a Ford transmission give?. 775 59 — where are the “planetary gears” located?. 775 6 0— Where is the “reverse drum” located?. 775 6 1— Where is the “slow speed drum” located?. 775 62— Where is the “brake drum” located?. 775 110 63— Where are the “steel disks” of clutch located?.775 64— Where is the “ring” which presses against the steel disks located.?.775 65— For what purpose are the “fingers” which press against the ring?.775 66 — For what purpose is the “collar” which shifting yoke works in?.775 67— For what purpose is the “spring”?. .775 68 — For what purpose is the adjustment screw for clutch?.775 69— Are bands placed around the “reverse drum,” “slow speed drum” and “brake drum”?..775 70— Is foot pedal (B-) connected, with brake drum band, and what action takes place when the foot brake pedal is depressed?.777 71— Is clutch foot pedal (c) connected with the slow speed band, and when depressed full forward,, does this tighten the slow speed band?.777 72— Is clutch foot pedal (c) also connected with clutch? How?.777 73— When clutch pedal (c) is allowed to come part way back, does this cause spring to release its tension on clutch? How?.777 74— In starting car off from a standstill, and you wished to start on low gear, you would, depress clutch pedal (C) as far forward as it would go, would you not?.!. 777 75— This section would cause spring tension to be taken off clutch and slow speed would be tightened, and car would start off on slow speed. Is this correct?. .777 76— What position would “side hand lever” be in during this operation?. 777 77— Is the spring tension off from the clutch when side hand lever is in center vertical position?. 777 78— Then to throw on “high gear,” after starting on “low gear,” is the clutch pedal released and side hand lever thrown full forward?. 777 79— When side hand lever is thrown full forward, does this action cause eccentric (C) to move from under screw (B), thus permitting clutch spring tension to be applied to the clutch fingers, which press against clutch push ring, and cause the clutch disks to take hold, and is car then in “high gear”?_ 777,775 (Study the action of the hand lever in relation to the eccentric (C) and screw (B) on page 777, and fig. 15A, page 776 and page 775.) 80— At the same time the clutch pedal is pushed forward, the side hand lever should also be pushed forward as far as it will go, so that when clutch pedal is released the high speed clutch is engaged. Is this correct?.!. 777, 775 81— Does “neutral” position mean when clutch spring tension is off of the clutch, and none of the bands on the drum are tightened? Yes. 82— Would “neutral” position be when side hand lever was in vertical position, or clutch pedal (C) was half way depressed? Yes. 83— Then when brake pedal is depressed and foot brake is applied, the clutch pedal should be in “neutral.” Is this correct? Yes. 84— When hand lever is in back position, is spring tension released by the eccen¬ tric (C) and screw (B), and are brakes on rear wheels tightened?.777 85— If machine had a tendency to cree'p forward when cranking engine, what would likely be the cause?. 770 86 — If clutch “slips,” what would likely be the trouble?.776 87— If clutch “drags,” what w'ould likely be the trouble?.776 88 — What kind of oil should be used in the Ford engine and transmission to prevent dragging of clutch?.. 89— How would you proceed to adjust the clutch fingers?. 770 90— How is the transmission supported at the rear?. 770 Ill 91—When a transmission becomes very noisy is it probably due to the bush¬ ings in the second speed and reverse drums being worn, then what is advisable to do?.776 92— How would you proceed to remove transmission?.776 93— When transmission band linings are worn, what is the result?..777 94— State the evidence of worn transmission bands...777 95— How would you drive a Ford to protect the bands?.777 96— How would you proceed to tighten the “brake” and “reverse” bands?.777 97— Should the bands be adjusted so they will not drag?.777 98— How would you proceed to tighten the “slow speed” band?.777 99— What size band linings are there used?.777 100— State procedure in removing transmission cover.778 101— State procedure in removing bands.778 102— What is the proper method of relining the bands, and is it similar to relining brake bands? . . . ..778, 688 103— What kind of rivets should be used?.778 104— How would you proceed to install the bands after relining?.778 105— Briefly state how you would proceed to replace transmission cover.778 106— Is it necessary to adjust bands again (after installing new ones) after run¬ ning a couple of hundred miles?.778 Ford Transmission Assembly. 107— What do figures 19 to 19G, on page 779, represent?.778 108— How many small disks are there in the clutch?.778 109— How many large disks are there in the clutch?.778 110— How are they assembled?. ( .778 111— What do the projections on the small plates (20D, page 779) fit into?.778 112— Is the disk drum attached to the transmission shaft?.778 113— What do the slots in the large plates or disks fit into?.778 ' 114— How is the “clutch disk drum” fastened to the transmission shaft?.778 H5—what causes the large and small disks to grasp, and how is this adjustment regulated?.778 116—Do the transmission shaft (TS) and small plates (20D) run free in the brake drum?.778 H 7 —what does the “slow speed drum” fit over?.778 118— How is the “driven gear” fastened to hollow shaft?.778 119— What are the “triple gears” for?.778 120— Are they fastened together in- groups of three?.778 121— Should they revolve freely and on what?.778 123— What does gear (P) mesh with?.778 122— What does gear (K) mesh with?.778 124 — What does gear (PI) mesh with?.778 125 _in assembling the groups (20 to 20C), in what position is the brake drum placed?. 126— How is the slow speed drum then fitted?. 127— What is next procedure?. 128— Where are the Woodruff keys placed?.. 129 — How is the “driven gear” placed?. 130— Should the “triple gears” then be meshed, and with what, and how? 131 — Should the “triple gears” be tied with a string? Why?. 132— What is the second procedure?. 779 779 779 779 779 779 779 779 112 Fitting the Ford Clutch. 133— State procedure of fitting the clutch. 779 134— How would you arrange the “clutch disks”?. 779 135— Where would the “thrust plate” be when all disks are assembled?.779 136— Where and how is the “clutch push ring” placed?. 779 137— How would you proceed to place the “driving plate”?.779 138— How would you test to see if the “clutch disks” move freely?.779 139— Briefly state how you would proceed to assemble the clutch spring parts...779 140— Should the adjusting screws (AS) be adjusted?.779 Ford Rear Axle and Parts. 141— In how many parts is the axle housing made?.780 142— Is the drive shaft enclosed? In what?.780 143— Where and how is the drive shaft supported?. 780 144— Is the entire rear axle and drive shaft removed in one unit when repairs are to be made?. 7 ^ 9 145— State how you would proceed to remove rear axle.780 140 —state how you would disconnect universal joint.•.780 147 —state how you would disassemble rear axle.780 14 g—state how you would remove axle shafts.780 149— State how you would remove drive pinion .780 150— State how you would remove differential gears.781,782 151— State how you would remove rear wheels.,.-781 152— Where are the cast-iron brake shoes located?.781 153— How would you proceed to replace brake shoes?.781 154— How would you equalize the pull on the rear hub brakes?.*..781 155— Where is the driving shaft bushing located?.•.781 156— What is the cause of excess of oil in the brakes and how is it remedied?-782 157— State the cause of grease leaks from rear axle.782 158 — What is the result if thrust washers are worn?.782 159— Where is thrust washer located in differential housing?(see fig f 28)..781 Ford Power Plant. 100 —is the engine and transmission in one unit?.783 161— State the specifications of the power plant.783 162— State location of valves?.783 163— Is the cylinder head detachable?.783 164— Are cylinders cast “en-bloc”?.783 165— What cooling system is used?..783 100 —what is the source of electric current for ignition?.783 167— What make of carburetors are there used?.783 168— What kind of transmission is used and does entire transmission revolve when on high gear?...783 169— Is the gasoline fed by gravity?.783 170— What kind of engine lubrication system is used?.783 (Read page 783, “Removing Power Plant.”) 171— Is the crankshaft a regular 180° four-cylinder type?.784 172 — What is the “firing order” of the Ford engine?.784 173— How many cams are there on camshaft? (footnote)...784 113 174— What is the speed of camshaft?.784 175— How many teeth has camshaft gear?.784 176— How many teeth has crankshaft gear?.784 (Note name of parts on page 784.) Ford Valve Timing. 177— When does inlet valve open?.785 178— When does inlet valve close? .785 179— When does exhaust valve open? .785 180— When does exhaust valve close? .785 181— How would you proceed to obtain proper “valve clearance”?.785 182— How would you proceed to check the valve-timing?.785 183— How would you proceed to time the valves?.785 184— How would you proceed to mesh the timing gears?.785 Ford Engine Connecting Rods. 185— What is the result of loose connecting rod hearings?.786 186— What are some of the causes of loose connecting rod bearings?.786 187— Is it necessary to drain oil from base to make repairs on connecting rods?. .786 188— How would you proceed to adjust connecting rod bearings?.786 189— How would you test for tightness?.786 190— Should each bearing be fitted and tested before tightening all the cap bolts?.786 191— After adjusting the bearings what should be done?.786 192— How would proceed to remove No. 4 connecting rod cap?.786 193— How would you remove piston and connecting rod?.786 194— How would you remove lower crank case cover?.786 Ford Engine Main Bearings. 195— How is a worn main bearing detected?.787 196— What are the causes of worn main bearings?.787 197— Does the rear main bearing usually wear first? Why?. 787 198— How can you detect if rear main bearing is worn?.787 199— Can rear main bearing be tightened without removing engine?.787 200— How would you proceed to remove the center and front main bearing?.787 201— How would you proceed to remove cylinder head?.787 202— Briefly state the first, second, third, fourth and fifth procedure for adjusting the bearings.-. 787 Ford Engine Crankshaft and Camshaft. 203— How would you proceed to remove crankshaft?.788 204— How would you proceed to remove camshaft?.788 205— How would you proceed to install new push rods?.788 Overheating of Ford Engine. 206— Read page 788 carefully and then briefly state causes of engine overheating..788 207— If water becomes frozen in radiator, does it usually freeze at the bottom first?. ; 788 208— Is this because water comes from top of engine to top of radiator, and is then cooled as it passes through radiator? Yes. 209_State how you would proceed to thaw out frozen radiator.788 114 Ford Radiator. 210— How would, you proceed to clean a radiator?.789 211— When removing a radiator should the lower hose be left on?.789 212— How would you test a radiator for a leak?.789 Ford Engine Troubles. (Read bottom of page 800 carefully.) 213— If compression is poor and rings fit well, what may be the cause?.790 214— How would you proceed to remove valves for grinding?.790 215— How would you proceed to grinu the valves?.790 216— When valve seat is worn badly what is advisable to do?.790 217— If valves fail to seat properly, what may be the cause?.790 218— What is the result of weak valve springs?.790 219— How can you detect a weak valve spring?.790 220— State at least five reasons for cause of knocks..790 221— How would you proceed to remove carbon deposit from cylinder and piston head?.790 222— State procedure in replacing cylinder head. 790 223— When are oversize valve-stems necessary?.791 224— What is a “valve guide reamer” for?.791 225— What is a “valve seat reamer” for?.791 226— Can Ford valves be enlarged?.791 227— What is a “valve refacer” for?.791 228— What are “valve clearance adjusters” for?.791 Ford Pistons and Rings. 229— What are Ford Pistons made of?.792 230— What is the diameter?.792 231— What kind of piston pin is there used?.,.792 232— What diameter of oversize pistons can there be obtained?.-.792 233 — How many rings are there and where are they placed and what are the measurements?.792 234— Are the rings of the “eccentric” type?..792 235— When oversize pistons and rings are fitted moist cylinders be rebored or reamed?.,.792 236— What size is a standard oversize piston for a Ford engine? (foot-note).792 237— What is an “aligning reamer” for?...792 238— How much allowance or clearance is there allowed for crankshaft wear?.. ..792 239— What parts of a Ford car can other reamers be used for?.792 240— If cylinders are over-lubricated, what is the result?.793 241— What are some of the causes of over-lubrication?..793 242— How would you detect a broken piston ring?.793 243— How would you remedy “piston pumping oil”?.793 244— Should “chamfering” of the rings be tried before drilling a piston?.793 245— What is meant by “piston clearance” and how much clearance is there on a Ford piston?. v .793 246— What is meant by “increasing compression” and is it advisable?.793 247— What results from increasing compression?.793 248— What is meant by “running-in” an engine and when is it necessary?.793 249— Are the special wrenches shown on page 795 time-savers?.795 115 Ford Gaskets. 250— State where gaskets are used on a Ford.796 251— State where felt washers are used.796 252— What kind, of a gasket is used between the cylinder and cylinder head?.796 253— Should shellac be used on this gasket? Why not?.796 254— Must cylinder head be kept tight? Why?.796 255— Could asbestos be used for a cylinder head gasket?.796 256— If cylinder head cap screw threads become stripped, what is advisable to do?.796 (Read pages 796. 797, carefully.) Ford Carburetlon. 257— Name the two makes of carburetors used on a Ford.798,160 258— What is the “dash adjustment” for and state its operation?.798,802 259— Briefly state how you would regulate this carburetor adjustment.798 (Read paragraphs on “Starting Engine in Cold Weather”; “To Facilitate Easy Starting”; “Float Level Adjustment of Kingston,” page 798.) (Read carefully the Construction, Principle of Operation and Troubles and Remedies of Carburetor, on page 799.) 260— Is it advisable to heat the “mixture” of a carburetor as it enters the cylinder, as well as the “air” taken into carburetor?.I 60 261— What is a “Pitot tube”?. 800 262— Is this principle applied to the Schebler carburetor on page 800?.800 (Read carefully page 800 and note the principle of a “Plain Tube Carburetor,” as it is a principle now in general use on many cars.) 263— What is the purpose and principle of an• “auxiliary air valve”?....801 (Read page 802 carefully.) Ford Ignition. 264_Make a rough sketch showing the wiring of primary and secondary circuits used on the Ford. 265— How many “coil units” are there and where are they placed?.803 266— Briefly state path of primary circuit. 803 267— Briefly state path of secondary circuit. 803 268— Explain the principle and construction of the commutator.803,805 269— At what speed (relative to crankshaft • speed.) does the commutator roller revolve?. 270— What is the commutator roller attached to?. 805 271— How many contact points are there on the commutator?.805 272— Make a sketch showing how you would connect same with spark plugs.803 273— What parts of commutator are most likely to get out of order?.804 274— How does cold weather affect the commutator?. 804 275— How would you remove commutator?.. 804 276— state some of the commutator troubles.. .. 804 277_How would you detect a short-circuit in the commutator wiring?.804 278—How is the spark advanced or retarded?....•,.‘ 7 ’ 7 .' ‘ 8 ° 5 279_How would you proceed to set the time of spark on a Ford engine ignition , „ .804,316 system?. Ford Magneto. 280— Does the magneto supply current tor Ignition, lights and horn?.805 281— Are the magnets called the “rotating fields’ .. 282— How many magnets are there?. 116 283—Do the magnets revolve in front of the coils, how close or what clear¬ ance? . 805,807 284— What are magnets attached to? (see fig. 86).803 285— How many coils are there?.805 286— Are these coils called the “stationary armature” and why?.805 287— What are these coils attached to?.805 288— How are the coils wound?.....-.805 289— What are ends of coils connected to?.805 290— Is the electric current generated, alternating?..80» (See page 265 for principle of Ford magneto.) 291— What does voltage vary from?....80® 292— How are the magnet poles placed; are like poles (N&N and S&S) together?.80!? 293— State cause of weak magnets.805 294— State indications of weak magnets.806 (Read page 808, “Testing for Grounds”; read pages 806, 807, on “Practical Pointers on the Repair of Ford Magneto.”) (Read pages 807, 808, on “Remagnetizing Ford Magnets”; read “Ignition Troubles” carefully, on page 808; read miscellaneous matter on pages 809 to 825.) AIRPLANE SUPPLEMENT. There are no questions to this instruction but it is advisable for the student to read the subject carefully and take particular notice of the difference between an automobile engine and an airplane engine. Also note the overhead, camshaft drive systems so commonly used on airplane engines and further note the double valve system (dual valves) on page 927, as used on the Pierce Arrow automobile engine. The matter referring to airplane ignition is also of value to the student, espe¬ cially magnetos for airplane engines. LIBERTY ENGINE SUPPLEMENT. There are no questions to this instruction but the student is advised to read it carefully. % t LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CADMIUM TEST OUTFIT FOR A STORAGE BATTERY The condition of a storage battery is usually ascertained by taking a specific gravity reading of the electrolyte, with a hydrometer. A reading of 1,275 or above being usually considered as indicating a fully charged cell. While specific gravity readings with a hydro¬ meter should always be made, yet they should not be relied upon entirely. For instance, a battery which gaveentirely satisfactory hydrometer tests, may show a rapid drop in voltage when in use, yet this con¬ dition could not be foretold by hydrometer read¬ ings alone, because the hydrometer readings would not tell us the condition of either the posi¬ tive or negative plates, and it is their condition which determines amount of energy in battery. We may also take a voltage reading of the entire battery, while current is being drawn from the battery which gave satisfactory hydro¬ meter readings. This would tell us if the plates were not in good condition, but it would not tell us which set of plates was at fault, because the voltage reading includes all positive and negative plates. If we took a voltage reading of one cell, while battery is on charge, you can readily see that the test includes both positive and negative plates. Suppose the battery will not take a full charge, which set of plates is defective? Therefore, to determine the condition of the positive and negative plates separately, we must make a test between each set of plates and some neutral substance. Theoretically, a number of substances could be used for the neutral substance, but for practical reasons Cadmium is used. Cadmium is a metal, it looks like zinc, but is pure because there is no other substance mixed with it. A Cadmium Testing outfit consists of two copper test points, one of which has a stick of Cadmium, about 3 \" long and di., riveted to it, as per fig. 1, and a special reading voltmeter, per fig. 2. You will readily see that the advantage of the Cadmium Testing Outfit will soon pay for itself, as it will enable you to know which set of plates of a battery require cleaning or replacement and you can go right to the source of trouble without having to take entire battery apart. If a battery will not hold its charge, or looses its charge quickly in use, the Cadmium test will tell you instantly where the trouble is. If you propose doing battery repair work, you can turn out better work because you should never let a battery go out of your place unless the hydro¬ meter readings are from 1.275 to 1.300; until the positive-to-Cadmium tests give at least 2.40 volts, and the negatives-to-Cadmium test gives about 0.175 volts. PRICE Complete Outfit, packed in a convenient case with complete instructions in¬ cluding Voltmeter and Cadmium Test Points and Cables, per figs. 1 and 2, $ 25.00 Voltmeter, per fig. 2, only $22.50—Cadmium Leads per fig. 1 , only $3.25. Address A. L. Dyke, Elect. Dept., Granite Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Fig. 1. Test Points and Cadmium Fig. 2. The Special Cadmium Test Voltmeter A COMPLETE ELECTRICAL TESTING OUTFIT Weston Model 280 Gar¬ age Testing Volt-Ammeter. It is complete with full in¬ structions, showing how to make all tests. It will prove of invalu¬ able assistance to employees in any garage. This instrument is extremely accurate and ser¬ viceable, perfectly deadbeat, quick in action, shielded from the disturbing influence of external magnetic fields, ex¬ ceptionally permanent and durable. It has six ranges as fol¬ lows : 30 volts, 3 volts and .1 volt (100 milli-volts); 300 amperes, 30 amperes and 3 amperes. The 30 volt range is use¬ ful for determining the voltage of the starting or lighting system of batteries. The 3 volt range is of service in testing the individual storage batteries. The 100 mslli-volt range may be used to determine the “drop” over seg¬ ments of the commutator of the motor or generator. The3 ampere rangeisofvalueintestingthecurrentrequiredby single lights. The 30 ampere range will denote the current required by a complete light¬ ing circuit or the magnitude of leaks. The 300 ampere range is useful to determine the starting current. The foregoing are merely a few of the tests that may be made with the instrument. A book of instructions is furnished with the instrument showing how to make practically any electrical test on lighting and starting systems. Cautions are also given in order to prevent accidental damage to the instument while making tests, each $32.50. With leather carry-case, provided with sling strap, to contain instrument and shunts, extra $4.40. WESTON VOLT AND AMMETER—Separate These smaller instruments were primarily designed for use on the dash board but some¬ times are mounted on a slanting base for ordin¬ ary test work. For instance, the Ammeter can be used for testing the amount of current flowing to the bat¬ tery from the generator, or the quantity of cur¬ rent consumed by the lights, horn, ignition, etc. • The Voltmeter can be used to test the volt¬ age of the battery, generator, and for other tests. Model 301, Weston direct current Am¬ meter can be secured in either of the following readings on dial, with zero in the center, or to the left, and the ranges can be had for either, 3-0-3, 15-0-15, 30-0-30 amperes. Price $6.90. Model 301, Weston Voltmeter for direct current can be secured with the zero to the left of dial and with either of the readings as follows: 0 to 3, 0 to 15, 0 to 25, 0 to 30 volts. Price $6.90. NOTE: Advise if we can substitute a different reading from what you order providing we do not have meter with reading ordered in stock, or if you will allow sufficient time to secure same from factory. Illustration showing the Weston center zero reading, 30-0-30, Model 301 Ammeter. Address A. L. Dyke, Elect. Dept., Granite Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.