I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I r ■^fVi^^~~~r I ^|iwp. .r....l. lopatigiif ]\fo ^ I UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. | 1^ '%,'^'%,'%.^.'^'%'^'^'^fe'«fe''^^m-^'^«%'%.'%>pj THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER A GUIDE TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN DOMESTIC-ANIMALS / By JAMES LAW LilfrT ''"^'i-"^""'^^' ''•I'"^^^^- of the American PbUc Health Association ; former Prof essor in the A Ibert Vet- eri7mry College, London, and the Nezv Veteri- 7iary Cohege, Edinburgh; Author of Gene7-al and Descriptive A iiat- omy of the Domestic A tiimals, etc. WITH NUMEROUS ILL USTRA TIONS ITHACA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1876 Copyright, 1876, By JAMES LAW. ^^ ^^^ Right of Translation Resen'ed. r PREFACE. This work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy American farmer who can rarely avail of the ad- vice of a scientific veterinarian. The Author is deeply sen- sible of the low estimate placed upon Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in the United States, and of the necessity of educating the public up to a better appreciation of its value. "We have a property in live stock estimated at $1,500,000^000, and rapidly increasing in value, consisting of at least six different genera of mammals, besides birds, and therefore affording an almost unlimited field for the practical exercise of humanity, poHtical economy and scientific research in the pursuit of Veterinary Medicine. In the Old World millions are saved yearly to each of the Western European Nations in the exclusion and extinction of animal plagues, and many instances can be adduced of an intelligent veterinary supervision saving at the rate of $30,000 per annum on a stud of 400 horses. But in the Western Hemisphere, apart from the larger cities, the great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretenders whose barbarous surgery is only equaled by their reckless and destructive drugging. The constantly recurring instances of absolute and painful poisoning, and cruel and injurious vivisections practiced under the name of remedial measures are almost sickening to contemplate. To give the stock owner such informa- iv Preface. tion as will enable liim to dispense with tlie unprofitable and perilous services of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the accomplished veterinarian, is the aim of this book, and this it is confidently hoped it will accomplish for all who will intelligently study its pages. To secure this object and yet to place the book within the reach of all, it was necessary to sacrifice all extended discussion of diseased processes, and questions in pathol- ogy, and therefore the reader who may discover deviations from current opinions is requested to suspend his decision until he has consulted the Author's larger work, in which the reasons for these positions will be given. With this view of still further condensing the work, the doses of medicines for the different animals are rarely given in the text, but one or more agents are named as ap- plicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the list of drugs given at the end to find the amount required for each animal. In doing this he must note particularly for what purpose the agent is given and select the dose ac- cordingly, as the effect of large doses is usually essentially different from that of small ones. Thus common salt given in large doses to cattle is purgative and reducing, while in small ones it is alterative and tonic. Sulphur in large doses is laxative but in small ones alterative, expectorant and diaphoretic. Oil of turpentine in large doses is purgative, diuretic and vermifuge, in small ones stimulant and antispasmodic. Attention must also be given to the age and size of the patient as more fully set forth in the Appendix. Illustrations have been fi-eely introduced to render the text more lucid, and, being selected from those prepared for the Author's larger work, may be implicitly relied on. Preface. v In the list of contagions diseases are inclnded not only tliose that are habitually developed on American soil and those already introduced from abroad, but also such as preyail in Europe, and are liable at any time to be brought into our midst by importation. It is no less imperative that the American farmer should be forewarned of pesti- lences that threaten him from abroad, than of those that beset him at home. For all such affections the principles that should guide us in preventing and extinguishing the disease are concisely but clearly set forth. All the important parasites are introduced and their conditions of hfe and individual metamorphoses in and out of the bodies of domestic animals referred to, as well as the.ir migrations from man to animals and from animals to man wherever such exists. The vast importance of animal parasites is only beginning to be reahzed in con- nection with their frightful ravages in countries (England, Australia, Buenos Ayres, Egypt, Abyssinia, Iceland, India, etc.,) into which they have been introduced or where they have been allowed to increase unchecked, and a concise statement of their forms, habits and results is therefore imperatively necessary for the protection of the stock owner. This subject has accordingly been brought up to the date of present observations, and though short enough for the perusal of the busiest it will furnish a sound basis for the Hmitation and destruction of each of these noxious pests. JAMES LAW, Cornell University. Ithaca, May, 1876. CONTENTS. Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, - - 1 Disinfection, - = - = - 3 Parasites, > . - _ _ 51 Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases, - 63 Diseases of the Eespieatory Organs, - - 72 Heart, - = - 106 Blood-vessels and Lymphatics, 117 Digestwe Organs, - - 125 Liter, - - - 182 ^ — Pancreas and Spleen, - 199 Urinary Organs, - - 201 Gent:rative Organs, - - 218 Mammary Glands (Udder and Teats), 236 Eye, - - - - 240 Nervous System, = - 247 Skest, - - - - 264 Genteral Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles, 293 SPECLy;. Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles, 315 Diseases of the Foot, - - - - 365 Diseased Growths, - _ - . 392 Appendix, Drugs and Doses, - - , 396 Int)ex, ----- 407 TKE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. CHAPTER I. CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. Their importance and classification. Disinfection. Horse-pox. Cow- pox. Sheep-pox, Goat-pox. Swine-pox. Dog-pox. Eird-pox. Aph- thous fever, foot and nioutli disease. Rinderpest, Russian cattle-plague. I.ung-fever of cattle, contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Strangles. Influenza. Typhoid or bilious fever of horses. Distemper of dogs and cats. Malignant (Asiatic) cholera in animals. Intestinal fever in swine, hog-cholera. Texan fever in cattle. Canine madness. Malignant anthrax. Glanders and farcy. Venereal disease of solipeds. Tuberculosis, consumption. These are among the most important of the whole range of diseases of animals, being the most destructive to the animals themselves and in many cases to man, and being at the same time, as a rule, preventible by a rigid adherence to sanitary laws. Of their devastations we have the most appalhng accounts in the records of antiq- uity as well as in recent times. In the time of Moses they ravaged Egypt until, says the record, "all the cattle of Egypt died ;" nor was man spared, for "boils and blains" broke out on man and beast. — Ex. IX. 3. At the siege of Troy the Grecian army was decimated by a similar in- fliction, animals and men perishing in a common destruc- tion, — Iliad. So it has been do^ai through the ages, the great extension of the plagues being usually determined Tlie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. by general wars and the accumulation of cattle drawn from all sources, (infected and sound), into the commis- sariat parks. In the first half of the eighteenth centurj^, it is estimated that 200,000,000 head of cattle perished in Europe in connection with the Austrian wars. These plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian troops and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 cattle in that peninsula. More recently rapid railroad and steamboat traffic and extended commerce have taken the place of war in favoring their diffusion. Free trade between England and the Continent since 1842 has cost the former $450,000,000 in thirty years, and as much as $40,000,000 in 1865-6 during the prevalence of the Kinder- pest. A similar importation cost Egypt 300,000 head of cattle (nearly the whole stock of the country), in 1842, and others have caused ruinous but unestimated losses in Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and South America. On the other hand, some of the most exposed countries of Europe, Norvray, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and Switzerland have long kept clear of these plagues by the simple expedient of excluding all infected animals or their products, and promptly stamping out the disease by the slaughter of the sick, fol- lowed by thorough disinfection, when they have been acci- dentally introduced. Exclusively breeding districts, in Spain, Portugal, Normandy, and the Scottish Highlands, into which no strange cattle are ever imported, also keep clear of nearly all of these destructive pestilences. It is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propa- gated, in Western Europe and America, only by the dis- ease germs produced in countless myriads in the body of a diseased animal and conveyed from that to the healthy. It follows that the destruction of the infected subjects and the thorough disinfection of the carcass, manure, buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment of all the more fatal forms of contagious disease in live stock. For the less fatal forms, the most perfect separation and sechi- Contagious and JEjpizootic Diseases. sion, and tlie thorougli disinfection of all with, wliicli they have come in contact is still imperative. To the first class of exotic maladies belong : Smctll-pox, in sheep and birds ; the lung-fever or contagious pleuro-pneu- monia of cattle; the Binderp)est or cattle-plague ; the ma,- lignant disease of the generative organs in soUpeds ; and ma- lignant cholera in all animals. These demand separation, destruction and disinfection. To the second or less fatal class of exotic maladies belongs : the Aphthous fever ot foot and mouth disease. ■ This demands seclusion and disinfec- tion. Beside these maladies, that are foreign to our soil and which are not to be feared except as the result of impor- tation from abroad and subsequent transmission by conta- gion, there is a very important class which are apparently generated in America and thereafter spread by contagion. Among these may be named : Glanders and farcy, canine madness, contagious foot-rot, tuberculosis, malignant anthrax, Texan-fever, intestinal fever of swine or hog-cholera, influ- enza, strangles, canine distemper, and perhaps the variola or 290X of horse, coiv, goat, pig, and dog. All of these down to intestinal fever of sivine, like foreign contagious affections, demand separation, and disinfection, with destruction or not of the diseased, according to the severity and diffusibihty of the particular malady. The remainder, from influenza onward, are either too mild to warrant such measures, or too easily spread to be satisfactorily controlled by them. It is beyond the purpose of this work to enter into the special legislative enactments necessary to prevent the importation of foreign j^lagues, or the spread of native or imported ones. For this the reader is referred to the author's larger work. A few words on disinfection are, however, indispensable. DISINFECTION. The first and main object in disinfection is to secure perfect cleanlmess. From the buildings, cars, loading- Tlie Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. banks, ships, quays, yards, manure-pits, drains, cess-pools, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., all decaying organic mat- ter should be removed, by scraping, washing, empt^dng, etc., as such decomposing organic matter is the food which sustains and preserves the disease germs out of the body. Even the water and air must be carefully seen to, since in close places they are usually charged with invisible par- ticles of organic matter in a state of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify themselves in a free circulation of air, and ventilation may be largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the deleterious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cess-pools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Pu- rity of the surroundings kills many contagious elements on the principle of starvation. Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely by changing the physical condition of organic mat- ter, without any abstraction from, or addition to its con- stituents. Thus, heating to the boiling point (212° F.), co- agulates albuminous matters and destroys infectious prop- erties generally. But it must be prolonged for a varial:)le time according to the size of the object to allow of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may be heated in an oven to 300° E., or safer, boiled, and even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam di- rected from a hose, upon wood-work, etc., previously well cleaned, is found very effectual. Some poisons, like that of Texas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while others are unaffected. Other disinfectants act by changing the chemical re- lations of organic matter, and hence of contagious princi- ples, by uniting with them to form new compounds, by ab- stracting some of their constituent elements or by adding a new one. Thus the alotropic state of oxycjen called ozone, produced abundantly during thunder-storms, is sup- posed to be one of nature's most potent disinfectants, act- Contagious and T^pizootic Diseases. ing hj hastening tlie oxidation of organic matter. Yet, at times, its excess seems to be without effect as in tlie in- fluenza of horses in 1872. Camphor and many of the odor- ous esseutial oils are supposed to be of some slight use by reason of their developing ozone. Burning is an effectual mode pf disinfecting organic matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure, etc. It may even be used on the au' by moving a plumb- er's charcoal-stove from place to place over the entire in- fected building. It may be equally used over the open- ings of di'ains, or as a lamp in the ventilating outlets of in- fected buildings. , Chlorine, set free from common salt, by adding oil of vitriol and a httle black oxide of manganese, is an excel- lect disinfectant of the air, but can only be used in vaca- ted buildings, and is most effectual in a full light. EucHorine, a compound of chlorine and oxygen, may be obtained by adding, at frequent intervals, a httle chlorate of potassa to a glass of strong muriatic acid. It may be used in occupied buildings. Sulphurous acid is another excellent disinfectant for the air, and can easily be produced in any amount by burning flowers of sulphur on a slip of paper laid on an iron shovel. Like chlorine, it is most efficient in dayhght. In occupied buildings it may be burned carefully pinch by pinch without inconveniencing the stock. Carholic add may also be used in occupied buildings, being allowed to evaporate from shallow basins, alone or mixed with ether or alcohol, from saturated rugs hung up at intervals, or from cloth-lined ventilating inlets, kept saturated with the acid, or, finally, it may be diffused through the air of a building by an atomizer. Carbolic and cresylic acids may also be used for disinfecting solids and liquids, being poured into drains or sprinkled on the floors, walls and other parts of the building. For the lat- ter purpose, the strong acid may be diluted with one hundred times its weight of water. The cheap impure The Fanner^s Veterinary Adviser. acid is usually preferred for dung-heaps, yards and other outside purposes, but is disagreeable indoors. Coal-tar and icood-ta}\ from their contained carbolic acid and allied products, are also good for out-door uses. The folloYv^ing are especially applicable to solids and liquids : Chloride of lime sprinkled on floors, yards, dung-heaps, etc., or applied to walls, wood- work, etc., or poured into drains, as a solution of |lb. to a gallon of water. Chloride of zinc is equally efficient but more expensive, and chloride of aluminium (chorcdum) is somewhat less po- tent. SuljjJiate of iron {copperas) is one of the most efficient and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or in solution. The sulphates of copper and zinc and percMoride of iron are efficient but much more expensive. Saturated solutions of caustic ijotassa and, soda are satis- factory for wood-work, harness and utensils, but they are useless if diluted. Lime is useful in graves by absorbing the water and uniting with the organic debris, but is very unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant. Permanganate of p)otassa promptly changes putrefying organic matter rendering it sweet and wholesome, but it is questionable how far it can destroy living organic germs of which many of the contagious principles are probably composed. The same remarks apply to charcoal, animal and vegetable, and to earth, especially that containing a considerable proportion of clay or marl. HORSE-POX. This is probably identical with cow-pox, being indis- tinguishable when inoculated on men or cattle. It most frequently attacks the limbs, but may affect the face or other parts of the body. There is usually some little fever which, however, passes unnoticed by the owner. Contagious and JS]}izootic Diseases. 7 Then swelling, lieat and tenderness supervene commonly in a heel, and firm nodules form, increasing to one-thii^d or one-half an inch in diameter, the hair bristles up, and the skin reddens rmless j)reviously colored. On the ninth to the t^'elfth day, a limpid fluid oozes from the surface and agglutinates the hairs in yellowish scabs, on the re- moval of which a red, raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In three or four days the secre- tion ceases, the scabs dry up and the parts heal sponta- neously. It is easily transmitted from horse to horse, to man or to the cow. No treatment is required. COW-POX. This is the same disease appearing in the cow. There is a prehminary shght fever, usually overlooked, succeeded by some diminution and increased coagulabihty of the milk and the appearance of the pox on the udder and teats. The udder is hot and tender for a day or two, then little pale-red nodules, about as big as peas appear, growing to three-fourths to one inch in breadth by the eighth or tenth d.ay, acquiring liquid contents, and often a central depression on the summit. The liquid in each pock is contained in several distinct sacs and cannot be all extracted without a succession of punctures on differ- ent parts. The liquid, at first clear, changes to yellowish white (pus) 'and soon dries up, the whole forming a hard crust which is gradually detached. On the teats the blis- ters are early ruptured and raw sores form, often proving very obstinate, and even leading to inflammation of the udder, abortion, or death. Treatment is scarcely ever demanded further than to obviate sores on the teats. A mild laxative of Epsom salts is, however, usually desirable. The teats may be smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce each of spermaceti and almond oil and half a drachm of myrrh. Milking tubes may be necessary to avoid injury by di*aw- ing the teats. The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. In many localities the disease appears to all newly- calved lieifers on particular farms, in which case it would be well to purify the barns by a thorough disinfection. SHEEP-POX. Though unknown in America, there is no improbability of this disease reaching us, through importations of sheep, hides or wool. Like small-pox of man, it is only known as a contagious disease. The incubation or latent period of the poison after it enters the system, is from three to six days in summer, and from ten to twelve in winter. Then there is loss of appetite, dullness, dropping behind the flock, and stiffness of the hind parts. This is followed by trembling, increased temperature, very mani- fest on the bare and delicate parts of the sldn on which the eruption usually takes place, loss of appetite and rumination, costiveness, red, weeping eyes, a discharge from the nose, and the appearance of red patches inside the limbs and along the abdomen. Soon minute red points appear and increase to papules with a firm base, extending into the deeper parts of the skin. These are flat on the summit, (rarely pointed or indented), and be- come pale or clear in the centre, from the effusion of liq- uid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption, the fever moderates, but in- creases again in three or four days with the development and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain indi- vidually distinct (discrete) in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive patches (conflu- ent) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks Avill even appear on the digestive or respiratory mucous mem- brane. The eruption passes through the same course of exudation, suppuration, drying and dropping off as in cow-pox. The duration of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortahty in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of Contagions and JUpizootic Diseases. 9 lambs bj abortion, of wool, sight, bearing, lioofs, digits, flesh, and general vigor often render recoveries anything but unmixed blessings. Treatment. — Keep in cool, dry, well-aired and littered sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or, if very weak, oat and bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to each sheep. Common salt may be supphed to be licked, and the drinking water may be sKghtly acidulated with vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of milk-warm soapsuds, or 3oz. sulphate of soda if necessary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious gruels, even animal broths. The pustules may be treated with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, v/ith v/eak solutions of chloride of zinc. Prevention. — Nothing short of general infection will justify the treatment of this disease. It should be ex- cluded from our country by the most stringent supervision over the importation of sheep and their products, and when it does appear should be promptly stamped out by the destruction and disinfection of the sick and the pu- rification of all with which they have come in contact. Inoculation as a measure of prevention is unwarrantable except in the case of wide-spread infection, a contingency which ought never to arise in this country. This is a rare and mild affection with an eruption on the udder and teats closely resembling that of Coiv~pox. It has been thought to be spontaneous in the goat but is known to be derived from sheep suffering from Slieeji-'pox. It follows a mild course and requires the same care as Coio- pox. Seclusion or destruction and disinfection, are, how- ever, imperative when danger is likely to arise for sheep. SWINE-POX. This is more frequent than Goat-Pox. It is communica- 10 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. l)le to man and goat. Yoimg pigs are thought to be most li- able. The eruption appears inside the forearm and thighs and is usually preceded by considerable fever. It is discrete or confluent like SheejJ-pox and the severity corresponds. The duration of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treat men t is similar to that of Sheep-pox and the same precautions should be taken to prevent its dissemination. DOG-POX. These animals sometimes contract Small-pox or Sheep-ijox and have been supposed to have their own specific form besides. The young sufi^er most frequently and severely. There is the usual preliminary fever with an eruption on the sides and belly, passing from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finally drjdng up into crusts which drop ofi. The eruption may be discrete or confluent, the latter being very fatal. Similar preventive measures are demanded as in the other forms oi pox. Birds seem susceptible to different forms of variola, hav- ing contracted the disease from man in some cases, and in others conveyed it to the sheep. Chickens failed to con- tract Coiv-pox in the experiments of Roll and myself. It has proved very fatal in chickens, but very slightly so in pigeons, turkeys and geese. The eruption appears mainly on the head, under the wing, on the tongue, or in the pharynx. In fatal cases death ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the malady by destroying the diseased and disinfecting the place. APHTHOUS FE^^R. — FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven-footed ani- nals and communicable to other warm-blooded animals, including even man. Its special feature is the eruption ^f blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats and on the Contagious and J^inzootic Diseases. 11 feet. It is only known as communicated by contagion, wliether in western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, where it was introduced in 1839-42, or in North and South America, which it reached in 1870 by imported stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in the track of gi-eat armies and in the channels of commerce. The contagion does not readily spread on the air, a riyer or common road being often sufficient to limit it, but no poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or through the medium of human beings, tame or wild ani- mals, fodder, htter, manure, clothing, drinking-troughs, etc., etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sources of con- tagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing the most dangerous intestinal mitation and diarrhoea. Symptoms. — The poison may remain latent in the sys- tem for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, perhaps as many as six. Then there is roughness of the coat or shivering, increased temperature, dry muzzle, hot red mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, inclination to he, and shrinking from the hand in milking. The sec- ond or thu'd day blisters arise, on any part of the whole interior of the mouth one-half to one inch in breadth, or on the teats and between the digits about one-half inch across. Sahva drivels from the mouth, collecting in fi'oth around the lips, and a loud smacking is made with the hps and tongue. S"«^ne champ the javfs. Sheep and s^dne suffer more especially in the feet, often losing the hoofs or even the digital bones, a contingency not unknown in neglected cattle. Among the consequences may be named the loss of milk, inflamed udders, blind teats, a habit of vicious kick- ing, abortions, permanent lameness, and a lengthened in- capacity for the dairy, for feeding or work. If well cared for, the disease passes in fifteen days, leaving no ill conse- quences, excepting the poison liidden away in the building. The average loss in flesh is |5 to $10 ; in dairy cows, it is much more. 12 The Fanner''s Veterinary Adviser. Treatment. — A laxative (Epsom salts) ; astringent moutli-wasli (Borax and tincture of mja-rh, 1 oz. each ; water 1 qt., or carbolic acid 1 dr., lioney 2 oz., vinegar 1 pt., water 1 pt.) ; a lotion for the teats (carbolic acid -J dr., glycerine 10 oz.) ; and a dressing for the feet (oil of vitriol 1 oz., water 4 oz., to be applied with a feather after clean- ing the space between the hoofs by drawing a cloth through it). After dressing, tie up the feet in a tar band- age. The hind feet are easily di^essed if two men raise each separately with a long stout fork handle passed in front of the hock. In dressing the feet, all detached horn should be removed and a poultice applied if inflam- mation runs high. Soft cold mashes or thinly sliced or pulped roots are the best food throughout. Prevention. — Importation of diseased animals should be sufficiently guarded against. Diseased stock should be rigidly secluded from all but the necessary attendants who ought to be disinfected on leaving the enclosure. Wild ani- mals, even birds, should be excluded. Every place where the diseased have been, should be closed for a w^inter or disinfected, the milk should be buried in a safe place, or boiled and given to pigs, manure, infected litter, etc., may be burned, or disinfected, removed and plowed under by horses. No diseased animal should be moved until fifteen da^'S after full recovery, and it should first be sponged over with a carbolic acid wash. EUSSLiN CATTLE PLAGUE. KINDEKPEST. A contagious fever of cattle commmiicable to other rumi- nants and characterized by a general congestion of the mucous membranes, but, above all, those of the stomach and intestmes, and an excessive growth and shedding of the superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous mem- branes. It is only propagated by contagion, at least, out of the Kirghiz Steppes and Kherson district in Southern Kussia, but spreads further on the air than Aphtltom Fever. Symptoms. Incubation lasts about two clays until the Contagious and JEpizootic Diseases. 13 temperature of the body is elevated, or four days until the appearance of outward signs of illness. By this time the mouth, inside the lips, on the dental pad of the upper jaw or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows minute white elevations, hke the aphtha of the mouths of children, calves and lambs suffering from thrush (muguet). This may be exceedingly slight and transient but is most characteristic. The other mucous membranes, {qjq, vulva, rectum, nose,) show a more or less dark flush, and concre- tions may appear around these and on other parts of the skin, especially the teats. These are solid aggregations of epithehal ceEs, not vesicles nor pustules. In twenty- four hours they undergo fatty softening and are easily de- tached, leaving small pink erosions, and by the sixth day a great part of the mouth and muzzle may have become raw, and the surrounding mucous membrane of a deep red. About the fourth day, the skin feels greasy, and dullness, and impaired appetite and rumination appear. In cows the milk is diminished, richer in cream, and even slightly coagulable. Urine becomes scanty and of a high color and density. These sigHB increase until the sixth day, when the mouth is often raw, saliva drivels, appetite and rumination are gone, bowels relaxed, the dung passed with much straining and pain, the everted gut appearing of a deep red or port-mne hue, the ears are drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed and watery, back arched and often insensible to pinching, abdominal muscles tense and resistant, and there is a peculiar check in the act of expiration, the breath being suddenly ar- rested v/ith a flapping sound and concussion of the entire body, to be exhaled a second or two later with a grunting noise. Sighing and v/histling sounds are heard in the chest and it becomes unnaturally drum-like to percussion. A sudden lov/ering of temperature is usually the precur- sor of death, which happens on the seventh or eighth day. Nervous symptoms appear in some outbreaks, with de- lirium, butting, shivering, and tenderness of the loins, 2 14 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. while in the milder cases the peculiar eruption may be almost altogether confined to the skin. The symptoms in other ruminants are essentially the same as in the ox, and in the peccary there is sufficient resemblance for recognition. The mortahty out of its native habitat usually amounts to forty per cent, and upward. Treatment. The treatment of this plague should be legally prohibited under all circumstances. All the at- tempts of the different schools of medicine and of em- piricism have only increased its ravages, while nations and even countries and districts that have vigorously stamped it out and excluded it have saved their property. Prevention. The advent of this plague should be pre- vented by a sufficient supervision of our ports and fi'on- tiers and a quarantine of stock. If admitted, the victims should be ruthlessly destroyed, deeply buried, and all places and things with which they have come in contact disinfected in the most perfect manner. THE LUNG-FEVER OF CATTLE. CONTAGIOUS PLEUEO-PNEU- MONL\.. A specific contagious fever of cattle, with extensive ex- udations into the chest and lungs. Like the other plagues ah'eady noticed, this is only known in Europe and America as a contagious disease. Its importation into the different countries of Europe has always been traceable to the introduction of diseased beasts or their products. The assertion of the immortal Haller, more than a century ago, that it is propagated by contagion, has received the amplest confirmation in recent times. It invaded Ireland in 1839-40 by Dutch cattle, England in 1842 by Irish and Dutch cattle, Sweden and Denmark in 1847 by Enghsh stock, and later again by Enghsh and Dutch, Norway in 1860 by infected Ayrshires, Oldenburg in 1858, and Schleswig in 1859, in each case by Ayrshires, the Cape of Good Hope in 1854, Australia Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 15 ill 1858 hj an Englisli cow, Brooklyn, L. I., in 1843 by a Dutch cow, and again in 1850 by an English one, New Jersey in 1847 by EngKsh stock, and Boston, Mass., by Dutch cattle in 1859. In Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, SchlesAvig, Massachusetts and New Jersey, it was stamped out, in the last case by the importer, Mr. Richardson, sacrificing his whole herd and voluntarily as- suming the loss, but in the other places named it was left to itself and spread disastrously. Symptoms. The period of latency of the poison in the system is from four to six weeks, and in excej)tional cases perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. In- creased temperature of the body usually appears a week or two before other symptoms. Then there is a shght congh, erection of hair along the back, sometimes shiver- ing and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high- colored, milk diminished, appetite impaired, rumination iiTegular, nose alternately moist and dry, and legs and horns cold and hot. If in the field, the sick leave the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth and painfulness, and all the symptons are aggTavated until the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. From the earhest stages the ear applied to the sides of the chest detects an absence of murmur over particular parts of the lung, or lungs, with a hne of crepitation (fine crackhng) around it, and occasionally rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On percussion over the si- lent parts the natural resonance is found to have given place to dullness, and the animal winces and groans. Other peculiar sounds may follow later, into which we cannot en- ter here, and exhausting liqrdd discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tympanies and abortions are frequent results. Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs are involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. 16 Tlie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more susceptible animals have perished it may be reduced much lower. Treatment. This disease is much more amenable to treatment than Rinderpest, but to preserve the sick is no less reprehensible, as the poison is more subtle, more dif- fusible through the atmosphere, is hidden unsuspected for a greater length of time in the body of its victim, and when manifested is far more hable to be mistaken for other diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis). No treatment should ever be allowed, except in perfectly secluded build- ings, far from roads, where no strange men or animals can get access, and in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. In the early stages, refrigerant and diuretic salts (hquor of the acetate of ammonia, nitre, bisulphite of soda) with aconite may be given ; injections of warm water or mild laxatives (Epsom salts) used to regulate the bowels, and blisters apphed to the sides of the chest (mustard and oil of turpentine). Later, when prostration sets in, stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, wine, aromatic ammonia, etc.) and tonics (gentian, cinchona, cascarilla, boneset, sulphate of iron, or copper, mineral acids, etc.) are called for. Anti- septics are useful, especially such as can be inhaled in the air (sulphur fumes, carbolic acid vapor or spraj^) and thus reach the seat of disease. The hydropathic treatment, by a rug wrung out of water applied next the skin and covered by several dry ones kept closely applied by elastic surcingles for an hour and follow^ed by a cold douche and active rubbing till dry, has proved very successful, but demands intelligence, enthusiasm and activity on the part of the attendants. The pack is repeated as often as the temperature rises. Prevention. Importation should only be allowed from countries free from the plague, in ships that have carried no suspected stock for at least three months, and after inspection and, if thought necessary, quarantine, at the port of entry. But the disease abeady exists in New Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 1 7 York, (Coimecticnt,) New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Yirginia and District of Colnmbia. This ought to be rooted out by measures executed by the central goy- ernment and defrayed out of the public treasury. Little good must be looked for from isolated action by States, counties, townships, or indiyidual owners ; the danger threatens the entire country, and for the general safety ail must pay. It is absurd to expect the unfortunate possessor of sick animals to beggar himseK for the public good. There should be destruction of the sick, partial remunera- tion of the owners, thorough disinfection under professional supervision, and the most perfect control and constant in- spection of all suspected herds and places until the malady has been eradicated from the land. This is the most in- sidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most urgently presses for active interference, and which, if neg- lected, will bring a terrible retribution in the future. Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is suicidal unless where a country is very generally infected. STEANGLES. DISTEMPEE IN YOUNG HOESES. A specific fever of .young solipeds usually a^ttended with swellings and formations of matter between the bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands. Causes. Early age, change from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting w^ork, the irritation of teething, and, above all, change of locality and cHmate. Eepeated attacks will occur in the same horse under the influence of the last named cause. Exposure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a com- mon cause, and, in some cases, the malady may even be conveyed to man. 8ym2'}toms. The disease is often preceded by a period of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dullness and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the nasal membrane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes, 2^ 18 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser, slavering, accelerated breathing and pulse, costiYeness, scanty liigli-coiored urine, and increased thirst. Soon a swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, hot, tender and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first hard with soft, doughy margins, later soft and fluctuatuig in the centre from the formation of matter. Water is often re- turned from the nose in diinking and food dropped after chewing. The throat may even be closed so as to make breathing laborious, difficult and noisy or quite impossible. With rupture of the abscess and escape of the matter, rehef is obtained and a steady recovery may msually be counted on. Irregular Forms. The swelling may harden in place of softening, and maintain the disease for an indefinite time,, or it may disappear and be followed by the formation of matter in other and more vital organs. Thus matter may form in the groups of lymphatic glands about the shoul- der, groin, the roots of the lungs, the mesentery, the brain, etc. Sometimes no swelling nor suppuration takes place beyond the discharge from the nose while at others a pustular eruption on the skin is the manifestation of the disease. The disease may be over in ten days, or, in cases of in- dolent action in the swelling, it may be protracted for months. If properly treated, the regular form generally does well, but the irregular is fatal in proportion to the vitahty of the organ affected. In protracted cases and in those subjected to impure air and weakening treatment, dropsical and sanguineous swellings in the dependent parts of the body (jrdvjnira hcemorrJiagicaJ is a frequent result. Treatment. Sustain the strength of the patient by abundance of soft, nourishing mashes and pure air, and promote the formation of matter between the jaws by fo- mentations, poultices, and steaming of the nostrils. A poultice may be applied by a square of calico with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of the face and sewed up a little at the chin to prevent any fi'om Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 19 dropping out. Bran or oil meal may be used along Y\^itli hot water. Steaming may be done by feeding liot bran mashes from a nose bag hung on the head. When matter points it should be freely evacuated with the lancet, and the poultices continued to complete the softening. If suf- focation is threatened, the windpipe must be opened in the middle of the neck and a tube inserted to breathe through. Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be counteracted by warm water injections, and weakness by stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics (gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be treated according to their nature. INFLUENZA. A specific epizootic fever of a low type associated with inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, or less frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervals over different parts of the world in man, horses, dogs and even cats. Causes. Nothing can be definitely stated as to the pri- mary cause of its development, as all pecuhar conditions of soil, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity, serial moisture or drjmess, density or levity, season, tempera- ture, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone fail to account for its appearance. The great American epizootic of 1872 was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by an excess of ozone, but the excess did not determine its appearance in other States, which it invaded by a gradual progress and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity of com- munication. Again insular and sequestrated places es- caped, as Prince Edvrard's Island, (frozen out), Vancou- ver's Island, (quarantined), Key West, Hayti, St. Do- mingo, Jamaica, La Paz, by the non-importation of horses (Cuba suffered through imported American horses). It stopped at Panama, where there is no horse traffic ow- ing to the state of the country. (See the author's report to Government, and report of New York Board of Health). 20 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Sy^nj^tGms. The disease comes on suddenly T\dtli ex- treme weakness and stupor. There is often pendent head, half-closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-colored, pulse accelerated and weak (sometimes hard), a cough, deep, painful and racking comes on, crep- itation or harsh blowing sounds are heard m the chest, and the membrane of the nose assumes a bright pink or dull leaden hue. The ears and limbs are alternately cold and hot, the hair rough, the skin tender and frequently trembling. Soon the nose discharges a white, yellowish, or greenish matter, and the animal may recover, or an increasingly heavy breathing, depth and painfulness of cough, and changed or absent respiratory sounds in the chest, with dullness on percussion shovv^ that the lungs are seriously involved. Thus there may be the symptoms of pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, hydrothorax, pericarditis, hydroperi- cardium, etc. Clots sometimes form in the heart, modify- ing the heart sounds and proving rapidly fatal. In other cases the abdominal organs suffer, and with great torpor, stupor, tension and tenderness of the abdom- inal walls there are colicky pains, ardent thirst, coated tongue, 3 ellowness of the membranes of nose and eyes, yellow or reddish urine, costive bowels and dung in pellets thickly coated with mucus. Sometimes rheumatic swelHng and tenderness take place in the muscles and joints of the hmbs, and may even last for months. At others, paralysis or delirium will ensue, or, finally, severe inflammation of the eyes. Treatment. Overcome costiveness by injections of warm water, or by one-third the usual doses of linseed oil or aloos. Give mild febrifuge diuretics (liquor of acetate of ammonia, spirit of nitrous ether,) with anodynes (extract of belladonna), and when fever subsides or gi-eat prostra- tion comes on, stimulants (nitrous ether, aromatic am- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 21 monia, carbonate of ammonia,) and even tonics, (gentian cakimba, quassia). Counter-irritants (ammonia and oil, equal parts, mus- tard, etc.,) may be used from the first to tlie throat, sides, or abdomen according to the seat of the inflammation. Soft mashes, roots, or green food, pure air, without draughts, and warm clothing are essentials of treatment throughout. If the abdominal orgoMS are the main seat of disease, supplement the medicines above named by demulcents (slippery elm, mallow, boiled linseed,) and anodynes (opium, hydrocyanic acid,) with, in some cases, a gentle laxative (ohve oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet cloths to the head, bhsters to the sides of the neck, purga- tives, unless contra-indicated, and bromide of potassium. The rheumatic complication must be treated like ordinary rheumatism, with colchicum, propylamine, acetate of po- tassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, etc. TYPHOID, GASTKIC OE BILIOUS FEVEE. This strongly resembles the abdominal form of influenza and sometimes occurs in the same place at the same time. It also appears independently in horses weakened by shedding their coats in spring and autumn, in those kept in a hot, close, impure and unwholesome atmosphere, fed insufficiently or on badly-preserved, musty or otherwise injured aliment, supplied v,dth water containing an excess of decomposing organic matter, fed uTegularly, subjected to overwork, etc. Finally it proves contagious in confined insalubrious buildings, and, to a less extent, in those that are wholesome and weU aired. Some unknown generally acting influence makes it more virulent at one season than another. Sijmptoms. There are a few days of dullness and lassi- tude followed by the general signs of fever : — Staring coat, shivering, alternate heat and coldness of the surface, rest- lessness, hot dry mouth, and elevation of the internal tern- 22 The Farmer's Veteri7iarij Adviser. perature of the body. There is a yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, costiveness, colicky pains, full, tense, tender belly, passage of a few dark, hard pellets of dung covered with a mucous film, urine scanty, reddish and de- positing a sediment, pulse rapid and Aveak, and there may or may not be sore-throat, excited breathing and discharge from the nose. In the more favorable cases, signs of improvement are noticeable in eight or nine days, and a perfect recovery is made. In the unfavorable, the pulse becomes small, weak and rapid (eighty to ninety per min- ute), the mouth hotter, more clammy and covered by yel- lowish, brownish, or greenish blotches, the abdominal walls more tender, the bowels more irritable, sometimes with a foetid diarrhoea, and the strength is rapidly ex- hausted. The head is constantly pendent, the eye sunken, the expression of the countenance stupid and . haggard, and the stupor or insensibility may become so great that pinching or even pricking of the skin may pass unnoticed by the animal. Death usually takes place fi'om the tenth to the twentieth day. Treatment. English veterinarians rely much on calo- mel, and with a firm full pulse, not too rapid, a general w^armth of surface and extremities, a bright eye, cheerful countenance, whitish foetid dung, and much yellowness of the eye, nose, or mouth, a few doses of calomel (10 grs.) and opium (30 grs.), repeated tv>dce daily, may be useful in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a weak, rapid pulse and great prostration and debihty, and in no case should it be given over two or three days, or until the system is saturated with the di*ug. Severe cos- tiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a drachm of calomel, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ozs. of Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and copious injections of warm v>"ater must be continued to maintain the bowels in a healthy state. K drachm each of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of am- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases . 23 nionia may be given three or four times daily with the water drunk, or in case of gi'eat dnUness and debility an ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuiic ether, sweet spirits of nitre, or carbonate of ammonia may be given as w^ell. Great tenderness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomentations, and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half drachm doses of opium. Tj-mpany is treated by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of pep- permint. During recovery 3 or 4 ozs. of tincture of gen- tian or cinchona may be given twice daily with muriate of iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes, shced roots, boiled oats or barley, green grass, oil-cake, etc., giving from the hand if necessary. Secujre pure air and water, cleanhness, warm clothing and general comfort until restored to health. CAKINE DISTEMPEE. A specific fever of the young domestic carnivora, affect- ing the respiratory organs, and it may be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the skin. One attack usually protects from a second. Causes. Connected, hke strangles, with domestication, it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on spiced food, or confijied in- kennels. Change of chmate, teething, and contagion are other causes. Symptoms. Dullness, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry nose, watery eyes, elevated temperature, increased pulse (110 to 120), sensitiveness to cold, shivering, cough and glairy or yellowish discharge from the nose. The cough becomes paroxysmal and often followed by vomiting, the matter not being Kcked up again, the breathing is dis- turbed, and the chest sounds on auscultation and percus- sion imply disease there. The animal is weak, debil- itated and emaciated, and diarrhoea, ulceration of the mouth, and nervous symptoms usually precede death. The comphcations are marked by symptoms of bronchi- tis, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, phre- 24 Tlie Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. nitis and skin-disease. Diseases of the brain (cramps, convulsions, chorea, paralysis,) and skin-eruption are ex- ceedingly common in the advanced stages. The eruption is peculiar, consisting of small blisters, containing often a reddish or purple fluid. Treatment. A warm, comfortable bed, pure air, and a milk, or bread and milk diet are important. The diet should not be so exclusive in dogs having had animal food only. A mild emetic, (antimonial wine), or a slight laxative, (castor oil), may be followed by tonics, (gentian, quinia,) febrifuges, (saltpeter), and expectorants, (ipecacuanha), with perhaps an anodjTie, (belladonna). As fever subsides, tonics must be given freely (wine, quinia, sulphate of iron, Fowler's solution). In all the various comphcations treat as for the different diseases, but avoid weakening reme- dies, and keep up tonics, stimulants, and a rich diet. MALIGNANT CHOLERA. ASL^TIC CHOLERA. This attacks the domestic quadrupeds and birds simul- taneously with man, and has been produced experiment- ally by feeding the dried bowel discharges. These were found to increase in virulence from the first to the third day, and to decrease to the fifth day, after which they were harmless, (Sanderson). Symptoms. Muscular cramps, great prostration, partial loss of motor power and excitability, great lowering of the body temperature (80^ F.), deathly-cold bloodless ex- tremities, viscid tardily -flowing blood, and lastly, violent abdominal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having the specific rice-ivater appearance. Treatment. The disease is mainty important as propa- gating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the most perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imper- ative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick and dead. As an example of current treatment may be named, aromatics, (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juni- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 25 per, tincture of cinnamon,) stimulants, (ether), and acids, (sulpliuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhoea. To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fo- mentations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle; to sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks, (linseed tea, mallow, slippery elm,) and to meet other states according to indications. Every separate case would demand special treatment. In birds, change of the yard, and sulphate of iron and carbolic acid in the water are especially reliable to check. INTESTINAL FE^^EE IN SWINE. HOG-CHOLEKA. A specific contagious fever of swine, attended by con- gestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid foetid diarrhoea, by general heat and redness of the surface and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery. Symptoms. Incubation ranges from a week or fortnight in cold weather to three days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding under the litter, unwilKngness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, in- creased temperature (103.2° to 105° F.) and pulse. "With the occurrence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suf- fused with red patches and black spots, the former disap- pearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breathing ac- celerated and a hard dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting may be present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the bowels may be cos- tive throughout but more commonly they become re- laxed about the third day and an exhausting foetid diar- rhoea ensues. Lymph and blood may pass with the dung. 3 26 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Before death the patient loses control of the hind limbs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, with muscular trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels. Causes. It is mainly propagated by contagion, though faults in diet and management may serve to develop it. The poison will blow half a mile or more on the wind, and is with difficulty destroyed in hog-pens, fodder, etc. Treatment ought not to be permissible, unless in a con- stantly disinfected atmosphere. Feed, well-boiled gruel of barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, corn- starch made with boiling water ; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a mild laxative (castor oil, rhu- barb,) and injections of warm water, following up with fever medicine (nitrate of potassa and bisulphite of soda). If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of ulceration of the bowels (bloody dung, tender belly,) give oil of turpentine fiiteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up with tonics, and careful soft feeding. Prevention. Kill and bury the diseased ; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in contact with ; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all suspicious subjects with the thermometer in the rectum, and sepa- rate from the herd if it shows more than 103^ F., destroy- ing as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown. Feed vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphite of soda, carbolic acid, or sulphate of iron to the healthy, and avoid all suspected food, places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in quarantine under separate attendants until their health has been proved. TEXAN fe\t:r. A specific fever, rising in the low, malarious grounds of the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and commu- nicable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and Contagious and JEpiaootic Diseases. 27 other States in a more fatal form. It is cliaracterized by enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues and with the urine, causing bloody discharges from the kidneys, yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, great prostration and debility. Symptoms. There seems to be an incubation of four or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103° to 107°) and followed in five to seven days by dullness, languor, drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, arched back, hind legs advanced under the belly and bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscular trembling about the flanks, jerking of the neck muscles, heat of horns, ears and general surface (limbs cold — in exceptional cases) and impaired appetite and rumination. Soon weak- ness compels lying down, by choice in water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine changes to a deep red or black and coagulates on boiling. The mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown, that of the rectum seen in passing dung is of a dark red, as in Rinderpest. All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness be- comes extreme, and the patient dies in a state of stupor, or sometimes in convulsions. The disease usually passes unnoticed in the Texan cat- tle, but is exceedingly fatal in northern beasts. Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, and roads, pastures, water-courses, etc., become effi- cient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by frost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against another. Prevention. It should be enforced by United States law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north excepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the last frosts of 28 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, spring. Then would tlie traffic be safe for all the North. The time would vary for the diJfferent States, but the ear- lier or later traffic for the extreme north should be by di- rect route without intermediate unloading. A general re- striction of this sort, with the expense levied on all the States, would be more economical and satisfactory than a supervision by each State of its own frontier. Treatment should never be called for. It may, however, be resorted to with less danger than in the case of a true plague. In some cases emollient drinks and enemas, soft food, and stimulating fever medecines have been followed by recovery. Chlorate of potassa, nitre, iodide of potassi- um, and carbohc acid have evidently been of advantage. AVet-sheet packing, as for Lung-fever, should be beneficial, and refrigerant or stimulating diuretics (digitalis, nitre, or nitrous ether,) according to the indications of the partic- ular case. Peculiarities in different cases would demand a variation of treatment. The diet throughout should be of soft mashes, and a return to ordinary fibrous aliment made slowly and carefully, as being liable to cut off by gastro-entritis. CANINE IHADNESS. EABIES. (hYDROPHOBLA.). A specific disease supposed to arise spontaneously in the genus canis (dog, wolf, fox,) and in the cat, but transmis- sible by inoculation to all the domestic animals and to man. It is marked by disorders of intellectual, emotion- al, and nervous functions, altered habits, irritable temper, optical delusions, spasms of the muscles of the eyeballs and throat, paralysis, and more or less fever. Caitses. Inoculation by bite is the usual (almost inva- riable) cause, yet cases manifestly arise spontaneously in most countries. Season, climate, abuse, privation of wa- ter, improper food, muzzHng, etc., have no effect further than they serve to produce a febrile state and hasten the development of the disease when the seeds are already implanted in the system. A constantly increasing mass Contagious and JEpizootic Diseases. 29 of testimony points to the conclusion that the restraint of an ungoYernable sexual desire is one cause of the genera- tion of the malady, and it is even supposed that the ma- ternal instinct has had a similar effect after the puppies have been remoyed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no doubt, from their special hability to natural exciting causes, but mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a male than a female. The poison is resident in the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora, and men is equally -vdrulent with that of carnivora, though in all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage of the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid dog nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This apparent immunity is largely due to the cleaning of the teeth on the dress before they reach the skin. Incuhation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the bite ; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) ; in cattle twenty to thirty days ; sheep twenty to seventy- four days ; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending over years being manifestly instai3.ces of disease resulting from fear, a common occurrence in the human being. Symptoms. In the Dog. Any sudden change of habits, or instincts — dullness, restlessness, watchfulness, tenden- cy to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, constant desire to smell or hck the anus or generative or- gans of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or Hcking of a scar, the seat of the bite, liabihty to sudden passion and attempts to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low and muffled, and there is one loud howl followed by three 3^ 30 The Fanner's Veterinary Adviser. or four more successively diminishing in force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear unusually fond of their owners and fatally inoculate them by licking their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and snap as if at flies. Barking without object, a constant searching, or tearing of wood, etc., to pieces, a seeking of darkness and seclu- sion and a disposition to resent disturbance, or a pilgrim- age of several days' absence from home are among the most common precursors of the disease. Furious Rabies. Following some of the above symptoms there is a redness and fixed glare in the eyes, squinting, rolling of the eyes after fancied objects, more frequent howling, and increasing irritability with a tendency to worry all animals that come in their way, the respect for, and immunity of former friends being lost in the violence of a paroxysm. The victim can no longer rest, but under- takes long journeys at a slouching trot, ready to fly at all that cross his path, especially if they make any noise or outcry. He may die during one of these journeys, or re- turn dirty, careworn and sullen, ^dth the rabid glare in his eye and ready to resent any inteference. Each parox- ysm of violence or wandering is followed by a period of depression and torpor proportionate to the preceding ex- citement, during which dark and seclusion are preferred, though any disturbance will arouse to violence. From the fourth to the eighth day paralysis sets in, first in the hind limbs then in the jaw and the whole body, the certain pre- cursor of approaching death. Paralytic Rabies. In this case paralysis with dropping of the lower jaw is shoTVTi at the outset, and gradually ex- tends to the whole body. The animal cannot bite, eat, nor drink, rarely barks, and dies early. Lethargic (Tranquil) Rabies. Palsy of the jaw is less marked, but there is complete apathj^, the patient remaining curled up in one position, and is not to be roused by any effort. He becomes daily more emaciated and dies in ten to fifteen days. Contagious and JEpizootic Diseases. 31 In addition to tliese typical forms there are others hold- ing an intermediate place. The furious form is especially common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less domesticated varieties, the paral;y4;ic and tranquil in the house and pet dogs. Popular Fallacies. I name these because of the evil re- sults of entertaining them. 1. Mad dogs have no fear of water (hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim rivers, plunge their noses in water or lap their urine with- out hesitation. 2. Ajjpetite is not lost, only depraved, and the stomach after death is found to contain an endless va- riety of improper objects. 3. There is rarely froth at the mouth, though sahva may run from it when the jaw is par- alyzed. 4. The tail is not carried hetiueen the legs but is rather held erect during a paroxysm. Foxes and luolves have symptoms like those of the dog, the animals losing their natural shyness or fear, and at- tacking man and beast indiscriminately. Cats attack with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter hoarse loud cries as in heat. The horse bites, kicks, neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies paralyzed. The mischievous propensity disting\iishes from delirium. The ox is restless, excitable, everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loudly and as if in terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual appetite, stamp, butt, and bleat hoarsely. They die para- lytic. Sivine are excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to pieces, gape, yawn, become weak and die paralytic. Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable. Treatment. This can only be warranted in the lower animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, and then with extreme precautions and in iron cages. Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and antispas- modics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.,) would 32 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. promise the best results. The boasted curative agents have all broken down when tried on well-marked cases in the lower animals, in which diseases of the imagination are not to be looked for. • Prevention. Wlien bitten, at once check the flow of blood from the part, in the limb by a handkerchief or cord with a piece of wood through it twisted tightly around the member a httle higher than the wound, — in other parts by sucking, or by cutting open the wound to its depth and squeezing or wringing as if milking to keep up a free flow of blood, soaking it meanwhile in warm water if available. Drinking liquids to excess will also retard absorption. But as soon as caustics can be had apply them thoroughly to all parts of the wound, making sure that its deepest recesses are reached. The compres- sion by handkerchief or fingers should not be relaxed until this operation is completed. A hot skewer, nail or poker, serves admii^ably, and if at a white heat is less painful. But oil of vitriol, spirit of salt, nitric acid, caus- tic potassa or soda, butter of antimony, chloride of zinc, nitrate of silver, blue stone, copperas, indeed any caustic at hand should be at once employed. The wound should be thoroughly cauterized, though some time has elapsed since the bite, as absorption does not always take place at once. All dogs should be registered, taxed, and furnished with a collar bearing their own and their owner's names and that of their residence. During the existence of rabies in a country all dogs found at large unmuzzled should be de- stroyed. Suspected dogs should be shut up under super- vision for three months unless rabies is developed earlier. Dogs that have bitten human beings should be similarly shut up for a week to test the existence of the disease or otherwise. :malignant anthrax. A constitutional disorder, arising in rich, damp lo- I Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 33 calities, in herbivora, swine and birds, and communica- ble by inoculation to other animals and to man. It sliows itseK by many different forms, all characterized by extreme changes in the chemical and vital properties of the blood, breaking do^ni of the blood-globules, extrava- sations of blood or albuminous fluids in different parts of the body, with a tendency to gangrene, yellow or brown mucous membranes, enlargement or even rupture of the spleen (milt), and a very high mortahty. Causes. It is propagated by contagion but tends to die out when produced in this way only. It is transmitted by contact with the blood, hquid exudations, portions of the diseased carcass, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles, feathers, and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all through the atmosphere. Simple contact of these matters with the healthy skin of a susceptible subject is enough to produce the disease. The virus is most potent when received from an animal still hving or only recently dead, and yet may be preserved for months in all conditions of climate, tem- perature and humidity. Eating of the flesh of animals killed while suffering in this way has often conveyed the disease in spite the cook- ing to which it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of the inhabitants of St. Domingo once perished in six weeks from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned a few years ago in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The Tartars perish in great numbers from eating their anthrax horses. Mos- quitoes and other insects with perforating apparatus to the mouth probably help to communicate it as nearly all cases in man occur on exposed parts of the body. Its development in a locality is determined : 1. By the rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the im- pervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. The fre- quent inundations of banks of rivers flowing through level countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes leaving much organic deposit in their basins. 3. A continuation of warm, dry weather which favors organic emanations from 34 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. such places as the above. 4. A condition of the sys- tem of the animal predisposing to the reception and growth of the poison, and consisting in the loading of the blood with plastic or waste organic matter, as in over- fed plethoric animals, in those making flesh most rapidly, in the young and rapidly growing, in those rendered un- healthy by overwork, impure air, unsuitable food or water. 5. Sudden chills when the poison is already pres- ent ; hence, extreme variations in the temperature of night and day. 6. A close, still atmosphere. General characters. In the typical cases the blood is black, tarry and incoagulable, and in all it shows broken- up globules, and microscopic rod-like bodies and clear, re- frangent spherules (bacteria) such as appear in jDutrefying liquids. The spleen, lymphatic glands and liver are en- larged, the mucous membranes of the stomach and intes- tines are usually reddened, thickened, and softened, and any other part of the body may be the seat of bloody or albuminous effusion with a tendency to death, decomposi- tion, the extrication of gases in the tissues and a crackling sound when handled. When it commences in one point on the surface (mahgnant pustule) there is first an un- healthy eruption of minute blisters which burst, dry up and become gangrenous, while new blisters appear around as the unhealthy action spreads. Divisions. The malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling, or without such appear- ances. To the first class belong the carbuncular erysip- elas of sheep and swine, mahgnant sore-throat of hogs, gloss-anthrax or black-tongue, black-quarter or bloody murrain, the boil plague of Siberia, and the malignant pus- tule of man. To the second belong all those forms of the disease in which there are the specific changes in the blood, with engorgement of the spleen, blood-staining and exu- dations into internal organs, only. Contagious and JEpizootic Diseases. 35 3Ialignant Anthrax ivith External Lesions. (A) In Hoeses. — (1) Siberian Boil Plague. This is un- questionably an anthrax disease, and though named from Siberia is not unknown in other lands. A slight shiver- ing and fever are followed by a swelling on the udder, sheath, breast, throat, or elsewdiere, which rapidly in- creases sometimes to the size of an infant's head. At first soft, it hardens, assuming a yellow, bacon-hke appearance, with red streaks and spots. The animals die in twelve or twenty- four hours, rarely surviving three days. The blood is in the state so characteristic of anthrax, with bacteria, enlarged spleen and sanguineous effusions. In cattle similar tumors appear, mainly on the throat, neck, or dewlap, in slieep and goats on the bare surfaces and in pigs around the throat. In all cases the disease, when conveyed to man, produces the hlue-pox (malignant pustule). At the outset all cases prove fatal, later recoveries occur under the local use of cold water, or the hot iron or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumor, and mineral acids internally. (2) Malignant Anthrax ivith Diffused Local Swellings. Typhus. This is usually confounded with the ijurpura hcem- orrhagica, which is in no sense a contagious affection, but occurs in v/eak conditions of the body, as a sequel of de- bihtating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.) Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distin- guish the two diseases according to their origin, commu- nicability and prevalence. Symptoms. Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appe- tite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated j)ulse and breathing, costiveness with shmy dung or scouring, high-colored, odorous or bloody urine, swellings the size of a walnut or closed fist on different parts of the body, or a continuous swelling beneath the chest and belly, or extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot and tender, and easily indented Tsdth the finger, but soon become hard, the skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a 36 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, diink, urinate, or breathe ac- cording to situation. The mucous membranes become swelled, puffy, dusky or yellow, with red spots and streaks, and a viscid, bloody and finally foetid discharge flows from the nose. Breathing may become labored and quick in connection with exudations into the chest, or violent colics may supervene from eflusions in the abdomen. With inter- nal effusions death ensues in forty-eight hours, with exter- nal only, the effects may last for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings may suddenly disappear to reappear elsewhere, they may subside permanently in connection with free action of the bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and scars. (B) In the Ox. — (1) Black Tongue, Also in the Horse. This is manifested by the eruption of bhsters, red, purple or black, on the tongue, palate and cheeks, increasing in- dividually often to the size of a hen's egg, bursting, dis- charging an ichorous irritating fluid, and forming un- healthy sores with more or less tumefaction. There is a bloody discharge from the mouth, active fever sets in and death ensues in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. (2) Black- Quarter. Bloody 3Iurrain. This is malig- nant anthrax, with extensive engorgement of a shoul- der, quarter, neck, breast or side. It is most frequent in young and rapidly thriving stock, attacking first the finest of the herd or those thriving most rapidly, and runs its course so quickly that its victims are usually found dead in the field as the first indication of anything amiss. li seen during life there are the general symptoms of pleth- ora, fever, with halting on one limb, stiffness, and excessive tenderness of some parts of the skin, to be promptly fol- lowed by swelling of such parts, with yellow or bloody oozing from the surface, and crackling when pressed These swellings become firm, tense, insensible and even cold, and if the subject survives may finally slough open Contagious and JEpuootic Diseases. 37 and leave large, unsightly and inactive sores. Becoveries are tlie exception and too often slow and tedious. (C) In Sheep. Carhuncular Erysipelas. This strongly resembles black-quarter of cattle. Like that it attacks the finest of the flock and the bodies of its victims are found dead in the field. There is first halting on a Hmb, then a red or violet swelling beginning inside the leg and rapidly extending over the body. The feehng, appearance and course of the swelling agree with those of hlack-quarter and death occurs in a few hours, or in exceptional cases in two days. (D) In Swine. These suffer from Anthrax of the Mouth, comparable to hlack-tongue, carhuncular erysipelas, like that of the sheeip, joharyngeal anthrax and tumors about the throat, which sometimes at least have the anthrax characters. (1) The Carhimcular Erysipelas has been constantly con- founded in systematic veterinary works with intestinal fe- ver but is a distinct disease, being derivable fi'om other anthrax patients and communicable to other genera of an- imals and to man, whereas hog-cholera is absolutely con- fined to swine. (2) Malignant Sore-throat. Pharyngeal Anthrax. This is perhaps the most frequent form of the disease in swine, often appearing to arise from eating the carcasses or excretions of other anthrax animals. There is active fever with redness and swelling of the throat, neck, breast and even the fore limbs. This is at first hard, elastic, warm and tender, but becomes purple, cool, insensible and pits on pressure. There is loss of appetite, retching, vom- iting, purple patches and black spots on the eyes, snout and skin, diflicult breathiag through the mouth, livid tongue, decreasiQg temperature, great weakness and death in. one or two days. (3) In the guttural tumors the swelling is cii'cumscribed to the size of a kidney-bean or egg, on one or both sides of the throat, extending to involve the throat generally, causing vomiting, difficult breathing and swallowing, the 4 38 The Fanner'' s Veterinary Adviser. general symptoms of anthrax, and death from suffocation often under twenty-four hours. It attacks pigs of five or six months. (E) Dogs and Cats. These suffer when they have eaten the carcasses of anthrax victims. The disease usually lo- calizes itself in the mouth, throat and digestive organs, giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with high fe- ver and often death. (F) Birds — Suffer from the primary disease and more frequently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. In addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear mainly on the comb, beak and feet. (G) Man. Malignant Pustule. There is itchiness of the affected part, with a minute red spot, increasing in twelve or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, bursting and drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six hours. Next day a new crop of vesicles suiTound the seat of the first and pass through the same course to be succeeded by an- other and still wider ring. The whole is surrounded by a puffy, shining swelling, the central dry part passes through the shades of red, blue, brown and black, becomes gan- grenous and insensible and in case of recovery is sloughed off. At fii'st the disease is quite local, but as it advances a violent fever sets in, which too often proves fatal. 31alignant Anthrax ivithout External Swellings. Apoplectic Form. In all animals there is a form in which the victim is cut off after a few minutes' illness with or without discharge of blood from the natural openings of the body and before time has been allowed for any of those changes in the blood and internal organs which characterize the disease. These are often to be distin- guished from apoplectic seizures and sunstroke only by their occurrence simultaneously with other forms of an- thrax and in the same places. Anthrax Fever in Horses. Vigorous health is replaced by dullness, muscular weakness, stupor, hanging on the Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 39 halter, leaning on tlie side of the stall, if at work unsteady movement, colicky pains, lying down and rising, turning the head towards the flank. The hair is dry and erect, the hide tense, and may even cre]Ditate on handling; it trembles or sweats about the ears, elbows or thighs. The eyes and nose assume a yellow or reddish or brownish- yellow tinge, with oftentimes dark red or black spots. The pulse is weak, the heart's impulse behind the left elbow strong, breathing labored or quick and catching. A frothy, bloody fluid may appear at the nose. The bowels are costive, the dung covered with mucus, or loose with streaks of blood. The rectum, everted, is of a dark red and puify. Great weakness comes on and the patient dies in convulsions or during the subsequent calm. Death usually occurs in twelve to twenty-four houi's. Anthrax Fever in Oxen. S^^lenic Apoplexy. The patient ceases feeding and ruminating or does so irregularly, trembles, has partial sweats, staring coat, varying heat of the body, arched back, quarters rested on the stall or fence, or Hes with the head turned to the flank. A high temperature (105^ to 107°) precedes the outward symp- toms by hoiu's or days. The eye is sunken, dull, watery with the shades of brown and yellow, and dark spots, re- marked in the horse ; breathing hurried, heart's action violent, pulse weak, loins and back tender or even crepi- tating, urine bloody, bloody liquids escape from nose, anus or eyes, and the dung is streaked with blood. As the disease advances the temperature of the body decreases and the patient dies in convulsions or quietude, or makes a rapid recovery. The fatal result usually takes place in from twelve to twenty -four hours. Anthrax Fever in Sheep. Blood- Striking. Braxy. Is very promptly fatal, the dead and ah^eady foetid carcasses being usually found in the morning tnough the flock was appar- ently well at night. The black, tarry blood brightening very slowly on exposure, the enlarged spleen and mesenteric glands, the red, i^uffy, softened membrane of the bowels and 40 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. the bloody and gelatinous exudations show the true nature of the disease. When seen during life there are signs of plethora, fever, red eyes, costiveness, bloody, mucous dung, bloody urine, colicky pains, unsteady gait, breath- lessness when driven, flattened fleece, deep-sunken eyes, stupor, convulsions and speedy death. Many cases of so- called braxy are not communicable to other animals, hence not genuine anthrax. Antltrax Fever in Swine. There are dullness, thirst, in- appetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, drooping tail, deep, dull brownish-red eyes, hurried breathing, small pulse, violent heart's action, and tense, tender abdomen. Nervous tremors, twitching or cramps come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed and some- times bloody dung. Dark or black spots appear on the skin and mucous membranes, as in hog -cholera, and if the animal survives, these are sloughed off, often leaving sores. If swelling appears externally it is often a herald of im- provement. Anthrax Fever in Birds. There is inappetence, ruffling of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders, foetid diarrhoea, drooping, trailing wings, tenderness to the touch, muscular wealaiess, unsteady Avalk, inability to perch, hvid or black comb and wattles. Sometimes the feathers drop off and swellings appear about the head, throat or feet. Treatment of Malignant Anthrax, This is unsatisfactory owing to the rapidly fatal action of the poison. The first cases usually die, the later ones may often be treated with fair success. General Treatment. In very plethoric subjects bleeding may prove beneficial at the outset, but in advanced stages, in poor and weak subjects, and in those with feeble con- stitutions, like sheep, it is to be strongly condemned. Act on the bowels, kidneys and skin to eliminate the poison (sulphates of soda, or magnesia, acetate, nitrate, or tar- Contagious and Epizootic Diseases. 41 trate of potassa, common salt, oil of turpentine). Sponge with cold water and rub actively till dry. Eub with cam- phorated spirit or oil of turpentine. Give tonics (quinia, salacin, etc.,) antiseptics (mineral acids, nitro-muriatic acid, tincture of the muriate of iron, chlorate of potassa, carbohc acid, bisulphite of soda, tincture of iodine, iodide of potassium, bichromate of potassa). In the Genesee out- break of 1875, I had admirable results from the use of nitro-muriatic acid sixty drops, bichromate of potassa three grs., and chlorate of potassa two drachms, twice daily by the mouth, and two or three drachms of a saturated solution of sulphate of quinia, iodide of potassium and bi- sulphite of soda injected at equal intervals beneath the skin. Of fifty very sick oxen only four died. In the advanced and weak conditions stimulants (alco- hol, turpentine, ether, valerian, angelica, camphor, etc.,) are useful. Local Treatment. This is very successful with inocu- lated forms of the disease, (malignant pustule, boil-plague, gloss-anthrax, malignant sore-throat) if employed before the poison has passed into the system and produced fever. For these, free cauterization and especially with the anti- septic caustics (crystallized carbolic acid, the mineral acids, chloride of zinc, chloride of iron, sulphate of iron or cop- per) is successful. But the whole diseased tissue must be reached, and in the case of the tongue the blisters must be first laid open and the agent applied in small quantity with a brush, or more freely in a diluted condition. In some external cases the hot iron is used with advantage. Such treatment may still be applied to circumscribed tumors ac- companied by the fever, being followed by poultices to en- courage suppuration. For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold water, vinegar, etc.,) weak antiseptic lotions, and, above all, in- jections with a hypodermic sj^inge of antiseptics (diluted tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid — 1-100, etc.) The hypodermic treatment is equally apphcable to the circum- 4^- 42 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. scribed tumors, but we must saturate their whole sub- stance, otherwise absorption of the poison will lead to gen- eral disorder. Prevention. 1. Drain the soil thoroughly. 2. When a soil cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on other pastures rather than graze them. 3. Remove the stock from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as summer heat and dryness of the soil favor malarious emanations, (late summer and autumn). 4. Shelter the stock at night and secure the shade of trees or sheds during the day, when, after a hot, dry season, there comes an extreme difference between the day and night temperature. 5. Secure abundance of pure water, avoiding such as is stag- nant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good thriving condi- tion, and avoid sudden accessions of plethora. Artificial feeding in dry times is often necessary to secure this, or in case of an over-luxuriant pasture, seclusion in a barn- yard for four or five hours a day. Sheep may be shut up on moonlight nights, to prevent feeding, in dangerous localities. 7. Overwork, exhaustion, close-aired build- ings, ill-health, or whatever tends to load the blood with waste matter should be avoided. 8. Exposed animals may have a little nitro-muriatic, sulphuric or carbohc acid daily in the water or food. 9. Diseased animals must be separated from the healthy. 10. Carcasses, secre- tions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased animals should be deeply buried or otherwise perfectly destroyed. Build- ings, yards, sheds, etc., occupied by the diseased should be thoroughly disinfected. Pastures should be aban- doned for that season, and gi-aves fenced safely from tres- pass for two years. • 11. None but the attendants should approach the diseased. 12. Before handling, cauterize all raw sores on hands or face with lunar caustic and wash the hands in a weak solution of carbolic acid both before and after. 13. Shut up all dogs, cats and pigeons. 14. Never allow the flesh or milk to pass into consumption. Contagious and JEpi^ootic Diseases. 43 GLANDEKS AND FAKCY. A specific febrile disorder originating in solipeds, and transmissible bj contagion or inoculation to dogs, goats, sheep and men. Glanders is characterized by a peculiar deposit with ulceration, on the membrane of the nose, and in the lungs, etc., and farcy by deposits of the same material and ulcerations of the lymphatics of the skin. Each has its acute and chronic form. The acute form usually results from inoculation, or in weak and worn-out systems. Besides the common cause — contagion, over- work, exhausting diseases, and impure air are especially injurious. Symptoms of Acute Glanders. Languor, dry, staring coat, red, weeping eyes, impaired appetite, accelerated pulse and breathing, yellowish-red or purple streaks or patches in the nose, watery nasal discharge, with some- times painful dropsical swelhngs of the limbs or joints. Soon the nasal flow becomes yellow and sticky, causing . the hairs and skin of the nostrils to adhere together, and upon the mucous membrane appear yellow elevations with red spots, passing on into erosions and deep ulcers of irregular form and varied color and with little or no tendency to heal. The lymphatic glands inside the lower jaw where the pulse is felt, become enlarged, hard and nodular, like a mass of peas or beans, and are occasion- ally firmly adherent to the skin, the tongue, or the jaw- bone. The lymphatics on the face often rise as firm cords. An occasional cough is heard and auscultation detects crepitation or wheezing in the chest. The ulcers increase in number and depth, often invading the gristle or even the bone, the glands also enlarge but remain hard and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, foetid and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accomplish suf- focation, and the animal perishes in the gi-eatest distress. Symptoms of Chronic Glanders. This is characterized by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, varying extremely in size and number, often indeed situ- 44 Tlie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ated too high to be seen ; by the same viscid discliarge, but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form ; by the same hard, comparatively insensible nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone ; and a cough, which, however, is much more rare. Excepting at the very out- set, the animal usually appears to be in the best of health, with the ap23arently insignificant drawback of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he con- taminates a number of horses or even men. The case is easily recognized unless where the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to inoculate a useless animal to decide as to the nature of the malady. It usually proves fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days. Symptoms of Acute Farcy. The premonitory symp- toms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout cords, painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part affected. It is usually seen to follow the line of the veins on the inner side of the hind or fore limb, but may appear on any part. The cording usually extends from the feet toward the body, and is most likely to be confounded with lym- phangitis in which the swelling begins high up in the groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming complicated A\dth glanders before death. Symptoms of Chronic Farcy. This may follow the acute form or come on insidiously. First there is some swelling of a fetlock, usually a hind one, and a round, hard, nut-like mass may be felt which gradually softens, bursts and dis- charges the characteristic serous or glairy matter. The lymphatics leading up from it meanwhile become corded, and farcy-buds appear along their course. Or the round, J Contagious and JEpizootic Diseases. 45 pea-like buds appear first on tlie inner side of the hock, or on some other part of the body, soften, burst and dis- charge before any cording of the IjTuphatics can be felt. By-and-by, dropsical sweUings appear in the limbs and elsewhere, at first soft and removable by exercise, later, hard and permanent. Sometimes the farcy-buds fail to soften but remain hard and indolent for months. Glanders in the dog is a comparatively mild affection, but as deadly if it is conveyed back to the horse or to man. Glanders in man presents the same general symp- toms as in the horse, and need not be further described. Treatment of Glanders. The acute disease is fatal. The chronic form occasionally appears to recover, though more commonly the symptoms are covered up to reappear whenever the animal is put to hard work. The treatment of glanders in all its forms and of acute farcy with open sores should be legally prohibited because of the danger to man as well as animals. For glanders the most successful agents have been ar- seniate of strychnia (5 grs.), bisulphite of soda (2 drs.), biniodide of copper (1 dr.), cantharides (5 grs.) with veg- etable tonics, sulphate of copper (6 drs. in mucilage), sul- phate of iron (4 drs.), chloride of barium, copaiva, cubebs, etc. Pure air and rich food are perhaps even more important. To the nose may be applied sulphur fumes, fumes of burning tar, carbohc acid solution in spray, etc. The enlarged glands may be treated with as- tringent solutions, and later with iodine injections, or may even be excised with the knife. Treatment of Chronic Farcy. Active local inflammation may demand purgatives (aloes), diuretics (iodide of potas- sium) with warm fomentations or astringent lotions, exer- cise and a soft non-stimulating diet. In the absence of such indication use the tonics advised for glanders, choos- ing m the order named. The corded lymphatics and un- broken farcy-buds may be blistered or rubbed with iodine or mercurial ointment. The raw sores should be treated 46 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, corrosive sublimate, cbloride of zinc, or even the hot iron). Use iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the swelling, and feed liberally. Prevention. 1. Destroy all gland ered horses, and all with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected ani- mals should be secluded under veterinary supervision un- til they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with which the diseased has come in contact should be thor- oughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far as possible from exhausting work, chronic wearing-out affections and above all impure and rebreathed air. VENEEEAL DISEASE OF SOLIPEDS. This is a curious disease of unknoTSTi origin, existing in Arabia, North Africa and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resemblance in many points to Syphilis, and pro- pagated by copulation. I name it here because of the probability of its importation with European or Arabian horses. Symptoms. From one to ten days after copulation, or in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irri- tation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external organs of generation, (in stallions the penis may shrink) followed by unhealthy ulcers which appear in successive crops, of- ten with considerable interval. In mares these are near the clitoris, which is frequently erected, with switching and rubbing of the tail ; in horses on the penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturb- ance and the patients recover in a time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local swelling increases by intermittent steps. The vulva is the Contagious and Epkootic Diseases. 47 seat of a deep violet congestion and extensive ulceration, pustules appear on tlie perineum, tail and between the thighs, the lips of the vulva are parted, exposing the irreg- ular, nodular, puckered, ulcerated and lardaceous-looking mucous membrane, abortion ensues, with emaciation, lame- ness, paralysis and death after a wretched existence of five months to two years. In horses swelling of the sheath may be the only symptom for a year, then there may follow dark spots of extravasated blood, or swellings of the penis, the testicles may swell, a dropsical engorgement extends forward beneath the abdomen and chest, the lymphatic glands in different parts of the body may sw^ell, pustules and ulcers appear on the skin, the eyes and nose run, a weakness and vacillating movement of the hind limbs gi-adually increases to paralysis, and in a period varying from three months to three years death puts an end to the suffering. It is needless to speak of treatment. Should this dis- ease ever reach America it ought to be stamped out at once as its insidious nature would enable it to spread to the great destruction of stock. TUBEKCULOSIS. CONSUMPTION. PEsIKG. This is a hereditary constitutional affection, character- ized by a specific deposit of cells, large and small, in a special network, but without blood-vessels. It is situated by preference in the groups of lymphatic glands, or in the microscopic gland-hke tissue of the different organs, and may be seen in all stages from the simple redness and con- gestion in which the deposit is only commencing, through the solid gra^dsh tubercle to the soft yellowish, cheese-like mass resulting from the softening of the latter. There are also the open cavities (vomiccej resulting from their rup- ture and the discharge of the tuberculous matter, and chalky masses from the deposit of earthy salts within them. They may be no larger individually than a millet- seed (mihary tuberculosis), or in the chest of cattle one 48 The Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser. may measure a foot long and five or six inches in thickness. They are most common in cattle, especially heavy milkers, with long legs, narrow chest, attenuated neck and ear;- and horns set near together. Sheep and swine with corresponding conformation are next in order of liability, while horses, dogs and fowls are comparatively exempt. Oft-repeated experiment has shown that tubercle is com- municable to healthy animals by inoculation, or by eating the raw, diseased product, and that it is superinduced in any predisposed individual by setting up a local inflamma- tion. It has also been transmitted by the warm, fi'esh milk, but probably only when the disease has invaded the mammary glands ; in many experiments, including those conducted by the author, the milk has j)roved harmless. Close, badly-aired buildings (as town cow-sheds) are among the most prolific causes of the disease, as are also changes to a colder climate, to a cold, exposed locahty, or from a dry to a low, damp, undrained region. Finally, any cause which tends to wear out the general health tends to tuber- culosis in a predisposed subject. Tubercles may be developed in any part of the body as the lungs, their serous covering, the membrane supporting the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the throat, the spleen, the hver, the pancreas, the ovaries, the kidneys, the bones, especially the ends of long bones, and in rare cases, the muscles and connective tissue. Syynptoms vary according to the seat of the deposit, yet there is a constitutional condition common to all, and the lungs are almost always involved in the later stages, giving rise to a great similarity of symptoms. The disease may be acute but is usually chronic. The onset is insidious and easily overlooked, tubercles being often found in ani- mals killed m prime condition, and I have seen them in parturition fever, which is always attributed to plethora. There is some dullness, loss of vivacity, tenderness of the withers, back and loins, and of the walls of the chest, oc- casional dryness of the nose, heat of the horns and ears, Contagions and JEinzootic Diseases. 49 want of pliancy in the skin, sliglitly increased tempera- ture (102°), weak, accelerated pulse, mawkisli breatli, stiff- ness of the limbs, wandering perhaps from one to another, slight, infrequent, dry cough, and blue, watery milk, often abundant but with cheesy matter, fat and sugar decreased and soda and potassa in excess. The lymphatic glands about the throat are often manifestly enlarged. Swellings of the joints may appear, or a murmur harsher than natu- ral may be heard over the lower end of the windpipe or in the chest. With deposits in the abdomen and especially in or near the ovaries of cows the desire for the male is often constant (hidlers) though conception and the completion of gestation are usually impossible. Working oxen are easily overdone and become visibly emaciated from day to day. As the disease advances the ej^es sink in their sockets and lose all animation, the skin is hidebound, harsh, dry and scurfy, the hair dull, dry and erect, the membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth of a pale, yellow, bloodless aspect, though often streaked with pink vessels, a whitish discharge often takes place from the nose, and with it an increased repulsiveness and often distinct foetor of the breath ; if the bov/els are involved scouring is common, and if the bones, swelling and lameness increase. Exhaustion with profuse perspiration and labored breath- ing occur on the slightest exertion, the appetite fails, tym- pany follows each meal, and the milk is at once poorer and lessened in quantity. The cough increases, becomes ratthng, the discharge profuse, foetid, mixed with cheesy- like or chalky particles, crepitating, wheezing, gurgling and other abnormal noises are heard in the chest, and percussion shows dullness in particular parts with winc- ing. All of the symptoms become steadily aggravated and the animal usually perishes from the difficulty of re- spiration or the profuse foetid diarrhoea. In cases affect- ing the bones, the patient may be unable to stand and the bony prominences may make their way through the skin or even crumble under the pressure thrown upon 5 50 Tlie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, them. If the tubercle is deposited in liver, pancreas or kidneys, there are symptoms of disease of these respec- tive organs. Recoveries sometimes ensue in connection with healing of vomicae or calcification of the tubercles in strong sub- jects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a fatal issue. Treatment. This is unsatisfactory as being rarely suc- cessful and even then in preserving an animal which is dangerous as a breeder for producing a progeny predis- posed to this disease, and for slaughter and dairy pur- poses as possibly conveying the malady to man. The most promising course is to secure dry, pure air, sunshine, a genial temperature, rich and easily digestible food, containing abundance of fat, (linseed, corn, beans, peas, potatoes,) a course of tonics, (linseed or cod-liver oil in small doses, sulphate of iron, hypophosphite of ii-on, quinia, gentian, etc.,) and antiseptics, (fumes of burning sulphur, bisulphite of soda, sulpho-carbolate of iron, etc.) Prevention. This would include drainage, shelter of pastures by trees, avoidance of changes to cold or damp locahties, a warm, sunny location for farm buildings, suit- able feeding and watering, the prevention and cure of all debilitating, and especially chronic diseases, protection a-gaiiist overwork, or excessive secretion of milk on a stimulating but insufficiently nutritious diet, securing joung, undeveloped animals against breeding and milking at the same time, rejection of tuberculous subjects from breeding, the prompt removal of all such animals from pastures or buildings used for the healthy, and the thor- ough disinfection of all places where they have been kept. The flesh and milk of tuberculous animals are always to be viewed with susplGioii, but this poison, like others, can be destroyed by the most thorough cooking. CHAPTER II. PAEASITES. Parasites— their numbers. Tapeworms. Taenia Coenurus. Coenurus Cer- ebralis and their effects, Staggers, Turnsick, Gid, Sturdy, Water-brain in calves and lambs. Teenia Echinococcus, Echinococcus Veterinorum (Honi- inis), Echinococcus disease. Taenia Solium. Cysticercus Cellulosa, Para- sitic measles in swine. Taenia Mediocanellata, Cysticercus Mediocanellata, Parasitic Measles in cattle. Taenia Expansa, tapeworm in sheep and cattle. Lard Worm, Kidney Worm of hogs. Eustrongylus Gigas, Kidney Worm. Trichina Spiralis, Trichinosis. PAEASITES. The domestic animals harbor no less than two hundred species of parasites which will be found treated in the au- thor's larger work, but the limits of the present book will restrict us to a few of the more injurious. For conyenience of reference most of these are noticed in connection with the organs (skin, bowels, liver, air-passages,) which they infest, and here we will only name such as having a more general diffusion through the body cannot well be referred to any one organ. TAPE-WOEMS. These are flat-bodied worms made up of small segments joined end to end, and when full grown varying in length from one inch to one hundred feet. The narrow end ter- minates in a small globular head furnished vdth circular sucking discs, and a proboscis usually encircled by one or more rows of booklets. From the other end the ripe seg- ments are continually detached and expelled from the body, and may be recognized as Httle, white, flattened, 52 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. oblong objects progressing over soil and vegetables by a worm-like movement, and depositing an endless number of microscopic eggs with which they are literally filled. Some tape-worms are estimated to lay as many as 25,000,- 000 eggs. Taken with the food or water into the body of a suitable host these eggs open and set free an ovoid six- hooked embryo, which bores its way through the tissues until it reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural habitat of its species in the young or larval state and there encysts itseK. It may survive indefinitely or even die in this situation or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous ani- mal it may develop in its bowels into a mature tape-worm and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately nearly all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into the body of a suitable animal in which they can develop into the cystic form, or this peril escaped, because the first animal host is not devoured by the right species of animal in which the young cystic Avorm can grow into its mature tape-worm form. But from the enormous fecundity of these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that there may bo scarcely any limit to their increase when the different ani- mals which form their hosts in the cystic and mature con- dition abound together in the same locality. STAGGERS. TURN-SICK. GID. STURDY. WATER-BRAIN IN LAIVIBS AND CALATilS. The Tcenia Ccenurus of the bowels of the dog, a tape- worm of one to three feet long, has its cystic form — Coenu- rus Cerebralls — in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and cattle, giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in character according to the exact site of the cyst. Symptoms. Great nervousness and fear mthout appar- ent cause, or dullness, stupor and aberration of the senses, and disorderly muscular movements. The sheep is found apart from the flock with red eyes, dilated pupils, blindness and unsteady gait, but with a tendency to move restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it neglects to Parasites. 53 eat or drink and wastes daily. But, if well-fed and ex- citement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns to that side, moving in a circle and making a beaten track. The limbs on the oj)posite side of the body act in a disorderly manner, being partially paralyzed. If there is one on each side of the brain, the sheep will turn to one side or the other, according to the relative activity of the para- sites at any given moment. When the cyst is directly in the median line, the sheep elevates its nose and advances in a straight line until stopped by some obstruction. "When located in the back part of the brain, (cerebellum), Kg. 1. Fig. I — Coenurus Cerebralis. Showing the sac with its many heads (re- duced). Also a single head magnified. the host hfts its limbs in a jerking, uncertain manner, sets them down in a hesitating way, stumbles perjDetually, falls and struggles for some time ineffectually in its efforts to rise. If situated in the spinal cord, difficult breathing and paralysis are marked symptoms. The disorders are often extreme at first, and afterv»^ards undergo a temporary im- provement, the remissions and aggravations being j^roba- bly due to the varying activity of the parasite at different periods. Simple tumors, maintaining a steadily increasing pressure rarely give rise to such intermittent symptoms. The coenurus mostly affects sheep under two years old 5- 54 Tlie Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. and those that are out of condition. Yet the finest ani- mals, kept for show, will sometimes suffer. So it is in cattle, the young, weak and ill-thriven are the most ex- posed, but all may suffer. For the same reason, poor, damp and exposed localities suffer more than the rich, dry and sheltered. Prevention. Destroy the dogs, or, if they must be kept, deny them sheep's heads until cooked. Examine them at frequent intervals and expel all tape-worms by vermifuges, (oil of turpentine, male-fern, kousso, areca nut, etc.) Keep the young sheep at all times in good, thriving con- dition. Drain all w^et pastures, shelter exposed ones. Treatment. In rare cases, spontaneous recovery may follow rupture of the cyst in connection with a blow on the head or a fall. Hogg passed a long knitting wire through the nose into the brain, and Youatt advises a small trocar for the same purpose. But the cyst is more easily punctured and extracted through the upper part of the skull. In advanced cases, the internal pressure of the cyst has sometimes caused absorption of the bones and the formation of a soft spot on the upper part of the skull. This should be laid open with a shai-p lancet or penknife, just enough to introduce a trocar and cannula one-eighth inch in diameter, through which the liquid may escape slowly. The animal may be turned on its back to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that no struggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied, a membrane will be found projecting through it, and should be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and from its inner surface will be found projecting one hundred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, each representing the head of a tape-worm and being ca- pable of development into the mature parasite if swal- lowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a week. Parasites. 55 If the bones are not softened the point to be perforated must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep turns to one side, open a httle in front of the correspond- ing ear and abont haK an inch from the median hne of the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straight forward without much terror or disorderly movement, open at the same level but in the median line. If there is awk- ward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry and stumbling, open in the median line further back. A flap of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large enough to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter (in an emergency a gimlet will do) with which the bone is to be perforated. After this the cannula and trochar is used as above advised. If more than one cyst should be present the operation may requhe repetition, and with care recoveries often ensue. EOHINOCOCCUS DISEASE. The Toenia Echinococcus, a tapeworm of the dog, not ex- risj. 2. Fig. 2 — Taenia Echinococcus magnified (Cobbold). Fig. 3. Fig. 3 — Portion of cyst and heads of Echinococcus. ceeding one inch in length, Hves in its cystic form as 66 The Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser, Eddnococcus (E. Ilominis, E, VeferinoriimJ, in the most varied internal organs of men and animals. As tlie cjstio form of this parasite has the power of increasing its num- bers almost indefimtely, and growing into enormous nml- tilocular cysts, it becomes extremely injurious and even deadly to its brute, and, above all, to its human victims. One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been at- tributed to this parasite, and a fatal case in a child has re- cently come under my notice in Tompkins Co. , N. Y. Many of the cysts of water found in the Kver and other internal organs of the domestic animals are specimens of ecMno- cocciis, and that they are not more frequently fatal may be attributed largely to the shortness of the lives of animals . raised for slaughter. They may inhabit almost any organ (liver, lungs, spleen, abdominal walls, kidneys, brain, e^^e, etc.,) and the symptoms will vary accordingly. Treatment. Spontaneous recovery may take place from death or rupture of the sac. Otherwise the true nature of these fiuctaating tumors ca.n rarely be recognized, but if they should, they may be punctured with a very fine needle-shaped nozzle, the liquid evacuated with a syringe, and compound tincture of iodine injected into the sac. Freveniion. Destroy all superfluous dogs. Keep others from slaughter-houses and deny raw flesh and especially offal. Examine frequently and if segments of tape-worm are passed, clear them away with vermifuges (see gid). Burn the dung of all dogs suffering from tape-worms, the contents of evacuated hydatids and all offal containing cysts. MEASLES IN SWINE. Tier. 4. Fig. 4 — Head of Trenia Solium, magnified. Cobbold. The bladder-worm of pork, {Cysticercus Cellulosa, Fig. Parasites. bl 5), is the immature form of a tape-worm of man, ( Tcenia SGliumJ, and is only caused by pigs having access to hu- Fis. 5. Fig. 5 — Cysticercus Cellulosa, magnified. man excrement, or to places near privies, etc., from which the segments of the human tape-worm may traveL The cysts, respectively about the size of a grain of barley, are found in the muscles, in the loose connective tissue be- tv>^een them and under the skin, in the serous membranes, in the eye, under the tongue, in the brain, etc., of swine. They are also found in this undeveloped form in the mus- cles, brain, etc., of man, causing disease and death. To man the parasite is usually conveyed by eating under- done pork, or in the cystic form he receives it as the egg in his food (salads, etc.,) and water. Symptoms. In pigs the cysts can usually be seen under the tongue or in the eye. In man there are the general symptoms of intestinal v\^orms and the passage of the ripe segments. Other sj^mptoms may attend the presence of the cjsts accordmg to the organ which they invade. Thus when passing into the muscles there are pains and stiffness resembling rheumatism, when into the brain, coma, stupor, imbecility, dehrium, but when they have once become en- cysted they may continue thus indefinitely without further injury. Treatment. The cysts scattered through the body are beyond the reach of medicine. Prevention. Human beings harboring tape-worms should be compelled to take measures to expel them. Their stools should be burned or treated with strong mineral acids. Swine should be kept far apart from all deposits of human excrement ; no such manure should be used as a top-dress- 58 The Farmer'^ s Veterinary Adviser. ing on pastures open to swine, or on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.,) devoted to the raising of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especially pork, even if salted and smoked, and underdone meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habi- tations. IMEASLES IN CATTLE. This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a cystic parasite two to four lines in length, ( Cysticerciis MediocaneUata) which as a mature tape-worm (Tcenia IfediocaneUata) inhabits the human Kg. 6. Fig. 6 — Head of Taenia MediocaneUata, magnified. bowels. When the eggs were given experimentally to calves they caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks. Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and ter- minated in apparent recovery, the live cysts of course re- maining in the muscles and ready to develop into their adult form when eaten by man. Under ijrevention and treatment might be repeated what is stated under measles of swine, merely substituting the word cattle for pigs. The cuiTent practice of eating raw beef ham is especially reprehensible. TAPE-WORM OF SHEEP AND CATTLE. Toenia Expansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Aus- tralia, Germany, etc. Its cystic form is unknown, there- fore we can only check its increase by watching what Parasites. 59 sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, expelling the worm by vermifuges (oil of turpentine in milk, male-fern, etc.,) and burning both it and the sheep's droj)pings. LAED--WOEM OF THE HOG. This worm fStephanurus Dentatus) is from one to one and Fig. 7. Fig- 7 — Stephanurus Dentatus ; a, male ; d, female ; c, head, magnified. Yer- rill. three-fourths inches long by one-thirteenth inch broad, and is found in almost all parts of the body of swine. It Fig. 8. Eustrongylus Gigas. Cuvier. is frequent in the Hver, kidney and the fat about the spare- 60 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. rib, but lias been found in the air-passages, the heart, the veins, the mesentery and elsewhere. In many cases no impairment of the health is observed. But irritation of important organs like the kidney or liver may lead to weak- ness of the hind parts, diarrhcea, or even blood-poisoning and sudden death. It seems not improbable that the at- tacks of this worm in the liver may produce a disorder which is confounded with Hog Cholera. Its presence in the kidney may sometimes be recognized by the existence of microscopic eggs in the urine. The same results from another worm — Eustroncjylus Gigas. But without the ob- servation of such eggs weakness of the hind parts cannot be ascribed to the kidney -ivorm. Treatment is unsatisfactory. Small doses of salt and oil of turpentine may be given with no great hope of success. The favorite dose of arsenic only escapes killing the hog because he rejects it all by vomiting. If beneficial at all it must be in small doses, one-eighth to one-sixth grain, so that it may be taken up into the system. Prevention is to be sought by keeping the healthy and diseased apart, and especiall}^ by raising young pigs apart from the ground occupied by the old. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. This worm, which is capable of being reared in all the domestic animals, is especially common in man, the hog Pig. 9. Fig. 9 — Adult Intestinal Trichina Spiralis, magnified. and the rat. Trichinae are almost microscopic, vary- Parasites. 61 ing from one-eigliteentli to one-sixth inch, in length, yet thej are among the most deadly worms knoT\Ti. The ma- ture and fertile worm hves in the intestines of animals, the immature in minute cysts in the muscle. The latter can only Fig. 10. Fig. 10 — Muscle Trichina encysted, magnified. reach maturity and reproduce their kind when the animal which they infest is devoured by another and they are set free by the digestion of their cysts. When thus introduced into the bowels they grow and propagate their kind, giv- ing rise to much irritation for the first fortnight, diarrhoea , enteritis on peritonitis. The symptoms caused by their bor- ing through the bowels and into the muscles last from the eighth to the fiftieth day. There are violent muscular pains hke rheumatism but not affecting the joints, a stiff, semiflexed condition of the limbs and sometimes swellings on the skin. In man the affection is often mistaken for rheumatism or t^^^hoid fever, in the lower animals the symptoms are usually less marked but are the same in kind. There are loss of appetite, indisposition to move, pain when handled and stiffness behind. If the patient sur- vives six weeks recovery may be expected because the worms no longer irritate after becoming encysted in the muscle. Treatment. In the first six weeks, but especially for the first fortnight, use laxatives and vermifuges. Glycerine, benzine, Diippel's animal oil, chloroform, alcohol and pic- ric acid are fatal to them in about the order named. Prevention. Never eat underdone meat. Trichina sur- 6 62 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. vive 140^ F. Hams tlioronglily smoked are safe. Slightly- smoked hams and those steeped in creosote or carlDolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near slaughter-houses and especially should the waste of these places be forbidden them. Such hog-pens, indeed all pig- geries, should be kept scrupulously clean and clear of rats and mice. The carcasses of swme fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should be subjected to a thorough microscopic examination before passing into consumption. Whenever a case of trichinosis occurs in a human subject the pork should be traced to its source if possible, and the pigs reared in the same place killed and subjected to pro- longed boiling. The rats and mice should be eradicated and the hog-pens and manure burned. CHAPTER III. DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. Ergotism. Goitre. Rheumatism. Acute Anasarca. Purpura Haemor- rhagica. Anaemia. EKGOTISM. From time immemorial animals and men have suffered from eating the cereal grains which have been attacked with ergot. This was especially the case when agriculture was in its infancy, for then a damp, cloudy season would cause this affection to spread after the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a less extent, and in the New "World as well as the Old. Not only the ergot but even the smut of maize will bring about rmtoward effects. These results may be divided into three categories according as the poison acts on the brain producing convulsions, pciraly-^ sis or jyrofound lethargy ; on the luomb tending to abortion ; or on the extremities causing dry gangrene. Symptoms of the Nervous Form. Unsteady gait, a great tendency to lie down and to remain in a torpid state httle conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre of hair or feathers, coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, and dullness of the special senses mark the early stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without any active nervous excitement. Or paroxysms supervene, during which the special senses become more acute, the animal very excitable, and twitching of the mus- cles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse the patient. Then there is a relapse into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the hind limbs or knuckling 64 Tlie Farnier^s Veterinary Adviser. forward at the fetlocks. Death may ensue in a few hours or days, or the affection may become chronic, the patient remaining with variable appetite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms of the pharynx, vomiting or diar- rhoea. He usually passes off in a convulsion. Si/m,ptoms of the Abortion Form do not differ from those of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion). Symptoms of tJie Gangrenom Form. Nervous symptoms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swell- ing, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually the hind feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears or roots of the horns. Lameness usually first draws attention to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insen- sible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, hard or almost horny. The swelling, heat and tenderness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead including even the bone up to a given point. At this level a red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the living, and if the patient should survive long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off. It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as well as the superficial parts and attacking the feet in pref- erence to the more exposed tail and ears. Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, including plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, gen- tian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) and antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices containing camphor. Prevention. Ergoted hay, known by the black, spur-like growths out of the husks, should be withheld, or fed only in Hmited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be protected to a large extent by sprinkling with a strong Dietetic and Constitutional JDlseases. 65 solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, and drjdng vs^ith quicklime. Contaminated soil should be used for other crops. Drainage, and open sunshine are conducive to healthy growth. Haj from affected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to seed. This is a diseased enlargement of the tliyroid hody, sit- uated beneath the throat, and is common in animals and in man wherever the water is charged with the products of magnesian-limestone. Hence, its frequency on the limestone formations of New York and Pennsylvania. "Weakness, from any disease, poor feeding, abuse, over- work, etc., aggravates the affection. In solipeds there are two distinct swellings, one on each side, but in other animals and, above all, in swine, the swelling is single and in the median line. At first it is soft and even doughy, but afterwards it is firm, tense and resistant, and if cut into may even be gritty. In lambs it may form a great en- gorgement from the jaw to the breast-bone, and the whole produce of the year may be still-born or die soon after birth. Treatment. Give rain-water and use iodine freely, both internally, on an empty stomach, and over the swell- ing. Persist in this for months. Weak solutions of iodine may be thrown into the tumor by a hypodermic sjainge, or the nutrient blood-vessels may be tied. The destruction of lambs by goitre may be obviated by giving the ewes rain-water, good feeding and plenty of ex- ercise in the open au^ during the winter. RHEUMATISM. This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures of the body (muscles, tendons, joints, bursse, etc.,) and dependent on a constitutional predispo- sition transmitted from parent to offspring. It often shifts from place to place, rarely results in suppuration, 6* 6G Tlie Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser, and shows a great tendency to implicate fatally the valves and other fibrous structures of the heart. Besides the constitutional predisposition, it owes its development to accessory causes, such as cold and wet, cold draughts, and disorders, especially those of the digestive or respiratory organs which load the blood with abnormal and probably acid elements. Symptoms. Acute Form. Dullness, languor or indispo- sition to move is followed by extreme lameness in one or more limbs, and heat, swelling and tenderness of a joint, tendon or group of muscles. If this tenderness moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very charac- teristic. The swelling is at first soft and afterward hard and resistant ; it may fluctuate from excess of sj-novia in a joint, but rarely from the formation of matter. With the onset of the inflammation comes active fever, with full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hot, clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing, costiveness, and scanty, high-colored urine, sometimes with a neutral or even acid reaction. Cattle often remain down and refuse to rise. If the disease extends to the heart, the pulse has a shaip, often intermittent or irregular beat, and one or other of the heart sounds may be accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (See diseases of the heart.) Chronic Form. This resembles the acute, excepting that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in the warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and even bony en- largements, and in cattle suppuration, especially about the joints, and in such cases the disease is more stable and less inclined to shift from place to place. Treatment. Give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, Epsom salts ; pig or dog, castor oil,) with anodynes (opium) if pain is extreme, and follow up with alkalies (bicarbonate of potassa or soda ; acetate of potassa or ammonia ; cream of tartar,) and diuretics (colchicum, mu- riate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Sudorifics (hot J Dietetic and Coiistitutional Diseases. 67 room ; warm clothing ; rugs wrung out of boiling water closely applied to the skin and covered with dry ; bags of dry gi'ain, bran or sand ; rubbing with hot smoothing-u^ons over a thin covering ; hot air or steam baths ; aconite ; acetate of ammonia ; guarana, etc.,) are in the highest de- gree beneficial. Some agents, like propylamine and muri- ate of iron, have been very serviceable in certain hands. Local treatment consists in the application of warmth, etc., as above indicated, and also blisters (strong aqua ammonia and olive oil) which may be apphed several times a day and the inflammation followed up as it re- cedes from structui'e to structure. ACUTE ANxVSAKCA. PUKPUEA HiEMOEEHAGICA. The affection to be described here is altogether different in its nature from the dropsies which result from obstruc- tion of veins, in phlebitis, or because of pressure by a dis- eased structure, as also from those dependent on suppres- sion of the secretion of urine, on heart-disease or a watery state of the bloodwith deficiency of blood globules. It is not at all inflammatory nor of the nature of malignant an- thrax as is generally assumed. It is exceedingly common after influenza and other affections of the respu^atory organs, in iU-ventilated stables where animals are compelled to use rebreathed air, and in very open, cold barns where they • are Hable to be chilled after being heated at work. Sud- den excessive lowering of temperature or exposui-e to cold rain or wind storms, especially when hot and perspiring, are efficient causes by reason of the sudden check to the secretions of the skin. The disease is much more fre- quent under the extreme vicissitudes of temperature of the Northern States than in the more equable chmate of the British Isles. SymYJtoms. The disease is manifested abruptly by ap- pearance of tense, painful, rounded or diffuse swellings on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the limbs, belly or indeed anywhere over the body. These tend to enlarge, C8 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to run together and to gravitate downwards into the Hmbs and the lower parts of the trunk, where they form extend- ed, tolerably smooth swellings, pitting on pressure and subsiding abruptly into the sound skin at their upper mar- gins. The membrane lining the nose usually shows dark blood spots and j)atches, ineffaceable by pressure, even at this early stage, sometimes indeed before any swelling of the skin, but always as the disease advances. Similar spots may be seen on the skins of white animals. The urine is usu- ally dense, thick, ammoniacal and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks the period of effusion but there is at first little change of pulse, temperature, breathing or appetite. As the swellings increase, the animal becomes unable to see, to eat, or even to move, almost, and breath- ing may be carried on only with the greatest difficulty, through the swollen and closed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid oozing, appear in the bends of the joints ; little blisters with yellowish or bloody con- tents rise, especially in the hollow of the heel behind the pastern, and, bursting, continue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may ooze from the general surface of the swelling ; patches of skin die, drop off and leave un- healthy, weak sores with a serous discharge ; the exuda- tions may even soften the muscles, and loosen and detach the tendons from the bones leading to turning up of the toe or other distortions. Sometimes the superficial swell-- ings suddenly subside, and unless a critical diarrhoea or diuresis occurs, serous infiltration of some internal organ like the lungs or bowels is apt to ensue, cutting off the pa- tient suddenly, with great oppression of breathing or vio- lent and persistent cohcky pains, and, at times, a bloody foetid diarrhoea. The symptoms and dangers vary with the seat of the effusion. The result is most favorable when this is under the skin, the main danger then being from suffocation, ex- tensive death and sloughing of skin, and softening and de- tachment of tendons and ligaments. Unless improvement Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. 69 is sliown bj the third or fourth day the disease will usually last over twelve or fouii;een days, and the resulting sores even for months. Prevention. Keep in strong, vigorous health, and avoid the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate the malady. Drainage of damp locaHties is not v\^ithout its influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment in dis- eases of the respiratory organs, especially such as are at- tended with a low type of fever Kke influenza, and, above all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or exposing to inclement weather. Treatment. Give a mild laxative (olive oil, hnseed oil, aloes,) and follow up by diuretics (sv/eet spirits of nitre, oil of turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully gi-adua- ted in amount to the strength of the patient, and use freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity of the blood (tincture of muriate of iron 1 dr., chlorate of potassa 2 to 4 dr., bichromate of potassa -J- grain,) with bitter tonics (quinia, cascarilla, camomile,) and, if necessary to moderate suffering, anodjmes (belladonna) or in very pros- trate conditions stimulants (alcoholic liquors, oil of tur- pentine). Locally, the swellings should be often bathed with tepid lotions of tincture of muriate of iron, carbohc acid, or chloride of zinc diluted so as to be non-irritating. Astringent solutions should be assiduously employed about the head, and, if suffocation is threatened, tubes of gutta-percha may be insei^ted in the nostrils to keep them open. Tracheotomy is to be avoided if possible, together with scarifying of the swellings, because of the risk of un- healthy sores resulting. Modified Forms. The mild forms of this affection have been described as scarlatina, the distinction being based on the punctiform nature of the blood-staining, the sever- ity of the sore- thro at and the more moderate exudation. But there is no contagion nor, indeed, anything that seems to warrant the distinction claimed. This form may be es- pecially benefited by poultices and counter-iiTitants to the 70 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. throat, bj the inhalation of warm water vapor, and by as- tringent electuaries (chlorate of potassa, 2 oz. ; vinegar, 2 oz. ; linseed meal, 5 oz. ; syrup, sufficient to form a pasty mass. Smear one-eighth of the mass on the back teeth twice a day). Otherwise, the treatment is the same as for purpura. ANiEMIA. This term is used to imply a deficiency of red globules in the blood, a result which may be determined by a vari- ety of causes described in other parts of this work. Among these may be named : profuse bleeding, excessive secretions from the udder, kidneys, bowels, etc., chronic diseases of digestion, or of the mesenteric glands, feeding on aliment deficient in some essential element, on what has been grown on poor, sandy soils, restriction for a length of time to one kind of food, starvation, diseases of the jaws or teeth, damp, dark, badly-aired buildings, seclusion from sunhght, etc. Some cases, however, are not traceable to any defi- nite cause, and it appears that the}^ set in and progress, in spite of good hygienic arrangements, and in the absence of any obvious disease of structure. Symptoms. Great and increasing paleness of the mu- cous membranes, and in white animals of the skin (paper skin) ; lack of fullness or roundness of the veins ; slow, weak pulse ; heart's beat slow and heard with difiiculty, but excited to palpitation when the patient is subjected to violent exertion ; there is great lack of life and energ}^ and hurried breathing, perspiration and fatigue are easily induced. As the blood becomes poorer all these symp- toms are aggravated, movement becomes unsteady, the hair or wool is easily detached, appetite fails, the dung is passed in small quantities and very hard, and a very clear urine, of a low density is secreted in excess. In the ad- vanced stages the pale, dull, sunken eye, the puffy appear- ance of the membrane of the eyelids, the dropsical swell- ings beneath the jaws or body or in the Umbs, the inability Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases 71 or disinclination to rise, tlie staggering gait, the hurried breathing becoming qnick and wheezing on the least exer- tion, and the palpitations are highly characteristic. Towards the end the urine may pass involuntarily or diar- rhoea may supervene. Death sometimes occurs early, be- fore there is much emaciation, and horses will even die in harness. Prevention. Avoid everything calculated to reduce the system unduly. Severe depletive treatment of disease (bleeding, purging, diuretics,) should only be resorted to under necessity. Hard work, excessive yield of milk, etc., can only be warranted under a rich, abundant food, and in an animal of great powers of digestion and assimilation. Eegularity in feeding, watering and work are essential. The effect of a spare diet, even in idleness, must be carefully watched, as well as a long-continued feeding on one variety of plant. If evil effects are shown there should" be a prompt change to natural hay or grass, con- sisting of a variety of plants grown on a dry soil, and a liberal supply of grain. In cases due to parasites or other removable cause, at- tention to these is manifestly the first step to prevention. Treatment. After removal of the causes, support by nourishing, easily-digested food in small bulk to avoid ex- hausting the powers of the stomach. Ground oats, barley, oil-cake, and a little natural hay may be especially men- tioned, though, for weak subjects, thick, well-boiled gruels and beef tea (even for herbivora) may be resorted to. Tonics are all-important (iron, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, cinchona, common salt, pepsin,) but should be given in small doses to the weaker subjects. Iron and gentian, given as tinctures, are especially useful. In extreme cases, health may be speedily revived by the transfusion of blood from a healthy animal. In all cases, the j^atient should be allowed rest in a dry, warm, well-aired place, and should have light, sunshine, and grooming. CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE EESPIKATOEY OEGANS. General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination of these organs : — Auscultation, percussion. Bleeding from the nose. Nasal Catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection of matter in the nasal sinuses. Ab- scess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches. Tumors in the nose. Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diphthe- ria. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, dander heaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro-pneu- monia. Broncho-pneumonia. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia. Hydro-thorax. Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas in the chest. Abscess of the intercostal spaces. Dropsy of the lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleu- ro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthma in dogs. Heaves. Broken-wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Haemoptysis. Parasites in the upper air-passages. Grub in the head. Larva of Oestrus Ovis. Pentasto- ma Tasnioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc. Lung-worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine and birds. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. These are of tlie first importance in domestic animals alike as regards their frequency and the mortality and other serious consequences they entail. In young horses especially they are far more common and more destructive than any other class of diseases. Among the general causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may be stated in brief : 1. The great extent of the respiratory surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet. 2. The ex- treme tenuity and delicacy of the membrane covering this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting in the air cells, contrary to what exists on every other mu- cous surface in the body. 3. The extraordinary work to Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 73 wliicli the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces and se- vere efforts made by the horse. 4. The close, impure air of the stable in contrast to the clear bracing air of the fields to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. The effect of the hot relaxing air of the stable is not only on the lungs directly but on the skin with which the lungs and all in- ternal organs so closely sympathize. 6. The heats and chills, and violent nervous excitement to which young horses are subjected in passing into training and v/ork. 7. The changes of locality, feeding and management to which young horses are subjected on leaving the breeder. 8. The variable weather and sudden, extreme changes of . spring and autumn. 9. The susceptibility which results from the want of habitude of bearing extreme heat and cold, and which tells especially at the above seasons. 10. The draughts of cold air to which animals are often sub- jected, and particularly when warm and perspiring. 11. The frequent exposure to cold drenching rains, night dews and the like, after the excitement and relaxation consequent on a hard day's work. 12. The arrest of circulation through the lungs owing to imperfect aeration of the blood when an animal out of condition is driven at a pace beyond his power of endurance. 3Iod.es of Physical Exjjloration of the Bespiratory Organs. Auscultation and percussion are the most essential. The first is the appKcation of the ear alone or with a stetho- scope to the surface over some part of the respiratory or- gans (nose, throat, windpipe, chest,) to listen to the natural sounds of breathing and to detect any unnatural change or absence of these sounds. The natural sounds must be studied on the healthy animal, and then the different mod- ifications followed on the diseased. In general terms there is a blowing sound to be heard in health over the nose, throat, windpipe, and between the upper and middle thirds of the chest. In the rest of the chest is a soft, rus- tling murmur which has been compared to the gentlest, zephyr stirring dry leaves. Just behind the left elbow in 7 74 TJie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. horses this murmur is absent and replaced by the sounds of the heart. Between the upper and middle thirds of the chest it mingles with the blowing sound anteriorly, but is unaccompanied by that over the few last ribs. Percussion consists in drawing out the resonance of any part by strik- ing it gentle taps with a hard object, the blows falling per- pendicularly to its surface, and of a force proportioned to the depth of the organ it is meant to sound. Thus, for the surface, the gentlest taps with the tip of the finger are wanted, while for the centre of the chest in large animals, the closed fist may be advantageously used. For inter- mediate depths the four fingers and thumb may be brought together, in a straight line at their tips, and the surface • tapped with this. "When a cavity, enclosed by a hard bony surface, such as the nose, is being sounded, it is well enough to tap this direct, but if the surface is soft, as in the chest of fat and fleshy animals, a hard, solid body should be pressed firmly upon it and the taps delivered upon this. As the different parts of the right hand may be used for delivering the taps, so may the two middle fin- gers of the left hand be emploj^ed to compress the soft parts and receive them. The front of the fingers should be apphed against the surface and the hard bony backs turned out to receive the taps. If percussion is made over a hollov/ space, like the nose or windpipe, the sound is drum-like ; if over an open, spongy tissue, like the lung, it is much less so but still full and clear, but if over a sohd body, Hke the thigh, it is dull, dead, or quite wanting in resonance. Behind the left elbow such dull sound is met with in the horse and, to a less extent, in cattle ; and on the last ribs on the right side in cattle, sheep and pigs a similar dullness is found in accordance with the position of the liver. Any increase, diminution or loss of reso- nance over particular parts thus becomes of great value as indicating the healthy or unnatural state of the parts. But the observer must learn this matter by experience on the healthy and diseased. These hints are merely thrown out to make what will follow intelligible. Diseases of tlie Bespiratory Organs. 75 BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. Bleeding from the nose is rather rare in animals, and Qsuallj results from disease or injury to the mucous mem- brane or to violent exertions in coughing, sneezing, draw- ing heavy loads uphill, or with a tight collar, and espe- cially in animals with a plethoric habit. Symptoms. Bleeding in drops (rarely in a stream) from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without fi'othing or sour odor. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright-red, frothy and accompanied by a cough. Bleeding from the stomach also comes fi'om both nostrils, and is black, clotted, sour, and attended by retching. Treatment. Tie the head short up to a high rack or beam, cover head and neck with bags of ice or rugs wrung out of cold water, and blow matico powder or strong alum water in spray into the nose during inspiration. In obstinate cases, the nose may be plugged with pledgets of tow, tied with a soft cord by which they may be withdrawn when the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils must not be plugged in horses unless tracheotomy has first been performed. Internally, may be given gallic acid, acetate of lead, per- chloride of iron or ergot of rye. NASAL CATAEEH. COLD IN THE HEAD. This results from the general causes above mentioned and from irritant gases, vapors, etc. Symptoms. Sneezing, redness and watering of the eyes, and redness of the membrane of the nose which is at first dry, afterwards discharges a clear watery fluid and finally a yellovash-white muco-purulent matter. In mild cases there is little or no fever, in the more severe fever may run high. Treatment. In mild cases rest in a clear, airy, warm building with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is all that is necessary. In the more severe steam the nose as for strangles, and shghtly charge the aii' with the fumes 76 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of burning sulphur, give warm water injections or even a mild laxative, (horse, ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; dog or pig, castor oil), followed bj refrigerant diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.). If debility ensues feed well and Fig. 11. Fig. II — Syphon for injecting the nose. give tonics (gentian, etc.,) and stimulants (spirits of nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent solution (sulphate of zinc ^ dr., glycerine 1 oz., tepid water 1 qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon having one arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an angle of 45°, three and a half inches long and narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather intended to prevent the return of the fluid from the nose. The adaptation is perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought into a vertical position the liquid is poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such in- jections are usually sufficient. COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. This is common after severe colds in the horse ; and as the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of injuries from the yoke, etc. ; in sheep fi'om grub in the head (larva of (Estrus Ovis) ; in dogs and horses from the 23entasfomata, and in all animals from diseases of the upper back teeth. Symptoms. A more or less constant discharge from Diseases of the Hesplratory Organs. 77 tlie nose, foetid if long retained, and above all if from a dis- eased tooth, a dullness on percussion on that side of the face between the eyes or just beneath the eyes, and occa- sionally heat, tenderness and even swelling of these parts, especially below the eye. Treatment. Trephine the bone to one side of the median hne of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, and again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water and finally with the injection recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it vnR be recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the tooth and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the fingers when a balhng iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine and the offending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet. But there is much danger of injuring impor- tant vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy. ABSCESS OF THE EALSE NOSTEIL. This is common in young horses and appears as a slowly increasing, inactive, tense, round swelling in the outer part of the nostril. It is so firm as to feel solid but col- lapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from within the nose along its whole length and plugged with tow till the raw edges have skinned over. ABSCESS IN THE GUTTUR^VL POUCHES. These are two caAdties situated above the throat and pe- 7* The Fanner^s Veterinary Adviser. cnliar to solipecls. Each has a small opening at its ante- rior part through which any hquicl within them can escape only when the head is depressed. Hence a collection of matter in these sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes and is discharged through the nose intermittently when the head is down drinking, or still more in grazing or nib- bling roots. The discharge comes from both nostrils and there may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many such cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the ground and treated with some of the tonics recommended for chronic catarrh or glanders. But should these fail the sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with a weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the most accurate knowledge of the parts to avoid the many important structures in the region. (See the author's lar- ger work.) TUMORS IN THE NOSE. Tumors of almost every kind grow in the nose and must be removed by surgical means. MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE. This appears mainty in cold, damp, marshy situations w^here the vitality is impaired, or in unusual seasons. In the cold early summer of 1875 I met with it in cow^s in several marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are most subject to it and probably it is due to deleterious agents taken in with the food and water as \^'ell as to chills and exposure. Symptoms. A slight diarrhoea ma}^ be followed by cos- tiveness, the dung bemg black, firm and scanty. The hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is de- pressed, the roots of the horns and forehead hot, eje^ sunken, red, watery, wdth turbidity in the interior and in- tolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose and vagina bluish-red, pulse rapid, impulse of heart weak, breathing Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 79 hiirried, cougli, urine scanty and high-colored and surface of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours all the symptoms are aggravated, the nose discharges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, and duller on percus- sion, the mouth covered with dark-red blotches from which the cuticle soon peels off leaving raw sores, appetite is completely lost, dung and urine passed Tvith much pain and straining and there is general stiffness and indisposi- tion to move. From the fourth to the sixth day ulcers appear on the nose and muzzle, sweUings take place be- neath the jaws, chest and abdomen, and on the legs, the skin may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliva drivels from the mouth and a stinking diarrhoea succeeds the cos- tiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the Russian Cattle Plague but is rarely contagious. Treatment. Clear out the bowels by a laxative (olive oil and laudanum), following this up by slightly stimulat- ing diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, hquor of acetate of ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, bichro- mate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). Wet cloths may be kept on the head, the mouth and nose sponged with very weak solutions of carbohc acid, and only soft mashes and sHced or pulped roots allowed. SOEE-THKOAT. This may be confined to the larynx or upper end of the windpipe flaryngitisj, or the pharynx or membranous pouch through which air and food both pass at the back of the mouth (phar-yngitisj, or the whole may be involved (laryn^jo-pharyngitis). There are, besides, the sore-throats connected with specific diseases (croup, diphtheria, m- fluenza, strangles, distemper and purpura). The CAUSES of simple sore-throat are the same as those of nasal catarrh. Bots in the throat may cause it in horses. 80 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Sijmptoms. The nose is raised and protruded, the head being carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual, and there is swelling of the throat or beneath the roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, loose and gur- gling in both diseases. With laryngitis there is much ten- derness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound which may become loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pharyngitis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in swallowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again and w^ater rejected through the nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy than in nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the act- ive fever usually subsides in great part. If there is much redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case is likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a painful, paroxysmal cough. In Chronic Sore-throat there may appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in parox3'Sms when the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry oats or dusty haj or undergoes active exertion. There are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling. Treatment. Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in around the neck. Steam the nose as for strangles. Unless the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an influenza type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castor oil ;) following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in the water, and ano- dynes as electuaries. Solid extract of belladonna 4 drs. ; tannic acid 1 dr. ; bisulphite of soda 4 drs. ; honey or syrup 5 oz. ; mix. Dose — horse and ox a piece as large as a hickory nut ; sheep one-fourth, dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swal- lowed at leisure. Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 81 In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as soon as the bowels respond, and covered up for two hours, but, in the most severe, this may be preceded for a day or two by a linseed poultice. The diet throughout must be green, soft mashes or roots. Especially seen in young animals (calves, lambs, foals,) in cold and damp or high exposed localities. The symp- toms are those of severe sore-throat (laryngitis) coming on very suddenly with hard croupy cough and dry wheezing breathing, worse at one time than another or heard only at particular times of the day (morning, night,) when spasms of the larynx come on. But the most characteris- tic symptom is the formation of albuminoid false mem- branes as white films or pellicles in the throat, and which are discharged in shreds on the second or third day. Fever runs very high, pulse ninety to one hundred, tem- perature 107°, and even higher. Treatment. Give a warm, well-aired building, with water-vapor set free in the atmosphere, if possible ; warm clothing, a laxative (sulphate of soda) with antispasmodic (laudanum, aconite, chloral-hydrate, lobeha) ; follow up with small doses of sulphate of soda, chlorate of potassa and antispasmodics, givmg each dose in well-boiled hnseed tea, slippery elm or marsh-mallow. Bhster the neck ac- tively (mustard, with or without oil of turpentine,) and, if necessary, swab out the throat with a solution of nitrate of silver ten grs., water one oz., applied by a small sponge immovably tied on a piece of whalebone. In the worst cases suffocation must be obviated by opening the wind- pipe in the middle of the neck and inserting a tube to breathe through. In horses a ring must not be completely cut across, but a semicircular piece cut out of each of two adjacent ones. Sometimes stimulants (wine whey, car' bonate of ammonia,) and tonics (gentian, cinchona,) must be used to sustain the failmg strength. 82 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. CROUP OR ROUP IN FO^^LS. Causes. Probably similar to those acting on quadru- peds. Exciting diet (wheat, buckwheat, oats,) seems at times injurious. Newly-arrived fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not seem contagious in the ordi- nary sense, but rather inherent in soil, locality or condi- tions of life. Symptoms. Dullness, sleepiness, neglect of food, ruffled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud crowing noise. On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the throat appear yellowish white films (false membranes) firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores where these have been detached. The nostrils may be completely plugged with swelling and discharge so that breath can only be drawn through the open bill. The in- flammation may extend along the windpipe to the serial cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intestines. In the first case, death may take place from sufi'ocation, and in the second, from diarrhoea, and as early as in twenty-four hours. Toward the end of an outbreak, the malady may last twenty days and still prove fatal. False membranes may form on other distant parts of the body, but espe- cially the comb, wattles, eye, or on accidental sores. Treatment. Disuse raw grain, and feed on vegetables, and puddings made of well-boiled oat, barley or Indian meal. Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlo- rate of potassa freely in the water di'unk, remove the false membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion ad- vised for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, give a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all- important to change the run of the chickens for a time at least. DIPHTHERIA. This is seen in pigs and it is even claimed to occur in horses, but the false membranes in the latter animals rarely amount to more than thickened mucus. It appears Diseases of the Eespiratory Organs. 83 to be due to the locality rather than contagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of care haye appeared injurious in some cases. Symptoms. Sudden illness, with sore-throat and ex- treme weakness and stiffness of back and loins. The pig moves slowly and crouchingly with raised head, open dry mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, Kvid tongue, and red swollen throat with grayish-white patches of false membranes. The eyes are dull and sunken and the appetite gone. In a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are in- volved, there is much swelling and threatened suffocation and shreds of fcdse membrane are coughed up. The pa- tient remains down, sits on his haunches, or leans on the fence and usually perishes in a fit of coughing. Treatment. Must be early to succeed, hence, examine the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore-throat in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased growths in check. The bowels may be freely opened by a purgative (jalap) and twenty di'ops of tincture of the mu- riate of iron, and ten grains nitre given thrice a day in a table-spoonful of cold water. Great attention must be given to the comfort and to secure soft, easily-digestible food for some time. CHRONIC ROAEIXa IN HORSES. This is a wheezing, whistling or hoarse rasping sound made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breath- ing and especially when excited. It is usually due to paralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in such cases the noise is only made in drawing air in. But any obstruction in the large air tubes will give rise to roaring, heard most commonly in both inspii'ation and expiration. Thus palsy of the nostrils, fracture and de- 84 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pression of the bones of the nose, tumors in the nose, throat, windpipe or bronchi, false membranes extending across the air passages, dropsical swelling about the throat, and in stallions undue accumulations of fat, may give rise to it. In the typical form with palsy of the laryngeal muscles the animal grunts (groans) when led up to a wall and a feint is made to strike him on the ribs. If galloped up a steep hill or over a newly-plowed field, or even for some distance on level ground, the roaring is strikingly brought out. The same holds good if made to draw a heavy load or one with the wheels dragged. Treatment. In incipient cases with simple thickening of the mucous membrane, benefit may arise from swabbing out the lar^Tix with nitrate of silver solution, as recom- mended for croup, or firing the skin over the throat with a red-hot iron. But if the muscles are wasted and fatty these means will be fruitless, and we must look to mechan- ical or surgical measures for help. Pads attached to the nose-band of the bridle and so arranged that they will lie on the false nostrils and check somewhat the ingress of air will enable many roarers to do moderate work with comparative comfort. In the worst cases, in which the animal is rendered useless, tracheotomy may be per- formed and the animal made to breathe through a tube inserted in the middle of the neck. Or finally, the larynx may be laid open with the knife, and the flap of giistle (arytenoid), which is di'awn in, valve-like, over the opening by the current of air, cut off. Some cases of roaring due to feeding on vetches, (Lath- yrus Sativa or Cicera) may be cured by changing the feed, and giving some doses of nux vomica. Others due to dropsical effusions appear intermittently and may be benefited by tonics and iodide of potassimn, with hard, dry feeding and exercise. Tumors and other mechanical obstructions must be removed with the knife. Finally roaring is often hereditary in horses with a nar- row space between the jaws and thick short neck, with Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 85 badly set on lieacl, and sucli should be rejected for breed- ing purposes. BEONCHITIS. Inflammation of the large air tubes within the lungs. It may be looked upon as an extension downward of nasal catarrh or sore-throat and frequently supervenes on one or the other of these. Otherwise it owns the same gen- eral causes with these affections. It may also attend on influenza, strangles, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, dis- temper in dogs, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases of the lungs. Symptoms. In mild cases there are dullness, impaired ap- petite, hot dry mouth, red membrane of nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, and a cough at first hard but becom- ing soft and ratthng as discharge is established from the nose. Such may recover in a few days without treatment. In severe cases there is dullness, inappetence, hot dry mouth, increased temperature, rapid pulse, labored breath- ing with loud blowing sounds over the lower end of the windpipe and behind the middle of the shoulder-blade. The cough is dry, hard, sonorous and painful (barking), often occurring in fits and seeming to come from the depth of the chest. Percussion detects no change of resonance at any part of the chest, as in j^^^eumonia. The membrane of the nose has a dark red or violet hue, varying in pro- portion to the general imphcation of the bronchial tubes and especially the smaller ones, and there is drowsiness and drooping of the head in the same ratio. From the second to the fourth day a whitish discharge sets in from the nose, the cough becomes soft and rattling, the noise over the windpipe and behind the shoulder- blade less harsh and blowing, but with a slight rattle from bursting bubbles, and the symptoms of fever abate. From this time improvement dates, and recovery may be com- plete in two or three weeks. 86 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. Solipeds stand obstinately throughout the disease, other animals may lie. There is no tenderness on punch- ing the ribs, as in pleurisy. Treatment. Rest in a warm, dry, airy building, clothe warmly, bandage the limbs in cold weather and give warm sloppy mashes of wheat bran. A laxative is often useful but if there is weakness, small pulse, prostration or any yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, is to be rejected and warm water injections used in place to move the bowels. Give frequent diuretics (nitre, sweet spirits of nitre,) anodynes (belladonna, lobelia, aconite,) and expec- torants (liquor ammonia acetatis, oxymel of squill, guaia- cum, ipecacuanha, antimony). The nose should be fre- quently steamed, as if for strangles, and inhalations of sul- phur fumes mixed with the air, and not too strong, may be added. Mustard or other blisters should be applied to the sides of the chest, and repeated if any renewed access of disease seems to demand it. When fever has nearly subsided and there is left only a white discharge from the nose tonics should be used. (See those recommended for glanders.) When there is much prostration and weakness, stimu- lants (aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, wine, etc.,) may be required, even in the early stages. GLANDER HEAVES. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN HORSES. This arises from the same causes as the acute disease and often follows it. It is characterized by a frequent weak wheezing, husky, almost inaudible cough, often oc- curring in fits ; a white discharge from the nose, mth white flocculi, like buttermilk ; great shortness of breath in exertion ; and a mucous rattle in the lungs. Percussion shows increased resonance over the lower and posterior borders of the lungs. The right side of the heart may be enlarged and easily felt beating behind the right elbow. Treatment is not very satisfactory in cases of old stand- ing. Feeding should be mainly of soft mashes, roots and I Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 87 otlier laxative agents, bat never bulky. Linseed, oat, bar- ley or corn meal may be given wet and hay replaced by corn-stalks or good fresh grass. Finally give tonics, mainly arsenite of stryclinia, or sulphate of iron or copper and tannic acid. ACUTE CONGESTION OE THE LUNGS IN HORSES. This is always the first stage of Pneumonia but may oc- cur in a sudden and fatal form from overexertion in fat or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An animal that has stood idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattened for sale, when taken out and driven or ridden at the top of his speed soon hangs heavily on the bit, slackens his speed, and if not stopped, staggers and falls ; or the exertion is passed through but the animal is seized when returned to the stable. He then stands with dilated nostrils, quick, labored, convulsive, wheezy breathing, extended head, staring bloodshot eyes, agonized expression, deep red or blue nasal membrane and rapid, weak pulse often almost imperceptible at the jaw. Auscultation detects a loud respiratory murmur and the finest possible crepitating sound. The heart is felt behind the left elbow beating tumultuously and the hmbs are cold, though perspiration may break out at different parts of the body. If blood is drawn it flows in a dark, tarrj^-looking stream and the lungs after death might be compared to a dark-red jelly. Treatment. Eemove girths, saddles and whatever may hamper breathing, turn the head to the wind, give dn act- ive stimulant (alcohol or alcoholic Kquors, ammonia or any of its compounds, oil of turpentine, ether, sweet spir- its of nitre, ginger, pepper,) the first that comes to hand, in a full dose, following up with warm water injections and active hand rubbing. In extreme cases prompt relief may often be obtained by bleeding from the jugular, but this should not replace the measures already advised but should be added to them. An excellent resort when avail- able is to wrap from head to tail in rugs T^Tung out of hot 88 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. water and cover thickly with dry ones, the hmbs being meanwhile actively hand-rubbed to bring the blood to this part of the skin which the rug cannot reach. If the patient survives and does not at once entirely re- cover the case becomes one oi pneumonia. PNEUMONIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Causes. The same as in other acute diseases of the chest. Also the result of overexertion and acute conges- tion, or of parasites in the lung. Symptoms. If not following an acute congestion as above described there is shivering, more or less severe ac- cording to the gravity of the attack, and usually a dry cough. This is followed by hot skin, with increased tem- perature, quick but deep labored breathing and a full but oppressed rolling pulse, redness of the membranes of the eye, nose and mouth ; the cough is deep as if from the depth of the chest but not so hard nor so painful as in bron- chitis. The horse always, and the ox, in bad cases, obstinate- ly stands with legs apart, elbows turned out, nose extended and usually approached to a door or window. In cattle expi- ration is generally accompanied by a moan. With the fever there is costiveness, high-colored, scanty urine, in cattle, heat of horns and ears and dr^mess of muzzle, and hide- bound. Auscultation detects a very fine crackling (crepi- tation) over the affected part of the lung or there may be an area of no sound encircled by a line of crepitation and beyond that by the normal murmur slightly increased. Or over the dull spot the blowing sounds from the larger tubes or the beating of the heart may be detected. Per- cussion causes flinching or even groaning when the affected part is reached ; the space where sound was wanting in auscultation sounds dull and solid and the remainder of the chest retains its healthy resonance. There is no ten- derness on merely pinching the spaces between the ribs. By auscultation and percussion the increase or decrease of solidification (hepatization) of the lung may be followed Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 89 from claj to clay excepting in the parts covered by the thick, muscular shoulder. In this vs^ay aggTavation and improyement can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish dis- charge from the nose comes on as the disease advances. Treatment. Give a pure, dry, airy box with windows or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of prevailing Avinds, clothe warmly, and flannel-bandage the hmbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot rugs advised for congested lungs may be apphed, and when removed let it be done a httle at a time, and the part rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket. Or a mustard poultice may be apphed to the sides of the chest. Large injections of warm water and drinks of w^arm gruel may also be given. A laxative is often beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, but should be given cau- tiously as in bronchitis, and rejected when there is low fever, and much depression. Neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) should be given with sedatives (belladonna, henbane, tincture of aconite, digi- talis or white hellebore ; in pigs and dogs, tartar emetic,) or if there is much prostration, or when the fever has in the main subsided, stimulant diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, hquor of acetate of ammonia,) repeated three or four times a day. The sides should be blistered with a pulp of the best gTound' mustard in water, or Spanish flies, or in cattle and swine, mustard and turpentine, and the bhs- ter may be repeated with advantage in protracted cases. Wlien in severe cases the bhster refuses to rise, the skin may be first warmed T^dth rugs wrung out of boiling water and then tlie apphcation of the blister made. Or a hot shovel held near the blistered surface may determine an active flow of blood to the sldn and the rising of the blis- ter. When well risen the surface must be kept soft by sweet oil or fresh lard to favor healing. In chickens it is advised to open the bowels by a teaspoonful of castor-oil, and shake one-twelfth grain of tartar emetic on the tongue twice a day. If very weak or prostrate give a teaspoonful of sherry thrice a day. 90 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. PLEURISY. INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE LINING THE CHEST AND COVERING THE LUNGS. This is common in all domestic animals and particularly in cold, exposed localities, which suffer at the same time from rheumatism. Otherwise it owns the general causes of chest disease. Symptoms. Shivering, followed by heat of the skin and even of the limbs, and partial sw^eats of the surface, un- easy movements, pawing and sometimes looking at the flanks, Ijing down and rising. If one side of the chest only is involved that fore Hmb is often advanced in front of the other. The pulse is rapid, hard and incompressible, and the breathing highly characteristic. It is hurried, carried on chiefly by the abdominal muscles, and has the inspiration short and suddenly checked, while the expira- tion is slow and prolonged. This character of the breath- ing may be well observed wdth the ear placed on the false nostril, on the windpipe or on the side of the chest. There is a prominent ridge on the abdomen from the outer angle of the hip bone to the lower ends of the last ribs. By handling the spaces between the ribs a point is reached which is exceedingly tender, the patient flinching and even groaning when it is touched. The ear applied to the same spot detects a soft, rubbing sound during the movements of inspiration and expiration. There is at first no other change in auscultation or percussion. The animal often changes his posture or place as if seeking an easier position, and emits a short, hacking, painful cough.- There is much less redness of the nose than in pneumonia or bronchitis, less heat of the expired air and no nasal discharge. In twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the pulse becomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes away, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But soon the pulse loses its fullness, and gains in rapidity, Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 91 breatliing becomes labored and attended with a lifting of the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the nose protrnded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, and there may be signs of imminent suffocation. Auscul- tation detects no sound over the lower part of the chest up to a given horizontal line, and up to the same level there is dullness on percussion. This shows the extent of wa- tery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with a peculiar thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect of the chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls sud- denly to die. In other cases the effusion is re-absorbed and a good recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase but fails to be taken up and remams as a cause of short wind ; it may even give off gases, in which case a gurgling sound may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of drops falhng into a haK-empty barrel, after the patient rises from the recumbent position. In other cases still there remain false membranes attaching the lung to the inner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole or in part, and in either case impairing respiration. Treatment. Give the same general care as in bronchitis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as for congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dogs, castor-oil,) following it up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, liquor of the acetate of ammonia,) in full doses, and ano- dynes (digitalis, aconite). These may be used in the fullest doses after effusion has taken place, and in weak subjects stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, ether, alcoholic liquids, tincture of gentian,) should be added. Iodide of potassium may also be given internally and tincture of iodine rubbed on the chest. In very severe cases, a large linseed poultice may be apphed over the chest, or it may be shaven and subjected to dry cupping, or an active bhster may be appHed as for pneumonia. 92 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. If there is extreme effusion tlireatening suffocation the liquid must be drawn off by a small cannula and trocar (see Tympany) inserted at the anterior border and near the lower end of the ninth rib, the skin having first been drawn aside to form a valvular wound, and great care being taken to prevent the entrance of air. The liquid should be drawn off only in part at first to avoid shock, and the operation repeated in a day or two. It should be followed by tonics (sulphate of iron, tincture of gentian,) stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre) and diuretics (iodide of potassium). PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA, BEONCHO-PNEUMONIA, AND BEONCHO- PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA Are common complications of the three diseases, hroncJnfis, pneumonia and 'phurisij and their respective symptoms and treatment may be inferred from the description of the uncomplicated affections. HYDEOTHOEAX. WATEE IN THE CHEST. Beside the effusion of liquid into the cavity of the chest in pleurisy, dropsical effusions may take place into it in connection with weak, bloodless conditions, as in flukes in the liver, disease of the heart, enlarged bronchial lym- phatic glands and other morbid states. The symptoms re- semble those of Jiydrothorax following pleurisy, only there is no fever, and there are the indications of those other diseases on which it is dependent. The treatment is es- sentially the same after the morbid condition which has caused the effusion has been removed. If that is incur- able neither can this be remedied. PNEUMOTHOEAX. AIE OE GAS IN THE CHEST. This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained liquid has undergone some decomposition. More fre- quently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the chest with its edges pressed inward so that they ad- Diseases of tlie Besjnratory Organs. 93 mit the air from without while the chest is dilating, but close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung even without any external wound. A httle air escaping from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon becomes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. Treatment is hmited to the prevention of the introduc- tion of air through an external wound, should such exist ; the rehef of pain by opium and other anodynes ; the man- agement of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary principles ; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle- like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of the products, both gas and hquid should be drawn off and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three hundred water) thrown in, in small quantity. ABSCESS OF THE IN'TEECOSTAL SPACES. This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleu- risy, a diffuse sweUing appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, softening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellow- ish or whitish matter. The patient should be well fed, and poultices or warm fomentations continuously apphed to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by nourishing food, stimulants and tonics. DKOPSY OF THE LUNG. This is mainly a result of valvular and other diseases of the heart. To percussion and auscultation it gives nearly the same symptoms with pneumonia, but there is an entire 94 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. absence of fever. The coexisting heart - disease also serves to reveal its true nature. Its cause being usually incurable, it terminates fatally in the majority of cases. Treatment must be altogether directed to the disease of the heart. APOPLEXY OF THE LUNG. In the lower animals extravasation of blood into the substance of the lung is usually the result of profound al- terations in that liquid as in Malignant Anthrax, Purpura Hcemorrhagica, Typhoid Fever or Intestinal Fever. A por- tion of the lung tissue gives way and the blood escaping raises the membrane covering it (pleura) from a half to three inches above the natural level. The extravasation has the appearance of a fine jelly and often preserves the shape of the pulmonary lobules — a cone with the apex turned in. Being usually a complication of another dis- ease, treatment must be directed to that rather than the local lesion. PLEUKODYNL^. This is a term applied to rheumatism of the muscles be- tween the ribs, which bears a strong resemblance to pleu- risy. It may be distinguished by the coexistence of rheu- matism in other parts and by the comparative absence of fe- ver, cough, rubbing sounds and effusion. Treat it hke other forms of rheumatism. ASTHMA IN DOGS. A spasmodical affection of the circular niuscular fibres of the bronchial tubes, occurring in paroxysms with irreg- ular intervals and associated with corpulence and disordered digestion, distended or ruptured air-cells, mucous dis- charges from the air-passages and dilatation of the right side of the heart. Causes. Usually in pet dogs pampered with highly sea- soned articles of food, in excessive quantit}^, and deprived Diseases of the Besjnratory Organs. 95 of exercise. A change of food or temperature, a smart walk or run or indeed any exercise will bring it on. Symptoms. Corpulence is a constant condition at tlie outset though, the subject may be emaciated and worn out in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes frequent, hard and sonorous, with habitually labored breathing ag- gravated at intervals so as to threaten suffocation. Then the patient stands with open mouth, pendent tongue and staring eyeballs panting for breath and having his condi- tion rendered still more threatening by every change of position or cause of excitement. The frequency and se- verity of the attacks serve as a means of estimating the danger of the patient. In the intervals between these paroxysms may be noticed signs of uidigestion, in a varia- ble appetite, perhaps vomiting, a tumid tympanitic (bloated) abdomen, constipation and piles. The skin is dr}^, harsh and bald in patches, the teeth covered with tartar and the breath foetid. Treatment. 1. During a ]paroxysm. Cause to inhale ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium or of burning paper which has been steeped in a strong so- lution of nitre ; or one or two teaspoonfuls of laudanum with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an in- jection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of the stomach shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue. 2. In the intervals hetiueen the jjaroxysms. Check any ex- isting bronchitis or pneumonia as advised in the earher pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet of oat meal or corn meal mush, with skim-milk or buttermilk. Exercise well but in no case for three hours after feeding. Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. Wash fre- quently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, and brush daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar emetic,) is beneficial, but in advanced stages and weak conditions, vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian,) mil be demanded. 96 TJie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser, HEAVES. BROKEN WIND. This is closely allied to asthma, but is more continuous in its symptoms, and less paroxysmal. Causes. Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucern and allied plants : on chaff, cut straw and other bulky and in- nutritious food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California where there is no long w^inter feeding on hay, and in our Territories where clover is not used, heaves is virtually unknown ; it has advanced westward just in proportion as clover hay has been introduced as the general fodder for horses, and it has disappeared in England and New En- gland in proportion as the soil has become clover sick and as other aliment had to be supplied. The worst condi- tions are when a horse is left in the stable for days and weeks eating clover hay, or even imperfectly cured, dusty hay of other kinds, to the extent of thirty pounds and up- wards daily, and is suddenly taken out and driven at a rapid pace. Violent exertions of any kind, and diseases of the lungs are also potent causes. It is mainly a disease of old horses but may attack the colt of two years old. Finally, horses with small chests are most liable and thus the disease proves hereditary. Symjjtoms. There is a double lift of the flank with each expiratory act, there being first a falling in of the abdom- inal walls and then, after a perceptible interval, a rising of the posterior part of the belly to complete the emptying of the chest ; also a short, dry, weak, almost inaudible cough, followed by a wheeze in the throat, and occurring in paroxysms when violently exercised, when brought from the stable into the cold air, or after a drink of cold water. The breathing is accompanied by a wheezing noise above all evident when the patient is excited by work, or when the ear is applied on the side of the chest. In- digestion is also a prominent symptom and manifested by a ravenous appetite, even for filthy litter, by the fre- quent passage of wind from the bowels, and often by swelling and drum-like resonance of the abdomen. When Tlie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 97 starting on a journey the subjects pass clung very frequently at first and after traveling some distance may go much better. Their muscular systems are soft and flabby and they run down rapidly in active work. Frequent aggrava- tions of the symptoms may be seen in connection with overloaded stomach, costiveness, a hot close stable, a thick muggy atmosphere, or a very severe day's work. The symptoms may be temporarily masked or hidden by restriction in diet, abstinence from water and the use of sedatives, but there remains an unnatural action of the nostrils, and a full drink of water, and above all a free supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms in all their intensity. Treatment. Turning out on natural pastures or feeding cornstalks or other laxative food will reheve, and even cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain with garrots, tuiTiips, beets, or potatoes and a very Hmited supply of water will enable many broken- winded horses to do a fau^ amount of work in comfort. Hay should never be allowed except at night and then only a handful clean and sweet. The bowels must be kept easy by laxatives (sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well aired, and sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, stra- monium, lobelia,) used to relieve the oppression. If a white discharge from the nose coexists tonics should be given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild-cherry bark may be added. Tar water as the exclusive drink is often useful and a course of carminatives (ginger, caraway, cardamoms, fennel, foenugrec,) may be added with advan- tage. But nerve tonics and above all arsenic in 5 grain doses daily, and continued for a month or two, are espe- cially valuable. No broken-winded horse should have food or water for fi'om one to two hours before going to work. BLEEDING FEOM THE LUNGS. May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of 9 98 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. excessive plethora, overexertion, disease of the heart or tuberculosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and cause death suddenly by sXiffocation without much escape by the nose. Treatment. When brought on by severe exertion per- fect rest and quiet will check. Keeping the head elevated, cold applied to the head and neck, iced drinks acidulated with vinegar or mineral acids, are useful. Opium benefits by checking the cough, and in obstinate cases acetate of lead, ergot of rye, matico, tincture of muriate of iron, or oil of turpentine may be given internally three times a day. Bemove costiveness with Glauber salts and keej) in a cool airy place at rest for at least a fortnight. PAKASITES IN THE UPPEK AIR PASSAGES. The Grub in the Head of Sheep is the larva of a small gadfly ((Estrus Ovis) which deposits the live embryo on th(? Fig. 12. Fig. 13. wmm Fig. 12 — CEstrus ovis, Clark. Fig. 13 — Larva of ditto. margin of the nostril, whence it creeps up into the nasal si- nuses. It stays there during the winter and spring, often proving harmless but sometimes causing much irritation, redness of the nostrils, and a white, muco-purulent dis- charge, with dullness and stupor from sympathetic disease of the brain. To prevent the attacks of the fly the sheep should be fed salt from two-inch augur holes bored in a log, the surface of which is smeared with tar, so that they get a dressing every time they partake. A less satis- Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 99 factory method is to turn up a furrow in the pasture so that the sheep may push their noses into the ground when attacked. Treatment. Place in a Tvarm building to tempt the larvae from the sinuses and introduce snuff, solutions of salt, vinegar or tobacco, weak solutions of turpentine, etc., into the nose to kill them or cause their expulsion by sneez- ing. For such as remain in the sinuses the only success- ful treatment is to trephine the bones of the face between the front of the eye and the median line of the face, or just in front of the root of the horn should that be present. The sinus is then to be syringed out freely with tepid w^ater until the parasites are washed out. The PENTASTOMA TiENioiDES is a species of acarus which Fig. 14. Fig. 14 — Pentastoma Tsenioides, lives in the nasal sinuses of horses and dogs, and in the mesenteric glands of sheep and other herbivora. If pro- ductive of much irritation in the nose it must be expelled by a current of water after trephining the sinus. PAEASITES IN THE LOWER AIE PASSAGES. The most common are the different forms of round worms which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds,) may assume the dimensions of a plague and cause enormous yearly losses to a country. The sheep, goat, droniedary and camel harbor two round worms in their air passages and lungs : the small Sfron- gylus Filaria, a thread-like worm of one to three and one- 100 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. half inches long, and S. Ritfescens of considerably greater length. The calf, liorse, ass and mule have the Strongylus Micrurus of from one and one-half to three inches long. The pig, the Strongylus Elongatus of eight hnes to one and one-half inches long. Finally the bu^d (hen, turkey, 2^heasard, hlacJc stork, magpie, hooded crow, green tvood- Fig. 15. Fig. 15 — Strongylus Filaria, male, enlarged, Thudicum. When adult, should be at least five limes the length for this thickness. pecker, starling, swift, etc.,) have the Syngamus Trachealis, male one-eighth inch, and female one-half to five-eighths inch in length, always found united together, so that the male appears like a process from the neck of the female. The Strongyli in their mature condition inhabit the air passages within the lungs but they may be reproduced either in or out of the body. In the first mode the female worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts her- self and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, or she dies and the myriad eggs, hatching out amid the debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adja- cent air passages, grow to maturity and reproduce their kind. In the second mode the impregnated female worm is expelled by coughing, and perishes in water or in moist earth or on vegetables, and the eggs, escaping from her decomposing remains, may he unhatched for months or even a year, or, in genial weather, may rapidly open and allow the escape of the almost microscopic embryo worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite length of time in the water, or moist soil, or on vegetables, and only begin to grow to their mature condition when taken in by a suitable host with food or water. This is ti'ue of those of the sheep, goat and camel, of that of the ox, horse and ass, and of that of the j)ig. Only those of Diseases of the Bes'piratory Organs. 101 the sheep, once introduced into the system, will maintain their place in the lungs for the whole lifetime of the host, though no more young worms should be taken in. That of the ox, etc., on the other hand, is more likely to be ex- pelled, and, therefore, often infests its host but for a lim- ited period. The Syngamus of the bird has probably the same history out of the body, but this has not been so carefully studied. "Within the chest the Strongyli live in the'smaU terminal air passages in their young or embryo state, in the larger air tubes when mature, and in cysts in the lung substance when laying their eggs or when about to die that the eggs may be set free and hatched. In the air passages they give rise to bronchitis, in the lungs to pneumonia and deposits resembling tubercles but distinguishable under the microscope by the presence of the eUiptical eggs and the embryo worms. The Syngamus of birds inhabits the air passages and gives rise to bronchitis. In all cases the parasites are most fatal to the young. Although old animals continue to harbor them they prove much less destructive and are often unsuspected. SYMPTOMS m CALVES AND FOALS. VEEMINOUS BKONCHITIS. HOOSE. HUSK. These are essentially those of bronchitis, with the dif- ference that the whole herd is affected and mucus coughed up, containing worms either singly or rolled up in bundles. There is at first only a slight rather husky cough repeated at irregular intervals. There follows dry staring coat, embarrassed breathing and advancing ema- ciation. Soon the cough becomes frequent, paroxysmal and suffocating, with expectoration of mucus and worms. Or the cough is soft, loose and wheezing, and the patient is weak, hide-bound, with sunken eyes and pale, thin or puffy membranes, dropsical swellings beneath the jaws, chest or belly, and no appetite ; the sufferer may be found 102 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. apart from its fellows in a corner or nnder a tree, covered with flies and sinking rapidly into extreme debility and death. Intestinal worms (in cattle, Strongylus BacUatus, Sderostomum Hypostomum, Ascaris LumhricoideSj Tcenie Expansa, etc., in foals, Sderostomum Equinum, S. Tetra- canthum, Ascaris Megaloceplmla, Oxyuris Curvula, etc.,) usually coexist to a most injurious extent, causing diar- rhoea and other irregularities of the bowels. In the worst cases death may result ten or fifteen days after the onset, though more commonly it is delayed two or three months and recovery may take place. Prevention. In localities and countries to which the disease is new the parasites should be killed out by the continuous medical treatment of the diseased animals, or if necessary their destruction, and the separation of all horses, asses, mules and cattle, from the infested pasture or its vicinity and from any stream of water running through or close to it ; as weU as from all fodder, roots, gTain, etc., grown on such land, for several years after. In infested localities calves and foals should never be pastured on land recently occuj)ied by older stock of the same kind or allow^ed access to water used by such stock. Sheep, goats or pigs may be safely fed on such land. Avoid overstocking. Drain the land to clear off pools or wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested or sus- pected pastures while wet with dew and rain, and from clover and allied plants which by their moisture are liable to harbor the worm. Suspected beasts should be kept apart from the healthy and from healthy pastures until subjected to thorough and continuous treatment. The carcasses of the dead should be very deeply buried, or better, the lungs and windpipe removed and burned to ashes. All exposed animals should be well fed on a diet including dry grain, and should be allowed salt to lick at will, this being destructive to the young worms. Treatment. Feed liberally on Unseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake, roots, maize, oats, beans or other sound nu- Diseases of the Bespwatory Organs. 103 tritious diet to which may be added a mixture in equal parts of sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger, in proportion of four ounces to every ten calves of three months. To destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning, fasting, a tablespoonful of table salt or an equal amount of oil of turpentine shaken up with milk. For the lung parasites, place the affected animals m a close building and burn pinch after pinch of flowers of sulphur on a piece of pa- per laid on an iron shovel, until the air is as much charged with the fumes as they can bear without coughing vio- lently. The administrator must stay with them in the building to avoid accidents and keep up the application for half an hour at a time. It should be repeated several days in succession, and at intervals of a week for several weeks, so as to kill the young worms as they are hatched out in successive broods, and not until all cough and ex- citement of breathing have passed should the animal be considered as safe to mix with others or to go on a healthy pasture. SYMPTOMS IN SHEEP, GOAT AND CAMEL. VERMINOUS BEONCHITIS. These are the exact counterpart of those in the calf. There is a short, dry, sonorous cough, with a frothy dis- charge from the nose containing worms or their eggs, loss ' of appetite, rapid wasting, diarrhoea, shedding or drying and flattening of the wool, excessive thirst and irregTilar or depraved appetite, there being a disposition to eat earth. In the advanced stages the cough becomes very harassing and death may ensue from suffocation. Intes- tinal parasites (Strongylus Coniortus, S. Badiatus, S. Fili- colis, Sderostomum Hypostomum, Tcenia Expansa, and per- haps Sclerostomum Duodenale,) are even more numerous and injurious than in calves. Prevention. All the measures advised for the disease in calves will apply equally well here, with this proviso, that the parasites only affect sheep, goat, dromedary and camel, so that they only must be kept apart, while infested past- 104 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. ures may be safely grazed "by cattle, horses, asses or mules. Natliusius obviated the attacks by keeping the early lambs in sheds and boxes until May, and the late ones until autumn, and by feeding in the same places on roots and hay in wet weather. Abundant dry feeding and a free access to salt are especially desirable. Treatment. This is precisely the same as for calves. The tonic mixture (iron, ginger and gentian,) may be giv- en to the extent of two ounces to every ten three months lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a teaspoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate precisely as for the calf. SYMPTOMS OF VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN PIGS. Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be harmless to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of Deguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as to cause bronchitis and death. The symptoms are essen- tially the same as in other animals — the coughing up of worms and eggs being the only rehable evidence of the disease. Prevention and treatment are essentially the same as for lambs and calves. SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS. GAPES. Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze and make efforts at swallowing. These movements become more constant and severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the litjje patients grow languid and dispir- ited, droop and die. It is especially prevalent on old-es- tabhshed farms with large flocks of fowls. Treatment. The worms may be partly removed by a feather stripped of all its plumes excej^t at the tip, or still better by a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is Diseases of the Bespiratory Organs. 105 passed into the opening seen in the middle of the tongue, pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned round several times and withdrawn, when a few worms will be found attached. It may be repeated at intervals and is still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped in oil, salt w^ater, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, tobacco or sulphurous acid. The treatment is only partially success- ful as it fails to remove worms lodged in the bronchial tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision in the wind- pipe and extracted the worms with forceps, while Bartlett succeeds with turpentine smeared on the neck and which Fig. 16. Fig. 1 6 — Syngamus Trachealis. Gape- worm, nat. size, and enlarged. is of course inhaled. A removal from the contaminated ground, the supply of pure water (boiled if necessary) and an abundance of nourishing diet are essential elements of treatment. Prevention. Burn all the worms extracted from the air passages. Keep fowls from ground and houses which are known to be infested, until they have been soaked in a strong solution of salt or with crude carbolic acid or pe- troleum. Suspected water must be withheld or boiled. Avoid all green food from an infested locality. The car- casses of the dead must be burned. Young fowls may be raised safely indoors on the worst infested farms. CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE HEAKT. Frequency in different animals. General symptoms. Palpitation, thumps, Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wast- ing, atrophy. Dilatation. Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart-sac. En- docarditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, in- flammation of the structure of the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumors and parasites of the heart. Rupt- ure of the heart. These are muQli more common in domestic animals than is generally supposed. Though protected in animals from the strain consequent on the upright position of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe physical exertions of dogs and horses and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs and pleurae, from the increased force necessary to propel the blood through the lungs or general circulation when disease offers mechan- ical obstructions, and above all from the settlmg of rheu- matism on its valves and other fibrous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins, needles and other sharp- pointed bodies swallowed with the food and afterward di- rected toward the heart by its movements. High-bred oxen, sheep, pigs and even pampered horses are very sub- ject to fatty degeneration of the muscular substance of the heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEAET-DISEASE. 1. The pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set lown as follows per minute : — horse 36 to 46 ; ox 38 to 42, )r in a hot building or with full paunch, 70 ; sheep, goat Diseases of the Heart. 107 and pig 70 to 80 ; dog 80 to 100 ; cat 120 to 110 ; goose 110 ; pigeon 136 ; chicken 140. In old age it may be five less in large quadrupeds and twenty or thirty in small ones. Youth and small size imply a greater rapidity : The new-born foal has a pulse three times as frequent as the horse, the six-months colt double and the two-year old one and a quarter. It is increased by hot, close build- ings, exertion, fear, a nervous temperament and pregnancy. In large quadrupeds there is a monthly increase of four to five beats per minute after the sixth month. Independently of such conditions a rapid jDulse implies fever, inflamma- tion or debility.^ The /brce of the pulse varies in the dif- ferent species in health, thus it is full and moderately tense in the horse ; smaller and harder in the ass and mule ; full, soft and rolhng in the ox ; small and quick in sheep ; firm and hard in swine ; and firm and with a sharp (quick) beat in dogs and cats. In disease it may become more/re- quent, slow, quick (with sharp imj^ulse), tardy (with slow, rolling movement), full, strong, iveaJc, small (when thread- like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensation), soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery is full and tense but the impulse jerking and difficult as if the flow were obstmcted), jerking and receding (when with empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forward at each beat), intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular intervals), unequal (when some beats are strong and others weak), ir- regnlar (when without any distinct intermission for a pe- riod equal to an entire beat the intervals between success- ive beats vary in length). Beside these a peculiar thrill is usually felt with each beat in very weak, bloodless states. ' The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a super- ficial bone : thus on the cord felt running across the border of the lower jaw just in front of its curved portion : beneath the bony ridge which extends up- ward from the eye : in horses inside the elbow : in cattle over the middle of the first rib or beneath the tail : in dogs in a groove running down the inner side of the thigh. 108 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal and irregular pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. The jerking pulse is associated with disease of the valves at the commencement of the great aorta which carries blood from the left side of the heart, and is accompanied by a hissing or sighing noise with the second heart sound. The intermittent pulse implies functional derangement of the heart but not necessarily disease of structure. The unequal and irregular pulse is met in cases of fatty degen- eration, disease of the valves on the left side, cardiac dila- tation, etc. A retarded pulse in which the beat of heart and pulse follow each other with a perceptible interval impUes imperfect closure of the valves at the commence- ment of the aorta, or an aneurism on the aorta. A venous pulse seen in the jugular veins in the furrow near the lower border of the neck attends imperfect valves between the auricle and ventricle on the right side of the heart, or congested lungs but may exist in health. Palpaiion. The application of the hand over the chest behind the left elbow will detect any violent and tumultu- ous beating, irregularity in the force of successive beats, etc. Auscultation. The ear applied to the same j^art will detect a slight rubbing sound with each heai*t-beat in the early stages of pericarditis. It will also detect any mod- ification of the heart sounds. In health each beat of the heart is characterized by two distinct successive sounds, the first somewhat dull and prolonged, the second short, sharp and abrupt. The first sound is simultaneous with the contraction and emptying of the ventricles, the closure of the valves between the ventricles and auricles and the flow of blood into the arteries. The second corresponds to the completion of these acts, the recoil of blood in the arteries and the closure of the valves between them and the heart. The following table mil show the significance of the various superadded sounds (blowing, sighing, purr- ing or hissing murmurs,) to any one who will acquaint himseK with the course of blood through the heart : Diseases of the Heart. 109 BLOWING. HEAET SOUNDS. Blowing murmur before the first sound. Blowing murmur with the first sound. Blowing with the sound. Blowing after the sound. I Narrowing of the auriculo - ventricular orifice. Clots or growths on the valves. Strongest toward the base of r Narrowing of the the heart. Heard along the I opening of the aorta, large arteries. L r Narrowing of the Strongest toward the left of pulmonary artery, or the heart. Not heard over the < imperfect action of great arteries. | the auri culo- ventric- le ular valves, murmur i Double rushing sound heard r Imperfect action second rocesses of the backbone. The trocar being withdrawn the cannula may be tied in and left for hours or days. In the absence 142 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. of these a pocket-knife may be used, and should be kept in the wound until a large quill can be obtained and held in its place. A smaller trocar like that used for hydro- thorax in horses is suitable for sheep and goats. When urgent cases have been reheved in this way, and in milder cases without any such surgical resort, antifer- ments and antacids must be given ; aromatic spirit of am- monia, (ox 3 oz., sheep 1 oz.,) crystalline sesquicarbonate of ammonia (ox 1 oz., sheep 3 drs.,) oil of turpentine, (ox 2 oz., sheep }4 oz. in oil, milk or eggs well mixed,) whisky, brandy or gin, (ox 1 to 2 pts., sheep i pt.,) ether, pepper, ginger, oil of peppermint, etc., in full doses, wood tar (ox 2 oz., sheep ^ oz.,) carbolic acid or creosote, (ox 2 drs., sheep |- dr. in a pint of water,) sulphite, hyposulphite or bisulphite of soda, (ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs.,) chloride of lime or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa, soda, ammonia, and their carbonates ; soapsuds and lime-water,) check the fermentation by neutralizing the acidity. Care should be taken to see (by tasting) that they are not used in too strong and irritating solutions. A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimulant (sulphate of soda and ginger). Chronic tym'pany due simply to indigestion may be remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics, (foenu- grec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common salt in equal parts, nux vomica 2 drachms to every pound of the mixture. Dose : ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food). For chronic tympany due to foreign bodies in the paunch see below. OVERLOADED PAUNCH. This differs from the last in that the paunch is over- loaded, overstretched and paralyzed by excess of solid food, rather than gas. Eich, tempting and unusual food (lus- cious grass, clover, lucern, vetches, tares, beans, peas, grain,) is especially dangerous, as is food which ferments Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 143 with the formation of a fine frothy mass, (potatoes, espe- cially diseased or frosted ones,) food containing a narcotic or paralyzing principle, (green Indian corn, partially ripejied wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, tares and grasses,) bulky, dry, fibrous, innutritions aliments, (aftermath mixed with old withered stems of a former growth, hay that has ripened before being cut, dried sedges and rushes, stalks of ripened beans, peas, etc.,) and finally musty, rusty or otherwise injured hay. SaHvary fistula or obstruction and worn or diseased teeth may contribute to it. Symptoms. Develop more slowly than in tympany. There is dullness, sluggishness, raised back, hurried breath- ing, and frequent moaning. The abdomen swells, espe- cially the left side, but it hangs downward, has no absolute drum-like resonance on tapping, and pressure leaves a temporary indentation. As the disease advances there is the same difficult breathing as in tympany, frequent pas- sage of dung and urine, stupor and finally suffocation or death from nervous shock. If due to green food, diarrhoea usually precedes death, and a spontaneous cure may be effected by this or by vomiting, but only in rare cases. Treatment. In the first stages give stimulants and anti- ferments, as for tympany, with active but not irritating purgatives to unload the stomach. A pound each of Epsom and Glauber salts, 2 oz. oil of turpentine, and ^ drachm of nux vomica will be a suitable dose for an ox, to be followed up by stimulants, and in seven hours, if no relief, by a second dose of the same strength. If drum-hke resonance at the upper jDart of the left side shows the pressure of free gas, draw it off by puncturing, and dash cold water over the body to encourage contraction of the paunch. Give active stimulants every two or three hours. If there is no sign of improvement but rather stupor and sinking, the only hope is in opening the stomach in the left side where it is punctured in tymjxmij, enlarging the opening until the hand can be introduced, having two assistants hold the edofes of the wound in the stomach 144 The Farmer'' s Veterinanj Adviser. against those in tlie skin, taking out at least two-tliirds of the contents of the paunch, sewing up the wound in the stomach with the edges turned in, and that in the skin, and keeping on a httle gruel and soft mashes for a week. This operation can be performed standing, the right side of the animal applied against a stone w^all, and the nose held by bull-dog pincers or even by the fingers. It usually succeeds if resorted to early enough. IMPACTION OF THE THIED STOMACH. DEY MUREAIN. GRASS STAGGERS. A dry baked state of the contents of the manifolds is found in all feverish conditions, in torpid or inactive states of the paunch, with impaired or suspended rumination, in case of feeding on dry, fibrous, indigestible elements (bleached withered hay or that which has been over-ripened, or a mixture of fi'esh and drj grass in autumn,) on a sudden change to the over-stimulating fresh grass of spring, on smutty maize, cornstalks or w^heat, on a deficiency of water, or a sudden change from soft to hard water, or on taking lead into the system in a metallic condition or otherwise. The most rapidly fatal cases result from green food, over-ripe but uncured grain, vetches, or rye-grass, and from lead poisoning. Symptoms. Slight cases may be marked by failure to chew the cud regularly when recovering from a fever, a poor appetite, dry muzzle, dull eyes, spiritlessness, quickened breathing with a moan at intervals roused at an}^ time by forcibly punching the closed fist beneath the short ribs on the right side. If it has lasted several days the fist pressed into the left side may detect the contents of the paunch col- lected in hard masses, and tympany is likely to be present. The dung is usually scanty and hard, but in cases occurring from fibrous or irritating food, this costiveness is preceded by more or less diarrhoea. The beast leaves its fellows, reclines on its left side, with the head in the right flank, and tends by-and-by to show" palsy of the hind limbs, drowsiness and stupor, or delirium and convulsions. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 145 In the more acute cases, deatli may ensue in six hours. The animal is found apart, lying with his head in his right flank, with red fixed eyes, eyelids liaK closed, and much drowsiness and stupor though he may still feed when raised, pulse and breathing accelerated, bowels loose or torpid, hardness and tenderness under the right short ribs, and muscular tremors. Later the eyes glare, the patient seeks rehef in motion, in a straight line or to one side regardless of obstacles, and pushing against obstructing walls or fences till teeth or horns are broken, bellowing loudly and in a terrific manner all the time. Treatment. For the simpler forms give strong purga- tives, (sulphate of soda, ox 1 lb., sheep 6 oz. with common salt, molasses and croton,) stimulants (ginger, carbonate of ammonia,) and abundance of water or watery fluids. The stimulants may be repeated at intervals of three hours, and accompanied by injections of warm water. If no re- hef is obtained in twelve hours, repeat the purgative and if any tenderness of the right side exists, bhster it with mustard and turpentine (for sheep use ammonia and oil). If the kidneys act profusely, change the purgative, giving castor or linseed-oil. Even after free action of the bowels it is usually necessary to feed green food, roots or soft mashes, to give all the water that will be taken, and even to add sHght laxatives to insure the perfect breaking up of all the impaction. In the acute forms of the disease with irritation of the stomach the blandest purgatives only (linseed, ohve, or castor-oil,) must be used with nux vomica, injections and a blister on the right side over the short ribs, and cold water or ice-bags to the head. Should the victims become deliri- ous, fasten to a strong post round which they can move, or to a ring fixed in the ground. "WTien recovery ensues, fol- low up with a course of bitter tonics, (gentian, wiHow bark, nux vomica, boneset, etc.) 13 146 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. GASTBITIS IN OXEN. The acute impactions of the manifolds are usually com- plicated with congestion, and the chronic impactions lead to it. Inflammation also results from over-stimulating food, (spring grass, clover, tares, green corn, etc.,) from dry heating aliment, (excess of corn meal, linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake,) from wild mustard and other ir- ritants, from poor, hard, fibrous food, from suspension of rumination during prolonged hard work, and from min- eral and vegetable irritants. Symptoms. In mild cases, from heating or poor food, there are dullness, moaning, trembling, straining and fre- quent passage of dung in small quantities, hot, clammy, shghtly reddened mouth, dry muzzle, sharp accelerated pulse, fullness and tenderness of the belly, and the pres- ence of solid masses of food in the paunch as felt on the left side when pressed with the fist. The more active forms, resulting from green food or ir- ritants, are manifested by the same symptoms as acute impaction of the third stomach, with the addition of a tense abdomen, not dependent on the paunch, increasing tenderness, and increased temperature of the body. There may be diarrhoea or costiveness or one after the other, and it may end in stupor or convulsions. Treatment. In the milder forms give a quart of linseed or olive-oil and 2 drs. Dover's powder. Even Epsom or Glauber salts may be used with drachm doses of hyoscy- amus or belladonna as often as may be requisite to keep down violent suffering. Give all the water the patient will drink, adding a little decoction of linseed, sKppery elm or mallow ; also frequent injections of warm water, and warm fomentations to the abdomen followed by a blister. Brain symptoms must be treated as advised under impaction of the third stomach. Follow up with a course of tonics after relief is obtained. i Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 147 INDIGESTION IN WOEKING OXEN FEOM DKINKING COLD WATEE. This occurs in liard-working oxen, coming from a dusty road in a hot day and drinking to excess. There are vio- lent colicky pains, uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, lying down and rising, looking at the flanks, and a fullness and gurgling on the right side of the abdomen. It may pass in half an hour to an hour with a free watery diarrhoea. Treatment consists in exercise, walking or trotting, and a stimulating draught — pepper, ginger, fennel, caraway, peppermint, ammonia, alcohol and the like. INDIGESTION IN CALYES, LAMBS AND FOALS. WHITE SCOUE. This may result from a great variety of causes, such as withholding the first (laxative) milk after parturition, feeding new-born calves on the milk of old calved cows, bringing up foals or lambs on cow's milk, working, over- driving or otherwise exciting the dams, feeding unwhole- some food to the dams, allowing too long intervals be- tween the meals of the young, bringing up on hand on cold or soured milk or farinaceous food, keeping in damp unwholesome pens, or the accumulation of pellets of hair in the stomach. Symptoms. Irregular (impaired or even ravenous) ap- petite, swollen, tender, drum-like abdomen, sour eructa- tions, profuse foetid white watery diarrhoea, white or gray- ish fur on the tongue, dry, scurfy, unthrifty skin, and rapid emaciation. Treatment. Give a dose of 1 to 2 ozs. castor-oil (|- for lambs) with a teaspoonful of laudanum. Then with each meal give a tablespoonful from a bottle of sherry in which I" of the fresh fourth stomach of a calf has been steeped. Or with this give a carminative (1 oz. tincture of cinna- mon) with an antacid (prepared chalk or magnesia 1 dr.) and soothing or anodyne agents (gum Arabic, bismuth,) with, it may be, an astringent (tincture of kino or catechu 1 dr.) If there is much tenderness of the abdomen ap- ply a pulp of mustard and water. If yellowness of the 148 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. mucous membranes and white, very foetid dung, give 2 grs. calomel and 5 grs. ciialk twice daily. In all cases give fresh, warm, wholesome milk thrice a day, with sev- eral spoonfuls of lime-water added to each meal. In some instances the tone of the stomach may be greatly restored by a tablespoonful of tincture of gentian twice a day. Prevention should be sought in breeding only vigorous families, sheltering properly, and feeding the milk of the dam or of a healthy nurse unaltered by faulty feeding or excitement, or by standing. When a foal must be brought up on cow's milk, dilute with one-third its bulk of warm water, sweeten with sugar and add lime-water. For the carnivora use only the upper third of cow's milk. ACUTE GASTRIC INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. TYMPANY. This results from sudden filling of the stomach to excess, from suspended digestion in connection with hard work immediately after a meal, from the washing on of un- digested food, from a full drink after a feed of grain, from certain indigestible and easily fermented aliments, such as cause tympany in the ox, from irritant plants, and from hurried swallowing of hot cooked food. Symptoms. These appear just after feeding and are at first those of simple colic, (see Spasmodic Colic) soon followed by fullness and tension of the belly, a drum-hke sound when it is percussed, quickened, deep, oppressed breathing, dulhiess and increasing stupor. The pain is continuous though of varying intensity, there is no dispo- sition to eat or drink, draughts administered tend to aggravate the symptoms, the sufferer yawns, places his fore feet apart, arches the neck drawing in the nose toward the breast, and in exceptional cases, may obtain relief by belching gas, or even by vomiting, the food escaping mainly through the nose. More commonly the occurrence of vomiting implies rupture of the stomach and presages death. The pulse then becomes rapid, weak and soon Diseases of the Bigestive Organs. 149 imperceptible, and the countenance yery haggard and de- jected. In the advanced stages the animal is usually sunk in stupor, and rests his head on the manger or pushes it against the wall, while in some instances nervous move- ments of the lips and limbs occur. Treatment. Give early, full doses of aromatics, stimu- lants and tonics, (tincture of pimento or ginger, oil of peppermint, aqua ammonia, ether, alcohol, peppers, nux vomica, etc.,) rub the belly, and if reheved, follow up with a dose of physic. Alkalies are sometimes useful, as in the ox. Warm water injections and walking exercise should also be given. The stomach of the horse cannot be safely punctured, hence the affection is too often fatal. When relieved give easily digested food frequently in small quantity, until the stomach has regained its tone. When horses bolt their food give a httle hay to appease hunger before allowing grain. ACUTE INTESTINAL ^DIGESTION IN THE HORSE. ^ TYMPANITIC COLIC. Due to the same causes as gastric tympamj, this often complicates that, and is complicated by it, the disease being named according to the predominance of the gaseous evolution in stomach or bowels. When the bowels are mainly implicated, there is greater hope, as medicines may be passed through the stomach and taken up from the gut so as to affect the system, and the gas may even be drawn off with a small cannula a,nd trocar from the large intestines which occupy the lower part of the abdomen. The puncture should be made where the resonance is clearest and most drum-like. The symptoms closely resemble those of tympanitic stomach, only there is more passage of dung and flatus, and the treatment only differs in the greater freedom ^ith which liquids may be poured into the stomach and the possibility of drawing off :the gas through a cannula. 13* 150 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES IN HORSES. This results from overfeeding, especially on grain, (Indian corn, wheat,) from hard, fibrous, indigestible food taken in excess to make up for the deficiency of quality ; from imperfect preparation of the food in diseases of the teeth, jaws or salivary glands ; from insufficiency of water, and eminently from want of exercise. Symptoins. Considerable impaction may last for a time without any sign, and the disease finally shows itself sud- denly as a violent colic. More commonly transient colics come on after meals for several days in succession. There are pawing with the fore feet, uneasy movements, or kicking of the belly with the hind, lying down and rising at short intervals, turning of the nose toward the flank, and the frequent passage of wind and of dung, the latter a few small pellets at a time. There is special fullness and tension of the right side of the belly, dullness on per- cussion, solid resistance when pressed, and if the soaped hand is introduced through the last gut the sohdly im- pacted bowels are usually to be felt. The pressure of these on the bladder often causes frequent discharges of urine. A favorite position is one with the fore limbs stretched forward and the hind backward. Treatment. In mild cases and in the early stages give a laxative diet (roots, soft bran mashes, oil meal, corn- stalks,) and two or three ounces of Glauber salts daily in the food. In the more severe, give aloes, gentian and nux vomica, and in case of tympany, carbonate of ammonia or peppermint ; reheve pain by hyoscyamus or belladonna, and follow up with frequent injections of warm water, and frictions and fomentations of the abdomen. The aloes should not be repeated under twenty-four hours, but if there is evidence of their having passed off by the kidneys they may be replaced by linseed or olive-oil. The action of the bowels may be deferred three or four days without a fatal result whereas too much medicine will often cause rapture of the gut in front of the impaction. Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 151 Prevention should be sought by a more laxative diet, by a liberal supply of water, by exercise, or even by daily doses of 1 or 2 oz. of sulphate of soda in the food. The addition of 2 drachms of powdered gentian and 10 grs. of nux vomica will often restore lost tone to the bowels. CATAEKH OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS IN HOESES. This is a form of chronic indigestion resulting from faults in diet, as regards quality, quantity and regularity ; from a habit of boltuig food ; from starvation and hard work ; from a sudden access of rich food ; from the irrita- tion of worms ; from congested or torpid liver ; from impaction of the bowels or from any irritant in the food. Symptoms. Unthrifty appearance, rough coat, hide- bound, irregular or capricious appetite, dullness at work, emaciation, tucked up belly, clammy, furred tongue, irreg- ularity of the bowels, diarrhoea alternating Tsith constipa- tion, hard balls of imperfectly digested dung covered with a film of mucus, foetid sour odor of stools, and an inclina- tion to hck the white walls or fresh earth. Treatment. A carefully regulated and easily digested diet, (gi'een food, sound hay, ground oats, roots,) moderate regular exercise, a clean, warm, comfortable stable, rock salt to hck at will, and a course of tonics, (gentian with nux vomica, white bismuth, and sulphate of soda,) morning and evening. Change fi'om one tonic to another as they seem to lose their effect. Shppery elm, boiled linseed, mallow, etc., are often useful in checking irritation. VOMITING. This is common in carnivora and pigs but exceedingly rare in cattle, and stiU more so in horses, asses and mules. It may be due to a great variety of causes, as di- rect irritation of the stomach by food, poison, congestion or inflammation, disease of the brain, or of some other organ, which profoundly affects the system, or which like the throat or guUet has intimate nervous relations with the 1.52 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. stomacli. It is therefore mostly a symptom of other dis- eases, and in many cases of gastric irritation is a means of relief. When due to direct irritation of the stomach favor it by giving tepid water freely. When emptied, the stomach may be soothed by ice, iced water, prussic acid, creosote, carbohc acid, bismuth, nux vomica, lemon-juice, camphor, etc. Gum and albumen may often be given to sheath the irritated organ, and a blister may be placed on the pit of the stomach. DEPRAVED APPETITE. Seen in dyspeptic horses, eating earth, hme, etc., in rabid dogs swallowing all sorts of things, and in cows eating chalk, earth, sand, gravel, wood, leather, iron bolts, and articles of clothing, hair, bones, lead, etc. In many cases what is begun as a habit is continued as a disease, the foreign bodies in the stomach deranging the digestion and keeping up a morbid craving. Pregnancy, tuberculosis, and a deficiency of phosphates in the soil and food are occasional causes in cows. The habit should be checked by keeping tempting objects out of reach, deahng with tuberculosis and chronic gastric catarrh as advised under those heads, with a deficiency of phosphates, by an abundant artificial feeding on sound grains and a course of tonics, and with indigestible bodies in th^ stomach, by a careful feeding to prepare the beast for slaughter, or that failing by opening the paunch on the left side and remov- ing the offending agent (see impacted paunch). FOEEIGN BODIES IN STOMACH AND INTESTINES. These may be taken in by accident with the food or may be deposited from it in the form of calcuH or con- cretions. Cattle suffer much from sharp-pointed bodies like nee- dles, pins, nails, etc., taken with the food, and afterward making their way to the heart which they penetrate, causing sudden death, or in more favorable cases making their way Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 153 tlirougli the walls of the abdomen and escaping. Blunt objects remain in the paunch and honejcomb-bag, causing much or little irritation according to size or number. The most varied objects are often found in cattle slaugh- tered for beef and in good health, nails, coin, shot, solder, buttons, and hair-balls, are among the most common. I have known fifteen hair-balls from three to six inches in diameter in the paunch of a health}^ fat heifer. In sucking calves, in which they form in the true stomach, they cause dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and emaciation. Sheep suffer from wool-balls, from the fine hairs of clover and other ahments, and from collections of sand and gravel when fed turnips from damp soil. Sioine have balls of bristles in the stomach and large intestines. Horses have concretions of phosphate of lime, with smooth stony surface ; of ammonia-magnesian phosphate with rough crystalline structure ; of the fine hairs fi'om the surface of the oat with a fine velvety surface ; and of two or more of those mixed in one calculus. These are formed equally in the stomach and large intestines. Dogs have hair-balls mainly in the large intestines, as well as marbles and other objects picked up in play. These foreign bodies may exist without any manifest result, or they may cause tympany in cattle and sheep after every meal, vomiting in dogs and pigs, acute indiges- tion in the horse, and in all animals in which they are lodged in the intestines, obstruction of their passage, and violent colics which recur frequently, and usually cut the animal off sooner or later. In ruminants the offending bodies may be removed fi'om the stomach by a surgical operation, but in others little can be done beyond giving anodynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, etc.,) to relieve pain and spasm and await the result. A dose of physic would carry off the smaller calculi but would be dangerous in the large. But these cases can rarely be recognized until after death, and are 154 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. necessarily classed witli a number of others, (invagination, constriction, etc., of the bowels,) in which there is irreme- diable obstruction, and which end sooner or later in death. SPASMODIC COLIC. BELLY-ACHE. This term is loosely used to designate all conditions in which there is pain in the belly, whether from disease of liver, pancreas, urinary organs, generative apparatus, stomach or bowels, and whether caused by nervous iiTita- tion, inflammation, improper position, strangulation or compression by adjacent organs, obstruction by foreign bodies, etc., etc. The present remarks will be confined to that which is more purely nervous and which results from spasmodic contraction (cramps) of the bowels. In certain susceptible states of the system a slight indi- gestion, T\dthout impaction or tympany, the taking of indi- gestible matters that would have been harmless at another time, a drink of ice-cold water Avhen perspiring and exhaus- ted, a chill rain or dew will cause spasms and the most excruciating agony. Symptoms. The attack is sudden, the horse paws, moves uneasily, kicks at the belly, looks at the flanks with anxious countenance, dilated nostrils and glaring ej^e, crouches with semi-bent limbs for a few seconds and then throws himself down with a prolonged groan. He rolls, lies on his back, sits on his haunches and may get up, shake himself, take to feeding and appear quite well. Another fit comes on in ten, fifteen, twenty or thirty min- utes, and after each there is a period of freedom from pain, with natural pulse and breathing. This with the reckless manner in which he Hes down, and the entu-e absence of tenderness of the abdomen, or of elevated temperature, serve to distinguish from other bowel diseases, especially inflammation. Each succeeding attack may be less severe until they cease, or they may increase in severity and the disease merge into acute tympanitic indigestion or enteritis. In cattle there are similar symptoms with uneasy shift- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 155 ing of the hind limbs, kicking with the upper one when down, twisting of the tail and moaning. It rarely lasts over an hour or two. Dogs curl themselves up to rest, but move uneasily or moan, and with the more violent pains start up with a sudden yelp, move around for some time and lie down until the next spasm comes on. The eye is bright, the nose cool and moist, the pulse natural, and the appetite retained. Treatment. In all animals ahke, a laxative (aloes, horse ; linseed-oil, cattle and sheep ; castor-oil, pigs and dogs,) is the safest treatment as it soon relieves the spasm and carries off any irritant that may have contributed to main- tain it. It is usually desirable to add an anodyne (bella- donna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, chloral-hydrate,) to relieve the pain until the laxative is absorbed, and a stimulant anti-spasmodic (carbonate of ammonia, sweet spirits of nitre, ether,) to quiet the nervous excitement. Copious injections of warm water with or without anodynes and anti-spasmodics are not to be neglected, neither is quiet walking exercise. If the affection appears purely spasmodic the laxative may be withheld until two doses of anodynes and anti-spasmodics have been given at in- tervals of half an hour, but should these fail, give the opening medicine at once, and then only enough of the other agents to moderate excessive pain until it has had time to be absorbed. Complete rehef may be looked for in three or four hours. ACUTE HEMOEKHAGIC ENTEKITIS. This is very common in hard-working horses in some locahties and is also seen in cattle, sheep, swine and dogs. It may follow unrelieved obstruction of the bowels, espe- cially if these have been treated by powerful opiates and stimulants or dangerously irritant purgatives. To these must be added excessive fatigue, heavy, hurried feeding, and drinking iced water, exposure to a cold draught, chilj 156 The Fanner'^s Veterinary Adviser. rain, or cold sponge when exhausted, a sudden change to dry grain feeding, to new oats or hay, to rank, rapidly- grown clover or grasses, or to musty food. Symptoms. When not supervening on indigestion or ob- struction of the bowels its onset is sudden. The patient stamps, paws, looks at his flank, moves from place to place, walks crouchingly, lies down, rolls, acts in short as in spas- modic colic, but there is a more careful lying down, there is no intermission to the pain, the face continues pinched and anxious even if the beast stands quiet for a few seconds, the eye remaius fixed and glazed, the pupils dilated, the breathing hurried and catching, the pulse rapid, and be- coming smaller and weaker, the temperature unnaturally high, the surface covered with sweat and often cold, and the limbs and ears deathly cold. The abdomen is usually tender. As the disease advances the animal may become still but all the other signs are worse. Others become reckless and dash about peeling and injuring themselves and imperiling those about them. The bowels are confined and in the advanced stages the pellets passed may be stained with blood. Death may ensue in from three to twenty-four hours after the onset. Treatment. If seen at the outset give a mild laxative (olive-oil) with an anodyne (hyoscyamus). Bleeding from the jugular vein may give prompt relief if the pulse is still full and strong. But neither of these can be ventured upon except at the A^ery outset, and therefore in the great majority of cases are to be avoided. Apply hot fomenta- tions to the belly by a blanket wrung out of water nearly boiling, rub the limbs Tvdth ammonia, mustard or turpen- tine, and give injections of warm water containing ano- dynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, tobacco, etc.) If the soft, weak, rapid pulse bespeaks already existing effusion, avoid bleeding and laxatives, give one or two drachms of opium by mouth, or better one or two grains sulphate of morphia injected under the skin, repeating as Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 157 often as may be requisite to moderate suffering and keep the bowels inactive, accompanying this by hot fomentations and counter-irritants. In case of improvement feed linseed or oatmeal gruels, boiled linseed, or very sloppy bran mashes only, and in small amount, for several days. If the bowels continue confined give four or five ozs. olive-oil, or three or four ozs. Glauber salts once or tmce a day. But prevention is especially to be sought in such a rap- idly fatal disease. Eegularity and sufficient frequency of feeding, in moderate quantities at a time and of good quality, and a gradual instead of a sudden change of diet, are important. "When new heoy or grain, or heating agents like maize or wheat are fed, one feed daily should be replaced by a slo]3py bran mash, or one or two ounces of common or Glauber salts added. Avoid full draughts of cold or iced water when sweating and exhausted, and of any water after a meal of grain. ACUTE MUCO-ENTEEITIS. AH the domestic animals are subject to this form of in- flammation, chiefly of the mucous membrane of the bow- els. The causes are mainly the same as those of h^emor- rhagic enteritis acting on a less susceptible subject, or with lessened force. These may be named exposure, sud- den extreme changes of weather, coarse, dry, fibrous, musty or otherwise irritant indigestible food, abrupt changes of diet, impure, stagnant or putrid water, too much water after feeding, or ieed water when fatigued and perspiring, drastic or oft-repeated purgatives, suppressed perspiration, sand in the food, parasites and the various mechanical obstructions (calculi, impactions, invagina- tions, hernia). Cattle, sheep and swine especially suffer during the vicissitudes and extremes of spring, summer and autumn, and the latter from want of water to drink and wallow in. Among dogs the young suffer most and those kept on animal food, or that bathe in rivers when 14 158 The Fanner's Veterinary Adviser. heated with the chase. Chickens contract it from faults in feeding and watering, but especially from exclusive feeding on grain and deficiency or impurity of the water. Symptoms. In the mildest forms are fever, increased temperature, thirst, scanty, high-colored urine, costive bowels, the small masses of dung covered with a film of mucus, tender belly, small, quick, hard pulse, yellowish- red eyes, hot clammy mouth, furred tongue with redness along the edges, tip and lower surface, impaired appetite, dull sluggish habit, loss of flesh, unthrifty skin, and shght colics after meals. In the more severe forms aU these symptoms are in- creased in severity, appetite gone, dullness and depres- sion extreme, head carried low, gait unsteady, breathing excited, a ridge on the tender abdomen as in pleurisy, and more frequent colic, with pawing, uneasy shifting of the limbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking at the flanks and lying down and rising. Diarrhoea may set in and herald recovery, or it may become profuse, bloody and fatal. In addition to these general symptoms cattle and slieep have impairment or loss of rumination, frequent belch- ing of gas, foetid breath and tenderness mainly of the right side of the abdomen. When due to acrid and irri- tant plants, the back is arched, abdomen tense and tucked up, constipation obstinate, tongue often purple, and the urine high-colored or even bloody. It may prove fatal after a fortnight's sickness. In sivine the afi'ection is usu- ally mistaken for Intestinal Fever which indeed it strongly resembles, but without the ineffaceable black spots on the skin and mucous membranes, and without a contagious principle. In dogs much dullness, drowsiness, restless- ness, with tucked up, tense, very tender abdomen, violent constipation and very painful and difficult passage of dung are added to the general symptoms. Yomiting is common in dogs and pigs. Chickens lose appetite and vivacity, droop the head, raise the feathers, move slug- Diseases of tlie Digestive Organs. 159 gishlj, scour, strain violently, and show much tenderness of the abdomen when handled. Treatment. At the outset give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, Glauber salts; or for all animals olive-oil;) with anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, Indian hemp,) in a mucilage of slippery elm or gum Arabic, and repeat these mucilages and anod3nies as may be needful to quiet the suffering. Mild cases may be successfully treated by small daily doses of sulphate of soda with abundance of mucilage, and tonic dos^s of gentian and nux vomica. Give injections of hot water, with anodynes, and apply fo- mentations, or in small animals poultices, followed by mustard or other counter-irritants to the belly as in hsem- orrhagic enteritis. When profuse diarrhoea sets in give freely of mucilaginous and starchy drinks, with quinia, gentian, nux vomica or other bitter and opium. The diet must be restricted to well-boiled mucilaginous gruels, and in the case of herbivora, sloppy warm bran mashes. The treatment of diseased chickens is not always satis- factory, but the whole flock should have mush, vegetables and boiled potatoes, with clear pure drinking water to which may be added cream of tartar or Glauber salts, 1 oz. to every quart. CROUPOUS ENTERITIS. This occurs in cattle, horses, sheep and dogs, and may be considered as a modification of the other forms of en- teritis and produced by similar causes. The symptoms may approach those of either of the two forms of the dis- ease already described, the suffering being extreme and lasting, or violent but short, and followed by dirLlness, de- pression, fever, and tenderness of the belly. If the ani- mal survives long enough the false membranes are passed in great, white, friable masses or shreds. In its earhest stages a laxative will often alter the condition of the mem- brane and contribute to a prompt recovery. Later treat as in enteritis. SaHne laxatives (sulphate of soda or mag- 160 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. nesia) and bitters (mix vomica, gentian, quassia, quinia,) are especially indicated when the membranes are separat- ing. If resulting from mercurial poisoning, give chlorate of potassa and iodide of potassium. INFLAMMATION OF THE RECTUM. The last or straight gut often suffers exclusively in horses and dogs in connection with the impaction of hardened dung, or calculi, and in oxen with a certain conformation from the introduction of air. Dung is passed in long cyl- indroid masses with great straining and pain, or cannot be passed at all. In the dog it is covered with mucus, pus or even blood. The everted gut is of a deep red color, thickened, infiltrated and hot. Eupture may ensue if it is not relieved. Treat by emptying the gut with the oiled hand or finger, give a spare laxative diet (bran mashes, roots, gruels,) frequent injections of warm water containing some mucilage and oHve-oil, and an occasional purgative (olive or linseed-oil). In high-rumped oxen, cut the muscles on the upper surface of the tail and tie it down until healed. DIAREHGEA. SCOURING. This is a frequent discharge of semi-liquid or liquid dung from the bowels without griping or violent straining. It is a symptom of disease rather than an independent malady, as it may arise from almost any irritant in the bowels. Among its common causes may be named a full drink followed by active exertion ; feeding soft, aqueous, rapidly -gTown green food ; cooked food for hard-working horses ; many irritant and acrid plants ; spoiled potatoes, turnips, apples, etc. ; stagnant, putrid water ; undigested matters in the bowels from imperfect mastication or di- gestion ; impaction of some part of the bowels ; worms, etc. It may occur from irritants secreted from the blood, as in the case of purgative agents accidentally taken in witli food or water, and the morbid elements of certain Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 161 fevers (Einclerpest, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, lung-fever.) Lastly, a reflex irritation from the skin as in exposure to chilling rains, night-clews, or clamp stalls, or to hot clamp buildings, seasons or localities. Horses are especially liable to superpurgation if worked or supphed with ice-cold water during the operation of a dose of physic. Symptoms. These may be slight as in the frequent pulpy evacuations of animals fed exclusively on roots, or severe, as in the excessive and almost constant discharge of a dark-colored hquicl mixed with mucus. Slight diar- rhoea does not affect the appetite, nor interfere with improvement in condition, but in the severer forms there is loud rumbling in the abdomen, loss of appetite and condition, rapid, small, weak pulse, hurried breathing, paUid mucous membranes and weakness even to unsteady gait. Distension of the belly, v/ith pawing and other signs of abdominal pain may appear in bad cases. In horses it is often followed by inflammation of the feet. Treatment. Unload the bowels by hnseed, ohve, or castor-oil according to the patient, adding laudanum, and follow up by mucilaginous (Knseecl, gum Arabic, slip- pery elm,) or starchy draughts or even injections with or without laudanum as may seem required. In prolonged and obstinate cases astringents (kino, catechu, oak bark, tannic acid, nitrate of silver,) with tonics (gentian, cin- chona, saHcine, nux vomica,) and carminatives (campho- rated spirit, ginger, peppers, caraway, fennel, etc.,) may have to be employed. But in no case should astringents or opiates be used until the UTitant has been carried off by a laxative, and usually a change of diet is needful to prevent a second attack. In acute or obstinate cases dry rubbing or a blister to the belly may be useful, and perfect rest must be enjoined. DYSENTERY. BLOODY-FLUX. This is a morbid process approaching inflammation of the mucous membranes of the large intestines, and leading 14^ 162 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to the formation of ulcers. It occurs in cattle, horses, swine and dogs, may be enzootic on certain rich impervi- ous soils, or even epizootic. Causes. Those of diarrhoea acting with greater energy ; the emanations from marshy inundated soils, or from carcasses ; putrid, stagnant or iced water ; musty, putrid or otherwise altered food ; overexertion in excessive heats ; or even a contagium. Symptoms, The acute form comes on suddenly with symptoms of acute intestinal catarrh. The dung is passed fre- quently with straining and is semi-liquid and foetid. Later it is quite liquid with mucus, blood and shreds of false mem- branes or sloughs, intolerably offensive, and passed with stiU more pain and straining. Later still, the same painful straining fails to bring away anything, though the red, infiltrated and excoriated rectum may protrude. At length the discharge again reappears more repulsive than ever and passes involuntarily. Appetite is gradually lost, but thirst increases. Fever exists at first with staring coat and even shivering, hot fevered mouth and accelerated pulse, but this is less marked as the disease becomes chronic. Then there is extreme emaciation, cold limbs, dry, cracked muzzle, hide-bound, scurfy, unhealthy, lousy skin, often covered with flies, deeply-sunken palhd eyes, and involuntary liquid putrid discharges. Death may occur in three or four days or the disease may be pro- tracted for months. Treatment. Eub the belly actively and apply mustard, or in small animals give a warm bath. Give a mild laxa- tive (olive-oil, Glauber salts,) with calmative (Dover's powder, laudanum). After the laxative has operated give daily Dover's powder with ipecacuanha, or sal ammoniac, or should these fail to improve the discharge, astringents (kino, catechu, gall-nuts, oak bark, black currant bark, walnut leaves, tormentilla, rhatany, etc.,) with tonics (quinia, nux vomica, salicine, cascarilla, carbonate or sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver). Small doses Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 163 of oil of turpentine, copaiva, creosote or carbolic acid often act beneficially on the diseased mucous membrane. The same agents may be given as injections in mucilagi- nous fluids. Diet must be bland, easily digested, and fed little at a time. Mashes of wheat bran, or flour from the whole grain of wheat, barley or oats, and fresh pulped or cooked roots may be given to the herbivora ; and farinas made into puddings, with just enough juice of meat to in- sure their being eaten, to the carnivora. Fresh raw meat without fat, beaten to a pulp in a mortar will often agree when nothing else will. The drink should be mixed -wdth a httle boiled hnseed, gum, slij)pery elm or barley water. OBSTEUCTION OF THE BOWELS. Under this head may be considered all cases of com- plete obstruction of the bowels excepting those of the na- ture of hernia or rupture. It will include blocking of the gut by hardened dung, calcuh, and foreign bodies swal- lowed ; invagination or the slipj^ing of a portion of gut into what is adjacent, like the drawing of a finger of a glove into itseK ; volvulus, or the rolling on itself of a por- tion of intestine with its connecting membrane until noth- ing can pass through it ; strangulation of an intestine by another rolled round it, by a tumor hanging by a long pedicle, or by a band of false membrane formed in some pre-existing inflammation and gradually contracting ; tu- mors formed within a g*ut ; and in steers the strangulation of a loop of intestine in a pouch in the right flank formed by contraction on the spermatic cord in castration. The symptoms of complete obstruction are those of se- vere spasmodic colic, but without the intervals of complete freedom from pain. It differs also from enteritis in that there is no rise of temperature at first. The dung may be abundant at the outset but as the disease advances is more or less completely suppressed, the portion of intes- tine behind the obstruction having been emptied. The lujrse often seems to obtain a partial temporary rehef by 164 The Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser. sitting on his liaunclies or lying on his back, and will retch, though vomiting is rare, unless the stomach is rupt- ured. If the obstruction is in the pelvic flexure of the large bowels it may be felt by the hand introduced through the rectum. In ruminants the preliminary cohcs may be followed by quietude, but there remain extreme lassitude, depression, sunken eye and dry hot muzzle, and even stupor or coma. In cattle the hand introduced into the rectum will detect the mass of the overdistended bowel above the obstruc- tion. It m^ay also ascertain the existence of a pouch im- prisoning the gut in the right flank and may even pull it out and reheve. In dogs violent colic may be absent, but there is much depression, inappetence, vomiting of bile or faeces, arch- ing of the back, tucking up of the belly, the passage with much pain and straining of mucus-covered faeces, and lat- er, straining without any passage, while the overloaded gut may easily be felt through the walls of the belly. Treatment. In most cases of absolute obstruction noth- ing can be done except to reheve the pain by anodynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, Indian hemp, etc.,) and leave to nature. Invagination, volvulus or gut-tie, when their presence is ascertained in ruminants, pigs or dogs, would warrant an incision through the walls of the abdo- men and an attempt to rectify with the hand. In cattle the opening must always be made in the right flank, the left being occupied by the paunch. The wound must be afterward carefully sewed up and the animal prevented from rubbing it. Gut-tie may often be remedied by man- ipulation T\ith the hand in the rectum, or even by the sim- pler expedient of jumping from a bank about two feet high, though if due to adhesion of the cord to an intestine the abdomen must be opened and the band cut. HERNIA. RUPTURE. BURST. Hernia is understood to mean the displacement of some Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 165 internal organ tlirougli a natural or unnatural opening. Of abdominal organs the bowels and omentum are those that most commonly protrude, though the womb often es- capes in bitches. According to the structure through which the organ passes the hernia is named : — into the chest, diaphragmatic or phrenic ; through the omentum or mesentery, omental, mesenteric ; through the navel, umbilical; into the scrotum, inguinal or scrotal; through the femoral arch to the inner side of the thigh, /emora^; through an artificial opening in the walls of the abdomen, ventral; through the relaxed walls of the vagina, vaginal. Diaijhragmatic Hernia may occur from violent muscular efforts, from the violent shock of a heavy abdominal organ on the midriff in leaping or from laceration with a broken rib or other offending body. The w^orst cases are sud- denly fatal from suffocation. In others there is a sudden access of difficult breathing with gurgling sounds on aus- cultating the chest. In still others, with a smaller rupture, the rumbhng in the chest may be absent but there is vio- lent, continuous cohc and rapid prostration as in obstruct tion. In the slightest forms there is only an extra lifting of the flanks as in heaves. Treatment is useless, though rest and anodynes will allow a shght case to merge into the chronic form. Mesenteric and Omental Hernia give rise to complete ob- struction of the bowels and can rarely be recognized nor remedied. Umbilical Hernia is common in horses, dogs and very young ruminants. It is usually congenital but may result from violent straining, running or jumping. The swelling is very manifest and when handled its contents are found to move on each other, to gurgle and to pass back in a ]nass when pressed. Treatment is often needless, the sac becoming effaced wdth growth. If not, make a soft pad for the navel and attach it to elastic bands passing round the body and fixed in their turn to others extending back from a collar round 166 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. the neck. Or in slight cases blister the sac severely and repeatedly ; or apply wooden clamps over the skin close up to the belly, having first perfectly returned the protru- sion, and let them be worn until they drop off. Inguinal Hernia occurs in the male quadruped of any age, as the sac containing the testicle remains continuous mth the abdomen throughout life. It is rare but by no means unknown in the castrated animal. It may exist without any other symptom than an unnatural swelling of the scrotum, the contents movable on themselves, the thickening extending up to the abdomen, and the whole disappearing suddenly and in a mass when pressed. Or these signs may be associated with the violent and contin- uous colicky pains of obstruction. In all cases of colic in entire males the possibility of hernia should be borne in mind and an examination made. Treatment is very varied, in difficult cases requiring an- atomical knowledge and attention to many minutiae which cannot be given here. Yet in many cases the hernia may be returned by simple pressure with the hand, with or without the other hand inserted into the last gut and car- ried down to the internal inguinal ring. If the patient is thrown on his back with his hind parts well raised the re- turn will be greatly facilitated. In pigs and dogs castra- tion should be resorted to, the gut being first returned and held back by pressing upon the canal in front of the testi- cle, and finally the wound in the skin sewed up. For par- ticulars of treatment of the various forms of inguinal her- nia see the author's larger work. Femoral Hernia in bitches rarely demands or receives treatment. Ventral Hernia is easily distinguished from other swell- ings of the abdominal walls by the movable gurgling con- tents entirely returnable into the abdomen by pressure. Though often masked by surrounding inflammation these characters can usually be recognized. Treatment is most successful just after the injury is sustained, as after the Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 167 margins of the wound have become insensible thej mil not contract and heal. Return the protrusion, throwing the animal on its back and quieting with opium, ether or chloral if necessary. Then cover the opening with pads and cover with a strong sheet wound round the abdomen and laced tightly along the back. Keep the sheet in posi- tion by bands carried from its anterior border to a collar round the neck. Adjust and pad it carefully day by day until all swelhng and tenderness subside. Vaginal Hernia must be treated like eversion of the va- gina, EVEKSION OF THE RECTUM. The rectum protrudes naturally in passing dung but re- turns immediately. If it remains and swells it demands interference. Poorly-kept animals (dogs, pigs,) are liable and it may be caused in all from violent straining in work, parturition, constipation, diarrhoea or dysentery. The protrusion may be confined to a mucous fold at one side of the anus or the entire gut may protrude to the length of several feet. If recent it is little altered, but if old, is red, thick, softened or even ulcerated. The protrusion must be emptied, cleaned and returned, the oiled finger or arm (according to size) being introduced into the gut and through the constriction of the anus and the other hand used to strip it off from this. The head of the patient should be turned downhill and straining prevented by pinching the back. In small animals with old protrusions the part may have to be cut off close to the anus and a few stitches passed through the edges to keep them in ap- position. When returned a truss should be applied as for everted uterus or vagina and a spare, laxative diet allowed, nourishing or not according to the needs of the patient. These are dilatation of the veins on the inner and outer sides of the anus, with exudation and fibrous thickening 168 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. of the surrounding connective tissue to form rounded swellings. They are reported in all domestic animals but are especially common in dogs. Melanotic tumors in horses are often confounded with them. They are gener- ally connected with torpid, inactive liver and an aggra- vated costiveness, straining and the presence of irritants in the large intestines. Dogs draw the anus along the ground as in intestinal worms, pass hardened, blood- streaked dung, with much straining, pain and sharp cries, and present around the anus bluish tumors which bleed freely if wounded and are connected with the terminal end of the gut that hangs out through the opening. The gen- eral health rarely suffers much. In other animals there is itching, switching and rubbing of the tail with the char- acteristic tumors and much straining and difficulty in pass- ing dung. Treat by mild laxatives (sulphate of soda and common salt, 3 ozs. daily for the large and 20 to 30 gi'ains for the small quadrupeds ; or podophyllin in one-fifth the usual doses, daily). Give moderately of laxative, easily- digested food and maintain tone by bitters (nux vomica). Locally bathe with tepid solutions of opium, stramonium and astringents (sugar of lead, alum, tannin, sulphurous acid, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment). Check bleeding by solutions of sulphate of iron or matico. It is sometimes necessary to remove with the ligature. FISTULA IN ANUS. This is a communication between a suppurating sore and the terminal part of the rectum. There are usually two openings, one into the gut and the other close beside the anus. The rational treatment is to remove any foreign body or other cause of irritation and then passing an India rubber cord through the canal, to bring the end from the internal wound out through the anus and, stretching the rubber, to tie both together after which by its elasticity it slowly cuts its way through, while the wound steadily heals behind. i Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 169 IMPEEFOKATE ANUS. This is not uncommon in young animals and may be relieved by a free incision as soon as the accumulation of dung in the end of the rectum furnishes a firm pad on which to cut. The incision must be made in the centre of the firm muscular ring that should have encircled the opening, and which may be easily felt. In mares sponta- neous relief is often obtained by a rupture into the vagina. If the gut as well as the opening is wanting, there is no remedy. PEEITONITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING MEMBEANE OF THE ABDOMEN. This occurs in all domestic animals and may be limited to a particular part or may be general. It is mostly caused by mechanical injuries, as wounds of the abdom- inal walls — surgical or otherwise, or by rupture of an ab- scess, of the stomach, intestine, bladder or womb. It may also result from sudden changes of weather, chills from exposure to excessive cold, to frigid showers or dews or to a wet bed after perspiration and fatigue. This is of course most frequent in horses and oxen. Similar expos- ure to cold is a common cause of peritonitis after wounds of the abdomen, as in castration. Symptoms. If very circumscribed there may be simply slight colic, worse at one time than another, with acute pain when the affected part is pressed. When more gen- eral there is shivering followed by a hot stage, colic, stiff- ness of the hind Hmbs, especially in the smaller animals, swelling, tension and great tenderness of the abdomen, constipation, or in rare cases, watery or even bloody diar- rhoea, complete loss of appetite, vomiting in animals capa- ble of this act, quick, catching breathing and rapid hard pulse, becoming softer, weaker and smaller when serous effusion takes place. Effusion is further attended by a relief from the colics and tenderness, a more sunken eye, pallid mucous membranes, deeper breathing, and a more 15 170 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. pendent belly with a sense of fluctuation when it is hand- led. In ruminants the right side is especially tender and the animal stands crouching with its four feet near to- gether. The wound of the abdomen usually completes tlie list of symptoms. Treatment. The abdomen may sometimes be cupped or leeched with advantage, though warm fomentations or poultices, (or even warm baths for small animals) followed by mustard poultices, are more generally applicable. Then the preparations of opium may be given in full and frequent doses to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive. Well-boiled gruels may be given frequently as injections, as what is thrown on the stomach is usually vomited or lies unabsorbed. During recovery great care must be exercised in feeding. Decoctions of linseed, or well-boiled gruels of oat, barley or rye-meal should gradually give place to soft warm bran mashes and finally to hay and ordinary food. The carnivora may have beef tea. Ano- dynes (opium, prussic acid,) may be given to relieve pain and diuretics (nitre, digitalis, sweet spirits of nitre, etc.,) employed to remove the effusion. Tonics (oxide of iron, gentian, cinchona, etc.,) may be demanded and occa- sionally mustard poultices to remove tenderness. ASCITES. DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN. This may be a result of peritonitis, of obstruction to the flow of blood through the intestinal (portal) veins as in diseased Hver, spleen, pancreas, mesenteric glands, valves of the heart, etc., or finally it may depend on an unduly watery state of the blood as in certain parasitic and other disorders. Symptoms. Distended (pot) belly, loose and pendulous, with hollow flanks, or if the hquid is more abundant, rounded and tense. Fluctuation is easily felt if pressure is made at two different points, and percussion ehcits a dull dead sound in place of the normal drum-like reso- nance of the bowels. The urine is scanty, appetite and 171 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. digestion impaired, breathing deep and excited, condition poor and getting worse, hair dry, rough, erect and often shedding, and swellings appear along the lower part of the body into the limbs and chest. Treatment. Find out and remove if possible the true primary cause. When that has ceased to act employ purgatives, but especially diuretics (digitalis, oil of tur- pentine, iodide of potassium, squills, colchicum, nitre, etc.,) in as full doses as the strength will permit, with tonics (sulphate of iron, gentia^n, nux vomica,) and apply tinct- ure of iodine over the abdomen. The Hquid may be drawn off with a fine cannula and trocar, one-half only being extracted at a time, and the flaccid walls at once sup- ported by a tight bandage encirchng the body. GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PARASITES. Larva of Insects. — Bots. These are the larva of four different species of gadfly that pester horses in summer Fig. 20. Fig. 22. Fig. 20— Bot-fly. CEstrus Eqtu. Fig. 21. Fig 22 — Bots hooked on the mucous Fig. 21 — Bot. Larva of CEstrus. membrane of the stomach. and autumn, gluing their little white ovoid eggs on the long hairs beneath the jaws, on the breast, shoulders and fore limbs on which the empty shells may be carried through the winter. When the horse hcks himseK the live embryo is extracted from the egg and swallowed or in the 172 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, case of those beneatli the jaws they fall into the food and are devoured with it. By the aid of the hooks around their heads they attach themselves to the mucous mem- brane mainly of the left half of the stomach but often also of other parts such as the right side of the stomach, the duodenum or small gut leading from the stomach, and the throat. There they steadily grow in the winter and in spring pass out with the dung, burrow in the soil and are transformed into the gadfly. The disturbance they cause depends on their numbers and the portions of the canal on which they attach themselves. In the throat they produce a chronic sore-throat and discharge from the nose which continues until the following spring, unless they are previously extracted with the hand. In the left half of the stomach which is covered with a thick insensible cuti- cle they do little harm when in small numbers, hence Bracy Clark supposed them to be rather beneficial in stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. When very numerous and above all Avhen attached to the highly sensitive right haK of the stomach or the duodenum they seriously interfere with digestion, causing the animals to thrive badly, to be weak and easily sweated or fatigued, and even determining sudden and fatal indigestions. This last result is especially liable to occur in spring or early summer, when the bots are passing out in great numbers and hooking themselves at intervals to the coats of the sensitive bowels in their course. They will sometimes accumulate in such numbers as actually to block the pas- sage. They even attach themselves to the skin outside the anus causing the animal to go awkwardly, to switch his tail and give other signs of extreme discomfort until the tail is raised and the offender discovered and removed. Alleged perforations of the stomach by bots are usually ruptures, the result of indigestion. The irritation caused by their presence is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion and colic. It may be tympanitic or not, accompanied or not with Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 173 diarrlioea, and of the most variable intensity. If occnrring after a period of abstinence when the worms are presum- ably hungry, or if in spring or early summer, if the bots are found passing with the dung, if the horse turns up his lip as if nauseated, and if the margins of the tongue are red and fiery there will be so much more corroborative evi- dence. Treatment. In cases of irritation following abstinence give potato juice, gruels, etc., to feed and quiet the bots, adding some anodyne (opium, hyocyamus,) or mucilagin- ous agents (gum Arabic, boiled linseed, mallow, shppery elm,) if it appears necessary. We cannot certainly kill the bots in the stomach, as they will resist the strongest acids and alkalies, the most irrespirable and poisonous gases, the most potent narcot- ics and mineral poisons, empyreumatic oils, etc. Oil of turpentine, bryony, ether and benzine have been relied on by different practitioners but none of them are quite sat- isfactory. It seems probable that these hke other vermi- fuges will act best in autumn or early winter before the larva has acquired his hard, horny coat of mail, and at this time accordingly they may be given with more con- fidence. The azedarach (pride of China) grown around stables in the South to protect from bots, probably acts in this way, if at all, being cropped and swallowed by the an- imals while the bots are stiU white, soft and permeable to liquids. The colics are to be treated by anti-spasmodics (tobac- co, stramonium, laudanum, etc.,) and mild laxatives, and the animal must be well fed to support him under the drain and to keep the parasite gorged, lazy and non-irri- tating. In summer when the bots are coming away their exit may be precipitated by a good dose of physic. Prevention. Trim off the long hairs of the jaws, breast, shoulder and fore hmbs and apply a little oil daily to pre- vent the eggs from adhering. Or brush off the eggs with soap-suds daily before they have had time to hatch in the 15* 174 TJie Farmer^ s Veterinary Adviser. sun. A piece of cloth extended across beneath the jaws is often employed to protect this part. Rat-tailed maggots the larvae of lielopldlus are also found in horses' intestines but are not known to be injurious. Fig. 23. Fig. 23 — Helophilus. INTESTINAL WORMS. These are arranged in four classes : 1. The tape-ioorms, consisting of flat bodies made up of a succession of seg- ments or hnks, with a narrow neck and small head, and divided into tape-worms proper, which are round-headed, and bothriocephali, wdiich are flat-headed with lateral openings ; 2. the flukes, soft-bodied, flattened, leaf-hke or ovoid worms, with digestive organs and a variable num- ber of sucking discs ; 3. the thorji-lieaded tvorms, with long rounded bodies and retractile snouts furnished with hooks by which they attach themselves to the mucous membrane, but neither mouth nor digestive canal; 4. lastly, the round tvorms which differ from the last in the absence of a protractile, hooked snout and the pos- session of mouth and digestive canal. The horse harbors in his intestinal canal at least three tape- worms and seven round worms ; the ox, two tape-worms, two flukes and five round worms ; the sheep, one tape- worm, one fluke and seven round worms ; the pig, one thorn-headed worm and five round worms ; the dog, thir- teen tape-worms, one fluke and five round worms ; the cat, five tape-worms, three flukes and three round worms ; the rabbit, one tape-worm and three round worms ; the goose and duck, nine tape-worms, seven flukes, one thorn-headed worm and seven round worms ; the chicken, four tape- worms, two flukes and seven round worms ; and the tur- key and pigeon, at least two round worms each. Of these Diseases of the Digestive Organs. lib eighty-eiglit worms of the digestive organs it is useless to attempt any description in a work of the present limits, so that onr attention must be mainly confined to their symp- toms and treatment. For further information the reader is referred to the author's larger work or to those of Leuckhart, Diesing, Dujardin, Baillet, Cobbold and other helminthologists. The transformations of tape-worms have been already referred to under parasites, and those of flukes under dis- Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 24 — Sclerostomum Equinum. Fig. 25 — Oxyuris Curvula. Mature and young forms, nat. size. i Female ; 2 male, nat. size. eases of the liver. The thorn-headed worms lay theii- eggs within the body of their host, and these being passed with the dung are swallowed by crustaceans in which they en- cyst themselves and develop the characters of the adult worm in miniature, but remain very minute and fail to at- tain their full size till their host is swallowed by another animal. Among domestic animals ducks and pigs harbor these, probably because of their carnivorous appetite. The round ivorn/VsCtRo^iYj Hve in their young and immature con- dition, out of the body, in water or moist earth or on veg- 176 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. etables (see lung-worms, verminotts bronchitis,) but some are exceptions, like the common pin-worm of the horse (Scler- ostomum Equinum) which lives in pill-like masses of dung, in little pouches and closed cysts of the mucous Fig. 27. Fig. 26. Fig. 27 — ^Trichocephalus Afl&nis, nat. size. Fig. 28. Fig. 26 — Ascaris Megalacephala. Fig. 28 — Head of Taenia Expansa. membrane of the large intestine and in dilatations of the blood-vessels, especially the arteries of the bowels. This, with two other common pin-worms of the horse (Scleros- tomum Tetracanthum, Oxyuris Curvula,) are each about Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 177 an incli in lengtli and all inhabit the large intestine in their adult condition, sometimes becoming so numerous in a district as to cause an epizootic. Another round worm (Ascaris Megalacephala) about six inches long is very com- mon in the horse's small intestine. Cattle suffer less from intestinal worms, but the follow- ing are not infrequently injurious, especially to calves. The long tape-worm (Taenia Expansa), Ascaris Bovis (Hke a common earth-worm), the hair-headed worm (Tricoceph- Fig. 29. , Fig. 31. Ffg. 29 — Head of Echinorynclius Gigas. Fig. 30. Fig. 30 — Spiroptera Strongylina; Fig. 31 — Ascaris Suilla. a, nat. size ; i>, tail enlarged. alus Affinis), the Sclerostomum Hypostomum and Stron- gylus Eadiatus. Sheep suffer severely, especially from the long tape- worm, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Strongylus Fillicollis, S. Contortus, Dochmius Cernuus and Tricocephalus Affinis. The thick portion of the body of the last is about an inch long, the other round worms are mostly under an inch and a half. The tape-worm is usually three feet or under, but is alleged to gain a length of twenty, thirty and even one ^iUndred feet. 178 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Sivine suffer severely from a thorn-lie acled worm (Ecliin- orynchus Gigas) from three to eighteen inches long ; a hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Crenatus) a little smaller than the ruminant's ; an ascaris (A. Suilla) like that of ruminants ; the Sclerostomum Dentatum, three to five Hues in length, and the Trichina Sj)iralis, one-eight- eenth to one-sixth inch long. Fig. 32. Fig. 34. Fig. 33. Fig. 35 Fig. 36. Fig. 32— Head of Dog's Tape-worm (T. Cucumerina). Larval form in the dog-louse (Trichodectes Cani). Fig. 33— Head of Dog's Tape-worm (T. Marginata). Fig. 34— Cyst of same (Cysticercus Tenuicollis) infests rumi- nants, omnivora, etc. Fig. 35— Ascaris Marginata, nat. size. Fig. 36 — Ascaris Mystax, nat. size. In addition to the tape-worms mentioned in the general articles on parasites, the dog suffers much from others, as from the following round worms : Ascaris Marginata, two to four inches long; Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, one and one-half to three inches long ; Strongjlus Trigonocepha- Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 179 lus and Dochmius Trigonocephalus, eacli "imder one-lialf inch ; and Tricooeplialus Depressiusculus, the thick part of which is about one-half inch. One worm of the cat, Ascaris Mjstax, one to three inches long, deserves men- tion because of its being harbored also in the human intes- tine. General Symptoms of Intestinal Worms. These are shown when worms are present in large numbers, when they attach themselves to the mucous membranes or when they bore through these to reach other parts. There are general signs of ill-health, poor condition, pot-belly, hide- bound, a scurfy, dry state of the skin, often mth itching, irregular and usually voracious appetite, foetid breath, di- arrhoea alternating with costiveness, the passage of mu- cus with the dung, slight, colicky pains with tympany, es- pecially in the morning before feeding, a pufiy swelling and itchiness of the anus, which is often surrounded with a fur of dried mucus, and ahove all, the passage of the tvorms or their eggs. In the horse there is often a tendency to elevate the up- per hp and to rub it against wall or manger, to lick earth or hme, or to shake the tail or rub out the haii' about its root. There may, though rarely, be severe flatulent or spasmodic colic, enteritis or peritonitis. In cattle there are advancing emaciation, dejoraved or va- riable appetite, impaired rumination, colics, tympanies and foetid breath. Sheep lose appetite, scour, suffer from thirst, wasting, bloodless eyes, clapped, unhealthy or shedding wool, a desire to eat earth, itching anus shown by frequent shak- ing of the tail, and finally dropsical effusions in the chest and belly and beneath the lower part of the body. They become dull, hopeless-looking and leave the flock. Sioine beside the general symptoms have unusual vorac- ity, and yet lose flesh, cough, scour, start from rest or sleep with a sharp cry, scream excessively just before feeding, have colicky pains, tender abdomen and vomiting, 180 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and many even suffer from palpitations (thumps), vertigo or convulsions. Dogs suffer from inordinate appetite, wasting, itchy skin, staring coat or loss of hair, indigestions, colics, oc- casional scouring or vomiting, foetid breath, and itching anus shown by their frequently licking it or drawing it along the ground. Like swine they may show irritable temper, starting without cause, palpitations, vertigo or convulsions. Treatment. This may be divided into the administration of agents to kill the worms, of purgatives to carry off them and their eggs, and of tonics to overcome the weakness and the accumulations of mucus in which they Hve and thrive. The diet for herhivora should be grain in summer, or in winter sound natural hay salted, with carrots, turnips or beets, and, in the horse at least, some of the more nutri- tive grains (oats, barley, beans, corn, linseed cake, etc.,) ground or unground. Pigs may also have green food, roots, a Kberal supply of grain, and if available, buttermilk. Dogs may have salt meat with soups and milk. Before giving a vermifuge let the bowels be cleared out by a purgative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; swine, dog or chicken, castor-oil). It should also be given fastmg before the morning's feed and, if the worms exist in the large intestines, by injection as well as by the mouth. A gi-eat list of vermifuges may be mentioned, some de- structive to intestinal worms in general ; others particu- larly adapted to specific parasites ; while some that are safe and efficacious for one class of patients would prove poisonous to another. One class destroys worms by the mechanical irritation of their skin and perhaps their intestmal canal. It includes iron filings, granulated tin or tin filings, very finely pow- dered glass, and cowhage. These are given in doses of •J oz. to the large quadrupeds, 1 dr. to sheep and swine, or 1 scr. to dogs, made into a ball with linseeed meal Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 181 and sjrup. They may be repeated daily for a week and followed by a smart purge. Bitters (quassia, cinchona, gentian, wormwood,) are often beneficial though mainly acting as tonics. For worms in the last gut a concentrated solution as an in- jection acts well. Among the more direct vermifuges are : Common salt allowed to be licked at will (must not be mixed in large amount in the food of swine or chickens) ; oil of turpen- tine ; calomel ; tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, for six mornings running, and followed by a purge ; empyreu- matic oils, and especially those coming off at a slightly lower temperature than creosote and carbohc acid ; azed- arach ; Spigelia marilandica (pinkroot) ; -santonine ; sul- phuric ether ; asafoetida ; tansy ; savin, etc. These are general vermifuges and may be used especially for the round worms. For tape-worms use areca nut ; kousso ; root of male shield-fern ; pomegranate root bark ; kameela ; pumpkin seeds ; ailanthus glandulosa ; or oil of turpentine. In every case the agent should be given fasting, it may even be repeated at the end of four hours and should be followed by a smart purge. For weak animals areca nut is especially suitable. A course of tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba,) should follow with sound nourishing diet and pure water. In the case of the Sclerostomum Equinum, it will usually be needful to repeat the treatment at short intervals to kill the young worms which have escaped because of their being buried in the mucous membrane. Prevention is to be sought by measures advised under lung-worms, especial attention being given to sound nour- ishing food and pure water. 16 CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE LIVEE. Effects of deranged functions of the liver. General symptoms and causes. Saccharine urine, Diabetes Mellitus. Blood-poisoning from imperfect oxida- tion of albuminoids, Azotsemia, Azoturia, Enzootic Haematuria, Spinal Meningitis. Red-water in cattle, sheep and pigs. Wood Evil. Jaundice, Icterus, the Yellows. Congestion of the liver. Rupture of the liver. In- flammation of the liver, Hepatitis. Chronic inflammation of the liver. Results of hepatitis. Gall-Stones, Biliary Calculi. Fatty degeneration. Tubercle. Cancer. Hypertrophy. Atrophy. Parasitic diseases of the liver. Liver-rot, Fluke-disease. Fasciola Hepatica. Distoinum Lanceo- latum. Only now, when the functions of the liver are being more fully discovered, do we begin to apprehend the full importance of its various disorders. Formerly this organ was supposed to have exhausted its functions in the secre- tion of bile, and the various modifications and impaired discharge of this product together with inflammation, morbid growths and degenerations circumscribed the list of hepatic diseases. But the recognition of the formation of glycogen and cholesterine in the liver, together with urea and other less perfectly oxidized nitrogenous bodies which pass into the blood in place of being discharged with the bile, points to the liver as the chief local seat of various disorders such as diabetes, cholesterine plugging of ves- sels, blood-poisoning from imperfectly^ oxidized albumi- noids, and urinary calculi. General Symptoms. These, may be stated shortly as follows : obesity, sluggisliness, irregular bowels, the dung being abundant, lic^uid aud deep yellow or orange from Diseases of the Liver. 183 excess of bile in active congestions of the liver, or on the contrary there may be costiveness, with light-colored, foetid, imperfectly digested stools in cases in which bile is not secreted or is debarred from entering the bowels by some mechanical obstruction ; lameness in the right fore hmb, or even in one or more of the remaining members, without any observable local cause ; cramps and even paralysis in the severer cases with poisonous products thrown into the blood ; a tardy pulse sometimes not more than half its natural number ; yellow or orange color of the eyes and other visible mucous membranes, and of the urine in cases of obstructed bile-ducts or intestines mth reabsorption of bile, or in destruction of blood-cells by taurocholic acid and other products abnormally present in the blood ; tenderness or groaning when the last ribs are pinched or struck with the closed fist ; a yellow or orange fur may sometimes be seen universally diffused or in cir- cumscribed spots on the upper surface of the tongue ; the presence in the urine of deep brown or reddish granular deposits replacing urea is another sign of hver disorder. Obstructed circulation in the hver causes congestion of the portal vein, engorged spleen, intestinal catarrh, effusion of blood on the bowels, piles, dropsy of the abdomen, and swelling of the hind hmbs. These may therefore be at- tendant symptoms. The conditions in which animals hve may further assist our decision in suggesting an efficient cause. The fat, idle, overfed and pampered stock are especially subject to Hver disease, and more particularly if kept in close, hot, damp buildings or climates, or supplied with putrid water or unwholesome food. Thus the pampered family horse, the idle farm horse during our long winters, the high-bred ox, sheep, and pig in which everything has been sacrificed to secure excellence as meat producers, the pet dog, and the Brahmas, Cochins and other plump hens of Asiatic ex- traction, present frequent examples of liver disease. The stabled animal is more subject to it than those running at 184 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pasture, and tlie subject liberally fed on dry fodder than that nourished on succulent green food. Then the deni- zen of the warm latitude and damp miasmatic soil is more liable than others. SACCHARINE URINE, DIABETES MELLITUS. Very rare in the lower animals but has been seen in carnivora (dogs), omnivora (monkeys), cattle and even in the horse. Temporary sweetness of the urine is not dis- ease, but if permanent it may be referred to excessive production of glycogen in the lii^er which is probably alw^ays enlarged (Bernard) ; or less frequently to the fail- ure of the liver to transform the sugar of the food into glycogen ; or it may be from disease of the medulla oblon- gata (apoplexy) or of some part which exerts an irritant reflex action on the base of the brain. It has been pro- duced experimentally by giving alcohol, ether, chloroform, quinia, ammonia, arsenic, phosphoric acid, and luoorali. Symptoms. Kapid loss of condition, scurfy, unthrifty skin, costive bowels, indigestion, ardent thirst, and exces- sive secretion of urine of a high specific gravity — horse and ox, 1060 ; pig, goat and sheep, 1030 and upward. The tests for sugar are: 1. taste; 2. fermentation when yeast is added and the whole allowed to stand in a warm temperature ; 3. the addition to a little of the urine in a test-tube of a few drops of solution of blue vitriol, and a considerable excess of potassa, and boiling the liquid for a moment when if sugar is present there is a deposit of the yellowish-brown suboxide of copper. Treatment. Karely successful. The best results are to be expected in cases in which an active cause, such as dis- ease of the liver, lungs or brain, can be recognized and kept in check or cured. Thus with Hver disease, laxatives, alkalies, pure air and water, green or otherwise laxative food, and cupping, mild blistering or even leeching over the spare-ribs, may be beneficial. In lung disease the treatment must correspond to its nature, whether inflam- Diseases of the Liver. 185 mator J, tuberculous or otherwise. Tonics and stomachics are almost always demanded. All tlie bitters, tincture of iron, the mineral acids and carbonate of soda have been used with profit. Opium, which checks the excretion of sugar, is injurious by impairing digestion. Lactic acid has repeatedly succeeded at the expense of a severe attack of rheumatism. Free secretion from the skin is beneficial and should be encouraged by warm clothing, baths and cHmate. Diet should be mainly albuminous, such as bran mashes and gruels, peas, beans, vetches, flesh deprived of fat, etc. BLOOD-POISONINa PROM IMPERFECT OXIDATION OF ALBUMINOIDS. AZOTCEMIA. AZOTURIA. ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA. SPINAL MENINGITIS. Variously described in the books as disease of the kid- neys and spinal cord, this is really due to disease of the liver which fails to effect the transformation of albumi- noids into urea, and entails an accumulation in the gland and m the circulating fluid of partially oxidized products, such as leucin and tyrosin, which pass off in variable amount by the kidneys. It attacks almost exclusively horses which have stood idle in the stable for a few days, on good diet, and are then taken out and subjected to ac- tive exertion. Symptoms, etc. These are very variable. In the mild- est forms there is only some lameness and muscular trem- bling in a particular limb, without apparent cause, brought on by sudden exertion and attended by a dusky-brown color of the membranes of the eye and nose and some signs of tenderness when the short ribs are struck. This may be entirely cured by a course of gentle laxatives (pod- ophyllin, 1 scr.) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of am- monia, taraxacum, nitre,) and a gradual inuring to work, beginning with the slightest exertion and increasing day by day as the condition improves. The icorst forms come on during or after driving, it may be not more than one 16^ 186 The Farmer^s Vetermary Adviser. hundred yards, the fire and life suddenly giving place to anxiety and despondency, the subject seems to be in vio- lent pain, the flanks heave, the nostrils are dilated, the face is pinched, the surface is drenched in perspiration, the body trembling violently, the limbs weak, so that they sway and bend, while the animal walks crouchingly behind and soon goes down unable to support himself. If urine is passed it is high-colored, dark brown, red or black, and is usually thought bloody, but it contains neither clots nor blood-corpuscles, its color being due to the imperfectly oxidized albuminoids mixed with an excess of urea. When the patient is down the limbs and whole body are still convulsed at intervals, but are beyond the control of the animal, showing the poisonous effect on the nervous sys- tem. The pulse is variable but high and the temperature of the body normal at first, though it rises slight^ if the animal survives. Death may ensue in a few hours or days, or improvement manifested at any period may go on to complete recovery. The blood is dark, difiiuent, clots loosely if at all, and smells strongly. In some cases of re- covery a partial paralysis of the hind limbs or wasting of the crural nerve and muscles above the stifle will some- times persist for a time, showing structural nervous disease. PreveMtion is to be sought by regular daily exercise. In the case of horses which have had a period of absolute repose, submit to walking exercise only, at first, and in- crease this day by day until they have attained good, hard condition. Treatment. Clear out the bowels and unload the por- tal vein and liver by active purgatives. PodophyUin ^ drachm, aloes 4 drachms, may be given by the mouth, and copious injections of soap-suds with oil or salts by the anus until the bowels respond, in which case a favorable termination may be hoped for. Drachm doses of bromide of potassium may be given frequently to calm nervous dis- order, and when the bowels have responded half drachm doses of colchicum and drachm doses of muriate of Diseases of the Liver. 187 ammonia three times a day. Warm fomentations to the body, but especially to the loins, are beneficial, alike in soothing irritation in the liver, spinal marrow and kid- neys, and in securing a free perspiration and the elimina- tion of morbid matters by the skin. They may be replaced by a newly removed sheep-skin applied with the fleshy side in, and followed by a mustard poultice. When the appetite returns the diet must be of sloppy mashes and moderate in quantitj^ In case the paralysis persists after the acute symptoms have subsided, treat as for functional paralysis. WOOD EVIL. RED WATEE OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS. Under this name we designate a malady generally de- scribed as bloody urine fhcemafuriaj, but as the liquid does not usually contain blood globules or clots, and as the liver is almost invariably enlarged and softened and the blood elements are largely destroyed, it must be conceded that the affection is more intimately associated with disor- der of the hepatic functions than of any other. The cause, which may be stated as feeding on irritant and unwhole- some food, is such as is calculated to disorder the digest- ive organs and hver. The blood seems to suffer second- arily, though it is by no means disproved that other blood- forming functions beside those of the liver are involved. The blood itself is usually thin, watery and comparatively incoagulable, with a deficiency of fibrine, albumen and red globules — the last named elements being smaller than nat- ui'al and irregularly notched around their margins. The urine varies in color from a simple reddish tinge through the various shades of red and bro^vTi to black. It contains albumen and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, cholesterine and phosphates, imphing hepatic disturbance and destructive changes taking place in the blood. This is essentially a disease of unimproved locahties and attacks animals fed too exclusivel}^ on products of such land, which are naturally stimulating to the digest- 188 The Farmer^ s Veterinary Adviser. ive organs and liver. Turnips and other saccharine roots, though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are dangerous from these, and in the natural meadows and woods the young shoots of resinous trees (coniferae) and the acrid plants of the ranunculus, colckicum and asdepias families, etc., are held to produce it. Its prevalence in woods and uncultivated meadows has procured for it in almost all European countries some name equivalent to ivood disease. An important element in the causation is the existence of soil rich in organic matter and soured by the stagnation of water owing to a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. Cows are very susceptible just after calving and often per- ish. Symptoms. Dullness, languor, weakness, especially of the hind limbs, trembhng, surface coldness, staring coat, dry muzzle, hot mouth and horns and diminution of the milk which is white and frothy and may throw do^vn a red- dish sediment. Appetite is lost, thirst ardent, pulse small and weak, beats of the heart tumultuous, amounting to palpi- tation in the parturient cases, bowels at first relaxed after- ward costive, abdomen tender, urine passed frequently in small quantity and often with suffering. Colicky pains are often a marked symptom when the irritation of the bowels is extreme. DeHrium even will set in in bad cases and death usually supervenes on a state of extreme pros- tration. Prevention may be sought in thorough drainage ; in restricting the allowance of objectionable food and supple- menting it with sound dry grain and fodder ; in the avoid- ance of damp, woody and natural meadows in spring until there is a good growth of grass, and in the rejection of hay from faulty pastures containing an excess of acrid plants. Treatment. At the onset of the disease nothing succeeds better than a free evacuation of the bowels and depletion of the portal vein and liver by an active purgative. When there is no abdominal pain or other sign of inflammation of the bowels, salts or any other active purgative will suf- Diseases of the Liver. 189 fice, but with colic and tenderness of the abdomen, we must restrict our choice to olive-oil, and other bland ma- terials. In advanced and weak conditions, decoctions of linseed should be resorted to. The animal is to be sup- ported by diffusible stimulants and iron tonics, with chlo- rate of potassa, and the bowels sheathed and protected b}^ infusions of slippery elm, or mallow, decoctions of linseed, eggs, milk or mucilage ; diet should consist of linseed decoc- tions, weil-boiled gruels, bran mashes, and other nutritive and easily digested food. JAUNDICE. ICTERUS. THE YELLOWS. This name is given to that condition in which the visi- ble mucous membranes, the skin — if white — the urine and the tissues are stained yellow, orange or brown by bile coloring matter. It is only a symptom of various disor- ders, but is so specific in its characters that the name bids fair to be retained for the state. It is not caused as once supposed by the non-secretion of bile from the blood, but by the re-absorption of bile already secreted. This absorption may be determined by various cases. 1. Obstruction of the bile duct, by gall-stones, parasites, foreign bodies entering from the gut, fibrous or spasmodic stricture of the duct, inflammation or ulceration and swell- ing of the mucous membrane of the canal, or the intestine near the opening, tumors or overloaded intestines. 2. Obstruction of the bowels which hinders the discharge of the bile. 3. Diminished fullness of the capillary ves- sels of the liver from partial mechanical obstruction of hepatic artery or aorta. 4. Excessive secretion of bile in congested states of the hver. Jaundice may also result from imperfect metamorpho- sis of the re-absorbed bile, as in certain fevers (anthrax, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, purpura haemorrhagica,) in blood-poisoning, (septic matter, snake venom, phospho- rus, mercury, copper, antimony, chloroform, ether, car- bonic acid). It may farther result from the breaking down 190 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. of red blood-globules and liberation of their coloring mat- ter to staiji the blood and textures. This may be caused by excess in the blood of water, bile acids (taurocholates) alkalies, nitrites, ether or chloroform. It may result from freezing, burning, (140° E.) and frictional and induction currents of electricity. It is noticeable that the coloring matter in the blood of solipeds is very easily dissolved and that of carnivora only with difficulty. Hence the frequency of a dusky or jaundiced appearance of the mem- branes in horses and its comparative harmlessness, as contrasted with similar conditions in the dog. It is further probable that the re-absorbed bile acids are transformed into bile pigment in certain states of the blood. Symptoins. General coloration of all the tissues, but especially the mucous membranes of a yellow, or over large veins of a greenish hue, and also of the urine. When there is obstruction of the bile duct, the dung is devoid of bile, foetid and often clayey in appearance, but if from other causes it may retain its natural color and odor. Other symptoms may appear dependent on the nature of the attendant disease, or the poisonous action of the bile acids, and of various diseased products on the blood, while the coloration itseK seems to be comparatively harm- less. Treatment. This will depend on the nature of the cause. As a general rule what favors the action of the bowels, the free elimination of the bile, and depletion of the portal vein and hver will counteract the jaundice. SmaU daily doses of podophylKn, (horse and ox 1 scr.) with one or more ounces each of Glauber, Epsom, and common salt, as may be needful, will often act very efficiently. Or aloes, jalap or calomel, may replace the podophyllin. Taraxa- cum may be given either in diuretic or purgative doses, or a herbivorous patient may be turned out on a pasturage of dandelion ; succulent spring grass indeed is sometimes ah that is needed. Diuretics are useful in effecting elim- ination of the pigment, the carbonates and acetates of po- Diseases of the Liver. 191 tassa, soda and ammonia being especially good. Bitter and other tonics are often valuable in conteracting that im- pairment of tone which favors congestion and swelling of the stomach, intestine and liver, otherwise the treatment must correspond to the nature of ih.Q cause when that can be ascertained. CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. This is common in horses in warm climates, where luxuriant grasses (plethora) and hot seasons strongly pre- dispose. Hence, in the Southern States, and especially in localities which are moist as well, and where malarious emanations exist, it may be looked for, but it is also seen in pampered idle animals kept in hot close stables any- where. Rich food and the comparative absence of waste by exercise and breathing throw too much labor on the hver, which is rendered liable to clogging and congestion. Among the immediate exciting causes may be named sudden changes of temperature, emigration from a cold to a warm damp region, chills in cold dewy nights after hot days, sudden exertion when unfitted for it by long rest and bad condition, exertion under intense heat of the sun, and blows on the region of the Hver, particularly on the young. Yenous congestion from imperfect action of the heart valves is a cause of hepatic congestion, at once predispos- ing and exciting. Symptoms. These strongly resemble the severe forms of poisoning, by imperfectly elaborated liver products, the two conditions being often coexistent and mutually de- pendent on each other. There are the sudden prostration, dull sunken eyes, pinched anxious face, excited breathing and pulse, trembling, swaying limbs, perspiration, sighing, and violent colicky pains with frequent looking at the flank, lying down and rising. Striking the last ribs with the fist causes fiinching, gToaning, or even attempts to kick or bite, and some jaundice and furring of the tongue are often seen. When fainting ensues, this with the pallid mucous 192 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. membranes and quick, weak pulse, imply rupture of the liver and extensive loss of blood. In the slighter attacks the symptoms are correspondingly mitigated. The attack may subside and end in complete recovery, or blood effused into the substance of the liver may be slowly absorbed, or organized into fibrous material, or may determine extensii^e and fatal softening of the liver, or finally the patient may perish in a fainting fit from rupt- ure of the Hver and loss of blood. Treatment. At the outset a free bleeding will often ob- viate effusion of blood and rupture and check the disease. It must never be resorted to, however, when faintness, a weak, small pulse or a small stream from the orifice im- plies ah-eady existing effusion. Quiet, mustard poultices or other derivatives applied to the limbs and sahne pur- gatives (1 lb. sulphate of soda) by the mouth, and as in- jections will prove valuable in directly depleting the portal system and liver. Cold water or ice to the last ribs will often serve to check effusion already begun. The sulphate of soda may be ke23t up in small doses (1 to 4 ozs. daily) and a mustard or other blister may be applied over the region of the liver. During treatment the animal must have the purest air and, as food, soft bran mashes and roots. After recovery feed moderately on sound, eas- ily digested food, keep in pasture or airy stable and never neglect moderate exercise even for a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. HEPATITIS. Due to the same causes as congestion but much less fre- quent. In dogs, beside the general causes we must ac- knowledge the influence of sharp-pointed bodies swallowed in wantonness, and splinters of bones which perforate the stomach and hver. Symptoms. At first those of slow congestion already referred to. As active inflammation sets in there is less violent pain and excitement and more fever. The pulse is accelerated, the breathing quickened, especially in in- Diseases of the Liver. 193 flammation of the liyer capsule, the region of tlie last ribs is very tender to a blow (on the right side only in rumi- nants), the mouth hot and clammy, tongue furred, mucous membranes more or less dusky or yellow and the heat of the body raised by 2° or upwards. The bowels may be at first loose, j^ellow and bilious but soon are confined, the small pellets of dung being covered with a yellowish mucus and this state may again give place to a mucous diarrhoea. Appetite is usually completely lost, emaciation advances rapidly, blood spots and patches appear on the visible mucous membranes, and the legs, especially the hind ones, swell or stock. Great nervous atony, convul- sions or even delirium may appear toward the last. In dogs there is great dullness and muscular weakness, inclination to he constantly, unsteady gait, dusky or yel- low membranes, furred tongue, prominence of the last ribs on the right side and tenderness along them and their cartilages. When the disease is fully developed the tumid edge of the liver may be felt behind the last rib and the costal cartilages. A brownish, mucous diarrhoea succeeds to the preHminary constipation. Great nervous prostra- tion and stupor usually precede death. The disease is very fatal in dogs but may merge into the chronic form with ascites or end in a perfect recovery. Fotuls, especially the less lively birds, suffer much from hepatitis when well fed and kept in a small poultry-yard. They may die suddenly of effusion of blood on the hver without any previous signs of illness, or they ma}^ droop for some days or even weeks prior to death. Any change in the habits of closely confined, plethoric fowls should lead to suspicion of liver disease. Ruffled feathers, sink- ing of the head between the wings, sluggisliness in run- ning or feeding, drooping in a corner alone, with a with- ered brownish appearance of the comb and jaundice of the skin are especially to be noted. Treatment. Bleeding is rarely beneficial and we must rely mainly on depletion from the portal svstem and liver 17 194 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, by pui'gatives, or connter-irritants and change of habits. A pound of sulphate of soda may be given at once to the larger animals, or an ounce to a shepherd's dog and an equivalent amount by injection. Podophyllin, aloes, etc., may be used instead. Friction, v»dth loose bandaging of the limbs, with or without excitation with mustard or am- monia and cupping, or in small animals leeching over the region of the liver or mustard poultices are demanded. After the bowels have been fi'eely opened smaller doses of Glauber salts or cream of tartar may be given daily to keep up a free action of the bowels, and throughout the diet must be soft (mashes, roots, green food,) and restricted in quantity. Taraxacum with bitter tonics (Peruvian bark, gentian, coliimba, gelsemium, etc.,) will be useful during convalescence, and when the herbivorous patient is well enough to be pastured in a field well stocked with dandelion this may be resorted to. In carnivora and swine ipecacuanha and guaiacum are useful in favoring fi*ee elimination by the bowels and skin. Folds attacked usually die, but the morbid state in which the disease takes its origin may be counteracted in the re- maining fowls by a free range, by cabbage, cooked pota- toes, turnips and other vegetable food in place of gi'ain, and a small quantity of salt and Glauber salts in the food or water. Excess of common salt is poisonous. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVEE. This is seen especially in horses and dogs, the liver often attaining an enormous size or undergoing fibrous degen- eration (cirrhosis). It is attended by the same symptoms as the acute form, but these are less urgent and dropsy of the belly and legs is a common result. It is to be treated in the same manner as the acute form but less energetically, mild laxatives with bitters daily and above all a free range in the open air ; for herbivora, sound, juicy pastures and in case of malarious soil or im- pure water, a change even for a few miles to a higher lo- cality. Diseases of the Liver. 195 EESULTS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVEK. Beside recovery there may be effusion of blood ^dth soft- ening, granular softening, abscess and fibrous induration. These if not promptly fatal give rise to wasting diseases with general symptoms of liver disorder, but into these our space will not permit us to enter. (See the author's large work.) GALL-STONES. BILIAIIT CALCULI. These are especially common in oxen when subject to the dry feeding of winter but are found in all domestic animals, often in great numbers. They occur as round masses, angular masses when they have lain in contact, or " as incrustations on the walls of the ducts of which they form distinct casts. They often fail to cause manifest disorder, but if they obstruct the ducts there is acute spas- modic pain in the abdomen, with all the signs of coHc, tenderness over the last ribs, and more or less' jaundice. The attacks are liable to recur as new calculi are displaced, and the general health suffers. Carnivora vomit, and in all diarrhoea may set in if rehef is not obtained. Sheep generally have incrustations when affected with flukes (liver rot). The formation of these calculi may usually be prevented in herbivora by allowing a fair amount of exercise and succulent food, and they nearly always disappear in cattle turned out on the rich grasses of spring. Beside these meas- ures their removal maybe sought by the daily use of carbon- ate and sulphate of soda and common salt, with abundance of good water and exercise. During the attacks give anti- spasmodics, lobelia, belladonna, hyoscyamus, chloral-hy- drate, etc., and keep up hot fomentations perseveringly to the loins and abdomen. Chloral-hydrate and chloroform dissolve cholesterine calculi. Othee affections of the liver, fatty degeneration, tuber- cle, cancer, hypertrophy, atrophy, are manifested by the general symptoms of hepatic disorders, but space forbids further notice of them here. 196 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER. LIYEK-KOT. FLUKE DISEASE. This affection is most destructive to sheep, of which it has destroyed as many as from one to two million head in England alone in certain years. It is immediately determined by the presence in the gall ducts of two flat leaf -like parasites — the Fasciola Hepatica and the Disto- 1 inch in length, the mum Lanceolatum — the first f to Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 37 — Fasciola Hepatica. Fig. 38 — Distomum Lanceolatum. second 4 lines. These inhabit the gall ducts of all the domestic animals, of many wild animals and even of man, but in most of these they do httle harm. The eggs of these parasites laid in the gall ducts cannot be developed there, but pass out with the bile and dung, hatch in pools of fresh water in which the embryo floats until it finds a mollusk, in which it encysts itself and becomes a brood capsule developing many new embryos within it ; these embryos may form new brood capsules and thus increase their numbers materially, or if swallowed by a mammal along with its food or water they develop into the mature Diseases of the Liver. 197 flukes, inliabiting tlie bile ducts and reproducing them- selyes only by eggs. The necessity for these intermediate generations, and the fact that they can only take place in fresh water and in fresh water moUusks, points to thorough drainage as the most efficient means of limiting the ravages of the parasites. In small numbers they do little harm and as they can- not multiply within the body their presence may be of no consequence, but when present in large numbers they be- come most destructiye. In certain damp lands stocked with these parasites sheep cannot live, no matter how well fed, and cattle often perish as well. A single in- fested sheep brought on such damp lands will speedily stock them, as infested German rams did the colony of Victoria in 1855. Symptoms. Sheep may thrive unusually for a month or two, but soon they begin to lose flesh and waste with a rapidity that is surprising. The skin and the membranes of the nose and eyes become soft and puffy, the naturally bright pink vessels of the eye become yellowish, dark, or even quite imperceptible, the whole eye assumes a yellow tinge, the skin is pale, bloodless, deficient in yolk or oil, dry and scurfy. The wool loses its brilliancy and comes out easily when pulled. The muscles waste, the animal is razor-hacked, the hip-bones project, and the flank becomes sunken, the belly pendent and the back drooped from dropsical effusion. Similar effusions take place in the chest beneath the abdomen and breast-bone and under the lower jaw. The head is no longer carried erect, the expression of the face is haggard and hopeless, the appe- tite capricious, thirst ardent, and there is occasional diarrhoea. Examination of the dung detects myriads of microscopic eggs y^^q- inch in diameter. Treatment. Almost all the tonics of the pharmacopoeia have been employed with more or less effect, but all usu- ally fail when many parasites have gained access to the 198 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. system. The following is a good examj)le of a tonic mixt- ure : Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley, or unbolted wheat flour, 40 lbs. Powdered gentian or anise seed, 4 " Common salt, 4 " Sulphate or oxide of iron, 1 " Give half a pint daily to each sheep. In all treatment it is essential to remove from the in- fested meadow to a perfectly dry pasture or salt marsh on either of which the eggs of the fluke will perish. To turn on a wet fresh pasture is merely to stock that with the parasites. Prevention. Keep sheep on high dry pastures or salt marshes where the fluke cannot live out of the body. Feed salt daily if flukes exist to however limited an extent ; this is fatal to the young flukes and will destroy most of them as they are taken in. Thorough drainage of infested pastures will make them wholesome. This may fail when land is subject to inundations, and in this case such land should be devoted to raising hay or other crops. Keeping the sheep off the infested fields at nights and until the dews leave the grass in the morning will go a long way towards protecting them. In some instances of the intro- duction of this parasite into a new country the contami- nated sheep should be destroyed and the infested pasture with a wide area around it proscribed from being grazed. For other parasites of the liver, see general article on " Parasites." CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE PANCEEAS AND SPLEEN. Diseases of the pancreas : inflammation, degeneration, calculi, etc. Dis- eases of the spleen : tuberculous, cancerous, glanderous, inflammatory, con- gestive, apoplectic. Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Lymphadenoma, Leukaemia. DISEASES OF THE PANCEEAS. Thougli subject to a variety of diseases as sliown by the existence of abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoma, melanosis, can- cer, calculi and worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) after death, this organ is so deeply seated and the result of its disorder so little manifest, that its pathological states usu- ally pass without recognition during life. One symptom only is characteristic — the passage of much undigested fat with the dung. The fatty aliment is mainly emulsionized by the pancreatic juice, and its presence in the stools un- changed may be held to imply suppression of that secre- tion. If this condition coincides with general fever, col- icky pains, and tenderness behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation of the gland may be suspected ; if with sharper colic but without fever, obstruction of the pancreatic duct by calculi will be suggested. Inflammation should be treated on general principles by laxatives, blisters to the right side of the abdomen and spare diet ; Calculi by antispasmodics and fomentations as for gall-stones ; and simple siqjj^ressed sea^etion by sul- phuric ether. DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN (mILT). These are if possible even more occult than those of the 200 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pancreas. And yet this organ is involved in nearly all diseases of the liver, in specific fevers due to a poison in the blood, and in disorders of the lymphatic vessels. Ob- structed circulation through the liver sends the blood back on this organ and over-distends it almost to rupture. Advanced tuberculosis and cancer rarely fail to show secondary deposits here. Glanders sometimes shows the same tendency. Anthrax and anthracoid affections and, to a less extent, other specific fevers, lead to enlargement and even rupture of the spleen, in connection with the long retention of the blood and disease poisons in its ve- nous cavities. Of particular diseases the spleen suffers from wasting in starved animals, from extraordinary in- crease in the highly fed, and from changes of sti'ucture such as glandular degeneration and enlargement (lyynjDhade- noma). Some of these diseases, and notably the latter, are associated with an excess of white globules in the blood, (leukaemia) which condition I'evealed by the micro- scope may assist in diagnosis. We can do Httle for these affections besides giving at- tention to the general health, by tonics and a sound hy- giene. CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE URE^ARY ORGANS. General causes and symptoms. Examination of the urine. Diuresis, Di- abetis Insipidus, Polyuria. Bloody urine, Hsematuria. Simple inflamma- tion of the kidneys. Nephritis. Bright's disease. Desquamative Nephritis. Albuminuria, Albuminous urine. Spasm of the neck of the bladder. Paraly- sis of the bladder. Inflammation of the bladder, Cystitis. Inflammation of the Urethra, Gonorrhoea, Gleet. Stricture of the Urethra. Eversion of the bladder. Urinary Calculi, and gravel. Stone in the kidney, ureter, blad- der, urethra and prepuce, — in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs. Diseases of the urinaiy organs are not infrequent in the domestic animals, though less prevalent than in man. They prevail above all in certain localities, as : on the magnesian limestones, in company with goitre, on lands abounding in diuretic or resinous plants or water, in damp regions where fodder is secured in a wet, musty condition, where it is fed covered with hoar-frost, or where frequent cold rains and winds repress the perspiration and throw undue work on the kidneys. Feeding to excess on aH- ments rich in phosphates of lime and magnesia — bran, beans, peas, vetches, etc., — the habitual privation of wa- ter, injudicious dosing with diuretics, diseased heart and lungs which throws the blood back on the veins and de- termines passive congestion of the kidneys, diseases of the liver which interfering with the oxidation of albuminoids predispose to urinary deposit, and finally mechanical in- juries to the loins or pelvis all tend to induce various urinary diseases. General Symptoms. With most acute inflammations there is a stiff straddling gait with the hind limbs, the 202 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. loins are tender, as ascertained by pinching on the spines or the transverse processes of the backbone, there is less difficulty experienced in backing than when there is sprain or fracture of the back or loins, and the animal is more likely to lie down though it costs an extra effort to rise, there is straining to discharge urine, which is passed in excess, in deficiency, in jets, in dribblets only, or not at all. In the larger animals the bladder and its excretory duct (urethra) are easily and satisfactorily examined by the hand introduced through the rectum or vagina and any tenderness, flaccidity, swelling, over-distension or foreign agent (stone) is easily made out. In the smaller breeds of horses and cattle even, the kidneys may be reached in this way and any heat, swelling, tenderness, etc., perceived. Then brain disease, dropsies and skin eruptions are com- mon results of urinary disorder. Examination of the Urine. But a certain class of urin- ary diseases are only to be made out by examination of the urine. Beside the modifications of quantity and flow already referred to, this may be altered : 1st, in color, as ivMte from saline deposits, hroivn or 7'ed from blood clots and coloring matter, or from imperfectly oxidized albu- minoids, yelloio or orange from bile or blood pigment, pale or variously tinted from vegetable colors taken with the food : 2c?, in density as measured by a hygrometer (urin- ometer), the natural urine being in the horse and ox 1030 to 1060, pig and goat 1010 to 1012, dog 1020 and cat 1058 : 3rf, in chemical reaction, acidity or alkalinity, as ascertained by blue litmus or red test-papers (healthy herbivorous urine is alkahne, turning the red papers blue unless after prolonged abstinence or a flesh diet ; carnivorous and om- nivorous urine is acid excepting when confined to a vege- table diet) : Ath, in organic ingredients, as when it contains albumen (coagulable by boiling or by strong nitric acid or in the horse giving the hquid a ropy consistency), sugar, blood, bile, cylindroid microscopic casts of the uriniferous tubes or the eggs or bodies of worms : ^th, in its salts, Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 203 which may crystallize out in the system or at once after the liquid is discharged, or after cooling, or finally may have to be ^precipitated by chemical reagents. DIURESIS. DIABETES INSIPIDUS. POLYUEIA. Excessive secretion of urine. This may occur in any animal from agents, medicinal or alimentary, which un- duly stimulate the kidneys. The horse, however, is the most fi'equent sufferer, being more than any other animal subjected to reckless dosing by those about him with pri- vate nostrums and much advertised quack preparations, and to the exclusive use of musty and injured hay and grain. Musty hay, grain or bran is perhaps the most common cause, the noxious agent being probably the cryptogams produced on this damp, heated fodder. Musty oatmeal will even affect the human being. New oats, very watery food hke the refuse of distilleries, and cooked food, seleniteous waters, acrid diuretic plants in the pas- tures or hay, exposure to extreme cold and wet, and ex- cessive thirst consequent on feeding salt or on irritation of the stomach are other causes. Whole flocks of sheep sometimes suffer at once from acrid plants eaten. Symptoiiis. Frequent — often almost constant — passage of a very pale-colored urine in large quantities and of low specific gravity, insatiable thirst, rapid falling off in con- dition and spirits, sluggishness and weakness at work and perspiration on the shghtest exertion. The discharges are comparatively inodorous and more like water than horse's urine, and contain Httle solid matter though the quantity of solids passed in twenty-four hours is in excess. The skin becomes rough and hide-bound and all the signs of ill-health set in, though the animal may suffer and sur- vive for months or even a year. More commonly he dies early of exhaustion, or glanders supervenes and kills the patient. Treatment is very successful in the early stages. Stop the use of faulty food and drugs and give dry wholesome 204 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. liay and grain with no suspicion of newness or mustiness. Give a decoction of flaxseed freely with the water drunk, with phosphate of iron 2 drachms, Peruvian bark 4 drachms and iodide of potassium 2 drachms daily. Cre- osote may often be added with advantage. BLOODY UEINE. HEMATURIA. This occurs after sprains of the loins or blows on this region, with stone in the kidneys, urinary passages or blad- der, cancer, tubercle or even abscess of the kidney, etc., or lastly some poisoned condition of the blood, as in malig- nant anthrax. Acrid diuretic plants, cantharides, May- bugs, etc., are occasional causes. When bleeding occurs from local irritation or in a tolerably healthy state of the blood it is partly at least in the form of clots and fibrinous casts of the uriniferous tubes, about one-hundreth inch in diameter, and entangling blood-globules. If from poi- soned and disintegrating blood, there is a diffuse colora- tion with haematine, with perhaps fragments of blood- globules, but rarely perfect ones, clots or casts, and a sim- ilar oozing of blood is liable to take place at other parts of the body. The blood-coloring matter is easily distin- guished from bile by chemical tests. It is less easily dis- tinguished from the brownish-red albuminoids which es- cape b}^ the kidneys in Azotsemia. Beside the passage of blood there may be the general signs of urinary disorder, but these are not constant. When gi-avel coexists gritty masses pass with the urine or collect on the hair of the prepuce. Treatment. Eemove the causes, give comfortable, dry dwellings, sound food, mucilaginous drinks (linseed tea, mallow, gums, elm, etc.,) and acid astringents (tincture of i2hloride of iron, sugar of lead, vinegar, buttermilk and oak bark). In profuse discharge cold water may be appKed to the loins, while in inflammatory cases a sheep-skin or poultice may be first used and followed by a mustard plaster. (See Azotemia and Red-water). Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 205 NEPHEITIS. SDCPLE INFLAMMATION OF THE EIDNETS. CaiLses. Blows or sprains in the region of tlie loins, stone in the kidneys, use of clinretics to excess, musty fodder, irritant or acrid plants in hay, too extensive blis- ters of Spanish flies, paralysis of the spinal cord. Symptoms. A variable but often very high fever, heat or even swelling of the loins, tenderness often extreme beneath the bony processes about six inches from the spine, a stiff, straddling gait with the hind hmbs, little marked in chronic cases but so severe as to amount almost to helplessness in the worst, the loins arched, progression difficult and attended in some cases by groaning, there is looking at the abdomen and colicky pains, more severe at one time than another. If the patient Hes down it is with caution. In males there are alternate retraction and de- scent of the testicles, and in all there is likely to be frequent passages of urine in small amount, of a very high color and density, and containing fibrinous casts of the kidney tubes one-hundreth of an inch in diameter, and sometimes blood or even pus. The bowels are costive and there is a rapid pulse, an elevated temperature and excited breathing. The legs tend to sweU. uniformly from the foot up, and swellings may appear under the chest or belly, or even in internal cavities. General ill-health, with stocking of the legs, casts in the urine and some tenderness of the loins to pressure, may be all that is seen in the chronic cases. Treatment. In acute cases, with strong pulse and ro- bust patient, an immediate advantage may be gained by bleeding, but this is rare. Give a laxative of ohve-oil or raw linseed-oil, or in case of necessity of Glauber salts or aloes, accompanying this with an anodyne, (opium, bella- donna, tobacco,) throw anodyne and mucilaginous injec- tions into the rectum, and cover the loins with a fresh sheep-skin, the fleshy side in, or with a soothing poultice or fomentations, following this up in six or eight hours by a mustard poultice. Mucilaginous drinks may be given 206 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. freely, but diuretics are to be sedulously avoided and warra clothing used to favor sweating and thus relieve the kidneys of work. Laxatives and anodynes must be re- peated as may seem necessary and finally a course of bitter tonics may be allowed. ALBUMINURIA. BEIGHT's DISEASE. DESQUAMATIVE NEPHEITIS. This consists in inflammation of the kidneys, acute or chronic, with degeneration and shedding of the epithe- bum from the kidney tubes. Symptoms. More or less awkwardness of gait behind, and tenderness of the loins, in some cases indisposition to lie down, thick, gelatinous, ropy urine, with microscopic casts of the kidney tubes, containing much spherical epithelium and granular matter. The urine coagulates in part in whitish flakes when boiled, or under the action of corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead or nitric acid. The general health suffers and the patient dies sooner or later of uraemia with dropsy, or of some other" affection which has been aggravated by the impaired vitality and the excess of the elements of urine in the blood. Treatment is not always satisfactory, though a certain proportion recover. Avoid exposure to cold, keep in a warm box and warmly clothed. Keep the bowels acting freely by a restricted diet of warm bran mashes, etc., or even by laxatives. Give tonics (phosphate of iron, quinia, willow bark,) and mineral acids and use mustard appli- cations to the loins. If the kidneys fail to act, do not give diuretics, but use cupping over the part, or hot fo- mentations with water, or better still a strong infusion of digitalis. Albuminous Urine, which is always ropy in horses, is no proof of the existence of Bright' s disease, but is an attend- ant on nearly all extensive inflammations of important organs, on rheumatism, fevers and certain poisoned con- ditions of the blood. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 207 SPASM OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDEK. Causes. Prolonged retention of urine in mares at work or in horses hard driven. Chill when heated. Nervous irritation. Is a common attendant on severe colic and gives way when that is reheved. Males suffer most fre- quently. Symptoms. Frequent attempts to urinate, which prove ineffectual or secure a dribbling only after much pain and straining. There may be anxious looking at the flank and uneasy shifting of the limbs, or in cattle twisting of the tail. There is tenderness in the back part of the ab- domen in the median hne below. The hand, oiled and introduced into the rectum, will feel the distended blad- der, with its firm dense neck and no enlargement either there or backward in the urethra, as from stone. If unrelieved the bladder becomes immoderately dis- tended and finally bursts, especially in ruminants. This is followed by tenderness of the abdomen, febrile symp- toms, dullness and languor, and if the bladder is exam- ined it is found to be flaccid and tender. Perforation of the lower part of the abdomen with the nozzle of a hypo- dermic syringe aUows the escape of urine, easily recog- nized by its odor. Treatment. Spreading fresh Htter under the horse will sometimes induce staling. If not, use antispasmodics in- troduced by the rectum or even by the mouth (opium, laudanum, belladonna or hyoscyamus extract, tobacco smoke or solution, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, prussic acid, cyanide of potassium, etc.) Solutions of any of these agents may be rubbed on the peringeum. Sometimes the spasm T\dll give way under gentle pressure on the bladder with hand or finger in the rectum. Finally, all other measures failing, the urine may be withdra^m with a well- oiled catheter. This should be ^ inch in diameter for the horse, \ inch for the bull and a line for the dog. Con- trary to the usual statement a small catheter may be passed in the bull when the penis is sufficiently extended 208 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. to efface tlie S-sliaped bend of the penis. In the mare the spasm may be overcome by the insertion of one or two fingers through the opening which is found in the median line of the floor of the passage about four inches from the external orifice. In the cow care is required to enter the central orifice as there is a blind sac on each side. PAKALYSIS OF THE BLADDER May occur from excessive over-distension, in connection with lock-jaw or rheumatism which prevents stretching to stale, with cystitis implicating the muscular coat, spasm of the neck of the bladder, or decomposition of the urine. It is attendant on disease or injury of the terminal part of the spinal cord, on broken back, etc., and is then asso- ciated with palsy of the tail and it may be of the hind limbs. Symptoms, If the neck is involved the urine dribbles away constantly, without straining, is discharged in the sheath and runs down inside the thighs causing irritation and inflammation in both. If the neck is unaffected the urine accumulates in the bladder, causing over-distension, irritation and rupture. The urine decomposes, setting free ammonia which softens and dissolves the epithelium and establishes the worst type of cystitis. Treatment. In cases of broken back or disease of the spinal cord attention must be given to that and, if reme- diable, the urine must be drawn off frequently with a cath- eter to prevent over-distension and injury to the bladder. In local paralysis, or after the spinal cord has recovered, apply a blister (mustard) between the thighs beneath the anus or vulva or over the back part of the belly interiorly. Give belladonna extract (1 to 2 drachms), cantharides (1 to 3 grains) or nux-vomica (|- drachm for large herbivora). INFLAMIVIATION OF THE BLADDER. CYSTITIS. Causes. Abuse of diuretics, acrid diuretic plants in . Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 209 the food, the application of blisters (SpanisL. flies, turpen- tine,) over too extensive surfaces, prolonged retention and decomposition of urine, irritation from stone in the blad- der, etc. Symptoms. If confined to the mucous membrane urine is passed frequently, painfully, in small quantities, with more or less floating mucus and flat, microscopic, fibri- nous shreds of exudation entangling columnar or scaly ep- ithelium. The bladder is very tender to the touch and if the finger is passed into it in the female its neck and walls are felt to be thickened, sometimes enormously. There are cohcky pains, frequent looking at the flanks, un- easy movements of the hind feet or twisting of the tail. The gait is stiff and straddling. There is fever, usually slight. If the muscular coat is involved there is disten- sion of the bladder, and if the neck participates the urine escapes involuntarily. If due to unreheved stone that will be found on examination. The case is most hopeful if due to irritants or some clearly removable cause. Treatment. Eemove the cause, whether food, drugs, bhstering agents on the skin, stone, gravel or retained and decomposed urine. Give spare, soft, aqueous diet with mucilaginous agents (hnseed decoction or tea, shppery elm, gums, etc.,) laxatives of olive or linseed-oil, soft pure water at will, and mucilaginous and anodyne injections into the bladder (gum Arabic 1 drachm, opium 1 drachm, tepid water 1 pint). Blisters may be used in paralysis. In severe cases these may be preceded by fomentations. Finally, when the acute symptoms have subsided, small doses of stimulating diuretics (copaiva, cubebs, juniper, buchu,) will often serve to tone up the mucous membrane. INFLAMMATION OF THE UEETHEA. GONOERHCEA. GLEET. Causes. Like cystitis this may depend on irritants in the urine, taken by the mouth or applied to the surface, excessive copulation, connection with a newly-dehvered - 18^ 210 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. female or one that has otherwise contracted a yaginal dis- charge, mechanical injury to the penis in serving females, irritation from the passage or arrest of small stones or gravel. Symptoms. Swelling and soreness in the sheath and penis, pain in urinating, the hquid coming in jets and fre- quently arrested because of the suffering. In dogs there is continual Hcking of the organ and soon a creamy pus drops from the orifice. Treatment. If before the discharge of pus, give a laxa- tive and foment the parts with warm water. Wash out any gravel. If after suppuration, use soothing or astrin- gent injections (permanganate of potassa, acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc or nitrate of silver, 2 grains to 1 oz. water). Tonics and stimulating diuretics may be finally needed as in cystitis. A soft restricted diet is demanded. STEICTUKE or THE UKETHKA. Usually a result of local ii-ritation : — gravel, strong as- tringent injections used in the early stage of gonorrhoea or the heahng of ulcers formed when that disease is neg- lected. Symptoms. Great difficulty in urination, the liquid es- caping in a fine stream and with pain. Frequent painful erections. Treatment. Passing, daily, catheters of gradually in- creasing sizes, beginning with one just large enough to enter with gentle force. EVERSION OF THE BLADDER Can occur only in the female, from severe straining in irritation of the urinary organs, and especially after the organ has been rendered torpid or paralyzed by over-dis- tension, severe parturition or otherwise. The animal strains violently and a red, tumid, rounded mass appears from between the lips of the vulva. On examining its surface near the neck the two orifices of the ureters may be detected with the urine oozing from them in drops. I Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 211 Treatment Wasli with milk-warm water containing laudanum, and return, pressing the centre of the mass in- ward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty will be met in returning it through the contracted neck of the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long enough to determine inflammation and softening great care will be requisite to avoid tearing the coats. Should straining be so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion a truss may be applied as advised for eversion of the womb. UKINAEY CALCULI AND GEAVEL. STONE. These vary in chemical composition with the genus of animal and especially mth the nature of the food. In herbivora the urine normally contains a large amount of the carbonates of hme and magnesia and of oxalate of lime, a small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, ammonio-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid and some- times uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phosphate of lime and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, more uric acid than the vegetable feeders but a minimum amount of carbonate and oxalate of hme and silica. The omnivora occupy an intermediate position, the salts of the urine va- rying with the frequent changes in the food. The nature of the food determines the excess of particular salts in the urine and their precipitation in the form of crystals. These carbonates of lime and magnesia which make up the bulk of most urinary calcuh in horses and ruminants, are due to the large amount of vegetable acids (citrates, tartrates, malates, acetates, etc.,) in plants. These becom- ing further oxidized are transformed into carbonic acid which unites with the magnesia or hme present in the blood. Oxalate of lime is due to imperfect oxidation of the veg- etable acids, oxalic acid containing an equivalent less of ox^^gen than carbonic acid. It appears in excess in cer- 212 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tain diseases of the lungs or other conditions which inter- fere with respiration. Silica enters the system as silicate of potassa in food and water and especially in cjqDeraceaea, horsetails, oat- straw, oat-meal, etc. It is displaced as silica whenever it comes in contact with a stronger acid. Phosphates enter the system in bran, in beans, peas, and the leguminous seeds generally, in oil-cake and rape- cake, or (the carnivora) in the flesh and bones. When present in undue amount in a given quantity of urine they tend to crystallize out, but when a large amount of phos- phate of magnesia is present, it is only necessary that the urine should be retained longer than usual in the bladder and that decomposition should set in with evolution of am- monia, to have the insoluble ammonia-magnesian phos- phate at once thrown down. Sulphate of Iwie is derived from sulphates in the water or the oxidation of sulphur contained in the albuminoid principles of food. Urecij Uric Acid, Hipiouric Acid, Creatine, Creatinine, Kiestine, Leucin, Tyrosin, etc., are all nitrogenous elements, derived from the waste of muscle and gelatinous tissues, or fi'om albuminoid matters in the food. Urea is to be looked on as the healthy product of such decomposition, while uric and hippuric acids, etc., are products in which the process of oxidation has stopped short, leaving the products in a less soluble condition and more liable to crystallize out of the urine. Impaired breathing from dis- eased lungs or otherwise and imperfect action of the liver, whether from local disease in that organ or from feverish states, with impaired functions generally, are therefore among the causes which strongly predispose to urinary calculi. Beside these a certain amount of mucus, fat, coloring matter and even blood enter into the formation of urinary calculi. Accessory Causes. To the above named causes favoring Diseases of tJie Urinary Organs. 213 the formation of urinary calculi, may be added all sucL. as favor concentration of tlie urine. Thus scarcity of drink- ing water, excessive loss of liquid by the bowels or skin, (diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.,) dry winter feeding on hay and grain, feverish states in which httle urine is secreted, and hard waters appear to have this effect. The last named cause is not generally credited by physicians but its coin- cidence with the prevalence of stone is exceedingly com- mon. Mode of Fo7''mation. The first requisite is that some solid body should exist as a nucleus around which layer after layer is crystallized, and hence the stone is always composed of a series of concentric layers. The nucleus . may consist in a particle of mucus, fibrine or blood, a crystal deposited from over-saturated urine, or even a for- eign body introduced from without. I have seen a large calculus in the kidney of a deer formed around a piece of wood which must have penetrated the kidney and broken off, while the wound by which it entered had healed up. Appearance. Calculi vary much in character but the most marked varieties are the smooth stones formed by carbonates, oxalates, phosphates and silica, and the rough jagged crystalline specimens of ammonio-magnesian phosphates. Benal Calcidi. Those found in the kidney are usually moulded in the pelvis, though I have found manj^ like small lentils in dilatations of the microscopic tubes in the substance of the gland. Cattle fed on dry hay and grain, during winter, rarely want small yellow crystalline masses in the pelvis. Even when so large as to distend the pel- vis and weigh several ounces they are not always incom- patible wdth good health and aptitude to fatten. When so large or rough as to produce manifest disorder, this appears as irritation of the kidneys, tender loins, stiff straddling gait, etc., wi\h. the passage of microscopic crys- tals, and perhaps blood or pus in the urine. In cattle and sheep the salts from the concentrated urine usually crys- 214 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tallize out on the hairs around the opening of the sheath. All species of domestic quadrupeds suffer. There is no satisfactory treatment and the great object is to prevent their formation by the measures named below. Uretral Calculi. These are lodged in the small canals which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney and being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter. The symptoms are more violent than those of renal cal- culi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the kid- ney itself undergoes inflammation and, if the animal sur- vives, is finally removed by absorption, the opposite kid- ney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two. The colics and general symptoms are like those of nephritis. The elastic distended ureter may sometimes be felt with the oiled hand introduced through the rectum. Like re- nal calculus this is usually irremediable. Antispasmodics will sometimes succeed by relaxing the duct and allowing the accumulated urine to pass the obstruction onward. They are best given by injection into the bowel. If ne- phritis sets in the treatment must correspond. Cystic Calculus. Stone in the Bladder. Seen in all do- mestic animals. Symjjtoms. Frequent straining to pass urine, which escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest, or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopic crystals or calculi usually pass with the urine. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will detect the rounded mass in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled with water. In the female it may be struck by a smooth metalhc sound, or even touched with the finger. Treatment. By breaking the stone into small pieces which may pass with the urine (lithotrity), or by extrac- tion whole after dilatation or cutting of the passages (lith- otomy). Lithotrity is effected with the lithotrite of the Diseases of the Urinary Organs, 215 surgeon and is only applicable to the female quadruped, in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A pair of long, round-bladed tongs like a glove-stretcher may be used to slowly dilate the neck of the bladder, after which the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which should be broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced and the stone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating movements. The injection of a httle warm water into an empty bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the stone. The male is operated on standing or thrown on his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the point where it bends forward over the hip bones and an incision about two inches long made down upon this in the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may now be introduced and the calculus withdrawn as in the female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated with a probe-pointed knife, guided by a grooved director or the index finger, the incision being carried obhquely between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The stone once removed the opening may be stitched up and treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip bone and the small size of the urethra render the operation far more difficult than in the horse. (For further particulars see the author's larger work). Urethral Calculi. Stone in the canal by which urine is discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found in the terminal end of the urethra and its papiUge on the glans penis. In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the same situation or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining is violent and constant, in cattle and sheep it is little marked, but the tail is slightly raised and the accelerator urinse muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as in ordinary urination. Examination along the course of 216 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the urethra will detect one or more hard nodular enlarge- ments at the S-shaped curve or elsewhere. If more than one are present, they may be made to grate on each other. Treatment. If in the papilla or vermiform appendix, try to extract by manipulation. Should this fail, slit open the duct, or in the ram cut off the appendix. If higher up it must be cut down upon, through the skin, and ex- tracted. In cattle it is desirable to first pull the penis backward or forward so that the incision may clear the scrotum with its excess of areolar tissue and fat. PREPUTIAL CALCULI. STONES IN THE PREPUCE OR SHEATH. In oxen and sheep urinary salts often crystallize out on the hairs and may even block the passage somewhat. They are easily removed by manijDulation or with scissors. The accumulations of sebaceous matter, in the bilocular cavity on the end of the penis or in the sheath of the horse, some- times receive this name. ♦They are best removed by thorough washing with soap and warm water, and the parts may then be lubricated with sweet-oil. SAND-LIKE DEPOSIT OR SOFT JVIAGMA IN THE BLADDER. This is frequent in the horse, the spherical granules of carbonate of lime and magnesia remaining apart instead of becoming agglutinated into a stone. Its mildest form is shown in the passage of a white matter at the comple- tion of the act of urination. When accumulated so as to fill half of the bladder or more, this comes away in large amount and is found within the sheath and on the inner sides of the thighs, for the urine escapes involuntarily and continuously. Treatment. Wash out the bladder b}^ pumping water through a catheter by means of Reed's stomach pump or a syringe, then shake it up with the hand introduced through the rectum and allow the muddy liquid to flow out through the catheter. Repeat this until the bladder is emptied and the water comes away clear. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 217 Prevention. The next point is to prevent its forming anew bj measures calculated to obviate urinary calculi in general. Correct any fault in feeding — excess of beans, peas, bran, etc., — and any disorder in the liver functions. Give abundance of soft water, encouraging its ingestion by a fair supply of salt, let the food be aqueous, consisting largely of roots, especially carrots, and give daily in the drinking water 1 dr. caustic soda or potassa, or common ashes from hard wood. A course of bitters should also be given (cascarilla, columba, willow bark, gentian, quassia, or others). 19 CHAPTER XL DISEASES or THE OEGANS OF GENEEATION. General causes. Inflammation of the testicle. Dropsy of the scrotum, Hydrocele. Water stones. Tumors of the sheath. Disease of the penis. Ulcers of the penis. Castration of males. E\al results of castration. Strangulated cord. Swelling of the sheath. Phymosis. Paraphymosis. Tumor on the spermatic cord. Castration of females. Castration of male birds. Abortion. Difficult parturition. Premature labor pains. Induration of the neck of the womb. Twisting of the neck of the womb. Polypus in the vagina. Wrong presentations, deformities, etc. Maxims for assisting in difficult parturition. Anterior presentation with head or fore limb turned back. Posterior presentation with one or both hind limbs turned back. With water in the head or abdomen. Disorders following parturition. Flooding. Retained afterbirth. Leucorrhoea, catarrh of the womb or va- gina. Eversion of the womb or vagina. Inflammation of the womb, Metri- tis. Parturition fever, milk fever, parturient apoplexy. Are mostly confined to breeding and dairying districts. They are largely obviated by castration and tlie vii'gin condition. Amongst the principal causes may be men- tioned mechanical injuries, excitement and irritation ac- companying coition, gestation, parturition, over-officious or ill-directed assistance in delivery, a very rich or poor diet, tuberculosis, poisons, (ergot, savin, rue, cantharides, etc.,) sympathetic irritation from excessive milking, from disease or injury of the mammary glands, of the urinary organs or of the rectum. INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLE. Occurs mainly from external injur}^, though it may be roused by excessive copulation, or by glanderous deposit or other diseased process in the organ. The animal moves Diseases of tlie Organs of Generation. 219 stiffly and witli a straddling gait, and the testicle is en- larged, tender and frequently drawn up and dropped down again. It is to be treated with a dose of purgative medi- cine, restricted soft diet, fomentations with warm water, and smearing of the bag in the intervals with extract of belladonna, laudanum or some other anodjTie. Should fluctuation announce the formation of pus, make an open- ing with a sharp knife to evacuate it, while if destruction of the gland is threatened castration must be performed. HYDKOCELE. DEOPST OF THE SCROTUM. Usually associated with water in the abdomen. Distin- guished from scrotal hernia by not passing back with a sudden movement but with a steady current and gradual diminution. The same treatment is needed as in ascites. WATEE STONES. In geldings a considerable accumulation of water often takes place in multilocular cavities connected with the still pervious inguinal canal, which may be emptied by compression, the water returning to the abdomen with a continued thrill. They often disappear in winter to reap- pear the following summer. Though not injurious they may be removed by cutting down on the cavities and dissecting out the sacs. TUMOES OE THE SHEATH. These are easily removed by twisting them off. Some, however, bleed freely and these should have a stout waxed twine tied firmly round their necks and be then twisted or allowed to drop off. If bleeding occurs after removal seize the bleeding orifice with forceps and tie with a waxed thread. DISEASE OF THE PENIS. Small warty growths may be cut off with scissors or knife and the part cauterized with lunar caustic. Tlie 220 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. soft condylomatous growths wliicli occur in dogs may be treated in the same way. But when the large cauliflower- like masses are associated with hardening of the whole end of the organ, it must be amputated behind the indu- rated portion. The subject should be prepared by laxa- tive diet, and, having been thrown, the yard is withdrawn, washed, and cut through gradually, beginning at its upper part and tying the arteries as they are reached. On reaching the urethra at the lower part of the yard it is to be dissected out, and cut across so as to leave it f of an inch longer than the rest. Considerable bleeding from the venous cavities may come on a few hours later, and especially in hot weather, but may be easily controlled by dashing cold water between the thighs or stuffing the sheath with tow saturated with tincture of matico or muri- ate of iron. ULCERS OF THE PENIS. These may arise from accumulation of sebaceous matter but more frequently from the irritant discharges in a female recently delivered or suffering from leucorrhoea. They may be treated with a lotion such as the following : — sugar of lead, 1 dr. ; carboHc acid, 60 drops ; chloral- hydrate, 1 dr. ; water, 1 pint. CASTRATION OF MALES. Numerous modes of castrating the male are followed, but in all the essential points are the removal or destruc- tion of the testicles and the prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery which is always found in the ante- rior portion of the cord. In small animals (pigs, lambs, calves, dogs, cats,) the testicle is seized so as to render the skin tense, and a free incision with knife parallel to the median line sets it free at once. The knife is now passed between the middle and posterior parts of the cord and the latter cut through. The anterior portion is then twisted and finally torn through, the upper part being Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 221 held bj the finger and thumb of one hand while traction is made by the other. In the colt and old horses and buUs the structures are so tough that the cord must be seized by two pairs of pincers in order to accomplish satisfactory twisting. Clamps (sticks) are very generally employed in horses, the important considerations being that the wood shall be tough and unyielding, that they shall be grooved to give greater security of hold, that they shall be tied together with well twined inelastic cords, and that when apphed they shall be squeezed together with pincers, while the end is being tied, that the included tissues may have their vitality destroyed. The other methods of tying, searing and scraping the artery, etc., cannot be described here, though one plan will succeed as well as another if properly done. For these and castration of cryptorcMds (originals, rigs,) see larger work. EVIL RESULTS OF CASTRATION. STRANauLATED CoRD. When the cord is left unduly long and the wound in the skin small, it may be strangled by the swelling and contraction, giving rise to intense suffering and high fever. The beast walks with a stiff gait, and the end of the cord is felt red and tense, protrud- ing from the wound which grasps it tightly. All that is necessary is to enlarge the orifice with a knife and push up the cord to give permanent rehef. Swelling of the Sheath may occur, and especially in the young, from unhealthy states of the system, or from premature closure of the wound and imprisonment of mat- ter. In all such cases reopen the wound with the fingers and apply fresh lard to prevent a second adhesion. It is a good plan to apply lard to the wounds in castrating to obviate adhesion. Next foment the parts continually with warm water to hasten the formation of matter. 'V\^ien a 19^ 222 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. free cream-like discharge is establislied the swelling will rapidly subside. Phymosis and Pakaphymosis. In such cases the penis may be imprisoned within the sheath or protruded and swollen so that it cannot be withdrawn. It may be nec- essary to incise the sheath or scarify the penis and ap- ply cold water and other astringents, with manipulation to return the protruded organ. Tumors on the Speematic Cord. This results from rough handling in castrating, from strangulation, or from inflammation consequent on the presence of irritants in the wound or exposure to cold. It may grow for years with- out disabling the animal ; its growth may cease, leaving an inconsiderable thickening on the cord ; it may acquire the size of a large udder of a cow, and contract numerous vascular adhesions to surrounding parts ; or it may extend up through the inguinal canal into the abdomen, as felt on examination through the rectum. Treatment. Those confined to the end of the cord may be removed like the testicle in castration. Those that have contracted adhesions to the thigh and sheath may still be removed wdth care, each vessel being tied as it is reached. But when the adhesions are very extensive and the tumor very large it is almost impossible to do this, and in the case of extension of the disease into the abdo- men nothing can be done beyond partial destruction of the mass with caustics. CASTRATION OF FEMALES. In small animals this is done through the flank ; in large, more conveniently through the vagina. The animal is stretched on its left side, the fore limbs and head being firmly secured and the hind limbs extended backwards. The hair is shaved from the flank a little below the angle of the hip-bone, and an incision made from above doTvn, extending to an inch in the pig or bitch, or sufficient to in- troduce the hand in the heifer. Then with the finser or Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 223 hand, as the case may be, the womb is sought, backward at the entrance of the pelvis in the interval between the bladder and the straight gut. Being found, one horn or division is drawn up through the wound until its end is exposed with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. The lat- ter is seized and cut or twisted off according to the size of the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought out and treated in the same way. The womb is now re- turned into the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed up. Evil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcifica- tion of the wound is not unknown. Cows are castrated by making an incision through the superior wall of the vagina just above the neck of the womb, and inserting two fingers, by w^hich the ovaries are withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instrument. Space will not allow of a fuller description in this work. CASTRATION OF MALE BIEDS. The bird is placed on its back with the left leg pressed against the abdomen and the right one stretched back- wards and outward, an incision is made inside this thigh large enough to admit the finger, which is directed toward the back at the point of union of the last ribs with the backbone. There the testicles are felt in contact with each other and are separately detached with the nail and extracted through the wound. If lost in the abdomen after detachment there is no matter, they will adhere to the peritoneum and become absorbed. Lastly the wound in the skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread. This consists of the expulsion of the foetus before it can hve out of the womb, but in the lower animals the term has been indiscriminately used for cases of premature parturition as well. Causes. Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, falls, 224 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, riding of animals in heat, diseases of the abdominal organs, (tympanitis from wet, frosted or musty fodder, inflamma- tion of the bowels, diarrhoea, poisoning by irritants taken with the food or otherwise, renal calculi or other diseases of the kidneys or bladder,) stalls too much inclined back- ward, overfeeding, plethora, hot, damp, relaxing stables, severe muscular exertion after long rest, exhausting feed- ing for milk at the expense of the system, breeding at too early an age, proximity to or contact with slaughter-houses or dead and decomposing animal matter, especially the abortion discharges of other animals, drinking putrid or iced water, disease, deformity or death of the fcetus, feeding on ergoted grasses or smutty wheat or corn, and, finally, the presence in the passages of a microscopic veg- etable parasite (leptothrix vaginalis) which is easily trans- ferred from one animal to another so as to procure abor- tion. Symptoms. In the early stages of gestation abortion often takes place without any warning and is only ascer- tained by the animal again coming in heat. Later the preliminary signs and progi'ess may be those of an ordi- nary parturition, or in other cases a whitish muco-purulent discharge may take place from the vulva for some time before abortion occurs. A filling of the udder and a loose, flaccid condition of the external generative organs often furnish premonitions. Prevention. Treatment. Avoid the various causes above named when found to exist. Especially should attention be given to secure a diet and regimen which shall obviate in- digestion, to eradicate from the hay-fields all irritant plants, to feed a certain amount of roots in winter to obviate urin- nary calculi, to cut meadows subject to ergot before they run to seed, or better still to plow them up and put under a rotation of other crops, to feed roots with ergoted hay or smutty corn if these must be consumed, to let the system be somewhat developed before breeding and not to milk too heavily the first year, to give pure air and water Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 225 and wholesome buildings, and, finally, to use anti-septics on the discharges and to keep all sound animals apart from the diseased or their products. A beast abort- ing, from whatever cause, should be allowed to run over several periods of heat before she is served again. When abortions have broken out in a herd good results have fol- lowed a course of chlorate of potassa in ^ oz. doses daily. When the beasts are plethoric benefit has been derived from bleeding or a bare diet with occasional mild laxatives. When run down by poor feeding or by early breeding and feeding for milk, a course of tonics (phosphate of soda, sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger,) has proved beneficial. When the discharge and other premonitory symptoms ap- pear laudanum may be given in large and repeated doses to quiet the system and keep the tendency in check. Quiet and seclusion are no less essential. When the abortion becomes inevitable it must be allowed to proceed or assistance given if necessary as in parturition. DIFFICULT PAKTURITION. Parturition is easy in most of the lower animals, the wedge-like outline of the foetus when normally presented with the long head extended between the fore limbs ren- dering it an affair of mechanical simplicity. The same is true of the presentation of the two hind feet. If left to nature the passages are prepared by the relaxation of the ligaments of the pelvis and falling in on each side of the croup ; they are then gently and equably dilated by the advancing soft and elastic water-bags ; and then if the back of the foetus is turned toward the back of the mother so that the curvature of its body may correspond to that of the pelvis, the process is rarely difficult or protracted. Danger arises mainly from parturition being precipi- tated before its natural period, from unnatural conditions of the passages, from distortions of the foetus or from tui^n- ing back of one or more members so as to impair the reg- ularity of the wedge and to increase the bulk posteriorly. 226 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. PREMATUEE LABOR-PAINS. Caused by excitement of travel, goring or riding by their fellows, blows and other mechanical injuries, violent pur- gation or diuresis, diseases of the digestive or urinary or- gans or womb, ergoted grasses, etc. If there is no relax- ation of the pelvic hgaments and falling in at the side of the rump, no enlargement of the vulva, no dilatation of the neck of the womb nor any enlargement of the bag, place in a secluded place and keep quiet by repeated doses of opium. The pains will usually subside. Even if other- wise apparently prepared the closed neck of the womb will demand similar rest and anodynes, though a little solid extract of belladonna may in this case be smeared round the neck of the womb to favor relaxation. Induration of the neck of the womb is often errone- ously supposed to exist in these cases, but such a conclu- sion need not be reached until the quieting treatment has been followed for one or two days without success and the neck of the womb remains rigid, nodular and gristly. Being fully convinced that the closure is due to disease it may be dilated by passing in a narrow-bladed, blunt- pointed (probe-pointed) knife and cutting to the depth of a quarter of an inch in four directions, upward, downward, to the right and left. Then the hand may be introduced with fingers and thumb drawn into the form of a cone and the passage gradually dilated. Or the sponge tents used by the physician may be employed. Tavisting of the neck of the womb so that the lower surface of the organ comes to look upwards or to one side, is a curious form of obstruction hitherto only seen in the cow. It may be surmised when labor-pains continue without any appearance of water-bags, and conclusive evi- dence is furnished by the neck of the womb being closed and thrown into spiral folds. Place the patient with its head uphill to relax the twisted neck and introducing the hand into the womb, seize the foetus and press it against the uterine walls, while one or two men roll the Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 227 cow on its other side in the same direction in which the twist has taken place. If the womb is not distended by decomposition of a dead foetns, nor attached to adjacent parts by inflammatory exudations the untwisting is easily effected, though several successive attempts may be requi- site to secure it. Suddenly constriction around the wrist gives way, the water-bags enter the passage and delivery is easy. Polypus in the Yagina. A tumor growing from the walls of this passage is another obstacle to parturition. By examination its point of attachment is found, and it should be slowly twisted off or, better still, removed by an ecraseur, an instrument with a pitch-chain which is gradu- ally tightened so as to cut through the parts without loss of blood. WKONG PKESENTATIONS, DEEOEMITIES, ETC. Maxims eoe Assisting in Difeicult Paetukition. Never interfere too soon. Let the water-bags burst spontaneously when they have fulfilled their purpose of dilating the pas- sages. If there is no mechanical obstacle, let the foetus be expelled by the unaided efforts of the mother. Never insert the arm for any purpose Avithout first smearing it with oil or fresh lard. When the water-bags have ruptured and the pains have continued for some time without any presentation, examine. When one fore foot only and the head, or both fore feet without the head, or the head with- out the feet, or one hind foot without the other appears, examine. Whatever part is presented should be secured by a cord, with a running noose, before it is pushed back to search for the others. In searching for a missing member the dam should be placed with her head down- hill and if recumbent should be laid on the side opposite to that on which the limb is missing. Even if the missing member is reached do not attempt to bring it up during a pain. Violent straining may be checked by pinching the back. If the passages have lost theii' natural lubricating 228 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. mucus, smear them and the body of the foetus thickly with lard before attempting to extract. In dragging upon the foetus apply force only when the mother strains, and pull slightly down toward the hocks as well as backward. If under the necessity of cutting off a limb, first skin it from near the foot and leave the skin attached to the trunk. Never cut off a member in the middle, but in the case of fore limb bring away the shoulder-blade, or in the hind the thigh-bone. Head ok fore limb tuened back. Secure the presenting limbs with ropes having a running noose drawn tightly round the fetlock, or the head with a noose round the lower jaw, or still better round the neck behind the ears, then pushing them back secure the missing part and bring it into position. In searching for the missing parts it is well to follow those abeady presented. The left arm will usually answer best for a limb at the left side of the womb, and the right arm for the right. Reaching the shoulder, the hand may be shd down to beneath the elbow and that joint bent so as to bring the knee up ; then the hand is shpped past the knee to the shank and by a similar move- ment, pushing back the upper part of the limb and pull- ing forward the lower, the foot is brought up and secured with a noose. All are then brought forward and delivery is easy. In order to bring up the missing part it is often needful that an assistant shall push back the body of the foetus after the limb has been seized. The assistant may stand with his back to that of the operator and introduce his left arm along by the operator's right or vice versa. Or a smooth round pole like a fork-handle may be intro- duced and planted in the breast of the foetus as a means of pushing it back. In either case the pressure should be shghtly upward toward the back of the foetus so as to bring up the breast and fore limb toward the passage. The missing head may be turned back on either side, downward upon the breast or upward upon the back. First ascertain its position, then if it cannot be reached by Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 229 pulling the limbs forward into the passage, push back the body in such a way as will favor the advance of the head. If the ear is reached the head may be pulled by it, till the socket of the eye can be gained, and the body being still pushed back the nose can soon be seized and brought up. Often it is necessary to insert a hook into the eye socket or between the branches of the lower jaw, so that more force may be exerted. The ring in this case should be turned at right angles to the hook, and a cord passed from the hook side of the ring, to the opposite, and then knot- ted so that the greater the force applied the firmer it will hold. Peesentation of one hind limb alone is recognized by examining it as far up as the hock, which cannot possibly be mistaken for the knee. The same principles are ap- plied -here. Noose the presenting limb, and pushing back upon it and the buttocks, bring up first the hock and then the foot, bending all the joints to their utmost. In the cow success can usually be counted on, but the long hind shanks of the foal often prove an insuperable obstacle, and it becomes needful to cut the hamstrings and, leaving the hock bent, to straighten out the limb above this and extract in this position. Presentation of the buttocks is to be recognized by the rounded mass, with the tail and beneath it the anus and perhaps the vulva. The process of extraction does not differ from that last described, but in very powerful mares the pains may be so violent and constant that it is impossible to bring up even the hocks, and the limbs have to be separated at the hip-joint and extracted separately, after which the trunk will come easily. Double heads and bodies and superfluous limbs have to be removed on the same general principles, but space forbids their further notice here. Water in the head is often an insuperable barrier to delivery, to be easily recognized by manual examination, 20 230 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. and as readily relieved by plunging a knife tlirongh tlie membranes and evacuating the liquid. Water in the abdomen is equally frequent and to be obviated in a similar manner. DISORDERS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. Flooding. Bleeding from the walls of the womb. Mostly after a too hasty parturition in which the uterine walls are exhausted and fail to contract ; or when the w^omb has suffered violence in extraction of the foetus. Symptoms. Bloodless pallor of the mucous membranes, coldness of the surface, weakness, weak pulse, with or without palpitation of the heart and discharge of blood from the vulva. The hand introduced into the womb finds that organ soft, flaccid, dilated and filled with liquid or clotted blood. Treatment. Apply cold water or bags of ice to the loins and external genital organs, remove the afterbirth and clots with the hand and, if necessary, inject cold water, acids (vinegar, dilute mineral acids,) astringents (sugar of lead, tannm, matico, alum,) into the womb, and give small doses of acetate of lead or ergot of rye by the mouth. In desperate cases a large sponge soaked in tincture of the muriate of iron may be introduced into the womb and emptied by squeezing. If the patient is sinking it may often be saved by transfusion of blood from another animal. Retained Afterbirth. Gatcses. Premature parturition, poverty of condition, too hurried delivery and failure to establish subsequent contractions, adhesions, the result of pre-existing inflammation in the womb, etc. ■ If not removed it rots away piecemeal, a portion remain- ing and putrefying in the womb, causing irritation, dis- charge, rapid loss of condition and milk and in some cases absorption of putrid matter and poisoning. Treatment. Various methods are followed. 1. Attach a pound weight to the mass, so that the constant tugging Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 231 may stimulate the womb to contraction and expulsion of the afterbirth. 2. Seize the mass close up to the vulva between two pieces of wood and dragging gently move it from side to side to titillate the passages and stimulate the womb to contraction. 3. Give a dose of physic (Glauber or Epsom salts) with aromatics (ginger, pepper, copaiva, cardamoms, caraway, etc.) 4. The most satisfactory method is to remove it by the hand, in twelve to twenty- four hours after parturition, before the neck of the womb has closed so as to forbid the introduction of the arm. In cows the x^rotruding membranes are gently pulled upon by the left hand while the right is introduced into the womb and the connecting cotyledons or placentul^ of the mem- branes are, one by one, squeezed out from their connec- tions with those of the womb. The process may be slow, as fifty such connections may demand separation, but patience will be crowned with final success, the great points being to tear nothing and to bring up and separate the last portions as perfectly as the first. Prevention. In poverty-stricken animals much may often be done by warm sloppy food for a week or two prior to parturition. Leucokehcea. Cataeeh of the Womb oe Yagina. This often results from retained afterbirth or violence done in parturition, but may occur independently of both or even in the virgin animal. There is a whitish discharge fi'om the vulva, foetid if from retained afterbirth, with rapid falling off in flesh and milk, in spirit and appetite. The subjects can rarely be impregnated. Treatment. Introduce a catheter into the womb, draw off the contained fluid, wash out with tepid water intro- duced through the tube, and inject one of the following solutions : 1 drachm of sulphate of zinc, sulphate of cop- per, acetate of lead, permanganate of potassa or carbolic acid, or i drachm chloride of zinc, dissolved in a pint of water and ^yq ounces of glycerine added. This injection should be repeated daily until the discharge ceases. A 232 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. course of tonics shonld accompany this treatment (sul- phate of iron 2 drachms, pepper 1 drachm, ginger ^ oz., gentian ^ oz. daily. EvERSiON OF THE Yagina OK WoMB. The former may oc- cur before parturition or even in the virgin state, the lat- ter only after parturition. Hot, relaxing stables and regi- men and too great a slope of the stalls backward are among the causes of the first, violence in parturition or in the removal of the afterbirth, of the second. Digestive and urinary disorders are further causes. The everted va- gina forms a simple rounded mass easily distinguished rig. 39 Fig. 39 — Rope truss for everted womb. from the bladder by the absence of the ureters, and from the womb by that of the two divisions or horns, and in the case of ruminants by the cotyledons. Treatment is simple : Adjust the slope of the stall, making the hinder part the higher ; obviate costiveness, diarrhoea or any other source of irritation ; and adjust a rope truss as follows : Take two ropes, each more than double the length of the ani- mal, bend each double and intertwist them at this bend so as to circumscribe an oval opening a little larger than that of the vulva ; this having been adjusted to this orifice the two upper ends are carried around the rump, crossed over Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 233 each other repeatedly in their passage along the back and finally tied to a collar previously placed around the neck ; the lower ends are carried down between the thighs, one on each side of the udder, and forward on the sides of the abdomen and chest to be fixed to the collar. It may be made as tight as seems necessary and will tighten with every effort at straining so that eversion becomes impos- sible. It may be made more secure by attaching the ropes to a surcingle as well. This truss must of course be re^ moved when true labor-pains come on. INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. Causes. Lacerations, bruises and other injuries in par- turition or in removal of the afterbirth, exposure to cold or wet after parturition, retained afterbirth, etc. Symptoms. Two or three days after parturition a shiv- ering fit, colicky pains, looking at abdomen, plaintive cries, twT-sting of the tail, shifting of the hind feet, tenderness of loins and abdomen, arching of the loins, vulva red and swollen, frequent straining with foetid discharge, the hand introduced into the womb finds both its neck and body dilated with fluid contents, the belly becomes tense and swollen, there is grinding of the teeth, insatiable thirst and loss of power over the hmbs. The pulse and respira- tion are accelerated and the temperature of the body raised. It may end in poisoning of the blood with pus or absorbed putrid matters, or in gangrene, or if recovery en- sues it may be perfected in two or three weeks. Peritoni- tis and enteritis frequently coexist and are equally fatal at this period. Treatment. Wash out the womb, as in leucorrhoea, with chlorine water or a solution of chloride of lime, perman- ganate of potassa or carbolic acid, adding a solution of gum Arabic, glycerine and laudanum to render it more soothing. Give an active purgative (in the cow sulphate of soda 1 lb.) and follow this up by tincture of aconite four times a day, and nitrate of potassa and chlorate of potassa 20^ 234 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. once daily. A blister should be applied to the right flank (mustard and oil of turpentine in cow or sow, mustard alone for other animals). In case of prostration, weak pulse, stupor, etc., a free use of wine, quinine, camphor and general stimulants must be made, with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, carbohc acid, sulpho-carbolates or bichromate of potassa). PABTURITION-FEVER IN COWS. MTLK-FEVEE. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. Causes. Plethora, costiveness and the susceptibility at- tendant on parturition. It attacks mainly heavy milkers, animals in full flesh that have been well fed just before and after calving, and have been delivered easily with little loss of blood or nervous expenditure. It is most frequent in the hot season when the grass is most luxuri- ant and nutritive, but may occur at any season in the best class of cows. Symptoms. Dullness, languor, uneasy movements of the hind limbs, a fuU, bounding pulse, red eyes, hot head and horns ; soon the cow becomes weak on its limbs, un- able to rise, lays the head back on the flank or dashes it on the ground, breaking the horns if the surface is hard, and struggles convulsively with its limbs. The surface may now be bedewed with perspiration, the eyes red, fixed or rolling convulsively, the pupils dilated, the heat of the head still greater and the pulse quicker and weaker. Sensation is completely lost, the skin may be pricked at any point without the slightest response and the eyeball touched without causing winking. Neither dung nor urine is passed, the intestines and bladder being also the seat of paralysis or torpor. In one form of the disease the heat of the head, delir- ium and violence may be almost entirely wanting, the prominent symptoms being the fever, accelerated pulse and breathing, elevated temperature, loss of power over the limbs, paralysis of sensation, inappetence, torpor of Diseases of the Organs of Generation. 235 bowels and bladder. Both forms are exceedingly fatal, almost all attacked mthin two days after calving perish- ing, and a large proportion of those taken ill during the first week. Prevention. Spare diet (starvation in the plethoric) for a week before and after calving, an active purgative (Ep- som salts) to act as soon after calving as possible, plenty of fresh, cool air, milking, if necessary, before calving and thrice daily after. In the full flush of grass it is needful to keep plethoric parturient subjects in-doors, upon dry hay with plenty of salt and water, or on a very bare past- ure. Even if attacked a week after calving they usually recover. Treatment. If the animal is seen before it goes down, bleed four or six quarts from the jugular, but never after the pulse has lost its fullness and hardness ; apply ice- cold water, bags of ice or a solution of an ounce each of nitre and sal ammoniac in a quart of water to the head round the base of the horns, give a powerful purgative, (2 lbs. Epsom salts, -|- oz. carbonate of ammonia, |- dr. nux vomica,) apply friction to the limbs, draw the milk off at frequent intervals and repeat the ammonia and nux vomica every four hours. The nux vomica may be re- placed by strychnia, 1 grain with 2 or three drops of vin- egar in a teaspoonful of water and injected under the skin twice with four hours interval, or ergot of rye may be used instead. The fever may often be materially reduced by enveloping the whole body in a sheet wrung out of cold water, and covering up with one or several dry ones ac- cording to the season. In the second or torpid form of the disorder there is often no call for cold applications to the head, while pur- gatives and nux vomica are especially demanded. CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE MAMM^ (UDDEE) AND TEATS. Bloody-milk. Blue or viscid milk. Congestion and inflammation of the mammary glands, Garget, Mammitis. Impervious teat. Sore teats, Scabs, Warts. Simple and cancerous tumors of the glands. BLOODY-MILK. Causes. Blows on the udder or commencing inflamma- tion from any other cause ; heat or rut ; a sudden acces- sion of rich food, causing local congestion with increased flow of milk ; the consumption of acrid plants (ranunculus, hydropiper, resinous shoots, etc.,) and the conditions which give rise to red-water. The milk may have a red sedi- ment fi'om feeding madder, logwood and other agents. Treatment. If from congested glands, a saline laxative followed by nitre, restricted diet and bathing with cold water. If from acrid plants, withhold them, give a laxa- tive to clear away any yet retained in the stomach and follow up with small doses of nitre and acetate of lead. If fi'om partial congestion, with a somewhat nodular state of the gland and but little heat or tenderness, rub daily with compound tincture of iodine mixed with three times its bulk of water. Milk carefully and gently. BLUE OR A^SCID MILK. Due to cryptogams in this liquid. Remove from the vicinity of decomposing animal matter, withhold food or water containing vegetable germs and administer, daily, bisulphite of soda (2 drs., cow). Diseases of the Mammce (Udder) and Teats. 237 CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. GAKGET. IHAMMITIS. Causes. Blows on the gland, lying on a cold or sharp stone, sores on the teats, leaving the milk unduly long in the bag (hefting), standing in a current of cold air, expos- ure in cold showers or inclement weather, rich milk-mak- ing food too suddenly supplied, indigestion, or indeed any derangement of the general health is hable to produce this disease in an animal in full milk. Ewes often lose their bags or their lives from sudden weaning of their lambs, or cows from neglect in milking. Some aliments, like cotton seeds, are dangerous. Symptoms. There may be simple warm, hot, tense (caked) bag, or there may be a circumscribed nodular mass in the centre of the bag. In severer cases there is lameness on the affected side, a red, hot, tense painful gland, with no secretion or only a bloody clotted mass. These cases come on with violent shivering, high temper- ature, strong rapid pulse and quickened breathing, dry nose, costiveness and suppression of urine. They may end in abscess, induration or gangrene, or a perfect re- covery may ensue. Treatment. In mild cases with no fever and little pain, rub well with camphorated spirits or weak iodine oint- ment or tvith plenty of elhow-grease. Milk thrice a day and rub for a considerable time on each occasion. If unequal to active rubbing put a good hungry calf to the udder. In the severe cases, if seen in the shivering fit, give a strong cordial (ginger, pepper, whisky, brandy, gin or ale in several quarts of warm water) and envelop from head to tail in a thick rug wrung out of water as nearly boiling as possible, covering all with several dry blankets and binding firmly to the body ; give copious warm w^ater in- jections and bring if possible into a sweat. When this has lasted half an hour uncover gradually, rub dry and cover with a light dry wrapping. If the disease has advanced further and there is already 238 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. active inflammation in the gland, foment continuously with warm water or support in a poultice, cutting holes for the teats, adding a little bellaclonna to relieve the pain. Give an active purge (salts) and follow up with aconite and nitre. Draw off the milk frequently, using a milking tube if the act is very painful. If the discharge smells Fig. 40. Fig. 40 — Milking Tube. sour inject a weak solution of carbonate of soda and per- manganate of potassa (5 grains of each to 1 oz. of water). If the gland becomes hard and indurated, rub Avith iodine ointment or mercurial ointment, not both. If matter forms, open with the knife. If gangrene ensues, use lo- tions of carbolic acid or chloride of lime. Many sheep do well with a coating of tar on the gland. In the ad- vanced stages nourish well and give tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba). IMPERVIOUS TEAT. From concretions from the milk, which are freely mov- able in the teat and up into the gland. From polypus in the teat hanging by a band from the mucous membrane and hence movable only in narrow limits. From thicken- ing of the mucous membrane and contraction of the walls of the duct to absolute closure. From the formation of a membrane across the duct of the teat. From closure of the external orifice of the teat effected in the heahng of a sore. Treatment. Concretions may be extracted by manipu- lation or with a grooved director, the teat having been first relaxed in a warm solution of belladonna. Polypi are removed by making a free incision through the teat, twisting off the tumor, accurately sewing up the wound Diseases of the Mammce (Udder) and Teats. 239 ' and milking for some time with a tube. The obliteration of the duct by contraction of its walls or by a membra- nous growth is to be met by a histuori cache (a knife one Fig. 41. Fig. 41 — Bistuori Cachd. line in breadth hidden in a groove of a sharp-pointed handle, but which can be pressed out of its case so as to cut to any extent desired) and a silver or gutta-percha teat tube to be kept tied in the newly made channel until it heals. It is well to leave these surgical operations un- til the milk is dried up. A simple instrument is in use by dairymen, consisting of a steel probe flattened out to two lines at one extremity and with finely sharpened point. SOEE TEATS. SCABS. WAETS. Sores, chaps and scabs on the teats are to be treated by soothing apphcations. One ounce each of spermaceti and almond-oil melted together will often suffice. Or 5 grains each of balsam of Tolu or Peru may be added. Or a solution of 5 grains of sugar of lead or chloral-hy- drate and J oz. each of glycerine and water. But no plan will succeed without gentle milking, with dry teats, espe- cially in winter, or in bad cases without the use of a milk- ing tube. Warts are to be removed by the knife, scissors and caustic. Simple and Malignant Tumors of the mammary glands are met with in all species of domestic quadrupeds and demand removal with the knife. CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE EYES. Trichiasis. Torn eyelids. Superficial inflammation of the eye. Simple ophthalmia. Conjunctivitis. Parasites on the eyes. Specks or films on the eye. Ulcers of the transparent cornea. Tumors of the transparent cornea. Enzootic ophthalmia in cattle and sheep. Internal ophthalmia. Inflamma- tion of the deep structures of the eyeball. Iritis. Choroiditis. Retinitis.- Recurring ophthalmia. Periodic ophthalmia. Moon-blindness. Cataract. Palsy of the nerve of sight. Amaurosis. Glass eyes. Glaucoma. Cancer. Staphyloma. Worms in the eye. TRICHIASIS. Turning in of the eyelashes ; a common cause of inflam- mation. Snip off the offending hair with scissors. TORN EYELIDS. Should be accurately brought together and held by col- lodion, which is to be laid on with a brush, layer after layer, until strong enough to hold safely. If this is not at hand bring together with a quilled suture — the stitches, with carbolated thread or catgut, being tied round two quills lying on the respective flaps, so as to prevent puck- ering of the edges and to secure even healing. If the lips are brought into accurate apposition and stitches placed closely together, the quills may be discarded. To prevent rubbing of the lieahng and itching eye, turn the animal round in the stall and tie short to the two posts so that the head cannot reach either. Feed from a bag hung in front and cut open half way down to admit the nose. Diseases oftJie Eyes. 241 SUPEEFICIAL INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. SIMPLE OPHTHALJIIA. CONJLT^CTIVITIS. Causes. Blows with whips, etc., haj-seecl, chaff, dust, lime, thorns, etc., in the eye ; standing in a current of cold air ; irritant emanations from dung and urine ; obstruction of the lachrymal duct with sweUing at the inner angle of the eye and hardened mucus in the orifice of the duct as seen in the floor of the chamber of the nose ; in horse and ox, the presence of a y^'OTm.— filar ia lachrymalis — inside the eyelids ; and in pigs of the measle bladder- worm — cysticer- cus celhilosa—in the fat around the eye. Symptoms. Bed, sore, watery ejes, with or without fever according to the severity of the attack, soon followed by a bluish or white film or opacity extending no deeper than the surface of the transparent part of the eyeball. The swelling of the eyehds may extend to the hollow above the eye, filling it up. There is no suffering or winking when brought into a bright light, nor any undue contrac- tion of the pupil as compared with healthy eyes. If for- eign bodies are present they w^ill be detected by exami- nation. 'Treatment. Hay-seed, chaff, etc., may be removed with a pair of small forceps, with the point of a lead pencil, or with the head of a pin covered with a soft handkerchief. Lime and sand may be similarly removed or washed out with a fine syi'inge. Thorns may be picked out with a needle, the animal having been first thrown and the eye fixed with the fingers or by putting the patient under the influence of ether or chloroform. Or if not too deep they will slough out of their own accord in a day or two. The patient must be protected from cold or any other apparent cause of illness, should take a dose of physic, and have the affected eye covered with a cloth constantly wet with a solution of 1 dr. sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc, 10 grains morphia and 1 pint water. It is often best to use it tepid but if used cold it should be maintained so. 21 242 Tlie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. WHITE SPECKS AND CLOUDINESS OF THE EYE. These are the results of inflammation and if confined to the transparent outer coat of the eye may usually be re- moved by touching them daily with a feather dipped in a solution of 3 grs. nitrate of silver in an ounce of distilled water. Such an application should never be made while the part is still inflamed and the eyelids sw^oUen and red, as it will then be painful and injurious. It will usually fail to remove the speck when that consists in a thick cicairix following an ulcer, or when red vessels are seen running across it. ULCERS OF THE TRANSPARENT CORNEA. These also follow inflammation and are to be recognized by the visible breaks or abrasions in the surface layers of the transparent coat of the eye. Apply the same agent as for specks but of double or treble the strength, and improve the general health by a liberal diet and a course of tonics (sulphate of iron, nux vomica, cinchona). TUMORS OF THE TRANSPARENT CORNEA. These, if not of a cancerous nature, nor connected with the vascular colored curtain which encircles the pupil (the iris), may be removed with the knife or scissors, the part touched with a stick of nitrate of silver, and a lotion like that used for simple ophthalmia applied on a cloth. ENZOOTIC OPHTHALMIA IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. This affection attacks one or several herds or flocks in a locality, at any season and without apparent cause, ex- cepting proximity. The sj^mptoms are those of simple ophthalmia, but of a severe type, with much fever and complete clouding of the eye from exudation into the whole thickness of the transparent cornea, followed by ulceration, and sometimes perforation of this membrane, loss of the humors of the eye, and permanent bhndness. Treatment. Separate the sound from the diseased and Diseases of the IJyes. 243 from tlie pastures or buildings wliere the malady lias ap- peared. Give the affected strong purgatives (salts) fol- lowed by diuretics (nitre), place in a dark, quiet, dry building, and keep a cloth over the eye saturated with a solution of a drachm each of nitrate of silver and carbolic acid and 10 grs. of morphia to a quart of distilled water. Blisters may be applied to the cheeks or behind the ears (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard f oz., for cattle ; twice the amount of lard for sheep ; rub well in). The resulting ulcers may be treated in the ordinary way. INTERNAL OPHTHALMIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE DEEP STKUGT- URES OF THE EYEBALL. IRITIS. CHOROIDITIS. RETINTiTIS. Causes. Severe blows or other forms of local irritation ; extremes of darkness and light ; exposure to a draught of cold^ air, to a storm ; various constitutional disturbances, especially those of the digestive organs. Symptoms. Like those of superficial ophthalmia, but with more fever, constitutional disturbance, accelerated pulse, loss of appetite, increased heat of body, and above all with retraction of the eye into its socket, pro- trusion of the haw from its inner angle over its surface, closure of the lids and contraction of the pupil when brought into the hght, and the presence of a turbid liquid behind the transparent cornea, with white floating flakes, and a yellowish or whitish deposit at the bottom of the chamber. The brilliant reflection of the iris or curtain is also largely impaired. As the disease advances a white speck or cloud appears in the lens, behind the pupil and iris. Treatment. Place in a dark building with pure, dry air, purge (cow, salts ; horse, aloes ; dog, castor-oil,) and follow up with febrifuges (nitre, digitalis ; in dogs or pigs tartar emetic) ; apply alternately by means of a rag over the eye a lotion of 20 grs. acetate of lead, 20 drops extract of belladonna and 1 quart water, and one of 20 grains sulphate of zinc, 20 drops of tincture of (physostigma) 244 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Calabar bean, and 1 qt. water, changing twice daily ; blis- ter the face or neck as for enzootic ophthalmia. EECUEKING OPHTHALMIA. PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. MOON-BLINDNESS. Attacks solipeds only. Causes. Hereditary predisposition ; breeding in damp, cloudy, foggy or marshy localities ; keeping in damp, close, ill-conditioned stables ; the irritation about the head at- tendant on teething ; clogging the digestive organs by feeding wheat or maize without salt or sulphate of soda ; the presence of worms in the intestines ; whatever lowers the general health, and the general causes of iritis. Symiptoms. Like those of internal ophthalmia with, in many cases, increased tension and hardness of the eyeball, and its deeper retraction into the orbit. The main differ- ence is in the liability to recur, at intervals of three weeks, a month or more, if the exciting causes have not been removed, until the subject is left blind. In the intervals between the attacks the transparent coat of the eye retains a hazy bluish cloudiness around its border, the iris is wanting in its normal lustre, the anterior chamber has often a slight deposit at its lower part, and the upper eye- lid is bent at an unnatural angle about one-third of its length from the inner angle. After two or three attacks a cataract remains. Prevention. Avoid, for breeding purposes, all horses belonging to an affected family ; all localities that are damp, foggy, cloudy or relaxing ; as well as ill-appointed stables. Maintain good health and condition by sound feeding, watering, housmg, grooming and exercise. When threatened remove to a drier and more bracing climate. Treatment. As for iritis. Some cases, like rheumatism, are benefited by colchicum and the free use of alkalies (carbonates or acetates of potassa or soda). Those that present increased tension and hardness of the eyeball should be early treated by iridectomy which can, however, Diseases of the Eyes. 245 only be undertaken by the surgeon. All cases shoukl have a course of tonics (oxide of iron, nux vomica, ginger) as soon as the violence of the fever has abated, and should be submitted to a regimen calculated to improve their condition so as to ward off a new attack, Eecovery from a particular attack may be expected in from 6 to 10 days, and this contributes to sustain the reputation of such ri- diculous resorts as knocking out the wolf teeth, and such injurious ones as cutting out the haw (hooks). CATARACT. This is the most constant result of internal ophthalmia, though it may occur from other causes, such as diabetes or ursemia. The condition is opacity of the lens, and may be recognized as a white speck, or a white fleecy cloud filling, in the worst cases, the whole of a widely dilated pupil. It is best seen with the animal looking out of the stable door, and with a dark background. A still more satisfactory examination can be made with a hghted taper in a dark room. Three images of the taper are reflected, (1) from the surface of the eye (cornea), (2) from the an- terior surface of the lens, and (3) from the posterior sur- face of the lens. The two anterior are upright, the pos- terior is inverted. If either of the two posterior images is changed into a diffuse white haze in passing over any part of the pupil it implies an exudation into that part of the lens — a cataract. Haziness of the large anterior im- age is only caused by opacity of the cornea. Treatment. Newly formed cataracts will sometimes clear up, by absorption, under such treatment as is adopted for inflammation, but the rule is that an opacity of the lens once found, is permanent. In cattle and sheep the lens may be extracted or depressed as in man, but in the horse such an operation would be worse than useless, as without spectacles he could never see things in their right form or position, and would become an incorrigible shyer. Better leave him blind. Cases not due to recurring oph- 246 Tile Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. thalmia may be benefited in the long run by applying a drop of phosphorated oil (phosphorus 2 grs, almond-oil, 1 oz.,) to the eye, daily, for several months. PALSY OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. AMAUROSIS. GLASS EYES. Causes. Congestion, tumors, dropsy, or other disease of the brain. Injury to the nerve of sight by pressure or otherwise. Inflammation with exudation into the retina. Excess of light. It may be sjmiptomatic from overloaded stomach, from bloodlessness, and sometimes from gesta- tion. Symptoms. Eyes unnaturally clear from wide dilatation of the pupils. Failure of the pupils to contract when ex- posed to light or sunshine, or to dilate in darkness. The subjects do not wince w^hen a feint is made to strike them unless the hand produces a current of air. The animals step high to avoid obstacles and have very active ears, which are constantly exercised to make up for lack of sight. Treatment. If due to removable cause stop this, then blister the cheek or behind the ear, as for ophthalmia, and give nerve stimulants (strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.) Among the other affections of the eye are Glaucoma, the true nature of which can only be ascertained with the ophthalmoscope ; Cancer which demands the skill of the anatomist for removal ; Staplujloma or vascular tumor of the cornea ; Worm in the eye {Filaria Oculi) wiiich is to be extracted by skilKul puncture; etc. CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. General causes. Epilepsy. Falling Sickness. Chorea, St. Vitus's Dance, St. Guy's Dance. Vertigo, Megrims in horses. Lock-jaw, Trismus, Teta- nus. Convulsions, Fits. Sleepy Staggers, Coma Somnolentum. Apo- plexy. Inflammation of the Brain, Phrenitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral Men- ingitis. Inflammation of the spinal cord. Myelitis, Spinal Meningitis. Ep- idemic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, Cerebro-spinal Fever. Enzootic Myelitis in sheep. Trembling, Hydro-rachitis. Paralysis. Loss of sensation or voluntary motion. General Paralysis. Paraplegia, Palsy of the hind limbs. Hemiplegia, Palsy of one lateral half of the body. Facial Paralysis. Other local palsies. Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead Poisoning. Sun-stroke. The frequency of these affections bears some relation to the deyelopment and activity of the great nerve centres and especially the brain. They are often symptomatic of other diseases, the irritation being conveyed along the nerves to the nerve centres so as to derange their func- tions ; at other times they have their origin in these cen- tres themselves. Among common causes may be named : exposure to intense heat or cold, especially with a dry parching atmosphere ; excess of light ; deranged or ex- cited circulation, as in loss of blood or plethora, obstacles to the return of blood from the head, by the jugular veins, or imperfect supply from thickening of the cranial bones ; the influence of poisons, pressure, etc. ; severe overexer- tion ; digestive, hepatic and urinary disorders, and para- sites. EPILEPSY. FALLING SICKNESS. This is seen in dogs, cattle, horses and pigs in about the order named. It usually exists independently of any 248 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. observable change of brain structure. Thus, in dogs it follows distemper, or depends on teething, worms in the stoinach or intestines, or acari (pentastoma) in the nasal smuses. In pigs indigestible substances in the stomach may determine it. Brown-Sequard showed how it could be developed at will in Guinea-pigs by tickling the neck and has even produced it in the human subject. In all animals it may be looked on as, generally, a reflex act. Abscesses, tumors, etc., of the brain have been found in certain instances in horses, and the malady has super- vened on a severe fright and chase, or a broken horn or other injury to the head in cows. Probably in these cases the disease of the brain has rendered it more sus- ceptible to the impression coming from a distant part of the body. The disease has proved hereditaiy in cattle. Symptoms. Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary movement, with convulsive contraction of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The patient may or may not appear dull or stupid for some time, but the attack is always sud- den, the victim crying, falling to the ground, stiffening aU over, with clenched jaws, frothing at the lips and fixed red eyeballs. The attack ma^^ last for one or several min- utes, after which the muscles relax and the animal be- comes conscious but retains considerable dullness or lan- guor for a day or more. The attacks are more or less fre- quent according to the activity of the exciting cause. Treatment. Remove the causes — worms or other irri- tants in the intestinal canal or elsewhere : — in excitable plethoric animals restrict diet and give more exercise ; in the bloodless, feed highly and give iron and bitters ; in dyspeptic pigs give sound food and bitters (gentian, quas- sia, camomile, boneset, sei'pentaria, myrrh,) with iron. In excitable stallions castration is usually needful. During the attack inhalations of chloroform or ether, or the in- jection of these agents or of chloral-hydrate will serve to cut short the attack. If dependent on irritation of some known part of the surface, attacks may be obviated by Diseases of the Nervous System. 249 cutting the nerves proceeding from this part, or better by light firing with an iron at a red or white heat. CHOEEA. ST. YITUS'S DANCE. ST. GUT's DANCE. Mainly seen in the dog and horse. Occurs in subjects debihtated or worn out by disease, as in dogs by distem- per. There is no constant structural change in the brain, but the occurrence of the disease as a consequence of exhausting disorders and the excess of urea, etc., in the urine, may be taken as impljring an altered state of the blood, and of the processes of sanguification. Synqjtoms. Momentary spasms of the voluntary mus- cles, leading to jerking of one or more limbs, of the head or of the entire body. This continues without intermission in sleep as in waking, and, by wearing the subject out, increases the disorder. In the horse it occurs mainly in the hind limbs, but will also attack the fore, and tempora- rily the muscles of the body. Treatment. Re-establish health and vigor by abundant nourishment, open air exercise, tonics (sulphate and car- bonate of iron, cascarilla, quinia J cold baths, rubbing dry afterwards, and strychnia. Nerve sedatives (chloral-hy- drate) may be given to check or moderate the spasms. VEKTIGO. MEGEIMS m HORSES. An equine disease characterized by sudden and tempo- rary loss of sensation and voluntary motion, with trem- bling, and it may be champing of the jaws, but without the general spasms of epilepsy. Causes. Brain disorders such as tumors, congestions, effusions, etc., or modified circulation from compression of the jugular veins, or disease of the heart. Plethora is a frequent cause in the young. Symptoms. The animal drawing a load, esj^ecially up- hill, with a tight collar, diiven hurriedly in extreme heat, or in a strong glare of sunshine or snow, suddenly hangs on the reins, slackens his pace, staggers a little perhaps, 250 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. and if not stopped di'ops in harness, first, it may be, starting to one side, or rearing up so as to fall back over tlie driver. If stopped on the first sign of failing, tlie attack may usually be warded off. If it has taken place, the loosening of the harness and a few minutes rest will generally bring the animal round, so that he can get on his legs, but he remains nervous and excitable for several days. Prevention. Treatment. In plethoric young horses im- prove the condition by restricted diet and regular increas- ing exercise, or turn out to grass for a time. Give an occasional laxative and diuretic. Avoid tight or badly fitting collars or whatever presses on the veins of the neck. Shelter the top of the head from the direct rays of the sun by a sunshade. Wear a wet sponge constantly between the ears when at work. When the premonitory symptoms appear, stop, slacken the collar, cover the eyes, apply cold water or ice to the head and neck ; blood may even be drawn from the palate, the temporal artery or the jugular vein. This should be followed by an active purgative (aloes, Glauber salts,) and nerve sedatives (chloral-hydrate, bromide of potassium). A laxative diet must be kept up for some time or a run at grass allowed. LOCK-JAW. TRISMUS. TETANUS. This consists in persistent (tonic) cramps of the volun- tary muscles. When confined to those of the face it is trismus or locJc-Jaiv, when general tetanus. Causes. Wounds, especially of unyielding structures, like the foot, the firm fibrous layers covering the limbs, shoulder or croup, or the bones (tail). Wounds imphcat- ing large sensory nerves, or enclosing rust, giitty matters, or castrating clamps, or subject to chafing as between the thighs, are occasional causes. In other cases exposure to cold or wet or a continual dropping on some part of the body is the cause. In still others it appears without any obvious reason, though probably from internal lesions. Diseases of the Nervous System. 251 It is remarkable that it rarety occurs until wounds are well advanced in healing. In lambs it has been observed in connection with overfeeding of the ewes on trefoil, grain, etc., as well as from exposure. Symptoms. General stiffness ; hardness of the affected muscles ; protrusion of the haw, from the inner angle of the eye, over the ball, becoming more marked if the animal is excited, as by jerking up the head ; in the worst cases the head is elevated and carried stiffly, the tail raised and trembling ; the legs directed slightly outward like four immovable posts, and in walking are lifted almost without bending; the animal cannot lie down, or if he gets doT^Ti, rouses the spasms fatally in his struggles to rise ; the bowels are always torpid ; the breathing is excited and in bad cases stertorous ; and though the spasms never give way they occur in paroxysms, which are easily roused by movement, the presence of strangers, loud talking, banging of doors, rusthng of strav/ or any other noise or commotion. It usually proves fatal by the cramps of the muscles of the throat (larynx) and chest. Treatment. Secure perfect quiet in a dark box, safely locked from curious observers ; place shngs beneath the patient so that he can stand clear of them or rest in them at will ; remove straw or other source of excitement ; feed very soft bran mashes or thick gruels, from such a level as does not require any dropping of the head to reach them ; give a strong dose of purgative medicine (horse, aloes ; sheep, ox, sulphate of soda or magnesia ; swine, dog, castor-oil,) following this up by antispasmodics thrice daily (belladonna, prussic acid, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, tobacco, etc.,) or these may be given by injection, or chloroform, ether or nitrite of amyle by inhalation. If it does not excite the animal too much, give a steam bath, or a thorough perspiration with hot rugs, covered with dry ones. The bowels must be kept open by small doses of powdered croton seeds or podophyllin mixed with solid extract of belladonna and smeared on the back 252 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. teeth as often as may be necessary. A bad case will require six weeks to acquire complete ease of movement. CONVULSIONS. FITS. Seen most frequently in young dogs and cats during teething and in bitches at the period of parturition or when reduced by suckling a large litter. In dogs or pigs they are common from indigestion or intestinal worms, and will occur in all animals from disorders in the brain or poisons in the circulation. The symptoms are those of sudden agitating spasms of one or more parts of the body, usually protrusion and redness of the eyeballs, and froth- ing from the mouth, with complete insensibility. Treat- onent consists in removing the causes as far as ascertained ; lance inflamed gums ; expel worms or irritating matters from stomach and bowels ; correct dyspepsia by good feeding, air, exercise, lodging, and b}^ tonics (bitters, iron, etc.) The convulsions may be checked by such agents as ether or chloral-hydrate given by inhalation or injection. SLEEPY STAGGERS. COIHA SOMNOLENTUM. A chronic disease of horses characterized by drowsiness with impaired consciousness and voluntary movement, without fever. It may be associated with pressure on the brain by tumors, soft or bony, but above all by serous effusion. Increase and decrease of the brain, and thick- ening of its membranes are other occasional concomitants. It appears to be at times connected with deranged blood- forming processes, as in diseases of the right heart, lungs and liver, or with defective elimination, as in kidney dis- orders. Symptoms. Sleepiness, listlessness, want of life and in- telligence, a stupid demented look in the eye, drooping lids, unsteadiness in the gait, perhaps only seen in turning or backmg ; in worse cases the patient will twist the legs over each other in walking straight, or will even rest the head or haunches on manger or stall. The bowels are Diseases of the Nervous System. 253 torpid. The symptoms are like tliose of stomach staggers without the abdominal disorder. The animal may recover so as to work well in winter, while utterly useless in summer, and this state may last for several years. A complete recovery is rare and yet it is occasionally seen, everything depending on the struct- ural changes existing. But even in the incurable cases the progress may be retarded by treatment. Treatment. In hot weather keep in a cool well-aired place, or in the open air in the shade. Give soft laxative diet, free access to cold water and an occasional purgative (sulphate of soda). A course of tonics (iron, nux vomica, gentian,) and diuretics (digitalis, iodide of potassium, bromide of potassium,) are often useful. Blisters may be apphed to the neck or limbs if there seems to be effusion. The correction of any existing disorder in the lungs, liver or kidneys, will increase the prospects of cure ; when well enough to use, such horses should wear a breast-strap in place of a collar, and should not be overdone. They should never be used for breeding purposes. APOPLEXY. Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary motion from effusion on the brain, and associated with a turgid condi- tion of the blood-vessels of the head and neck. Causes. It occurs in plethoric animals during exertion, in those suffering from softening of the brain, the result of plugging of the vessels with fibrinous clots, of concus- sion, congestion, etc. The symptoms are congestion of the head, dullness, heaviness, followed by complete paralysis, sensory and motor, loud stertorous breathing, and dilata- tion of the pupils. Treatment. In the early stages, before the patient is paralyzed, apply cold water or ice to the head, bleed from the temporal artery (just behind the eye) or the jugular vein, keep perfectly quiet, and freely open the bowels. 22 254 The Farmer^ s Veterinary Adviser. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. PHRENITIS. ENCEPHALITIS. CEREBRAL MENINGITIS. This is seen in all domestic animals but especially in horses, oxen and sheep. Among the causes may be men- tioned : blows on the head with concussion of the brain or fracture of the cranial bones ; plugging of the vessels in the brain by clots formed in diseases elsewhere ; in- fection of the blood with pus or putrid animal fluids ; sudden changes of temperature ; exposure to extreme heat or cold ; the over-exertion of plethoric animals ; alcoholic poisoning from feeding spoiled products of distilleries ; congestion from a tight collar, loss of jugular, or diseased heart ; sympathetic nervous disorder from indigestion ; the growth of tumors or parasites in the brain ; feeding on ergoted grasses or smut. Symptoms. If the brain substance alone is involved there is usually dullness, stupor, and palsy, sensory and motor : if the membranes covering the brain, there is more violence, delirium, irregalar movements, pawing, stamping, champing the teeth, and partial or general con- vulsions. In either case there is trembling, elevated temperature, excited pulse and breathing, heat about the upper part of the head, injected glaring eyes, rolling or set, extreme excitability and violent trembling even when just roused from stupor. The patient will sometimes bore the head against an obstacle, or rest his haunches on any object within reach. The violence is not necessarily con- tinuous, but usually occurs in paroxj^sms, leaving intervals of stupor and comparative quiet. During the paroxysm the subjects may cry : horses neigh, cattle bellow, sheep bleat, pigs squeal and grunt. During the periods of stupor the pulse and breathing are usually slow, and this applies also to those cases in which the disease has merged into a condition of vertigo, coma or paralysis. Treatment. Apply ice or cold water to the head, give injections of turpentine and oil, a strong purgative (horse, aloes and croton ; sheep, ox, Glauber salts and croton ; Diseases of the Nervous System. 255 pig, croton beans,) witli chloral-hydrate and ergot ; bleed from the temporal artery and jngular vein, and follow np with diuretics and sedatives (nitre, bromide of potassium). The animal should be kept in a cool airy stall. If paral- ysis follows, treat as for that disease. INITAMMATION OF THE SPINAL COED. MYELITIS. SPINAL MENINGITIS. The causes are similar to those of pkremtis. The dis- ease may show itself by paroxysms of convulsions, with exalted temperature, increased circulation and rapid breathing, finally merging into paralysis ; or it may be manifested at once by palsy without previous spasms, but with coldness, and usually dryness, of the paralyzed part, though the anterior part of the body may be bathed in perspiration. There may be tenderness on striking the spines in the affected region of the back, and there is great pain and unsteadiness in any attempt at movement even though the patient may be able to stand. There is no redness of the urine as in azotoemia. Treatment. Apply cold water or ice to the affected part of the spine ; cup or leech, if this can be done ; purge as in phrenitis, adding ergot of rye or chloral-hydrate. As improvement sets in bhster the back (cantharides, mus- tard, etc.,) and give diuretics, chloral-hydrate, bromide of potassium, ergot of rye. Care must be taken to turn the patient often if unable to stand, giving a soft dry bed, and to draw off the water fi'equently with a catheter unless it is passed spontaneously. EPIDEMIC CEREBBO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. CEEEBEO-SPINAL FEVER. Inflammation of the substance and coverings of the brain and spinal cord in horses, sometimes prevailing widely in stables or cities, from some cause acting gener- ally. The true cause is unknown, though in many cases debihtating conditions, like unwholesome food or water, 256 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. overwork, sudden exposure to intense lieat or suddenly induced plethora will serine as immediate excitants of the morbid process. It is peculiar to no season but has not been recognized in Europe. Syynptoms. These are varied according to the "case. Some are seized abruptly with cramps of the voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and hind limbs, which soon give place to general palsy — motor and sen- sory. In other cases the onset is slow. There may be trembling, dullness and lassitude for some hours or days, or there may be some local paralysis, like that of the throat or lips, incapacitating the animal from swallowing liquids, or causing profuse slavering. But sooner or later, in all cases alike, paralysis sets in and the animal is barely able to support itself, or, if worse, lies prostrate on his side with limbs extended and flaccid. If the case is to prove fatal, coma and complete stupor usually precedes death. If recovery ensues, appetite is often preserved throughout and restoration of the general health precedes the disap- pearance of the palsy, sometimes by several months. The pulse throughout is little varied being usually slow and soft at first, and weaker and more rapid as the disease advances. Breathing, at first little affected, becomes deep and stertorous as coma sets in. The surface temperature is cool and that in the rectum usually natural. The bow- els are generally costive and the urine unchanged and may pass involuntarily. Tenderness of the spine may sometimes be detected by percussion and will guide to the precise seat of local disease. Treatment. The disease is very fatal, though varying much in successive outbreaks. Excepting in cases of complete paralysis and coma the patient should be placed in slings and have what laxative food (bran mashes, roots, etc.,) he will take. Cold lotions (nitre and sal-ammoniac) or bags of pounded ice and bran should be applied to the spine, and hand-rubbing and mustard or other stimulating embrocations, to the limbs. Copious injections of warm Diseases of the Nervous System. 257 water may be thrown into the rectum, containing in solu- tion aloes or other purgatives. Opium or chloral-hydrate may be given to reheve extreme pain or spasm, but the agents which are especially demanded in the early stages are bromide of potassium and ergot of rye. These may be used as injections or, still better, subcutaneously, the first in strong solution, the last as ergotine. When swal- lowing is perfect they may be administered by the mouth. "When the acute symptoms have passed, stimulants (am- monia, ether, alcoholic fluids,) and tonics (quinia, casca- rilla, boneset, etc.,) may be given and bhsters (mustard, Spanish flies,) applied along the spine. The remaining palsy must be treated on general principles. (See Paral- ysis). ENZOOTIC MYELITIS IN SHEEP. TEE:MBLINa. HYDEO-EACHITIS. The true cause of this affection is unknown, but it has prevailed, especially on newly limed land which has un- dergone a great temporary increase of fertility. In some parts of Scotland its prevalence is circumscribed by the windings of a river (Tweed) and without any ostensible cause ; or it is fatal on one slope (south) of a hill while the opposite escapes ; or again it prevails on the richest table-lands. It attacks mainly lambs or sheep under 1^ years old and proves very fatal, often destroying the en- tire offspring of the year. Symptoms vary somewhat. Many Iambs appear para- lyzed when dropped, either in the hind or fore extremities or both, others are attacked a few days or weeks later. Sometimes the head or entire body is drawn to one side by tonic spasm, in other cases there is spasmodic move- ment of the hmbs in progression (louping-ill). There is usually much apparent stupor and drooping ears, but the patient is easily startled and in its efforts to escape wiU tumble headlong. A nervous trembhiig is fi-equent and there is tenderness or itching of the loins or croup. Treatment of the lambs would be on the same general 22* 258 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. principles as in inflammation of the spinal cord in other animals but will rareh pay. Prevention is to be sought by keeping breeding ewes and young sheep from newly limed land ; by using none for breeding under two years old, and, by close attention to food, water and shelter, to secure good health during pregnancy. PARALYSIS. LOSS OF SENSATION OR YOLUNTARY MOTION. Loss of voluntary motion is known as Motor paralysis, loss of sensation as Sensory paralysis or AN/1:sthesia. Pa- ralysis is also peripheral when it occurs from injury to the nerves (chilling, tearing, cuttmg, pressure, inflammation, degeneration, etc.,) and central when it arises from injury to the great nerve centres, the brain and spinal cord. Sensory and motor paralysis may exist independently of each other, and loss of sensation on one side of the body may coexist with increased sensitiveness on the other. An injury to one side of the brain usually paralyzes sen- sation or motion on the opposite side of the body. Injury to the lower part of one lateral half of the spinal cord, paralyzes motion on the same side of the body behind the lesion ; while an injury to the upper part of one lateral half of the cord paralyzes sensation on the opposite side behind the hurt, and in a small adjacent part of the same side, while the rest of this side behind the lesion is ren- dered more sensitive. Space forbids our following further the indications furnished by the nature and seat of the paralysis, as to the probable lesions in the central nervous system ; this must be left for a larger work. general paralysis. Paralysis of the face, trunk and extremities, but with- out the implication of the muscles of respiration, may arise from pressure on the brain, or as a reflex action from distant organs (impacted stomach, constipation, preg- nancy, etc.,) and may not be incompatible with life. If from section or cutting of the spinal cord in front of the Diseases of the Nervous System. 259 fifth neck-bone (broken neck, pithing,) it is promptly fatal by aboHshing respiration. PAEAPLEGIA. PALSY OF THE HIND LIMBS. This is a common form of paralysis resulting from broken back or loins, or it may be reflex from disordered digestion, etc. (in horses, cattle, dogs). It may also occur from tumors or parasites in the spinal cord, from bony swellings the result of sprains, from inflammation and softening of the cord, and from lohum temulentum (dar- nel), and the newly ripened seeds of its alhes, lolium linicola (flax rye-grass), and lolium perenne (perennial rye- gTass). The chick vetch, millet, ergot and various blood poisons (taurochohc acid, leucin, tyrosin, urea, etc.,) have a similar action. HEMIPLEGIA. This consists in paralysis of one lateral half of the body, to the exclusion of the other, usuall}^ as the result of some disorder of one side of the brain or spinal cord. It occurs in all animals but less frequently than paraplegia. FACIAL PAEALYSIS. This sometimes occurs from a continuous current of cold air striking on the side of the face, but also from bruises behind the eye and joint of the jaws, by a badly fitting bridle, a collar, or apparatus commonly used for breachy horses. Cows suffer from similar injuries from stanchions. Finally it may result from disease of the brain or middle ear. Other local paralyses, such as of the ear, eyelids, li]js, tongue, larynx, tail, etc., result from corresponding causes. Treatment for paralysis. Our first object must be to remove the cause, whether this consist in digestive, urinary or uterine disorder, in congestion, inflammation, or press- ure on the brain or nerves. When a nerve is cut across, we must wait for its reunion. When the cause is irre- 260 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. movable the paralysis is necessarily incurable. In cases of inflammation we must proceed as advised for inflamma- tion of the brain or spinal cord. Then apply cold douches and friction to the paralyzed part, followed by a blister. Blisters may also.be applied to the neighborhood of the nerve centre presiding over the part. In some cases the application of the hot iron lightly is beneficial. A current of electricity directed along the course of the nerve or through the paralyzed muscles may be repeated daily with the best results ; or nerve stimulants (nux vomica, strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.,) may be given tmce daily commencing with small doses and gradually increasing them until twitching or slight cramps of the muscles are seen ; then stop their administration for a few days, and resume with half the former doses. Never continue when the system is affected as shown by muscular jerking. In some cases of local paralysis (retina, etc.,) excellent re- sults are obtained from subcutaneous injections of strych- nia. STOMACH STAGGEES AND ACUTE LEAD POISONING. These are affections commencing with functional stom- ach and brain disorder, and leading to congestion and inflammation of the great nerve centres, and deserve a special notice. The stomach staggers of horses and cattle usually arise from eating particular articles of food such as the different forms of rye grass, millet, vetches, tares, etc., when ripening and not yet cured. A poisonous principle exists, which in the case of the lolium temulentum has been separated as an extract, and administered with fatal effects to horses, cattle and dogs. It acts by paralyzing the stomach and congesting the brain. Cattle will suffer similar^ from the very rich vegetation of spring, fi'om the dry irritating fibrous grass mixed with the aftermath, or from a sudden change from soft to hard water. Symjjtoms. The first effect is drowsiness, the horse Diseases of the Nervous System. 261 being sluggish at work, and falling asleep -while eating or drinking, or the ox leaving his fellows and lying down with his head on his flank, his ejehds semi-closed and his pupils dilated. The bowels continue to move, passing indigested matter and wind, the abdomen is full and the seat of fi-equent rumbling, and the appetite is retained so that the torpid stomach is still further over-distended. This state of things may continue for several days, and is followed by imperfect control over the limbs, hind or fore, so that the subject sways unsteadily in walking, and leans his head on the manger and his quarters on the stall, when in the stable. Sometimes paraplegia is the first sign, drowsiness being absent throughout. The drow- siness in time gives place to restless and involuntary actions, jerking of the head, champing of the jaws, pushing the head against the wall, movements of the hmbs, walk- ing in a circle or straight forward regardless of obstacles, springing or dashing violently about, convulsions, etc. These periods of violence or delirium occur in paroxysms, leaving intervals of comparative, though not absolute, quiet and stupor. If not carefully secured the animals often kill themselves during one of these paroxysms. The pulse and breathing are slow at first, but accelerated in the later stages. Acute lead POisoNiNa in cattle results from eating red or white paint (often the refuse of paint-pots which has lain for years in the soil), sheet lead, spent bullets, etc., or from drinking from dishes which have held sugar of lead or of soft water that has run through leaden pipes or stood in leaden cisterns. The symptoms are usually indis- tinguishable from those above described, the preliminary dullness and drowsiness merging into active dehrium, with reckless dashing about and violent bellowing. Treatment in all cases consists in stopping the ingestion of the poison and carrying off from the bowels any that stil] remains there. Double the usual amount of purgative medicine must be given, with, stimulants, their action 262 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. favored by injections and the brain symptoms kept in check by applying cold water or ice to tlie bead, as well as by bromide of potassium. In lead poisoning sulphate of magnesia or soda are the appropriate purgatives, and |- oz. sulphuric acid should also be given in two parts of water to precipitate in an insoluble form any lead that may still be retained. If later there is a suspicion of lead being retained in the system give iodide of potassium. Should paralysis persist when the active symptoms have passed away, treat that on general principles. SUN-STEOKE. This is especially common in horses in the hot months and in the large cities, but is seen in cattle and sheep as well, when exposed to the full glare of the sun. Among the causes which co-operate in its production may be mentioned foul, badly aired stables, tight collars or girths, overwork in hot weather, heavy milking in cows, obesity, poor, unwholesome food, and indeed any health-deterio- rating condition. Horses are usually attacked while being speeded, or at heavy draught work, in a collar, and ex- posed to the direct and reflected rays of the sun, as in a valley, on a hillside or in the streets of a city. Symptoms. Sometimes without any observed premoni- tory sign the horse will suddenly stop in harness, droop his head, prop himself out on all four limbs, pant vio- lently, fall, and after some convulsive movements, die in a state of coma, marked by stertorous breathing. In other cases the attack is slower, the horse flags in gait, responds very imperfectly, if at all, when urged, hangs on the bit, may perspire freely, or have a dry burning surface, and becomes unsteady on his limbs. If still urged he falls, but if allowed will stand with legs extended, head low and stretched out, nostrils dilated, superficial veins distended, eyes protruded and red, pupils contracted, l)reathing rapid and wheezing or deep and stertorous, the pulse quick and weak, and the heart-beats tumultuous. Diseases of the Nervous System. 263 This is followed by prostration, a state of unconsciousness, palsy or convulsions and death. If recovery ensues it is followed by dullness, uncertain movements of the limbs, drowsiness or other sign of brain disease. Treatment. Douche the head and neck with cold water, and make the same application to the whole body, unless the weakness of the patient forbids this. Throw stimula- ting injections into the rectum (ammonia, or oil of turpen- tine and oil). If the convulsions are aggravated by the douche use injections of chloral-hydrate instead. Apply frictions and mustard embrocations to the limbs and the sides of the neck, especially when unconsciousness and coma come on. Improvement may be expected when the pupils dilate, and above aU when consciousness returns. A failing pulse should be met with stimulants by the mouth and rectum. To prevent sun-stroke much may be done by keeping in vigorous health, avoiding ill-aired stables, using breast-straps in place of collars, and w^ea^r- ing a sun-shade and a smaU wet sponge on the top of the head. PAEASITES IN THE BRAIN. See Parasites. CHAPTER Xy. SKIN DISEASES. Classification. General Causes and Treatment. Congestion of the skin, Chafing, Chilling, Irritants, Sun's Rays. Congestion with Pimples, Papules. Inflammation with Blisters, Vesicles. Inflammation with Pustules. Inflam- mation of horses' heels. Swelled Legs, Cracked Heels, Grease, Grapes, Scratches. Inflammation of the skin with nodular swelhngs, Tubercles, Surfeit, Urticaria. Scaly skin disease, Pityriasis, Mallenders, Sallenders, Scratches. Boils, Furuncles. Nervous irritation of the skin. Neurosis, Prurigo. Warts. Callosities, Black-pigment Tumors. Epithelial Cancer. Parasitic skin diseases. Common Ringworm. Tinea Tonsurans. Honey- comb Ringworm, Favus. Diffiise Baldness, Tinea Decalvans, Parasitic Pityriasis. Parasitic Grease. Contagious Foot-rot. Mange. Scab. Itch. Scabies, Acariasis. Ticks. Ixodes. Warbles, Larva of the Gadfly. At- tacks of Flies, Maggots. Sheep-tick. Melophagus Ovinus. Fleas. Lice. Erysipelas. Wounds — cut, punctured, bruised, torn, poisoned. Burns. Scalds. Skin Diseases will be considered nnder the following heads : 1. Diseases due to general causes and embracing all the grades of inflammatory action : — congestion — a red pointed eruption (papnles) — a similar eruption with minute blis- ters (vesicles) — the formation of larger hemispherical blis- ters (buUse) — the formation of pus in these vesicles (pust- ules) — the formation of round nodular transient swellings (tubercles) — the excessive production of scales or dan- druff (squamous) — pustules with circumscribed sloughing of the deeper layers of the skin (boils). 2. Diseases manifested hy deranged sensation — Neurosis. 3. Diseased groivtlis — warts — callosities — epithehal can- cer, etc. Sldn Diseases. 265 4. Parasitic diseases, — vegetable and animal. 5. Diseases comiected loitli a specific poison — different forms of yariola (pox) — measles — scarlatina — erysipelas — malignant pustule, etc. 6. Wounds. Burns. Scalds. Gaieral causes. These are exceedingly varied. Many cases are the result of simple local irritation, as chafing, radiating heat, cold and wet, chemical and mechanical irri- tants, or the presence on the skin of parasitic plants or animals. A large class is due, however, to disorders of internal organs with which the skin is in sympathy, or that have failed to transform or tlirov/ off elements that prove cutaneous irritants by their presence in the blood, or when being excreted abnormally through the skin. Disorder of the liver, stomach, bowels, kidneys and lungs, are especially apt to act in this way. Sometimes skin disease is a mere symptom of general ill-health. General treatment. The first object is to discover and remove the cause ; then if the disease is of an inflamma- tory nature and acute, soothing agents may be applied to the irritated skin — fomentations with tepid water, oxide of zinc powder or ointment, starch, lycopodium, spermaceti and almond-oil, solutions of sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, or carbolic acid, collodion, etc. Give internally cooling lax- atives (sulphate of soda, tartrates or citrates of soda or potash,) and diuretics (acetate of potassa or ammonia, carbonate of potassa or soda). In weak states tonics are often wanted whereas in plethoric subjects depletion is equally essential. A cool, clean, airy stable and cleanli- ness of the skin are all-important. If the disease is not so recent or the acute symptoms have been subdued, a more stimulating class of local ap- plications are in order : ointments of iodine, sulphur, mercury, nitrate of mercury, tar, oil of tar, oil of turpen- tine, oil of cade, etc., may be used. Supersedents too may be given internally : sulphur, antimony, arsenic, mer- cury, Dunovan's solution, are examples. 23 266 Tlie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. Simple redness, heat and tenderness with no dark color nor eruption. This may coexist with all the different forms of inflammatory eruption according to the degree of irritation at different points. It occurs : From* chafing, in the axilla, between the thighs, in the heels or under the harness in hot weather ; from cliills after being wet, in the heels of horses and on the teats of cows exposed to wet in winter ; from hardened mud in the space between the hoofs in cattle, sheep and pigs ; and from the stents rays in white-faced or white-hmbed animals. Treatment. If the surface is only tender, wash clean, and apply a solution of table salt, sugar of lead (J oz. to 1 qt.) or a little camphorated spirit. If the surface is abraded (raw) use bland powders (oxide of zinc, starch, lycopodium,) wool, collodion, glycerine 1 oz. aloes 20 grs., or, if it can be kept covered, sulphurous acid solution and glycerine (equal parts), laxatives, diuretics or tonics must be used according to the indications. It is all- important to avoid further irritation. Light, well-fitting harness must be used, and the stuffing taken out and the part beaten down where necessary, to avoid pressure on a sore. Zinc fittings to the top of the collar are often very serviceable. So too, must exposure of affected heels to damp or mud, and the wetting of teats in milking, be carefully avoided. CONGESTION WITH SMALL CONICAL PIMPLES. PAPULES. In this case there is an eruption of finely-pointed pim- ples without any watery exudation or blister. It is usually itchy and even painful, and by reason of rubbing may go on to exudation with great thickening of the skin, bleeding, scabs and open sores. Horses, especially, suffer in spring and autumn at the time of shedding the coat, the eruption often confining itself to the neck, shoulders and limbs. On turning back the hair on parts which are itchy or sore, Sldn Diseases. 267 but that liave not suffered from rubbing, the nature of the eruption will be seen, especially if a slightly magnifying glass be used. The affection usually gives way readily under the use of weak alkaline v/ashes (carbonate of soda 1 dr., water 1 pint,) or soap-suds, a restricted laxative diet and gentle laxatives. INFLAMMATION WITH VESICLES. In this form of skin disease papules are croT^Tied with little blisters, so small and pointed as to requh^e a mag- nifying glass to make them out distinctly (eczema), or as large as a small pea and rounded (herpes, bullse). These forms are common in horses and dogs, and to a less extent in ruminants, especially in connection with disorders of digestion. Highly stimulating food, clipping and hot weather are particularly favorable to their development. Boiled food, diseased potatoes, green food or any change of diet may cause them. One form of this affection is induced by a too extensive use of mercury to the skin. Cattle suffer from eating the refuse of distilleries and gardens, garbage from kitchens, etc. ; sheep are attacked after exposure to cold rains. Old horses suffer from an inveterate form in connection with bad food and want of grooming and wholesome stabling. In dogs too, it be- comes inveterate and chronic, the whole skin being de- nuded of hair and of a bright scarlet, with the character- istic eruption mixed with cracks, sores and scabs (red mange). In the milder forms, dogs suffer mainly inside the thighs or on the scrotum ; horses suffer under the harness and especially at the root of the mane and under the saddle, but the eruption may spread over the whole body ; cattle suffer on the limbs, especially the hind, but not exclusively so. The other eruptions are often mingled with the vesicles, the hairs become bristly, and as the skin is broken by rubbing, a bloody or straw-colored exudation concretes in scabs and mats the hair together, while elsewhere ex-- tensive raw sores appear. 268 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Treatment. Give a saline or oleaginous laxative, and follow up with acetate of potassa or other alkaline agents in the drinking water. If there are signs of disordered liver give small doses of podophyllin to keep the bowels slightly relaxed; if debility, bitter tonics. A restricted non-stimulating diet, (herbivora, mashes, roots, etc.; car- nivora, bread and milk, oatmeal porridge, etc.,) pure air, cleanliness and skin washes of carbonate of soda or potassa containing a few drops of carbolic acid will prove valuable. In dogs this last agent should be omitted. In all forms of chronic and inveterate eczema the scabs should be soaked in oil for a few hours and removed by washing, after which more stimulating applications may be resorted to : — ointments of sulphur, iodine, iodide of sulphur, sulphuret of potassium, mercury, nitrate of mercury, etc., with or without alkalies. In some cases a few drops of oil of vitriol in a quart of water, will much relieve the itching and pain. In others the same end must be sought by adding prussic acid or cyanide of potassium in small amount, great care being taken to prevent the patient from licking it. Internally, use su- persedents — arsenic, with or without iodide and bromide of potassium ; or small doses of Dunovan's solution may be resorted to in bad cases. INFLAMMATION WITH PUSTULES. This differs from vesicles in this, that the elevations on the skin have the scarfskin raised by the formation below it of a white, purulent matter, in place of clear liquid. The prominent forms are those with large pustules (ec- thyma), and those with small (impetigo). The hair stands erect, and scabs form on the surface covering the sores, especially after rubbing. Even if not rubbed they dry up in scabs which soon fall off. Horses suffer mainly at the root of the mane, on the neck, the rump, and on the lips and face, especially if white; cattle and sheep, especially the young, are at- SUn Diseases. 269 tacked on the lips and otlier delicate parts of the skin (Ynlva, etc.,) and pigs and dogs on any part of the body. Causes. It is often chargeable on some disorder of digestion as the result of unwholesome food or a sudden change of food, as from dry to green, or from one kind of pasturage to another. In young animals (foals, calves, lambs, kids, pigs,) it appears to be an occasional result of heated or otherwise unwholesome milk. Yetches affected with honey-dew have produced it in white horses or in white spots of those of other colors ; and buckwheat has affected white sheep, pigs, goats, etc., in the same way. It may, however, arise from habitual exposure to cold and wet, local irritation, as from rubbing, etc., or from dis- order of other internal organs. Treatment consists in softening the crusts with oil, washing them off with soap-suds, and applying soothing or gently astringent agents to the part (spermaceti and ohve-oil, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment, lime-water, sugar of lead lotions, etc.) Wlien it attacks the root of the mane cut off the hair, and if the pain is excessive foment or poultice until the eruption comes to a head when some of the above agents may be applied. When the pustules have burst and show little tendency to healing, this may often be hastened by touching the sores Tvith a pointed stick of lunar caustic, or a weak solution of this agent (2 grs. to 1 oz. water) may be lightly painted over the part. The internal treatment consists in the adminis- tration of laxatives followed by bitters (gentian, quassia, boneset, cascarilla, willow bark, etc.,) and diuretics. In obstinate or long-standing cases the same treatment may be followed as in chronic eczema. INFLAMMATION OF THE HEELS IN HORSES. GREASE. The skin in the region of the heel is so vascular and so abundantly provided with oil-glands, and is so fi'equently exposed to in-itants, wet, cold, mud, filth, etc., that a special notice of its inflammatory^ condition seems demanded. 23^ 270 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. The ccmses are a lymphatic constitution, with a tendency to stocking of the legs ; a weak circulation, diseased heart, liver or kidneys, with swelled legs ; washing the heels with caustic soap ; leaving them wet and muddy when put in the stall ; currents of cool air striking on the heels ; irritant fumes from accumulated dung and urine ; soaking of the heels in putrid pools in the straw-yard ; standing in snow, or in the slush of melting snow ; and besides, any of the constitutional causes of other skin diseases. To these might be added horse-jjox, foot-mange, and an erup- tion associated with a vegetable painsite, but we must leave these to be considered with specific and parasitic diseases. Syynptoins. We find all grades of inflammation in the heel : 1st, Simple swelling with dry heat, tenderness and great lameness from inability to stretch the skin and bring the heel to the ground : 2d, Transverse cracks or chaps more or less extensive : 3d, A pinkish-white foetid discharge from the surface with oftentimes some modera- tion of the lameness : 4th, The eruption of pustules of variable size : 5th, The formation of fungous growths (grapes), over the affected surface, of a size from a pea to a cherry, red, angry and covered with a foetid discharge. This last form often invades the frog constituting caiiker. The same occurs in sheep as the result of long continued irritation to the skin of the coronet, and is the worst form of non-contagious foot-rot. 6th, A sixth form of the aflec- tion {scratches) is much more common in our light Ameri- can horse, exposed in the deep mud of spring, and con- sists in minute excoriations, becoming covered with thin scabs which remain tender and troublesome for an in- definite length of time. Treatment. The prime essential is to avoid the cause, whether exposure to filth, cold, wet, local irritants, low condition, or disorder of some internal organ or function. If the inflammation runs high a cooling laxative (Glauber salts, aloes,) and mild diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium,) should be given, unless contra-indicated by low condition SUn Diseases. 211 . or debility. Tonics (iodide of iron) should be conjoined with gentle diuretics for weak patients, and the food should be cooling (in part green or roots). Gentle pressure from a bandage evenly applied from the foot up, is beneficial. In simple inflammation, without eruption or discharge, apply cloths wet with a weak solution of sugar of lead or other astringent, and in winter coyer these with a dry bandage to prevent freezing. Or a poultice may be ap- plied with a little sugar of lead lotion on the surface. When cracks have appeared, apply a similar lotion with the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid or grains of chloral-hydrate (enough to give it an odor) ; or sulphurous acid solution, water and glycerine in equal proportions, covering promptly and perfectly with a bandage ; or, glycerine and aloes, etc. In case of discharge or pustules the lotion may be made with chloride of zinc or lime in place of sugar of lead, or finely powdered charcoal may be sprinkled over the poultice ; carbolic acid or chloral will be equally in place. When fungous growths appear more active measures are demanded. Strong carbolic acid may be applied to them individually, or better, pledgets of tow, saturated with tincture of the muriate of iron, should be bound on by a tight bandage extending from the hoof up. Or the growths may be snipped off with scissors and the muriate of iron applied ; or they may be individually strangled by a stout thread tied round their necks, or cut off with the sharp edge of a red-hot blacksmith's shovel, a cool one being held beneath to protect the skin. Then apply any one of the antiseptics above mentioned. Scratches are among the most obstinate forms of the affection because not severe enough to demand the seclu- sion of the horse from wet, mud and snow. In feeding the subjects of this affection avoid all buckwheat, maize or other heating agents, and if it proves obstinate resort to the various internal remedies advised for chronic eczema. 272 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Locally use benzoated oxide of zinc ; glycerine and aloes ; camphorated spirit and chloral ; the same with a few drops of tincture of chloride of iron, etc. "When irritation subsides and the scales drop oif, leaving a healthy-looking surface, smear with a bland ointment (spermaceti and almond-oil). CUTANEOUS INFLAMLLVTION WITH NODULAE SWELLINGS. TUBERCULES. The most remarkable example of this is what is known to horsemen as surfeit, by yeterinarians as urticaria. It occurs in spring and autumn in horses, cattle and pigs, and is at once connected with moulting and sudden changes of food or of weather. With some fever, there appear on different parts of the body swellings varying in size from a pea to a walnut, and often running together so as to form extensive patches, which will close the nostrils, eye- lids or lips, and put a stop to feeding or even threaten suffocation. There is little pain or tenderness and the swellings are very tra^nsient, appearing and disappearing on different parts at short intervals. Treatment consists in clearing out the bowels by a pur- gative (horse, aloes ; ox, salts ; pig, oil or jalap,) and fol- lowing this up with bitters (gentian, etc.,) and diuretics (nitre, carbonates of soda and potassa). SCALY SKIN AFFECTIONS. PITITJASIS. These are exemplified in the scurfy, scaly affections which appear in the bend of the knee (mallenders) and hock (sallenders) and on the lower parts of the limbs, by scratches, and by a scaly exfoliation and shedding of hair of the mane and face of old horses, and of different parts of the body in cattle. Some of these like mallenders, sal- lenders and scratches may commence as papules or vesicles, while the scaly affection of the face is often connected with a vegetable growth, but this form is distinguished by extreme tenacity, and a gradual progress fi'om its point of SUn Diseases. 273 origin ; tliat which is dependent on constitutional causes is more diffused. They depend on the general causes of skin diseases ; — heating, unsuitable diet, sudden changes, imperfect gTooming, heats of summer, disorders of the lungs, bowels, Hver or kidneys, on oxahc acid in the blood, and some constitutional causes. Beside the scurfiness and loss of hair, the itching is often so extreme as to ren- der the subject almost unmanageable, and useless for work. Treatment. A moderate laxative diet consisting in part of roots (carrots and turnips,) the free administration of alkahes (carbonate of potassa or soda, etc.,) and if still inveterate, a prolonged course of arsenic will be requisite. Locally use mercurial ointment or, if extensive, sulphur or tar ointment, etc. BOILS. EUEUNCLES. These are too well known to need description. They consist in circumscribed inflammation of the deep layers of the skin, with pustule and sloughing of a limited part of the fibrous tissue. They are not uncommon on the legs of horses, and if a number appear in succession are a source of great trouble. Treatment. Wliile still a simple inflamed nodule they may often be arrested by incising crucially mth a sharp knife and applying cold water bandages. Or apply a poultice or thick wet cloth to bring quickly to a head. If the resulting sore is indolent or unhealthy touch with ni- trate of silver. The free internal use of alkahes (carbonate of soda) sometimes checks their production. NEEVOUS IKKITATION OF THE SKIN. NEUKOSIS. PKURIGO. This is often seen in horses that are overfed on grain (especially the more stimulating varieties) and hay, and that have close, unwholesome stables. Hot weather is also a cause. Though occasionally associated with pim- ples or even vesicles, the irritation is found to be equally 274 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. severe on parts devoid of eruption, yet the integument tends to become thickened and rigid as the disease per- sists. The irritation may be shght or so severe that the harness cannot be kept on. It must not be confounded with rubbing of the tail from pin-worms. Treatment. Purge, put on restricted diet, with roots, wash the skin with soap and water, and apply water shghtly soured with oil of vitriol. If this, with carbonate of soda internally, fails to cure, a long course of arsenic is demanded. WARTS. CALLOSITIES. CANCER. BLACK PIGMENT TUMOES. Warts are to be removed by scissors and the part burned with some caustic (lunar caustic if near the eye, butter of antimony, blue-stone, chloride of zinc, etc., elsewhere). Or they may be destroyed by tying a thread tightly round the neck of each, or by the use of the hot iron. Callosities are common under the saddle (sitfasts). A circumscribed portion of skin, the seat of a former chafe, has become thickened and indurated to almost horny con- sistency. The skin around the edges is inflamed, raw and angry. It can usually be loosened by a poultice, so as to be easily removed by a sharp knife, after which it is to be treated as a common sore. Black Pigment Tumors (Melanosis) are exceedingly common in gray and white horses, attacking the black parts of the skin (anus, vulva, udder, sheath, lips, eyeUds, etc.,) and though sometimes cancerous are often quite harmless, and should always be removed with the knife. Epithelial Cancer is not common in the lower animals but is seen in the lips of horses and cats. Here again the knife is the best remedy. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIK COMMON RINGWORM. TINEA TONSURANS. This is common in horses, cattle, dogs and cats, as well as in man, and is readily transmitted from one to the Skin Diseases. 275 other. It is especially common in winter or spring, and occurs as round bald spots on tlie face or elsewhere, covered with white scales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, broken hairs, or split hairs with scabs around the roots and some eruption on the skin. Soon this ring of broken hairs is shed and a wider bristly ring is formed. Among the naked eye characters the breaking and sphtting of hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the central Fig. 42. Fig. 42 — Hairs with spores of Trichophyton Tonsurans. From the horse. — Megnin. part are the most significant. Chloroform bleaches the affected hairs, while the sound ones are unaffected. The microscopic appearances are the presence in the hairs and hair follicles of a vegetable parasite {tricliopliyton tonsu- rans.) Treatment. Shave the hairs from the affected part, or better, pull them out with a pair of pincers and paint with tincture of iodine, or a solution of corrosive subhmate (40 grains to 1 pt. of water), or of bisulphite of soda (^ oz. to Ipt.) HONEY-COMB BINGWORM. FAVUS. Common in cattle, dogs, cats, rabbits and chichens, as well as in children {scald-head). It shows the same general ap- pearance of baldness advancing fi-om a centre, which is described above, but a cup-shaped yellowish scab results which has obtained for it the name. The parasite (Acho- rion Schdnleini) appears to be but another form of the fungus of ringworm affected by its conditions of growth and especially by the weak or unhealthy condition of the host. Treat as for common rins^worm. 276 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. Fig. 4.3. ■i'm^' Fig. 43 — Hair with spores of Achorion Schonleini, from the horse. — Megnin. DIFFUSE BALDNESS (TINEA DECALVANS). PAEASITIC PITYRIASIS. Two other forms are seen in the horse, one attacking any part of the body, and recognized by the agglutination of five or six hairs together in a white crust, and the other attacking the heads of old horses, and characterized mainly by the scurfy product. Both are exceedingly inveterate, though not attended with excessive itching, and demand the persistent use of tincture of iodine or corrosive sub- limate lotions in order to effect a cure. Fiff. 4A. « '§mm ,^^ Fig. 44— Microsporoii Adouinii from Parasitic Pityriasis in the horse. — Megnin, In all those cases the harness, brushes, combs and wood- work must be washed with a solution of caustic potassa or soda, and then w^et with iodine ointment or a solution of corrosive sublimate, otherwise all treatment may be fruit- less. Horse blankets should be boiled for a length of time. SJiin Diseases. 277 PAEASITIC GREASE. CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP. In inflammation of the horse's heel, attended with fungus-like growths {grapes), a vegetable growth is often present and seems to be a main cause of the disease. The contagious foot-rot in sheep presents the same appear- ance of the skin, and is presumably due to a similar para- site. "With or without an abrasion, the matter h:om. a diseased foot produces in the healthy one swelhng, excori- ation and fungous growths round the top of the hoof, as w^ell as an excessive growth, softening and loss of cohesion of the horny elements below. Fig. 45. •- ''S- 45 — Oidium Batracosis from parasitic grease. — Megnin. Treatment consists in laying bare the diseased surface, ■ and applying active caustics and parasiticides. Pare the horn to the quick and apply tow soaked in tincture of muriate of ii'on, butter of antimony, solution of blue-stone or nitrate of silver, bind up firmly, and repeat the dressing daily. All overgrown horn must be carefully removed, and means taken to prevent iiTitation from dried mud, etc. MANGE. SCAB. ITCH. SCABIES. ACARIASIS. These names among others are given to diseases of the skin caused by acari. Of parasitic acari there are three principal species : Sa;rcoptes, which burrow in canals in the scarfskin and are difficult to find and eradicate, and derma- topJiagus and dermatocoptis which live on the surface or among the scabs and are more easily disposed of. Another 24 278 Tlie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Fig. 46. Fig. 47. Fig. 46— Sarcoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 47 -Derma tophagus Equi. Female. Fig. 48— Dermatocoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 49— Dermanyssus. (Hen louse.) Fig. 50— Gamasut; of Fodder. Fig. 51— Dcmodex. Shin Diseases. 279 species — demodex — inhabits the sebaceous glands of the skin in sheep and dog and causes much irritation with acne-like eruption. Among acari occasionally parasitic may be mentioned : the dermanyssus (misnamed hen louse), the gamasus of musty hay, and the leptus (misnamed jigger in the Western States), all excepting the last Hving on the surface and easily discovered. Lastly a iyroglyjili is acci- dentally parasitic on all domestic animals. Of the sarcoptes there is one species lives on the horse, which will temporarily inhabit the skin of man ; a second is pecuhar to the goat ; a third is common to dogs and swine, a fourth to cats and rabbits and a fifth to chickens horses and foxes. One species of dermatopliagus lives on the heels and legs of horses, another on the tail, neck, etc., of cattle, and a third on the pastern, hmbs, and less frequently the trunk, of sheep. Of dermcdocoptes there is also a particular species for each of these animals — horse, ox and sheep — though usu- ally confounded vdth each other. These are the most common causes of mange and from their non-burrowing habits are most easily disposed of. Accessoyy causes. Though the reception of the acarus is the one essential cause of mange, yet others conduce to its speedy diffusion — as poor condition, filth and warm seasons. Some acari, like the dermcdopliagi, may even seem to suspend operations in winter and cause httle or no trouble until the following spring. Symptoms. We must state these in general terms, throwing the whole class into one gi'oup. There is intense uncontrollable itching, aggravated by hot weather or build- ings, and by perspii'ation. If the affected part is scratched the animal shows his gratification by moving his body as if rubbing, and especially (m horses) by a nibbling move- ment of the hps. In sheep the wool is torn off, and white tufts hang on the dark surface of the fleece. The skin is thickened and rendered rigid by exudation into its sub- 280 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. stance, as well as by the accumulation of crusts on the surface. In fine skins, like that of the sheep, there is a distinct papular eruption, and in all there are excoriations and even deep sores and ulcers from the incessant and desperate rubbing. The bare patches are less absolutely so than in ringworm, for hairs stiU adhere at intervals and though the hairs may be broken they show less brit- tleness or tendency to split up. But the one rehable sign is the presence of the acarus, which may often be rec- ognized by the naked eye when a little of the scurf is placed on a plate of glass and closely watched. The scabs will be seen to move and a little observation will enable one to detect the almost invisible insect. A low magnifying power is a great help. To find the sarcoptes it may be necessary to expose the skin to the warm rays of the sun, to detach a crust and tie it for twelve hours on the skin of the arm, when the acarus will be found in the centre of a pale red papule and may be removed with a needle. The dermanyssus may not be found on the skin unless the subject is examined in the stable at night. They are large and easily detected when bright crimson, from being gorged with blood. There is always the suspicious prox- imity of chickens or their dung, the latter swarming with gray acari. The demodex living in the hair follicles of dogs, causes loss of hair and prominent red nodules (acne) wdiile the sebaceous matter squeezed from the follicles contain spec- imens of the acarus. The sarcoptes of chickens attacks the comb, w^attles and feet, causing great irritation. Treatment is local, though nourishing food, cool clear air, clean dry buildings, and the avoidance of crowding or exertion are important auxiliaries. By soap-suds, pre- ceded if necessary by oil, break up and remove the scabs and crusts ; then apply thoroughly with a brush, oil of tar 1 oz., whale-oil 20 oz., or ^ lb. each of tar and sulj^hur, Shin Diseases. 281 and 1 lb. each, of soap and alcohol. For sheep with heavy- fleeces baths are very efficient. The following example will neither stain the wool nor materially endanger the sheej^. Tobacco 16 lbs., oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 lbs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 50 gallons : Boil the tobacco and dissolve the other agents in a few gallons of boiling water, then add water to make up to fifty gallons, retain- ing a temperature of about 70^ Fah. This will suffice for 50 sheep. Each sheep is kept in the bath three minutes, two men meanwhile breaking up the scabs and working the liquid into all parts of the skin. When taken out he is laid on a sloping drainer and the liquid squeezed out of the wool and alloAved to flow back into the bath. A second Fig. 52. Fig. 52 — Ox-Tick. — Verrill. and even a third bath may be necessary in inveterate cases. For newly shorn sheep oily applications are better, being less liable to be washed off by rains. One part of oil of tar to 40 parts castor-oil or lard will usually suffice, but sulphur may be added if desired. The common use of mineral poisons, and especially the compounds of mer- cury for sheep dips, must be strongly deprecated. In all cases an essential part of the treatment is to di^ess with similar agents, or with a strong solution of caustic potassa, all harness, brushes, combs and wood-work, and to subject blankets to prolonged boiling. In pastures, dress every rubbing post, tree, stump, stone, or wooden fence, or change the field. 282 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. TICKS. IXODES. These are common on stock in some parts of the coun- try and may be picked off or dressings appHed as for LAEVA OF GADFLY. WAEBLES. These may be found in little rounded tumors the size of hazel-nuts, on the backs of cattle in winter and spring, each tumor having a hole in the centre through which the grub may be seen or extracted. A second species attacks sheep as well as cattle, while a number of others in dif- ferent countries, but especially in the tropics, live in the skin of man and a variety of animals. Where gadflies rig. 53. Fig. 54. I^ig- 53 — CEstrus Bovis. Gadfly of ox. — ClarK. Fig. 54 — Larva of same. Warble. abound, animals are greatly terrified and injured by their attacks. The best treatment is to examine all cattle in spring and squeeze out and destroy the grubs found in their backs, enlarging the openings with a knife when necessary. This cuts off the supply of flies for the coming year and a universal practice of this might be expected to kill them out. ATTACKS OF FLIES (dIPTERA). IHAGGOTS. The attacks of flies are often very troublesome and even fatal to stock. Manj^ agents such as oil, infusions of wal- nut leaves, rue or wormwood, are used to drive them off but with only partial success. To protect the heads of sheep a mixture of ca:nphor, turpentine and asafoetida is very effectual. Skin Diseases, 283 Sheep suffer much in some locahties from the larva of the blowfly, laid on any damp or dirty part of the skin, as on the tails and thighs when scouring. In such neighbor- hoods the existence during summer or autumn of a dark wet spot on the skin, of a white tuft of wool, or of wriggling of the tail will demand immediate attention. Treatment. Clip off the wool and filth, pick off all maggots and apply oil of turpentine or of tar 5 oz., camphor 1 dr., asafoetida ^ dr. ; dilute carbolic acid or kerosene may be used in the absence of anything else. To prevent the attacks use the sheep dip advised for scab, or cut off the dirty w^ool and apply carbolic acid 1 part, water 50 parts. SHEEP-TICK. HIPPOBOSCA (mELOPHAGUS) OVINA. This is a dipterous insect degraded by the non-develop- ment of its wings. It is best met by the dips advised for rig. 55. Fig. 55 — Sheep-Tick with Qgg. Magnified. scab. It is especially important to dip lambs, after affected ewes have been shorn, as the insects migrate to the young where they find more wool to shelter them. These, like the hippoboscidae, are wingless diptera. We have a variety each for the dog, cat, hen and dove, and in tropical America the jjiilex 2')enetrans or Chigoe which burrows under the skin and there lays its eggs to be hatched out in the flesh. Persian Insect powder is one of 284 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser, the best agents to dust over the animals as well as over carpets, rugs, etc., on which they have lain ; or wash with the yolks of eggs and a teaspoonful of oil of turpentine to each egg ; or a mixture of an ounce of oil of anise-seed and ten ounces olive-oil may be rubbed over the body and washed off with soap six hours later. Sprinkle the soil Fig. 56. Fig. 56 — Cat Flea. Enlarged. — Verrill. where the animals roll with quicklime, carbolic acid, or petroleum ; deluge kennels and roosts with boiling water and afterward paint the cracks with oil of turpentine ; dip mats or rugs in boiling water, and litter the buildings with fresh pine shavings. LICE. These are degraded wingless hemipterous insects. There are two kinds : Uood-suclxers {hcematopimis) , with narrow head and long trunk-like sucking tube ; and hird- lice (trichodectes), with very large, broad head, and no sucking tube, but biting jaws. Of the blood-suckers there is one species each for : — horse and ass ; horse and ox ; ox ; goat ; swine, and dog and ferret. Of hird-lice there is a species each for : — horse and ass ; ox and ass ; sheep ; goat ; dog ; cat ; duck, and goose ; two for the peacock ; three for the turkey ; four for the pigeon ; and five for the hen. Skin Diseases. 285 Fig. 57. Fig. 58. Fig. 59. Fig. 60. Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 57 — Heematopinus of Horse and Ass. Fig. 58 — Haematopinus of Ox. Fig. 59 — Heematopinus of Calf. Fig. 60 — Haematopinus of Dog. Fig. 61 — Haematopinus of Pig. Fig. 62 — Trichodectes of Horse. They may be safely treated by sprinkling ydtli powdered wood ashes or by rubbing with sulphur ointment or Avhale- oil, with water saturated mth petroleum or kerosene, or with a solution of sulphuret of potassium or lime (4 oz. to 1 gall, water). Clean the buildings, clothes, etc., as for fleas. 286 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Fig. 63. Fig. 64. Fig. 65. "%^^ Fig. m. Fig. 63 — Trichodectes of Ox. Fig. 64 — Trichodectes of Sheep. Fig. 65— Trichodectes of Dog. Fig. 66 — Goniodes Stylifer of the Turkey. ERYSIPELAS. A specific, diffuse, spreading inflammation of the skin, often involving the loose connective tissue beneath, and sometimes the internal organs, associated with fever, an unhealthy state of the blood, and usually a poison by which it may be communicated to another animal with broken skin. Causes. An unhealthy (septic, etc.,) condition of the atmosphere, the presence of impurities in the blood, from foul air or food, plethora, exhausting work, debilitating diseases, disorders of the liver, kidneys or other blood- forming or purifying organ, or the absorption of putrid Shin Diseases. 287 matters from a sore or other diseased surface. Sheep, horses and swine fed on green or even harvested buck- wheat are liable, and all animals kept in close, filthy, unhealthy places or in the vicinity of accumulations of decomposing animal and vegetable matters. Sudden sup- pression of an habitual discharge, heating food, and new grain and forage are occasional causes. But probably all of these do little more than lay the system open to the attack which would otherwise be escaped. More direct or exciting causes we find in local irritation, — as exposure to a hot sun (newly-shorn sheep), chafing inside the elbows or thighs, the presence of rancid fats on the skin, injuries from the harness, bites of insects, etc., burns, scalds, wounds, dropsies of the limbs, and above all the keeping of patients Avith open sores where there is excessive ema- nation from decomposing organic (especially animal) matter, or the dressing of erysipelatous and healthy sores with the same sponges. Sym.ptoms. There is usually a preliminary fever, loss of spirit and appetite, heat of the skin, accelerated pulse and breathing, constipation, high-colored, scanty urine, and elevation of the temperature of the rectum, soon followed by a diffuse, hot, tender, shining, itching swelling, spread- ing from a wound or other seat of irritation or even on a previously healthy skin. In white skins the redness is very deep, the shade being darker according to the gravity of the case, and disappearing under the pressure of the finger only to reappear quickly on its removal. The swelling will be greater, according as the inflammation involves the skin only, extends to the connective tissue beneath (phlegmonous), or is complicated by a liquid exu- dation (oedematous). It shows a tendency to wide and rapid diffusion over the skin, its advancing border being always abruptly elevated from the healthy integument, though at points where it is recovering it may subside gradually and insensibly to the healthy surface. The inflamed skin is tense and smooth, but pits on pressure, 288 Tlie Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser. and often presents vesicles on its surface. After a few days the swelling and redness may diminisli, and the blisters dry up into scales, which drop off, leaving a dark, red, tender surface ; or cracks may form with a sluggish, unhealthy action and little tendency to heal. When mat- ter forms it is liable to be diffused without any Hmiting membrane as in an ordinary abscess, and to lead to exten- sive death and sloughing of the skin and subjacent structures, or to absorption of pus and its deposit in internal organs, with fatal results. In horses it is seen mainly about the head, chest, belly and hind hmbs, and is especially liable to prove oedema- tous. It is distinguished from Anthrax and Purpura Hcemorrhagica by the presence of the wound or sore, by the low inflammatory character of the swelling, by the greater tendency to suppuration, and the implication of the adjacent lymphatic glands. Cattle suffer especially about the head but also on other parts of the body. Sheep suffer mainly about the head, but often and more severely about the udder, belly and inner side of the thigh or arm, and it may be elsewhere. Swine are mainly attacked about the head and neck, and less frequently on the inner side of the Hmbs, the chest or belly. Treatment. Open the bowels freely (horse, ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dog, castor-oil,) following it up by frequent and full doses of tincture of muiiate of iron and a nourishing, easily digested diet. In case of much weakness or with very low fever use stimulants, al- cohohc or ammoniacal as they may be demanded, but never if they cause dryness of skin and rise of temperature. Diuretics may be used in oedematous cases, but in a guarded manner because of the depression. To the af- fected skin apply warm fomentations, by preference, with weak solutions of tincture of muriate of iron, hyposulphite of soda or sulphate of zinc. Sometimes dry applications have a good effect, — as a mixture of sulphate of zinc and Shin Diseases. 289 starcli. Iodized collodion too is often of service. If mat- ter has actually formed it should be let out with the lancet, the wound being dressed with a solution of muriate of iron to prevent unhealthy action. WOUNDS. These are divided into simple dean cuts (incised), stahs, prides and punctures (punctured), bruised or crushed (con- tused) and torn (lacerated). Clean cuts often heal readily when the edges are brought together accurately and re- tained so. But such union by adhesion is most probable in strong, healthy, well-conditioned animals, and least so in the weak, poor and diseased. In foivls it is almost in- variable, . in siviiie nearly equally so, in dogs, cattle and sheejD there is still a strong tendency to adhesion, while in horses all wounds readily form matter and primary adlie- sion throughout is exceptional. Bleeding should be checked, (see ivounds of arteries, etc.,) clots washed off with a stream of tepid water, foreign objects carefully re- moved with fingers or forceps and the wound closed with as little exposure as possible. The edges may be stitched together by means of a curved flat needle with silk or linen, well waxed or steeped in a weak solution of carbolic acid, or better, with catgut which has been steeped for a month in oil and carbolic acid, or with silver or other metallic wire. It may be closed by a continuous stitch as in sewing a glove, when adhesion is to be expected, or by separate stitches a half to three-fourths of an inch apart when primary union is more doubtful. To secure uniform approximation of the edges or pressure on the different parts, the stitches may be passed round a quill placed on each lip of the wound (quilled suture). Or pins may be passed through the lips at suitable distances and a few fibres of tow twisted around each like the figure 8. Small wounds may have theii* edges shaved and la3'er after layer of collodion applied until the covering is strong enough to hold them together. The use of a weak solution 25 290 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. of carbolic acid or other antiseptic agent will further favor adhesion if it can be applied Y>dthout causing movement of the lips of the wound. If the wound fails to heal by prompt adhesion, granula- tions form, covered with a thin layer of pus, and these gradually fill up the sore, leaving a scar. Or if the lips of the wound are still kept together the gi'anulations may adhere (secondary adliesion), or finally small sores will scab over and healing take place beneath. Granulating ivounds may be washed daily with a stream of tepid water, after the three first days, and may be covered with a simple dressing of tow saturated in water or oil to which a httle carbolic acid has been added. "When necessarily left bare the same liquids may still be applied. When the granulations become soft, flabby and projecting {proud flesh), touch lightly with a stick of lunar caustic, and expose to dry air. When they become indo- lent and when healing and contraction come to a stand-still, apply gentle stimulants — tincture of m3aTh and aloes, etc. When the deeper parts of the lips of the w-ound do not come in contact, pads may be apphed on each side to keep them in apposition. Granulating wounds usually heal by contraction from their edges, and if this is arrested by ad- hesion to bones and other firm parts beneath, further healing may be impossible. In this and other cases of tardy healing, the implanting of thin slices of scarfskin, just cut with a sharp instrument from other parts of the integument, and their retention with strips of sticking plaster, will usually hasten the process. Punctured ivounds often heal promptly, and especially in animals prone to primary adhesion, when cleansed, kept at rest, with warm dressings and pressure on their deeper p)arts. If inflammation occurs in the deeper parts with suppuration, it may be necessary to enlarge the opening to allow of a ready discharge, and to let it heal outward by granulation. Bruised and to7ii wounds may be treated like punctured SJdn Diseases. 291 ones, and in birds, pigs and dogs, and in tlie more vascular parts of tlie larger animals, mil often lieal by adhesion. Should thej fail to do so, the j ought to be stitched together, not too closely, and allowed to heal by granulation. Parts that are absolutely dead may be removed, but none that continue to show signs of life, and above all, no skin that can possibly be saved. Poisoned ivounds should be promptly cauterized {See Canine madness, Malignant antlirax, LyinjjJiangitis). Sub- cutaneous ivounds, in which the deeper parts are injured with httle or no breach of the skin, mostly heal satisfac- torily, and the main object should be to secure a suitable position of the part, lest distortion should occur from undue contraction or extension of the structures in healing. For wounds that have resulted in fistula, see poll evil,fist- idous luithers and quittor. Whenever a foreign body is lodged in a wound it should be removed because of its tendency to coMse fistula, especially in horses. BUENS AND SCALDS. The gravity of these will vary much according to their extent and depth. The treatment of the more severe is rarely desirable in the lower animals, because of the danger of fatal results from internal complications; or of ruinous distortions from the contraction of cicatrices. For shght burns apply cold water, Goulard water, water perceptibly sweetened with carbolic acid or flavored with oil of turpentine, keeping this up until the violent pain and inflammation have subsided. Success attends the exclusion of air by covering the part thickly with flour or cotton wool until irritation is past. The same end is gained by bathing the burn with oil of turpentine and afterward covering with resin ointment. When large bhsters have formed, puncture with a needle and smooth down the cuticle on the skin by gentle pressure, following up with the soothing measures already recommended. When the skin is still more deeply burned and sloughing 292 The Farmer's VetenncDij Adviser. is inevitable, the stimulating applications (oil of turpen- tine with resin ointment, equal parts of linseed-oil and lime-water, etc.,) are still more demanded. As the sloughs separate, the detached parts should be cut off with as little irritation as possible, and when the severe irritation sub- sides soothing applications will be in order. Finally, the healing process will be greatly hastened by ingrafting thin slices of scarf skin as advised under wounds. CHAPTER XYI. GENERAL DISEASES OF BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES. Lameness, symptoms, at rest and in exercise. Diseases of Bones. In- flammation. Ostitis. Periostitis. Softening. Enlargement. Suppura- tion. Ulceration. Scrofulous (Tubercular) Disease of Bone. Softening and Rarefaction of Bone. Rickets. Osteo Malacia. Softening in Cows. Softening in Horses. Big-head. Fractures. Diseases of Joints. Inflam- mation. Arthritis. Synovitis. Ulceration. Bony Deposit. Anchylosis. Open Joint. Inflammation of Bursas and Sheaths of Tendons. Diseases of Muscles. Ruptures. Inflammation. Fatty Degeneration. Rupture and Section of Tendons. Sprains. Thickexiing. Shortening. Calcifica- tion. LAMENESS. As the three following chapters will embrace most of the different causes of lameness, the more prominent mani- festations of this failing may be here noticed. Standing. The patient should be approached quietly and when you are certain he is free from all exciting causes. If resting on all four limbs, the j)astern of the lame one will usually be more upright than the others. One fore foot advanced eight or ten inches in front of the other suggests some tenderness of the heel or the struct- ures in the posterior region of the lower part of the limb. Bending of the knee and fetlock and resting of the foot on the toe, without any advance in front of the other, usually implies disease of the shoulder or elbow. The advance of both fore feet, the rest being taken on the heels, and the hind hmbs brought well forward under the body, should direct attention to the front of the feet. Resting 294 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. of one foot more frequently and for longer periods than its fellow is suspicious. Lyincj. An inclination to lie down, and remain so, is to be similarly regarded. If the animal remains down per- sistently, Ave may infer great suffering, fractures or much weakness. In Exercise. Lameness may be shown in the walk, but better in the slow, easy trot, the animal being led in hand with about three feet of free rein and without noise or other cause of excitement. Some horses manifest a bridle lameness from the mere leading, but if the leader goes first on the left side and then on the right, the drooping of the head will correspond first to the one foot and then to the other, showing it to be only a feint. In aU cases of lameness in a single limb the foot is rested on the ground with less weight and is raised as quickly as possi- ble. There is therefore not only the visible halting on that limb, but a lower sound made by striking the ground and thus the ear comes to assist the eye in detecting the ailing member. If one fore limb is affected, the head and anterior part of the body are elevated when its foot comes to the ground, but drop firmly when the sound foot is planted. A depression of the opposite hind limb accom- panying the elevation of the head, when the failing fore limb comes to the ground, must not lead to the suspicion of lameness behind. In single lameness behind, the gait resembles that seen in lameness before, the haunch on the diseased side being raised when the foot is planted and allowed to droop thereafter until the opposite foot reaches the ground. In some, the elevation is the prominent feature, in others the depression, but in all the rising and falling are greater than in the opposite quarter. With lameness in both fore limbs the step is short, the stroke on the ground weak, the rest of each foot on the ground shortened, the shoulders are carried upright and stiff, the head is raised, the loins are arched, the croup 25* General Diseases of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 295 droops, and the liind limbs are brought unnaturallj for- ward beneath the belly. ^ Lameness in both hind limbs is marked by the back- ward position of the fore feet, the short rest and weak impulse of the hind on the ground, the extension and drooping of the head, and above all the difficulty of back- ing. Lameness in the two hmbs on the same side determines a gait approaching the amble or rack, with the firm plant- ing of the opposite members. Lameness of one fore and the opposite hind produces a simple exaggeration of the gait caused by disease in one of these hmbs. When the cause of lameness exists in more than one limb it is diffi- cult to make the annual keep the trot. Li all cases it is well to have the animal driven or ridden so as to heat him, and then keep him perfectly still for half an hour to cool, before completing the exam- ination, as many lamenesses will disappear when the subject is warmed by exercise. DISEASES OF BOWES. These may be divided into : — inflammation of the bone itseK (ostitis), or of its fibrous covering (periostitis), which may result in softening, consolidation or induration, enlarge- Tnent, hony groivths and tumors, abscess, ulceroMon and death (necrosis). Beside these there are the degenerations and diseases of bone such as deficiency or excess of earthy salts, with binding or brittleness of the bones ; tuhercle, cancer, and sarcomatous, cartilaginous, cystic, vascular or other tu- mors, etc. But the great mass of bone diseases in the domestic animals consist in inflammation and its results, to which, accordingly, the following remarks "will be mainly con- fined. Every bone is permeated even in its densest parts by an abundant network of minute blood-vessels, and studded throughout with microscopic soft elements (nu- clei) which appropriate the suitable materials from the 296 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. blood and build tliem up into the hard bony texture. If these nuclei are injured their powers of assimilation are modified, their numbers are multiplied, and they become suri'ounded by an excess of semi-fluid matter (lymph) with, it may be, one of the following results : — 1st, the softening of the bone and the removal of its earthy salts, until it can be cut with a knife or gives way under the weight of the animal : — 2d, the transformation of the lymph into pus on the surface of the bone or in its interior, where it may remain imprisoned for an indefinite length of time : — 3d, the hardening of a limited amount of lymph in the ceUs or inter-spaces of the bone, compressing the blood-vessels, limiting the supply of blood and favoring ulceration or even death of the part : — 4th, from the above cause, or from a perversion of the plastic or assimilating powers of the nuclei, ulceration sets in on the surface or in the interior of the bone, and the bony matter is steadily removed to be replaced by an irregular excavation or a cavity filled by a bloody ichor : — 5th, the swelling may completely close the blood-vessels of the bone or the inflammation may cause coagulation of the blood within them throughout a considerable portion, which accord- ingly dies, and has to be removed as a foreign body : — 6tli, short of those extreme conditions and more com- monly, the exudation leads to a partial softening and general swelling of the inflamed part, and this becoming consolidated and hardened there is a material increase of size : — 7th, and by far the most frequently, the inflamma- tion affects the superficial layer of bone and its investing fibrous membrane, and the exudation, taking place be- tween these, is soon consolidated into a layer or tumor of bone on the surface : — 8th, any exudation on the outer side of the fibrous covering is also liable to be calcified and to form hard tumors, but these do not acquire the true bony texture hke that formed between the membrane and the bone. General Symptoms. In the shghtest forms of inflamma- General Diseases of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 297 tion there may be little or no lameness, thongli usually there is a halt on the affected limb when trotted on a hard surface. The affected portion of the bone is tender to pressure or percussion, and is the seat of swelling at first soft and yielding, but later hard and resistant. In the severer forms the bone itself is softened, extensive exuda- tion of l3anph takes place around it, and the investing soft structures become the seat of violent inflammation and swelling ; lameness is then extreme. In the shghter and chronic cases there is no disturbance of the general health, but in the more acute and severe, intense and even fatal irritative fever may come on. When suppuration takes place in the interior of a bone the matter may remain imprisoned indefinitely, the spot being marked by a general increase of the bone, and lame- ness persists. If suppuration takes place between the bone and its fibrous covering the danger is even greater, for the matter is liable to separate the bone and mem- brane, producing further inflammation or ulceration, or even death of the bone — the supply of blood being cut off. The superficial abscess is to be detected by its fluctuation beneath the fingers, as in abscess of soft parts. Ulceration may result from pressure of matter, etc., or from exposure to the air. If without external opening, it is not easily recognized, but there is lameness and tenderness, Avith little alteration of the surface of the bone, or the presence of slight bony deposits alternating, it may be, with soft open spaces. If the ulcerated bone is open to the air, it is found to be softened in texture, breaking doi^Ti readily under the pressure of a probe, and in the centre of the ulcerous cavity rounded bony deposits are felt, as evidence of an effort at repair. The discharge is then ichorous, and abounds in gritty particles and earthy salts. If this discharge has commenced to decompose it smells badly. Death of bone is always associated with an open sore discharging a very foetid ichorous fluid, with gritty parti- 298 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. c'les and the power of rapidly blackening silver. If probed tlie hard bone is felt without any fibrous covering, and if seen this is black, yellowish, white, or of some allied shade and without any of the pink aspect of healthy bone. General Treatment of Inflammation in Bone. Unless in the very mildest cases, the first object is to check the in- flammation by soothing measures. A purgative is usually desirable. Rest is indispensable. Whenever possible such a position should be given to the part as will obviate pressure, weight, or gravitation of blood toward the dis- ease. Soothing local measures, such as fomentations with warm water ; a thick wet bandage covered with dry ; the persistent application of cold water, by continuous shower- ing of the part, the water being brought from a bucket placed at a higher level, by means of an elastic tube fastened to the body ; in certain cases ice-bags may be applied ; or cooling astringent lotions, such as vinegar and salt ; acetate of lead ^ oz., vinegar 2 qts., carbolic acid 60 drops, etc. This may have to be kept up from five to fif- teen days. When heat and tenderness have subsided, counter-irritants are to be used. In slight cases rubbing with compound iodine ointment, or with a mixture in equal parts of liquor ammonia and olive-oil may suffice. In others we must use active blisters such as Spanish flies 2 dr., camphor 5 grs., alcohol 5 drops, lard 1 oz. Or a drachm of the Spanish flies may be replaced by a drachm of iodide or biniodide of mercury. In either case the hair should be cut off and the ointment well rubbed in for several minutes against the direction of the hair. The animal's head should be tied short for twelve hours, to prevent gnawing of the part and blistering of the lips. After this the surface is to be smeared with lard, daily, until the scab drops off. In still other cases the hot iron may be demanded. It should be applied in points, each application being very temporary, to avoid the effect of radiated heat on the adjacent skin. The usual distance between the points is from ^ to f inch, and the depth will General Diseases of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 299 vary in different cases. "WTien the irritation from the hot iron has passed off, bhsters may be applied if necessary. In ail cases the use of counter-irritants must be stopped and soothing measures resorted to when it becomes evident that active inflammation has been set up anew in the bone. A long period of rest is essential to allov/ of the hardening of the newly formed bony tissue or of the old bone which has been softened or otherwise altered by disease. flatter forming in the interior of a bone is to be evacu- ated by boring down to it with a circular saw (trephine). Matter forming between the bone and its investing mem- brane must be promptly evacuated v/ith a sharp knife or lancet. Simple ulceration is to be treated like an ordinary wound, the pressure or other cause of its existence having been first removed. A nourishing diet and a course of tonics (cinchona, gentian, etc.,) are usually demanded. A dead hone should be removed. If a simple scale or film on the surface, it may be taken off with a sharp knife or chisel. If larger the bone-forceps or saw may be necessary. It may sometimes be needful to remove a piece of live bone with the circular saw, to make way for the extraction of a dead portion imprisoned within. Should the outer fibrous covering of the bone be preserved intact, new bone may be formed in place of the old, but never so perfect in form, and, as a rule, the extensive loss of an important bone, in one of the lower animals, renders it useless and should warrant its destruction. In no case should a cutting operation on a bone be undertaken while the soft parts around it are in a state of acute inflammation, as, although the diseased or dead parts should be removed, the adjacent bone is Hkely to take on unhealthy action and to prove worse than at first. In case of new bon}^ deposits and tumors, it is rarely desirable to resort to cutting instruments, unless when they have a broad mass and narrow neck, connecting 300 The Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser. them to the parent bone. In this case they can be laid bare and removed with bone forceps or chisel. Other forms are best left to nature after all unhealthy action has been subdued, and will materially diminish when preserved from hard w^ork, strains, jars and all excitants to renewed gi'owth. When continuous gentle pressure can be applied without irritation it greatly favors absorption. In some instances the distension of the fibrous membrane covering a bony swelhng is the main cause of continued inflamma- tion and lameness. This is to be met by dividing the membrane with a narrow-bladed knife inserted to one side of the swelling, much care being requisite to avoid entrance of air, injury to joints, etc. SCROFULOUS (tuberculous) DISEASE OF BONES. This is mostly seen in young animals when the bones are soft and growing rapidly, and may be suspected when the patient comes of a tuberculous family. It will attack any part but is esj)ecially common in the lower part of the limbs and is one form of ''fovl in tlie footT It attacks the ends of long bones or the whole bulk of short ones, those parts, in short, which ha,ve an open cancellated texture. The interspaces of the bony tissue fill up with gelatinoid lymph, which may or may not pass into the yellow cheesy tubercle, and similar changes take place on the surface, long outgrowths appearing, the interstices of which are filled by the same product. Ulceration ensues, sores form in the skin, discharging an unhealthy matter, the softened bony tissues may be felt breaking down under a probe, and the ends or processes of the bones may be found de- tached from the shaft or median part. There may be coexisting tubercle in the lungs, bowels, etc., with cough, expectoration, diarrhoea, etc., and some- times in young animals the navel remains open and the urine dribbles from it continually. Treatment is hardly advisable as tuberculous animals are undesirable alike for breeding or for human food. It General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 301 consists in secnring a good nurse, well feci on grain as well as fodder if tlie patient is young, or good feeding if be- yond this stage. Lime-water in the sucking, and in all subjects tonics (phosphate of iron, hyposulphite of iron, cinchona, cod-liver oil, pancreatine, etc.) SOFTENING AND EAEEFACTION OF BONE. EiCKETS. Young animals (puppies, sheep, calves and, less frequently, foals,) often suffer from an imperfect nu- trition of the bones, with a deficiency of earthy salts, so that the bones, especially those of the limbs, bend under the weight of the animal and assume various unsightly distortions. The affection runs hereditarily in certain fam- ilies, and its appearance is often determined by insuffi- cient, excessive or injurious food, such as poor, sour or fevered milk or inadequate substitutes. Anything that undermines the general health will develop it in a predis- posed subject. The malady may usually be checked by a change to rich or moderate feeding, as the case may de- mand, a dose of pepsin wine at each meal, with dry warm airy sleeping places and access to the open air, sunshine and gentle exercise. Puppies may have bones to gnaw at will. In cases of severe threatened distortion much ben- efit may be derived from support by well-padded bandages. SoFTENiNO OF BoNES IN Daiey Cows. This resembles rickets in its dependence on the nature of the food, but appears only in breeding cows. It is a disease of poor sandy and gravelly soils, the vegetation of which is defi- cient in earthy salts, and even on these is shown only after a dry season when the fodder is at its worst. Diseases of digestion and assimilation will also, exceptionally, deter- mine it. The parts that primarily suffer are the bones of the haunch, the disease resembling in this respect the osteo malacia of women who have borne children. Symptoms. Lameness, difficulty in rising, with some alteration of form in the quarters are the first signs, and an examination of the pelvic bones by the oiled hand in- 26 302 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. trocluced tlirougli the rectum will detect a want of sym- metry on the two sides, from bulging, irregular swellings at different points. In more advanced stages the bones break and crumble under the body's weight and the ani- mal remains constantly down, unable to rise. A depraved appetite and a tendency to eat all sorts of unnatural ob- jects, though a common symptom in breeding cows, is ex- cessive in many of these cases, and the patient mostly loses flesh rapidly, though some will remain fat for a length of time. Treatment. Change the locality to one with a richer fodder or bring the wholesome fodder to the animals, and add, liberally, grain (barley, maize, oats, beans,) from sound localities. Fresh air, sunshine and dry resting places are all important. Avoid breeding again until health is fully established, or better, fatten for the butcher. Softening of Bones in HortSES. The big-head of the Mississippi valley, is a manifestation of a general fault in nutrition, showing itself in all the bones of the body more or less. Like the affection of cows it consists in a steady increase of the canals and cavities in bone, with their con- tained soft or plastic matter, at the expense of the hard bony structure. With the continuous enlargement of the bone there is an extreme thinning of the microscopic bony plates, until the structure can be easily cut with a knife or crushed under the pressure of the finger. The inter- spaces are filled by a red bloody mass, with the natural elements more or less modified and the addition of many spherical cells, or later of fat. As the disease advances the bones can no longer afford a firm attachment for the ligaments and tendons, but crumbling, dislocations and fractures are inevitable. There is some fundamental fault in assimilation, and though it may be determined primarily to the face by the hard work of grinding flinty maize, or its development may be precipitated by poor feeding, unwholesome stabling, overwork and abuse, yet its true primary cause is unknown. It is mainly or alto- gether a disease of early life, under seven years old. General Blscases of Bones ^ Joints and 31iiscles. 303 Treatment sliould be directed to the improvement of the general health by tonics, (cinchona, mix vomica, cas- carilla, boneset, willow bark, myrrh, oxide of iron, phos- phate of iron, etc.,) carminatives, (ginger, pimento, fennel, fcenugrec, cardamoms, coriander,) pepsin, sound nutritious food, (given soft-boiled or steamed if necessary) pure air, exercise in sunshine, grooming, etc.) No good can be ex- pected of advanced cases, but only of those seen in the early stage, with some stiffness, and swelling of bone, and the passage of phosphates, to excess, in the urine. FEACTUEES. These are simple when a bone is broken across ; commi- nided when broken into several pieces ; and compound when the soft parts are torn so as to establish a communication between the broken ends and the external air. The two last are extremely dangerous, but the first is more hopeful. Simple fractures, however, vary in gravity according to their kind. Thus in the very young the break is hable to be imperfect, with a number of pointed processes locking into each other {greenstick fracture) and as the ends are easily and accurately replaced and the bones soft and vascular, repair is prompt and perfect. In others the break is directly and smoothly across, or with indentations and processes, so that when the ends are placed in appo- sition they cannot slide past each other ; these too are easily repaired. A third class are broken obliquely or Tvith a bevel, so that the broken surfaces slide upon each other under the contractions of the muscles, and the sharp ends are continually jerked into the soft parts around. The continuous movement prevents union and the irritation of the soft parts sets up inflammation so that such fractures may prove as troublesome as the compound. Symjjtoms. Disuse of the affected bone, distortion of the part, shortening, if it is the main bone of a limb, trembling of the muscles over the injury, a grating sensa- tion conveyed to the hand on moving the broken bone, 304 Tlie Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser, unnatural mobility of the part, and the suddenness of the injury from a wrong step or some mechanical violence. In cracks and partial fractures of bones with a strong in- vestmg fibrous membrane, there may be no displacement, increased mobility nor grating, but only a tender line across the bone with or without a slight elevation. Treatment. The first thing to be done is to bring the broken ends into correct apposition and retain them there by splints and bandages. No matter if the soft parts are inflamed and swollen, to leave the sharp ends jerking into them with each contraction of the muscles, will only make matters worse, whereas the removal of this source of irri- tation will usually entail immediate improvement. If from the oblique or comminuted nature of the fracture the bones cannot be so placed and retained, recovery need not be expected, at least without distortion. To bring the ends together accurately, it may be nec- essary to employ extension and counter-extension. A strong sheet or blanket is crossed over the inside of the upper part of the limb and held to keep the body still; while extension is effected by lines attached to the foot , a block and tackle may be used, but cautiously, in view of the increased power thereby obtained. It may even be needful to relax the muscles by placing the animal under the influence of ether, chloroform, or chloral-hydrate. While the limb is being extended the operator brings the broken ends together correct^, and splints are applied. These may be made of sheets of gutta-percha softened in warm water and applied so as to adapt themselves to the inequalities of the limb ; of strong pasteboard with the edges torn (not cut) and softened in water to allow of its being moulded to the surface ; of starch bandage, a long cotton bandage three inches wide, laid on accurately, layer above layer, and starched as applied so that it dries into a perfectly fitting and hard resisting case ; a plaster band- age consisting of a long roll of the same kind with plaster of Paris thickly dusted between its lasers, and the whole General Diseases of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 305 dipped in water before it is applied ; or pieces of slieet- iron carefully padded to prevent chafing and secure perfect adaptation, and bound firmly by a surface bandage ; or wooden splints may be fashioned to the form of one side of the hmb and applied with a sufficient internal padding. It is usually needful to apply one of these wooden or iron sphnts outside the starch or gutta-percha cases, in the larger animals, to give the requisite soHdity. In all cases the limb should be accurately wrapped in a long narrow strip of cotton or hnen as a protection before the application of the bandage proper. The bandage should always extend to the extremity of the limb (hoof or claws), other^dse the uncovered portion will swell, inflame, and perhaps die. It should not only fix immovably all the joints below the fracture but if possible the next above as well, as by this means, as well as by the enforced immo- bility of the muscles, the perfect rest of the broken ends is secured. If swelling existed before the apphcation of the bandage, it may become loose in a day or two and should be re- opened and more accurately applied, care being taken to secure equal pressure from the extremity up. The starch bandage may be sht open up the side and when properly padded reapphed with the one edge overlapping the other as far as necessary, and fixed by a long bandage applied over aU. The plaster bandage may be adapted by filhng up the interval between the soft skin bandage and the plaster case with a thin l)ulpy mixture of plaster of Paris and water poured in at the top. The limb should be kept in the bandage for a month or six weeks, and will require a rest of two or three months more, for the consohdation of the new tissue, before being put to work. Fractures in the upper parts of the limbs of quadiTipeds, which it is impossible to fix by bandages, may yet recover with very little shortening or distortion if the break is transverse. Fractui-es of these parts and of the ribs 26^ 306 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser, recover witli a considerable enlargement around the seat of the break, which may be afterward absorbed in part or in whole, as the bone is consolidated. The same holds good of fractures of other parts when movement is allowed between the divided ends during recovery. Slings. For large quadrupeds with broken limbs sling- ing is absolutely essential. The simplest mode is the following : — Four strong posts are fixed to the ground and roof, so as to form an oblong, inside which the four feet of the animal may stand. A strong horizontal bar is then fixed to the two posts on each side at such a height as to correspond to the middle of the body. Then the animal being walked into the frame a horizontal bar is fixed be- tween the two front posts so high as to cross the lower part of the neck, and another between the two hind posts at about the height of the stifle. Next a strong sheet (new sail cloth is best) is fixed to the one side bar by being wound round and nailed at the outer side, and hav- ing been passed beneath the body, is fixed to the opposite bar in the same way. It must be just sufiiciently far back to clear the fore limbs, and just so loose as to allow the patient to stand over it without pressure or chafing, or to settle himself into it at will. In the male, care must be taken to have it narrow enough not to cover the sheath. It is often necessary to allow an animal to become fatigued by standing for a day or two before being put in a shng, otherwise he may be very irritable at first. Care must be taken not to let him feel the sling beneath him until it is ready to be fixed, as many patients will settle down into it the moment it is felt. DISEASES OF THE JOINTS. Here in addition to bone we have gristle, fibrous tissue (capsular and binding ligaments) and synovial membrane, a thin vascular structure which secretes the albuminous glairy fluid known as joint- oil. General Diseases of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 307 INFLAMMATION. AETHSITIS. SY^TOYITIS. Here again tlie most common lesion is inflammation from which most of the others follow as consequences. This may begin in the bones as a result of concussion, blows, etc., and extend through the cartilage and ligaments to the synovial membrane ; or it may originate in the hgaments as a consequence of sprains or other injuries ; or in the synovial membrane from wounds opening the joint and exposing it to the air ; or it may be a local manifestation of some constitutional disease such as rheu- matism, tubercle, glanders, farcy, etc., or finally it may be due to plugging of the blood-vessels in consequence of pus, ichor or fibrinous clots washed on through the vessels from some distant seat of disease. In all cases the whole of the joint structures tend to be involved and the symp- toms are similar. The succession of changes may be as follows : the inflamed synovial membrane throws out a serous fluid filluig the joint to excess ; the ligaments and adjacent connective tissue also throw out a semi-liquid exudation which forms a yielding swelling around the joint, suscep- tible of indentation with the fingers ; the cartilage covering the ends of the bones softens and is changed into a fibrous material or is even absorbed, leaving the bone bare ; the bone exposed in this way may ulcerate, if that has not previously commenced, or it may be partially repaired by the deposit of a dense ivory-hke layer (eburnation), the smooth glistening surface of which glides smoothly on that of the opposite bone ; lymph may be exuded from the exposed surface of the bone and from the interior of the synovial membrane, and this, as well as what is out- side the joint, may be developed into fibrous tissue re- stricting the movements of the joint, or more frequently into bone which binds the bony structui'es together and abolishes all movement f stiff-joint, cmcJiylosisJ ; in very severe cases the lymph inside and outside the joint de- generates into pus, and this makes its way through the 308 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. tissues to the surface, is discharged and leaves an open joint, which soon determines a further increase of the inflammation and destructive changes. In tuberculous diseases of the joints there is the softening and enlarge- ment of the ends of the bones, a gelatiniform exudation, and its cheesj degeneration ; in rheumatism there is little tendency to suppuration ; in glanders, farcy^ plugging of vessels, etc., there is the specific deposit or an early sup- puration. General Sijmptoms. The joint is swollen, tense and elastic, is kept partially bent, is hot and tender, the parts around it may retain the indentation made by the finger, and the suffering is greatly increased v>dien the joint is moved. There are all grades fi^om heat, tenderness, swell- ing and habitual flexion of the joints, with the capacity of working off' the lameness during exercise, to severe forms in which no weight can be thrown upon the limb, and the attendant fever is so intense that appetite is gone, thirst is ardent, breathing and pulse greatly accelerated, the heat of the body raised to a high point and the patient may die from the constitutional excitement. When suppuration takes place there is an aggravation of all the symptoms, with frequent shivering, and the gradual absorption of the soft parts renders the fluctuation more and more evident up to the period of rupture. Pre- ceding stiff-joint there is a long period of subacute inflam- mation, the joint being kept immovable by the pain and the abundant exudation, until ossification ensues. Tuberculous disease of the joints occurs in young ani- mals, the offspring of consumptive families, and is marked by the enlargement and softening of the ends of the bones, the formation of wounds or ulcers, and, it may be, disease of the lungs or bowels. Rheumatic disease is characterized by its tendency to move from joint to joint or muscle, by its aggravation under the influence of cold and damp and improvement under warmth and sunshine, and by its indisposition to General Diseases of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 309 suppuration. Glanders, farcy, plugging of the vessels, etc., are distinguished by the presence of the coexisting disease in other parts. General Treatment. In severe cases secure immobility in the joints by placing in slings, and, if necessary, by the application of a smart blister around the articulation. In the absence of the blister apply cooling or soothing lotions as for mflammation of bone and follow this up by blisters or firing when the inflammation has in the main subsided and the heat and tenderness disappeared. In the slight, subacute and chronic forms the counter-irritants may be applied at the first. When anchylosis threatens it is sometimes advisable to favor it by active bhstering and rigid immobihty of the joint. If ulceration of the joint surface occurs the hot iron usually gives the best results. If suppuration has ensued the pus must escape by an external opening and our efforts must be thereafter di- rected to limiting the inflammation as far as possible and obviating death by the general fever, or uselessness, by destruction of the joint. In the severer forms a purgative should be given at the outset and this may be follov/ed by a soft laxative diet (mashes, roots, green food,) and diuretics, (carbonates or acetates of potassa or soda, colchicum, etc.,) especially when there is reason to suspect any rheumatic complica- tion. In some cases of this, as of bone disease, in which there is imperfect assimilation and the passage of an excess of phosphates in the urine, a course of bitters and iron tonics is demanded. Tuberculous disease of the joints demands similar treat- ment with due attention to the general health to correct, if possible, the unhealthy state. OPEN JOINT. This results from an incised, punctured, lacerated or contused wound and will vary in gravity according to the nature of the woimd and the certainty of inflammation ensuing. If there is a simple minute puncture or cut, the 310 Tlie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser, wound may close witliout this result, but if the tissues are severely lacerated or bruised, as in case of falls, etc., a certain amount of inflammation must necessarily ensue. Treatment. Never probe such wounds. Sand or gritty matter must be removed by a stream of tepid water or the most careful picking, and the lips of the wound brought together if necessary by stitches, but with as few as pos- sible and those only passing through the skin. Perfect quiet must be secured by slings, splints, bandages or, if the opening is small, by a bhster enveloping the joint but leaving a clear space of an inch around the wound. In the absence of the blister, the joint may be irrigated with cold water continuously applied as for ostitis, or a poultice may be applied with a weak solution of carbohc acid poured over its surface, or the same carbolic lotion (1 part to 100 water) may be applied by means of sat- urated cotton bandages covered with dry. Coagulating agents (powdered alum, acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc, etc.,) are sometimes used to close the v/ound by a clot of synovia, and if this has been effected it should never be disturbed by picking or dressing, but left to be expelled when the wound is finally closed by the growth of gran- ulations from its lips. The greatest danger lies in the movement of the joint which stimulates the secretion of synovia and keeps the wound open ; in the introduction of atmospheric air into the joint, and in the decomposi- tion of the morbid Hquids in the wound. Hence, perfect rest, closure of the wound and the use of antiseptics like carbohc acid are all-important. The general treatment is the same as for arthritis from other causes. If suppuration ensues there is the greatest danger of destruction of the joint. INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL CAVITIES — BUKS^ AND SHEATHS OF TENDONS. BiirscB are little synovial cavities placed between the skin and x:)rominent bony processes to favor the gliding of General Diseases of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 311 tlie one on the other. Thecce are similar sacs interposed between bones and fibrous cords (tendons, ligaments,) or between two such cords, to favor gliding. Each may be the seat of inflammation with its consequences — over- distension from excessive secretion of serum : — exudation of lymph, with thickening, induration, adhesion, calcifica- tion of the walls, or with sujDpuration. It may be developed by wounds, punctures, cuts, bruises, sprains or rheumatism, and is manifested by heat, pain, tenderness and an elastic swelling (^sdnd-puff, wind-gall,) the enlargement usually remaining after inflammation has subsided. This condition, as well as induration or calci- fication of the walls, causes material deformity. Sup- puration is evinced by a great increase of the heat and tenderness, with a more distinct and superficial fluctua- tion and a surrounding engorgement which pits on jDress- ure. Treatment consists in rest, a relaxed posture of any tendons imphcated, and soothing, cooling or astringent applications as in the early stages of sprains or ostitis. A purgative, and restricted diet are equally necessary. When heat and tenderness have subsided a small blister (see periostitis) will often cause absorption of the liquid ; or it may disappear under pressure maintained for two hours at a time, twice daily at first, and increased by two hours daily ; or finally, the Hquid may be drawn off by the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and the sac compressed with a bandage (and, if necessary, pads) saturated in an as- tringent coohng lotion. After evacuating the liquid an injection of compound tincture of iodine 1 part, water 2 parts, may be throTvm in and expressed again after three minutes, the part being afterward covered with wet band- ages. For suppuration a simple subcutaneous bursa may be laid freely open and allowed to heal by granulation, or a thread may be di-awn through the cavity and the pus drawn off, while cooling lotions are applied to the surface. 312 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser, DISEASES OF MUSCLES. RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. Tlie red flesh is rarely torn in life and never by volun- tary contraction. Though torn across with ease after death it will resist much more during life than the white fibrous cord by which it is attached to the bones. Mus- cles are usually torn by some extreme involuntary con- traction, as in recovering from a wrong step or slip, or in the extreme contractions of lock-jaw. Rupture is rec- ognized by the sudden pain and inabihty to use the mus- cle, and, if it is superficial, by tenderness, by a depression in the seat of the tear, and a bulging of the muscle above and below it. Later the depression may be filled by a soft compressible clot. Treatment consists in the approximation of the divided ends by such a position as will relax the muscle and by a tight bandage from the foot up if it be in a limb, INFLAMMATION OF MUSCLE. This is usually the result of rheumatism but may arise from continued use or from local injury. It is manifested by swelling and extreme tenderness of the muscle in ques- tion, with loss of contractile power. If rheumatic it has the further characteristic of shifting from place to place. It may result in abscess, or thickening of the fibrous in- vesting membrane, or in calcareous, granular or fatty de- generation. It must be treated by rest, mth soothing lo- cal treatment hke any ordinary inflammation, and matter may be evacuated with knife or lancet, but the degenera- tions may be looked upon as permanent. Fatty degeneration is common in overfed animals, above all in those bred for early maturity and great aptitude to fatten (improved cattle, sheep and pigs,) and is quite irre- mediable. It may also arise fi-om paralysis, the result of injuries to the nerves as in roaring. RUPTURE OF TENDONS. SECTION OP TENDONS. These are not uncommon in horses during severe ex- General Diseases of Bones^ Joints and Muscles. 313 ertions, as on the race-course, tire back tendons being the most common seat of the injury. Whether torn across or divided with a cutting instrument, they are readily repaired by the exudation of lymph between the divided ends and its organization into white fibrous tissue. It is neces- sary to support the limb so that the divided ends may be placed in apposition and retained thus for three or four weeks. Inflammation is to be checked by ordinary means. "When subjected to over-exertion, sinews become the seat of sudden severe pain, inflammation, exudation, thick- ening and shortening. Sprains occur mainly fi'om severe and continued over-exertion, or from the sudden jerk con- sequent on taking a wrong step when fatigued and unable readily to recover the balance. They are most frequent wdiere tendons play over a bony process, but may occur at any part, and are of all grades from those producing a slight halt, with almost imperceptible thickening of the tendinous cord, to those in which the cord has been ex- tensively torn and becomes the centre of a most violent inflammation. Treatment. When violently inflamed or the seat of ex- treme pain, the tendon should be rested and relaxed by giving a suitable position to the limb, and fomented with warm water or showered continuously with cold, until heat and tenderness have been subdued. Or cooling astringent lotions may be used as advised under ostitis. A laxative and restricted diet are often essential. When heat and tenderness have subsided, occasional showering with cold water and hand-rubbing, or stimulating liniments (cam- phorated spirit ; liquor ammonia 1 part, olive-oil 2 parts ; camphorated spirit and peppermint water equal parts, etc.,) may be used. The same agents may be applied to very slight cases at the outset. Or blisters may bo ap- plied as advised under ostitis. 314 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. THICKENING, SHOKTENING, CALCIFICATION OF TENDONS. These are the results of severe or repeated sprains. If slight they may be benefited by time, gentle exercise (at grass), and an occasional blister of iodide of mercury. In cases with such thickening and shortening as to impair usefulness, after all inflammation has subsided the tendons may be cut across by a narrow-bladed knife, making an almost imperceptible skin wound, the ends drawn apart by full extension of the hmb, and the case treated like an accidentally ruptured or cut tendon. If this operation is performed in a warm season, antiseptics must be ap- plied to the wound. CHAPTER XYIL SPECIAL INJUKIES OF BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES. Fracture of the lower jaw. Injuries by bit and curb. Fracture of the upper jaw; of the bones of the nose; of the frontal bones; of the crest of the poll ; of the base of the cranium. Dislocation of the lower jaw. Open Joint between upper and lower jaws. Cancer (Encephaloid) of the Orbit. Tooth-like tumors under the ear. Poll Evil. Fistulous Withers. Fract- ured Processes of the neck-bones. Broken neck. Fracture of the Spinous Processes of the back and loins. Sprain of the back or loins. Transverse Fracture of the back or loins. Broken Back. Laceration of the muscles beneath the loins. Fracture of the croup. Injuries to the bones of the tail. Fractured Ribs. Wounds penetrating the chest. Shoulder lameness. Tu- mors on the shoulder. Sprain of the Coraco-radial tendon. Shoulder- sprain. Sprain of the muscles outside the shoulder-blade. Disease of the shoulder-joint. Other affections of the shoulder, x^fifections of the elbow and arm. Tumors on the point of the elbow. Wounds of the elbow. Fracture of the point of the elbow. Disease of the elbow-joint. Fracture of the arm bone. Fracture of the fore-arm. Sprain of the radial ligament. Sprain of the back tendons behind the knee. Thorough-pin of the knee. Synovial sw-ellings in front of the knee. Inflammation of the knee. Dislo- cation of the knee. Wounds of the knee. Speedy cut. Broken knees. Splints. Sore shins. Fracture of the splint bones; of the shank-bone. Sprains of the back tendons ; of the suspensory ligaments. Wind-galls. Sesamoiditis. Sprain of the inferior sesamoid ligaments. Elastic swellings in front of the fetlock. Cutting. Bruises on the fetlock. Fracture of the pastern bones. Bony growths on the pastern bones. Ringbones. Sprain of the flexor tendons behind the pastern. Fractures of the hip-bones ; of the outer angle; of the inner angle; of the point of the hip; through the shaft of the bone; into the joint. Sprain of the hip. Displacement of the Abductor Femoris. Disease of the hip-joint. Dislocation of the hip. Fract- ure of the thigh-bone ; the neck ; the shaft ; the lower end. Fracture of the knee-cap. Dislocation of the knee-cap, stifled. Disease of the stifle. Fracture of the leg between the stifle and hock ; Tibia ; Fibula. Sprain or laceration of the muscle which bends the hock. Sprain of the hamstring. Rupture of the hamstring. Capped hock. Displacement of the tendon 316 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. playing over the point of the hock. Sprain of the flexor tendon behind the hock. Thorough-pin. Distension of the sheath of the extensor tendon in front of the hock. Fracture of the inner maleolus. Fracture of the point of the hock and other hock bones. Bone spavin. Inflammation of the true hock joint. Bog spavin. Dropsy of the hock joint. Blood spavin. Curb. String-halt. Other causes of lameness. FEACTURES OF THE LOWER JAW. These take place in the anterior part occupied by the front teeth, or more frequently on one side, between these and the grinders. In simple fractures with no great tend- ency to movement an exclusive diet of soft mashes will often suffice, a double halter being so arranged that the animal cannot possibly reach either fodder or litter. If the fracture is between the front teeth a copper or silver wire wound round two teeth on opposite sides of the break may fix the parts sufficiently. If further back and very mobile, it may still be retained at times by using the tushes as fixed points from which to carry the wire. "Where these cannot be availed of, the jaw may be perfo- rated by a fine driU in front of the fracture and behind it, and the two parts firmly bound together by a silver Avire. If this is not available, a mould of gutta-percha or wood is made to fit the lower jaw and sides of the face from the throat as far as the chin, and this is strapped on by four belts, one passing behind the ears, one in front of them, one on the middle of the face and one on the nose but four inches above the nostrils. The straps may be held to- gether by another or a simple cord passing do^Ti the middle of the face, and the two lower ones should be slightly elastic. This should be kept on till union is effected and no hard food should be allowed for two months. In cases of compound comminuted fractures remove all foreign bodies and detached pieces of bone, and make an opening in the case, through which the wound may be dressed Avith antiseptic liquids (carbolic acid 1 part, water 100 parts). Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 317 IN.JUKIES BY BIT AND CUEB. These often cause slight fractures or superficial necro- sis on the upper or lower borders of the jaw. Extrasct detached pieces or scrape off dead, and when the wound has healed drive with a snaffle. FKACTUKE OF THE UPPEE JAW. This is much less serious. If at the anterior part fix by wiring the teeth together. If further back and associ- ated with discharge from the nose, trephine the sinus (see diseased teeth), remove detached pieces of bone and in- ject with a weak astringent solution (diseased teeth). FEACTUEE OF THE BONES OF THE NOSE. Here the depression of the space between the nostrils and the difficulty of breathing are characteristic. Shave the skin above and below the fracture ; make a smooth cone of wood, rounded at the apex and just large enough to fit the nasal passage ; with this inside the nose raise the bone to its proper position and strap it there by strong adhesive plaster passing over the interval of the fracture. In obstinate cases we can resort to plugging of one nos- tril with tow, or of both nostrils if tracheotomy has been first performed. FEACTUEE OF THE FEONTAL BONES. If beneath the level of the eye the danger is slight and after removal of detached pieces of bone it maj^ be treated like an ordinary wound. If above, the depressed bone must be raised with a lever to avoid compression of the brain when exudation takes place. Fracture of the process which forms the upper boundary of the eye-socket may be raised in the same manner to avoid subsequent blemish. FEACTUEE OF THE CEEST OF THE POLL (oCCIPITAL). If split straight down and without opening the cranium and exposing the brain, the animal should be tied so that 27- 318 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the nose is kept habitually protruded and the injury treated like a simple wound. It may be needful to use asj;ringent lotions or even to make a counter-opening below to secure a perfect recovery. FEACTUBES AT THE BASE OF THE CRANIUM. These are usually due to blows on the poll, the shock being conveyed through the harder structures and ex- pended fatally on the softer bones below. Being in con- tact with the most vital parts of the brain and beyond the reach of surgical interference such fractures are fatal. DISLOCATION OF THE LOWER JAW. This sometimes occurs in the dog, from opening the jaws too widely in giving pills, etc. The jaw is slightly advanced and held open in spite of all attempts of the animal to close it. Wrap the thumbs very thickly in cloth, and seizing the lower jaw press it forcibly downward and backward when it will slip in with a jerk and the jaws will close firmly. OPEN JOINT BETWEEN THE UPPER ANT) LOTTIE JAWS. A wound exists midway between the eye and the root of the ear, discharging a glairy fluid when the animal chews. Fix the jaws by a bridle with straps drawn tightly around the nose, feed thick gruels and soft mashes only and treat as advised for open joint. CANCER (eNCEPHALOID) OF THE ORBIT. This occurs in horses and cattle, great, angry, bleeding, fungous growths appearing from the soft and hard struct- ures about the orbit. The only hope hes in early removal. TOOTH-LIKE TUMORS UNDER THE EAR. These are manifested by a running sore, just above and behind the joint between the upper and the lower jaw, with a hard object to be felt at the bottom. Their ex- Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 319 traction can only be undertaken by one intimately ac- quainted with the parts. POLL EVIL. This is of two kinds : Ist, A simple abscess, the result of a blow or other local injury, and which is only serious because of the strong enveloping fibrous membranes that imprison the matter beneath them ; and 2d, disease of the joint between the head and the first bone of the neck, or be- tween the first two bones. The first, if unrelieved, will usually give rise to the second, since the surface of the bones becomes the seat of disease which gradually extends to and involves the joint. The milder form may be dis- tinguished by the su^Derficial position of the swelling and fluctuation, and by the comparative freedom and ease with which the head is moved, whereas in the other the head is carried very stiffly and cannot be moved on the neck without extreme suffering. Treatment. "When seen early with only a slight inflam- matory swelling behind the poll and no fluctuation, purge and keep a cooling lotion (tincture of arnica 2 oz., iodide of potassium 1 dr., vinegar 1 qt., camomile infusion 1 qt.,) constantly applied to the part, the patient at rest, and the head tied up to the rack. If matter has formed and fluctu- ation is felt, however deep, it must be opened at once. Select the part where fluctuation is most marked and plunge a knife into the cavity. Then with a bent probe find the lowest point of the sac and cut down upon this, making a large opening from which the matter may flow as it forms. A tape should be tied in the wound and the sac sjrringed out daily with a stimulating wash (chloride of zinc ^ dr., water 1 qt.,) until from the disappearance of swelling and matter it becomes evident that the sac is ob- literated, when the tape may be cut, pulled half way out and left hanging from the lower wound until the upper is closed, when it may be completely withdrawn. When new sacs of matter appear these must be promptly opened 320 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. and treated in the same way. A change of dressing is sometimes needed as one appears to be losing its effect (tincture of muriate of iron 1 oz., water 1 quart). In ob- stinate cases it is sometimes needful to lay the sacs open by an extensive incision and treat like an ordinary wound. But all these operations are only safe in the hands of those who are intimately acquainted with the structure of the part. In case of disease of the bone it may be felt bare at the bottom of the sac, by probing, and may be scraped to re- move any dead or diseased part, and expose sound bone which may undergo the healing process. If the joint is implicated the case may be deemed des- perate, as it is usually only a question of time for the spinal cord to become involved. FISTULOUS WITHERS. This is analogous to the milder form of poll evil, differing only in its site, which is on the spines above the shoulders. It is to be treated in the same way, by free incision, the formation of a dependent orifice and injections. If the spinous processes are diseased they should be removed with bone forceps until a healthy surface is exposed. FRACTUEED PROCESSES OF THE NECK BONES. This may arise from muscula^r effort but more commonly results from jamming between two heavy bodies. If on one side only, the head is drawn to a side ; and in any case the detached piece of bone may be felt among the muscles and grating even may be produced by moving it. The only treatment is to keep the head in one position until the detached parts have become adherent, which they usually do with a visible swelling. If abscess or fistula forms the detached bone must be extracted. TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NECK These occur from pitching on the head, and are fatal from the sudden cessation of breathing. Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 321 FKACTUEE OF THE SPINOUS PEOCESSES OF BACK AND LOINS. This is detected by the mobility, with or without grating, of the spines imphcated. If comminuted the splinters should be extracted ; if simple, replace them and retain by a pitch plaster on each side, or mth a saddle having a high tree and plenty of padding at the sides to support the fractured bone. SPEAINS OF THE BACK OB LOINS, There is inability to back, above all when mounted, or to turn quickly in a circle, tenderness at a given spot on pinching along the back, drooping when mounted, and difficulty in urination fi"om the pa.m attendant on curving the back. It has come on suddenly after slipping, falling, bearing a heavy weight, etc., and is independent of fever. It is distinguished from partial paraplegich by the per- fect sensation in the hind parts, by the absence of any change in their temperature as compared with the rest of the body, and by the retention of perfect sensation and motion in the tail. Treatment. Place in a narrow stall in which the patient cannot turn his body or even his neck; apply slings to prevent any attempt at lying down; foment with warm water if there is much pain ; when that has subsided, bhster. It is all- important to give laxative diet, and to correct, any costiveness or other impairment of the general health. TEANSVEESE FEACTUEE OF BACK OE LOINS. This occurs suddenly from an evident cause, such as slipping, over- weighting, a Avi'ong step, or struggling when cast for an operation. If displacement has not taken place there is an exaggerated manifestation of the same S3^mptoms as in sprained back, but if the bones are dis- placed, or when the resulting inflammation and swelling have produced pressure on the spinal cord, there is para- plegia, coldness of the body behind the seat of fracture 322 The Farmer'^s Veterinary Adviser. tliough that in front may be hot and perspiring ; the tail is impHcated in the palsy, and there is much tenderness and often a manifest depression of the seat of fracture. Treatment. The slighter forms are treated hke sprained loins. In the more severe, the subject should be de- stroyed at once. If after recovery in other respects a certain lack of power remains, it must be treated hke paraplegia. LACERATION OF THE MUSCLES BENEATH THE LOINS. This occurs from the hind limbs slipping unexpectedly backward or from their going back into a ditch which the animal is attempting to leap. The manifestations resem- ble those of broken back, as there are difficulty in rising, and an imperfect control over the hind limbs, which are dragged awkwardly forward and not advanced so far as in health. But there is no indication of paralysis and no alteration of temperature or sensibility in the hind parts, the functions of the tail are perfect, and examination through the rectum detects a soft doughy SAvelling, with heat and tenderness beneath the loins. Treatment is by ' shngs and fomentations to the loins. If the horse is un- able to get up, raise him by block and tackle and he will easily stand. Several weeks are wanted for repair of the injury and the patient should have a run at grass before returning to work. FRACTURE OF THE CROUP (sACRUM). Seen in cattle and less frequently in horses, and caused by riding each other or by the fall of heavy bodies on the part. There is a manifest depression at one point of the medium line of the croup, and the tail usually hangs paralyzed. Examination with the oiled hand in the rec- tum at once detects the displacement, which is always downward. With one hand in the rectum pressing on the depressed bone and the other pulling the tail, the bones may be replaced and should be held so by a stiff leather Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 323 slieatli well padded, fixed ronnd the root of the tail and connected in front with a surcingle and collar. Recovery of power over the tail may be looked for. INJUKIES TO THE BONES OF THE TAIL. Fracture and dislocation are easily reduced and the bones maintained in proper place by a bandage. If the bones are crushed, or the seat of caries or necrosis, the member should be amputated above the injury. Docking scissors are best for this purpose, but the organ may be laid across a beam and chopped off with one blow of a hatchet. The hair should first be removed from the part to be cut, and what is above this part tied up to the rump. After the amputation the hair is drawn down over the stump and firmly tied, as close to it as possible, so as to compress the arteries and check bleeding. In cattle and other animals, with short hair on the tails, bleeding may be prevented by a flat tape tied round the tail above the stump for eight hours, or the arteries may be tied, or finally, they may be seared with a hot iron, the part hav- ing been first dusted with powdered resin. FEACTUEED EIBS. These usually result from falls, blows and other forms of mechanical injury, and may be easily detected by a depression or soft part at the seat of fracture. If simple, they will be readily repaired under the influence of rest and girths to restrict the movements of the chest. But if comminuted, abscesses may form or necrosis ensue, de- manding the removal of the dead or morbid matters. If the fractured ends have been driven in so far as to pene- trate the lung a still more serious complication is met. The air rushes from the tubes of the lacerated lung into the pleural ca\dty during each inspiration, and as it can- not find its way back, the whole of that half of the chest is soon filled with air and the lung compressed into a small solid mass attached to the lower end of the wind- 324 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. pipe, and opposite the base of the heart. The lesion is thus hable to prove fatal, thongh if arrested early by the exndation of lymph in the wound of the lung, the air may be absorbed and recovery may ensue. WOUNDS PENETKATING THE CHEST. Whether connected with broken ribs or only involving the muscles between the ribs, these lead to the accumula- tion of air in the chest and collapse of the lung, as when a broken rib has torn the lung tissue. The edges of the wound, having been driven in, act like a valve allowing the entrance of air during the expansion of the chest, but for- bidding its escape when that cavity collapses. It is far more serious than the accumulation of air in the chest from a torn lung, as decomposition and irritation are set up by the presence of germs which are filtered out in passing through the lungs. Unless the wound is small and can be closed early, it is necessarily fatal. SHOULDER LAMENESS. The lameness which accompanies injuries to the shoul- der may be so characteristic as to be recognized at a glance. The specific features are, the carrying of the head low ; the dragging of the toe on the ground in advancing the limb ; the swinging of the foot outward so as to describe the arc of a circle in bringing it forward ; and, if severe enough, the standing with joints partly bent, the heel raised and the toe resting on the ground, but without any advance of the lame foot in front of the other. TUMOES ON THE SHOULDEE. Often preceded by chafing or galling, these consist of inflammation and suppuration beneath the large flat muscle which covers the front of the shoulder (levator humeri). The tissues around the matter beco3ne thickened and indurated to an extraordinary extent, so that it is often impossible to detect any fluctuation, yet it may be Special Injuries ofBones^ Joints and Muscles. 325 assumed in all cases of considerable swelling tliat matter really exists, and the recovery will not ensue until that has been evacuated. In slight cases only will a little nut-like induration form without matter. Treatment. In cases in which injury has just been sus- tained, suspend work or drive in a breast strap, and treat as for chafing. If a tumor forms, first subdue the more active inflammation by a dose of physic and a wet rug slung over the shoulder for several days ; then open it with a knife, or preferably, draw off the liquid once or twice, at intervals of two or three days, with a cannula and trocar, and then, when the sac has been reduced to a small size, lay it freely open with the krdfe and treat like an ordinary wound. In very large tumors it may be necessary to push the cannula in as far as four or even six inches before the matter is reached, but the operator must persevere, direct- ing it always toward the exact centre of the swelling. The small solid tumors are to be cut out with the knife, a straight vertical incision being made through the skin, directly over the mass, which is then dissected out, and the skin brought together with stitches and treated hke a simple wound. SPRAIN OF THE COEACO-EADIAL TENDON. SHOULDER SPRAIN. This is a sprain of the large tendon which passes over the point of the shoulder (the most prominent part directly in front), and in bad cases the double puUey over which it plays in front of the upper end of the arm bone is involved in inflammation and ulceration. Symptoms. Pendent head, dragging toe, swinging out- ward of the foot when being advanced, shortness of the step, and a tendency to stand with the toe only resting on the ground and the limb bent but not advanced. Swell- ing of the point of the shoulder is sometimes, though rarely seen, but pressure on this point with the thumbs ^^iU detect tenderness, which is especially marked as compared with that of the other shoulder. The pressure should be 28 326 Tlie Farmer's Veterinary Adviser made successively on the inner side of the tendon, on the outer and on its centre. Treatment. First subdue the inflammation by rest, a high-heeled shoe and a wet rug kept hanging continually over the shoulder (a blanket folded several times and tied round the neck and chest), with or without a purge and restricted diet. When the heat and tenderness have sub- sided apply a smart blister over the point of the shoulder, and repeat if lameness persists. In obstinate cases it may be needful to use the hot iron, but only on the outer side of the joint, and never on the point where the collar rests. SPKAIN OF THE MUSCLES OUTSIDE THE SHOULDER-BLADE. This is a sprain- of the muscle which fills up the poste- rior cavity on the outer side of the shoulder-blade and plays over the outer side of the shoulder- joint (outer tu- bercle of the head of the humerus). It occurs mainly in young horses when first put to plow or in others going on uneven ground and stepping unexpectedly into holes. In the endeavor to recover the equilibrium on stepping into a furrow or hole, this muscle which forms the outer sup- port of the joint is injured and there result heat, swelling and tenderness on the outside of the joint and a most characteristic gait. The horse may walk, or even trot, without much apparent lameness, but standing directly in front of him the affected shoulder is seen to roll outward from the body to a far greater extent than the sound one. Soon the muscle begins to waste rapidly, and in bad cases the shoulder-blade may be denuded until it appears to be covered by nothing but skin. Treatment. In the first stages, with heat, swelHng and tenderness outside the joint, rest, employ a wet rug, etc., as for sprain of the coraco-radial tendon. When this has subsided allow exercise on smooth ground (walking, work- ing in light cultivator,) and increase the circulation over the wasted muscle by active friction with straw or a piece Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 327 of wood : or by mild blisters (ammonia 1 pt., oil 2 pts. : or Spanish flies 1 part, alcohol 25 pts., steeped for 24 hours and strained) : or stimulate with a galvanic battery. It may take months to refill the cavity, but in all recent cases perseverance will be rewarded. In old standing cases with fatty degeneration of the muscles, a very par- tial restoration only can be effected. It must be added that wasting of the shoulder muscles is a common result of all lameness entailing disuse of the limb and hence many injuries of the feet and elsewhere are referred to the shoulder and designated siveeny (ScJnvin- den) by wiseacres. In the absence of the pecuhar gait above described, of the early heat, swelling and tender- ness outside the joint and the rapid wasting of the mus- cle, the cause of the sweeny should be sought elsewhere than the shoulder. DISEASE OP THE SHOULDEE- JOINT (lNFLAI>IMATION, ULCERATION, ETC.) In the large quadrupeds, in which swelling and tender- ness on handling are rarely seen, disease in the joint is to be mainl}^ distinguished by the general symptoms of shoulder lameness and the absence of any of the signs of local disease in the tendons, already described. Move- ment of the joint by drawing the limb forward, and espe- cially by dra^\dng it backward, ^vill usually give rise to pain, sometimes of an extreme nature. In dogs the capsule of the joint is found to bulge on each side of the coraco-radial tendon Avhicli plays over the point of the shoulder, and tenderness may be shoA\Ti when it is handled. Treatment. Wlien inflammation is very severe rest and soothing measures should be first resorted to. In the majority of oases it assumes a subacute iy^Q and is to be treated by a high-heeled shoe, rest and counter-irritants. Eepeated bhstering with Spanish flies may suflice, but in obstinate cases and whenever there is reason to suspect 328 Tlie Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. ulceration, the liot iron is most serviceable, applied round the outer side of the joint only. OTHER APFECTIONS OF THE SHOULDER. The shoulder-blade is subject to fracture, ulceration and necrosis ; the muscles beneath the bone to lacera- tions ; the joint to dislocations (rare in large quadrupeds) ; and the lymphatic glands inside the joint to abscess (es- pecially in strangles), all of which must be treated on gen- eral principles, space forbidding their further notice in the present work. Shoulder lameness may further arise from liver disease, which see. AFFECTIONS OF THE ELBOW AND ABM. Lameness in the region of the elbow is characterized by the inability to extend the joint fully or to bear weight upon it in this condition. In bad cases the elbow and knee joints are kept semiflexed when standing still, and when walking or trotting the dropping of the head and body is extreme, in consequence of a similar flexion. Movement of the joint will also give rise to symptoms of tenderness. TUMORS ON THE POINT OF THE ELBOW. These are usually caused by the heels of the shoe when the horse lies with his fore limbs bent under him (cow fashion) from undue narrowness of the stall. Symptoms. There is first a hot, tender swelling, and if the source of injury is kept up, this may increase by small degrees to a very large size. Soon the swelling fluctuates from contained serum and it may remain thus indefinitely, the liquid being confined by the tough fibrous walls. Or the serum may be absorbed leaving a hard nut-like tumor with no sign of fluctuation. Treatment. Sooth the early inflammation by fomenta- tions or a wet rug hung over the part, and keep on a soft laxative diet. If the amount of serum throAvn out is Sioecial Injuries of Bones j Joints and Muscles. 329 limited, it may be entirely re-absorbed by using tincture of iodine to remove the swelling. If more abundant let it be drawn off with a cannula and trocar and the sac injected with compound tincture of iodine diluted in double its bulk of water. If this is not available, lay the sac freely open at its lower part and heal Hke a common wound. If a hard mass is left beneath the skin it is to be cut out as advised for those on the shoulder. By way of prevention the stall must be widened, and, in the case of animals that will lie on the breast, a pad or girdle of two or three inches thick must be strapped round the pastern at night to prevent the heel striking against the elbow. This pad must be soft, covered with chamois's leather, made without a seam on its outer side, and buckled above and below so that nothing hard may touch the elbow. WOUNDS OF THE ELBOW. Wounds in this situation are often complicated with air under the skin puffing up the whole region, having been pumped in by the movements of the elbow. Rest is requisite and the wound may be treated as others. EKACTURE OF THE POINT OF THE ELBOW. This is easily recognized, as the leg dangles, bending at the elbow and knee, and it is impossible to bear any weight on it. On taking hold of the back of the elbow the proc- ess of bone is found to be detached and loose. If excess- ive sv/elling prevents this, place the foot upon the ground, bend back the knee forcibly and let an assistant raise the opposite fore foot. If the bone is broken he will drop, if the muscles only are injured he may stand. Treatment. If the injury has occurred from a kick, which has seriously contused the joint surfaces, all treat- ment may be futile, but if not, the case will be hopeful and especially in the young. Bring the detached bone as nearly as possible into position and retain it by a pad placed inside the elbow, and a bandage and splints con- 330 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tinned from the foot n]3. The patient must be placed in shngs. DISEASE OF THE ELBOW-JOINT. This must be diagnosed by the general symptoms of elbow lameness and by pain in moving the joint, but espe- cially when it is fully extended. Treatment as for diseased shoulder-joint, the applications in this case being made to the elbow. If far advanced or if connected with fracture of the lower end of the arm bone or of that forming the point of the elbow, it will usually be unsatisfactory. FEACTUEE OF THE AKM BONE. Fracture of the large bone between the point of the shoulder and the elbow may occur from blows, or even wrong steps, and is often attended by much swelling from extravasation of blood. The only resort is to place the animal in slings and keep him perfectly quiet. In rare cases recovery has taken place with no distortion, the bro- ken ends, in a transverse fracture, remaining in apposition. Usually they are drawn apart by the muscles and ride over each other so that the limb is shortened. Such a re- sult is only desirable in breeding horses and in stock for dauy or butcher. FRACTURE OF THE FORE- ARM. Fractures between the elbow and knee in horses or cattle necessarily leave the animal unable to rest on the limb ; if in dogs or cats one of the bones may be broken while the other remains unharmed and weight can still be borne. There is trembling of the muscles, distortion easily felt on carrjdng the hand down the inner side along the line of the bone, and grating when the limb is moved. Treatment. If the fracture is very oblique treatment wiU rarely pay in horses, but if transverse or jagged so that the bones do not ride, the case is very hopeful. Set- Sjjecicd Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 331 ting the bones, with, the aid of extension and counter- extension, or even ether if necessary, applying splints and bandages from the foot to the elbow, and placing in slings (if a large animal) are the essential conditions. - SPRAIN OF THE EADIAL LIGAMENT. This is an injury of a strong, flat, fibrous band, coming from the lower third of the fore-arm a.nd joining the back tendons just above the knee. It is characterized by a tendency to carry the pastern upright, or even to flex the knee and to stumble. The knee cannot be fully flexed without much pain, and there is a hot tender swelling immediately behind the bone and extending from the knee about four inches upward. Treat by rest, a laxative, a high-heeled shoe, and fo- mentations or cooling astringent lotions ; followed when heat and tenderness subside by active bhstering should lameness continue. SPEAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS BEHIND THE KNEE. THOEOUGH-PIN OF THE KNEE. This is manifested by a tense fluctuating swelling on each side of the back tendons just above the knee and behind the bone of the fore-arm ; also of a swelling behind and immediately below the knee, pressure on one of these swellings causing the filHng up of the others and vice versa. There may or may not be much lameness, or im- possibility of flexing the knee so as to bring the fetlock pad in contact with the elbow. Treat the inflammation as in sprained radial hgament, and the liquid distension by blister, by bandage and pads shaped like half of an egg cut longitudinally, or still better by evacuating the liquid with the nozzle of a hypodermic syiinge, and then applying pressure with wet bandages. SYNOVIAL SWELLINGS IN FEONT OF THE KNEE. These are of three kinds : 1st, the distension of a bursa or formation of a serous cyst under the skin, exceedingly 332 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. common in lieavy cattle ; 2d, distension of the tlieca of one or more of the four tendons which pass over the front and outer side of the knee ; 3d, and finally, disease inside the knee-joint and distension of its capsule. The first is superficial though often possessed of very thick walls, is generally diffused over the front of the joint, and is little affected by flexion or extension. The distended thecse extend vertically along the lines of the tendons, reaching above and below the joint and are bound down at in- tervals by transverse bands ; their size is little affected by bending the joint. Distensions of the joint capsule ap- pear in the intervals between the tendons, do not extend beyond the joint except in very extreme cases, and disap- pear in part or entirely when the joint is bent ; in this case the joint is rarely kept fully extended in standing and cannot usually be flexed to make the fetlock touch the elbow. Treatment. For Subcutaneous cysts puncture with nozzle of hypodermic syringe, draw off the liquid and compress strongly with wet bandages. If this cannot be done, pass a tape from above downward through the cavity of the sac, and keep in until resulting suppuration has ceased, when it may be withdrawn from above downward a little at a time. Excess of inflammation may be subdued by fomentations and thick wet bandages. The distendecl thecce may be punctured with a nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and subjected to pressure, or treated with strong blisters (biniodide of mercury 2 dr., lard 1 oz.,) repeatedly applied ; or simple pressure will suffice if kept up for some weeks increasing the time daily. Setons would be dangerous. For distended joint see below. INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEE-JOINT. This may be seen in all stages from that in which the animal starts forward perceptibly at the knee and mani- fests suffering when you try to fully extend it by strong I Special Injuries of Bones , Joints mid Muscles. 333 pressure on its anterior surface, to the most violent and destructive inflammation with extensive exudation of lymph and even the formation of abscess. It tends to leave the puffy sweUings of its capsule referred to under the preced- ing heading, or distinct hard bony enlargements on the anterior surface of the joint. The animal stands squarely upon his feet with no inchnation to raise the heel, and in action carries the knee-joint comparatively unbent, takes a fairly long step and comes down with greatest force on the heels so as to wear the shoe at this point. A rider has a pecuhar sensation of the chest sinking under him. The lameness increases with exercise, especially on hard surfaces. Treatment Eest, without shoes ; subdue inflammation by soothing apphcations, after which blister the part. If the animal persists in using it too freely, apply splints and bandages to fix the joint, and place in shngs. WOTJKDS OF THE KNEE. Dislocation of the knee-joint with laceration of the lateral ligaments occurs, and though if put in splints and slings the patients will sometimes recover with a stiff knee, the result is a very undesirable one. Bruise of the Inner Side of the Knee. Speedy Cut. This usually results from a blow with the opposite foot, in horses with high action, in those with narrow chests, or, above all, in horses driven in the snow-path. It is mani- fested by an inflammatory swelling on the prominence of bone inside the joint, resulting in a permanent scar, a serous sac or an abscess. Its early or inflammatory stage may be treated by lotions of cold water or astringent liquids, kept constantly apphed; the serous effusion by pressure or by drawing off the liquid through a fine tube, and then bandaging, and abscess by a free incision A^dth a knife or lancet. To prevent keep the foot rather bare inside, with the shoe slightly beveled from its wearing to its bearing sur- 334 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. face, allow no ragged nail clinches to project, and re-ad- just the shoe sufficiently often (every three weeks). Or a boot may be worn extending from the fetlock to the knee and with a rim at its upper part to warn the animal when his foot approaches this point. Wounds in Feont of the Knees. Broken Knees. Usu- ally sustained in falling, but it may be by striking against a manger or other hard object. They are of all degrees of severity : 1st, simj)le loss of hair and slight abrasion of the scarfskin ; 2d, a severe bruise of the skin without laceration ; 3d, a wound extending no deeper than the skin ; 4th, a wound laying bare the tendons and opening their sheaths ; 5th, a wound laying open the joint and ex- posing the bones with or without laceration of the tendons ; and 6th, when the joint is opened and the small bones of the knee broken. Treatment. 1st, With simple abrasion no treatment is needed ; 2d, if much bruised tie short to a high rack to prevent lying down and bandage lightly, using a mild astringent lotion (sugar of lead ^ oz., carbolic acid 60 drops, water 2 qts.) ; 3d, in all cases in which the wound extends through the skin it is desirable to bend the knee to the position occupied when wounded so that the deep wounds may correspond with the superficial, and wash off with a stream of tepid water or soft clean sponge all dii't or foreign bodies, but never probe nor run any risk of opening cavities which have not been injured. Any shreds of tissue w^hich are absolutely dead should be cut off, but never remove any skin, however contused, as it will all be wanted. Then cutting the hair from the flaps of the wound above and below bring them together by straps of plaster or tow dipped in shellac paste, leaving sufficient intervals for the escape of matter. If the wound inflames and swells, give a purgative and dress with the lotion ad- vised for bruised knee. In all severe cases it is desirable to sling the patient after the first few days to obviate any attempt to lie down, which would seriously protract the Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 335 case ; 4th, the exposure of the tendons, with escape of glairj synovia, will entail more swelling and fever and per- manent enlargement of the joint, but will demand the same course of treatment ; 5th, when the tendons are crushed or torn and the joint opened, and above all when the bones are broken we have cases of increasing severity and in few such is it desirable to subject to treatment, un- less the patient is to be valuable for breeding purposes. Considerable death of tendon and even necrosis and elimi- nation of bone may be expected and the j^atient can only recover with a stiff joint. In addition to the measures already recommended, it becomes imperative to encase the limb up to the elbow in sphnts and bandages, as for a fracture, leaving open the part in front of the knee for dressing the wound. These are circumscribed inflammations of the perios- teum and small bones in the region of the shank, involving or not the shank-bones themselves, and resulting in small bony swellings. They occur almost invariably on the inner rig. 67. Fig. 67— Splint. side of the limb, between the large and small bones of the shank, and may usually be recognized by running the fingers down the slight groove formed between the main shank-bone and its small accessory one behind. It usually connects the large bone to the small (anchylosis), but may be confined to the posterior part of the small bone, or may extend across the back of the shank-bone and appear at the same level on the inner and outer sides of the hmb 336 Tlie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. alike. In old liorses it is not unfrequent to find the small bone united to the large along ty\^o-tliirds of its length. If situated high up and close to the knee, it is more likely to cause continued lameness than if lower down. Again if an animal has several splints and other diseases of bone he is highly objectionable, as being predisposed to bone disease. Symj)toms. Beside the feeling of the splints on hand- ling, as above mentioned, these symptoms may be seen. The patient may walk sound, or even trot so, on soft ground, but is exceedingly lame when trotted on a hard surface, and this lameness increases with exercise. The extreme drooping of the head is characteristic. Even before the formation of the splint tenderness may be shown on pressure, and some little heat recognized. In some cases considerable soft swelling may be felt in the early stages. In acute cases, threatening abscess, the lameness is extreme. Treatment. In the early stages, rest, purge, and apply cooling lotions. When heat and tenderness subside, blis- ter. Some cases will recover promptly, others require repeated blistering and a long period of rest. If heat and great tenderness return, resort again to soothing measures. In extreme tenderness, threatening the formation of mat- ter, the periosteum should be divided with a very narrow- bladed knife which is passed through the skin half an inch .below the swelling and carried up over it. The part must then be covered by a wet bandage. INFLAMMATION OF THE MEIMBRANE COVEPJNG THE SHANK-BONE. SORE SHINS. This occurs especially in over-worked young horses. Hacers are very liable, but cart-horses are not exempt. There is general tumefaction of the shank-bone or of some part of it, usually the lower, with a lameness greatly re- sembling that of splints. If slight and circumscribed, the exudation that takes place between the membrane and Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles, 337 the bone is ossified, giving rise to permanent thickening, and exudation outside the membrane may follow a similar course, causing a very considerable swelling. In the more severe cases, the abundant exudation, separating the membrane from the bone, may cut off the supply of blbod and entail necrosis ; or the lymph may degenerate into pus which burrows beneath the membrane, separating it from the bone and destrojdng the life of the latter. Treatment. In mild cases treat hke splints. In the very severe with great tenderness and doughy swelling of the bone, make a series of incisions through the membrane covering the bone, with a very narrow-bladed knife and by valvular wounds, passing the blade a short distance beneath the skin before cutting down on the bone. Then apply- the lotion advised for broken knees. FEACTUEE OF THE SPLINT BONES. The lower ends of the small bones of the shank are liable to be broken, the lesion being made out by the swelling at the point and the unnatural mobihty of the lower end of the bone, though grating is not to be ex- pected. No treatment is needed beyond a cooling bandage and rest. FEACTUEE OF THE SHANK-BONE. This is broken by kicks, blows, or simply by con- cussion in exercise. The superficial position of the bone renders all distortion very apparent, and this with the impossibility of resting weight on the hmb and the grating of the broken ends when handled are unmistak- able. Treatment. If comminuted, as it often is, the animal had best be slaughtered. If only compound, hopes may be entertained, especially in young animals, an open- ing being made m the bandage to dress the wound. If sim- ple and the fi'acture not too oblique, nothing is easier than to set it, to envelop it in a bandage extending over and 29 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. fixing the knee, and to keep the patient in slings until union has taken place. ■ SPRAINS OF THE BACK TENDONS. These are the two cords which form the posterior hne of the limb between the knee and the fetlock. About midwa}^ down the shank the front one is joined by a strong cord coming from the upper end of the cannon-bone and the lower row of small knee bones. This last is by far the most frequent seat of sprain, so that the swelling and tenderness are observed between the upj^er half of the cannon-bone and the round cord which forms the posterior outline of the limb. In other cases the tendons have participated in the sprain, and they too are thickened and tender from the middle of the shank (the point of junction with the hgament) down to the fetlock. In a third class the sprain is confined to an inch or two above the fetlock. In these the swelling is to the two sides if the anterior of the two tendons is injured and backward if the posterior is sprained. The sympfoms are a stumbhng gait, with a tendency to stub the toe into the ground and to bend over at the knee and fetlock ; an inclination to stand with the knee and fetlock shghtly bent, the pastern upright or the heel a little raised ; then passing the hand along the line of the tendons and in front of them in the upper half of the bone, the thumb on one side and the fingers on the other, any slight thickening is easily recognized, and if heat exists and pain on pinching, your suspicions are con- firmed. In old bad cases the stay ligament and lower half of the tendons are greatly thickened throughout and the knee kept constantly bent, sometimes to the extent of causing the patient to walk on the front of the hoof. In other cases the cords are knotted, hard and wanting in suppleness, shovdng calcification of their substance. Treatment. In the early stages of severe cases, rest, shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot fomentation continuously, or cold astringent lotions. Sjoecial Injuries ofBones^ Joints and Muscles. 339 "When heat and tenderness have subsided the high-heeled shoe may be dispensed with, the foot shod level and active blisters appHed. The preparations of the iodides of mer- cury are among the best. In old cases of extreme con- traction the tendons can be cut across by a narrow- bladed knife with as Kttle external wound as possible, and the hmb extended to its proper form and retained there by spHnts and bandages until new fibrous tissue fills up the interval between the divided ends. The oper- ation is performed in the middle of the shank below the connection with the stay ligament and is very successful in appropriate cases, restoring a helpless cripple to perfect usefulness. Eor the minutiae of the operation the reader is referred to our larger work. Calcified, knotted tendons are utterly unsuited to it. SPKAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. This structure lies between the shank-bone and the back tendons and extends from the back of the lower part of the knee to the little bones (sesamoids) which form the pulley for the tendons behind the fetlock, with prolonga- tions forward on the sides of the pastern to join the ex- tensor tendon of the foot. The seat of sprain may be at any part but is usualty in the lower third of the shank, where it divides into an inner and an outer branch. The sprain may cause but the shghtest perceptible swelhng on one of these branches or the ligament may be completely torn across, the fetlock descending to the ground and the toe turning up. Any injury to this Hgament is likely to cause more persistent lameness than a corresponding in- jury to the back tendons, seeing it is a mechanical support to the fetlock and is always on the strain when the animal stands upon the limb. Sijmpioms. Persistent, often severe lameness, upright pastern, stumbling gait or undue lowering of the fetlock when weight is thrown upon the limb. Then by bringing the fingers and thumb do^Ti the line of the cord felt im- 340 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. mediately behind the lower half of the shank-bone be- tween it and the back tendons, some enlargement is detected with heat and tenderness. In bad cases, with descent of the fetlock, the whole length of the cord is thickened and the infiltration of the surrounding parts gives the whole back of the limb a soft doughy feeling. Treatment is much less satisfactory than in sprains of the back tendons but the principles are the same, though a much longer period of rest and blistering is usually demanded. In severe forms with descent of the fetlock, that must be supported by splints and bandages, in the same manner as after cutting the back tendons, otherwise the limb will be permanently distorted. These severe cases, which usually result from the most violent exertions in racing or hunting, rarely recover so as to be fit for such work in future, though they may be useful for service at a slow pace. SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS OVER THE FETLOCK PULLEY. WIND- GALLS. SESAMOIDITIS. This is the result of sprains or severe exertions and is al- ways associated with round elastic synovial swellings on each side of the tendons, familiarly known as puffs or wind- galls. Similar swellings arise, independent of sprains, as the result of over-exertion or dropsy of the part. The swellings may become sohd by coagulation of the lymph and may be absorbed or organized, or the inflammation may attack the bone, leading to ulceration and bony de- posits. Similar bony deposits with or without ulceration may take place on these small bones in connection with injuries of the suspensory ligament. Treatment. Simple wind-galls, dropsical or from over- exertion, may be made to disappear by persistent pressure with a bandage and pads applied at first two hours twice a day, and two hours more every day thereafter, until they can be kept on all the time. It may, however, re- quire five or six weeks and should be stopped if it Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 341 causes inflammation in the sac. Anotlier pla.n is to draw off the liquid through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and apply a firm wet bandage. In some quiet animals a weak solution of iodine may be injected, but this is too often injurious or at least fruitless, from the irritabilit}^ of the horse. Kecent puffs will sometimes disappear under strong astringent lotions (oak-bark and alum) or under an active bhster, or after firing, the contraction of the skin during healing appearing to be a principal cause of their absorption. "Where there is sprain "^dth much heat, tenderness and tension, treat by rest, purgative, a high-heeled shoe, and fomentations or cooUng astringent lotions, to be followed by blisters when the tenderness subsides. Disease of the bones ( Sesamoiditis ) must be treated with severe blisters and even firing, with long continued rest, but if ulcers already exist on the gliding surface of the bones a complete recovery need scarcely be looked for. SPRAIN OF THE INFEEIOR SESAMOID LIGAI^IENTS. The ligaments heloiv these jDulley -shaped hones behind the fetlock are sometimes sprained, causing great lameness with swelling and tenderness below the fetlock pad. Treat as for injury to the suspensory hgament. ELASTIC SWELLING IN FRONT OF THE FETLOCK. These are of two kinds : 1st, a serous abscess or en- larged bursa under the the skin : and 2d, the distension of a large synovial bursa between the extensor tendon and the capsule of the joint. The first swells out as a uniform rounded tumor on the front of the joint. The second has at first the appearance of a double tumor from the swell- ing aj^pearing at the two sides of the extensor tendon, and it is only in severe cases and advanced stages that these meet over the centre. They usually result from pricks or bruises, though the second form may be associated with sprain. Any existing infiammation should be subdued by 29- 342 The Fanner'' s Veterinary Adviser, sootliing measures ai](l a blister applied early to secure absorption of the liquid if possible. Should this fail the liquid may .be drawn off as advised for wind-galls, and the part tightly bandaged. Or a free incision may be made in the lower part of the sac and wet bandages applied to keep down inflammatory action, while the sac is obliter- ated by healing from the bottom. DISEASE OF THE FETLOCK JOINT. This is occasionally the seat of simple dropsical effusion, causing it to swell out like wind-galls on the inner and outer sides, just above the sesamoid bones. The swellings are, however, placed more anteriorly than distensions of the tendinous sheath, and pressure upon them does not cause bulging nor fluctuation behind and below the fetlock, on the line of the tendons. This is not necessarily connected with lameness, though if the result of inflammation of the joint, that is more likely. Inflammation of the joint may be recognized by the habitual resting of the leg, which starts forward at the fetlock, by the appearance of wind- galls just described, and by a swelling heat and tenderness of the entire joint. Bending the joint fully causes intense pain as does also full extension. Treatment does not differ from that of other inflamed joints. DISLOCATION OF THE FETLOCK. This occurs like that of the knee in connection with rupture of the lateral ligaments. We have had recoveries so as to be very useful for farm work by reducing the dis- location and fixing with splints and bandages, but this cannot by any means be calculated on. BLOWS ON THE INSIDE OF THE FETLOCK. CUTTING. Like cidting on the inner side of the knee, this arises from blows received in action. Weak animals with turned- out toes and distorted feet are most liable. It is to be Special Injuries ofBoneSy Joints and Muscles. 343 treated hj soothing measures, and if the bones or joints become involved, treat as advised for the respective in- juries. To lorevent, let the feet be kept a httle bare on the inner side and the shoes shghtly leveled off, but avoid lowering the foot or thinning the shoe on the inner side. On the contrary a very shght thickening of the shoe on the inside is sometimes beneficial, by straightening up the fetlock and remo^dng it from danger. If this fails wear a leather boot with a projecting rim, or a simple woolen bandage. In weak subjects benefit is often derived from bringing into a better condition of health. ERACTURES OF THE PASTERN BONES. These are exceedingly common in horses running on hard ground or even on soft movable sand. They are of all degrees of severity, from a simple spht without separa- tion of the broken pieces, to a complete shattering of the bone into a dozen fragments or more. Simple fractures are usually oblique, or even vertical, the bone being spHt in two nearly equal lateral halves, but transverse breaks are also seen. Symptoms. In shattered specimens the case is easily made out and the victim should be destroyed at once. In cases of detachment sufiicient to allow grating when the bones are moved (flexed and extended) there is as Httle difficulty. But in cases of spHtting without detachment, the parts being held firmly together by the strong fibrous investments, the case is hable to be mistaken. There is the fact that the injury occurred suddenly during action, the horse at once showing lameness, more extreme on hard ground; there is no injury to ligaments nor tendons; but pain when the pastern is fully flexed, and with or without swelling on the bone there is a line of tenderness which can easily be traced with the fingers and corresponds to the fracture. Treatment. Place the patient in slings, and if gi'ating 344 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. is heard apply a strong bandage to above the fetlock. If no grating sooth the early inflammation for a day or two, then render the parts immovable by a smart blister on the front and sides of the pastern from the hoof to the fetlock. Such cases usually do well, though if the fracture extends into a joint the recovery is likely to be imperfect. In the smaller animals bandages are requisite for fract- ure of the digital bones. BONY GEOWTHS ON THE PASTERN BONES. RINGBONES. These usually begin as inflammation of the membrane covering the bones, and at such points as give attachment to Hgaments, namely : the lateral aspects of the lower or smaU pastern bone, and of the low^er end of the upper or Fig. 68. Fig. 68 — Ringbones — higli and low. The rough irregular deposits of new bone are shown on the lateral parts of the large and small pastern bones respectively. large bone. There is a circumscribed, tender and some- what elastic swelhng, with more or less soft, doughy en- gorgement of the investing soft parts, and in course of time the exuded matter, at first soft, becomes hard and Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 345 bony. The process in the early stages often appears to consist in the dragging of the periosteum and vessels from the surface and the development of bone beneath. But as the disease advances the whole surface of one or both bones may become involved, leading to a general deposi- tion of new bony matter, extending, it may be, over the joint between the two pastern bones, or between the lower pastern and the bone of the foot, and abolishing all move- ment. Ringbones may also take origin in partial fract- ures, in concussion, in rheumatoid disease, and in faults of nutrition, in which the earthy salts are largely passed with the urine. Symptoms. Lameness may be almost altogether absent, or it may be extreme in such cases as are attended by act- ive inflammation of the bone or joint, or when the joint has become fixed by bony deposit. The heel may be first brought to the ground or, in the hind foot, the fetlock may knuckle over and the toe strikes first. The lameness is worst on hard ground and usually increases with exer- cise. Swelling may be scarcely perceptible and confined to the inner or outer side of one pastern bone, or it may be an extreme enlargement of the whole pastern region. It may be hard throughout in old cases, or softer and slightly elastic at points where active disease is still going on. Forcible bending of the pastern causes much pain, as also pressure on the swelling and especially on the softer and more recent deposits. Treatment. Best, second the indications of nature in order to secure an easy position, using a high-heeled shoe when the animal walks on the toe and a thin-heeled one when he walks on his heel. If there is very active in- flammation adopt soothing measures first and then blister severely or even fire. Corrosive sublimate and camphor 20 grains of each, muriatic acid 10 drops and oil of tur- pentine 1 oz. is often useful in such cases, but should be watched and washed off when sufiicient exudation has taken place, otherwise it may blemish. In firing it is usu- 346 The Fanner'' s Veterinary Adviser. ally desirable to penetrate the skin in points, but never keep the hot iron long in contact with it lest the radiated heat destroy the integument. It is often needful to allow a rest of several months for consohdation of the new de- posit. When the joints are much affected the only cure is by the growth of bone over them and the abolition of movement, and then there remains some stiffness though there may be ability for slow work. Old horses recover less satisfactorily than young ones. If there is reason to suspect a rheumatic comphcation or any general fault in nutrition these must be attended to. SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS BEHIND THE PASTERN. This is of two kinds, though both in almost the same seat. Opposite the first pastern joint the posterior ten- don divides into two branches which passing over the in- ner and outer sides of the other tendon are inserted on the corresponding aspects of the head of the small pastern bone. Between these branches the other tendon plays over a raised fibro-cartilaginous j)ulley, its gliding being favored by a sjTiovial sac. This last tendon may be sprained as it plays over this pulley, in the median line of the back of the limb, and either of the branches of the other tendon may be sprained close to its attachment on the inner or outer side of this pulley. Symptoms. Standing quiet the animal keeps the fet- lock and pastern joints slightly flexed, the foot advanced six or eight inches, the heel slightly raised and the toe resting on the ground. In action he steps short and stubs the toe into the ground and generally improves as he warms up to work. The toe of the shoe wears faster than the heel, and the heel in old standing cases may be a lit- tle contracted, but it is not unnaturally warm, nor is there wincing on tapping the quarter or the sole to either side of the body of the frog, with a hammer. This serves to distinguish from disease of the small pulley-shaped bone of the foot — the misnamed coffin-Joint disease. Pressure Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 347 on the tendons in the hollow of the heel canses much pain and mncing, and the precise seat of injury maj^ be ascer- tained from the position of greatest suffering — in the me- dian line, to the inner side or to the outer. Treatment. Shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe and surround the pastern with bandages soaked in cold water or some cooling astringent lotion. A purgative will be useful if inflammation runs high. When heat and ten- derness subside, any remaining lameness may usually be removed by a blister on the fi^ont and sides of the pastern. FEACTUEES OF THE HIP-BONES. Feactuee of the Outee Angle. In young animals a little nodule from the extreme angle is often broken off by blows before it has acquired a firm connection with the parent bone. In the old, the fracture usually extends deeper, three, four, or six inches in breadth being often detached. In either case the fragment is drawn down- ward by the muscles leading to a greater or less flattening of the quarter, and it usually becomes attached to the parent bone by fibrous tissue or even bony union. In some instances, the fragment acting as a foreign body sets up inflammation with suppuration and a running sore. The slighter cases are not necessarily attended by lame- ness but if much bone has been detached, with consider- able flattening, there is more or less halting on the limb. Treatment consists in keeping the animal still until union has been effected, or in case of a running sore a free in- cision should be made and the fragment of bone extracted. Feactuee of the In^nee Angle neae its Junction with the Backbone. This is less frequent than the last but still tolerably common. It causes considerable lameness, and grating is heard when the limb is moved backvrard and forward. The oiled hand introduced through the rectum may feel the outline of the bones on the two sides, and detect the change fi'om the natural form on the broken one. If it has been clone for some time, there is a soft pasty swelling on the inner side of the bone. 348 The Farmer''s Veterinary Adviser. Fkacture of the Point of the Hip. As in the case of the outer angle, the posterior one is very liable to sustain fracture of a small portion which is developed apart from the rest of the bone. In other cases several inches in breadth of the bone is detached. In both cases alike it is drawn downward so that the prominence on one side of the tail is greater than on the other. It may be unat- tended by lameness and tends to grow on below, though it will sometimes remain detached and form a running sore in which case it must be removed by the knife. Fkactures through the Shaft of the Hip-bone. These may be in front of the hip-joint, behind it, or through it. Again, they may be simple or comminuted. If the fract- ure does not implicate the joint, weight may still be rested on the limb, but if through the joint the limb is held use- less. The dragging lameness of hip disease is always present and grating may be felt by seizing the outer and posterior angles of the hip in the two hands while the animal walks. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will enable the observer to ascertain the exact seat and nature of the injury. Treatment of Fractures of the Hip. If through the joint, or much shattered, the animal should be at once de- stroyed. If a simple fracture the patient should be put in slings and kept still for a month or six weeks. In such cases recovery may be expected. sprain of the hip. This is one of the most common injuries of the hip and is located in the tendon of the largest muscle of the but- tock as it plays over the large process on the head of the thigh-bone. Its exact site is easily found in thin horses by the prominence over the jomt and midway between the anterior and posterior angles of the hip-bone. There is the usual dragging hip lameness, a quick short step with the affected limb, the hip being moved as little as possible, suffering when the member is drawn forward and tender- Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 349 ness to pressure on the seat of tlie sprain. Swelling and heat are rare because of the depth of the lesion. In cases of any standing the muscles of the quarter waste. Treatment. Long continued rest, with at first fomenta- tions, and later, active and repeated blisters, or even the hot iron applied in points. Some chronic cases do well under a combination of exercise and counter-irritants as follows : rub the affected c[uarter with oil of turpentine, then take out and exercise in a circle until covered with persph-ation ; then return to the stable, rub down and clothe with a double wet blanket over the lame quarter. Repeat daily for some time. DISPLACEIVIENT OF THE ABDUCTOE FEMOEIS. • Lean cattle are subject to a peculiar form of hip lame- ness, from displacement backward of the large muscle which plays over the prominence at the head of the thigh- bone. The high, bony process presses on the anterior border of the muscle, preventing it from resuming its natural position. The anterior border of the muscle forms a prominent painless cord extending fi'om behind the hip- joint to below the stifle. Li moving, the toe is di-agged along the ground, being extended backward, and the limb is flexed with effort and often in a sudden and convulsive manner, and accompanied by a dull sound. These symp- toms are most marked if the animal is made to step over a bar of six or eight inches high as he leaves the stable. Treatment. Some recover under good nourishment with or without blisters, but usually it is best to make an incis- ion over the front of the cord an inch or two below the head of the thigh-bone and cut the border of the muscle across ^dth a narrow-bladed knife. The animal may be kept quiet by the bull-dog pincers in his nose, and by drawing the opposite hmb forward A\ith a hue passed through a collar. 30 350 The Fanner^s Veterinary Adviser. DISEASE OF THE HIP-JOINT. This may be connected witli a partial fracture of the bones of the quarter extending into the joint, with lacera- tion of the ligaments, with ulceration of the bones, or with simple synovitis, from over-work, rheumatism, or other cause. The sympto)ns strongly resemble those of sprain of the hip, but there is no pain on pressure upon the prominence on the head of the thigh-bone, but often much suffering when the limb is drawn outward and backward, so as to place the ligaments on the stretch. It is attended with wasting of the muscles of the quarter. Treatment. Rest, sling if at all convenient, foment the quarter with a thick rug repeatedly folded, and finally bhster actively or, still better, fire. A long period of rest is usually necessary. DISLOCATION OF THE HIP. This is almost unknown in the horse excepting in con- nection with fracture, but is not very uncommon in lean cattle and small animals as a consequence of falls and dragging of the limb to excess in any one direction. It will even happen from extreme dragging of the limb out- ward when caught over a bar. Displacement is usually forward or hackivard. In the former case the limb is shortened, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone carried forward and the toe turned out. In the latter the limb is elongated, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone 'carried backwards and the toe turned inward. Dislocations inward and outward are also described and would be marked by the deviations of the Hmb from its normal position, and the depression or increased promi- nence of the head of the thigh-bone. Reduction. Lay the animal on the opposite side of the body ; maintain the body immovable by a strong sheet carried between the thighs and held by several men or fixed to a firm object ; attach a band round the limb above the hock and let two men drag upon this, or one man Special Injur ies of Bones, Jo ints and Muscles. 351 carefidly witli tlie aid of a block and tackle ; meanwliile the operator, seizing hock and stifle, must turn the upper part of the hmb in a direction opposite to the displace- ment, li foriuard the hock is raised and the stifle de- pressed ; if hacJcward the stifle is raised and the hock depressed ; if inward a smooth round billet of wood is to be placed between the thighs to act as a fulcrum upon which the limb is depressed when sufficiently stretched ; if outward the lower part of the limb must be drawn out- ward and upward, while weight is thrown on the thigh- bone ; or by movements of the limb it may be changed to a dislocation forward and reduced from that position. It may be necessary to relax the muscles by a fuU dose of chloral -hydrate before attempting to reduce, When re- duced, the head of the bone slips in with a jerk and an audible sound, and the limb assumes its natural position. The animal may then be let up, and should be kept quiet and alone for several days. These cases do far better than could be expected from the anatomical arrangements of the part. FRACTUEE OF THE NECK OF THE THIGH-BOKE. This is not uncommon in small animals, especially dogs, but very rare indeed in the large quadrupeds. It is marked by shortening of the hmb, inability to use it, and gi'ating when it is moved. If the finger or hand is passed into the rectum and pressed against the crest above the hip- joint, while an assistant draws the hmb outward, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone may be felt above the crest. This can only occur in two other conditions ; — fracture of the outer rim of the cup receiv- ing the head of the thigh-bone, and outward dislocation of the hip-joint without fi^acture. The latter may be dis- tinguished by the absence of grating, while the first is as serious as the fracture of the neck of the bone. Treatment is useless in the large quadrupeds, but in the small, a firm retentive starch bandage for the whole Hmb will often secure recovery. 352 The Farmer^s Veterinary Adviser. FRACTURE OF THE SHAFT OF THE THIGH-BONE. This is marked by inability to use the limb, muscular trembling, swelling on the inner side of the thigh, and grating, felt or heard, when the limb is moved in various directions. In the larger quadrupeds nothing can be done beyond shnging and quiet, which may prove successful in exceptional cases, but in small animals, dogs and cats especially, a well applied starch bandage will usually be a FRACTURES OF THE LOWER ENDS OF THE THIGH-BONE. These are recognized by great pain and swelling in the stifle, with grating when the joint is seized between the hands and the limb moved. It may be considered ir- remediable in the large animals, and recoveries are imper- fect in the small. FRACTURE OF THE KNEE-CAP. The small bone in front of the stifle is sometimes fract- ured either across or vertically, causing local swelling and tenderness with inability to use the limb, which is draAvn backward and outward. It is irremediable. DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE-CAP. Not uncommon in certain breeds of horses, this usually occurs when standing at rest in the stable or rather after rising. The limb is drawn forcibly outward and backward, the foot resting on the toe, and the animal is helpless to move it. The bone may be felt displaced at the outer side, at what should be the most prominent anterior point of the stifle. In young horses it may be attended mth ulcer- ation of the puUey over which it plays, but, in the adult, this is very exceptional. Reduction may sometimes be effected by starting the animal with a whip, the limb being brought forward under the violent effort and the bone meanwdiile slipping into place. More commonly it is requisite to draw the foot Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 353 forward, either by simply lifting it, or by tlie aid of a rope having a noose round the fetlock, and passing through a collar on the neck. While the limb is being advanced, a hand should be placed on the bone outside the stifle to press it into position. When reduced keep on a level (not shppery) floor ; apply a shoe with a toe piece projecting an inch in front of the hoof, and curved up ; and finally put a smart bhster on the joint. Second Form. A modification of the above is seen in horses and cattle, in which the knee-cap is djawn too high during extreme extension of the stifle, and then pulled outward by the abductor muscles ; its inner lateral liga- ment shps into the notch above the pulley, over which the bone should play, and the animal remains helpless with the hmb drawn back as in ordinary dislocation. There is a depression in front of the upper part of the stifle, sur- mounted by a swelling which is soft, not hard, as it would be were the current explanation of cramp of tJie muscles correct. The reduction is by the same method advised for ordinary dislocation, and the after treatment identical. DISEASE IN THE STIFLE JOINT. If between the hiee-cap and its pulley the patient usually drags the toe on the ground, steps short and brings the foot forward with a swinging outward motion. The leg is kept half bent when standing, the knee-cap is felt to move loosely on the pulley, causing pain, and an elastic fluctu- ating swelUng is felt beneath it in the intervals between the three descending Hgaments. In disease of the inner or outer division of the true joint the animal stands mth it in the same position, but in walking it may either be jerked up suddenly, or in the worst cases, this joint and the hock are carried in a stiff extended position and the principal movement is in the hip. An elastic sweUing may usually be felt beneath the knee-cap but it is less prominent than in disease of the pulley, and the bone is less mobile and does not cause pain when moved. 30* 354 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Treatment. All cases require a higli-lieeled shoe ex- cepting such as are att Landed with dislocation of the knee- cap, in which case a thin-heeled shoe with a projection forward at the toe is indicated. Rest is essential, and in case of very acute inflammation, fomentations should pre- cede repeated blistering or firing. A long rest is impera- tive. In ulceration of the bones and dislocation of the knee-cap in young animals, the fault is mainly in nutrition, and a rich diet, tonics, pure air and sunshine are demanded. FRACTURE OF THE LEG BETWEEN THE THIGH AND HOCK. The j^rincipal bone of this region (tibia) lying superficially on the inner side of the leg is very liable to fracture from kicks. The symptoms are patent enough when the fract- ure is complete, the bone hanging useless, and the broken ends being easil}^ felt beneath the skin. But in very many cases the bone is only split part of the way through and the patient may show little lameness, may even do a fair day's work or perform a long journey with his broken bone. But with the occurrence of the exudation and soft- ening around the seat of injury, the bone gives way under a slight strain, and thus the fracture appears to have oc- curred from getting up in the stall, though several hard days' work may have been done since the injury was re- ceived. Treatment. In all cases of blows on the inner side of the leg in which a line of tenderness extends from the point of the bone which has been struck, place the animal in slings and wait for repair. A compound or commi- nuted fracture of this bone need hardly be treated in large quadrupeds. A simple transverse fracture may recover in slings, with a firm bandage and splints from the foot up to above the stifle. I have had a fair recovery even with a very oblique fracture, but this should only be at- tempted in valuable breeding animals. The smaller bone of the leg (fibula) may be fractured by falling in shafts or across a pole or beam. The resulting Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 355 lameness is most puzzling as the broken ends of the bone are held together by fibrous tissue, and though they move hinge-like no grating is produced. Then the bone is so deeply covered by muscle that it cannot be felt. A blow on the outer side of the hind leg, just below the stifle, in- ducing persistent lameness, with tenderness on pressure along the line of the bone on the outer side of the limb, and without any other apparent injury, implies fracture of this bone. Treatment. A month's absolute rest and one or more blisters over the seat of injury. SPEAIN OR LACERATION OF THE MUSCLE WHICH BENDS THE HOCK. This is often sprained at its lower part, and especially in its inner branch which passes over the front and inner side of the lower part of the hock joint, giving rise to a swelling exactly in the seat of bone spavin. It is dis- tinguished by its tense, elastic nature and by its position on this tendon rather than above or below it. Treatment. A smart bhster, or this failing, evacuate with a fine nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and then apply a wet bandage or blister. This form is rarely hurtful. When more severely sprained the swelHng, heat and tenderness may be felt in front of the hock or on the anterior and outer side of the stifle according to the seat of injury. The limb is usually carried very straight, there being little or no bending of either hock or stifle. It is to be treated in the ordinary way by soothing measures followed by blisters or firing. Lacerations of tJw muscle, or more frequently rupture of the tendon occurs, causing the hock to be carried straight and the shank dangling nearly in a line with the leg. In some instances from violent contraction of the extensor muscles, the foot may be jerked out backward when the patient is started. In injury to the muscle there is at first a depression at the part with swelling above and 356 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, below, but soon the hollow fills up and may become prom- inent, soft and doughy. In rupture of the tendon the depressed interval, or later, a soft doughy swelling on the line of the cord in front of the hock, is sufficiently char- acteristic. Treatment. Rest, and astringent lotions to the part (acetate of lead 3 drs., water 1 qt.) These cases almost always do well. SPRAIN OF THE HAMSTRING. This is productive of lameness with manifest pain in extending the hock and a jerk in lifting the limb and is easUy recognized by the firm swelling of the cord above the point of the hock. It is to be treated by a high- heeled shoe, with fomentations and subsequently blisters to the part. RUPTURE OF THE HAMSTRING. This is much more serious, the hock and fetlock bend- ing so as to render the limb useless whenever weight is placed upon it. The separation of the divided ends can easily be felt through the skin. Treatment. If in large quadrupeds place in slings. In all apply an immovable bandage, and splints extending from the foot to some way above the hock, so as to keep that joint fully extended. CAPPED HOCK. This is of two kinds : 1st, a serous distension of a bursa which exists between the skin and the point of the hock ; and 2d, sprain of the tendon inserted on the point of the hock (gastrocnemius) or of the one which plays over it (perforatus). 1. The distension of the subcutaneous bursa usually results from kicks or blows and is to be feared as in- dicating vice, but rarely causes lameness. The soft fluctu- ating swelling is directly backward from the point of the Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 35 7 hock, and may be of almost any size. Slight and recent cases may be treated by a purge and soothing lotions to be followed as soon as heat and tenderness subside by a smart blister (iodide of mercury 2 drs., lard 1 oz.) Should the sac remain, evacuate with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and apply a wet elastic bandage ; or open by a small orifice below and heal like an ordinary wound. To prevent its repetition is a much more difficult matter as it usually implies the cure of a vice. Stretching prickly bushes or chains behind him, tying chains or logs to the limb above the hock, or applying hobbles are all more likely to ensure permanent injury to a nervous animal than to cure him of his vice. A kicking strap will often succeed in harness. 2. In case of sprain of the tendons, the swelling takes place at the two sides and above rather than at the point of the hock. It is more or less tense but elastic and even fluctuates on pressure. It is often attended with severe lameness which may become permanent in connection with ulceration of the bone. It is to be treated hke an ordinary sprain by high-heeled shoe, and fomentations or cold astringent lotions, followed by blister. If swelhng remains it may be punctured and compressed as in the first form of capped hocJc, but a seton should not be used. DISPLACEMENT OUTWAED OF THE TENDON PLAYING OVER THE POINT OF THE HOCK. This is a rare occurrence, the tendon being traceable as a firm cord across the outer side of the bone in place of over its summit. It seems impossible to restore it to its place, as the band which fixed the tendon to the inner part of the bony process has given way. Fortunately the animal is often little incommoded after the subsidence of the preliminary inflammation, and I have kno^vn one do excellent carriage work, the only objection being the un- sighthness of the hock. 358 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TEXDON (PERFORAXS) BEHIND THE HOCK. THOROUGH-PIN. This tendon plays over the back of the hock, to the inner side of the bony process v/hich forms its point, and has a large synovial sheath extending above and below the joint. When sprained at this point there is lameness, a tendency to knuckle over at the fetlock, and a round, tense, elastic, fluctuating swelling on each side in front of the point of the hock and in the hollow between the hamstring and the bone. Pressure on the one side causes bulging on the other, and pressure on both causes fluctuation on the line of the tendon below and behind the hock. Treatment. A high-heeled shoe, rest, fomentations, or coohng lotions and a purgative. When heat and tender- ness subside, blister, repeatedly, or even fire when there is reason to suspect disease of the bone. When all lame- ness has passed off leaving only a puffy swelling, or when that has appeared without lameness as the result of worh Fig. 69. Fig. 69 — Spring bandage for thorough-pin. or as a dropsical effusion, apply a spring bandage with two smooth round pads pressing on the inner and outer swell- ings. The accompanying cut may enable any saddler to construct such an instrument, the spring being made of good spring steel and covered with leather. DISTENSION OF THE SHEATH OF THE EXTENSOR TENDON IN FRONT OF THE HOCK. This causes a tense fluctuating swelling at the front and outer side of the hock. It is rare and not usually iniuri- special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 359 ous, but may be treated like similar synovial swellings elsewhere. FKACTURE OF THE IN^^EE MALLEOLUS. This consists in fracture of the bony prominence on the inner side of the hock at its highest point. It usually re- sults from a blow with the opposite foot in fighting flies. There is more or less swelling of the part, with an un- natural mobility of the process and in some cases dis- tinct grating. It is not unfrequent to have a wound in the skin and a flow of glairy synovia from the opened joint. In other cases, independently of fracture, there is inflam- mation and enlargment of the bony eminence. Treatment. Eest is imperative, as the fracture often imphcates the joint. If synovia escapes use a sugar of lead lotion (1 oz. to 1 pt. water and 60 drops carbohc acid), or even apply a bhster around the joint, leaving the space of an inch around the wound untouched. In other cases rely on soothing applications, followed b}^ blisters when heat is diminished. Such cases usually do well, even an open joint being harmless from the wound being at its upper part. Even pieces of bone may be taken out with portions of the joint surface and yet a satisfactory recovery ensue. EEACTUKE OF THE PODv'T OF THE HOCK. This may merely imphcate the extreme summit of the bone in young horses or it may occur lower down in the middle of the bony process. There is much lameness and difficulty in bringing the foot to the ground, the limb being often kept raised and semi-flexed, and the detached por- tion may be felt in fi'ont of the point of the hock, or a line of tenderness may be detected across the middle of that bone, detachment and grating being obviated by the strong fibrous investment. Treatment. If a portion has been detached from the summit, place in slings, extend the joint and replace it, 360 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. retaining it in position by firm pads of tow placed in the hollow in front of the bone and a strong starch or plaster bandage extending from the hoof to beyond the hock. When there is no detachment, soothe the parts till heat and tenderness subside and then blister, allowing a long period of rest. FRACTUKES OF THE OTHER HOCK BONES. If these implicate the upper or true hock joint, they are usually beyond remedy, but if the lower flat bones only, they present symptoms like those of bone spavin, and may recover by union of the small bones. BONE SPA^^N. This consists in disease (inflammation, ulceration, bony deposit,) of the small flat bones in the lower and inner Fig. 70. Fig. 70 — Bone Spavin affecting both inner and outer sides of the joint. part of the hock joint, often implicating those of the outer side as well. It may be manifested by local swelling, heat and tenderness,, or these may be altogether absent as in cases of ulceration in the centre of the joint between the flat bones — ( Occult Spavin). The swelling, when it does exist, is on the antero-internal aspect of the lower part of the articulation, to be seen by standing about two feet from the fore limb and looking across the front of the joint. It is hard and to be distinguished fi^om the tense, elastic swelling caused by sprain of the inner branch of the flexor tendon, and from the soft distended vein (so- Special Injuries of Bones, Joints and Muscles. 361 called hloocl spavin) whicli passes across this part of the joint. The bony swelling may be more to the front, or more backward on the inner side of the hock, or it may even show mainly on the outer side. It frequently im- plicates the head of the shank-bone, and in bad cases may extend up to the true hock-joint and even abohsh its movement. Lameness, which is usually present in re- cent cases and is the only symptom in occult spavin, is shown by moving stiffly on the toe, when the horse is turned from side to side of the stall. The same stiff walk- ing on the toe is seen for the first few steps in starting, after which it disappears, but there remains a stiffness and lack of bending in the hock and stifle joints which a little practice will enable one to recognize. There is sometimes, however, a jerking up of the limb as in string- halt. If turned quickly in a narrow circle the animal drops on the limb, carries it stiffly or even rests on the toe only. If the lameness is only moderate it will usually disappear when the patient becomes warmed up at work, hence the propriety of placing him in a quiet stable for twenty minutes before examination. Treatment. Best ; a high-heeled shoe ; fomentations and laxatives are appropriate to the early inflammatory stages. Later, counter-irritants are demanded. Bhsters of any kind will usually succeed. The hot iron is perhaps even more efficient. Deep firing in points is especially beneficial. Some cases will resist aU these modes of treat- ment, but recover after section of the flexor tendon which passes over the swelling. Other methods are pursued with variable success. All may do well in young horses with no constitutional infirmity, and all will fail in some old subjects. INFLAMMATION OF THE TEUE HOCK JOINT. BOG SPAVIN. Inflammation of the upper or principal joint of the hock, where nearly all the movement takes place, occurs from overvv^ork, sprains, rheumatism, punctures, wounds, fi'act- 31 362 Tlie Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. Tires, etc. There is a puffy fluctuating swelling with heat and tenderness on the antero-internal side of the upper part of the joint, where in the natural state there is a hol- low or depression. There is also a similar swelling behind in the seat of thorough-pin but distinguishable in that it can be pressed forward by compression, the anterior swelling meanwhile filling up, but there results no swell- ing below and behind the hock as in thorough-pin. The lameness resembles that of hone spavin, but there is per- haps more tendency to a jerking up of the limb. The disease may go on to ulceration of the joint, to bony de- posit, and even to anchylosis with aboHtion of all move- ment. Treatment. Rest, and use a high-heeled shoe. In case of very violent inflammation use soothing measures (fo- mentation), and when extreme heat and tenderness have subsided use blisters as for bone spavin, or still better, the hot iron applied lightly at nearly a white heat. Open joint is to be treated here as elsev»^here, an active blister being often of great advantage in arresting move- ment, closing the wound and abating inflammation. Bog spavin is most obstinate in old animals and in rheumatic constitutions with cracking of the joints in starting a walk. DROPSY OF THE HOCK JOINT. BOG SPAVIN. An excessive secretion of joint-oil, from over-exertion, or a dropsical effusion into the cavity of the joint pro- duces a swelling having all the characters described above, but without heat, tenderness or lameness. It may some- times be benefited by a blister or even by a bandage wet with some strong astringent lotion, but as it is only a blemish and does not interfere with the animal's useful- ness it is best, as a rule, to let it alone. BLOob SPAVIN. This is a dilatation of the vein which runs over the Special Injuries of Bones ^ Joints and Muscles. 363 seats of hog and hone spavins and being harmless should not be interfered with. This is a swelling, at first soft and doughy, but later hard and resistant, in the median line of the limb and just behind the lowest part of the hock joint. It is best seen by standing to one side of the limb and looking di- rectly across it. The injury is usually a sprain of the tendon (perforatus) which plays over the front of the hock, though in some bad cases the ligament of the hock be- neath this is injured as weU. There is heat and tender- ness mth more or less lameness and a tendency to knuckle forward at the fetlock. Curhy hocks are congenital in some horses and cannot be looked on as disease, but rather distortion. Treatment. Keep quiet, put on a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot fomentations or cooling lotions until inflamma- tion moderates, when an active bhster may be applied. In some severe cases this may require to be repeated or resort must be had to the hot iron, but this is altogether exceptional. STRING-HALT. This is the name given to a habit of suddenly jerking up the hind limb when raised from the ground. It may be shown only in turning from side to side in the stall and in starting, or it may appear in walking and trotting as well. Again, the jerk may be comparatively slight, or so extreme that the fetlock may even strike the belly. Its causes are unknown, though manifestly it is a reflex nervous act and may perhaps be determined by a variety of local injuries. If any such can be found they should be corrected, but as a rule treatment is eminently unsat- isfactory. The affection is usually aggravated with time and the animal is sooner fatigued and worn out than other horses. 364 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. OTHER CAUSES OF LAMENESS. See Lymphangitis, Embolism, Farcy, Dropsy, Grease, Horse-pox, Mammitis, Eheumatism, Cramps, Palsy, Liver Disease, etc. CHAPTER XVIII. DISEASES OF THE FOOT. General causes. Maxims for shoeing. Disease of the bony pulley and flexor tendon of the foot. Pedal Sesamoiditis. PodotrochiHtis. Navicular disease. Coffin-joint lameness. Side-bones. Fractures of the bones of the foot. Inflammation of the foot. Laminitis. Founder. Chronic Laminitis. Convex soles. Pumice foot. Cracks in the hoof-wall. Sand-crack. Quar- ter-crack. False quarter. Horny tumor of the Laminae, Corns. Bruises of the sole. Pricks and binding with nails. Incised wound of the sole. Distortions of the coffin-bone. Contraction. Treads on the coronet. Fist- ula of the coronet. Quittor. Powdery degeneration of the deep parts of the wall. Seedy toe. Inflammation of the secreting membrane of the frog with discharge. Thrush. Canker. Simple foot-rot in cattle and sheep. Con- tagious foot-rot. Foot-rot from Tuberculosis. Nearly all of these pedal diseases are directly or in- directly tlie result of faults in shoeing, and the absence of care for the feet. Here, accordingly, it would be appro- priate to describe the structure and functions of the foot, and to lay down the rational principles of shoeing. But our space forbids more than the merest mention of points which are absolutely indispensable to the understanding of what is to follow. The internal frame-work, or skeleton of the horse's foot, consists of three bones : — the lower end of the coronet (small pastern) bone, which corresponds to the upper margin of the hoof; the coffin (pedal) bone, which is im- bedded inside the hoof and has a similar imperfectly con- ical outline; and a long narrow pulley-like bone (small sesamoid, or navicular) extended across the back part of the coffin-bone, its upper aspect forming a prolongation backward of the joint surface, while its lower face is cov- 31* 366 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. ered by fibro-cartilage, and constitutes a pulley, over which plays the flexor tendon of the foot. These are subject to like injuries with similar parts elsewhere. Thus the bones are liable to fracture, to absorption from pressure, to ulceration, to bony outgrowths, to induration, to soften- ing, to death and exfohation, in connection with pricks with nails or other sharjD bodies. The joint is subject to inflammation, in connection with wounds, rheumatism, overwork, etc. The flexor tendon is exposed to sprains, and, together with its sjmovial sheath and the sesamoid bone, to inflammation, ulceration, and the formation of new structures, which impair or destroy the functions of the part. The posterior third of the hoof has for its frame-work an elastic cushion, which makes continuation of the bones backward, without maintaining their rigidity. This cush- ion comprises two lateral fibro-cartilages that extend backward from the heels of the cofiin-bone, and the upper elastic borders of which may be felt under the skin, just above the hoof, in the region of the quarter; also in the median hne and continuous laterally with the ca-rtilages, a thick pad of white and elastic fibres, corresponding in position to the horny frog, and known as the elastic frog. These are subject to inflammation, suppuration, ulcera- tion, ossification, fractures, necrosis, etc. In its healthy condition this cushion obviates the shocks, jars, concus- sions, bruises (corns), fractures and lameness which would necessarily result were this region occupied by unyielding bone. It further allows of expansion of the heel under continuous use and application of moisture, and its contraction under prolonged disuse and drying. Covering this bony and elastic fi^ame-work is a dense fibrous net-work, with interspaces and canals for the pas- sage of blood-vessels and nerves, firmly bound to the bony and elastic structures by its deeper surface and to the hoof by its superficial. On the outer surface of this fibrous net-work is the membrane secreting the horn. The part Diseases of the Foot 367 wliich forms the hoof-wall is prolonged as a band around the upper margin of the wall, and from the heels forward above the cleft at each side of the frog. It is shaggy throughout with soft conical processes (villi), from J- to 2 lines in length, which extend into the homy tubes and secrete them. The membrane forming the sole is covered by similar viUi which pass into the horny tubes of the sole, and that covering the elastic frog has corresponding but smaller villi. Between the fibrous net-work and the inner surface of the hoof-wall and bars, the mode of union is by a series of 500 to 600 leaves (laminae) projecting on an average 1^ or 2 lines, and each having on its lateral aspects from 30 to 60 microscopic secondary laminae. These are interleaved with the same number of primary and second- ary horny laminae forming an extent of connecting surface which would beget incredulity if named. These inner fibrous and vascular laminae secrete the horny laminae that are interleaved with them, besides giving off an amount of moisture, which being absorbed by the cells of the adjacent homy wall, serves to keep that soft, yielding and tough. So intimate is the union between each of these secreting surfaces and the horn covering it, that the fibrous net-work will often be torn from the bone, rather than the horn from the sensitive parts. This is above all true of the laminae. This close connection further renders active inflammation in these structures acutely painful, for there being no loose tissue to yield to the exudation, it compresses these dense structures and violently tears them apart. Thus extensive effusions of serum or pus endanger separation and shed- ding of the hoof. A less acute inflammation of any of those secreting surfaces leads to the production of un- healthy horny growths. Thus disease of the secreting membrane at the coronet will determuie a bulging, ragged, brittle line of horn from above downward on the hoof- wall, or, what is worse, a crack or fissure extending to the quick. Disease of the laminae will determine the forma- tion of a great mass of soft, spongy, yielding horn between 368 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the liorny laminae and the lioof-wall, causing a falling in of the wall anteriorly, and a descent of the margin of the coffin-bone so that it will press upon and even perforate the sole (pumice foot). In other cases there is merely a circumscribed horny growth pressing inward on the quick at a particular point {kerapliyllocele). If the secreting sur- face of the sole is involved similar horny tumors may be formed, as in corns. Disease of the secreting membrane of the frog may determine an unhealthy secretion from the cleft {thrush) or an excessive growth and loss of cohesion of the horny fibres {canker). In addition to these disorders originating in the deeper structures we have a further list that take their origin in unnatural states of the horn. And for these the current modes of shoeing are mainly chargeable. At all points the hoof undergoes a steady condensation from its inner to its outer layers. In a transverse section of the hoof-wall the deeper tubes are open, spacious and surrounded by soft, yielding, elastic horn, while those near the surface are exceedingly minute and surrounded by a far greater amount of dense, hard and exceedingly resistant horny matter. The outer surface is especially close in its texture, and as the tubes run through the whole length of the wall to its lower or wearing surface, where they are closed by attrition, comparatively little ex- halation of moisture can take place fi'om this part of the horn in its healthy state. But it is far different when the dense surface layer has been removed by the rasp, and the open ends of the tubes exposed all over the sur- face of the wall. Then evaporation and drying go on rapidly, the hoof becomes hard and brittle and follows its constant tendency, when dry, to turn in at the heels and coronet, causing absorption of the parts beneath and lay- ing the foundation of disease. The sole and frog naturally increase in density from the quick outward, but the horn breaks up into plates be- fore becoming detached, the plates being separated from Diseases oftlie Foot 369 eacli other and from the tough elastic horn above by lay- ers of powdery horn, which serve along with the plates to protect from bruises and check evaporation. In their healthy state, therefore, sole and frog are as well pro- tected against evaporation, drying and shrinking as is the wall. But the case is altered when, with buttress or drawing-knife, these native protectors are removed and the tough elastic horn is laid bare. Then each horny tube exhales its moisture, the horn dries and shrinks, drawing inward the lower borders of the hoof-wall and pressing upward, often painfully, on the quick. Nor can the sole any longer bear contact with hard bodies, but bruises and injuries are the constant result. The injury in both cases may be lessened somewhat by the use of suitable hoof ointments but the process may be likened to that of supplying a man with a wooden leg after you have ruthlessly cut off his own sound one. The substitute may permit of the hmb being used but the dif- ference, in utihty, safety and durability, is almost infinite. Among other injuries by shoeing may be mentioned un- equal strain thrown on different parts of the hoof for want of a uniform bearing on the shoe ; bruises of the sole from the shoe being improperly fitted, or left on too long until it has grown out over the shoe, or been drawn for- ward by the excessive growth at the toe until the heel settles on the sole between the wall and the bars ; misdi- rection of the bones and joints by leaving one side of the hoof much higher than the other, or by leading the toe or heel unnaturally long or short ; pricks and binding by nails, etc., etc. Long-continued compulsory idleness in a stall, exposure to prolonged moisture, with intervals of drying, and continued contact with decomposing liquids, and to the irritating ammoniacal fumes of dung and urine are further destructive conditions for the horn. Maxims for Shoeing. The proper care, preparation and preservation of the foot is of far more consequence than the form of the shoe. The hoof must be preserved from 370 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. knife and rasp, excepting tlie line around its margin and lower surface on which the shoe is to rest. This may be pared or rasped, as a rule, until the elastic horn of the sole is reached, and forms, with the lower border of the wall, a continuous smooth bearing surface of a breadth equal to perhaps one and a half times, or twice the thick- ness of the latter. But this only in a perfect foot. One that has a ragged furrow between the sole and wall can- not be treated in this wa}^ Both sides, inner and outer, must be left perfectly uniform in height. The height of heel and toe must be determined by the natural form of the foot, excess and deficiency being alike avoided. As a rule paring has to be done mainly or alone at the toe, but in some cases the heels grow excessively as well. While avoiding paring out of the heels and bars as the prolific cause of corm, we must equally avoid the retention of hard flakes of horn in this situation, where, imprisoned by the hoof-wall, the bar and the shoe, they act as foreign bodies and bruise the heel, as would a stone or a mass of hardened clay. That part of the sole which is uncovered by the shoe may have the surface-flakes removed with a blunt instrument, but should never be touched with a knife. The frog need never be touched, though there is no harm in removing ragged hanging shreds and patches. The sharp edges of the hoof-wall should be slightly rounded wdth a file to prevent splitting. The shoe should be of a weight proportionate to that of the horse and to the work expected of him, and of a breadth of web adapted to the protection demanded by the nature of the sole. Its upper or applied surface may be perfectly level, unless when an unhealthy convex sole demands that it shall be leveled off toward its internal border. Its outer border should exactly correspond to the margin of the hoof-wall, without projecting beyond it, or requiiing that the v/all be cut down to its dimensions. When ap- phed the upper surface should fit accurately at all points to the hoof. Bad as it is for horn to be seared, it is bet- Diseases of the Foot 371 ter to apply tlie shoe, momentarily, at a dull red heat, that any imperfection in fitting may be detected and rem- edied, than to hurry on a shoe which bears unequall}" on different points. If the sole joins the wall without a break, the tv/o forming one continuous bearing surface, and if both are of their natural thickness, the shoes are better to be coarsely fullered and the nails driven low, the fullering becoming finer and the nails being driven lower as we proceed from before backward, especially on the inner side. When the nails have been dra^m up and riveted any roughness of the rivets may be removed with a file, but this should not touch the hoof if it is possible to avoid it. In turning down the clinches better make a slight depression beneath each with the point of the draw- ing-knife than an extended transverse furrow with the rasp, as is usually done. Kemove the shoes before the hoofs have overgro"wn them so as to allow them to settle on the sole, and above all before the growth of the toe has drawn the shoe forward and let the heel press upon that part of the sole. DISEASE OF THE BOIS^^ PULLEY AND FLEXOE TENDON OF THE FOOT. PEDAL SESAMOLDITIS. PODOTEOCHILITIS. NAVIC- ULAE DISEASE. This affection, misnamed Coffin-joint Disease, implicates the lower surface of the small sesamoid bone of the foot, its synovial sac and ligaments, and the flexor tendon which plays over it. Causes. It is especially the disease of fast horses, and may be largely charged to friction between the tendon and its bony pulley, to overwork and concussion. But it may also depend on injuries to the foot from bad shoeing ; undue paring ; setting in of the shoe on the sole ; im- prisoned flakes of horn acting as foreign bodies ; bruises from stones or hardened clay ; rasping, hardening and contraction of the foot ; drying and shrinking of the foot from standing too long idle in the stall ; injury to the 372 The Farmers Veterinary Adviser. quick from uneven bearing of the shoe in connection with misfitting shoes or breaking of the hoof-wall ; injuries from nails driven into the quick or picked up on the road ; a rheumatic constitution ; impaired nutrition with in- creased elimination of phosphates from the system ; or an extension of disease from the digestive organs as in an over-feed of grain, or a drink of cold water when hot and fatigued, etc. Symptoms. Pointing the affected foot eight or ten inches in advance of the other, with the heel shghtly raised when standing quietly in the stable. This symptom Fig. 71. Fig. 71 — Ulceration of the small sesamoid bone ot the foot, and distorted heels of the coffin-bone. may last for months before lameness is shown. Stepping short and on the toe with a great tendency to stumble when first moved from the stable, which lameness may entirely disappear after going a mile or two. It is worse Avhen cooled off after a long drive, but it may appear in- termittently while at work, as occasional stumbling or dropping on the sound foot for some time at first. The toe of the shoe is more worn than other parts owing to the peculiar gait. The foot feels hot, especial^ in its poste- rior part, and in acute cases the soft parts may bulge over the coronet and the pastern arteries throb with unusual force. The foot too, soon diminishes in size, especially in Diseases oftJie Foot 373 the quarters and heels, where the heat, drying and disuse are greatest. Testing the margin of the hoof with pincers will not ehcit tenderness, unless there is accompanpng disease of the lateral parts of the foot (corns, bruises, pricks, absoi-ption or distortion of the heels of the pedal bone, side bones, etc.,) but tapping the sole with a hammer on each side of the body of the frog, or striking the wall in the region of the quarter will cause the patient to flinch. Pressure with the thumb over the middle of the flexor tendon, on its inner side or on its outer, as deeply as can be reached in the hollow of the heel, the foot being bent back, causes suffering. There is more or less wasting of the muscles of the limb from disuse, but this is especially marked on the breast, above the elbow and outside the shoulder-blade. Hence the disease is usually referred to the shoulder as sioeeny. It is most readily confounded with sprain of the flexor tendon behind the head of the small pastern bone, but is easily distinguished by the heat and contraction of the heels and the tenderness of the centre of the sole and the quarters to strokes of the ham- mer. To distinguish it from other diseases of the feet I must refer to these individually. Treatment. Usually unsatisfactory except in certain recent cases. First soothe inflammatory action, give a lax- ative (aloes), remove the shoes, shorten the toe, and keep standing from morning to night in a puddle of wet clay without stones or gi^avel, in which the animal will sink to the top of the hoof. At night place in a comfortable dry stall with a poultice on the diseased foot. Unless the in- flammation is severe, apply a mild blister to the front and sides of the pastern. If not applied at first this should be resorted to as soon as inflammation moderates, and is to be repeated when the effects of the first pass off. Cases that resist this treatment will frequently recover under the action of a seton passed through the frog, and a run for a month or two in a damp pasture free fi'om stones. The recovery may be a restoration to perfect soundness, when 32 374 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the surface of the bone has not been diseased, or it may be a removal of lameness in connection with a union of the bone and tendon when the surface of the former has been the seat of disease. In the last named case, the recovery is likely to be the more permanent, while many cases of apparent recovery, in the earty stages, are followed by relapse. The frog seton is introduced at the hollow of the heel and brought out at the body of the frog, but as there is much danger of woundijig the tendon or bursa in incompetent hands, it can only be safely undertaken by the veterinary anatomist. All other methods failing, resort is often had to cutting the nerves passing to the foot, so as to remove all sensi- Vjility. This should never be done unless the feet can be carefully picked out and sponged every time the animal returns from work, and kept covered with thick wet swabs all the time he stands in the stable. Neglect is sure to be followed by rapidly advancing disease in the bone, exten- sion of inflammation to the structures around, abundant exudation, and destruction of bones and joints. Even with the best of care this will occur in the advanced stages of the disease, unless indeed the bone and tendon grow together. For description of neurotomy see larger work. SIDE BONES. These consist in extensive ossification, from the heels of the coffin-bone into the lateral cartilages. Their great cause is improper shoeing ; cutting away of the bars or sole, so that the wall turns inward and bruises the sole ; pressure of the shoe on the sole whether from misfitting or from being left too long on ; uneven bearing of the shoe, throwing too much strain on one part ; pricking or pinching with nails driven too near the quick ; the pressure of the dry hard horn after undue paring or rasping, and the con- tinuous irritation which attends the partial separation of sole and wall. They are especially common in heavy horses with upright pasterns and the toe shortened rela- Diseases of the Foot 375 tivelj to the heels or shod Vvdth high heel calkins, so as to increase concussion in action. Symjjtoms. Lameness with a short stiltj step, and a tendency to stumble from the attempt to avoid shock on the heels. The pasterns are upright and the heels often deep and strong. Pressure on the prominence above the hoof at the quarter, detects tenderness and a hard unyield- ing structure instead of the usual yielding elastic gi'istle. Bruises of the heel (corns) mth bloody discoloration of the horn is almost a constant result of extensive side- bones, the sensitive sole being pinched between the bone and hoof. Fig 72. Fig. 72 — Ossified lateral cartilages. Side bones. Treatment. Subdue any existing inflammation by rest, blisters or even firing at the coronets, and apply a bar shoe, the bar resting on the bulbs of the frog, and keep the hoof-wall, at the heels, rasped lower than the rest of the bearing surface, so that daylight can be seen between this part and the shoe. The same shoeing must be kept up when the horse is put to work or he will soon fall lame again from bruising of the heels. Excision of the ossified cartilage and neurotomy have been resorted to with success, but are inapplicable to most cases. FKACTURES OF THE BOXES OF THE FOOT The small sesamoid may be broken after it has been weakened by superficial and internal absorption. The pedal bone may give way from concussion when previously softened by disease, or in cases of blows on the surface, 376 Tlie Farmer^ s Veterinary Adviser. laceration and detachment of horn, or wounds with nails or other sharp bodies implicating the bone. The sudden and extreme lameness following an evident injur}^ or a long-standing disease may arouse suspicions of this and if grating can be heard the case is certain. Treatment is rarely successful, excepting in circumscribed fractures from wounds, in which case the detached bone must be removed. INFLAMMATION OF THE FOOT. LAMINITIS. FOUNDER. This consists in inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, but predominating in the anterior portion of the laminae, where the greatest strain comes in standing. Causes. The disease may arise from direct injury as in over-exertion on hard roads, blows, bruises or freezing of the feet, pricks or binding with nails, continued injury from a badly applied shoe, or the constant strain upon the feet during a long sea voyage. It may also occur from a sud- den chill, from drinking cold water Avhen heated and fatigued, from overloading of the stomach with grain, from muco-enteritis, the result of an over-dose of purgative medicine, or from diseases of the lungs (pneumonia, bron- chitis). Small and deformed feet and large flat ones often suffer. Horses with heavy fat carcasses are also predis- posed. Symptoms. When not caused by direct injury to the foot, it is usually ushered in by fever and general stiffness and soreness of the surface, with or without shivering, but independent of any tenderness of the foot. If not relieved these are soon followed by tenderness of the foot, usually predominating at the anterior part, but some- times setthng in the heel and causing pedal sesamoid- itis. When acute inflammation is developed in the lam- inae of the fore feet the horse is in a high fever, with full hard pulse, excited breathing, distended nostrils, ex- tension of the fore feet forward, so that they rest only on the heels, and bringing of the hind feet far forward be- Diseases of the Foot. 377 neatli the belly, to bear as much of the weight as possible. If moved, the horse groans, sways himseK back on his hind parts, and drags the fore feet on their heels, or bal- ancing himseK on the hind, hfts both iore feet at once and brings them down again on their heels. The affected feet are warm, even hot, and the animal refuses to have them hfted because of the pain consequent on standing on one. If they are struck with a hammer the animal winces and groans. The arteries on the pasterns throb violently. The hairs of the mane and tail may often be pulled from their folhcles, showing the general imphcation of the skin. If one fore foot only is affected it is kept raised and advanced. If the hind feet, they are advanced beneath the beUy, and the fore feet carried as far backward as possible to bear the greater part of the weight. Treatment. In the initial stage, with general stiffness but no special tenderness of the feet over other parts, vascular and nervous tension may be reheved and the disease suddenly cut short by full doses of sedatives (lo- beha, tobacco, aconite,) with warm clothing to encourage perspiration. Even at a more advanced stage when the feet are becoming congested and tender, the same may be resorted to, the feet being enveloped in warm poultices, and the animal encouraged to lie down by supplying a clean comfortable bed of straw. Or in place of poulticing the feet, we may seek to improve the circulation by walk- ing without shoes on a soft newly plowed field, the heels having been slightly lowered, if very high, to allow press- ure on the sole, or the patient may even be walked on a hard surface after a long bar shoe with broad web and a slight rising at heel and toe (rocker fashion) has been ap- plied. But walking can never be resorted to when the extreme tenderness and fever show that active inflamma- tion has set in. In this case a mild laxative (aloes) must be given (unless already purging) and followed up by aco- nite or other sedatives, the feet must be enveloped in large 32^ 378 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. poultices and tlie animal encouraged to lie down. Should lie refuse to lie down the lioof-wall should be rasped down to let the sole come in contact Avith the ground. In severe cases the coronet may be scarified with a sharp lancet and the foot placed in a bucket of w^arm water or fomented with the same to favor bleeding. In the course of two days, if the suffering, fever and local tenderness are increasing rather than abating, the sole may be thinned and opened at the toe, so as to evacuate any serous exudation and limit the separation of the horn from the quick, the poultices being kept on after as before. In the course of ten days or a fortnight the inflammation should have subsided far enough to warrant the application of a blister to the pas- tern and an ointment to the hoof, while the patient is turned out on a soft wet pasture or kept standing a part of his time on wet clay. CHRONIC LAMINITIS. CONVEX SOLES. PUMICE FEET. If the inflammation persists in a slight form, an excess- ive growth of soft, spongy horn takes place in front of the laminae at the toe, separating the coffin-bone from the lioof-wall and allowing its anterior border to press upon the sole or even to perforate it. The hoof -wall becomes covered with rings usually running together at the toe, where it bulges out below and falls in above. Complete restoration cannot be expected in the worst cases of this kind, but much may be done for the majority. Put on a thick broad webbed bar shoe beveled toward the inner side on its upper surface and thinner at the heel than the toe, dress the sole and wall daily Avith hot tar, apply gen- tle blisters around the coronet, and keep in a very soft damp pasture. The new growth of horn may grow down almost perfect in appearance, but it retains an undesira- ble brittleness. CRACKS IN THE HOOF-WALL. SAND-CRACK. QUARTER-CRACK. The predisposition to this is usually to be found in rasping and drying of the hoof-w^all, in uneven bearing of Diseases of the Foot 379 the shoe, in alternate soaking of the hoof in water and drying, and in treads or other temporary wounds or inju- ries to the coronet. The crack extends from the coronet dov.mward, for a Tariable distance, in the direction of the horny fibres. If attended by lameness, the laminae are usually being pinched between the edges of the crack, the irritation is perhaps further increased by the presence of sand and dirt, and fungous gTowths may appear in the sore. Treatment. A carefully apphed bar shoe haying an eyen bearing all round the foot ; a nail driyen through the edges of the crack and riyeted so as to hold them together ; a transyerse grooye, f to 1 inch in length, cut to the quick just aboye the upper end of the crack, and actiye stimu- lation or slight blistering of the coronet aboye this point will usually succeed in obtaining an unbroken growth from aboye, and when the crack has grown off at the lower border the hoof is perfect. But the inflammation T\aQ sometimes demand poulticing ; the nail may haye to be replaced by a metallic plate fixed to the hoof on each side of the crack by screws not exceeding a line in length ; a gaping crack may require filling ^T.th gutta-percha or other hard substance to keep the edges immoyable ; or finally, it may be requisite in bad cases to cut out a Y- shaped piece of horn, the apex corresponding to the mid- dle of the crack and the two limbs to the coronet on the two sides of the crack. FALSE QUAETEK. This is similar to a sand-crack in appearance but caused by such destruction of the secreting structure at the top of the hoof that it is impossible to obtain a growth of horn to fill up the interyal. Palliation by careful shoeing is all that can be accomplished. HOKNY TUMOR OF THE LAMINA. This is a result of sand-crack, the irritation leading to an increased secretion of horn on the inner surface of the 380 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, hoof-wall, which in its turn may press on the quick and cause lameness. With or without any remains of sand- crack there is tenderness on pinching that part of the hoof, and when the shoe is removed and the hoof pared, there is observed a semicircular encroachment on the sole by a white spongy horn extending in from the hoof-wall. Wet swabs on the foot and rest may subdue any inflam- mation, but should lameness persist, the only resort is to cut out a triangular portion of the wall including the tu- mor, poultice the part, then cover with tar and wait for the horn to grow down in a healthy condition. CORNS. These are at first simple bruises of that part of the sole included between the bars and the wall at the heel, but later there is often an increased production of horn and the formation of a horny tumor which presses injuriously on the quick. In other cases the bruise causes active inflammation and the formation of matter, which if denied escape below, will burrow toward the coronet or less fre- quently around the toe and give rise to disease in the deeper fibrous network, the cartilage or the bone. In these last conditions it usually results in a fistula (quittor). In other cases the corn is pared out as is supposed, but the heels, having lost the mechanical support of the sole, curl forward and inward, repeat the bruise continually, keep up the inflammation and suppuration and what is equivalent to an open sore in the heel. The irritation often produces absorption of the margin of the bone at the heels with bony deposits above or below, and ossifica- tion of the lateral cartilage, a condition which almost necessarily perpetuates the bruises or corns (see side hones). Corns may exist in either heel but are usually in the inner or weaker one, and prevail above all in flat feet with low weak heels. Symptoms. Lameness with a tendency to point, with the heel shghtly raised when at rest, and a short, stilty, stum- Diseases of the Foot 381 bling step when moved. Pinching the affected heel with pincers or tapping it with a hammer causes wincing. If the shoe is removed and the heel pared out, the horn may be seen to be blood-stained, but unless this is seen on removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to lead to a deeper search. If suppuration has taken place the tenderness is extreme, often causing the animal to keep the foot raised and scarcely daring to touch the ground with the toe, a tender swelling usually appears at the coronet above the affected heel, and pinching or ham- mering of the heel is unendurable. A horny tumor may be recognized by symptoms similar to those shown in JcerapJii/IIocele. Treatment. If a recent bruise and uncomplicated, apply either a bar shoe or a common one, but rasp down the bearing surface of the affected heel to avoid pressure as advised for side bones, and place the feet in water or keep the wall moist with wet swabs, and the sole with oil meal or clay packing. When tenderness has subsided, smear the hoof with ointment and work carefully. Kemove the shoe early enough to prevent pressure on that heel, and in preparing the foot retain the strength of the heel by pre- serving the elastic horn of the sole between wall and bar. Never allow this to be pared and weakened unless it be to evacuate matter or sand, or for the removal of a horny tumor. If suppuration has taken place, pare down the heel until the matter escapes, remove all horn detached from the quick, and pare the horn around this to a thin edge, poultice until the surface is smooth, dry and not at all tender, then apply a bar shoe, a leather sole, and a stuffing of tow and tar or crude turpentine (pine pitch). No pressure should be allowed on this heel until the sole has grown up to its natural level, as a support. Horny tumors may be removed by paring out and treating as above advised, until the sole attains its natural gi'owth. If old-standing corns are connected with death of a por- 382 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. tion of the heel, of the foot bone or ulceration of the lateral cartilage, these must be scraped or cut off before improvement is to be expected. If connected with side tones, they are liable to be kept up by frequent pinching of the quick between the bone and horn, and demand careful shoeing to avoid pressure on the heel. Some cases may be benefited by cutting out the side bone. BRUISES OF THE SOLE. Whether resulting from badly applied shoes, stones, accumulated gravel or dried mud, these are to be recog- nized, like corns, by pinching the hoof or tapping it with a hammer, and are to be treated on precisely the same principles, relieving the pressure when necessary, soothing the parts, opening when matter has formed, followed up by poulticing and bar shoe with leather sole and tar stuffing. Graveling is closely allied to the above, dirt having w^orked up through the unnatural groove between the wall and sole, and set up suppuration. Except in the careful removal of the foreign elements, treatment does not dif- fer from that of suppurating bruise or corn. PRICKS AND BINDING ^^TH NAILS. These usually occur in thin weak feet or such as have been reduced by over-cutting and rasping till there is little to hold the nails ; in the case of nail stubs being left in the hoof from a former shoeing so as to turn the new nails in a wrong direction, and v/hen the blacksmith is too stupid to recognize the difference betw^een the stroke of driving a nail into the soft spongy horn and the hard firm outer horn of the wall. Simple binding mth the nails may cause intermittent or persistent lameness, and there is flinching on striking the heads of the nails or the wall with a hammer, or in coinpressing the margin of the hoof with pincers. If matter forms there are all the local ten- derness and inability to use the foot spoken of in suppu- rating corn. In simple pricks an examination of the nail Diseases of the Foot. 383 cliaclies usually reveals one higher than the rest, and if this is a posterior one it is all the more suspicious. A nail may be driven too near the quick and jet not cause lameness for a week or two, until some slight shifting in the position of the shoe causes it to press painfully. Treatment. In slight cases the withdrawal of the nail may be all that is necessary. In more severe it may be requisite to punch the nail holes nearer to the toe, to drive the nails low, to apply cold water or other soothing agent to the foot and to rest for a day or two. If matter has formed the course of the offending nail must be fol- lowed with the drawdng-knife, the pus evacuated and the parts treated afterv/ard as in suppurating corn. If the bone has been reached and a dead scale exists on tho surface this must be cut down upon and removed. INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE SOLE. That part of the foot which is uncovered by the shoe is liable to penetrating wounds from nails, glass and other sharp bodies on the ground, as well as nails, pitchforks, broken planks, etc., against which they may kick. Such wounds are dangerous according to their depth and posi- tion. If from a clean nail, and no deeper than just to penetrate the quick, they are usually of little consequence, and a little tar or gutta-percha may be used to fill the wound, if any, until it is seen whether inflammation will ensue. If deeper, a vertical wound will be most serious in the middle third of the sole, because of the implication uf the flexor tendon and smaU sesamoid bone, and the risk of j^edal sesamoiditis, or even an ojjeji coffin-joint result- ing. If in the anterior third, the danger hes mainly in injury to the lower surface of the coffin-bone, with death and removal of a thin scale which must be thro^Ti off before the wound can close. If in the posterior third the elastic frog alone is wounded and will heal very readily. Treatment wiU vary accordingly. The simple removal of the foreign body may suffice. Cold apphcations may be 384 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. needed, matter may require an opening to escape, or the bone may have to be scraped to expose a living sur- face. But in wounds of the tendon or joint the foot must be wrapped in cloths, the heels raised if standing, and a constant stream of cold water kept up on the part, by having a caoutchouc tube attached to the limb and foot and acting like a syphon to bring the water from a bucket at a higher level. This may require to be kept up day and night for several days. The subsequent treatment is like that for pedal sesamoiditis. DISTOETIONS OF THE COFFIN-BONE. Under this head may be named a great variety of de- formities, the result of disease. Thus in long continued inflammation of the lamina? the fibrous net-work in front of the coffin-bone is partly ossified, giving this part a con- vex aspect from above downward. Continued irritation of the sole will equally develop a bony enlargement which is associated Vvdth a circumscribed convexity and tender- ness of the sole. The pressure of a horny tumor, whether on the laminae, the quarter or elsewhere, corresponding to and pressing on the bone, will cause absorption and de- pression of the bone to an equal extent. The pressure on the anterior border of the coffiin-bone, when separated from the hoof-wall and resting upon the sole, leads to extensive absorption and rounding of this part with a bony deposit above, on its front. Persistent irritation along the lateral borders of the foot from binding with nails, or the separation of the w^ill and sole, with or with- out the presence of gritty matters in the groove, causes absorption and rounding of the sharp lateral margins of the coffin-bone. But the heels of the coffin-bone are the parts Vv'hich above all suffer in this way. Bruises from setting in of the shoe, from gritty matter or hard clay, especialh' if a furrow has been formed between wall and sole, from curving forward and inward of the heels when the supporting sole has been pared out in search of corns Diseases of the Foot. 385 or to prevent their formation ; pressure from curving in of tlie wall which has been allowed to grow too long without support from the sole, or has been rasped till it dries or withers ; uneyen bearing of the shoe ; all undue paring of heels and quarters contribute to produce absorption and rounding of the naturally sharp border of the coffin-bone at its heels, bony deposits above and below, indui-ation, softening, ulceration or death of more or less of the bony tissue, and permanent unsoundness. The existence of such distortions must be ascertained from the unnatural appearance of the hoof ; the signs of a homy tumor ; a rugged unhealthy hoof-wall ; a flat or convex appearance of the sole in whole or in part ; a deep furrow between sole and wall ; wasting and diminu- tion of the foot as a whole, but especially of the heels and quarters ; and it may be side bone or fistula. There is more or less tenderness of the feet and stilty careful gait, or there may be extreme lameness. It will be observed that these distortions are usually connected with some other disease of the feet, and the symptoms will vary . according to the nature of the accompanymg lesion. Such changes of bony structure are permanent as a rule, so that our attention must be given, first to the removal of any unnatural condition which has caused and is per- petuating them, and then to secure such a system of shoe- ing as will allow of the utrlization of the animal in spite of the acquired deformities. The hoof must be encoui-aged, by ointments, stimulants to the coronets, and perhaps a cool moist pasture, to grow as nearly as possible to the natural condition. Then the shoe must be apphed so as to secure the greatest extent of bearing surface, without injury to the deformed and weak points. In many cases a bar shoe is wanted to avail of the frog for bearing weight ; a leather sole may be necessary in others ; a broad web to the shoe, on one or on both sides, may be essential for protection ; in other cases the upper surface must be bev- eled ; in still others the nail-holes must be stamped only 33 386 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser, around the toes ; clips, small nails, artificial repairs of breaches in the hoof-wall may be resorted to, but it is beyond the scope of this work to do more than hint at what can only be accomphshed by a combination of anatomical knowledge, mechanical skill and manual dex- terity. CONTRACTION. This is a great bugbear of horsemen, since it exists in nearly all the affections of the foot. It is usually a result and symptom of disease, attending as we have seen on many different maladies, in which the hoof shrinks from the heat, dryness and disuse. It may also occur from simple idleness in a stall ; from overgrowth of the hoof- wall, which curls in for want of support from the sole and moisture from the laminse ; from hardening and shrinking of the heels as the result of rasping, or of alternate soak- ings and drying ; from undue paring of the heels, bars and frog, thus removing the natural supports ; and from the effects of the shoe and nails in preventing the normal expansion in growth, and in removing the frog and sole from use and pressure. Thus produced it is not a direct cause of lameness and feet can be shown in which the two heels overlap each other without such a result. Yet such contraction implies wasting or absorption of the internal sensitive structures, diminution of the basis of support, with a corresponding weakness and tendency to disease under slighter determining causes than in the healthy state. The simplest treatment is to remove the shoes round the edges of the hoof-wall to prevent sphtting, and keep standing sixteen hours a day, for two or three weeks, in a puddle of wet clay, then use hoof ointments freely, and apply a shoe mth equal bearing throughout and with- out any bevel on its upper surface. TREADS ON THE CORONET. These are especially common in winter when the shoes are sharpened for frost. They are dangerous because of Diseases of the Foot 387 the frequent implication of the horn-secreting structures, so as to cause false quarter, and from the tendency of matter to burrow beneath the horn and in the supporting- fibrous net-work to form a fistula. They should be thoroughly cleansed from all sand and mud, the inflamma- tion subdued by soothing applications (wet bandages or weak astringent lotions) and care taken to prevent the further introduction of dirt. To this end a simple cover- ing of tar will sometimes suffice, but in other cases a care- fully, apphed bandage is essential. Muddy roads should be avoided until healing is complete. FISTULA OF THE COBONET. QUITTOR. Causes. Treads and other wounds of the coronet ; sup- purating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole ; suppuration from the working in of sand or gravel between the sole and wall ; irritation from sand-cracks and false quarters, and disease of the coffin-bone or its cartilage. Symptoms. Following on some one of the above dis- orders there is a tender swelling at the coronet, which bursts, discharging a more or less whitish serous fluid and shows no tendency to dry up nor close. If probed it is found to lead into one or more small canals in the fibrous net-work which covers the bone and elastic structures of the foot, and it may be to diseased or dead portions of bone or gristle. Treatment. If the inflammation is very violent the foot should be enveloped in a large poultice and a laxative ad- ministered. When moderated, inject a slightly caustic solution in the direction of each canal and as far as possi- ble. (Bichloride of mercury 5 gi'ains, spirits of wine 1 oz., muriatic acid 20 drops). Less depends on the composi- tion of the mixture than on the application. Inject it three times the first day, twice the second and once a day thereafter. When the discharge has ceased and the wound is almost superficial, stop the injection and apply a simple dressing of wet tow. In aggravated cases with disease of 388 Tlie Farmer^ s Veterinary Adviser. the lateral cartilage or bone, these may require to be cut out or scraped, but our limits will not permit a further notice of this. POWDERY DEGENERATION OF THE DEEP PARTS OF THE WALL. SEEDY TOE. The result of uneven bearing of the shoe, the formation of furrows between the sole and wall, direct violence, as blows, or the too tight hammering of clips, etc., this is manifested by an irregularity or drjoiess of the affected part of the wall, and the formation of a cavity, filled with horn powder between the laminae and the wall of the hoof. Clear out the cavity until the tough healthy horn is reached, then fill with warm tar and shoe carefully to give a uniform bearing. A clip may be useful as a support to the undermined horn but it is destructive to hammer it tight. The dressing must be repeated at each shoeing until the cavity is filled up. INFLAMMATION OF THE SECRETING MEMBRANE OF THE FROG WITH DISCHARGE. THRUSH. Causes. Exposure to wet and filth ; standing on dung, or in a dirty, w^et yard ; stuffing the feet with cow- dung ; bruises of the frog ; undue paring ; wounds of the frog ; accumulation of dried mud or gravel in the cleft ; exten- sion of disease from the skin of the heel, etc. Symptoms. Foetid discharge from the cleft, soreness of the skin behind this, lameness or not according to severity. Treatment. Wash out the diseased part, pare away aU ragged detached horn, and apply some astringents (dry calomel pressed in on a pledget of tow ; tar with a few drops of sulphuric acid on the surface ; carbolic acid ; or finely powdered sulphate of copper or zinc). This is a more inveterate inflammation of the frog, and it may be the sole, representing in the horn-secreting Diseases of the Foot 389 structures that aggrayated affection of the skin of the heel in which red fungous growths appear. It may be preceded by thrush and is due to the same general causes, though it is also attributed to a parasitic fungus. It is especially common in coarse lymphatic subjects. SymjDtoms. A rapid growth, from the frog or sole or both, of a soft, unhealthy, spongy horn, the tubes of which are unnaturally large, open and wanting in cohesion, so that they often stand apart from each other, and have the appearance rather of a fleshy material than of horn. If cut down it may grow up to the same level in twenty-four hours, and the enlarged villi are reached and bleed long before this would have happened in healthy horn. As in thrush there is a most offensive discharge, and the disease is very obstinate to treat. Treatment. Cut down the fungous horn till blood comes, and the adjacent horn to the same level. Then cover with tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron and apply firm pressure by shps of wood placed side by side with one end of each resting above the web of the shoe at the toe, and the other on a slip extending across the bulbs of the frog and resting above the heels of the shoe. This must be removed and the dressing renewed at least once in twenty-four hours. Should the course of improve- ment seem lagging, change the di'essing for carbolic acid, chromic acid, the mineral acids, sulphate of copper or iron, chloride of zinc, quickhme, chloride of antimony or other caustic, resort being had to a new one in every instance as the former seems to lose its effect. The re- moval of the entire sole is essential to recovery in some cases. SIMPLE FOOT-ROT IN CATTLE X^B SHEEP. This is a simple inflammation of the horn-secreting structures and adjacent skin, the result of direct irritation. Wearing of the sole to the quick from long journeys on hard roads ; curUng in of overgrown walls on the sole on 33* 390 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. soft, boggy pastures ; wounds with sharp bodies like nails, glass, etc.; the accumulation and drying of clay or mud between the claws; softening of the horn and irritation from standing on hot reeking manure ; irritation of the skin around the coronets by iced water, etc. Symj)toms will vary according to the form, but in all there is lameness, often severe, the sheep getting down on its knees to fe^d, and an examination of the foot shows the nature of the injury. In the case of wounds with nails, glass, etc., the heat of the hoof will show the injured one, and a slight paring will detect the wound if not the offending body. Treatment. In case of a simple superficial rawness between the claws, clean the part and touch with a feather dipped in a mixture of one part of sulphuric acid and three or four parts of water; or the surface may be smeared with tar and a bandage tied between the claws and around the pastern. In case of the formation of matter beneath the horn the foreign body, if any, should be removed, the detached horn pared away until we reach that which is still connected with the quick, the surround- ing horn should be pared down to a thin edge and the sore covered with tar, with a few drops of sulphuric acid on the surface, the whole being closely bound up in a bandage. In exceptional cases the severity of the inflam- mation may demand a poultice, over the surface of which a weak solution of sugar of lead may be poured. One tar dressing is often enough, but the foot should always be examined a few days after, and any hindrance to the heal- ing process removed. Bad cases mth fungous growths must be treated like similar cases in the horse. Sheep kept in low, soft pastures should have the hoof shortened by a knife or toe nippers at short intervals, to prevent injury to the sole. CONTAGIOUS FOOT-KOT Presents symptoms resembling those of simple foot-rot^ but usually begins at the coronet unless in the case of Diseases of the Foot 391 pre-existing sores, and tends to produce fungous growths of the skin around the margin of the hoof and a degenera- tion of horn in some respects comparable to canker. It is mainly to be recognized by its spread in a flock as a sequence of contact with diseased animals, and without any sufficient cause in their management or in the damp- ness of the locality. Treatment does not differ materially from that of simple foot-rot except that a preference must be given to antisep- tics in the selection of caustic dressings. Hydrochloric acid reduced with thrice its bulk of water; chloride of zinc 1 dr., water 1 pint ; carbolic acid ; butter of antimony, may be cited as examples. Much more important, how- ever, is it to separate the sound from the diseased, and from contaminated pastures and buildings, and to thor- oughly cleanse and disinfect the latter before they are again used for the shelter of flocks (see Disinfection). rOOT-EOT FEOM TUBEECULOSIS. This is common in cattle and sheep, the disease com- mencing in the digital bones, which are enlarged with interstitial and surrounding deposit, leading to open sores, open joints and complete destruction of the member (see Tubercu CHAPTER XIX. DISEASED GROWTHS Tlie limits of the present work forbid any systematic de- scription of tlie various degenerations of tissue (fatty, min- eral, amyloid, pigmentary, etc.,) and of the tumors or dis- eased growths which appear in different parts of the system. The last will only be noticed so far as to point out the principal distinctive characters of the mahgnant tumors or cancers, and the simple. Simjjle Tumors are composed of elements like those previously existing at the same or some other part of the body ; they do not tend to draw surrounding structures into their substance, but groAV between these and push them aside ; usually they are surrounded by distinct sacs which separate them completely from surrounding tissues except where the blood-vessels enter ; they do not tend to produce swellings in the nearest lymphatic glands, by rea- son of propagation of elements absorbed fi'om the dis- eased mass, nor an unhealthy constitutional state — dys- crasia — tending to the formation of such diseased masses in internal organs ; and their elements tend to be resolved mainly into fat or gelatine by boiling, which shows there is little albumen in their structure. Cancers, on the other hand, usually contain elements unlike any previously existing in the system. The pres- ence of large cells, each containing smaller ones (nuclei) in its interior, and these still smaller nuclei (nucleoli), was at one time thought characteristic of cancer, and though this cannot now be maintained, yet the abundance of such Diseased Growths. 393 cells, or of any cells, implying the growth of the tumor is always highly suspicious. These tumors have no clearly- defined limit, nor limiting sac, but grow in the natural structures, drawing them into their substance and trans- forming them into a cancerous mass. Hence, a cancer near the surface will often lead to a depression at first by the drawing in of the skin, and in the mammary glands the drawing in of the teat is a most characteristic early symptom. They are hereditary, tending to appear in the offspring at the same age as in the parent. They lead to early and painful swelling of the adjacent lymphatic glands, of the internal lymphatic glands and of the spleen, and produce or aggravate the unhealthy constitutional state on which the deposition of cancer depends. If re- moved, there is a great hability to the formation of cancer in the same situation or some other, and especially if we fail to remove the whole organ in which the disease pri- marily appeared. They are more vascular, and grow faster without apparent cause (mechanical injury, expos- ure,) than simple tumors. Finally they contain an ex- cess of albumen, and the larger the proportion of albumen, of cells and granules, the more rapid is the growth and the more redoubtable the result. The Hard Cancers {Scirrlius) are firm and crisp under the knife, and from the cut surface exudes a whitish fluid — cancer-juice — containing the characteristic cells and granules. Soft or Brain-like Cancer is very soft and fria- ble, bleeds freely when wounded, contains a great excess of cells and granules, and from its rapid growth pushes existing tissues aside so as to feel more circumscribed. It is the cancer of the young and of particular organs, such as the eye, grows rapidly, opens early, exposing a raw, unhealthy, bleeding surface, and has a short and fa- tal course. It is often complicated by an extensive pro- duction of black pigment (melanotic cancer). In Epithe- lial Cancer the morbid product consists mainly in epithe- lial cells, and it grows downward into the substance of the 394 The Farmer'' s Veterinary Adviser. tissues as well as outward from the skin. It is slow to implicate adjacent lymphatic glands, or to produce a con- stitutional djscrasia with internal deposits, and hence its removal is much more frequently vsuccessful. Colloid Can- cer is characterized by the formation of a mucous or gelat- inous hquid containing a kernel of granules and rounded simple or nucleated cells, enclosed in spherical cavities, surrounded by a delicate membranous stroma, made up of the former tissues of the part. Osteoid Cancer of ivory- like hardness, with a vascular surface and interspaces, has not been observed in the lower animals. Treatment of Tumors. Eecent simple tumors, still largely cellular, may sometimes be removed by stimulat- ing embrocations, as iodine ointment or tincture, cam- phorated spirit, soap liniment, etc. Others may be greatly reduced or even entirely removed by the occasional injec- tion into their substance, through a very fine needle-like tube, of discutients (weak solutions of iodine). In cystic tumors the evacuation of the liquid through a fine cannula or needle-like tube, and the injection of a weak solution of iodine (one part of the compound tincture and three parts water) will often succeed. But most frequently, and especially in old-standing tumors, resort must be had to the knife or to caustics. Excision with the knife is the quickest and usually the preferable mode, but in some dangerous situations caustic may be preferred. Its em- ployment is founded on the fact that it tends to eat away the diseased mass sooner than the healthy ; but this par- tial immunity of the sound tissues will not warrant the use of such agents as caustic potassa or soda, which quickly permeate all cell structures ahke and destroy them. Ni- trate of silver, chloride of zinc, sulphate of copper, ter- chloride of antimony, or the mineral acids, are usually preferable. Protection against cold, ill-health arising from other sources, mechanical injuries and exposures to cold or wet are important elements in treatment. For cancers, an early and extensive removal with the Diseased Growths. 395 knife may be said to hold out tlie only hope. The whole organ in which the cancer grows should be cut out, as a rule, to insure the removal of all diseased elements, and any interference is to be deprecated when the adjacent IjTQphatic glands are aheady enlarged. Attempts have been made to dissolve and remove can- cers and other tumors with pepsin, and with considerable success, the agent virtually digesting the diseased prod- ucts with little pain, while the healthy tissues remain un- affected. APPENDIX. ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES. To some readers a few words of explanation may be necessary in order to tlie proper understanding of the drugs and their doses. 1. EXPLANATION OF TERMS. Alteratives change in some unexplained way the condi- tions and functions of organs. Ancesthetics deprive of sensation and suffering. Anodynes allay or diminish pain. Antacids are antidotes to acids. Anthelmintics kill or expel worms. Anfiperiodics obviate the return of a paroxysm in peri- odic diseases. Antiseptics prevent, arrest or retard putrefaction. Antispasmodics prevent or allay cramps. Aperients gently open the bowels. Aromatics, strong-smelling stimulants which dispel wind and allay pain. Astringents cause contraction of vital structures. Carminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics). Cathartics freely open the bowels. Cholagogues increase the secretion of bile. Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces. Diaphoretics cause perspiration. Discutients dispel enlargements. Disinfectants destroy infecting matter. Diuretics increase the secretion of urine. Appendix, 397 Ecbolics cause contraction of tlie womb. Emetics induce vomiting. Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tubes. Fehrifuges counteract fever — lower temperature. Laxatives (Aperients). Narcotics allay pain and produce sleep. Parturients (Ecbolics). Purgatives (Cathartics). Refrigerants diminish heat. Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation. Soporifics induce sleep. Stimulants temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory system. Sudorifics (Diaphoretics). Sialogogues increase the secretion of saliva. Stomachics improve digestion. Tonics gradually and permanently improve digestion and nutrition. Vermifuges kill and expel worms. 2. GRADUATION OF DOSES. The doses given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any case in which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A similar modification must be made as regards young animals, not only on ac- count of their smaller size but also of their greater sus- ceptibihty. The following table may serve as a guide : HORSE, ETC. ox. SHEEP. SWINE. DOGS. 3 years. 9-18 m'ths. 5-9 " 1-5 '* 2 years. 1-2 " 6-12 m'ths. 3-6 - 1-3 " 1% years. 9-i8m'ths. 5-9 " 3-5 " 1-3 " 15 m'ths. 8-15 ** 6-8 " 3-6 - 1-3 " Yi year. 3-6 m'ths. i>^-3 ^ *' 20-45 days. 10-20 " I part. tV- Allowance must also be made for a nervous tempera- ment which usually renders an animal more impressible, 398 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. for habit or continued use which tends to decrease the susceptibihty for individual drugs, for idiosyncrasy which can only be discovered by observing the action of the agent on the particular subject, and for the influence of disease when that is likely to affect the action. Thus in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of purgative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza and other low fevers half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus,) would aggravate the symptoms, etc. 3. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTEATION. Anodynes, Antispasmodics, Narcotics, Sedatives and Stimulants may generally be repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, Dia- phoretics, Febrifuges, Refrigerants and Tonics may be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be given when necessary and should never be repeated until from the lapse of time we are assured that the first dose is to remain inoperative. Thus unless in urgent need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first, and in all cases, until the medicine has worked off, he should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran mashes and water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora and omnivora in fi'om seven to ten hours. Emetics should be given in full doses and repeated in five or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, their action being further solicited by copious draughts of tepid water and tickling of the back of the mouth with a feather. 4. FORM TO ADMINISTER. Drugs may often be given as powder or solution in the food or water ; they may be made into a soft solid with Appendix. 399 syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder and ' covered with soft paper ; they may be converted into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling ; or they may be powdered and suspended in thick gruel or mucilage. They may be given, in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle ; or, as a short cylinder or pill, may be lodged over the middle of the root of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be smeared on the back teeth ; or they may be given as an injection into the rectum ; or finally, in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be injected under the skin. No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not mix with water (oil of turpen- tine, croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland oil, in milk or in eggs after having been thoroughly mixed. 400 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. DBUGS AND DOSES. When not otherwise stated, the doses for the horse may be given to ox, ass and mule, and those of the sheep to the goat and swine. Acetic acid, antidote to acids, cooling astringent : Horse i dr ; ox 2 drs ; ass l dr; sheep i scr; dog 2-3 drops. Tincture of aconite, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-40 drops ; ass 15-20 drops ; sheep 3-5 drops ; dog 1-3 drops. Alcohol, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 1-3 oz ; ox 3-6 oz; ass i oz ; sheep JE^ oz ; dog 2 drs. Locally cooling astringent. Brandy, whisky and gin, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 3-6 oz ; ox 6-12 oz ; ass 2-5 oz ; sheep 10 oz ; dog % oz. Locally cooling astringent. Strong ale, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 1-2 pts; ox 2-4 pts ; ass I pt ; sheep Yz pt; dog 2 oz. Locally cooling astringent. Barbadoes aloes, purgative : Horse 4 drs ; ass 3-4 drs ; dog % dr. Cape aloes, purgative : Horse 5 drs ; ass 4-5 drs. Alum, astringent : Horse 2-3 drs; ox 3-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep ^-i dr; dog yi-\ scr. Ammonia, liquid, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: Horse ^ oz; ox ^-i oz ; ass 2-4 drs; sheep %.-! dr; dog 10 drops. Lo- cally blister. Aromatic ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1-2 oz ; sheep ^-i oz ; dog I dr. Locally blister. Carbonate of ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, di- uretic: Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep ^-i dr ; dog 10-15 grs. Locally blister. Muriate of ammonia, stimulant, discutient, alterative, diuretic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep y^-l dr ; dog 20 grs. Locally cool- ing discutient. Acetate of ammonia, solution, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant : Horse 2-3 oz ; ox 3-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep ^-l oz ; dog 2 drs. Anise-seed, stomachic, carminative: Horse i oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass i oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 1-3 scr. Antimony, tartarized (tartar emetic), emetic: Swine 5 grs: dog 24 grs. Sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr; swine ^-i gr ; dog %-%, gr. Locally blister. Areca nut, vermifuge, taeniafuge : Horse i oz ; ox i oz ; ass i 02 ; sheep 3 drs ; dog ^-i dr. Arnica tincture, stimulant, diuretic: Horse i dr; ox i dr; ass yi dr; sheep I scr; dog 10 drops. Locally cooling, soothing. Arsenic, alterative, nerve tonic: Horse 5 grs ; ox 5-8 grs ; ass 3-5 grs ; sheep I gr ; swine y^ gr ; dog 1^2 gr- Locally caustic, parasiticide. Asafcetida, diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifuge : Horse 2 drs ; ox 4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep j^-i dr; swine % dr; dog 10-20 grs. Azedarach, vermifuge: Horse ^-l oz; ox I oz; ass 3-4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs ; swine i dr ; dog 20 grs. Appendix. 401 Belladonna, anodyne, antispasmodic, narcotic : Horse 2 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 1-2 oz; sheep }4 oz; dog 5 grs. Belladonna, extract, anodyne, etc.: Horse2drs; ox2-3drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep )4 dr; dog 1-3 grs. Atropia (alkaloid of Belladonna), anodyne, etc.: Horse 1-2 grs; ox 1-2 grs; ass I gr; sheep y^ gr; dog ^^ gr- Balsam of Peru, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse i oz ; ox 1-1)4 oz; ass )4-i oz ; sheep 2 drs; dog J4 dr. Benzoin, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse i oz; ox i-i}4 oz ; ass )4-i oz ; sheep 2 drs ; dog }^ dr. Borax, nerve sedative, uterine stimulant: Horse 2-6 drs; ox ^-i oz; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep J^-i dr ; swine )4 dr; dog 5-10 grs. Z^m/Zj/ astringent, parasiticide. Bismuth, subnitrate, soothes irritation of the stomach and bowels : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 20 grs ; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 5-10 grs. ZciTrt;//}/ soothing, healing. Blackberry root, astringent : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox ^ oz ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 2 scr ; dog )4 scr. Blue-stone (copper sulphate). BoNESET, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic: Horse j^-l oz; ox I oz ; ass ^ oz; sheep 2-3 drs; swine 2 drs; dog j^-i dr. Bromide of potassium, nerve sedative : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep )4 dr; dog 5-10 grs. BuCHU, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 4 drs; ox )4-i oz ; ass 3 drs; sheep I dr ; dog IO-20 grs. Buckthorn syrup, purgative : dog ^-i oz. Calomel, purgative: Horse i dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass i dr; swine i scr; dog 3-4 grs. Alterative: Horse I scr; ox 1-3 scr; ass I scr; swine 3-4 grs ; dog ;^-i gr. Camphor, calmative, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 drs; 0x2-4 drs; ass i dr; sheep i scr; dog 3-10 grs. Cantharides, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 5 grs; ox 5-10 grs; ass 3-5 grs ; sheep I -2 grs; dog Ye-y^ gi". Locally blister. Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, stimulant, aromatic : Horse 2-3 drs ; ox 2-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep I scr; swine ^-l scr; dog 2-5 grs. Locally irri- tant. Caraway seed, stomachic: Horse i oz; ox 1-2 oz ; ass i oz; sheep 2-3 drs : swine 2 drs ; dog i scr. Cardamoms, stomachic : Horse i oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass i oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 2 drs ; dog I scr. Cascarilla, stimulant, bitter tonic: Horse ^-i oz; ox I oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep I dr ; dog 10 grs. Carbolic acid, sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant : Horse ^-i dr; ox I dr; ass ^ dr; sheep 10 drops; dog 5 drops. Castor-oil, purgative : Horse i pt; ox i-ij^ pts ; ass i pt; sheep 3-4 oz; dog ^-i oz. Catechu, astringent: Horse 2-5 drs; ox 3-8 drs; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-30 grs. 402 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Chamomile, stimulant, tonic: Horse i oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass i oz; sheep 2 drs ; dog j4 dr. Cherry bark, wild, expectorant : Horse )4, oz ; sheep 2-3 scr ; swine 2 scr ; dog i scr. Chloral-hydrate, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse, }4, oz ; ass ^-^z oz ; sheep i dr ; dog 20 grs. Soporific : Horse I oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; dog Chloroform, stimulant: Horse 1-2 drs; ass i dr; sheep i scr; dog 5-10 drops. Anaesthetic. Cinchona, Peruvian bark, bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic : Horse 1-3 oz; ass I oz; sheep 2-4 drs; dog I dr. Cinnamon, stomachic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox^-ioz; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. Cod-liver oil, tonic: Horse 4-6 oz; ox 6-8 oz; ass 4-6 oz; sheep 1-2 oz; dog ^ oz. CoLCHicuM, diuretic, sedative: Horse ^-i dr ; ox 1-2 drs; ass ^ dr; sheep % scr ; dog 2-8 grs. CoLOCYNTH, bitter purgative : dog 2-5 grs. CoLUMBO, bitter tonic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox ^-l oz ; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep ^-l dr ; dog 10 grs. CONIUM, EXTRACT, Sedative: Horse i dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass ^-i dr; sheep 10-15 grs ; swine 10 grs; dog 2-5 grs. COPAIVA, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass 2-3 drs; sheep j^-i dr; dog 10 drops. Copper, ammoniated, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 1-2 drs ; ass I dr : sheep 10-20 grs ; dog 1-5 grs . Copper, iodide, tonic, discutient : Horse 1-2 drs. Copper, sulphate, tonic, astringent: Horse ^-i dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass ^ dr ; sheep 10 grs ; dog 2-4 grs. Croton SEEDS, purgative : Horse 10-12; 0x15-20; ass 8-10 ; sheep 2-3; dog 1-2. Croton oil, purgative: Horse 15-20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 12-18 drops ; sheep 5-8 drops ; dog 3-4 drops. Cream of tartar, diuretic : Horse i oz ; sheep 4-6 drs ; dog i ]dr. Laxative: Horse 5 oz; ox 5-8 oz ; ass5oz; sheep 1-2 oz ; dog ^ oz. Dandelion extract, taraxacum, diuretic, laxative, bitter : Horse I-I^ oz; ox 2 oz; ass l oz; sheep 3 drs; dog I dr. Digitalis, sedative, diuretic: Horse 15-20 grs; ox ^-i dr; ass 15 grs; sheep 5-15 grs; swine 2-io grs; dog 1-3 grs. Dover's powder, sedative, diaphoretic: Horse 3 drs; ox 3-4 drs; ass 2 drs ; sheep 2 scr ; swine I scr ; dog 2-4 grs. Ergot, checks bleeding, parturient: Horse }4.-i oz; ox I oz ; ass }4, oz; sheep 1-2 drs; dog j4. dr. Ether, diffusible stimulant : Horse 1-2 oz; OX2-30Z; ass i oz ; sheep jE^ oz ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog i dr. Fennel seed, stomachic: Horse i oz ; ox 1-2 oz; ass i oz; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog % dr. 34* J Appendix. 403 FlLlX MAS., EXTRACT, MALE SHIELD-FERN, vermifuge, t^iiiacide : Horse I oz; sheep % dr; dog 10-20 drops. Galls, oak, astringent: Horse 4-6 drs; ox 1-2 oz; ass 4 drs; sheep _^-i scr; swine 1-2 scr; dog 1-3 grs. Gallic and tannic acid, tannin, astringent: Horse 1-3 scr; ass 1-2 scr; sheep 5 grs; dog 1-3 grs. Gentian, bitter tonic : Horse 4 drs; ox J^-i oz; ass 4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. Ginger, stimulant, stomachic: Horse i oz ; ox 2 oz; ass J^-i oz; sheep J^ oz ; swine 2 drs ; dog 2 scr. Glauber salts (soda sulphate). Henbane, hyoscyamus, extract, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep j4-i dr ; swine ^ dr ; dog 5 grs. Hemp, Indian, extr.\ct, antispasmodic, soporific, narcotic: Horse ^-i dr; ass ^ dr ; sheep 10-15 grs; swine 5-10 grs; dog 1-2 grs. Hydrocyanic acid (prussic). Iodine, akerative, discutient : Horse 10-20 grs ; ox 20-30 grs ; ass 10 grs , sheep 5-10 grs; swine 5 grs; dog 1-2 grs. Iodide of potassium, alterative, diuretic: Horse %-i dr; ox 1-2 drs; ass % dr; sheep 3 scr; swine 1-2 scr; dog I scr. Ipecacuanha, emetic, sedative : Swine 1-2 drs; dog 15-20 grs. Diapho- retic, expectorant : Swine ^ dr ; dog 3-5 grs. Jalap, purgative: Swine 1-2 drs; dog }i-i dr. Iron, peroxide, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep i dr ; dog 5-10 grs. Antidote to arsenic. Iron, sulphate, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs; ass 2 drs; sheep i dr; swine ^ dr ; dog 2-5 grs. Iron, carbonate, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep i dr ; swine % dr ; dog 2-5 grs. Iron, iodide, tonic, discutient: Horse }i-2 drs; ox 1-2 drs; ass }^-l dr; sheep 15-30 grs; swine 10-20 grs; dog 1-8 grs. Iron, tincture of muriate, astringent, checks bleeding: Horse ^-i oz; ox 1-2 oz; ass j4. oz ; sheep ^-i dr; swine 10-30 drops; dog 5-10 drops. Kino, astringent; Horse ^ oz ; ox j4,-i oz; ass 2-4 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; swine j4-i dr; dog 10 grs. Kousso, vermifuge : Sheep 2-3 oz ; dog I oz. Laudanum (opium). Lead acetate (sugar of lead), astringent, sedative: Horse 1-2 scr; ox 2-3 scr; ass I scr; sheep 10-15 grs; dog 2-5 grs. Lime-water, antacid, astringent : Horse 4-5 oz ; ox 4-8 oz ; ass 4 oz ; sheep I oz; dog I dr. Lime, carbonate, chalk, antacid, astringent: Horse 1-2 oz; ox 2-4 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 8-12 grs. Lime, chloride, chlorinated, checks tympany, disinfectant: Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs. Linseed oil, laxative: Horse 1-2 pts; ox 1-2 qts ; ass i pt ; sheep Kpt. 404 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Lobelia, sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse 1-2 drs ; 0x1-3 drs; ass l dr; sheep 15 grs ; swine 5-15 grs ; dog I-5 grs. Magnesia, antacid, laxative, antidote to arsenic: Horse i-2oz; 0x2-4 oz ; sheep I oz. Magnesia, sulphate, Epsom salts, laxative : ox 1-2 lbs; sheep 4-6 oz. Mallow, demulcent : Freely. Mentha piperita (peppermint). Mercury with chalk, hydrargrum cum creta, antacid, laxative : Calf 10-15 g'"s > ^og 5-^0 g^s. Mercurial pill, blue pill, laxative : Dog 5 grs. Mercury, subchloride (calomel). Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic, disin- fectant : Horse i dr ; ox 2 drs ; ass I dr ; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. Myrrh, stimulant, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 15-20 grs. Nitre (potassa nitrate). Nitric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic: Horse i dr; 0x2 drs; ass i dr; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. Nux vomica, nerve stimulant, tonic : Horse 10-30 grs ; ox 20-40 grs ; ass 10-20 grs; sheep 5-15 grs ; dog ^-3 grs. Oak bark, astringent : Horse I oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 4 drs ; swine 2-3 drs; dog 1-2 drs. Olive oil, laxative: Horse 1-2 pts ; ox 2-3 pts ; ass i pt; sheep 3-6 oz ; Qog 1-3 oz. Opium, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic : Horse %,-2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs; ass yi-l dr; sheep 10-20 grs; dog ^-3 grs. Opium, tincture, laudanum, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 oz; ox2oz; ass^-ioz; sheep 2-3 drs; dog 15-30 drops. Morphia, muriate, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic : Horse 3-5 grs; ox 5-10 grs; ass 3 grs; sheep^^-i gr ; dog X'X gr- Peppermint, oil, stomachic, antispasmodic : Horse 20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 20 drops ; sheep 5-10 drops ; swine 5 drops; dog 3-5 drops. Peruvian bark (cinchona). Pepper, black, white, stomachic, stimulant: Horse 2 drs; ox 3 drs ; ass 2 drs; sheep 1-2 scr ; dog 5-10 grs. Pimento, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2 drs ; ox 3 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr; dog 5-10 grs. Podophyllin, purgative, sedative : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2 drs ; ass i dr ; sheep 10-20 grs ; swine 6-8 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. Pomegranate root bark, vermifuge : Horse i oz; ox 1-2 oz ; ass i oz; sheep 2-3 drs; swine I -2 drs; dog 20-30 grs. Potassa acetate, antacid, diuretic, diaphoretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox i oz ; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa nitrate, diuretic, febrifuge : Horse, 6-8 drs ; ox i oz ; ass 4-6 drs; sheep I -2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox i oz ; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 10-20 grs. Potassa chlorate, stimulant, diuretic, refrigerant, antiseptic: Horse I-4 drs; ass 1-2 drs; sheep 20-40 grs ; dog 5 15 grs. Appendix. 405 Potassium iodide (iodine). Potassium bromide, nerve sedative : Horse J4 oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 2 drs; swine I dr; dog 20 grs. Potassium cyanide, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 1-2 grs ; ox 2 grs ; ass 1-2 grs; sheep )4 gr; dog X-j^ gr- Prunus Virginiana (wild cherry). Prussic acid, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-40 drops; ass 15-20 drops; sheep 5-8 drops; swine 5 drops; dog 1-3 drops. Pumpkin seeds, vermifuge, tseniafuge : Dog ^ oz. QuiNiA, sulphate, bitter tonic: Horse 20 grs; 0x20-30 grs; ass 15-20 grs ; sheep 6-10 grs ; swine 5-10 grs; dog 2-6 grs. Rhubarb, laxative, tonic : Horse i oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass i oz ; sheep i dr ; dog 20 grs. Resin, diuretic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox J4-I oz; ass 4-6 drs; sheep 2-4 drs; swine 2 drs ; dog 20-30 grs. Soap, diuretic, antacid, laxative: Horse 1-2 oz; ass I oz; sheep 2-6 drs; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 20-60 grs. Soda, bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic: Horse 4-6 drs; ox 4-8 drs; ass 4 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs; dog 5-30 grs. Soda, sulphite, bisulphite, hyposulphite, antiseptic, disinfectant, alterative, relieves tympany : Horse I oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass I oz ; sheep 2-6 drs ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 20-60 grs. Soda SULPILATE (glauber salts), purgative: Horse i-i>^ lbs; ox 1-2 lbs; ass_J^-ilb; sheep 6 oz. Sodium, chloride (common salt), tonic, vermifuge, purgative: Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass i oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine I -3 drs ; dog 10-30 grs. Santonin, wormseed, semen contra, vermifuge: Horse }4-i oz; ass 4 drs ; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine 1-3 drs ; dog 10-60 grs. Squill, diuretic, expectorant: Horse j^ dr; ox j^-i dr; ass 20-30 grs; sheep 10-15 S'"S ; dog 1-5 grs. Silver, nitrate (lunar caustic), nerve tonic: Horse 5 grs; 0x5-8 grs; ass 2-4 grs; sheep 1-2 grs; dog ys-)4 gr- Spanish flies (cantharides). Spigelia, vermifuge: Horse ^-i oz; ox 1-2 oz ; ass ^-l oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog I dr. Strychnia, nerve tonic: Horse 1-2 grs; ox 1-3 grs; ass i gr; sheep j4-i gr; swine 1/ gr; dog ^VA g^- Sulphur, expectorant, diaphoretic: Horse 3-4 oz ; ox 5-6 oz; ass 3 oz; sheep 2 oz ; swine i j^-2 oz ; dog 2-8 drs. Laxative, alterative : Horse I oz ; OXI-20Z; ass I oz ; sheep 6 drs ; swine 4-6 drs ; dog ^- 1 dr. Parasiticide. Sweet spirits of nitre, spirit of nitrous ether, stimulant, antispas- modic, diuretic, diaphoretic: Horse 1-2 oz ; 0x3-402; ass I oz; sheep 3-6 drs; dog ^-2 drs. Stramonium, narcotic, sedative: Horse 20-30 grs ; oxj^-idr; ass 15-30 grs; sheep 5-10 grs; swine 4-6 grs ; dog 2 grs. Sulphuric acid, tonic, refrigerant, caustic : Horse i dr ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass I dr; sheep )4 dr; swine 20 drops; dog 5-10 drops. Tobacco, sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge: Horse 4 drs; ox 4-6 drs; ass 4 drs; sheep I dr; swine }i dr; dog 5-6 grs. 406 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. Tar, expectorant, antiseptic: Horse ^-i oz; ox^-2oz; sheep ^ oz. Turpentine oil, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic: Horse 1-2 oz; ox l-i^ oz; ass ^ oz; sheep 1-2 drs; swine i dr; dog ^ dr. Vermifuge: Horse 2 oz; ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1-2 oz; sheep 4 drs; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. Valerian, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep ^ oz ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. Valerianate of iron, nerve tonic : Dog 4-5 grs. Veratrum, sedative: Horse i scr; ox ^-i dr; ass ^-l scr; sheep 5-10 grs ; swine 5-8 grs ; dog 2 grs. Wild cherry bark, expectorant: Horse i oz; ox i}4. oz; ass i oz; sheep 3 drs ; dog 30 grs. Zinc carbonate, astringent, tonic : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep }i-l dr; swine ^ dr; dog 10- 15 grs. Zinc, sulphate, astringent, tonic: Horse 1-2 drs; ox 2-3 drs; ass i dr; sheep 15-30 grs ; swine 10-20 grs; dog 2-3 grs. Emetic: Swine 15 grs to I dr; dog 8-15 grs. BLISTERING, ETC. As an example of a simple blister for tlie horse the fol- lowing may be given : — Powdered Cantharides 2 drs. Camphor 5 grs. Oil of Lavender 10 drops. Lard 1 oz. Mix thoroughly. When applying it, first cut the hair from the part, then rub the ointment well in with the palm of the hand and against the direction of the hair, for four or five minutes. The animal should be tied short to a high rack or otherwise prevented from reaching the blistered surface with his lips until it is well raised. Then the application may be washed off with soap-suds and the part smeared daily with lard. The blister should not be repeated until the effects of the first have passed off. For cattle, ^ oz. oil of turpentine or 10 grs. tartar emetic may be added to the above blister. For pigs can- tharides and turpentine may be used alone, 1 of the for- mer to 4 of the latter. For dogs and sheep equal parts of strong aqua ammonia and olive-oil may be used and rubbed in as often as may seem requisite. INDEX. Abductor femoris displaced, 349. Abortion, 223. Abortion from ergot, 64. Abscess in bone, 296-299. Abscess in bone, symptoms of, 297. Abscess in the false nostril, 77. Abscess in tbe guttural pouches, 77. Abscess of the walls of the chest, 93. Acariasis, 277. Acari, parasitic, 277. Achorion Schonleini, 275. Action of medicines, 396. Acute enteritis, 155. Acute farcy, 44. Acute gastric indigestion in horses, 148. Acute glanders, 23. Acute inflammation of the bowels, 155. Acute intestinal indigestion in horses, 149. Acute muco-enteritis, 157. Afterbirth, retained, 230. Ages, doses for different, 397. Air in the chest, 92. Air in veins, 121. Albuminoids in the blood, im- perfect oxidation of, 185. Albuminous urine, 206. Albuminuria, 206. Amaurosis, 246. Anaemia, 70. Anasarca, 67. Anchylosis, 307. Aneurisms, 119. Animal plagues, exclusion and extinction of, 2. Animals, doses for different, 397-400. Anthrax, 32, 94. Anthrax, apoplectic, 38. Anthrax fever, in birds, 40 ; cattle, 39 ; horses, 38 ; sheep, 39 ; swine, 40. Anthrax in dogs and cats, 38. Anthrax in man, 38. Anthrax of the throat, 37. Anthrax, prevention of, 42. Anthrax, treatment of, 40. Anus, fistula in, 168. Anus, imperforate, 169. Aphthous fever, 10. Apoj^lectic anthrax, 38. Apoplexy, 253. Apoplexy of the lung, 94. 408 Index. Appendix, 396. Appetite, depraved, 153. Arm-bone, fracture of, 330. Arterial hgemorrhage, 117. Arteries, dilatation of, 119. Arteries, diseases of, 117. Arteries, inflammation of, 118. Arteries, wounds of, 117. Arteritis, 118. Arthritis, 307. Ascites, 170. Ascites in parturition, 230. Asiatic cholera, 24. Asthma, 94. Atrophy of the heart, 111. Auscultation, 73, 108. Azotsemia, 185. Azoturia, 185. Back and loins, fractures of, 321. Back and loins, sprains of, 322. Back tendons, sprains of, 338. Beef tapeworm, 58. Belly-ache, 154. Belly, dropsy of, 170. Big-head, 302. Biliary calculi, 195. Bilious fever in horses, 21. Bird acari, 278. Bird lice, 284. Bird-pox, 10. Birds, impacted crop in, 140. Birds, pulse in, 107. Bistouri cache, 239. Bit and curb, injuries by, 317. Black pigment tumors, 274. Black-quarter, 36. Black-tongue, 36. Black water, 186. Bladder, eversion of, 210. Bladder, inflammation of, 208. Bladder, paralysis of, 208. Bladder, spasm of its-neck, 207. Bladder, stone in, 214. Bleeding from arteries, 117. Bleeding from the lungs, 97. Bleeding from the nose, 75. Bleeding from the womb, 230. Bleeding from veins, 119. Bleeding in the bowels from liver disease, 183. Blistering, 406. Bloating, 140. Bloodlessness, 70. Blood poisoning from imper- fect oxidation of albumi- noids, 185. Blood spavin, 361-362. Bloody flux, 161. Bloody milk, 236. Bloody murrain, 32, 36. Bloody urine, 204. Blow-flies, 282. Blowing murmurs in the heart, 109. Blue disease, 110. Blue milk, 236. Bog spavin, 361. Boils, 273. Bone, death of, 296, 299. Bone, induration of, 296. Bone, results of inflammation in, 296. Bones, general diseases of, 293-295. Bones, inflammation of, 295. Bone, softening of, 296,301. Index. 409 Bone spavin, 360. Bone, suppuration in, 296-299. Bone, symptoms of abscess in, 297. Bone, symptoms of death of, 297. Bone, symptoms of inflamma- tion in, 296. Bone, symptoms of ulceration of, 297. Bone, thickening of, 296. Bone, treatment of inflamed, 298. Bone, tubercle in, 300. Bone, tumor of, 296. Bone, ulceration in, 296, 299. Bots, 171. Bots in the throat, 79. Bowels, foreign bodies in, 152. Bowels, impacted, 150. Bowels, inflammation of, 155. Bowels, obstruction of, 163. Brain, inflammation of, 254. Breech presentation, 229. Bright's disease, 206. Bristle-balls, 153. Broken-down, 339. Broken knees, 334. Broken ribs, 93, 112. Broken-wind, 96. Bronchitis, 85. Bronchitis from worms, 101, 103, 104. Bronchocele, 65. Broncho - pleuro - pneumonia, 92. Broncho-pneumonia, 92. Buckwheat as a cause of skin- disease, 269. 35 Bullae, 267. Bullers, 49. Burns, 291. Bursas, inflamed, 310. Burst, 164. Calcifications near inflamed bones, 296. Calculi in the gall ducts, 195, Calculi, salivary, 135. Calculi, urinary, 211. Callosities of the skin, 274. Calves and foals, lung worms in, 101. Cancers, 394, 274, 318. Cancer of the orbit, 318. Cancer of the tongue, 128. Cancroid of the lips, 128. Canine distemper, 23. Canine madness, 28. Canker, 388. Capped hock, 356. Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, 5. Carbuncular erysipelas, 37. Carditis, 115. Carious teeth, 131. Carpitis, 332. Castration, evil effects of, 221. Castration of males, 220 ; fe- males, 222 ; birds, 223. Cataract, 245. Catarrh, malignant, 78. Catarrh, nasal, 75. Catarrh of stomach and bow- els, 151. Catarrh of womb or vagina, 231. Cat-flea, 284. , 410 Index. Cattle, lung fever in, 14. Cattle, malignant catarrh in, V8. Cattle, measles in, 58. Cattle plague, 12. Cattle, tapeworm in, 58. Caustic i^otassa and soda as disinfectants, 6. Chafing of the skin, 266. Charcoal as a disinfectant, 6. Chest, air or gas in, 92. Chest diseases, signs of, 73. Chest, water in, 90, 92. Chest, wounds of, 324. Chigoe, 283. Chloride of lime as a disin- fectant, 6. Chloride of zinc as a disin- fectant, 6. Chlorine as a disinfectant, 5. Choking, 137. Cholera, Asiatic, 34. Cholera, hog, 25. Chorea, 249. Choroiditis, 243. Chronic bronchitis, 86. Chronic farcy, 44. Chronic glanders, 43. Chronic indigestion in horses, 151. Chronic roaring, 83. Cirrhosis, 195. Classification of contagious diseases, 3. Clots on the valves of the heart, 114. Cleanliness as a disinfectant, 4. ■ Cerebral meningitis, 254. Cerebritis, 254. Cerebro-spinal fever, 255. Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 255. Coal-tar as a disinfectant, 5. Coenurus cerebralis, 52. Coffin-bone, distortion of, 384. Coffin-joint lameness, 371. Cold drink, indigestion from, 147. Cold in the head, 75. Colic, spasmodic, 154. Colic, tympanitic, 149. Collapse of the lung, 93. Colloid cancer, 394. Coma somnolentum, 252. Congestion of the lungs, 87. Conjunctivitis, 241. Consumption, 47. Contagious diseases, classifi- cation of, 3. Contagious diseases, losses from, 2. Contagious diseases, propaga- gation of, 2. Contagious diseases, their im- portance, 1. Contagious lung fever, 14. Contraction, 386. Convulsions, 252. Convulsions from ergotism, 63. Convulsions from teething, 134. Coraco-radial tendon, sprain of, 328. Cornea, ulcers of, 242. Corns, 380. Coronet, fistula of, 387. Coronet, wounds of, 386. Cow-pox, 7. Cracked heels, 270. I Index. 411 Cranium, fracture of the base of, 318. Cresylic acid as a disinfectant, 5. Crib-biting, 129. Crop, impaction of, 140. Croup, 81. Croup, fracture of, 322. Croupous enteritis, 159. Curb, 363. Cutting, 242. Cyanosis, 110. Cystic calculus, 214. Cysticercus cellulosa, 56. Cysticercus medio-canellata, 58. Cystitis, 208. Cysts under the tongue, 128. Deformities, 227. Demodex, 278. Dentinal tumors, 133, 318. Dentition fever, 133. Depraved appetite, 152. Dermanyssus, 278. Dermatocoptis equi, 278. Dermatophagus, 277. Dermatophagus equi, 279. Desquamative nephritis, 206. Diabetes insipidus, 203. Diabetes mellitus, 184. Diarrhoea, 160. Dietetic and constitutional dis- eases, 63. Difficult parturition, assistance in, 227. Diffuse baldness, 276. Digestive organs, diseases of, 124. Dilatation of the heart, 112. Diphtheria, 82. Disease as affecting the action of medicines, 398. Diseased teeth, 125. Diseases of the digestive or- gans, 124. Diseases of the foot, 365. Diseases of the heart, 106. Disease of the membranes of the teeth, 133. Diseases of the respiratory or- gans, general causes of, 72. Disinfection, 3. Dislocation of the fetlock, 342. Dislocation of the hip, 350. Dislocation of the knee, 333. Dislocation of the knee cap, 353. Dislocation of the lower jaw, 318. Dislocation of the shoulder, 328. Dislocation of the tail, 323. Displaced teeth, 130. Displacements of the heart, 110. Distemper in dogs, 23. Distemper in young horses, 17. Distomum lanceolatum, 196. Diuresis, 203. Diuretics, poisoning by, 203, 205. Dog-pox, 10. Doses, 397-400. Doses, graduation of, 397. Double-headed monster, 229. Down in the hip, 347. Drainage in anthrax, 33. 412 Index. Dropsy of the abdomen, 1*70. Dropsy of the lung, 93. Dropsy of the scrotum, 219. Dry gangrene from ergot, 64. Dry murrain, 144. Drugs and doses, 396-400. Dysentery, 161. Earth as a disinfectant, 6. Echinococcus hominis, veteri- norum, 35. Ecthyma, 268. Eczema, 267. Eggs of tapeworms, 52. Elbow, diseases of, 328. Elbow, fracture of, 329. Elbow-joint, disease of, 330. Elbow, tumors of, 328. Elbow, wounds of, 329. Emasculation, 220, 223. Embolism, 118. Embryo tapeworms, 52. Encephalitis, 254. Encephaloid, 394. Encephaloid of the face, 318. Endocarditis, 114. Enlargement of the heart. 111. Enteritis, 155. Enteritis, croupous, 159. Enzootic hsematuria, 185. Enzootic myelitis, 257. Epilepsy, 247. Epithelial cancer, 274. Epithelioma, 394. Epizootic aphtha, 10. Epizootic cerebro-spinal men- ingitis, 255. Epizootic diseases, their im- portance, 1. Epizootic influenza, 19. Ergotism, 63. Erysipelas, 286. Erysipelas carbuncular, 37. Euchlorine as a disinfectant, 5. Eustrongylus gigas, 60. E version of the bladder, 210. E version of the rectum, 167. Eversion of womb or vagina, 232. Examination of the urine, 202. Exostosis, 296. Extinction of animal plagues, 2. Eye, diseases of, 240. Eye, foreign bodies in, 241. Eye, inflammation of the in terior of, 243. Eyelashes turned in, 240. Eyelids torn, 240. Eye, recurring inflammation of, 244. Eye-socket, cancer of, 318. Eye, superficial inflammation of, 241. Eye, tumors on, 242. Eye, ulcers of, 242. Eye, white specks on, 242. Facial paralysis, 259. Falling sickness, 247. False quarter, 379. Farcy, 43. Fasciola hepatica, 196. Fatty heart, 115. Favus, 275. Fecundity of tapeworms, 52. Fetlock, blows on the inside of, 242. Index. 413 Fetlock, disease of, 342. Fetlock, dislocation of, 342. Fetlock, puffs in front of, 341. Fetlock, swelling in front of, 341. Fever, cerebro-spinal, 255. Fibula, fracture of, 354. Fistula, 291. Fistula in ano, 168. Fistula of the coronet, 387. Fistula of the poll, 319. Fistula, salivary, 135. Fistulous withers, 320. Fits, 252. Fleas, 283. Fleas, attacks of, 282. Flooding, 230. Flukes in the liver, 196. Foot and mouth disease, 10. Foot, causes of diseases of, 365. Foot, diseases of the, 365. Foot, inflammation of, 376. Foot-rot, 389. • Foot-rot, contagious, 277, 390. Foot-rot, tuberculous, 391. Foot, sesamoiditis of, 371. Foot, fi'actures in the, 375. Fore-arm, fracture of, 330. Foreign bodies in stomach and bowels, 152. Foul in the foot, 300, 389, 391. Founder, 376. Fractures, 303. Fracture at the base of the cranium, 318. Fractures, bandages for, 304. Fractured ribs, 93, 323. Fracture inside the hock, 359. Fracture of the arm-bone, 332. 35* Fractures of the back and loins, 321. Fracture of the croup, 322. Fracture of the face bones, 317. Fractures in the foot, 375. Fracture of the fore-arm, 330. Fractures of the hip, 347. Fracture of the knee cap, 352. Fracture of the leg, 354. Fracture of the lower jaw, 316. Fractures of the neck bones, 320. Fracture of the neck of the thigh-bone, 351. Fracture of the nose, 317. Fractures of the pastern bones, 343. Fracture of the point of the elbow, 329. Fracture of the point of the hock, 359. Fracture of the poll, 317. Fracture of the shank, 337. Fracture of the shoulder-blade, 328. Fracture of the splint bones, 337. Fracture of the upper jaw, 317. Fragility of bones, 301. Frog, canker of, 388. Frog, discharge from, 388. Frog, inflammation of, 388. Frontal bones, fracture of, 317. Fungi in milk, 236. Furuncle, 273. Gadfly, 282. 414 Index. Gadflies of horses, IVI. Gall ducts, stones in, 195. Gall-stones, 195. Gamasiis of fodder, 278. Gangrene from ergot, 64. Gapes, 104. Gape-worm, 100. Garget, 237. Gas in the pleurae, 92. Gastric fever in horses, 21. Gastric parasites, 171. Gastritis in oxen, 146. Generation, diseases of the or- gans of, 218. Gid, 52. Glander heaves, 86. Glanders, 43. Glass eyes, 246. Gleet, 209. Gloss-anthrax, 36. Gluteus, sprain of, 348. Goat-pox, 9. Goitre, 65. Gonorrhoea, 209. Grapes, 270. Gravel, 210, 211. Grease, 269. Grease, parasitic, 277. Grub in the head, 76, 98. Gullet, dilatation of, 140. Gullet, stricture of, 140. Gums, inflamed, 127. Gut-tie, 163. Guttural pouches, abscess of, 77. Guttural tumors in swine, 37. Haematopinus, 284. Haematuria, 204. Hsematuria, enzootic, 185, 187. Haemoptysis, 97. Haemorrhage from arteries, 117. Haemorrhagic enteritis, 155. Hair-balls, 153. Hamstring, rupture of, 356. Hamstring, sprain of, 356. Hard cancer, 394. Heart, atrophy of. 111. Heart, auscultation of, 108. Heart, blowing murmurs in, 109. Heart, clots on its valves, 114. Heart, dilatation of, 112. Heart, diseases of, 106. Heart, disease of its valves, 115. Heart, enlargement of. 111. Heart, fatty degeneration of, 115. Heart, hypertrophy of. 111. Heart, parasites' in, 116. Heart, rupture of, 115. Heart-sack, inflammation of 112. Heart, wounds of, 1 1 2. Heat apoplexy, 262. Heat as a disinfectant, 4. Heaves, 96. Heels, bruises of, 380. Heels, diseases of, 269. Heels, distorted, 384. Helophilus, 174. Hemiplegia, 259. Hen-louse, 278. Hepatirrhoea, 191. Hepatitis, 192. Hereditary epilepsy, 247. Index. 415 Hereditary heaves, 96. Hereditary ophthalmia, 244. Hernia, 164. Herpes, 267. High breeding and heart dis- ease. 115. Hip, dislocated, 350. Hip, fractures of, 347. Hip-joint, disease of, 350. Hippobosca ovina, 283. Hip, sprain of the, 348. Hock, dropsy of, 362. Hock, elastic swelling in front of the outer side of, 358. Hock- joint, inflammation of, 361. Hock, fractures of, 359, 360. Hock, fracture of point of, 359. Hock, sprain behind the, 363. Hock, sprain of the flexor be- hind the, 358. Hock, sprain of the flexor of, 355. Hock, tendon displaced from the point of, 367. Hock, thoroughpin of, 358. Hog cholera, 25, 60. Honey-dew as a cause of skin- disease, 269. Hoof -bound, 386. Hoofs, contracted, 386. Hoofs, loss of, from eating er- got, 64. Hoof, natural state of, 368. Hoof -wall, cracks in, 378. Hoof -wall, powdery degenera- tion of, 388. Hoose, 101. Hoove, 140. Horn, natural state of, 368. Horny tumor in the heel, 380. Horny tumor of the laminae, 379. Horse-pox, 6. Husk, 101. Hydrocele, 219. Hydrocephalus in parturition, 229. Hydrorachitis, 257. Hydrophobia, 28. Hydrothorax, 90, 92. Hypertrophy of the heart, 111. Icterus, 189. Impacted crop, 140. Impacted large intestines, 150. Impacted third stomach, 144. Imperforate anus, 169. Impervious teat, 238. Impetigo, 268. Indigestion from cold water, 147. Indigestion in calves, foals, etc., 147. Indigestion in horses, 148, 149, 151. Indigestion, intestinal, 149. Inflammation of the lungs, 88. Influenza, 19. Injuries to the loins, 204. Intercostal abscess, 93. Internal ophthalmia, 243. Intestinal catarrh from liver disease, 183. Intestinal fever of swine, 25, 94. Intestinal worms, 174. 416 Index. Intestinal worms, symptoms of, 179. Invagination, 163. Iritis, 243. Irregular strangles, 18. Itch, 277. Ixodes, 282. Jaundice, 189. Jaws, open joint between, 318. Joints, diseases of, 306. Joints, eburnation in, 307. Joints, general diseases of, 293. Joints, inflammation of, 307. Joints, matter in, 308. Joints, tuberculous disease of, 308. Joints, ulceration in, 307. Keraphyllocele, 379. Kidneys, inflammation of, 205. Kidney-worm, 60. Knee, bruise on inner side of, 333. Knee-cap, fracture of, 352. Knee-cap, dislocation of, 353. Knee, dislocation of, 333. Knee, inflammation of, 332. Knee, puifs in front of, 331. Knee, sprains behind, 331. Knee, synovial swellings be- hind, 331 ; in front of, 331. Knee, wounds of, 333. Labor, premature, 226. Lameness, 293. Laminse, horny tumor of, 379. Laminitis, 376. Laminitis, chronic, 378. Lampas, 126. Lard- worm of swine, 59. Large intestines, impaction of, 150. Laryngitis, 79. Lateral cartilages, ossified, 374. Lathyrus sativa as causing palsy, 84. Lead poisoning, 261. Leptus Americana, 279. Lethargy from ergotism, 63. Leucorrhoea, 231. Leukaemia, 200. Lice, 284. Lime as a disinfectant, 6. Lips, cancroid of, 128. Lips, warts on, 128. Liver, atrophy of, 195. Liver, cancer of, 195. Liver, chronic inflammation of, 194. Liver, congestion of, 191. Liver disease, general symp- toms of, 182. Liver, fatty degeneration of, 195. Liver, fibrous degeneration of, 195. Liver, hypertrophy of, 195. Liver, inflammation of, 192. Liver, parasites of, 196. Liver-rot, 196. Liver, softening of, 195. Liver, tubercle of, 195. Lock-jaw, 250. Loins, injuries to, 204. Loins, laceration of the mus- I cles beneath the,. 322, Index. 417 Losses from contagious dis- eases, 2. Loss of veins, 120. Lower jaw, dislocation of, 318. Lower jaw, fracture of, 316. Lung, ajDoplexy of, 94. Lungs, bleeding from, 97. Lung, collapse of, 324. Lungs, congestion of, 87, 110. Lung fever of cattle, 14. Lungs, inflammation of, 88. Lung-worms, 99. Lymphadenoma, 200. Lymphangitis, 121. Lymphangitis, local, 123. Lymphatics, diseases of, 121. Lymphatics, inflammation of, 121. Madness in dogs, 28. Maggots, 282. Malignant anthrax, 32. Malignant anthrax, local treat- ment of, 41. Malignant anthrax, prevention of, 42. Malignant anthrax, treatment of, 40. Malignant anthrax with exter- nal swellings, 35. Malignant catarrh, 78. Malignant cholera, 24. Malignant pustule, 38. Malignant sore-throat, 37. Mallenders, 272. Malleolus, fracture of, 359. Mal-presentation, 227. Mammae, diseases of, 236. Mamma, tumors of, 239. Mammitis, 237. Man, anthrax in, 33, 38. Man, aphthous fever in, 11. Mange, 277. Man, glanders in, 45. Man, hydrophobia in, 29. Manifolds, impacted, 144. Matter in the guttural pouches, 77. Matter in the nasal sinuses, 76. Maxims, obstetric, 227. Measles (parasitic) in cattle, 58 ; in swine, 56. Medicines, action of, 396 ; as affected by age, 397 ; as af- fected by disease, 398 ; as affected by idiosyncrasy, 398 ; as affected by genus, 398, 400. Medicines, doses of, 400. Medicines, explanation of names of, 396. Medicines, form to administer, 398. Medicines, frequency of ad- ministration of, 398. Megrims, 249. Melanosis, 274. Mellituria, 184. Melophagus ovina, 283. Membrane lining the chest, inflammation of, 90. Membrane of the abdomen, inflammation of, 169. Mercurial, sore mouth, 125, 127. Mesenteric glands, pentastoma (linguatula) in, 99. Metacarpus, periostitis of, 336, 418 Index. Metritis, 233. Microsporion Adouinii, 276. Miliary tuberculosis, 47. Milk, bloody, 236. Milk, blue, 236. Milk, concretions from, 238. Milk fever, 234. Milking tube, 238. Milk, viscid, 236. Milt, diseases of, 199. Moon blindness, 244. Moor-ill, 187. Morbid growths, 392. Mouth, inflammation of, 125. Mouth, tumors in, 128. Muco-enteritis, 157. Muguet, 127. Muscles, diseases of, 312. Muscles, general diseases of, 293. Muscles, inflamed, 312. Muscles, ruptures of, 312. Muzzle for crib-biting, 130. Myelitis, 255. Myelitis, enzootic, 257. Myositis, 312. Nails, pricks and binding with, 382. Nasal catarrh, 75. Nasal sinuses, matter in, 76. Navicular disease, 371. Neck bones, fractures of, 320. Neck of the bladder, spasm of, 207. Necrosis, 296, 299. Necrosis, symptoms of, 297. Nephritis, 205. Nephritis, desquamative, 206. Nervous diseases, general causes of, 247. Nervous disorder from ergot- ism, 63. Nervous disorders from liver disease, 183. Nervous irritation of the skin, 273. Nervous system, diseases of, 247. Neurosis of the skin, 273. Nodular swelling of the skin, 272. Non-presentation of head or members, 228, 229. Nose, bleeding from, 75. Nose, fracture of, 317. Nose, parasites in, 98. Nose, pentastoma in, 99. Nose, tumors in, 78. Nostril, abscess of, 77, Oat-hair calculi, 153. Obstruction of the bowels, 163. (Estrus bovis, 282. CEstrus equi, 171. CEstrus ovis, 98. Oidium batracosis, 277. Open coftin-joint, 383. Open joint, 308, 309. Open joint, between upper and lower jaw, 318. Ophthalmia, enzootic, 242. Ophthalmia, internal, 243. Ophthalmia, recurring, 244. Ophthalmia, simple, 241. Optic nerve, palsy of, 246. Orchitis, 218. Index. 419 Ostitis, symptoms of, 296. Ostitis, treatment of, 298. Overgrown teeth, 130. Overloaded paunch, 142. Ox tick, 281. Ozone as a disinfectant, 4. Palate, congested, 126. Palpation, 108. Palpitation, 109. Palsy, 258. Palsy, local, 259. Palsy of a lateral half of the body, 259. Palsy of the ear, 259. Palsy of the face, 259. Palsy of the hind limbs, 259. Palsy of the nerve of sight, 246. Pampering, a cause of liver disease, 183. Pancreas, diseases of, 199. Paralysis from ergotism, 63. Paralysis from lathyrus sati- vus, 84. Paralysis, general, 258. Paralysis of the bladder, 208. Papules, 266. Paraphymosis, 222. Paraplegia, 259, 321. Parasites, 51. Parasites in the nose, 98. Parasites on the skin, 274. Parasites in arteries, 118, 119. Parasites in the heart, 116. Parasites in the lower air-pas- sages, 99. Parasites in the stomach, 171. Parasitic acari, 277. Parasitic grease, 277. Parotid, inflammation of, 136. Parotitis, 136. Parrot mouth, 129. Parturient apoplexy, 234. Parturition, assistance in, 227. Parturition, difficult, 225 ; dis- orders following, 230. Parturition fever, 234. Parturition, premature, 223. Pastern, bony growth on the, 344. Pastern, fractures of the, 343. Pastern, sprains behind the, 346. Patella, dislocation of, 353. Paunch, overloaded, 142. Paunch, tympany of, 140. Pedal bone, distortions of, 384. Pedal sesamoiditis, 383. Pelvis, fractures of, 347. Penis, amputation of, 220. Penis, disease of, 219. Penis, ulcers on, 220. Pentastoma tsenioides, 76, 99. Percussion, 73. Perforans, sprain of, 358. Pericarditis, 112. Periodic ophthalmia, 244. Periosteotomy, 336. Periostitis, symptoms of, 297. Periostitis, treatment of, 298. Peritonitis, 169. Pharyngeal anthrax, 37. Pharyngitis, 79. Phlebitis, 120. Phlebitis, diffuse, 120. Phosphatic calculi, 153, 420 Index. Phrenitis, 254. Phymosis, 222. Physical signs of chest diseases, 73. Pigs, lung-worms in, 104. Piles, 167. Piles from liver disease, 183. Pimples, 266. Pin worms in arteries, 119. Pining, 47. Pityriasis, 272. Pityriasis, parasitic, 276. Plague, Russian cattle, 12. Plagues of Egypt, 1. Plagues, propagation of, 2. Pleurae, gas in, 92. Pleurae, inflammation of, 90. Pleurisy, 90. Pleurodynia, 94. Pleuro-pneumonia, 92. Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, 14. Plugging the nose, 76. Plugging of arteries, 118, 120. Pneumonia, 88. Pneumothorax, 92. Podo-trochilitis, 371. Poisoning by lead, 261. Poll evil, 319. Poll, fracture of, 317. Polypus in the vagina, 227. Polyuria, 203. Porcelaneous deposit, 307. Pork tapeworm, 57. Premature labor pains, 226. Presentations, abnormal, 227. Prevalence of contagious dis- eases, 2. Pricks, 382. Profuse staling, 203. Prolapsus uteri, vagina?, 232. Projjagation of animal plagues, 2. Proud flesh, 290. Prurigo, 273. Puffs in front of the knee, 331. Pulmonary congestion, 87. Pulmonary inflammation, 89. Pulse in disease, 107. Pulse, its characters, 106. Pumice feet, 378. Purgatives, administration of, 398. Purpura, 94. Purpura hsemorrhagica, 1 8, 67. Pustules, 268. Pustules in the heels, 270. Quadrupeds, pulse in, 106. Quarter-crack, 378. Quittor, 380, 387. Rabies, 28 ; dumb, 30 ; furious, 30 ; lethargic, 30 ; paralytic, 30. Rabies, fallacies concerning, 31. Rat-tailed maggots, 174. Rectum, eversion of, 167. Rectum, inflammation of, 160. Recurring ophthalmia, 244. Red-water, 186. Renal calculus, 213. Respiratory organs, diseases of, 72. Retained afterbirth, 230. Retinitis, 243. Rheumatism, 65, 94. Index. 421 Rheumatism of the heart, 112, 114. Ribs, fractures of, 93, 323. Rickets, 301. Rinderpest, 12. Ringbones, 344. Ringworm, 274. Ringworm, honey-comb, 275. Ripe grain, effects of, 144. Roaring, 83. Rot, 196. Roup, 82. Rupture, 164. Rupture of the heart, 115. Russian cattle plague, 12. Saccharine urine, 184. Saccular gullet, 140. Sacrum, fracture of, 322. St. Guy's dance, 249. St Yitus's dance, 249. Salivary calculi, 135. Salivary fistula, 135. Salivation, 134. Sallenders, 272. Sand-crack, 378. Sand-like deposit in the blad- der, 216. Sarcoptes, 277. Sarcoptes equi, 278. Scab, 277. Scabies, 277. Scald-head, 275. Scalds, 291. Scaly skin affections, 272. Scarlatina, 69. Scirrhus, 393. Scouring, 160. Scratches, 270-272. Scrofulous disease of bones, 300. Scrotum, dropsy of, 219. Seedy toe, 388. Sensation, loss of, 258. Sesamoiditis, 340. Sesamoiditis of the foot, 371. Sesamoiditis, pedal, 383. Sesamoid ligaments, sprains of, 341. Shank-bone, fracture of, 337. Shank-bone, inflammation of, 336. Sheath, swollen, 221. Sheath, tumors of, 219. Sheep and goats, lung-worms in, 103. Sheep, carbuncular erysipelas in, 37. Sheep-pox, 8. Sheep, tapeworm in, 58. Sheep-tick, 283. Shoeing, effects of, 365. Shoeing, maxims for, 369. Shot of grease, 121. Shoulder, abscess in, 324, 328. Shoulder- joint, disease of, 327. Shoulder lameness, 324. Shoulder slip, 326. Shoulder sprain, 325. Shoulder, tumors on, 324. Siberian boil plague, 35. Side bones, 374, 380. Simple ophthalmia, 241. Sinuses of the head, matter in, 76. Sitfasts, 274. Skin, congestion of, 266. 422 Index. Skin disease from buckwheat, 269. Skin disease from honey-dew, 269. Skin diseases, divisions of, 264. Skin diseases, general causes and treatment, 265. Skin, inflammation of, 266. Skin, nervous irritation of, 273. Skin, nodular swellings of, 272. Skin, parasitic diseases of, 274. Skin, scaly affection of, 272. Slavering, 134, Sleepy staggers, 252. Slings, 306. Slobbers, 134. Sole, bruises of, 381. Soles, convex, 378. Sole, wounds of, 383. Sore mouth, 125. Sore shins, 336. Sore teats, 239. Sore-throat, 79. Sore-throat, malignant, 37. Spasmodic colic, 154. Spasm of the neck of the blad- der, 207. Spavin, blood, 361, 362. Spavin, bog, 361. Spavin, bone, 360. Spavin, occult, 360. Spaying, 223. Speedy-cut, 333. Spermatic cord, strangulated, 221. Spermatic cord, tumors on, 222. Spinal cord, inflammation of, 255. Spinal meningitis, 185, 255. Spleen, diseases of, 199. Spleen, enlarged from liver dis- ease, 183. Splenic apoplexy, 39. Splenic fever, 26. Splint-bones, fracture of, 337. Splints, 335. Sprains, 313. Sprain above the knee, 331. Sprains behind the fetlock, 340. Sprains behind the pastern, 346. Sprains below the fetlock, 341. Sprain of tendon in front of the hock, 358. Sprains of the back and loins, 321. Sprains of the back tendons, 338. Sprain of the flexor of the hock, 355. Sprain of the hamstring, 356. Sprain of the hip, 348. Sprain of the muscles outside the shoulder, 326. Sprain of the radial ligament, 331. Sprain of the shoulder, 325. Sprain of the suspensory liga- ment, 339. Sprain of the tendons behind the knee, 331. Staggers, 249. Staggers, parasitic, 52, Staggers, sleepy, 252. Index. 423 Stephanurus dentatus, 59. Stiif-joint, 307. Stifle, disease of, 354. Stifle, fracture into the, 352. Stocking, 270. Stomach, foreign bodies in, 152. Stomach and bowels, catarrh of, 151. Stomachs in oxen, inflamed, 146. Stomach staggers, 260. Stomatitis, 126 ; aphthous, 127. Stone in the bladder, 211. Strangles, 17. Strangulated cord, 221. Stricture of the gullet, 140. Stricture of the urethra, 210. String-halt, 363. Strongylus elongatus, 100. Strongylus filaria, 99. Strongylus micruris, 100. Strongylus rufescens, 100. Sturdy, 52. Sulphate of copper as a disin- fectant, 6 ; of iron, 6 ; of zinc, 6. Sulphur fumes as a disinfect- ant, 5. Sun's rays as a cause of skin disease, 266. Sun-stroke, 262. Superfluous limbs, 229. Supernumerary teeth, 129. Suppuration, tendency to in different animals, 290. Suspensory ligament, sprain of, 339. Sweeny, 326. Swelled legs, 270. Swelling of the sheath, 221. Swine, carbuncular erysipelas in, 37. Swine, guttural tumors in, 37, Swine, intestinal fever of, 25. Swine, lard- worm of, 59. Swine, malignant sore-throat in, 37. Swine, measles in, 37. Swine-pox, 9. Syngamus trachealis, 100. Synovitis, 307. Syphon for injecting the nose, 76. Taeniae, 51. Taenia coenurus, 52. Taenia echinococcus, 55. Taenia expansa, 58. Taenia mediocanellata, 58. Taenia solium, 57. Tail, amputation of, 323. Tail, fracture and dislocation of, 323. Tapeworm, embryo, 52. Tapeworm from measley pork, 57. Tapeworms, 51. Tapeworms, fertility of, 52. Tapeworm of sheep and cat- tle, 58. Tapeworms, transformations of, 52. Tar as a disinfectant, 5. Tartar on teeth, 133. Taurocholic acid, poisoning by, 183. Index,. 424 Teat, closure by a membrane, 238. Teat, polypus in, 238. Teats, scabs on, 239. Teat, stricture of, 238. Teat, thickening of its walls, 238. Teat-tube, 238. Teats, warts on, 239. Teeth, caries of, 131. Teeth, disease of, 76. Teeth, displaced, 130. Teething, fever from, 133. Teeth, overgrown, 130. Teeth, supernumerary, 129. Teeth, tartar on, 133. Teeth, tumors of, 13S. Tendinous sheaths, inflamed, 310. Tendons, calcification of, 314. Tendons, shortening of, 314. Tendons, thickening of, 314. Terms, explanation of, 396. Testicle, inflammation of, 218. Tetanus, 250. Texan fever, 26. Thecse, inflamed, 311. Thigh-bone, fractures of, 351. Thigh, long muscle of, dis- placed, 349. Thoroughpin, bandage for, 358. Thoroughpin of the hock, 358. Thoroughpin of the knee, 331. Thrush, 127, 388. Thumps, 109. Tibia, fracture of, 354. Tick of sheep, 283. Ticks, 282. Tinea decalvans, 276. Tinea favosa, 275. Tinea tonsurans, 274. Tongue, cancer of, 128. Tongue, cysts beneath the, 128. Tongue, inflamed, 127. Tongue, laceration of, 128. Tooth-like tumors under the ear, 318. Tooth-rasp, 131. Tooth-socket, inflamed, 133. Tracheotomy, 19. Treads on the coronet, 386. Trembling, 257. Trichina spiralis, 60. Trichiasis, 59, 240, Trichodectes, 284. Trichophyton tonsurans, 275. Trismus, 250. Tubercle, 47. Tubercle in bone, 300. Tubercules, 272. Tuberculosis, 47, 110. Tuberculous foot -rot, 391. Tumors in the mouth, 128. Tumors in the nose, 78. Tumors, malignant, 393. Tumor of bone, 296. Tumors of teeth, 133. Tumors of the cornea, 242, Tumors of the elbow, 328. Tumors of the mamma, 239. Tumors of the sheath, 219. Tumors on the shoulder, 324. Tumors on the spermatic cord, 222. Tumors, simple, 393. Turn-sick, 52. Tympanitic colic, 149. Index. 425 Tympany of the rumen, 140. Tympany of the stomach in horses, 148. Typhoid fever, 94. Typhoid fever in horses, 21. Typhus, 36. Tyroglyph, 279. Udder, congestion of, 237. Udder, inflammation of, 237. Ulceration in joints, 307. Ulceration of bone, 296, 299. Ulceration of bone, symptoms of, 297. Ulceration of the neck bones, 320. Ulcers of the eye, 242. Unripe seeds, their effects, 260, Upper jaw, fracture of, 317. Urethra, inflammation of, 209. Urethral calculus, 215. Urethra, stricture of, 210. Urethritis, 209. Uretral calculus, 214. Urinary calculi, 211. Urinary diseases, general causes of, 201. Urinary diseases, general symptoms of, 201. Urinary organs, diseases of, 201. Vagina, catarrh of, 231. Vagina, eversion of, 232. Vagina, polypus in, 227. Valves of the heart, insufli- ciency of, 115. Varicose veins, 121. Variola avis, 10. Variola canina, 10. Variola caprse, 9. Variola equina, 6. Variola ovina, 8. Variola suilla, 9. Variola vaccina, 7. Veins, air in, 121. Veins, dilated, 121. Veins, diseases of, 119, Veins, inflammation of, 120. Veins, wounds of, 119. Venereal disease of solipeds, 46. Verminous bronchitis, 101, 103, 104. Vertigo, 249. Vesicles, 267. Vetches, a cause of roaring, 84. Viscid milk, 236. Voluntary motion, loss of, 258. Volvulus, 163. Vomiting, 151. Warbles, 282. Warts, 274. Warts on the lips, 128. Wasting from ergotism, 64. Wasting of the heart. 111. Water-brain, 52. Water in the abdomen in par- turition, 230. Water in the chest, 90, 92. Water in the head in parturi- tion, 229. Water stones, 219. Watery blood, 70. Weed, 121. White scour, 147. 426 Index. Wind-broken, 96. Windgalls, 340. Wind-sucking, 129. Wolf -teeth, 129. Womb, bleeding from, 230. Womb, catarrh of, 231. Womb, e version of, 232. Womb, indurated neck of, 226. Womb, inflammation of, 233. Womb, twisting of the neck of, 226. Wood-evil, 180. Wood-tar as a disinfectant, 5. Wool-balls, 153. Worms in the digestive canal, 174. Worms, treatment of, 181. Wounds, 289. Wounds, bruised, 290. Wounds, healing of in differ- ent animals, 289. Wounds, irritated, 123. Wounds, lacerated, 290. Wounds of the chest, 93, 324. Wounds, poisoned, 291. Wounds, punctured, 290. Wounds of the heart, 112. Wounds of the sole, 383. Wounds of veins, 119. Wounds, putrefying, 123. Wrong presentations, 227. Yellows, 189. THE END. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1 1, II II I II 1 1 II mill ill II 002 827 778 7