^^ -^ ^^.Va". ^< ^5l^'. ^^ AN Historical Geography OF THE United States TOWNSEND 'mac COUN REVISED EDITION " We may here trace our C07intry's grorvlh to the very elements of its origin and consnli the. testimonies of reality.'''' — Jared Sparks ^ q l^ I J N/ ( SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY New York BOSTON Chicago i»92 /— Copyright, 1889 By TOWNSEND MAC COUN Copyright, 1890 By TOWNSEND MAC COUN Copyright, 189* By TOWNSEND MAC COUN -^%-ir^tt^ PREFACE. Historical Geography is in the realm of Political History. Its province is to draw a map of a country as it appeared after each of the different changes it has gone through, and then point out the historical causes which have led to the changes on the map. This I have endeavored to do, so far as our own country is con- cerned, in the simplest and shortest way, always employing in each series of maps the same color to represent the same thing, that each step may be clearly traced by the eye. If it shall con- tribute in any measure to develop or stimulate an interest in our national history its end will have been accomplished. I wish to acknowledge the assistance rendered by many of our Historical Societies during the preparation of these maps, and the courtesy extended in the use of the sixteenth century map draw- ings by Justin Winsor, in his " Narrative and Critical History of America," and to R. H. Labberton for some of his maps. New York, April 12, 1889. LIST OF MAPS. DISCOVERY. Date. 1474. — TOSCANELLl'S MaP : European idea of the West before Columbus sailed. 15 16. — Leonardo Da Vinci's Map. 1530. — The Sloane Manuscript. 1541. — Mercator's Map. 1541. — Spanish Exploration of New- Mexico. 1566. — Zaltieri's Map. COLONIAL PERIOD. 1606. — King James Patent. rViRGiNiA Company. 1609. 1620. , Council of Plymouth for I New England. 1640. — Foreign Claims to the Atlan- tic Slope. 1655. — Foreign Claims to the Atlan- tic Slope. 1660. — English Colonies as Consti- tuted BY their Charters. Subdividing the Charters of 1609 and 1620. 1664. — Grants to the Duke of York. 1650-1763. — French Explorations and Posts in the Mississippi Val- ley. 1763. — English Colonies during the French and Indian War. Drainage Map of the United States. NATIONAL GROWTH. 1755-1763. — Spanish, French, and Eng- lish Divisions of North Am- erica DURING the French and Indian War. 1763-1783. — Result of the French and Indian War. 1783. — Boundaries Proposed by France for the United States at the Second Treaty of Paris. 1783. — Various Lines discussed at the Second Treaty of Paris. 1783. — Maine Boundary : Finally Set- tled BY THE Treaty of Wash- ington IN 1842. 1783-1801. — Result of the Revolu- tion. 1801-1803. — Spain Cedes Louisiana to France. 1803-1821. — Result of the Louisiana Purchase. 1821-1845. — Result of the Florida Purchase. 1845-1848. — The Annexation of Texas and Acquisition of the Ore- gon Country. VI LIST OF MAPS. Date. 1848-1853.— The Result of the Mexi- can War. 1853-1889.— The Gadsden Purchase AND Russian Cession. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COM- MONWEALTH. 1 775- 1 783.— The Original States dur- ing THE Revolution. 1783. — The Land Claims of the Orig- inal States. 1787. — The Original Public Domain. Shows also the Cessions of the States to the General Government. 1790. — United States. 1800. — United States. 1810. — United States. 1820.— United States. Date. 1830.— United States. 1840. — East Half of the United States. 1840. — West Half of the United States. 1850. — East Half of the United States. 1854. — West Half of the United States. 1861. — Civil War. The Southern Confederacy. 1863. — East Half of the United States. 1861. — West Half of the United States. 1870. — West Half of the United States. 1890.— West Half of the United States. UNVEILING A NEW WORLD COLONIAL PERIOD 1512. 15ie. DA VINCI, 151 2-1516, AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF SOUTH AMERICA AND FLORIDA. 1530. THE SLOAiNE MAXUSCRirT, 1530, AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC AND CONQUEST OF MEXICO. HSTORY OF AMERICA." 1541. MKRCATOR'S MAP, IQ 11 /"*'" .-^-^S 5 ^ ^ If-, 1640. 1655. 1660. 1664. TO THE DUKE OF YORK. IGi);!. Poixif/tiifl, Jx'.ciKlit of Ltmtj, Xantuclict < //' Our States Commenced.^ England never recognized the validity of the French and Dutch claims, though Holland, a Christian nation, had previously so located its settlements as to confine the New England sea to sea charter, made in 1620, to very narrow limits. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. / The Virginia Company and Council for New England could issue grants within their charter limits, but only a charter from the Crown could confer powers of government. The groups of northern and southern colonies were within and followed the geographical limits of the Virginia and New England charters of 1609 and 1620. Division of New England. {See Map, 1660.) Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrims when they landed at Plymouth, in 1620, did so unintentionally, having expected to go farther south. They remained without authority, obtaining from the Council for New England the following year " a roving patent," that is, power to settle without prescribed limits. In 1628 a grant was made them of the Maine country, between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers, extending inland 120 miles. Then a new patent was given embracing the Cape Cod country, bounded west by a line north from the mouth of the Narragansett River, and north, by an east and west line from Cohasset Creek. Pemaquid. In 1621 the Council granted to Sir William Alexander, Earl of Sterling, the French possessions of Arcadia between the St. Croix and St. Lawrence Rivers, to be called " The Lordship and Barony of New Scotland." A second grant was made him in 1635, of the country between the St. Croix and the Kennebec, called Pema- quid, together with the islands of Long (occupied by the Dutch), Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. New Hampshire. In 1629 the Council made a grant to Captain John Mason of that part of the main land between the mouth of the Merrimac River, Cape Ann and the mouth of the Piscataqua River, from the mouth of the Merrimac River, through the river and up into the country 60 miles, from which point to cross overland to the head of the Piscataqua River, 60 miles from its mouth. - Massachusetts. In 1623 the Puritan leaders in England, fearing the result of the contest upon which they had entered with Charles 8 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. I., conceived the plan, under cover of a trading company, of estab- lishing a Puritan State in the New World. A grant was accordingly- obtained in the name of the Dorchester Colony, from the Council of New England, and a small settlement made at Salem. In 1629 the company was enlarged and a royal charter obtained under the title of the Massachusetts Bay Company, with powers of self-government. The boundaries of this royal grant were, all the land lying between a point three miles south of the southernmost point of Charles River and Massachusetts Bay, and three miles north of the Merrimac River or any part thereof, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean).' The Puritan plans were well matured, large bodies of settlers imder prominent leaders were sent out. Boston was founded (1630). Then the government of the company removed thither from England. A governor and representatives for each plantation were elected and by 1632 a fully organized representative commonwealth, a theocracy, was in operation. The Plymouth Council, oversliadowed by their stronger and more prosperous neighbor, the Massachusetts Bay Company, and un- able to obtain a royal charter, in 1635 resigned their charter after first dividing the land among themselves into eight shares. The Province of Maine went to Sir Francis Gorges and in 1639 was con- firmed to him by royal grant, none of the others were ever confirmed. Rhode Island. As the population of Massachusetts Bay Colony increased, some for conscience sake, and many more from a desire to live beyond the restraint of law, moved beyond its charter limits. Thus was the Providence Plantation (1636) and Rhode Island Colony (1635) founded. They were united under a royal charter obtained in 1644. Subsequently (1664) a new charter was obtained, extending the boundaries to their present limits. Connecticut. As the colonists pushed farther and farther from the coast, towns began to appear in the Connecticut Valley. In 1635 ' Reference to the map will show that these limits were greatly prescribed by the pre- vious New Hampshire grant to Mason and tlie Dutch occupation on the west. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 Hartford, Windsor, und Wethersfield, called the Connecticut Colony, were founded, the settlers supposing for some years that they were within the Massachusetts Bay limits. Saybrook was settled in 1636, the New Haven Colony in 1638. For mutual protection against the Dutch and Indians, representatives from these towns in 1639 formed a compact, a pure democracy, after which our present government was largely modelled. They, however, had no charter rights until 1662, when Charles H. constituted the Connecticut Company, bound- ing it east by Narragansett Bay, north by tlie Massachusetts Planta- tions (42° 2'), south by the sea, and west by the South Sea, ignor- ing the presence of the Dutch.' Division of Virginia. (&r Map, 1660.) Virginia. The London Company, richer than the Plymouth Company, controlled by those whose views were more in accord with the crown, made Virginia a colony much like the mother country. As the Puritans of New England, mostly burghers coming from the towns, based their government upon the town meeting, so the dominant element in the Southern colonies, being at first gentlemen from the shires, organized their local government on the model of the English shire or county system, and made allegiance to the Eng- lish church a basis of citizenship. Settlements took the form of large plantations, agriculture the employment, and at the same time (1619) that the Pilgrims landed in New England that they might be free, slaves were introduced to supply the laboring class. In 1624 the charter was forfeited and Virginia became a royal province. Her territorial jurisdiction was continued but under a royal governor. In 1649 a grant was made to Lord Culpepper, but that was one of the soil only, not of jurisdiction. It embraced that section between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers (Fairfax County). Carolana. In 1629 the king gave Sir Ricliard Heath, "as the ' Latitude 41'', where the line settled with New York touched tlie sea, was regarded as tier southern line in all subsequent claims. lO HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. Province of Carolana," a sea to sea charter embracing six degrees of latitude (30°-36°). Part of this was within the Virginia limits and the balance was that section claimed by France as French Florida. As no permanent settlement was made the charter lapsed a few years later. Maryland. In 1632 Charles I. granted Maryland, named in honor of the Queen, to Lord Baltimore. The limits of the grant were tliat section between latitude 40° (the southern boundary of the New England Company) and the Potomac River to its first fountain, and bounded on the east by Delaware Bay. The portion on the Delaware they found, however, in possession of the Swedes and Dutch. Here, on Chesapeake Bay, controlling the trade and highway through the mountains by both the Susquehanna and Potomac, Lord Baltimore founded the only single proprietary government on our shores and the only one established with entire religious freedom of worship. Middle States. Between these northern and southern groups of colonies, but within the limits of the New England charter of 1620, lay the terri- tory now occupied by our Middle States. New York. {See Map, 1664.) In 1664 Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, that portion of the east coast between the St. Croix and the Kennebec Rivers and the Islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard (which the Duke had purchased the year before from the heirs of Sir Alexander) and the Hudson River, with the lands on either side from the Connecticut line on the east, to the Delaware on the west. Under this charter an English fleet at once seized the New Netherland. Dutch sovereignty in the New World disappeared. Occupying, however, as it did, natural geographical boundaries, distinct from those of New England, it rendered the old sea to sea boundaries impossible and stamped its impress on our po- litical boundaries. The Dutch possessions on the Hudson, including Long Island, were at once named New York. New Jersey. On receipt of his grant the Duke sold that portion HISTORICAL G-EOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. II between the Hudson and the Delaware extending to 41° of north latitude to Lord John Berkeley and Sir John Carteret, to be known hereafter as New Ceasarea, or New Jersey. They divided it into East and West Jersey. The dividing line, surveyed in 1687, ran from Little Egg Harbor to about six miles north of the Delaware Water Gap. Delaware. When the Duke took New York he seized also the Dutch settlements on the west bank of Delaware Bay as part of the Netherland. Although they were included in the Maryland grant, he held and governed it as part of New York until 1681 when he sold it to William Penn. THE NEXT ONE HUNDRED YEARS. [A dj list me lit of Boundaries, 1 664- 1763.) The next one hundred years saw the rise of the great State of Pennsylvania, the Southern Colonies, the adjustment of many boundary lines, and the growth of the French power in the Missis- sippi Valley. The Carolinas. On the restoration of tlie Stuarts Charles H. rewarded the Earl of Clarendon, Duke of Albramarl, and other zeal- ous adherents with a grant (1665) of all the territory lying between 36° 30' and 29° of latitude and from sea to sea. This embraced, on the north, part of Virginia, and, on the south, the Spanish province of Florida. In 1670 this was divided by the Company into North and South Carolina. Ten years later (1680) a settlement was made on the Ashley River, called Charleston. The Carolinas occupied the same relation to Virginia that Rhode Island did to the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Companies. Malcontents had settled on the Chowan, pirates preying on Spanish commerce made Charleston their rendezvous and an impossible form of govern- ment produced so much irritation that in 1729 the proprietors sold both Carolinas to the Crown and they became royal provinces. Georgia. " The colonies actually founded present every varietv of origin and motive, from the highest and most far-reaching purposes 12 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. of politics and religion to the small beginning of posts for the better prosecution of the fur trade. Among all these Georgia was the only one to owe its foundations to charity.'" In 1732 General James Oglethorpe, a domestic reformer in Parlia- ment, devised a scheme for settling insolvent debtors in America. He obtained a grant of the land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers for twenty-one years. Savannah was founded (1733). The colony prospered and stood as a bulwark between the Spanish and Carolina settlements. Then it grew feeble, struggled on until the expiration of its charter, and was turned over to the Crown, the trustees feeling the scheme had been a failure. Virginia. Colonists were now beginning to find their way along the Upper Potomac to the country beyond the Blue Ridge. "In 1738 the General Assembly created Augusta County, bounding it by the Blue Ridge on the east and on the west and northwest by the uttermost limits of Virginia." This country embraced the west- ern part of the grant to Penn. As this country also covered much territory claimed by the Six Nations, Virginia succeeded in 1744 in obtaining from them a deed covering the whole western country. This deed was as complete a title as the charter of 1609. Pennsylvania. English colonies now lined the whole Atlantic seaboard from Nova Scotia to Florida ; but one section, lying within the bounds of the Old Plymouth Company west of the Delaware, hitherto shut off by the Dutch occupancy, remained within the king's gift. This he gave to William Penn and called it Pennsylvania. It was to consist of all that tract bounded on the east by the Delaware River : north by the beginning of the 43° of north latitude : south by a circle drawn at twelve miles north of New Castle (Del.), and thence west at the beginning of the 40° of north latitude : Avest by a meridian line 5° west of the Delaware. When Penn took possession and founded Pennsylvania (1683) the vagueness of the expression the beginning of the 40° and 43°, and ' Lodge. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 3 defective ideas of the geography of the country, a circle 12 miles north of New Castle not touching the 4otli degree, led to serious contro- versies with all the adjoining colonies. If the beginning of the 40° and 43° meant from the 40° to 43° it would overlap the Massachu- setts (42°-43°) and Connecticut (4i°-42°) charters west of the Dela- ware (New York now claimed nothing west of the Delaware) and make his southern boundary considerably north of Pliiladelphia. If it meant the 39° to 42° it would still overlap the Connecticut charter on the north and most of tlie Maryland grant on the south. In either case its western boundary, 5° west of the Delaware, extended far into the Virginia county of Augusta. As Penn had purcliased Delaware of the Duke of York and wished to control an outlet to the ocean he contended for tlie more south- erly boundary. The contest with Maryland lasted until 1763, when a compromise was effected. The Maryland line was moved to 39^ 43' and two celebrated engineers, Jeremiah Mason and Charles Dixon, surveyed it west from the Delaware 244 miles. The line called after them was the nominal boundary for many years between the Free and Slave States. The French and Indian war postponed the controversy with Virginia and Connecticut to a later day. New Jersey. The grant of East and West Jersey proving unsat- isfactory to the king, owing to conflicting claims of the proprietors and their heirs, James in 1689 compelled each to surrender their claims to the crown and he embodied them into one province New Jersey. New York. In 1684 the Duke of York, recognizing the command- ing position of the Iroquois and their claim to all the country from the mountains to the great lakes and the Mississippi, succeeded in persuading them to put themselves under his protection. The next year he came to the throne and New York became a royal province. In 1726 the Iroquois (Six Nations) conveyed to England in trust all their lands, under promise of protection. Massachusetts and the settlement of the New England bound- aries. In 1684 the English High Court of Cliancery issued a writ de- 14 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. priving the colony of its charter (of 1629), and of political and rep- resentative rights, vesting all powers in the Crown. On the accession of William and Mary in 1688 a new policy of colonial consolidation was adopted, and a new charter (1691) given, more liberal than to most roval provinces. This charter confirmed the limits of the old charter of 1629 and included the Cape Cod country embraced in the Plymouth grant surrendered to the Crown in 1635, the province of Maine purchased by the Massachusetts Bay Company from the heirs of Sir Gorges, the Pemaquid tract acquired in 1686 and now con- firmed, and Nova Scotia. In 1696 Nova Scotia was made a separate royal province and the Massachusetts line was fixed henceforth at the St. Croix.' Massachusetts now proceeded to claim all New Hampshire under the clause in its charter of 1629 making its northern limits three miles north of any part of the Merrimac River. Commissioners were chosen by the two colonies, but, failing to agree, it was referred to the king. He refused to place New Hampshire under the juris- diction of Massachusetts, deciding (1737) that the line between the States should run three miles north of the Merrimac and parallel to it from its mouth until it reached the most southernly point in its course, from which it should run due west until it met with His Majesty's other governments. This line was run in 1741, at which time, also, the line on the Piscataqua was also settled. The boundary between New York was never settled until after the Revolution, though New York, after agreeing upon the 20 mile line with Connecticut in 1737, agreed in 1767 to an extension of the same with Massachusetts until it met the east and west line decided upon as the northern boundary between that colony and New Hampshire. Above that line, however. New York claimed to the Connecticut River. Rhode Island claimed the country of King Philip, east of Narra- gansett Bay, as did also Plymouth, and later Massachusetts, succeed- ' .\rcadia was still held by the French and it was not until the Peace of Utrecht, 17 13, that it was ceded to England. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 5 ing to the claim by virtue of tlie Provincial charter of 169 1. This dispute was referred, in 1741, to commissioners, who gave Rhode Island those towns on the east shore of the bay and Massachusetts the balance. Connecticut settled her boundary with Rhode Island in 1752. Her contest with New York lasted until within a few years (1881), though the line settled in 1683 and again in 1725 and 1737, twenty miles east of the Hudson, is practically the one of to-day. Its north- ern line, determined upon with Massachusetts in 17 13, included in the latter State the towns of Enfield, Sufiield, Somers, and Wood- stock. In 1747, being taxed too heavily, they applied to Connecticut for admission into that commonwealth and Massachusetts gracefully gave them up. New France. {See MaJ>, French Posts in the Mississippi Valley.) While England had established a continuous line of strong colo- nies along the Atlantic Slope, her great rival, France, had not been idle. With an open water-way by the St, Lawrence and the Great Lakes, with no natural barriers, a nation of traders in peltries had gone by short portages to the upper waters of the Mississippi and occupied the country in the name of their king. St. Marie (1668), the gateway to the northwest, and Green Bay {1669), in Wisconsin, were settled while the English were taking New York. A settlement was made at Fort Crevecoeur (Peoria, 1679) on the Illinois River, and the Mississippi had been followed to its mouth {1682) by the year Penn had laid the foundations of Philadelphia. With both great natural highways in her possession. New France wisely occupied its two great provinces : Canada, the country of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes ; Louisiana, the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio. Hence early in the eighteenth century we find Detroit, Fort Miami, and Fort Vincent, commanding the port- ages and Wabash Valley ; Kaskaskia (with a college and monastery in 17 21), Cahokia, and Fort Chartres, commanding the Upper Mis- 1 6 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. sissippi and Missouri; New Orleans and Fort Rosalie (Natchez), commanding the mouth of the Mississippi ; Niagara, Presque Isle (Erie), and Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), the Lake Erie and Ohio route, geographically ail great natural strategic points. On the north, too, France had built Fort Ticonderoga and Crown P(Mnt, thus seizing the Lake Champlain and Richelieu route. In 17 17, on the Spanish occupying Texas, France promptly fortified Natchitoches, thus mark- ing the limits of New France in that direction. Between these French and English empires stretched the Appala- chian range. Wiiere a natural highway opens to the West along tlie Mohawk Valley stood the great confederacy of tlie Six Nations. Where the mountains ended at the South stood the Cherokee-Choctaw confederacy. One Iroquois, the other Algonquin, but both jealously guarding the occupation of their hunting-grounds. The year 1755 {see Map, 1 755-1 763) finds the continent thus politi- cally divided. Spain occupies the lower Pacific Slope, the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, and Florida. France holds the vast interior basin, Canada, and Acadia ; England, the Atlantic Slope. The time had now come when the question was to be decided whether the Teutonic (English) or Latin race (French), and all the ideas they ex- press, were to rule in America. The answer came on the Plains of Abraham in 1759. French rule fell as had the Dutch. When peace was concluded by the First Peace of Paris, in 1763, France gave to England all her possessions east of the Mississippi, excepting the Island of New Orleans at the mouth of that river. " Spain had taken part in the contest as an ally of France, Eng- land had captured Havana in the Island of Cuba, the very key to the Gulf of Mexico. To regain that Spain surrendered Florida to Eng- land, and received as a compensation from France all of her posses- sions on the Continent of North America that did not pass to England. The great result of the change was that England and Spain now divided North America, the Mississippi River being the only definite boundary between them." ' ' Hinsdale. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1/ THE ENGLISH ASCENDENCY IN AMERICA. {Sc-e Map, 1 763-1 783.) With the acquisition of New France and Florida, England at once proceeded (1763) to organize that portion north of the St. Lawrence and the 45th parallel and east of Lake Huron into the Province of Quebec, the territory on the Gulf of Mexico into East and West Florida, divided by the Appalachicola River, with a northern boundary of the 31° parallel, from the Mississippi River to the Chat- tahoochee, then down that river to the Flint, thence to the St. Mary's and the Atlantic Ocean. The next year she moved the 31° parallel line north to one parallel with the mouth of the Yazoo. That por- tion of ancient French Florida, debatable ground between England and Spain, was given to Georgia. All west of the mountains she set apart as an Indian domain, forbidding the intrusion of settlers. Five years later (1768), at Fort Stanwix, England made a treaty with the Six Nations, making what was afterward denominated "The Property Line," ' which was to be forever a dividing line between the English Colonies and the Indians. This line extended from Wood Creek, near Lake Oneida, to tlie head-waters of the Delaware, thence to the Susquehanna, thence west to Kittanning, on the Alleghany River, and so down the Ohio to the mouth of the Cherokee (Kanawha) River, where it met a line agreed upon in 1765 between the royal Governors of the Southern Colonies and the Ch^rokees, extending from the Kanawha to the source of the Savannah River, and hence to Florida. The Quebec Act was promulgated in 1774, extending the Prov- ince of Quebec to the Ohio and the Mississippi, thus preparing the ' "This treaty line was the means of keeping the Indians neutral during the first part of the Revolution. It was considered binding by the Colonies. The Declaration of In- dependence extended only to the line, and when the States afterward extended their boundaries they made a pretence at least of purchasing the land." — Mag. of Am. His. 2 l8 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. way for tlie establishment of interior Colonies dependent upon a government on the St. Lawrence rather than the Atlantic Slope. Virginia. To the Colonies the possession of the country west of the AUeghanies created a general desire to extend their limits westward. Settlers from Virginia began occupying the country south of tlie Ohio, west of the mountains. In 1776 it was organized into the County of Kentucky. Pennsylvania, pushing its limits westward, came into conflict with Virginia — a controversy which was not settled until the Revolution, when, to avoid weakening the common cause, commissions were appointed, and Pennsylvania was awarded her early charter limits of five degrees west from the Delaware. There a meridian line drawn from an extension of the Mason and Dixon line of 1760 to her northern boundary line should be her western boundary forever. {See Map, 1775-1783-) Connecticut as early as 1753 began tlie extension of her limits westward, under her charter of 1662. This involving claims to North- ern Pennsylvania led to a bitter contest of jurisdiction. In 1774 so great had been the emigration that Connecticut organized these set- tlements into the County of Westmoreland. The war interrupted the dispute, which was referred to the Continental Congress and decided by a Federal Court in 17S1 in favor of Pennsylvania. She, however, still asserted her claim beyond the Western Pennsylvania line to all between 41° and 42° 2'. Hampshire Grants. {See Map, 1775-1783.) In 1741 the king extended the jurisdiction of New Hampshire until it met the king's other grants. Claiming the same western limits as had been settled with Connecticut and was claimed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire claimed a line twenty miles east of the Hudson, what is now Ver- mont. Massachusetts claimed the same territory under her charter of 1629, under the interpretation of three miles north of the source of the Merrimac. New York insisted that the twenty mile line applied only to Connecticut and Massacliusetts, and that north of that all west of the Connecticut River belonged to her under the grant of 1664. The dispute was referred to the king in council, and in 1746 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. I9 he decided in favor of New York. Both New York and New Hamp- shire continued, however, to make grants until the Revolution, and when in 1777 New Hampshire adopted a Constitution and organized a State Government (1778) the contest was continued, nor was any decision reached until in 1791 Vermont was admitted to the Union as a separate State. CAUSES THAT LED TO INDEPENDENCE. The King's Prerogative, whereby the ownership of all newly dis- covered unoccupied lands become vested in the Crown (not in the Government), and under which settlers had only such rights as the king saw fit to bestow, had been the recognized law under which all the colonies held their charters, and in exercise of which the royal provinces were governed. Opposition to the exercise of this right was the corner-stone of the Liberal party, both in England and the colonies. Navigation Laws. The early grants to promote colonial settle- ments were to commercial companies, who fostered and protected the colonies, expecting to profit by their trade as they became populous and prosperous. England, at the dictation of this mercantile class, subsequent to 1660 passed three statutes, known as the Navigation Laws and Acts of Trade. By the act of 1660 the colonies were restricted from selling- their products, except to England or some other English colony, or from exporting goods by other than English or colonial ships. '^^^ These regulations deprived the Colonists of the benefits of com- petition in the carrying trade and compelled them to send their goods to an already overstocked market. The Act of 1663 required all goods imported to be from England and carried on English-built ships. This compelled the paying of English prices and tended to destroy the ship-building interests of the colonies. The Act of 1672 prohibited intercolonial trade. All these acts acted as prohibitory to the establishment of manu- 20 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. facturcs. As the English policy toward the colonies became more and more one of protection for the English mercantile class, the lib- eral party espoused a policy of free trade. Under these laws, however, the colonies enjoyed English naval protection and the monopoly of the English home market, and as for the restrictions they evaded and disregarded them and grew rich. With the close of the war (1763), England, weighed down by the expense, made an attempt to raise a revenue from the Colonies. (The Stamp Act was one means adopted.) The liberal party (Whigs) refused to be taxed by a Parliament in which they neither had nor could have any representation. The English Board of Trade (one administrative branch of the government) now ordered the enforcement of the Navigation Laws enacted a century before, and these were to be enforced by Writs of Assistance, or general warrants, indefinite in time, authorizing search on suspicion without order of Court. The Colonies protested, conferred over the matter (Stamp Act Congress in New York, 1765) and prepared a Dechxraiion of Rights. The English answer was The Declaratory Act " that the King, Avith the advice of Parliament, had full power to make laws binding America in all cases whatever." On attempts by the King to exercise his prerogative, Massachusetts issued a circular letter to the other col- onies and the Crown, which not being Avithdrawn when ordered in- structions were issued to deprive Massachusetts of its Covern- ment, and ordering all Royal Governors to send political opposers to England for trial. This step, outlining a policy threatening the ex- istence of all the colonies, and the passage by Parliament of the Que- bec Act, depriving the colonies of their charter lands in tlie West, added to the indignation. An immediate call for a general Congress was issued and July 4, 1776, the representatives of the United States, in Congress assembled, declared "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free, and Independent States." The war that ensued was not to gain freedom, but to preserve liberty and those democratic governments which they had already HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 established. Their valor and endurance fully entitled them to take a place among independent nations. A NEW NATION— ORIGINAL LIMITS. {See Map, 17 83-1801.) At the Second Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris, September 3, 1783, the Independence of the United States was acknowledged. France had helped the Colonies against England. Spain had helped France conditionally upon her retaining the two Floridas, if the end of the war found them in her possession. In the negotiations for peace France and Spain now united with England in trying to limit the new nation to the old geographical limits of the Alleghanies. (-5"^^ Map, line as proposed by France?) Virginia troops during the war had taken the towns on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and Virginia had organized that portion into Illi- nois County ; besides, the Quebec Act had been one of the main griev- ances whicli led to the war, so the commissioners of the United States insisted upon the Mississippi as our western boundary. In the treaty as signed, England retained Canada and Nova Scotia, and Spain the Floridas. The boundaries of the United States were to be the St. Croix from its mouth to its source, thence by a line due north to and along the highlands dividing those rivers that fall into the River St. Lawrence from those falling into the Atlantic Ocean, to the north- west head of the Connecticut River; along the middle of that river to the 45° of latitude, thence due west to the St. Lawrence River, thence through the middle of that river and the Great Lakes north of Isles Royal and Philipeaux to Long Lake and the most northwesterly point of the Lake of the Woods, thence due west to the source of the Mississippi, thence down the middle of that river to the 31° parallel, thence due east to the Appalachicola River, thence to its junction with the Flint River, thence straight to the head of the St. Mary's River, thence down that river to the Atlantic Ocean. Ignorance of the source of the Mississippi and of the geography 22 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. of the Maine country delayed the definite settlement of portions of this line until the line was run west to the Roci^y Mountains in 1818, and the Treaty of Washington concerning the Maine boundary in 1842.' {See MaJ>, Maine Boundary.') NATIONAL GROWTH. The United States began its national existence in 1787, with England as a neighbor on the north and northeast, and Spain on the west and south. Its western boundary was the middle of the Missis- sippi, but Spain by the possession of the Island of New Orleans held the mouth of the river. As the Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky region became settled, their commerce increased "^ until the absolute control of the entire eastern bank as a natural boundary became a necessity. Events were fast drifting toward its forcible seizure, when, in 1801, Spain, by secret treaty, ceded to France the Province of Louisiana with the same boundaries as ceded to her in 1763, a country stretch- ing from the mouth of the Mississippi to its farthest western sources, but with undefined limits to the west, southwest, or southeast. {Sec Map, 1801-1803.) This transfer was not known until after the Treaty of Peace between France and England, signed at Amiens in 1802. England, in alarm, broke the treaty of Amiens. To the United States the change of owners and the possible transfer of the armies of Napoleon to the Mississippi Valley made the possession of the Island of New Orleans more vital than before. The Louisiana Purchase. Negotiations were opened for the purchase of New Orleans. Napoleon, preparing to invade England, in want of funds, and unwilling that it sliould fall into the hands of England, offered to sell the whole province to us for fifteen millions. The purchase was made. Spain protested, but the treaty was signed, ' England never gave possession of the forts on the Great Lakes until after the nego- tiation of the Jay Treaty in 1795. ' All the products of these sections were then sent to market via the Mississippi, there being no roads over the mountains, the owners returning by ship to the Atlantic ports, and hence over the mountain trails. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 April 30, 1803. France gave a quit claim to the Province of Loui- siana with the same extent it had in the hands of Spain in 1800, and that it had when previously possessed by France. What were these limits? {See Aiap, 1803-1821.) Louis XIV., in 1712, in granting the trade of the province to Antoine Crozat, bounded it by New Mexico and Carolina, and all the territory whose lakes or rivers emptied di- rectly or indirectly into the Mississippi or any of its branches. Our title, tlierefore, clearly gave us to the source of the Missouri and the Rocky Mountains. France furthermore had claimed the Texas country as far as the Rio Grande, based on an attempted settlement by La Sal'e at the mouth of that river, but Spain occupied that country as far as the Sa- bine River and French settlements in that direction ended with Natchitoches. The United States claimed to the Rio Grande, also east of the Mississippi, south of the 31° of latitude, to the Perdido River, claim- ing that the original Province of Louisiana extended eastward to that river and if France was not in actual possession it yet had a possessory right when it made the cession to Spain in 1763, which Spain re-ceded in i8oi,and which France ceded to the United States in 1803. Spain claimed that the French cession in 1763 embraced east of the Mississippi only the Island of New Orleans. The settle- ment of these disputed lines was not made until 1819. Oregon Country. With the extension of our domain to the Rocky Mountains the ownership of the Columbia Basin came into question. In 1792 a Boston ship had discovered the mouth of the Columbia. Immediately on the purchase of Louisiana the Government sent an expedition which not only reached the head-waters of the Missouri, but in 1805 crossed the mountains and followed the Columbia from its source to the sea. A settlement was made at its mouth in 1810. England and Spain both claimed the country by early discovery. In 1818 commissioners of England and the United States determined the boundary line from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Moun- tains on parallel 49°. Beyond the mountains the line was left in 24 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES, abeyance and the country open to settlers of both nations for ten years, which was afterward extended until definite lines were drawn in 1846. Florida Purchase. {See Map, 1821-1845.) In 1 819 a treaty was made with Spain, which was ratified two years later, February 19, 182 1, settling the boundary between the two countries. The United States purchased Florida for five millions. The United States gave up all claims to Texas conditional upon Spain assigning to the United States all her title and claims to the Oregon country. The line be- tween the two countries was to be the Sabine River to latitude t^2^, then due north to the Red River, west on the Red River to the looth meridian, thence due north to the Arkansas River, west on that river to its utmost source, thence due north to the 42d parallel, thence due west to the Pacific Ocean. Texas Annexation. {See Map, 1845-1848.) In 1823 Mexico threw off the Spanish yoke and became a Republic. In 1835 Texas, then one of tlie Mexican States, declared its own freedom as " The Re- public of Texas." Ten years later, 1845, by petition it was admitted into the Union. Oregon. {See Map, 1845-1S48.) Witli the acquisition of Texas came also our settlement of the Oregon question with England. At the time of the American Revolution (1776) Captain Cook was sent by England to visit New Albion, discovered by Drake in 1579, and to proceed north in search of a northeast passage to Hudson's Bay. It was upon these discoveries that England based her claim to Oregon. Tlie United States claims were the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia by Gray, 1792, the exploration of the country by Lewis and Clark in 1805-6, the first settlement at Astoria in 1810. Captain Cook touched no territory below 57° which had not pre- viously been explored by Spain and claimed by that power under the discoveries of Torrelo in 1542. Our title up to 1819 was there- fore good as against England for the basin of the Columbia. When, however, by our treaty with Spain (1819) we acquired her title, ours HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2$ became a perfect one and embraced also the more northern claim of Spain. England demanded that the Columbia River be the dividing line. The American demand was " 54° 40', or fight." When, however, Eng- land agreed to an extension of the line east of the mountains (49°) to the Pacific the Government assented rather than contend for territory of which they had little knowledge. The treaty was signed 1846. Mexican Cession of 1848. {See Maps, 1848-1853.) The old Span- ish provinces of Texas and Coahuila were divided by tlie River Nueces. When Mexico established its independence of Spain, they were formed into the Mexican State of "Texas and Coahuila." Texas on establishing its independence in 1835 claimed the Rio Grande as its natural western boundary. Mexico claimed that only Texas, and not Coahuila, had revolted, and hence the Nueces River was the boundary. In 1845 the United States annexed Texas as bounded by the Rio Grande and at once took possession of that line. War with Mexico ensued. When peace was concluded in 1848 Mex- ico acknowledged the Rio Grande line and ceded to the United States the provinces of New Mexico and Upper California, embracing the Pacific highlands from the Gila River to the 42° parallel and from the Texas border and Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Gadsden Purchase. (-S"^^ J/a/, 1 853-1 889.) In 1853 Mexico sold to the United States the Mesilla Valley south of the Gila River for ten millions of dollars, known as the Gadsden purchase, Capt. Gadsden being the United States commissioner who negotiated the treaty. Alaska Purchase. {See Maps, 1853-1889.) Though the Zaltieri map of 1566, and those subsequent, showed the separation of America and Asia, there was no definite knowledge as to the width of the separation until 1728, when Behring sailed through the straits which have since borne his name. Four years later (1732) a Russian fleet, being driven from the coast of Russia eastward, landed in Alaska and annexed it as part of the Russian Empire. This vast territory, em- bracing over half a million of square miles, the Aleutian Islands and 26 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. Behring Sea, Russia sold to the United States in 1868 for seven mil- lion of dollars. Its eastern boundary runs from latitude 54° 40' ' due north along Portland Channel to the juncture of parallel 56° with the shore, thence along the summit of the mountains skirting the coast to the 141st meridian, thence along that meridian to the Arctic Ocean. It includes in its jurisdiction the possible control of Behring Sea. The Yukon River system is, next to the Mississippi, the largest in North America. ORGANIZATION UNDER THE CONFEDERACY. Land Claims of the Original States. {See Map, 1783.) The United States commenced its career as an acknowledged government under a confederacy of States. This confederacy held jurisdiction over all east of the Mississippi, from the English posses- sions on the north and northeast to the Spanish possessions on the south. East of the Alleghanies was a confederacy of thirteen inde- pendent States, west of the Alleghanies an unsettled country, with here and there a military post. Duquesne well described it in a speech to the Indians in 1754, when he said, "Go see the forts that our king has established and you will see you can still hunt under their very walls ; they have been placed for your advantage in places which you frequent." To whom did this unsettled country belong ? How was it to be governed ? Each State claimed that its title by charter or grant rested in itself and could not be vested in the con- federacy without its own consent. Six of the States had well defined limits, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Seven of them under the sea to sea char- ters laid claim to all the western country. Massachusetts, under its title of 1629, laid claim to all of the ' If the United States had sustained its 54° 40' claim with England in settling the Oregon question she would now have possessed the entire Pacific coast north of Mexico. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2/ present State of New York west of the Delaware between 42° 2' and 44° (44° being a line drawn west three miles north of the source of the west branch of the Merrimac) and all between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi from 42° 2' to 43° 15' (43° 15' being a line drawn due west three miles north of the inflow of Lake Winnipiseogee, the eastern branch of the Merrimac' The Connecticut Claim was, under its charter of 1663, to all west of the Pennsylvania line between 41° and 42'^ 2' and to tlie Mis- sissippi River. The Virginia Claim was to all between ^6° 30' and the Connecti- cut line, 42° 2' east of the Mississippi. Her claim was based on her charter of 1609," her treaty witlr tlie Iroquois in 1744, her conquest of the country during the Revolution, and by occupancy of tlie country by numbers of her citizens under the organized governments of Augusta, Kentucky, and Illinois Counties. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia claimed to the Mississippi under the Carolina charter of 1665, to all between 36° 30' and the Spanish line (31°), Georgia carrying her claim north to the line of the source of the Savannah River, and North Carolina hers south to the South Carolina line, thereby leaving South Carolina a strip only twelve miles wide. New York claimed that all lands west of the Delaware and all west of the Alleghany Mountains between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers (claimed also by Massacluisetts, Connecticut, and Virginia), were vested in the Crown and not in the Colonies, that the king, for- merly Duke of York, was proprietor of that province, that his treaty with the Six Nations and their tributaries in 1685, whereby they put themselves under his protection, and later, in 1726, conveyed all their lands in trust to the Crown, made all these lands a part of New York. 1 Why Massachusetts claimed 43° 15' in one case and 44" in the other I am unable to find explained. '■^ Virginia's claim in reality covered also both the Massachusetts and Connecticut claims. 28 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. These land claims promised to destroy the confederacy. The seven States who had extensive claims refused to give up tiieir claims of jurisdiction and the six States with limited and defined boundaries maintained that territory conquered or defended by joint effort and at common expense should be held for the common benefit. Con- gress urged the States to cede to the Government their western claims and assign to Congress the exclusive right and power to lay out such land "into separate and independent States from time to time, as the numbers and circumstances of the people thereof may require." Land Cessions. {Scr Map, 1787.) New York first responded in 1780, by ceding to the general Government all titles acquired by treaties with the Six Nations north of the 45° parallel of latitude and westward of a meridian line drawn through the western bend of Lake Erie, or westward of a meridian line 20 miles west of the most westerly bend of Niagara River, provided that the former should not be found to fall that distance beyond said river." Congress accepted it in 1782. Virginia ceded all her claims northwest of the Ohio River, reserv- ing only, as military bounty lands, the country between the Scioto and Little Miami in the present State of Ohio. The cession bears date 1784. Massachusetts ceded in 1784, and Congress accepted in 1785, all her lands west of the New York line. Her claim that fell within the limits of the present State of New York was adjusted with that State in 1786, by a meridian line 82 miles west of the Delaware from the Pennsylvania line to Lake Ontario. Beyond this line New York yielded a right to the soil, and Massachusetts the right of sovereignty. The Connecticut Cession in 1786 embraced the soil between 41° and 42° 12' west of a meridian 120 miles west of the Pennsylvania line. To that portion between the Pennsylvania line and the 120 mile meridian, known as the "Western Reserve of Connecticut," she re- tained the right of soil but surrendered that of jurisdiction. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 South Carolina in 1787 ceded the twelve-mile strip running from the source of the Savannah River to the Mississippi. Original Public Domain. {See Map, 1787.) These cessions, with a small section in the present State of Maine lying outside of the Sir Gorges and Sir Alexander grants, purchased by Massachusetts, but inside tlie treaty line with England, consti- tuted the original public domain (1787). Territory Northwest of the Ohio River. {See Map, 1790.) Con- gress now passed (July 13, 1787) an ordinance organizing all the territory between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and the Great Lakes into the Territory Northwest of the Ohio River, providing for its future division into not more than five nor less than three States, and establishing lines for those States. One, to be bounded east by the Pennsylvania line, south by the Ohio, west by a meridian line drawn from the moutli of the Great Miami to the border line. The second, from the last described line on the east, the Ohio on the south and west to the Wabash River, and a line due north from Port Vincent to the border. The third that portion between the last mentioned line and the Mississippi. Authority was reserved to make two States in that part of the territory north of a parallel passing tlirough the southernmost point of Lake Michigan. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were afterward made on these lines and Michigan and Wisconsin lie wholly north of the provisional lati- tude. The ordinance prohibited slavery in the Territory after the year 1800. The small section between Lake Erie, the New York and Pennsylvania lines, was sold by Congress to the State of Pennsyl- vania, thereby giving that State a port on Lake Erie. Territory Southwest of the Ohio River. {See Map, 1790.) In 1789 North Carolina ceded to the Government the territory com- prised in the present State of Tennessee, with the proviso that no laws should be enacted prohibiting slavery. Congress accepted the cession and organized it with the twelve- 30 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. mile strip received from South Carolina into the " Territory South- west of the Ohio River." DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. Adoption of a Federal Constitution. The powers conferred upon Congress by the confederacy as organized proving inadequate to the public needs, a convention met in 1787, and drafted a new Con- stitution constituting a Federal Government. That Constitution (the same we now have, excepting amendments) was submitted to Congress and by it referred to conventions of the various States for adoption or rejection. If nine States gave their adlierence, then it was to be considered in force as far as those nine States were con- cerned. The adoptions came as follows {see Map, 1790) : Delaware, De- cember 7, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787 ; New Jersey, De- cember, 18, 1787 ; Georgia, January 2, 1788 ; Connecticut, January 9, 1788 ; Massachusetts, February 7, 1788 ; Maryland, April 28, 1788 ; South Carolina, May 23, 1788 ; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788 ; Vir- ginia, June 26, 1788 ; New York, July 26, 1788. Eleven States had now ratified the Constitution. So, April 30, 1789, the new Govern- ment was formally organized by the inauguration of its first Presi- dent in New York City. North Carolina adopted the Constitution November 21, 1789, and Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. District of Columbia. With the organization of the Government it became necessary that Congress should have a permanent home. All agreed that it should be centrally located, but sectional jealousies made the choice of a place difficult. The Constitution empowered Congress " to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may by ces- sion of particular States and the acceptance of Congress become the seat of Government of the United States." During the first session of Congress, the Federalists, in considera- tion of two votes by Virginia members to carry an important finan- HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3 1 cial measure, voted that, after remaining ten years in Pliiladelphia, tlie seat of the Government should be permanently located on the Potomac. Maryland, by Act of December 23, 1788, ceded to Congress a tract ten miles square. Virginia on Decembers, 1789, did likewise. By Act of July 16, 1790, Congress accepted the Maryland cession and after December, 1800, it became the seat of the Federal Government. Congress assumed exclusive jurisdiction February 27, 1801. In 1846 the tract ceded by Virginia was retroceded to that State. Vermont. {See Map, 1800.) Since the Revolution Vermont, for- merly known as the " New Hampshire Grants," but which claimed to be an independent republic, had been applying for admission as a Stare. Its claims were opposed by New York and New Hampshire and by the Southern States, who did not wish to increase the New England influence. It was supported by Massachusetts and Con- necticut, from hostility to New York, and by the smaller States with definite boundaries as likely to add one more to their number. In March 4, 1791, Congress admitted the State, thereby for the first time asserting its right to settle disputes among States. Kentucky was settled by Virginians, just prior to the Revolution, passing through the natural highway made by the Cumberland Gap. In 1776 it was organized into the Coumy of Kentucky and as such remained a part of Virginia when that State ceded its lands north of the Ohio to the general Government. In February, 1791, Congress provided for its admission as a State. On June i, 1792, a Constitu- tion was formed and on that date it became the fifteenth State of the Union. Tennessee {see Map, 1800) was formed from the North Caro- lina cession of 1789 and admitted as a State June i, 1796, with a Constitution which was never submitted to a popular vote, but which Jefferson pronounced " the most republican yet formed in America." The South Carolina cession, which had been united to it as part of the "Territory Southwest of the Ohio " was again separated as the Territory South of Tennessee. 32 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. Georgia Cession. Georgia was the last State to make its ces- sion of lands to the Government. In 1788 she offered to cede to the United States that portion of the former British Province of West Florida north of the thirty-first parallel and which was in dispute between the United States and Spain, but Congress declined to re- ceive it until 1798. In 1802 she ceded her claims to all remaining territory west of her present limits. Mississippi Territory. [See Maps, 1800 and 1810.) On the accept- ance of the first Georgia cession in 1798 the Government organized it into the Mississippi Territory, subsequently adding the later ces- sion of 1802 and the Territory South of Tennessee excepting such portion as lay east of the present western boundary of Georgia which the United States ceded to that State. Indiana Territory. {See Maps, 1800 a/ni 1810.) By Act of Con- gress, passed May 7, 1800, the territory northwest of the Ohio was di- vided. After July ist, all that portion lying west of a line from the Ohio River to Fort Recovery (known as the Treaty line of 1795), thence by a meridian line to the international border, was constituted into Indiana Territory. When Ohio became a State in 1802 all the Northwest territory north of the Ohio line was added. For one year, 1804 to 1805, after the purchase of the Province of Louisiana from France, and until it was independently organized, all that ter- ritory north of the Territory of Orleans, extending to the Rocky Mountains, was included in its jurisdiction. In 1805 Midiigan Ter- ritory, embracing all between Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, was taken from it, and in 1809 Illinois Territory was separated by a line following the Wabash River to Vincennes and thence by a me- ridian line due north to the international line. Ohio. {See Map, 1810.) In 1802 Congress passed its first '' En- abling Act," authorizing the inhabitants of the eastern portion of the Territory Northwest of the Ohio to make a Constitution, republican in form, in accord with the ordinance of 1787, and to organize a State government, the boundaries of the State to be : East, the Penn- svlvania line : soutli, the Ohio River ; west, the meridian of the HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 mouth of the grent Miami River ; north, the latitudinal line pass- ing througii the soutliern point of Lake Miciiigan. Congress re- served the right to add the balance of the Northwest Territory, north of the limits of the State, or to dispose of it as it should think best. A Convention was called, a Constitution formed, with the proviso that if the latitudinal line from the most southern point of Lake Michigan to the boundary line did not touch Lake Erie, or touched it east of the mouth of the Mnumee River, then the northern bound- ary should be a line from the most northern cape of Maumee Bay to tlie meridian line. This Constitution was never submitted to the people, nor was the State ever formally admitted, but an Act on Feb- ruary 19, 1803, declared that by the formation of a Constitution it had became one of the United States of America. Michigan Territory of 1805 was made from the Northwest Ter- ritory remaining north of the Ohio line, and that portion of Indiana Territory lying north of the parallel passing through the most southern extremity of Lake Michigan and east of Lake Michigan. Territory of Orleans. {See Map, i^io.) On the acquisition of the Province of Louisiana from France in 1803 Congress organized that portion at the mouth of the Mississippi River into the Territory of Orleans, bounded south by the Gulf of Mexico, west by the Sabine River to latitude 32° and thence north to parallel 2,2,'', north and east by parallel t,t,° from the Spanish line to the Mississippi, thence down that river to the 31" parallel, thence east to the Perdido River (bound- ary of Spanish Florida), thence down that river to the Gulf of Mexico. The District of Louisiana comprised the balance of the French purchase. In 1804 it was attached to Indian Territory, but the fol- lowing year (1805) was organized into Louisiana Territory. The Territory of Illinois {see Map, 1810) was made in 1809 from Indiana Territory. It embraced all that portion of the Territory North- west of the Ohio River organized under the Ordinance of 1787, west of the Wabash River and a meridian line drawn from Vincennes to the international line. The State of Louisiana {see Map, 1820) was made from the Ter* 3 34 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. ritory of Orleans in 1812, and at first embraced all that portion west of the Mississippi River, and the Island of New Orleans, to which the section south of parallel 31° and west of the Pearl River was subse- quently added. The Territory of Louisiana was then renamed the Territory of Missouri. The closing years of this decade (1810-1820) saw four more new States in the Union, two free and two slave. Indiana was admitted December 11, 1816, with east, south, and west boundaries the same as those of the Territory ; on the north, however, the line was run on a parallel ten miles north of the extreme southern point of Lake Michigan. Illinois shortly followed, on December 3, 1818, bounded on east, south, and west by Indiana, the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers respect- ively, north by the parallel 42° 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. The three Northern States bordering on the Ohio, contemplated by the Ordinance of 1787, liad now been admitted, with east and west boundaries as originally provided, but in no one case had their north- ern boundaries been in accord with the line of 1787, which was lati- tude 41° 37'. That line would have cut off each of these States from the Lakes. Had it been adhered to it would have materially changed the history of the nation by sundering the natural geographical con- nections of these States with the East by way of tlie Lakes, turning their commerce, interests, and sympathies toward the Gulf. Alabama and Mississippi. {See Map, 1820.) On the alternate years with the admission of the States north of the Ohio there were added at the south the two States of Mississippi (1817) and Alabama (1819), made by dividing Mississippi Territory by a north and south line equally distant from the Georgia line, and the Perdido River on the east, and the Mississippi and Pearl Rivers on the west. The Territory of Arkansas in 1819 was taken from the Territory of Missouri, and comprises the section on the west bank of the Mis- sissippi between latitudes 2,7i° and -i,(i° 30' west, to meridian 94° 42'. Maine. [See Map, 1820). In 1820 the District of Maine applied HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 for permission to organize a State govern u-.ent. The Act admitting it was part of the famous Missouri Compromise. The State, as con- stituted, contained that part of Massachusetts embraced in the Sir Gorges grant, between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers, extend- ing one hundred and twenty miles inland, and the Sir Alexander grant (Pemaquid), between the Kennebec and the St. Croix Rivers, and " that portion west of the River Kennebec and north of a right line connecting the confluence of the Kennebec and Dead Rivers with Lake Umbagog. This appears never to have been in the Province of Maine, or Massachusetts Bay, or State of Massachusetts." " Missouri. (S/^e Map, 1830.) In 1819 an JEnabling Act was brought forward for the State of Missouri, but an amendment pro- hibiting slavery being attached, it failed to pass. This opened the great Slavery Contest. Professor Alexander Johnston thus aptly de- scribes the situation : "While the Union was confined to the fringe of States along the Atlantic coast the slavery question was not troublesome ; and it was at first possible to unite the representatives of both sections in the admission of new States by using the Oliio as a dividing line between the States in which slavery should be pro- hibited and those in which it should be allowed. But when tlie tide of emigration had crossed the Mississippi and began to fill the Louis- iana Purchase, conflict was inevitable, for the line was lost." Maine having applied for admission was refused unless Missouri was admitted with slavery. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was effected, and an act passed permitting Missouri to form a Constitu- tion and to admittance with the following boundaries : East the Mis- sissippi, west the meridian 94° 42' passing through the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers, north parallel 40° 30', south parallel 36° 30', the famous line north of which the compromise prohibited slavery in any other territorv forever. The Act of admission bears date August 10, 1821. In 1846, on the admission of Iowa, the section ' "If this view be correct, then this tract was a parcel of the original public land of the United States, as defined by treaty with Great Britain." — Francis R, Walker, in Seventh U. S. Census. 2,6 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. between tlie above west line, the Iowa line, and the Missouri River was added. Territory of Florida. On the signing of the Treaty with Spain in 182 1 and the acquisition- of East and West Florida it was organized into the Territory of Florida with the limits of the present State. Michigan Territory. {See Maps, 1820-1830.) Michigan Territory, when first created in 1805, embraced the section between Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan On the entrance of Illinois as a State, in 1818, all that portion of Illinois Territory noith of 42° 30' extending west to the Mississippi was added to Michigan Territory. In 1834, when Missouri Territory lost its nominal existence, all that portion north of the State of Missouri, west to the Missouri and White Earth Rivers and north to the international line was also added. State of Michigan. {See Map, 1840.) In 1835 the people of Michigan, in convention assembled, formed and ratified a Constitu- tion and applied for admission. It was admitted June 15, 1836, with its present limits, a strip from its southern border on Lake Erie, to conform with the Indiana line, being given to Ohio, and the upper peninsular or Lake Superior country being given to it in compen- sation. The first settlenient in the west made by the French was in this State (1629) but owing to the shorter lines of travel from the Atlantic States the States along the Ohio filled more rapidly, and thus it happened that two hundred years elapsed before Michigan took her place as a State in the Union, Arkansas. The same Act (June 15, 1836) that admitted Mich- igan as a free State also admitted Arkansas as a slave State with tlie same limits as when a Territory. Territory of Wisconsin. {See Map, 1840.) On the admission of Michigan as a State the balance of the Territory was formed into Wisconsin Territory (1836) but two years later (1838) Iowa Terri- tory was set off, comprising that portion west of the Mississippi and east of the Missouri. In 1846 Iowa Territory was reduced by the formation of the State of Iowa, and in 1848 it was united with a part of Wisconsin Territory in forming Minnesota Territory. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3/ Indian Country. {West half of the U. S. in 1840.) As the States east of the Mississippi filled up, the Government adopted the plan of transporting the Indian tribes to specified reservations west of the Mississippi. By Act of June 30, 1834, to regulate trade with the Indians, all the territory west of the Mississippi not included in the States of Missouri and Territory of Arkansas was denominated the Indian Country, a geographical but not an organized political division. From this wide area, as emigration pressed westward, Territories have successively been formed until, on the formation of Kansas and Nebraska in 1854, it was limited to the present limits of the Indian Territory. Iowa {Map, 1850), without authorization by Congress, formed a Constitution, applied and was admitted in 1845, bounded east by the Mississippi, south by parallel 40° 30', west by a continuation of the meridian drawn through the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers, north by the 44° parallel from the Mississippi to the Minnesota River, thence up that river until it intercepts the western meridian line. Disputes arising, however, regarding its boundaries, a new Constitution was formed, accepted, and the State finally ad- mitted, December 28, 1846, with its present limits extending to the Missouri River in compensation for territory lost on its nortliern bor- der. North line is 43" 30'. Florida. The same Act admitting Iowa March 3, 1845, also ad- mitted Florida, thereby keeping the balance between free and slave States. Wisconsin. {See Map, 1850.) The last of the five States contem- plated in the original Ordinance of 1787 was admitted May 29, 1848. According to that ordinance her northwest boundary should have ex- tended to the source of the Mississippi and the international bound- ary line, but geographical influences were at work. The line was drawn up the St. Croix, and the inhabitants who had come up and settled on both sides of the Upper Mississippi, whose interests were one, were united politically as well as socially. Minnesota Territory. On the admission of Wisconsin in 1848 the ^S HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. balance of rhc Territury was united witli that of Iowa Territory, and the whole named Minnesota Territory, extending from the Wisconsin line to the Missouri River and from the Iowa line (43° 30') to the national boundary. Texas. {Src Maps, 1840 and 1850.) In 1844 a resolution passed Congress to admit Texas, prohibiting slavery in States formed from the Territory of Texas north of the Missouri compromise line, 2i^° 30', and leaving it to the people themselves to decide whether it should exist south of that line. Texas accepted the annexation both by her own Congress and by a popular convention. On December 29, 1845, Texas became a State of the Union with tlic limits of the Republic of Texas, bounded east and north by the Treaty line with Spain in 1S21 to the source of the Arkansas River, on the south and west by the Gulf of Mexico, the Rio Grande to its source, and thence due north to the junction of the Arkansas River. It comprised parts of the present States of Kansas and Colorado, of the Territory of New Mexico and " No ^Nlan's Land." In 1850 such portions were ceded to the United Stales for a consideration. Southern statesmanship, by colonization, revolution, and annexation, thus added to the South- ern group of States territory to equalize that acquired by the Louis- iana purcliase lying north of 36^ 30', in which by the compromise of 1820 slavery was not to exist. Afterward, on the acquisition of Oregon, the Mexican War was provoked and the latitudinal limits of the Southern group carried to the Pacific Coast. Nevertheless, Texas was the last Slave State added to the Union. Territory of Oregon. {See Map, 1854.) In 1846, after the estab' lishment of tlie international boundary line a bill was offered in Con- gress to organize all that portion west of the Rocky Mountains be- tween parallels 42° and 49° into the Territory of Oregon. Because the Wilmot Proviso ' was attached to the bill, it was not until 1848 that such organization was accomplished. ' The Wilmot Proviso, named after Mr. Wilmot, Member of Congress from Pennsyl- vania, was a bill providing that the provision regarding slavery in the ordinance of 1787 whereby "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 California. {Sec Map, 1854.) In 1849 Congress began legisla- tion looking to the establishment of settled governments for the ter- ritory acquired from Mexico. A fierce contest arose over the slav^ery question. The next year, under what is known as the " Compromise of 1850," :m omnibus bill was passed, providing governments for Cali- fornia, Utah, and New Mexico, leaving to each the right to decide upon the slavery question for themselves. The population of Cali- fornia had increased so rapidly during the excitement following the discovery of gold in 1849 that the people called a convention, formed a State Government and, adopting a Constitution prohibiting slavery, were admitted September 9, 1850, without having been under a Ter- ritorial government. Its prescribed limits are the 42° parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the 120° meridian, thence south on said meridian to the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude, thence by a straight line to the intersection of the thirty-fifth parallel and the Colorado River, thence down that river to the mouth of the Gila River, thence west by the Mexican boundary line to the Pacific Ocean. The Territory of Utah {see Map, 1854) was organized, embracing all west of the Rocky Mountains received of Mexico between paral- lels 37° and 42° to the California line. Subsequently Nevada and parts of Colorado and Wyoming were taken from it. The Territory of New Mexico was organized, embracing all that portion received of Mexico between the Rio Grande and the Cali- fornia line south of the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude, and also that portion of the Texas cession of 1850 bounded east by tlie 103° meridian and north by the thirty-eighth parallel, west by the Rio Grande and south by the thirty-second parallel. To this in 1853 was added the strip south of the Gila River acquired by the Gadsden purchase. Kansas and Nebraska Territory. {See Map, \^s\.^ Emigration was now pushing very rapidly westward. Long trains of settlers were moving into the Arkansas and Platte Valleys, and through them territory except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted" should apply to all newly acquired territory. 40 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. to Oregon and California. In 185 1 the inhabitants of the Platte country applied for organization as a Territory, but the request was not acted upon. In 1852 a bill was introduced into Congress to the same effect. Being on the eve of a presidential election it again failed. In 1854 (January 23), the Southern or slavery element, being sure of its strength, introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, providing for two territories between the Missouri River and the Rocky Moun- tains ; one west of Missouri between parallels 37° and 40° to be called Kansas, and the other north of latitude 40° to be called Ne- braska. The bill also repudiated as unconstitutional and repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, whereby slavery was forever pro- hibited north of latitude 36° 30', and provided that hereafter any Ter- ritory was free to admit or exclude slavery as its inhabitants saw fit. The bill passed and the Territories were organized. On the forma- tion of Dakota {see Map, 1861) and Colorado, Nebraska ceded to the former all north of parallel 43°, and to the latter the section between latitude 40° and 41° and meridians 102° and 106°, receiving, however, a section west of the Rocky Mountains from Washington and Utah, between latitudes 41° and 43° west to the 110° meridian. On the formation of Idaho in 1863 all north of the forty-first parallel and west of the 104° meridian was given to that Territory. Washington Territory. {See Map, 1861.) In 1853 Oregon Ter- ritory was divided. That portion north of the Columbia River and parallel 46°, and east of the Lewis River and meridian 117°, extend- ing to the international boundary (49°) and the Rocky Mountains, was organized into Washington Territory. Subsequently this section was also divided ; all east of the 117° meridian being included in Idaho when it was organized (1863). Oregon, in 1858, through a convention organized under direction of the Territorial Legislature, formed a Constitution which was ac- cepted by Congress and February 14, 1859, it became a State. Minnesota, with limits consisting of so much of the Territory ly- ing east of the Red River of the North, had, with tlie extension of railways, been rapidly increasing its population until now she was HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 entitled to admission as a State. A Constitution prohibiting slavery was formed and the State admitted, May 11, 1858. Kansas. {See Maps, 1854-1861,) Upon the organization of the Territory in 1854, under an act leaving the slavery question to the decision of the Territorial Legislature, a long struggle began, most bitter, as it was the last legal contest to establish slavery in new territory. In 1858 Congress passed a bill admitting Kansas as a State under the Lecompton Constitution, providing, however, that the clause making slavery legal should be again submitted to the people. In July, 1859, the representatives of the people, in conven tion at Wyandot, formed and adopted a new Constitution prohibiting slavery. The slavery party now declared that neither Congress nor Territorial Legislatures had a right to prohibit slavery, and the ques- tion was carried into the presidential election of i860. The result of the election being in favor of the anti-slavery party the Southern members withdrew from Congress. Congress then admitted Kansas as a free State by act bearing dafe January 29, 186 1, with a western limit of the 102° meridian. Colorado Territory. The same Congress (1861) that admitted Kansas organized also the Territory of Colorado, consisting of por- tions of the Territories of Kansas, New Mexico, Nebraska, and Utah, lying on both sides of the Rocky Mountains between parallels 37° and 41°, and meridians 102° and 109°. Dakota Territory {see Maps, 1861-1870) was also made in 1861. It included all of Nebraska Territory north from parallel 43*^ and that portion of Minnesota Territory west of the Red River of the North which was not organized into a State Government in 1858. In 1863 part of this large area, viz. : that portion west of meridian 104° was set off to form the Territory of Idaho. The following year (1864) she received again from Idaho the portion between parallels 43°and45°and meridians 104° and 111° and an additional section between parallels 41'' and 43° and meridians 104° and 110° only to transfer them again in 1868 to Wyoming Territory. Nevada {see Map, 1870) was organized as a Territory in 1861, 42 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. and comprised that portion of Utah west of meridian US'". On October 31, 1864, it was admitted as a State, when to its Territorial limits was added on the east another degree of longitude and a sec- tion from the Territory of Arizona bounded north by the 37° paral- lel, south and west by the California line, east by the Colorado River and meridian 1 14°. The Southern Confederacy. {See Map.) When the representa- tives of the slave-holding States withdrew from Congress in 1861, the States they represented proceeded at once to pass acts of secession from t!ie Federal Union and to establish a Southern Confederacy. Eleven States, comprising an immense territory, passed Acts of Secession. The Constitution recognizing no power of States to se- cede, Congress proclaimed these States in rebellion and proceeded to employ coercive measures. West Virginia {sec Map, 1863) counties refused to be bound by the Ordinance of Secession passed by Vir- ginia. Forming a legislature, wdiich they claimed to be the real ex- ecutive body, they gave the assent required by the Constitution to the organization of a new State, and applied for admission as West Virginia. Congress recognized their action and tlie State was ad- mitted June 19, 1863. On January i, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation, issued as a military necessity, proclaiming freedom to all slaves, went into effect, and it was confirmed forever by an Amendment to the Constitution (Xlllth) adopted and ratified in 1865. Two more Amendments were afterward adopted to protect the rights of the freedmen and admitting them to citizenship. After the fall of the Confederacy the Government proceeded to promote efficient governments for the insurrectionary States, stipu- lating how they might be re-admitted to the active exercise of State- hood on the ratification of Constitutions accepting the new Constitu- tional Amendments. Tennessee was the first re-admitted, July 24, 1866. Arkansas the next, June 22, 1868. North and South Carolina, Louisiana and Florida followed during the year, but Virginia, Mis- sissippi, Texas, and Georgia did not follow until 1870. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 Arizona Territory {see Map, 1870) was organized as a Territory Feb- ruary 24, 1863. As first constituted it embraced all that portion of the Territory of New Mexico lying north of the Gila River and west of the 109° meridian, subsequently that portion of the Mesilla Valley south of the Gila, west of the same meridian was included. On the admission of Nevada as a State in 1864, it lost the small section west of the Colorado River and meridian 114°, which was included in that new State. . Idaho Territory. Discoveries of gold in the Rocky and Bitter Root Mountains, in 1862, caused an influx of population and the formation of a Territorial government, March 3, 1863. Idaho, as the new Territory was named, was taken from the Territories of Da- kota and Washington. Its original boundaries were : north the inter- national line (49°) from meridians 104° to 117°, thence south by merid- ian 117° to parallel 42^^, thence east to meridian no, thence south to parallel 41°, thence east to meridian 104°, thence to latitude 49°. When the Territory of Montana was formed in 1864, it was wholly taken from this Territory, and the same year the balance of her terri™ tory east of the Rocky Mountains was reunited to Dakota, while on the formation of Wyoming in 1868, she contributed also a small sec- tion west of the mountains and east of the 111° meridian. As now constituted it lies between the Rocky and Bitter Root Mountains and the 117° meridian and stretches from parallel 42° to 49°. Montana Territory, taken wholly from Idaho, was organized under a Territorial government. May 26, 1864. It is bounded north by the international boundary line, east by the 104* meridian, south by the 45° parallel to the 111° meridian, southward on that meridian to its junction with the Rocky Mountains (about 40°), west by the Rocky and Bitter Root Mountains and meridian 116° to par- allel 49°. Wyoming Territory. On July 25, 1868, Congress passed an Act forming a new Territory called Wyoming, lying between parallels of latitude 41° to 45° and from meridians 104° to 111°, from portions of Nebraska, Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. 44 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. In the Northwest corner of the Territory is the Yellowstone Park, a National Reservation. Nebraska. {See Map, 1870.) Though formed as a Territory at the same time as Kansas, it did not become a State until much later. First, the slavery question turned emigration to the more southerly State, then the war stopped it almost entirely. After the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad, however, the fertile lands of the Platte River attracted settlers, and a prosperous Commonwealth ap- plied for admission as a State. By Act of Congress it became a State, March i, 1867, the bill being passed over the President's (Johnson) veto. As constituted it has the Missouri River for its easterly boundary, the 104° meridian for its western line, the 43° par- allel on the north, and the 40° parallel on the south from the Mis- souri River to the 102° meridian, thence the line runs north to the 41° parallel, thence west to the 104° meridian. Colorado. The discovery of gold east of tlie Rocky Mountains quickly brought a population entitling Colorado to admission as "The Centennial State." Congress passed an Enabling Act. A State Constitution was formed, submitted, and ratified by a popular vote July I, 1876. As provided in the Act, the President, one month later, August i, 1876, announced the admission of Colorado to the Union without further legislation. Washington, Montana, North and South Dakota {See Map, 1890), with large and newly developed lumber, mining, and agricul- tural interests, now attained a population capable of self-government, and applied for admission. This was not granted, however, until after the Presidential election of 1888. An Enabling Act was passed by Congress, February, 1889, whereby the Territories of Washington, Montana, and Dakota are authorized to organize as States, July i, 1889. Washington and Montana with their present limits, Dakota to be divided into North and South Dakota by an east and west line on the seventh range, State Survey. North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted as States, November 2, 1889 ; Montana, November 8, 1889, and Washington, as the forty-second State, November 11, 1889 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 Oklahoma Territory [see Map 1892). By Act of Congress, May 2, 1890, all that portion of Indian Territory, except so much of the same as is actually occupied by the five civilized tribes, and except the unoccupied part of the Cherokee outlet, together with that por- tion of the United States known as the Public Land Strip, was erected into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Oklahoma. It is bounded by a line drawn as follows : Commenc- ing at a point where the 98° meridian crosses the Red River, thence by said meridian to the point where it crosses the Canadian River, thence along said river to the west line of tlie Seminole Country, thence along said line to the north fork of the Canadian River, thence down said river to the west line of the Creek Country, thence along said west and north line of the Creek Country to the 96° meri- dian, thence northward by said meridian to the southern boundary line of Kansas, thence west along said line to the Arkansas River, thence down said river to the north line of the land occupied by the Ponca Indians, from which point the line runs so as to include all the lands occupied by the Ponca, Tonkawa, Otoe, Missouria, and the Pawnee tribes of Indians until it strikes the south line of the Chero- kee outlet, wliicli it follows westward to the east line of the State of Texas, hence by the boundary line of the State of Texas to the point of beginning. The Public Land Strip is bounded east by the 100° meridian, south by Texas, west by New Mexico, north by Colorado and Kansas. It is provided that whenever the interest of the Cherokee Indians in the land known as the Cherokee Outlet shall be extinguished, or whenever any Indian nation or tribe owning any other lands in Indian Territory shall signify to the President of the United States, in a legal manner, its assent that such lands shall so become a part of said Territory of Oklahoma, the President shall thereupon make procla- mation to that effect. Idaho and Wyoming. By Act of Congress, were admitted July 4, 1891, as States, with the same boundaries as defined under their territorial organizations. INDEX. Alabama, 34 Alaska, 25 Arizona, 43 Arkansas Territory, 34 State of, 36 Augusta County (Va.), 12, 13 California, 39 Canada, 2, 15, 17 Carolana, 9 Carolina, North, 11, 27 South, II, 27, 29 Cherokee Nation, 16, 17 Colorado Territory, 41 State of, 44 Columbia, District of, 30 Confederacy of 177 5- 1787, 26 Southern, 42 Connecticut, 8, 13, 15, 18, 27, Culpepper's Grant, 9 Dakota Territory, 41 State of North, 44 " South, 44 Declaration of Independence, Rights, 20 Declaratory Act, 20 Delaware, 10, 11, 13 England, 5, 16, 17 Federal Constitution, 30 Florida, Spanish and English, : Territory, 36 State of, n 28 16, 17, 21,24 France, 5, 15, 16, 22 Gadsden Purchase, 25 Georgia, 11, 17, 27, 32 Gorges Grant, 8, 14 Hampshire Grants, 18 Idaho, 43, 45 lUinois Country, 15 County, 21 1 Territory, 33 ' State of, 34 Indian Country, 32, t,-] Indiana Territory, 15 State of, 34 Iowa Territory, 36 State of, 37 Iroquois Nation, 6, 13, 16, 17 Kansas Territory, 39 State of, 41 Kentucky, County of, 18 State of, 31 King's Prerogative, 19 Land Cessions, 28, 29, 32 Claims, 26, 27 . London Company, 5 Louisiana Province, 15, 22, 23 District of, 2)Z Territory, -ifT^ State of, 33 Maine, District of, 7, 8, 21, 22 * State of, 34, 35 48 Maryland, lo, 13 Massachusetts, 7, 14, 20, 26, 28 Mexican Cession, 25 Mexico, 3 Michigan Territory, 33, 36 State of, 36 Minnesota Territory, 37 State of, 40 Mississippi Territory, 32 State of, 34 Missouri Territory, 34 State of, 35 Navigation Laws, 19 Nebraska Territory, 39 State of, 44 Nevada, 41 New England, 5, 7 New France, 15 New Hampshire, 7, 14 New Jersey, 10, 13 New Mexico, 3, 39 New Netherland, 6 New Sweden, 6 New York, 10, 13, 27, 28 North Carolina, 1 1, 27 North Dakota, 44 Northwest Territory, 29 Nova Scotia, 3, 14, 21 Ohio, 16, 32 Oklahoma Territory, 45 Oregon Country, 23, 24 Territory, 38 State of, 40 Orleans Territory, 33 Paris, First Treaty of, 16 Second Treaty of, 21 Pemaquid, 7, 14 INDEX. Pennsylvania, 12, 18 Plymouth Council, 5, 8 Colony, 5, 7, 14 Property Line, 17 Public Domain, Original, 29 Quebec Act, 17, 22 Province of, 17 Rhode Island, 8, 14 South Carolina, ii, 27, 29 South Dakota, 44 Southern Confederacy, 42 Southwest Territory, 29 Spain, 3, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24 Tennessee, 31 Texas, 23, 24, 38 Treaty of Paris, First, 16 Second, 21 with Spain, 23, 24 Mexico, 25 France, 22 Utah, 39 Vermont, 18, 31 Virginia, 5, 9, 12, 18, 27, 28 Washington Territory, 40 State of, 44 Westmoreland, County of, 18 West Virginia, 42 Wisconsin County, 15 Territory, 36 State of, 37 Writs of Assistance, 20 Wyoming, 43, 45 C15 8 b N. MANCHESTER LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011 529 417 9