vQAAa/VV I^Ha^aa*, ^^--'" wm> I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. >AAAC\-V 2MO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ftAA.VOA 'WM%- ftg&m* >H^0 AA^X^X'^ ^.a^:^%'*^% ^*A\a' tt^S A/VA r ..' A A a ~ . ^ ■ /* ^aAAa A A%A\fl ^^A^fi^S* ««aS^9Ha «I ^m^^.%. <%mn*rs rm^^rrw^m^m^c% A n W*h/ ywtrrAM&A _V\a •rv*A^ A a"~ ' A'WWWBSta ^-V.^-V.V fVirt/VVK -'*. ,%yA^; \^ r \5 *atV P^W^*. *,**&; ^V«j 1 ^ - /■/..-■ KaC HISTORICAL GUIDE M ]/Yl^7 TO THE CITY OF ^y^^XCJ^L DUBLIN, ILLUSTRATED BY ENGRAVINGS, AND A PLAN OF THE CITY. SECOND EDITION, WGT& WITH CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONAL AN ITINERARY, AND VARIOUS USEFUL INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS AND STRANGERS* BY (f. N. WRIGHT, A.M. LONDON: PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY. 1825. [■THE LIBRARY iOf CONGRESS IWAiHlM^TON T. C. HANSARD, Pater-noster-row Press. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. Although reduced in bulk, by a compressed form of printing, for the purpose of enabling the publishers to offer the volume at a less price, this Edition will be found to contain not only all the information of the pre- ceding one, that is really valuable and interesting to the majority of Readers, or Tourists, but also much that is new, whether as additions to the original matter, or entirely new articles. In this respect great pains have been taken to render the book as perfect as possible, and to bring down the accounts of Buildings and lnstilu- tions to the present time. Among the new subjects are —St. Stephen's Chapel, Merchants' Hall, the School of Anatomy, The Royal Hibernian Academy of Painting, &c. The account of the Dublin Society has been con- siderably enlarged, and the contents of its Museum, its pictures, &c. as fully described as the limits of a work of this nature would permit. In this Edition, — which, considering the number and superior style of its embellishments, must be allowed to a 2 PREFACjE. be a cheap book—there is likewise given a Table of the Principal Edifices, showing their Architects, and the dates of Erection, as far as could be ascertained ; which will, it is hoped, prove not uninteresting either to the residents, or visitors, of a city which may justly pride it-« self on its architectural monuments. It will be useful, inasmuch as it lays before the reader at a single glance what is scattered throughout the Volume (besides some names not mentioned in the body of the work) ; and consequently greatly facilitates the reference to, and com- parison of, dates and other particulars. It has been thought, likewise, that the utility of the Volume as a Guide, would be considerably increased by the addition of an Itinerary, containing the Roads, &c. from London to Liverpool, and other ports where the stranger would embark for Ireland ; with ample infor- mation respecting the sailing of Packets, and the Routes from Dublin, to Belfast, and Cork. The Work has thus become a complete manual for the Tourist, without being thereby rendered less satisfactory to those who wish to possess a topographical history of the Irish Metropolis. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page ITINERARY OF ROUTES., ix ACCOUNT OF LIVERPOOL ib PACKETS TO DUBLIN .... xxi GENERAL OBSERVA- TIONS xxiv HOTELS IN DUBLIN xxv PERAMBULATIONS OF DUBLIN ib ROUTES FROM DUBLIN.. xxxi ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN.. 1 Geographical Description.. 4 DUBLIN CASTLE 6 The Chapel 8 Executive Government 9 THE UNIVERSITY 11 Chapel 14 Theatre 15 Refectory „ ib. Library 16 M annscript Room 17 College Park IS Anatomy House ib. Printing House 19 Provost's Hou.se ib. Museum 20 Astronomical Observatory .... 21 B otanic Garden "..... 22 BANK OF IRELAND 22 The PrintingHou.se 2.5 EngTaving Engine 26 Printing Presses ib . Its Institution ib. DUBLIN SOCIETY 28 Museum. 33 FARMING SOCIETY 38 ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. . 39 KIRWANIAN SOCIETY.... 40 IBERNO-CELTIC SOCIETY ib. DUBLIN INSTITUTION.... ib. DUBLIN LIBRARY SO- CIETY 41 MARSH'S LIBRARY ib. CATHEDRALS:— ST. PATRICK'S 42 Monuments in the Choir ., 47 Page The Chapter House. 48 St. Man's Chapel 49 The Deanery Hou*e ........ 50 Archiepiscopal Palace ib . CHRIST-CHURCH 51 The Nave 54 Monuments 55 The Transept 57 The Choir 58 St . Mary's Chapel 59 Deanerv House 60 CHURCHES :— St. Michael's ib. St. John's 61 S f . Michan's 62 St. Audoen's 64 St. N icholas Without 65 St. Peter's 66 St. Kevin's 67 St. Werburgb's 6$ St. Mary's 70 St. Anne's 71 St. Bridget's 72 St. Georges is St. George's Chapel 75 St. Thomas's ib. St. Catherine's 77 St. James's 78 St. Paul's .... 79 St. Nicholas Within 80 St. Andrew's 81 St. Luke's 83 St. Mark's 84 St. Stephen's Cha pel 85 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHA- PELS 85 Metropolitan Chapel 86 Arran Quay Chapel 87 Bridge-street Chapel 88 James's-street Chapel. ....... ib. Francis-street Chapel ib. LilFey-stree t C hapel 88 Anne-street C hapel . 89 Meath street Chapel 90 Exchange-street, Chapel .... ib. Towsend-street Chapel , ^ , , , • 93 VI CONTEXTS. Page FRIARIES:- Augustinian Convent 93 Dominican Convent ib. Convent of Calced Carmelites 93 Convent of Discalced ditto . . ib. Convent of Franciscans 94 Convent of Capuchins ib. Convent of Jesuits ib, NUNNERIES:— King-street Nunnery 95 Stanhope-street and William- street X u nneries ib. George's-hill, or North Anne's- street Nunneries ib. Ward's Hill, or Warren Mount Nunnery ib. Harold's Cross Nunnery 9G SECEDERS FROM ' THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH: Presbyterians 97 Strand-street Meeting-house.. OS Eustace-street ditto 99 Mary's Abbey ditto % . . . . ib. Usher's Quay ditto ib. Seceders 100 Independents ib. Methodists ib. Baptists . 101 Wal&erites ib . Moravians 102 Quakers ib. Jews 103 German Lutherans ib. MUNICIPAL GOVERN- MENT 104 Mansion-house 105 City Assembly-house 107 Aldermen of Skinners-alley.. JOS Merchants-hall "... ib . Tailors '-hal 1. ib. Weavers'-hall 109 POLICE ESTABLISHMENT ib. PRISONS :— Newgate in Sheriffs Prison 113 City Marshalsea . «. 114 Four Courts Marshalsea ib. Sessions House 115 MANORS: — Manor of Grange-Gorman .... 1 1 6 Manor of Thomas Court and Donorc ib. Manor of St. Sepulchre ib. Manor of the Deanery of St. Patrick's -1 17 HOUSES OF CORRECTION : Dublin Penitentiary ib , Richmond General Peniten- tiary , • 118 Page Magdalen Asylum 119 Lock Penitentiary 1 1 9 Bow-street Asylum ] 20 To wnsend-street Asylum .... ib. Dublin Female Penitentiary., ib. ASYLUMS i2i CHARITABLE ASSOCIA- TIONS:— Sick and Indigent Room- keepers 122 Stranger's Friend Society .... 123 Charitable Association ib. Society for the Relief of the In- <1 ustriou s Poor ib . Debtor's Friend Society ib. Ouzel Galley Association .... ib. Musical Fund Society ib. Society for the Relief of Dis- tressed Literary Teachers and their Families 124 Charitable Loan ib. Men t h Charitable Society .... ib. Mendicity Association .* ib. SCHOOLS' FOR. THE EDU- CATION OF THE POOR: Incorporated Society 125 Erasmus Smith's Schools .... 126 Deaf and Dumb Institution. . ib. ASYLUMS FORTHE BLIND : Simpson's Hospital I SI Richmond National Institu- tion 132 Molineux Asylum 133 POOR SCHOOLS :— Female Orphan-house ib. Masonic Female Orphan School 134 Pleasants' Asylum ib. St. Catherine's Sunday School J 35 Free Day-schools 136 Society ' for Promoting the Education of the Poor in Ireland ib. Sunday School-Society for Ire- land .' 137 Hatch-street Sunday School, Leeson-street 138 Religious Tract and Book Society ib. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. . . . ib. Bible Societies 139 PUBLIC SQUARES :— Stepheu's-green ib. Merrion-square ib. Fitzwilliam-square 142 Rutland-square ............ ib. MouiUjoy-square 143 STATUES s> ib. Nelson's Pillar 144 CONTENTS. VI l Page Wellington Testimonial .... 145 THEATRES AND PLACES OF . PUBLIC AMUSE- MENT 145 New Theatre Royal 147 BARRACKS 149 BRIDGES:— Carlisle Bridge ib. Cast-iron Bridge 150 Essex Bridge ib. Richmond "Bridge 151 Whitworth Bridge 152 The Queen's Bridge ib. Bloody Bridge ib. Sarah's Bridge 153 PRIVATE RESIDENCES .. ib. Charlemont. House ib. Waterford House 1 54 LAWCOURTS 155 Four Courts 156 Inns of Courts 160 Prerogative Court 1 63 Consistorial Court 164 High Court of Admiralty .... ib. Board of First Fruits .,'. ib. PUBLIC OFFICES:— General Post-office ib. Stamp Office 167 Ballast Office 169 Paving Board 1 TO Wide-street Commissioners .. 171 Pipe Water Committee ib. Custom House 172 Custom-House Docks 176 COMMERCIAL BUILD- INGS:— Royal Exchange 1 78 Corn Exchange Buildings .... 182 The Commercial Buildings .. 183 Chamber of Commerce 185 Savings' Bank ib. Gas Light Company 186 Linen and Yarn Hall ib. Stove Tenter-House 187 HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS :— Royal Hospital, Kilmainham 189 Blue-Coat Boys' Hospital, Blackhall-street 194 Marine School 196 College of Physicians, Sir Pa- trick Dun's Hospital .,,,.. 197 Pa S e College of Surgeons 199 Association of Members of the College of Physicians in Ire- land— College Green 201 School of Physic 202 School of Anatomy— Park st. 203 Apothecaries'-Hall 204 Charitable Infirmary 205 Steevens's Hospital 206 Mercer's Hospital 208 Meath Hospital ib. Coombe Hospital 209 Lying-in Hospital 210 Rotunda Rooms 213 New Rooms — Faitland-square 214 Westmoreland Lock Hospital. — Townsend-street 215 United Hospital of St. Mark and St. Anne— Mart-street 216 Fever Hospital — Cork-street .. ib. Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital .. 219 Whitworth Hospital 222 Richmond Surgical Hospital . . 223 St. George's "House of Re- covery ib. Whitworth Fever Hospital . . ib. St. Peter's and St. Bridget's Hospital 224 Royal Military Infirmary .... 225 Hospital for Incurables 226 House of Industry 227 Foundling Hospital 228 St. Patrick, or Swift's Hospi- tal — Bow-lane, James-street 230 Richmond Lunatic Asylum .. 232 DISPENSARIES .'.. 234 Talbot Dispensary ib. St. Mary and St. Thomas's .. ib. Dublin General Dispensary . . ib. Meath Dispensary 235 Vaccine Establishment • ib. FINE ARTS 236 Royal Hibernian Academy .. 238 Private Collections of Paint- ings 240 ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN .. 245 BANKS 250 RATES OF CARRIAGES .... 251 ARCHITECTURAL SYNOP- SIS -. 253 INDEX Plated THE Castle 6 The Castle Chapel and Record Tower 8 Trinity College 14 T h e B a n k 22 St. Patrick's Cathedral 42 Christ-Church ditto h I St. George's Church * 74 The New Theatre Royal 14T The Law Courts 156 The King's Inns, and Royal Canal Harbour 1 62 Sackville Street, Post Office, and Xelson'a Column 166 The Custom House 1T2 The Royal Exchange It* The L) ing-in Hospital 212 Plan of the City of Dublin, {after the Inclejc.) ITINERARY OF ROUTES TO THE DIFFERENT PORTS ; ACCOUNT OF PACKETS, &c. AND USEFUL INFORMATION FOR TRAVELLERS. IN order to render this volume not only interesting to those who, whether residents or strangers, seek for inform- ation relative to the buildings and institutions of the metropolis of Ireland ; but likewise as serviceable as pos- sible to tourists, who may wish, at the same time, to possess a compendious guide of their route on the other side of the water, it has been deemed proper to supply, in this intro- ductory chapter, all such particulars as may be necessary to the traveller from the commencement of his journey. For this purpose, the routes from London to Liverpool, Holyhead, and Bristol, are given ; and brief notices of the objects most deserving attention in each of those places. FROM LONDON TO LIVERPOOL, First Route, through Chester, *** The figures in the first column give the distance of the Towns from each other— in the second, their distance from London. Miles. Irrns. Barnet - « 11 St. Alban's - - 10 - 21 Angel, Woolpack, White Hart, Dunstable - - . 12$ - 33J Crown, Sugar-loaf. Brick Hill - - 9£ - 45 George. Stoney Stratford - - 9 - 52 Bull, Cock, Towcester - -8-60 Daventry - - - 12 - 72 Saracen's Head, Wheatshenf, Dunsmoor Heath * 13£ - 85£ Black Dog. ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. Miles. Inns, Coventry - 4- 91 5 King's Head, Craven Arms, White 1 Bear. Stone Bridge - 8£- 99£ Castle Brorawich - 6 - 105£ Stonal - 10 - lloj Ivetsey Bank - 16 - 13li Sun, Bradford Arms. Newport - 8 - 159£ Red Lion. Tern Hill - 12 - 151| Queen's Head, Hill Arms. Whitchurch 9 ■ 160£ Red Lion, Lord Hill. Barn HiU - 91 - 170 rAlbion Hotel, Golden Lion, Pied Chester - io! • 180J -j Bull, Royal Hotel, Red Lion, i White Lion. Eastham ■ s i - 190 Liverpool - 8 - 198 (See page sv) At St. Alban's, the Abbey Church is deserving of notice, both for its architecture, its extent, and the rich screens and ancient monuments it contains. This place, whose population is about 4,500, is remarkable for two battles between the Houses of York and Lancaster, in 1455 and 1461, in the latter of which Queen Margaret defeated the Earl of Warwick. Coventry is an ancient city, with a population of about 8,000 inhabitants, containing little to attract any but the antiquary, who will here recognize in many of the houses the domestic architecture of the 15th and 16th cen- turies. The most remarkable object is St. Michael's Church, which is a fine specimen of the pointed style, and is celebrated for its very beautiful spire. Trinity Church has also a lofty spire. Here are several hospitals, a Free- school, a County-hall (erected in 1/85), and an edifice called St. Mary's-hall, built in the reign of Henry VI. Chester, a city of great antiquity, is seated on a rocky eminence, above a sweep of the Dee. The town is one of the most singularly-built in England, the four main streets being excavated in the rock, the depth of an entire story below the level ground ; and having galleries or porticos on each side, for foot passengers ; beneath which are the shops and warehouses. The Castle and Cathedral are both well deserving examination. The former was originally erected in the time of the Conqueror, but con- tains very extensive modern additions comprising an armoury with nearly 40,000 stand of -arms, tho Shire-hall ^ ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c. XI County Gaol, and Courts of Justice, Barracks, &c. The latter, though inferior to the generality of our English cathedrals, has a very beautiful Chapter-house. "The population is about 20,000. Second Route, through Lichfield. Miles. Inns, Stone Bridge - *■ 99| Coleshill . 4 - 103^ Angel, Swan. Swinfin - ■ 321- 116 Lichfield ■ V- U8I George, Swan. Ridgley - • %' 126 Sandon . - 10 ■ ■ 136 Stone . - 4 . 140 Newcastle-Under-Lyne ■ 9 - 149 Crown, Roebuck. Congleton . - iM • 1611 Bulls Head, Black Lion. Knutsford - ■ lif. 176 Angel, George Warrington - • us ' 18 7^ George, Nag's Head, Red Lion Prescot r - 10 - 197| Man and Bull, Man and Swan. Liverpool - - 8£ - 206 Lichfield, the most important place in this Second Route, has an exceedingly fine Cathedral, with a noble spire, and two lesser ones at the west end. In the interior are the monuments of Garrick, Dr. Johnson, Lady M. W. Montagu, and Miss Seward; and a very exquisite one, by Chantrey, representing two sleeping children. This city is celebrated aigthe birth-place of the two eminent men just mentioned, and- was, atone period of his life, the residence of Dr. Darwin, who here wrote his Zoonomia. In the free-school of St. John, Addison, Johnson, Garrick, Wollaston, Hawkins Browne, and other distinguished in- dividuals received the rudiments of their education. Races are held during three days in the second week in Septem- ber, on Whittington Heath, two miles from the town. The population is about 6,000. Liverpool is unquestionably one of the most important places in the British empire, whether we regard its extent, its prodigious commerce, or the number and splendor of its public buildings. During' the last thirty years its in- crease has been most rapid, and in 1821 its population amounted to M 1,487, independently of the number of seamen, &c. who may be estimated at" nearly 10,000 more. Brief as we must necessarily be, we can do little more than b Xll ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. enumerate the various objects which in almost every quarter arrest the stranger's attention ; and among these a foremost place must be assigned to the Docks, the prin- cipal of which are the Wet-docks. The next are the Dry- docks ; and there is a third kind called the Graving-docks, in which ships are caulked and repaired. The Old Dock, which runs eastward into the town, was constructed in 1710, and contains an area of 17,070 square yards. It is surrounded with houses, shops, and warehouses, and at the east end stands the Custom-house. The Dry -dock has a quay extending about 360 yards. Salthouse-dock, the second in point of date, is an area of 22,420 square yards, with a quay of about 640 yards. St. George's Dock ex- tends from St. Nicholas' Church-yard to Moor-street, and forms an area of 26,068 square yards, with a quay of 700 yards, lined with capital warehouses. King's Dock is an area of 25,650, and Queen's Dock, of 54,025 square yards. Prince's Dock, which is the finest of all, was commenced in 1815, and opened July 19th, 1821, the day of his Ma- jesty's coronation. It is 500 yards long by 106 broad, forming an area of 53,000 square yards. The quays are very spacious, and have cast-iron sheds for the shelter of merchandize. Along the west side next the river is a spacious parade, affording a noble view of the shipping, &c. Among the public buildings, the Town Hall, in Castle- street, is a very noble and imposing architectural pile, of the corinthian order, surmounted by a lofty cupola, on the summit of which is a colossal figure of Britannia sitting. It contains a saloon 30 feet by 26, with portraits of his late and present Majesty, and the Duke of Clarence ; west drawing-room, 32 feet by 26; east drawing-room, 30 by 27; ball-room, 89 by 41, and 40 high; another, 61 by 28, and 26 high; and a banquet-room, 50 feet by 30; these three last rooms have beautiful scagliola pilasters. The dome which is over the stair-case produces a very fine effect as viewed from below : the entire height from the floor to the summit is 106 feet. The New Exchange Buildings, which were begun from designs by John Foster, Esq. in 1803, form u very magnificent structure surrounding three sides of a square, (on the fourth is the north front of the Town Hall). They are decorated with Corinthian columns and pilasters, ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c Xljl and partake of the general character of that front. The north side is 177 feet, and the east and west 131. In the base- ment all round is a piazza 15 feet wide ; and in the east wing is the Exchange News-room, occupying the whole of the lower story, being 94 feet 3 inches, by 5 1 feet .9 inches : the ceiling is supported by 16 Ionic columns, 20 feet 9 inches high, each formed of a single stone. The centre of the area inclosed by these buildings is decorated with a splendid Monument to Lord Nelson, designed by Matthew Wyatt, and executed by Westmacott : at the base of a very rich circular pedestal are four large emblematic figures, in allusion to his principal victories ; and upon it is a fine group of Nelson, Victory, and Death, Britannia and a British seaman. — The Corn Exchange, in Brunswick- street, is a simple yet handsome building ; but the New Market is one of the most astonishing and interesting structures of the kind in the whole kingdom. This noble edifice, which was designed by Mr. J. Foster, jun., was begun in August, 1820, and finished in February, 1822, at an expense of 35,000/. : its length is 549 feet, and its breadth 135. The roof is supported by 116 cast-iron pillars, 23 feet high, and arranged in four rows, so as to form five avenues. At night it is brilliantly lighted by 144 gas-lights. Besides this, there are eight other open markets in different parts of the town. Liverpool possesses many literary institutions reflecting great credit on its citizens : among these, the earliest-es- tablished is the Athenaeum, in Church-street, which was opened in 1/99., The Lyceum, in Bold-street, is a very handsome building, designed by Mr. Harrison, of Chester. It has a spacious coffee and news-room, and a circular Jibrary-room containing 22,000 volumes. The Union Neivs-room, in Duke-street, is a plain but handsome stone edifice, erected from the designs of Mr. Foster. It derives its name from the circumstance of being founded on Jan. 1st, 1800, the day on which the Union of England and Ireland took place. The Royal Institution, in Colquitt- street, was founded in 1814. It is a large and uniform building with two wings, presenting a front of 146 feet : on the first floor is a spacious exhibition-room for the use of the members of the Liverpool Academy ; likewise ano- ther exhibition-room with casts of the Elgin and Egina xiv ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c« marbles. The museum contains a variety of rare and cu- rious specimens of natural history, &c. Strangers may be introduced here by a proprietor. The Theatre, which is in Williamson-square, is generally open from June to December. Another place of amuse- ment is the Circus, appropriated to equestrian and panto- mimic performances, during the winter season. The Wel- lington Rooms is an extensive suite of assembly-rooms, erected from the designs of Mr. Edmund Aikin in 1815. The front is of stone, and has a semicircular portico of the Corinthian order, but has no windows. The ball-room is tastefully ornamented, and measures 80 feet by 37. The Royal Museum, at the bottom of Church-street, will repay the visitor's curiosity ; as will also the Botanic Garden near Edgehill, to which place of elegant recreation, ad- mittance may be obtained through any proprietor. There are nineteen "churches in Liverpool, besides several other places of religious worship. Among those which most de- serve to be particularized here, as objects of notice to the stranger on account of their architecture, are, St. Paul's, St. George's, St. Michael's, and that belonging to the School for the Blind. The first of these has a dome, and Ionic porticoes on the west, south, and north sides. St. George's is a handsome structure of the Doric order; and St. Michael's has a noble Corinthian portico of ten co- lumns 31 feet 8 inches high, and a tower and spire 201 feet high. But as a specimen of pure Grecian architec- ture, the pre-eminence must be assigned to the last men- tioned structure, the portico being an exact copy of that of the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius in the island of Egi- na, which was visited in 1811 by Mr. J. Foster, jun. the architect. This portico exhibits one of the earliest speci- mens of the Grecian Doric order. The altar-piece of this church has a fine painting by Hilton, of Christ restoring sight to the Blind. Christ Church may also be mentioned on account of its singularly-constructed organ, and its dome, from the top of which is a fine prospect of the town. As this sketch professes to notice only such objects as are likely to prove attractive to the visitor, such institu- tions as offer nothing remarkable for inspection, are passed over. An exception, however, must be made in favour of the New Infirmary in Brownlow-street, which has an air ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. XV of extraordinary grandeur, and reflects great credit on the taste of the architect, Mr. J. Foster, jun. The building is fronted with stone, and has a line portico of six Ionic co- lumns. In the front and wings are 138 windows. — At the junction of Pembroke-place and the London-road, is a bronze equestrian Statue of George III. executed by West- macott ; which forms a very conspicuous and ornamental object. Strangers who are desirous of sea-bathing, will find accom- modation for that purpose in the Floating' Bath, moored nearly opposite George's Dock Parade, where there is a bath 80 feet long by 27 wide ; also two private Laths with dressing-rooms. The principal Inns and Taverns are, the King's Arms Hotel, Castle-street; Talbot Hotel, Water-street ; Golden Lion, Dale-street; Angel Inn, ditto; George Inn, ditto; Wellington Arms, ditto ; Commercial Inn, ditto ; Saracen's Head, ditto ; Bull Inn, ditto ; Crown Inn, Red-cross-street; Star and Garter Tavern, Paradise-street; Castle Inn, Lord- street; Waterloo Hotel, Ranelagh-street ; York Hotel, Williamson-square ; Feathers Inn, Clayton-square ; Castle Inn, ditto ; and Neptune Hotel, ditto. [For a list of the packets to Dublin, see page xxi.] Route from London to Holyhead, through Coventry and Birmingham. Miles. Inns* Angel, Woolpack, White Hart Crown, Sugar-loaf. The Bull, the Gock. Saracen's head,Talbot, White Horse. Saracen's head, Wheat-sheaf. (King's Head, Craven's Arms, I White Bear. $ Castle, Hen and Chicken.?, Swan, "£ Nelson Hotel, Birmingham do. Lion, Swan. Jemingham Arms, Talbot, RedLion* Cock. Fox, Lion, Raven and Bell, Taibot St. Albatfs - - 21 Dunstable - 12£- 53% Brickhill - - 9*- A3$ Stoney Stratford - 9 • 52£ Towcester - 7| - 60 Daventry - 12 - 72 Dunsmoor Heath - 14 - S4£ Coventry - 5£. 90 Stone Bridge - 8* - 98£ Birmingham - - 10 - 108£ Wednesbury - 8 - 11G£ Wolverhampton ■ 6£ - 123 Shiffnal, Shrops. - - 11 - 134 Watling Street - 7 ■ 111 Shrewsbury - » - 11 - 152 Nesscliff - - - . 9 ■ 161 b 3 xvi ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c Miles. Inns, Oswestry - - -9-170 Foxes, Cross Keys. Chirck, Denbighs* - 6 - 176 Llangollen - - -7-185 Hand Inn, King's Head. Corwen - - - 10^ - 193£ Cernioge Moor - - 15 . 206 J Bettws - - - 9 - 215£ Capel Cerrig - - 5 - 220^ Tyn-y Maes - • 8J - 229 Bangor - - - 7 - 256 Castle. Menai Bridge - - - 2 - 258 Caer Mon - - . 9j| - 247^ Holyhead - h - 2 - 249£ Eagle and Child, Hibernian Hotel. At Birmingham the public buildings possess but compa- ratively little interest to what the manufactories present, especially that of Messrs, Bolton and Watt, named So/io, which is an immense edifice, capable of accommodating 1,000 workmen. The buildings most deserving notice are, St. Philip's Church, that of St. George (just completed), the New Baths ; the General Hospital $ the Theatre, to which are attached Assembly Rooms, and an hotel ; the two Public Libraries, and one or two others. In the Market Place is a fine statue of Lord Nelson by Westma- colt, erected in 1809. The population is about 107,000. Wolverhampton is noted for its manufactories of locks, japanned ware, &c. and lead furnaces. It is a very considerable place, having a population of nearly 37,000 inhabitants. There are two churches — St. Peter's Colle- giate Church, and that of St. John, and three Episcopal chapels, besides meeting-houses. The country in the vicinity is remarkably beautiful. Shrewsbury is seated on a peninsula formed by the Severn, and although not a handsome town ontains some objects worth viewing, — the Castle, the Abbey Church, St. Mary's, St. Chad's (a circular building, 100 feet in diameter), St. Giles's, the County Hall, and Gaol, and St. Chad's Walk, a delightful promenade along the banks of the Severn. The population is between 19,000 and 20,000. About a mile from Shrewsbury is a lofty column, erected to commemorate Lord Hill's achievements in the Penin- sula war. It is of the Grecian Doric Order, and has a statue of his Lordship on its summit. Oswestry stands on an eminence near the canal which ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c. Xvii unites the rivers Severn and Mersey. This town, which possesses a population of between ?,000 and 8,000, has a Town-hall, Free Grammar-School, and Theatre. Races are held here in September. Two miles from this place are the ruins of JVhittington Castle, situated on the borders of a lake. And about one mile from it, on the road to Llangollen, is an ancient British military station, on an insulated eminence of an oblong form, surrounded by two ramparts, and fosses of great height and depth. This place is called Old Oswestry. Chirk is a considerable village in Denbighshire, re- markable for the beauty of the scenery in the environs. In the vicinity of this place is a magnificent aqueduct, constructed for the purpose of carrying the Ellesmere Canal across a deep ravine. The length of the iron work is 1,007 feet ; the height from the surface of the rock, on the south side of the river, 126 feet 8 inches. The breadth of the water-way within the iron-work is 1 1 feet 10 inches. The number of stone pillars, besides the abutments, is 18. This noble work was executed under the direction of Mr. Telford, the engineer. Chirk Castle is an ancient castel- lated mansion belonging to the Myddleton family 3 the picture-gallery, which is 100 feet long by 22 wide, con- tains some valuable paintings. There is a very extensive prospect from the eminence on which this noble pile is seated. Llangollen is a small and mean town, but its Vale and the vicinity are celebrated for their romantic beauty. Not far from his place is Vale Crucis Abbey, a singularly beautiful ruin. Capel Ceprig, or Curig, in Caernarvonshire, is a romantic spc f hat cannot fail to delight the admirer of fine natural Scenery. The vale is bounded by Snowdon and the surrounding mountains, which here burst full upon the view, and present an alpine prospect. There is an excellent inn, built by Lord Penrhyn, whose property is situated here -, and it commands a fine view from its garden and terrace. Bangor is a small city and bishop's see, situated at the mouth of the Menai, near its opening to the Lavan sands, in a narrow valley, between two low ridges of slate rock, opening to the south towards Snowdon, and terminating XV1U ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. northwards, about half a mile from the Cathedral, in the beautiful Bay of Beaumaris. From the church-yard is an extensive and delightful view of that bay and the town of Beaumaris. The Cathedral is a low, plain, building: the present edifice was re-built in the reign of Henry VII., having continued in ruins during 90 years, after being hurntTdown in 1402, in the rebellion of* Owen Glendower. The choir was fitted up in a neat and elegant style by the late prelate, Dr. Warren. From the extensive bases of Snowdon to Penmaenmawr is a rich and fertile tract of grass and corn land, stretching along the windings of the -Menai, the mountains in the back-ground irregularly re- tiring and advancing, but not so much as to form a vale. In the vicinity of Bangor are several elegant villas. The Menai Chain Bridge, across the Menai Strait, is 560 feet wide, 30 in breadth, and 100 above the level of the sea at spring tide. Two miles from Bangor, is Penrhyn Castle, built about the reign of Henry VI., on the site of a palace belonging to Roderic Mwynog, in the 8th century. This mansion was modernized and improved from the designs of the late James Wyatt, architect, and the buildings inclose a large quadrangle, with a gateway, tower, &c. The stables are inferior to none in the kingdom, either for elegance or ac- commodation. The entrance to the Park is a noble gate- Avay, in the form of a Roman triumphal arch. Holyhead, which is situated on an island at the north- west corner of Anglesea, has a handsome Church, an As- sembly Room, a Light-house, and a convenient harbour and pier. The promontory called the Head is a vast pre- cipice, hollowed into caverns by the sea. One of the most remarkable of these caverns is that known by the name of the " Parliament House/' which is accessible only by boats, at half-ebb tide. Here the vault is formed by ap- parent arches of various forms supported on columns, so as to produce an astonishing scene. The high cliff affords shelter to numbers of birds ; and on the summits of the loftiest crags lurks the peregrine falcon, whose eggs are highly esteemed by the epicure, and are sought for, by per- sons who pursue this difficult and perilous trade, being let down by ropes from the precipice to the nests of the birds. The passage from this place to Ireland is considered safer ITINERARY OF ROUTES &c. xix than that from Liverpool. In stormy weather packets have been kept at sea two or three days ; but in favourable wea- ther the passage is generally performed in nine hours, and sometimes even in six. The light of the Light-house is at an elevation of 200 feet above the level of the sea, and is visible over the whole of Caernarvon Bay. The two principal hotels in Holyhead are, Spencer's, The Royal Mail Coach Office, and Moran's The Royal Hibernian Hotel. To one or other of these, all the mail and stage coaches go. The London mail arrives at present at six in the morning, and the coaches generally in the evening ; allowing* travellers to Ireland time for a night's rest, before sailing. [For Packets, see p. xxiii.] Route from London to Bristol, Miles. Inns, Brentford - - 7 Hounslow - - - 2£ - 9£ Colnbrook - - « 7 - 16£ George, White Hart. Maidenhead - - - 9£ - 26 Sun. Reading - - - 13 - 39 Bear, George, Crown. Woolhampton » -10-49 Angel. Newbury - - 6£ - 55£ Hungerford - - - 8£ - 64 Black Bear, Angel. Froxfield - - 3 - 67 Marlborough - - 7 - 74 Castle, Marlborough Aims. Calne - - - - 13 - 87 Catherine Wheel, White Hart. Chippenham * - 5£ - 92£ Angel, White Hart. Box - - - 7 - 99£ Bath - - 6 - 105£ Lamb, Greyhound, York Hotel, &c. Keynsham - - - 7£ « 115 Bristol , - .6-119 j Bu *< ™; ^ Wte Hart > Fu " c Moon, W r hite Lion. Reading, tlie county town of Berkshire, is a place of great antiquity, having been of importance so far back as the time of the Saxons, but contains few objects of in- terest. The principal are— the Town-hall, the County Gaol, and St. Mary's Church, which latter has a beautiful tower. The population is nearly 13,000. There are races on Bull-Marsh Heath on the third Tuesday in August, and the two following days. Newbury is noted in our annals as having been the scene of two severe actions between Charles I., and the XX ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c. Parliamentary army, in 1643 and 1644, in both which the king commanded his troops in person ; and near this town is Shaw-house, in which Charles held his head quarters at the time of the second battle. The population is upwards of 5,000. Marlborough, in Wiltshire, is an ancient town, with a population of 3,000 inhabitants. Here are two churches, St. Mary's, near the centre of the town, and St. Peter's at the West end ; a Market-house containing a Council and Assembly-room, &c. ; a County Gaol, &c. Chippenham, is seated on the Avon, across which is a handsome stone bridge. Four miles from this place is Corsham-house, a very handsome structure, in the later style of Gothic architecture, yet not so much deserving notice on this account as for the valuable collection of pictures it contains. Bath, so deservedly celebrated for the regularity and general beauty of its architecture, being built almost en- tirely of stone, presents a variety of structures which can- not here be particularized. Those to which the attention of a visitor should be principally directed, are, the Abbey Church or Cathedral, a beautiful specimen of the florid Gothic, finished in 1582; Bathwick Church, a modern Gothic structure; Walcot Church ; the Guildhall, in High- street; the Theatre, erected 1805; the Assembly Rooms, the Bath Literary Institution, the Circus, the Royal Cre- scent, also Queen-square, the North and South Parades, Sydney Gardens, &c. The population is nearly 3/,000. There are four Public Baths, viz. the King's, the Queen's, the Hot, and the Cross Bath. Also two Private Baths, viz. in Stall-street, and those erected on the site of the Abbey-house, by the Duke of Kingston. Attached to the King's and Queen's Baths is the Pump-room, a very handsome structure, where a band performs for the entertainment of the visitors, during the season, which is in spring and autumn. The races are held in Sep- tember, on Lansdown Hill. Bristol, the second commercial port in Great Britain, has a population of about 53,000 inhabitants, and carries on an extensive trade with Ireland, the West Indies, Spain, and Portugal. It has likewise numerous manufactories. Besides the Cathedral, which presents some fine speci- ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c. XXi mens of Gothic architecture, there are nineteen churches, the most remarkable of which is that of St. Mary Red- cliffe, one of the noblest parochial churches in the king- dom. The Bishop's Palace, the City Library, the Com- mercial Rooms in Corn -street, a handsome Ionic building, the Docks, Harbour, &c. are also well worthy a stranger's inspection. The Assembly-room, in King-street has a handsome stone front, with four Corinthian columns, and a pediment. In this city are several squares : the prin- cipal ones are — Queen's, St. James's, Portland, Somerset, and Berkeley squares. In the centre of QueenVsquare, which is the largest, is an equestrian statue of William III, by Rysbrack, Among the literary and historical associations connected with this city, the name of Chatterton (born here in 1752) is most prominent ; and in the porch of St. Mary's Red- cliffe is the room where he pretended to have discovered the poems which he gave to the world as the original compositions of Rowley, a Bristowyan monk of the \ 5th century. In the Cathedral, too, is the monument of Mrs. Draper, immortalized by Sterne under the name of his Eliza ; and in St. Mary's Redcliffe is that of Sir W. Penn, father of the celebrated founder of Pennsylvania. Bristol is also interesting as the birth-place of Dr. Southey, Mrs. Robinson, and Ann Yearsley. About a mile from the city is the romantic village of Clifton, seated on a hanging rock above the Avon. The hot-wells at this place are a great resort for invalids. Having thus conducted the traveller to Liverpool, Holy- head, and Bristol, we shall now notice the packets-that sail from each of those places, in the same order. PACKETS TO DUBLIN. Steam-packets from Liverpool, — viz. the city of Dub- lin Steam-Packet Company's Office, No. 18 Water-street ; the St. George Company s Office, 19 Water-street \ and the Dublin and Liverpool Steam Navigation Company's Office, No. 10 Water-street. The vessels connected with the first mentioned office, are— XX11 ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c The H Hernia, of upwards of 309 tons, with two engines of 70 horse power each, launched in 1825. This vessel carries passengers only. The City of Dublin, 300 tons, with two engines of 65 horse power each, carrying passengers and merchandise. The Town of Liverpool, of the same tonnage and power as the City of Dublin, also carrying passengers and mer- chandize. A new vessel of the same tonnage and power as the Hi- bernia, called the Britannia, will shortly commence sailing between Liverpool and Dublin ; and it is intended that one or other of these two should sail from Liverpool every evening (Sundays excepted) at 8 o'clock. The "City of Dublin and Town of Liverpool, sail alter- nately every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 8 o'clock in the evening. The cabin fares in all these ves- sels, are one guinea each person, and 2*. 6d. for the steward. The fare in the steerage is half a guinea each, and on the deck 5 shillings. Children under ten years of age, half- price. A four-wheeled carriage is charged 3 guineas, a two-wheeled carriage 2 guineas, horses 2 guineas each. (No charge for shipping or landing the above.) Passen- gers are landed at the Custom House Quay, Dublin ; from whence, hackney-coaches or jaunting cars may be had to any part of Dublin. The office in Dublin for these packets, is at No. 17, Eden Quay. The vessels connected with the office of St. George's Company, are, The St. George of 300 tons, with two engines of 60 horse power each. This sails for Dublin every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, two hours before high-water, and lands her passengers at Kingstoun Harbour, from whence they are conveyed to Dublin, free of expense ; or, should the* tide and weather permit, they are landed at the Custom House Quay in Dublin. The Emerald Isle, of 400 tons, with two engines of 75 horse power each, sails for Dublin every Saturday, landing her passengers at Kingstoun Harbour, from whence, to Dublin, they are conveyed free of expense. Two fine new steam packets, callecl the Lord Blaney and the St. Patrick, will shortly be started by the St. George Company, between Liverpool and Dublin. Office in Dub- lin, No. 2, Lower Abbey-street. ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c XXlil The fares in the above vessels are exactly the same as those of the City of Dublin Steam-packet Company, and therefore need not be repeated here. The third office, that of the Dublin and Liverpool Steam Navigation Company, has three vessels, the Liffey, the Mersey, and the Mom ; one of these sails every day for Dublin, except Sundays, carrying passengers and mer- chandize, and landing at the Custom House Quay, Dub- lin : the fares are the same as those of the two former- mentioned companies. Office in Dublin, No. 12, Eden Quay. Packets from Holyhead. — The present Post-office packets are, the Harlequin, the Cinderella, and the j4laddi?i. One of these sails every morning at half past six, or thereabouts, having sometimes to wait a short time for the Chester mail. The vessels come close up to the quay, allowing passengers to go on board without having need of small boats ; and the cabin fares are one guinea, with 2s. 6d. to the first steward, and one shilling to the second. The steerage fare is five shillings each. Servants half price. The Post-office packets land the mail and passengers at Howth harbour, situated seven miles from Dublin, where a stage coach is always waiting their arrival to convey pas- sengers to Dublin, and a mail coach, for the mails, and those passengers who are quick enough to avail themselves of it. The charges by these coaches are 3s. 6d. each person. Besides these there are commonly a number of jaunting cars in waiting, the drivers of which will undertake to carry from four to six persons, with their luggage, if not bulky : with these it will be necessary for the traveller to make a bargain for the cost of the journey to Dublin, and he must not be surprised at being asked considerably more than will ultimately be taken. Strange as these vehicles appear to the eye of the traveller, he will find them, in good weather, a very pleasant conveyance to the city. Travellers wishing to stay at Howth to rest after the fatigue of the voyage, will find an excellent hotel there, kept by Mr. IVPDowell ; who can supply them with capital post chaises to Dublin, XXIV ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c. Packets from Bristol. — Since the establishment of steam-packets, numbers of travellers have annually visited Dublin by way of Bristol, There are at present, two vessels on this station, the Emerald Isle, and the Pal- merston. The Emerald Isle, of 400 tons and two engines of 75 horse power each, sails for Dublin every Wednesday, two hours before high water, carrying" passengers only. The fares are in the cabin 2^ guineas, steerage XL lis. 6d., and deck 15,?.; a four-wheeled carriage 6 guineas, two- wheeled do. 4 guineas, horses 4 guineas each, and dogs 7s. 6d. The P aimer ston of 180 tons, with two engines of 45 horse power each, leaves Bristol every Tuesday, carrying passengers only, and landing at Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin. The fares for passengers, carriages, &e. are ex- actly the same as those of the Emerald Isle. The agent for both these vessels in Bristol is Mr. R. Smart, No. 1, Quay Head; and in Dublin, for the Emerald Isle, H. Hayes, No. 2, Lower Abbey-street ; and for the Palmer- ston, C. and R. Elliott, Sackville-street. GEN ERAL OBSERVATIONS. Supposing the traveller to have arrived at any of the ports mentioned above, on his way to Dublin, his first care should be to seem e his birth, as, from the great number of passengers constantly going and returning, he may otherwise have to take up his quarters on the cabin-floor. At the respective ( ffices, he will always find a plan of the vessels, with the births numbered, and on making his selec- tion and paying his fare, he will receive a ticket, which he should be careful in preserving, as it will be asked for again before he leaves the vessel. Some years ago, when only sailing packets were on these stations, the cares of the tourist were further in- creased by his having to supply himself with provisions for the voyage, which it was always difficult for him to do properly, "as he could not calculate on the probable length of its duration ; but the great certainty with which steam- ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c, XXV packets now make their voyages, and the exceHentaccom- modations, both as to provisions, and wines, spirits, &c., have now rendered this unnecessary, and he will find every thing he can want on board, supplied at moderate charges. Ladies are now, for the most part, waited upon by female stewards, who have become as inured to the sea as the sailors themselves. The changing of money, whilst only paper was in cir- culation, was another great inconvenience which is now also very nearly done away with. The notes of the Bank of England were current in Dublin, but their precise value was not fixed, as it varied sometimes above, sometimes below, and at other times was exactly at par, which was 8 J percent, or 2ls. ScL for the English pound. Sovereigns having now taken the place of paper, and English coinage having been ordered by government to be received always at par in Ireland, the only thing the traveller now has to care for is, that he should receive 21s. Sd. Irish money for his sovereign, 5s. 5d. for his crown piece, 2s. 8Jf/. for his half crown, and Is. Id. for his shilling, and that he should bear this in mind in making his payments in Ire- land. Even this will shortly be done away with, as the cur- rency of England and Ireland is ordered by government to be assimilated early in the ensuing year, and the coinage will then be the same. The detention at Custom-houses, and the searching of the luggage of passengers was another grievance, pecu- liarly "disagreeable after the fatigues of a sea voyage : this is now quite removed, since the taking off of the cross-channel duties, and the passenger may land at once without delay. Officers have still the power, however, to inspect the luggage, if they suspect any thing contraband to be concealed in it. To the experienced traveller, it is not necessary to recommend to keep an account of, and a good look-out after his packages, &c. It would be an ungracious office, where there are so many good hotels as in Dublin, to select any for recom- mendation before others ; a list of the principal of them is here given, leaving the traveller to make his own choice. He will find civility and moderate charges in all of them. XXVI ITINERARY OF ROUTES, te HOTELS IN DUBLIN. Arthur Morrison Dawson-street. Thomas Gresham • • • • 2, Upper Sackville-street. William Tuthill 51 , Dawson-street. Christopher Bilton 51, Sackville-street. Peter Dunne * 19, Do. William Ryland ■ 45, Do. Martin Ryan • 154, G. Britain-street. Michael Hynes 46, Capel-street. Garret Cavanagh . ♦ • » • • • • »24, Stephen's green. Joseph Dollard 2, Bolton-street. Patrick Dwyer •••• 51, Exchequer-street. Henry Mac Ardell , . . . . 41, Do. Alexander Dempster • 25, Bride-street. Patrick Coyle »..••••••. . • Essex-street. Matthew Crosbie 14, Sackville-street. Thomas Macken ».....«....• 12, Dawson-street. William Heron • • • » « Portobello. Joseph Abbot . &J y Dawson-street. Ann Mitchell • « Bridge-street. John Corbally u .......... . 15, Boot-lane. Edward Oxford 38, Kildare-street. George Elvidge 28, Frederick-street. Andrew Farrell 1, Dorset-street. George Jones * 17, Sackville-street. Sarah Wilson * • 97, Capel-street. Francis Jones « 47, Dawson-street. James PvJeade • • • • 6, Bolton-street. PERAMBULATIONS OF DUBLIN, Or Guide to all the Principal Public Buildings, Squares, Streets, and other objects which are deserving- of the atten- tion of Visitors to the City of Dublin. The Four Perambu- lations traced out for the Stranger, may be performed in four days, or in a shorter space if his time be limited ; but will admit of being dwelt on much longer should the convenience of the Tourist admit. The Visitor is here supposed to reside in Sackville-street, where there are several excellent hotels , but the directions ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c XXVU are equally applicable should he happen to lodge in Daw- son-street, another avenue well supplied with good hotels, or any of the leading streets. First Perambulation. — Let the Visitor, in Sackville- street, direct his attention to the great extent of this noble avenue, the splendor of the houses, formerly the mansions of the Irish nobility, Nelson's Pillar, the Post- office (p. 165), the Dublin Institution (p. 40), the Club- house, the Friendly Brother's-house, the Medical-hall, &c. ; at the north end of the street see the Rotunda-rooms, and Lying-in-hospital (p. 210). Passing down Great Britain- street, turn on the R. up Granby-row, into Palace-row, see here Lord Charlemont's town residence (p. 153), con- taining some valuable paintings, &c.[; then proceed up Gar- diner's-row, by Belvidere-house, into Gardiner's-place, and thence into Mountjoy-square ; afterwards down Gardiner- street, to the Custom-house (p. 172), which is seen stand- ing at the termination of this fine vista. Having visited the Long-room in the Custom-house, the stranger should next inspect the Docks and Stores, from whence there is a delightful ride or walk along the North Quay to the Light-house. -— Returning by the same beautiful pro- menade pass the front of the Custom-house, and reaching Marlborough-street, pass up to its intersection with Abbey-street, then turn to the L. opposite to the Wesleyan Chapel, and visit the Royal Hibernian Academy of Arts (p. 238), and so return to Sackville-street. Second Perambulation. — Crossing Carlisle-bridge (p. 149), pass down Westmorland-street, see on the R. the splendid portico of the Bank, which was formerly the prin- cipal entrance to the House of Lords : on the L. is the College (p. 11), fronting College-green, in the centre of which is seen the equestrian statue of William III. Pass- ing by the College proceed up Graf ton-street, where on the L. is the Provost's-house (p. 19), and, opposite, the Royal Irish Academy (p. 39). The first turn on the L. is Nassau- street 5 which conducts by Leinster and Clare streets, to Merrion-square (p. 141), where on the W. side is a fine view of Leinster-house and Lawn ; and at the angle formed by the W. and S. sides, there is an extensive view terminated in the distance by St. StephenVchape^p.&S); advancing thither, Fitzwilliam-street is met, on the R,, which leads c3 XXVui ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &cc. to a small but pretty area called Fitzwilliam-square. Passing along the E. and S. sides, turn on the L. into Pembroke- street, thence into Leeson-street, turning to the R.; then the noble square called Stephen's-green is reached (p. 13.9). Here, on the S. side, is Mr. Whaley's noble mansion, distin- guished by a Lion couchant over the portico ; and on the W. Surgeons'-hall, at the corner of York-street (p. 19.9). The first turn on the N. is Dawson-street, here see the Mansion-house (p. 105), and St. Anne's Church (p. /I); and turn on the R. into Moles worth- street, at the end of which, but in Kildare-street, stands the Royal Dublin Society' s-house, formerly the palace of the Duke of Lein- ster (p. 28) ; the L. conducts by the Kildare Club-house, into Nassau-street, and on the L. again by Morrison's Hotel into Grafton-street ; crossing which, and passing down Suffolk-street, visit St. Andrew's, usually called the Round Church, and turning to the R. down Church-lane, cross by King William's Statue into Foster-place, whence a lane at the rear of the National Bank leads into Fleet- street, which communicates with Aston's Quay by Price's Lane. On the L. here is the Iron-bridge, and on the R. Carlisle-bridge, which brings you to Sackville-street again. Third Perambulation. — The extreme end of Sack- ville-street is crossed by Great Britain-street, which con- ducts, in front of the Lying-in-hospital, by a long avenue, to Capel-street. Simpson's Hospital (p. 131) was passed on the R. Nearly opposite to the termination of Great Bri- tain-street, in Capel-street, is Little Britain-street, which opens to the Fruit Market, and on the R. to Green-street, where are Newgate, the Sessions House, the Marshalsea, and the Sheriffs' Prison. Passing up Green-street, turn to the L. down King-street-walk - 3 on the R» Linen-hall street leads to the Linen-hall (p. 186), and on the L. is Anne-street, where there is a very beautiful Roman Ca- tholic chapel (p. 89). Proceeding again by King-street, pass Smithfield, the great Cattle Market, and arriving at St. Paul's Church (p. 79), turn on the L. down Blackhall- place to the Bluc-coat-hospital (p. 1.94), fronting a noble avenue, Blackhall-street ; cross the front of the Hospital, and pass down Wood-lane into Barrack-street, turn to the R. and see the Royal Barracks ; thence up Barrack-street, ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &fc xxi* Phoenix-street, to the Phcenix-park, where are the Wel- lington Testimonial in front, and the Royal Infirmary on the R. (p. 225) : and drive to the Lord Lieutenant's Lodge and Phoenix Column. Return to town by the North Circular* road (the approach by which his Majesty was conducted to visit the city), down Eccles-street and Temple-street, and passing George's Church, at the end of Upper Tem- ple-street, turn to the R. into Rutland-square, and so back to Sackville-street again. Fourth Perambulation. — Passing over Carlisle-bridge and down Westmorland-street, turn on the R. into College- green, where are, on the R. the Bank of Ireland (p. 22), on the L. the Royal Arcade, and farther on the R., the Commercial Buildings (p. 1 78). Shortly after Dame-street ds entered : the second turn on the L. is Palace-street, which communicates with the Lower Castle-yard, where are the Chapel (p. 8), the old Treasury, &c. ; the arch- way on the top of the hill on the R. leads into the Upper Castle-yard. The great gate on the R. leads into Castle- street ; on the R. stands the Royal Exchange, on the L. Newcomen's Bank (now closed), and in front is Cork-hill. Turning to the L. up Castle-street, proceed to its intersec- tion witii Werburgh's and Fishamble streets, and see to the R. the old Cathedral of Christ Church. Then turn on the L. into Werburgh's-street, pass St. Werburgh's Church on the L., advance to Bricle-street, pass St. Bride's Church on the R., and the second turn on the R. leads to St. Patrick's Cathedral (p. 42) $ from the grand entrance turn onto the L«, and then the first street on the R. (the Cross Poddle), leads to the Coombe, see the Weaver's Hall (p. 109) on the R. and St. Luke's Church on the L. Meath-street on the R. conducts to Thomas-street ; turn to the L., pass St. Cathe- rine's Church, and proceed onward to the Obelisk, see St. James's Church (p. 78) on the R. ; here James-street on the L. leads to the Foundling Hospital (p. 228), and Bow-lane; on the R. to Swift's, Steevens's, and the Royal Hospital. After visiting the last-mentioned place (the residence of the Commander of the Forces), return through the Hos- pital-fields, on the bank of the river Liffey, and reach the Quay Walls by the beautiful castellated entrance at Bar- rack-bridge. Advance towards the mouth of the river, along Usher's Island, pass Moira House, now the Mendi* XXX ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. city Society, proceed by either side of the river, and visit the Four Courts, finely situated on the Inns' Quay. Then, still pursuing the bank of the river, pass Essex-bridge, Iron-bridge, see the Merchants' Hall on As ton's Quay, and arrive at Carlisle-bridge and Sackville-street once more. In the course of these four perambulations, the stranger will have an opportunity of viewing every impor- tant or interesting object in the city. After satisfying his curiosity in Dublin, should time permit him to extend his tour in the country, the tourist will find much to interest, amuse, and astonish him. A few days tour in the adjoining Count// of Wichlow, would amply repay him, by views of the finest scenery in Ireland. The Lakes of Killarney, situated about 200 English miles from Dublin, have, for a long period, attracted tra- vellers from all parts of the empire, and are well worthy attention. The stupendous work of nature, the Giant's Causeicay, in the north of Ireland, has long been considered one of the most interesting sights in the world ; and travellers who wish to return by way of Scotland, will lose but very little time by visiting it. To go back by Scotland, the tourist must go to Belfast, from whence packets sail seve- ral times a week for Greenock and Glasgow. A mail- coach leaves Belfast for Donaghadee every morning on the arrival of the Dublin mail, and from thence the traveller may go to Port Patrick, by the recently-established Post- office steam packets, in two or three hours. Belfast is 100 English miles from Dublin, and the Giant's Causeway is about 60 English miles north of Bel- fast, to which town the traveller must again return. To these three principal pleasure tours in Ireland guides may be had, written by the author of the following sheets, in which every thing of interest is pointed out, accompa- nied by several views of the most remarkable scenery. For particulars of these guides, see the advertisement at the end of the volume. Having thus pointed out to the tourist the parts of the country most likely to interest him, the following routes are annexed, to conduct him to Cork, Belfast, or Donagh- adee, as the places from which he is most likely to em- bark on taking leave of Ireland. ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. Route from Dublin to Cork. 1. through Clonmel. — 2. through Cashel. From Dublin From Dublin m. /• m. /. To Rathcoole - 8 — Naas - 7 4 — Kilcullen - 5 5 — Athy , - - 12 To Athy - - 12 — Castlecomer - - 12 5 — Stradbally - 6 5 — Kilkenny - - 9 4 — Abbyleix - 11 — Callan - 7 7 — Durrow -50 — « Clonmel - 16 3 — Johns! own - - 8 — Clogheen - 11 4 — Littleton - 8 ~ Kilworth - 11 4 — Cashel - 8 7 — Fermoy - 2 5 — Caher - - 8 6 — Rathcormuck - 3 5 — Mitehelstown - 15 7 -* Cork - - 13 1 — i Fermoy - 8 2 — Rathcormuck - - 3 5 121 7 — Cork • - 15 5 130 6 Naas, the County-town of Kildare, is situated on a branch of the Grand Canal, has a barrack and strong jail, and a population of 3,073 persons, with 547 houses. Near Naas are the ruins of Jigginstown Castle, built by the unfortunate Earl of Strafford. Athy, an ancient borough-town, is pleasantly situated on the river Barrow, and contains a population of about 5,000 souls : near it are the ruins of some religious esta- blishments of very early foundation. Castlecomer is a neat village, much improved by the protection and bounty of the Countess of Ormond, who constantly resides at her beautiful seat near that place. Its population amounts to 1,000 souls. Kilkenny contains some splendid monastic remains. The Cathedral Church of St. Canice, with its many ancient tombs ; the Black Abbey and St. John's ; and the noble castle of the Marquis of Ormond, hanging over the river Nore, are all deserving of the traveller's notice. There is a gallery of paintings in Ormond Castle, and some well- executed tapestry was preserved there. The College of Kilkenny has a deservedly high character as a ClassjcaJ «- c 5 XXX11 ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &e. Seminary. The population of the county of the city of Kilkenny amounts to 23,230 souls. The staple manufac- ture is blankets. Clonmel is a flourishing town, advantageously situated on the noble river Suir, by which a brisk trade is carried on with Waterford ; part of the town is in Tipperary, and part in Waterford county. The population is returned at 15,590 inhabitants. Here are several Charitable Insti- tutions, Schools, Asylums, and Hospitals, and near it is Knocklofty, the seat of Earl Donoughmore. The town of Fermoy, the creation of the enterprising Mr. Anderson, is prettily situated on the river Blackwater. The streets are wide and regular ; the houses well built, and there are extensive barracks here, and a pretty church. The mansion of the founder is seen on the river side in a sheltered situation. Here is a classical school of cha- racter, and an extensive brewery and corn stores. The population amounts to 6,702. The City of Cork stands on an island in the river Lee ; the county of the city contains 22 parishes, either whole or in part, with 100,658 inhabitants, and 12,202 houses. It has many charitable and useful Institutions, a Found- ling Hospital, several Charity Schools, a Literary Institu- tion, a Cathedral (St. Finbar's), a Theatre and Assembly Rooms; the Commercial Buildings, a handsome modern structure, to which a good ftotel is attached; the Exchange, an old building ; some good streets, the Mall particularly, and a pleasant walk, the Mardyke Parade. The new jail is also handsome. Cork has always been a place of much commercial importance, owing to its Harbour, called the Cove of Cork, seven miles below the city ; here is a natural Basin of deep water, capable of floating the whole British Navy, completely land-locked and guarded at its narrow entrance by strong batteries. This was the port which Lord Minto prophesied was to become the emporium of Europe, if the union of Ireland with Great Britain should be accomplished. Steam-boats sail from Cork to Cove every day, by Black-rock and Passage, between sloping hills highly cultivated and beautified by elegant seats both of the retired merchants and the county gentry, who have gathered from the interior to those very beautiful Marine Villas. ITINERARY OP ROUTES, &c. XXXlll The principal places on the Cashel-line are, Cashel, Caher, and Mitchelstown. The first is famous for the noblest collection of ruins in Ireland, boldly situated on a lofty rock. Cormac : the chapel is of very early date. There is a new Cathedral here, and a Charter School for 66 boys. The population amounts to 5,974 souls. Caher is an improving town, having a handsome new Church and R. C. Chapel. Lord Glengall resides here. There is a spinning-school in the Market house. The population is 3,288 persons : the number of houses 536. Mitchelstown is remarkable for a range of buildings, called Lord Kingston's Charities, and his Lordship's resi- dence adjacent to the town : it contains about 4,000 inhabitants. Route from Dublin to Belfast and Donaghadee, Old Road, New Line* Dublin to Drumcondra **v m. f. Swords J Finglass - - * 2 Man-of-War W Ashbourne - - 8 Balruddery N> 24 miles Duleek - -90 Balbriggan £ Drogheda - 2 Gillingstown \ Dunleer - 6 7 Drogheda J Castle Bellingham - 3 7 Lurgan Green - - 2 7 Dundalk - 3 3 Newry - - 9 7 Lough brickland - 7 7 Banbridge - 2 1 Dromore 5 4 Hillsborough • • 3 3 Lisburn . 3 5 Belfast - - 7 80 miles 77 6 Belfast to Donaghadee. From Belfast to Newtonards Newtonards to Donaghadee m. f. 7 4 7 1 c6 14 5 XXXIV ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. The New Line passes through a bleak country ; there is a comfortable inn with post-horses, at Ashbourne, but no village. Duleek, on the Nanny- Water, is a small village : near it is the seat of Garnet, Esq. Drogheda is an old walled town, and one of the gates is in good preservation. It stands on the river Boyne, and is partly in Meath, and partly in Louth Counties. Tt has a tolerable trade, about 3,500 houses, and 18,000 in- habitants. Here is a handsome Church, St. Peter's, a good Market-house, Exchange, Mansion-house, Assembly Rooms, &c. Two miles from this town the famous battle of the Boyne was fought, at Oldbridge, where an Obelisk stands to commemorate the victory : there is an agreeable ride along the banks of the river towards this spot. Castle-Bellingham is a pretty village, containing a population of about 600 souls, and is remarkable for the Ale Brewery. Duxdalk, the county-town of Louth, is a large busy town, containing J, 500' houses and 10,000 inhabitants. Lord Roden has a mansion here, and the Court House is one of the most chaste specimens of genuine Grecian architecture in the kingdom. Excellent accommodation for travellers to be had here. A Classical School of very high character is established at this place. Newry is a neat Borough and Market Town, in the Lordship of Newry, seated on the Newry water, and having a communication with Lough Neagh by means of the Newry Canal. The population of the Lordship is 10,186, and of the town 7>470. There is a pleasant ex- cursion hence to Rosstrevor, a picturesque watering-place upon Carlingford Bay. Here are many beautiful demesnes and lodges let during the summer season. There are good Inns and accommodation for travellers at Newry, and cars for hire to make excursions to Rosstrevor and the mountain scenery in the vicinity. The town of Hillsborough, containing 207 houses and 1,428 inhabitants, is extremely neat and well situated. Here is the splendid mansion of "the Marquis of Down- shire, and a Church remarkable for its three steeples, the central one being about 180 feet in height; within are some specimens of stained glass. There is a good inn at this place. ITINERARY OF ROUTES, &c. XXXV Lisburn, in the County Antrim, is deserving the appel- lation of a very interesting town : it is well built, well situated, has rather an English character, prettily laid out Public Gardens, a handsome Church with a steeple and spire : considerable trade is carried on here : the population is 4,684. Belfast, the most commercial town in the province of Ulster, contains about 40,000 inhabitants. It is chiefly the Estate of the Marquis of Donegal. The streets are wide and regularly disposed. There is one handsome Square, a Church and a Chapel of Ease, and numerous Meeting-Houses. The Academic Institution is a Seminary of very rising reputation. The Belfast Academy is a school of established character. The public buildings, with few exceptions, are of brick. There is a tolerable Theatre, Commercial Buildings, and an admirable Reading Room, an old Exchange, Workhouse, Infirmary, &c. Private Banks, good Hotels, Steam Packets to Liverpool and Glasgow, conveyances of various descriptions to the scenery of Antrim coast-and the county of Down. There are also two Newspapers supported here.. In the neigh- bourhood are the curious caverns in Cave Hill, and an excursion along the margin of Belfast Lough may be made with advantage on a tour to" Cave Hill. The river Logan rather runs by than through the town, and is the boundary between the Counties Antrim and Down : it is an insignificant river. Belfast is not the county-town, being of modern origin. Carrickfergus, seven miles dis- tant on the northern side of Belfast Lough, still continues the Assize town of Antrim. The castle of Carrickfergus is an interesting object ; it is very well preserved. The Mail proceeds every morning from Belfast to Newtonards, thence to Donaghadee, and is conveyed to Portpatrick in Steam-boats. el CORRIGENDA. Page 29, line 11, for present, read late. 32, - - 9, • • Gallaghan, - - Gallagher. 36, - ■ > 30, - • Cran, - - Crohan. 51, - - 28, - - Arrasians, • - Arroasians. 67, - - 22, - - Tunnel, - - Tawney. 13, - - 9, - - income, - - bequest. 164, - « 8, Thomas Clarke, Esq. is since deceased. 196, » » 10, - - present, - - late. 259, omit last line. 244, omit Henry Manning's Collection of Pictures. 245, for Thomas Manning, read Henry. ANCIENT HISTORY OP THE CITY OF DUBLIN. THE city of Dublin anciently stood on the south side only of the river Anna LifFey, an inconsiderable stream, and not far from Dublin Bay. The name Dublin is de- rived from Dub-leana, " the place of the black harbour ;" and the name of the river from Auin Louifta, u the swift river," being merely a mountain torrent. Mac Turkill, the Dane, erected a residence on the northern side of the river, which was called after the invaders Eastmantown, since corrupted into Oxmantown ; but he afterwards removed to the southern side. In 11/2 and 3, Henry II. erected a temporary palace near the site of St. Andrew's Church, where he entertained the Irish princes, and received their promise of submission to be governed by the laws of England, and held a parliament at the same time. — Thirty-seven years after, when King John arrived in Dublin, and governed the kingdom in person, he received here the homage of many Irish princes, established courts of justice, and directed the Bishop of Norwich to reduce the coin of Ireland to the English standard.— In 1216, Henry III. granted Magna Charta to the inhabitants of Dublin, and the following year gave the city to the citizens, in fee, for 200 marks per annum. Ihe civil fovernment of Dublin was formerly committed to a 'rovost and Bailiffs.— In 3409, Thomas, Duke of Lan- caster, the King's son, being Lord Lieutenant, the title of the chief magistrate was changed to that of Mayor.*— Charles II. granted a company of foot soldiers to attend the Mayor, changed the title to Lord Mayor, and gave, beside, a pension of 500/. per annum* The first who bore b 2 AtfClERT HISTORY. the title of Lord Mayor was Sir Daniel Bellingham. Arthur, Earl of Essex, considerably improved the civil establishment of Dublin, and George II. regulated the cor- poration according to its present form. James II. held a parliament in Dublin, for the purpose of repealing all the Acts ,pf Settlement ; and with great cruelty and dishonour, forced upon the inhabitants the basest coin that ever was put into circulation ; he caused all the useless brass and pewter in the ordnance stores to be melted down, cast, and stamped, and the value of each piece was to be estimated by the impress marked upon it, not by its real value. His treatment of the University exceeded, if possible, the baseness of his other acts ; he directed them to receive an inefficient person to fill one of their senior fellowships, which they, with becoming dignity, resisted, upon which a military force was led against them, and many of the members cast into prison ; they were, however, after some time, re- leased from confinement, on the express condition, that if they re-assembled, they should be punished with death. The general opinion is, that James intended to convert the University into a college of Jesuits. He, however, bestowed the Provostship upon Moor, a Popish prelate, a man possessed of a great love of letters, and who suc- ceeded in preserving the books and manuscripts from the hands of the soldiery. About two years after, the in- sulted heads of the University had a powerful proof of the just punishment that awaits the sinner even in this world, in the overthrow of James at the battle of the Boyne, and his precipitate flight into France. On this occasion, Robert Fitz-Gerald, "ancestor of the Duke of Leinster, seized on the city in the name of King William, and after expelling all the followers of the misguided James, restored the University and civil magistracy into the hands of Protestants. After the accession of William, Ireland enjoyed almost perfect tranquillity for nearly a century. In 1729, an at- tempt was made, to supersede the necessity of holding a parliament in Ireland, by procuring the supplies for the succeeding twenty-one years. Fortunately this attempt was frustrated, and the motion lost by a majority of one. Parliament then sat in the Jttue^coat Hospital in Oxinau* ANCIENT HISTORY. 3 town Green ; but in that year the first stone was laid of the Parliament House in College Green (now the Bank of Ireland), when John Lord Carteret was Lord Lieutenant. In 1768, Dr. Lucas, representative of the City, framed an Act, limiting- the duration of parliament to eight years. In 1798, when Lord Camden was chief governor, rebellion broke out in the counties of Kildare, Wexford, and Wick- low, which extended over the principal part of the king- dom before it was suppressed, and during which period many persons were executed. After a lapse of two years, the rebellion completely subsided, but in 1800 the city was thrown into great con- fusion and disorder, by the introduction of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland. This measure has seriously changed the appearance of Dublin : with the removal of its parliament the nobility of Ireland withdrew to England, and left their palaces in Dublin either to fall to decay, or be converted into public offices, hotels, or charitable institutions. The residence of the Duke of Leinster, the most splendid in Dublin, is become the Dublin-Society's House. The Stamp-office is kept in the mansion of the Powerscourt family. That of the late countess of Moira is fitted up for Mendicants, by the As- sociation. Aldborough house is converted into a classical school. The Marquis of Drogheda's has been purchased by the Bible Society, and part of it transformed into a book-shop. And the Marquis of Sligo's is an hotel. While the public mind was still inflamed at the Act of Union having passed, it was not likely to be calmed by the emigration of the nobles ; some of whom having dis- posed of their estates in Ireland, set sail with the inten- tion of never re-visiting their native land. In this situa- tion of affairs, Robert Emmet, a man to whom nature had given the means of arriving at the highest honours in the state, placed himself at the head of a body of insur- gents, who rose on the 23rd July 1803, in Thomas-street, so unexpectedly, that the first intimation of the insurrec- tion received at the castle, was given by the Hon. Miss Wolfe, *vhose father, Lord Kilwarden, had been dragged from his carriage, and murdered in the streets. The inr surgents were first met by Mr. Wilson, a magistrate, with a small body af men, and afterwards by Lieutenant Brady 4 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. of the 21st regiment, who with a party of 40 soldiers, succeeded in totally dispersing- the mob, five of whom were killed and many taken prisoners. The insurgents then withdrew, after having merely succeeded in alarming the government. — Immediately after, Emmet and his ac- complices were arrested, tried, condemned and executed. From that period, Dublin has enjoyed tranquillity ; and although the consequences of the Union are still severely felt, the public mind is becoming daily reconciled. Of the ancient city, which was walled in by the Danes in the ninth century, the walls, which may still be traced, did not exceed one mile in length. From the north tower of the castle they were continued over Cork Hill, near which was an entrance called Dame's-gate, looking towards Hoggin's (now College) green. Near Essex Bridge stood another entrance, called Essex-gate, erected on the site of Isod's Tower. The wall then extended N. N. W. along the river, to the end of Fishamble-street. Here stood Fyan's Castle, which was sometimes used as a state prison. It then proceeded along Wood Quay to the end of Wine-tavern-street, where was another tower, and con- tinuing still by the river, joined a castle, through which was one of the principal entrances into the city, opposite Bridge-street. The next traces are to be found on the west side of Bridge-street in New-row, thence it stretched up the hill to Cut-Purse-row, at the end of which stood Newgate, where criminals of the worst description were imprisoned : some of the towers are still to be seen at the rear of the houses in Cut-Purse-row and Corn-market. From Corn-market it ran at the rear of Back-lane to Nicholas-gate ; thence it passed between Ross-lane and Bride's-aliey to Pool-gate, or as it was afterwards called Welburgh's-gate ; from thence it proceeded in a straight line until it united with the castle at Birmingham Tower, where a considerable part of the wall may yet be seen.-* In 1669, the population of Dublin amounted to 8,159. Such was the city of Dublin not more than four or five centuries back, let the reader compare it with the History of Dublin as it now is. Geographical Description. — Dublin is situated, in Lat. 53, 21, N. Lou, t>, 15, W. immediately opposite the coast GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION, 5 of North Wales. It is not more than one njile from the bay of that name, which is a large semi-circular basin about eight miles in diameter, into which the Llifey empties itself, after running through the city, which it divides into two equal parts, in a direction from west to east. This large bay is rendered peculiarly dangerous by the breakers and shallows caused by two large sand banks, called the North and South Bulls. The perils of a midnight approach to the city are greatly diminished by the erection of a mole of 30 feet in breadth, and 8,560 yards in length, extending into the bay, on the extremity of which stands a light-house of a circular form, and particularly light and elegant construction. The diffi- culty of erecting a building of three stories in height, in such a situation was very great, and may fairly be com- pared to those attending the erection of the Eddistone or Tuscard Light-houses, as it is in never-ending conflict with winds and waves. — The north side of the harbour is sheltered by the hill of Howth, a peninsula of consider- able extent ; on the most prominent point of which, called the Bailey, another light-house is erected, corresponding to the one in the centre of the bay, thus rendering the entrance of the harbour perfectly distinct at all seasons. — Under the north-west side of this mountain, an extensive pier has been built, and a spacious harbour enclosed, where the Holyhead packets put in. Another pier is just completed, at the south side of the bay, to afford shelter for shipping when they cannot make the pier of Howth ; this wall, which has several turns to avoid the accumu- lation of sand, is built of mountain-granite, drawn from the hills of Killiney, and is called the King's-town pier. The bay of Dublin has long been celebrated for its pic- turesque beauty. Howth, from its height and situation, has been considered not unlike Vesuvius on the bay of Naples, and the majestic amphi-theatre of mountains encompassing Dublin, forms a most sublime and perfect back-ground to the scene. — The mouth of the river is guarded by a strong fortress on the south wall, called the Pigeon- house, where a corps of artillery is stationed. From Ringsend point, where the Liffey discharges its waters into the bay, the stone quays of Dublin commence, and continue on both sides of the river for the space of b 3 6 THE CASTLE. three mile^ ; and the advantages derived from tlie em- banking of an Unwholesome stream, by granite walls, of such extent and workmanship as are not exceeded by any city in Europe, were not dearly purchased at the expense of a trifling yearly tribute. — The river is crossed by six handsome stone bridges and one of cast-iron. Two canals also, which communicate with the interior of the king- dom, nearly insulate the city, and terminate in extensive wet-docks, on the north and south sides of the city, and so communicate with the Liifey. — These canals are navi- gable for boats of 60 tons, and contribute materially to the cheapness of the Dublin markets, by a constant sup- ply of fuel and provisions from remote parts of Ireland. — The form of Dublin is nearly a right-angled parallelo- gram, whose longer side measures nearly three miles, and shorter, about two. — The city is encompassed by a road, called the Circular-road, extending ten miles. — Dublin contains 19 parishes, 2 cathedrals, 20 churches, meet- ing-houses of almost every religious sect, with 27 Roman Catholic chapels. — No city, in proportion, abounds more in magnificent buildings or charitable institutions The population does not exceed 200,000. THE CASTLE. This edifice, which was built by Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, in 1220, was first used as a vice- regal residence in 1560, by order of Queen Elizabeth. — ' The principal entrance is from Cork-hill, into the upper castle yard. This court, which contains the apartments of the Lord Lieutenant and suite, is in the form of a quad- rangle, 280 feet by 130. The principal entrance, the eastern gate, is ornamented by a statue of Justice ; and a corres- ponding gate, on the same side of the court, is surmounted by a statue of Fortitude, both the workmanship of Van- Nost : the interval between the real and artificial gate, is occupied by a building of two stories, exhibiting Ionic columns, on rusticated arches, supporting a pediment, and from this rises a circular tower of the Corinthian order, terminating in a cupola, ball, and vane, from which the flag is hoisted on state days, This building supplies THE CASTLE, 7 accommodation for the Master of the Ceremonies, and the Aides-de-Camp to his Excellency ; and the part towards the street is used as a guard-room. — The colonnade on the opposite side of the quadrangle is the principal entrance to the Royal apartments ; at the extremity of this colonnade is a handsome flight of steps leading to the Yeomen's Hall, and thence to the Presence Chamber, where stands the throne erected for George IV., covered with crimson velvet, and richly ornamented with gilt carved-work. From the ceiling of this apartment hangs a magnificent glass lustre, the gift of the Duke of Rutland, which was purchased at the celebrated glass manufactory in Waterford. The next object of attraction is St. Patrick's Hall, where balls and assemblies are held on St. Patrick's and other nights , this, which is a truly princely apartment, 38 feet high, 82 long, and 41 broad, was laid out in its present superb style at the institution of the Order of St. Patrick, 1783. There are three excellent paintings, inlaid in the ceiling, the centre is of a circular form, the others oblong; one of the latter represents St. Patrick convert- ing the Druids ; in the corresponding piece, Henry II., receiving submission from the petty Kings of Ireland, 1 172, appears seated under a rich canopy ; and in the cen- tral painting, which is an allegorical representation of the flourishing state of the country, George III. appears sup- ported by Justice and Liberty : these subjects were de- signed and executed by Waldre, an artist, of consider- able abilities. At one end of the Hall is a gallery for the musicians and household ; and at the other, one for the public. — At the rear of the Vice-regal apartments is the Castle-garden, a handsome plat of gTound, laid out with gravel walks, and planted with ever-greens : the front towards the garden, is a neat structure of the Ionic Order ; but the effect of it is lost to passengers, from the carriage- way passing so immediately under it ; it may, however, be seen to advantage from the garden. The lower Castle-yard is an extensive, space of very irregular form 5 in it are the old Treasury, Chapel, Ordnance-oflice and stores, riding-house, stables, and residences of inferior officers. — The Treasury, which is no longer required, is a long brick building, with a terrace in front, accessible by a double flight of steps* 8 THE CASTLE. The Chapel — now the most remarkable object about the Castle, is a modern building in the most beautiful order of pointed architecture, the design of Francis Johnston, Esq. who has so considerably beautified Dublin by the exertion of his talents for the last 20 years. The old Chapel was taken down in the administration of the Duke of Bedford, in 1807, and the present erected on its site, is 73 feet in length, and 35 broad. Divine service was performed here, for the first time, on Christmas-day, 1814; and the total expense of the building of the Chapel is calculated at 42,000/. It consists of a choir, without either nave or transept, finished in the most florid style of pointed architecture. Each side is supported by seven buttresses, terminating in pinnacles, which spring from grotesque heads in each buttress, ornamented at the angles, with rich foliage, and terminate in a gothic finial. These pinnacles are connected by a monastic battlement, finished with a moulding. There are six pointed windows in each side, surmounted by labels, which spring from two heads. In the centre of the east end is a pointed door-way, surmounted by a rectangular label, supported at one end by a head of St. Patrick, and at the other by that of Brian Boromhe, an Irish King. Over the door-way is the eastern window, surmounted by a label which springs from the heads of Hope and Charity, and terminating at its summit by a demi-figure of Faith holding a chalice. The gavel terminates in an antique cross, the arms of which are enclosed in a circle. At each angle of the east end are square towers, rising to the height of the roof, in which are enclosed the stairs to the gallery. The principal entrance is on the north side of the. west end, near the Record or Wardrobe Tower : over this door-way is a bust of St. Peter, holding a key ; and over a window immediately above the door is a bust of Dean Swift ; and, above, a head of the Virgin Mary ;• this entrance conducts into a small anti-hall of the most exquisite workmanship, and from thence into the body of the Chapel , before you is the eastern window, orna- mented with stained glass, the gift of Lord Whitworth, when Lord Lieutenant : it represents Christ in the pre- * These heads are carved in greystones raised from a quarry at Tullamore in the KiJig'g county, forty-six miles from Dublin. EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT. 9 sence of Pilate. The lower divisions are occupied by the four Evangelists ; beside the window, in stucco, are sta- tues of Faith, Hope, and Charity, with busts of the four Evangelists, executed by Edward Smyth. The ceiling is composed of groined arches springing from heads of mo- delled stucco, above the capitals of six beautiful clustered pillars which support the roof; and is highly ornamented. The pannels of the gallery are of carved oak : on the front of the organ-loft are carved the Royal Arms, and in the pannels on either side, those of the Duke of Bedford, who laid the foundation stone of the Chapel, and of the Duke of Richmond, in whose administration it was com- pleted ; from thence, along the front of the gallery, are the arms of those noblemen who have been Vice-roys, with the dates of their governments. The pannels of the pulpit are ornamented with the arms of different Arch- bishops and Bishops of Ireland ; among them are also those of Dean Kirwan, and the four great supporters of the Church of England, Henry VIII., Edward VI., Eliza- beth, and William III. : — the carving was executed by Stewart of Dublin. At the western extremity of the Chapel stands the Record Tower, the oldest building in the Castle, lately repaired and improved, during the building of the Chapel : — this tower is connected by a curtain wall, part of the original town-wall of Dublin, to Birmingham tower in the same yard, which is now con- verted into a supper-room and other apartments, for the use of his Excellency's household. The other buildings attached to the Castle are of too unarchitectural a cha- racter to be minutely described. EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT. The Executive Government of Ireland, is committed to his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, who is assisted and advised by a Privy Council and the Chief Secretary. The Privy Council consists of the Chancellor and high Law Officers, with some of the Archbishops and Bishops ; and the Council Chamber is in the upper Castleyard, over the arch-way, by which the connection is kept up between the upper and lower yards. In the absence of 10 - EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT. the Lord Lieutenant, the Privy Council is summoned, and the government entrusted to three Lords Justices : they are usually the Primate, the Lord Chancellor, and the Commander of the Forces. The Lord Lieutenant holds a Court at the castle ; where Levees are sometimes held ; and his Excellency's State and Household is, in every respect, becoming a repre- sentative of Majesty. He is allowed a company of battle- axe men, under the command of a captain, who has the rank of colonel ; and two subalterns, who have the rank of captains. The battle-axe-guards do duty in the public apartments of the Court. Besides this guard, the Lord Lieutenant has a body-guard, consisting of a subaltern's guard of horse, with a captain of infantry, two subalterns, and sixty men. This guard of honour is lodged in the Castle, and relieved every day by a detachment from the Royal Barracks. The form of relieving guard at the Castle, has always had attractions for the citizens of Dublin, who attend in great numbers every day, to witness this very interesting spectacle. In addition to the military establishment of the Irish Court, there are various officers of the household, analo- gous to those of Carlton Palace : the principal are a Private Secretary, Steward, a Comptroller, Chamberlain , Gentleman Usher, Assistant Gentleman Usher, Master of the Horse, and Gentlemen of the Chamber; there are besides four Pages, eight Aides-de-Camp, and twenty-four Chaplains. Previous to the removal of the Parliament from Ireland, the Irish Court was crowded by nobility, but they have long since withdrawn their persons and properties to our more favoured neighbour, Great Britain ; and, conse- quently, there are not many titles to be met at levee, if we exclude the dignitaries of the Church and high Law Officers, who are obliged to reside in Ireland. But, even in this altered and neglected condition, the Irish Court is of great benefit to the poor manufacturers of Dublin. The Medical Establishment of his Excellency's household, consists of the two state physicians, one surgeon, and an apothecary. The Chief Secretary has apartments in the upper Castle- yard, and holds a levee every Thursday; besides the UNIVERSITY, ll apartments in the upper Castle-yard, there is also a mag- nificent residence in the Phoenix Park, appropriated to his use. THE UNIVERSITY. Though the cultivation of learning, in Ireland, has been of very early date, yet few traces of the literary ex- ertions of the ancient inhabitants remain, and fewer of their seminaries. About 1311, John Lech, the Arch- bishop of Dublin, procured a bull from Clement V., for the foundation of a university ; and although his object was not then accomplished, it was, nine years afterwards, by his successor, who erected an university in St. Patrick's cathedral by permission of John XXII. This seminary was protected and endowed by Edward III., but it subse* quently decayed gradually until the close of Henry Vllth's. reign. In 1591^ Henry Usher (afterwards Archbishop of Armagh) obtained from Queen Elizabeth, a Royal Charter, and mortmain license for the site of the dissolved Monastery of All Saints, granted by the city, whereupon the present University was founded ; which was called the " College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, near Dublin, founded by the most serene Queen Elizabeth." The charter further appointed, that there should be a Provost, three Fellows, and three Scholars. After numerous sub- scriptions collected throughout the country, and various donations contributed, the first stone of Trinity College was laid, by Thomas Smith, Mayor of Dublin, the 13th of March, 1591, and students were admitted the 9th of January, 1593. The original charter empowered the surviving fellows to elect to a vacant provostship ; but this was altered by a subsequent charter, accompanied by a new code of statutes, drawn up by Archbishop Laud, in 1 637, which vested the right of appointment in the Crown. The next in rank is the Vice-Provost, who affixes the College seal in the absence of the Provost ; his situation is of not much more value than a senior Fellowship, and the senior Fellows succeed to it in order of seniority. The advancement of learning, and the increased num- ber of pupils demanded an additional number of lecturers ; for thirty years ago the number of students in the Univer* 12 UNIVERSITY. sity was only about 500, whereas at present there are about 2,000 names on the books. The income of a senior Fellow exceeds 1,000/. per annum 5 but the emolument of a junior fellowship, independently of pupils, is very insigni- ficant, probably about 100/. per annum; however the amazing number of pupils each fellow is permitted to accept of (144) amply compensates for the deficiency of a larger salary : in some instances, the income derived from pupils amounts to 1,500/. per annum, and in general it is estimated at about 800/. They are Professors of Science, Classics and Divinity, Anatomy, Surgery, Che- mistry, &c. Oriental and European Languages, Irish ex- cepted. It was the intention of the wise and provident foundress to have instituted a Professorship of this lan- guage in our University, but Lord Burleigh, unfor- tunately for the ancient history of this country, suc- ceeded in dissuading her from it. In the reign of James I., a number of livings were forfeited to the Crown by the rebellion of O'Neil ; seven- teen of which were bestowed upon the College of Dublin. The number of church livings, in the gift of the Univer- sity is nineteen, few of which are valued at less than 1,000/. per annum, and the income of some exceeds 2,000/. Upon the death of an incumbent, the vacant benefice is offered to every fellow according to seniority ; and whoever accepts it resigns his fellowship that day twelvemonths. If he be a senior, his place at the board is filled by the senior of the junior fellows, three days after the occurrence of the vacancy. — But if a junior, his place is filled by a graduate of the University, elected after a public examination of three days, and a fourth in private. The candidates are examined publicly in Logic and Metaphysics, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Morality, History, Chronology, Hebrew, Greek and Latin -, on the fourth day they are employed in Latin and English com- position. The examination is held in the Theatre of the University on the four days immediately preceding Tri- nity Sunday, and the questions and answers are delivered (perhaps injudiciously) in Latin. — It is necessary that the candidates should have taken the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The examiners are, the Provost, Vice-Provost, and the six senior fellows ; who, in a ceremonious and solemn mauncr, select the candidate, in the College.Cliapel, UNIVERSITY. 13 on Trinity Monday. In the event of an equality of votes in favour of two candidates, the Provost has a casting voice ; and the unsuccessful candidate is rewarded by a sum of money, seldom less than £ 200, bequeathed by Mr. Madden for that purpose. The third component part of this corporation is, the scholars, 70 in number ; these situations are the reward of classical attainments solely ; a severe examination is given by the board to each class, when they have arrived at their junior sophister yeai', two years and a half from the time of entering college. The emoluments of a scholarship are, a dinner at the pensioners' table for five years, ten or twelve pounds per annum, and sometimes even more ; chambers at half the usual deposit and rent of other students ; and if the scholar be twenty-one years of age, a vote at the election of a representative to serve in parliament for the University. The examination is held in the Theatre, during two days in the week before Whitsun- tide, and the new scholars are declared on Trinity Monday. The whole body of the students is divided into three ranks, distinguished by the denominations of Fellow Commoners, Pensioners, and Sizars; students of every denomination are obliged to undergo a classical examina- tion previous to admission \ but this is little more than a mere ceremony. The number of fellow-commoners and pensioners admitted into college is unlimited ; the former are distinguished from the latter by a more expensive and elegant academic dress ; their fees are always double, and they dine at the table with the fellows, which is not per- mitted to a pensioner. The sizars, who are limited to thirty or thirty-two in number, have their commons and instruction gratis ; and though their rank appears degrad- ing, yet many have raised themselves, by their diligence and good conduct, to scholarships and fellowships. The expense of tuition is remarkably moderate ; a pensioner's amounts to but eight guineas per annum ; a fellow-com- moner pays double that sum \ and the annual college fees, which are common to both, never amount to as much as the tuition. The length of time necessary to graduate as a Bachelor of Arts is, for a fellow-commoner three years and a half, for a pensioner or sizar four years. Instruction is com- Q 14 UNIVERSITY. municated by means of public and private lectures ; ex- aminations are held quarterly, at which, premiums are adjudged to the best answerers in science and classics, with great liberality on the part of the board, and impar- tiality on that of the junior fellows, who are the exami- ners ; and those who have not been sufficiently diligent in preparing for examinations, are disgraced by a fine, and by si judgment which is read out publicly. At the termi- nation ot the collegiate studies of each class, previous to commencements or graduating, those who have distin- guished themselves at quarterly examinations, by obtain- ing premiums in either classics or science, are examined together in one division, for a gold medal. This admi- rable plan for the encouragement of learning was intro- duced in 1819 by Dr. Elrington, the then Provost. The buildings of the College, which are of considerable extent and beauty, consist of three spacious squares, called the Parliament-square, the Library-square, and Botany-bay. The grand front, presented to College-green, is 300 feet in length, and of the Corinthian order ; the centre is ornamented by a pediment resting on Corinthian columns, and the whole is terminated by pavillions de- corated with coupled pilasters of the same order, support- ing an attic story. The Parliament-square is entered by an octagon vestibule, terminating at the summit in groined arches, is 316 feet long by 212 in breadth, and built en- tirely of hewn stone; besides buildings for the accommo- dation of the fellows and students. This square contains the Chapel, Theatre for examinations, and Refectory. The Chapel — which stands on the north side, has in front a handsome colonnade of four pillars, of the Corin- thian order, supporting a pediment : the chancel is 80 feet in length (exclusive of a semi-circular terminating recess 36 feet in diameter), 40 feet in breadth, and 44 in height : the seats are of oak, pannelled, and highly polished - y and there is, besides, a small but elegantly arranged organ- loft, the front of which is ornamented with carved oak- work. There is an excellent choir, the same which at- tends both the cathedrals ; and divine service commences at half-past nine, and concludes at half-past eleven, in the forenoon of each Sunday. Both this building and the Theatre were designed by Sir W. Chambers, and erected under the direction of Mr, Graham Myers. UNIVERSITY. 15 The Theatre.— On the opposite, or south, side of the same square, stands the Theatre, or Examination Hall, with a front exactly corresponding to that of the Chapel, and of the same internal dimensions, This splendid hall is furnished with tables and forms, at which the students sit during the hours of examinations, and also at public lectures during term ; and the semi-circular recess at the end, is fitted up for holding fellowship examinations, in such a manner, that both candidates and spectators are accommodated. On either side of the hail a rustic base- ment supports a series of composite pilasters, from which rises a mosaic ceiling, richly ornamented in stucco. Be- tween the pilasters are the portraits of eminent persons ; Queen Elizabeth, the foundress, and eight others, who were either educated in the University, or bequeathed legacies to its support. On one side stands a splendid monument to the memory of Provost Baldwin, who died in 1758. A large Sarcophagus of black and gold marble supports a mattress of white marble, on which the provost is represented in a reclining posture, larger than life, holding his will, by which he bequeathed 80,000/. to the University 5 a female figure, emblematic of the University, leans over him in a mourning attitude ; at his feet stands an angel, holding a wreath of palm, casting on him a look of benignity, and pointing to Heaven ; and immediately behind these figures rises a pyramid of varie- gated Egyptian porphyry. The whole is executed in a most masterly style, by Mr. Hewetson, a native of Ireland, but resident at Rome, and cost the University upwards of 2,000/. It was in this noble apartment that his Majesty was entertained at a magnificent banquet, by the provost and fellows, August 27th, 1821 ; on which occasion a throne, with crimson velvet hangings, &c. was placed in the semi-circular recess : the organ also was refitted. The Refectory. — The Parliament and Library Squares are connected by a small quadrangle, at one extremity of which stands the Refectory, a handsome structure, the front of which is ornamented by a pediment supported by pilasters. A spacious ante-hall leads to the dining-hall, a room of 70 feet by 35, and 35 in height ; the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are ornamented with stucco, and the lower is oak wainscoting. In this hall the portraits 16 UNIVERSITY, of the following illustrious characters were hung in 1821 ; viz. Henry Flood, Lord Chief Justice Downes, Lord Avon- more, Hussey Burgh, Lord Kilwarden, and Henry Grattan > over the door is a full-length portrait of Frederick Prince of Wales, father of George III. ; at one side of which is a portrait of Cox, Archbishop of Cashel ; and, on the other, the original portrait of Provost Baldwin. Over the ante- hall is a remarkably neat and elegant apartment, formerly used by the Historical Society, an institution of great practical benefit to the majority of the students, though the legislature of the University have, in their wisdom, crushed it — perhaps for ever. On the south side of the quadrangle, immediately oppo- site the Refectory, stands an old wall, which it was in- tended to remove, and to supply its place by a triumphal arch of the Doric order, after a design of Sir W. Cham- bers, with three openings, supporting a square tower with four circular-headed windows, ornamented with Corinthian pillars and urns. The Library. — Beyond the quadrangle is the Library- square, 265 feet long, by 214 broad, three sides of which consist of uniform brick buildings, mostly devoted to the accommodation of the students. The library, which oc- cupies the fourth side, is an extensive stone building, whose basement story is a piazza, the entire length of the square. Above this, are two stories surmounted by a rich Corinthian entablature, originally crowned with a balus- trade. Of this building, as it was at first designed, and previous to alterations, a correct painting may be seen in the Librarian's room ; in which apartment is also a portrait of the Rev. John Barrett, D. D. the late Vice-Provost, painted by G. F. Josephs, Esq. R. A. At present, the front has a mouldering appearance, in consequence of the perishable nature of the stone of which it is built. — The building consists merely of a centre and two pavilions ; in the western pavilion are the grand stair-case, the Lend- ing library, and the Librarian's apartments. At the head of the stairs the Library is entered by large folding doors, and the first view is particularly striking. His Majesty, who was received here when the banquet was given in the Theatre (see page 15), expressed his admiration of this magnificent room. The exterior library is 210 feet long, UNIVERSITY. 17 41 broad, and 40 in height, and is acknowledged to be the finest room in Europe applied to such a purpose. Between the windows, on both sides, are lofty oak partitions, at right angles to the walls, on both sides of which the books rest on closely-placed shelves, so that there are as many recesses as there are windows ; these partitions are termi- nated by fluted Corinthian pillars of carved oak, connected at the top by a broad cornice, surmounted by a balustrade also of carved oak, forming the front of a gallery which is continued quite round the room. — Here are pedestals with busts of ancient and modern philosophers, historians, and poets, of white marble. — The number of volumes in this library is about 80,000. At the extremity of this room is a second apartment, 52 feet in length, formerly the MSS. room, but now called the Fagel library, fitted up in a uniform manner with the preceding, and containing about 20,000 volumes. This vast collection was the property of Mr. Fagel, a Dutch- man, who removed it to London in 1794, upon the invasion of his native country by the French, and from whom it was purchased by the University of Dublin for the very moderate sum of 8,000/. Manuscript Room. — Over the Fagel library in the eastern pavilion, is the Manuscript room, in which are many valuable manuscripts, particularly those relating to Irish history. — There are besides, Persian, Arabic, and Greek : in the Greek character, the most conspicuous are the Montfortian and a copy of the four Gospels, with a continued commentary, written in the 9th century. — There is a very curious map of China on an extensive scale, drawn by a native in the Chinese character. The Manuscript room is not opened to the public, and admittance can only be given in the presence of the librarian : this regulation is directed by the statutes for the better preservation of the MSS. — Many of these MSS. were presented to the College by Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Clogher, and Mr. John Madden. The Library is open every day, Sundays and holidays excepted, from eight to ten, and from eleven to two : there is a Reading-room in the western Pavilion, which is always open during winter, and supplied with fires. The privilege of reading here is granted to Graduates upon taking the library oath, and to c 3 18 UNIVERSITY. strangers who have been introduced to the Provost, oir their taking the same oath. On the south side of the Library is the Fellows' garden, a large park laid out in gravel-walks, from which the students are excluded, the fellows, doctors, and masters only, reserving keys to admit themselves ; however, fellowship- candidates are always permitted to walk here. College Park. — To the east of the Library and Library-square, is the College park, a space of about 20 acres, planted and laid out with great taste ; here are two ball-courts, and there was formerly a bowling-green for the amusement of the students.— xVs you enter the park from the Library-square, on the right, until lately, stood an old, tasteless building containing a chemical labora- tory, and also the Anatomical Lecture-rooms. The Anatomy House. — In that part of the College Park, formerly used as a bowling-green, is the new Ana- tomy House, built at the expense of the University, after a design of the Messrs. Morrison. It is 1 15 feet in length by 50 in breadth -, and contains an Anatomical Lecture- room, 30 feet square : an Anatomical Museum 30 feet by 28 : and three private rooms. — The Dissecting-room, ex- tending the whole length of the building, is probaby the best disposed apartment for such purpose in Europe, and by no means too large for the present school of surgery in Dublin. — The Chemical Laboratory, Lecture-room, and private apartment appropriated to the professors occupy the remote end from the Anatomical-rooms just mentioned. The museum possesses some valuable preparations : those belonging to the College are unimportant, but the present professor's (Dr. Macartney) collection, which is exhibited during lecture, contains valuable preparations of human, comparative, and morbid anatomy ; and if we except the Hunterian, is second to none in the United Kingdom. The School of Anatomy in Dublin has grown into deserved celebrity, to which the facility of procuring subjects for dissection has contributed, and has drawn together a great number of students. Amongst the curiosities of the old collection in the Anatomical Museum are several extraordinary preparations and skeletons : a complete skeleton of a Grampus, with those of M'Gratk the Irish giant, and Clarke, the ossified man. The former of these, UNIVERSITY. 19 who died at the age of twenty, attained the height of nine feet ; of the latter all the joints became bone, so that he was quite incapable of stirring, and died in the most deplorable condition. In a small building behind the old Anatomy House are to be seen the celebrated wax models of the human figure, executed in Paris by M. Denoue, and presented to the University by the Earl of Shelbourne,* in 1 752. Printing House. — Immediately opposite the old Ana- tomy-house, on the north side of the park, is the printing- office, founded by Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Clogher* in 1 734 ; the front of which is a handsome portico of the Doric order, greatly admired for its architectural chasteness and the beauty of its proportions. Provost's House. — On the south side of the College stands the Provost's house, a handsome stone edifice with wings, and a court-yard in front, screened from Grafton - street by a high wall, with a large heavy-looking gate-way in the centre ; at the rear is a spacious lawn and shrubbery, communicating with the Fellows garden, and separated from it merely by a plantation of ever-greens. The in- terior of the house is peculiarly elegant ; and the hall, stair- case, and grand drawing-room, are particularly noble. The elevation of this building is after a design of Lord Burlington's and is similar to that of General Wade's house, Cork-street, London, which was designed by the same nobleman. To the north of the Library-square, is a third square, commonly called Botany-bay, which is an area of somewhat greater dimensions than either of the others, and three of its sides are allotted to the accommodation of pupils. Near the centre stands a temporary building, in which is suspended the great bell, the largest and best-toned in the kingdom. — The exterior of the north side of Botany-bay- square, presents a front of hewn stone to New Brunswick- street, 270 feet in length ; the basement story is rusti- cated, and the windows of the three upper stories are orna- mented with architraves. It is protected from the street * They were purchased by his lordship from Mr. Raxtrow, a statuary in London, and have since been repaired ; first, under the inspection of Mr, Edward Croker, an able anatomist, and secondly, by Mr. Thomas WetherelL surgeon. 20 UNIVERSITY. by a semi-circular sweep^enclosed by iron railing ; and was designed by the Messrs. Morrison. The Museum. — Over the vestibule, within the grand gate, is the Museum, an exceedingly beautiful room, 60 feet by 40. The mineral collection contains 1204 speci- mens, arranged according to Professor Jameson's system, and described in a catalogue drawn up by Dr. Stokes in 1818. At the foot of the stairs is a nearly perfect skeleton of an Antediluvian moose-deer, a model of a Roman galley, and another of the Barony of Moresk, in the county of Mayo. Case No. 1, contains ornaments from the Marquesas, Friendly, and Sandwich Islands, New Zealand, and Ota- heite. — No. 2. Otaheitean dresses and models. — No. 3. New Zealand articles of dress, and implements. — No. 4. Shells. — No. 5. Cloak made of feathers from the Sandwich Isles. — No. 6. A very curious collection of Irish antiquities — various celts, chip-axes, arrow-heads, hunting-spears, of brass, and military spears ; the war-axe, golden crescents, head orna- ments, fibulae ; curious headstall and bitt, found in Roscom- mon 5 the Liath Meisicith, or incense-box of the ancients, consulted only upon the interests of the church or election of a king. The most interesting curiosity is the Irish harp, once the property of King Brian Boromhe, the history of which is this : Donogh, the son of Brian, laid it with the golden crown, at the Pope's feet, in 1023 ; a subsequent Pope presented the harp to Henry VIII. of England, but kept the golden crown ; Henry gave it to the first Earl of Clanrickard, from whom it passed to the M'Mahons, of Clenah, in the county of Clare : from them it fell into the hands of counsellor Macnamara, of Limerick, and in 1782 was presented to the College Museum by the right hon. W. Conyngham. The O'Brian arms, viz. the bloody hand supported by lions, are chased in silver upon it. On the skies of the front arm of the harp are carved two wolf dogs : — both arms are of red-holly, the sounding-board is of oak. This beautiful remnant of the taste of our ances- tors is rapidly mouldering away, but its chaste propor- tions, as well as a testimony of its merit, might be well perpetuated by a good model. It is hoped that what has been stated will be considered a sufficient refutation of Mr. Bingley's assertion, that this very harp was Welch. UNIVERSITY. 21 Near the Irish case is a collection of volcanic minerals, presented by D. Latouche, esq. in 1790, the catalogue of which was printed in Catania, in Sicily. Beside this stands another flat case, in which are Cingalese Almanacks, graved with a stylus, which is also deposited in the case. — No. 7 contains a few stuffed animals. — No. 8. A mummy, a model of a Chinese galley, &c. — No. 9. In this are some serpents preserved by Bullock. — No. 10. Miscellaneous, unimportant, except an enormous lobster's claw. — No. 11 is entirely occupied by the figure of an Otaheitean warrior. — No. 12 contains a copy of the Koran, in letters of gold, on a roll of Indian paper, which shuts up in a box about two inches long and one in diameter ; an Almanack printed in 1666 • and a model of the combination mirrors of Archi- medes. Near this case hangs a cast of a shield exhibiting, in bas-relief, the capture of Rome by Brennus. There is a very curious collection brought from the South-Sea Islands, and presented to the University by Dr. Patten. In the centre of the great room stands a stuffed camel- leopard ; at one corner is a model of the Giant's-causeway remarkable for the accuracy of its execution •. and, beside it, lie some of the basaltic joints, of which the causeway is composed. Astronomical Observatory.— On Dunsink Hill, about four miles north-west of Dublin Castle, stands the Observatory, founded at the instance of Dr. Henry Usher, late professor of Astronomy in the University. In 1774, Provost Andrews bequeathed 3,000/. and 250Z. per annum, for building an Observatory and supplying instruments : by means of this donation, a handsome house was erected, presenting in front a facade of two wings, and a projecting* centre, crowned by a dome. — Besides apartments for the professor, there are two rooms particularly appropriated to astronomical purposes — the Equatorial and Meridian rooms. The former is beneath the dome, which is inter- sected by an aperture of two feet six inches in breadth, and is moveable by means of a lever and projecting cogs, so that the aperture may be directed to any point of the horizon. — The Meridian room, on the west side of the building, contains the transit instrument, and the cele- brated Astronomical Circle, which is universally acknow- ledged to be Ramsden's best performance .$ this instrument 22 THE BANK. is minutely described in Dr. Brinkley's work on Astro- nomy ; and the valuable discoveries, relative to parallax and refraction, which the professor has made with this celebrated piece of mechanism, are recorded in the Twelfth Volume of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Botanic Garden. — About two miles to the south of the Castle, a space of about four acres has been enclosed for a Botanic Garden ; and though but of late formation, it is exceedingly well supplied with both exotic and indi- genous plants : but it is altogether eclipsed by the magni- ficent gardens of the Dublin society at Glasnevin. BANK OF IRELAND. This noble structure, formerly the Parliament House, but purchased after the Act of Union, by the Company of the Bank of Ireland, for 40,000/. and a rent of 240/. per annum, is probably not exceeded in magnificence of ex- terior by any building in Europe. It fronts College Green, and is nearly at right angles to the west front of the College, and by its contiguity to the latter, forms a scene that has not many rivals. The foundation of the Parliament House was laid in 1729, by Lord Carteret, Viceroy of Ireland, and the building was completed in 1739, at an expense of about 40,000/. — This building not being sufficiently extensive to accommodate Lords and Commons, in 1 785, an eastern front, leading to the House of Lords, was designed and executed, by the late James Gandon, at an expense of 25,000/. — In 1787, a western front and entrance were added, from the design of Mr. Parke, architect, for about 30,000/. The centre of this edifice, is a grand colonnade of the Ionic order, occupying three sides of a court-yard ; the columns are lofty, and rest on a flight of steps, continued entirely round the court-yard, and to the extremities of the colonnade, where are the entrances, under two archways : the four central columns support a pediment, whose tympanum is orna- mented by the royal arms ; and, on its apex stands a well executed figure of Hibernia, with Fidelity on her right, THE BANK. 23 and Commerce on her left hand. This magnificent centre is connected with the eastern and western fronts, which contend with it in beauty, by circular screen walls, the height of the building, enriched with dressed niches, and a rusticated basement : the eastern front, which is towards College-street, is a noble portico of six Corinthian columns, three feet six inches in diameter, crowned by a pediment with a plain tympanum; on which stands a statue of Fortitude, with Justice on her right, and Liberty on her left hand. The entablature of the central portico being continued round to the eastern front, exhibits an architectural impropriety, the columns of one being of the Ionic, while the others are of the Corinthian order ; but this is not very obvious, from the great extent of the building, and from the shape, which does not admit of both porticos being seen together. The western front, to Foster-place, is a beautiful portico of four Ionic columns, surmounted by a pediment, and connected with the centre, by a circular screen wall, corresponding to that which connects the eastern wing to the centre. — A military guard-room has been erected adjacent to the western front, the entrance, through a magnificent arch-way, ornamented with Ionic columns, and crowned by military trophies, forming the extremity of Foster-place ; the design and execution of J. Kirk. Within this stately and extensive pile of building, the most ample and splendid apartments are provided. Beneath the grand Portico, are two entrances leading to the Cash-office. — There was formerly a grand entrance in the centre, leading to the Court of Requests, where now the Cash-office stands ; this splendid apartment, which is 70 feet in length, by 50 in breadth, was designed by Francis Johnston, Esq. The walls are of Bath stone, pannelled, and decorated with fluted Ionic columns, resting on pedestals ; beneath the entablature, all round, are 24 windows, some of which are made of looking-glass to pre- serve uniformity. From the ceiling, which is also beauti- fully ornamented, rises a lantern 50 feet in length, and 30 in breadth. — The desks of the officers are at a distance of 5 feet from the wall, so as to afford a convenient passage behind ; nor do they at all conceal the elegant pillars, as their bases are the height of the enclosures around the 24 THE BANK. desks. In the centre of the floor, which is chequered flagging, two tables are placed for public use, as well as counters all round the room, in front of the clerks' desks. — The entrances are at each end, which also communicate with handsome corridors, conducting to the different offices of the Bank. These corridors formerly encompassed the House of Commons, which was an octagonal room, covered with a dome, supported by Ionic columns, which rose from an amphitheatrical gallery, fronted with an iron balustrade of scroll-work, where strangers were permitted to remain during the debates. This room w r as always considered an extremely beautiful apartment, but it has latterly been considerably ornamented and improved. There were two of the inferior apartments, particularly elegant, one for the hearing of controverted elections, and the Record-room. The House of Lords, which remains unaltered, is an oblong room, with a semi-circular recess at one end, where the throne stood : the throne has been removed, and in the recess has been placed a white marble statue of his late Majesty, George III, in his parliamentary robes, with the insignia of the orders of the Bath and St. Patrick, executed by J. Bacon, jun. Here may be seen two speci- mens of tapestry brought from Holland, extremely well executed, which were permitted to remain at the request of Mr. Johnston ; one represents the battle of the Boyne, fought between William and James, in 1690. The other, the famous siege of Derry. — There is also in this room an excellent bust of the Duke of Wellington, by Turnerelli ; and in another niche, one of his late Majesty. This room is now called the Court of Proprietors. In the western side of the Bank, is the Library-room, now used to preserve the paid notes until the period arrives for destroying them. In a small apartment may be seen a well executed model of the Bank, executed by Mr. Doolittle. Next the model-room is an armoury, well supplied and arranged. The repeated fires that have broken out in this building have stimulated the exertions of the Directors in providing apparatus to protect them from any serious loss in that way for the future. On the 27th of February, 1 792, be- tween 5 and 6 o'clock in the evening, while the Commons THE BANK. 25 were sitting, a dreadful fire broke out, and totally con- sumed the House of Commons 5 but it was shortly after fitted up, precisely in the same manner ; and, in 1804, a fire broke out beneath the portico at the front, and in- jured the columns so seriously, that large pieces were obliged to be inserted in many of them ; this was supposed to have been done intentionally. Against such accidents, the Bank is now amply provided, there being two large tanks of water, one at each side of the building; adjacent to which, engines of immense power are placed, supplied with great quantities of tube 5 and the forcing pumps are capable of inundating the entire building if required. This extensive pile is nearly of a semi-circular form, and stands on an acre and a half of ground. The grand front is 147 feet in breadth ; and, for elegance of design, is unrivalled 5 but, in addition to many extraordinary events connected with the history of this magnificent building, the name of the architect who gave the original design is not positively ascertained. Harris says it was executed under the inspection of Sir Edward Lovel Pearce, but omits any mention of Cassels, who is generally supposed to have been the person who gave the" design, and who was also the architect of Leinster House (the Dublin Society) in Kildare-street. We cannot here particularize the numerous offices con- nected with the Bank, yet must not pass over in entire silence, The Printing House — which stands at the rear of the Bank, on the diameter of the semi-circle, and which has been fitted up according to the advice, and under the superintendance of Mr. Oldham. About four years since, the number of forgeries induced the Directors to seek for some remedy in the formation of a proper circulating medium ; and to remedy the obvious defects of their notes, they employed Mr. Oldham to provide them with a plan of numbering, analogous to the stereotype dating and num- bering of the Bank of England notes, which he accordingly did ; and with this difference from the mode in which the Bank of England note is numbered, that, while their ma- chinery only executes units, without additional adjust- ments, and thereby requires confidential assistants, Mr. Oldham's apparatus continues the series to 1 00,000, inde-i Prudently of the control of the operator. 26 THE BANK. The Engraving Engine is capable of engraving an indefinite number of notes, possessing absolute identity, not only between each other, but also between different parts of the same note ; and it is capable of re-producing,the same precise characters for ever. This machine engraves the border, the vignette, &c. The Printing Presses. — There are four printing presses, worked by steam, on an exceedingly improved construction ; a shifting roller passes over the head of the pressman, and, at every pull, shifts itself, and presents a dry surface. Five thousand notes are struck off every day at each press, all of which are proof impressions. — To one of the supporters of every press, a small box is attached, with glazed apertures in the top, in which figures present themselves successively, at each pull of the press, indicat- ing the number of impressions taken up to that time of the day. This registering apparatus is secured from the interference of the printer, as the box containing it is locked. There are six presses employed in numbering and dating the notes ; each of which is composed of a brass box or chest, surmounted by a tympan, connected with the box by hinges : the tympan is so contrived as to receive the skeleton note, and, by means of an aperture in the upper surface of the box, a duplicate number and date is im- pressed, at each pull or fall of the tympan. It should be observed, that the press is calculated to receive two notes at once; which, of course, increases the despatch. To provide against every species of imposition, there is not only a confidential person present, but the machinery is secured by lock and key. Institution. — The subscribers to the Bank of Ireland were incorporated 1783, by the denomination of the " Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland" and transacted business, for the first time, on the 25th of June in that year, upon stock amounting to 600,000/. in 4 percent government debentures. But, an Act was after- wards passed, authorising government to cancel those debentures, and grant an annuity, at the rate of 4 per cent in lieu thereof. — In addition to their capital, they borrowed 60,000/. upon 5 per cent debentures, previous to making any issue; and, in the year 1784, they raised 40,000^ upon similar securities. THE BANK. 27 All monies paid into his Majesty's Treasury, Court of Chancery, and Exchequer, are deposited here. — The first dividend was made in 1783, at the rate of 4 per cent, from which time it has gradually risen, and now bears about 5£ per cent interest. The governor, directors, and officers, are annually elected in the month of April : there are fifteen directors, of whom five must be new. — The necessary qualification for governor is to be actually possessed of 5,000/. in stock, of a deputy governor, to be in possession of 3,000/., and of each of the directors, 2,000/. each. In the year 1791, a continuation of their charter was obtained for 21 years from the expiration of the charter the Bank was then possessed of (three years of which were still unexpired) on condition of 400,000/. being added to the capital; which would make in all 1,000,000/. sterling. About 17^2, or 93, the bank raised a farther sum of 120,000/. upon debentures bearing 4 per cent interest, — redeemable at the expiration of three years, according to their option ; and in 1821 they obtained a renewal of their charter, on condition of increasing their capital half a million. Every office is arranged on a systematic and convenient plan. In the Cash Office, all lodgments are made, notes and post bills issued, and exchanged or accepted, drafts paid, &c. — This Office is open from ten to three every day, but private bankers' notes are not received in lodgment after two o'clock. — The Bullion Office is open also from ten to three each day : here silver is issued for notes not less than ten pounds ; but silver is not received there after two o'clock. — In the Discount Office bills are received from half-past nine to half-past eleven; and the office opens again at one for the delivery of bills. This office is not open on Saturdays. — The lleceiver's Office is open from two to three, and from five to six in the afternoon, for the payment of bills which were not honoured in the course of the day. Irish bills falling due on Sunday are payable the Monday after, but English bills are payable the Saturday before. — Neither post bills or private notes are received in payment of bills at the Bank, 28 DUBLIN SOCIETY. This valuable institution originated in tlie private meet- ings of a few eminent men, Dr. Prior, Dr. Madan, and others, 1731, for scientific purposes, and was supported solely by their subscriptions for eighteen years. On April 2nd, 1749, George II. granted a charter of incorporation, as the " Dublin Society, for promoting Husbandry and other useful Arts," and 500/. per annum ; since which period, parliament have lent liberal patronage and support : it is governed by a president (his Excellency the Lord Lieute- nant of Ireland), and six Vice-presidents. The Governors and Company of the Bank of Ireland are Treasurers ; the officers are, two Secretaries and an Assistant, a Solicitor, Professor and Lecturer on Botany and Agriculture, Professor of Chemistry, and an Assistant, Pro- fessor and Lecturer of Mineralogy, Mining Engineer, Lec- turer in Experimental Philosophy, Professor and Lecturer in the Veterinary Art, Librarian, Corrector of the Press, Master of the School for Ornament and Landscape Drawing, Master of the Figure School, Master of the School for Architectural Drawing, Master for Sculpture, and Head Gardener at the Botanic Garden, Glasnevin. There is a General Meeting every Thursday at two o'clock. — Annual Courses of Lectures, open to the public, are delivered by the Professor and Lecturer, from whom and the House-keeper, tickets can be had. — Chemistry ; 1st Course commences the first Tuesday in November; 2nd Course, first Tuesday in January. — Mineralogy ; first Monday in March. — Natural Philosophy ; 1st Course, first Tuesday in March; 2nd Course, first Tuesday in May. — Botany, 1st Course, first Monday in May; 2nd Course, second" Tuesday in June. — Mining, first Tuesday in February. — Veterinary art, first Monday in May. The following departments are open to the Public : — Museum on Mondays and Fridays from twelve to three. — Room of Statuary and Elgin Casts, Tuesdays and Satur- days from twelve to three. — The Library, on introduction to the Librarian. — Botanic Garden, on Tuesdays and DUBLIN SOCIETY. 29 Fridays from twelve to four; but, a member can intro- duce visitors at any time. The subscription to become a member of the Society for life, is 30 guineas ; the number of members is about 500. One object of the institution is, to encourage improve- ments in agricultural science and practice. Premiums are granted to planters of nurseries ; and such is the effect already produced, that many millions of young trees have been planted, and extensive nurseries formed. To Botany they have given liberal encouragement ; having purchased a considerable piece of land at Glas- iievin, about one mile from Dublin, at the north side of the city, which they have disposed as a botanic garden, with great judgment ; and an eminent professor delivers lectures at their rooms in the garden, during the spring season. This garden, laid out and designed by the present professor, contains 27 acres, 20 perches English, or 16. 2. 39. Irish acres ; and is inferior, in size, to but one of the same description, that is, the Botanic garden of Jamaica : the ground has every advantage in quality of soil, and aspect of its banks, and is watered by a well- supplied stream, the river Tolka. — The classification of the plants is as follows : — The Linnsean garden, which contains two divisions,— Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit ; and forest -tree plants. 2. Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu. 3. Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus. 4. Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are con- stantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany. 5. Medicinal plants. 6. Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle. 7. Plants used in rural economy. 8. Plants used in dyeing. 9. Rock plants. 10. Aquatic and marsh plants, -<-For which an artificial marsh has been formed, lie Cryptogamics. 12, Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and P3 30 DUBLM SOCIETY. a conservatory for exotics. Near the centre of the garden, stand the professor's-house, and lecture-room, — where lec- tures are delivered in the spring, and of which one end com- municates with the conservatory, for the purpose of more easily introducing any of the exotics required at lecture. The "lectures commence in May, and continue to Sep- tember; the hour of attendance, eight in the morning, three days in the week. The introductory lecture is delivered" at the Society's house in Dublin ; the garden is open to the public on Tuesdays and Fridays ; on other days, an order from a member of the society, procures immediate admission. The Botanic Establishment comprises a Professor, a Superintendant, two Assistants, twelve Gardeners, and six apprentices. The Veterinary Establishment is similar to that in Lon- don ; there are two eminent lecturers, and a veterinary museum. One of the most important objects of this institution, is the cultivation of mineralogy ; to promote which the society purchased, in the year 1792, the museum of M. Leske, professor of Natural History, at Marburg, a dis- tinguished pupil of the illustrious Werner ; this collection was subsequently improved by Kirwan, the Irish Philo- sopher* The classification of the minerals is Werner's, and is as follows: — 1. Characteristic collection. 2. The Systematic. 3. Geological. 4. Geographical. 5. Eco- nomical. The Irish minerals form a distinct collection, distributed according to the arrangement of the thirty-two counties, and is called u Museum Hibernicum." This valuable collection of specimens is open to students at all hours, and to the public on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, from 12 to 3 o'clock. Sir Charles G. S. Giesecke, is the present professor. The Drawing School, is divided into three depart- ments 5 landscape, figure, and architecture, to which is added a school of sculpture or modelling ; over each of these a different master presides, who gives instruction three times each week, and three hours at each sitting. The pupils of the figure-school, are occasionally provided with a living figure* to perfect their sketches of the DUBLIN SOCIETY, 31 human frame, and all this is gratuitous* About two hundred pupils partake of this advantage, and from the exhibitions of native genius and education presented at the annual display of drawings formerly made in the society's house, the beneficial consequences were mani- fest. The first regular place of meeting used by the society, was in Shaw's-court, till October 1/67, when: they removed to a convenient building which they had erected in Grafton-street ; from this latter place they re- moved in 17.96, to Hawkins-street, where they had built an edifice for their Repository, Laboratory, Galleries, Library, &c. In 1815, they purchased the mansion of the Duke of Leinster, in Kildare-street, for the sum of 20,000/., eleven of which have been paid off since. This is one of the most noble private residences in Europe ; the entrance is from Kildare-street, through. o grand gate-way of rusticated architecture, leading into a spacious court. The front of this palace is ornamented with four Corinthian columns on a rusticated basement story, and is crowned by a pediment, with a plain tym- panum -, between the pedestals of the columns are balus- trades. The windows are ornamented by architraves, and those of the first story have circular and angular pedi- ments alternately ; at the rear of the building is a lawn of great extent, separated from Merrion-square by a low wall, and occupving the greater part of the western side of the square. ^The hall is a noble lofty room, and has an elegantly ornamented ceiling; at the end, you pass between large pillars into a long gallery at right angles to the length of the hall, in which are the board-room, news-room, secretary's apartments, &c. Hall. — In three squared niches above the front arcade are large busts of Nero, Vespasian, and Brutus ; over one of the doors on the right hand side, are busts of Mithri- dates, Alexander, and Homer ; and on the adjacent chimney piece those of Plautilla, the Farnese Hercules, anci Gaeta. Above one of the doors on the opposite side, are busts of Commodus, Pompey, and JVJarcus Aurelius ; and above the other, those of two Senators, between which stands Ariadne. In the recesses of the arcades are Clythia and Niobe's daughter. There are also statues of the Belvidere Apollo, Venus de' Medici, and Caligula, 32 StiBLlti SOCIETY. resting oil pedestals. But the most interesting works in this part of the buildings, are the performances of several young artists educated in the Society's schools; among which a bust of Young the tragedian, by Behnes, is admirable. This young artiit purposes to evince his gratitude to the insti- tution, by presenting them with a statue of his present majesty, which he is now executing, and which is to be placed in the new drawing school. Prometheus chained to the rock, by Gallaghan, is a classical conception, and is executed with ability. The busts of the late Serjeant Ball, Hamilton Rowan, — Reeves, Esq., Rev. Mr. Taylor, and Mr. Farren the comedian, have all been admired for their style, but more particularly for the extreme accu- racy of tha likenesses ; and are all by the pupils of the Society's schools. Gallery of Statuary, Busts, &c. — This collection occupies two rooms, and is as favourably disposed as the very awkward and imperfect accommodation which these apartment! afford, can admit of. The first room contains casts from the Elgin Marbles, consisting of ornaments taken from the Friezes of the Parthenon at Athens. There are also the Metopes of the exterior frieze, representing the Centaurs and Lapithse, &c. Near the entrance door, a reclining figure, in large life, much mutilated, represents Theseiis or Hercules; and opposite is the Ilissus. The horse's head is tolerably perfect and very fine. The second room contains — Statues of a Faun, a Gladi- ator, Bacchus, a Roman Slave, a Grecian Venus, the Lao- coon, and Belvedere Apollo, Pugilists, Venus de' Medici (the gift of I. Weld, Esq.), and Antinous : with the following busts, Niobe's son, Ariadne, a River God, Antinous, a Vestal Virgin, Niobe, and Susanna. Jnner Hall. — Within the arcade in the great hall, and at either side of the door leading to the secretary's room, conversation and board rooms, are statues of Apollo de' Medici and Flora, on handsome pedestals. On the left is the door leading by the principal staircase, to the Library and Museum. Concealing a disused door- way, which opened into the state parlour, is a figure of Susanna in large life ; and on the landing at the foot of DUBLIN SOCIETY, 33 the stairs, is a painting on a large scale, a copy by Tresham (who was instructed in the Society's school), from Michael Angelo's Last Judgment; and on the right, as you ascend, is a model of the celebrated wooden bridge, at Schaffhausen in Switzerland, presented to the Society in 1771, by Lord Bristol. The original, which was de- stroyed by the French in their retreat from Switzerland, was 365 feet in length; and consisted of two arches, whose chords measured, the one 172, the other 193 feet, which appear to spring from a pier in the centre, the remains of a stone bridge. On the next landing is a figure of Mercury seated on a pedestal. The Library. — At the head of the stairs are the doors of the Library and Museum. The former is a noble apartment in the western wing, 67 feet by about 30 (inde- pendently of a semi-circular recess), and surrounded by a light gallery. Here is an excellent collection of about 12,000 books, particularly rich in Botanic works ; amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, " Gramina Austriaca," by Nicholas Thomas Host; the gift of the Duke of Bedford, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The MSS. are bound in 17 vols : most of them are copies of those of Bishop Sterne, made by Walter Harris, the historian ; from whose widow they were pur- chased for £500 : they contain copies of the Annals of Innisfallen and Multifernan, and several tracts on ancient Irish history. The only original documents known to exist in this collection, are those which formerly belonged to Archbishop King. Harris's catalogue of these MSS. is imperfect. — On pedestals, in the piers of the recess, stand two well-executed marble busts by Van Nost, of Dr. Prior and Dr. Madan, the founders of the Society. There is a series of volumes in the Library, of which the Society may not improperly be styled the Authors, viz. the County Surveys ; works undertaken at their instance, and published at their expense ; some of which are de- servedly esteemed. The Survey of Gal way has been added to the series in 1824. The Museum.— This interesting and instructive collec- tion occupies six rooms en suite* The First Room contains a miscellaneous assemblage of curiosities. In a glass case, near the. western window, is a 34 DUBLIN SOCIETY. mummy in a very perfect state of preservation. The interior of the coffin-lid is adorned with grotesque figures and hiero- glyphic characters, whose colouring is exceedingly vivid. Near this is a figure clad in the armour of one of the Tiger-guards of Tippoo Sultan. A curious Earthen Urn is shown, found by the Bishop of Derry near his seat, Faughan, on Lough Swilly ; it was full of bones and ashes, and beneath the stump of an oak tree, which was probably some centuries buried in the earth. In one of the flat cases may be seen, a curious ancient Irish regal sceptre, made of iron, inlaid with gold, which was found in a bog in the county of Clare. This relic was much admired by his majesty, when he visited the Museum, and he is said to have examined it minutely. In the case of Irish curiosities, an old Bassoon is preserved, found in the ruins of Dunluce Castle. In the same case is a small brass figure, the head, arms and legs of which were formally moveable ; and a large silver Brooch with Ogham inscriptions on the back (described by Gen. Valancey in his Collectanea, who asserts these characters to be the names of certain Irish Kings) with several ancient Irish weapons. Around the room, on little brackets, stand four brazen Lamas, taken from a Temple at Nepaul in Hindostan, by Lieutenant Boileau, whose life paid the forfeit of his temerity, being shortly after poisoned by the Indians to punish what they deemed sacrilege. — A verv beautiful specimen of the Igneus Ibis, i. e. the glossy Ibis. This is one of three shot by Colonel Patrickson, near Bally- mulney-house in the county of Longford. Here is also a Golden Oriale, killed in the town of Wicklow, by Coun- sellor Coates : this bird is chiefly an inhabitant of Spain. In the windows are some very beautiful specimens of stained glass, the gift and performance of Mr. M'Alister, who attained considerable eminence by his revival of this long lost art.* In the centre of the room stands an in- * " The windows (of Lismore Cathedral) are of stained glass, richly and exquisitely executed, the work of a native artist, George M'Alister of Dublin, who devoted his youth and talents to discover the lost art of painting on glass, and who died at an early age, after having made himself master of the secret."— Ryland's History of Waterford, p. 337. This young artist who died at the age of 26, in 1812, was the son of Mr, John M'Alister, head porter of DUBLIN SOCIETY. 35 teresting model of Stonehenge : and close by is another model of as strange an Irish curiosity, a circular building, called the stairs, discovered in the county of Kerry, not many years since. In 1787 General Valancey attempted an explanation of its former application ; and in 1811 Mr. Leslie Foster, and Mr. Roehfort commissioners for re- claiming the bogs in Ireland, procured careful sketches of the whole, from which this model was copied. The sup- position of its having been a Milesian Amphitheatre is not confirmed by any reasoning of a satisfactory nature. Some pearls found in various rivers through the kingdom are also exhibited here. The best have been found in the River Bann in Ulster, and may probably explain the deri- vation of this river's name, " Ban signifying white/* Second Room. — Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes. 1. Mammalia. 2. Aves. 3. Amphibia. 4. Pisces. 5. Insectae. 6. Vermes. — Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species. Over one of the cases lies extended the stuffed skin of the very Boa Constrictor, described by M'Leod in his " Voyage of the Alceste." A yellow-breasted Martin ; a large Otter, shot in Bray river, with a trout in his mouth ; and a Chamois in the warm clothing with which nature protects him from the rigours of the wintry season, in his Alpine country, presented by the Archduke John of Austria, are the most important objects in the second room. The Third Room contains the mineralogical portion of the collections [See page 30]. In this apartment are two very beautiful models of Chinese state pleasure-boats made of ivory, mother of pearl, &c, the one representing a bird, the other a beast. In the Fourth Room are developed the Natural History of Greenland and the habits of the natives, in a very accu- rate manner. On one side is a Greenlander's hut, supplied with all its accustomed furniture, at the entrance of which stand the dwarf inhabitants. Around, in splendid cases, the University. The principal of his works are in the windows of the Cathedral of Tuam; where are full-length figures of the four Evangelists; Moses holding up the serpent in the Wilderness ; the arms and crest of the Waterford family; one of the members of which, the Lord Decies, was Archbishop, at the period of the insertion of these windows : with various ornaments in the remaining windows.— See GenP$ t Mag* July, 18X2. 36 DUBLIN SOCIETY. are innumerable mineralogical specimens from the same terra inhospita ; and in one of the windows are the head and tasks of that extraordinary animal, the Walrus. Many other interesting curiosities and natural produc- tions are contained in this apartment, all of which were collected by the present professor of Mineralogy, Sir Charles Giesecke, during a residence of three years in Greenland and the Northern regions ; of whom there is, over the door opening to the corridor, an admirable portrait, by Sir H. Raeburn. The Fifth Room contains the remaining, or geological part of the original Leskean collection, fiesides the mi- neralogical specimens in this apartment, there are some very interesting antiques presented by the late George Latouche, Esq. Amongst these are ten large Etruscan Vases ; one case of smaller ones ; a case of various small urns, ornaments, and figures, all from the ruins of Pompeii. There are also 74 paintings on Vellum, the subjects of which are copied from the different designs upon the Vases. There are three bronze figures, a Bacchanalian, a very beautiful Venus, and a mutilated figure not unlike the usual statue of Caracalla. Here is also a collection of Siberian polished stones, presented to the Society by Lord Whitworth (when Lord Lieutenant, 2nd January, 1817), to whom they had been given by the Empress Ca- therine of Russia. The Sixth Room, is the Museum Hibernicum ; and con- tains mineralogical and geological specimens from the thirty-two counties of Ireland. Some Irish gold from the Cran Kinshela mine in the county of Wicklow, and a fac- simile of the largest piece ever found there. There are several parts of the Irish Moose Deer's antlers over the cases in this room, and one or two busts and figures. A small figure of the right Hon. John Foster (now Lord Oriel), and busts of Archduke John of Austria, and Sir Charles Giesecke ; the latter are not part of the Museum property. The Chemical Laboratory is finished in the most modern and improved manner, and the apparatus is of the most scientific description, such as the present learned pro- fessor is entitled to : here, an annual course of public lectures is delivered, and there is accommodation for 400 auditors* DUBLIN SOCIETY. 37 The Apartments appropriated to the use of members, are all en suite on the ground floor. They are the Board and Conversation rooms, Ante-room, and Secretary's office, or Sub-committee room. The Board-room is a noble apart-* ment, a little too low, but otherwise of fair proportion, 67 feet by about 36, with a rich ceiling, supported by columns at each end. In a spacious semi-circular recess stands a fine canopied President's chair, richly carved and gilded, a memento of Ireland's departed greatness, having formerly been that of the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons : and here, too, is a full-length portrait, by Sir W. Beechy, of a nobleman, who once so ably filled it, Lord Oriel, better known as the Right Hon. John Foster. Corresponding with this, is a portrait of Richard Kirwan, the face of which w r as painted by Hamilton. Over the chimney-pieces are two small frames contain-* ing banditti scenes (small life), in white marble, the one by Smyth, the other by Kirk. In the original grand entrance to this spacious room, and directly opposite to the President's chair, is a bust of his present Majesty, who visited this institution in August 1821. The Board-room communicates with the Conversation- room, an apartment of considerable, though much inferior, dimensions, where is a portrait of a once distinguished member, and very meritorious antiquarian, General Va- lancy. Here are likewise a series of 42 architectural drawings from classic remains of antiquity, by Mr. Tracey, made at the expense of Henry Hamilton, Esq., of Fitz william Square. In the Ante-room is a portrait in crayons, of Coun- sellor Wolfe ; and two marble busts, one of Lord Chester- field, the other of Mr. Maple, the first Secretary to the Society. In the Secretary's room is the collection of paint- ings presented by Thomas Pleasants, Esq. to the Society, together with a portrait of himself, by Solomon Williams. In the collection are the following : — The Visitation of the Shepherds ; the Dream ; Narcissus ; Joseph and Mary $ two landscapes by Barrett ; two large battle pieces ; two smaller battle pieces ; the Magdalene in a Wilderness ; St. Paul preaching; the Holy Family; Peg Woffington, by Sir Joshua Reynolds ; Head of Captain Ram, by Hogarth, &c. Also two plates of plaster of Paris Medals, Swift, 58 FARMING SOCIETY. (said to be a faithful likeness), Malohe, Sparks, Wood- ward, Ryder $ and a statue of Handel. The Drawing schools are at present held in the offices of Leinster House, but will, in the course of this year (1825), be transferred to a range of buildings erecting for their reception, under the superintendance of the society's architect, Mr. Baker. The entrance is beneath the northern colonnade adjoining the lawn : the entire build- ing measures 127 feet, disposed in the following manner : a vestibule 20 feet by 10, a stair-case, leading to a spacious and lofty gallery 90 feet by 30, in which the collection of statuary will be arranged (see page 32). In a niche at the end of this noble apartment, will be placed Behnes's statue of his Majesty. On the basement story is the school-room, 40 feet by 30, where the pupils are gratuitously instructed in architecture, landscape and figure-drawing, by eminent masters. There are two other apartments, one for making drawings, the other models from life. All the apartments are warmed by heated air ; the front is towards the lawn, and is neatly finished to imitate granite. Farming Society. — This society was instituted in 1800, and incorporated by royal charter 1815. Its objects are, the improvement of agriculture and live stock, and the growth of timber. Of this institution, so im- portant iii such a country as Ireland, the late Marquis of Sligo was the founder. It is directed by a presi- dent, a vice-president, and twenty-one directors ; — five of whom are changed every year : candidates are elected by ballot. Besides this establishment at Sum- mer Hill, Dublin, there is a depot at Balinasloe, in Connaught, where they hold annual meetings, during the time of the fair, from the fifth to the ninth of October. The house at Summer Hill, though not distinguished by architectural ornament, is convenient for its purposes : it contains the apartments of the inferior officers, with a Board-room and Library. — There is a small garden at the rear for the preservation of specimens of grass ; an enclo- sure surrounded by sheds, in which the spring show of fat cattle is held ; and an auction-house, for the sale of fine wool. There is, besides, a factory for making all kinds of implements connected with husbandry, accord- ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, 39 ing* to the latest improvements. To encourage the breed of cattle, the society have an annual spring show, of black cattle, sheep, and swine; on which occasion premiums are distributed; and, by an adjudication of rewards for broad cloth manufactured in Ireland, from Irish wool, cloth of an excellent description has already been produced. The society is supported by occasional grants from Par- liament, donations, and the subscriptions paid by members on their admission. The principal officers are a Secretary and Registrar. Royal Irish Academy. — As early as 1683, the cele- brated Mr. Molyneaux endeavoured to establish a society, similar to the Royal Society of London; yet, though fostered by the protection of Sir W. Petty, its president, it was but of five years continuance. In 1744, the Physico- Historical Society was instituted, whose chief object was, to inquire into the antiquities of Ireland ; and, under their auspices, some statistical surveys were made. At length, after fruitless efforts, in 1782, a number of gentle- men, chiefly members of the university, associated to- gether, for the purpose of promoting general and useful knowledge ; and, in 1 786, a patent was granted for the incorporation of the Royal Irish Academy, to promote the study of polite literature, science, and antiquities, It consists of a patron (his Majesty), a visitor (the Lord-lieu- tenant), a president, four vice-presidents, a treasurer, two secretaries, and a council of twenty-one, which is sub- divided into three committees — the first, of science ; the second, of polite literature ; the third, of antiquities. The committee of science meet the first Monday, the committee of polite literature, the second, and the com- mittee of antiquities, the third, and the Academy at large on the fourth Monday of every month, at eight o'clock in the evening. The academy is on the west side of Grafton-street, opposite the Provost's house. In addi- tion to a large apartment for meetings of the society, ornamented by portraits of Lord Charlemont and Mr. Kir- wan, the mineralogist, it is furnished with a tolerable library, in which are to be found three Irish MSS. of very ancient date — the Book of Lecan, the Book of Balimote, and a MS. called the Speckled Book of M'Egan. The members can consult the books at pleasure, The 40 DUBLIN INSTITUTION. society occasionally bestow premiums for the best essays on given subjects, and persons not members are at liberty to become competitors. These compositions form their Trans- actions, which now amount to twelve or fourteen quarto volumes of exceedingly interesting matter. Members are elected by ballot, and an entrance fee of five guineas is required, with a subscription of two guineas per annum. There are 180 members. Parliament grants to this Insti- tution 700/. per annum. Kirwanian Society. — This society, formed in 1812, borrows its name from that great chemist and mineralogist Kirwan ; its objects are, the advancement of chemistry, mineralogy, and all other branches of natural history. The subscription is one guinea per annum. Iberno-Celtic Society. — This association met De- cember 11th, 1808, in a regular manner, for the preserva- tion of the venerable remains of Irish literature, by col- lecting and publishing the numerous fragments of laws, history, topography, poetry, and music of ancient Ireland; for the elucidation of the language, antiquities, and cus- toms of the Irish people, and the encouragement of works tending to the advancement of Irish literature. To promote the objects for which this society has been formed, attempts have been made, many years 'since, and by individuals of wealth and talent. Edmund Burke caused the Seabright MSS. to be deposited in the library of Trinity college, for that purpose : General Valancy, (author of the Irish Grammar, and of the Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis) and the learned Dr. Young (Bishop of Clonfert) are to be found amongst the assistants to this desirable object. In 1808, the Society published a volume of Transactions. The terms of admission as a member are 24o\ per annum, or 2s. 2d. per month. The Lord Lieute- nant is patron, and the Duke of Leinster president. Dublin Institution. — This institution was opened 1811, in a spacious house in Sackville-street ; J 5,000/. having been raised upon 300 transferable debentures, at 50/. each. With this sum a library was established, a lending library added, a lecture-room fitted up in a handsome style, with a philosophical apparatus, and a lecturer in Natural History appointed. The first, and part of the second floor, is occupied by the library - 7 the MARSH'S LIBRARY. 41 parlours are used as news-rooms. The number of mem- bers is about 600, part proprietors and part subscribers ; and the subscription is three guineas per annum. The lectures in Natural Philosophy have been discontinued, and the lecture-room latterly let to a Methodist congregation. Proprietors, paying one guinea per annum, have the privi- lege of introducing a visiter, not generally residing in Dublin, for one month. Dublin Library Society. — The origin of this now numerous society can be traced to the meeting of a few persons at a bookseller's, No. 80 Dame-street, to read newspapers and new publications. Growing too numerous, they removed, in 1791, to a house in Eustace-street, and assumed the name and form of a regular society. The gradual increase of members requiring a still larger house, on the 5th January, 1809, they removed to No. 2 Burgh-quay, near Carlisle-bridge, one of the most central situations in the city; and on 18th Sept. 1820, to a neat and elegant edifice, with a stone front, erected purposely for their use, in D'Olier-street, but a few yards from their former situation. This very pretty and convenient struc- ture wss built by Messrs. Henry, Mullins, and M'Mahon, after a design by G. Papworth, Esq.; the original contract was for 4,800/. ; but alterations, &c. increase!! the total ex- pense to 5,594/. lis. 2\d. The library, which is very ex- tensive, cost upwards of 8,000/. j and is admirably chosen. It is open every day from ten till five, and from seven till ten. There is also a reading-room, with English, Scotch, Irish, French, and American newspapers. The business of the society is conducted by a president, four vice-pre- sidents, and a committee of twenty-one, chosen annually from amongst the members, by bailot, besides a treasurer, librarian, and assistant. Terms, for the first year, two guineas, afterwards one. Every member is admitted to the advantage of the lending or circulating library, on paying one guinea per annum additional. The number of subscribers is about 1,500. Marsh's Library. — In 1694, Dr. Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin, established a public library in the vicinity of St. Patrick's Cathedral, for which purpose he purchased Dr. Stillingfleet's collection of books. The library-room coasists of two galleries, meeting at a right e 3 42 CATHEDRAL OP ST. PATRICK. angle; and in this angle is the librarian's room, who, consequently, has a view of the entire library at once. The Stillingileet collection is in one of the galleries ; and donations, and modern productions, in the other. To gain admission, a certificate, or introduction is necessary. —The library is open every day from 11 to 3, Sundays and holidays excepted : it is under the government of trustees, appointed by act of parliament, who make annual visits. The situation of this library is so very incon- venient and remote from the respectable part of the city, and the books it contains so obsolete, that the public do not derive much advantage from it. Amongst the MSS.are twelve volumes illustrative of the History of Ireland, the Repertorium Viride, the Liber Niger of Arch- bishop Alan,, &c. CATHEDRALS. CATHEDRAL OF ST, PATRICK. The Cathedral dedicated to this celebrated Apostle of Ireland, was built by John Coinyn, Archbishop of Dublin, in 1190; for which purpose, he received many munificent grants. It is supposed, that on the same site there stood a chapel built by the saint himself in the year 448. — The founder of this church created thirteen Prebendaries, which number was increased to fifteen by Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, about the year 1220, who also appointed a Dean, Chanter, and Chan- cellor, and modelled its government on that of the English cathedrals. About one hundred years after the death of Henry de Loundres, through the* shameful negligence of the cathe- dral servants, this noble edifice was completely burned down. — But, in less than two years after, it was rebuilt, and the steeple and spire added, of which Archbishop Minot laid the foundation stone, 13/0. In the reign of Philip and Mary, 1555, the rights and privileges of this cathedral were established, The chapter was ; CATHEDRAL OP ST. PATRICK. 43 appointed to consist of the dean, two archdeacons, a chancellor, treasurer, twenty-two canonical prebendaries, six inferior canons, sixteen vicars-choral, and six choristers. This building* consists of a nave, transept, and choir : the former, which is 130 feet in length, has two side- aisles, much decayed, and wanting considerably of their original elegance, but kept remarkably neat. They com- municate with the centre of the nave by large pointed arches of a particularly beautiful style, supported by plain octagonal pillars. The nave is lighted by a very large window in the western end, over the grand entrance. — On one side of the centre stands a handsome monument to the memory of Doctor Thomas Smyth, Archbishop of Dublin, who died in 1771 ; and immediately opposite, that of Dr. Narcissus Marsh, a man remarkable for piety, learning, and liberality. — He filled the situations of dean, provost, bishop, archbishop, and, finally, primate of all Ireland. — Before his death (which happened Nov. 2nd, 1713, at the age of 75), he bestowed on the public a mag- nificent collection of books [see page 41.] This monu- ment was originally erected against the side Avail of the library ; but, suffering much from the effects of the weather, it was removed hither. It consists of a canopy, ornamented with drapery, of white marble, and two handsome Corin- thian columns, between which is a Latin inscription. Archbishop Smyth's monument consists of two columns of the Ionic order, supporting an entablature and semi- circular pediment, on which rests a mitre ; the centre of the pediment is occupied by the bishop's arms ; under- neath stands a large urn of white marble inserted in a niche, and below the urn, a bas-relief head. This magni- ficent monument, which cost upwards of 1,500^., was de- signed by Van Nost, and executed by his pupil, John Smyth. On the north side of the nave, attached to one of the pillars, is a handsome monument of white marble, to the memory of the Earl of Cavan, who died Nov. 2nd, 177&, aged 56. A sarcophagus supports a figure of Minerva, surrounded by military emblems. Behind, an urn is seen, resting on a column, against which is suspended a medal- lion of the deceased Earl. On the south side of the nave, and near St. Patrick's 44 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK, gate, a handsome monument of white marble is affixed to one of the columns, dedicated to the memory of John Ball, Esq. Serjeant at Law ; who died the 24th of August, 1810, in the 60th year of his age. On the same column, and only a few feet lower, is a white marble slab, to the memory of Mrs. Hester John- son, on which is inscribed, Underneath lie the mortal remains of Mrs. HESTER JOHNSON, better known to the world by the name of STELLA, under which she is celebrated in the writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift, Dean of this cathedral. She was a person of extraordinary endowments of body, mind, and behaviour. Justly admired and respected by all who knew her, on account of her many eminent virtues, as well as for her great natural and acquired perfections. She died January 27th, 1727-8, in the 46th year of her age, and by her will bequeathed one thousand pounds towards the support of a chaplain to the Hospital founded in this city by Dr, Stevens. At the western gate, is the monument of Michael Tre- gury, Archbishop of Dublin, who died in the year 1471, and" left a pair of organs to St. Mary's Chapel. On the tomb stone, which is a slab of granite, seven feet long and four broad, set upright in the wall, the Archbishop is represented with his pontifical habit and crosier. Swift's Monument. — On the column next that to which the monument of Mrs. Hester Johnson is fixed, is that of Dean Swift, with an inscription, expressive of that hatred of oppression, and love of liberty, which his other writings breathe, for it was written by himself, Hie depositum est corpus JONATHAN SWIFT, s. t. d. Hujus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Decani, TJbi saeva indignatio Ulterius cor lacerare nequit. Abi Viator Et imitare, si poteris, Strenuum, pro virili, Libertatis vindicatorem. Obiit 19? die mensis Octobris, a.d. 1743. Anno jEtatis 78. Immediately over this monumental tablet, is a well- executed bust of Swift, by Cunningham, placed there in 1776, by J. Faulkner, the original printer of his works, who at first intended to place this admirable specimen of statuary in the front of his house, in Essex-street. To the left of the entrance, called St. Paul's Gate, CATHEDRAL OP ST. PATRICK. 45 affixed to the pillar next the door-way, is a small marble slab, to the memory of Alexander M* Gee, servant to the celebrated Dean. At tne north-west end of the south aisle, is the vault where the remains of the Rev. J. W. Keating, late Dean of St. Patrick's, who died May 6th, 1817, aged 47, are entombed. In the north aisle, and near the steeple, is the monu- ment of Richard Meredith, D.D. Bishop of Leighlin and Ferns, and once Dean of this cathedral, who died Aug. 3rd, 1597. The tomb dedicated to his fame was destroyed in the revolution of 1688, when the church was converted into a barrack for the military, by order of James If. ; but a second tomb has since been erected, a little to the east of its former situation. Not far from this is a monument to the memory of Doctor Martin, Prebendary of St. Patrick's, and rector of Killeshandra. The monument of the Earl of Rosse consists of a pedes- tal supporting a bust of white marble. There are some other monuments, for which those who desire information are referred to Mason's History. — At the north-west angle of the aisle, is the door-way leading to the steeple, which was erected in 13/0, at the instance, and owing to the zeal, of Archbishop Minot, who, on that account, adopted as a device upon his seal, a Bishop hold- ing a steeple in his hand. — In 1749, Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Clogher, bequeathed 1,000/. towards the erection of a spire, which was executed, from the design of George Semple, Esq. — The tower is 120 feet in height, and the spire 103, making, in all, from the ground to the ball of the spire, 223 feet. This spire, it will be supposed, is ex- tremely conspicuous from every approach to Dublin, but, owing' to the lowness of its situation, it is not visible in some of the out-lets of the city. — Within the tower, is suspended a ring of eight remarkably sweet-toned bells ; on the first of which is the following appropriate motto :- " Duret illcesa adpreces excitans, nsque ad sonitum supreme, 1724." — Returning to the end of the nave, the entrance of the choir is reached, beneath a gothic arch-way of modern construction, over which, forming the division between the nave and choir, is the organ. This organ, universally acknowledged the finest-toned in Ireland, was 46 CATHEDRAL OF ST PATRICK. generally thought to have been the workmanship of Smitli, of Rotterdam, and was intended to be erected in the church of Vigo, in Spain -, but at the moment of its arrival the Duke of Ormond made an attack on that town, at tlie head of the Allied Fleet, and carried it off with other valuables. The Choir. — The choir, which is ninety feet in length, in- cluding that portion of the nave where the four principal arches intersect, is the finest specimen of pointed architecture in the kingdom, richly decorated with niches and recesses, called commonly the Friars' walks. — The ceiling, which is composed of groined arches, was built of stone, but not long since was obliged to be removed, and its place supplied by one of stucco, exactly similar to the former, so that the choir presents the venerable appearance of an ancient cathedral, in its full splendor. — The choir was formerly roofed with stone nags, of an azure colour, and inlaid with stars of gold ; but the weight of the roof being too great for the support beneath, it was removed, and" discovered traces of 100 windows. — The exterior walls were supported by flying buttresses, with demi-arches -, and there were niches in the walls, where statues of the saints were placed, but no traces of the niches or statues are to be found at this day. — Within the choir are the Archbishop's throne, and Prebendal stalls, which are occupied by the knights of the most illustrious order of St. Patrick "on Installation days. Over each stall are suspended the helmet and sword of the knight, and above the gallery, all round, are the banners of those who now enjoy the honour of knight- hood. — The throne, stalls, and first gallery, in which are the Dean's and Archbishop's closets, are very appropriately ornamented with carved oak, and scarcely* interfere with the architectural beauty of the interior. A second gallery was erected previously to the installation in 1819, which greatly disfigures the appearance of the choir, and gives it rather the air of a theatre, than of a cathedral for divine worship. — Notwithstanding this, the whole appearance of the choir, from its immense height, the dim light, the in- signia of the order of St. Patrick, and the different monu- ments, is venerable, magnificent, and imposing. In the east end is the altar, at each side of which are tablets sunk in recesses, with the ten commandments in gilt letters, and the altar-piece* represents a curtain behind a large * The altar-piece is from a juvenile detfgn pf Sii John Sterenwn, Mui • J>oe> CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 47 gothic arch, half-drawn, and just admitting a glory to the view ; it is considered well executed, and has an admirable effect, being completely in character. Monuments in the Choir. — Near the altar, on the south wall of the choir, stands the celebrated monument of Richard, Earl of Cork, erected in the reign of Charles I. ; not more remarkable for its magnificence, and the enormous sum it cost, than for the political and ecclesias- tical quarrels it was the occasion of. It having been first placed where the communion table now stands, Archbishop Laud complained to Lord Strafford, the Lord Lieutenant, which gave great offence to the descendants of the Earl of Cork, "and to Lord Treasurer Weston, whose ancestor, Chancellor Weston, was interred here. The upper part of the monument contains a figure of Weston, Dean of this cathedral, beneath an arch, in a cumbent posture, Beneath are two compartments, the one occupied by a figure of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, Secretary and Privy-councillor to Queen Elizabeth and James I. ; and the other by his lady, Alice, daughter of Dean Weston ; both in a kneeling attitude. In the next lower chamber, are placed two figures, the one of the Earl and the other of the Countess, of Cork, in a recumbent posture ; at their heads two of their sons are kneeling, in the attitude of prayer, and two in the same position, at their feet. In the lowest chamber are the Earl's six daughters, with the figure of a child, supposed to be the celebrated Sir Robert Bovle, all in the attitude of praying. Over the door leading from the Choir to the Chapter- house, is a monument, a figure in a leaning posture, of the Viscountess Doneraiile, who died Dec. 3rd, 1761, and was interred in the vault of the Boyle family. Opposite to the Earl of Cork's monument, and at a considerable height, there is a black slab inserted in the wall, consecrated to the memory of the illustrious prince, Duke Schomberg, who was slain at the battle of the Boyne, in 1690.* There is here also a monument to Sir Edward Fiton, Lord President of Connaught, in old English characters, * In a press in the Chapter-house, a skull, said to be that of Duke Schom- berg, is still preserved ; in the forehead of which is a circular aperture, made by the bullet which caused his death. 48 CATHEDRAL OV ST. PATRICK, on a brass plate, with the arms engraved on pewter, and inlaid on the plate. Archbishop Jones's monument, although built in the style and manner of Lord Cork's, is deficient in magnifi- cence : it consists only of two chambers or stories, in one of which is the effigy of the Archbishop, and in the other Lord Viscount Ranelagh, with a number of figures kneel- ing, their hands raised in a suppliant manner. Under the gallery there is a brass plate inserted in the Avail, with an inscription, in obsolete English, to the memory of Sir Henry Wallop, of Southampton, aucestor of Lord Portsmouth, who was buried in this cathedral, in 1599. — Beneath the steps of the altar the Domvilles have been interred, and not far from their burial ground, is the grave of Archbishop Talbot. In the choir of this cathe- dral also are deposited the remains of Brigadier Fitzpatrick, who, with eighty fellow passengers, was drowned near the Hill of Howth in the Bay of Dublin, in 1696, in attempt- ing to cross the channel from Holy-head to Dublin, in the William packet. — In the aisle, to the south of the choir, is a monument to the memory of Mrs. Taylor, and some of her children. — And another, to the memory of Baron William Worth, and his posterity ; who was in- terred in the choir, 1682. — Over two small pointed arches in the choir, have lately been discovered the arms of King John, a crescent and star. These niches are supposed to have been the chairs of state. The Chapter House. — The old Chapter House, or, as it was anciently called, St. Paul's Chapel, occupies part of the southern transept, and was an elegant spe- cimen of the interior beauty of this cathedral, until it was disfigured by a modern arch, introduced for the sup- port of the walls which were in a tottering state ; this is said to have been the prison of the Inquisition. Here the Dean had a throne, and the prebendaries stalls, and the banners of the deceased knights of the illustrious order of St. Patrick were removed here from the choir, and added considerably to its picturesque appearance : it was orna- mented also by a statue of the Marquis of Buckingham, dressed in the robes of the order, which was instituted during his government.* * This statue is removed to the Royal Chapter House, f ormerly St, Mary'ir Chapel. CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 49 St. Mary's Chapel, or Royal Chapter-house, at the eastendof the choir, was, until lately, given up to the French Protestants, but has since been appropriated to its pre- sent use. It is a spacious apartment lighted by narrow lancet windows, but has undergone so many alterations, that its original character is entirely effaced. There were other chapels, but they are now buried in ruins. The north entrance, or St. Nicholas Gate, was used as the parish church of St. Nicholas Without, until about 1780, when it was taken down. In 1820, Dean Ponsonby ob- tained a grant from the Board of First-Fruits for its resti- tution, which is now nearly accomplished in a chaste and appropriate style. Upon the installation of the knights held here by his present majesty, August 28th 1821, the furniture of the old Chapter-house was removed to this chapel, which was fitted up with much splendour for the reception of its august visitor, and the chapter of the order. The old Chapter-house remained unused, and while the cathedral was closed in the summer of 1824, Dean Pon- sonby directed the old screen to be removed, and the floor to be lowered to the level of the great aisle -, when in re- moving the rubbish it was discovered, that the original floor was nearly 18 inches lower, and upon a farther excavation, the altar steps of St. Paul's chapel were found, composed of inlaid tiles, and in a very perfect state. By the lowest steps of the altar were found three stone coffins containing the bones of some prelates. In the south aisle near to the door of the Royal Chapter House, is a statue of the Right Hon. George Ogle, erected by subscription. It is the workmanship of Smyth of Dublin. The site of this cathedral has been already spoken of as being injudicious, and not merely from its being so low, but from a small stream running by it, and under Patrick-street, that overflows after rain, and at one time inundated the cathedral; to obviate which incon- venience, the cathedral floor was raised,* and conse- quently part of the pillars, supporting the pointed arches, buried ; after which the street was raised, so that the cathedral floor is again lower than the external surface, * In excavating the floor of St. Paul's Chapel, to reduce it to theleye* of the floor of the great aisles, the bases of the pillars haye been exposed. F 50 CATHEDRAL Of ST. PATRICK. which very much contributes to render it damp. Until a few years back, the side aisle to the east of St. Nicholas Gate, was completely filled with rubbish, and impassable ; this was cleared away, and rendered one of the most elegant walks in the cathedral, and a quantity of scaffolding* which supported the roof of the nave, and totally obstructed the view, were also removed. These improvements were made by Dean Keating, in 1814 and 1816. When the North Transept or St. Nicholas's Gate, now rebuilding , shall be completed, this venerable edifice will be restored to the condition it was in when Sir James Ware asserted it to be preferable to all the cathedrals in Ireland for beauty and magnificence of structure, and for extent. The Deanery-house — at a short distance from the cathedral, in the narrowest and filthiest part of Kevin- street, is a small, low, handsome building, with a small court yard in front. Here are portraits of all the deans of this cathedral; and from the portrait of Swift, by Bindon, which may be seen here, all the others of him have been copied. Dean Ponsonby is now opening Kevin- street from the Old Palace to the Deanery Gate, and he intends to clear away the old house between the court-yard and Patrick-street. Archiepiscopal Palace. — There were two palaces attached to the see of Dublin, one at a distance of four miles from town, and near the village of Tallagh, which is still in the possession of his Grace, but long since disused. The second is in Kevin-street, close "to the Deanery-house. The Dublin palace was an exceedingly beautiful building, and but for its miserable site, would probably have yet continued to be the Archiepiscopal resi- dence : it consisted of a centre and wing's extending about 150 feet, with a spacious court-yard in from. This venerable edifice has been converted into a barrack for Horse-police. For many years serious contention's existed between the Archbishops of Dublin and Armagh, on the question of primatial rights ; which were ultimately decided in favour of the latter. 51 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST CHURCH. In the year 1214, the see of Dublin was united to that of Glendaloch, a village in the county of Wicklow, twenty-seven miles from Dublin, which union still exists. To this see many valuable endowments were given by Innocent III., and by King John. The archbishop of Dublin was formerly a member of the privy-council of England : he had the rights and privileges of a prince palatine within the liberties of the Cross, and a gallows for the execution of criminals, within a mile of his palace, at a place called Harold's Cross, on the south side of the city. Archbishop King erected a handsome build- ing in Kevin' s-street, where the seneschal held his court, but the consistory-court was held in St. Patrick's cathe- dral. — A very remarkable circumstance relative to the diocese of Dublin is, that it contains two cathedrals, St. Patrick's, and Christ-church or the Blessed Trinity. The cathedral of Christ-church was built in 1038, by Sitricus, the son of Amlave, King of the Ostmen of Dublin, and Donat or Dunan, the first Ostman bishop, who was buried in the choir, at the right-hand side of the commu- nion table, 10/4. This cathedral stands on a range of arches, erected by the Danes as stores for merchandize -, and in these vaults, St. Patrick first appealed to the inha- bitants of Dublin in behalf of the Christian religion. It was at first called the cathedral of the Holy Trinity, and was erected for secular canons ; but, in 1163, these canons were changed into Arrasians (so called from the diocese of Arras in Flanders). — The chapel of St. Michael's, formerly J attached to the cathedral, was built by Donat, who also built the chapel of St. Nicholas, on the north side of the cathedral, together with the transept and nave. The choir, the steeple, and two chapels, the one dedicated to St. Edmund, King and Martyr, and to St. Mary the White, and the other to St. Laud, were all built at the joint labour and expense of Archbishop Law- rence O'Toole (son of Maurice p'Tooie, prince of Imaly), Richard Strongbow, Earl of Strigul, Robert Fitzstephens, and Raymond 1 le Gross. In the archives mention is made i 52 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST CHURCH. of a chapel in the south aisle adjoining the choir, formerly dedicated to the Holy Ghost ; hut after the canonization of Archbishop Lawrence, it was generally called St. Lawrence OToole's chapel. Anciently the prior and convent of Christ-church had a cell of the canons in the diocese of Armagh, endowed with the churches of St. Mary of Drumsalan, and of Philip ston-Nugent. But Albert, Archbishop of Armagh, in consequence of the great distance from Christ-church, with the consent of the patron, suppressed the cell, The three immediate successors of Lawrence, were John Comyn, Henry Loundres, and Luke, who were also amongst the principal benefactors of this cathedral. The choir was built at the sole expense of John de St. Paul, Archbishop of Dublin, in 1658. On the 11th January, 1283, John Derlington being then Archbishop of Dublin, a party of Scotchmen set fire to one side of Skinner-row, which communicating to the cathedral, destroyed the steeple, chapter-house, dor- mitory, and cloisters* In the year 1300 an agreement was made between the chapters of* both cathedrals, Patrick's and Christ-church, that each church should be called Cathedral and Metropolitan, but that Christ-church should have precedence, as being the elder church, and that the archbishops should be "buried alternately in the two cathedrals. On the 25th March, 1395, four Irish kings, after having performed their vigils and heard mass, re- ceived knighthood from Richard II., in the church of this priory, and were afterwards entertained by him at his own table : and in 1450, a parliament was held in the church by Henry VI. — In 1487 Lambert Siinnell, the imposter, was crowned in this cathedral by the title of Edward VI. The crown used on this occasion was borrowed from a statue of the Virgin, which stood in the church of St. Mary les Dames, and shortly after he received the homage of the citizens in the castle. In 1508 Robert Castele, alias Paynes wick, a canon re- gular of the priory of Lanthony, was installed on the 4th of July, and the same year* the staff of St. Patrick, which was brought hither from Armagh, as a relic of great estimation, was publicly burned. At this time the prior sat in the House of Peers, as a spiritual lord, but letters CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST CHURCH* 53 patent, dated 10th May, 1541, changed the priory into a deanery and chapter, continued their former estates and immunities, and appointed the prior Payneswick the first dean. This new foundation consisted of a dean, chanter, chancellor, treasurer, and six vicars choral. — Archbishop Brown erected three prebends in this cathedral, in 1544, St. Michael's, St. Michan's, and St. John's ; and from this period, the cathedral has been called the cathedral of Christ-church, instead of that of the Blessed Trinity. Edward VI. added six priests and two choristers, or sing- ing boys, with an annual pension of 45/. payable out of his Majesty's exchequer. — Mary confirmed that grant, and added another gift out of her bounty, and James I. farther increased the revenues of the cathedral 5 so that in his reign, besides the officers already named, there were three prebendaries and four choristers. — He also ordained that the Archdeacon of Dublin should have a stall in this cathedral, and a voice and seat in the chapter in all capi- tular acts relating to it. In 1559, a parliament was held in a room in this cathe- dral, called the Commons'-house. On April 3rd, 1562, the roof of the church fell in, by which the monument of Earl Strongbow was much injured ; but it was replaced shortly after, together with that of Earl Desmond, which was brought here from Drogheda. In this cathedral were preserved the following religious relics : A crucifix, which had spoken twice $ the staff of our Lord; St. Patrick's high altar of marble, on which a leper was miraculously conveyed from Great Britain to Ireland ; a thorn of our Saviour's crown j part of the Virgin Mary's girdle; some of the bones of St. Peter and St. Andrew ; the shrine of St. Cubius, &c. We have already mentioned who first held the Deanery of Christ-church, to whom, up to the present time, about twenty deans have succeeded —In 1677, William Moreton, the tenth dean, was installed ; but James II. ap- pointed Alexius Stafford, a secular priest of the county of Wexford, dean, who, officiating as chaplain to the royal army, was slain at the battle of Aughrim, 1691 ; after which, Moreton resumed his duties, having previously been created Bishop of Kildare.-^The eleventh dean was Welhore Ellis, who was installed 12th of November, 1705, f3 54 CATHEDRAL OP CHRIST CHURCH. and was also made bishop of Kildare, from which time the Deanery has been held in commendam with that bishopric.-— This cathedral was originally in the middle of the city ; and although Dublin has increased con- siderably in extent, it has preserved its relative position, being still about the centre. It is in the form of a cross, but so disfigured by buttresses built up against the side walls in various places, and indeed in such a ruinous con- dition altogether, that there are scarcely any remains of its former stateliness 5 nor does it any longer excite admira- tion as a specimen of architecture. — The grand entrance is in the western end of the nave, beneath a large window, in Christ-church-lane. A few years since, a door was opened in the southern wing of the transept, leading to Christ-church-yard, which is most conveniently situated for persons coming from the north end of the city ; and there is also a door-way in John's-lane, but these are now seldom used. The Nave. — The present appearance of the nave is neither venerable nor imposing. The south side is com- paratively of modern date ; for the roof and side wall having fallen in, in 1562, the latter was replaced by a plain plastered wall ; to commemorate which restoration of the cathedral, there is a stone inserted in the wall, nearly above Strongbow's monument, bearing the following in- scription : THE : RIGHT : HONORABL : T : ERL : OF: SVSSEX: LEVTNT: THIS: WAL: FEL: DOWN: IN: AN: 1562. THE: BILDING : OF : THIS : WAL : WAS : IN : AN : 1562. The length of the Nave is 103 feet, its breadth 25. The northern wall preserves still some traces of antiquity ; having pointed arches of a peculiarly beautiful style ; the pillars between which were composed of a number of small columns, with intervening mouldings, on which rested capitals of heads and foliage combined. High up, in the same wall, are still to be seen galleries, or, as they are more commonly called, Friars' walks. The side aisle, on the north of the nave, is also part of the ancient cathe- dral, but is rather in a dilapidated state, and if it had not been supported on the outside by a strong buttress^ would CATHEDRAL OP CHRIST CHURCH. 55 long since have fallen. In this aisle are two statues of Charles II., and James II., which formerly ornamented the front of the Tholsel, in Skinner-row, since taken down. In the corner, near these statues, is the coffin and tomb of Archbishop O'Toole ; and at the south side of the nave, beneath one of the old pointed arches, is the door leading to the Chapter-house. Sir Samuel Auchmuty's Monument. — Close to the principal entrance is a truly classical monument by Mr. Kirk, to the late Right Hon. Sir Samuel Auchmuty, G. C. B. Commander of his Majesty's Forces in Ireland, who died August 11th 1822, aged 64. It is principally of white marble of the purest kind. The monument consists of an excavated pedestal, surmounted in the back ground by a pyramid of white marble, relieved by a dove-coloured border. The bust of Sir Samuel is deposited in the square recess of the pedestal ; and the light being extremely good, this bust, which is in the broad style of modern sculpture, is seen to particular advantage, and is admirably relieved by effective light and shade. Over the bust, and in front of the pyramid, stands a figure of Victory, four feet high, in Alto Relievo, having at the back a * Grecian Tablet, adorned with the lotus at the edges of the frame. It is impossible to view this noble figure without ad- miration : the position is expressive of grief, the coun- tenance indicating that passion most forcibly and pathe- tically} and the left hand convulsively presses to the heart a scroll, bearing the name of the illustrious warrior, while the right lets fall, from its relaxed nerves, the torch of life. Prior's Monument. — Near the door leading to the Chapter-house, is a beautiful and interesting monument, to the memory of Thomas Prior, Esq. distinguished for his benevolence, and for his friendship with Bishop Berkeley. Mr. Prior was so zealous in his efforts to serve his native land, that he wrote upon almost every article of produce and manufacture in Ireland ; and he obtained a charter for the foundation of the Dublin Society, which has proved so beneficial to this country. He died, Oct. 2 1 st, 1J51, aged 71 ; and was interred in the church of Rathdowney in the Queen's County, about sixty miles from Dublin j wl^ere a neat marble monument, bearing 56 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST CHURCH. the family arms and surmounted by an urn, was erected to his memory. The beautiful monument in this Cathedral, was erected at the expense of a number of admiring friends and pa- triotic characters. On the top is his bust, beneath which stand two boys, the one weeping*, the other pointing to a bas-relief, representing Minerva conducting the Arts to- wards Hibernia. Strongbow' s Monument. — Against the same wall, and near Prior's monument, are two figures of hewn stone, the one representing a man in armour, the other a female figure lying by his side : they rest on a block of stone, about two feet high. — These are said to be dedicated to the memories of Strongbow and his consort Eva. Over the monument, upon a slab sunk in the wall, is the following inscription : — THIS : AVNCYENT : MONVMENT : OF : RYCHARD : STRANGBOWE CALLED : COMES : STRANGVLENSIS : LORD : OF : CHEPSTO AND : OGNY : THE : FYRST : AND : PRINCYPALL : INVADER OF : IRLAND : 1169 : QVI : OBIIT : 1177 : THE : MONVMENT WAS : BROKEN : BY : THE : FALL : OF : THE : ROFF : AND BODYE : OF : CHRYSTES : CHVRCHE : IN : AN : 1562 : AND SET : VP : AGAYN : AT : THE : CHARGYS : OF : THE : RIGHT HONORABLE : SR : HENIRI : SYDNEY : KNYGHT : OF : THE NOBLE : ORDER : L : PRESIDENT : WAILES : L : DEPVTY OF : IRLAND : 1570. Archdall says, that Strongbow, having granted certain lands to the Abbey of the Virgin Mary in Dublin, directed that his remains should be interred in that place, because his brother Thomas had there taken the habit of the order, — Leland, in his Itinerary, states, that there is an inscription to the memory of Strongbow, Earl of Pem- broke, in the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral \ but Giraldus de Barri, who accompanied Prince John to Ireland, in 1 185, only eight years after the Earl's death, expressly mentions that he was interred in this cathedral. Monument of Lord Bowes. — John Lord Bowes, Chancellor of Ireland, was a man of considerable ability. He was a native of England, but pursued the profession of the law in this kingdom with great integrity and impar- tiality. Having passed through the several offices of Solicitor, Attorney General, and Lord Chief Baron, he CATHEDRAL OP CHRIST-CHURCH. 57 was, at the decease of Lord Jocelyn, raised to the peerage, and custody of the Great Seal ; but never having married, the title is extinct. He presided in the House of Lords, in Ireland, with great dignity ; and his eloquence was considered in the highest degree manly and persuasive. He died July 22nd, 1767, in his 76th year. His monu- ment, near that of Strongbow, is composed of statuary and variegated marble : a statue of Justice, as large as life, with her scales broken, and in an attitude of sorrow, is looking at a medallion, on which is a bas-relief head of his lordship. — Van Nost, the sculptor, received 500/. for this piece of sculpture, and added much to his former reputation by the execution of the countenance, which is an excellent likeness. Lord Lifford's Monument. — Lord LifFord, High Chancellor of Ireland, expired in the month of April, 1789, at the age of 73, shortly after the violent debate in the Lords upon the regency question.— Previously to his promotion to the Great Seal of Ireland, he had been one of the judges of the King's Bench in England, and was indebted to his sincerely attached friend, Lord Camden, for his promotion. He was generally considered an excellent lawyer, and an impartial judge, and his pa- tience and good temper on the bench were exemplary. — A plain marble tablet is laid on a slab of variegated marble, of pyramidal shape, on the summit of which are placed the arms of the family, with this suitable motto, " Be just, and fear not." Bishop of Meath's Monument. — Between the monu- ments of Lord Bowes and Lord Lifford, is a handsome piece of sculpture, to the memory of Dr. Welbore Ellis* and his family. A neat tablet, at the top, inclosed by drapery, and having on one side the bust of Mrs. Ellis, admirably executed, stands on a tapering pedestal ; and on the other side is the bust of Dr. Ellis on a corresponding pedestal : the whole is of statuary marble. The Transept. — In this cathedral, probably owing to the fall and destruction by fire of different parts of it, several distinct species of architecture may be traced. The Transept, which is 90 feet in length, and 25 in * Dr. Ellis was made Bishop of Kildare, and Dean of Christ Church, Sept. 22, J 705 j translated to the see of Meath, March 13, 1731 $ and died Jan. 1, 1733, 58 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST CHURCH, breadth, is chiefly of the Saxon order, although the early . introduction of the pointed arch, with zig-zag decorations, which belong to the Saxon or Anglo-Norman style, is visible in an arch leading- from the southern wing of the transept into the side aisle to the right of the choir. — At the northern extremity of the transept was a portal, now shut up, purely Saxon : this may be distinctly seen on the exterior of the cathedral in John's Lane. Over the intersection of the Nave and Transept is a square tower, of ancient but elegant appearance, in which a ring of extremely deep-toned bells is suspended. The Choir. — The choir, which is 105 feet long by 28 in breadth, is a most extraordinary and tasteless medley of Gothic and Italian architecture. — Here the Dean, who is always the Bishop of Kildare, and the other members of the chapter, have stalls. The Archbishop has a throne in this as well as in St. Patrick's cathedral. — The walls of the choir are plastered, and painted in oil colours ; the ceiling is a continued concave, with a modern cornice. — The gallery over each side, which bears, in most places, the appearam e of but recent date, is supported by Corin- thian and Ionic columns, while the Archbishop's throne and the cathedral stalls are of carved oak, and in the Gothic style. In the gallery is a seat for the Lord Lieutenant, with Ionic pillars, supporting a flat canopy, not cor- responding to any other part of the choir. — The reading desk is supported by a brazen eagle, and is a specimen of the worst possible taste. — Beneath the gallery, and oppo- site to his Excellency's seat, the Lord Mayor and Alder- men have seats appropriated to them, for particular days in the year : near that of the Lord Mayor is one belonging to the Kildare family, as appears by an inscription on a brass-plate ; and in the same pew are the arms of Sir Edward Griffith, of Penrhyn, in North Wales* Earl of Kildar^s Monument. — On the left of the high altar is a cosily marble monument, erected to the memory of Robert, the nineteenth Earl of Kildare (who died 20th Feb. 1/45), great-grandfather to his Grace the present Duke of Leinster; the workmanship of H« Cheene, 1/43.— The Earl is represented in a recumbent posture j and at his feet standj his son, the first Duke of CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST CHURCH. B9 Leinster, and at his head his countess, and his daughter, Lady Hilsborough. This is an exquisite piece of work- manship, but the effect is greatly diminished by the antique costume of the figures. Bishop Fletcher's Monument. — On the south side of the choir and of the altar, is a plain white marble tablet, dedicated to the memory of Thomas Fletcher, Bishop of Dromore, who was translated to the see of Kildare and Deanery of Christ-church, 28th June, 1745, and died March 18th, 1761. Francis Agard's Monument. — Near the tablet to the memory of Bishop Fletcher, is a monument consecrated to the memory of Francis Agard, 1577, and Lady Cecilia Harrington, his daughter and heiress, who married Sir Henry Harrington, 1584. Agard was Secretary to Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland, and Holinshed says, that Sir Henry usually called him his <( Fidus Achates." His name occurs on an inscription in Beau- maris Church, which is on a plate, dedicated to Sir Henry Sidney. This monument consists of two divisions, in which are some well-executed figures, in small life, of persons in devotional attitudes. The monument to Dr. Woodward, organist of this cathedral (who died Nov. 22nd, 1777), which is exactly over that of Francis Agard, is principally remarkable for bearing upon its front a musical Epitaph. St. Mary's Chapel. — This is a small building 60 feet long, and 28 broad, situated on the north side of the choir, and is remarkable only for the neatness and repair in which it has always been preserved by the Dean and Chapter, who permitted the parishioners of St. Michael's to make use of it, while they renewed their parish church, which was completely in ruins. — It was built at the sole expense of the Earl of Kildare : — service is performed here at six o'clock in the morning*. Although exhibiting so ruinous an exterior, the cathe- dral is in good order, and neatly arranged within, owing to the exertions of the Bishop of Kildare, and the Chapter of the cathedral. — Divine service commences here on Sundays at half-past eleven o'clock. — The choir, which attends at the University Chapel at nine o'clock, performs here afterwards, and proceeds to St. Patrick's Cathedral 60 ST. MICHAELS CHURCH. at three. The organ, though inferior to that of St. Patrick's, is still a good one, and always in perfect repair. The difficulty of procuring a seat is so great, that a stranger ought to be at the door of the cathedral, at eleven o'clock at the latest. — The Wide-street commis- sioners have at length commenced their improvements in this neighbourhood, but postponed them till it is almost too late, for many years cannot elapse before this ancient pile will have mouldered away ; however, for the present, the view of the exterior of the cathedral is greatly im- proved. Deanery House. — The residence of the Dean was in a court-yard behind Fishamble-street, adjoining St. John's Church. It is an extensive and handsome brick building, with stone architraves round the windows ; but the situa- tion was so injudicious, that it was little used as the residence of the Dean, being let for some time as a Record-office, and is now a merchant's warehouse. The present Dean resides in his private mansion at . Glasnevin, about one mile from Dublin. CHURCHES. St. Michael's Church. — In 1554, Archbishop Browne erected three Prebends in Christ-church, St. Michael's, Sfc Michan's, and St. John's; from which date the Roman Catholic service was never performed in those churches, for they were so erected after Archbishop Browne had embraced the reformed religion, he being the first who did so in Ireland ; and his principal object was, to have chapels where the service of the Church of Eng- land could be performed without interruption. The chapel of St. Michael is situated in High-street, at the corner of Christ-church-lane, immediately opposite the western end of the cathedral. Until very lately, it was in ruins, the steeple only standing; but it is now renewed with much taste. The former church to which the steeple was attached being much larger, has occasioned that dis- proportion which exists between the steeple and choir, as ST. JOHN'S CHURCH. 61 tliey now appear. — The steeple is a very high square tower, without a spire, in the lower part of which is the portal leading into a vestibule or ante-hall. The interior of this chapel is fitted up with taste and neatness, in the pointed style of architecture. — Here the corporation of shoe-makers have a seat, but they have not yet put up their arms. — The site of St. Michael's has long been that of a religious establishment, and a chapel was erected on this precise spot by Donat, 1076, which was converted into a parish church by Archbishop Talbot, 1417- The second church erected here was in 1676 ; to accomplish which, a petition was presented by the pa- rishioners to the Earl of Arran, requesting him to raise a subscription in his regiment, for the repair of their church. The present beautiful little edifice was erected in 1815 ; Dr. Graves, the Dean of Ardagh, being Prebendary. The number of inhabitants in this parish is 1,748, and the number of houses 123. St. John's Church. — This church, situated in Fish- amble-street, at the corner of John's-lane, and next the court-yard in front of the old Deanery, was also erected a Prebend by Archbishop Browne, in 1544. The front consists of four columns of the Doric order, supporting a pediment : a broad flight of steps conducts up to this front, in which are three entrances ; a gate in the centre leading to the great aisle, and a door-way, leading to the galleries, on each side. The interior of the church is plain, but handsome ; and the galleries are fronted with oak, varnished, and pannelled. On the front of the gallery, at the north side, the arms of the corporation of tailors are suspended, with this motto in Latin, 7 place of the Dunboyne family 5 and the celebrated John Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare, and Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, is interred at the south side of the church-yard, close to the wall, with only a plain flag marking the place of his interment. This extraordinary man was remarkable for having risen to rank and dis- tinction against the united efforts of the great orators of Ireland, Grattan and Curran, to whom he was opposed for a series of years. His exertions on the regency question were so great as to recommend him to the notice of per- sons in power, in preference to every other candidate ; and upon the death of Lord Lifford, in 1789, he was raised from the Attorney-generalship to the dignified station of Chancellor of Ireland. The Archdeacon of Dublin is always the vicar of this parish, and in consequence of the multiplied occasional duty, he employs three curates. — The population of this parish is 16,292, and the number of houses 1,650. Its great extent also requires the assistance of several chapels : there is one in Kevin-street, another in LTpper Mount- street, Merrion-square ; a third at Donnybrook, a fourth at Rathfarnam, and a fifth at Tunnel - besides a chapel now erecting at Rathmines. St, Kevin's Church. — St. Kevin's is a chapel of ease, assistant to St. Peter's ; and consequently the Archdeacon of Dublin is the Vicar. The vicarage of St. Kevin was formerly in the gift of the Archbishop of Dublin, and was usually bestowed upon his vicar choral, whom, as pre- bendary of Collen, he was bound to provide for. — The Dean and Chapter of St. Patrick's are now the Rectors, but the vicarage has been united to the Archdeaconry of Dublin. Upon this site a chapel was built some time in the fifteenth century, dedicated to St. Coemgen or St Kevin. The present church, which is, comparatively speaking, of recent date, is in the shape of the letter T, a plain building, like a village church, without any gallery in the interior, or any monuments. — It is surrounded by an extensive cemetry, filled with countless tombs, but none of them dedicated to persons of rank, or distinction, nor remarkable for their beauty. Near a small door in the church-yard is a pyramidal monument to the Rev, John Austin,, of the Jesuit order, G8 ST. WERBURGH'S CHURCH, 1784 ; and to the left of the principal entrance into the church-yard from Church-lane, is a small stone, dedicated to the memory of Henry Oliver, aged 136 years. Divine service is very numerously attended at this church, owing to the difficulty of procuring* seats in St, Peter's : — the entrance is from Church-lane in Kevin-street. The amount of the population of this parish is 9,096 and the number of houses 803. St. Werburgh's Church. — This church, situated in the street of the same name, is dedicated to St. Werburgh, daughter of Wulherus, King of Mercia, who is entombed in the cathedral of Chester.— The old church of St. Wer- burgh, built by the inhabitants of Bristol, in the reign of Henry II. was destroyed by fire, with a great part of the city, in 1300, only thirteen years after the destruction of Christ-church cathedral by the same element. — In 1/54 it was burnt down a second time, and rebuilt in a very hand- some style, in 1/59, the same year in which the grand front of Trinity College was finished. —The front of this church consists of several stories, which, though fre- quently altered, owing to the repeated accidents that have happened to this building, still preserve considerable beauty and consistency. — In the basement story six Ionic columns support a handsome plain entablature ; between which are three entrances, a large gate in the centre, with a semi-circular pediment, and small door-ways on each side, leading to the north and south galleries, over which are windows, lighting the staircases, ornamented with archi- traves and crowned with pediments. — The second story is of the Corinthian order, in which a large window, light- ing the bell-loft, is placed, much ornamented, and crowned with a pediment. — The next, the belfry-story, is square, and ornamented at its angles by Composite half-pillars. Above this story is a low parapet or pedestal, from which the spire, which has been taken down, rose gradually. This spire was, perhaps, the lightest and most elegant in Ireland, the upper part of which, terminated by a gilt ball, was supported by eight rusticated pillars, but, either from the perishable nature of the stone, or a defect in the building, it appeared inclined from its perpendicularity ; and though Mr. Francis Johnston, undertook to secure it, such was the alarm of the inhabitants, that they insisted ST. WERBURGH'S CHURCH. 69 upon its being immediately taken down, which was ac- cordingly done in 1810. — The removal of this spire was a considerable loss to a city which could boast of only two, viz. St. Patrick's and St. Werburgh's ; the former of which, from its situation, is only visible in particular po- sitions ; but the ingenious architect who undertook to support the spire of St. Werburgh's, has since supplied its loss by the erection of St. George's, a more beautiful edifice, and more advantageously situated. The interior of the church is venerable and elegant : the pews are of oak, and the front of the gallery is also of oak, carved and pannelled. The royal arms are in front of the organ loft ; and the organ, which is considered remarkably fine, cost 400 guineas. — In the south gallery" are two handsome monu- ments to Mrs. Arthur and Mrs. Benjamin Guinness. And on the south side of the church, in the passage leading to the church-yard, there are several figures of very ancient date : next the door are eight in pontifical habits ; to the east of these are two whole-length figures of a knight in armour and his lady lying beside him, both much effaced. There are four other figures not far from these, also placed in the wall, evidently scriptural characters. In the vaults of this church lie the remains of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, brother to the late Duke of Leinster, who died in Newgate, 1798, of the wounds he received in resisting the officers who arrested him. His family have since been restored by Parliament to the enjoyment of their property, and the confidence of the Crown, in consideration of the services of his lordship's son in the peninsular war. Here also are interred the remains of Sir James Ware the anti- quarian ; but there are no monuments to the memory of either. — Edwin the player is likewise interred here ; and on the tomb marking his place of rest, a bitter reproach is engraved, against "the author of the Familiar Epistles, the severity of which is stated to have caused his prema- ture death. — The population of St. Werburgh's parish amounts to 2,620 souls, and the number of houses to 229. — In this church the Lord Lieutenant has a seat, which, however, since the rebuilding of the Castle chapel, he seldom occupies, except on the day of the charity sermon. —Divine service is performed here every day. 70 ST. MARY'S CHURCH. St. Mary's Church. — The parish church of St. Mary's as situated in Mary-street, at the intersection of Stafford- street with Jervis-street. — The front is scarcely deserving of description, as it consists merely of a great gate, with Ionic columns on each side, and two smaller entrances leading to the galleries, over which are windows of clumsy workmanship, ornamented with stone architraves. — Above the vestibule is a square tower, or belfry, of an unpic- turesque appearance, so that on the whole, the convenience of its situation, being in the very centre of the parish, is the only advantage the parishioners have to congratulate themselves upon with regard to the edifice itself. The interior, which measures 80 feet by 55, is in the same heavy style of decoration ; and although it has the appearance of antiquity, this is attributable to the taste- less style in which it was originally erected, the date of its foundation being only 1697. Yet, though not elegant, this church is extremely comfortable -, a gallery extends quite round (with the exception of the eastern end, in which is a large window with a circular head), and is supported by large oak pillars, which assume the Ionic order after they reach the gallery, whence they are continued to the ceil- ing. There are many monuments in this church, placed against the side walls. At the south side of the commu- nion-table is a tablet, to the memory of Edward Tenison, Bishop of Ossory, who died Sept. 29th, 1735 ; and on the other side is one' to the memory of Richard Nulty, Nov. iOth, 1729.— In the north gallery is a tablet to Mrs. Newcome, a member of the Doyley family, who died 30th Dec. 1769. In the same gallery, and next the monument of Mrs. Newcome, is that of Dr. Law (who died June 11th, 1/89), which was erected at the public expense, as a tri- bute of public esteem. In the south gallery is a large marble slab, enclosed in a frame of black marble, bearing a very long inscription, to the memory of Mrs. Chevenin (daughter of Colonel Dives, of Bedfordshire, and wife of the Bishop of Water- ford and Lismore) who was the friend of the Princess of Orange and the Countess of Chesterfield : she died in 1752. — In the same gallery are two small tablets, to Gorges Edmond Howard, and Dean Fletcher. In the aisle, at the south side of the church, is a hand- ST. ANNE'S CHURCH; 71 some monument to Mr. William Watson (who died May 26th, 1805), the workmanship of Edward Smyth, erected at the public expense. It exhibits a white slab on a grey ground, surmounted by an opened Bible and a funeral urn. The burying-ground attached to this church is of con- siderable.dimensions, though too small for the extent of the parish. Among the numerous tombs which crowd this cemetry, are those of Baroness May dell, who died in 1818 5 Dr. Marlay, Bishop of Waterford, uncle to the late Henry Grattan; Mrs. Mercer, the founder of Mercer's Hospital ; and Mr. Simpson, who endowed the hospital for the blind and for those labouring with the gout. The parish of St. Mary is very extensive, and composes some of the most fashionable parts of the city -, the popu- lation amounts to 22,902 persons, and there are 1,8/9 houses. Divine service is celebrated here every week-day at eleven o'clock precisely, and every Sunday at twelve. St. Anne's Church is situated in Dawson-street, opposite x\nne-street, and near the mansion-house : its site was granted to the parishioners of St. Bridget's, 1707, by Joshua Dawson, Esq. and from that period St. Anne's was erected into a distinct parish. The front is a copy from a church at Rome, suggested by Mr. Smyth, archi- tect, consisting of a grand portal with half columns of the Doric order, and smaller entrances on each side, with ornamented windows over each, lighting the stairs which lead to the gallery. The upper part of the front, having neither cupola nor steeple, has an exceedingly un- finished appearance. The interior is spacious and disposed with good taste ; and the gallery is supported by pillars of carved oak, and fronted with the same. In the south gallery is a canopied seat, formerly belonging to the Dukes of Leinster, exactly opposite to which is a seat of cor- responding appearance, belonging to Antrim-house. The parishioners are rather of the higher classes of society, as it is in a most respectable and fashionable neighbour- hood. At the east end of the south gallery is a handsome mo- nument, consisting of a pediment of white marble, sup- ported by two cherubims, one on each side, who are re- presented as looking at a marble bust, beneath the pedi- ment. 72 ST. BRIDGET'S, OR ST. BRIDE'S CHURCH. Against the wall of the south gallery, in one of the piers, is a beautifully executed monument, by Smyth, to the memory of Miss Elizabeth Phibbs. A female figure is represented leaning over a funeral urn, in a mournful attitude : the figure and urn are of white marble, and the ground of variegated marble. In the church-yard, which is exceedingly crowded, are deposited the remains of many noble and learned indivi- duals — Dr. Brocas, Dean of Killaioe -, Lord Rosmore ; General Anthony St. Leger; Dr. Stopford, Bishop of Cloyne; Right Hon. Lieut. Gen. Pomeroy, and many others of equal rank. Divine service is celebrated here, and in every church in Dublin, at eleven o'clock every day, except Sunday, when it commences at twelve. — The population of this parish probably amounts to 8,689 individuals, and the number of houses to 781. St. Bridget's, or St. Bride's Church, is situated in a street of the same name, and at the corner of Bride's Alley. In 1181, John Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, granted this church to the cathedral of St. Patrick ; but, before that time, it belonged to that of the Holy Trinity or Christ-church. This parish consists of a union of three smaller parishes, the ancient St. Bride's, St. Stephen's, and St.. Michael de la Pole ; of the latter no traces remain ; but on the same site a school-house is built, where the poor children of Bride's parish are clothed and educated, and twenty of them boarded and lodged. There is a small space of ground adjoining the school-house still used as a burying-plaee. The entrance is through a narrow passage in Great Ship-street, marked by a stone placed over the door-way directing to the school of St. Michael de la Pole. The exterior of St. Bride's church is more like that of a meeting-house belonging to some religious sect, than a church of the established religion. In the eastern end, a thing very unusual, are two large circular-headed windows, and at the top of the pediment-formed gable is a clock. The interior of the church is particularly neat and com- fortable ; and has a gallery on the sides and the west end, and a few monuments against the walls, In the north ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH. 73 gallery is a monument to the memory of Mrs. Pleasants, wife of Thomas Pleasants, Esq., so justly celebrated in tin? annals of Dublin, for the extent and number of his cha ritable donations. Amongst his excellent donations was a sum of 12^000/. and upwards, for the erection of a stove- house or tenter-house in the liberty ; 8,000/. for the building of Meath Hospital, and 500/. for building a splendid entrance to the Botanic Gardens at Clasnevin ; and a yearly income for the support of 30 Protestant female children, who are to be clothed, educated, and por- tioned in marriage. — This latter institution is conducted according to the most sanguine expectations of the foun- der, at No. 6/ in Camden-street. Mrs. Pleasants' monu- ment consists of the family arms at the top, in white marble, beneath which is a funeral urn, resting on a small sarcophagus, both of white marble, and placed on a grey marble ground ; and on the side of the sarcophagus is an inscription in affectionate and feeling language. In the western hall, behind the organ, is a small tablet to the memory of Sir William Cooper, Bart. ; and in the small cemetery is a tomb to the memory of the Bomvilles, and, behind, a slab to commemorate the resting place of the charitable Mr. Pleasants. Here also may be seen the tomb of O'Hanlon, keeper of the record tower in Dublin Castle, who was killed by Howley, one of the insurgents, in 1803, while attempting to arrest him. — The inhabitants of this parish are 10,639 in number, and there are 760 dwelling houses. St. George's Church.— On the north side of the city, in a crescent called Hard wick? Place, from Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, stands the parish church of St. George. The first view of this church is imposing : the front may be seen directly from Hardwicke- street, and oblique views equally beautiful are afforded from Eccles-street and Temple-street ; so that the general complaint against the situations of most of our public buildings, is altogether groundless in this particular in- stance, and the site itself is the most elevated in Dublin, except the upper end of Eccles-street. The principal front, towards Hardwicke- street, is 92 feet wide, and consists of a majestic portico of four fluted Ionic columns, 3J feet in diameter, supporting an entabla^ H 74 ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH. hire and pediment - y on the frieze of which, is a Greek in- scription, signifying — Glory to God in the highest. The portico rests on a landing, accessible by a flight of steps, the entire breadth of itself, viz. 42 feet, and the projection of the portico is 15 feet. The body of the church has, besides, three fronts of the Ionic order, and, being without a church-yard, the rect- angle in which the church stands is surrounded by a square of small neat houses, and affords not only an unin- terrupted view of each front, but a less dreary prospect than the neglected cemeteries around the Irish churches in general do. There are five entrances, one in front, beneath the portico which conducts into the vestibule be- low the steeple, and two in each side. At the eastern end is a projecting building of 22 feet in breadth, and 40 in length: here are the parish school and vestry-room; and even these appendages are rendered ornamental. Over the portico, rises the steeple, remarkable for the justness of its proportions and the perfection of its exe- cution. This permanent monument of the ability and taste of the architect, Francis Johnston, Esq., is 200 feet in height, and consists of five stories above the roof, and a spire. The first story is a square tower, ornamented at the angles by Ionic columns, supporting an entablature, and in the centre of each side is a larg r e circular-headed window, richly ornamented. Above this is the clock story, the angles of which are adorned by large urns, of admi- rable workmanship ; and over the clocks are festoons of carved stone, gracefully terminating at each side. The third story is an octagonal tower, the angles of which are occupied by small pillars, and in the intervals between the pillars are pannels, with a circular aperture in the centre of each. At the next story, the convergence of the spire, which is also octagonal, commences, and continues with the most gradual inclination to its termination in a ball and stone cross on the pinnacle. The interior, which is in a corresponding style of taste and magnificence, is 80 feet by 60, surrounded by a gal- lery. The lower story of the church is encompassed by a passage, or corridor, on the side walls of which the floor ST. THOMAS'S CHURCH. IS of the gallery rests, and projecting beyond the corridor, has the appearance of being without any support, except from the cantalivers in the wall. The pulpit, reading- desk, and communion-table, are in a recess at the east end of the church, and it is intended to place an organ in the opposite gallery ; for which purpose contributions have been made by the parishioners, this being at present the only parish church in Dublin without an organ. Bells and a clock are still wanting. Divine service is celebrated here every day, and, in con- sequence of the respectability and number of the inhabi- tants, is generally well attended. — The population of this parish is 12,250, and the number of houses amounts to 1,604. St. George's Chapel, or Little George's Church. — Not far from the parish-church of St. George, in Lower Temple-street, stands the old chapel, commonly called Little George's, built in 1698. This place of worship becoming too small in proportion to the extent, and tor much decayed in proportion to the wealth and respecta- bility of the persons frequenting it, Great George's was erected in 1793. The old church is still used, and a chaplain officiates on Sundays and holy-days. The en- trance is beneath an old square steeple, about 40 feet in height. The interior is small, but comfortable, adorned with a few monuments of neat execution, particularly one to the memory of Lady Galbraith, on the south side of the communion-table, which latter is in a recess at the eastern end, and lighted by a large circular-headed window. At the west end, over the entrance, is a small gal- lery, badly lighted. The cemetery of St. George's parish attached to this chapel, is crowded in a most shameful manner, and the surface of the church-yard is several feet above the level of the street : this scandalous proceeding calls loudly for reformation. This was originally a private chapel : there was a St. George's church at the south side of the city, where George' s-lane is now built. St. Thomas's Church. — This very neat and beautiful structure forms the chief ornament of the neighbour- hood : its situation, immediately opposite to Gloucester- street, is peculiarly well-chosen $ and if it had been 76 ST. THOMAS'S CHURCH. elevated a little more, and approached by a night of steps, would have had a majestic appearance. Had a steeple also been erected on this basement, the want of eleva- tion would be less obvious. — The foundation of this church was laid in 1/58 : and the design is from one by Palladio. — The architect of this church and of St. Cathe- rine's in Thomas-street, was Mr. John Smith. The front consists of two pilasters, and two three-quar- ter columns of the Composite order, which support an en- tablature and pediment. In the centre is a grand door- way of the Corinthian order, crowned by an angular pedi- ment. The entablature is continued from the centre, on each side of the principal entrance, to the extremity of the front, where it terminates in a Corinthian pilaster. On each side are niches decorated with Corinthian pilasters, and crowned with pediments. The entrances to the gal- leries are in the north and south ends of the projecting front, in recesses formed by circular curtain walls connect- ing two advanced gates, one on each side, with the build- ing itself, and giving the appearance of a very extended front. The want of a steeple to this very beautiful little edifice is rendered doubly apparent by viewing the front from Gloucester-street, where the body of the church, a huge shapeless bulk, with an enormous roof,' towers above this elegant Palladian composition, and hurts the eye of every passenger ; and it was the intention of the parishioners to remedy this evil, by the erection of a very beautiful steeple, the design of Mr. Baker, an architect of eminence in Dublin. The interior of St. Thomas's is extremely well designed and executed : its length is about 80 feet, along the whole extent of which run galleries, supported by fluted Co- rinthian pillars of carved oak, varnished over ; the front of the gallery is also of oak, highly varnished, pannelled, and ornamented with festoons, "and various other decora- tions. The east and west ends are each occupied by a grand arch, decorated with coupled Corinthian columns on pedestals. In the western arch is the organ and gal- leries for the parish children, within the eastern one is a recess, in which are the pulpit and reading-desk ; and in front of these, the communion-table. The recess is ST. CATHERINE'S CHURCH. 77 highly ornamented with stucco-work, and lighted from above by two circular windows in the roof, and a Diode- sian window in the eastern wall. There are no monu- ments in the interior, but the cemetery contains the re- mains of many distinguished families. Divine service is performed here every day at the usual hours. There are 17,108 inhabitants in St. Thomas's parish, and 1,929 houses. St. Catherine's Church. — The parish church of St. Catherine is situated in Thomas-street, at the south side of the river, in a very elevated situation, almost on the site of the abbey of St. Thomas. The present parish was originally united with that of St. James, and the first church erected on the present site, in 1185; but in 1710, an act was passed disuniting these parishes, the presenta- tion to botli resting in the Earl of Meath. The front of St. Catherine's is built of granite-stone ; and has in the centre four Doric semi-columns supporting a pediment, and at the extremities coupled pilasters. There are two stories, the windows of both of which have carved architraves, and are circular-headed. At the west end stands a tower, containing the belfry, in which is only one bell. The original intention was to erect a steeple and spire, but the idea appears to have been totally aban- doned of late. The interior, which is about 80 feet by 50, is remarkably imposing, and exhibits excellent taste : it resembles those of St. Thomas, St. Werburgh, and St. Anne, but in in- ternal decorations is superior to all of them. Though the design is by Mr. Smith, the architect of St. Thomas's, St. Catherine's appears to have been finished in a more elaborate style. The pews and the front of the gallery are of carved oak, highly varnished. The organ is large and ornamented, and there are two handsome galleries, one on each side of the organ, for the parish children. The com- munion-table stands in a recess, beautifully decorated with stucco-work, and has a handsome arched ceiling, also richly ornamented. The cemetery belonging to this church is about 180 feet in length by 80 in breadth, and is now almost disused, owing to the poorer classes in the parish preferring to Inter their relatives in country chureb-y&rds, There i§ m h8 78 ST. JAMES'S CHURCH. monument deserving notice, except that of Dr. Whitelaw, the historian of Dublin (who died Feb. 4th, 1813), which is placed near the door of the vestry-room, and there is also another tablet to his memory in the interior of the church. At the end of the south gallery, and immediately over the monument of Dr. Whitelaw, is a large tablet of white marble, dedicated to the memory of J. Stackpole, Esq. Barrister at Law. Beneath the communion-table, in a vault, are deposited the mortal remains of the Earls of Meath and their off- spring ; but without any monument ; and on the north side of the communion-table is a small tablet, sacred to the memory of an exceedingly ingenious engineer, to whom the inhabitants of Dublin are much indebted ; with the follow- ing inscription : — To the memory of WILLIAM MYLNE, Architect and Engineer, from Edinburgh, who died, aged 56, March 1790, and whose remains are laid in the church-yard adjoining. This tablet was placed by his brother, Robert Mylne, of London, to inform posterity of the uncommon zeal, in- tegrity, and skill, with which he formed, enlarged, and established on 3 perfect system, the Water- Works of Dublin. The parish is a Vicarage. The population has been cal- culated as amounting to 21,264 persons, and the number of houses, to 1,638. St. James's Church is in James's-street, opposite a large obelisk-shaped fountain, ornamented by four sun-dials. It is a long, low, narrow buildino-, with six windows in each side, with circular heads. The interior is in a cor- responding style : one row of pews on each side, of pan- nelled oak, but not varnished, constitutes the accommoda- tion for the parishioners ; there is, beside, a small organ- loft, with seats for the parish children, and an organ suf- ficiently large and well-toned. The communion-table is in a shell-forrned recess, in the back of which is a glory, in stucco-work. On the north side of the chancel is a stone of rude ap- pearance, bearing this inscription : — This monument was erected by Mark Rainsford, of the City of Dublin, Alderman, 1693. The date oi thin tfionuroent je antecedent to the erection ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. 79 of this church 1707, and also to its nomination, as a dis- tinct parish from St. Catherine's, which tookplace in 1710. On the south side, near the communion-table, is a toler- ably-well-executed piece of sculpture, to the memory of Mr. Cooke ; and immediately opposite, another to the memory of the Rev. John Ellis, 34 years vicar of this parish. Beneath this latter tomb also lie the remains of William Ellis, governor of Patna, who fell in the dreadful massacre of 1767- The cemetery is the most remarkable object connected with the church. Here are innumerable tombs, most of them placed over vaults, erected at the individual expense of the relatives of the deceased. This church-yard has long been marked out by the inhabitants of the liberties as a desirable cemetery for the interment of their friends ; and during the fair of St. James, which is held in James-street, opposite the church-yard, they deck the graves with garlands and ornaments, made of white paper, disposed into fanciful forms. In the centre of the church-yard is the monument of Theobald Butler, an Irish Barrister, who assisted in fram- ing the articles of Limerick, in 1691, and who advocated the Catholic cause before parliament, in 1720. It consists of a high partition of plastered brick-work, with a circular heading, on the front of which are the heads of three cheru- bim encircling a medallion, and beneath, a tablet, bear- ing an inscription in gilt letters, on a black ground. At the lower end of this immense tract of hallowed ground, is a large sarcophagus of grey marble, withpannels inserted in the ends and sides, on one of which is an in- scription to the memory of Sylvester Costigan, Esq. The presentation to this parish is vested in the Earl of Meath. The number of inhabitants is 11,196, and of houses 883. St. Paul's Church. — Is situated in King's-street, north, near the Blue Coat Hospital, and not many yards from Smithfield. It is a neat edifice in the gothic style, with a small spire. Beneath the gallery, in the northern wall, is an ancient monument, at the summit of which the arms are placed, executed in marble, and coloured, on which is this inscrip- tion in ancient abbreviated characters ; — 80 ST. NICHOLAS WITHIN, Underneath lies the body of Mrs. ELIZABETH, wife of the Hon, Brigadier Gen. MEAD, who died April 15th, 1718, aged 47. Against the south wall is placed a small tablet to the memory of Lieut. Col. Lyde Brown, of the 21st Regt. Royal N. B. Fusileers, who was killed on the 23rd of July, 1803, by the insurgents, under Robert Emmet. The church-yard is tolerably spacious, and not crowded, as most burying places in Dublin are : it is almost com- pletely occupied by tomb-stones dedicated to military men, who are interred here, from its vicinity to the Royal Bar- racks. A tablet is affixed to the exterior south wall of the church, to the memory of three soldiers of the 21st Royal Fusileers, who were killed by the rebels in the insurrec- tion of 1803. This monument was erected at the expense of the non-commissioned officers and privates of the 21st regiment. Near the centre of the church-yard is Col. Ormsby's mausoleum, a structure of granite stone, one story in height, entered by a door-way in the western side, and having the arms of the family affixed to the opposite side. It is from a design of A. Baker, Esq., and is a square build- ing, with a plain entablature and pilasters of the Tuscan order at the angles. Here also the ancestors of the great senator, Henry Flood, are buried, beneath a plain grey stone inclosed by an iron balustrade. Divine service was celebrated in the old church for the last time, on Easter Sunday, 1821. The number of in- habitants in St. Paul's parish has been estimated at 12,81 1, and the number of houses has been ascertained to amount to 898. St. Nicholas Within. The Church of St. Nicholas Within appears always to have been distinct from the cathedrals, as is evident from the charter of Archbishop Comyn, and was built originally by Donat, Bishop of Dublin. This church, which was erected in 1707, is situated in Nicholas-street, near High-street, and within a few yards of Christ-church Cathedral and St. Michael's Church. The exterior is of stone of very dark colour, called black slate or ealp 5 it consists of three stories gradually diminish* lag in breadth to the summit, and U of a gloomy, u r n* ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. 81 interesting appearance ; and the front is inclined so much from perpendicularity as to be exceedingly dangerous. The interior is miserable in the extreme ; the pews falling to decay, the walls and ceiling in a wretched condition, and the organ is very old and weak-toned. There is a gallery at the west end, which only accommodates the children of the parish school. The cemetery was formerly sufficiently large in propor- tion to the extent of the parish 3 but the corporation pur- chased the major part of it to erect the Tholsel upon (a building since taken down), and is now reduced to such scanty dimensions as to be merely a passage to the vaults. In these vaults several persons of high descent have been deposited $ but their names can be learned only from the parish register, as there are no monuments to mark the spot were they are laid. The population of this parish amounts to about 1582 in- dividuals, and contains 107 dwelling-houses. St. Andrew's Church. — The original site of St. An- drew's Church and cemetery, was on the south side of Dame- street, where Castle-market was afterwards erected 1707 ; this market was removed in 1782 still more to the south, adjoining William-street, where it now stands, and the handsome row of houses on the south side of Dame-street built in its place. — About 1530, when the learned John Alan (chaplain of Cardinal Wolsey, and who was murdered at Clontarf by Thomas, r eldest son of the Earl of Kildare) was Archbishop of Dublin, this church was assigned to the Chapter's Vicar of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Archbishop Brown united St. Andrew's to the parish of St.Werburgh's, in 1554 ; but this union was dissolved by act of parliament, in 1660, and St. Andrew's erected into a distinct parish, the presentation to the Vicarage being vested in the Chan- cellor, the Archbishop of Dublin, the Vice Treasurer, the Chief Baron, the Chief Justice, and Master of the Rolls : any four to constitute a quorum, the Archbishop being always one of the four. — In 1707 an act was passed constituting the parish of St. Mark's a distinct parish, which was before only part of St. Andrew's. The present site is about 400 yards east of the former tone : here a church was erected, in 1670, which falling to 82 ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. St. Mary de Rotunda, at Rome, and commonly called tile Round Church, was commenced, in 1793. It is in the form of an ellipse, whose major axis is 80 feet in length, and minor 60 ; the gallery story is ornamented by seven large windows, with circular heads, admitting too great a body of light into the interior, which error is corrected by blinds of oiled silk, ornamented with transparencies, the subjects of which are scriptural. In the eastern window, little children are represented coming to Christ ; and in the western window, is the Flight into Egypt. The entrance, which is in St. Andrew's-street, opposite Church-lane, is through a granite porch, of a plain, un- ornamented style. Over the principal entrance, in the centre, is a statue of St. Andrew, executed by Edward Smyth ; the only one erected over any Protestant place of worship in Dublin. At each extremity of the vestibule are urns, ornamenting the angles, and in the returns are the gallery doors. On the other side of the church, in the church-yard, are two stories of a steeple ; the base- ment story is converted into a vestry-room, the other is unemployed ; the steeple, which is in the Gothic or pointed style, is the design of Francis Johnston, Esq. ; but it remains unfinished, and all idea of completing it is abandoned. The interior is in every respect the reverse of the ex- terior : the pews are formed in the intervals between the passages which diverge from the centre of the ellipse, as radii ; in the centre is a beautifully executed baptismal font of veined marble, having the outside, and pillar sup- porting it, fluted ; the oval space in the centre is flagged with black and white marble ; the communion-table stands iu front of the reading-desk and pulpit, at the south side of the church, and near the extremity of the minor axis of the ellipse, which is obviously contrary to the situation which a slight knowledge of the doctrine of echoes or sounds would have pointed out, viz. one of the foci of the ellipse : hence this church is particularly distinguished for the great difficulty of being heard, which is inflicted on the reader ; and in particular parts of the church he is quite inaudible. The gallery is an extremely graceful object j the pillars by which it is supported retire so far as to give the idea of extreme lightness, and the fluting ST. LUKES CHURCH. 83 of them is exceedingly beautiful. A handsome cord- age is represented connecting the shaft to the capital of each pillar, and the capital itself represents Lotus flowers 5 beneath the gallery front, all round, the cordage is continued. Behind the pulpit, in the gallery story, is the organ, highly ornamented with carved oak-work, and on each side of it, is a delicate and light gallery for the parish chil- dren. The oak from which the ornaments of the church are carved, was taken from the roof of the old College Chapel, which stood in the entrance of the Library-square, and is remarkable for its extraordinary density and specific gravity. From the centre of the ceiling hangs a large gilt lustre of carved wood, which was formerly in the Irish House of Commons, but was removed when that noble edifice was converted into a national bank. — This parish contains the most respectable trading part of Dublin : the number of its inhabitants is 7,726, and that of houses, 725. Divine service is performed here every day. There is a burying ground attached, which is preserved with much decency, but has not any remarkable tombs. It is to be observed of St. Andrew's Church that, from its extreme proximity to the public thoroughfare, the cele- bration of divine service is constantly interrupted by the noise of passing vehicles. St. Luke's Church. — Is situated on the Coombe, in the vicinity of St. Patrick's Cathedral. In the year 1708, an act of parliament was passed, for dividing the parish of St. Nicholas Without, and giving part of it the deno- mination of St. Luke's ; in conformity to which act, a Glebe House was erected on the Coombe, for the Vicar, who is nominated by the Chapter of the Cathedral, and the church of St. Luke erected not far from the Glebe. The approach is through a long vista of elm trees, which gives more the idea of a village church, than a parish church in a large city. The principal entrance, which fronts the avenue, is through a large door-way, with rusticated columns on either side. The exterior is very plain, and the windows in the north side not being of equal dimensions, disfigure its general appearance. The interior is 70 feet by 30 ; the walls and ceiling are without ornament, and a gallery, supported by pillar? 84 ST. MARK'S church:. of scanty dimensions and mean appearance, is carried round the sides and west end of the church. At the east is a circular -headed window, too small in proportion to the size of the church, and below, an altar composed of heavy pannelled wood-work : the altar-piece represents a scarlet curtain drawn aside, and disclosing a glory, tolerably well painted. At the opposite end is an organ (the gift of a lady who has modestly concealed her name), which, though small, is remarkably well-toned. Behind the church is a small cemetery. The only per- son of consequence interred here, is Mr. Justice Hellen, second Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland, who died in 1793, and was interred near the entrance, in the north side of the church. There is a poor-school established here, by the Rev. W. O'Connor, to which Mr. Pleasants bequeathed 1,000/. The number of inhabitants in this parish is 6,686, all of the poorest classes of society ; and so proverbial is this parish for its poverty, that the advertisement of the annual charity sermon is headed by the words, " The poorest Parish in Dublin." The number of houses is 480. St. Mark's Church, — situated in Mark-street, to the east of Trinity College, is a capacious building, erected in 1/29. It was cut off from St. Andrew's by Act of Parliament, in 1707* and its foundation laid the same year with that of the Parliament House, the present Bank of Ireland. — The exterior exhibits no architectural ingenuity or taste. The interior, 80 feet in length by 30 in breadth, is extremely well disposed for the accommodation of numbers, not being divided into pews, as the other churches in Dublin, but laid out with benches with backs of pannelled oak, and with doors at the end of each row. The communion-table is placed in a concave recess, in the back part of which stand the pulpit and reading- desk. In the year 1821 an organ was erected, cased in oak. Around the east, north, and west sides of the church, extends the church-yard, crowded with tombs, which was lately much disused, owing to the nocturnal visits of the surgeons. In the belfry, over the vestibule, is sus- pended a large bell, one of the finest toned in the metro- polis.— Divine service i§ celebrated in this church every ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS. 85 day.— The population is estimated at 11,809, and the number of dwelling-houses at 86/. St. Stephen's Chapel. — The great extent of St. Peter's Parish, and its increased population, have called for the erection of new Chaplaincies ; and accordingly, with the parental care of his diocese, which has peculiarly signalised the guardianship of his Grace the present Archbishop of Dublin, Chapels of Ease are, and have been, duly erected. The foundations are laid of a new church at Rathmines ; and St. Stephen's Chapel, in Upper Mount-street, was consecrated by his Grace this year (1825), both in St. Peter's Parish; This chapel, which is after a design by the late J. Bowden, Esq., is built in a masterly style of execution, by Messrs. Henry, Mullins, and M'Mahon, and at the moderate expense of 5,000^. under the superintendance of J. Welland, Esq., one of the architects to the board of First- Fruits. The building measures 111, by 49 feet, and the apex of the dome is elevated 100 feet. The chancel is 66 feet long, by 44 in breadth, and has spacious galleries and a good organ. The beautiful little portico in front, which is of the Ionic order, is taken from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Athens. The belfry which rises imme- diately above the pediment, is borrowed from the octagon tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, and the cupola and pillars, after the monument of Lysicrates, also at Athens. The site, in the middle of a street, is unhappily chosen, as exposing the flanks, which are not architectural, and were meant to overlook a cemetery* ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS. Though there are many chapels for the celebration of iivine service according to the rites of the church of lome, yet only three of them are deserving of notice for their architecture — the Metropolitan Chapel in Marl- borough-street, Anne's-street Chapel (in lieu of Mary's- lane), and St. Michael and St. John's (in lieu of Rose- mary-lane) on Essex Quay. This may be accounted for in the following manner • during the, operation of the penal 1 86 METROPOLITAN CHAPEL. code, the Roman Catholic clergymen dared not celebrate mass in public, by which the poor were, literally speaking, cut off from the benefit of all religious instruction j and even the rich, who supported chaplains as part of their household, counted their beads in silence and retirement ; and even yet the Catholics are not legally permitted to summon their congregations by the toll of the bell. The public performance of divine service, according to the rites of the Roman Catholic church, was first tole- rated by Lord Chesterfield, Lord Lieutenant, in 1745, from which period their places of worship gradually as- sumed a more important character, and the Metropolitan Chapel is one of the most classical structures in the city. There are twelve parish chapels in Dublin, six Friaries and seven Nunneries ; besides three assistant chapels in the suburbs, at Harold's Cross, Miltown, and Dolphin's- barn. A succession of masses is continued at these dif- ferent chapels from six in the morning till one in the afternoon ; each mass lasts about half an hour, and high mass generally commences at 12 o'clock. Sermons are sometimes preached on Sunday evenings in each chapel, and almost every evening in Lent. Metropolitan Chapel. — This structure, which is in a chaste Grecian style, was commenced in 1816, on the site of Annesley House. The ground was purchased for 500/. and the design was sent to this country by an amateur artist residing in Paris, who intrusted it to the care of Dr. Murray. The principal front is towards Marlborough-street, and consists of a portico of six magnificent columns of the ancient Doric order, whose entablature is carried along the front and sides of the entire building. Above the portico is a magnificent pediment ; and within it are three entrances, the principal one in the centre, and the smaller near the extremities. The portico projects ten feet, and stands upon an extensive landing or platea ap- proached by an extended flight of steps : the chaste and simple elegance which characterizes this building would not admit the introduction of statuary in any part of it. The portico and ornamental parts are of Portland-stone, the rest of mountain granite. The sides, of the chapel may be considered fronts also, ARRAN QUAY CHAPEL. 8? being finished in a very beautiful and singular style ; in the centre of each is a loggia or recessed colonnade, rising from a flight of steps, and supporting an entab- lature, and at each side, wings or pavilions, ornamented by one large window divided into three compartments, by four pillars of Portland-stone, and crowned by an entab- lature and pediment. These windows rest on a broad fascia or band that divides the elevation into two stories or divisions, the lower one of which is quite plain and without any aperture. The interior, which is nearly completed, is equally simple and chaste. The centre or grand aisle is en- closed by a range of columns on each side, which sup- port an entablature, from which springs an arched ceil- ing, divided into compartments. The colonnade is con- tinued behind the altar, which stands in the centre of a semicircular recess at the end of the great aisle, exactly opposite the principal entrance, and a passage is left out- side the colonnade in the recess. The altar, which is quite detached from every other part of the building, is of white marble, enclosed by a circular railing, and without ornament : it is exe- dfted by Turnerelli. Behind the colonnade are side aisles, the length of the great aisle, and uniting behind the altar. In the centre of these, at each side, are deep recesses of a rectangular shape, in which altars are also placed, forming distinct places of worship. The length of the great aisle is 150 feet, and the breadth about 120. This stately edifice has been raised by subscription solely : 26,000/. has been already expended upon it, and it will probably cost as much more to complete it. Hugh O'Connor, and Cardiff, Esqrs. contributed 7,000/. to this laudable purpose. The donation of the former was 4,000/. Arran Quay Chapel. — This little building, which is at the rear of the houses on Arran Quay, was erected in 1785, and is scarcely sufficient to accommodate its parishioners. The parish includes a great extent within its boundaries • it is in the parish of St. PauPs, and is considered as reaching as far as the Vice-regal residence in the Phoenix Park.— There are attached to this chapel six clergymen, five of whom are curates. 88 LIFFEY-STREET CHAPEL. Bridge-street Chapel is for the accommodation of the parishioners of St. Audoen's only, and stands in a neat court-yard, at the rear of the eastern side of Bridge- street. The Dominican friars of Great Denmark-street Chapel formerly resided here. In this parish is a Friary of Franciscans, called Adam- and-Eve Chapel, which presents a front to Cook-street. Attached to this Friary are a superior and seven assistants, who reside in Chapel-lane, adjacent to the chapel. James's-street Chapel comprehends an extensive circuit, from Dolphin' s-barn to Crumlin, and Kilmainham to Chapel Izod. It is situated in Watling-street, and has an entrance at James's-gate. The chapel, though not remarkable for architectural decorations, is in excellent repair. Beside the priest of the parish, there are four curates assistants in this chapel. Francis-street Chapel. — In 1235, Ralph le Porter granted a piece of ground in that part of the suburbs now called Francis-street, as a site for a monastery, to be dedi- cated to St. Francis. On this spot is erected the chapel of Francis-street, which includes the parishes of St Luke, St. Nicholas Without, St. Bride, St. Kevin, a portion of St. Peter's, and in the suburbs, Rathmines, Portobello, Harold's- cross (where there is a chapel of ease), and extends to Rathfarnam and Miltown. As the congregation is the largest in Dublin, so also the chapel is of very considerable magnitude 3 but, not- withstanding, scarcely accommodates Jts parishioners: the priest of this union, who is also Roman Catholic Dean of the metropolis, is assisted by eight curates, who all reside in the chapel house. Liffey-street Chapel — like most of the chapels in Dublin, is at the rear of the houses on the south side of the street, and the entrance is by a wretched gate-way, beneath a tottering fabric, which, most likely, the com- missioners of Wide-streets will shortly condemn. Though the entrance is so miserable, the interior is extremely neat, and has a venerable, sombre, character. This very ex- tensive division includes part of St. George's, with St. xMarv's and St. Thomas's parUhes; it is bounded by ANNE-STREET CHAPEL. 89 Arran-street, Ormand Quay, Green-street, Bolton-street, and Dorset-street ; and extends to Drumcondra Bridge, and is bounded by the river Tolkay and the Liffey. In this chapel the titular Archbishop of Dublin officiates, assisted by his oeconome and six curates. The Archbishop will officiate in the Metropolitan Chapel in Marlborough- street, when that edifice is finished. Anne-street Chapel. — The chapel in North Anne's- street belongs to the parish of St. Michan's, and to part of St. George's. It is bounded on the south by the river Liffey, on the east by Arran-street and its continuation, on the west by Church-street and the Glasnevin-road. The parish chapel formerly stood in Mary's-lane, and was the oldest in Dublin f and here, it is supposed, was preserved a silver image of the Virgin Mary, which for- merly belonged to the Abbey of St. Mary : but this little figure, bearing a crown of silver on its head, was sold to an Irish Baronet at the removal of the chapel. This venerable building becoming quite unfit for use, was converted into a parish school, and the present splendid edifice erected in lieu of it. The principal front of the new chapel is presented to Anne-street, north, and is built entirely of mountain granite • it consists of two stories, the lower occupied by three pointed door-ways ; that in the centre leading to the great aisle, those on the side to a spacious gallery. The second story is ornamented with three large pointed windows, and the summit rises to a very acute angle, ter- minated by a cross, and finished with a monastic battle- ment and pinnacles. The interior is richly decorated with stucco and sculp- ture. At the east end are three altars, placed in deep recesses, and ornamented with heavy carved work, in the pointed style. Over the centre altar is a full-length figure of our Saviour, in alto-relievo, beneath a pointed canopy, above which, on the ceiling, is a glory, encom- passed by innumerable heads of cherubim. The altar on the right is ornamented by a very beautiful painting of St. Francis, copied from Guido, and the altar-piece on the left represents the Virgin and Child, In one of the orna- mented niches, over the side altar^ a small organ is placed^ smd in tfce corresponding niche ts $ false froiit 90 EXCHANGE-STREET CHAPEL. The ceiling', which is semi-elliptical, consists of groined arches springing' from heads of saints, placed in the piers between the windows, on each side ; and three lustres are suspended from richly- worked pendants, which drop from the intersections of the arches. The aisle is lighted by live pointed windows on each side, decorated with labels springing from heads of saints ; and half of each window is ornamented with stained glass. The stucco and carving were executed by O'Brien, a Dublin artist j and the building is after a design by Messrs. O'Brien and Gorman. Divine service is celebrated here at the usual hours ; and there are six curates to assist the parish priest in the discharge of his duties. The chapel also presents a brick front to Halstein-street. Meath-street Chapel— is for the accommodation of the Roman Catholic parishioners of St. Catherine's and a rural district extending to the canal. It is situated at the back of the houses on the east of Meath-street, in that part of the city called the Earl of Meath's Liberty. The chapel belonging to the parish, formerly stood in Bridge- foot-street, at the north side of Thomas-street ; but it being dilapidated, about 1780 a subscription was raised amongst the parishioners for the erection of the present chapel. This building, which is entirely of brick, is of an octagonal form, and very spacious ; opposite the altar a gallery is erected, which is continued along live sides of the octagon, and supported by columns. Divine service is performed here every day. — There are five assistant curates and a parish priest, for whom an excellent house adjacent to the chapel has been erected. Exchange-street Chapel — which was erected by public contribution, was built as a place of worship for the parishes of St. iMichan and St. John; but this union also includes St. Bride's, Christ-church vicinity, part of St. Werburgh's, and part of St. Nicholas Within ; and is bounded by Aungier-street, George-street, and Eustace- street, the river Liffey, and Wine-tavern-street. Divine service was formerly performed in the chapel of Rosemary-lane, but the building having fallen to decay, and the situation not being central, the present site was chosen for a new and spacious building. — The front to- EXCHANCE-STREET CHAPEL. 91 wards Exchange-street is also visible from Wood Quay, and an opening is left, through which this very elegant building is seen, not only from Wood Quay, but also from the opposite side of the river. There are two fronts of hewn stone, equally beautiful, and in a highly-finished style of pointed architecture : the lower stories in both fronts are decorated with pointed door-ways, and the second stories with three large pointed windows with labels ; and the fronts terminate in an acute angle and are surmounted by crosses. The principal door in the north front is accessible by a double flight of steps. The south front is presented to Smock Alley, where was the entrance to the pit and boxes of the theatre which formerly stood on this precise spot, and was called Smock Alley Theatre. The original name of this passage was Orange-street, which was" exchanged for that of Smock- alley, upon the erection of the theatre. — This place of en- tertainment was used for some time after the opening of Crow-street Theatre, 1758, and was then converted into stores for merchandize ; in 1815, the present stately pile was erected here for a more laudable purpose than any to which it had been previously dedicated. The interior is richly ornamented, and in an extremely elegant and chaste style of workmanship. At one end are three altars ; over the centre altar is a painting of the Crucifixion, suspended in a deep recess decorated with stucco-work; on each side of the great pointed niche in the centre are pointed windows ornamented with stained glass. Beneath the window, on the right side, is a small altar with a painting, by Del Frate, representing St. John the Evangelist writing his sacred volume. Below the window, on the left side, and over the communion-table, is another altar-piece, representing the arch-angel, Michael, brandishing a sword in one hand, and trampling upon Satan. This is also by an Italian artist, and is a copy from a painting of Guido's in St. Peter's at Rome. It is unluckily in a very bad light in its present situation. On one side of the chapel is a very handsome monument to the memory of Dr. Betagh, who died in 1811, by Tur- nerelli. On a black pyramidal slab is placed a medallion of the Reverend Prelate, in white statuary marble. Beneath, in white marble, also, is a figure of Faith, leaning over a 92 TOWNSEND-STREET CHAPEL. funeral urn, bearing* a cross in one hand, and holding Re- ligion (an infant boy) with the other. On the same side, in a recess, and beneath an ornamented canopy, is a large and well-toned organ, which cost 700/. At the other end stand six confessionals of exquisite work- manship, and ornamented with glass labels, bearing scrip- tural sentences in gold letters : these are decided] y the handsomest to be met with in the chapels of Dublin. The ceiling is semi-elliptical, composed of groined arches, and decorated by pendents from which three lustres are sus- pended. There is a spacious gallery at the end opposite the altar, the front of which also is highly ornamented by carved work. Townsend-street Chapel is intended for the accom- modation of the Roman Catholic inhabitants of St. Anne's, St. Andrew's, and part of St. Peter's and St. Mark's parishes. It stands behind the houses on the north side of Townsend-street, within a few yards of the principal entrance to the New Theatre. In front of the chapel, and concealing it from the street, is a handsome house erected for the residence of the priest and his assistant curates, six in number. This chapel, which is large and well-dis- posed, although without any architectural beauties, was not long since in one of the fdthiest and most wretched situations in the city, but from the opening of D'Olier and New Brunswick streets, it is now in a most convenient and central one. The incumbent of this parish is gene- rally the coadjutor to the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. The parish chapels are here designated by the respective streets in which they are placed, for the following reasons, viz. they are generally so denominated in Dublin, and as each chapel belongs to several Protestant parishes, it would be obviously incorrect, and would produce confusion, to at- tribute the name of any one of these parishes to the parish chapel ; besides, the division of parishes is made to con- form to the Protestant places of worship solely. 93 FRIARIES. ' Augustinian Convent. — The friary of St. John, in John-street, on the north side of Thomas-street, is within the district of Meath-street chapel. To this chapel are attached only the prior and two friars, who, by their laud- able exertions in the cause of humanity, are enabled to clothe and educate 25 boys and 20 girls. Dominican Convent. — This convent, commonly called Denmark-street Chapel, is situated in the street of that name. The friars originally belonged to Bridge-street chapel. This place of worship is contiguous to a "fashion- able part of Dublin, and is consequently numerously and respectably attended by persons who bear substantial testi- mony of the sincerity of their charitable inclinations, for, from the sums collected here on Sundays, 25 boys are sup- ported, and upwards of 60 girls educated ; at the same time that the chapel and friary are kept in perfect repair, and continual improvements carrying on. — This friary, to which seven clergymen are attached, is in the circuit of LifFey-street and the Metropolitan chapels. Convent of Calced Carmelites. — This convent, with a small neat chapel attached, is situated in French- street, not far from York-street, and is within the district of Townsend-street chapel. The order had a chapel and convent in Ash-street, which they relinquished for the present retired and genteel neighbourhood. There are six resident clergymen in this convent, of which the proper designation is the " Friary of St. Patrick." Convent of Discalced Carmelites. — The chapel of this convent, which is in Clarendon-street, and, next to the Metropolitan, is the largest in Dublin, is in the shape of a rectangle with the corners canted off. The exterior is plain, the lower part being plastered, and the upper, in which are the studies and dormitories of the friars, only of brick. Before the building of this spacious edifice, the friars of this order performed divine service in a small in- convenient building behind the houses on the south side of Stephen-street, near Aungier-street. Seven clergymen reside here, and support an evening school, where 200 94 CONVENT OF JESUITS. boys are educated gratuitously. — This friary is within the precincts of Townsend-street chapel. Coxyext of Fraxciscaxs. — Adam and Eve Chapel, otherwise denominated " Cook-street Chapel," belongs to friars of the Franciscan order. To this friary eight clergymen are attached, who, from the crowded popula- tion of the neighbourhood, are constantly engaged in oc- casional duties. — This convent is intended as a chapel of ease to Bridge-street chapel. Convent of Capuchins. — The Capuchin Friary, better known by the appellation of Church-street Chapel, is situated on the west side of that street, and not far from St. Michan's church. The friary attached to this chapel affords accommodation to seven or eight clergymen, for whom there is ample employment in this poor, but extremely populous, part of Dublin. The chapel belongs to the dis- trict of Arran Quay Chapel. The building itself possesses no remarkable features : — the respectable part of the con- gregation are admitted into the sacristy, which is divided from the rest of the chapel by a railing, outside which the lower classes are obliged to remain. This structure was for a long period in a state of dilapi- dation, until the manly eloquence of the Rev. P. Keogh, a friar of the Capuchin order, influenced the wealthy part of his hearers, by repeated and powerful appeals to their feelings, to contribute largely to the restoration of the edifice ; and in the space of two years, within this very chapel, upwards of 1,500/. was collected at his ser- mons. There is a school attached to this convent where 40 boys are educated, and the same number of girls both clothed and educated. Coxvext of Jesuits. — The chapel of this order, called Hardwicke-street chapel, is a small neat building, lately fitted up in an unassuming and tasteful manner. It origin- ally belonged to a nunnery of the order of St. Clare, in Dorset-street ; but upon the building of St. George's Church, and the opening of Hardwicke-street in front of it, the retirement of the nuns was so completely inter- rupted, that they withdrew to Harold's cross on the south side of Dublin, and surrendered this chapel to the Jesuit- ical order, — There are, in general, two of the order NUNNERIES. 95 residing 1 in the apartments over the chapel, which is in the division of Liffey-street and the Metropolitan chapels. NUNNERIES. In Dublin and its environs there are several religious asylums for females of the Roman Catholic religion.— The nunneries in Dublin are — George's Hill — King-street— Stanhope-street — Summer-hill — Warren-mount — Wil- liam-street (north). In the environs are, Cabragh — Harold's-cross — Ranelagh — -and Richmond (removed from James-street) . King-Street Nunnery.— Is a large comfortable house, probably the longest established. The sisters, who are about six or seven in number, are Poor Clares. — The chief use of this asylum at present is, to afford a safe retreat to widows and other females of a respectable class, who are able to pay for their board and lodging. Stanhope-Street and William-Street (north) nunneries. — The inhabitants of these convents are called " Sisters of Charity/' their lives being wholly devoted to charitable purposes. — This order has long existed on the continent, though quite unknown, until lately, in this kingdom. George's-Hill or North Anne's-Street Nunnery — is of very ancient date, and the residents, about eleven or twelve in number, are called Ladies of the Presentation . These charitable females superintend a school of 300 girls, 20 of whom are clothed and fed at the expense of the con- vent. — This was the first Roman Catholic school permitted to be opened in Dublin, it being forbidden by the Foreign Education Bill, but that prohibition was removed in the reign of his late Majesty, George III. Ward's-Hill, or Warren Mount NuNNERY.~The sisters of Warren Mount Nunnery are called Poor Clares : there are in general about twelve residing in the convent, to which is attached a school, where 200 girls are instructed, and 20 supported and clothed by the sisterhood. At the village of Ranelagh, is a convent of the order of St. Joseph, where, when the Irish nobility resided in their 96 NUNNERIES. native land, the daughters of the Roman Catholic nobility were educated, and there is still a number of highly re- spectable persons residing here. It is in the district of Francis-street Chapel. The sisters contribute munificently to the support of two schools ; one in Paradise-row, where 20 orphans are admitted at the age of three years, and sup- ported and instructed until sufficiently qualified to be ap- prenticed ; and another, where 30 boys and as many girls are clothed, fed, and educated. There is a convent of Dominican nuns at Cabragh, about three miles from Dublin, on the north side, which cannot be considered as belonging to the city. Another at Richmond, 2 miles south of Dublin. The sisters of this nunnery, who are denominated Ladies of the Presentation, formerly lodged in James' s-street. Harold's Cross Nunnery is more immediately in the vicinity of Dublin, and more conspicuous than the others for the magnitude of its charities. The sisters, who are Poor Clares, formerly occupied a nunnery in Dorset- street, the chapel of which now belongs to the convent of Jesuits. The nunnery is in the district of Francis-street chapel. — This edifice is very extensive, having attached to the apartments of the sisterhood a large building contain- ing a school-room and two dormitories, each capable of containing 50 beds. — These benevolent sisters not only edu- cate, but clothe and support 100 female children, for whose accommodation they have erected this spacious building, and a handsome chapel adjacent to it. It would be uninteresting to continue a specific enume- ration of the different Roman Catholic schools in this city, and the precise number educated, clothed, and fed in each ; but the reader will learn with surprise, that there are about 4,000 boys and 3,000 girls educated by this denomi- nation of Christians, and nearly 2,000 of those are clothed, and half that number fed: and at this moment a new society is establishing for diffusing the benefits of educa- tion amongst the poor Catholics, throughout the kingdom in general. PRESBYTERIANS. 97 SECEDERS FROM THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH. In the small circuit of the city of Dublin, the number of places of worship appropriated to different religious sects, was greater than that either of churches of the established religion, or of Roman Catholic chapels ; but owing to the great care of the church, manifested by his grace the Arch- bishop of Dublin, the reverse of this will shortly be more nearly true. A New Church has been opened in Upper Mount-street, called St. Stephen's Chapel ; St. Paul's has been rebuilt ; the foundations of three more are laid in the suburbs, the one at Rathmines, one at Grange Gorman, and the third at Phibsborough ; and two Methodists chapels will shortly be thrown open as Free Churches for the poor, a thing hitherto unknown in Ireland. — The most ancient and respectable of the Dissenters in Dublin are the Pres- byterians. Presbyterians. — The Presbyterian government in Ire- land is modelled on that of the Scotch church. James the First encouraged many Scotch Presbyterians to pass over into the northern provinces of Ireland, where they spread to an amazing extent, and from their habits of pro- priety and industry, that wild and uncultivated part of the kingdom became rapidly civilized, so that at this moment it is decidedly the most improved and humanized part of Ireland. The Presbyterian church is divided into synods or assem- blies, which hold annual meetings for the better govern- ment of their body ; and at those meetings, each congre- gation is represented by one pastor and one lay elder. The principal synod in Ireland is that of Ulster, and there is a second, called the Munster Synod. The establishment of Presbyterian chapels in Dublin, took place in 1662, shortly after the passing of the Act of Uniformity. — At this period, Samuel Winter, Provost of Trinity College, with three of the Fellows, E. Veal, R. Norbury, and S. Mather, refused to subscribe in an unqualified manner to the Thirty-nine Articles of the Established Church, and voluntarily resigned their preferments. Such leaders might naturally be expected to possess both influence to attract, and eloquence and information sufficient to preserve, a K 98 STUAND-STREET MEETING-HOUSE. considerable number of adherents : and at their instance several meeting-houses were erected in different parts of the city, some of which have since been taken down and rebuilt upon different sites. There are now four meeting-houses of Presbyterians ; — • Strand-street, Eustace-street, Pvlary's Abbey, and Usher's Quay. Strand-street Meeting-House— is situated in a re- tired street, chiefly occupied by merchants' stores, and re- cedes a few yards, having in front a small court, with two gates. The front of the building is of brick, two stories in height, without any ornament ; and the interior is spa- cious, but quite plain. There are two congregations united in Strand-street Meeting, viz. Wood-street and Cook-street, which were both erected at the period of the secession of Provost Winter. Attached to this meeting is a Poor-school, where 28 boys are clothed, fed, and educated, and afterwards appren- ticed to different trades.* With the exception of about 30/. per annum, a donation, this school is entirely dependant on the results of an annual charity sermon, preached by one of the ministers of the Church, on the last Sunday in February. But from the great respectability of the Strand- street congregation, this collection may always be calculated upon as ample for the support of the charity; besides this, a collection is made every Sunday, which is appropriated to the use of a number of distressed widows. Adjoining to the meeting-house there is a library of divinity, where the members of the congregation are permitted to read, but owing to its inconvenient situation, it is seldom visited. The Presbyterian clergymen have, for about two centuries back, received an addition to their salaries called the " Regium Domini," given at first to encourage the intro- duction of this respectable body in Ireland, and still conti- nued to those pastors whose congregation amount to a cer- tain number. Amongst the ministers who have officiated in Strand-street, many "distinguished theological and contro- versial writers are to be found : — Matten, Charnock, Rule, and Leland, author of " A View of the Deistical writers of * This school was established by the Misses Plunket, whose father was many years minister of the meeting. USHER'S QUAY MEETING-HOUSE. 99 the last and present Century/' have frequently preached here. Eustace-street Meettng-house — is not so spacious as that in Strand-street, nor is its congregation more than half as numerous. As the members of this religious sect study and cultivate the absence of ornament, their places of worship afford nothing for the eye of curiosity to rest upon. Attached to this chapel is a school for 20 boys, who all receive board, lodging, clothing, and education, and at a proper period, are apprenticed to useful trades. Besides the collection made at an annual charity sermon, there is a yearly income for the support of this charity, as well as for the establishing and maintenance of a girls' school, and an alms-house for poor widows. Before the present building was erected, the members of this meeting cele- brated divine worship in a small building in New Row. Dr. Leland, mentioned in the preceding article, was a Minister of this Hock, and a print of him hangs in the Vestry-room. Mary's Abbey Meeting-House. — There was another meeting-house similarly denominated, the congregation of which having united with that of Strand-street, left the present chapel in the undisputed possession of this dis- tinguishing appellation. — Though these two meeting- houses, Strand- street and Mary's Abbey, are so near in point of locality, they profess to differ widely in doctrinal points 5 and to make the line of distinction still more obvious, the latter congregation call themselves the Scots Church, whence it may be inferred, that they are some- what more strict in the observance of particular religious forms than their neighbours of Strand-street. Several distinguished divines have been ministers of this congre- gation. The congregation support a charity school of about thirty children ; and in addition to donations and sub- scriptions, there is an annual sermon on the first Sunday in March for the maintenance of this little establishment. Usher's Quay Meeting-house— -has also an ancient Presbyterian congregation, which united with the brethren of Plunket-street, about fifty years since, and is now a considerable body, There are two schools, containing 100 METHODISTS. about forty children, supported by the collections made in this meeting-house, and aided also by an annual charity sermon. Seceders. — This sect, which is a ramification of the Kirk of Scotland, consists of austere Calvinists $ and, in consequence of a difference in civil matters, it is subdi- vided into Burghers and Anti-burghers. On account of their extremely rigid doctrines, the Anti-burghers hold very little intercourse with any other sect of Christians. The Burghers had a meeting-house in Mass-lane, and the Anti-burghers have one on the site of the old National Bank in Mary's Abbey. The difference between these two sects has of late years nearly subsided. But another body of dissenters from the Kirk has risen up, called the Relief, who are Calvinists and Presbyterians, but extremely liberal 111 their views. Independents. — The first congregation of Indepen- dents that met in Dublin, assembled "in the old Presby- terian meeting-house, in Plunket-street. There is also a very large chapel, belonging to this sect, in York-street ; and the Dutch church, in Poolbeg-street, has been made use of by them for several years back. Ebenezer chapel, at the corner of Hawkins-street and D'Olier-street, was erected in 1820, by a party of Sece- ders from the York-street Independents. Zion Chapel, in King's-Inn-street, also belongs to the Independents ; this chapel, which is built of lime-stone, and fronted with mountain-granite, is ornamented by three circular-headed windows, over which is a pedi- ment. Divine Service was performed here, for the first time, on Sunday, 5th August, 1821, by Mr. Raffles, of the Independent Chapel, Liverpool. Methodists.— About twelve years after the first pro- mulgation of the Wesleyan doctrines, they were intro- duced into this city, for the first time, by a Mr. Williams, whose success was so remarkable, that he immediately communicated the tidings of this great accession of fol- lowers to Mr. Wesley, who was induced to cross over to Dublin, where he arrived on Sunday morning, between eleven and twelve, as the church bells were tolling for service. Ever anxious to catch at any thing that could be considered as a prediction, lie hailed the omen, and WALKERITES. 101 proceeding to Mary's church, obtained permission to preach there. After continuing some time in Dublin, and preach- ing daily at a Meeting-house in Marlborough-street, he re- turned to England, happy at the result of his mission. But, he was scarcely gone, when the infuriated mob, unable longer to curb their rage, attacked and destroyed the chapel, and compelled the pastors to make a speedy retreat Notwithstanding this, Wesley repeatedly visited Dublin afterwards, and ultimately succeeded in his favour- ite object. There is a capacious meeting-house in George's-street, standing on a piece of ground, lately occupied by a cabinet-maker's workshop, concealed by the houses in front. There is another congregation, professing the same doc- trine which meets in the Weaver's-hall, on the Coombe, in the Earl of Meath's Liberty. Those who are not considered Separatists, have a Meet- ing-house in Whitefriars-street, to which a book-room and alms-house are attached ; it is capable of accommodating near 1500 persons ; Hendrick -street chapel, near the Royal Barracks, is not so spacious. There is another in Cork-street, in the Liberty* which has not been opened more than five or six years; and a very handsome brick building, erected (1821) in Abbey-street, near the Custom- house, was opened for divine service the first Sunday in June, upon which occasion, a most able discourse was delivered by the Rev. Mr. Clarke, one of the pastors of this congregation. The Kilhamites have no chapel in Dublin. Wesley Chapel, Great Charles-street, has been purchased for a Free Church for the Protestant Poor. Baptists. — There is but one Baptist Meeting-house in Dublin, which is in Swift's Alley. Their doctrine was in- troduced into this city in the sixteenth century, when a chapel was built, which, falling into decay, was rebuilt on the same site, about the year 1730. The ceremony of im- mersion is performed very properly, in private. This sect supports two schools, one for boys, the other for girls -, for which a charity sermon is annually preached. Walke rites.— -John Walker, a man of much learning, and formerly a fellow of the university of Dublin, con- ceived certain notions, regarding the mode of celebrating ifee service in, the cbureb of JSngtend, which hi him to con- ss 3 102 QUAKERS. elude, that lie could no longer, conscientiously, continue one of its members. Upon communicating this change of sentiment to the Provost and Board, he was necessarily removed from his fellowship. The leading features of his doctrine, besides being entirely calvinistic, are, " total ex- clusion of all who are not of precisely the same senti- ments, as to prayer.' 5 Mr. Walker never had many ad- herents, and even those few separated upon points of discipline. The zealous founder was of opinion, that the words of the Apostle, " salute one another with a holy kiss," were to be literally understood, and acted upon, while one of his pupils advised otherwise. He continued to instruct his proselytes, in a room in Stafford-street ; and the separatists withdrew to another called the Cutlers' Hall, in Capel-street. The sect is now nearly extinct. There is another, of somewhat earlier date than Walker's, called Kelly's sect, whose doctrines differ little from Walker's, though they would wish themselves to be considered as distinct. They have no regular place of worship in Dublin, but they sometimes meet in a private school-room, in Upper Stephen-street, near George's- srreet ; there is a chapel, belonging to this sect, at the village of Black Rock, four miles from Dublin. Moravians. — The doctrines and tenets of this sect were first introduced into this city by Mr. Cennick, about 1/40, who was joined in his ministry by Mr. Latrobe, a student of Dublin College. Mr. Latrobe's success was very considerable ; and in a few years he obtained a meeting-house in Bishop's-street and a residence for their elders adjoining. In the same street there is a house of refuge for unmarried females of the Moravian profession, who support themselves by their needle-work, which is of the most perfect description. There is a widows* house belonging to this body : and the females of the congregation superintend a Sunday school for girls. They have a distinct burying-ground, which is about'three miles from Dublin a little beyond the village of Rathfarnham. Quakers. — The celebrated George Fox, one of the Founders of this sect, passed over from England to Dub- lin, where he regulated their meetings ; and with the as- sistance of Edmunson, a soldier in Cromwell's army, and. GERMAN LUTHERANS. 103 afterwards a pedlar, who came into the north of Ireland a few years previous, he was enabled to raise funds for the building of two meeting-houses, one in Bride's-alley, the other at Wormwood-gate : these have gone to decay, and Cole-alley and Sycamore-alley meeting-houses supply their places. — The Quakers of Ireland hold annual meet- ings in Dublin in May, and those of Dublin have monthly ones. At one of these meetings it was, that the first pro- test was ever made against the slave trade, and perhaps this was the origin of the bill introduced into the English parliament by Mr. Wilberforce, which has immortalized him, and given additional lustre to the throne of Eng- land. The number of Quakers in this city amounts to about 1,000. They have no distinct charitable establish- ments, but contribute indiscriminately and munificently to all. The only establishment of an exclusive nature they support, is a Lunatic Asylum at Donnybrook, two miles from Dublin. The Quakers, like the Moravians and Jews, have distinct burying-grounds. Those of Dublin pre- serve a piece of ground for this purpose in Merrion-street, and a large enclosure in Cork-street.* Jews. — Although there are six or seven millions of Jews still in existence, there are not twelve in the metro- polis of Ireland - 3 yet there were a sufficient number some years back to open a Synagogue in Marlborough-street, but this has a long time been closed. The only Synagogue which ever existed in Dublin, antecedent to that in Marl- borough-street, was built by some foreign Jews in Craven- lane. The few Jews who* remain in Dublin read their Talmud in private, and preserve a distinct burying-ground at Ballybough-bridge, where are to be seen several monu- ments with Hebrew inscriptions. German Lutherans. — The German Church is situated in Poolbeg-street, near the new Theatre, and has been mentioned already by the name of the Dutch Church. * For a minute and impartial account of various sects and dissenterSj «e? Evans's Sketch of Different Denominations of the Christian World, 104 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. As the history of the corporation of every city is in- timately connected with the history of the city itself, the most important facts connected with this cor- porate body have been interspersed in the sketch of the History of Dublin, given at the commencement of this volume. In 11/3, a charter of incorporation was granted by Henry II. who, at the same time, induced many inhabi- tants of Bristol to unite themselves with the citizens of Dublin, and enjoy the advantages of this charter. The chief magistrates of this city were originally denominated provost and bailiffs, and the first who bore the title of provost, was John Le Decer, when Richard de St. Olave and John Stakehold were the first bailiffs, in 1308. In 1665, Charles II. had changed the title of provost to that of Lord Mayor, and conferred this honour for the first time upon Sir Daniel Bellingham, with a salary of 500/, per annum. The corporation consists of the Lord Mayor, twenty- four Aldermen, two Sheriffs, SherifiV Peers, who are members for life, and twenty-five Guilds. The two com- ponent parts are denominated the board of Aldermen, and the Commons ; the latter consists of the Sheriffs' Peers, and representatives of the different Guilds \ the Lord Mayor presides at the upper board, and the Sheriffs of the year in the lower assembly. The Lord Mayor is elected from amongst the Aldermen, by the concurrent voices of both assemblies. He is chosen in April, and continues to be styled Lord Mayor Elect, until the 30th September, at which time he enters upon his office. The Aldermen are all City Magistrates, and assist the Recorder at oyer and terminer. The Sheriffs are elected from the Common Council, and are obliged to swear that they are worth 2,000/. : those who have served the office and those who have fined, are called Sheriffs' Peers. The Aldermen are elected by the Board and Common Council in conjunction, and it is only necessary that he should have been a Sheriffs' Peer, The Lord Mrjw bold? a court *t the Mausion-hQu?*, for THE MANSION-HOUSE, 105 the trial of petty offences and misdemeanours ; and the Ex-Lord Mayor is president of the Court of Conscience, which is held at the city Assembly-house in William- street, and where debts are sued for, which do not exceed forty shillings. The authority of the Lord Mayor extends, not only all over the city, but part of the Bay of Dublin is considered within his jurisdiction, and the limits of his authority over the watery world are determined in the following manner : at low water, his Lordship rides to the very water's edge, and from thence throws a dart as far as his strength and skill enable him, where it falls, is the boundary of his power; he then proceeds to perambulate the bounds of the city, or of his juris- diction. Upon this occasion, not many years since, all the guilds attended, and formed a procession of great splen- dour and magnitude. The Mansion-House . — The residence of the Lord Mayor, stands on the south side of Dawson-street, de- tached from the houses on either side of it, and receding some distance from the street. Its appearance is unpre- possessing, being fronted entirely with brick, and built after a design which never could have been pleasing to the eye. There is, however, an excellent suite of apartments, capa- ble of accommodating several hundred persons, which number is not unfrequently to be met at the convivial as- semblies of his Lordship. On the left of the hall is a small apartment, called the Gilt Room, where is a portrait of King William, a copy, by Gubbins, an Irish Artist of high character. Adjoin- ing to this, is the Drawing-room, a spacious apartment, nearly fifty feet in length, where public breakfasts are given. The walls are ornamented with portraits of Lord Whitworth; Earl of Hardwicke, by Hamilton ; Alderman Alexander, generally called the " father of the city," by Williams; Lord Westmorland, by Hamilton; and John Foster, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons (now Lord Oriel). The next is the Ball room, used for dining in upon gala days ; a noble apartment, 55 feet in length, the walls of which are wainscotted with Irish oak. Near the entrance, are placed the two city swords, the mace, and cap : one of the swords is only used upon those days on which the collar of SS is worn by the Lord Mayor ; 106 THE MANSION-HOUSE. this famous collar of SS was given by William III. at the solicitation of Bartholomew Vanhomrigh, Lord Mayor, in 1697, and it was then valued at 1,000/. The former collar was presented to the city, in the year 1660, by Charles II. and was carried off by Sir Michael Creagh, a Lord Mayor of the city. At one end of the room is a portrait of his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, and at the other that of the late Duke of Richmond, by Sir T. Lawrence ; over one chimney-piece is a portrait of Charles II. and over the other one of George II. at an early period of life. At the opposite extremity of the ball-room, is a door leading into the round-room : this spacious and princely apartment was built in 1821 (Sir A.B. King, Bart, being then Lord Mayor), for the express purpose of entertaining his Majesty George IV. who was pleased to honour the corpo- ration of Dublin with his presence at a splendid city feast, on the 23rd of August, 1821. It is a perfect circle, the diameter of which, being 90 feet, is 10 feet greater than the diameter of the Rotunda in this city j and a corridor, five feet wide, is continued quite round the room, so that the external diameter of the entire building is upwards of 100 feet. The walls of this magnifi- cent apartment, which will be a lasting monument of the liberality, loyalty and independent spirit of the corpora- tion, are ornamented with paintings in imitation of tapestry. It is lighted by a lantern 50 feet from the floor, and the dome is painted to represent a summer sky. On the other side of the Mansion-house are several rooms also appropriated to public use. The small room communicating immediately with the hall, is called the Exchequer : the walls are wainscotted with Irish oak, and there are some portraits of eminent persons, — the Duke of Bolton, — the Earl of Buckinghamshire (Lord Lieutenant from Oct. 1777 to Dec. 1/80) ^bearing a scroll in his hand, on which are these words " Free trade, October 12th, 1779," at which time, both houses of par- liament in Ireland petitioned for, and obtained, a free trade from his Majesty; — the Marquis of Buckingham, — and, the Earl of Harcourt. Adjoining the Exchequer is an apartment, 40 feet long, called the Sheriffs' Room, and ornamented with several ex- CITY ASSEMBLY-HOUSE. 107 cellent portraits, viz. the Duke of Northumberland, 1765 ; Lord Town send : John Duke of Bedford \ an admirable portrait of Alderman Sankey, by Hamilton, 1792 5 Alder- man Manders, 1802 • and the celebrated Alderman Thorpe (commonly called " the Good Lord Mayor/' who served during- the famine in 1800), by Cummins. Several designs have been presented for a new Mansion- house, but none adopted : the centre of Stephen's-green was suggested as a very appropriate situation, but the pre- sent site is one of the most desirable in Dublin, and it is most likely the corporation will gradually improve the present edifice, until it becomes almost another building. On a lawn beside the Mansion-house, is placed an eques- trian statue of George I. wMcli originally stood on Essex- bridge, but upon repairing the bridge, which was much injured by the weight of the battlements, it was removed to the garden of the Mansion-house, at the expense of the corporation. At the extremity of the court-yard, or garden, in which the Round-Room stands, are two colossal statues of Charles II. and William III. City Assembly-house. — This building is situated in William-street, at the corner of Coppinger's-row , and was formerly called the Exhibition-room, being erected by the Artists of Dublin, for the purpose of exhibiting their works. There is but one large room in this building, and in this the Commons assemble. The board of Aldermen meet in another apartment of the building, and quarter-assemblies, election of city officers, and various other matters relating to the affairs of the corporation, are transacted here. One of the most important disputes that has occurred in the Assembly-house, took place upon the election of Sir A. B. King, Bart, to the office of Lord Mayor in 1821. The Court of Conscience is held in a spacious room under the assembly-room, the entrance is in Coppinger's-row. Pre- viously to the purchase of the city assembly-house, by the corporation, public meetings of the board and Common Council, and the Court of Conscience, were held in a stately building in Skinner-row, called the Tholsel. This structure (of which a correct elevation may be seen in Malton's Views) was built after a design of the celebrated Inigo Jones ; the front was richly ornamented, and in niches on the second story were two gigantic statues of IW TAILORS 5 HALL. Charles II. and James II. now preserved in Christ-Church Cathedral, but no trace of, the Tholsel remains : it stood at the corner of Nicholas-street, and the site was let for building in 1807, by the corporation. Aldermen of Skinner's-alley.— -In 1688, James II. obliged the Protestant part of the corporation to retire from office, and remain in concealment, until more auspicious times ; and the place of their retreat was Skinner's-alley, in the Earl of Meath's Liberties : at length, the memorable battle of the Boyne, restored the Protestant religion to the country, and the corporation to its rights. The reinstated corporators, impressed with the truth of this motto " Hsec olim meminisse juvabit," retained the name of the Alder- men of Skinner's-alley. Merchants' Hall. — This useful and necessary building is situated on Aston's Quay, opposite the iron bridge. It is two stories in height and contains an office on the basement story ; with the great hall and a small apartment on the upper floor. The front, which is of granite, is inclined obliquely to the line of quays, and is in other respects also an awkward structure. The Guild meets here for the election of Master Representative in the Common Coun- cil — Coal Meters, &c. Tailors'-hall. — The Corporation of Tailors claim the honour of precedence of all other Guilds, on the ground of antiquity : this right, however, has lately been ceded to the Guild of Merchants as a matter of courtesy. Their hall is in Back-lane, in the neighbourhood of Christ-Church Cathedral, upon which site they have had one for several centuries, but the present structure was built in 1710, John Shudell, being Master of the Corporation. The principal apartment, which is 45 feet by 21, is or- namented with a gallery at one end, and has the following paintings, viz. a full-length of Charles II. ; a portrait of Dean Swift j a painting of the Tailors' arms ; the Royal Arms as a companion ; a head of Charles II. ; a very cu- rious painting of St. Homobon, a Tailor of Cremona, of whom it is recorded beneath " that he gave all his gain and labour to the poor, and was canonized for his life and miraculous actions in 1316." In this hall, the following corporations, not having halls peculiarly belonging to their Guild, are permitted to as« Police est ablishmsnt, W^ semble — - Butchers, Smiths, Barbers, Saddlers, Glover3, Skinners, Curriers, and Joiners. Weaver's-hall.— This hall is situated on the Coombe, in the Earl of Meafh's Liberties, and is a venerable-looking brick building, having its front decorated by a handsome gilt statue of George II. In the principal room, which is 50 feet by 2 1 , is a portrait of one of the Lat ouches, who came into this kingdom with the French refugees, and greatly encouraged the art of Weaving. There is also a portrait of George II., worked in tapestry, on the frame of which is the following couplet : " The workmanship of John Vanbeaver, Y e famous tapestry Weaver.' ' This is extremely well executed, and there is not a better piece of workmanship of this description in Dublin, if we except that in the apartment called the tapestry drawing- room, in Waterford-house. This hall is so little used, that a congregation of Methodists take advantage of its de- sertion, and assemble here every Sunday and holyday* The only Guild which meets here, besides the Weavers, is the Guild of Hosiers. There are a few other halls belonging to different Guilds, the Apothecaries-hall, in Mary-street [see art. Apotheca- ries-hall]. The Carpenters'-hall, in Audoen's Arch ; the Goldsmiths', in Golden-lane ; the Cutlers', in Capel-street ; and the Coopers', in Stafford-street. POLICE ESTABLISHMENT. The first institution of Police in Dublin, is supposed to have taken place in the reign of Elizabeth, but upon a very different system from the present -, — to this succeeded a class of peace-preservers, and night-guards, called watch- men, who were introduced in the reign of George I. The watchmen did not preserve the nightly quiet of the city so effectually as they might have done, for many of them were convicted of aiding in robberies, and even murders, com- mitted within the city : this led Mr. Orde to introduce the Police act, in 1/85. Though this body was exceedingly efficient, yet being 1 10 POLICE ESTABLISHMENT. entirely appointed by the government, the citizens became jealous of their interference, and appeared to feel them- selves rather under the control of a military force, than as having' their properties and peace preserved by an useful establishment. Many attempts were made in parliament to abolish the Police, and substitute city guardians less offensive to the inhabitants ; and a resistance on the part of government, for ten successive years, gave rise to many serious results to the nation in general. — At length, in the year 1 795, the Police act was repealed, and the former miserable system of watch restored. This wretched mode of preserving the peace, was con- tinued for ten or twelve years, when the Duke of Welling- ton, then Secretary of State in Ireland, introduced the present police act, from which the metropolis has derived such infinite advantage ; and which is now matured to a degree of perfection, which the noble framer of the act could hardly have contemplated. The whole establishment consists of twelve magistrates, four of whom must be Aldermen ; four Sheriffs' Peers, and four Barristers, of not less than six years standing. One half of this number is selected by the Government, the other by the Common Council. Every magistrate receives a salary of 5001. per annum, with the exception of the chief magistrate of police, whose salary is 600/. per annum. The police establishment also take cognizance of all improprieties and impositions com- mitted by drivers of hackney-coaches and cars, and by sedan-chair-men, &c. — Against whom, complaints must be lodged within a few days after the commission of the offence, or they will not be attended to. There are four offices of police in Dublin, one for each of the districts into which the city is divided. The prin- cipal or head police-office is in Exchange-court ; this be- longsto the Castle Division : the others are in James-street, Mountrath-street, and College-street. In each of these, three magistrates preside, some one of whom is always in attendance, from about ten to three o'clock every day, and from six to eight in the evening ; one Alderman, one Sheriffs' Peer, and one Barrister, are attached to every office. The police consists of both a NEWGATE. Ill horse patrole and a body of infantry, besides more than four hundred watchmen. The horse-police, not only patrole the streets, but the environs of Dublin to the dis- tance of eight miles. There are in the neighbourhood, at different distances from the city, police-houses, where guards are stationed. The power lately vested in the superintendant magistrate has been transferred to those of the head office of police, which retains thirty-one peace-officers in its employment ; while the divisional offices are allowed but seven each. — It sends persons on duty not only to all parts of Ireland but to England, Scotland, and even the Continent. It grants licenses to all hotel-keepers, publicans, pawn-brokers, &c. There are now 55 pawn-brokers, 28 hotel-keepers, 150 licensed hackney-coaches, 140 job and 20 mourning coaches, 750 jaunting-cars, 3,700 town cars, 1,600 country cars, 260 brewers' drays, and 65 hackney sedans. PRISONS. Newgate — the principal gaol for malefactors of all descriptions, is in Green-street. Formerly the gaol was an old castle on the town wall, over the gate leading from Cut-purse-row to Thomas -street ; and from its situation, derived the name of Newgate, which appellation was trans- ferred to the present prison. This building, which stands on a rectangular piece of ground, 170 feet by 130, is after a design of Mr. Thomas Cooley, the architect of the Ex- change, and is faced with granite-stone, from the Dublin Mountains. The front consists of three stories, the lower rusticated, and the two upper perforated by windows di vested of ornament : the centre is surmounted by a pedi ment, and in front of the upper story of this part of the building*, are the platform and apparatus for execution. At each angle is a round tower with loop-holes ; and one side of the prison has no other windows than these aper- tures. In this wing, prisoners of the lowest class were generally confined, and from the exorbitant fees or " gar- nish money/' demanded for any accommodation however wretched, these unfortunate miscreants were compelled to 112 NEWGATE, suspend a small bag from the loop-holes by a cord, and beg- alms from the passenger ; but this extremity of human misery, together with many shameful improprieties prac- tised "and countenanced within the prison walls, called forth the interference of Mr. W. Pole, Secretary of State for Ireland, who made a serious reformation in the discip- line of Newgate. The interior is divided into two nearly equal parts by a broad passage, having on either side lofty walls with iron gates, through which visitors may speak with the prisoners . At the end of this passage is the gaoler's house, the front of which is in Halstein-street ; but the turnkeys have apartments in the prison. There is a chapel attached to the prison, and three chaplains, one of the Established Church, one of the Roman Catholic persuasion, and a Dissenting clergyman. The cells are not sufficiently numerous for the number of criminals that must necessarily be at all times confined in the gaol of a large city, nor are they of sufficient magni- tude to accommodate more than one, each being only twelve feet long by eight in breadth : they all open into corridors, which look into the court-yard, and are locked at night. The foundation of this building was laid in 1773, and it was opened for the reception of criminals in 1781. It is not considered either well situated or strongly built, the blocks of stone not being cramped as they are in the county-gaol. Few prisoners, however, have ever been able to effect their escape, without the connivance of the turn- keys. A few years since, when the gaol was crowded with convicts destined for transportation to Botany Bay, a con- spiracy was formed to break through the walls \ but the plot was fortunately detected in time. From that period, no irregularity or spirit of insubordi- nation has appeared, owing partly to better internal ar- rangement, and partly to a diminution of crime in the city, by which the number of prisoners is much reduced. The County Gaol is situated near the Royal Hospital, and is called Kilmainham-gaol. A court-house has been lately erected close to it, but as neither of these are within the city, any detail of them would be improper here. The internal regulation of both these gaols, has been of SHERIFFS PRISON. 113 late, greatly benefitted, and the last improvement which has received the sanction of the High Court of Parliament, viz. the abolition of fees, has scarcely left any thing more to do in the government of prisons, but have the present systems strictly observed. Besides the gaoler and his de- puty, there are five turnkeys, a surgeon, physician, inspec- tor, and three chaplains : a subaltern guard does duty at the prison. There is one improvement yet wanting in Irish prisons in general, viz. the employment of the prisoners, and whoever has visited Lancaster Castle will feel strongly the force of this observation. Sheriff's Prison. — Previously to 1794, persons ar- rested for debts exceeding 10/. were generally lodged in t( Sponging Houses," where the most infamous practices were permitted, as the unhappy debtor would make any sacrifice of his property to be allowed to escape before some new claimant seized upon him. — In 1794, the Sheriffs prison in Green-street was erected; which is a large building, forming three sides of a square, and having a court-yard in the centre. At the first institution of this prison, the gaoler, turnkeys, and other officers were supported by the rent of the chambers, which was very exorbitant, and a considerable rent, above 100/. per annum, was paid by a vintner, who had a shop in the under-ground story. From such an arrangement, it is obvious abuses must have arisen, and vice and infamy of every description been encouraged in its growth. But happily all this scene of debauchery, profligacy, gambling, and extortion, has vanished with the abolition of gaol fees ; and the removal of those allurement- has diminished the charms of confinement, which a profli- gate mind never failed to discover within the precincts of the Sheriffs' prison. — The court-yard in the centre is used as a ball-court, but is much too confined for the number of debtors, of whom there are usually about 100. The Marshalsea and Kilmainham gaol, however, afford accom- modation to so many of those whose health is impaired by confinement in Green-street, and the Insolvent act removes the Irish debtors so quickly, that the number at present, in this prison, is comparatively small. — There is no chap- lain or surgeon, nor any means of support for the poor debtors, except the contributions of their friends and Powell's gratuity. This last resource is derived from 700/, h «5 1 14 FOUR COURTS MARSHALSEA. "bequeathed by Mr. Powell (formerly confined in this gaol), and vested in the hands of the Lord Mayor and board of Aldermen, who distributes the interest of it amongst the poor debtors at Christmas. City Marshalsea. — This wretched mansion is a mean- looking brick building, intended solely for the confinement of persons arrested for debts under 10/.; — in general they do not exceed forty shillings. The debtors are committed by the decrees of the Lord Mayor's Court and the Court of Conscience. The interior exhibits a picture of the deepest distress and misery. Very frequently, benevolent persons send sums of money to this prison to procure the discharge of a number of those creatures, and there cannot be a more truly charitable mode of giving relief, as a large family of infant children, is probably dependent on the poor prisoner for existence. Before the erection of this building, which is between the Sheriff's prison and the Sessions-house in Green-street, the poor debtors were confined in a wretched hovel on the merchant's quay, having a window without glazing, secured by iron bars : here one or two of them stood, holding a box with a small hole in the top, and earnestly supplicated cha- rity from every passer-by. Four Courts Marshalsea. — This place of confine- ment, situated in Marshalsea-lane, in Thomas-street, is also intended for debtors. Here are placed not only the debtors whose health has been injured by confinament in the unwholesome air of the Sheriff's prison, but others from various parts of Ireland who are anxious to take the benefit of the Insolvent Act. — The building consists en- tirely of lime-stone, and may be said to have no principal front : it is separated from Marshalsea-lane by a high wall, unbroken by any aperture. The situation is extremely healthy, being on the very summit of a rising ground and on the southern bank of the Liffey. In the prison are two court-yards, one of which, surrounded by the chambers of the debtors, has pumps in its centre, which yield a constant supply of water. In the other court is a 'cold bath. Here are likewise a chapel, several common-halls, a ball-court, and tolerably good ac- commodation for the debtors : indeed, from the great fluctuation in the number of prisoners committed to this SESSIONS HOUSE. 115 Marshalsea, it would be a matter of great difficulty to de- cide, whether or not it ought to he enlarged. — There is one desideratum yet, in the construction of this place of confinement, viz. a perfect ventilation, which might be ac- complished by perforating the wall in Marshalsea-lane, as was suggested by Francis Johnston, Esq. some time back, who also showed that it would not be attended with any diminution of security to the prison, but it has not yet been adopted. Sessions House. — In 1792, the first stone of the Ses- sions House in Green-street w T as laid, and trials were held there in five years after. The front consists of six three- quarter columns supporting a pediment ; between the co- lumns in the second story are circular-headed windows, and in the lower story blank windows 5 the doors on either side are approached by a flight of steps, extending along the front, and terminated by a broad platform, from which the columns rise. — There is another front corresponding to this, in Halstein-street, leading to the apartments in which the agents sit during contested elections. In the interior of the court-house, which is lofty and spacious, the centre in front of the bench is occupied by the table for the examination of witnesses, the dock, &e. ; and on each side is a gallery, part of which is appropriated to the jury, and the remainder to the accommodation of the public. The ceiling, which is flat, is supported by four large Ionic columns 5 and, upon crowded occasions, the court is capable of being extremely well ventilated. There are four distinct courts held here. The Quarter Sessions, when the Recorder and two Aldermen at least preside and try petty offences. The court of Oyer and Terminer sits about six times each year in this court-house, and tries for crimes of a blacker nature than are brought before the court of Quar- ter Sessions. On this occasion two of the Puisne Judges preside. The Lord Mayor's court sits every Thursday, and regu- lates all disputes relative to journeymen, apprentices, ser- vants, &c. At this court his Lordship and the two Sheriffs preside. The Recorder's court is held in January, April, July, and October. At this court various offejacea and nrisde- 1 1 6 M ANOH OF ST. SEPULCHRE. meanors are tried, and actions are brought for debt by civil-bill process. In this court were held all the State Trials in 1/98 and 1803, of those who were tried by the Civil Law, MANORS. There are four manor courts attached to the city, Grange Gorman or Glasnevin, Thomas Court and Donore, St. Sepulchre's and the Deanery of St. Patrick's. — The r manors w T ere town lands united to the city, but still pre- serving their own jurisdiction. The Manor of Grange Gorman includes that part of Dublin on the north, which lies in the neighbourhoods of Glasnevin and Mountjoy-square. The Seneschal holds his court in a private house in Dorset-street, at the corner of the circular road. He has in his employment a Marshal and Registrar. — The lord of this manor is the Dean of Christ-church. — Population of that part of the manor within the circular road, 6,035, and number of houses 586. Population outside, 6,072, houses 691. Manor of Thomas Court and Donore. — In 1545, Henry VIII. granted the monastery of Thomas-court, to William Brabazon, ancestor of the Earl of Meath, since which period the appointment of the Seneschal, Registrar, &c. are vested in the Meath family. The court-house is a wretched brick building in Thorn as-court, Thomas-street, where small debts are sued for, before the Seneschal, whose powers were formerly very considerable within his own boundaries ; but the improvements in the government of the city in general, have rendered the exertion of those powers unnecessary. The court was first established in the reign of King John, and its jurisdiction extended over the principal part of the liberties and part of the environs at the south side of the city. The population of this manor is 1 1,207, the number of houses 913. Manor of St. Sepulchre. — The court-house and prison of St. Sepulchre are situated at the end of the long- Jane in Kevin-street, near the New Meath Hospital. The Court-house is a modern building, fronted with I mountain-granite. The jurisdiction of this court, as far I DUBLIN PENITENTIARY; 1 1 7 as relates to the city of Dublin, is confined to part of St. Peter's, in which are St. Kevin's-parish, and the parish of St. Nicholas Without. The Seneschal of these Liberties is appointed by the Archbishop of Dublin, who is the Lord of the Manor of St. Sepulchre. Before the erection of the present court-house, the Seneschal sat in the Ar- chiepiscopal-palace in Kevin-street, now occupied by the horse-police. — The prison for debtors, in this manor, is at the rear of the New Court-house. The Population of the manor is 13,179, and the number of houses 1,033. Manor of the Deanery of St. Patrick's. — The Dean of St. Patrick's is Lord of this Manor, which extends only a few hundred yards on each side of the cathedral : it is inhabited by some of the very poorest people in the city, and the court of the manor has been discontinued. The only advantage its poor inhabitants possess is, that they are exempt from the jurisdiction of other courts, as to the recovery of trifling debts, and sometimes elude the clutches of the bailiff by flying for refuge to the confines of their own manor. The number of inhabitants is 2,289, and of houses 159. HOUSES OF CORRECTION. Dublin Penitentiary. — This extensive building is situated on the circular road, near New-street ; and is built of lime-stone, the ornamental parts being granite. The entrance is through a large gate of particularly heavy and durable workmanship. A Barbican, after the manner of that of a Feudal Castle, is placed in front, connected by screen walls with flanking towers : this is merely an out- work, and is separated from the body of the building by a wide passage, intended as a rope-walk. On the frieze is this appropriate inscription : — " Cease to do evil, learn to do well.'* And over the porter's lodge are the city arms with the I words " Obedientia civium urbis felicitas." The. interior is divided into two extensive courts entirely 1 1 a RICHMOND GENERAL PENITENTIARY, encompassed with buildings ; the dormitories are cells opening to a corridor,, having doors at each end which are locked at night. The second floor is devoted to purposes of industry. The males and females occupy distinct parts of the building, and both are kept closely to employment. The former are only in a moderate state of subordination ; but the female criminals, partly owing to the exertion of several humane and religious persons who regularly visit this place of confinement, are brought to such habits of industry and propriety, that they have more distinct notions of morality and religion, upon quitting the House of Cor- rection, than when they entered it ; which is the reverse in almost all other prisons. Attached to the gaol is a large garden of three acres and a half, well cultivated by the male convicts, and capable of supplying the prison with vegetables. This establishment occupies altogether about five acres of ground, and cost about 30,000/. which was levied on the city of Dublin. The first stone was laid 1813, by the late Duke of Richmond, then Lord Lieutenant. The principal keeper is appointed by the grand jury. Another house of correction, commonly called " Bride- well," situated in Smithfield, was opened for the reception of young criminals, in 1801. Richmond General Penitentiary. — This peniten- tiary is situated in Grange Gorman-lane, adjoining the House of Industry. The front towards Grange Gorman- lane measures 700 feet, and consists of a centre of con- siderable breadth, crowned by a large pediment, and wings of great extent : the portals are at a distance from the main body of the building, and are connected by high curtain walls. There is an extremely handsome cupola, containing a clock with four dials, over the centre of the front, which is built of a black stone, quarried in the vicinity of Dublin ; the ornamental parts are all of moun- tain-granite. The general appearance of this facade is very imposing, and calculated to produce in the mind of the approaching criminal, an impression of hopeless incarceration, and compel him to resign at once every idea of liberty, unless deserved by a reformation of con- duct. This extensive building, the first stone of which was laid LOCK PENITENTIARY, 1 19 in 1812, by the late Duke of Richmond, is after a design of Francis Johnston, Esq. and cost upwards of 50,000/. At the rear of the building*, retired from all communica- tion with its other parts, are a number of cells, where the culprits are enclosed in solitary confinement on their first admission ; they are, in proportion to their conduct, gradually removed into others more cheerfully situated, where they are permitted to hold intercourse with their fellow-creatures, an enjoyment at first denied them : and should they continue improving in habits of morality and industry, they are ultimately permitted to join those who have undergone the same beneficial ordeal with them- selves. The Magdalen Asylum—is a brick building in Leeson- street, near Stephen's Green : this institution, the first of the kind in Dublin, was founded by Lady Arabella Denny, and was opened June 11, 1766. Its objects are the pro- tection and subsequent reformation of deserted females, who having at first departed from the paths of virtue, have become disgusted with vice, and seek the means of qualifying themselves once more to associate with moral society. Its means of support are, the interest of 2,000/. raised originally by voluntary subscriptions, the collection of the annual charity-sermon, and the Sunday collections of the chapel. The produce of the penitents' labour is partly bestowed upon them, as an incentive to industry, and a part is reserved for donations upon their being restored to moral habits, and permitted to quit the asylum. The chapel is capable of containing upwards of 500 per- sons, and is always crowded by the most respectable classes ; consequently, the collections are considerable, probably amounting to 500/. per annum. Among other causes this is to be attributed to the eloquence and popularity of the preachers. Lock Penitentiary. — About 1JS9, a chapel was opened in Dorset-street, called the Bethesda, at the sole expense of William Smyth, Esq. nephew of Dr. Arthur Smyth, Arch- bishop of Dublin; who added an Orphan School and Asylum for female children only, who are lodged in apart- ments over the chapel. , To this was annexed, in 1794, a Penitentiary or Asylum 120 DUBLIN FEMALE PENITENTIARY. for the reception and employment of destitute females, leaving" the Lock Hospital. These unhappy creatures are accommodated in an excellent house attached to the chapel, and are supported by contributions, by the collec- tions in the chapel, and by the produce of their own labour, in washing, mangling, &c. The chapel, w T hich has lately been much enlarged, is spacious and convenient, but without any ornament. Divine service is performed here at the usual hour of the established church, and the attendance is extremely nume- rous and respectable, so that it is very difficult for a stranger to procure a seat. The late chaplain was John Walker, fellow of the University of Dublin, and founder of a religious sect which bears his name [see page 101]. Bow-street Asylum. — This asylum was established by Mr. Dillon, a merchant, who had been, when an infant, left at the door of a bricklayer in Bow r -street, and was reared by him, and taught his trade. Returning from labour one evening he was interrupted by a wretched female, who endeavoured to seduce his virtuous mind from its purer course 5 but virtue triumphed over vice, and he succeeded in persuading the unfortunate female to accept of support from him until an asylum was procured, which would afford her a permanent shelter. While employed in this noble undertaking, he was acknowledged by his parents, and succeeded to a considerable fortune, part of which he bestowed upon his favourite and charitable pro- ject. Mr. Dillon shortly after withdrew from Ireland, but the asylum continues in a flourishing condition, and gives protection to above 40 penitents. The chaplain is a Roman Catholic clergyman. Townsend-street Asylum. — This little asylum is supported by Roman Catholics, although it admits persons of all religious persuasions. It was founded by a few weavers from the Liberty, in whom nature had implanted correct moral notions, and who voluntarily associated for the management, and subscribed for the support of this very desirable charity. The penitents are supported by contribution, and the produce of their industry in washing, mangling, &c. Dublin Female Penitentiary. — This penitentiary originated in the feeling disposition and amiable minds of ASYLUMS. 121 a few females of respectability, at the north end of the city. In 1813, a large commodious house was erected for the penitents, in an extremely healthy situation on the North Circular-road, near Eccles-street, behind which is a spacious chapel. The penitents are employed in wash- ing, mangling, &c, and those who are capable are allowed to devote their exertions to fancy works, which are dis- posed of at a repository in one wing of the building. There are, in general, about 30 females on the establish- ment. Besides the produce of their labour, and occasional donations, there is an annual sermon preached for the support of the institution. ASYLUMS. Besides those already mentioned, there are several others through the city and suburbs equally deserving of notice. The Widows'-house, in James-street, was founded by John Loggins, a coach-driver, who miraculously es- caped destruction when Kilcullen-bridge fell. Moved by this, and other providential rescues from peril, he bestowed all his savings on an alms-house, which he had the happi- ness to see supported with great spirit and benevolence by the parishioners of St. James's. There are Widows'-houses in the following places :— in Great Britain and Denmark streets (commonly called " Fortick's alms-houses"), both which supply the use of apartments and two guineas per annum to the aged in- mates. In Dorset-street there is an alms-house founded by the Latouches, in w T hich the residents are allowed 2s. 6d. per week, together with the use of comfortable apartments. There are thirteen alms-houses, attached to parishes : the first in importance is an asylum for clergy- men's widows, in Mercer-street, which gives excellent lodgings, with a gratuity of 10/. per annum, to six poor ladies who have been accustomed to a more respectable situation in life : this was founded by «Lady Anne Hume, upon the model of an extensive asylum for the same purpose in Waterford. The Presbyterians support an alms-house in Cork-street; the Independents in Plunket- n 122 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS* street; the Moravians in White-Friars-street ; and the Roman Catholics, one in Clarke's-court, Great Ship-street ; another in Archibald* s-eourt, Cook-street; and a third in LhTey-street. On Summer-hill is an Asylum for aged and infirm Female Servants ; who are admitted upon producing certificates of good behaviour during service. Mrs. Blachford opened an asylum in Baggot-street, called " The House of Refuge ;" where none but young women, of unquestionable character, are admitted, who are employed in plain-work and washing, until they are provided with eligible places. Mrs. H. Tighe, the author of Psyche, bestowed the purchase-money given for that very beautiful poem upon this excellent institution, which was founded by her mother. There is another House of Refuge, in Stanhope-street, Grange Gorman, for similar purposes, where between twenty and forty females have shelter and protection while seeking for employment. In Russel-place, on the North Circular-road, is an Asylum for Old Men 5 where none are admitted under sixty years of age, nor of any religion but the established church. CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS. Sich and Indigent Room-keepers.— \\\ 1791, the inhabi- tants in the neighbourhood of Ormond Market associated, for the purpose of relieving the poor of their parish, who were unwilling to beg and unable to work, and who had retired into some miserable garret, to pine away in wretchedness and despair. This humane, unostentatious, and religious charity, was at its first institution ardently assisted, and at length spread its amiable example over the whole city. Four committees were appointed — the Stephen's Green, Rotunda, House of Industry, and Bar- rack, each of which employs persons to find out propel objects of their bounty. The advantages of this associa- tion, which is supposed to have relieved a greater numbei of individuals than any other in the metropolis > were CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS. 123 brought into action by the indefatigable zeal of Mr. Ros- borough* The Stranger's Friend Society — was instituted about the same period by Dr. Clarke ; and it is supported chiefly by Methodists, but professes to give relief to all religious persuasions. The Charitable Association — which meet at the Bethesda chapel, have for their object the relief of all but street beggars, and to procure work for the industrious poor. The Society for the Relief of the Industrious Poor — which meets at the House of Refuge, in Dorset-street, is sup- ported by subscription, and was established by the Quakers. The Debtor's Friend Society — was first established in 1775, but was shortly after abandoned ; it was, however, revived about 1814. * Its object is the release of debtors confined in the Marshalsea for debts not exceeding 51., and not contracted for spirituous liquors, or any improper purpose. The Lord Mayor and Sheriffs are e$ officio members of the committee for the management of this fund. The confined debtors also derive assistance from a charitable bequest of 700/. left by Mr. Powel, who had been himself a debtor. The interest of this is employed in purchasing bread, beef, and fuel, which are distributed among the confined debtors at Christmas, together with \s. Id. to each person. A charitable loan, called the Goldsmiths' Jubilee, was established in 1809, the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the late king's accession. The object of it is, to afford an asylum to the aged and infirm members of that trade, who are comfortably lodged in the village of Rathfarnam, two miles from Dublin : — it is entirely supported by per- sons in the same trade. The Ouzel Galley Association— derives its name from a vessel which lay in Dublin Harbour, in 1700, and was the occasion of a lengthened and complicated trial, that was ultimately arranged by an arbitration of several respectable merchants in Dublin. It consists of 37 members, a re- gistrar, and secretary, who determine commercial and other differences by arbitration, and the costs of the pro- ceedings are bestowed upon different charities. The Musical Fund Society — is for the relief of distressed musicians ami their families j those who subscribe having 124 MENDICITY ASSOCIATION. a claim on the association, and an allowance to their fami- lies after their death. Members pay from two to ten guineas on their admission, the precise sum to be regulated by the age of the person admitted. This society was founded by Mr. Cooke, of the orchestra of Smock-alley Theatre, 1 787, and incorporated by act of parliament, in 1 794. The chief support is derived from a public concert, called the " Commemoration of Handel." In 36th George III. an act was passed for the encou- ragement of e ' Friendly Societies," which induced the Teachers of Dublin to associate for the purpose of accu- mulating a Fund for their own relief, in the event of a re- verse of fortune, and for the relief of orphans and widows of members of that profession. The society is denomi- nated The Society for the Relief of Distressed Literary Teachers and their Families. At its first institution it was called the "Abecedarian Society," which name was exchanged for the present appellation. There are at pre- sent about 50 members, and the society have 2,000?. in the treasurer's hands. The Charitable Loan — was established 1780, and incor- porated by act of parliament. It was instituted by the patrons of the Musical Fund Society, and meets every Thursday in the vestry-room of St. Anne's Church. Its object iSi to relieve distressed tradesmen, by lending them sums of not less than two, nor more than five, pounds, without interest, which is to be repaid by instalments of sixpence per week. The Meath Charitable Society — which was established by the Rev. J. Whitelaw, author of a History of Dublin, has afforded considerable relief to the poor weavers of the Earl of Meath's Liberties, by lending sums, not less than 51. and not exceeding 20/., interest-free $ ancl sometimes it extends its benefits beyond this limit. Mendicity Association. — The absence of poor-rates, or any other system of regulating and bettering the condi- tion of mendicants in Ireland, fills the streets of every town in Ireland with importunate applicants for alms ; and the passenger landing on the pier of Howth, or the quay of the Pigeon-house, is immediately assailed by a crowd of miserable beings, half naked, vociferating in opprobrious language, if the application for charity be not attended to. INCORPORATED SOCIETY. 125 The streets of Dublin itself, a few years ago, were so crowded with mendicants, that whenever a well-dressed person entered a shop to purchase any thing*, the door was beset by beggars, awaiting his egress. The spirited exer- tions of a few individuals have completely changed the face of the city in this point of view, for very few mendi- cants are now to be seen in the streets. The association commenced its proceedings in January, 1818, in despite of violent opposition from numbers of their fellow-citizens. Subscriptions, however, were largely and willingly given; charity sermons, preached for the support of the institution, were numerous and bene- ficial; the inhabitants, likewise, consent, almost unani- mously, to pay a small tax, according to their means, for the suppression of mendicity. The first house taken as an asylum and work-house, was that belonging to the Dublin Society, in Hawkins- street, now the New Theatre. Afterwards, on those pre- mises being purchased by the patentee, others in Copper- alley were "taken ; and Moira-house has since been pur- chased, and is now fitting up for their accommodation. The poor are employed in various works, such as lace-making, picking oakum, pounding oyster shells, sweeping streets, spinning, netting, making and mending clothes, &c. Besides the establishment in Copper-alley, the associa- tion have apartments in Fleet-street, and a very extensive school, where the children are educated in useful trades. From this school apprentices are frequently taken by shop- keepers through the city. The association is under the control of the Lord Mayor, as pi-esident, and twelve vice-presidents, assisted by a committee. The Lord Lieutenant is Patron. SCHOOLS FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE POOR. Incorporated Society.— This Society, which meets at a large building in Aungier-street, was incorporated by act of parliament, in 17^0. The plan was suggested by the example of Scotland ; and in 1793, the Duke of u 3 126 DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. Dorset, then Lord Lieutenant, raised large subscriptions amongst the nobility and gentry, for the endowment of charter schools. Twenty-nine schools were established through Ireland for the rearing and educating of Protestant children solely, that is, the children were to be reared in the Protestant faith alone. Of these charter schools, two are in Dublin, one in Kevin-street, in the once splendid residence of the Coopers, and the other in Upper Baggot-street. Kevin-street school — contains about 200 girls, and Baggot- street maintains and educates 60. In the moral education the master and mistress are assisted by a catechist (a clergyman), who attends once each week, for the purpose of lecturing and examining the children in the sacred Scriptures. The society's affairs are managed by a committee of fifteen persons, mostly bishops, who meet every Wednes- day. His Excellency is President. Erasmus Smith's Schools. — In the rebellion of 1641, a large property was sequestered, part of which was adjudged by the Commissioners of the Act of Settlement, to Erasmus Smith, Esq., who endowed with it sundry grammar schools, and left a fund for establishing profes- sorships in the university. The directors of this fund were incorporated by Charles II. and enabled to economize, farm, and bestow the funds on various objects, by an act of George I. These governors are numerous and respect- able ; and the Primate, Lord Chancellor, and Provost of Trinity College, are eoc officio governors. Several schools have been endowed throughout the kingdom, and two have lately been opened in Dublin, one on the Coombe, in the liberty, and a second in New Brunswick-street ; in both which places excellent school-houses have been built, and the children are taught reading, writing, and the elements of a sound education. Deaf and Dumb Institution. — This Institution is situated at Claremont, near the village of Glasnevin, in the North Liberties of the city of Dublin ; and, though not within the circular road which surrounds the city, cannot, from its national importance, be omitted in an ac- count of the present state of the metropolis, within which it was first established, and was for some years carried on* DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION, 127 A few years ago, the celebrated Robinson, who had been instrumental in bringing Romana's army from Denmark, proposed to the Irish government to establish and direct a national school for the education of the Deaf and Dumb, upon the Abbe Sicard's plan. His proposal failed, and he abandoned the project. Public attention, however, was again called to the subject, in 1816, by Doctor Charles Orpen, who after devoting his leisure hours, for a few months, to the partial education of a Deaf and Dumb boy, at his own house, whom he had taken for this pur- pose out of the House of Industry, gave a few popular lectures at the Rotunda, in which he brought forward the most striking features in the melancholy condition of the Deaf and Dumb, and the principal facts with respect to the history of their education, as a science recently in- vented, and the establishment of schools in various coun- tries for their relief. He gave, also, a general view of the different modes of instruction, adopted in the Continental and British Institutions, as far as he could collect them from the works to be procured in these kingdoms on the subject. His object, in trying to commence the education of this poor boy, was partly to have an amusing and use- ful occupation at home, when, from the effects of illness, he was disabled for some months from attending to his profession, but principally with a view to excite public sympathy in behalf of this unfortunate and neglected class, by bringing forward to their view an example of how much could be done for their relief, even in a short time, and without any previous practical acquaintance with the subject. The reason why they had been hitherto neglected and overlooked, was, that the Deaf and Dumb do not, like the Blind, strike a casual observer as deficient, and their chief want being a want of language, with all its inevitable effects of ignorance of all the stores of knowledge communicated by words, and of every truth contained in Revelation, or, even known to natural religion, brings this affliction also, that it incapacitates them from making known their destitution, and prevents others from being aware of their ignorance and total want of mental cultivation or spiritual knowledge. What first suggested this idea to him was the success of a similar attempt made at Birmingham ^ a few years before^ 128 DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. by his friend Dr. De Lys, and Mr. Alexander Blair. Having partly educated a little Deaf and Dumb girl for their amusement, for some time, Dr. De Lys brought her forward in a course of lectures, the result of which was that such a degree of public interest was excited, that an institu- tion was formed in that city for their relief. The perusal of the first report of this asylum, which had been given him by Dr. De Lys, in 1814, had made him determine, if ever an opportunity should present itself, to endeavour to effect the same in Ireland, where, until then, the Deaf and Dumb had been totally neglected. An extraordinary degree of public attention was ex- cited in Dublin, by the exhibition of Thomas Collins (the Deaf and Dumb boy before mentioned), in illustra- tion of the lectures, then delivered. His progress in written language, in calculation, and in articulate speech, after only a few months' instruction, was so satisfactory, that the cause of the Deaf and Dumb was immediately taken up by the public, and a society was established to provide means for their education. The jjreat difficulty at first was, to find a master, compe- tent to instruct them. Dr. Charles Orpen's object was merely to call public attention to the subject, and not to undertake any thing more; and he expected, that when once funds were provided, it would be easy to procure a teacher from some of the English or Scotch schools. This hope, however, was disappointed. Dr. Watson, the Master of the London Deaf and Dumb Asylum, said he could not point out any one fit for the undertaking; and the Master of the Edinburgh Institution was bound to Mr. Braidwood, the Master of the Birmingham school (who had instructed him in the science), not to teach any one for seven years, of which two still remained unex- pired. In this" dilemma the committee were obliged to intrust a small school, which they opened in part of the Penitentiary, in Smithfield (by permission of the Gover- nors of the House of Industry, under the sanction of the Lord Lieutenant), to two young men, who had been Ushers in Lancasterian schools. As, however, they were quite unacquainted with this branch of education, Dr. C. Orpen and other friends, gave the school as much super- intendance as was compatible with their other avocations ; DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. 129 and explained to them, as well as they could learn it from English and Foreign publications on this subject, the mode of instruction to be pursued, and assisted them in preparing lessons. In 1817 the committee hired a small house in Bruns- wick-street, for their pupils; who were still, however, boarded by the House of Industry. In this way the school was kept alive, and public interest extended, and funds collected and husbanded, while the pupils made considerable progress in spite of every diffi- culty, until the time arrived when Mr. Kenniburgh, the Edinburgh teacher, became released from his engagement, and offered, as he had promised before, to teach a Master for this country, if remunerated. The committee selected Mr. Joseph Humphreys, the present master (at that time Regis- trar to the Society for promoting the Education of the Poor of Ireland), as the most proper person to undertake the charge of their intended Institution ; and sent him to the Institution in Edinburgh, to study this peculiar branch of Education. In the meantime, they selected and purchased their present establishment at Claremont, near the village of Glasnevin, about a mile out of town; and on his re- turn from a residence of some months in Edinburgh, after having also visited all the other Deaf and Dumb schools in Scotland and England, they removed their pupils to Claremont, and placed the whole establishment under his care. It was now only that the pupils began to be instructed in a regular systematic manner, and the education of the pupils should in fact be dated from this period. At this time also female pupils were first admitted. The Institu- tion has since advanced steadily in public estimation, and has yearly increased in the number of its subscribers. Claremont has about eighteen or nineteen acres of land attached to it, and its grounds are beautifully laid out, and command some of the finest views of Dublin Bay, and its shores. Since 1822 the committee have erected, at a considerable expense (provided by a separate subscrip- tion), a new school-room and dormitories, capable of accom- modating at least one hundred pupils. They also made such other additions and alterations, as were necessary to com- plete the arrangements of a great establishment. Pre- 130 DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. viously to this, the difficulties in the management, instruc- tion, and separation of the pupils were so great, as to be a source of constant discouragement and anxiety to the master. Every part of the arrangements as to buildings &c. are now simplified $ the moral management is made easy, and the pupils also advance twice as fast as they used formerly. The number of pupils has gradually increased to nearly fifty, and in the course of the last two or three years several have left the school, having finished their educa- tion, to be apprenticed to various trades, or settled in different situations. It is to be regretted, however, that at every half-yearly election of poor pupils, from thirty to forty or fifty candidates are disappointed, for want of an- nual funds to ensure their support if admitted. The committee have formed Auxiliary Societies in Cork, and Belfast, which seek out and select Deaf and Dumb chil- dren, belonging to their respective districts, and support them at the Institution. All this has been effected, without any pecuniary aid from government : — and the whole of the new buildings and alterations were completed out of a separate fund, commenced for this special purpose. This fund was raised, partly in Ireland, and partly in England, in the west of which, about seven or eight hundred pounds were collected by Mr. Humphreys, during a tour with two of his pupils, Thomas Collins and William Brennau ; in the course of which he delivered lectures at Liverpool, Man- chester, Leeds, Huddersfield, Bath, Bristol and Clifton. Another beneficial result, which has incidentally arisen from this tour has been, that Deaf and Dumb schools are likely to be established in Bristol, Manchester, and Liver- pool. Mr. Humphreys has also offered to teach Masters for any of these towns, in gratitude for their liberality. This Institution has been recently honoured by the patronage of their Royal Highnesses, the Duke of Glou- cester and the Duchess of Clarence. The list also of Vice-Patrons and Vice-Patronesses contains some of the most respectable names in Ireland. Out of school hours the pupils are employed in useful works, contributing either to their health, or to form in- dustrious habits. ^The boys are occupied in gardening ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND. 131 and farming, and other mechanical labours, the girls in needle-work, housewifery, laundry- work, and dairy management, &c. &e. The buildings', yards, and grounds, are so arranged that the boys and girls in the poor esta- blishment have distinct school-rooms and play-grounds ; besides which the master has entirely separate apartments, and walks, &c. for his own family and for private pupils of both sexes, who are either Deaf and Dumb or afflicted with impediments in speech. This Institution is the first that has established a general correspondence with almost all other similar establishments in Great Britain, the Continent and America ; and it has collected a valuable library, contain- ing almost every work that has ever been published, relative to the Deaf and Dumb. It has also done much to induce those other schools to correspond with each other, and has offered to each to act as its agent, in circu- lating reports, or other publications, among such Insti- tutions in other countries. Its own eight reports, and other pamphlets, &c. &c. already circulated, contain a great deal of interesting information. The committee have also recently purchased a small printing press, for the employment of some of the pupils, and to print lessons for their own use, and for the Deaf and Dumb in general. ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND. Simpson's Hospital. — This asylum was established by George Simpson, Esq. a merchant of this city, who him- self laboured under a disorder of the eyes, and was a complete martyr to the gout: it was natural enough, therefore, that his own sufferings should have directed Ms attention to the melancholy situation of many, who, like himself, sustained the tortures of the gout, or a partial or even total blindness, while they were not possessed of pecuniary means to render their situation supportable. He accordingly bequeathed his estate, in 1778, for the foundation of this hospital for blind and gouty men, in reduced circumstances, which was opened in 1781, and 132 RICHMOND NATIONAL INSTITUTION, &c. the governors incorporated 1799. The hospital is situated in Great Britain-street,, and forms a good termination to Jervis-street : it is of mountain-granite, and perfectly- plain ; and in the rear is a small garden with accommo- dations for the exercise of the patients. There are twenty-four wards, which contain about seventy beds, and an additional one has been lately built over the new dining-room, so that, were the funas sufficient, the house could now accommodate one hundred patients. The number which is supported is about fifty, and in the ad- mission of patients, the preference is given, ccetens pari- bus, to those who have been the most affluent, and whose moral character is unblemished. The income of the hospital amounts to nearly 2,700/. Petitions for admission are to be laid before the board, or lodged with the registrar, one month, at least, previous to the second Monday in May and November. There are two physicians, one surgeon, a registrar and agent, a steward and a housekeeper. Richmond National Institution, for the Instruc- tion of the Industrious Blind. — Sackville-street. — This institution was opened in the year 1809, by sub- scription, for the purpose of instructing the indigent blind in various trades -, they are taught weaving, netting, basket-making, and many of them have made consider- able progress in these trades. The greatest number of pupils at any one time in this institution is thirty-two, al- though there is accommodation for fifty. There are at present twenty-seven pupils in the house, independently of a certain number of externs, who, having been edu- cated at the institution, are allowed to work there, the produce of their labour being disposed of for their benefit while they maintain themselves. Several of the former pupils have settled in different parts of the country, and are enabled to support themselves by their own exertions. The religious instruction of the pupils is committed to the care of the clergy of their respective persuasions. The matron, superintendant, teachers and servants are the only persons who receive salaries or emoluments. His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant is Patron, and the affairs of the institution are conducted by u seven Vice** Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, FEMALE ORPHAN-HOUSE. 133 Molineux Asylum — Peter-street. — This institution was opened in 1815, in the family mansion of Sir C. Molineux, Bart., which first fell into the hands of Astley, when it was converted into a Circus, and was subse- quently held by Mr. H. Johnstone, after whose departure from Dublin it was taken by the subscribers to the Asylum for Blind Females. It is supplemental to the Richmond Institution and Simpson's Hospital, for as these establish- ments confine their benefits to males, so the Molineux is for the accommodation of females solely ; and, as of the former institutions, one serves as an asylum for the old, and the other as a seminary for the instruction of the young, the Molineux combines within itself both objects. The house, which is of brick, is large and commodious, and the expenses defrayed by the profits of a chapel, charity sermon, and private subscriptions. The family, whose name it bears, have contributed handsomely. There are a patron, patroness, guardian (Lady Molineux), treasurer, sub-treasurer, secretary, chaplain, physician, surgeon, and apothecary. On the site of the Circus, is a neat and convenient chapel, where service is performed agreeably to the forms and canons of the established church. Blind females, above the age of fifty, have here a per- manent asylum ; and those below that age enjoy the benefits of lodging, clothing, diet, and instruction in such em- ployments as will enable them afterwards to obtain a livelihood. There are twenty at present on the establish-* ment, but the building would accommodate fifty. POOR SCHOOLS. Female Orphan-House.— About the year 1791, Mrs. Tighe and Mrs. Este formed a plan for fostering and edu- cating female orphans, of an age not exceeding ten nor less than five years, and for that purpose purchased a small house in Prussia-street, and supported five orphans there at their own expense -, but the nobleness of the design soon procured them several benevolent co-adjutors. The present extensive building, on the North Circular-road, N 134 f>LEA§ANTS ; ASYLUM. was built by public subscription solely, and is capable of accommodating 160 children. They "are taught reading, writing, and needlework, at the same time that they are made acquainted with the duties of servants, for which purpose they are frequently apprenticed. About five years since, an extremely handsome chapel, in the gothic style, was erected adjoining the house. Divine service is performed here on Sundays, when a tolerable collection is made. The present patroness of this institution, and to whom it is much indebted, is Mrs. Latouche. Besides the accumulated fund, the produce of an annual charity- sermon, and the result of the labour of the orphans, there is an annual grant allowed by parliament for the support of this institution. It was visited by his Majesty George IV., in 1821. In 1793, an Orphan-house was opened in Prussia-street, for educating, clothing, and maintaining orphan boys : but this appears to have been abandoned. Masonic Female Orphan School. — This school was founded by a few members of the body of Freemasons in Dublin, in 1790, and for that purpose a house was taken in Domviile-lane, Prussia-street. In May 1797, the lodge 190-15 contributed munificently to its support, and re- moved the orphans to a house in Gordon's-lane, Charle- mont-street. The treasurer, Mr. James Brush, of St. An- drew-street, resigned its government into the hands of a committee selected from the grand lodge, together with a sum of 112/. lis., and the grand lodge further granted a sum of 200/. from their own funds for its support. In 1798, a resolution of the grand lodge was passed, " That it was expedient subscriptions should be raised throughout Ire- land, for the maintenance and education of orphan children of Freemasons," the Right Worshipful Walter Wade, M.D. j D.G.M. on the throne. The funds have improved so much, that the school has been removed to a more con- venient house, No. 4, Gloucester-place, Mabbot-street ; and, when they will permit, it is intended to establish similar schoolsin different parts of Ireland. Pleasants' Asylum. — The charitable Mr. Pleasants, at whose expense the Tenter-house and Meath Hospital were erected, bequeathed 15,000/. for the establishing of a female orphan-house, for daughters of respectable house- ST. CATHERINE'S SUNDAY SCHOOL. 135 holders. In this asylum, which is situated in Camden- street, at the south side of Dublin, and was opened in 1818, twenty female orphans, Protestants solely, are clothed, educated and maintained in a manner exceeding any thing of a similar description in the British empire : and when arrived at a proper age, if they can find a suitable partner, receive a handsome portion in marriage. [See art. St. Bride's Church]. St. Catherine's Sunday-school — the first opened in this kingdom, was established by the Rev. R. Powell in 1786. The female children were assembled, at first, in the parish school-house, while the boys met in the court-house of the liberties of Thomas-court and Donore. The only recommendation necessary was a certificate from a housekeeper, and the number increased so rapidly, that some new accommodation became indispensably necessary; accordingly, subscriptions were raised, chiefly amongst the Quakers of St. Catherine's parish, for erecting the pre- sent extensive and admirably-contrived school-house, in School-street. This building, which is of brick, is 156 feet in length, and 37 in depth ; the two upper floors are occupied by the schools, four in number, two for the boys and two for the girls, the children of each sex being quite distinct, and the entrances for each at different ex- tremities of the building. In the centre of the building, and between the male and female schools, are the com- mittee-room and master's apartments, the room of the supervisor of all the schools is so contrived, that he can command a perfect view of the four schools, by standing up and sitting down successively. On the 30th of Sep- tember, 1820, there had been admitted to this valuable establishment 27,7H pupils, and 360 were in actual at- tendance. There is no distinction of religion observed, but the scriptures are read by all. The great anxiety evinced by the children to receive education, induced the managing committee to open a new day-school, which they did March 7th, J808, whence to Sept. 30th, 1820, 14,883 scholars have been received, and the number on the books at that date was 840. The system of education finally approved of is Lancaster's, and the children are instructed in reading, writing, and cypher- ing, and in the scriptures without note or comment The 136 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING EDUCATION, &c. funds are derived from subscriptions an 1 donations, from work done in the female schools, &c. and the scholars are provided with stationery, slates and books, which, if they should be so unfortunate as to lose, they are required to pay for. The managing committee consists of twenty-one, amongst whom are some members of the Latouche family, the Messrs. Guiness, and several of the Society of Friends. Free Day-schools. — In the same year (1786) in which the extensive establishment in School-street was opened, another upon similar principles was founded on the North Strand, for the poor children of the parishes of St. George, St. Thomas, and St. Mary. There is a small chapel at- tached to this school, the collections from which constitute a principal part of the funds for the support of the schools. Since the institution of this school, 7,800 children have been educated, and some of them clothed, and there are at present in attendance above 300. Besides the Sunday and Daily Free Schools spoken of, there are the Linen-hall street, and James's-street schools and at the upper end of Dorset-street, near Drumcondra Canal bridge,stands a conspicuous school-house, which cost 5,000/., bequeathed by Miss Anne Kellet, of the county of Meath. On Stephen' s-green there is also an extensive school, on the Lancasterian system, where children of both sexes are instructed. In St. Mark's parish is an excellent school on Dr. Bell's system, called Marble-street Free School. There was also a Sunday-school for the improvement and educa- tion of young chimney-sweepers : — but Robinson's humane invention will work greater benefits to this class of society, than could ever be expected from a weekly review of their persons and morals. Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in Ireland. — On the 2nd of December, 1811, a meeting of near two thousand persons of respectability as- sembled at the public rooms, to take into consideration the most advantageous method of promoting the education of the poor of Ireland ; when it was resolved that a system of education, embracing an economical disposition of time and money, and affording the same facilities to all classes of professing Ghristians, should be adopted. A petition was subsequently presented to parliament for assist- ance in the execution of this design j in reply to which was SUNDAY-SCHOOL SOCIETY FOR IRELAND. 137 granted a sum of 6,980/., with which a Model-school has been erected in Kildare-place, capable of accommodating 1,000 children. In this, young men are educated for the purpose of being intrusted, with the charge of the society's schools in different parts of the kingdom. Societies have been established in London and Edinburgh to co-operate with that in Dublin in promoting the education of the poor in Ireland. As far as its funds will permit, the society contributes also to the building of school-houses, and esta- blishing schools throughout the kingdom ; and it keeps a re- pository in Kildare-place, for the sale of stationery, slates, school-books, and moral publications, for the use of chil- dren, on such terms as the most limited incomes can reach. Annual meetings are held at the society's house. The funds are very insignificant, if we except the parliamentary grant. The affairs of the society are managed by a com- mittee of thirty-one ; besides six vice-presidents. There are at present 1,490 schools deriving benefit from this society, and affording instruction to 100,000 children. The Sunday-School Society for Ireland. — A society for the purpose of promoting Sunday-schools in Ireland, was first proposed in 1 783, but not energetically carried into effect, till November, 1809, when the pre- sent improved and extended system was adopted. It pro- fesses to assist in the establishment of Sunday-schools all over Ireland, to supply them with spelling-books, &c. at cheap rates ; to furnish copies of the sacred scriptures gratuitously and at reduced prices. This excellent institu- tion is under the patronage of her grace the Duchess of Dorset ; the president is the Bishop of Kildare ; there are besides twenty-one guardians. Upwards of 1,350 schools have been aided since the establishment of this society, 1,200 of which were founded by the society itself ; and fifty schools have purchased books from it. The society meets at present at No. 16, Upper Sackville-street. There are several other school societies in this city ; one for the dissemination of Irish Bibles and Prayer-books ; this appears an Irish mode of instructing, most assuredly, for had the society commenced bv teaching the poor the English language, the effort would have been more readily accomplished, and the pupil would then have the whole range of English literature thrown open to him. n 3 138 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. Hatch-street Sunday-school. — This school was built by private subscription, and is supported by volun- tary contributions. It is opened twice a week for the in- instruction of girls in plain work, and on Sundays for the instruction of both sexes, in spelling, reading, and know- ledge of the Scriptures. Religious Tract and Book Society. — To facilitate the dissemination of religious tracts, a shop has been opened in Lower Sackville-street, where a collection of books is exposed for sale : these are selections from religious pub- lications, and are sold at reduced prices by the Society's agent. The repository is in Upper Sackville-street, formerly the banking-house of Sir W. Alexander, Bart, RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The Association for discountenancing Vice, and pro- moting the Knowledge and Practice of the Christian Re- ligion, meet at Mrs. Watson's, No. 7> Capel-street, every Thursday, from October to July, at one o'clock. For the origin of this society, the public are indebted to Mr. Wil- liam Watson, of Capel-street, who first communicated the design to the Rev. Dr. O'Connor and Rev. S. Harper, in 1792 ; and three years after, the society was so much ap- proved, that his Excellency Lord Fitzwilliam became pre- sident. It continued to encourage public catechetical exa- minations of the poor schools, and distribute premiums to the best answers ; also to such pupils at private seminaries, as were best prepared in scripture. They suppressed the system of insurance in the lottery, which beggared and demoralized the lower classes of Dublin ; and assisted in the establishment, throughout the kingdom, of schools, on the soundest moral principles. Among the decorous acts which this society are deserving of respect for, it ought not to be forgotten, that they induced the governors of the Lying-in-Hospital to discontinue the practice of holding- Sunday-evening promenades in the Rotunda gardens. The society have distributed upwards of 60,000 bibles, 100,000 STEPHEN'S GREEN. 139 testaments, 100,000 prayer-books, and one million of moral and religious tracts ; and premiums have been conferred upon 15,000 children for their knowledge of the Scriptures. The funds of the association are derived from donations, subscriptions, and parliamentary grants. The Lord Lieu- tenant is president. Bible Societies.— There are several religious associ- ations in Dublin, which hold their meetings at No. 16, Upper Sackville-street ; the Hibernian Bible Society ; the Naval and Military Bible Society ; the Church Missionary Society; Auxiliary Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews 5 the Methodist Missionary Society ; the Religious Inquiry Society; and some others for the most excellent purposes. Most of these associations, how- ever, are branches of similar ones in England ; and their objects, or rather their effects, are generally stated annually in the public rooms attached to the Lying-in-Hospital, by some of the most zealous and eloquent advocates of the Christian religion to be found in Ireland. The Bible Society have lately purchased the noble mansion of the Drogheda family, which is also in Sackville-street^ PUBLIC SQUARES. No city in Europe is supplied with more spacious and beautiful public squares, or so great a number of them in proportion to its extent, as Dublin. The largest and most noble of these is called Stephen's Green. — This magnificent area is a perfect square, the walk around which, measured on the flag way, six furlongs, thirty-one perches, and three yards, English measure : and between the chains and railing only 25 perches and one yard less. The interior of this square was the property of the corpo- ration of Dublin, and sold by them to the inhabitants of the green for an annual consideration of 300/. The green was enclosed by a hedge in 1678, outside which, a deep ditch of stagnant water was carried round, which separated a broad gravel-walk from the interior : this walk was sheltered by rows of full-grown elms on each side, and 140 STEPHEN'S GREEN. protected from the streets by a wall of 4 feet in height. Such an arrangement necessarily cast a gloominess on the surrounding houses, and rendered the atmosphere unwhole- some. The improvement, therefore, of Stephen's Green, was long contemplated, and upon the appointment of a com- mittee to erect the Wellington Trophy, the inhabitants applied for parliamentary aid, to enable them so to im- prove this noble square, that it might be rendered de- serving of the attention of that committee. Commis- sioners were accordingly appointed in 1815, who levelled and planted the interior, filled the ditch, cut down the large elms, and removed the wall. They have supplied their places by a range of dwarf stone-pillars, connected by iron chains, enclosing a broad gravel walk, within which is a dwarf wall surmounted by iron railing, en- closing 17 acres \ in the centre of which stands a brazen equestrian statue of George II. in a Roman military habit, executed by J. Van Nost, 1/58. — The pedestal was for- merly a large mass suitable to the extensive area in which it was placed ; but it has been diminished in bulk to suit the present light external decorations of the square, and now appears too trifling a central ornament. Many curious circumstances are connected with this statue : for a number of years it appeared to be destined to fall, like that of Sejanus, by the hands of ruffians ; from its remote situation, midnight depredators were in- duced to make trial of their skill in sawing off a leg* or an arm, for the value of the metal ; one leg of the horse was cut off, and a saw had nearly penetrated his neck, when the watchmen alarmed by the noise, routed the depre- dators. — Id 1816, a lengthened dispute took place between the commissioners for the improvement of Stephen's Green, and the committee for the erection of the Wel- lington Testimonial, about the propriety of removing this statue to some other site, and erecting the Testimonial in its place j but it was ultimately decided, that a king ought not to be removed to make way for a subject. — Around this area are many magnificent mansions, Mr. Whaly's, the Lord Chancellor's, Lord Charleville's, Lord Ross's, the Chief Baron's, the Archbishop of Dublin's, and Mr. JPlunketfsj and probably the picturesque appearance of MERRION-SQUARE, 141 the scene is heightened by the extreme irregularity of the buildings. — The only public building in this square is the Royal College of Surgeons. Merrion-square — is the next in dimensions to Ste- phen's Green. This spacious and elegant area, which contains about 12 acres of ground, is situated at the south side of the city, and but a few minutes walk from Ste- phen's Green $ and was laid out in 1762 by Ralph Ward, Esq., and John Elisor, the architect of Antrim-house, on the north side of the square. The exterior walk round this square measures 4 furlongs, 1 1 perches, 5 yards ; the nagged way is twelve feet broad, and the carriage-road between the path and railing is fifty. The interior, is enclosed by lofty iron-railing, on a dwarf wall of moun- tain-granite. Immediately within the railing is a thickly planted and luxuriant shrubbery, which gives an air of perfect retirement to the interior walk : this walk, whicl is 14 feet in breadth, is continued entirely round, anr* measures 3 fur. 7 per. 5 yds. The great inequality o. this area adds much to its picturesque appearance. The houses on the north side of the square are some of the best built and most convenient in Dublin : they were built after the design of Mr. Ensor 5 the basement stories of all, on that side, are of mountain-granite and rusticated, and the three upper stories are of brick ; the houses on the other sides are entirely of brick. The north side of this square has been a summer promenade for many years. The west is chiefly occupied by the lawn of Leinster House, one of the great ornaments of the square ; and at this side also is the beautiful fountain ornamented with sculpture, erected by the Duke of Rutland about 40 years ago, now a modern ruin. In the centre is an arch, within which is a nymph, leaning on an urn, whence water is represented as flowing into a shell-formed reservoir : on the frieze of the entablature above, is a beautifully-exe- cuted medallion, on which is represented the Marquis of Granby, relieving a soldier's family in distress ; and on one side is an inscription, setting forth the life and con- duct of the Duke of Rutland ; while on the other, above the orifice of one of the fountains, is this inscription : His saltern accumulem donis, et fungar ftiam Munere. 142 RUTLAND-SQUARE. Besides Leinster House, there are three splendid man* sions in this square, J. Latouche's, Esq., on the east side, and Antrim House, and the Bishop of Derry's on the north.* The walk round the lawn of Leinster House, which is accessible to the friends of the members of the Dublin Society, is exactly a quarter of a mile in extent. Fitzwilliam-square. — This beautiful little square is at the south side of the city, not far from the preceding one ; the flagged walk around it measures 1 fur. 31 per. 4 yds., and that close to the railing is only eight perches less. The interior (which is enclosed by an iron railing, resting on a dwarf wall, and ornamented by lamp-sup- porters at equal intervals) is laid out in shrubberies and flower-plats, and is below the level of the street, conse- quently the foot-passenger has a perfect view of the whole garden at one glance. The houses here are not so large as those in Merrion-square, but remarkably well finished, and produce a large rent. Until lately but three sides were erected, and from this circumstance was derived the principal advantage this square possessed, namely, the magnificent mountain view on the south side, which is now shut out. Rutland-square. — The Rotunda Gardens (Rutland- square) are at the rear of the Lying-in-Hospital, and were opened by Dr. Mosse, the founder of the hospital, for the purpose of holding Sunday evening promenades, for the benefit of that establishment. These entertainments were continued for man^ years, to the great advantage of the funds of the hospital, until the Association for dis- countenancing Vice petitioned the governors of the charity to suppress them ; since which, the gardens have only been opened on the other evenings in theweek during the summer season, on which occasions, one and some- times two military bands attend, and play from eight till ten o'clock, while the persons admitted promenade along a terrace in front of the orchestra, eighteen perches in length : — the walk round the entire square, inside, mea- * Since the above was written, Mr. Latouche's mansion has been sold and divided into two good dwellings: Antrim House has passed to Sir Capel ^lolineux, Bait, and the Bishop of Derry's is advertised for sale. STATUES. 143 sures 1 fur. 35 per. The interior, which is thickly planted, is on promenade evenings brilliantly illuminated; and, lately, singers have been introduced to amuse in the in- tervals between the different airs called for by the visitors. — The receipts of one evening, at this place of amuse- ment, have been known to amount to upwards of 20£. which is a considerable sum, if we consider that the price of admission is only sixpence. This garden is remarkable for the good taste with which it has been laid out, and the very picturesque and pleasing variety afforded by the inequality of the grounds. The houses around this square are all noble structures ; amongst them are those of Lord Charlemont [see art. Charlemont House], Lord Longford, the Countess of Ormond, Bective House, the Countess of Farnham's, and several others. Three sides are designated by different names ; the north is called Palace-row, the east Caven- dish-row, and the west Granby-row ; the south is wholly occupied by the Lying-in-Hospital and Public Rooms. Mountjoy-square. — This small, regular, and elegant square, which is named after the proprietor, Viscount Mountjoy (now Earl of Blessington), is not far from Rut- land-square. The houses (72 in number, 18 on each side) are all regular and nearly equal in size ; none of them how- ever are remarkable for magnitude. The extent of the walk on the flagged-way round the square is 2 fur. 27. per., and the walk within the railing 1 fur. 22 per. The interior, containing 4 acres, is enclosed by an iron railing, and is laid out with much taste in serpentine walks, and planted with shrubs and evergreens. The air in this neighbourhood is considered extremely pure, being at the extremity of Dublin, and on the most elevated ground. There is a small square in the liberty called the Weaver s'-square, measuring not more than 120 feet oa each side, and entirely paved, like the places in Paris. STATUES. Besides the statue of his late majesty George III. in the Bank of Ireland, another of the same monarch, and one of Dr. Lucas, in the Royal Exchange, an equestrian 144 NELSON'S-PlLLAR. statue of George II. on Stephen's Green, and another of George I. at the Mansion House, Dawson-street, — there is an equestrian figure of William III. on College Green, on a pedestal of granite-stone of considerable elevation, the pannels of which are decorated with military emblems. This statue was erected in 1700 to perpetuate the re- membrance of the Revolution of 1688, and gave great offence to the Roman Catholic inhabitants, particularly from a custom adopted by the corporation, of decking it with orange ribbands upon certain days; latterly, none but the lowest orders of the populace felt any indignation at this childish transaction, and the practice of firing over the statue has been altogether discontinued. In 1821, the Lord Mayor (Sir A. B. King, Bart.) requested these decorations might be discontinued, but he could not persuade the enthusiastic admirers of the great warrior to abandon their favourite amusement. On several occasions, the insulted party expressed their wounded feelings by mutilating the statue : in 1 800 the sword and truncheon were torn from it, and other acts of violence committed upon it ; in 1805, on the eve of its decoration, after it had been painted with most glaring and brilliant colours, some of the same offended party ascended the pedestal and blackened the figure all over with a greasy substance, which it was found very difficult to remove ; upon this occasion, it was, that the Member for the Uni- versity applied the following quotation so happily, f* Hie ntger est, hunc tu Romane caveto." Nelson's Pillar. — The foundation stone of this noble column was laid in Sackville-street, February 15, 1808, by the Duke of Richmond. It is after a design of W. Wilkins, Esq.,* of Caius College, Cambridge, and is of the Doric order, and fluted. On the pedestal are the names, Trafalgar, St. Vincent, Nile, Copenhagen, with the dates of the battles fought at those places ; and above the cornice of the pedestal, on the side facing the New-bridge, is a large sarcophagus. The abacus of the capital is surmounted by a strong iron railing, enclosing the platform upon the top, and sur- rounding a podium or circular pedestal 12 ft. 6 in. high, * Who was likewise architect of the Nelson column at Yarmouth, which i& also of the Grecian Done order, and very similar in its general design. THEATRES, &£ 145 upon which is a colossal statue of the Hero leaning* against the capstan of a ship. This figure, which is executed by Kirk, is 13 feet in height. From the gallery is a com- manding view of the city and bay. The balcony, to which the ascent is by 168 steps, is 108 feet from the ground, and the entire height of the top of the statue 134 ft. 3 in. — The entire expense of this column was 6,856/. The Wellington Testimonial. — Though this stupen- dous mass of building is not actually within the city, yet its being seen from so many different parts of Dublin, and standing in the Ph^nix-park, justify some slight descrip- tion of it. — A committee was appointed for disposing of a fund amounting to near 20,000/. in raising a testimonial of gratitude to the illustrious deliverer of our country, and several sites within the city were pointed out— Ste- phen's Green, Merrion-square, &c. ; many models were laid before the committee, all of which are still preserved in Leinster House. The public in general appeared to prefer the model of Mr. Hamilton, while the committee selected that of R. Smirke, jun., Esq. an English architect. The testimonial is in the form of an obelisk, or trun- cated pyramid, 205 feet high. A platform accessible by four flights of steps supports a pedestal 56 feet square, and 24 feet high ; the pannels of which are to be orna- mented with bas-relief medallions, representing different victories won by his Grace : in front of the pedestal, on an insulated pedestal, an equestrian statue of the Duke in his military habit is intended to be placed. From the pedestal rises the obelisk, having the names of the victories won by the Duke, from his entrance into military life to the tmttle of Waterloo, inscribed on the four facades. In the view of the Law Courts, drawn for this work, this obelisk is seen in the distance, on an elevated situation in the Phoenix Park, formerly occupied by the salute battery, and commanding a view of the whole city. THEATRES AND PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. In the reign of Elizabeth, plays were represented in the ball-room of the castle, ^by ^ae nobility and. gentry, but 146 THEATRES, &c no regular licensed theatre was opened until the reign of Charles I. In 1635, Lord Strafford being Lord Lieute- nant, John Ogilby (the translator of Homer) erected a theatre in Werburgh-street, for which the famous Shirley wrote some plays. This theatre was closed during the rebellion, and never re-opened ; but Ogilby procured a renewal of his patent, and opened another in Orange- street, now Smock-alley, 1662. During the performance of Bartholomew Fair, Dec. 26th, 1671 ^ the upper gallery fell down into the pit, by which three persons were killed, and numbers severely wounded. This accident deterred the public from the encouragement of theatrical amuse- ments for some time ; nor was the theatre re-opened, until 1691, after the battle of the Boyne. In 1733, a Theatre was opened in Rainsford-street, in the Earl of Meatk's Liberty, by Mr. Husband ; this did not enjoy public favour more than three years. Smock- alley theatre had been for a long time, in a tottering condition, which induced Mr* Elsington to design a new structure, the first stone of which was laid in Aungier- street, on the 8th of May 1/33. At this time there were three Theatres open in Dublin, viz. Rainsford-street, Smock-alley, and Madam Violante's company in George's Lane. In 1736, Smock-alley was rebuilt and opened under the management of Duval. In 1745, Aungier- street theatre was intrusted to the management of Mr. Sheridan ; but, unfortunately, he outlived the public liking, and his edifice was demolished by the populace in 1754, during the representation of the tragedy of Mahomet 5 and it w5s supposed they were suddenly inflamed by an unfor- tunately appropriate passage in the play. In 1 756, Sheridan returned to Dublin, and was com- pelled, most cruelly, to make a public apology, for im- puted offences. About this period a passion for theatrical amusements existed in Dublin, and Foote and Ryder were warmly received at Smock-alley theatre. In 1758, the New theatre in Crow-street was opened, and a violent oppo- sition arosje, in consequence, between the two Play-houses, which was carried on with various success for about five and twenty years, when Crow-street was chosen as the Theatre Royal, and Smock-alley abandoned. The theatre in Crow»street continued in public favour for above 40 THE NEW THEATRE ROYAL. 14 years, if we except, perhaps, one violent attack made by the public, which had nearly ended in its destruction : the cause of the dispute was the manager not reconciling a disagreement about terms, between the owner of the dog who performed in the " Dog of Montargis," and himself, so as to bring the piece again before the public. After much injury done to the house, the public mind was calmed by the friendly interference of the Lord Mayor, J. C. Beresford. The patent of the manager having expired, Mr. Harris, of Covent Garden, purchased a renewal from government ; and not being able to procure Crow-street theatre from the proprietors, on reasonable terms, he built the present very beautiful place of amusement in Hawkins-street, called The New Theatre Royal — which stands on the site ot the Dublin Society's house, let for some time to the Men- dicity Association, and was opened Jan. 18th, 1821. The form is that of a lyre, but the line of the back of the boxes being struck from a different centre from that of the front, gives the dress circle, when viewed from the stage, the appearance of a crescent. The deco- rations of the first tier of boxes are selected and adapted from the temple of Bacchus ; are divided into pannels by gilt mouldings, and separated by gold pedestals, orna- mented with burnished gold caclucei : these pedestals form the basis of two rows of burnished gold columns, which are fluted, and apparently support the second circle of boxes, the slips, and the gallety. On the first circle is placed a continuous ornament, adapted from the temple of Erectheus and Minerva Polias ; and on the upper one a composition of the Greek chain, twined with the sham- rock : mouldings, taken from the classic models of ancient Greece, run all round the three tiers. The ornaments of the proscenium are compositions from decorations found in Pompeii and Herculaneum, surmounted by draperies of velvet and gold, and by arches surrounded by the Greek fret and honeysuckle. The upper part of the proscenium is connected with the ceiling by coves, which, leave no harsh lines to hurt the eye -, and this part of the proscenium and ceiling forms the peculiar feature of the theatre, and the Jim instance of such an attempt. By 148 TtlE NEW THEATRE ROYAL. continuing the circle of the hack of the boxes, along the proscenium, instead of cutting it short by the straight line of the stage, as in every other theatre, a completely circular ceiling is formed, hy which means a great ap- pearance of expanse is attained, without the inconvenience of distance ; and the performer speaks actually in the body of the house, without the appearance of intruding upon the auditory. It is to the form of this ceiling and the absence of any distinct top proscenium, that we attribute the facility with which the slightest word uttered on the stage is heard in the remotest corner of the house. The ceiling is coved into a shallow dome, divided into de- corated compartments, and being supported by a circular row of antae (or pilasters), surmounted by an entablature ornamented with gold wreaths, gives to the theatre the appearance of a vast Greek temple. All the decorations are raised in burnished gold upon lilac pannels, relieved by fresco-coloured stiles ; the tints are so blended as to pre- sent no decided distinction of colour to fatigue the eye, and all the lines are curves. By the arrangement of the different artificers employed, which varied, during its pro- gress, from four to seven hundred persons, this theatre Cthe new part of which covers a space of 100 feet by 168, whose walls are 78 feet high, and the span of the roof 78 feet without any support but the external walls), was raised and opened in 65 days, computing the day at 10 hours and a half. The whole work was executed and perfected under the immediate direction of Mr. Beazley, the architect, of whose activity and professional skill it affords a striking proof, and a splendid one, also, of the liberality and spirit of the patentee. At the back of the box lobbies is a saloon for refresh- ments, 54 feet by 34, with a gallery at each end, sup- ported by Ionic columns, communicating with the upper circle of boxes, by which means the visitors to that part of the theatre have access to the saloon without de- scending to or interfering with the dress circle. The ceiling is composed of a dome and cupola, supported by four arches. The proportions of the Ionic order used in this saloon, are the same as those of Minerva Polias. There is a small theatre in Fishamble-street, built originally for a Music jHall, where the celebrated Lord CARLISLE BRIDGE. 149 Mornington presided at concerts given for charitable pur- poses ; but this is only used now as a private theatre. A very neat theatre was opened in Capel-street in 1/45, by a company called i§ The City Comedians," who proved very formidable rivals to Smock-alley. But this place of amusement is now seldom opened for any public purpose. In the Royal Arcade, on College Green, there are several excellent rooms let out for public entertainments, ib one of which is a small theatre, called the Theatre of Arts, which is chiefly intended for exhibitions of mechanism. The only public promenade remaining in Dublin, is that held on summer evenings in the Rotunda Gardens [See Lying-in Hospital and Rutland-square]. BARRACKS. The foundation of the Royal Barracks was laid in 1701, on the north side of the Liffey, near to the Park Gate : they consist of a number of large squares, built on three sides only, the south side being* open. Palatine-square is quite enclosed, and the buildings faced with mountain- granite ; and in this square is a ball-room for the use of the officers of the garrison. The situation of the barracks is elevated and healthy, and if Mr. Peel's proposal of con- tinuing the parade in front, down to the water's edge, had been accomplished, it would have greatly added to the salubrity, grandeur, and beauty of this extensive estab- lishment. "There are several other barracks in the neigh- bourhood, but from the great reduction that has taken place in the military establishment they are not much used ; besides, the Royal Barracks give accommodation to 2,000 troops. BRIDGES. Carlisle Bridge— .After the opening of the NewCustoin House, vessels of large burthen had no necessity to proceed further up the river than that limit, so that the communica- tion between the opposite sides of the river was foeUitated o3 150 ESSEX BRIDGE. by the throwing 1 of Carlisle (or the New) Bridge, across the river from the end of Sackville (then Drogheda) street, to Westmorland-street (then College-lane). This beautiful piece of architecture was commenced in 1791, and finished in three years. The carriage-way is only forty feet broad, much too narrow for the great concourse which is con- stantly passing over it 5 its length is 210 feet. The balus- trade and ornamental parts are of Portland stone ; and the remaining parts of the facing and arches are of granite. There are but three arches, which are ornamented by architraves of cut stone, and enriched by colossal heads as key stones. From this bridge may be had, probably, the finest panoramic city view in the empire. The drawing of Sackville-street and the Post-office which accompanies this volume, was taken from a window in the first floor of a house near this bridge. The Carlisle Buildings, close to this bridge, are pro- bably the most splendid mercantile establishment in the empire 5 and the great room is worth the notice of a visitor. This edifice was built' by subscription for a public coffee-room and tavern, and was sold by the trustees and proprietors to Mr. Kinahan for 4,000/, subject to a rent of 400/. per annum. The Cast-Iron Bridge — which is midway between Carlisle and Essex Bridges, consists of one elliptical arch, the chord of which measures 140 feet 5 and its springs from buttresses of rusticated masonry, projecting a short distance from the quay walls. There was a ferry formerly at this place, the property of the corporation ; when Alder- man Beresford and William Walsh, Esq. purchased the tolls, and erected the bridge at their private expense : it cost 3,000/. and is a great ornament and convenience to the city. Essex Bridge — was built originally in 1676, by Sir Humphrey Jervis (subsequently Knighted in 1681, when Lord Mayor), and named after Arthur, Earl of Essex, Lord Lieutenant ; and was rebuilt 1 753-55, after the model of Westminster-bridge. The spans of the arches in these bridges are to each other as three to five, and the lengths as one to four : the breadth of Essex-bridge, from the ex- terior of the parapets or plinths, is fifty-one feet. The time from the laying the first stone to the completion of this RICHMOND BRIDGE, 151 bridge was one year, five months and twenty-one days ; and the expense was 20,661/. 1 Is. 4cL The first builder, Sir Humphrey Jervis (says Harris), lay in prison several years ; and Mr. Robert Mack, by a mistake in the estimate, was a considerable loser, and very near sharing a similar fate. An equestrian statue of George I. stood on this bridge, but the old structure being taken down, it was removed at the expense of the corporation, to the lawn of the Man-, sion-house in Dawson-street, where it was re-erected in 1/98. [See art. Mansion-house]. A most minute compa- rative view of Westminster and Essex bridges, is to be seen in Harris's History of Dublin. Richmond Bridge. — Before the erection of this bridge, which connects Ormond Quay with the extremity of Wine- tavern-street, the view down the river was much disfigured by the ruins of Ormond Bridge, erected in 1683, and carried away in the great flood of 1802. A gentleman from the neighbourhood of Chapelizod was riding over at the time, and just as he arrived at the distance of ten or twelve feet from the Quay, the arch before and the whole of the part he had passed, gave way, when his horse with one spring cleared the chasm before him, and bore him to the opposite bank in safety. Ormond Bridge was built at the instance of Sir John Davys, and succeeded a wooden bridge, erected on the same spot by Sir H. Jervis. This architect married the daughter of Col. Lane, the faithful friend and adherent of Charles II ; and was as enterprising for the public benefit, as he was unfortunate in establishing his claims with those who derived such advantages from his designs. The first stone of the present, or Richmond Bridge, was laid Aug. 9th 1813, by her Grace Charlotte, the present Duchess Dowager of Richmond ; and it was opened to the public on St. Patrick's day, in 1816. It is built almost entirely of Portland stone ; the crown of the centre arch is not more than two feet above the level of the quays. There are three arches richly ornamented, the key stones of which are colossal heads of Plenty; the Liffey,*and In- dustry on one side ; Commerce, Hibernia and Peace on the other : it is after a design of Mr. Savage, an English artist, and cost 25,000/. In sinking for the foundation of this bridge, several coins 152 BLOODY BRIDGE. were found, some of Elizabeth, others of Philip and Mary, besides two boats, 18 feet in length, in one of which was a skeleton, with various implements ; likewise a mill-stone, 1 6 feet in diameter ; all of which were much below the bed of the river. From this it would appear, that the bed of the river is greatly raised from its original level, which, with i he extraordinary elevation of the surface, to be witnessed in the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, demonstrates the fact of the gradual elevation of the soil throughout this part of Dublin. Whitworth-Bridge — is the next to the westward. The foundation stone was laid by Charles Earl Whitworth, Lord Lieutenant, 16th October, 1816. It is like Richmond Bridge, and the balustrade is continued along the quay wall to that bridge, and greatly contributes to the splendour of the scene in front of theLaw Courts. This structure re- placed the Old Bridge, so called from its being the oldest site of a bridge across the Liffey since the foundation of the city. In sinking for a foundation, the traces of two or three former bridges were observed, one of them of excel- lent workmanship, and supposed to have been laid in the reign of King John : this was one of the principal entrauces to the city, in the reign of Elizabeth ; and in the reign of Henry VIII. a valuable toll was collected here, by the Dominican Friars, who built this bridge. Part of St. Mary's Abbey may be seen at the rear of the houses on the north side of the street of that name, and within a few doors of Capel-street. The Friars' Bridge replaced Dublin Bridge, which was swept away in 1385 ; and the present bridge suc- ceeded the Old Bridge, which was taken down by the cor- poration for improving the quays, &c. of Dublin. The Queen's Bridge. — In 1683, a bridge was built over the Liffey, opposite to Queen-street, called after the Lord Lieutenant, Arran Bridge -, which was swept away by the floods of 1763, and rebuilt in 1764. It is of granite- stone, consists of three arches, is ornamented with a light metal balustrade, and is 140 feet in length by 40 in breadth. Bloody Bridge.-— The last bridge in Dublin to the west is called Barrack Bridge, but more frequently Bloody Bridge, This extraordinary appellation was de- rived from the following circumstance : in 16?1* the ap- CHARLEMONT HOUSE. 153 prentices of Dublin assembled for the purpose of de- molishing the wooden Bridge over the Liffey near the Royal Barracks ; but being interrupted by the military, a battle ensued, in which four of the young men were killed, and the remainder put into Bridewell. In consequence of this incident Barrack Bridge was built, which still how- ever preserves its name, and is the oldest bridge now standing in Dublin. Sarah's Bridge. — To the west of Bloody Bridge, about one mile from the city, at a little village called Island Bridge, is Sarah's Arch. This beautiful piece of architec- ture consists of one elliptical arch, the chord of which measures 1 04 feet, and the altitude from low water to the key stone 30. It is of a light and elegant construction, and is 7 feet wider in the span than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. In the view of Dublin from the rising ground of the Phoenix-park, this arch is a beautiful and picturesque object in the foreground. The foundation stone was laid in 1791, by Sarah, Countess of Westmorland. PRIVATE RESIDENCES. Most of the mansions of the nobility have been con- verted into public offices, and have been already noticed as such. Leinster House is described in art. Dublin Society ; for Powerscourt House, see Stamp Office, and for Moira House, Mendicity Association. There are ninety-one man- sions in Dublin totally deserted by their original proprie- tors, and no longer known as the quondam residences of our nobility, &c. Charlemont House— the residence of the Earl of Charlemont, is the most magnificent private residence pre- served in Dublin. It is situated in Palace-row, opposite the centre of the New Gardens, and is decidedly the best situated mansion in the city. It was built by James, the late Earl, a man as well known in the political world as amongst the schools of arts. [See Hardy's Life of Charle- mont]. This edifice, which is after the design of his lordship, aided by Sir William Chambers, is chaste, classical, and 154 WATERFOED HOVSE. elegant. The front, which is of hewn stone, brought from Arklow, consists of a rusticated basement and two stories : the first iioor has five windows adorned with archi- traves, and surmounted by pediments alternately angu- lar and circular; those of the second story have no pedi- ments. The door- way, which is in the centre, is deco- rated with Ionic columns supporting an entablature, and at each side are obelisks supporting ornamented lamps ; semi-circular curtain walls, enclosing the sweep in front, and continued to the adjacent houses on each side, are ornamented with circular-headed niches, and crowned by a balustrade. The interior was designed with equal correctness, and those apartments which are completed exhibit the most re- fined taste in the arts. The most attractive at present is the library, which is one of the finest rooms in Dublin, and supplied with a valuable collection of books : at one end of this is a chamber containing a statue of the Venus de* Medici, carved on the spot by Wilton ; at the other, are apartments containing a cabinet of pictures, and a collec- tion of medals. The library is connected with the house by a long corridor ornamented with statues, particularly a Mercury brought from Italy by his lordship. On one side of this corridor is a smaller library ornamented with vases and urns from Herculaneum, some, of the lava of Vesuvius, and others of burnt Egyptian clay. There are a number of original paintings by the first masters ; for a list of which, see Catalogue of Paintings. Waterford House. — The first private edifice of stone, erected in Dublin, was built in 1740 by the Earl of Tyrone in Marlborough-street, after a design of Mr. Cassels, architect of the Bank of Ireland and Lcinster House j and is now better known by the denomination of Waterford House, the illustrious family being raised to a Mar- quisate. The front, which is of granite, consists of three stories ; the door-way is ornamented by Doric pillars, supporting an entablature^ and pediment; and over it, in the prin- cipal story, is a large Venetian window. All the other windows in both stories are regular. There is a spacious court-yard in front, with two gates for admission and egress, LAW COURTS. 155 The interior, being in the style of those days, is curious and beautiful. The luill is richly ornamented with stuc- co-work, and has an oak perkenteen floor disposed in dia- monds and lozenges. The parlours are spacious, but gloomy, owing to the profusion of mahogany carved work, which is now of so dark a hue, that it throws a gloom and grandeur over the apartments. The stairs, balusters and hand-rail, and doors, are all of mahogany ; and the walls of the staircase are orna- mented with stucco-work, in a style superior to any thing of the present day. Busts of different members of the family, resting on consoles, are placed against the Walls. This beautiful stucco-work was designed by CremiUon, an Italian, who was assisted by the Franchii, of whose workmanship a very beautiful specimen is to be seen in the chapel of the Lying-in-Hospital. There is an extensive suite of apartments adorned with a line collection of the Works of the old masters [See Ca- talogue of Paintings.']'— In the small drawing-room is a very curious and beautiful specimen of Mosaic work in a marble pier table, and in the same room is a portrait of Catherine Poer, Countess of Tyrone, by whose marriage with Sir Marcus Beresford the title and property passed into that distinguished family : the portrait represents her as young and beautiful, and is inserted in the ornamental carved work over the chimney-piece. The next apartment is probably one of the most interesting objects of curiosity in Dublin. The ceiling is carved and richly ornamented, and the walls are hung in tapestry, designed by the younger Teniers, and executed in Holland. This is the best specimen of the art of tapestry-weaving to be seen in Ireland. There are several other splendid apartments in the rear of the building, commanding a view of an exten- sive and well-planted lawn. LAW COURTS. Previously to 1695, the courts of law in Ireland were itinera nt,Carlow, Drogheda, and various towns through^ 156 LAW COURTS. out the kingdom, occasionally gave shelter to the Com- missioners of Justice. Before this the courts were held in Christ-church-lane, adjacent to the cathedral of that name, but the situation being considered inconvenient, and the edifice inadequate, an attempt was made to convert the cathedral of St. Patrick's into a hall of justice, on the pre- tence that two cathedrals were unnecessary 5 besides, that from the union of the sees of Dublin and Glendaloch, if St. Patrick's were turned to the required purpose, two cathedrals would still remain in the diocese of Dublin. This sophistry was successfully refuted by Adam Loftus. The same distinguished prelate also protected that venerable cathedral from being converted into a University, which Sir John Perrot, the Lord Deputy, anxiously endeavoured to effect. The site of the Four Courts was formerly that of the Friary of -St. Saviour, founded between 1202 and 1218, in Ostmantown, by William Mareschal the elder, Earl of Pembroke. It was originally a Friary of Cistercians, and was surrendered to the Dominicans by the monks of St. Mary's Abbey in 1224. In 1316, a Scottish army, com- manded by Edward Bruce, brother to the king of Scotland, and probably favoured by Richard, Earl of Ulster, at that time residing in St. Mary's Abbey, approached Dublin with an intention of besieging it, on which occasion, the church of this friary was destroyed, to procure materials for repairing and enlarging the fortifications of the city. But some years after, Edward III. obliged the citizens to restore the church which had been dilapidated for their benefit. About 1506, Patrick Hay, the last prior, surrendered this monastery to the King, and the site was afterwards granted for the erection of King's" Inns, where the judges, lawyers and attorneys had chambers. In 1/76, the King's Inns having quite fallen to decay, a new site was chosen for the erection of an edifice, to be called the " King's Inns or Temple," but which is to be differently appropriated from the former, and this site was selected to erect the Law Courts upon. The Law Courts, or Four Courts, situated on the north side of the river, are one of the noblest structures in Dublin, both as to magnitude and sublimity of design* LAW COURTS. 157 They are built after a design of Mr. Cooley, who was archi- tect of the Royal Exchange • but he dying after the western wing was finished, the completion of this noble design was intrusted to Mr. Gandon. The foundation stone was laid on the 13th of March, 1786, by Charles, Duke of Rutland, Lord Lieutenant, and Viscount LifFord, Lord High Chan- cellor; yet the edifice was not entirely finished for J 4 years : — the expense of building, &c. is calculated at about 200,000/. It was intended to throw a bridge over the river immediately opposite the courts, and open a street up the hill in front of Christ Church ; but, from the close- ness of the building to the water, it was deemed unsafe to make the experiment of driving piles, and a more expen- sive, but much more convenient and beautiful design was proposed and executed. The quay wall in front of the courts was surmounted by a handsome iron balustrade, extending about 800 feet, at each end of which are handsome stone bridges with corresponding balustrades, forming a pic- turesque and magnificent fore-ground to the view of the courts from the opposite side of the river. The drawing made for this work is taken from Essex Quay, and intro- duces Richmond-bridge, Ormond-bridge, and the Queen's- bridge ; the Courts are seen on the right, and the Wellington Testimonial, considerably elevated, in the distance. The following architectural description of the Courts is chiefly borrowed from Malton, but all late improvements and alterations are carefully attended to, as the building was not completely finished when Malton's Views were published. The edifice called the Four Courts, contains the Courts of Law, and an immense number of offices attached to them : it consists of a centre, at each side of which are squares, one to the east, the other to the west, surrounded by buildings containing the law offices : these squares are separated from the street by arcade screens of rusticated masonry, surmounted by a handsome stone balustrade, and the entrance to each court-yard is through a large arch- way. Over the eastern gate is placed the harp of Ireland, on a shield, encompassed by emblems of Justice, Security, and Law, the shield resting on volumes of law books, bound together by a serpent entwined around them ; and 158 LAW COURTS, over tlie western gate the royal shield, encircled by oak leaves, is encompassed by different emblems appropriate to the offices which occupy that wing -.—Edward Smyth, of Dublin, was the artist. Around the eastern court are the offices of the Chancery, Exchequer, and Rolls court ; in the western square are those of the King's-bench, Hanaper, Remembrancer, and the repository of the rolls of Chancery. The centre building, which contains the Courts of Chancery, King's-beneh, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, is a square of 140 feet, within which is described a circle of 64 feet in diameter, from whose circumference the Four Courts radiate to the angles of the square, and the intervals between the courts are occupied by jury rooms, and retiring-chambers for the judges, &e. one of them also is employed as a Rolls Court. The front of the central pile consists of a handsome portico of six Corinthian columns with pilasters, support- ing a magnificent and well-proportioned pediment, having on its apex a statue of Moses, on one side of which is a iigure of Justice, and on the other one of Mercy. At each extremity of the front, and over the coupled pilasters, are statues in a fitting posture, one of Wisdom, the other of Authority. Above the central building rises a circular lantern of the same diameter as- the hall, 64 feet, orna- mented by 24 pillars, and lighted by twelve large win- dows. An entablature is carried round the summit of the lantern, and on this appears to rest a magnificent dome. Beneath the portico of the south, or principal front, is a semicircular recess, in the centre of which is the door- way, leading to the hall of the courts, which is beneath the dome, and which, in term time, exhibits an extraordi- nary air of bustle and confusion. At the extremities of the diameters, passing through the four cardinal points, arc the entrances to the hall, the Rolls Court, and the chambers appropriated to the judges and juries, &c. and between these are the entrances "to the different courts, each entrance being between Corinthian columns two deep, 25 feet high, fluted the upper two-thirds of the shaft, and resting on a sub-plinth, in which the steps lead- ing to the court are inserted ; by this disposition there are formed eight intervals or recesses, all ornamented in the LAW COURTS, 159 same style, and the piers between them are decorated with niches and sunk pannels. The columns support an en- tablature which is continued the entire way round ; above the entablature is an attic pedestal ornamented by eight sunk pannels, which are exactly above the eight intervals be- tween the columns j and on the pannels over the entrances to the Courts, the following historical events are repre- sented in bas-relief: 1st, William the Conqueror insti- tuting Courts of Justice, Feudal and Norman laws, Doomsday Book, Curfew. 2nd, King John signing Magna Charta, in presence of the barons. 3rd, Henry II. giving an audience to the Irish chiefs, and granting the first charter to the citizens of Dublin. 4th, James I. abolish- ing the Brehon laws, Tamistry, Gavelkind, Gossipred, and publishing the Act of Oblivion :— these are the workman- ship of Mr. Edward Smyth, of Dublin. From the attic pedestal rises an hemispherical dome with a rich Mosaic ceiling j in the dome, above the pannels of the attic, are eight windows of considerable size, which admit abundance of light into the hall beneath. The vertex of the hemi- spherical ceiling is perforated by a circular opening, per- mitting a view into the void between the two domes, as in St. Paul's in London. The void, which is a large apartment, the diameter of the hall, illumined by 12 windows, and used as a record-room, was originally intended for a library, but is obviously ill calculated for such purpose. In the piers between the windows of the interior dome are eight colossal statues, in alto relievo., resting upon consoles or brackets, representing Punishment, Eloquence, Mercy, Prudence, Law, Wisdom, Justice, and Liberty. Over those statues an entablature with a highly-enriched frieze is continued round the dome, and immediately above each window, 'on the frieze, are medallions of the following eight distinguished legislators, Moses, Ly- curgus, Solon, Numa, Confucius, Alfred, Manco-Capac, and Ollamh-Fodhla. The courts, which are all of exactly the same dimensions, and similarly contructed, are separated from the great hall, by a partition, the upper part of which is glazed. On each side of every court are galleries for the jury, and at the end opposite to the entrance the judges' bench is olaced, in an elevated position, beneath a semi-ellip- 160 INNS OF COURT. tical sounding-board. Each court is lighted by six win- dows, three on either side, and perhaps there is too great a quantity of light admitted. There are numerous apart- ments under ground, one of which, the coffee-room, is a great convenience to persons who are obliged to remain in court all day. The present elevation of the Four Courts is supposed to be a. trifling deviation from the design of Mr. Cooley, whose intention was, to have kept back the central pile, and to have formed a continued area in front of the building, but this admirable plan was interrupted from the gTeat difficulty of procuring ground at the rear of the courts ; in consequence of which, Mr. Gandon, who completed the building, introduced the idea of distinct court-yards divided by the centre. The front of the Four Courts to- wards the Quay extends 450 feet, and its depth is 170. Inns of Court.-— Before the reign of Edward I. there were no regular courts of Justice nor Inns of Court : the number of Palatinates and Chiefries existing through Ire- land, which were governed by the old Brehon laws, ren- dered a court of Chancery unnecessary ; but an Exche- quer was still required. The Brehon laws were of so mild and conciliating a spirit, that a fine (erick) was the only punishment inflicted even for the worst of crimes. It is manifest that such a system, in those days, must have been liable to infinite abuses, and after an existence of nearly four centuries under the crown of England, the application of them was at length declared to be treason- able, in the 40th of Edward III. by the statute of Kil- kenny. The Brehon laws were written in a character called the " Phenian dialect," and the family of Mac Egan alone possessed the secret of decyphering their re- cords, and were in possession of this secret, down to the reign of Charles I. — Henry II. is said to have held a court in Dublin (Nov. 1172), but all records or manuscripts relating to it are lost. The first institution of an Irish Inn of Court took place in the reign of Edward I. : it was called Collet's Inn, and was outside the city walls, where Exchequer- street and George's-street south are now built ; here also were the superior courts of justice. But, unfortunately, a banditti from the mountains of Wicklow, watching an opportunity, INNS OP COURT, 161 when the deputy and great part of the military strength were engaged at a distance, entered and plundered the Exchequer, and burned every record. About the same period, both in England and France, a similar attack was made on the Temple and other public literary establish- ments. This obliged the government to remove the seat of jus- tice from without the walls; and the courts were at first appointed to be held in the Castle of Dublin -, and then at Oarlow. Whilst the Courts and Inns of Law were held in this ambulatory manner, in the reign of Edward III., Sir Robert Preston, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, resigned, for an Inn of Court, his noble mansion, situated where the Royal Exchange now stands, and having a range of offices extending from that to Essex-bridge : on this site Lord Chief Baron Bysse, some years after, built a noble residence, which was taken down in 1 762, to open Parlia- ment-street. In Preston's Inns the benchers, lawyers and attorneys had chambers, and for two centuries, this Collegiate Society, was upheld with dignity. After the death of Sir Robert Preston, the family, which had been honoured by a peerage, in 1478, with the title of Viscount Gormans- town, disputed the claim to the site of Preston's Inn, and the benchers and lawyers were dispossessed. At this time the Courts of Law were held in the Castle of Dublin, which being found inconvenient, the Inns of Court were removed to the dissolved Pvlonastery of Dominicans, called the Monastery of St. Saviour's, where the Four Courts now stand [see page 157]. In 1542, Henry VIII. as- sumed, for the first time that any English monarch had done so, the title of King of Ireland, and from the royal founder this society took the denomination of the "King's Inns." It obtained from him grants of land in Michan's parish, &e. besides parliamentary support $ and a statute was introduced, obliging each student to reside for two years at an English Inn of Court, to assist in introducing the English practice of law into this kingdom. From this date, the society of King's Inns began to assume impor- tance as a body. . The King's Inns occupied this site for a considerable time l but the building* wei 3 at length allowed to fall into p 3 162 INNS OF COURT; a ruinous condition. Some time after (1771) a report was made to government, that a repository for public records was much wanted, and the present site was recommended as the most convenient for such a building ; and being also considered eligible for the Law Courts, the present mag- nificent building was erected, containing both. A promise of compensation was made at the same time to the Society of King's Inns for the ground, which it does not appear has ever been fulfilled. Six years previously to this, the Society had taken a plot of ground from Primate Robinson, at the upper end of Henrietta-street, where the first stone of the New Inns was laid by Lord Clare. The situation was unhappily chosen, being accessible only from the rear, and the rent very extravagant ; nor was it certain whether the lessor had* power to dispose of the ground in perpetuity ; it was disputed, too, whether he could purchase the interests of under tenants, and become the sole lessor ; and after much consultation, it was ultimately arranged only by the passing of an act of Parliament. The edifice called the Inns of Court, presents a beauti- ful front, of hewn stone, to the rear of the houses on Constitution-hill, consisting of a centre and wings. The wings, which extend back ] 10 feet, present a facade of two stories, surmounted by pediments -, over the windows of the second story, in the north wing, is an alto-relievo, representing Bacchus and Ceres sacrificing on an antique tripod, attended by the Seasons 5 and over the front of the south wing, or Prerogative Court, in a similar manner, are represented, Wisdom, Justice and Prudence, sacri- ficing on an altar, attended by Truth, Time, and History. On the entablature in the centre of the building, the lawyers and prelates of Ireland are represented, receiving a translation of the Bible and a charter from Elizabeth. The doorways in front of the Dining-hall and Preroga- tive Court, are ornamented by caryatides,* supporting a rich cornice, and resting on pedestals. Those at the door of the dining-hall, are Plenty and a Bacchante with a goblet j and at the entrance of the Prerogative Court * Caryatides are statues employed to support an entablature instead of columns, 4 THE PREROGATIVE COURT. 163 and Record Office, are Security and Law, one holding a key, the other a scroll. Beneath the central building, which is crowned by a beautiful octangular cupola, is a lofty arched gateway, with doors at either side, leading into the space between the Dining-hall and Record Office, which run parallel to each other ; and at the farther end is a magnificent cor- responding gate, communicating with Henrietta-street. Over this are the royal arms in Portland stone, which, together with all. the statuary of the building, were executed by Edward Smyth, a Dublin artist of very con- siderable merit. The Dining-hall, which occupies the principal part of the north wing, is 81 feet by 42, ornamented by four three-quarter Ionic columns at either end, over which in circular recesses in the ceiling, are figures in alto- relievo, representing the four Cardinal Virtues. At the end of the hall where the benchers' table is placed, the floor is elevated about 12 inches above that of the re- maining part, and over the chimney-piece at this end is a portrait of Lord Chancellor Manners. The room is lighted by five circular-headed windows on one side, between which are niches intended to be filled with statues ; and on the opposite side are portraits of Lords Avonmore and Manners. The lawyers and law-students dine on one side, and the attorneys on the other side of the hall. Over the Ante-hall is the library, a room only 42 feet by 17, and never intended for this purpose. Part of this col- lection was the property of Christopher Robinson, Esq. Senior Puisne Judge of the Court of King's-bench, and the selection of law books was made chiefly by Charles, Earl Camden, Lord Chancellor. — The library is open every day from two to four o'clock. This elegant structure is erected from the designs of James Gandon, Esq. the Architect of the Custom-house. The Prerogative Court— -was formerly held in a large mansion in Henrietta-street, once the residence of Primate Robinson, adjoining the Inns of Court ; but it has lately been removed to the south wing of the Inns, where a court is held, on Tuesdays and Fridays each week in Term. The remaining part of this wing is occupied 164 GENERAL POST-OFFICE. with records of different kinds, original wills, administra- tions, licences of marriage ; and here also are preserved the manuscripts called, " Regal Visitation Books." The oldest record in this office is dated 1530. The Consistorial Court — which was originally held in the Cathedral of the diocese, is now held in Stephen's- green, at the house of the Deputy Registrar, Thomas Clarke, Esq. Here all cases of blasphemy, apostacy, &c. are decided, marriage licences granted, and all points connected with the rights and privileges of the church ad- justed. The records in this office do not bear a date more ancient than 1600, and even these are not complete, there being an hiatus from 1730 to 1779. There is in this office a valuable set of books in admirable preservation, called Title Booh. High Court of Admiralty.— -There is a regular Court of Admiralty in Dublin as in London, and for the same objects : it is held in the Law Courts, and consists of a Judge, three Surrogates, a Registrar, Marshal, and Proc- tors, &c. The independence of this court was preserved by a special clause in the Act of Union. The date of the oldest MS. in the Registrar's possession is 1/47, at which period this court was probably first instituted. Board of First Fruits. — This board, chiefly consist- ing of the dignitaries of the established church, holds its meetings twice in the year at the Record Office in the Lower Castle-yard ; their principal business is the aug- mentation of the value of small livings, by purchasing glebe, building glebe-houses, &e. and improving the property of the church of England. Their grants are made according to a certain scale. Here are many public records, which, about 1814, were arranged in systematic order ; and amongst- them was found the charter of Trinity College, which ^ T as restored to the Universitv. PUBLIC OFFICES. General Post-Office. — France may, perhaps, be con- sidered as being the first nation that established a regular GENERAL POST-OFFICE. 165 and systematic mode of transferring* letters;* and Eng- land, of course, quickly adopted so obviously important an advantage. Edward VI. prescribed a certain rate per mile, to be charged for post horses, viz. one penny -, and a post was established between London and Edinburgh ; and between Chester and Dublin, by way of Holyhead. Cromwell also extended this establishment, and with the aid of parliament took the management into the hands of government: at this time packets sailed between Dublin and Parkgate or Chester, and between Milford and Water- ford. The first director of the Post-office, appointed by go- vernment, was John Manley, who was obliged to make uniform charges for the conveyance of letters, at the rate of twopence for eighty miles. A Postmaster General for the British dominions, was appointed in 1711, and a sepa- rate establishment opened in Ireland, under the direction of two Postmasters General, in 1784. From this date, the facility of communication through the kingdom has rapidly increased, and the number of post towns in Ireland, at which this office advertises to deliver letters, amounts to above 400. The Penny-Post-office was opened in 1770, and is con- ducted in an expeditious manner, there being* four col- lections and four deliveries of letters through the city every day, Sunday excepted ; and in the neighbourhood of Dublin there are two collections and deliveries daily ; but all letters delivered beyond the circular road pay twopence postage. The next feature of importance is the establishment of mail-coaches, a measure fraught with much advantage to the general interests of Ireland. Parts of this kingdom, hitherto unknown, are now in a state of civilization, o wing- to the intercourse they enjoy with more cultivated society. Mail-coaches were first established in England in 1784, in Ireland in 1790. Mr. Anderson, of Fermoy, first contracted to run a coach, carrying the mail-bags betwen Dublin and Cork, and Mr. Grier, between Dublin and Newry. The Road Act was shortly after passed, which has opened every part of Ireland to the traveller, with convenience * In the reign oi Louis XI, M75. 166 GENERAL POST-OFFICE. and safety; and a chain of communication is now kept up throughout the kingdom, by means of a very ingenious management of the coaches, for wherever the direct mail from Dublin to any town stops, a light coach is in waiting to proceed by cross roads. Coaches leave the General Post-office every evening at eight o'clock precisely. The English mail is despatched every morning at seven o'clock, in a mail cart, to Howth-harbour, whence it is conveyed by government steam-packets, of great power, to Holyhead. All letters for Scotland and the north of England are sent by way of Donaghadee and Port Patrick, and to the South, by way of Waterford and JMilford Haven. The General Post-office was at first held in a small building on tlie site of the Commercial Buildings, and was afterwards removed to a larger house, opposite the Bank on College-green (since converted into the Royal Arcade): and on January 6th, 1818, the new Post-office in Saekville- street was opened for business. The foundation-stone of this magnificent edifice, which is built after a design of Francis Johnston, Esq., was laid by his Excellency Charles, Earl Whitworth, August 12, 1814, and the structure was completed in the short space of three years, for the moderate sum of 50,000/. The site on which the new Post-office is erected, was previously occupied by a range of houses corresponding with those in the same street, near Carlisle-bridge, and used for some time as a temporary barrack : but they were so badly built, and so shaken by their numerous inmates, that while occupied by the military, they fell down, the soldiers and their families having scarcely time to escape. The front, which extends 220 feet, has a magnificent portico (80 feet wide) of six fluted Ionic columns, 4 feet 6 inches in diameter. The frieze of the entablature is highly enriched, and in the tympanum of the pediment are the royal arms. On the acroteria of the pediment are three statues, by John Smyth, viz. Mercury, on the right, with his Cadueeus and purse ; on the left, Fidelity, with her finger on her lips, and a key in her hand ; and in the centre, Hibernia resting on her spear and holding her shield. The entablature, with the exception of the archi- trave, is continued along the rest of the front ; the frieze. STAMP-OFfTCE. 167 however, is not decorated as it is over the portico. A handsome balustrade surmounts the cornice of the build- ing', which is 50 feet from the ground. With the excep- tion of the portico, which is of Portland stone, the whole is of mountain-granite. The elevation has three stories, of which the lower, or basement, is rusticated, and in this respect it resembles the India Kouse in London, where a rusticated basement is introduced, although the portico occupies the entire height of the structure. Over the centre of the building is seen a cupola, con- taining the chimes and bell on which the clock-hammer strikes. This bell is so loud, that it is heard in every part of the city. The interior is particularly remarkable for the conve- nience of its arrangement and the number of its commu- nicating apartments. The Board-room is a very handsome apartment, furnished with two seats, which are for the Postmasters General : over the chimney-piece, protected by a curtain of green silk, is a bust of Earl Whitworth, in white marble, by John Smyth. Stamp-Office. — The business of this ofhee was for- merly transacted in a range of old brick buildings in Eustace-street, on the north side of Dame-street ; but it was removed, May 3rd, 1811, to William-street. An office for the manufacture and distribution of stamps was first established in this kingdom during the government of Earl Harcourt, in 1774, and even then was productive of a considerable revenue, which, from the augmentation of stamp duties, has since increased to more than ten times its early amount. The gross produce of stamp-duties for the years 1812, 13, and 14, exceeded 700,000/. 1815 it amounted to £.747,586 8 5j 1816 591,265 8 11 1817 596,709 16 8 1818 610,396 15 ?| 1819 602,535 12 7h 1820 557,403 1 10 1821 to June 5th . . 485,429 8 8 The accounts furnished before 1818 were all in Irish currency, but from that date they have been returned in British, and are to continue so in future. 168 STAMP-OFFICE. The present Stamp-office was the private residence of the Viscounts Powerscourt ; it was commenced in the year 1/71, and completed in three years, for the moderate "sum of 10,000/. ; it is after a design of Mr. Robert Mack, architect. The Commissioners of Stamp-duties purchased it for 15,000/. The west front, which is toward William-street, is of mountain-granite, from his lordship's estate in the county of Wicklow j the ornaments and dressings being of Port- land-stone. This facade consists of a basement, principal floor, and mezzanine. The first of these, which has circu- lar-headed windows, is rusticated, and has a Done enta- blature, continued also over the gateways on the sides, in lieu of wings. The ascent to the grand entrance is by a broad flight of steps, with a stone balustrade ; and the door has Doric pilasters and an entablature. The windows of the first floor, three on each side of the centre, rest on rich pedestals, and have pediments, of which the middle one of the three is semi-circular. Above the slight projection or break, forming the central division of this elevation, is a pediment with a circular window in its tympanum, and over this is a singular species of attic, enriched with carved scrolls instead of pilasters. From this part of the structure, which was originally intended as an observatory, may be obtained as extensive a view as the smoke of the city will permit. This fine edifice cannot at present be seen to advantage, being in the narrowest part of a narrow street (William-street), immediately opposite Castle-mar- ket. The hall and staircase are decorated with rich heavy stucco-work, not suited to the taste of the present day ; and the stairs and balusters are of mahogany. In the drawing-room of this splendid mansion are two slabs of the lava of Vesuvius, richly mounted as pier tables 5 and in this room were a few paintings of the old masters, which are now at his lordship's magnificent resi- dence in the county of Wicklow. The gateways on each side of the house have been con- verted into entrances to the different offices of the esta- blishment : these are principally held in a square of build- ings erected at the rear of the house for this purpose, which improvements cost the commissioners 15,000/, BALLAST-OFFICE. 169 Ballast-Office. — This useful establishment holds its meeting in a handsome house, built for the purpose, in Westmorland-street, near Carlisle-bridge. The society was incorporated in 1 707, under the title of " The Corporation for Preserving and Improving the Port of Dublin/ ' and was placed under the superintendence of the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and some of the citizens. At this period great improvements were made in the entrance of the harbour, which was extremely dangerous, owing to two sand-banks, called the North and South Bulls, which completely choked it up j a channel of some breadth was cleared, and a floating light established, where the Dublin light-house has since been erected. About 1714, the river was embanked on both sides, a quay wall built, and a large quantity of marshy ground reclaimed ; and about 1/48, that extensive work, the Mole, which connects Ringsend and the Pigeon-house, was commenced, and the expense defrayed by a tonnage on shipping. Shortly after, this corporation was intrusted with fuller powers, both as to the nature of the improvements they were to undertake, and as to the election of new members to fill vacancies at their board. Their next great work was the building of the Mole* and Light-house in Dublin Bay ; but the grand conclusion of their labours was the enclosing of the Liffey within the present magnificent quay walls, which extend from Ringsend to Bloody-bridge, a distance of three Eng- lish miles ; which has not only deepened the channel, but greatly benefitted and improved the city. Dublin was well supplied with bridges before the incorporation of this body, but two of them were in a dilapidated condition, and one, called the Coal-Quay (or Orinond) bridge, was swept away by the floods. The Ballast Office have sup- plied their places by Richmond and Whit worth bridges. Since the institution of this body, the coast of Ireland has been rendered more safe to the mariner by the erec- tion of light-houses in various places. The most extra- ordinary in point of situation, and which was attended with many melancholy disasters during its building, is that on the Tuskard Rock en the coast of W T exford. The * This wall measures 9,816 feet from the Pigeon-house to the Light- house. Q ]?0 PAVING BOARD. light-house erected on the Bailey at Hbwtn is probably one of the best-situated on the coast, and lighted on very improved principles, the reiiectors being ground to the parabolic form, and an oil lamp placed in the focus of each. The funds of this Board are derived from the sale of ballast to the shipping, which they raise from the channel of the river, and from a tonnage on vessels arriving in port. The expense of building the quay walls was defrayed by a tax, which has now ceased to be demanded. The Direc- tors of this Board do not receive salaries, and perhaps no establishment in the kingdom has given greater satisfac- tion, or been of more real benefit. Paving Bo Ann. —This board consists of a chief Com- missioner and two others, with two supervisors, a trea- surer and secretary, the amount of whose salaries is 2,300/. per annum. The objects of this board are of course most important, paving, lighting, and cleaning the streets, making sewers, and, in summer, watering the public ways. There are few cities in better condition as to pavement, and none so well supplied with broad and even flag-ways. M any great improvements have been made by this body ; there were formerly in almost every street one or two fountains which, though a great ornament, were a greater nuisance, and the cause of many sad accidents, as they were always crowded by the idle, and the pavement around was so wet and slippery, that horses, particularly in har- ness, have frequently fallen in attempting to pass, and in winter these places became a perfect sheet of ice. All these nuisances have been removed, at a trifling loss to the city, in point of picturesque appearance. The light- ing of the city, however, is not so creditable j but the introduction of gas-light will remedy this evil. This Board formerly held its meetings in a large brick house at the corner of Dawson-street, the site of Morri- son's hotel, from whence it removed to its present situation in Mary-street. This house was formerly the residence of the ancient and respectable family of the Rowleys, from whom it was purchased for a temporary barrack ; and at the conclusion of the war, transferred to the Paving- board, who have fitted it up conveniently, and erected stabling at the rear for their horses, and sheds for the- THE PIPE WATER COMMITTEE. 171 watering*- carts. The bricks of which this house is built were made in. the county of Meath, and are of a very pecu- liar colour and excellent quality. Wide-Street Commissioners. — The commissioners for " opening wide and convenient streets" were appointed in 1758, when the first improvement they made was, to open a passage from the Castle to Essex-bridge ; after which, they were directed to improve the city generally, by open- ing wide avenues. Their funds for the purchase of houses are derived partly from parliament, from a tonnage on coals imported to Dublin, and from a card tax levied from the citizens. The next improvement was the opening of Dame-street, so as to form a proper avenue from the seat of government to the Parliament-house. Westmorland- street. Sackville-street (formerly Drogheda-street), and Cavendish-row, and the passages along the river on both sides, are lasting monuments of the labours of this useful body. The last improvement was the opening of D'Olier and New Brunswick-streets ; and from the end of York- street in Aungier-street, a passage will be continued to St. Patrick's Cathedral, forming one direct and splendid com- munication between Stephen's Green and that venerable edifice. The Improvements in the vicinity of the other cathedral are going on with rapidity. Numerous other avenues have been opened, which it would be impossible to enumerate here 5 but the best argument in favour of the proceedings of this board, is the magnificence of the avenues and streets of Dublin. The improvements lately made in the vicinity of St. Patrick's Cathedral have been spoken of under that ar- ticle [p. 50]. The Board meet at the Secretary's bouse in Blessington- street, where their proceedings may be seen, contained in 24 folio volumes of manuscript, numerically arranged. The Pipe-Water Committee — instituted for the pur- pose of supplying the city with water, is composed of members of the corporation solely ; viz. the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, 12 Aldermen, and 24 of the Common Coun- cil. They have the power of levying taxes for the supply of pipes, and paving the streets after they are laid, and holding a meeting every Monday at the city Assembly- room in William-street, at the corner of Coppinger's-row, 172 CUSTOM HOUSE. There are three basins attached. to Dublin for the sup- ply of fresh water, one at the end of Basin-lane in James's - street, which is an English mile in circumference, and round which is a broad gravel-walk, formerly one of the most fashionable promenades in the vicinity of Dublin. A second basin is situated on the high ground at the upper end of Blessington-street, also encompassed by a terrace, and enclosed by a strpng close hedge, for the sup- ply of the north side of the city ; and the third is on the banks of the canal, near Porto-bello harbour, to feed the pipes in the south-eastern part of Dublin. The water was formerly conveyed by wooden pipes from these basins through all the streets, and a leaden pipe, inserted in the main, supplied each house. It being- found, however, that the wooden pipes were subject to very speedy decay, and consequently superinduced enor- mous expence, metal pipes were adopted in 1802, and have been continued ever since. A new tax was imposed on the citizens, for the accomplishing of this object, called the " Metal Main Tax/' which they have not borne with much good feeling, and it will, in ail probability, be shortly removed. The Custom House.— The old Custom House stood near Essex-bridge, between Essex-street and the river, and was built in the year 170/. It must have been inconvenient for business ; besides which, the navigation of the river could not be improved, owing to a bed of rocks which extended across the river, opposite to the building. These circumstances induced the Commis- sioners to erect a new and capacious Custom House nearer to the mou' h of the river : accordingly they chose the present site on the north bank, on Eden Quay ; and since this quay has been opened and its walls completed, there is, perhaps, no city in Europe that affords a coup d'ceil more magnificent than the panoramic view from Carlisle- bridge. From this point the spectator beholds Sackville- street with the Post-office and its beautiful portico, Nel- son's Pillar, and the Rotunda ; in the distance — the south front of the Custom House with the quay walls and ship- ping — Westmorland-street with the portico of the old House of Lords, and the north pavilion of Trinity Col- lege—and D'Olier-street, with the Dublin library, a CUSTOM-HOUSE. 173 handsome stone building, terminated by a view of the front of the new-square of Trinity College. In conse- quence of the violent opposition of Lord Shannon, to the passing of the Bill through the Irish House, not only was the building of the new Custom House delayed, but the first stone Was laid, almost in secret, by the Right Hon. John Beresford. This edifice, the second building in Dublin in point of extreme elegance of workmanship, is an extensive pile, and if we except, perhaps, its proximity to the water's edge, admirably situated ; yet, although its contiguity to the river is a defect, as far as beauty is concerned, it is convenient for the despatch of business. There are four fronts, accurately corresponding to the four cardinal points. The south or principal front, which is entirely of Portland- stone, extends 375 feet, and the depth of the building from north to south is 209. The central part which is 130 feet in breadth, is continued from the north to the south front, and forms the partition between two spacious court-yards, which were indispen- sable in affording light to the apartments in the interior or central part of the building. In the centre of this front is a portico of four Doric columns supporting an en- tablature, with a fine projecting mutule cornice, and a frieze enriched with the heads of oxen connected by fes- toons. The tympanum of the pediment is decorated with a group of figures in alto relievo, Britannia attended by Strength, Justice, Naval power and Victory, Hibernia and Britannia embracing each other, and holding the emblems of peace and liberty. These figures are seated in a marine chariot, or shell, drawn by sea-horses, and at- tended by a crowd of Tritons, after whom appears a fleet of merchant ships, bearing the produce of various nations to the shores of Ireland, and wafted by the trade winds : the whole was designed and executed by Mr. Edward Smyth. — The attic story, which is the height of the pedi- ment, supports four allegorical statues, of Industry, Com- merce, Wealth, and Navigation, executed by Thomas Banks, Esq. R. A. of London. Above the portico is a magnificent cupola, resembling those at Greenwich Hos- pital, its dome is 26 feet in diameter, and is supported by 40 columns, On the apex of the dome is a circular Q3 174 CUSTOM HOUSE, pedestal, upon which is placed a colossal statue of Hope 12 feet high. The entire elevation to the summit of this figure is 125 feet. On the key stones of the arches over the different door-ways, sixteen in number, are colossal heads, emblematic of the different rivers of Ireland, dis- tinguished by means of the produce of their banks ; the Anna Liffey which runs through the city is represented by a female, all the rest by male heads. — These also are the workmanship of Mr. Edward Smyth, an Irish artist.* The pavillion at either extremity of this facade has a recess with two Doric columns (corresponding with similar recesses in the centre pile of the building, one on each side the Portico), above which, of the same height as the balus- trade and surmounting the cornice of the edifice, is a pannel decorated with festoons, and serving as a pedestal to a group formed of the arms of Ireland on a shield, with the Lion and Unicorn, executed by Smyth. In each of the Arrlere-corps^ between the pavillion s and centre, are seven rusticated arches, and above them three niches and four windows placed alternately, all of which are crowned with pediments. The balustrade of the pavillions is continued over the Arriere-corps. The north front is of the same extent and height, but being built of mountain-granite, and not so much orna- mented, is considerably inferior in point of beauty : be- sides the light colour of the Portland stone in the south front gives a cheerfulness to its aspect ; the north front, perhaps, appears more sombre and majestic, while the south exhibits greater taste and elegance. The centre of the north front is ornamented by a portico of four columns with an entablature, but without a pediment. On the * This excellent sculptor was born in the county of Meath, 1746. He was intended by his father for the army, in which he himself held the rank of Captain ; but having a decided predilection for modelling, was placed under Verpoyle. His first public work was, the admirable statue of Dr. Lucas, in the Exchange. Besides the sculpture at the Custom House, he executed the figures at the Bank of Ireland, Four Courts, King's Inns, and the beautiful heads in black stone on the new Castle-Chapel. These, however, he did not live to finish, but they have since been completed by his son from his models. He died in 1812. He was likewise the sculptor of a beautiful monument in St. Anne's Church [See p. 71.] t Arriere-corps are the receding parts of an elevation, or those between projecting paYil.Jions, &c. CUSTOM HOUSE. 175 entablature, over the columns, are figures representing the four quarters of the world, executed in a particularly chaste and elegant style, by Thomas Banks, Esq., R.A. The windows in the north front are decorated with archi- traves of Portland stone, and in the recesses at each end, between the columns, are doors leading to the apart- ments of the chief Commissioners and other persons who reside here. The east front is composed of the pavillions of the two principal fronts, connected by handsome archways, leading to the court-yards within the building, with a central building about 90 feet in length ; this centre consists of a beautiful rusticated arcade, on the top of which is a balus- trade. The arches of this front are at present built up to form a temporary dry store. The west front is two stories in height, the lower one, originally like the centre of the east front, has also been built up for convenience of storage, but even its present state does not injure the tout ensemble. The principal entrances, beneath the porticos on both sides, are approached by a flight of steps, and conduct to spacious halls. The hall belonging to the south entrance is an octagonal vestibule below the cupola, and that at- tached to the north entrance is very spacious, and orna- mented with columns of Portland stone. The grand staircase, which leads to the north side of the building, has always been considered a most re- markable proof of the ingenuity of the architect who conducted the erection of this building, as uniting good taste, originality of conception, and grandeur of design. A flight of steps, fastened in the wall, conducts on either side to a landing-place ; from the centre of which landing*, rises the return flight communicating with the landing above, and apparently without any support whatever. This is done by making the steps rest on each other ia arched joints, thus forming a seml-eliptical arch from one landing to the other. The offices in this building are very numerous and commodious, and scarcely an alteration has been made since its opening. * The Board-room, in which the two Boards of Custom and Excise sit, is in the centre of the north front, lighted by three circular-headed windows 1J6 CUSTOM-HOUSE DOCKS. with plate-glass. The Commissioners' Court is also a very elegant room, decorated with columns. The only office worth the attention of a visitor is the Long-room, which, as it measures 70 feet by 65, is nearly a square, although it has been always denominated the Long-room. A range of Composite columns, 12 feet distant from the wall, sup- port an arched ceiling, lighted by two circular lanterns, ornamented with stucco-work ; besides which, there are Dioelesian windows above the entablature. The space between the wall and the columns is enclosed by a range of counters, behind which are placed the officers to transact business. In this room forfeited goods are sold, and sales by inch of candle conducted. The architect of this truly magnificent pile was the late James Candon, Esq.* of whose professional taste and ability this structure will be a lasting memorial, for it is decidedly one of the finest pieces of architecture in Europe. The estimate for the erection of the Custom House laid before the House of Commons, was 163,363/.; but from unavoidable circum- stances, it afterwards amounted to 260,000/. Custom House Docpis. — To the east of the Custom House is a wet dock 400 feet in length by 200 feet in breadth, faced with lime-stone, and of "depth sufficient to float any vessel that can enter the river. About 12 years since, the Spit-tire, a twenty-gun ship, which was driven up the river by the severity of the weather, took shelter here. This dock, which communicates with the river, and is kept of sufficient depth to float large vessels, bv means of a sea-lock, was opened in 1/^6, and cost about "80,000/. which, added to different items for furnishing the interior, * This eminent architect died in 1S21, at Canon-Brook, near Lucan, at the age of 89. He studied his profesion under Sir W. Chambers, and was the first "who gained a gold medal for architecture at the Royal Academy, Somerset Houie. Premiums for a design for the Exchange at Dublin having been offered by public advertisement, Mr. Gandou sent in one which obtained the third premium, and whose merit procured for him the regard of the Earl of C'harle- mont, Colonel Burton Conyngham, and ether patrons and admirers of the Fine Arts. Besides the noble edifices with which he adorned this city, any single one of which would secure to him a reputation for superior talent in his profession, he designed the Court House at Waterford, and that at Notting- ham. He also published, in conjunction with Mr. Woolfe, the two Supple- mentary Volumes to the Yitravius Britannicus. Mr, Gandon was one of the original Members of the RpyaJ Iri a h Academy, and fellow of the Society of ,'vies; London, CUSTOM-HOUSE DOCKS. 177 makes the total expense of opening the Custom House and Dock, &c. above 300,000/. A range of stores was carried round this dock, which the increase of commerce, during the French war, ren- dered it expedient to remove, for the purpose of excavating new docks, and building more extensive storage. — The first store to the east is for general merchandize, and is 500 feet in length, by 112 in breadth : to the east of this is the new basin, 330 feet by 250, faced with lime- stone, and communicating with the river by a sea-lock. A dock of still greater dimensions, 650 feet by 300, to the north of this, is just now completed. To the east of the new basin is the tobacco store (500 feet by 1 60, and capable of containing 3,000 hogsheads), the plan of which was given by John Rennie, Esq. In this store, which is now completed and in use, there is not one particle of wood or other combustible matter. There are nine vaults beneath, which altogether afford perfect and convenient storage for 4,500 pipes of wine, allowing a walk behind the heads of the pipes as well as between them ; these vaults are lighted by means of thick lenses set in iron plates in the floor of the tobacco store ; but this is not sufficient to supersede the necessity of candle light. The interior of the tobacco store is extremely curious and interesting : the roof is supported by metal frame-work of an ingenious construc- tion, and, at intervals, long lanterns are inserted, the sashes of which are also metal y the entire frame-work is supported by three rows of cylindrical metal pillars, 26 in each row ; these rest upon others of granite, which are continued through the stone floor into the vaults beneath. All the iron-work was manufactured at the Butterley- foundry in Derbyshire. — The only inconvenience at pre- sent felt in this store, is the excessive heat, which, in all probability, can be remedied by a proper system of ventilation. Immediately adjoining the tobacco store is an extensive yard for bonding timber, which is of a*reat advantage to the timber merchants ; and at a short distance to the east, is an extensive store for whiskey, erected by the Board of Excise, consisting of two stories of long arches of brick- work, with openings in the top to admit light. The management of the imports and exports of Ireland, 178 THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. is intrusted to seven Commissioners appointed by his Ma- jesty ; and against their decision a right of appeal is open to the Lords of the Treasury of the United Kingdom. They are denominated the Commissioners of Customs and Port duties. The Board of Excise holds its meetings in the same apartment, and consists of the same number ; the peculiar employment of this Board consists in the regulation and collection of Inland excise and taxes. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, The Royal Exchange — is situated on Cork-hill, near the Castle gate, almost the highest ground in the city, and has in front one of the longest avenues in Dublin, com- prising Parliament-street, Essex-bridge, Capel-street, Bol- toii-sireet, and Dorset-street. At whatever side this building is approached, it challenges the architectural critic, and pleases the eye of every spectator. The view accompanying this article, being taken from the corner of Exchange-street, shows -Dame-street, terminated by the College. This is the most advantageous view that can be obtained, for, owing to the narrowness of the street, not above half the building can be seen from Parliament-street. In 1769, premiums were offered for the best design, when that of Mr. Thomas Cooley, an English architect, till then unknown in Dublin, was preferred, and to him was accordingly adjudged the first premium of 100 gui- neas ; while Mr. Thomas Sandby obtained the second of 60 guineas ; and Mr. James Gandon was rewarded with 30 guineas. The building of this magnificent structure was not only a very great ornament to the. city, but an immediate benefit to the neighbourhood, for the site on which it stands was occupied by the old Exchange, Lord Cork's house after- wards Lucas's coffee-house, and many mean shops, so that one of the greatest thoroughfares in the city was both in- convenient and dangerous. The Earl of Northumberland, then Lord Lieutenant, gave considerable assistance to the merchants in raising TttE ROYAL EXCHANGE, 175 funds for purchasing ground and erecting an Exchange. Parliament granted f3fltiQL 3 the merchants subscribed liberally, and by a successful defence made by Dr. Lucas in parliament, in behalf of the merchants of Dublin, a large fund was saved and added to the collections for the building of the New Exchange, in addition to which, a considerable sum was raised by lottery schemes. On the 2nd of August, 1 769, the first stone was laid by Lord Townsend, Lord Lieutenant, and in ten years from that date, the Exchange was opened for the transac- tion of business. The ediiice is a square of 100 feet, crowned by a dome in the centre, and has three fronts, all of Portland stone. The north, or principal front, has a portico of six Co- rinthian columns (those at the extremities coupled), whose entablature is continued along the three fronts, all of which are decorated with Corinthian pilasters, with fes- toons, &c. between the capitals. The top of the building is crowned by a balustrade, except where it is interrupted by the pediment on the north side; and above this, the summit of the dome is visible, but having no tambour it is too low to be distinctly seen. As the situation is on an exceed- ingly steep hill, the approaches are somewhat interrupted : that to the principal front is at the western end, where the terrace is level with the street; but the other end of this platform, or. terrace, is blocked up by a high wall, surmounted by heavy iron railing of enormous height, greatly disfiguring the front of this light and elegant structure. This was not part of the original design, but in conse- quence of the sudden ascent of the ground, the architect continued the terrace, which was accessible at the east by a long and wide flight of steps, the west end being level with the street ; the terrace was protected by a "metal balustrade resting on rustic work. On the 24th of April, 1814, a crowd having assembled on this platform, to witness the whipping of a criminal, the balustrade yielded to the pressure, and numbers were precipitated into the street. The principal sufferers were those who stood below, some of whom were killed upon the spot, and many dreadfully bruised. A view of the Exchange with the original balustrade in front, may be seen in Malton's 180 THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. Views of Dublin. Beneath the colonnade are three large iron gates suspended on Ionic pilasters ; these lead into a flagged hall, where are the entrances to the Exchange-hall. Over the gates and between the pillars are windows orna- mented by architraves, lighting the coffee-room. On either side of the portico are two corresponding windows resting upon a rich fluted impost or facia, that serves as a cornice to the ground-floor, which is rusticated and un- perforated by any aperture, a circumstance that gives a peculiar and appropriate character to this structure, while it adds greatly to its strength. The western elevation does not differ much from that on the north, except that the portico has only four columns and no pediment -, and that there is only one window on each side, in the inter-pilaster adjoining the portico, the other being without any aperture whatever. The east front, which is in Exchange-court, has only pilasters : on this side are the entrances to the vaults of the Exchange, which are dry and extensive, and are generally let to the Commissioners of Customs, who frequently want more storage than the buildings attached to the Custom- house afford. The ingenuity of Mr. Cooley is no where more con- spicuous than in his design of the interior of the Ex- change : the ground plan may be perfectly represented by the iclea of a circle inscribed in a square, but the beauty and elegance of the effect produced, cannot be so readily represented by description. Twelve fluted columns of the Composite order, 32 feet high, form a rotunda in the centre of the building. Above their entablature, which is highly enriched, is an attic 10 feet high, with as many circular windows, answering to the inter-columns below, and connected with pendant fes- toons of laurel in rich stucco-work, and from this rises an elegantly-proportioned dome, ornamented with hexagonal caissons. This is deservedly considered a chef-d'oeuvre in the art of stucco plastering, and was executed by the late Alderman Thorpe of this city. In the centre of the crown is a large circular sky-light, which, with the assistance of the different windows, judiciously dispersed around the hall, affords a profusion of light. The inter-columns are open below to the ambulatory en- THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 181 compassing the circular area in the centre of the building". Ionic impost pilasters, about half the height of the columns to which they are attached, support a fluted frieze and enriched cornice, above which, in the upper spaces of the inter-columns, are pannels and other ornaments. The ambulatory is much lower than the rotunda, being covered with a flat ceiling, the height of the impost pilasters, with enriched soffits, extended from these pilasters to others opposite to them against the wall. Between the pilasters are blank arcades with seats. Between two of the columns, immediately opposite the north or principal entrance, is a statue, in bronze, of his late Majesty, George III., standing on a pedestal of white marble, dressed in a Roman military habit, and holding a truncheon in his right hand. This statue, the workman- ship of Van Nost, was a gift of the Earl of Northumber- land, Lord Lieutenant (who paid the artist 700 guineas), to the merchants of this city, for the Royal Exchange. Over the statue of his late Majesty, in one of the pannels beneath the entablature, is a handsome clock. Behind the four columns, which are opposite the four angles of the exterior wall of the building, desks are placed, in the small angular recesses formed at the meeting of the tan- gents to the circular hall, which are not only convenient to the merchants, but contribute to square the exterior ambulatory, and preserve an equal breadth the entire length of the walk, at every side. Both the circular hall and ambulatory are paved with square flags, alternately black and white, and gradually diminishing in breadth to the centre of the circle. The ambulatories are lighted by the doors of the north, east, and west sides, which are half glazed. At the eastern and western ends of the north front, are handsome oval geometrical stair-cases, with ornamented balustrades, lighted by lanterns inserted in a coved ceiling, the lanterns being the precise diameter of the central well of the stair- case. On the stairs, in the north-western angle, is a beau- tifully executed statue of Dr. Lucas (a member of parlia- ment for the city of Dublin, to whom the merchants of this city are much indebted), by Edward Smyth, a upil of Van Nost, and erected at the public expense : e holds in his right hand a copy of Magna Charta, and I 182 CORN EXCHANGE SlTfLDINGS. is dressed in his senatorial robes ; on the pedestal is a bas-relief of Liberty, with her wand and cap. Van Nost and his pupil were employed by the trustees to execute models in wood of the intended figure, which were accord- ingly submitted at the appointed time for their inspection ; but the model of the master being considered on too large a scale, Smyth's was on the point of being chosen, when Van Nost begged a postponement of the choice for a short period longer. In the interval he cut his model in two, and omitted part of the centre, and thus presented it a second time for judgment ; but this alteration had so cheated every other part of the figure of its fair propor- tions, that Smyth's model was immediately chosen, and the copy completely justifies the selection of the original. This stair-case leads to the Coffee-room, the Court of Bankrupt Commissioners, &c. The Coffee-room is im- mediately over the entrance on the north, and the other apartments are over the ambulatories. The ceilings of those stair-cases are richly decorated with stucco-work ; and in some of the compartments are casts of several figures found in the ruins of Herculaneum, which being laid on coloured grounds are distinctly seen. The Trustees of the Royal Exchange are, the Lord Mayor, High Sheriffs, City Representatives, and City Treasurer, all ew officio ; together with fourteen merchants. — There are only two officers attached to this establish- ment, viz. the Secretary or Registrar, and the Coffee-room keeper. The increase of mercantile business called for additional accommodation for brokers, &e. ; in consequence of which, the Commercial Buildings were erected in Dame- street, to supply the want of a sufficient number of offices in the Exchange ; perhaps, either building is now suffi- ciently extensive and commodious for an Exchange. Corn Exchange Buildings. — The corn merchants of Dublin being much inconvenienced by not having any well-situated market to expose their grain for sale, asso- ciated for the purpose of providing themselves with one, and petitioned for, and obtained a Charter of Incorpora- tion, during the government of Earl Whitworth, in 1815, under the name of " The Corn Exchange Buildings' Company/' Their fund? were at first chiefly derived THE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS* 183 from subscriptions of 501. each, by the members of the association, and leave is given in the Charter to increase capital stock to 15 3 000£. : but a general assembly may augment stock to double that sum, on certain conditions. — The business of the company is managed by a committee of 15 directors, who meet in a room in the Corn Ex- change Buildings. This edifice presents a handsome front of mountain- granite to Burgh Quay, consisting of two stories : in the lower, which is ornamented with rustic work, are two door ways, of an height quite disproportioned to that of the building itself, ornamented by pillars of Portland stone. The second story is decorated by five large windows with architraves, and pediments alternately cir- cular and angular; and along the summit is a rich cornice. The south front, which is towards Poolbeg-street, is of brick. The interior is a large hall 130 feet in length, extending from Burgh Quay to Poolbeg-street ; the centre of which is divided from the ambulatories on either side by a range of metal pillars, above which is an entablature continued around the centre hall : above this entablature is a range of windows which are continued uninterruptedly round, so as to form a lantern the size of the quadrangular space below. The ceiling of the lantern is ornamented by stucco- work, and in the south end of it is placed a clock encir- cled by oak leaves, sheaves of corn and implements of husbandry, all in stucco-work. The hall and ambulatories are furnished with tables surrounded by ledge boards, to lay corn samples upon on market days ; and from the letting of those tables, and the rent of a large room in the front of the building, for public dinners and assemblies, the interest of the shares is paid. The total expense of completing this building is esti- mated at 22,0007., and is to be defrayed by a toll of 2,?. 6d. per ton on merchandize imported into Dublin. The design was not given by any particular person, but was composed from different elevations. The Commercial Buildings. — The business trans- acted in the Exchange being so circumscribed — merely the purchase of bills on London, it is opened only on Mon- 184 THE COMMERCIAL BMLDINGS. days, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from three to four in the afternoon. A stranger visiting it at any other hour, or on any other day would naturally inquire what that noble edifice was employed for, or whether there was commer- cial business in Dublin to require so splendid an Ex- change. However, from some ill-fated regulations, long after the opening of the Royal Exchange, on Cork-hill, the merchants assembled in vast numbers, in Crampton- court, opposite Palace-street, to transact business. This system called loudly for reform, and the merchants determined, in a spirited manner, to relieve themselves ; accordingly a subscription was raised, principally on 50/. debentures, amounting to 20,000/. ; besides this, 13,000/. was raised as a loan guaranteed by government; and 5,000/. by the sale of grounds. After this fund was col- lected, the site of the old Post-office, and one end of Crown-alley, were purchased by the trustees to erect the Commercial Buildings, the first stone of which was laid July 29th, 1796 ; and the building was finished, after a design of Mr. Parks, in 1799. The front of this building, which is on the north side of College Green, in the centre of an extremely elegant row of lofty houses, is of mountain-granite, three stories liigh. A rusticated basement, in which is the door-way, with Ionic pillars, and six large circular-headed windows, supports two stories, with windows ornamented by archi- traves - 9 those of the first floor are crowned by pediments, alternately circular and angular, and the summit of the front is finished by a handsome stone cornice. The hall, which is very spacious and lofty, is peculiarly appropriate to the objects of this building ; on the right- hand side is an Assurance and Notary-Public's Office, and on the opposite the Coffee-room, a noble room 60 feet by 32, well supplied with domestic and foreign papers, tables of imports and exports, and every species of mercantile advertisement : indeed, the convenience and advantage of this apartment has caused a total desertion of the Ex- change coffee-room. Notwithstanding its great length, it is well lighted, having three large windows at either end. The middle story contains several elegant apartments : one in the front of the building is a private subscription- room j behind which, is a large room used for a Stock SAVINGS' BANK- 185 Exchange, where business is transacted every day between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. The remaining part of this story and all the upper one are appropriated as an hotel, for the accommodation of foreign merchants, or indeed of any respectable persons who prefer this part of the town for a temporary residence. Behind this building is a handsome square, containing the offices of the Marine and Commercial Insurance, with those of many brokers ; here also, in fine weather, the merchants assemble to buy, sell, and exhibit samples. On the north side of this square is a door-way commu- nicating with Cope-street, and affording a thoroughfare from Dame-street to the back streets near the river. Chamber of Commerce. — About thirty years since, a Chamber of Commerce was first established* in this city, whose principal object was to protect its commercial in- terests 5 but after an existence of several years, it discon- tinued its meetings. On November 16th, 1820, a general meeting of mer- chants was held in the Commercial Buildings for the pur- pose of forming themselves into an association to be called Bri- tain-street,* and extends 125 feet, consists of a rusticated basement and two series of windows above ; in the centre of the basement is a break, supporting four three-quarter Doric columns with their entablature and pediment. The entablature is extended along the whole front, but the triglyphs of the frieze are confined to the centre. The upper windows have architraves, the lower ones cornices also, and those on each side the Venetian window over the entrance, have pediments. The whole facade is of granite- stone : extending from the basement, and of the same height, are two sweeping colonnades of the Tuscan order, terminating in elegant pavilions (designed by F. Trench, Esq.), one of which is the entrance to the Rotunda, the * The front would have been exactly opposite Sackville-street, had not Dr. Mosse quarrelled with the proprietor, of the ground, Luke Gardiner, Es$« *fterw«da fcord Moun^oy* rotunda rooms; 213 other the Porter's Lodge. A handsome court-yard in front throws the hospital 40 feet back from the street ; this is enclosed by an iron balustrade resting on a dwarf wall. This building is after a design of Mr. Cassels, the architect of the Bank of Ireland, and of the Dublin Society's House. The principal entrance is in the south front, and leads to a handsome hail, the ceiling of which is supported by columns : this room would be grand, were it not too low. On one side of the hall on a bracket, stands a well-executed bust of Dr. Mosse, and immediately opposite one of Mr. Deane, who bequeathed a considerable sum to the support of the institution. Under the former is a large baptismal font of veined marble, the gift of Dr. Robert Downes, Bishop of Raphoe. A handsome broad flight of stone steps leads to the chapel over the grand hall, a room about 40 feet square, furnished with pews of mahogany, and a gallery sup- ported by pillars : the entablature extending round the chapel beneath the front pannels of the gallery is hand- somely ornamented with gilding. The stucco-work of the ceiling is not only remarkably curious and beautiful, but in a style totally different from any thing of the kind in this city. Over the communion-table is a console sup- porting a lamb, in alto relievo, with a richly decorated canopy above it, and on each side an angel, in^ large life, reclining upon the canopy. On the north side of the ceiling, in a deep arched recess, is Faith, with a crucifix in her hand, in a recumbent posture -, over the communion- table, in a similar recess, is Charity with a group of in- fants ; and on the south side, Hope. Above the organ is Moses with the two tables, and, corresponding to him, an angel blowing a trumpet. All these figures are in alto relievo, larger than life. The design of this beautiful piece of workmanship was given by Cremillon, a French artist, who was assisted in the execution by the two Francini, Italian sculptors, who executed the stucco-work at the house built by Dr. Mosse for his private residence in Rutland-square (now occupied by Alderman James), and were employed in ornamenting Tyrone House, in Marl- borough-street. Rotunda Rooms.— Adjoining the living-in-Hospital \ 214 NEW ROOMS, RUTLAND SQUARE. a suite of rooms of elegant arrangement and dimensions exceeding those of the Public Rooms in Bath or Edinburgh. The principal entrance to the Rotunda is from Sackville- street, through the East Pavilion, into a waiting -hall for servants, communicating with the vestibule adjoining the Great Room. This room, which is after the design of Mr. Ensor, is 80 feet in diameter, and 40 in height. The walls are ornamented by 18 Corinthian pilasters, resting on pedestals and supporting a continued entablature ; in the intervals, between the pilasters, are windows enriched with stucco-work and surmounted by triangular pediments. The ceiling is handsomely ornamented, and consists of concentrical divisions sub-divided by semi-radii. The general appearance is greatly disfigured by a projecting orchestra. To the west of this is a card-room, 56 feet by 24, and opposite, a tea-room of the same dimensions. On the north, another vestibule conducts to the ball-room, a spacious apartment 86 feet by 40. The walls are orna- mented by coupled pillars, supporting flat canopies at in- tervals along each side of the room, and banners, shields and various ornamental trophies are suspended in different places. Over this splendid apartment is another of equal size, and more light and elegant in appearance, though not so richly ornamented. On the same floor are two smaller, apartments, over the tea and card-rooms, which are let for public exhibitions. New Rooms, Rutland-square. — The front of the New Rooms, in Cavendish-row, is of granite-stone, after the design of Richard Johnston, Esq., and Frederick Trench, Esq., the latter a private gentleman. It consists of a rusticated basement story, on which, in the centre, are four three-quarter Doric columns, supporting a pedi- ment, in the tympanum of which are the arms of Ireland, the crest of the Duke of Rutland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who laid the foundation stone of these buildings, 17th of July, 1785, and the star of the Order of St Patrick ; and at each end are two coupled pilasters. The emoluments of all the concerts, balls and exhibi- tions, constantly held in these rooms, are devoted to the benefit of the hospital solely ; but these advantages are greatly diminished of late, and some other sources of in- WESTMORLAND LOCK HOSPITAL. 215 come wholly destroyed, — for instance, a tax on private sedan chairs ; there were, when this hospital was founded, 260 private sedans in Dublin, whereas at present, there are not six. Westmorland Lock Hospital, Townsend-street. — This hospital was opened 20th November, 1792, for the reception of venereal patients of both sexes. Under the administration of the Earl of Westmorland, it was deter- mined to provide an hospital for this purpose, capable of containing* 300 beds ; for a temporary one having been previously established near Donnybrook, it was found im- practicable to procure a regular attendance on the part of the medical officers, owing, no doubt, to the distance from town.* Government, therefore, entered into a ne- gociation with the Governors of the hospital of Incurables, then occupying the site of the present building, and an exchange of premises was agreed on. The front, which is plain, is of hewn mountain-granite 5 the centre and wings project a little, and the former is surmounted by a triangular pediment. In the centre are the apartments for the officers of the establishment ; and in the wings and additional buildings the wards for the patients. The entrance for patients is in Luke-street, at the corner of which, in Townsend-street, the hospital stands 5 a situa- tion formerly called Lazar's Hill. This hospital was at first attended by medical officers without salaries, but the attendance becoming irregular, it was deemed expe- dient not only to reduce their number from ten to five, but to allow them salaries : two, called senior surgeons, have ten shillings per day, and three assistants, have 50/. per annum • the former to be appointed by Government, the latter by the Board of directors ; both, however, con- fined to the members and licentiates of the College of Surgeons in Ireland : the office of senior surgeon is for seven years only. The Board of Governors formerly consisted solely of medical persons; but, latterly, the constitution of the Board, has been altered, as also that of the charity itself, for the hospital was originally intended for patients of both sexes, but now females only are admitted, and the * There was a Lock Hospital also for many years in Clarendon-itreetr 216 THE HARD WICK FEVER HOSFITAL, beds reduced to 150, half the original number. The conse- quences of refusing admission to male patients have been in some degree obviated, by preparing accommodation at Steevens's Hospital for forty, and at the Richmond Sur- gical Hospital for thirty. The strictest economy has been adopted in carrying these alterations into effect ; instead of two physicians at 50/. each, two senior surgeons at 182/. ] 0s. each, and three juniors at 50/., the medical depart- ment now is limited to a non-resident and resident surgeon. In 1820, the hospital ceased to receive male patients, and has been placed under the control of a board appointed by his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant. The officers of this Institution are a senior surgeon, a resident ditto, a resident apothecary, a steward, and an accountant. United Hospital of St. Mark and St. Anne. — Mark-Street. — This small hospital was opened in Mark- street, in 1808, for both surgical and medical cases. The establishment had previously been conducted in Francis- street, but the number of hospitals provided for that part of the city, determined the governors to transfer it where there was a want of such institutions ; for although Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital was then building, yet it did not promise to be speedily completed, nor was it until 1819 that the latter began to afford extensive relief. St. Mark's hospital is so poor, as to be actually incapable of support- ing the ten beds which it contains. Yet, although the funds are inadequate to the support of hospital accom- modation, they are sufficient to provide very extensive Dispensary relief, for the poor of this neighbourhood, who, through the joint operations of this, Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, the Dublin General Dispensary, and the parochial relief afforded by Mark's parish, are now toler- ably well supplied with medical assistance. There are two physicians, four surgeons, and a treasurer, by all of whom subscriptions are received. Children are vaccinated here every dav ; the hour of attendance from 11 to 12. The Hardwick Fever Hospital — or House of Reco- very, in Cork-street, the most extensive institution of the kind in Ireland, was founded chiefly by the exertions of a committee of mercantile gentlemen, principally of the THE HARD WICK FEVER HOSPITAL. 217 Society of Friends, who urged the adoption of hospitals for the reception of persons afflicted with fever alone. The subject having attracted the notice of government in 1802, on the recommendation of the Earl of Hard wi eke, then Lord Lieutenant, a sum of 1,000/. was voted towards erecting a building, and 500/. towards the annual support of an establishment for the reception of fever patients residing in that part of the city which comprises the liberties on the south side of the Liffey. The contributions made in a very short time, amounted to 10,000/,, and have since received further augmentation. The original design extended to forty beds only, but the founders were enabled to enlarge* their plan, and accordingly determined on the erection of an hospital capable of containing, in case of emergency, 120 beds. The first stone was laid April 24th, 1502, and the house was opened May 14th, 1804, for the reception of eighteen patients. It is most advantageously situated, being near the district for whose relief it was established, and possessing good air and abundance of water ; and stands on the south side of Cork-street, in a space of nearly three acres. The hospital, when first erected, consisted of two parallel buildings, 89 feet by 30, three stones high, running north and south, and connected by a colonnade of 116 feet. The eastern building is used for fever, the western for convalescent patients. The wards in these buildings are small and not very lofty, being only 16 feet by lift. Sin., and 10^ feet high; and are arranged on each side of the galleries, which run the length of the building. They are ventilated by the chim- ney, which is opposite the door ; by the window, and by a tube from the ceiling communicating with louvres in the roof. The galleries communicate by gratings placed ver-< tically over each other. The apartments of the officers were originally in the western wing, but they have since been removed to the centre, which was built in 1808, for the purpose of affording additional accommodation ; and thus, the number of beds was increased to 144. This circumstance, together with the increase of the parliamentary grant, which in 1805 was made 1,000/. per annum, induced the governors to extend the district to the relief of which the hospital was to be applicable ; they therefore determined to take in patients from all parts u 218 THE HARDWICK FEVER HOSPITAL. of the city, south of the Liffey ; and in 1 809, declared themselves ready to admit them "from all parts of Dublin within the Circular Road. But in the lapse of a few years, they found, notwithstanding the establishment of the Hardwicke Fever Hospital, that their accommodation was still inadequate to the number of applicants 3 accordingly, in 1814, a fourth building, much larger than any of the former, was erected, by which the hospital was rendered capable of containing altogether 200 beds, which is its present establishment.* In the construction of the fourth building, the system of large wards has been adopted : it stands to the south of the east wing, and is ventilated by windows in the eastern and western sides. The hospital is supplied with ample offices, coal-vaults, &c. ; and a laundry, a very perfect establishment, has lately been erected at a great expense, where the principal part of the labour is performed by means of a steam-engine. The affairs of the institution are conducted by a com- mittee of twenty-one persons (fifteen of whom were elected 23rd October, 1801, for life, and six others are selected annually from the subscribers), who meet every Tuesday. At the first opening of the hospital, the medical depart- ment consisted of three physicians and one surgeon ; but the number has been since increased to six permanent attendants (besides whom, two others are occasionally employed), one surgeon and an apothecary. Three physicians attend the hospital daily, and the others are employed in visiting, at their own homes, the applicants for admission. The internal attendance is taken in turn by the physicians, each set attending one month in succession : their salaries are small at first, but are gradually augmented, until, at the expiration of three years, they are allowed 100/. annually. The surgeon re- ceives 50/. per annum, and one guinea for every difficult case which he attends. These salaries and allowances, together with those of the minor officers and servants, amount to upwards of 1,600/. per annum ; and the average annual expense, for the last six years, has been about * In 1818, when famine crowded the hospitals every where throughout Ireland, the number of beds in this hospital was increased to 260. — See Reports of Managing Committee for 1818. SIR PATRICK BUM'S HOSPITAL. 219 6,500/. This expenditure is chiefly defrayed by a par- liamentary grant ; the subscriptions and funded property amount to al)ont 1,000/. a year. Since the opening of the hospital to May 14th, L823, 4.9,029 patients have been admitted ; the mortality has been 1 in 15. No recommen- dation is necessary in order to procure admission, but on notice being left at the hospital, the applicant is inspected by a physician on extern duty. Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, Grand Canal-street. — This hospital owes its existence to the celebrated prac- titioner of physic, whose name it bears. He had be- queathed his estates, in the county of Waterford, for the establishment of a professorship or professorships in the College of Physicians ; but the executors having failed in the execution of his will, the trust was vested by Chan- cery in the College of Physicians ; in consequence of which, three professorships were appointed, viz. Practice of Medicine, Institutes of Medicine, and Materia Medica. The estates having increased in value, an act was passed 25 Geo. III., limiting their professors' salaries to 100/. per annum, and directing that, clinical patients should be supported by the surplus arising from the estates ; a pro- vision was likewise made, that, previously to the comple- tion of the hospital, it might be lawful for the College of Physicians to support thirty patients in any of the hospitals in the city. Accordingly, the Governors of Mercer's Hospital permitted thirty patients, the number appointed, by the Act of Parliament, to be lodged in their hospital without making any charge for the occupation of the wards. An act passed 40th Geo. III., directed that the surplus of the estates, after supporting the thirty patients, and the completion of an hospital, should be applied to the extending of that hospital so as to render it capable of accommodating 100 patients : both which objects have been effected. Of the money granted by parliament, . about 9,000/ has been expended on the building, the re- mainder of the expense having been defrayed out of the funds of Sir Patrick Dun, assisted by private subscriptions.* Owing to considerable difficulty in procuring ground, the * See Report on Sir P. Dun's Hospital, by James Cleghom, M. P.— Jtt Report on Charitable Institutions. — Dublin, 1809« 220 SIR PATRICK DUN'S HOSPITAL. commissioners were obliged to fix on a site in the low, marshy grounds, extending from Mount-street to the river ; and it was at first apprehended, that this position would prove most unfavourable, but, owing to the precautions adopted in building, all inconvenience has been avoided, and the excavations have served, in conjunction with other means, to elevate the site of the house far above the level of the low grounds, and even above that of the Grand Canal, which lies near it, and would have otherwise rendered it damp and unwholesome. The front, which is towards the north-east, is of mountain-granite, extends about 194 feet, and consists of a centre with two ad- vancing pavilions or wings, all of which are two stories in height. The middle of the former is decorated with four Ionic columns resting on the plinth dividing the ground-floor from the upper one, and supporting an entablature with a cantiliver cornice ; on the frieze is the following inscription in gilt characters : — " Nosoeomium Patricii Dun Eq. Aurat." In the intercolumns are three windows with pediments ; these are the only ones which have dressings, the others being quite plain, but having oblong paniiels above them. Above the columns rises an ornamental attic, decorated with breaks, pannels, and a clock. The elevation of the wings contains three windows in width; those of the ground-floor are circular-headed, and placed within arches. The upper floor has only two windows, viz. one on each side of a niche that is placed within a square pannel, dressed like a window, the whole composition being re- cessed in an arcade. The ground story of the centre is occupied by apart- ments for the matron and apothecary, pupils' waiting- room, and the theatre, in which the lectures are delivered : these open from a handsome hall with a beautiful staircase of mountain-granite. Above them are the board-room of the College of Physicians, that of the governors, and the library, the last being placed in the centre ; here are also two rooms originally intended for the use of the professors, one of which is now a dormitory for the provider. The remainder of the centre is allotted to the apothecary's shop, and the museum of the professor of Materia Medica. The patients' wards are situated in the wings, those in the SIR PATRICK RUN'S HOSPITAL, 221 lower story are designed for chronic, and those on the upper floor for fever patients : the ceilings are all arched, and the floors of granite. The upper story is not similarly arranged on both sides, being divided, on the side appro- priated to females (the right wing), into small chambers capable of accommodating about five patients each : there are on this floor ten apartments, one of which is used for the nurses' room, and six as wards ; they are tolerably lofty and well ventilated $ all the upper story of the other side (the left wing) is thrown into one ward, subdivided by partitions, ten feet high, into six compartments, with passages, two 38 feet by 13, and four 16 feet square. The height of the ward is 21 feet. This mode of arrangement is preferable to separate wards of small dimensions, the compartments above alluded to communicating so freely with the great body of air in the upper part of the ward, that the ventilation is as perfect as if the partitions were removed, while it is certain that the partition is of the greatest service, inter- rupting the currents of air which rush horizontally over the patients wherever the ventilation is abundant in a large-sized ward. This mode, therefore, combines in itself all the advantages and obviates the disadvantages which have been observed to arise from large or small wards separately ; and the experience of several years has shown, that many more nurses are affected with contagious diseases in the female wards than in this. The hospital is capable of affording accommodation to 100 patients, but the funds are not adequate to the main- tenance of more than sixty. Such persons as are not objects of eleemosynary relief, are admitted on their sub- scribing 1/. 10s. in case they labour under an acute disease, or 21. 10s. if under a chronic one, a measure that has been found both prudent and benevolent. Lectures are delivered twice a week during the medical session, which lasts from the first Monday in November to the first Monday in May. The professors of the School of Physic deliver these lectures in rotation for three months at a time, so that two attend each winter. After the deduction of 900/. per annum for the pro- fessors' and librarians' salaries, ground rent, officers' and servants' salaries, &c., there remains about 2,200/. per u3 22 WHITWORTH HOSPITAL, BRUNSWICK-STREET. annum, for the support of patients. The establishment consists of a physician in ordinary, assistant surgeon, apothecary, registrar and provider, treasurer and matron ; and is under the government of a board of twenty-two per- sons, twelve chosen annually from the subscribers, and sixteen governors ex officio ; viz. the Lord Chancellor, three Chief Justices, the President and the four Censors of the College of Physicians, and the Provost of Trinity College. Life subscribers of twenty guineas may send two pa- tients every year; those of thirty guineas may always have one in the house, and those who pay four guineas an- nually can have one patient in the house constantly during the year. Whitworth Hospital, Brunswick-street. — This hospital, which was erected under the sanction, and at the desire of Lord Whitworth, when Lord Lieutenant, for the accommodation of chronic medical patients, is a plain stone building of two stories, independently of the basement. The front has a northern aspect, and faces the House of Industry at a distance of about 200 yards : it has a plain triangular pediment over the centre, below which the name of the hospital and the date of its foun- dation are inscribed on the frieze beneath a plain stone cornice. The centre contains a hall, physician's room and staircase at either side : above is a large room, used as a dormitory for clinical clerks, £iid adjoining, are smaller apartments allotted to them for parlours and sitting-rooms 5 and at the extremities of the building are situated the wards for the patients, six on each floor, two of which, intended as private wards, contain only one bed ; the others about ten beds each, the total number being 84. — The clinical clerk supplies the place of resident medical officer. This hospital was originally designed, not only for the accommodation of such of the inmates of the House of Industry as might happen to be afflicted with chronic medical complaints, but for the relief of paupers from all parts of the city, who might not be able to procure assistance from other hospitals. It forms a branch of the House of Industry, and is supported from the fund granted annually by parliament for the support of that institution. The physicians of the House of In* dustry visit here daily. WHITWORTH FEVER HOSPITAL. 223 Richmond Surgical Hospital. — The Richmond Hos- pital, Brunswick-street, serving as the Surgical Hospital to the House of Industry, contains 130 patients, who are selected by the surgeons according to the urgency of their disease, and without any reference to recommendations. Its object is, to furnish accommodation and relief, not only for cases requiring hospital treatment which may occur in the House of Industry, but for the destitute and friendless of every description. This building, which was formerly a nunnery, is ill- adapted for its present purpose, the wards being low and small ; the inconvenience, however, likely to result from this defect, is in a great degree prevented by the strictest attention to cleanliness and ventilation. There is an operating theatre attached, and a tolerable library of pro- fessional books, provided at the expense of the surgeons and their pupils. This hospital is attended by three surgeons, who visit their respective departments daily. The institution for the relief of the ruptured poor in Ireland is attached to this establishment. St. George's House of Recovery, George's-place, Dorset-street. — The same reasons which operated towards the institution of the Whitworth Fever Hospital, led to the establishment of this hospital, in fact, by some of the very same individuals. The building is situated on the same premises, and attended by the same officers, as the Dispensary for the poor of George's parish. The object of the institution is, to afford an asylum to those who are unable to defray the expense of medical attendance at home, and yet are in circumstances which prevent them from seeking admission into public hospitals. The sub- scription paid by patients is one guinea per week, during their stay in the house. The Dispensary is attended every morning at ten o'clock. The patron is the Lord Lieu- tenant ; there are a physician, consulting ditto, and a surgeon. Whitworth Fever Hospital. — The great distance of the northern extremity of the town from the Fever Hospital in Cork-street, induced some charitable indivi- duals to establish one for the accommodation of the north- eastern part of the city 5 accordingly, in 1816, this build- 224 ST, PETER'S AND ST. BRIDGET'S HOSPITAL. ing was erected for that purpose, which was opened May 1st, 13 IS. It is situated at the third lock of the Royal Canal, near Drumcondra, and is a plain building of brick, with an entablature of granite, on which are the name and date. The construction is somewhat extraordinary : in the floor of each story is laid down a large tube opening to the external air, and communicating with the interior of the wards by valves in the floor ; and a corresponding valve in the ceiling serves to establish a current of air, so that there is at all times a sufficient ventilation. The house is so contrived as to be easily capable of extension, but from the present state of the funds, the completion of the design is not probable ; it can at present accommodate about thirty-five patients. During the prevalence of the late epidemic fever, it was of considerable service to the north-eastern extremity of Dublin, and also to the vil- lages in the vicinity. This hospital is supported entirely by private subscriptions : it was the intention of the go- vernors to have conducted it as nearly as possible accord- ing to the plan of the House of Recovery in Cork -street, hut the failure of the funds renders that improbable. The direction is in the hands of a managing committee, selected annually from the subscribers at large. Sub- scribers of one guinea are entitled to recommend one patient at a time throughout the year, but in cases of urgency persons are admitted without this form. There are a patron, president, four physicians, apo- thecary, matron and registrar. St. Peter's and St. Bridget's Hospital. — This in- stitution was founded in 1810, at the sole expense of John Kirby, Esq. of the Royal College of Surgeons, by whose exertions principally it has been since supported ; and has accommodation for five and thirty patients. To several thousand extern patients it annually affords advice and medicine, and still admits the sick and friend- less to a participation of its advantages. Beds are always ready for the reception of accidents, and for all cases re- quiring the performance of severe and dangerous opera- tions. Connected with this institution, there is a theatre in which lectures are delivered on anatomy and surgery, by ROYAL MILITARY INFIRMARY? 225 Mr. Kirby and his assistant lecturer; and there is also an excellent anatomical collection. Royal Military Infirmary. — This hospital is designed for such of the sick soldiers of the garrison of Dublin as cannot be accommodated in the regimental hospitals at- tached to the different barracks. It stands near the south- eastern gate of the Phoenix-park, andis delightfully situated on an eminence forming a natural terrace, round which a stream winding, serves as well for utility as ornament, supplying cold baths, situated at the foot of the terrace, so as to be completely obscured from the view of the house : the ground on the opposite side of this stream rises as suddenly, thus forming a ravine, by which the grounds of:thc infirmary are separated from the rest of the park. It was impossible that the site could have been se- lected with greater taste and judgment, being most salu- brious, and commanding a prospect, in which are visible the Wellington Testimonial; the Liffey, with Sarah- bridge ; tke'Old Man's Hospital, or Royal Infirmary ; the cultivated enclosures belonging to the commander of the forces ; and the Dublin and Wicklow Mountains in the distance. The building presents a handsome elevation of granite, after a design of Mr. Gandon, consisting of a centre (sur- mounted by a handsome cupola, containing a clock), and projecting pavilions at the ends. The interior is divided into thirteen wards, seven of which are devoted to the accom- modation of medical, and six to that of surgical patients : in the centre building, the lower part is occupied principally by the officers ; the upper part is used for wards ; and the hall has been fitted up as a chapel, where service is performed every Sunday morning. The wards are conve- nient, and the nurses' apartments and bath rooms are well arranged. The centre and returning wings form three sides of an inner court ; the fourth is a detached building, for the reception of such patients as labour under febrile or contagious diseases : there are a few cells on the ground-floor for maniacal patients. The structure, which cost 9,000/. was begun in 1 786, and completed m lZSSj previously to its erection, a large building in James's-street, was used for a military hospital. The hospital is visited daily by the physician-general, who is 226 HOSPITAL OF INCURABLES. ex officio the attendant. The surgeon-general and the staff- surgeon, who are also regularly attached, attend alternately. The officers are, the physician and surgeon-general, staff-surgeon, apothecary, resident surgical officer, steward, deputy ditto, and chaplain. The hospital is under the management of a board of commissioners appointed ex officio, viz. Commander of the Forces, Lieutenants-general, Majors-general, Quarter- master-general, Deputy Vice-treasurer, Surveyor-general, Physician-general, Surgeon-general, and the Director-ge- neral of Military Hospitals. The establishment is sup- ported partly by a parliamentary grant, and partly by stoppages from the pay of the soldiers in hospital : this deduction defrays about half the expense of the patient, and amounts to ten-pence per diem 5 the total expense of supporting each patient is stated at 33/. per annum, in- cluding salaries to officers and servants. All soldiers attacked with fever, or who have met with accidents, are removed hither, none but ordinary cases, or those in which there is no danger of the propagation of disease, being received into the regimental hospitals. Hospital of Incurables, Donnybrook-road. — In 1744, a society of musical persons, formed by the exer- tions of Lord Mornington, with the view of procuring con- tributions towards the support of the poor, afflicted with incurable complaints, opened a house in Fleet-street, for that purpose; and were so successful, that, in a short time, they were able to extend their scheme ; but, calcu- lating on their present success, they built an hospital on Lazar's-hill, for 100 patients, a number which their income was by no means adequate to support. Their funds were thus unnecessarily expended, and in a short time they were unable to support more than a dozen patients; they then agreed to permit the governors of the House of In- dustry to send to their hospital 100 of such of the inmates of the former establishment as were incurable. In 1 790, 4,000/. was bequeathed by Theobald Wolfe, Esq., which so far relieved them, that, in two years afterwards, govern- ment offered, in exchange for this establishment, Buck- ingham Hospital, near Donnybrook (originally designed for the small-pox, but then used for venereal patients), together with the land belonging to it. This ground (14 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY. 227 acres), from its contiguity to the city, is so profitable as to leave tlie hospital rent-free. In 1800, the governors Avere incorporated by charter, and have the power of ap- pointing officers with salaries not exceeding fifty pounds : subscribers of twenty guineas, are governors for life, and those of five guineas, governors for one year. The patients are admitted by the board, who give the preference to such as most need relief. When 50/. has been deposited in the hands of the treasurer for the admission of a patient, in case of the demise of such patient within one year, the further subscription of 15/. entitles the subscriber to the liberty of filling another vacancy for life. One physician and one surgeon attend, and, after three years' service, they are eligible as governors. The house accommodates seventy patients, having been lately enlarged, by the addi- tion of a ward containing ten beds, under which is a wait- ing-room for patients, and other apartments. The income arises from the interest of money sub- scribed and bequeathed, aided by a grant from govern- ment of 500/. per annum, and another from the grand jury of 100/., together with contributions from individuals who defray the expense of patients recommended by themselves. — The governors meet the third Wednesday in each month at the hospital, when patients are directed to present themselves for admission. House of Industry. — The House of Industry deserves more detail than the limits of this sketch will allow, whe- ther we consider the imperious claims on humanity of the cases here admitted, the order, neatness, and regularity pervading every department, or the moderate expense of 5/. 3s, 6d. yearly, for the maintenance and clothing of each pauper. Under the system lately adopted, paupers from the county and city of Dublin only, are admissible ; but at the origin of this establishment, in 1772, paupers from all parts of Ireland, and from any country, under every species of distress, were admitted; vagrants and prosti- tutes were also confined here. For its present improved organization, reduction of number, and proportionate reduction of expenditure, the public are indebted to Mr. Peel, late chief secretary of Ireland. There are eleven acres of ground belonging to this esta- blishment, partly covered by two squares of building, 228 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, JAMES'S-STREET. one for the aged and infirm, and one for the insane ;* there are also 137 cells for the more refractory of the last class ; besides three hospitals, detached from the main building, and from each other, for fever, chronic, medical, and surgical cases ; and in addition to these arrangements, the Talbot Dispensary affords medical and surgical relief daily > to the extreme poor of the north-west quarter of the city ; their average weekly number is 312. [See Hard- tvick Fever Hospital, and Richmond Lunatic AsylumJ] The penitentiaries, auxiliary fever hospitals, and other branches, hitherto attached to the House of Industry, having been lately discontinued, or placed under other control, the remaining' duty of superintendence has been committed to one resident governor and seven visitors, who hold their meetings weekly ; the amount of the last parliamentary grant, for 1821, was 21,233/. 6s. Sd. Irish currency. Foundling Hospital, James's-street. — This build- ing was originally designed as an asylum for the aged and infirm, and for a few lunatic patients, and as a work- house for vagrants capable of labour. It was founded in 1704, with no other property than 100/. a-year, and a piece of ground, containing fourteen acres ; these resources were by no means adequate to the expense of such an establishment, and accordingly, fourteen years after, a new body was incorporated, consisting of several persons of rank, amongst others, the lord mayor, sheriffs, and dignitaries of the church residing in the city 5 and the ordinary affairs of the institution were conducted by a court of fifteen persons chosen from the body of governors at large. The establishment was originally for the recep- tion of all beggars, and children above six years old, those below that age being supported by their respective parishes, but in 1/30, it was found necessary to open the house for children of all ages. It was at this period that the institution received the appellation of the Foundling Hospital and Workhouse, and it continued without altera- tion until 1/74, when the governors determined not to re- ceive children after the age of twelve months. All the * Paupers incurably insane are removed hither from the Richmond Lunatic Asylum, which is exclusively reserved for curable patients. FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, JAMES'S-STREET. 229 healthy infants were put out to nurse, with women who undertook the care of them for a small annual allowance, which was increased by a premium, in case the nurse ac- quitted herself to the satisfaction of the governors ; and, since that period, the objects of relief of the institution, have been children only ; the average number annually admitted for the last nine years has been about 1940. The front of the dining-hall, towards the great entrance from James's-street, has some affectation of ornament. The centre has one series of lofty arched windows, three on each side of the break in the middle, in which is the door (heavily decorated with pilasters, pediments, scrolls, foliage, &c), and a window on either side. This break is crowned by a pediment, above which is seen an octangular turret, with a clock ; at either extremity of the building is a projecting pavilion with an arched door beneath, and two windows above, one over the other, placed in a shallow recess, the flat arch of which is within the pediment ; the parapet between these three projections is embattled ; in the roof are six lofty dormer windows. The interior is lighted by sixteen circular-headed windows ; over the fire- place, at the eastern extremity, is a full-length portrait of Primate Boulter, who caused the poor of the city of Dublin to be fed in this hall at his own expense, in 1/27-28, when a famine visited Dublin. The chapel, which stands on the south side of the court behind the dining-hall, is a very neat building, and its in- terior is handsome ; the galleries and roof are supported by gothic pillars. The infirmary, which is of more recent date, is well con- structed, and affords accommodation more than sufficient for the demand. The establishment has been hitherto supported by par- liamentary grants, assisted by a tax on the city, and by the rents of the estate of the hospital ; the two latter sources of revenue, however, afford but a small propor- tion of the sums requisite to the support of the institu- tion, and do not exceed the fourth part of the grant an- nually made by parliament. The tax on the city is relin- quished, the governors having determined that the sum of 5/. shall be paid by each parish for every child sent from it to the hospital. " x 230 ST. PATRICK'S, OR SWIFTS HOSPITAL. The establishment is under the management of a board of thirteen governors, in conjunction with a similar num- ber of governesses ; amongst the former are the Arch- bishop of Dublin, the Bishops of Deny, Ferns, and El- phin, &c. ; and, amongst the latter, many ladies of rank and fortune. The expenditure is considerable, owing as well to the number of resident officers requisite, a,s to the immense number of country nurses to be paid. There are at present no less than 5,000 children at nurse in the country, and nearly 1,200 in the hospital. The resident officers are, a chaplain, registrar and pay- master, apothecary, provider, head master (male school), superintending school-mistress and housekeeper. The male schools are now placed under the immediate superintendence of the chaplain, the Rev. H. Murray, whose abilities and general information are universally acknowledged, and who is deservedly esteemed as a theo- logical writer. At a certain age the children are appren- ticed out to trades, for which they are previously prepared, by instructing them in such branches as they show a dis- position to cultivate ; and the greatest care is taken by the governors in selecting the most respectable persons as masters. For the last twenty years, on an average, 2,000 children annually have been admitted to the hospital, and the parliamentary grant has been between 20,000 and 30,000/. St. Patrick's, or Swift's Hospital^-TIic founder of this hospital, which was the first established in Ireland for the reception of idiots and lunatics, was the celebrated Dean Swift. And it is a remarkable coincidence, that Swift himself should subsequently have been reduced to the condition of the most wretched of its inmates ; but this fact is easily accounted for, without recourse to any miraculous presentiment, by the recollection of this cir- cumstance, that for many years previous to the complete wreck of one of the noblest of created minds, gradual de- cline of memory, frequent gusts of passion, and weariness of life, formed too sure indications of the dreadful catas- trophe that was to ensue. It was probably the expecta- tion of such a termination which led him, while yet his reason possessed somewhat of its original powers, to re- flect on the deplorable situation in which many wretches ST.'PATRICK'S, OR SWIFT'S HOSPITAL. 231 were placed, from the total ifrant of an institution appro- priated to their reception. He therefore, by his will, bequeathed the whole of his property, except a few legacies, to this purpose. The amount of the bequest was upwards of 10,000/. ; the hos- pital was commenced in 1749, on a site between Bow-lane and Steevens's Hospital, purchased from the latter insti- tution, and was opened for fifty patients, September 1757 ; the expense having been defrayed, partly by the interest of the bequest and subscriptions received during the build- ing, and partly by two parliamentary grants of 1,000/. each. The building has been since enlarged, so as to con- tain J 77 patients. The front, about 150 feet, consists of a centre and two wings, the former, which has two stories above the base- ment, is rusticated, and of granite : the latter are plain. There is a neat court-yard planted with trees, and sepa- rated from the street by a high wall j here the convales- cent patients are permitted to exercise ; behind there are gardens, which are cultivated principally by the labour of the patients. There are six wards, three in each of the two buildings which run parallel to each other at right angles with the front, at a distance of 32 feet, and are 327 feet by 33, and three stories high. Each ward is divided into a corridor, its whole length, and cells opening from it ; the latter, 158 in number, are 12 feet by 8, the corridor 325 by 14, and sufficiently lofty ; there are, besides openings from the corridor, in each ward two apartments, of 16 feet by 12, for the accommodation of chamber boarders, and two rooms for the keeper of the ward. The ventilation is good, and is principally effected by large open casements with gratings, at the northern end : there are fire-places in the corridors, and every possible contrivance is adopted for rendering the accommodations at once healthy and comfortable. Besides the apartments above mentioned, 16 feet by 12, there are seven others appropriated to chamber boarders ; these are in the front building, and the occupants pay 100 guineas per annum, for which they have a servant for their own use exclusively. There is a second class of boarders, who pay sixty gui- 232 RICHMOND LUNATIC ASYLUM. neas a year : they lodge in the wards, but have very excel- lent accommodation and attendance. The officers are a physician, surgeon, master, matron, and six ward-keepers. The Lord Primate, Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Dublin, Deans of Christ-church and St. Patrick's, the state Physician, and the Surgeon General, are ex officio Gover- nors. No institution can be more judiciously managed 3 for the expenditure, though great, is considerably within the income, and the governors have a large sum in advance. No assistance, whatever, is received from parliament. Richmond Lunatic Asylum, Brunswick-street. — The accommodation for lunatic patients in this city and the neighbouring parts of the country, having been found inadequate, it was determined by the legislature to direct the foundation of an institution which might be sufficient to receive all the cases, not provided for by other esta- blishments of the kind, not only in Dublin, but through- out the country. The cells attached to the House of In- dustry in Dublin, and to the different workhouses in the other towns through the kingdom, having formerly been the only receptacles for the wretched sufferers, and these being necessarily crowded, without any possibility of clas- sification, it was not to be expected that the medical and moral treatment of the disease should have proved gene- rally successful. The benevolent views of the legislative and executive governments have not been disappointed, for, as few institutions of the kind have been more pru- dently and judiciously conducted than this, so in few have the proportion of successful cases been greater. It is under the control of a Board of Governors - 3 and the chief officers are, a moral governor, a physician, and sur- geon. The institution was originally designed solely for pauper patients, but the Board have judiciously deter- mined not to deny its benefits to those whose families are in possession of moderate means, and who yet would be quite unable to bear the enormous expense of supporting their friends afflicted with this dreadful malady. This class of persons comprehends, perhaps, the most deserv- ing part of society, and, therefore, it is not only justify able, but highly laudable to attempt every means of af- fording them comfort. RICHMOND LUNATIC ASYLUM. 233 The establishment accommodates 230 patients, whereof 226 are paupers, and four contribute a small sum towards their maintenance; there are 198 cells, besides rooms con- taining two or three beds for convalescent patients, but occasionally a few more than this number can be accom- modated. In the treatment of the patients it is found, that a state of moderate exertion is best calculated to promote the re- turn of the mental powers ; and bodily exercise, as tend- ing 1 to invigorate the general system, is therefore adopted in all cases which permit it. The male patients are chiefly employed in the gardens and grounds. The number varies from twenty to thirty ; the number of fe- males from forty to fifty ; these are" generally occupied in spinning, knitting, mending and making clothes, washing in the laundry, &c. The only modes of coercion permitted here are the im- position of the arm-straps, the muff, strait-waistcoat, soli- tary seclusion, and degradation from one class of patients to another. Religious instruction has been introduced in such a manner as to be least liable to produce mischief. All the patients who are capable of duly comprehending the ob- jects of prayer, are regularly assembled for that purpose and it is observed by the moral governor, that many of the most unruly, noisy, and talkative, have res- trained themselves in a remarkable degree, after having' been permitted to attend family prayer. Religious books have been (with the greatest caution) distributed in seve- ral instances, and their use has always been attended with advantage. No person can be admitted as a pauper patient without a medical certificate of insanity, an affidavit of poverty, and a certificate of the moral governor of a vacancy : printed forms of the certificate and affidavit are to be had of the moral governor at the asylum. Independently of the asylums for the insane already no- ticed, there are several in the vicinity of Dublin which are devoted to the accommodation of persons of fortune, one of these is established at Glasnevin. There is also one near Donnybrook, supported by the society of Friends, and designed for patients of their own sect ; this institu- x3 234 DUBLIN GENERAL DISPENSARY. tion is, however, about to be enlarged, so as to admit those of all classes, and of every religious profession. DISPENSARIES. Of institutions of this kind, there are a great number; which, with a single exception (the Talbot Dispensary), are supported by private contributions, without any as- sistance from government. The Talbot Dispensary is attached to the House of Industry, and is intended for the relief of such of the in- mates of that establishment, as are unfit to be sent to the different infirmaries attached to it, as well as for appli- cants from all parts of the north-western extremity of Dublin ; it is attended every morning by one physician and two surgeons. St. Mary's and St. Thomas's Dispensary, Coles- Lane, Henry-Street. — This was the first Dispensary ever established in Dublin ; attendance three days in the week, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. There are four physicians and two surgeons, who perform the duty in turn, exclusively of the consulting physicians. Dublin General Dispensary, Fleet-Street. — This Dispensary was founded in 1/82, and was designed for the relief of the whole city ; but the several establishments of the same kind, since instituted, have somewhat con- tracted the sphere of its general action. There are six physicians, exclusive of a consulting physician, and the same number of surgeons. The latter attend the Dispensary daily, the former three days in a week at eleven o'clock (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), in their turn, one physician and one surgeon attending the house practice for a month at a time. The whole city is divided into six districts, to each of which a physician and surgeon are attached, whose duty it is to visit at their own homes such patients as may be unable to attend at the Dispensary. Subscribers of one guinea annually, or life subscribers of five guineas, are eligible as governors, Twelve of the VACCINE INSTITUTION. 235 subscribers, in conjunction with the twelve medical officers, form the Board of Governors. A branch of the Humane Society is held at this institu- tion ; the Board consists of the medical men of this insti- tution, those of Steevens's Hospital, the physician and surgeon-general, the Lord Mayor, &c. Meath Dispensary, or Sick-poor Institution. — This institution was opened in 1 794, in Meath-street, and was designed for the relief of the poor of the earl of Meath's liberty, comprising four parishes, where the population is more numerous, and the poverty of the lower orders more extreme, than in other parts of the city. The medical department consists of six physicians and one surgeon, the former attend daily in turn, the latter visits the institution each day, both* from eleven to two o'clock. These officers, until iately, had salaries from the institution proportioned to the length of their services. Persons paying ten guineas are Governors for life; annual subscribers of one guinea, or more, are Governors for the year. Vaccine Institution.' — This institution was opened January 14th, 1804, at 62, Saekville-street, for the purpose of vaccinating gratuitously the children of the poor, for which purpose the secretary, or his assistant, both of whom are physicians of very considerable experience at- tend twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays), from twelve to three o'clock. The numbers of applicants have been, from the first, very considerable, and it is gratifying to ob- serve, that they are annually increasing. Very few failures have occurred in those who had been there inoculated ; and out of the immense number of individuals vaccinated at the institution, the Directors admit the occurrence of no more than four cases of genuine small-pox, none of which proved fatal. The establishment is supported in a great degree by pri- vate contributions, and by the profits arising from the sale of the vaccine matter 3 packets of which may be had in any part of the kingdom, free of postage. The assistance derived from government is exceedingly trifling -, perhaps in no institution was there ever so much pub- lic utility produced at so small an expense to the commu- nity. 236 FINE ARTS, The only officer who receives a salary is the secretary, on whom, or his assistant, devolves the entire labour of the institution. His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant is patron. Besides the Dispensaries already mentioned, there are several of minor note, which are of great advantage to the poor, in the different parts of the city. Among them are, the Charitable Institution, Kildare-street ; the National Eye Infirmary, North Cumberland-street $ Saint Mary's Hospital, Ormond Quay, &c. FINE ARTS, Though Ireland has produced many eminent artists (painters particularly), yet the Arts are, comparatively speaking, almost in a state of infancy in the metropolis of the kingdom. There is either a want of sufficient taste amongst the Irish gentry, or the country is too poor to afford support or existence to professions not absolutely necessary. It cannot be urged, that neglect, on the part of govern- ment, in not patronizing the Arts, is one of the chief ope- rating causes against their advancement, for no charter, or patronizing name, could correct the taste of the country, if it were impure, or compel the public to purchase thou- sands of very inferior works, for the desperate chance of what some distant period might produce. As the Royal Academy in London was founded so late as 1768, the Irish artists need not be very loud in their com- plaints, or very indignant at not being incorporated until 1823, and perhaps the artists of Dublin are not quite correct in attributing such magical effects to a royal charter upon persons in their present circumstances; but this question does not properly belong to our subject. There are about fifty artists resident in Dublin, of whom not more than six or eight live by what is termed the legitimate ex- ercise of their art. Let it not be concluded from the pre- ceding observations, that the exertions of the Dublin Society, to rescue the arts from neglect, have been totally FINE ARTS. 237 ineffectual, for, in their academies, many distinguished artists have received the rudiments of their education ; and if the fostering hand of a great and noble institution were to protect dawning genius, until its brilliancy became sufficient to emit a strong and permanent lustre, the ends of its establishment would be fully answered. Initial or elementary instruction is all that can be expected from the Society's schools, which is quite sufficient for future me- chanics and traders, and so far the utility of their academies is universally acknowledged. Numerous attempts have been made to establish annual exhibitions of painting and sculpture, and, previously to the year 1800, they were highly creditable to the artists of Ireland $ but, since that period, they have been irregular, and the collections unpromising. In 1 764, the artists associated and erected a large and handsome edifice in William-street called the " Exhibi- tion Room ;** but the profits of the exhibitions were not sufficient to pay the interest of the debentures issued to create a building fund ; and the house devolved to their agents, who had advanced considerable sums for its comple- tion. The next exhibition, presented to the public, was held in the House of Lords, by the permission of Lord Hard- wick. Not many years after, his Grace the Duke of Richmond, then Lord Lieutenant, instituted a Society of Arts, and an exhibition was held under his patronage, in 1810, in the Dublin Society's house, Hawkins'-street (now the New Theatre Royal), at which several works of merit appeared. Dissensions amongst the artists them- selves, at this period, considerably abated the warmth of public feeling towards them, and a new society was insti- tuted, under the patronage of his present Majesty (then Prince Regent), for exhibiting the works of the Old Masters. These exhibitions also were held in the Dublin Society's house in Hawkins'-street, but have been discon- tinued since the removal to Leinster House, where no col- lection, either of the Old Masters, or of Living Artists, has ever been exhibited. In 1821, an exhibition of painting and sculpture was held in the Public Rooms attached to the Royal Arcade, in College-green, which did not prove very attractive. It 238 ROVAL HIBERNIAN ACADEMY, ke. may not be uninteresting to name some of the distin- guished artists who incorporated themselves with their brethren in London ; amongst them are Barrett, Peters, Barry, Shee, Mulready, Thompson, &c. Many of equal, and some of superior talent, never thought it expedient to withdraw from their native city, viz. Hamilton, Ash- ford, Roberts, Comerford, to which list might with truth be added, the name of the distinguished artist, from whose drawings the engravings for this work were made. Royal Hibernian Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. — A barren charter of Incorporation was granted to the Artists of Ireland, August 5th, 1823. Erin's unlucky genius, was incautious for a moment, when a burst of light flowed in upon the dark age of the Arts in Ireland, and has now diffused its rays so extensively and so substantially, that, in all human probability, her baneful occupation is gone for ever. The merit of watching the op- portunity is due to Francis Johnston, Esq., a name already belonging to posterity, as the classic productions of his architectural genius, scattered so judiciously amidst the elegant public buildings of Dublin, sufficiently testify. By the erection of an academy, at his own private expense, Mr. Johnston has raised for himself a monument such as the pride of kings could not confer, and has left to poste- rity a name to be cherished and revered while the Arts shall have an existence in the land. The Academy consists of a patron (the King), vice patron (the Lord Lieu- tenant), president (F. Johnston, Esq.), ten academicians, and eight associates, from amongst whom, upon vacancies, future academicians are to be chosen. The building is erected on a plot of ground in Abbey-street, the fee of which has been purchased by the munificent founder of the Academy; and it is after a design by himself. The elevation consists of three stories : in the basement there is a loggia or recess, ornamented by two fluted columns, of the Doric order, supporting the first story; over the en- trance is a head of Palladio, representing Architecture; over the window on the right, one of Michael Angelo, represent- ing Sculpture, and on the left, of Raphael, emblematic of "Painting. These are by J. Smyth, Esq., an associate. Passing through an entrance-hall, and ascending a broad flight of steps, the first exhibition room (40 feet by 20, ROYAL HIBERNIAN ACADEMY, &c 239 and intended for water-colour drawings) is entered : this communicates by a large arch-way with the great saloon, for the exhibition of oil paintings, 50 feet by 40, lighted by a lantern whose sashes are inclined to the horizon at an angle of 45 degrees, whereby the light is diffused over that part of the wall only on which the paintings are to be suspended, and the spectator is left completely in the shade. A very ingeniously contrived octagonal staircase leads to the council-room, keeper's-apartments, &c, which are all in the front building. — The first stone of this edifice was laid on the 29th of April, 1824, by F.Johnston, Esq.; and on a copper plate, which was firmly bedded in the stone, was the following inscription: — " Anno. Dom. M.DCCC.XXJV. His Most Gracious Majesty, George the Fourth, King of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c, having by his Royal Letters Patent, bearing date the 5th August, 1823, incorporated the Artists of Ireland, under the name of ' The Royal Hibernian Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture/ Francis Johnston, Esq., Architect, one of the members of that body, munificently founded this building for their use, to form a National School of Art : and laid this, the first stone, April 29th, 1824, the day ap- pointed for the celebration of his Majesty's birth, in the presence of the Academy," Then follow the names of the original members. — Messrs. Carolan were the builders.— The first exhibition tooh place in May, 1825, 240 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS BY THE OLD MASTERS. Lord Char lemon? s Collection^ Palaee^row, Portrait of himself , Rosabella. St. John in the Wilderness Correggio. Judas throwing down the pieces of silver Rembrandt. Caesar Borgia Titian. Musicians •.. Michael Angelo Caravaggio. Lord Aylesbury Sir Joshua Reynolds. Head of St. Peter Vandyke. Fruit-pieces Michael Angelo del Campidoglio. Gates of Calais Hogarth. Lady's Last Stake Ditto. Harlot's Progress, (second subject) Ditto. Mrs. Woffington - < Ditto. Two sea views .*..... Wright, of Derby. Landscape Claude Lorrain. Venus chiding Cupid « Sir Joshua Reynolds. Justice, (a portrait) Giorgione m An old man's head Hogarth. Earl of Famharri's Palace- row, Rutland- square. Duke and Duchess of Lerma Velasquez Landscapes Gasper Poussin* Ditto Gainsborough Venus extracting a thorn from her foot Paul Veronese. Prodigal Son's Return , Romanelli Landscapes Loutherbourg, Ditto Ricci. Woman taken in Adultery Caravaggio* The Marquis of TVaterford's, Marlborough-street. The Woman of Samaria Lanfranc. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian Baroccio. Sea-port B. Peters. Battle-piece Breydel. Ditto Ditto. Diana and the death of Action » Filippo Lippi, PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. 241 Diana preparing for the chase Filippo Lippi. Wise Men's Offering Tenters. Cattle ........ Wouvermans. Landscape Tenters. Holy Family ,,......., Caracci. David bearing the head of Goliah * Simo?i de Vos. Marriage of Canaan Ditto. Dead Christ Quintin Matsys, (the Smith of Antwerp). A Magdalen Rubens. Allegorical piece, the Virgin and Child Vandyke. Cattle and figures Francisco Castiglione. Ditto Ditto. Landscape and figures ,. Lucatelli. Banditti Gambling , Paul Potter. Sylvan figures ..., P. Battoni after Rubens and. Sneyders. St. Jerome Rothenhamer and Vinkenbooms. Holy Family Carlo Maratti. Annunciation Ditto. Landscape and figures D. Adens. Ditto , Michan. Two portraits ,, P. D. Bray. The Hon. and Rev. Mr. Pomeroy's, Merr ion- square, North. The Grecian Daughter Guercino. Christ bearing his Cross , Murillo. Flute-player = Velasquez. Diana and Nymphs Titian. Sea-view Claude. Landscape and figures Tenters. Ditto and cattle , Ditto* Landscape , Salvator Rosa. Ditto , Ditto. St. Sebastian < Vandyke. This is considered the finest collection in Dublin. William John Moore's, Esq., Rutland-square. Ecce Homo * Guido. Italian Peasants Piazzetti. Charles I. (three views of his countenance in the same piece, done for Bernini the sculptor, in order to give him a perfect idea of the head and face) Vandyke. Marriage of St. Catherine >..Xorreggio. Sea-piece (calm) W. Vandervelde. Noah entering the ark Teniers. Fountain and horses fVouvermam. y 242 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. Interior of a Cottage and figures, by candlelight Rembrandt, Draft of Fishes . Rubens. Old Man and interior , Gerard Dow. Interior of a cathedral Peter Neefs. With nearly one hundred more of great excellence. Provost's house, Graf ton-street* Nero contemplating the dead body of his mother Dome- stic hi no. St. John ^,. ..i.... Paul Veronese* Old man's head Spagnoletto, Holy Family, (baptism) Titian, With a number of portraits of distinguished literary characters. Francis Johnston's, esq., Eccles-street* This is a most extensive and beautiful collection, and disposed more advantageously than any other in Dublin. The principal works are hung in their proper lights in a rotunda, at the rear of Mr. Johnston's house, erected for this purpose expressly ; and the arrangement bears ample testimony to the taste of this very eminent artist. The following is but a brief extract from Mr. Johnston's catalogue :— St. Mark's Place, during the Carnival Canaletti. Waterfall in Switzerland Gesner. The Seasons ,. Bassan. Battle c Wouvermaus. Wise Men's Offering Albert Dnrer. Bovs blowing bubbles, and two others , Murillo. Cattle Paul Potter. Angel appearing to the Shepherds Albert Cuyp. Cattle and Shepherd*. , Rosa da Tivoli. Basket-maker Michael Angelo Caravaggio. St. Peter ..... Rubens, St. Augustine « Lanfranc. Female Miser Quintin Matsys. St. Francis .... < Guido. St. Jerome N. Poussin, And several Landscapes by S. Rosa, Barrett, and Fernet. Major Sirr's, Dublin Castle. The following sketch is too brief to give an adequate idea of the importance of this extensive collection: — Venus and Adonis (purchased in Rome by Lord Bristol) Titian- PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS, 243 Susannah and the Elders , ,.' GioYgione. Death of Cato ...... Salvator Rosa. Adoration of the Shepherds M Murillo. St. Sebastian Guido. Landscape and figures ..< . ... Claude. Rape of Helen N* Poussin. Tobit and Angel ,. S. Rosa* Christ disputing in the Temple Eckhout. Sea-port with storm and lightning .,... Rembrandt. Christ bearing the cross Rubens. Landscapes by S. Rosa and the younger Tenters. Original design from his windows near Richmond Sir J. Reynolds. Curtius leaping into the gulph Paul Veronese. Christ in the Sepulchre « Guercino. Man on horseback with landscape Wouvermans. The Virgin Albert Durer. And several landscapes by Hobbima, Wilson, and G. Poussin. Jo/in Boyd'' s,.JEsr/., Stephen's- green, South. St. Andrew Annibal Caracci. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian Guercino. Altar-piece Albert Durer. Abraham and Isaac ;.... Diepenbeke. Dutch Fair , A. Cuyp. A Skirmish of Cavalry * Vander Meulen. A Storm ■. ** Backhuysen. View in Venice * Canaletti. Woman taken in adultery • Franks- Scourging of Christ Vanderwerf. Scene from Don Quixote , , Hogarth. Landscape (with banditti; S. Rosa. Ditto ^ Francisco Bolognese. Ditto. Van Goyen. With many beautiful portraits by Tintoretto and others. Alderman Cash-s, Rutland-square* Two large landscapes (painted in Rome) ..»».. Jacob Moore. The Royal Family < Zoffani There are in this collection several landscapes by Luca Giordano, Brueghel, Van Egmont, Barrett, and Gilpin ; and a Berg ham, a very fine Moucheron, with figures by Vandervelde ; besides a number of cabinet pictures, and some of the best productions of the present Irish artists. 244 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. Henry Manning' s> Esq,, Grenvi lie-street. Virgin and Child , Raphael. Portrait of a Burgomaster Rembrandt. A Magdalen - Caracci. Sea-piece ♦ Vernet. Landscape Swanefeld. Lady Harriet Daly's, Henrietta-street. The Assumption Murillo. Cleopatra , Barroccio. Portrait of Himself Rembrandt. A Magdalen « ,. Guido. Virgin and Child Caracci. St. Francis Ditto. Richard Power's, Esq., Kildare-street. The Woodman (copied in worsted by Miss Linwood) ... Barker. Landscape and Cattle ,, Murillo. Ditto Ditto. Cattle Bassan. Portrait ,* E. Serani. Charity C. Cignani. Ruins m ,..,..„ Viviani* Landscape A. Kauffmann. Rev. Mr. Seymour's, Baggot-street. Landscape Hobbima. Lot and his Daughters Van Niel. Landscape ... , Ruysdael. Ditto Glauber, and Lairesse. Ditto „ , Breenberg. Abraham sacrificing Isaac ..., Tintoretto. Marriage of St. Catherine Correggio. Resurrection Pordenone. Holy Family , Andrea del Sarto* Landscape and cattle Cuyp. Ditto , ,, Berghem. Town on Fire Vanderneer. This small collection, consisting of about one hundred pictures, of a cabinet size, contains many other beautiful specimens of good masters. ENVIRONS OP DUBLIN, 245 Thomas Manning, EsqrSs Collection, No. 2, Gyenville-street. The Discovery of Achilles » Nicolo Poussin. Susannah and the Elders Domenichino. Christ and the Woman of Samaria « Albano. Madonna and Child , ,...., , Raphael. David beholding Bathsheba Albert Durer, (One of the finest pictures of this master) The Shepherds Offering , Murillo* Portrait of Swalmius Retnbrandt* Interior of a Guard Room Tenters. Sea-piece ....> * Vandervelde. Italian Landscape and Figures SivanefelcL ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. The City of Dublin is encompassed by two canals, communicating with the Liffey, near its mouth, on the north and south sides, where extensive docks are attached to them. Upon passing the canal bridge, on the north side of the city, a flat but highly improved country is ex- panded to the view. On the road leading to Howth har- bour, not far from Clontarf, is Marino, the seat of the Earl of Charlemont, consisting of about 100 acres richly wooded ; in the centre of which stands the Casino, a beautiful structure, designed by Sir W. Chambers, and a rich specimen of Italian architecture. In this demesne there are several objects worth the attention of the visitor, viz. the hermitage, Rosamond's bower, &c. In the neighbourhood is Killester, the seat of the late Lord Newcomen, a beautiful demesne of about 50 acres, with an excellent house. In the garden are graperies and pineries of great extent. Near the village of Clontarf, about one mile from Killester, stands Clontarf Castle, the seat of George Vernon, Esq., a stately edifice, possessing noble apartments, excellent gardens, and surrounded by a highly-improved demesne, A few miles farther to the north is Malahide Castle, the seat of Colonel Talbot, M. P. for the County of Dublin. This ancient building, and the grounds attached to it, were given to the Talbots by Henry II. : much care and pains are taken to preserve y 3 246 ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. that air of antiquity, which every object about this in- teresting spot possesses. The oak parlour is not only a great curiosity, but a strong testimony of the skill and address of artists in the days of other times. Turvey House and Park, formerly the seat of Lord Kingsland, but now belonging to the Trimleston family, is an extensive and thickly wooded demesne, but no farther interesting. There is another magnificent residence at the north side of the city, three miles from Dublin, Santry, the seat of Sir Compton Domville, Bart. Near Malahide, is the Church of St. Dolough, an object of great interest to the antiquary ; this ancient building, which is roofed with stone, and in excellent preservation, is of such a style of architecture as to render it a matter of considerable difficulty to reconcile the date of its erec- tion with any exact period : there are many holy wells of various forms and properties around. On the hill of Howth, which is such a prominent fea- ture in the scenery at the north side of the city, is Howth Castle, the seat of the Earl of Howth : the house is an ancient castle modernized, and much disfigured by being so constantly and carefully white-washed. In the resi- dence of this ancient and noble family, some relics of the greatness and heroism of their ancestors are still pre- served : here may be seen the double-handled sword, with which Sir Tristram committed such havock amongst the Danes. The Abbey of Howth is a beautiful and interesting ruin, and contains some curious tombs ; on the island of Ire- land's Eye, about three quarters of a mile from the pier head, are the ruins of an Abbey built by St. Nessau in 570. Upon this little detached piece of land, there is a castellated rock, which, seen from the shore, never fails to deceive the stranger ; and on the shore along which the Dublin road winds, are the ruins of Kilbarrick Abbey. To the south of Dublin lies a country not exceeded by any outlet in the empire, a spacious inclined plane reach- ing from the foot of the mountains to the sea side, thickly studded with villages, lodges, castles, desmesnes, villas, &c, from Dublin' to the "base of Sugar-loaf Hill, a dis- tance of twelve Irish miles. The villages of Black Rock and Dunleary (now King's ENVIRON* OF DUBLIN. 24? Town) have long and deservedly been celebrated as bathing places, and the retreat of the citizens on Sundays. Near Black Rock are innumerable seats, commanding- delightful sea and mountain views, the most splendid of which is Mount Merrion, the seat of—- — Verschoyle, Esq.; the de- mesne, which is enclosed by a high wall, contains 100 acres beautifully wooded, and commands a view of the whole County of Dublin, part of the County of Wicklow, with the scalp in the fore-ground, and, in cloudless weather, the mountains of the County Down may be dis- tinctly seen from these grounds. Sans Souci, the seat of Mr. Latouche ; Leopard's Town, the residence of Lord Castle-Coote ; Stillorgan, and many other equally magnificent demesnes, adorn this neighbour- hood. More to the west are Rathfarnham Castle, formerly oc- cupied by the Marquis of Ely, whose property it is ; Bushy Park, the seat of Sir Robert Shaw, Bart*, M. P. for the City of Dublin ; Marley, the seat of the Right Honourable* David Latouche ; and Holly Park, the pro- perty of L. Foote, Esq. Along the banks of the Liffey, west of the city, is a beautiful vein of country, in which are some very elegant demesnes and splendid mansions. Leixlip Castle and the Salmon Leap are romantic and beautiful objects, and the Aqueduct thrown across the Rye, by the Royal Canal Company, is a great artificial curiosity, being 100 feet high. Near to Dublin, along the banks of the river, are several very beautiful plantations and residences. Her- mitage, formerly the seat of Colonel Hanfield, is particu- larly picturesque and romantic ; and Palmerstown, one of the seats of the Right Honourable Lord Donoughmore, is a princely dwelling. Luttrils Town, or Woodlands, the seat of Col. White, formerly the property of Lord Carhampton, is one of the most extensive demesnes in the county of Dublin. The Phoenix Park, the country seat of his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, and several of the household, is a tract of land of about 1,000 acres. It was first laid down by King Charles II. (1662), who was in possession of that part of the lands of Kilmainham which was surrendered to the Crown (32 Henry YIIL, Nov. 2nd.), by Sir Joha 248 ENVIRONS OF BTJBL1N, Rawson, Knight, Prior of Kilmainliam, upon the sup rf pression of the Priory of St. John of Jerusalem [see Royal Hospital]. James Duke of Ormond, then Lord Lieutenant, purchased, in pursuance to the desire of his Majesty, the lands of Phoenix and Newtown, containing 467 acres, to acid to the lands of Kilmainliam, in order to extend the park; also a farther quantity of 441 acres from Sir Maurice Eustace, Knight, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, part of the lands of Chapel Izod. Many other town lands were then purchased, and united into that enclosure now called Phoenix Park (from the town land of that name), which was the first purchased, and to which all the others were added. The Park extended on both sides of the Liffey, and was in consequence much exposed to trespasses, upon which it was determined to enclose the part on the north side of the river; this, Sir John Temple (afterwards Lord Palmerstown), undertook to perform, on condition of being paid 200/. out of the Treasury, and a grant being* made to him of all the land excluded by the Park- wall from the Dublin-gate to Chapel Izod, which condi- tions were assented to by his Majesty. The land on the other bank of the river was granted by his Majesty for the purpose of erecting the Royal Hospital upon, and was henceforth excluded from Phoenix Park. The first Ranger of the Park was appointed by Charles II., and in 1751, the Right Honourable Nathaniel Cle- ments, Ranger, father of Lord Leitrim, built a hand- some lodge for his own residence, which was purchased from him by government in 1784, as a mansion for the Lord Lieutenant, since which time it has been enlarged and beautified, so that its present appearance is not unworthy of the improved taste of this age. This was the residence of his Majesty during his visit to Dublin in 1821. Near the entrance to the Vice-regal Lodge, is a Corinthian column, thirty feet in height, in the centre of a circular plat of ground, enclosed by iron railing ; this was erected in 1745, by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, then Lord Lieutenant, who also improved and beautified the whole Park. On the summit of the column is a Phoenix, from which it is supposed the Park borrows its name -, but the figure was rather a consequence than a cause ENVIRONS OP DUBLIN. 249 of this appellation, as is obvious from what has been mentioned relative to the origin of this spacious demesne. Opposite the Vice-regal Lodge, is the residence of the Chief Secretary, inferior in point of elegance, but both a comfortable and elegant residence. There is a large plain of about fifty acres, perfectly level, where the troops are reviewed on his Majesty's birth day, and on field-days : here is the Hibernian School, for the education and maintenance of soldiers' children, established by Lord Townsend in 1767, which accommo- dates 400 boys, and near 200 girls ; and has a church at- tached, where one of his Excellency's chaplains officiates. There are other interesting objects in this Park, two of which have already been described, viz. the Wellington Testimonial, and the Royal Infirmary ; and near the Dublin entrance to the Vice-regal Lodge, in the bottom of a wooded glen, is a Chalybeate Spa, with pleasure grounds, and seats for invalids, laid out at the expense of the Dowager Duchess of Richmond, for the public benefit. In a Moss house adjacent to the spring is a small tablet with this inscription : This Seat Was given by Her Grace Charlotte, Duchess of Richmond, For the health and comfort Of the Inhabitants of Dublin, Aug. 12th, 1813. Thus has the reader been trespassed upon, in a work professing to be an historic view of the city, with a brief sketch of the County itself, of which, though not the professed object of this volume, as it contains the Metro- polis of Ireland, he will excuse the introduction. In the little Volume now laid before the Public, there will necessarily be discovered many imperfections ; but when the Reader takes the trouble of investigating how many original articles, the result of local knowledge and observation, have been introduced, he will probably acknowledge, that much also has been accomplished, 250 'BANKS. Shaw's Bank.— Sir Robert Shaw, Bart. M. P., T. Need- hani, and Ponsonby Shaw, Esqrs. bold their Bank in Foster-place, College-green, opposite the west front of the Bank of Ireland. Here bills are discounted, and pri- vate notes and post bills issued. Latouche's Bank, Castle-street issues post bills only. The bank is a large brick building of four stories in height, having the windows ornamented with architraves of cut stone. Finlay & Co's. Bank, Jervis-street. — This firm dis- counts, receives lodgments, and issues notes j none how- ever under 31. Ball's Bank, in Henry-street, next to the General Post Office, and but a few yards from Sackville-street. This bank issues notes, and transacts all other species of b ank ing business. Belfast Bank. — The notes of Gordon and Co. are payable at Watson and Law's counting-house, 39, Upper Sackville-street, between the hours of ten and two, each day. 251 RATES OF CARRIAGES. All Public Carriages are under the control of the Magis- trates of the Head Police-Office (Exchange Court, Royal Ex- change), to whom complaints of misconduct against owners or drivers are to be preferred, within fourteen days after the offence is committed. Rates of Carriages. A Set Down within the Public- Lights For the first Hour For every Hour after. For Twelve Hours From 6 Morning to 12 at Night. Coach, s. d. 1 4 2 1 6 J3 6 J. Car, s. d. lOj 1 H 3 6 6 Sedan, s. d. 6| 1 1 9 From IS Night to 6 Morn. Coach. Sedan* s. d. s. d. 2 i H 2 i n 2 i H KATES OF CARRIAGES TO THE FOLLOWING PLACES. PLACES. Abbotstown Artane Ashbrook Bali's Bridge .... Belgart Bally ferrnot Ball) gall.. , Blackrock ...... Bluebell Booterstown .... Bellcamp Barberstown Belldoyle Bel griffin Brackenstown. . . . Brazil Bullock ........ Ballinteer Brenanstown .... Biackbush ...... Burton Hall .... Cabragh Clonskeagh Cardiff's Bridge . . Chapelizod , Church Town..., Castleknock Clontarf Clontarf Sheds . Coolock Crumlin .: Cloghran Ch. ... Clondaikin Clonee Cruagh. M »i«M» Coach. J.Car. s. d. 3 5 3 5 2 Og 5 5 3 5 3 5 4 1 2 Si 3 5 5 5 7 5 8 1 5 5 10 10 10 10 t\ 5 tj d. 2 o£ 2 85 2 8^ 3 5 3 5 10 10 7 5.J 1 4 1 H5 1 4| 2 7* 3 3 2 7§ 3 11 3 11 3 3 2 71 3 3 1 111 1 4 1 7; 1 4 1 ni 1 4 1 Hi 1 Hi 1 4 3 3 2 r| 3 11 3 £ PLACES. Cursistream Collingstown Carrickmines , Cabinteely , Corkragh Croydon Hunsink Dolphins-barn-town Dargle (New) Donnycarney Donny brook D rumcondra Dubber Dnndrum Dnnleary Dalkey Fairview Finglas Finglas Bridge Fox and Geese Feltrum * . . . Forrest...... • Fir House Godley Green Glasnevin.......... Glanageary * Glenville Hampstead ........ Harold's'cross Hall's bam Howth ............ Huntstown Irish-town Johnstown ........ James Town ..«.»< Coach, s. d. 8 If J.Car, s. d. 2 7£ 2 ff 3 3 3 3 2 *£ 1 4 1 ui 1 4 2 7£ ! t \ 4 1 ui 2 7i 3 3 §i 1 4 1 »* 3 11 3 2 2 »* 1 114 1 4 3 3 2 r 1 4 1 4 1 4 3 11 1 11* l 4 i 4 i Mft 252 RATES OF CARRIAGES. PLACES. Island Bridge •»•••••■ luldonan Ki J Jester Kimmage .......... Rilgobbin Kilternan Kill of Grange K nocksedau ........ Kilmacud ......... . Kishoge ............ Knock! you ........ Laughiinstown ...... Leixlip Larkfield Lucan [Woodlands Luttrilstown, or Merrion *. Milltowii .......... IVlt. pel. Parade (B.R.) Mt. pel. place (B.R.) Mt. pel. Bow (B. R.) Mount Merrion ...... Malahide.... Monkstovvn ........ Mulhuddart ........ Merville Mount Venus ........ IN ewtown Avenue .... INewbrook Newland ............ 2s ew Park iNewtown Park ...... Newt. Hall's, Barn .. Jseilstown .......... Oldbawn Palmer stow n ^ ..... . Pigeon House. ....... Prior's Wood ........ Puckstown . , . . Pickardstown. ....... | 7 Priest House . . . | 3 Coach s.d. 3 5 2 11 8 11 10 10 5 5 10 10 9 9 5 10 10 10 10 4 9 8 li 6 81 3 1J 3 U 4 6 4 6 4 G 4 1 10 10 J. Car. s.d. 1 4 1 11| 1 Hi 1 11* 5 5 5 5 4 1 3 5 4' 9 2 8* 5 3 11 2 n 3 11 2 7± 2 1% 3 ?i 3 11 3 11 2 7§ 3 3 2 7i 1 3i 1 y 2 6 2 6 1 71 3 11 2 7h 2 71 1 31 2 7| 1 11| o 71 * i l 2 8^ 2 0£ 2 6 2 6 2 6 5 5 3 5 5 y 7 io 10 6 Ql 4 1 a 5 6 6 4 9 10 10 4 1 5 5 4 9 4 I 3 1 8 1 3 5 3 5 Carriages are deemed on their Stand wherever met with, provided they be not at that Time actually engaged. 03" • A Set Down implies going to any of the above places, and returning with be employer, provided there be uot a delay of more than fifteen minutes. ARCHITECTURAL SYNOPSIS. 253 I ?! a 3 254 ARCHITECTURAL SYNOPSIS. *n »o a* ©5 oc „ t- 6i GO Oi •A O 00 S^l lr~ oc b- t- If- t- t- CC oo T-« T " 1 *"' 1-1 pH 7—1 r- TH an JQ C: 9D oc kr OC or «o tQ «o S4 «3 B oc cc CO :- e^ l> ~ oo < — -f r " 1 | -* ^ r_( T ~ 1 ""* r- r— ~ TH *"* r * i *£ g * «« o £ H qq co rt -S S O «3 J5 o --2 c3 ej J> *&• K-e ^ O IS fi fa S5 o 55 »-5 r-> ^ . K *-s r< ^ ^ ^ >Ot3 hb3 K fe H III s 3 .65 ■ w .8 ci «&•» - ff S h a o s s 4 s a ^5- £ S * 5 r 5 > S « 13 S S s x ps 3 o £ &x £ « ~ * t-: s. ./ .3 ,G ^ C ' O O O 3 UU r w -1^ ! O § ^ S 6 - 4> O rj ARCHITECTURAL SYNOPSIS. 255 o o t- o ©» e-4 th ,_, o Ci =C t- CO QO t- 5 o ^j fa Q P *S tf tf « 55- SI pg 6 ^ c/? u ci £ m i | | I'J^Oto 53 § fa "^ ~5 o.ii J 3 a> 5 is a So^^Sj^fa^^affi ! fa ^"2 8 i S fa £H fel * 3 < S § t .a 5 >> ,2 « s S ^ o 3 >»_g ^ . ijs *2£ * » *c 2 £ 4a-p«*nc € o 21 o 3 ^ J « § .2 ! 73 H { o o £H h££££ 256 INDEX. Page ACADEMY , Royal Irish ...... 39 of Painting, &c 238 Aldermen of Skinner's-alley .... 108 Anatomy House (University) . . . • 18 , School of.... £03 Ancient History of Dublin 1 Apothecaries'-Hall 204 Aqueduct 247 Asylums for the Blind •••• 131 Magdalen 119 Bow-street 120 Townsend-street .......... ib. *— — Female Penitentiary ib. -—Widows ...121 Female Servants. ......... 1 22 - Pleasants'.... , 134 Arcbiepiscopal Palace. . . • 50 Artists, Living .. •• 238 Ballast Office » 169 Bank of Ireland 22 Cash Office 23 — — House of Commons 24 — — House of Lords .......... ib. Printing House ...« 25 Bank-notes, printing of ib. - Engraving Engine for ...... 26 Bankers 250 Baptists 101 Barracks 149 Bay of Dublin 5 Belfast Bank 250 Blind, Asylums for the ........ 131 Simpson's Hospital........ ib. Richmond Institution...... 132 ■ Molineux Asylum ........ 133 Blue-coat Hospital 194 Botany- bay-square 19 Botanic-garden, (College) 22 (Dublin Society) 29 Boyd's, Mr. Paintings at 243 Brehon Laws • 160 Bridewell 118 Bridge, Carlisle 149 Iron 150 Essex ib. ■ Richmond 151 Wbitworth 152 Queen's ib. Bloody ib. Sarah 153 Canals 6 Page Carlisle-bridge .... 149 Cash's, Alderman, paintings at .. 243 Cash-office at the Bank 23 Cassels, ( Architect)...... 25, 154, 213 Castle, The 6 St. Patrick's.hall 7 Chapel. 8 Record Tower. . .......... 9 Cathedral , St . Patrick's 42 Monumenss ............. • 44 Chapter. house............ 48 St. Mary's Chapel ........ 49 Christ Church 51 - — Relics , 53 Nave. ............. >..... 54 Monuments .............. 55 - Transept ........... ...... 57 - Choir 58 St. Mary's Chapel . , 59 Chapels, Roman Catholic 85 Metropolitan • 86 > Arran Quay...... • 87 Bridge. street 88 James. street. ib. Francis.street ib. Liffey. street.... ib. - Anne street .............. 89 Meath.street Q0 Exchange.street ib. Townsend" street ...» m 92 Denmark. street .......... 93 Clarendomstreet ib. Adam and Eve 9* Church-street ib. Hard wick, street ib. Ebenezer 100 Zion ib. Chambers, Sir W. (Archit.) 14, 16, 153 Chamber of Commerce 185 . Charitable Associations ........ 122 Loan. 124 Charlemont.house. 158 Paintings at.... 240 Church, St. Michael's 60 St. John's 61 St. Michan's.. 62 St. Audoen's (or Owen's) . . 64 St. Nicholas Without. . .... 65 St. Peter's 66 — — St. Kevin's 67 St. Wer burgh's 68 St. Mary's 70 INDEX. 257 Church, St. Anne's ............ 71 St. Bridget's 72 — r— St. George's 73 St. George's (Little) 75 St. Thomas's ib . St. Catherine's 77 — — St. James's 78 St. Paul's 79 — ~ St. N icholas Within . a , . . . 80 St. Andrew's 81 St. Luke's 8.3 St. Mark's 84 St. Stephen's Chapel 85 Circular. road.. 6 City A ssembly-house 107 Marshalsea 114 College, Trinity 14 Chapel . % . . ib. — — Theatre 15 — -r— Refectory ib. ■ (Intended) Triumphal Arch 16 — — Library ib. Fagel Library * . . 17 Manuscript-room • ib. Fellow's Garden .......... 18 Park ^ ib. ■ Anatomy House ib. Printing-honse * • 19 Provost's-house ib. Botany-bay-square ib. Museum 20 Observatory 21 • Botanic-garden .......... 22 College of Physicians 197 • Surgeons 199 Column, Nelson 144 Phoenix 248 Coombe Hospital 20Q Commercial Buildings 183 Common Council 107 Convents 93 Cooley, ( Architect).... Ill, 157, 178 Corn-Exchange • 182 Corporation 108 County Goal 112 Courts ..v.. ••••*•• 115 Courts of Law , . 156 Court, Prerogative ............ 163 Consistoral .............. 164 Admiralty ib. of Conscience ............ ib. Custom House 172 Long Room 176 Docks .................. ib. Day Schools 135 Daly's, Lady H., Paintings at . . 244 JDeaf and Dumb Institution , 126 Deanery, St. Patrick's. . , , 50 Christ Church...., 60 Dispensary, Talbot 234 St. Mary's, &c ib. p- Dublin General ib. . Meath 235 Drawing School 30 Dublin, Ancient History of ».,, l Site and extent of ....... . 4 Bay of 5 Institution 40 — r- Library Society 41 Penitentiary ............ 117 Environs of 245 Dublin Society 28 Botanic Establishment .... 30 Drawing School .......... ib, Hall... 31 G allery of Statuary ...... „ , 32 Inner Hall ib. Library 33 Museum.- ib. Drawing Schools 38 Engine for engraving Bank Notes 26 Environs of Dublin 245 Eustace street Meeting-house .... 99 Exchange 178 Excise , ib. Executive Government 9 Exhibitions of Paintings 237 Fagel Library 17 Farming Society 38 Farnham's, Earl of, Paintings at 240 Fellows of Trinity College ...... 13 Fine Arts . . . 4 236 First-Fruits Board 164 Friaries 93 Fountain, Merrion-square ...... 141 Fountains, removal of . . . , 170 Four Court* 157 Foundling Hospital 228 Gan don, James (Architect),.. 22, 157, 163, 176 (note), 178, 225 Ga6 Light Company... 186 George's Hill Nunnery ........ 95 German Church .............. 103 Glasnevin, botanic garden ...... 29 Government, Executive ..,...., 9 Municipal ..104 Harold's Crois Nunnery • 96 Hardwicke Fever Hospital ...... 216 Hospital, Royal, Kilmainham .. 189 Steevens's. 206 Mercer's 208 — — Meath ib. Coombe , 209 z 3 258 INDEX. Page Hospital, Lying-in ............ 210 — — Westmoreland Lock ...... 215 . St. Mark and St. Anne's .. 2J6 Hardwick Fever.......... ib. « Sir Patrick Dim's ........ 219 Whitworlh 222 Richmond Surgical £23 • St. George's • ib. ■ Whit worth Fever • • • ib. St. Peter and St. Bridget . . 224 Incurables ».... 226 — — House of Industry 227 Foundling ..„ 228 St. Patrick's ,. 230 House of Commons • • 24 — — Lords .................. ib. Refuge 122 Industry 227 Howth 5 Abbey 246 -—Castle • ib. Improvements 170 Incorporated Society 125 Incurables, Hospital for £26 Independents J 00 Infirmary, Jer vis-street 205 Royal Military 225 Inns of Court 160 Inn, Collet's ib. Preston's , . 161 King's ib. Insane, Asylums for the .... 230, 232 Institution, the Dublin 40 Insurance (Marine and Commer- cial) Offices 185 Ivory, (Architect) 194, 197 Jews 103 Johnston, F. (Architect) 8; 23, 68, 74, 82, 119, 1^6, 1Q4 — — Academy erected by ...... 238 his Gallery of Paintings .... 242 Keating, (Prior) ., 190 Kilmainham Gaol 112 Priory I89 Royal Hospital ib. King's Inns l6l King- street Nunnery g5 Kirk, (Sculptor)... 55 Kirwanian Society 40 Law Courts , 155 Latouchc's Bank , . 250 Lectures, at the Dublin Society . . 28 Medical 198 > Botanical....... ., 399 Lectures, at Surgeon's College.. 200 at Apothecaries' Hall 204 Page- Lectures on Midwifery 2 L 2 Clinical 221 Leskean Museum 30, 36 Library, Trinity College 16 Fagel 17 Dublin Society 33 Royal Irish Academy . . . , 3g Dublin Institution ........ 40 <-— Dublin Library Society .... 4i Marsh's. ib. Lighthouses 5, 169 Linen and Yarn Hall 1 BG Lord Lieutenant's Establishment 10 Lord Mayor 104 Lucas, Dr. Charles 3 Monument 63 Statue 181 Lunatic Asylum (St. Patrick's Hospital) 230 - Kichmond 232 Glasnevin 233 Donnybrook ib. Lunatics, treatment of ib. Lying-in Hospital 210 - Chapel 213 Mack (Architect) 168 Mac A lister, artist 3* Magdalen Asylum . 1 10 Magistrates of Police 110 Mails 165 Maiahicie Castle 245 Malton ., 157 Manning's, Henry, Paintings at . • 244 Thomas, ditto 245 Manor, Thomas Court 1 16 St. Sepulchre ib. Deanery of St. Patrick .... 117 Mansion House , 1 05 Round Room 106 — — Exchequer ib. Sheriff's R 00m ib. Manuscripts at Trinity College .. 17 Dublin Society 33 Royal Irish Academy . , . . 39 Seabright 73 Marsh's Library 41 Marine School 196 Marino 245 Marshalsea, City 114. Four Courts .............. ib. Meath-street Chapel 90 Meath Charitable Society ...... 124 • Dispensary , • 235 Mendicity Society 124 Merchant's Hall ., 108 Mercer's Hospital , 23S Merrion Square 141 IKDE X. Page Methodists. 100 Mineralogical collection (Dublin Society) 30, 36 Model of the Bank 24 of the Bridge at Schaff hausen 33 Molineux Asylum 133 Monuments, viz. — Provost Baldwin 32 Dr. Marsh 42 Archbishop Smyth ib. Earl of Cavan .......... ib. John Ball 44 Stella ib. Archbishop Tregury .... ib. Dean Swift ib. Dean Keating 45 Bishop Meredith ib. Lord Rosse ib. Earl of Cork 47 Viscou ntess Doneraile • • . . ib . Duke of Schomberg .... ib. Archbishop Jones 48 Sir S. Anchmuty 55 Thomas Prior .......... ib. Strongbow 56 Lord Bowes ib. Lord Lifford * 57 Bishop Ellis ib. Earl of Kildare 58 Bishop Fletcher 5y Agard, F ib. Dr. Woodward ........ ib. Dr. Lucas 63 Malone 65 Hamilton, Lieut. Gen. .. 66 Westby, Lieut ib. Eitzgibbon (Lord Clare) .. 67 Bishop Tennison ........ 70 Dr. Law « ib. Mrs. Chevenin ib. Dean Fletcher ib. Watson, W 71 Miss Phibbs .... 71 Mrs. Pleasants 73 Lady Galbraitb... ........ 75 Whitelaw Dr 78 Mylne 76 Ellis .., 79 Butler ib. Mrs. Meade 80 Colonel Ormsby ib. Dr. Betagh 91 MooTe's, Mr., Paintings at 241 Moravians 102 Morrison Messrs. (architects) . . £'0 Mosse, Dr 210 Mount-Merrion ................ 217 259 Tag Museum, University. , . . 20 Dublin Society 33 Musical fund Society , 123 kelson's Pillar 144 Newgate m ]STew Rooms 214 Nicholas St. Without 65 Nunneries Q5 Observatory , 21 Ogle, Rt. Hon. G., statue of .... 49 Oldham's, Mr., Apparatus for Printing Bank Notes 25 Orphan House. Female 133 Schools, Female Masonic . . 13* Ossified Man is Ouzel Galley Association ...... 123 Papworth (architect) .......... Park, College PFicsnix Paving Board Penitentiary, Dublin Richmond .............. Lock Dublin, Female Fhcsnix Park Column Physic, School of Physicians' College . .. ' Association of.... Pictures, at the Dublin Society . . Lists of ,., Pipe Water Committee Pleasants, Mr. ...... 3/, 73, 134, Asylum ...., Police. Pomeroy's, Mr., Paintings at .... Portraits at Trinity College ...... Mansion House P. oyal Hospital Post Office Penny Powers, Mr., Paintings at Prerogative Court . ^ Presbyterians Preston's Inn Printing House, University Bank Presses for Bank-notes .... Prisons ( Provost's House Paintings at ............. . Powerscourt House 41 18 247 170 117 118 119 120 24T 248 202 197 201 37 240 171 187 134 100 241 16 106 1QZ 164 165 24* 163 9T 161 10 25 26 111 19 24S 168 Quakers .,...,..,• * . , •• . t 102 260 INDEX. Page Rates of Carriages- 251 Refectory, Trinity College 15 Religious Societies 138 Richmond Penitentiary 1 L8 — — Bridge lot Institution 132 — — Lunatic Asylum 232 Rotunda Rooms £13 Royal Irish Academy 39 Chapter House 49 Arcade 149, 237 Hospital, Kilmainham .... 189 Hibernian Academy ...... £38 Military Academy. ....... £25 Savage (architect) 151 St. Dolough 246 St, Patrick's Hall 7 Savings' Bauk 185 School, St. Catherine's, Sunday . . 135 Tree, day ... . 136 Bell and Lancasterian .... ib. Seats £15 Seceders 100 Sessions House 115 Seymour's, Rev. Mr., Pictures .. 214 ShaWs Bank 250 Sheriff's Prison 113 ■Simpson's Hospital 131 Smith's Schools ^126 Smith, J., (architect) 76, 77 Smyth, (sculptor) 43, 71,72, 15Q, 171 Spa at Stove Tenter House 188 in Phcenix Park 240 Square, Merrion 141 Fitzwilliam 112 Rutland ................ ib. Mountjoy 143 Society, Dublin 28 -Farming , 38 Kinvanian 40 Ibemo-Celtic ib. Dublin Library 41 Stranger's Friend 123 — — For Relief of Industrious Poor ib. Debtor's Friend ib. Musical Fund 124 Meath Charitable ........ ib. Incorporated 125 For Education of the Poor 136 Sunday School 137 Religious Tract ...» 138 Bible, &c , 139 Stamp Office 167 Page Statuary Gallery (Dublin Society), 32 Statue, George 111. Bank ...... 2*- Marquis of Buckingham . . 48 George I. Mansion BE. .... 107 George II. Stephen's Green 40 William III. College, ditto. 144 George III. Exchange .... 181 Dr. Lucas, Exchange .... ib. Steevens Dr. 206 's Hospital ib. Stephen's Green 139 Stove Tenter House 187 Strand -street Meeting-House .... 98 Students at Trinity College 28 Surgeons' College 199 Surgery, study of 200 Swift, Mask's Portraits of ...... 104 's Monument 44 Hospital , . 230 Tailors'Hall ....^ 108 Templars 189 Tenter-house 187 Theatres 145 Theatre, Crow-street .......... 147 New ib. Fishamble-street 148 Tholsel 107 Tobacco Stores 177 Treasury 7 University 2,31 Livings 12 Examinations ib. Scholars 13 Usher's Quay Meeting-House .... 99 Vaccine Institution ......... ...235 Vau 2sost, (sculptor) .43, 181 Vaults, St. Michan's 62 Viceroy'? Lodge 248 Waldre (Painter) 7 Walker, John, 101 Walkerites ib. Ward's-hill Nunnery 95 Waterford-honse 154 Paintings at 240 Wax-models 19 Weavers' Hall 212 Wellington Testimonial ........ 145 Whitworth Tever Hospital 222 Wide- street Commissioners 171 Winter (Provost), 97 Widows* Houses 121 T. C. HA N SARD, Pater-noster-row Press. TOURS IN IRELAND, BY THE SAME AUTHOR. PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY. A GUIDE to the LAKES of KILLARNEY. With a Map of the Lakes, and Five Views from Designs by G. Petrie, Esq. royal 18 mo. 6s. From the elegant style in which the " Guide to the Lakes of Killarney," by the Rev. G. IS. Wright, is written, and the beauty and feeling of the descriptive part, we have enjoyed much pleasure in its perusal. While modestly professing to be a mere Guide to these romantic regions, it will be found a highly interesting Companion in the closet. Indeed the beautiful and extremely spirited designs by George Petrie, Esq. peculiarly adapt it for the latter situation. To the descrip- tive part of the work, the Author has very properly added Directions for Tourists, pointing out, according to the time they can devote to surveying these Lakes, the course to be pursued under any circumstances. So well are these plans arranged, that all the most striking points of view may be cursorily visited in one day only. It is a very common fault in works of this nature that, by digressing too far in antiquarian and historical researches, they are swelled beyond a portable size : this fault is here avoided ; and this small volume presents us at once with a well- informed and faithful guide, and an interesting pocket companion. — Monthly Mag. We have already had occasion to speak in terms of high commendation of the ** Picture of Dublin" by this Gentleman. It only remains for us to say, that his " Guide to the Lakes of Killarney" is deserving of equal praise, both for the judiciousness of its arrangement, the fulness of the information, and the exceeding beauty of Mr. Petrie's drawings, admirably engraved by Cooke. It is seldom that so many excellencies unite in so small a compass as this unassuming volume, and we should be glad to think that it may be the means of drawing some of our travellers and tourists to our unfortunate sister island, for which Mature has done so much to invite, and Man so little to detain. — New Monthly Ma g. A GUIDE to the COUNTY of WICKLOW. With an excellent Map of the County from a new Survey, and Five beau- tiful Views, from Designs by G. Petrie, Esq. royal 18mo. 7s. A GUIDE to the GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, and the North-East Coast of ANTRIM. Illustrated by Engravings after the Designs of G. Petrie, Esq. in royal 18mo. Price 6s. *»* A very limited number of Copies of these three Guides, namely, Killarney, Wicelow, and the Causeway, have been printed on large paper, with Proof Impressions of the Plates, uni- formly with the large paper edition of the Guide to Dublin. Price U. 10^. ■WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY. MEMOIR of the LIFE and CHARACTER of the RIGHT HON. EDMUND BURKE ; with Specimens of his Poetry and Letters, and an Estimate of his Genius and Talents, compared with those of his great Contemporaries. By James Prior, Esq. In one large Volume, Svo. price 16s. With Auto- graphs, and a Portrait. Mr. Prior's book contains many interesting particulars respecting Burke, not given by his other biographers ; it exhibits much just sentiment and good feeling ; and it displays sufficient evidence that much careful inquiry has been employed in its production. — The work is a sensible and valuable one. — Mlackivood's Mag. Jan. 1825. THE HISTORICAL LIFE of JOANNA, QUEEN of NAPLES and COUNTESS of PROVENCE, with correlative Details of the Literature and Manners of Italy and Provence in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. In 2 vols. Svo. with Portrait, Vignettes, &c. Price 1/. 5s. The Life of this remarkable Woman comprehends so much of the Literature and Manners of the 13th and 14th centuries, that, even divested of its own romantic character, it could not fail to make an interesting volume. The dispersion of the darkness which covered Europe for so many centuries ; the rising of such luminaries as Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacio ; the desperate struggle between barbarism and new-born civilization; and the peculiar incidents which throw a chivalrous and romantic charm over the career of Joanna of Naples, unite together to render this a very judicious revival, aud a book that may be read with both pleasure and advantage. — Univ. Review. The subject of these volumes is a happy one, and has never yet been treated in our Literature with the attention which it deserves. The period of the revival of Letters in Europe is one of the most interesting epochs which the historian or biographer can select, and it is singular that it should have beea reserved for writers of the present day to introduce the subject to the English reader. These writers (De Sade, &c.) have furnished the substratum of the present volumes, which are an agreeable melange of History, Biography, and Literature. — New Monthly Mag. MEMOIR of JOHN AIKIN, M.D. with a Selection of his Miscellaneous Pieces, Biographical, Moral, and Critical. By Lucy Aikix. In 2 vols. Svo., with a Portrait. Price 1 /. As, We cannot dismiss this work without congratulating Miss Aikin upon the judicious manner, and elegant style, in which she has arranged and written this agreeable Fasciculus. The account of her excellent Father is drawn up with a taste which comers high honour upon her literary character. — Gent's Mag. The life of such a person deserves to be studied ; and it is here narrated at considerable extent by his accomplished Daughter, whose distinguished success. in the historical career is an ample pledge for sedulous information, conscientious Works recently Published by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. fidelity, and neatness of compilation on the present occasion, so interesting to her feelings, and so adapted to her own knowledge.— Mon.Rev. ODES and ADDRESSES to GREAT PEOPLE. Second Edition. 12mo. price 5.?. 6d, These Addresses have in fact a fund of fun. They remind U3 of Peter Pindar, and sometimes of Colman:— they have almost as much humour, and they have rather more wit. — New Times, ■ OBSERVATIONS on some of the DIALECTS in the WEST of ENGLAND, particularly Somersetshire, with a Glos- sary of Words now in use there, and Poems and other Pieces, ex- emplifying the Dialect. By James Jennings, Hon. Sec. Metropo- litan Lit. Institution. Foolscap, Svo. price Is. DENMARK DELINEATED ; or, Sketches of the Present State of that Country: illustrated with Twenty-one Views and Portraits after Danish Artists. By A. Andersen Feldborg, of the University of Copenhagen. Royal Svo. Price 1/. 11*. 6d« boards. GOING TOO- FAR, a Tale for all Ages. 2 vols. 12ma. price 12^. The NOVICE ; or, Man of Integrity, from the French of Picard, Author of li the Gil Bias of the Revolution," &c. 3 vols, 12mo. 16*. 6d. M. Pieard's novels have been highly commended, as presenting a correct and animated picture of French manners and society at the present day. There is a considerable share of amusement in these pages ; human nature is sketched, as it ever will be when sketched en masse, bad enough, but it is done very entertainingly. Like the swallow, M. Picard skims the surface exceedingly well, and the Revolution has thrown up so much scum, that his writings seem made for the age, and the age for them. — Literary Gazette. We should have no reason to complain of our English publishers, if they never presented to ns worse novels than the translation now before us. We do not mean to say that L. B. Ficard is equal to the Great Unknown, for he wants two great requisites for the high mastery of his art— taste and feeling. But then he ha* judgment in an eminent degree; and the unusual merit of making his morai striking and interesting, without the ostentation of parade or sermonizing,— Mon. Mag. CHARLTON, or SCENES in the NORTH of IRE- LAND, by John Gamble, Author of " Irish Sketches", * Sars- field," &c. 3 vols. 18mo. Price 18s. boards. To develope Irish customs, feelings, and events, the author has cornmencecf with Charlton, a series of (intended) tales. Judging from his first effort, we are inclined to say " go on." Several of the scenes are laughable ; and, upon Ihe- whole, Charlton is an amusing performance. — Univ. Rev. TALES and MISCELLANEOUS PIECES, by Maria Edgeworth. Now first collected and printed in a uniform Edition* in 14 vols, elegantly printed in foolscap. Price 41. As, boards* Works recently Published by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. JDWAL, a Poem, in three Cantos, with Notes, small 8vo. Price 8s. Qd. This is a poem of no ordinary merit : it displays considerable powers of ima- gination ; and we rejoice to find that those powers are chastized and regulated by a severe and sound judgment. — These extracts, we conceive, will justify the laudatory tone of criticism in which we have spoken of this poem, though a few verbal blemishes occur in them. — Mon. Rev. POETIC VIGILS. By Bernard Barton, fe. 8vo. Price 8*. To those who delight in the happy delineation of the domestic affections, and all the warmer but calmer feelings of the heart, we recommend the verses of Mr» Barton. Were we compelled to define the peculiar characteristic of his poetry, we should term it the " poetry of the affections." It is the simple and pleasing effusions of a warm and poetical heart poured out in verse eminently suited to the expression of tender feelings; lucid, correct, and harmonious. — Mon. Rev. A MIDSUMMER DAY'S DREAM, by Edwin Ather- stoxe, Author of " The Last Days of Herculaiieum," &c. Fools- cap, with Plates engraved by G. Cooke, from Designs bv Martin* Price 8s. This is no ordinary poem. It is impossible to read it without being convinced that the author has drunk deep at the fountain of poetic inspiration. The Midsummer Day's Dream of Mr. Atherstone has so much of the character of waking and consistent thought united with so much of the vis vivida of the poet, that we are obliged to admit it as one of the most splendid dreams to which we have been for a long time called ; and, unless we greatly err, it will arrest the public attention in no common manner. — Metrop. Jour. It weuld be injustice to this little volume to refuse it the praise of much fine fancy and eloquent expression. — Univ. Rev. EXCURSION through the UNITED STATES and CA- NADA in 1822 and 1323. By an Englishman. With a Map, &c. Svo. Price 16s. This is a publication from which those who take as much interest in North America and its affairs as most Englishmen cannot but think they merit, will derive considerable satisfaction and entertainment. The extensile and liberal views taken by this work of the general condition of the country it examines and describes, — of its politics and legislation, its external and internal relations, its principles and habits, its soil and aspect, its fertility and productions, will be found to throw every requisite light on these important subjects, and to well repay the perusal. — Mon. Mag. MEMENTOS, HISTORICAL and CLASSICAL, of a Tour through part of France, Switzerland, and Italy, in the years 1821 and 1822. Including a Summary History of the Prin- cipal Cities, and of the most memorable Revolutions, &c. &c. 2 vols. Svo. Price 1/. 4s. The writer appears to be a man of education and observation, possessed of good principles, and actuated by good feelings; and his volumes may be read with pleasure and profit both by those who, having themselves visited the places which he describes, would not be displeased with a book that recalls their own reminiscences, and by those who, meditating a tour through the same countries, would be glad of a useful and not imamusing guide,- on their expedition, — Mon. Rev. 8£^*< S?WVi\ik? § SAtf^ *w\n;* I^a> a^a^aa/vs. -AAs.* : ^ArS./.AA' mmww* ' AAaaBa Al _r\f\0\C\r\r\r\'rs m**l m^. WJm&w M ^'I^;^<;'''- r\h,0aAA/ c c rin ^ ^ ^ ' C'^.:' ;*-' ~^^a^ '*A* a *8 > Aa AaA p ™ -' ' *> *, A " - " £ .^yyvto::* ftyfl^V, „. *,A: m^m^wm^ >MM*m«?^rt ^•'■.'■;' : '^ -.,A-- 8 „aC^ : ^aAs \^™^/A^..*y 'A»" -. ; °-%V»**%