^ *' ^ ♦ -• ^•?- ,fc o • * ' .G o • » • , G^ \iD •Is-',- ,v % -^-c ;•' .,0 GEORGE D. PHILLIPS Ex-Champion Figure and Speed Skater of America Photo by Alman & Co. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY HOW TO BECOME A SKATER CONTAINING FULL INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXCELLING AT Figure and Speed Skating // /I ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 15 Warren Street LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two Copies Received DEC 8 1904 Copyri^iii trttry CLASS <^ XXc. Noi /C/ 3 Ai/- COPY B. The publishers extend their thanks to George W. Kirner, of the Brooklyn Skating Club, for valuable suggestions. O^'SWr Copyright, 1904, by American Sports Publishing Compant New York Spalding's Athletic Library. SKATING AND SKATING CHAMPIONS The use of skates in some one form or another has been popular for almost a thousand years. They had their origin in Continental Europe and were later introduced into England. The old-time Norse, Swedes and Dutch were pioneers in the art of propelling one's self over ice on improvised runners, and they have left latter-day humanity a legacy that has increased to wondrous value. Like that of many other pastimes, the exact origin of skating it is impossible to ascertain, and consequently those who would speak of its early state must generalize to a considerable extent. In the "Edda" or "Elder Edda," a collec- tion of Icelandic literature gathered by Saemund the Wise, sup- posedly in 1056-1133, skating is mentioned. This is probably the earliest known source from which record of the facinating pas- time can be obtained. The god Uller is represented as being remarkable for his beauty, arrows and skates. Friedrich Klop- stock, the celebrated German poet and author, in speaking of skating two hundred years ago, said that man, "like the Homeric gods, strides with winged feet over the sea transmuted into solid ground." Goethe, Herder and other German poets have also sung its praises. Fitz Stephen, a writer in the twelfth century, is undoubtedly the most reliable authority on the remote past of skating. He states that the art was imported into England from the Low Countries. He also describes in detail features of the sport in its elementary state. The style of skate then in use was the brisket bone of an ox, which was fastened to the sole of the foot and around the ankle like the talares or winged sandals of Mercury. The skater, armed with an iron-shod stick, pushed himself forward by strik- ing it against the ice, and moved with as much celerity, says Photo by Frank A DIFFERENCE OF THIRTY YEARS-THE FIRST AND ALSO THE LATEST PRIZES WON BY GEO. D. PHILLIPS Spalding' s Athletic Library, 7 the author, as a bird flying through the air or an arrow from a cross-bow. In the museum of Cambridge may be seen the com- bined ulna and radius of a red deer, and bones evidently ground down by being used as skates are shown in the British Museum and also at Guildhall. The wooden skate, shod with iron or steel, made its appear- ance in the fourteenth century. In the vocabulary by Commenius, called "Orbis Sensualium Pictus," these skates are called "scrick- shoes," from the German, and in the print at the head of the section in that work, they are represented longer than those of the present day, and the irons are turned up much higher in front. There is historical evidence that iron blades were used as early as the sixteenth century, for it is recorded that in 1572 A. D., the Dutch fleet, being frozen in the Y at Amsterdam, Don Frederick, the son of Alva, sent a body of men to take the vessels, but the Dutch musketeers sallied forth on skates, and successfully routed the aggressors. Of course, skating in its undeveloped stage lacked organiza- tion. Races were practically unheard of and no records were kept. Holland is believed to have first promoted speed contests on an official basis, crude in the extreme though it was, and later England took up the practice. The first race in England that won a place in the sporting annals of that country occurred in 1823. The event was a five-mile race for a bowl, value $125, at Maze Lake, Hertfordshire, Six gentlemen competed, the winner turning up in an aspirant named Blenkinsop. In 1841 W. Needham, of March, offered to race any man in the world, but before the season waned, he received his quietus from Few, of Sutton. At this time we read of such men as Cross, of Ely ; Clark, of Yaxley, and Sharman, of Holme, but the most promi- nent among the lot being a skater named Register, who hailed from Southey. He claimed the championship by defeating an aspirant named Porter in a two-mile race. The time was 6m. 35s. ; exceptional interest being centred in the performance, as it is believed to be the first accurate record ever kept. The year 1854 is memorable as being the advent of William Smart, or, to use his popular pseudonym, ''Turkey," the first of a long line of Photo by Brettell Morris Wood Allen Taylor Hugh Palliser Gus. Stolz THE FAMOUS SKATING TEAM OF THE EUCLID SCHOOL. BROOKLYN Spalding'' s Athletic Library. ^ illustrious skaters. He defeated Register for the championship, securing as the prize a silver watch which is regarded in the family to the present day as a valuable heirloom. At Welmey, in February, 1855, "Turkey" defeated such men as Green, See, Wiles, Register and Watkinson for a prize of $50, but had to succumb to "Gutta Percha" See in 1861, at Wisbech; but "Tur- key" turned the tables on "Gutta Percha" by defeating him a month later. In 1878 George Smart, otherwise known as "Fish" Smart, com- menced a string of victories which made him famous at home and abroad. During '79, 'So and '81 he won no less than fifty- five races, never once suffering defeat, although meeting such cracks as Harrison, Carter, Hawes and G. See. But the most memorable race ever held was brought off at Mepal, on Decem- ber 18, 1878. Among the competitors were William ("Turkey") Smart and G. ("Gutta Percha") See, with two other young skaters, who subsequently became prominent, George ("Fish") Smart, "Turkey's" nephew, and George See, "Gutta Percha's" son. In the first heat the veterans, "Turkey" and "'Gutta Per- cha," succeeded in defeating their opponents, but by a singular stroke of luck, were pitted against each other in the second round. "Gutta Percha" won this event by a close shave. This was followed by another sensational contest, for in the third round "Gutta Percha" had to run against his own son. A scene of indescribable excitement prevailed when, in spite of "Gutta Percha's" greatest efforts, his son brought him home the oft- repeated adage, "Youth will be served." In the meantime George Smart, "Turkey's" nephew, had vanquished all his opponents, which made him entitled to meet young See in the final. He won easily, and thereby commenced the rank w^hich he was to hold among skaters for more than a decade afterward. In the month of January, 1880, the National Skating Associa- tion held their first meeting at Hendon, on the "Welsh Harp" Water, and since then we have been periodically treated to crops of records under every conceivable condition. The best times of this season were done at the championships. The ice was in solendid condition. Dewsbury covered the one and a half miles Photo by Hemment IRVING BROKAW, THE NOTED NEW YORK FIGURE SKATER. EXECUTING A TOE MOVEMENT Spalding's Athletic Library, II in 4ni. 53 1-53. ; Bones in 4m. 53 2-53. George Smart's best time was 5m. 1-53. For a wiiile it became a vexed question as to how- fast George Smart could skate, consequently Mr. Neville Good- man offered a $125 prize to any skater who could, without wind, cover a mile in 2m, 503., and although several tried it, none could accomplish the task. He also offered $25 to George Smart if he could beat 2m. 40s. Smart tried, and only got home in 3m. In this year an international match was the result of an agitation between the National Skating Association and the Dutch Skat- ing Association, but a persistent thaw setting in, the affair had to be abandoned, and indeed it may be said that there was prac- tically no' more skating until the winters of 1886 and 1887. The first American to rise to national prominence as a skater was Charles June, a resident of that great nursery for success- ful skaters, Newburg, New York. It was in the late '30s that June's star was in the ascendant. After June's time came Tim Donoghue, George D. Phillips, Sam Montgomery, John Ennis, F. W. Craft, Joe Donoghue, John S. Johnson and others. In 1878 John Ennis covered 100 miles in iih. 37m. 4s., and 145 miles in less than iph. at Chicago. In 1879 the amateur cham- pionship of America was inaugurated and gave a ten and twenty- mile race, which was won by G. D. Phillips. George D. Phillips was the only man in the history of skating who held at the same time the national championship in both speed and figure skating. About this time the public were almost driven crazy by the claims of skaters to some marvelous records, viz., one mile with one turn in im. 58s., and 30 miles in i hour. In order to expose these absurd legends, the late W. B. ("Father Bill") Curtis, through the Spirit of the Times, challenged any one to equal these times, and in 1881 $250 were offered to any one who could skate one mile on a six-lap track in less than 2m. 50^s., but the money was never claimed. In 1882 Samuel J. Montgomery skated fifty miles in 4h. 13m. 36s., at New York, establishing new rec- ords from twenty-five to fifty miles. In Canada speed races were held at the principal towns — Montreal, Halifax, Charlottetown, etc., and 1883 saw the best --^^m^i Photo by Hemment IRVING BROKAW EXECUTING THE BACKWARD ROCKING TURN Spalding' s Athletic Library. 13 skaters in I. H. Stewart, E. A. Scott and F. Dowd. Races were held on small, cornered rinks, about fourteen laps to the mile, and when Alex Paulsen, of Norway, visited America, he could not get around the turns and was easily defeated. Paulsen again crossed the Atlantic in '84, and this time carried everything be- fore him. First at New York, in a twenty-five-mile race he covered the distance in ih. 33ni. 28s. ; next, at Milwaukee, he defeated Dowd, and, returning, won the great international ten- mile match, at Washington, D. C. Among the competitors were R. A. Elliott and C. H. McCormack, of Canada ; Hemment, from London, Franklin, from Norway, and G. D. Phillips, C. Pfaff, S. O'Brien and S. J. Montgomery, of the United States. Paul- sen won in 36m. 7 2-5S. ; Elliott and Phillips being second and third respectively. This year the United States Skating Asso- ciation was formed, and elected W. B. Curtis as its first presi- dent. During 1883 and '84 G. Phillips created a furor by sprint- ing one hundred yards in 10 3-5S., 220 yards in 22 3-5S., and a quarter mile in 44 1-5S., from a running start and without v.and. In 1886 and '87 the National Skating Assooiation held their amateur championship races. G. D. Phillips captured the two hundred and twenty yards straightaway, 202-55.; twenty-five miles, F. W. Craft, ih. 39m. 22s. ; i-mile, Tim Donoghue, Jr., 3m. 14 1-5S. At this time it became a vexed question in what time a mile straightaway, with a flying start, could be covered, A favorable opportunity occurring on January 31, a straight mile was measured on the Hudson River. Several tried it, but the best time was by T. Donoghue, Jr., who, aided by a strong gale, covered the mile in 2m. 12 3-5S. The Donoghue family won fame that will last as long as skating thrives. The late Tim Donoghue, father of Joe Dono- ghue, lived in Newburg almost all his life and from youth was an enthusiastic skater. For several years before the origin of the National Skating Association, he was American champion and during his career won enough prizes to decorate the wall of a room. Before the Civil War he was known as the "Newburg Cyclone," and it was claimed for him that he skated a mile be- fore the wind in im. 50s. The record was never accepted by IRVING BUOKAW EXECUTING FIGURE EIGHT ON ONE FOOT. BACKWARD Photo by Hemment Spalding'' s Athletic Library. 15 the authorities, however, although he was given credit for being phenomenally rapid in his flight over a congealed surface. Years after "Tim, Jr." won the championship at skating, but he was forced to retire before his youthful brother, Joe, or, more properly, he was left behind. Tim Donoghue, Sr., was an oar-maker, and he also boasted of manufacturing all the skates used by himself and his sons. Joe and Tim, Jr., were warm rivals until the former finally demonstrated his superior ability. When Joe went abroad there was talk of sending Tim, too, so that in case of an accident happening to the former, Tim would be on hand to compete in his place. Joe Donoghue was born at Newburg, February 11, 1871. He first became known to fame as a roller skater, having, when but thirteen years old, won the roller championship of his native town in a competition at the Olympic Rink, on Lander Street. During the seasons of 1884 and 1885 he won numerous races there, defeating, among others, the noted skater William Boyst, of Port Jervis, N. Y., twice at three miles ; Ed Chapman, of Mid- dletown, N. Y. ; Mclntyre, of Kingston, N. Y., and Wright, of Walden, N. Y., the distance in all of these events being three miles, and most of them being won with ease by the speedy and graceful stripling. The proprietors of the rink presented "Joe" with a valuable watch and chain for defeating all comers. He last appeared in a race on rollers in the summer of 1885, when he beat Ed Chapman. He also early became an expert in ice skating, a love for which sport he inherited. His first appear- ance in a contest away from home was at Washington Park, Brooklyn, in February, 1884, when he took part in a race open to boys under sixteen years, winning second prize. He next appeared at Albany, January 19, 1887, when he finished first in a one-mile race, defeating a field of fifteen. On the same day he supplemented this victory by defeating eight good skaters in a five-mile race, the second man finishing half a mile behind. He was among the competitors at the initial annual champion- ship of the National Skating Association, near New York, in the winter of 1886-87. He won the half-mile race, and was de- Spalding' s Athletic Library. VJ feated by his elder brother Tim and Craft of St. John, N. B., in a one-mile event, taking third prize. On January 12, 1887, Donoghue met and defeated a well known skater named Scullion in a race of one mile, in 3m. 27s., the track measuring a fifth of a mile round, and Joe winning by seventy-five yards. He was again a participant at the second championship meeting of the National Association In January, 1888, winning a five-mile race on January 21, over a field of ten ; finishing second to his brother in a mile race on the 24th, and winning at ten miles on the 28th, four others starting. His time in the first race was 19m. 17 1-5S., and in the other 44m. 41 2-5S. His next appearance in a race took place at Albany, N. Y., February 2, 1888, when he won the State championship at five miles, leading from the start and covering the distance easily in i8m. 9s. William Beaver was second. He subsequently challenged the winner of the Canadian amateur championship to skate a match for a gold medal or other prize, for which the loser was to pay, the distance to be either one, five or ten miles, at the option of the acceptor, and the match to be decided at some half way spot, but no answer was received to the defi. Gaining as he was each year in physical strength, staying power and skill, Joe was soon without a rival in the ama- teur ranks. During the season of 1888-89 Joe Donoghue went to Europe for the first time, meeting and defeating the pick of the Rus- sians, Dutch and English experts. He went to the champion- ship meet at Amsterdam expecting to have a long period for training before the tournament in which he was to take part. Unfortunately it was an open season and Joe had only four days of good ice in which to prepare himself. His chief opponent, Alexander von Panschin, of St. Petersburg, had, on the other hand, been in steady training for three months and arrived at Amsterdam in perfect condition. In the first race of half a mile Donoghue struck a post and fell ; he also was beaten by the Rus- sian in the mile event. This was surely discouraging enough as a commencement, but those who were present say that Joe was as "cool as a cucumber," and did not seem in the least degree ALLEN TAYLC^R OF EUCLID SCHOOL Spalding's Athletic Library. 19 "rattled." When they were called for the two-mile race he turned to a friend and said, smiling: "If I don't win this time the old man will be sending for me to come home." Then the word was given and the dozen skaters were off amid roars of applause. Twelve thousand people waived their hands and shouted as they passed the half-way mark side by side, Joe swinging along with even, steady stroke, his legs mov- ing with the precision of piston rods, and the Russian beside him, with arms swinging and face drawn as if he were unable to realize that the youngster at his side was actually gaining on him. Von Panschin appeared to be straining every nerve and muscle, while Joe, with his arms folded behind his back, might have been out for a pleasure stroll for any effort he seemed to make. Down the home-stretch they came, and Joe drew away from his famous rival inch by inch until there was a distance of two yards between them. Joe never lost his head, and won by seven seconds, making the fastest time on record, 6m. 24s. Later in the same season Donoghue was beaten at Vienna by the Russian in a mile race, coming in one-fifth of a second be- hind, and at once challenged Von Panschin to race him two miles. The latter refused, whereupon Joe, in the presence of a great crowd and boundless enthusiasm, skated two miles against the Russian's best time, which was 6m. 41s., and beat it in 6m. 28 3-5S., receiving a grand ovation and a valuable diamond ring from the Vienna Skating Club. On January 15 and 16 a tournament was held at Hamburg, where Donoghue easily defeated all the Germans, after which he left for America. He competed in the National Skating Asso- ciation meeting February 22, winning the five miles, while his brother won the one-eighth mile. In the season of 1889 and '90 the United States National Skating Association, after three postponements, held their meet- ing January 29. J. F. Donoghue definitely showed his super- iority over any distance man by winning the mile in 3m. 28^s., and five miles in 17m. 50 i-.ss.; undoubtedly the second best man in the United States being James Donoghue, the younger brother. Spalding's Athletic Library. 21 The Manhattan A. C. sent Donoghiie to Norway to train for he Dutch championship of 1890 and '91. The races were held at Heerenveen, and resulted in two victories for Donoghue, viz., one mile, 3m. 9 4-5S. ; three miles, 9m. 17s. The next event after the Dutch races was the international race, held at Cam- bridge, England. The distance was one and a half miles, which Donoghue won in 4m. 46s., thus beating all records. Loveday, the British champion, finished second, in 5m. 8s. Rowe was third and Tebbutt fourth. What added to the youngster's tri- umph on this occasion was the fact that on the very day before James ("Fish") Smart, the English professional, had skated the same distance over the same course in a race, in which he did his best, and had taken 6 1-5S. longer to do it. Thus, although Donoghue as an amateur could not try conclusions with James Smart, yet it was possible from this test to make a comparison between them in favor of the American. Returning to Holland, Donoghue won all four events at the international races held at Amsterdam on January 6 and 7 — half-mile, im. 25 2-5S. ; two miles, 6m. 10 4-53. ; five miles, 16m. IS., performances which justly earned for him the title of "Champion of the World." Returning to America Donoghue took part in the Newburg races February 7, 1891, and broke the five-mile record in 15m. 36 2-5S. over a quadrangular course with two laps to the mile. Some of the best amateurs struggled again Joe in this race, among them being his brother, Jim Donoghue, Simpson, Mosher, Munzesheimer, Gross and George Risk. That same day Joe won the ten-mile race in 35m. 54 3-5S., with Simpson four seconds behind him. He also won the quarter-mile race in 2>7 4-5s., with Mosher pushing him hard. At the Newburg races of the National Skating Association, held on Muchattoes Lake, March 3, 1892, Joe Donoghue won easily all four events against all competitors, thereby strengthen- ing his claim to the championship of the world. Joe Donoghue, however, like many a world-beater, finally met his Waterloo. John S. Johnson, racing under the colors of the Normannia Skating Club, of Minneapolis, defeated him at Red Spalding s Athletic Library. 23 Bank, N. J., February 16, 1893, in the National Skating Asso- ciation's championship contests. Olaf Rudd, of the same Min- neapolis club, also defeated Donoghue that day. Donoghue evi- dently was not in his best shape. Not since the days of the Donoghues has the world seen so brilliant a skater as John Nilsson, the professional world's champion speeding expert, who holds all records from a half- mile to five miles. The amateur champion of America (1904) is Morris Wood, of Long Branch, N. J. Nilsson makes his home in Minneapolis. In addition to his sensational skating ability he is a powerful oarsman, a canoe expert, a speedy sprinter, a gymnast, a tumbler, a boxer and a wrestler. He has built three motor-cycles, three automobiles, and is developing an airship which he believes will make Santos- Dumont look to his laurels. Nilsson believes that every skater should be temperate in his habits, and should indulge in a variety of exercises, so as to give himself good all-around muscular development. He never smoked a cigar or cigarette; neither has he ever indulged in intoxicating liquors. Therefore it is easy to understand how he has been able to uphold his supremacy for almost a decade. As a trick skater, Nilsson probably never has had an equal, certainly no superior. Every imaginable ''stunt" of the fancy skater is at his command and he has originated a large number of startling feats. For example, he will approach a chair at full speed on one foot and leap completely over its back, landing on the same foot without losing his balance. Then again he will place three or four barrels side by side and jump over them, turning around in mid-air and landing with his face toward the barrels. A novel sight it is to see him run backward on the points of his skates. He goes roimd and round a circle with his feet in the spread-eagle position, increasing his speed with- out raising either blade from the ice, etc., etc., etc. Nilsson may well be described as "a jolly good fellow." His genial disposition has made him a prime favorite wherever he is known. He is a "natural born" humorist, and witty indeed is the man that can turn the laugh against the champion. ¥ m^ 1 #\ 0- HUGH PALLISER OF EUCLID SCHOOL Spalding' s Athletic Library. 25 Morris Wood, the amateur champion of America, learned to skate on the broad Shrewsbury River, which flows near his home. Long Branch. He began to skate ahnost as soon as he was able to stand and when only fifteen years old had won an enviable reputation among his associates as a speedy performer on the glistening blades. Wood is a sunburned lad of medium height. His keen spark- ling eyes, and clean-cut features stamp him as the possessor of unlimited grit and endurance. He is never beaten until the race is over. He has a burst of speed that is nothing short of phenomenal, and he always saves himself for the finish, when he approaches the line with demon swiftness. At Verona Lake, N. J., near Montclair, where in January, 1904, Wood won in one afternoon the half, mile and five-mile championships of the National Amateur Skating Association, his performances were described in part by a leading New York newspaper as follows : "Morris Wood, of Euclid School, Brooklyn, the national ama- teur speed skating champion at a half-mile and one-mile, added the five-mile distance to his credit. Through the result of the races, he becomes the national champion at the half-mile, one mile and five mile distances. He won because he not only out- skated but out-maneuvered his fields and won cleverly in each event and with lots of speed to spare. "At the crack of Starter Sam See's pistol, at the start of the five-mile race, the twelve men got away well bunched, with Bellefeuille, of Winnipeg, Canada, and Wood in the lead. They were inclined to sprint it a bit for the betterment of their posi- tion, but soon worked themselves out, with Christopherson, of the Fleitner A. C, of Chicago, in the lead and Bellefeuille and Wood on his heels. When they crossed for the first mile the position was the same. The time for the first mile was 3m. i6s. "The positions of the leaders were unchanged at the second mile. "On the second lap of the third mile Wood, to demonstrate his sprinting qualities, jumped to the front as though the rest of the skaters were anchored. He was five yards in front and Spalding's Athletic Library, 27 skating easily. Bellefeuille was right behind him, with Merritt, of the Verona Lake Skating Club, coming up to third place. Again in the fourth mile the order of the leaders was reversed, Bellefeuille going to the front and setting the pace for a few laps. Wood was on his heels, with Christopherson close up. They held this order to the end of the fourth mile. "Bellefeuille kept his lead, with Wood and Merritt close be- hind until the last half of the last lap. The champion as he came down the far stretch shot away from the leaders as though they were tied. "As they rounded the turn for the home-stretch Wood was in the lead by fifteen yards. Bellefeuille followed, with Merritt five yards behind, and in this order they crossed the tape. The time for the five miles was i6m. 59s. "Just as cleverly as he won the five-mile event, the champion gathered in the honors for the half and the mile races. In the half-mile he took the lead after the second lap had been skated, and was never headed. W. H. Merritt followed him across the line in second position five yards in his wake. Bellefeuille was a stride behind Merritt. The time for the half was im. 24 4-53., 4 4-5 seconds behind the record for the distance. "In the mile race only three yards separated Wood at the finish from the second man, Merritt. The time for the mile was 3m. 38." ARTHUR Y. SARONY OF NEW YORK A. C. Spaldi7ig' s Athletic Library. ^ HINTS FOR BEGINNERS IN SPEED SKATING BY G, BELLEFEUILLE. THE WELL-KNOWN CANADIAN EXPERT. He who would become an able speed skater must determine to practice faithfully, and to keep himself in good physical condition. Early defeats should not discourage the beginner. Perse- verance is the greatest aid to success and men have forged to the fore after spending years among the lesser lights. It is highly important that every novice should learn correct form. A style suited to individual peculiarities or characteristics, is as a general rule, productive of the best results, in opposition to a style of skating copied bodily from someone else. At the same time, much benefit can be had through imitating the leading skaters' methods to some extent. The beginner ought first to make sure that he is not contract- ing a faulty pose and an incorrect stroke. He had best watch the maneuvers, of the well-known performers and ask their advice on matters not entirely clear to him. A jerky irregular stroke is to be avoided. The long, strong glide with balance well held proves more advantageous. The man that falls into the habit of cutting short his strokes, except when circumstances warrant such procedure, tires unnecessarily the muscles of his legs, affects the wind and loses the perfect self-control that is at all times a valuable help. Besides, vvhen strokes are short and jerky the racer fails to derive the full benefit from the power expended. Be content with gradual progress and skate as much as pos- sible in the open air. Rink, or indoor skating, is naturally of much value as it is available when the lakes, ponds or rivers are not frozen or cleared of heavy falls of snow. Do not patronize rinks, however, when outdoor ice is at hand. Skating in the open has an exhilaration and adds an incentive to speedy work, that is lacking under cover. HELPING A BEGINNER Arms crossed and hands clasped Spalding' s Athletic Library. 31 Form the racing habit as soon as your progress in the art of skating warrants. Experience is a splendid teacher and compe- tition accustoms you to handHng yourself under exciting con- ditions. You should learn something in every race in which you participate. Always make certain that your skates are strong, well fas- tened, and in good racmg condition. I have known men to travel scores of miles to compete in some important event, only to be placed out of the race through some fault in their equip- ment. Sometimes a weak strap breaks, or a flaw in a skate causes the blade to snap. The proverbial "stitch in time" saves a hundred or more in a race. Do not fail to renew shoe laces frequently. Never use racing tights that are too small or too tight, as they will retard circulation. Avoid any other articles of clothing that are not loose enough to give the body absolute freedom of movement. Every beginner should practice at least an hour and a half a day. Find out your weak points and overcome them. Correct your shortcomings in this way in preference to spending a large portion of your time in developing the branches of the sport that comes easy to you. STOPPING BY TWISTING BODY TO LEFT AND SLIDING GN EDGES OF SKATES Spalding's Athletic Library. Don't set up too swift a pace at the opening of a long race. Don't swing too wide on turns. Don't fail to count laps in distance competitions and to govern your speed accordingly. Don't crowd your opponents. A skate may strike one of yours and give you a fall. Don't get into a "pocket." When hedged in, however, work your way clear as quickly as possible, especially if you are near- ing the finish of a race. Don't waste time and strength in elbowing your rivals. Keep your attention on the race. Don't hesitate to call the referee's attention to foul tactics. Don't skate too near the edge of a track which has been cleared through a snow-covered stretch of ice. A thrust wider than usual may reach into the banked snow and throw you out of your stroke, or at least, affect your speed to some extent. Don't fail to breathe deeply and regularly. Don't hold your head up. The lower your body, the less resistance it offers to the air. Don't lose an inch of space at the start. Keep well poised and on the alert for the pistol shot. Don't pay any attention whatever to the shouts of the spec- tators. They may merely be trying to disconcert you. Skate your own race at all times. Don't turn your head when in a quick spurt in a "bunched" field. At this time you must devote every attention to your own position, etc., in order to keep to your feet. Don't neglect to watch carefully the ice in front. A small crack or the tiniest twig will suffice to trip the unwary skater. JOHNNY NILSSON, PROFESSIONAL CHAMPION Spalding' s Athletic Library. 35 Don't fail to judge keenly the movements and probable in- tentions of your antagonists. Meet speed with speed, cunning with cunning, fairness with fairness. Don't give up a race simply because you slip or fall and lose possibly a hundred feet or so. Remember that the race is never over until the tape is crossed, and that many a stout heart has plucked victory from a seemingly forlorn hope. Don't stand idly about after a race. Perspiration that dries in the cold will stiffen you, and may result in pleurisy, pneumonia or rheumatism. Don't talk or shout unnecessarily during a race. You waste needed breath and unconsciously raise your head and shoulders, meeting the wind squarely. Don't skate yourself "all in" at the beginning of a race. Re- serve wind and strength for a final spurt. Don't burden yourself with extra flesh. Train down without sapping strength. Don't wear garters or suspenders in contests. They hinder movements of muscles and retard circulation. Full length tights are always preferable. Don't forget, if your ankles are weak, to brace them with strong supporters, in addition to mere straps. A strap exerts pressure on some one or two spots in particular. An ankle sup- port spreads the strain over a comparatively large surface. Also it gives a feeling of comfort to the foot. "Don't "warm up" too extensively before a race. You are apt to tire yourself unduly. Moderation in all things except speed after the pistol sounds, should be your motto. Don't talk extensively with friends during rests between races. Save your wind and quiet your nerves. Lie down on a couch in a warm part of the clubhouse. Close your eyes and relax your muscles while your trainer massages. Don't keep on your skating costume between races. Take it off and be massaged while the tights are being dried. Don't smoke or chew tobacco, or drink intoxicants. "I never smoked a cigar or a cigarette, or drank a drop of whiskey in my life," says Champion Johnny Nilsson. JOHNNY NILSSON'S RACING STROKE Spalding^^ s Athletic Library. 2*7 Don't fail to get a good night's rest before a race, and, of course, you would not overload your stomach. Don't take much stock in stories that your opponents are in poor shape, that the doctor says they should be home in bed, that they have trained only a day or two for a race. They may be just the ones to catch you napping at the finish and give you a merry "ha, ha" as you follow them across the line. Don't be over-confident. Especially at the finish, even when you consider yourself to have a commanding lead, maintain your highest speed. Many a race has been won and lost in the last fifty yards. Sometimes a skater straightens himself, slackens pace, and casts backward a triumphant smile, only to have a strong finisher go by him on the jump, and corral first honors. W. H. MERRITT OF VERONA LAKE SKATING CLUB Spalding' s Athletic Library HOW TO TRAIN FOR RACING BY MORRIS WOOD^ OF LONG BRANCH CITY, N. J., NATIONAL AMATEUR CHAMPION SPEED SKATER. When a candidate for speed skating honors decides that he will increase his collection of medals and add to the records he has captured, then must he apply time and attention diligently toward the obtaining of his object, or objects, as the case may be. For, as all skaters well know, the winning of an important race is no easy task. Against you are men of varying ages that have probably spent years in competition. In championship matches, this is the inevitable situation. They are not to be "bluffed" or "jollied." They have strength and endurance. Their lungs are deep and broad, their hearts sound, and their nerves tingling for the fray. These qualities, you and I also must number among our possessions if we would shine in stellar skating cir- cles. How are we to obtain them? How are we to retain them when once these physical attributes become ours? These, and other questions confront us and I will draw from my varied ex- periences in an endeavor to satisfactorily reply to them. Proper training is the secret of speed skating, after, of course, the principles of icecraft have been mastered. Naturally, all the training that could be crowded into a month of arctic days, where at times the sun doesn't rise for months, would not serve to make a skater of a man that can't lift one blade from the ice without falling. To derive the greatest benefits from training you should be systematic. Have a stated time for performing each phase of your work, and stick to this programme day by day, increasing its severity, perhaps, as the date of a competition draws near. When the winter opens, begin by building up to, or working down to, your best racing weight and spend all the time possi- ble in the open air. Force the stiffness from your muscles and Spaldiftg' s Athletic Library. 4t joints by comparatively long spins, at a moderate rate of speed. At Long Branch, where I was born and brought up, I go out on the Shrewsbury River, famed for iceboating and skating, ahke, as soon as the first thick coating forms and proceed to work gradually into form, just as a horseman puts a trotter through preliminary "work outs," in preparing for the grand circuit. When a few days have passed and the delicate muscles and other tissues have become accustomed to the exercise, I skate more speedily. I go out both in the morning and in the after- noon, for say an hour each time. During the first half hour I skate somewhat leisurely and for the remainder of the period, devote myself to "scorching" down the river at high speed. A spurt back to my original starting point finishes the programme. My rubber now takes me in charge. A brisk rubdown leaves me feeling refreshed in spite of my exertions. So far as food is concerned, I do not follow any particular scheme of diet. I don't go to excess in eating pastry, candies or extremely starchy foods. I find the best all-around plan is to trust to good judgment and to eat simple things that do not keep me awake at night or give me the dreaded "collywobbles" of childhood days. Every skater with speeding ambitions should sleep not less than eight hours every night. He should take particular care not to waste his strength. Cigarette smoking is certain to prove a hindrance as it injures the lungs. Deep breathing is essential to speed and lasting powers, therefore, anything that harms the lungs immediately decreases swiftness. Walking and running are admirable exercises for the skater. Many of the same muscles are brought into play by these move- ments. I would also suggest running backwards to men who want to put their spare moments to good advantage. The speed skater's training should be such as gives supple, elastic muscles, rather than that which hardens and knots the tissues. The latter sort are not adapted to swiftness. They are not easily flexed and continued exercise like that involved in a skating race tires them rapidly. The elastic muscle, however, flexes readily and promotes endurance. Athletes quick of IMPROPER POSITION IN THE Hr'llr^AD KAGLK-THJ^ Ht.AU iH TURNED DOWNWARD Spalding-^s Athletic Library. 43 movement are never adorned with heavy, iron-Hke, muscles. The muscle-bound man moves like an ox in comparison. Add variety to your training operations in a manner that will not detract from their value as a system. For instance, after a burst of speed straightaway, cut a circle, a wide one or a narrow one, as you choose, first with left foot over, then with the right foot oyer. Cutting a circle by carrying the left foot to the right of the right foot, is found to be more difficult than the opposite movement. Again you may cut circles backward, either to the left or to the right. While these maneuvers, like many others that might be mentioned, have no direct usage in racing, yet they aid in developing the skating muscles and in teaching a m.an to feel at home under all circumstances. Nine out of ten skaters hold their hands in back of them- selves while racing, resting one in the other, or clasping the wrist, and resting the hands on the back, over the hips. If you follow this plan, and it is recognized by the leading experts to be the most advisable, make use of it while training. At tmies you may swing your arms at the sides or diagonally downward across the breast, for the sake of variety. Hold to the pre- scribed style in racing, however. Some foreign racers, there are, that have a peculiar fashion of straightening their arms, one pointing forward, in a line with the head and shoulders, the other backward in a straight line. Spalding^ s Athletic Library. FIGURE SKATING AND BEGINNERS Dancing has been termed "the poetry of motion," but the phrase is much more apphcable to skating, especially figure skating. The figure skater possessing that indefinable something called "good form" is as graceful a sight as can be found in days of travel, and the surpassing ease with which he manipu- lates his feet would seem to lure one to imitate him. Many people consider all skaters as one class of athletes. They know too little of the vast difference between the methods of the speed expert and those of the figure star and work on the theory that the racing man must also be an able executor of fancy strokes, simply because he is proficient in track contests and vice versa. Nothing could be more fallacious. You might as well believe a billiard champion to be a formidable pool player, through the fact that he understands the use of a cue. Figure and speed skating are separate arts, just as billiards is in nowise similar to pool. The figure skater is more of what might be termed an artist than is the speed performer. He is credited in competitions for the carriage and balance of his body, the facility with which he cuts figures, the accuracy of his strokes, etc., etc. His racing brother, on the contrary, wins by crossing the finish line first, irrespective of the technical perfection of his stroke, or the de- gree of development toward the mastery of what constitutes good form. Of course, the carefully trained, scientific racer economizes in strength and wind by following approved, and hence, improved methods, but his glory and gold medals are the rewards of strength, speed and endurance, nevertheless. The beginner in figure skating finds the approach to this fas- cinating pastime, hedged by difficulties. Unless he is deter- mined to succeed he will never rise above mediocrity, which condition every right-minded person should abhor in any branch MORRIS WOOD, AMATEUR CHAMPION SPEED SKATER OF AMERICA, ON HIS SPALDING TUBULAR RACING SKATES. READY TO START AGAINST A WORLD'S RECORD Records: 75 yards straightaway, 8 l-5s.; 100 yards straightaway. 9 3-5s.; 220 yards, 19s. Spalding^ s Athletic Library. 47 of endeavor. First, the beginner must learn what to do, next how to do it, and then, how to do it perfectly. Lastl}^, he must practice faithfully, so that his muscles will receive necessary training, that his balance and poise will be improved, and his knowledge of figures made comprehensive. One figure leads to an- other, just as arithmetic paves the way for algebra and geometry in school. Simple strokes graduate into the combinations, and these in turn, merge into the complex. Only he that has a trustworthy knowledge of the skating alphabet, will force himself into the higher circles of competition and accomplishment. Therefore, take time by the forelock and build your reputation on a firm foundation. "Imitate the leaders" is the rule laid down for beginners in many lines of athletics, and, to some extent, it is a good one for ambitious figure skaters. Single out some expert and watch him so closely that he may suspect you of being a detective on his track. But do not sacrifice your own individuality in your style. Books will also prove of valuable aid, and do not neg- lect the advice of your superiors whenever they are so kind as to relieve their minds of gems of skating wisdom. The studying of diagrams and of photos of skaters in action is also certain to be of aid. Diagrams show accurately the movements of the blades on the ice. They are a source of information and interest even to the greatest of figure experts. In the previous edition of this book the author spoke with special reference to beginners as follows : "The practice of skating requires that those who wish to be proficient, should begin at an early period of life and endeavor to throw off the fear which always attends the commencement of an apparently hazardous amusement. The beginner, how- ever, though fearless, must not be violent. He will probably on his first essay, scramble about for a little while, during which he must not let his feet get apart, and even more care- fully keep his heels together. He must also keep the ankle of the foot on the ice quite firm ; neither should he attempt to gain the edge of the skate by bending, as is commonly done. The only right mode to either edge, is by the inclination of the whole body in the direction required. The leg which is on the ice should be kept perfectly straight ; that which is off the ice CHAMPION MORRIS WOOD'S RACING STROKE (FRONT VIEW) Spalding' s Athletic Library. 49 should be also kept straight, though not stiff, the toe pointing downwards and the heel about twelve inches from the other. Look at neither ice nor feet to see how they perform; keep the body and face rather elevated. When once off, bring both feet up together, and strike again when steady ; but do not in these early practicings, allow both feet to be on the ice together. As the legs are raised, so must be the arms, but contrariwise, so that the arm and leg of the same side be not raised together. Prac- titioners will soon acquire a facility of moving on the inside, and when they have done this, they must endeavor to acquire the movement on the outside of the skates; which is nothing more than throwing themselves upon the outer edge of the skate and making the balance of their body tend toward that side. At the commencement of the outside stroke, the knee of the employed limb should be a little bent, and gradually brought to a rectilinear position when the stroke is completed. Care should be taken to use very little muscular exertion, for the impelling motion should proceed from the mechanical impulse of the body thrown in such a position as to regulate the impulse. At taking the out- side stroke the body ought to be thrown forward easily, the un- employed limb kept in a direct line with the body, and the face and eyes looking directly forward ; the unemployed foot ought to be stretched toward the ice, with the toes in a direct line with the leg. In the time of making the curve, the body must be gradually and almost imperceptibly raised, and the unem- ployed limb brought in the same manner forward, so that at finishing the curve, the body will be bent a small degree back- ward, and the unemployed foot will be about two inches before the other, ready to embrace the ice and form a corresponding curve. The muscular movement of the body must correspond with the movement of the skate, and should be regulated so as to be imperceptible to the spectators. Particular attention should be paid in carrying round the eyes and head with a regular motion, for nothing so diminishes the grace and elegance of skat- ing as sudden jerks and exertions, which are too frequently used by the generality of skaters. The management of the arms also deserves attention. CHAMPION MORRIS WOOD'S RACING STROKE (SIDE VIEW) Spalding' s Athletic Library. The false ideas held by the uninitiated in regard to skating are numerous enough to All several volumes and not the least among them is the supposition that on the manipulation of the feet entirely depends the success or failure of a figure skater. The truth of the matter is that balance and the adaptation of the position of the body to the best needs of the intended maneuver are the elements that contribute principally to accept- able work with the glistening steel runners. When you see on the ice a man that gives no attention to the position of the body, but acts on the principle that the feet should start or change impetus to another direction, put him down as a novice. The correct method is to make the body turn the feet. The tail does not swing the elephant; no more should the feet swing the figure skater, except in some few instances. To succeed as a figure skater learn to obtain the maximum of impetus with a minimum of movement of the feet, arms and legs. Give particular attention to turns, making of your body a sort of a pendulum. Every turn in which is involved a change from one edge of the skate to another can be executed without unusual difficulty. As you are about to turn, your body should be shifted to the direction of the curve that will result from the turn. When this line of action is followed, no alteration of position becomes necessary after the turn has been effected. A novice having acquired the power of skating the outside edge, is fired with the ambition of accomplishing the three. He knows that an ordinary three is composed of a curve of out- side edge, that to make the turn the skate has to be reversed, bringing him to an inside back, and if he has never been in- structed, he will proceed on the outside curve; and his body being retained in the position for that edge, he will make a JAMES FLEMING A well-known figure skater of the Brooklyn Skating Club Spalding' s Athletic Library. 53 spasmodic effort to twist his skate round, with the result that he will probably fall. Now watch the adept: When, just at the turn, the whole body from the hip upward is gradually turned so as to be in the position suitable for the curve on which he will find himself after the skate is reversed. In fact, the change is effected by the swing of the balance foot more than by the turn- ing of the body. In olden times when every one used square heeled skates, a stoppage was effected by elevating the toe part of one or both feet, and so digging in the heel ; but with the modern skate, which has rounded heels, this is no longer practicable, and if necessary to stop suddenly, the skater turns sideways and forces the edges of his skates into the ice (shown in photo on page 32) at right angles to the line of progress. But an absolute stop is seldom necessary, and a deflection to the right or left is all that is then needed. To effect this the skater, keeping his feet parallel, leans to the side to which he wishes to go, and the skates run round in a curve. Hitherto all progress has been made in a forward direction, and as figure skaters progress as much backward as forward, it is necessary to learn to skate backward. In going forward the skater has to repress the instinct which naturally causes him to put either foot in front as in walking. In attempting to skate backward the same trouble arises, and the natural way, learned through walking is almost inevitably attempted by the beginner; but the proper method is to stand with feet moderately close together, and with the toes turned in; then a shove, with say the right foot should be effected, and the body balanced on the left, until the force of the stroke is expended, when the right should be placed alongside of the left, which now becomes the striking foot, and the stroke effected, the glide is made on the right, and so on for the position of the feet at starting. At first the beginner will find some difficulty in skating backward, caused by the fear of leaning sufficiently back on the backward glide, but a little practice with short glides to begin with, will soon give him confidence. He should then take two or three gtrplces, and endeavor to co.me round a whole circle on the right GEORGE W. KIRNER, OF THE BROOKLYN SKATING CLUB One of America's Greatest Figure Skaters. Spaldhig's Athletic Library. 55 leg. Hitherto he has been going with his body square to the hne of progress ; he must now try to turn sideways by throwing back the left shoulder, turning out his left foot and knee, and keeping the unemployed foot rather behind the right ; the knee of the employed foot should then be straightened, and looking over the left shoulder he should complete the circle ; and the same practice should be given to the left foot, and then a whole circle on either foot without any intermediate strokes should be tried. Remember, that when changing feet, the swing of the balance foot gives the impetus. The underlying features of figure skating are the curve and the spin, although what has been termed the flying turn and the toe spin or pirouette, are also to be reckoned with as important elements of the skater's art. The curve is best known as the edge, owing to the fact that the performer inclines to either side in executing any of its variations, thus cutting into the ice with the sharp edge of the blade. The various edges are described later on and illustrated by Figs. i8, 19, 20 and 21. In executing a spin; that is, a simple one, the flat of the blade is the apex, while in the pirouette, the skater pivots sharply, making use only of the toe point of the skate. In most instances the skates favored for figure work, by experts, are equipped with a sharp steel barb, especially adapted to this purpose. The flying turn is generally called a jump. EX-CHAMPION DR. ARTHUR G. KEANE Spaldi^^'s Athletic IJbrarv. 57 FIGURES USED IN COMBINATIONS, AND OTHERS THE SIMPLE SERPENTINE, THE THREE, COUNTER- THREE, ROCKERS, COUNTERS, PIROUETTES, ETC. In order to add variations of the complete figures to your repertoire you must learn the elementary movements that are used in practically all of the more advanced maneuvers. THE SERPENTINE. Point where, Edge changes FIG. l-SIMPLE SERPENTINE First we will take up the serpentine. The simple serpentine —that on one foot— consists of two curves, one on the outside edge and one on the inside edge. These, of course, may be repeated or continued indefinitely. The direction is not changed. THE TURN (OR THREE). Point where edge and direction change. FIG. 2-SINGLE THREE The simple turn, or single three, consists of a change of edge and direction on a single blade by whirling toward either hand, according to the foot that is employed. Thus you may change from the right outside forward to the right inside backward, or from the left outside forward to the left inside backward, etc. r»j V ^. m Spalding s Athletic Library. 59 THE COUNTER THREE. Point where edge and direction ^•^^^^^ '^s. change, FIG. 3-COUNTER THREE OR BRACKET The counter three is often termed the bracket. In this the direction and edge are changed. Start say on the right outer edge, forward, slanting to the left somewhat, swerving slightly to the right as you approach a point at which you face the toe of the right skate to the left and turn to the right inner edge, backward. Duplicate in reverse order the curves of your ap- proach to the turning point, forming a bracket. The counter three on the left foot is executed in a similar manner, changing from the left outside forward to the left inner backward. TWO THREE TURNS, OR THE HALF DOUBLE THREE. Edge^^^^y "N ..-^^^^ and /^ *=^ and .direction ( j direction change ^ ^ eiiange FIG. 4-A HALF DOUBLE THREE To execute a half double three, circle to the right on the right outside forward. Duplicate the simple figure three in a continu- ous swerve to the right. Finish with a strong, clean cut semi- circle, as shown in the diagram. '.Edge and direction change FIG. 5-HALF DOUBLE THREE. WITH CURVES NOT SO DEEP AS IN FIG. 4. 6o Spalding's Athletic Library. The half-double three is one of the most difficult of execution of any figures of their general description. The natural swing and inclination of the skater ir his rotation must be interrupted, or temporarily suspended, in order to cut the prescribed figure. THE DOUBLE THREE. Points where l^ edge and direction cMnge FIG. 6-DOUBLE THREE The double three, as shown in the diagram, consists of a pair of simple threes cut continuously. Their general trend may form a semi-circle. The last stroke, which completes the figure, should be bold and well defined. Practice will enable you to have considerable impetus at the conclusion of this figure. THE ROSE (ENGLISH). FIG. 7-THE ROSE (ENGLISH). Multiply your threes or turns, swerving to the right on the right foot, and you will form a "rose." In reality, this figure is a continuation of a double three around to a full circle. Make the turns uniform and distinct. Each forward and each backward stroke should be equal in size. Spalding's Athletic Library. 6i THE ENGLISH ROCKING TURN. OR "BROKEN-BACKED THREE." FIG. 8-ENGLISH ROCKING TURN OR "BROKEN BACKED THREE" The English rocking turn, sometimes called the "broken- backed three," is a difficult maneuver. It leaves on the ice a figure very similar to a shark's tooth. This turn is often used in combination in intricate figures as well as in some of the com- paratively simple ones. The start of the rocking turn is the same as that of the cross cut. Continue on the same edge after coming into the second stroke of the cross cut and you will form the rocking turn. THE ROCKER, OR AMERICAN ROCKING TURN. FIG. 9-THE AMERICAN ROCKING TURN, ON THE OUTSIDE FORWARD EDGE Rocking turns are movements begun and finished entirely on one edge. However, the skater changes from a forward to a backward stroke. To execute rocking turns, say of outside forward, go ahead, using a stroke similar to that adopted in the roll. Carry the balance foot slightly back, at first, but bring it forward across the employed foot as your direction changes. 62 Spalding' s Athletic Library. At the finish of the figure the balance foot is back and some distance apart from the employed foot. FIG. 10-OUTSIDE BACKWARD ROCKING TURN In a rocking turn of outside backward, begin on the outside edge backward, and hold the balance foot in front of the employed leg until direction is changed to forward. At the point where direction changes, carry the balance foot somewhat toward the left. Do not change this position of the balance foot again. THE LOOP. FIG. 11-RUNNING LOOPS In the loop, starting say, on the right outside edge, forward, cut a small oval or loop by swerving sharply to the right, chang- ing front, of course, but not edge nor direction. The loop on the left outside forward edge is cut in exactly the same way, curving to the left. The balance foot is carried across the em- ployed foot from 10 to 14 inches from the ice. THE RINGLET AND RINGLET TURN. / FIG. 12-RINGLETS Spalding's Athletic Library. g. The ringlet is very much like the loop, only it is perfectly round. Also the curve before and after the loop is deep, w le H. the ringlet .t at times is gradual. The ringlet turn is a half cnxle, say on the right outside forward, to tL righ folded by a nnglet, after which you must swing to the right nner edge and duphcate the half circle by a curve to the right. L L th three, the rocker and other moves, there is a counter to rmg et turn ,n which the loop is cut to the left, when on 1 e .Te i^r^R T:'/''^- ^'" ^"°-'^<=^^ -™'^ - ™'="e ° in di^mete. ^ ^' """■ '"'' °""^ "^<^ ^^^ ^^-'^ °- f°°' THE PIROUETTES. Point where the ^J^ ^"intiiTM Maneuver ^ ® ^^ is intrndueed FIG. 13-THB PIROUETTE \^,..-Spin at this point PIG. 14-THE PIROUETTE LOOP Pirouette movements are very numerous. They require an absolu e ntcety of balance. The simple p.rouette is per ormed by cuttmg a figure three, making the turn by spinning or roTat 2iZ Y '°"" "' ;'" ^"^"^ ''^'- ^'-^-" and'fron ate 1 a f tm,es. or even more, before continuing the movement, if you oon i T- 'T'"'- "■'" P'™"^"« -" '^^ combined with a loop .f so desired. Make a loop and insert the pirouette at the outward swmg of the loop, exactly opposite the point wher h fes': e r'T"^'" "" °^^'- ^'^^ -""'er 'pirouette abot ■shes the three to a great extent, making the figure more of a front. Hold to the same edge throughout. 64 Spalding s Athletic Library. A forward outside spin is usually commenced on a forward inside, when a change is made to outside, and the un- employed foot is lifted up almost as high as the knee of the un- employed, and swung round it for the purpose of giving rotation. An inside forward spin is usually commenced by a back outside and a turn to forward inside, which places the =kater hard on the edge and at the same time imparts rotation. A back inside spin is usually begun by a forward inside, from which turn is made to back outside and the spin completed ; the diagram of this figure is the same as the last, but with the foot going forward instead of backward. And the inside spin is usually done commencing with a forward outside and then a turn as in the ordinary three. Some skaters finish ofT these spins by raising themselves on the toe, and continuing the rota- tion until they are stopped by the front point of the skate boring a hole in the ice. The two-foot spin is more graceful, as there is no swinging of the unemployed leg. The forward two-foot spin is commenced by a curve of outside, which is changed to inside, and then the left foot being turned in is put down on the inside edge, and the arms being extended at nearly right angles to the body, are thrown round with the body to the left, and at the same moment the feet are pulled together. As soon as the rotation is imparted, the arms are gradually brought down to the sides. Although the knees and body must be slightly bent before the spin is started, they must both be straightened as soon as the rotation begins, and if the balance is maintained correctly a man will rotate possibly four- teen or fifteen times. At the start he will spin so rapidly that his features will be indistinguishable. A two-foot pirouette or spin backward is usually begun by an approach on the outside edges, turning to back inside when rotation is to begin. At this turn swing your body and arms to the right. If one can execute the forward two-foot spin either to the right or left he will find the backward spins or pirouettes similar to the forward figures. For instance, a forward spin to the right is a back spin to the left, and a forward spin to the left is a back spin to the right. Spalding' s Athletic Library. 65 THE CROSS-CUT. FIG. 15-THE CROSS CUT Frequently termed the anvil, the cross-cut is not one of the many figures executed with continuous movement. At a given point advance is checked and progress is started in a new direc- tion. There is no change of edge, however. I will describe a cross-cut on the right outside forward edge. Cut a half circle on this edge, swerving to the right. Come to a full stop and aided by swinging of balance foot, go backward on original foot. Stop when you have gone back twice as far as the depth of the semi-circle and go forward, cutting another half circle, bearing to your right. This second half circle should cut into and out of the first circle, forming a perfect oval in a direct line with the middle of the cross-cut — the cut or line connecting the upper ends of the half circles. In skating the cross-cut the unemployed leg must be kept behind until the base of the figure is completed, and then swung rapidly forward. At first the base of the cross-cut will be very short and straight, but with practice it can be en- larged two or three feet, and then it will have a considerable curve of the true rocker type, and this is the correct form of the figure. Small cross-cuts can be skated alternately with loops, or four cross-cuts can be skated in the form of a Maltese Cross, or they can be inserted in a continuous eight. The cross-cut from the inside edge does not come with the ease that it does from the outside, because the unemployed leg cannot be swung in a way to impart rotation, and in skating inside cross-cuts, the skater comes more obviously to a stop before and after the drawback, and comes forward or backward, as the case 66 Spalding' s Athletic Library. may be, more by kicking out the unemployed leg than by swinging it as in the outside cross-cut. There is a curious form of cross-cut which is Swedish in origin, but even in Sweden, those who can skate it are very few; the pecuHarity of it is, that the base is the opposite Vv^ay to the base of an ordinary cross-cut. It is accompHshed by coming to a standstill, and then getting impulse by kicking out the unemployed leg, it comes easier from the inside than from the outside edge. The cross-cut is said by several authorities to have had its foundation in the double three, which is just what its name signifies. THE ROLLS. FIG. 16-EIGHT CONSISTING OF FOUR ROLLS, IN DEVELOPMENT Right outside forward ~~^. Right oatside hackv/ard Left outside backward Left outside forv/ard FIG. 17-FIGURE EIGHT CONSISTING OF FOUR ROLLS Rolls, in themselves, are comparatively simple figures, but they are worked into many combinations, some of them rank- ing among the most difficult of all skating maneuvers. The rolls are the outer edge, forward and backward, on the right and the inner edge, forward and backward on the right foot, and the same four on the left foot. Rolls are designated ac- cording to direction and to the edge used, such as the outside edge roll forward, the inside edge roll, backward, etc. Spalding's Athletic Library. 67 When an "edge" is carried to its full extent it is a roll. For instance, a complete outside edge forward is an outside edge roll. Among the comparatively simple combinations of rolls are various eights, such as the one shown in Fig. 17. In Fig. 16 this eight is shown in process of development. 'Rightoutside Riaht outside AdvariGement Kignt out Left outside Left oat side FIG. 18-OUTSIDE EDGE ROLL, FORWARD Straight Lint of Advancement Left inside Left inside Right inside Right inside, FIG. 19-INSIDE EDGE ROLL, FORWARD Right inside Left Inside FIG. 20-INSIDE EDGE ROLL, BACKWARD 'Left outside Right outside FIG. 21-OUTSIDE EDGE ROLL, BACKWARD 68 Spalding' s Athletic Library. Rolls, in order to be accurate, must be cut along an imaginary line, shown in Figs. i8, 19, 20 and 21 by dots. The general line of advancement is straight and the beginning and end of each curve or roll should come close to the imaginary line. Thus the curves will alternate to either side of it and preserve the uniformity of the figure. After making sure that he has trained himself well in the rudi- mentary principles of forward and backward skating, the stu- dent of figure tactics should practice the outer and inner edges which have been mentioned previously. After conquering them a long stride forward will have been attained The best way of acquiring the outside edge is to take a few vigorous strokes, and then bring his feet alongside of each other, and allowing them to glide round, so forming a large circle. If the direction in which the circle is made is to the right, the right foot will be on the outside edge, and the principal support will come from the inside, but it should be the study of the learner to get his weight on the right and gently lift up the left. At first he will only be able to go a very little way on the right, but he can bring forward the left and place it in front of right on the inside edge, and take up the right ; and then when he is steady on the left again he must put down the right, and so on. When he can do this (which is called treading the circle), fairly well to the right, he should reverse the order, and do a similar treading the circle to the left. As he progresses he will find the glide on the outside edge will gradually become longer, and he should not be satisfied until he can finish up each treading the circle with a whole circle of outside, taking care, if on the right leg, to throw the right shoulder back, and if on the left, the left shoulder back. This throwing back of shoulders places the skater in a sideways position, which is the correct one for any edge, and he should now make an outside curve with either foot alternately in the form of an eight. The manner in which these alternate strokes of outside edge are skated is all important ; if they are from the commencement Spalding' s Athletic Library, 69 executed in the proper manner, and in correct attitude the learner is on the right road to become a graceful skater. To attain an easy and graceful movement on the outside edge, it is necessary that each curve should be true from start to finish, the true segment of a circle whether large or small, and this can only be attained by placing the foot which is about to describe a curve, parallel with the foot which has just finished one. At the end of a curve, say on the right, when the left is put down parallel to it in order to become the gliding foot, the right is turned over from outside to inside edge, from which the push- off is made. There are eight edges in figure skating — the right outside for- ward, the left outside forward, the right inside forward, the left inside forward, the right outside backward, the left outside back- ward, the right inside backward and the left inside backward. The next to be considered is the inside edge forward. THE INSIDE EDGE FORWARD. As in the outside edge forward, directions for either foot will answer equally well for the other in describing the inside edge forward. In this stroke the impelling force is given by one foot, in back of and at an angle with the other. Glide steadily along on the inside edge, as may readily be gathered from the title. While executing the inside edge forward hold the body erect, slanting slightly forward. Keep your weight wxll balanced over the foot in use. Hold the free foot close behind, with the toes pointing outward at an angle, very much of an angle. Also see that the toes of the disengaged foot are turned downward. The hands should swing gracefully at the sides, and may be raised to some extent. In the inside edges we have the opposite maneuvers to the outside edges. They are not so widely used, nor so easily learned, comparatively speaking. Inner edge tactics duplicate both for- ward and backward the curves of the outside edge. In skating the edges do not glance at the feet, nor bend awkwardly from the waist; also keep the knees as straight as possible. 70 Spaldhig' s Athletic Library. THE OUTSIDE EDGE BACKWARD. To learn the outside edge backward it will probably be best to practice walking backward on the ice, gradually merging into a backward serpentine movement on both feet. Then lean your weight to, say, the right side, turning to the outer edge of the blade of the right skate, and raise the left foot off the surface while in motion. Soon you will be able to circle around to the right on this foot. Carry the unemployed foot (in this instance the left) directly back of the other, toes pointing downward and outward. As you complete the stroke on one foot place the other on the ice behind it and swing the body to the opposite side, in this manner supplying added momentum. Repeat on the foot now engaged the maneuver described in the foregoing sen- tences. TURNS. Left inner forward Left outer backward. Right oater forward ^ight inner Mekward FIG. 22-A TURN ON TWO FEET Having mastered the edges it will be well to consider the turns (see also previous descriptions of the various threes), the proper execution of which has much to do in determining the success or failure of the pupil. First learn to turn, or change your direction on two feet. Start on a straightaway course. At a convenient point swing your left shoulder forward and toward your right-hand side (assuming that you are on your right outside and left inside edges), and turn backward to your right inside and left outside edges. Your left foot will naturally be somewhat in advance of your right when this change of direc- tion is made. You can also turn to the other side, changing from the right inside forward and left outside forward, to your right outside backward and left inside backward. Spalding' s Athletic Libraty. yi In addition to the swing of your shoulders, your hips and arms may be trained to contribute to your momentum in turning. Some skaters use this turn in bringing themselves to a stop. After changing from forward to backward they point their skates outward at a sharp angle and press the inside edges into the ice. Others rise on their toes, digging in with the points. The simplest method of stopping is to swing your body and your skates sharply to either the right or the left, facing to right angles of your original course, and to slide along on either the outside edge of your left and the inside edge of your right, or vice versa, as circumstances dictate. THE EIGHTS. Figs. i6, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29, Ri^M (^^^^^^e forward Start FIG. 23- AN EASY FIGURE EIGHT One of the first endeavors of the beginner is to "cut a figure eight." Experts have developed a large number of eights, some easy of execution and others requiring ability of the most ad- vanced description. We will go into the subject methodically and consider the various eights in the order of their intricacy. Probably the best known eight is that in which both feet and two edges are brought into play, and in which occur no turns (technically speaking). One stroke with each foot is required. Proceed as follows : 72 Spalding's Athletic Library. Push off, say with the right blade, and make a complete circle on the left forward outer edge. At the completion of the circle, continue to the right on the right outside edge (forward, of course), and return in another circle to your starting place. The two circles form a figure eight. Learn to cut each circle perfectly. Absolutely correct balance is necessary. Hold the unemployed foot behind, and pointing downward, with the knee slightly bent. Keep the knee of the employed leg as straight as pos- sible. When you have become an accomplished figure skater you will be able to cut the foregoing eight on the inside forward edges in the same manner. THE SERPENTINE EIGHT, FIG. 24-THE SERPENTINE EIGHT The serpentine eight is skated somewhat as one would draw a capital letter S. It may, as is the case with practically every eight, be executed on either foot, on any edge, and in either direction. Beginning with the right outside forward edge, for instance, cut a complete circle, and follow into another circle, returning to the point where you completed the first circle. Now change to the left inside forward, and continue on the same course marked by the right. Spalding s Athletic Library. THE ROCKER EIGHT. 73 FIG. 25-A ROCKER EIGHT In what is known as the ''rocker eight," a turn, or a "rocker," as indicated in the above diagram, is interpolated in the middle of the figure. THE COUNTER EIGHT. FIG. 26— COUNTER EIGHT In the counter eight the turn used in the rocker eight is replaced by a counter, or, as frequently termed, a counter rock- ing turn. These eights of two lobes differ from the eights executed by Europeans, who, on the contrary, prefer to make them in three lobes, or "three-lobe eights." 74 Spalding'' s Athletic Library. THE "ONE-FOOT" AND OTHER CONTINUOUS EIGHTS. PIG. 27-THE 'ONE FOOT" EIGHT FIG. 28- THE LOOP EIGHT FIG. 29-THE CROSS CUT EIGHT The one-foot eight is one of the many figures of this general nature that come under the head of continuous eights. Others are the "four edge," "bracket," "loop," "Cross-cut" eights, etc. Rocker and the counter eights can also be classified in this sec- tion. In the one-foot eight there is no change of direction. One- half of the figure is executed on the inside edge, the other on the outside edge. In the continuous rocker and counter eights there is no change of edge, and one of the lobes of figure is made forward, the remaining lobe backward. Impetus is given by a twist of the body and the swing of the balance foot, etc., at the point where the change of front occurs. Many skaters prefer to change front, or execute the turns in the middle of the eight, but authorities agree that the easiest method is to make them at the point where the line of the cir- cumference of each lobe swings furthest outward. You must have ankles that are absolutely trustworthy in every respect to perform continuous eights with good form. Strength and flexi- bility must be there. Perfect balance is impossible to do with- out. Spalding' s Athletic Library. 75 THE FOUR-EDGE EIGHT. The four-edge eight is one of the continuous eights having four curves. Others there are having six curves, etc. To per- form a four-edge eight, start at a given point and cut a half circle on say, the right outside forward, turning with a three at the end of the roll, to the right inside backward and com- pleting, with two curves, the first circle of the eight. Instead of stopping here, however, you should have sufficient impetus to carry you along on the right outside backward edge, making the change of edge on the finishing of the first circle. Cut a half circle, roll, or curve, as you may choose to call it, on the outside backward edge, and change to the right inside forward, with which you complete the figure. You are now ready to change to the right outside forward and repeat the entire series of maneuvers. THE BRACKET EIGHT. To execute the bracket eight, another continuous four-curve eight, make the same changes of edge, etc., as in the four-edge figure. In the bracket eight, however, substitute a bracket, or counter-three at the turns in place of the three-turn used in the four-edge eight. THE LOOP EIGHT. As may readily be imagined a loop eight is one in which a loop takes the place of the bracket and the three in the four- edge and bracket eights. The loop eight is another continuous four-curve eight. Execute it as follows : Start with, say, the right forward outside edge and circle to the right. At the extreme outside swing of the circumference make a loop, as shown in the diagram referred to. In this loop you make a change of front and a complete rotation, but you do not change edge or direction. Finish the circle (half of the eight) on the outside forward, as you began. Shift to the right inside forward edge as you merge into the second circle of the figure, inserting a loop as before, and ending the eight on the right inside forward edge. 76 Spalding's Athletic Library. THE CROSS-CUT EIGHT. The cross-cut eight is an intricate figure and is more difficult than the four-edge, the bracket or the loop eight. One-half is cut on the outside forward edge and the other on the inside for- ward, but the insertion of the cross-cut necessitates a change to the outside backward edge in making the short straight line of the cross-cut in the first half, and a change to the inside back- ward edge in the cross-cut in the half cut on the inside forward edge. Considerable momentum must, of course, be supplied to carry the skater along continuously. Exactly the same changes of edge are made in the counter cross-cut eight. In the double three eight a double three is executed in each lobe of the figure. Four edges are used, the outside forward, inside backward, in- side forward and outside backward. THE MOHAWKS (OR CUT-OFFS). light outside forward Left outside ha-ciiward Left outside forward c^ l^iglit outside baeliwQrd 050 FIG. 30-THE MOHAWK, STARTING WITH RIGHT FOOT FIG. 31-THE MOHAWK. START- ING WITH LEFT OUTSIDE FOR- WARD EDGE Very effective methods of going from forward to backward or backward to forward on an edge of the same character are known as Mohawks. They are performed by spread-eagling the feet, and come with facility to those who are able, naturally, to turn out their feet sufficiently to get into the spread-eagle position (which is that of the feet turned out with the heels together), while they are capable of being acquired by those to whom this is a difficulty, by careful attention to the position of the body at the moment of change. Spalding's Athletic Library. Jj For the forward Mohawk (outside) the skater proceeds, say on a curve of right outside forward, and when he is about to effect the change to left outside back, he thrusts back his left shoulder and brings forward the left leg in front of the right ; then turning the toe out as much as possible, swings it round and behind the right and places it down on the outside back, and at the moment it touches the ice he takes up the right. To effect the change the left shoulder has been thrust back, but the instant the left is put down the right shoulder must be turned back into the proper position suitable to an outside edge back- ward. In the inside forward Mohawk you should handle your body as in the foreging movements, and starting with the right inside forward, change to the left inside backward edge. The backward Mohawks are made from outside backward to outside forward, and from inside backward to inside forward. THE CROSS MOHAWK. The cross Mohawk is executed by bringing the unemployed foot to the front of the other, and putting it in action. The stroke is not so graceful nor so widely used as is the forward figure. Starting with the right outside forward edge you would shift to the left outside backward. THE CHOCTAWS. Left inside iaekward edge ^^/T Right. ^^^^;^^J^ J^igjiiS^^^^ .^^mt^ide outside ^-^ Inside "^^— asp 'baekward pmrd^ forward d^" FIG. 32-THE CHOCTAW FIG. 33-THE CHOCTAW The Choctaw maneuvers are somewhat similar to the Mohawks. In all there are five Choctaws, the out-side and inside forward, the outside and inside backward and the cross Choctaw. 78 Spalding s Athletic Library. In the outside forward Choctaw, start on the right foot, hold- ing the unemployed left back, with toes pointing to the rear, spread-eagle fashion. Curve to the right and put down the left foot on the inside backward edge. In the inside forward Choctaw curve toward the left on the right foot, and curve to the right after changing to the left foot. left oatside taekward Right outside \ forward ,?oint where '''' Idgeehanges FIG. 34-THE CHOCTAW, BACKWARD, ON BOTH OUTSIDE EDGES The backward Choctaws, the outside and inside, change to in- side forward and outside forward, respectively. THE CROSS CHOCTAW. The cross Choctaw, like the cross Mohawk, is formed by carrying the unemployed foot to the front, and involves a change of edge. Starting with the right outside forward, shift to the left inside backward. Of course you must take care to point the toes of the left foot well in toward your body as you put it into action. THE Q's. Outside ^^ laekYiard Oatsid&^^ff^ forward Oatside-/ ^^ \— inside baekwsrdx ] backward ■Inside Jbrward Qs» FIG. 35-THE FORWARD Q (OUTSIDE) ^\— inside ''forward FIG. 36-THE FORWARD Q (INSIDE) Spalding' s Athletic Library. 79 The figures known as Q's are popular among figure experts. In learning to perform them the first thing you will require is the ability to change the edge on either foot. The forward Q is commenced on a curve of outside forward, which is changed to inside forward when a turn outside back completes the figure. The inside forward Q is commenced on a curve of inside forward, Vv^hich is changed to outside forward when a turn to inside back (the common three) completes the figure. ^ n outsideforward inside Ipaekward oatdidt backward. FIG. 37-THE BACKWARD Q The back Q is commenced on a curve of outside back, which is changed to inside back when a turn to outside forward com- pletes the figure. This turn is difficult enough when executed from the tail of a forward three, but becomes doubly difficult in the back two, as the change of edge preceding the turn is apt to make the skater bend forward, in which position the turn is impossible, and nothing but assiduous practice, keeping the body erect and the head well back, will enable the skater to make this turn in good form. Q's have come to be known as "three edges" in many sections. THE SIMPLE GRAPEVINE AND OTHERS. THE SERPENTINES. Turns have intimately to do with a majority of skating figures, and we will do well to delve deeper into the subject than we have 8o Spalding' s Athletic Library. thus far in this book. Next in order to the simple turn or three described in the previous paragraphs is the simple grapevine, a showy but not particularly intricate figure after once under- stood. Lcjt^ outside edge ' inside Left- Right-y inside edge \outside FIG. 38-SIMPLE SERPENTINE ON BOTH FEET oat side Left inside Right / outsi'dG FIG. 39-THE CHAIN SERPENTINE OR CHAIN STEP Right outside inside' cha.nge .,^"°f Gdges FIG. 40-THE BACKWARD SERPENTINE A knowledge of the simple serpentine on both feet, the chain serpentine (Fig. 39), and the backward serpentine (Fig. 40), will render the grapevine easier of understanding. The simple serpentine (Fig. 38) consists of going forward with both feet parallel on the ice, the right inside edge and the left outside edge being used at the same time, and then changing to the right outside and the left inside. The two movements are alternated quickly. The serpentine can also be done on one foot, curving from one edge to the other on either skate without changing direction. Spalding s Athletic Library. 8i This latter serpentine is the more difficiiU. The chain serpentine is made with both skates. Pushing with, for instance, the right you progress to the front on the left outside edge, cutting this line back of the left foot, with the right outside edge. The blades curve toward each other, the right crossing in front of the left, and you then change to the left and right inside edges, until the curved lines again meet, putting you back on the out- side edges. Now, if you combine with the chain serpentine the turn before mentioned you have the grapevine in its primary form. Any figure skater will tell the pupil that two important elements of the grapevine are a swing of the body and a power- ful drawing together of the heels. In addition enters a useful push with the points or toes of the skates, all of which gives the much needed momentum during the cutting of the figure. Le/f Inside "-•'Right inside FIG. 41-THE SIMPLE GRAPEVINE The simple grapevine (Fig. 41) i" its entirety is performed as follows : As your feet (going backward) approach each other on the in- side edges of the skates (thus cutting an oval figure in the ice) prepare to change to the outer edges after their lines cross, the right foot leading. Change edge and make the next oval, continuing the serpentine curve with the left blade, and cutting a three with the right, afterward changing to the right inside backward. Swing the body strongly, changing to the left inside forward to cut with it another three, coming to the left outside backward. The curve of the right skate continues crossing the line of the left and forming another oval. Then on the right outside (backward) edge you cut another three, changing to right inside forward with the left, which, in the process, turns from the inside backward to the inside forward. 82 Spalding' s Athletic Library. In a previous edition of this book the writer gave a detailed description of the grapevine which, owing to the importance of the figure, both in itself and as a basis for variations and com- binations, will now be repeated : "It has been said that the grapevines are figures which no skater can teach, and the only way the tyro can learn these whirls is by watching and imitating some good skater. How- ever, a careful study of the following hints will benefit the aspiring figurist. The first thing to acquire is the ability of getting up speed by passing one foot in front of the other in opposing serpentine lines, an action known as the chain step, and what should next be done is to cut a serpentine backward. The feet should "track" each other. The grapevine can now be practiced. Make certain that you keep faced in the same direction. Experts suggest that because the skater turns his toes out in changing from forward to backward, and vice versa, when changing from backward to forward, he would be wise to practice for the grapevine by walking sideways on the ice, now with the toes turned in, and again with them turned out. These positions of the feet have principally to do with the first section of the figure." The grapevine should be practiced with the right foot leading at the start and then with the left foot in front. In the latter case advancement will be made to the right. THE DOUBLE GRAPEVINE. backward forward FIG. 42-THE DOUBLE GRAPEVINE WITH A CUPID'S BOW (A VARIATION OF THE GRAPEVINE WITH LOOP The double grapevine. Figs. 42 and 43, has several variations that result in figures that are very interesting, but at the same time difficult. In the double grapevine (forward) move the Spalding s Athletic Library. 83 right foot ahead of the left, using a chain step. Then swing the body entirel}^ around, making two turns that result in a complete revolution. In this maneuver turn twice on the right foot. Be- tween the two turns is inserted a loop with the left foot, using the inner edge forward, as shown in Fig. 42. The right foot, in the words of several writers on skating, forms a sort of a pivot for the left during the cutting of the loop. Now, lead with the left skate and glide into what are generally the longest curves of the figure. Bring the right across the line of the left foot (to the rear) and curve gracefully toward the right-hand side on the left outside and right outside forward edges. Then swerve to the left and turn on the left foot to the left, changing to the left inside back edge. Continue and cut another turn with the left, changing to the left outer back edge and simultaneously cutting a loop with the right foot between the points of the turns, using the inner forward edge. Thus, you will see, the turns with the left foot duplicate, pointing toward the left of the line of advancement, the turns of the right foot at the start. Also the right foot repeats the loop first cut by the left foot. In the double grapevine the impetus is harder to maintain than is the case in the single figure. The backward grapevine (double), all skaters agree, is far easier than the forward maneuver, as turns can be executed more readily. THE DOUBLE GRAPEVINE WITH TWO LOOPS. FIG. 43-THE DOUBLE GRAPEVINE WITH DOUBLE LOOPS In the double grapevine with two loops start as you did in the vine figure with one loop and turn to the right with the right foot on the outer forward edge, cutting a three and cross- ing the line of the right, both before and after finishing the three, with the left inside forward edge. This circles toward 84 Spalding's Athletic Library. the right, as also does the right foot and both cut loops that intersect. The loop with the left foot is cut last, overlapping the loop cut by the right. Examine Fig. 43 closely. The left foot loop is cut with the inside edge. The left foot leads as the loops are completed and with it is a three turn, the con- cluding line of which is crossed by the line of the right foot, which has curved gracefully toward the right from its initial loop. The right foot now curves to the left into another three, the left foot crossing the right's line to intersect or lap over a loop cut toward the left of the line of the whole figure by the right foot after the completion of its second three, which also points to the left. The left foot continues from its loop into another three, etc., etc. To understand fully the double grape- vine with double loops, inspect Fig. 43. The double grapevine backward is considered to be easier of execution than the forward one. Practice of it will reveal to the student of skating that the turns can be executed with a lesser amount of effort than those of the forward movement, etc. THE PHILADELPHIA GRAPEVINE (OR TWIST). A ba.ckw3.rd FIG. 44-THE PHILADELPHIA GRAPEVINE. (USUALLY SKATED BACKWARDS) The Philadelphia grapevine is a variation of the double grape- vine. It can be performed either forward or backward. Like the double grapevine, however, it is generally considered to be cut more easily and accurately when the skater goes backward. The chain backward constitutes the opening maneuver of the Philadelphia grapevine, when you desire to cut it backward. Keep the left foot inside of and behind the right. The legs cross. The outer side of both feet will come close to each other, nearly touching, in fact. They should be kept as close * Spalding' s Athletic Library. 85 to parallel with each other as possible. Now bring the right skate back to the right to the outside forward edge. Make this movement snappily. Throw the left to a curve of inside for- ward. The body thus turns a half revolution. The feet sepa- rate. Continue the right outside forward and the left inside forward edges toward the right and change to the right inside backward and the left outside backward respectively. The lines of the skates cross. Execute the long curves marked "A" in Fig. 44, changing the right foot to the outside backward edge and duplicate, so that they point in the opposite direction, the four-pointed figures, resembling mountain peaks, that you cut at the outset. The jerk or flip of the foot at these points must be practiced considerably before it can be performed perfectly. This figure is also termed, by some, the Philadelphia twist. In the jerk or flip of the foot the ankle is twisted sharply and the shoulders are thrown in the desired direction to assist the turn. The forward Philadelphia grapevine duplicates the backward figure. Start with the forward chain step. Before you began with the backward chain, etc. Study of Fig. 44 will enable you to execute it handily. Many skaters use the Philadelphia grapevine to connect cir- cles of outside backward edge on either the right or the left skate. Thus a Philadelphia twist connects two circles, forming an eight. THE PHILADELPHIA SPREAD-EAGLE GRAPEVINE. ■^ PIG. 45-PHILADELPHIA SPREAD-EAGLE GRAPEVINE By using the turn with the feet held close and inserting a spread-eagle in place of the other turn the figure becomes what is best known as the Philadelphia spread-eagle grapevine. To cut it, start backward just as you would do in the Philadelphia 86 Spalding s Athletic Library. grapevine. Jerk the right foot back similarly. Make a half-turn or revolution, which motion is ended with your left foot. The left has continued after your right on its inside forward edge. It is now changed to the inside backward edge which, naturally, forms the spread-eagle posture. Continue the spread-eagle for a distance of several feet. Turn your right foot by forcing the toe around and in, bringing it to its inner backward edge. Quickly cross it with your left. Put the left in place outside and alongside of the right. Now dupli- cate these maneuvers, revolving in the opposite direction the left. THE RAIL FENCE. FIG. 46-PICKET FENCE ON ONE FOOT FIG. 47-THE PICKET FENCE (TWO FEET) The rail fence is an interesting maneuver. It differs from the figure known as the picket fence in that the lines which form the latter are straight, while in the rail fence they are made up of a series of curves. The picket fence on one foot is shown in Fig. 46, and with two feet in Fig. 47. The rail fence (Fig. 48) is really a variation of the simple grapevine. Spalding' s Athletic Library. 87 The component figures, however, are executed much closer to each other than in the grapevine. Starting with the left inside forward and the right inside forward, execute the initial strokes of a chain serpentine, coming to the three after the first oval and changing to the right outside backward and from the left FIG. 48-THE RAIL FENCE outside forward to the left inside backward, etc., working back to a point on a line with that of your start off, if possible, and then advancing to the limit of your first three. The object is to repeat these figures side by side and continuously, their final appearance, in the minds of some people, resembling a form of rail fence. Spalding' s Athletic Library. THE BISHOP EIGHT. The Bishop Eight is a well-known fancy figure that has for a time baffled many fancy skaters in their endeavors to master it. Marvin R. Clark, a former skater of note and an authoritative writer on skating topics, has described it as follows : "The Bishop Eight (see Fig. 49, which is a copy of a drawing originally made by Mr. Clark), may be skated singly or in com- bination with other skaters. Entering into the combination are the outside and inside edge rolls, the cross roll and the threes. I will describe it as executed by two persons. Remember that the two skaters do not face each other and that the direction for one is the instruction for the other. "i. The two skaters join right hands, standing sideways to each other and facing in opposite directions. "2. Make a small half circle on the right foot, outside edge, forward. "3. Turn a three, at the same time changing the right for the left hand, and make a half circle backward on the inside edge, right foot, returning to the starting point. "4. Going backward on the outside edge, left foot, make a curve and a three, turn half way around the circle and change to the inside edge, forward, left foot. Make a curve and turn a three, from backward to forward, and from inside edge, left foot, to outside edge, right foot, coming forward, up to the centre, and joining left hands. "Put the left foot well over the right, as hands are joined, firmly on the ice, on the outside edge, and execute a cross roll. Repeat the movements already described, completing the other half of the eight. The cross roll should always be put in at the Vo2 onofherklj of 8 outer edge ■forward right. Start of No2.j oater edge ( forward right\ Spalding's Athletic Library. 8q \ Start ^ s II SPRING CATCH SKATE STRAP Requires no holes in strap, and is quickly and permanently fastened at any point, and as quickly released. No. 20. Russet or Black, 20-inch. Per pair, 20c. No. 28. Russet or Black, 28-inch. " 25c. SKATE STRAPS Plain buckle, Russet or Black, 20, inch. Pair, Plain buckle, Russet or Black, 28-inch. " SKATE BAGS No. I. Double Pocket, cloth. No. 2. Double Pocket, felt. . No. 4. Felt, with draw strings. Made centre so that skates will not rub. IOC. 15c. Each, 25c. " 35c. with division in Each, 50C. A, C. SPALDING Sl BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England "Special" Skating Shoe Material is a fine quality calfskin, made similar to our No. 2)2)7 Special Rac- ing Shoe, but slightly heavier. Straps at ankle and instep give needed support, and altogether this is really an ideal skating shoe. NO. 356. Pair, $5.00 Spalding's Skating Shoe We have been supplying these shoes to skaters for some seasons past with general satisfaction. Ma- terial is of fine quality calfskin, machine sewed, with supporting straps at ankle and instep. NO. 555. Pair, $4.00 Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Franiscco Montreal, Can. London, England Ladies' Skating Shoes No. 350 No. 350. Ladies' Skating Shoes, These will be found abso- lutely first-class in material, workmanship and design. They are made of finest quality calfskin on special lasts, are trim and neat in appearance and will give excellent satisfaction. Equipped with straps at instep and ankle. Per pair, $4.50 No. 360. Ladies' Skating Shoes, with Ankle Brace. Same as above, but equipped with Spalding Steel Ankle Brace. This is inserted in shoe so as not to interfere in the slightest with free movements, but to give ample support to ankles Per pair, $5.00 Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England Skater's Special Racing Shoe Designed for fast work and used exclusively by the speediest skaters. Finest quality through- out; extremely light in weight and well made. NO. 537 Per pair, $5.00 Skating Shoe Made of good quality calfskin, machine sewed. A substantial shoe. NO. 552 Per pair, $5.00 Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England Spalding's Championship Hockey Sticks MADE of the finest selected Canadian rock elm, and ex- clusively used and endorsed by the Ottawa team, of Ottawa, champions of the world and holders of the Stanley Cup, and by the Victoria team, of Winnipeg and the famous Shamrock team, of Montreal, former champions. These sticks will not fray at the bottom where the sticks come in contact with the ice, and will re- tain their shape under all condi- tions. The very important matter of weight and balance has been carefully considered, and the "Spalding Stick" is much lighter, yet stronger than any on the market. No. O. Goal and Defense Model Each, 6oc. No. O. Regular Forward Model. Each, 50c. No. O. Long Blade Forward Model Each, 50c. Send for catalogue of all athletic sports. Mailed free to any address. Regular Forward Goal and Defense Long Blade Forward A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England SPALDING'S HOCKEY STICKS "Regulation" Hochey Slich Made on the lines of our best grade Regular Forward Stick and of selected and well seasoned timber. Very popular as an all around stick No. I. "Regulation." Each, 50c. ''Wigwam" Hochey stick Indian hand made stick. Made of yellow birch and noted particularly for rigidity and lightness. The product of a tribe of Indians in Canada, who, for years past have been turning out sticks that have become famous there. Made only in regular model. Each, No. W. "Wigwam, 50c. ''Practice" Hochey stich Regulation size and made of good quality timber. A very serviceable stick. No. 2. Practice." Each, 25c, "Youths'" Hochey stich '^^^ Smaller than Regulation and painted red. A vei-y strong and serviceable stick for boys. ^^^ No. 3. "Youths'." Each, 25c. Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of all sports. Mailed free to any address in the United States or Canada. New York Boston Buffalo A. C. SPALDING & BROS. Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England No. 30 Leg Guard Hockey Shin Guards No. 30. Made of heavy sole leather, corrugated and molded to shape, but flexible so that they will conform to any size leg. The new method of attaching the light but strong straps permits the guards to be bound tightly to leg and prevents them from getting loose or shifting. A very light guard, but gives absolute protection to the shins Per pair, $1.50 No. 60. Made with covering of black leather backed up with real rattan reeds and felt padding. Leather straps and binding. Light in weight and well made. Per pair, ^^.55 We are making three sizes and styles of canvas shin guards, very well made and light in weight. No. F. Canvas shin guards, 10 inches long, fitted with leather straps, padded with reed and felt ; equipped with ankle protectors. Per pair, $1.00 No. 8. Canvas. Length 9 in., reed and felt padding. Pair, Wc No. 9. Canvas. Length 11 in., reed and felt padding. Pair, 50c. No. 11. Cotton moleskin, backed up with real rattan and felt padding; strongly made. . . Per pair, 60c. Hockey Leg Guards No. 4. Leather. No. 5. Canvas. Per pair, $2.50 2.00 No F A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England Regulation Hockey Goals The importance of having goals that are substantially made and which conform exactly to the rules cannot be disregarded. Those that we furnish are duplicates of those used in the best rinks in Canada. Per pair, $18.00 Spaldi ings Gl oves Alade of tan leather, lightly padded on fingers, back and gauntlet. Per pair, $3.50 Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England Spalding's Official Hockey Pucks HTHE Spalding Official Trade- Mark Puck has been adopted as the official puck of "The Can- adian Amateur Hockey League," composed of the following world- famed teams: Ottawas, Victorias, Shamrocks, Montreal and Quebec. No. 13. Each, 50c. ^^PRACTICE" "yHE Spalding "Practice" Puck is regulation size and really better than the so-called official pucks turned out by other manu- facturers. No. 15. Each, 25c. Extract from Official Rules OF THE Canadian Amateur Athletic League Sec. 13. The Spalding Hockey Puck, the official puck of the League, must be used in all matches. SEE THAT OUR TRADE-MARK APPEARS ON PUCK ITSELF BEFORE USING SEND FOR SPALDING'S HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. MAILED FREE TO ANY ADDRESS IN THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA. WRITE FOR ONE. A. C. SPALDING Sc BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England SPALDING'S HOCKEY STOCKINGS Our "Highest Quality" Stockings are superior to anything ever offered for athletic wear, and combine all the essentials of a perfect stocking. They are all wool, have white feet, are heavy ribbed, full fashioned, hug the leg I'l'llllla 'lllllllllill closely but comfortably, and are very durable. Eilililjipl The weaving is of an exclusive and unusually |[|ai||j|jjj handsome design. lii liH No. 3-0. Plain colors, white feet. Pair. $1.50 =='''^f"-" Colors:- Black, Navy and Maroon. Other colors to order only. Prices on application. No. 3-OS. Striped,white feet; made to order only; any color. Pair,$1.75g iniif STRIPED RIDDED STOCKINGS Best quality, all wool; stripes 2-inch, alternate. Colors: Scarlet and Black, Navy and Red, Orange and Black, Maroon and White, Royal Blue and White, Royal Blue and Black, Navy and White. Other colors to order only; prices on application. No. IRS. Heavy weight. ..,...,. Per pair, $1.25 No. 2RS. Medium weight " 1.00 No. 3RS. Good weight " .75 PLAIN COLORS No. IR. Heavy weight, all wool Per pair, 81.00 No. 2R. Medium weight, all wool " .80 No. 3R. Good weight, wool legs and cotton feet. ... " .60 No. 4R. Cotton " .25 Colors; Black, Navy, Maroon, Royal Blue and Scarlet. Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington San Francisco Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Montreal, Can. Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg London, England HOCKEY PANTS No. 2H No. 5B No. 2H. Heavy brown canvas, padded hips and knees. . . Per pair, $1.00 No. IH. Special quality brown canvas, hips and knees well padded. " 1.75 No. 3H, Special quality. Lightest and strongest brown canvas manufac- tured used in these pants. Hips and knees properly padded. Thighs have cane strips Per pair, $2.00 No. 5H. Goal Tenders' Pants. Made of moleskin; hips and knees padded with fine curled hair; the thighs covered with cane strips. Per pair, $3.00 No. 5B. Special Pants for Forwards. Made of heavy brown canvas, padded lightly on hips and very loose fitting Per pair, $1.00 No. XH. Pants. Made of heavy white drill, padded hips and knees. .75 Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington San Francisco Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Montreal, Can. Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg London, England SPALDING'S "SPECIAL" HOCKEY SHOE Material is a fine quality calfskin. Straps at ankle and instep give needed support, and altogether this is an ideal hockey shoe, particularly for for- wards. NO. 336. Pair, $5.00 SPALDI NG'S HOCKEY SHOE We have been supplying these shoes to hockey players for some seasons past with general satis- faction. Material is fine quality calfskin, machine sewed, with supporting straps at ankleandinstep, INO. 335. Palp, $4.00 No. 335 Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of ; sports. Mailed free to any address in the United States or Canada. A. C. SPALDirdC & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England 2U HEALTH ANSWERS BY PROF. E. B. WARMAN SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 213 Contents: Necessity for exercise in the summer; three rules for bicycling; when going up-hill; sitting out on summer nights; ventilating a bedroom; ventilating a houde; how to obtain pure air; bathing; salt water baths at home; a substitute for ice water; drinking ice water; to cure insomnia; asleep in two minutes; for those who ride wheels; summer outdoor exercise; profuse perspiration; danger of checking perspiration; di'ess, hot weather; light colored clothing; how to avoid catching cold; eating; a few good rules; drinking; how to go up and down stairs; the proper way to breathe; correct position; to secure correct position; the right way to sit; when you are walking; perfect freedom; stationary running; fish as brain food; condiments; internal baths; honey; anemic condition; high collars; alcohol; measurements of women; process of digestion; southern corn; children dining; blanched almonds; ice-cold water; beans; running; insomnia; consumptives; tub bath; codfish and po- tatoes; rheumatism; strength begins in the stomach; nervousness; poor complexions; lines about the mouth; sleeplessness and nervousness; school gymnastics; coffee; feats of strength; palpitation of the heart; measurements of men; catching cold easily; hoping against hope; sea salt; what is health ? what is disease? strength from the earth; nutrition; winter underwear; quantity of air; in your athletic work; rub down after the bath; amount of food required; sleeping without a pillow; short wind- edness; woolen underwear; complexion tablets; bathing when tired; beauty; the brain worker; two meals a day; how often to exercise; mixed diet; nostiil breathing; blush- ing; the lungs; sallow, or muddy complexion; facial muscles; draughts; vegetarians; a perfect woman; gray hair; eat less; stoop shouldered; eat more; varicose veins; offensive breath; offensive perspiration; consumption; animal foods; callous spots; to increase in weight; mixed diet necessary; blackheads; muscular energy; hot water tub baths; osteopathy; swimming; diet essential; dreaming; repair and waste; fluttering of the heart; importance of ventilation; appendicitis; to overcome short- windedness; French heels; the train skirt; flying all to pieces; longevity; bicycling; public speakers and singers; thinness; woolen underwear; starchy food; acid dyspep- sia; bleaches; best time to bathe; daily needs of the body; skin blemishes; restau- rant luncheons; active chest; the ankles; smoking; how to rest; cold feet; slender ness; hair tonics; cereals; diet; sugar; thin women; nervous indigestion; hearty breakfast; worry; shoulder braces; that tired feeling; obesity; the neck; paleness; tired limbs; sodium phosphate; proper insulation; cream or milk; massage; thin hair; dark circles; lemon juice; open air; waterproof dress; beneficial exercise; housework; swollen feet; mouth breathing; toilet soap; sunlight; massage; children; indigestion; black hats: carry your head high: playing golf; the brown streak; the hips; mastica- tion; rope jumping; snoring; digestion; do not be deceived; liquids at meals; acid of lemons; fresh fi'uits; conservation; vapor baths; lung expansion; the bones; pro- nounced muscles; vigorous exercise; diabetes; sighing; carry the head; sipping water; abnormal acidity; lung expansion; double chin; cooked foods; consumptives; heredity; take nothing; rye; black specks; manipulation; all manicures; ether; pure toilet soaps; a rubber comb; the parched, etc.; the requirements of health; the weeping sinew; heavy bed clothing; feather pillows; dandruff; tired feet; all cereals; for tender feet; barley; one who is ill; large pores; internal baths; oats; the use of any drug; a cold water bath; sugar; excessive blood; all depilatories; consumptives; fresh fruits; wheat; rice; lettuce; health; an outing; cornmeal; an oily complexion; filtered water; boiling the water; distilled water; fruit for gout; the palms; skimmed milk; alcohol; buttermilk; vegetables; muscle food; cocoa butter; buttermilk as a skin lotion; men of sedentary habits; children; beef tea; timely suggestions; oatmeal; oil obtained; the best known remedy; dark circles; a weak heart; snuffing any liquid; brain food; the term proteid; rough red hands: curvature; cold water; apples; shortness of breath; sunburned faces; bones require food; laugh and grow fat; fat taken as food; very obese people; beans, the^ poor man's friend; when summer comes; prevention; excessive flesh; patience; a headache; plants; iron; blackheads; la grippe; flowers in bedroom; feed a cold; la grippe; children; power of thought; hard hitting; high altitude; eye exercises. PRICE 10 CENTS AMERICAN SPORTS PUBUSHINii COMPANY, 15 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK w( ii The Spalding ^^Shamrock" Toboggans THE Spalding "Shamrock" Toboggans are made with both wood and steel runners. Sides are extra heavy to prevent chipping, runners placed so as to be equally suitable for either snow or ice slides, and hoods reinforced inside with wooden cross- pieces. Guaranteed to be best quality throughout. Where a toboggan is to be used continuously we recommend the steel shod style on account of its greater dura- bility. No. A. Wood runners, 8 feet long. Each, $12.00 No. B. Wood runners, 7 feet long. Each, $11.00 No. C. Wood runners, 6 feet long. Each, $10.00 The Spalding "Shamrock" Steel Shod No. 8-S. 8 feet long. No. 7-S. 7 feet long. No. 6-S. 6 f et long. Each, $16.00 15.00 " 14.00 New York Boston Buffalo SPALDING Sl BROS. Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Fi-aniscco Montreal, Can. London, England The Spalding ''Vicrorla" Toboggans In every particular these toboggans are bound to meet with approval. Material used in construction is care- fully selected and will give excellent satisfaction. Hoods held in place with leather thongs and ropes of durable quality. No. D. No. E. No. F. 6 feet long. 7 feet long. 8 feet long. Each, $7.00i 8.00 9.00 The Spalding ''Franhlln" Toboggans To meet the demand for a toboggan of good quality at a moderate price, we have introduced our "Franklin" style. Hood is held in place with leather thongs, and side ropes are well secured. No. I. 4 feet long. , Each, $2.50 No. 2. 5 feet long. . 3.00 No. 3. 6 feet long. 4.00 No. 4. 7 feet long. 5.00 No. 5. 8 feet long. " 6.00 Togues For tobogganing and winter sports. Knit of pure wool yarn, with fancy stripes and tassel. No. 555. Extra fine quality. No. 510. Fine quality. No. 500. Good quality. Each, ,1.25 .75 .50 Irw A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England TOBOGGAN CUSHIONS Well padded and nicely tufted. Sides and bottom of special quality brown canvas. Leather straps for attaching to toboggan. TICKING Ticking top, 2 feet. Ticking top, 3 feet. Ticking top, 4 feet. Ticking top, 5 feet. Ticking top, 6 feet. Ticking top, 7 feet. CORDUROY Corduroy top, 3 feet. Corduroy top, 4 feet. Corduroy top, 5 feet. Corduroy top, 6 feet. Corduroy top, 7 feet. Corduroy top, 8 feet. Each, $1.00 1.50 2,00 2.50 3.00 3.50 Each, $4.00 5-00 " 6.00 7.00 8.50 10.00 TOBOGGAN TOE CAPS Made of heavy leather, with rein- forcements riveted on side. Laced at top and well made. Each, $1.00 New York Boston Buffalo A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. Chicago St. Louis Washington San Francisco Mmneapohs Baltimore Kansas City Montreal Can Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg London, England THE SPALDING YELLOWSTONE SKIS We introduce this season the Spalding Yellow- stone Skis. Absolutely high grade, made accord- ing to the latest ideas and of hard wood. They are sawed to make a permanent centre curve (not bent), and grain runs to the back so as to offer no resistance. Have adjustable foot straps with cor- rugated rubber rest, and bottom of skis is grooved. Each pair furnished complete with special pole, equipped with bottom ring, wrist thong and steel spike with brass ferrule. No. X. 8 feet long. Per pair, $8.00 No. XX. 10 feet long. " 10.00 Other sizes to order; prices on application. SPALDING REGULATION SKIS Well made and of latest design, pair. No. M. 4 feet long. No. N. 6 feet long. No. O. 8 feet long. Pole with each Per pair, $2.00 3.00 5.00 Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of all sports. Mailed free to any address in the United States or Canada. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England SNOW SHOES We have the best and most practical line of snow shoes made. They are durable, neat in appearance and made with turn-up toe. Just the thing for healthful out- door amusement and tramping in winter. No. 10. Misses' and Boys', 10x33 inches. No. 20. Ladies', 11 1-2x36 inches. No. 30. Men's, 12x42 inches. No. 35. Men's, 14x42 inches. Per pair, $3.50 4.00 5.00 5.50 No. 40. Shanty, 14x44 inches, flat shoe, extra strong. 5.50 SNOW SHOE SANDALS ^> Alade of soft oil tanned leather; readily ^^- attached to snow shoes. For the practi- cal tramper. No. I. Per, pair, $1.00 BUCKSKIN MOCCASINS For hunting, snow shoeing and toboggan- ing. Very strong and heavy; bellows tongue. When ordering send size of shoe worn. No. 108. Per pair, $2.50 A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicag-Q Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England €4 The Spalding Highest Quaiitg" Sweaters Made of the very finest Australian lamb's wool, and exceedingly soft and pleasant to wear. They are full fashioned to body and arms and without seams of any kind. The various grades in our "Highest Quality" Sweaters are identical in quality and finish, the dif- ference in price being due entirely to variations in weight. Our No. A A Sweaters are considerably heavier than the heaviest sweater ever knitted and cannot be fur- nished by any other maker, as we have exclusive con- trol of this special weight. No. AA. Particularly suitable for foot ball and skating. Heaviest sweater made Each, $7.00 No. A. " Intercollegiate," special weight. . " 6.00 No. B. Heavy Weight " 5-00 No. C. Standard Weight. . . . . " 4-00 Colors: White, Navy Blue, Black, Gray, Maroon and Cardinal. Other colors to order. Prices on application. All made with 10- inch collars; sizes, 28 to 44 inches. Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of all athletic sports. Mailed free to any address. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England Spaldi mgs New and Improved Jerseys We carry following sizes in stock: 28 to 42-inch chest. Other sizes at an ad- vanced prxCe. Our No, lOP line is manufactured from hard twisted worsted and closely woven; of a good quality. Made to stand the severest strain; an absolutely perfect basket ball jersey. No. lOP. Solid colors: Black, Navy Blue, Gray and Maroon carried in stock; other plain colors to order Each, $2.50 No. 12P. In same colors as above " 2.00 No. lOPX. Same grade, solid color bodies with alternate striped sleeves— usually two inches of same color as the body, with narrow stripe of any desired color. Very popular with sleeveless jackets. . . Each, $2.75 Full Striped Jerseys No. lOPS. Full striped jerseys; two-inch stripes; same goods as above, made in the following combinations of colors: Orange and Black, Gray and Royal Blue, Scarlet and White, Navy and White, Royal Blue and White, Black and Royal Blue, Red and Black, Columbia Blue and White, Navy and Cardinal, Gray and Cardinal, Maroon and White. . . . Each, $3.00 No. 12PS. Furnished in same colors as lOPS, but collars and cuffs not striped Each, $2.25 Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed free to any address. — New York Chicago St. Louis Washington San Francisco Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Montreal, Can. Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg London, England A. C. SPALDING & BROS. The Spalding Official intercoilc<|iate Foot Ball We have spared no expense in making this ball perfect in every detail, and offer it as the finest foot ball ever produced. Each ball is thoroughly tested, packed in a separate box and sealed, so that our customers are guaranteed a perfect ball in- side when same is received with seal unbroken. A polished and nickel-plated brass foot ball infiater and lacing needle will be packed with each Intercollegiate foot ball without extra charge. Used exclusively by all the leading universities, col- leges and athletic associations without exception. NO. J5 Foot Ball, complefe, $4.00 A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington San Francisco Boston Minneapolis Baltimore Kansas City Montreal, Can. Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg London England The Spalding Official League Ball. Used exclusively by the National League, Minor Leagues, and by all Intercollegiate and other Associ- ations for over a quarter of a century. Each ball wrapped in tinfoil and put in a separate box, and sealed in accordance with the regulations of the National League and American Association. War- ranted to last a full game when used under ordinary conditions. .No. 1. "Official" League Ball. Each, $1.25 A. G. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco Boston _ Baltimore Buffalo Kansas City St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. London, England Spalding RunnlHg Shoes Arthur F. Duffey Holder of the world's record, 9 3-5s. for 100 yards, wears Spalding Shoes in all his races. M. W. Long Holder of the world's 440 yards record; the American, English and International champion, wears Spalding Shoes in all his races. B. F. Wefers Holder of the world's record for 220 yards, made his record with a pair of Spalding Shoes. John F. Cregan The American half-mile and Intercollegiate champion, and thousands of others attribute their success on the path to the fact that they had a well- fitting, light, serviceable shoe to wear. Nearly every American, Inter- collegiate and Interscholastic record has been made when the contestant wore Spalding Shoes. Spalding's handsomely illustra mailed free t( ted catalogue of athletic goods ) any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago St. Louis Washington San Francisco Boston Minneapoh's Baltimore Kansas City Montreal, Can. Buffalo Philadelphia Denver Pittsburg London, England n From Champion Jeffries A. G. Spalding & Bros. Gentlemen— I wish to thank you for the perfect shoes and boxing gloves that you fur- nished me for my fight r/ith Mr. Fitzsimmons, and also to give you my indorsement for the superb quality of these goods. I shall expect to use them in all my future contests. Yours very truly. Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic sports. Mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco Boston Baltimore Buffalo Kansas City St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. London, England Rose Villa, Bensonhurst, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1902. A. G. Spalding & Bros. Gentlemen— You no doubt have seen by the Associated Press dis- patches that I am matched with James J. Jeffries to contest for the championship of the world during' the month of May, next. I am go- ing to make an earnest effort to win back the championship, and want to be in fine fettle when I enter the ring. I have always used your gloves in every important battle, and as I can find nothing to compare with the Spalding g-loves and striking bags ycu make, I want you to forward at once a set of 5-ounce "Specials," and a set of the 10-ounce training gloves. I am going to have Gus Ruhlin assist me in training, and when I get well under way, will forward an additional order, so that I may not be handicapped for want of apparatus. Kindly forward bill, and I will send a New York draft to balance account. With regards. Yours very truly. ^^^.X/ ^^-^^^^^^^^ A. G. SCALDING & BROS. New York Boston St. Louis Chicago Baltimore Minneapolis Philadelphia Buffalo Denver London, England San Francisco Kansas City Montreal, Can. HOW TO PUNCH THE BAG W. H. ROTHWELL (" Young Corbett ") BY YOUNG CORBETT (W. H. ROTHWELL) The most complete book on bag punching ever written. All the various movements clearly explained and illus- trated. The photographs were taken especially for this book at Young Corbett's training quarters in New York, and cannot be seen elsewhere. Fancy bag punching described by W. F. Keller, champion fancy bag puncher. PRICE TEN CENTS A. G. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston _ Baltimore Buffalo St. Louis Minneapolis Denver London, England San Francisco Kansas City Montreal, Can. BOXING GLOVES No. Cut illustrates the patent palm lacing and patent palm grip referred to in descriptions of following boxing gloves. With these improve- ments we believe our line is absolutely the finest on the market. The patent palm lacing insuring a snug fit at all times is a very valu- able feature, and the patent pa m grip we know will be appreciated by those who want gloves that are up-to-date in every particular. 15. Corbett pattern, soft tanned leather, well padded with hair, padded wristband, patent palm lacing and patent palm grip Per set, $3.00 No. 17. Corbett pattern, craven tan leather, well padded with hair, patent palm lacing, patent palm grip and padded wrist- band, Per set, $3.00 No. 19. Corbett pattern, craven tan leather, well padded with hair, patent palm grip and patent palm lacing. Per set, $2.50 No. 21. Corbett pattern, grip and cuffs of olive tanned leather, balance of glove finished in dark wine color tanned leather. Well padded with hair and patent palm lacing. Per set, $2.00 Handsomely illustrated catalogue mailed free to any address. A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco Boston Baltimore Buffalo Kansas City St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. London, England mi>mmmi^iiim!mm''>mmm HOW TO BECOME A BOXER For many years publications have been issued on the art of boxing that t to a certain extent did not enable the novice nor the youth to become pro- ticient in the manly art. There is probably no man in America better qualified to teach boxing than Prof. William Elmer, and in his book on the subject he goes into it very ex- haustively. The book contains about seventy full page illustrations, show- ing how each blow is to be made, how to attack and how to defend yourself. It shows how the hands must be held and the positions to take, with descriptions that are so accurate that any boy can take them, open them up and with a young friend become proficient. Besides being a fully illustrated book on the art of self-defence, it contains nearly all the photographs of the leading Amer- ican boxers and the positions they take, which in itself is instructive ; the different rules under which all contests are held, and articles which will interest anyone on the question of physical education. In order to make this publication the most ac- curate one issued, Prof. Elmer had his sparring partner posed personally for all the illustrations. PRICE BY MAIL lo CENTS. American Sports Publishioij: Co„ 16-18 Park Place, New York. SpoiariHi's Championship liommer Bail-Bearing Swivel Flanagan's Record of 171 ft. 9 in.. Long Island City, September 3, 1901, was made with this hammer. The Spalding Championship Ball Bearing Hammer, originally designed by John Flanagan, champion of the world, has been highly endorsed only after re- peated trials in championship events. The benefits of the ball-bearing construction will be quickly appre- ciated by all hammer throwers. Each hammer put up complete in sole leather carrying case. No. 02. 12-lb., with Sole Leather Case. . Each, $12.00 No. 06. 16-lb., with Sole Leather Case. . '* 12.00 No. 02X. 12-lb., without Sole Leather Case. 10.00 No. 06X. 16-lb., without Sole Leather Case. 10.00 A. C. SPALDING & BROS. New York Boston Buffalo Chicago Minneapolis Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Denver Washington Kansas City Pittsburg San Francisco Montreal, Can. London, England PECK & SNYDER'S —RACING- ROLLER SKATE This style skate is steadily increasing in popularity. We recommend them particularly for rink use. Made of cold rolled steel, heavily nickel-plated. Wheels have tempered steel ball bearings and good quality solid rubber tires. Men's all clamp, adjustable from lo to 11,^2 inches. No. IR. Per pair, $4.00 Ladies' and Misses' all clamp, adjustable from 7^2 to 9J2 inches. No. 3R, Per pair, $4.00 A. C. SPALDING &, BROS. New York Chicago Philadelp'nia San Francisco St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. London, England. The Spalding Patent Solid Striking Bag Disks Patent Pending WALL BRACED STYLE Similar to No. ER, except the inflated feature No. FR. Complete, without bag. Each, $5.00 A. C. SPALDING &, BROS. New York Boston St. Louis Chicago Baltimore Minneapol Philadelphia Buffalo Denver London, England San Francisco Kansas City Montreal, Can, SPALDING'S HOME GYMNASIUM /COMBINING '-. ^ Swinging Rings, Trapeze, Stirrups and Swing. The ap- paratus is sup- ported by two strong screw- hooks in the ceiling, about 18 Inches apart, and screwed 5 inches into the joist. It can also be used out of doors. The straps are of extra strong webbing and ad- justable to any desired height. The rings are of the patent bent wood, about 6 inches in diam- eter. The ap- paratus can be put up in any room and re- moved in a mo- ment, leaving only two small eyes in the ceil- ing visible. A space 6 or 8 feet wide is ample for any of the exercises. The various combi- nations can be quickly and easily made. We furnish, in addition, a board, adjustable to the stirrups, which forms an excellent swing. No. 1. Complete, ready to put up, $5.00 Handsomely illustrated catalogue mailed free to any address. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. New York Boston St. Louis Chicago Baltimore Minneapolis Philadelphia Buffalo Denver San Francisco Kansas City Montreal, Can. London, England. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 12-Association Foot Ball Contains valuable information, diagrams of play, and rules for both the Gaelic and Association styles of play. Price 10 cents. No. 13-How to Play Hand Ball By the world's champion, Michael Egan, of Jersey City. This book has been rewritten and brought up to date in every particular. Every play is thoroughly explained by text and diagram. The numerous illus- trations consist of full pages made from photographs of Champion Egan, showing him in all his character- istic attitudes when playing. These pictures were made exclusively for this book and cannot be found In any other publication. This is undoubtedly the best work on hand ball ever published. Price 10 cents. No. 14-Curling History of the sport; diagram of curling rink; rules for curling; dia- grams of play. Price 10 cents. No. 16-How to Become a Skater By Geo. D. Phillips, for years the American cham- pion. Contains chapter for boys and advice for be- ginners; how to become a figure skater thoroughly explained, with many diagrams showing how to do the different tricks of the best figure skaters, in- ^r_, .--Y^ eluding the Mohawk, with all its variations; Q's, for- (sfP^ tt 31 ward and backward, inside and outside; the crosscuts. Including the difficult Swedish style; inside and outside spins; the grapevine, with its numerous branches, and many other styles, which will be comparatively simple to any one who follows the directions given. Illustrated with pictures of leading skaters in action. Price 10 cents. No. 23-Canoelng By C. Bowyer Vaux. Paddling, sailing, cruising and racing canoes and their uses; canoeing and camping; paddling; saiHng; racinfj regula- tions. Price 10 cents. No. 27-College Athletics , M. C. Murphy, the well-known athletic trainer, now with Yale University, the author of this book, has written it especially for the schoolboy and college man, but it is invaluable for the athlete who wishes to excel in any branch of athletic sport. The subjects comprise the following articles: Training, starting, sprinting; how to train for the quarter, half, mile and longer distances; walking; high and broad jumping; hurdling; pole vaulting; putting the shot; throwing the hammer. Illustyrated with l^lcUixes of lea4ing college athletes. Price XO cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 29-Exercising With Pulley Weights By Dr. Henry S. Anderson, instructor in heavy gymnastics Yale gym- nasium, Anderson Normal School, Chautauqua University. In conjunc- tion with a chest machine anyone with this book can become perfectly developed. Contains all the various movements necessary to become pro- ficient and of well-developed physique. Thoroughly explained and illus- trated with numerous drawings. Price 10 cents. No„ 40-Archery By J. S. Mitchel. An introductory chapter on the use of the bow and arrow; archery of the present day; the bow and how to use it, with prac- tical illustrations on the right and wrong method of aiming. Price 10 cents. No. 55-Off1cial Sporting Rules Contains rules not found in other publications for the government of many sports; rules for wrestling, cross-country running, shuffleboard, skating, snowshoeing, quoits, potato racing, professional racing, rac- quets, pigeon flying, dog racing, pistol and revolver shooting. Price 10 cents. No. 87-Athletic Primer Edited by J. E, Sullivan, Secretary-Treasurer of "i the Amateur Athletic Union ; tells how to organ- ize an athletic club, how to conduct an athletic meeting, and gives rules for the government of athletic meetings; contents also include directions for building a track and laying out athletic grounds, and a very instructive article on train- ing ; fully illustrated with pictures of leading athletes in action. Price 10 cents. No* 102-Cround Tumbling By Prof. Henry Walter Worth, who was for years physical director of the Armour Institute of Technology. Any boy, by reading this book and following the instructions, which are drawn from life, can become a pro- ficient tumbler; all the various tricks explained. Price 10 cents. No. I04-The Grading of Gymnastic Exercises By G. M. Martin, Physical Director of the Y. M. C. A. of Youngstown, Ohio. It is a book that should be in the hands of every physical director of the Y. M. C. A., school, club, college, etc. The contents comprise: The place of the class in physical training; grading of exercises and sea- son schedules— grading of men, grading of exercises, season schedules for various classes, elementary and advanced classes, leaders, optional exercises, examinations, college and school work; calisthenic exercises, graded apparatus exercises and general massed class exercises. Nearly 200 pages. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 124— How to Become a I I ^ Gymnast ^ * ^^^ By Eobert Stoll, of the New York A.C., the American champion on the flying rings from 1885 to 1S92. Any boy who frequents a gymnasium can easily follow the illustrations and instructions in this book and with a little practice become profi- cient on the horizontal and parallel bars, the tra- peze or the "horse." Price 10 cents. No, 128-How to Row By E. J. Giannini, of the New York A. C, one of America's most famous amateur oarsman and champions. This book will instruct any one who is a lover of rowing how to become an expert. It is fully illustrated, showing how to hold the oars, the finish of the stroke and other information that will prove valuable to the beginner. Contains also the official laws of boat racing of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Price 10 cents. No. 129-Water Polo By Gus Sundstrom, instructor at the New York A. C. It treats of every detail, the individual work of the players, the practice of the team, how to throw the ball, with illustrations and many valuable hints. Price 10 cents. No. fSS-Oflflcial Handbook of the A. A. U. of the United States The A. A. U. is the governing body of athletes in the United Statt s of America, and all games must be held under its rules, which are ex- clusively published in this handbook, and a copy should be in the hands of every athlete and every club officer in America. This book contains the official rules for running, jumping, weight throwing, hurdling, pole vaulting, swimming, boxing, wrestling, etc., and is an encyclopedia in itself. Price 10 cents. No. r36-OfTlcial Y. M. C. A. Handbook Edited by G. T. Hepbron, the well-known athletic authority. It contains the official rules governing all ■ sports under the jurisdiction of the Y. M. C. A., a com- plete report of the physical directors' conference, offi- cial Y. M. C. A. scoring tables, pentathlon rules, many pictures of the leading Y. M. C. A. athletes of the country, official Y. M. C. A. athletic rules, constitution and by-laws of the Athletic League of Y. M. C. A., aU around indoor test, volley ball rules; illustrated. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY ' a No. 133-Ofncial Croquet Guide Contains directions for playing, diagrams of important strokes, descrip- tion of grounds, instructions for the beginner, terms used in the game, and the official playing rules. Price 10 cents. No. (40-Wrestling Catch as catch can style. By E. H. Hitchcock, M. D., of Cornell, and R. F. Nelligan, of Amherst College. The book contains nearly seventy illustrations of the different holds, photographed especially and so de- scribed that anybody who desires to become expert in wrestling can with little effort learn every one. Price 10 cents. No. 142-Physical Training Simplified By Prof. E. B. Warman, the well-known physical culture expert. la a complete, thorough and practical book where the whole man is consid- ered—brain and body. By following the instructions no apparatus ia r'^quired. The book is adapted for both sexes. The exercises comprise directions as follows: how to stand; how to sit; how to rest; breathing; exercises for the fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck, hips, knees, ankles; a word about the muscles; the arms and thighs; shoulders and chest; waist; sides; back and abdomen; bowing; bending; twisting; the liver squeezer, etc., etc. Fully illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 143-lndian Clubs and Dumb- Bells Two of the most popular forms of home or gymna- sium exercise. This book is written by America's , amateur champion club swinger, J. H. Dougherty. It U^| is clearly illustrated, by which any novice can become an expert. Price 10 cents. ^] No. 149-The Care of the Body A book that all who value health should read and follow its instruc- tions. By Prof. E. B, Warman, the well known lecturer and authority on physical culture. The subject is thoroughly treated, as a glance at the following small portion of the contents shows: An all-around athlete; muscular Christianity; eating; diet— various opinions; bill of fare for brain workers; bill of fare for muscle-makers; what to eat and drink; a simple diet; an opinion on brain food; why is food required? drinking wa' ^er; nutrition— how food nourishes the body; a day's food, how used: mstituents of a day's ration— beef steak, potatoes bread, butter, water; germs of disease; diseases peculiar to children; digestion— time required; dieting; milk; alcoholic drinks; tobacco; should clergymen smoke? corsets: methods of training; symmetrical development; the perfect man; the per- fect woman; proper weight, height and measurement; the secret of not growing old; three rules for preventing wrinkles; physicians and drugs; Christian science; catching cold; bathing; the uses of salt; catarrh; a clear complexion; sleeping; insomnia; the care of the feet" color of the clothing | bresthirsr: ventilation. Price JO centa. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 152-Table Tennis The contents include the official rules and illustrations of the various strokes, posed by experts. Price 10 cents. No. 154-Field Hockey . ^ ^ . , , ut, r:^!^ ^ ,A. ^, ^ To those m need of vigorous and health- ful out-of-doors exercise, this game is re- commended highly. Its healthful attri- butes are manifold and the interest of player and spectator alike is kept active throughout the progress of the game. Can * be played by either sex and occupies a prom- inent place in the sports at Vassar, Smith, Wellesley. Bryn Mawr and other leading^olleges. Price 10 cents. No. 156-The Athlete's Guide How to become an athlete. It contains full mstruc- tions for the beginner, telling how to sprint, hurdle, jump and throw weights, general hints on training; in fact, this book is one of the most complete on the sub- ject that has ever appeared. Special chapters con- tain valuable advice to beginners and important A. A. U. rules and their explanations, while the pic- tures comprise many exclusive scenes showing cham- pions in action. Price 10 cents. No. 157-How to Play Lawn Tennis A complete description of lawn tennis is found in this book ; a history of the game ; a lesson for beginners and directions telling how to make the most important strokes; styles and skill of the experts; the American twist service; how to build and keep a court, illustrated from photo- graphs of leading players in action. Price 10 cents. No. 158-lndoor and Outdoor Gymnastic Games Without question one of the best books of its kind ever published. Compiled by Prof. A. M. Chesley, the well-known Y. M. C. A. physical director. It is a book that will prove valuable to indoor and outdoor gym- nasiums, schools, outings and gatherings where there are a number to be amused. The games described comprise a list of 120. divided into several groups; simple games for a large number, tag games and racing games; games for a few; ball games and athletic feats. Price 10 cents. No. 161-Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy Men By Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, superintendent of physical training in the \-ew York public schools. Anyone who is looking for a concise and com- plete course of physical education at home would do well to procure a opy of this book. Ten minutes' work as directed is exercise anyone can follow. It already has had a large sale and has been highly com- mended by all who have followed its instructions. Nearly 100 pages of illustrations, and 100 of text. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY ■ No. 162-How to Become a Boxer For many years books have been issued on the art of boxing, but it has remained for us to arrange a book that we think is sure to fill all demands. It contains over 70 pages of illustrations showing all the latest blows, posed especially for this book under the super- vision of one of the best instructors of boxing in the United States, who makes a specialty of teaching and who knows how to impart his knowledge, ranged that anyone can easily become a proficient boxer. The book also contains pictures of all the well known boxers. A partial list of the 200 pages of the book include: A history of boxing; how to box: the correct position; the hands; clenching the fist; the art of gauging distance; the first principles of hitting; the elements of defence; feinting; knockout blows: the chin punch; the blow under the ear; the famous solar plexus knockout; the heart blow; famous blows and their originators: Fitzsim- mons' contribution; the McCoy corkscrew; the kidney punch; the liver punch; the science of boxing; proper position of hand and arm, left hook to face; hook to the jaw; how to deliver the solar plexus; correct delivery of a right uppercut; blocking a right swing and sending a right uppercut to chin; blocking a left swing and sending a left uppercut to chin; the side step; hints on training, diet and breathing; how the boxer trains; boxing in the Amateur Athletic Union; rules for boxing. Price 10 cents. No. 165-The Art of Fencing This is a new book by Regis and Louis Senac, of New York, famous instructors and leading authorities on the subject. Messrs. Senac give in detail how every move should be made, and tell it so clearly that anyone can follow the instructions. It is illustrated with sixty full page pictures, posed especially for this book. Price 10 cents. No. 166-How to Swing Indian Clubs By Prof. E. B. Warman, the well-known exponent of physical culture. The most complete work on this special subject ever issued. By following the directions carefully anyone can become an expert. Price 10 cents. No. 167-Quoits By M. W. Deshong. The need of a book on this interesting game has been felt by many who wished to know the fine points and tricks used by the experts. Mr. Deshong explains them, with illustrations, so that a novice can readily understand. Price 10 cents. No. 170-Push Ball Played with an air-inflated ball 6 feet in diameter, weighing about 50 pounds. A side consists of eleven men. This book contains the official rules and a sketch of the game; illustrated. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. I7l-Basket Ball for Women Edited by Miss Senda Berenson, of Smith College. Contains the rules for basket ball for women as adopted by the conference on physi- cal training, held in June, 1899, at Springfield, Mass., and articles on the following subjects: Psychological effects of basket ball for women, by Dr. Luther H. Gulick, superintendent of physical training in the schools of Greater New York; physiological effects of basket ball, by Theodore Hough, Ph. D.; significance of basket ball for women, by Senda Berenson: relative merit of the Y. M. C. A. rules and women's rules, by Augusta Lane Patrick; practical side af basket- ball, by Ellen Emerson, B. K., Agnes Childs, A. B., Fanny Garrison. A. B., diagram of field, showing position of team; illustrated with many pic- tures of basket ball teams. Price 10 cents. No. 174-Distance and Cross Country Running By George Orton, the famous University of Pennsylvania runner. Tells how to become proficient at the quarter, half, mile, the longer distances, and cross-country ranning and steeplechasing, with instructions for training and schedules to be observed when preparing for a contest. Illustrated with numerous pictures of leading athletes in action, with comments by the editor on the good and bad points shown. Price 10 cents. No, 177-How to Swim By J. H. Sterrett, the leading authority on swimming in America. The instructions will in- terest the expert as well as the novice; the illustrations were made from photographs es- pecially posed, showing the swimmer in clear water ; a valuable feature is the series of " land drill " exercises for the beginner, which is illustra- ted by many drawings. The contents comprise A plea for education in swimming; swimming as an exercise and for de- velopment; land drill exercises; plain swimming; best methods of learn; ing; the breast stroke; breathing; under-arm side stroke; scientific strokes— over-arm side stroke; double over-arm or "trudgeon" stroke; touching and turning; training for racing; ornamental swimming; float- ing; diving; running header; back dive; diving feet foremost; the pro- peller; marching on the water; swimming on the back; amateur swim- ming rules; amateur plunging rules. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 178-How to Train for Bicycling Gives methods of the best riders when training for long or short distance races; hints on training. Revised and up-to-date in every particular. Price 10 cents. No, 180-Ring Hockey A new game for the gymnasium. Invented by Dr. J. M. Vorhees of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, that has sprung into instant popularity ; as exciting as basket ball. This book contains ofRcial rules. Price 10 cents. No. 182-AII-Around Athletics Gives iiT full the method of scoring the Ail-Around Championship, giving percentage tables showing what each man receives for each per- formance in each of the ten events. It contains as well instructive articles on how to train for the All- Around Championship. Illustrated with many pictures of champions in action and scenes at all-around meets. Price 10 cents. No. 185-Health Hints A series of articles by Prof. E. B. Warman, the well known lecturer and authority on physical culture. Prof. Warman treats very interestingly of health influenced by insulation; health influenced by underwear; health influenced by color; exercise, who needs it? Price IC cents. No. 186-How to Become a Bowler By S. Karpf, Secretary of the American Bowling Congress, and one of the best posted men on bowling in America. Contents: History of the sport; diagrams of effective deliveries; how to bowl; a few hints to be- ginners; American Bowling Congress; the national championships; how to build an alley; how to score; spares— how they are made. Rules for cocked hat, cocked hat and feather, quintet, battle game, nine up and nine down, head pin and four back, ten pins— head pin out, five back, the Newport game, ten pin head pin game^ duckpin game, head pin game, Dayton candle (rubber neck) pin game. New England candle pin game; illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 187-How to Play Roller Polo Edited by J. C. Morse. A full description of the game ; official rules ; pictures of teams ; other articles of interest- Price 10 cents. No. (88-Lawn Hockey, Tether Tennis, Coif Cro- quet, Volley Ball, Hand Tennis, Carden Hockey, Parlor Hockey, Badminton. Containing the rules for each game. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 189-Rules for Games Compiled by Jessie H. Bancroft, director of physical training', depart- ment of education. New York City, Borough of Brooklyn. The games described in this book are intended for use at recesses, and all but the team games have been adapted to large classes. While it is desirable that all the players should have a maximum of physical activity, it has been found that some games, which keep only a few of the players run- ning at once, are of important service for mental hygiene, through their power of holding the voluntary attention. Indeed, the interest of the children has been made one test of the success of the games. The games are suitable for children from three to eight years, and include a great variety, divided under the general heads of ball games, bean bag' games, circle games, singing games and miscellaneous games. Price 10 cents. No. 190-Offlcial Athletic /kJmanac Compiled by J. E. Sullivan, Secretary-Treasurer of the Amateur Ath- letic Union. It is the only annual publication issued now that contains a complete list of amateur best-on-records; complete intercollegiate records; complete English records from 1866; swimming records; inter- scholastic records ; Irish, Scotch and Australasian records ; reports of leading' athletic meets; skating records; important athletic events and numerous photos of individual athletes and leading athletic teams. Issued January 1st of each year. Price 10 cents. No, 191-How to Punch the Bag By W. H. Roth well ("Young Corbett"), champion featherweight of the world. This book is undoubtedly the best treatise on bag punching that has ever been printed. Every variety of blow used in training' is shown and explained. The pictures comprise thirty- three full page reproductions of Young Corbett as he * -^^^ H ^ appears while at work in his training quarters. The ^/Y j[ A photographs were taken by our special artist and cannot be seen in any other publication than Spalding's Athletic Library No. 191, Fancy bag punching is treated by a well known theatrical bag' puncher, who shows the latest tricks. Price 10 cents. No. 192-lndoor Base Ball America's national game is now vieing with other indoor games as a winter pastime. This book contains the playing rules, pictures of lead- ing teams, and interesting articles on the game. Price 10 cents. \ No. 193-How to Play Basket Ball \ By G. T. Hepbron, editor of the Official Basket Ball Guide. Contains \ full instructions for players, both for the expert and the novice, duties " \ of officials, and specially posed full page pictures showing the correct and incorrect methods of playing. The demand for a book of this character is fully satisfied in this publication, as many points are included which could not be incorporated in the annual publication of the Basket Ball Guide for want of room. Price 10 cents. — -— SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 194-Racquets, Squash-Racquets and Court Tennis The need of an authoritative handbook at a popular price on these games is filled by this book. How to play each game is thorougly ex- plained, and all the difficult strokes shown by special photographs taken especially for this book. Contains the official rules for each game, with scenes of famous courts. Price 10 cents. No. 195— Official Roque Guide The official publication of the National Roque Asso- ciation of America. Edited by Prof. Charles Jacobus, ex-champion. Contains a description of the courts and their construction, diagrams of the fiield, illustra- tions, rules and valuable information concerning the game of roque. Price 10 cents. No. 196-Offlcial Base Ball Guide Edited by Henry Chad wick, the "Father of Base Ball," the official pub- lication of base ball. It c( ntains a complete record of all leagues in America, pictures of teams, official rules and reviews of the game. The standard base ball annual of the country. Price 10 cents. No. I97-Spa|ding's Lawn Tennis Annual Contains official statistics, photographs of leading players, special articles on the game, review of important tournaments, official rules, handicapping rules and tables ; list of fixtures for the current year and other valuable information. Price 10 cents. No. 198-Spalding's Official Cricket Guide Edited by Jerome Flannery. The most complete year book of the game that has ever been published in America. It contains all the records of the previous year, reports of special matches, official rules and pictures of all the leading teams and individual players. Price 10 cents. No. 199-Equestrian Polo Guide Compiled by H. L. FitzPatrick of the New York Sun. Illustrated with portraits of leading players and contains most useful information for polo players in relation to playing the game, choosing of equipment and mounts; contains the official rules and handicaps of the National Associa- tion. Price 10 cents. SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 200-Dumb-Bells This is undoubtedly the best work on dumb- bells that has ever been offered. The author, Mr. G. Bojus, of New York City, was formerly superintendent of physical culture in the Elizabeth (N. J.) public schools, instructor at Columbia University, instructor for four years at the Columbia summer school, and is now proprietor of the Liberty Street Gymnasium, at 121 Liberty Street, New York City. The book contains 200 photographs of all the various exercises, with the instructions in large, readable type. It should be in the hands of every teacher and pupil of physical culture, and is invaluable for home exercise as well. Price 10 cents. No. 201-Lacrosse-From Candidate to Team By William C. Schmeisser, captain Johns Hopkins Univei-sity champion intercollegiate lacrosse team of 1902 ; edited by Ronald T. Abercrombie, ex-captain and coach of Johns Hopkins University lacrosse team, 1900-1904. Every position is thoroughly explained in a most simple and concise man- ner, rendering it the best manual of the game ever published. Illustrated with numerous snapshots of important play.^. Price 10 cents. No. 202-How to Play Base Ba I Edited by T. H. Murnane. New and revised edition. Contents: How to become a batter, by Napoleon Lajoie, James Collins, Hugh Jennings and Jesse Tannehill; how to run the bases, by Jack Doyle and Frank L. Chance; advice to base runners: by James E. Sullivan, Secretary-Treasurer A. A.U,; how to become a good pitcher, by Cy Young, "Rube" Waddell and Bert Cunningham; on curve pitchine-, by Cy Young, James J. Callahan, Frank Donahue, Vic Willis, William Dineen and Charley Nichols; how to become a good catcher, by Eddie Phelps, William Sullivan and M. J. Kittridge; how to play first base, by Hugh Jennings; how to play second base, by Napoleon Lajoie and William Gleason; how to play third base, by James Collins and Lave Cross; how to play shortstop, by Herman Long; how to play the infield, by Charles A. Comiskey; how to play the outfield, by Fred Clarke; the earmarks of a ball player, by John J, McGraw; good advice for players; how to organize a team; how to manage a team; how to score a game; how to umpire a game; base ball rules interpreted for boys. Price 10 cents, No»203-lce Hockey and Ice Polo Written by the most famous player in Canada, A, Farrell, of the Shamrock hockey team of Mon- treal. It contains a complete description of the game, its origin, points of a good player, and an instructive article on how game is played, with di- agrams and official rules. Illustrated with pic- tures of leading teams. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 204-Offlcial Intercollegiate A. A. A. Handbook Contains constitution, by-laws, laws of athletics, and rules to govern the awarding of the championship cup of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of Amateur Athletes of America, the governing body in col- lege athletics. Contains official intercollegiate records from 1876 to 1903, with the winner's name and time in each event, list of points won by each college, and list of officers of the association from 1889 to 1904, inclusive. To anyone interested in college athletics the book is invaluable as a record. Price 10 cents. No.205-OfTlcial Handbook of the Public Schools Athletic League This is the official handbook of the Public ^^^- r^^s^^^^^^. Schools Athletic League, which embraces all ^ \ «Tl .^B».»'l the public schools of Greater New York. It contains the official rules that govern all the contests of the league, and constitution, by-laws and officers. Edited by Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, superintendent of physical education in the New Yoi'k public schools, and Wm. C. J. Kelly, secretary of the league. Illustrated with numerous portraits of schoolboy athletes. Price 10 cents. No. 206-How to Play Coif No golfer should miss having a copy of this golf guide, Harry Vardon tells how % to play game, with life-like illustrations showing the different strokes. The book also contains the revised official rules, offi- cial records, as well as pictures of many important players, and a directory giving name, address, membership and length of course of golf clubs in the United States. Price 10 cents. No. 207-Bowling on the Green; or. Lawn Bowls This famous Scottish game has achieved considerable popularity in America. Con- tains an account of the introduction of the game in America; diagram of a green; how to costruct a green; necessary equip- ment; how to play the game, and the offi- cial rules as promulgated by the Scottish Bowling Association. This handbook of the game has been edited by Mr. James W. Greig, a well known authority, and is thoroughly up to date. Illustrated with portraits of prominent! players. Price 10 cents. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY No. 208-Physical Education and Hygiene This is the fifth of the Physical Training series, by Prof. E. B. Warman (see Nos. 142, 149, 166 and 185), and a glance at the contents will show the variety of subjects : Chapter I— Basic principles; longevity. Chapter 11 —Hints on eating ; food values ; the uses of salt. Chapter III— Medicinal value of certain foods. Chapter IV— The efficacy of sugar ; sugar, food for muscular work ; eating for strength and endurance ; fish as brain food ; food for the children. Chapter V— Digestibility ; bread ; appen- dicitis due to flour. Chapter VI— Hints on drinking— Water, milk, butter- milk, tea, coffee ; how to remain young. Chapter VII— Hints on bathing ; cold, hot, warm, tepid, salt, sun, air, Russian, Turkish, cabinet. Chapter VIII— Hints on breathing ; breathlessness, heart strain, second wind, yawning, the art of yogi; as applied to bicycling. Price 10 cents. No. 2IO-HOW to Play Foot Ball Edited by Walter Camp, Revised for season of 1904. The contents embrace everything that a \ beginner wants to know and many points that an expert will be glad to learn. An introductory chapter for beginners ; how to play and tackle ; back formations, by Walter Camp. Quarterback is described by deSauUes, the famous Yale player ; _ how to give signals is explained by Rockwell and '^^ -^ Hogan of the Yale team, who show with many diagrams how the big teams make their sensational plays ; Lewis, the well-known Harvard player, gives instructions in the methods of defence, and William T. Reid, the former Harvard fullback, tells of the duties of the backs. The pictures are made from snapshots of leading teams and individual players in action, with comments by Walter Camp. Price 10 cents. No. 2M-Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide Edited by Walter Camp. Contains the new rules, with diagram of field as newly arranged' special chapters on the game, foot ball for the spectator, All-America teams, as selected by leading authorities ; Middle West, Southern, Canadian foot ball, records, and pictures of all the prominent teams, embracing nearly 3,000 players. Price 10 cents. No. 212-Official Basket Ball Guide Edited by George T. Hepbron. Contains the re- vised official rules, decisions on disputed points, records of prominent teams, reports on the game from various parts of the country, and pictures of hundreds of players. The standard basket ball annual of the country. Price 10 cents. DEC 8 1904 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY PRICE TEN CENTS PER COYY No. 213-285 Health Answers Contents: Necessity for exercise in the summer; three rules for bicycling; when going- up-hill; sitting out on summer nights; ventilating a bedroom; ventilating a house; how to obtain pure air; bathing; salt water baths at home; a substitute for ice water; drinking ice water; to cure insomnia; asleep in two minutes; for those who ride wheels; summer outdoor exercise; profuse perspiration; danger of checking perspiration; dress, hot weather; light colored clothing; how to avoid catching cold; eating; a few good rules; drinking; how to go up and down stairs; the proper way to breathe; correct position; to secure correct position; the right way to sit; when you are walking; perfect freedom; stationary running; fish as brain food; condiments; internal baths; honey; anemic condition; high collars; alcohol; measurements of women; process of digestion; southern corn; children dining; blanched almonds; ice-cold water; beans; running; insomnia; consumptives; , tub. bath; codfish and po- tatoes; rheumatism; strength begins in the stomach; nervousness; poor complexions; lines about the mouth; sleeplessness and nervousness; school gymnastics; coffee; feats of strength; palpitation of the heart; measurements of men; catching cold easily; hoping against hope; sea salt; what is health ? what is disease? strength from the earth; nutrition; winter underwear; quantity of air; in your athletic work; rub down after the bath; amount of food required; sleeping without a pillow; short wind- edness; woolen underwear; complexion tablets; bathing when tired; beauty; the brain worker; two meals a day; how often to exercise; mixed diet; nostril breathing; blush- ing; the lungs; sallow, or muddy complexion; facial muscles; draughts; vegetarians; a perfect woman; gray hair; eat less; stoop shouldered; eat more; varicose veins; offensive breath; offensive perspiration; consumption; animal foods; callous spots; to increase in weight; mixed diet necessary; blackheads; muscular energy; hot water tub baths; osteopathy; swimming; diet essential; dreaming; repair and waste; fluttering of the heart; importance of ventilation; appendicitis; to overcome short- windedness; French heels; the train skirt; flying all to pieces; longevity; bicycling; public speakers and singers; thinness; woolen undei'wear; starchy food; acid dyspep- sia; bleaches; best time to bathe; daily needs of the body; skin blemishes; restau- rant luncheons; active chest; the ankles; smoking; how to rest; cold feet; slender ness; hair tonics; cereals; diet; sugar; thin women; nervous indigestion; hearty breakfast; worry; shoulder braces; that tired feeling; obesity; the neck; paleness; tired limbs; sodium phosphate; proper insulation; cream or milk; massage; thin hair; dark circles; lemon juice; open air; waterproof dress; beneficial exercise; housework; swollen feet; mouth breathing; toilet soap; sunlight; massage; children; indigestion; black hats; carry your head high: playing golf; the brown streak; the hips; mastica- tion; rope jumping; snoring; digestion; do not be deceived; liquids at meals; acid of lemons; fresh fruits; conservation; vapor bathis; lung expansion; the bones; pro- nounced muscles; vigorous exercise; diabetes; sighing; carry the head; sipping water; abnormal acidity; lung expansion; double chin; cooked foods; consumptives; heredity; take nothing; rye; black specks; manipulation; all manicures; ether; pure toilet soaps; a rubber comb; the parched, etc.; the requirements of health; the weeping sinew; heavy bed clothing; feather pillows; dandruff; tired feet; all cereals; for tender feet; barley; one who is ill; large pores; internal baths; oats; the use of any drug; a cold water bath; sugar; excessive blood; all depilatories; consumptives; fresh fruits; wheat; rice; lettuce; health; an outing; cornmeal; an oily complexion; filtered water; boihng the water; distilled water; fruit for gout; the palms; skimmed milk; alcohol; buttermilk; vegetables; muscle food; cocoa butter; buttermilk as a skin lotion; men of sedentary habits; children; beef tea; timely suii?gestions; oatmeal; oil obtained; the best known remedy; dark circles; a weak heart; snuffing any liquid; brain food; the term proteid; rough red hands: curvatui-e; cold water; apples; shortness of breath; sunburned faces; bones require food; laugh and grow fat; fat taken as food; very obese people; beans, the poor man's friend; when summer comes; prevention; excessive flesh; patience; a headache; plants; iron; blackheads; la grippe; flowers in bedroom; feed a cold; la grippe; children; power of thought; hard hitting; his* altitude; eye exercises. Price 10 cents. H 88 78 ''M ^/ ^1 ...^ ^^^m;^ %/ A^ ^ •^v^^'* ^^0^ ^oV^ ^Ao^ f"^^ N. MANCHESTER INDIANA .♦^-"-j..