INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Edited by F. W. Hodge A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES INDIAN HOUSES OF PUGET SOUND BY T. WATERMAN AND RUTH GREINER NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1921 E"T8 5B#V INDIAN HOUSES OF PUGET SOUND BY T. T. WATERMAN AND RUTH GREINER 1 5 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 7 The *' gabled" house 10 The "shed" house 14 The gambrel or lean-to form 20 Native words for various types of houses ... 24 Construction of the house 27 Native terms for the parts of the house 39 House-life 43 Distribution of the various forms of houses . 49 Works referred to in the text 51 Notes 59 INDIAN NOTES I i 7 INDIAN HOUSES OF PUGET SOUND By T. T. Waterman and Ruth Greiner INTRODUCTION N the various works dealing with Indian groups of the Puget Sound region, passages re- ferring to the structure of houses are often markedly inconsistent. Indian informants, furthermore, on direct inquiry, supply quite contradictory in- formation. The explanation seems to be that in this area several forms of dwelling-house were simultaneously in use. Each in- formant accordingly describes in conver- sation the particular structure which lingers most clearly in his memory, the j one, presumably, which his own family INDIAN NOTES i 8 PUGET SOUND HOUSES used. Of the various forms of houses, one seems to have been limited strictly to the neighborhood about Puget sound; there seems to be no mention of it in other regions. This particular form has never been fully described. The purpose of the present paper is to outline the principal features of the houses used about Puget sound, and to discuss the distribution of the three forms. The paper is based on what is said about houses in the various printed works which refer to the Puget Sound people, and on inquiry made among the Indians, the latter work being provided for by the University of Washington. Mr Arthur C. Ballard, of Auburn, Washington, handed over to the present authors part of a very considerable body of material recorded by himself in the course of studies among the Indians, for the pur- pose of comparing results with those obtained by recent inquiry. The present paper is accordingly the result of a three-sided investigation. The only recognizable structural parts INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 9 of Puget Sound houses which have been permanently preserved are, it seems, some roof-planks recently obtained for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. If still other portions of houses have been preserved, so much the better. Not a single house is stand- ing at present; and the best example which ever stood in the vicinity of Seattle was destroyed many years ago by employees of the Indian Office. ____ Broadly speaking, there were three forms of permanent houses in use in the area under consideration. One form was an affair with a gabled roof, built, accord- ing to Curtis, 1 only for very wealthy men. The second form of house had what might be called a "shed-roof," with a single pitch. Structures of this second type were very large and quite elaborate. The fact that they had a "shed" roof does not by any means imply that they were makeshift or temporary. The third form had a cen- tral roof, almost flat, with lean-to's added, producing an effect suggesting the AND MONOGRAPHS ! 10 PUGET SOUND HOUSES "hip" or "gambrel" roofs of European structures. THE "GABLED" HOUSE In this type of structure wall-planks and roof-planks are said to have extended horizontally, the plank nearest the crest of the roof being propped up to form an exit for the smoke. Denny reproduces an illustration of questionable value showing a gabled structure as one type of Indian house. 2 Her picture indicates vertical wall- and roof-boards. Little else has been said about this form of dwelling, so far as the Puget Sound region is concerned. A good deal of information, however, is available about similar houses in neighboring areas. Among the tribes to the south and west of the sound (the Ouinault, Chehalis, Chinook, Clatsop, Wishram), houses of the same type have the following features: There is one ridge-pole in the center, and a doorway consisting of an oval or a circular hole cut through a plank, in the end of the structure, which is built "end- INDIAN NOTES GABLED HOUSE 11 on" to the water. 3 The wall- and roof- planks are sometimes placed vertically, and sometimes (if Mrs Victor is correct 4 ) horizontally. Most authors describe them as vertical. 5 Bancroft makes the apparently reasonable remark that usage varied. 6 In at least one case the wall- planks were vertical and the roof-planks horizontal. This is clearly described by Swan for the Chinook. 7 Where the wall- planks are horizontal, they are held in place by being lashed between two verti- cal poles. In the region farther to the south, again, wall-planks are invariably vertical and the roof-planks are placed at right angles to the ridge-pole. It would be much more satisfactory for purposes of description if the Indians of this area had limited themselves to one method of dispos- ing their wall- and roof-boards. We must dismiss this particular matter, however, by saying with Bancroft that in the area we are discussing usage was apparently not uniform. This certainly applies to Puget sound, and explains some contradictory notes supplied by Indian intormants. AND MONOGRAPHS 12 PUGET SOUND HOUSES A feature of some importance in Indian houses is the presence of a pit. From the Columbia river southward, gabled houses invariably contain such pits. Lewis and Clark say that the Chinook house has an excavation 4 ft. deep. Mrs Victor puts it at 3 ft., while Bancroft says 4 or 5 ft., and Washington Irving, 6 ft. 8 Mrs Vic- tor and Irving mention a ladder by which the visitor reached the bottom of the pit. Inquiries indicate that around the Sound houses also contained pits, though the printed sources on the Sound area say little of this feature. Such facts would suggest that the gabled structure found on Puget sound is similar to a form of habitation which has a very wide distribution to the south- ward. The size of all houses diminishes rapidly as we go in that southerly direc- tion toward the tribes of Oregon and California. On the Columbia river, for example, according to Bancroft, they measured 25 by 75 ft. In northern California the largest gabled houses are not more man 10 uy 11. 1 ms wuum INDIAN NOTES GABLED HOUSE 13 raise the inference that the source for the distribution of such houses lies some- where in the north. Such gabled forms seem not to exist in the area immediately north of Puget sound. On the coast of Washington, gabled houses are not men- tioned north of the Quinault. There they are completely supplanted by another form of structure. They do not reappear until we come to the Comox on the eastern side of Vancouver island. Hill-Tout's pho- tographs show the "shed" and "gable" forms standing side by side among the Salish of the British Columbia coast (pi. i) . Concerning the distribution of gabled houses, then, it must be noted that they are found in two areas, one of which includes Puget sound and extends south- ward to California, while the other area extends from the Comox northward for a considerable distance; as a matter of fact, to Prince William sound, Alaska. The appearance of one of these gabled struc- tures standing in southern British Colum- bia is shown in pi. II. The Puget Sound house was much smaller than this. AND MONOGRAPHS I 14 PUGET SOUND HOUSES THE "SHED" HOUSE This form seems to have been much more common on Puget sound than was the preceding type. It is referred to by Gibbs 9 as the type characteristic of the Puget Sound " tribes." The "shed" house was also employed by the Quilliute and Makah on the coast of Washington. To the northward the use of this form extended over the entire west coast of Vancouver island, up the east coast to the Comox (as just remarked), and over the mainland of southern British Colum- bia. 10 Boas 10G has given a complete account of this form of structure as found among the LkungEn, or Songish, near Victoria, B. C, with a diagram of the separate beams, here reproduced as fig. i. Captain Cook, in his Voyages, has a verbal description of those viewed by him at Xootka sound in April, I77 8 - 11 Other authorities, such as Myron Eells, Swan, Simon Fraser, and Jewitt, 12 report such structures briefly, while Curtis 13 has a more systematic description. The principal peculiarity of these struc- INDIAN NOTES SHED HOUSE 15 b Fig. i. — (a) Diagram showing the construction of a 44 shed" house, (b) Section of house. After Boas, (c, cross-beams; u, uprights; R, rafters; p, poles; l, ropes of cedar-branches which pass through holes in the boards and are tied around the poles') . AND MONOGRAPHS i 16 PUGET SOUND HOUSES tures is that they have a fiat roof, with a single " pitch." Myron Eells describes this form of structure with the crypto- grammic phrase, ''house with the roof wholly on one side." 14 The appearance of a house similar to the Puget Sound form is shown in an excellent photograph published by Hill-Tout 15 and here repro- duced (pi. i). On Puget sound the roof slopes to the rear. Both Boas and Cap- tain Cook say that the British Columbia house slopes from the rear toward the front. A noteworthy point concerning this type of house is the prodigious size which it sometimes attains. An example of this type of structure, modified in cer- tain respects, stood for many years on the shore of the sound opposite Seattle, at the Port Madison Indian reservation. Some of the local historians tell astound- ing stories of its length. Carlson, writing in a Bulletin of the University of Wash- ington, History Series, 16 gives its length as "900 feet." Costello, in a locally pub- lished book, 17 extends the length to 1,000 INDIAN NOTES SHED HOUSE 17 ft. Such dimensions for this particular building seem to be quite fanciful. Gibbs, whose monograph is the standard work on the Puget Sound Indians (which monograph, by the way, the local writers seem to have overlooked), gives the length of this structure as 520 ft. In these figures he quotes Goldsborough, who went inside the edifice in 1855, while the framework was still standing, and took measurements of all the important beams. 18 Farther north, however, houses attaining the dimensions cited seem to have real existence. Simon Fraser saw what was apparently one of these struc- tures standing on the river which bears his name, and says that it was 646 ft. in length and 60 ft. in width, "all under one roof." 19 At the mouth of the river he saw a "fort" 1,500 ft. long and 90 ft. broad. It is not certain what the form of the structure was. Possibly it was not a house, but an inclosure. Hill-Tout says that he himself knows of a house more than 1,000 ft. in length. 20 Such gigantic structures are, of course, com- AND MONOGRAPHS 1 18 PUGET SOUND HOUSES munal dwellings, as were apparently all plank-houses of the entire region. This "shed" form of house seems always to have been built facing the water, its long sides parallel to the beach line. In some cases a number of exits were provided. The front wall was from 10 to 18 ft. high, and the rear wall some- what lower, but always greater than the height of a man. The great width which these structures had (40 ft. or more), had the effect of giving the roof a very gentle pitch. Such a low roof-slope is somewhat characteristic of the houses built by the Indians even today (see pi. Vin). Hill- Tout remarks that it was impracticable to make walls of any structure 'very tall, because it was too difficult to lift to great heights those colossal beams which Indian usage favored for all buildings. Some of these beams were 2 ft. in diameter and 60 ft. long. A low front wall has as a natural result a roof that is somewhat flat. This level roof-space was commonly utilized for drying fish, and for other nnrnosps PI I for example, shows a INDIAN NOTES i SHED HOUSE 19 scene at a "potlatch," in which the roof of one of these "shed" houses is lined with the spectators and with piles of blankets, the latter intended for distri- bution. Swan conjectures that the roof is made flat for the express purpose of drying halibut, but this explanation seems very improbable. There is some uncertainty as to whether all these "shed" houses were constructed over "pits" or excavations. Some of them certainly had pits. Curtis states for the region of Puget sound that the house had a central excavation. In the case of such elongate structures as these buildings, this excavation assumes the form of a wide, shallow trench ex- tending down the length of the dwelling. 21 This excavation was only a foot deep. Myron Eells supplies corroboration on the presence of a pit. 22 Other authorities, however, are silent on the matter. The native structures for hundreds of miles to the south and north of the area we are discussing were provided with excava- tions, as stated by all authorities. 23 It AND MONOGRAPHS 20 PUGET SOUND HOUSES seems probable that these great " shed- houses" also had pits, at least typically. Myron Eells is authority for the state- ment that this "shed" form was the oldest style of structure about Puget sound, and the one most commonly used in aboriginal days. 24 THE GAMBREL OR "LEAN-TO" FORM On Puget sound a special form of struc- ture was developed, differing in certain re- spects from both of those mentioned. We may perhaps speak of this as the third style of dwelling. In most points of con- struction such houses are identical with the type just discussed. A new and characteristic feature is a kind of addition to the structure, in the form of a " lean- to," which was always added to the rear of the building, and sometimes extended clear around it, on all four sides. Thus is produced a structure of curious form, which is not known to have been de- scribed in any other locality. Myron Eells in a brief note 25 refers to such a structure, styling it the "flat-roofed dwel- INDIAN NOTES r j GAMBREL FORM 21 ling house." He says in effect that the roof is composed of two parts: (i) a part made of " clapboards," which generally has a steep pitch; (2) another part made of "long boards." It is this part made of " long boards ' ' which is flat. The relation of the two parts is indicated by an illus- tration in a book by Miss Denny called Blazing the Way. 26 This picture, which is apparently a composite, having the background (and possibly the houses) brushed in, is too poor to reproduce. The sketch herewith (pi. 111) is based on a model of such a house made many years ago by a middle-aged Duwamish, Peter Rodgers (now deceased), plus some di- mensions supplied orally by native infor- mants, particularly by Mr Joe George and Mr Sam Wilson, of Port Madison reservation. Such houses varied greatly n size. The sketch represents one of moderate dimensions. The principal feature of the structure is a central section of roof which is almost flat. This part is upheld by a very heavy framework, and "s covered over with wide AND MONOGRAPHS i 22 PUGET SOUND HOUSES and very long planks. Around this central structure is a steep ' 'shed-roof" of ordinary flat planks ("clapboards," to quote Eells), very "cheap" and short. The steep pitch helps to carry off the water, making unnecessary the use of the more elaborate style of planks. This lean-to was lined, wall and ceiling, ac- cording to some informants, with matting, which helped to exclude the weather. A number of conflicting statements came to light in making inquiry about this type of house. For example, some informants said the roof-planks ran lengthwise of the structure, others said they were crosswise; some said the pitch was toward the rear, others that it was toward one end. The explanation finally supplied was of course a simple one. The pitch of the roof was "away from the rain," which in this region comes mostly from the south. If in a given instance the house faced another quarter, the pitch of the roof was adjusted accordingly. In some cases the "flat" roof sloped slightly irom tne miaaie uoui ways. INDIAN NOTES I I I I I GAMBREL FORM 23 Contradictory statements were also made concerning the presence of a pit. Usage may have varied somewhat. In later times, especially, the pits may often have been omitted. Some of the houses, however, did have deep excavations. Moreover, it is a fact that in many of the old village-sites around the sound, the house-pits are still to be seen at the present day. The famous structure at "Old Man House," on Port Madison reservation, mentioned in every work which deals with this region, 27 had such an excavation, 5 ft. in depth, according to one informant. The remains of this pit are visible in pi. v. This structure also had a " lean-to," but only on its landward side. In some cases the pits were excavated to the full height of a man. No ladders fordescending into the excavation are known to have existed. An inclined plane served for access. For fur- ther illustrations of the site of the " Old Man House," see pi. iv, vi. AND MONOGRAPHS 24 PUGET SOUND HOUSES NATIVE WORDS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF HOUSES We are now ready to take up the Indian terms for "house." The word alt u is used for all habitations of whatever material. Thus, a structure which is stripped bare inside and swept out m preparation for a "potlatch," is called sgivi' g r id-alt u \ "distribution-house. " 28 Structures habitually used for such potlatches were referred to as he'q w aVah 11 big houses." There were usually only one or two of these in a village, the poorer people accommodating themselves as best they could in a variety of "shacks." Gibbs says that these great houses were specially erected for festivals, and after- ward dismantled. 29 It would be much nearer the truth to remark that they were built of permanent materials, but were often partially dismantled, and the planks used for temporary shelters, during the season when no festivals were in progress. A man "owned " the planks which were used to cover his appointed place in the big house. A temporary INDIAN NOTES I - NOMENCLATURE 25 shelter for summer is called qwa 'tak-alt u , "mat-house," or xolai'tx w , "warm weath- er shelter." A dwelling of "white-man's" architecture is called pA'sAd-alt u , "Bos- ton-house," pA'sAd or pa'sid being the Indian pronunciation of the name of the New England metropolis. This term alt u is used also in names for those places where mythical beings are supposed to live; for example, xwiyaqwA! di-dlt u , "Thunder his house." The word for a permanent habitation of planks is tA'sbAd, "cold-weather shelter," usually translated "winter- house." This term applies to the perma- nent habitation, whatever the style of architecture. A special form of it (not described) was called kalasai f tx w The planks were often carried off to form temporary camps. It is worth remem- bering that a few of these planks repre- sented a fortune to the Indian. They were split with great care out of cedar logs, and this operation required both time and skill. Not everyone could do it successfully. The Puget Sound planks AND MONOGRAPHS I 26 PUGET SOUND HOUSES | were not extraordinarily large, three feet being a maximum width. At Cape Flattery they were sometimes five feet wide, and more. The Ferry Museum of Tacoma has some splendid specimens on display, which are fully that wide. Even a narrow plank, however, was a treasure. Poor people often did not have a plank to shelter themselves with. In moving about, the heavy planks were laid across two canoes, forming a platform, upon which the other effects could be piled. In the warm season the big houses were often deserted, the people being at distant places where a large supply of food was at the moment obtainable, either salmon and other fish, or bulbs and berries. This accounts for the remark made by Van- couver that most of the villages seemed to have been abandoned. He conjec- tured 30 that prior to his visit there must have been a pestilence. " Honey- mooners" and the younger couples gener- ally camped about, here and there, and oc- cupied quarters in the larger houses only at ±u r^f r^r>t1a trhes or other gatherings, tne time 01 poiididico ^ 1 ^ Lii ^ © ° INDIAN NOTES . ■ CONSTRUCTION 27 CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE The following is an account of how the house was constructed, step by step. The figures in parentheses refer to a list of native terms given on a later page. A row of tall uprights (i) were planted in the ground, some 12 or 14 ft. apart (see pi. viii). In rear of them a parallel row of somewhat shorter posts was set, distant some 25 or 50 ft. from the first row, ac- cording to the size of the house. These uprights were like very heavy planks. Often they were more than 3 ft. wide and 8 in. in thickness. The inner surface of these posts often bore a figure from 3 to 5 ft. long, carved in relief. Present-day informants often refer to these carvings as 11 totems. " It is worth remarking that they were quite another sort of thing from the totemic crests of the tribes of northern British Columbia and Alaska. Snakes, fish, lizards, sea-mammals, and human figures were delineated in these carvings, but with nothing of the peculiar u style" which is so characteristic of art farther north. The design in each case AND MONOGRAPHS \ 28 PUGET SOUND HOUSES represented the owner's supernatural helper, and was not a family crest. The matter of obtaining these 11 helpers" was part of an adolescence complex, with many interesting features which cannot be dis- cussed here. Inside of such a house, the space between two posts was the especial bailiwick of one man and his family. The figure of the supernatural helper was often set up alongside this "compart- ment," and seems to have been looked upon n a sense, and utilized, as a symbol of ownership. The principal task in erecting the house was to lift into place certain great rafters (2) which extended from front to rear of the house, resting on uprights. These rafters in the big structure at Port Madi- son reservation were 60 ft. long and 17 in. through at the butt. The framework of the house, then, consisted of a series of bents, independent of each other, each bent consisting of two "uprights" sup- porting a slanting "rafter." The rafter had "shoulders" at each end, so as to set firmly on the uprights. Lighter beams or 1 INDIAN NOTES •I ! CONSTRUCTION 29 stringers were now placed lengthwise of the house, resting on top of the rafters. These would be called "sheeting" by a civ'lized carpenter. The stringer running along the eaves at the front of the house (3) was larger than the one for the rear (4). There were three or more rows of these longitudinal beams, de- pending on the width of the roof. They were the immediate support of the roof-planks. These roof-planks (5, 6) were quite elaborately wrought. They were split from cedar trees, in such a way that the edges were raised. They were made in two varieties, one kind having a deep trough (5) and the others a shallow one (6). Each kind had a special name. They were placed on the roof in two layers. In the lower layer the deeply-troughed planks were employed, and were placed with the trough upward, with enough longitudinal pitch so that the rain-water HrainpH rlnwn fhpir Ipnp'th Ovpr the cracks between those planks were placed other and shallower planks, in reverse position, that is to say, with the trough AND MONOGRAPHS 30 PUGET SOUND HOUSES downward. The whole arrangement had a general resemblance to tiling. The two kinds of planks may be seen in fig. 2. Fig. 2. — Two types of roof-planks. These roof-boards were held in place in some cases by being weighted with stones. In better houses a strip (7) was laid along I a row of boards, just over one of the longitudinal plates. Holes were bored through the planks, and a cedar withe (8) was passed through these holes and around the rafter below. These boards were carefully treasured. The manu- facture, as mentioned above, was a tedious and somewhat difficult process. After the planks were split from the log, they were scraped down with a sharp musselshell, and, in the case of fine speci- mens, rubbed with " sandpaper" consist- j INDIAN NOTES i CONSTRUCTION 31 ing of a piece of dog-fish skin. Where knot-holes existed in such planks, the carpenter sometimes made channels which would carry the water around them, instead of letting it drip through. In other cases the hole was covered with a "patch" (9), consisting of a clamshell. This shell was filled with blue clay, and then slapped down over the hole. When the mud dried the shell was held fast in its position. Planks which became cracked were carefully repaired. A row of perforations was made on each side of the crack, which was filled with pitch, and drawn together with lashings of twisted cedar-twigs. Pitch (10) for this purpose has a special name. They some- times filled a crack with long splinters (11) so that the pitch would not drip through. After the resin hardened, the crack some- times opened again, in which case they heated the end of a hard stick (12) and i uuucu 11 111 me cracK to men rne pitcn and fill the crack again. In cases where a "lean-to" (13) was added, the additional roof had a very AND MONOGRAPHS 32 PUGET SOUND HOUSES steep pitch, and was made of u ordinary" planks (14), without the upturned edges. Eells applies to such " ordinary" planks the term ''clapboards." These boards were fastened to the "plate" which ran horizontally along the house at the eaves, with ironwood pegs. As already men- tioned, the walls consisted sometimes of vertical and sometimes of horizontal planks. Informants consulted near Se- attle were more familiar with an arrange- ment which they described as follows: Boards (15) were put as close together as possible to compose the walls, standing I vertically. Over the cracks various odd pieces were placed as battens (16), then a long strip (17) was run the length of the house on the outside just under the eaves to hold these upright boards in place. It fitted up under the ends of the roof- boards, and was lashed at intervals to the " plate." Where a high wall existed, several such strips were used, at differ- ent levels. The wall-planks varied a good deal in thickness. The strip held the thick ones, but thinner ones would be left INDIAN NOTES CONSTRUCTION 33 * loose and rattling about. Wedges (18) in that case were driven up under the strip to give it a " purchase," or "bearing," on the loose elements. When the wall-planks ran horizontally, a different style of fastening was, of course, required. This has been de- scribed by other writers. The essential matter is that upright poles (19) were set up and the planks stood on edge, one above another, between this pole and the house-frame (fig. 1, b). Each plank was held in a sling made of cedar withes, in such a way that it overlapped the next plank, excluding the weather. The main doorway (20) consisted of two uprights, with a heavy cross-piece, or lintel (21). The top of this lintel had a channel or groove. Into this groove fitted the lower end of the vertical wall- planks. Various other openings (22) were provided, depending on the size of the hou e. There was always a "back door" (23) leading into the forest. At the time of an attack, this back door, which led directly into the brush and the heavy AND MONOGRAPHS 34 PUGET SOUND HOUSES timber, was a very popular exit. The enemy, in trying to place a guard at this back door in advance, to prevent escapes, j often gave alarm and put the household on the alert. The whole matter of doorways offers some features of interest. Cook says that the houses he saw at Xootka sound in 1778 had no doorways, properly speaking. There were what seemed to be irregular and chance apertures here and there, through which the Indians passed in and out. The houses described to us on Puget sound and portrayed in the litera- ture had quite elaborate entrances. It may well be believed that Indian houses in this region rapidly became more elab- orate after the introduction of iron tools, which made woodworking easy and rapid. It is accordingly possible that the elab- orate entrances described by recent Indians are not really aboriginal. The (i ai 1 Ainn u a11C a'' of Port Aladison UlQ Vlan nouse ai run .uauiouu reservation had a kind of a maze through which the visitor entered, consisting of a series of parallel walls partly uncovering INDIAN NOTES CONSTRUCTION 35 each other, around the flanks of which the visitor had to pass. In a dark place was a pit. The theory was that an enemy coming into the house, and being unfamiliar with it, would fall in this hole. Every well-built house was provided with a kind of hallway (24) formed by parti- tions (25) extending back into the house at each side of the entrance. This is said to have been for defense against enemies, but its military usefulness is hardly ap- parent. One of these houses, if once invested by a hostile force, could be defended only with difficulty. The ene- my was as well off in any case as the people inside, and he could at any moment set the place on fire. The par- tition was more likely devised to exclude the cold wind. In aboriginal times there- was nothing to close the aperture except a cedar-bark mat (26), and some kind of an additional windbreak would have been a great advantage. In more modern times heavy plank doors with iron hinges were hung at both ends of this hallway. The interior arrangements of such a AND MONOGRAPHS 36 PUGET SOUND HOUSES p| pi house depended on its size, vi Where occupied by several . I families, there was more than \M one fire. Each fireplace (27) ; ( i =1 had a big back-log (28). VM When the fire was kindled, \'m someone would send a small I | boy up on the roof to prop up I'll! the edge of a plank with a pair of small struts (29). IJIl This made an exit (30) for I the smoke. If no boy were r ( ; ;t at hand, they used a long ,| pole to move the planks HP about, such poles being kept for the purpose (fig. 3)- Dur- tj ing ceremonial performances |1 similar poles, quite elabor- t j ately ornamented, were carried || by performers. Holding these i|| poles(3i) upright they "drum- ]A med" by punching them ver- II i tically against the roof-planks F ^ 3 _ (fig. 2). For the ordinary fire, Pole for drum- bark was the principal fuel, ming on the fo j t made litt l e smo ke. roof-boards. UCLcl L1 INDIAN NOTES i WATERMAN AND GREINER — PUGET SOUND HOUSES PL. IX ORDINARY MAT USED AS A WALL COVERING (Size, 2 ft. 9 in. by 4 ft. 9 in.) WATERMAN AND GREINER PUGET SOUND HOUSES SLEEPING MAT (Size, 3 ft. 9 in. by 6 ft. 1% in.) CONSTRUCTION 37 Numerous other features were constant in all these houses. The walls were lined with ordinary mats (32) of cattail rushes, which were utilized not only in this way, but for a variety of other purposes. They consist of rushes which are placed hori- zontally and held together by a vertical warp of twine made of fibers split from rushes (pi. ix). Around the wall ex- tended a platform (33) for beds. This was 3^ or 4 ft. wide, 31 and the occupants lay with their sides to the fire. Thick and very springy mats (34), made of cattails especially for the purpose, were spread for the sleepers on the planks (pi. x), and another mat was usually rolled up to form a pillow. There were no partitions between the cubicles of different families. Underneath the bed- platform, which was a foot or more from the ground, various pieces of property were stored. Above the bed-platform and extending completely around the house was a shelf (35), about three feet wide, made of small poles. This shelf liro c ciicnpnrl An tf nm t n c± t" o t fpfc n n n nnc- Wda oUbpcllucU 11 Dill Lilt; IdUclb, cLlLKA JJUo AND MONOGRAPHS PUGET SOUND HOUSES sessions endless in variety were stored upon it. From the native standpoint the center and soul of the house w T as a great rack for drying fish. Cross-pieces (36) were extended from the one side of the house to the other, at the level of the lower eaves. The cross-piece rested at the rear of the house upon the lowest log C- 'the " sheeting," while its other end was g up- ported by withes from the roof. ■"Bes (37) were then laid lengthwise of ^he house, about 16 in. apart, resting on t pe cross-pieces. Salmon brought in by he fishermen were cut open and the b. Ik- bone taken out. They were then sk v- ered through their tails with a stick (. t). The " stick" of fish was then laid aci Is between two of the longitudinal po i, and the fish left to cure in the smo 1. This lower rack (39) just described v b only for fresh fish. A higher rack (4 j was used in a similar way for curing t backbones, which did not need to be heavily smoked. Further aloft still, w a third rack (41), for salmon which we: INDIAN NOTES HOUSE PARTS 39 half-cured. Thoroughly cured fish were removed from over the fire and placed in special racks (42) for preservation. A narrow strip of wood was suspended by withes some 4 or 5 ft. (43) below the drying frame. On this were hung pieces of meat or fish which were intended to be used at once. Hung from this pole was a "to v. 1" (44) of shredded cedar-bark, used or wiping the fingers. Tre house-pit (45) contained all the heai 1 fires. Descent from the outer groi d level into this excavation was eitb ' by a sloping ramp or a flight of stej (46). A.TIVE TERMS FOR THE PARTS OF THE HOUSE ie native terms appear in the follow- in; list in the order in which they are m tioned above. Structural Parts I. Uprights, sqw'a'lad. For the house front, ta'dzus. For the rear wall, kwa'datc. AND MONOGRAPHS I - ■ i 40 PUGET SOUND HOUSES 2. Sloping rafters, running from front to rear, to carry the roof-boards, dAdja'- lad xu , ta'clabado. 3. At the front of the house, crwa"- abadi. 4. At the middle and rear, ta'lusid. 5. Roof-planks with deep " trough," thpa'lad xu . 6. Roof-planks with shallow "trough," sqa'lad xu . 7. Strip which holds the roof -planks in place, ta'tsAgwAs (= two things that bump together). 8. Withe of twisted cedar-limb, fas- tening this strip to the rafter below, sti'dagwAt. 9. Patch for a knot-hole, consisting of a clamshell, fastened with clay, stAq w -a'lt u (= patch-house). 10. Resin for closing up a seam, stAq w -a'lap-kwa'hL ( = patch-house-resin). 11. Splinters for closing a crack, euxteishd {= pitch-spreaders; daubers). 12. Stick, heated and used for melting resin in a crack, sAx ll teLLLd xu (= that wliirh von rill") With ) . INDIAN NOTES ! HOUSE PARTS 41 13. " Lean-to", with steep roof , sxqwa'- datc ( = addition ; something added on). 14. Ordinary boards, without raised edges; " clapboards," qwa! datc-ala! d xu ( = lean-to planks), hwitsbala' d xu (= small covering piece), (cf. 5 and 6 above.) 15. Wall-boards, 12 or 14 in. wide, spsa' dialad xu ( = wall-boards) . 16. Battens, cutLa'lalus (= that which covers a crack). 17. Strip run under the eaves to hold the vertical planks in place, sAx u tLtb- salad xu (= clamp; squeezer). 18. Wedge used to secure loose boards in place, sAx u tcqid (= wedge). 19. Upright poles, used with hori- zontal wall-planks, potskxwo' dad. 20. Main doorway, cAgwiL. 21. Lintel, cqu'tsid. 22. Additional opening, a' ' cgwiL (di- minutive of 20). 23. "Back" door, iLda'tc. 24. "Hallway" leading inward from the main door, cAgwda'di (= door-at). 25. Partitions composing this hallwav, AND MONOGRAPHS 42 PUGET SOUND HOUSES cAx u di'cutsid (= at the door it is split or divided). 26. Cedar-bark mat hung across the doorway, cxu'Lotsid (= that which one rubs against). Interior Arrangements 27. Fireplace, cxu'ded (cf. xud, fire). 28. Back-log, dica'htcup ( = behind the fire). 29. Sticks or struts for propping up edge of roof-board, sux ca'hd xu . 30. Smoke-hole, steo'xwe (st'eAkwil = | smoke). 31. Long pole for moving roof-planks about, tA'shd. 32. Mats used to line the walls, cAqsduhtsa (= lining). 33. Platform for beds, ldwa fi sid ( = resting-place). 34. Thick and very springy mats, used to sleep upon, qot. 35. Storage shelf above the bed-plat- form, cqa'tAd, cu 'yap ( = where things are piled) . 36. Cross-pieces to support the racks INDIAN NOTES HOUSE-LIFE 43 for drying fish, ula'dtwad (= salmon-for). 37. Lengthwise poles resting upon (36), ca'labid ( = things which one pushes through or inserts). 38. Stick upon which fish were skew- ered, cut' A' lad (= things which keep something open or spread). 39. Rack for drying fresh fish, hp o' sail. 40. Higher rack, for backbones, which were cured separately, xa'xali (xako, backbone). 41. Rack for half-dried salmon, sihai' . 42. Rack for cured salmon, Lka'tAd (= where things are piled; cf. number 35 above). 43. Pole for fresh meat and fish for immediate use, cuhu'sAd (= for cooking). 44. " Towel" of shredded cedar-bark, pas ( = wiper). 45. House-pit, tcaa'it u (= dig-house). 46. Steps leading down into pit, cu'Vca. HOUSE-LIFE Visitors who came to this region in early times spoke in terms of contempt of the native structures. They were full AND MONOGRAPHS 1 44 PUGET SOUND HOUSES of cracks, and at the same time full of smoke. They were " ill-built," and in form they were skewed. Moreover, a good deal of dirt and confusion reigned within. The principal occupation on all hands was the curing of fish, and ob- servers speak in wondering phrases con- cerning the odor that surrounded and permeated Indian establishments. The life of the Indians in many ways was hard, and their mode of existence was not ideal. On the other hand, the denunciatory remarks can be explained in large part as contempt felt by a people five-eighths civilized for people only half-civilized. There was a great deal in Indian life that was pleasant, and much in the rela- tions of the Indians to each other that is pleasing. For example, no child in an Indian household was ever struck, and no child was ever sent to school. Vet most children grew up to oe aiscipimcu mem bers of society, and each of them devel- oped into an excellent workman at some difficult trade. If any one did not, the INDIAN NOTES HOUSE-LIFE 45 chances are he starved to death. In addition to learning with great accuracy how to manufacture and manipulate complicated tools of the chase, certain modes of action were powerfully incul- cated. Forms of behavior, in many respects as complicated as our own, were instilled, without the victim of the proc- ess being really aware of it. We find that this sense of discipline appeared among even the youngest mem- bers of a household. Mothers used to explain to very young children the neces- sity of keeping still in emergencies— for example, during attacks by the enemy. Haida and "Stickeens" (Tsimshian) used to come down from the north on raids. When houses were suddenly assaulted, the people would try to get into the brush behind the village. "Mother can't carry you all," a woman would explain to her children, "so when I put you into n \l nlQpp 1 _ n^t' p>mQ cqtp c^q^/ thpfP onn ctliy jJlclL-C Lllcl L Stt lllo octlC, oLdy Llltl C ctllLi be quiet until I come after you." When an emergency came, a child snatched at midnight from his dreams and pitched AND MONOGRAPHS 46 PUGET SOUND HOUSES headfirst into a blackberry bush would stay there without making a sound. The enemy often went about the out- skirts of a captured village, calling in a sweet voice, " A-a-a-a-tL* a' xa-qo! " ("Come out, dear!") or "A'tL'aauLe!" ("All of you come out now!"), in order to capture children and make slaves of them. Youngsters were often on their guard against this, and would answer | nobody unless called correctly by their own proper names. "Dear" or " little pet" might be said by anybody. It is an interesting point that the iron- shod philosophy which made such things possible was bred into a child without any show of force or pressure. Children were often reproached for improprieties, but were never punished. The people around Seattle, living beside "salt water," had great contempt for the "fresh water" people of the rivers and lakes, who fol- lowed a different and somewhat simpler mode of life, and were "poor." "De'UL tce'-ux wa tiiUuVaL Sqwaux!" "You are i i • 1*1 ~ ^ „ ~f f u o TccQmia n ( reek behaving like one ol tne issaquciii v^icetv INDIAN NOTES HOUSE-LIFE 47 Indians!" would be the reproach directed at a lazy or a careless youngster. One of the informants, a half-breed woman, inherited from her white father a narrow, high nose, with a marked notch where it met the forehead, very different from the true Indian nose, which is very low and broad at this point. Her "chest-bone" also jutted forward somewhat promi- nently. When she was a child, her mother, if seriously provoked, would* address her as " Ctcatas" (" notchy !") or " Tsudzi' gwAs" ("sticking out in front! "), instead of calling her by her proper name. "Well-bred" children would not help themselves to any kind of food from the store-house, especially if the older people were away. They always waited, sometimes in serious hunger, until the elders returned. There was always, of course, some riffraff and no-account people who "did not know how to bring 1 1 ri rnilnT"pri rnrrprf n/ LIU l^lllUJ. J. til L^L/l i CL Ll y . There was somewhat similar discipline also among the older people of the group. In the early morning the oldest man in a AND MONOGRAPHS 48 PUGET SOUND HOUSES house would take a light switch and go around smacking it against the walls. This was the signal, "everybody out!" Men and boys went into the water of the Sound for a bath, while women went up the creek. Nobody was exempt in this matter, not even children. Many of the customs which we asso- ciate with "family" life were lacking altogether. Husband and wife never addressed each other "by their proper names, saying simply "old man" or "old woman." A somewhat affectionate term was sometimes used, meaning "spouse." There was little privacy in the big houses. Families even shared hearth-fires in many cases. They reckoned kinship very closely, however, and the "better" families have even yet a strong feeling for the importance of genealogies. Their kinship terms have many interesting features: for example, brother addressed brother by one term, and sister addressing sister used the same term; while brother addressing sister used a different term. They also had a special set oi terms INDIAN NOTES DISTRIBUTION 49 which were used between relatives by affinity, after the connecting relative had died. Marriage was usually between people of separate establishments or separate groups. There was no tribal organization of any sort. So far as any social fabric existed, it was based on the family and the house-group. DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF HOUSES It is a striking fact that while the "shed" type of house is used about Puget sound and for some distance northward, it is replaced in the most northerly regions by a " gabled" form. Gabled houses of excellent construction are characteristic of all the tribes north of the Comox. The shed type is pretty closely identified with the Salish tribes, a fact already noted by Boas and Hill-Tout. From the Salish, apparently, it spread to their neighbors within thp crpnpral arpp L 11 ^ 11 5 uu vv i Linn u±n— ctiici ai ai ca about Puget sound, such as the non- Salishan Nootka, Makah, Chimakum, and Quilliute. It looks very much as AND MONOGRAPHS I I 50 PUGET SOUND HOUSES though this gabled house were an older form in this region, having apparently had at one time a very extended distri- bution along the coast, from Mount Saint Elias in Alaska to Humboldt bay in Cali- fornia. Along the whole stretch of coast included between these two extremes, we find rectangular plank-houses, with no interruption. At both ends of the area, moreover, these rectangular houses take the form of gabled structures with paired ridge-poles, vertical wall- and roof-planks, and an interior pit reached by a flight of steps. This is certainly a strong argu- ment for the supposition that in former times there was a continuous distribution of such houses over the whole region. 32 In a limited area, merely, on Vancouver island and about Puget sound, the gabled form is replaced by a shed-shaped dwelling, less elaborate in its construc- tion. The examples of this shed form examined more than a hundred and forty years ago by Captain Cook, were, as a matter of fact, quite crude. This might suggest that the type was still evolving INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 at that time. The whole situation sug- gests very strongly that the "shed" struc- ture is intrusive in this area, having been brought perhaps from the interior by the Salish, and modified by conditions en- countered on the coast: such conditions as the previous existence there of habits of working in wood. If this is the case, the intrusive peoples have out-Heroded Herod in one matter: they gave their structures much greater size than did any other stocks of the Pacific coast. So far as that is concerned, these Salish shed-houses seem to have been the largest structures erected anywhere in the New World. WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1886 The native races [of the Pacific States]. Five volumes. [These form volumes 1-5 of a thirty-volume series entitled "The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft," San Francisco, 1886-1888.] Boas, Franz 1889 The houses of the Kwakiutl Indians. Smithsonian Institution, Proceedings of AND MONOGRAPHS 52 PUGET SOUND HOUSES the U. S. National Museum, vol. n, 1888, pp. 197-213. Washington. 1890 First general report on the Indians of British Columbia. In Report of the committee . . . appointed to investi- gate the . . . northwestern tribes of the Dominion of Canada. Report of the fifty-ninth meeting of the British Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science held . . . in . . . 1889, pp. 801-893. London. 1 891 Second general report on the Indians of British Columbia. [Same series.] Re- port of the sixtieth meeting, . . . held ... in ... 1890, pp. 562-715. London. 1896a Fifth report on the Indians of British Columbia. [Same series.] Report of the sixty-fifth meeting . . . held . . . in . . . 1895, PP- 523-592. London. 18966 Sixth report on the Indians of British, Columbia. [Same series.] Report of the sixty-sixth meeting . . . held . . . in . . . 1896, pp. 569-591. 1897 The social organization and secret soci- eties of the Kwakiutl Indians of Van- couver island. Smithsonian Institution, Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1895, pp. 311-738. Washington. 1909 The Kwakiutl of Vancouver island. American Museum of Natural History, INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 Memoirs, vol. 8, part 2 (Reprint from Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. 5, part 2). New York and Leyden. 1916 Tsimshian mythology. Smithsonian Institution, 31st Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for iqoq-io, pp. 27-1037. Washington Carlson, Frank 1903 Chief Sealth. Bulletin of the Uni- versity of Washington the State University [sic] issued quarterly. Series 3, no. 2. History series, pp. 1-35. Seattle. Cook, Captain James 1784 A voyage to the Pacific ocean ... to determine the position and extent of the west side of North America ... in his Majesty's ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the years 1776, i777> I 778, 1779, and 1780. Three volumes. [These form volumes 6, 7, and 8 of a nine- volume series entitled Cook s Voyages.] London. Costello, J. A. 1895 The Siwash; their life, legends, and tales. Puget sound and Pacific North- west. [On the cover is printed : " Indian History of the Northwest: Siwash."] Seattle. AND monographs 54 PUGET SOUND HOUSES Curtis, Edward S. 1907-1916 The North American Indian; being a series of volumes picturing and describing the Indians of the United States and Alaska, written, illustrated and published by Edward S. Curtis, edited by Frederick Webb Hodge, fore- word by Theodore Roosevelt, field re- search conducted under the patronage of J. Pierpont Morgan. Twenty volumes. [11 volumes issued to date.] Denny, Emily Inez 1909 Blazing the Way, or True stories, songs and sketches of Puget sound and other pioneers [sic]. With illustrations by the author and from authentic photo- graphs. Seattle. Eells, Myron 1889 The Twana, Chemakum and Challam Indians of Washington Territory. An- nual Report of the Smithsonian Institu- tion for 1887, pp. 605-681. Washing- ton. Fraser, Simon 1889 Journal of a voyage from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific coast, 1808. In Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-ouest. Recits de voyages, lettres et rapports inedits relatifs au nord- ouest Canadien. Premiere serie, pp. 156—221. Quebec. INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 55 Gibbs, George 1877 Tribes of western Washington and northwestern Oregon. In Department of the Interior, U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Moun- tain region, J. W. Powell, Geologist in charge. Contributions to North Ameri- can Ethnology, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 157-309. Washington. Goddard, Pliny Earle 1903 Life and culture of the Hupa. Uni- versity of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 1, pp. 3-88. Berkeley. Hill-Tout, C. 1907 British North America. I, The Far West, the home of the Salish and Dene. "Native Races of the British Empire series." London. Irving, Washington 1836 Astoria, or, anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky mountains. Two volumes. Philadelphia. Jewitt, John 1896 The adventures of John Jewitt, only mi r VI vnr of thf nvt^wr of f li <=» cViir* TRoofon OU.J. VlVUl KJL LUC UCW Vjl L1IC ollIJJ JJUfeLDIl, during ?a captivity of nearly three years among the Indians of Nootka sound in Vancouver island. Edited by Robert Brown. London. and monographs I I 56 PUGET SOUND HOUSES Kelley, Hall J. 1 83 1 A general circular to all persons of good character who wish to emigrate to the Oregon Territory .... By order of the American Society for encouraging the settlement of the Oregon Territory . . . instituted in Boston, A. D. 1829. Charlestown. Kroeber, A. L. Handbook of California Indians. (In press.) Lewis and Clark 1904 Original journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806. Printed from the original manuscripts in the Library of the American Philosophical Society and by direction of its committee on historical documents, together with manuscript material of Lewis and Clark from other sources, including note- books, letters, maps, etc., and the Journals of Charles Floyd and Joseph Whitehouse. Now for the first time published in full and exactly as written. Edited, with introduction, notes, and index, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Eight volumes. New York. Niblack, Albert P. 1890 The Coast Indians of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia .... Smithsonian Institution, Report of the INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 U. S. National Museum . . . for 1888, pp. 225-386. Washington. Powers, Stephen 1877 Tribes of California. In U. S. Interior Department, Geographical and Geo- logical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, J. W. Powell, Geologist in Charge. Contributions to North Ameri- can Ethnology, vol. 111. Washington. Sapir, Edward 1910 Article " Takelma " in Handbook of American Indians. Smithsonian Insti- tution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 30, part 2. Washington. Schumacher, Paul 1877 Aboriginal settlements of the Pacific coast. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 10, pp. 353-356. Swan, James G. 1857 The Northwest coast; or, three years residence in Washington Territory. New York. 1870 The Indians of Cape Flattery at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washing- ton Territory. -Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Knowledge [number] 220 . . . vol. 16, article 8, pp. 1— 108. Accepted for publication June, 1868. Swanton, John R. 1909 Contributions to the ethnology of the Haida. American Museum of Natural and monographs ! 58 PUGET SOUND HOUSES History, Memoirs, vol. 8, part i (Re- print from Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. 5, part 1). New York and Leyden. Vancouver, Captain George 1798 A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean . . . performed in the years 1790, 1791, 1792, I793> i794» and 1795, in the Discovery sloop-of-war and the armed tender Chatham. Three volumes. London. Victor, Mrs Frances Fuller 1870 "The River of the West." Life and adventures in the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, embracing events in the life-time of a mountain-man and pioneer, with the early history of the north- western slope, including an account of the fur traders, the Indian tribes, the overland immigration, the Oregon mis- sions, and the tragic fate of Rev. Dr. Whitman and family. Also a descrip- tion of the country, its conditions, pros- pects and resources; its soil, climate, and scenery, ■ its mountains, rivers, valleys, deserts, and plains, its inland Tuoforc a n H tratnral wonHpr^ with IlllITl- erous engravings. Published by sub- scription only. Hartford, Conn., New- ark, N. J., Toledo, O., and San Fran- cisco. | INDIAN NOTES ! NOTES 59 Waterman, T. T. Notes on Yurok culture. Indian Notes and Monographs. (In press.) Work, John 1908-1915 "Journal of John Work," 1824- 1826, edited by T. C. Elliott. Washing- ton Historical Quarterly. The Washing- ton University [sic] State Historical Society, vol. 3, pp. 198-228; vol. 5, pp. 83-115, 163-191, 258-287; vol. 6, pp. 26-49. NOTES 1. 1911-16, vol. viii, p. 47. 2. 1909, p. 369. 3. Swan, 1857, p. no; Bancroft, 1886, vol. 1, p. 231; Kelley, 1830, p. 71; Victor, 1870, p. 125. 4. Loc. cit. 5. Swan, 1857, pp. 32, 33i» 339 (Chehalis) ; Swan, 1857, p. no (Chinook); W r ork, 1908-15, vol. in, p. 206 (Chinook); Kelley, 1830, p. 71 (Indians of Oregon). 6. 1886, vol. i, p. 231. 7. 1857, p. no. 8. Lewis and Clark, 1904, vol. 11, p. 109; Victor, 1870, p. 125; Bancroft, 1886, vol. 1, p. 231; Irving, 1836, p. 206. 9. 1877. P- 215. 10. Boas, 1896a, p. 818. 10a. Boas, 1891, p. 563. 11. Cook, 1784, p. 314. AND MONOGRAPHS ! i PUGET SOUND HOUSES 12. Eells, 1889, p. 624; Swan, 1870, p. 4; Fraser, 1889, p. 193; Jewitt, 1896, p. 99- 13. 1911-16, vol. ix, p. 157- 14. 1889, p. 624. 15. 1907, P- 52. 16. 1903. P- 2 3- 17. 1895, p. 19- 18. Gibbs, 1877, p. 215. 19. 1889, p. 200. 20. 1907. P- 5 1 - 21. Curtis, 1911-16, vol. ix, p. 45- 22. 1889, p. 625. 23. On the houses of California, see Powers, 1877; Goddard, 1903; Waterman, Notes on Yurok Culture (in press); Kroeber, Handbook of California Indians (in press). On the houses of Columbia river, Oregon, and Washington, see Sapir, 1910; Schumacher, 1877; and the authori- ties mentioned in note 8 above. For houses of the North Pacific coast, see Boas, 1888, 1896a, 1896&; Niblack, 1890; Swanton, 1909- 24. 1889, p. 624. 25. 1889, p. 624. 26. 1909^ P- 369- 27. Curtis, 1907-16, vol. ix, p. 47; Gibbs, 1877, p. 215; Costello, 1895, p. 19; Carlson, 1903, p. 22. 28. For the phonetic symbols used in recording native words, see Types of Canoes on Puget Sound, by T. T. Waterman and Geraidine Coffin, Indian Notes and Monographs, pp. 8-10, 1920. INDIAN NOTES D 12^ NOTES 61 29. 1877, p- 215. 30. 1798, pp. 252, 254 (May 1792). 31. Eells, 1889, p. 324; Curtis, 1911-16, vol. ix, p. 157. 32. See Waterman and Collaborators, Native Houses of Western North America, Indian Notes and Monographs, 1920. AND MONOGRAPHS I i I I I I i i 0 003 997 527 0 J? \