« i? ^ .0*^ •' -p 0' •'-^^^yiw. .^^, c^ » -^ -^^^ ' >. ^ x^^^ ^ aO "^>. v^ •^or>^ -b^ -"^^ '/ ,0 %..<'■ ^ ' / , ^ .A , ^ ^ o V •* ,0 -- - , ^ , > vOO v' x^°,<. ,0- ,V^^ ,x\^^' '^^- ■^:^- ,iS -n*.. ^0°^ V \o^ %-^''' A-^- , -k 1 SENATOR JONES' WASHINGTON RESIDENCE, OCCUPIED BY PRESIDENT ARTHUR. OF JAMES A. GARFIELD AND CHESTER A. ARTHUR. WITH A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE ASSASSIN. ILLTJSTE.^^TE1I3- A COMPLETE RECORD OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD S LONG STRUGGLE WITH DEATH, INCLUDING THE DAILY BULLETINS, AND SELECTIONS FROM HIS BEST SPEECHES; ALSO, AN APPENDIX, GIVING ACCOUNTS OF ALL INAUGURATIONS FROM WASHINGTON TO GARFIELD, ALL PRESIDENTS WHO DIED IN OFFICE, AND ALL ASSASSINATIONS OF RULERS IN THE PRESENT — - CENTURY. I^JoQj^lyyJ />*? V.St f n*' COMPILED BY BURTON T. DOYLE and HOMER H. SWANEY. WASHINGTON, D. C. RuFus H. Dabby, Printer and Publisher. 1881. Entered according to act of Congress, in tlie year 1881, by BUKTON T. DOYLE & HOMER H. SWANEY, in the oflace of the Librarian of Congress, at Wa^iington, D. C. PREFACE. In offering the following pages for the consideration of the public we hope to furnish an accurate and brief, but complete, history of the late aad unfortunate President, at the most reasonable price that it is possible for any one to offer. Whether we have succeeded or not we leave with the public ; and if the answer be in the affirmative we shall feel amply re- warded for our labors. DOYLE AND SWANEY. Washington, D. C, October 18, 1881. INTRODUCTION. It has been our earnest endeavor, in the compilation of this work, to pre- sent, in an epitomized form, a complete view of the life of our late and unfortunate President, and his successor, Chester Allan Arthur, as well as a brief sketch of the wretch who thrust the dagger into the nation's heart . The life of Garfield is divided into three distinct epochs, as most dis- tinctly marked out by the circumstances attending his brilliant career of eventful and inestimable services. Part I follows our nation's hero from his birth, through his early check- ered career, until we find him a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention at Chicago: In Part II we follow him from his nomination, through his brief but most masterly administration, including incidents of his campaign, to his most cruel and unnatural assassination ; and, in Part III, we go with him through all his prolonged suffering and*pain, giving the daily bulletins issued by the attending physicians, until the master spirit takes its farewell of earth ; then we follow that precious morsel of mortality, which was the earthly habitation of that spirit to its last resting-place on the shores of the beautiful Lake Erie, in Lake View Cemetery . In Part IV will be found a short but authentic history of the life of his successor, Chester Allan Arthur, now President of the United States, from his early life to his assuming the office of chief-magistracy of our mighty nation. Then, in Part V, we introduce our reader to the basest of mankind, (par- don such an introduction, dear reader,) Charles J. Guiteau, the assassin, who coveted notoriety to such an extent that he won it with the precious life-blood of one of our grandest Presidents. Last, but not least, we ask our reader to refer to Part VI, where he wil 1 find multum in parvo — much history in very little space, which will be well worth the while necessary for its perusal. In compiling this work we have culled from various documents and pamphlets, besides drawing upon many newspapers, among which we acknowledge our indebtedness to the following : The New York Herald, New York Times, Chicago Inter-Ocean^ Chicago Times; Republican, Post, Evening Star, Sunday Herald, and Capital, of Washington; Indianapolis Journal, Louisville Courier Journal, Philadel- phia Times, Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette, and The Cleveland Leader. We are also indebted to the Saturday Republic and The Evening Critic of Washington, for the excellent illustrations. INDEX TO CONTENTS. PARI I. ChAPIER — PAGE I. Garfield's Early Life . , . . : . . .9 II. His life at Seminary and College . . . • . 12 III. His Military Career 14 IV. His Career in Congress 18 V. Defends himself 20 VI. An Orator 23 PART II. Chapter — I. Chicago Convention. Garfield nominated. His Letter of Acceptance 32 II. The campaign and his election 41 III. His Inauguration 47 IV. His Administration 5g PART III. Chapter — I. The President shot 60 II. Removed to the White House 61 III. Removal to Long Branch, (Elberon, N. J.) . . . 145 IV. His death 151 V. Removal to Washington. Lying in state in the rotunda of the Capitol 161 VI. Funeral at Cleveland, Ohio 173 PART IV. Chapter — I. Arthur's Early Life 183 11. Arthur in the War 184 HI. His Political Career • . 188 IV. He is informed of President's death. Sworn in . . 190 V. His Letter of Acceptance. A remarkable coincident . 191 VI. Formally sworn in. Inaugural Address . . . 194 VII. His first proclamation. His family .... 196 PART V. Sketch of the Assassin ....'..... 197 APPENDICES. A.— Inagurations from Washington to Garfield 203 B. — Presidents who died in office 218 G. — ^Assassination of rulers within the century 223 JAMES A. Garfield. LIFE OF JAMES A. GARFIELD. PART I. EARLY CAREER— MILITARY CAREER— CONGRESSIONAL CAREER, UNTIL THE CHICAGO CONVENTION. CHAPTER I. HIS EARLY LIFE. James Abram Garfield was born on the 19th of November, 1831, in a log cabin in the wilderness of Orange, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, fifteen miles from Men- tor. He came of a family that was noble, in the sense of virtue, courage, adventurousness of spirit, independence and loyalty to God, truth and coun- try. As far back as the twelfth century his family can be traced. At that time it had its seat at Luddington, Middlesex, in England, the crest of the house being a heart, with a hand rising o it of it, grasping a sword. The legend was vincit amor patriae, a motto which the late distinguished descendant of the family seemed ever to remember. This old ancestral record shows his Saxon origin, and his fair Saxon complexion, and Saxon temperament and physique were confirmatory evidences. The family came to this country as early as 1635, at which time Edward Garfield was recorded as one of the one hundred and six proprietors of Watertown, now a lovely suburb of Boston. But of him little is known, except that he was one of those quiet and heroic men who braved danger and privations for the sake of his religious belief, and tliat he lived to be ninety-seven years old, thereby, according to Carlyle's maxim, showing much virtue and setting an example to his descendants which has been well observed. In and around Watertown are buried five generations of the Gar- fields, including the first, Edward. The sixth Garfield in line of descent was Solomon, the great-grandfather of General Garfield. He pushed further on into what was then a wilderness beyond the Hudson, and helped to settle what is now the town of Worcester, N. Y. Here was born Thomas Garfield, who, when he grew old enough to wed, married Asenath Hill. To these two was born, in December, 1799, Abram, or Abraham, Garfield, the father of the late President. The father spelled his Christian name sometimes in one way and sometimes in another, but never disgraced either phase of the patriarchial title. He was famous as a wrestler and never met his match, though men would come from all parts of the counrty to wrestle with "Abe Garfield," as they called him. His father, Solomon, was offered a grindstone weighing five hundred pounds if he would carry it home. He put it on his shoulders and carried it home, a mile's distance, without even availing himself of the privilege of lean- ing against a fence. If from his father's side James A. Garfield inherited his physical strength, generosity, good nature, sense of humor, warm-heartedness and dash of cour- age, it was from his mother's side that he obtained his oratorical powers, imagi- nation and finer sentiments. His mother, Eliza Ballou, came of that purest, highest and most intelligent and most enduring race of involuntary colonists who were ever expelled for their religion from France, the Huguenot fugitives 10 from the edict of Nantes. Aniong the ITugnenot settlers was Ma*^'irin Ballon, who settled in Woonsocket, R. I. The faniily lived liere some time. James Ballon was taken np, when a boy. into the wilderness of New Hampshire, where his father cut out for his family a home in the forest, jnst north of the Massachusetts line. Pie grew np and married Mehitabel Ingalls, and on the 21st of September, 1801, in Richmond. Cheshire county, N. H., Eliza Ballon, the mother of General Garfield, was born. When Srhe was eiaht years old, in the wild New Hampshire clearing, her father died. Her mother moved to the newly-settled commnnity of Worcester, N. Y., where she met Abram school in that little log hut, not because he was sent, but be- cause of his own longings. At the end of the first term he received a New Testament as a prize for being the best reader in Ids class of little boys. Lit- tle James went to school summers and winters, loving all his studies, and working hard. His prodigious memory developed early, ad he learned Web- ster's spelling-book almost by heart by the time he was eight years old. His old " English Reader " was so faithfully read and re-read that he was able in his mature years, to quote it, from memory, by the page. Even when he was old enough to go to work, his elder brother, in whom cir- cumstances had developed a fatherly care, insisted tliat he be kept at school. This was accordingly done, his mother, a noble, religious woman, carefully training and developing his religious faith and sensibilities. Belonging to that, sect known as ''Disciples,' ' or '•Campbellites, " a class of Christians who believed in a pure, nnadnUerated Christianity, she brought him up in that faith, and he has never left it. While in all ways she impressed religious truth on her chil- dren, keeping them from bad habits and bad thoughts, slie was not sanctimo- nious nor did she bring any of the forbidding aspects of religion into her house. She was an exquisite singer, and whenever the children were depressed or dull 11 she would sing and fill their hearts with vigor and cheer. The robust and cheerful morality which she posses^ed liad its wholesome effect on her family. In the meantime, James kept on going to school, studying and reading every book he could lay hands on. He and his cousin, Harriet Eoynton, read " Kob- insou Crusoe " over and over again. At twelve he had read and mastered Jo- sephus, and was wild over a story of tlie adventures of a man traveling down the Mississippi. Other books, good or bad, were devoured , but the one that had the most effect on his imagination was a romance entitled ''Jack Halyard." A desire was kindled within him to go to sea, and tliis passion held him en- thralled until its perfect work had been wrought. He read at niglit mostly, after his mother had retired, and with her permission. Arithmetics, gram- mars, and other school books were mastered by tlie time he was fourteen. Tlien he began to " work out " away from home, during -the summer, getting about nine dollars a month and board, all "nis earnings going into the common treasury at home. In the summer when he was sixteen he worked at haying, getting one dollar a day, which was the largest pay he ever got for his maniial labor. Then he took a contract with his uncle to chop one hundred cords four-foot . wood, at twenty cents a cord. He chopped two cords a day, so that he cleai-ed about fifty cents a day, as he was boarded. The point where he was chopping wood, near Newburgh, now a part of Cleveland, commanded a view of Lake Erie, the sight of whose blue waters awakened all the intense longing for the sea. He would gladly have stopped chopping wood, but he liad undertaken the job and stuck to It until it was finished. But as soon as it was done he went to Cleveland and Ijoarded a vessel to ob- tain employment as a "hand." His request was refused brutally by a drunken captain, w hile most of the sailors he saw were also drunk. This partly but not wholly disillusionized him. As he went away he happened to meet a cousin, whom he knew^ merely by sight and who was running a canal-boat. The cousin asked him if he did not want to drive horses for him. The offer was accepted, for it flashed on Garfield's quick mind that he could make tlie canal work a primary school, the lake the academy, and the ocean the college. So began his canal-boat experience, which has been sufficiently and in some cases extrava- gantly exploited. It came along natui-ally without accident or any merely wild notion of adventure, and James went through it rougli and tumble, like the brave and lusty youth he was, for three months, when he got paid ten dollars », month and board. On his first trip he fell overboard fourteen times, and eaell' time was saved from drowning. He had several fights, but always came-, off" victorious. The only time he was ever in the wrong, and his opponent /had ; sufficient cause to thrash him, he awed the men, by a resolute bearing;,. into-, venting his feelings in words. Years afterwvard, Garfield piloted up the Big Sandy river a boat sent for sup- plies, when no professional hand would undertake the perilous duty. He stood at the wheel forty out of forty-eight hours, and not only saved the boat from being wrecked, but saved his command, who, when he reached them, were eat- ing their last crackers. Then his wife, who, up to that time, had never seen' why Providence had put her James through the canal experience, said to him: " I see wliat your life on the canal meant, now." The manner in which young Garfield came to leave the canal shows on what little things great ones will hinge. One night he had the misfortune to fall overboard into the muddy water of the canal. He grasped the dangling end of a rope which hung over the stern ; hand over hand he sought to pull himself out of the water which was too deep for him; hand over hand it paid out, giv- ing him not the least help. His position became perilous. He became alarmed as he struggled seemingly more and more helplessly. Finally, the rope became fixed and lent itself to his aid, and he drew himself on board. Curious to know the cause of its mysterious conduct, he found, on examination, that it lay in a loose coil, and in running over the edge of the boat, in his grasp, it had been drawn into a crack with a sort of king-like knot at that point, which alone pre- vented its paying out its whole treacherous length. In his wet clothes, he sat down in the cold of the empty night to contemplate and construe the master. It seemed, then, to him that there was but one chance in a thousand tiuit a line thus running over the edge of the boat should run into a crack and knot itself, and that one chance had saved liim. Then he thouglit of his mother, whom he had left under the idea that he was going on the lake. He had not 12 written to her for three months, and he pondered over the pain and distress his misconduct had doubtless caused her; so he resolved to go home. The next day this resolution was almost repented of, and the desire to be a sailor was again uppermost in his mind; but the drenching and the malarial of the canal were too much for the health and will of the sixteen-year-old boy. Fever and ague seized him, and he was compelled to turn his steps homeward. As he drew near to the house, he heard his mother at prayer. With uncovered head he stood in the door way and listened. She was praying for the return of him, whom she believed absent, with all the love and fervor of a mother's heart. As she ceased, he softly raised the latch and entered. Her prayer was answered. Not until after that time did he know that his going away had quite crushed her. A long season of prostration followed; but, notwithstanding this, his passion for the sea survived, and he recurred frequently to his old plans. All this was agony to his mother. But she was wise, and merely said to him in a sweet, quiet way, "James, you are not fit to go back to the lake now; your health is too much broken. You will break right down again. Thomas and I have talked it over, and we have raised seventeen dollars, whicli will be pretty nearly enough to pay the necessary money expenses of your going over to Chester to school;" but, she adroitly added: "If you feel still determined to go on the lake, why go over there to school this year, and by that time I hope your health will be restored. Then, if you go to work in haying or carpentering — for James had already learned the latter in building a house for his mother — you will make enough to go in the fall term, and then I think you can teach district school, and, if you want to, can sail on the lake summers, and when the lake is frozen over you can teach school." Her astute words had their weight. The prospect of earning something came in on him like a pas- sion, for all his hard earnings had gone to pay doctor's bills, and he was penni- less. The mother conquered. He decided to go to Geauga Seminary, near Chester, and the cord which bound him to an ocean life began to break. CHAPTER II. HIS LIFE AT SEMINARY AND COLLEGE. It was in the spring of his eighteenth year, March, 1849, that James and his two cousins, well provisioned, went ten miles over to Chester to get all they could out of the Geauga Seminary, an institution founded and supported by Free- will Baptists. While a student in the Geauga Seminary in Chester he paid a carpenter $1.06 a week for board and washing, and this sum he earned by help- ing his host at odd jobs. Among others this incident is given : The carpenter was building a two-story house on the east side of the road a little way south of the seminary grounds, and James' first work was to get out siding at two cents a board. The first Saturday he planed fifty one boards and so earned $1.02, the most money he had ever got for a day's work. He began that fall the study of Greek. That term he paid his way, bought a few books and returned home witli .p in his pocket. At the college young Garfield was startled and delighted by finding a library of 150 volumes. But he made another discovery in tliat scho 1— one which proved to be the greatest discovery of his lifetime. He found there a modest, studious, somewhat reserved girl, of about his own age, named Lucretia Rudolph. He only met her, however, in recitations, and as he felt "green '" and awkward, and she was absorbed mostly in lier studies, the at^quaintance was, for some time, without opportunities or provocation for any- thing more. He then presented himself for examination, to get a certificate to teach school, which he readily obtained, and taught his first district school, begin- ning two weeks before he was eighteen. He received $12 a month and ''boarded aroimd." Tlie rough characters in this scliool who commenced to bully the master he quieted by whipping tlieir leader. During the winter he read Pol- lock's " Course of Time, " and was so impressed with it that he learned it nearly all by heart. It was during this winter, too, that he became influenced by a plain 10 O old preacher of the "Disciples," who touched his sympathies and moved his heart. He made a profession of religion, was baptized in the faith of his mother and joined the cliurch. This severed the last strand of the cord which bound him to the ocean. To use iiis own language, " Of course, that settled canal and lake and sea and everything." Yet it was only a few years since that he said, half regretfully, "But even now, at times, the old feeling (tlie longing for the sea) comes back;" and walking across the room, he turned with a flashing eye, " I tell you, I would rather now command a fleet in a great naval battle than do anything else on this earth. The siglit of a ship often fills me with a strange fascination ; and when upon the water and my fellow-landsmen are in tlie agonies of sea-sickness, I am as tranquil as when walking the land in the serenest weather." But the sea had lost her lover. A new life, with new thoughts and ambitions, now dawmed upon him. He resolved at once that he would have the best education that it was in tlie i)ower of work to give. With this liigh purpose he went back to Chester and begun his new life. He remained there during the spring and next fall, makng four terms at Chester, and tauglit again in the winter, getting $\Q a month. From Chester he went to Hiram College, or '•'Hiram Eclectic Institute," as it was then known. He went there because its associations were in every way agreeable. It was started mainly by the "Disciples," and it offered advantages which he could obtain nowhere else. He could there be both pupil and teacher. An atmosphere of wholesome, cheerful, religious enthusiasm and of pure domestic life pervade 1 the place. Tliere, too, he came to know thor- oughly the hard-working and proficient student who w^as to be his wife. When he entered Hiram he knew Latin grammar, but had not translated; he had been through algebra, natural philosophy and botany, and had also pursued other studies, including a term in Greek. In regard to the first-named study he had his option between entering a primary class and going over the work he had already done, or going into an advanced class, which would compel him at once to begin the translation of Caesar's "Gaul."' Quite naturally he chose the more diflicult task. The first lesson was only six lines, and though it took him the whole night to work out the translation, he stuck to it until it was satisfactorily accomplished. It was at this college, too, that Garfield met a teacher named Miss Almeda A. Booth, a woman who was to the "Western Reserve" what Margaret Fuller was to New England. To her influence, which developed all his energies and ambitions, which quickened his thirst for knowl- edge, and which made his life noble in every way, Garfield was indebted beyond powers of expression. It was under the peculiar circumstances existing .it Hiram that Garfield be- came what is called a "preacher." Both students and teachers were nearly all " Disciples," and they held social meetings, calling upon those who were church members to speak an i pray. Garfield, by his natural talents, soon took the lead, and was always expected to say something. He developed such power, in fact, that often when the preacher did not feel like speaking, he wo Id call on " Brother Garfield." This, a nong the "Disciples " was entirely natural. It d d not signify or imply any intention to recognize him even as an incipient " preacher " in the common ecclesiastical sense. The work done by Garfield at Hiram, before going to college, was tremen- dous. He began at Hira n, in the fall of 1851, with but twenty-four weeks of La in and twelve weeks of Greek. He taught for t^N o winters in the district school. After the first term he taught constantly from three to six, and later, the whole six classes, so that he could onl- study nights and mornings. In June, 1854— less than three years after he went to Hiram— he not only had fit- ted himself to enter college, but had completed two years of the college course, so as to be admitted in the junior class in vvilliams, in full and good standing. He not only paid his way »» he went, and supported himself, but had "saved up " about ^50. For such an achievement there is no precedent. Having exhausted Hiram, tlie young student needed more. He w^rote to Brown University, Yal •, Williams, and Mr. Campbell's young college, at Bethany, gave a modest account of his acquisit ons, and wished t > know what time it would require in their classes to complete the university course. They severallv answered two years. He ' urned from Bethany because its course of study was not as extensive or thorough as in Eastern colleges ; because it leaned toward slavery, and because he wished to get among people who were 14 not "Disciples," in order to know sonietliing more of the religions views and sentiments of otlier ]ieople. The answers from the colleges were brief busi- ness notes, bnt Preside t Hopkins, of Williams, concluded with tliese words : " If y u come here, we shall be glad to do what we can for you." This sen- tence se-med to Garfield like a friendly grasp o" the hand, and settled the question with him. Through the discovery of life insurance he laised the necessary means on a policy he secured ou hi- own life, which was a good risk, and the summer of 1S54, in liis twenty-third year, saw him in the junior class of Williams. His college life was full of incidents showing the bent of l is character, but which for want of space cannot be given liere At that time he paid great at- tention to German, and devoted all- his leisure time to that language. In his studies his taste was rather for metaphysical and pliilosophical studies than f'>r liist ry and biography, but lie read besides a good deal of poetry and general literature. Tennysou was then and has ever been since one of his favorite authors, and whe i '-Hiawatha" was published he greatly admired it, and would quot almost pages of it when walkinr. lie was also greatly in^-'ested in Charles Kingsley's writings, particularly in " Alton Locke" and " Yeast." A friend gave iiim" " Oliver Twist " to read, and he reared with laughter over Mr. Bumble. At the end of two years he received the aw-ard for metaphysics, the best honor at Williams. He graduated high, witli great iJOi)ularity and with the lun-e- served confidence of President Mark Hopkins and all tlie faculty. He returned to Hiraui for the beginning of his life-work as a trained and cultured man, and accepted the position of professor of Latin and Greek. The institution was poor and his pay was small, but his activity burst out in all sorts of channels. He gave scientific lectures, learnijig his science as he went along. He infused new life into the institution, and the next year was honored by being elected president of the college. Perhai)S, after all. one of the chief reasons he had for returning to Hi'-am ' was the fact that Miss Lucretia Rudolph, to Avhom he had become engaged in 1854, just as he was about to set out for Williams, resided there. The acquain- tance begun at Chester many years previous, when both were students at the Geauga Seminary, had ripened into congenial companionsliip in the studies and reading pursuedtogether at Hiram, where he found her living near tlie insti- tute. She became Garfield's pupil some time afterward, and recited to liim in Latin, Greek and geometry, as well as in some other branches of study. She was a remarkably fine scholar, with keen perceptions, quick intuitions, and high ambitions. She sympathized with all of Garfield's strenuous struggles for a college education. She was his complement and better self. Their union- was inevitable, but their engagement had this sensible understanding, that the marriage sliould not occur until lie was in such financial condition that he would run no risk. It was one of those deliberate purposes whose fulfillment the lovers put far enourh ahead to be prejiared for it. They were married on the 11 Ih of November, 1858, by the Rev. Dr. Hitchcock, president of the West- ern Reserve Collce at Hudson, and a happier marriage, in all respects, was never consummated, or one more calculated to keep the strong current of Garfield's forceful and active life pure, sweet, uncontaminated and within limits. C II A P T E R III. HIS MILITARY CAREER. During the two years previous to the war ISIr. Gariield was a State senator. Tu 1857- '58 he became locally known and admired as a stump speaker of a radical type, iuid in IS59 lie was easily elected a State senator from the anti-slavery counties of Portage and Siiinmit. Senator (larfield at once took high rank in the legislature as a man well informed on the subjects of legislation, and effec- tive and i)o\verf 1 in debate. He seemed always prepared to speak ; he always spoke fiuently and to the point, aud his genial, warm-hearted nature served to 15 increase the kindness with which both political friends and opponents regarded him. Three '' Western Reserve " senators formed the radical triumvirate in that able and patriotic legislature which was to place Ohio in line for the war. One was a highly-rated professor of Oberlin College ; another, a lawyer alrea'ly noted for foi-ce and learning, the sou-inlaw of the i)resident of Oberlin ; the third was Garfield, the village carpenter and village teacher from Hiram. He was the youngest < f the tliree, but speedily bec.ime the first. In those days debates were frequent and party spirit i-an high, nearly every question turning on the great national issues so soon to be forced into the bloody field of actual physi- cal contest. In the autumr. of 1859 he entered his name as student of law in the office of Messrs. Williamson & Riddle, of Cleveland, showing that he intended, doubt- less, to enter upon the prac ice of law. He did, indeed, study for two years, and was admitted to the bar. But the war came on and Garfield felt that he ought to be in it, and, although his K'ilitary record covers only a little over two years, if is full of peculiar incidents and achievements. He was first commissioned in 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of tlie Forty-second Ohio Volun- teers, and soon was promoted to be colonel. His regiment was then at Camp Chase, from which place it was moved to the front on the 17th of December, 1861, in obedience to an order from General Buell. When he reported to the latter at Louisville, Buell saw immediately that he had a man of no ordinary abilities. At once lie gave him a task that would have been formidable, even to the most experienced officer. Humphrey Marshall was moving down the valley of the Big Sandy, threatening Eastern Kentucky. Zollicoffer was on the way from Cumberland Gap tov.-ard Mill Spring. In concise words, as if to one skilled in military technics, tiie General, with a map before him, pointed out the position and strength of Marshall, the locations of the Union forces, the topography of the country, and lifting his cold eyes to the face of the silent listener said : '•'■ If you were in command of tliis sub-district what would you do ? Report your answer here at 9 o'clock to morrow morning. " Tiie Colonel, with a silent bow, departed. Daylight the next morning found him with a sketch of the proposed campaign still incomplete. At 9, sharp, he laid it before his commander. The skilled eye mastered it in a minute. He issued to its author an order, creating the Eighteenth brigade of the Army of the Cumber- land, and assigned Colonel Garfield to the command. After directing the pro- cess of embodying the troops, came this brief sentence : '■ Then proceed, with the least possible delay, and move witli the force in that vicinity up that river, and drive the enemy back or cut him off." To carry out this order and defeat Marsliall, Garfield had only four regiments of infantry and 600 cavalry— in all about 2,.">00 men— divided by large stretclies of mountain country that was harried by gueriillas and full of disloyal people. He had to send communica- tions to his scattered forces, to insure a co-operative movement, and then run the ribk of being defeated in detail before his troops could be massed; and, after all that was safely accomplished, he had to attack twice his owai force, strongly intrenched in commanding positions. Besides this, the roads were horrible, the time midnight, and the rain incessant. Yet all these obstacles he surmounted by his judgment, foresight, and deci- sive action. Before nightfall of the 9th of January, 1862, he had, at the head of 1,500 men, driven in the enemy's pickets between Abbott's and Middle creeks. He dispatched orders to his reserves at Paintville, twenty miles away, less than one tliousand strong, and bivouacked in the pitiless rain, to await morning and the struggle. He spent the night getting full knowledge of Mar- shall's position and of the topograi)hy, and again sent his faithful scout, John Jordan, into the enemy's camp to learn his exact position. Breaking camp at 4 A. M. he skirmished aggressively and successfully till noon, when he reached the main line, and then lercely charged 5.000 men, with twelve pieces of artil- lery,^ finely placed on a steep and rocky hill, with his 1,100 heroes, all animated by his own spirit, but unprovided with a single cannon. It was a desperate hand-to-hand fight for twelve hours, with charges and repul.'-ies, and fresh cliarges, till at sunset the 5,000 are about ready to swoop down on, envelop, and destroy the heroic 1,100, or what was left of them. It was a straining crisis for Garfield, who was praying for Cranor and Sheldon, as Wellington prayed for ''niglit or Blucher." At the sa^.e time a rebel major, from a high eleva- tion, saw the advancing blue coats, and turned rapidly and gave the word. lu 16 a moment Marshall's demoralized force was whirling away in full retreat, and Garfield was the victor in the most important small engagement of the war. The brilliancy and importance of his operations were recognized by General Buell in a general order, while President Lincoln gave him a brigadier's com- mission. Having cleared ont Hnmphrey Marshall's forces, Garfield moved his com- mand to Piketon, 120 miles above the month of the Big Sandy, from which place he covered the whole region about with expeditions, breaking up rebel camps and perfecting his work. It was here that his supplies gave out, and he went to the Ohio river, got supplies, seized a steamer and brought it up the Big Sandy, notwithstanding an unprecedented freshet, to where his ti'oops were encamped, being at the wheel forty hours out of forty-eight. When he reached his men, spite of military rule, he barely escaped being carried to his headquarters on the shoulders of liis men. Then followed the famous expedition to Pound Gap, after Marshall, who had retreated tliere after being repulsed by General Garfield. It was a narrow pass in the Cumberland mountains, easily made impregnable, and a most admirable position trom which to swoop down with plundering parties into Kentucky. No direct attack could have dislodged the five hundred rebels left constantly on guard in the gap, defended by breastworks and quartered in log huts. So Garfield made a sudden, forced n)arch of two days, readied tlie foot of the g 'p at night, and the next morning made the rebels believe that he meant a direct attack, wliile he marched tlie most of liis command tlirough a narrow and tor- tuous mountain path, led by a faithful guide, in a blinding snow storm, and suddenly pounced down on the astonislied rebels in the rear of their fortifica- tions. The surprise and the victory were complete. The nest and stronghold of the plunderers were captured, a large number of them were killed, wounded, or taken prisonei'S, and Marshall's campaign was brouglit to a ridiculous close, whereupon Garfield marched back his command to Piketon, which he reached in four days from his departure, having taken his command about a hundred miles over a rough and ditflcult country. On his return, he was ordered to re- port to Buell in person. The latter was moving to join Grant at Savannah, but Garfield overtook the army, was assigned to the command of a brigade, and took part in the second day's fight at Shiloh. He was in all the operations in front of Corinth, rebuilt and guarded the bridges on the Memphis and Cliarles- town railroad, and did his share in erecting fortifications. He fell a victim to the malariousness of that region, and was prostrated during the months of July and August. When he became convalescent he was ordered to Washing- ton, where he participated in the Fitz-John Porter court-martial. On its ad- journment, in January, 1863, he was sent to Rosecrans. who at first was a 1 ttle prejudiced against him, but who soon found out his great capabilities and made him chief of stalf . His crowning service in this position came with the great battle of Chicka- mauga. Since he had been associated with Eosecrans he had been his coun- sellor, adviser, and executive officer, and grew daily in his confidence. The army lay at Murfreesboro'; Rosecrans delaying, by his passion for completing details, the action and advance whicli Secretary Stanton was urging and almost commanding. Finally, Eosecrans asked the formal opinion, in writing, of his corps, division, and cavalry generals as to tlie safety and advisability of an advance. All the seventeen replied in the negative. Against their united opinion Garfield wrote a paper, iu which he analyzed their objections and an- swered them in such a masterly manner that liosecraus could hesitate uo longer. This paper bore date June 12, and the army moved on the 2ith. On the morn- ing of the advance, General Crittenden said to Garfield, at headquarters: "• It is understood, sir, by tlie general officers of the army, that this movement is your work. I wish you to understand that it is a rash and fatal move, for which you will be held responsible.'" But Garfield never wavered, and the army marched on the short and brilliant Tullahoma campaign which relieved that region of Bragg and his troops. Then followed the fight for the objective point of the advance Chickamauga. The armies in array were seventy thousand Confederate and fifty-five thousand Union soldiers. Every order written on this field was written liy Garfield, save one which lie did not even see. This was Rosecrans' fatal order to Wood. Obeying this too literally, the latter broke the line of battle, and took his divis- 17 ion to the rear of another. Longstreet saw the blundering gap, and launched the impetuous Hood into it. The battle on the right was lost, Rosecrans and Ids chief of staff, with a mass of demoralized troops, being swept toward Chat- tanooga. Rosecrans thought that all was lost. Brave to desperation, so far as his own life was concerned, he was easily -'stampeded" wlien his command seemed broken. But Garfield's resources rose with the emergency. He seized the colors from the fleeiug bearer, who had instinctively borne them off. planted them, seized men to the right and left, faced them about and formed the nu- cleus of a stand, shouting his appeals in the dead ears of the unhearing men, bereft of all human attributes save fear. His exertions were in vain. The mo- ment he took his hands from a man he fled. Tiie fleeing tide swept on. Gar- field implored Rosecrans to let him seek the center and make it a rallying point from wliich to prevent utter route by well-directed fighting. He heard the steady thunder of Thomas' guns, and knew he was holding his own against the concentrated battalions of the enemy. Rosecrans gave the desired permission, and bidding Garfield God-speed, hastened back to the river to prepare for throw- ing up works at Chattanooga, behind which to save the sw^arming fugitives in front. Setting out with a few staff oflScers and orderlies, Garfield started to reach Thomas. His ride was a long and perilous one through the forests and over hills, no"- knowing where the rebel picket lines might be, an orderly wounded near him, and his own horse shot under him. with chaos in the rear and the unknown in front. His arrival at Tliomas' headquarters was like the reinforcement of a corps. He explained to Thomas the fate of the right, and informed him how he could withdraw his own right, form on a new line, and meet Longstreet who had turned Thomas' right, and was marching on his rear. The movement was promptly made; but the line was too short to reach ground that would have rendered it unassailable save in front. At that time Gordon Granger came up with steadman's division, met Longstreet at the opening thus left, and, after a fearful struggle, forced him back. Thomas, the army, and its honor, with the soil of the disaster on the right, were saved. It is said as night closed on that awful day, with the warm steam of blood from the ghastly wounded and recently killed rising from the burdened earth, Garfield and Granger, on foot, personally directed the loading and pointing of a bat- tery of Napoleons, and sent their shot crashing after the retreating foe, and thus closed the battle of Chickamauga. Nobly did Garfield win that day his commission as major-general. He won also, what he valued still more, the heart of old Pap Thomas. After the battle of Chickamauga, which was fought on September 20, 1863, Garfield was sent to Washington to reconcile tiie differences between Rosecrans and Stanton, and to state to Mr. Lincoln the condition and needs of the Army of the Cumberland, which he did with such clearness and vigor that Mr. Lin- coln told him he had never before understood so perfectly the actual situation of an army in the field. Mr. Montgomery Blair was filled with astonishment and admiration at the clearness, force, and completeness of this statement, and said shortly afterward to a personal friend, ''Garfield is a great man." The military career of General Garfield ended here. One year previous the people of his district had elected him to Congress, and he acquiesced in their wishes, to which determination he was aided by President Lincoln, who wanted the aid of his fresh, strong, and sagacious intellect in the House. In Decem- ber, 1863, lie therefore resigned his commission, though very reluctantly. As a matter of ambition the sacrifice was great, for he seemed to break a high, brilliant, and possibly great career in arms, where, in his judgment, he could be more usefid. Rut he resigned it all and stepped into new fields of activity. Ht^ seems scarcely ever to have controlled his own destiny. During all of his phenomenally active military career he had constantly kept up his literary culture. He took with him several small volumes of Harper s edition of the classics, and read them whenever he could steal a few moments of leisure. He read a little Latin every day. He rather settled down on Hor- ace as his favorite, regarding him as "the most philosophic of the pagans. He also kept up his interest in all home matters, wrote often to his wife and to his friend Hinsdale, and in all ways did what he could to nourish his affec- tions, to retain his culture, and to k ep up a realizing sense of his citizenship, in tue broadest and highest sense of that noble word. 18 CHAPTER IV. HIS CAREER IX CONGRESS. General Garfielrl entered the Tliirty-eightli Congress in 1863, having been elected without the slightest solicitation, effort or co-operation on his part, to represent the Nineteenth Ohio district. Even after he went into Congress, as the war was still doubtful, his inii)ulse was to resign and go back to the army. A private letter from his old friend. General Thomas, w'ho was now at the head of the whole Army of the Cumberland, tendering him the command of an army corps, made tlie impulse almost irresistible. ! 'e went to Pre ident Lin- coln to talk over the matter, but Mr. Lincoln earnestly dissuaded him from re- signing. " In the first place," said the President, '' the Republica > majority in Congress is very small, au'l tliere is great doubt whether or not we can carry our measures ; and in the next place, we are greatly lacking in men of military experience in tlie House to regulate the legislation about the army." So General Garfield went back to his seat in Congress and began a long ca- reer of honora,ble, industrious and patriotic service. It would take volumes to give any idea of wliat General Garfield accom- plished in his Congressional career. Take, for instance, a bare catalogue of his speeches or remarks from the index of the Congressional Globe for the flrs!; session of the Thirty-eighth Congress— 1^6:i to 1865— viz. : "Deficiency bill,'" '■'■ Bill to continue bounties," " Revenue ' ill," "Confiscation," "Conscription bill," "Bill to revive grade' of lieutenant-general," "Resolutions of tlianks to G neral Thomas," "Sale of surplus gold," "Relating to enlistments in the Southern States," "Bill to drop unemployed general othcers," "New Jersey railroad bill," "Currency bill," "The state of the Union, in re|>Iy to Mr. Long," " The expulsion of Mr. Long," "A correspondence with the rebels," " Revenue bill (No. 405)," " The inquiry in relation to the Treasury Depart- ment," " Ttie Army appropriation bill," "Pennsylvania war claims," "The bankrupt bill," " Repeal of fugitive slave law," " Bill to provide for claims for rebellion losses." In th'S Thirty-eighth Con^-ress General Schenck was placed at th*^ head of t^e Committee on Militarv Affairs, and Gener 1 Garfield received an honorable place with liim. Tlie militarv w^as of course the great, brilliant committee of the House and war. Proltably no t>^o men were ever better fitt d for their places than the chief of the military committee and he wlio at once became his 1 eutenant and friend. Garfield had been in Washi gton during the trial of General Porter. He now took up his solitary residence at the northeast corner of New York avenue and Thirteenth street. Her' i e remained till the holiday vacation, when, at the invitation of General Schenck, he joined him at Mrs. Lecont's house on C, near Four-and-a-half, a historic neighborhood of many memories. On one side of it was the house which long sheltered Pro- fessor Morse, on the other the old residence of Dr. Bailey, or the National Em; opposite were tiie residences of Daniel Webster and of I^ewis Cass. This place soon became a sort of army headquarters, where one might meet all the distin- guished and other generals when they happened to be at the capital ; as also the inventors of new^ arms and projectiles, run mad w'itli plans to end the war, en- thusiasts, visionaries, the unfortunate and unappreciated great men, with bum- mers and loafers on the outside. Here were drawn out, discussed and matured the great l)ills to be submitted to the committee and launched upon tlie House. Among his particular, noteworthy acts in this first Congress of Avhich lie was a member, was his solitary vote against the bill to increase the bounties to sol- diers, when everybody else voted tor it. One man only, (Jrinnell, of Iowa, moved by Garfield's courage, came over to his side and dared to do right. i)er- ha))S, at the cost of re-election. He upheld, too, the Wade-Davis review of the war policy of President Lincoln, and there was a strong feeling in his district against him. He walked boldly and ])roudly into the nominating convention at its request, and it was intimated to him by tlie rhairmaii that he could, if he wished to, explain away his adherence to tlie manifesto. Instead of that he gave them a twenty-minutes' speech, in which he upheld the manifesto and justified Wade. Then he walked out of the hall, his head thrown back and his 19 eye flashing. He had hardly reached the bottom of the stairs when a young man from Ashtabula, seeing; the silent dismay of the elders, sprang to his feet and exclaimed : ' 'A man with the courage to face the convention like that ought to be nominated. I move he be nominated by acclamation." Cheers and ap- plause followed. Garfield was nominated, and before he had walked a square away the delegates ran after him to inform him of what they had done. All through his Congressional life, Garfield was in favor of specie money, and his very earliest speeches on finance were against the "• inflation iniquity." "I, for one," said he in a si)eeeh, '■''am not willing that my name shall be linked to the fate of paper money. I believe that any party which commits itself to pai)er money will go down amid the general disaster, covered with the curses of a ruined people." And he spoi- e this, too, at a time Mdien it was not as easy to give expression to such sentiments as now. His political ruin was prophesied because he liad the courage to si)eak these convictions. But he held to them, and what he advocated has been accomplished. He was always deeply interested in finances, and made this feature of legislation a particular study. On the question of tlie tariff he was also plain-spoken. His platform was: "As an abstract theory, the doctrine of free trade seems to be universally true, but as a question of practicability under a Government like ours, the protective system seems to be indispensable. " In a speech after this he said : '•I am for a protection wnich leads to ultimate free trade, lam for that free trade which can only be achieved through a reasonable protection." In all the tariff discussions he was only criticised once, and that was about the wood-pulp mat- ter. His position on tliis question was first misstated, and from this an annoy- ing misapprehension arose. In the Fortieth Congress General Garfield voted first against the impeach- ment of President Johnson, but afterwards saw that there was no alternative but impeachment. In the succeeding Congress he played an important part, the Banking and Currency Committee, of which he was chairman, investigat- ing the Black Friday panic of v\ all street. His report was a model, and showed that an investigation in his hands did not mean anything else. In the Forty- fourth Congress he silenced the Amnesty bill in an answer to a sjieech by Ben. Hill, of Georgia, and made a reply to Representative Lamar which attracted crowds even from the Centennial, in which he claimed that the Democracy was not fit to be trusted. It was in this Congress, also, that he played an important part in the Electoral Commission. On the 25th of January, 1877, when the bill creating the commission was under discussion in the House, Mr. Garfield made a masterly speech in opposition to it, in which he took the ground that the Vice-President had the right under the Conxtituiion to count the vote ; that Congress would be committing a usurpation if it undertook to count it ; that Congress was only present as a witness of a great, solemn ceremony and not as an aclor. When the vote on the bill was taken, he voted against it, and yet he was placed on the commission. He delivered two opinions in t! e course' of the discussion. In one of tliese he presented, with his usual perspicuity, his view of the rights and duties of the States in the election of a President. The power to make the election was placed in the hands of the States, nor was there anywhere lodged a power to review and revise the^r doings in the premises. All that could be done was to ascertain their action in a given case and give it effect. They declared what they had done, by their own properly attested voices, and no power existed to go back of their declaration. This must be the law. In support he quoted the singular case of Vermont, when the legis- lature resolved itself into a joint convention, by virtue of the constitution alone, and proceeded to the necessary action. Many notable speeches were delivered by General Garfield during the Forty- fifth Congress. Among them one on " The Policy of Pacification and the Prosecutions in Louisiana,'' February 19, 1878 ; on the "Army and the Public Peace," May 21, 1878 ; his tariff speech in reply to Randolph Tucker on the 4th of .June following, referred to with his opinions on the subject, and many of lesser note. In the Forty-sixth Congress he spoke against tiie '' rider " to the Military Appropriation bill, against the presence of the army at the polls and opened a memorable debate with a powerful extempore speech. His last con- siderable address was one of his ablest, in support of the sentiment, "Obedi- ence to the Law the Foremost Duty of Congress." 20 Regarding committee work, he had his full share of labor. In the Thirty- eighth Congress he was on the Military Committee'; in the Thirty-ninth, at his own request, he was transferred to the Ways and Means Committee ; in the Fortieth Congress he was chairman of the Military Committee ; in the Forty- first, chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee ; member of the select committee on the ninth census, and the Committee on Rules ; in the Forty- second, chairman of the Committee on Appropriations and member of the Committee on Rules ; in the Forty-third, reappointed chairman of Appropria- tions Committee and continued on the Committee on Rules ; in the Forty- fourth, member of the Committee on Ways and Means ; in the Forty-fifth Congress, member of the Committee on Ways and Means and on Rules, and in the Forty- sixth Congress he occupied the same positions. During his longer Congressional career he was exposed to slander. The Credit Mobilier and sal- ary grab were the main scandals with which he was alleged to have been con- nected. CHAPTER V. DEFENDS HIMSELF IN THE CREDIT MOBILIER BUSINESS. In 1874 came a Democratic tidal wave, and thousands of Republican voters hes- itated in their support of a man who was suspected of complicity in the Credit Mobilier matter. Down to date Garfield's district had been very proud of iiim. No representative held his constituency with a firmer hand. His tenure promised to be as long as that of Whittlesey or Giddings. But now all was changed. A Republican convention tliat met in Warren for some local puipose demanded his resignation. Most men denounced, all i-egretted, none defended what had been done. All that the staunchest friends of General Garfield presumed to do was to say : "Wait until you hear the case; hear what Garfield has to say before you determine that he is a dishonest man." Garfield wrote from Washington to a friend : '"The district is lost, and as soon as I can close up my affairs I am coming home to capture it." And he did capture it. He issued his pamphlets— ''Review of the Transactions of the Credit Mobilier Company" and ''Increase of Salaries" — from Washington, and then came on to Hiram. These pamphlets, with a personal speech in Warren somewhat later, constituted his direct defence. When the next campaign opened he went, as usual, upon the stump. He rarely referred to the charges against him, and never did unless compelled to. He grappled with the questions of the day. He went fr(»m county to county, and the following was the popular verdict — Garfield, 12,591; Democrat, 6,245; Independent Republican, 3,427. In refer- ence to the Credit Mobilier General Garfield wrote on pages 23 and 24 of this pamphlet : "1 neither purchased nor agreed to purchase the Credit Mobilier stock which Mr. Ames oflTered to sell me, nor did I receive any dividend arising from it. This appears from my own testimony and from the first testimony given by Mr. Ames, which 1:5 not overthrown by bis subsequent statements, and it is strongly confirmed by the fact that in the case of each of those who did purchase the stock there was produced as evidence of the sale either a certificate of stock, receipt of payment, a check drawn on the name of payee or entries in Mr. Ames" dlaiy of a stock account marked, adjusted and closed, but that no one of these evidences exists in reference to me. This position is further ciinfirujed by the subsequent testimony of Mr. Ames, who, although he claims that I did receive $329 from liira on account of llie stock, yet repeatedly testifies that, beyond that amount, I never reciMved or demanded any dividends, that he did not otter me an^',- nor wu-e on Mie various qu'stions : Mr. Garfield, of Ohio; Mr. Butler, of Mas- sachusetts. anJt the great industrial interests of this country to such uncertain and hazardous chances. "■ But even if Congress and the Administration should be always superior to such political temptations, still I affirm, in the second place, that no human legis- lature is wise enough to determine how much currency the wants of this country require. Test it in this House to-day. Let every member mark down the amount which he believes the business of the country nquires, and who does not know that the amounts will vary by luindreds of millions? *•' But a third object'on. strongereven than the last, is this : that such a currency possesses no power of adapting itself to the business of the country. Suppose the total issues should be five hundred millions, or seven hundred millions, or any amount you please ; it might be abundant for spring and summer, and yet when the great body of agricultural products were moving off" to market in the fall, that amonnt might be totally insufficient. Fix any volume you please, and if it be just sufficient at one period it may be redundant at another, or insufficient at another. No currency can meet the wants of this country unless it is founded directly upon the demands of business, and not upon the caprice, the ignorance, the political selfishness of the party in pnwer. " What regulates now the loans and discounts and credits of our national banks? The business of the country. The amount increases or decreases, or remains sta- tionary, as business is fluctuating or steady. Tiiis is a natural form of exchange, based upon the business of the country, and regulated by its changes. And when that happy day arriveswhcn the whole volume of our currency is redeemable in gold at the will of the holder, and recognized by all nations as equal to money, then the whole business of banking, the whole volume of currency, the whole amount of credits, whether in the form ©f checks, drafts, or bills, will be regulated by the same general law, the business of the country. The business of the country is like the level of the ocean, from which all measurements are made of heights and depths. Though tides and currents may for a time disturb, and tempests vex and toss its surface, still, through calm and storm the grand level rules all its waves and lays its measuring-lines on every shore. So the business of the country, which, in the aggregated demands of the people for exchange of values, marks the ebb and flow, the rise and fall of the currents of trade, forms the base line from which to measure all our financial legislation, and is the only saf»^ rule by which the volume of our currency can be determined." — Speech in the House of Representatives^ " Currency and the Banks. ''^ January 7, 1870. RESUMPTION. " If one thing was settled ahove all other questions of financial policy in the American mind at that time, [1880.] it was this, that tlie only sound, safe, trustworthy standard of value was coin of standard weight anil fineness, or a piper currency convertible into coin at the will of the holder. That was and had been fur several generations the almost unanimous opinion of the American people. + * * * + ** * " War, the imperious necessities of war, led the men of 18G1 '62 to depart from the doctrines of tin ir fathers ; but they did not depart from it as a matter of choice, but compelled by overmastering necessity. Every man in tlie Senate and House of 25 • 1862, who voted for the greenback law, announced that he did it with the greatest possible reluctance and with the gravest apprehension for the result. Every man who spoke on this subject, from Thaddeus Stevens to the humblest member of this House, and from Fessenden to the humblest Senator, warned his country against the dangers that might follow, and pledged his honor that, at the earliest possible moment, the country should be brought back to the old, safe, established doctrine of the fathers. " When they made the law creating the greenbacks, they incorporated into its essential provisions the most solemn pledge men could devise, that they would return to the doctrines of the fathers. The very law that created the greenback provided for its redemption and retirement ; and whenever the necessities of war required an additional issue, new guarantees and new limitations were put upon the new issues to insure their ultimate redemption. They were issued upon the fundamental condition that the number should be so limited forever that under the law of contracts the courts migat enforce their sanction. The men of 1862 knew the dangers from sad experience in our history ; and, like Ulysses, lashed themselves to the mast of public credit when they embarked upon the stormy and boisterous sea of inflated paper money, that they might not be beguiled by the siren song that would be sung to them when they were afloat on the wild waves." — Speech in the House of Representatives^ '•''Repeal of the Resumption Law,'''' November IG, 1877. " Scarcely had the echoes of their cannon died away when they set abont the work of redeeming these pledges. In 1866, by the almost unanimous voice of both houses of Congress, the work was commenced for the redemption and can- cellation of these notes. The great revenues of the nation were applied to this pui-pose and to the reduction of the interest-bearing debt. " Hardly had the great cost of the war been stated when the nation was menaced with the formidable threat of repudiation. The worst elements of American pol- itics were appealed to, and the passions of selfishness and cupidity were summoned to the aid of those who joined in the assault on the public faith. "The autumn of 1867 and the spring of 1868 were days of darkness and gloom; but during the summer and fall of 1868 the Republican party appealed with con- fidence to the American conscience to put down repudiation in every form, to keep the public faith, and pay the sacred obligations of the war to tiie uttermost far- thing. " No issue was ever more sharply defined than that on which the presidential canvass of 1868 was made. That issue was declared in the national platform of the Republican party, and the victorious results were announced in the first message of Grant, wherein he stated that — " To protect the national honor every dollar of G-overnment indebtedness should be paid in gold unless otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. Let it be understood that no repu- diator of one farthing of our public debt will be trusted in public places, and it will go far toward strengthening a credit which ought to be the best In the world. " This victory was sealed by the first act of Congress to which President Grant gave the approval of his signature. It was a victory won in the name of the pub- lic conscience, the public honor, the public faith — in the name of truth. From that moment the public credit was enhanced, month by month, and the national faith met no shock until the great struggle of 1870, when a most formidable attempt was made to break down the barriers of public confidence and launch the nation again upon a career of irredeemable paper-money expansion."— Ixappen to you and give you fortune. Luck is an ignis fatuus. You may follow it to ruin, but not to success. The great Napoleon, who believed in his destiny, followed it until he saw his star go down in blackest night, when the Old Guard perished around him, and Waterloo was lost. A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck. Young men talk of trusting to the spur of the occasion. That trust is vain. Occasions cannot make spurs, young gentlemen. If you expect to wear spurs, you must win them. If you wish to use them, you must buckle them to your own heels before you go into the fight. Any success you may achieve is not worth the having unless you fight for it. "Whatever you win in life you must conquer by your own efforts, and then it is yours— a part of yourself. [Ap- plause.] Again : in order to have any success in life, or any worthy success, you must resolve to carry into your work a fulness of knowledge — not merely a suffici- ency, but more than a sufficiency. In this respect, follow the rule of tlie ma- chinists. If they want a machine to do the work of six horses, they give it nine-liorse power, so that they may have a reserve of three. To carry on the business of life you must have surplus power. Be fit for more than the thing you are now doing. Let every one know that you have a reserve in yourself ; that you have more power than you are now using. If you are not too large for the place you occupy, you are too small for it. How full our country is of bright examples, not only of those who occupy some proud eminence in public life, but in every place you may find men going on with steady nerve, attract- 30 ing the attention of their fellow-citizens, and carving out for themselves names and fortunes from small and humble begiimings, and in the face of for- midable obstacles. Let me cite an example of a man T recently saw in the lit- tle village of Norwich, N. Y. If you wish to know his name, go into any hardware store and ask for the best "hammer in the world, and if the salesman be an intelligent man. he will bring you a hammer bearing the name of D. Maydole. Young gentleman, take that hummer in your hand, drive nails with it, and draw inspiration from it. Thirty years ago a boy was struggling through the snows of Chenango Valley, trying to hire himself to a blacksmith. He succeeded, and learned his trade; but he did more. He took it into his head that he could make a better ham- naer tha'i any other man had made. He devoted himself to the task for more than a quarter of a century. He studied the chemistry of metals, the strengtli of materials, the philosophy of form. He studied failures. Each broken ham- mer taught him a lesson. There was no i)art of the process that he did not master. He taxed his wit to invent machines to perfect and cheapen his pro- cesses. No improvement in working steel or iron escaped liis notice. What may not twenty-five years of effort accomplish when concentrated on a single object? He earned success; and now, when his name is stamped on a steel hammer, it is his note, his bond, his integrity embodied in steel. The spirit of the man is in each hammer, and the work, like the workman, is unrivaled. Mr. Maydole is now acknowledged to have made the best hammer in the world. Even the sons of Thor, across the sea, admit it. While I was there, looking through his shop, with all its admirable arrange- ment of tools and machinery, there came to him a large order from China, The merchants of the Celestial Kingdom had sent down to the little town, where the persistent blacksmith now lives in affluence, to get the best that Anglo-Saxon skill had accomplished in the hammer business. It is no small achievement to do one thing better than any other man in the world has done it. Let me call your attention to something nearer your own work in this col- lege. About forty years ago, a young lad who had come from the Catskill Mountains, where he had learned the rudiments of penmanship by scribbling on the sole leather of a good old Quaker shoemaker (for he was too poor to buy paper) till he could write better than his neighbors, commenced to teach in that part of Ohio which has been called " benighted Ashtabula" — (I suggest " bekniglited *' as the proper spelling of the word.) He set up a little writing school in a rude log cabin, and threw into the work the fervor of a poetic soul and a strength of heart and spirit that few men possess. He caught his ideals of beauty from the waves of the lake, and the curves they made upon the white sand beacli, and from the tracery of the spider's web. Studying the lines of beauty as drawn by the hand of nature, he Avrought out that system of pen- manship which is now the pride of our country and tiie model of our schools. It is the system you have been learning in this college, and which is so worthily represented by the son of its author, my friend. Professor Spencer, your able instructor. [Applause.] This is an example of Avhat a man may do by putting his whole lieart into the work he undertakes. Only yesterday, on my way here, I learned a fact which I will give you to show how, by attending to things, and putting your mind to the work, you may reach success. A few days ago, in the city of Boston, there was liekl an exhi- bition of photography, and to the great surprise of New England, it turned out that Mr. Eyder, a photograplier from Cleveland. Ohio, took the prize for the best photography in America. But how did this Ihiug liappen V I will tell you. This Cleveland photographer happened to read in a German j^aper of a process i)racticed by the artists of Bohemia, a process of touching up the nega- tive with the finest instruments, thus removing all chemical imperfections fi'om the negative itself. Reading this, he sent for one of these artists, and at length succeeded in bringing theart of Bohemia into the service of his own profession. The jnitient German sat down with his lenses, and bringing a strong, clear light upon tliese negatives, working with the finest instrumerits, rounding and strengthening the outlines, was able at last to print from the negative a pho- tograpli more perfect tlian any I have seen made witii the help of an India-ink finish. And so ]\Ir. Byder took the prize. Why not V It was no mystery ; it 31 was simply taking time by tlie forelock, securing the best aid in his business, and bringing to bear the force of an energetic mind to attain the best possible results. That is the only waj', young ladies and gentlemen, in Avhich success is gained. These men succeed because they deserve success. Their results are wrought out ; they do not come to hand already made. Poets may be born, but success is made. [Applause.] Young gentlemen, let not poverty stand as an obstacle in your way. Poverty is uncomfortable, as I can testify: but nine times out of ten the best thing that can happen to a young man is to be tossed overboard, and compelled to sink or swim for himself. In all my acquaintance, I have never known one to be drowned who was worth the saving. [Applause.] This would not be w^hoUy true in any country but one of political equality like ours. The editor of one of the leading magazines of England told me, not many months ago, a fact startling enough in itself, but of great significance to a poor man. He told me that he had never yet known, in all his experience, a single boy of the class of farm-laborers (not those who own farms, but mere farm-laborers) who had ever risen above his class. Boys from the manufacturing and commercial classes had risen frequently, but from the farm-labor class he had never known one. The reason is tliis: in the aristocracies of the Old World, wealth and society are built up like the strata of rock which compose the crust of the earth. If a boy be born in the lower stratum of life, it is almost impossible for him to rise through this hard crust into the higher ranks; but in this country it is not so. The strata of our society resemble rather the ocean, wliere every drop, even the lowest, is free to mingle with all others, and may sliine at last" on the crest of the highest w'ave. This is the glory of our country, young gentlemen, and you need not fear that there are any obstacles which will prove too great for any brave heart. You will recollect what Burns, who knew all meanings of poverty and struggle, has said in homely verse: "Though losses and crosses Be lessons right severe, There's wit there, you'll get there, You'll find no other where." One thought more and I will close. This is almost a sermon, but I cannot help it, for the occasion itself has given rise to the thoughts I am offering you. Let me suggest, that in giving you being, God locked up in your nature certain forces and capabilities. What w^ill you do with them? Look at the mechanism of a clock. Take off the pendulum and rachet and the wheels go rattling down, and all its force is expended in a moment; but properly balanced and regulated it will go on. letting out its force tick by tick, measuring hours and days, and doing faithfully the service for which it was designed . I implore you to cherish and guard and use well the forces that God has given to you. You may let them run down in a year, if you will. Take off the strong curb of discipline and morality, and you will be an old man before your twenties are passed. Pre- serve these forces. Do not burn them out watli brandy or waste them in idle- ness and crime. [Applause.] Do not destroy them. Do not use them unworthily. Save and protect them that they may save for you fortune and fame. Honestly resolve to do this, and you will be an honor to yourself and to your country. I thank you, young friends, for your kind attention. [Applause.] PART II FROM THE CHICAGO CONVENTION TO THE DAY OF THE ASSASSINATION. CHAPTER I. CHICAGO CONVENTIO>^. On the 2d of June, 1880, the Republican national convention met at Chicago. Hon. G. F. Hoar was elected chairman of the convention. General Garfield attended as a delegate, and when the time for nominating candidates arrived he made an able speech in behalf of John Sherman, of Ohio, whose name he pre- sented to the convention. The following is the speech of General Garfield in pre- senting the name of John Sherman : Mr. President : I have witnessed the extraordinary scenes of this conven- tion with deep solicitude. No emotion touches my heart more quickly than a sen- timent in honor of a great, noble character. But while I sat on these seats and witnessed these demonstrations it seemed to me you were a human ocean in a tempest. I have seen the sea lashed into fury and tossed into spray, and its grandeur move the soul of the dullest man. But I remember that it is not the billows, but the calm level of the sea, from wliich ail heights and depths are mea- sured. [Applause.] When the storm has passed and the hour of calm settles on the ocean, when the sunlight bathes its smooth surface, then the astronomer and surveyor takes the level from which he measures all terrestrial heights and depths. [Applause.] Gentlemen of the convention, your present temper may not mark the healthful pulse of our people. When our enthusiasm has passed, when the emotions of this hour have subsided, we shall find that calm level of public opin- ion below the storm from whicli the thoughts of a mighty people are to be meas- ured, and by which their final action will be determined. [Applause.] Not here in this brilliant circle, where 15,000 men and women are assembled, is the destiny of the Republican party to be decreed. [That is so.] Not here where I see the enthusiastic faces of seven hundred and fifty-six delegates waiting to cast tlieir votes into the urn and determine the choice of the Republic. [Applause.] But by four million Republican firesides, where the thoughtful voters, with their wives and children about them, with the calm thoughts inspired by love of home and love of country, with the history of the past, the hopes of the future and the knowledge of the great men who have adorned aiul blessed our nation in days gone by. There God prepares the verdict that shall determine the wisdom of our work to-night. [Applause.] And not in Chicago, in tlie heat of June, but in the sober quiet that comes to them between now and November. In the silence of deliber- ate judgment will this great question be settled. [Cries of "good."] Let us aid them to-night. [Great applause.] But now, gentlemen of the convention, what do we want? [A voice "Garfield," followed by applause.] Bear with me a moment. Hear me for this cause, and for a moment. Be silent, that you may hear. [Cries of "good."] Twenty-five years ago this Republic was wearing a triple cliain of bondage. Long familiarity with the traftic in the bodies and souls of men had paralyzed the consciences of a majority of our people. The baleful doctrine of State sovereignty had shackled and weakened the noblest and most 33 beneficent powers of the nation and the Government, and the grasping: power of slavery was seizing tlie virgin Territories of the West, and dragging them into the den of eternal bondage. At that crisis the Republican party was born; it drew its first inspiration f'roui that fire of liberty which God has lighted in every liuman breast, and which all the powers of ignorance and tyranny can never wliolly extinguish. [Applause.] The Republican party came to deliver and save the Republic. It entered.the arena when the beleaguered and assailed Territories were struggling for freedom and drew around them a circle of liberty which the demon of slavery has never dared to cross. It made them free forever. [Loud applause and cries of "good."] Strengthetied by its victory on the frontier, the young party, under the leader- ship of that great man, who, on this spot, twenty years ago, was made its leader, it entered the national capital and assumed the high duties of government. [Ap- plause.] The light which shown from its burners dispelled the darkness in which slavery had shrouded the capital, melted the shackles of every slave, and consumed in the fires of liberty every slave-pen within the shadow of the Capitol. Our great national industries by an unprotected policy were themselves prostrated and the stream of revenue flowed in such feeble currents that the Treasury itself was well- nigh empty. The money of the people was the wretched notes of two thousand irresponsible State banking corporations, which were libelling the country with a circulation that poisoned rather than sustained the life of business.* [Loud applause.] The Republican party changed all this. It abolished the babel of confusion and gave the country a currency as national as its flag, based upon the sacred faith of the people. [Applause.] it threw its protecting arm around our great industries and they stood erect as with new life. It filled with the spirit of true nationality all the great functions of the Government. It confronted a rebellion of unex- ampled magnitude, with slavery behind it, and under God fought the final battle of liberty until the battle was won. [Applause.] Then, after the stor.u of battle, we heard the sweet, calm words of psace, spoken by the conquering nation to the conquered foe that lay prostrate at its feet. " This is our only revenge, that you join us in lifting into the serene firmament of the Constitution to shine like stars forever and ever the immortal principles of truth and justice, that all men, white and black, shall be free and stand equal before the law." [Loud applause.] Then came the questions of reconstruction, the public debt and the public faith. In the settle- ment of- these questions the Republican party has completed its twenty-five years of glorious existence, and it has sent us here to prepare.for another lustrum of duty and victory. How shall we do this great work ? We cannot do it, my friends, by assailing our Republican brethren. [Great applause and cries of "good."] God forbid that I should sav one word to cast a shadow upon any name on the roll of our heroes. The coming figlit is our Thermopyhe, We are standing upon a nar- row isthmus. If our Spartan hosts are united we can withstand all the Greeks that the Xerxes of Democracy can bring against us. Let us hold our ground for this one year, for the stars in their course will fight for us in the future. The census to be taken this year will bring reinfoi cements and continue power. [Applause.] But in order to win this victory now, we want the vote of every Republican, of every Grant Republican and of every anti-Grant Republican in America, [great applause,] of every Blaine man and every anti-Rlaine man. The vote of every fol- lower of every candidate is needed to make our success certain. [Applause.] There- fore I say, gentlemen and brethren, we are here to take calm counsel togetlier and inquire what we shall do. [A voice, " nominate Garfield." Great applause.] We want a man whose life and opinions embody all the achievements of which I have spoken. We want a man who, standing on a mountain height, sees all the achieve- ments of our past history and carries in his heart the memory of all its glorious deeds, and who, looking forward, prepares to meet the labor and the dangers to come. We want one wlio will act in no spirit of unkindness toward those we lately met in battle. The Republican party ofl'ers to our brethren of the South the olive branch of peace and instills them to renewed brotherhood on this supreme condition, that it shall be admitted forever and forever more that in the war for the Union we were simply right and they were wrong. [Cheers.] On that supreme condition we meet them as brethren and on no other. We ask them to share with us the blessings and honors of this great Republic. [Applause.] Now, gentlemen, not to weary you, I am about to present a name for your con sideration — the name of a man who was a comrade and associate and friend o 34 nearly all those noble dead whose faces look down upon us to-night. [Referring to the patriots Giddings, Lincoln, Sumner, Wade, Chandler and other eminent Amer- icans hanging in the hall.] A man who began his career of public service twenty- five years ago, whose first duty was courageously done in the days of peril on the plains of Kansas. There the first red drops of that bloody shower began to fall which finally swelled into the deluge of war. [Cheers.] He bravely stood by young Kansas, and then returning to his scat in the national legislature, through all the subsequent years his pathway has been marked by labers performed in every de- partment of legislation. You ask for his monuments. I point you to twenty-five years of national statutes. [Cheers.] Not one great, beneficent'statute has been jplaced on our statute-books without his intelligent and powerful aid, [Cheers.] He aided these men to formulate the laws that raised our great armies and carried us through the war. His hand was seen in the workmanship of these statutes that restored and brought back the unity of the married calm of the States. His hand was in all that great legislation that created the war currency, and in the still greater work that redeemed the promises of the Government and made currency equal to gold and silver. At last he passed from the halls of legislation into a high execu- tive oQiee. He displa.yed that experience, intelligence, firmaess and purity of character which has carried us through a stormy pei-iod of three years, with one- half of the public press crying, crucify him, and a hostile Congress seeking to prevent success. In all this he remained unmoved until victory crowned him. [Ap- plause.] The great fiscal afi"airs of the nation and the business interests of the coun- try he has guarded and preserved while executing the laws of resumption, and eff'ect- ed its object without ajar, and against the false prophecies of one-half the press and all the Democracy of this continent [applause] he has shown himself able to meet with tlie calmness of Government. For twenty-five years he has trodden the perilous heights of public duty, and against all the shafts of malice his breast is unharmed. He has stood in rhe blaze of " that fierce light that beats against a throne." but its fiercest ray has found no fliw in his honor, no stain on his shield. I do not present him as a better Republican or better man than thou- sands of others wtiom we honor, but I present him for your deliberate considera- tion. I nominate John Sherman, of Ohio. [Applause, lasting several minutes.] Senator Roscoe Conkling, of New York, nominated ex-President Grant. Gov- ernor Joy. of Michigan, nominated James G. Blaine. Mr. J. B. Casidy, of Wis- consin, nominated Washburne. Mr. B. F. Drake, of Minnesota, nominated William • Windom. Mr. Billings, of Vermont, nominated George F. Edmunds. It was one of the most stormy Republican conventions ever held. Twenty- nine indecisive ballots were cast. There were some indications as the thirtieth ballot progressed that the lesser candidates were giving way. Great amusement was created toward the close by the announcement of one vote from Wyoming for General Phil Sheridan. Sheridan was on the stage near the chair, and when he was, a moment after, di.scovered by tlie people a sl'out went up from all over the house. He finally arose and said that he was very much obliged, but he couldn't take the nomination unless he were permitted to rurn it over to his best friend. The gtalleries saw the point of this, since Sheridan's best friend is Grant, and all the Grant delegates made the best of t!ie opportunity by an outburst of enthusiasm. The chair also detected the point, and said that while tlie distinguished soldier had been given permission to interrupt the order of tiie convention it would be granted to no one else. The next ballot demonstrated that the Grant lines could not be broken, and the Blaine lines were at this time wavering. Ic was apparent that the convention was on the edge of a break. The next ballot, which was finished by half-past twelve, was without exciting event. The following is a summary of the thirtieth ballot : Grant 306 Sherman 120 Windom 4 Garfield 2 Blaine 279 Edmunds 11 Washburne 33 Sheridan 1 THE THIRTY-FIRST BALLOT resulted the same as the thirtieth, except that in Alabama Grant lost one vote by the absence of a delegate ; in Indiana four votes from Blaine to Washburne, and 35 one vote from Sherman to Washburne ; in Pennsylvania one vote from Garfield to Grant • in Texas one vote from Sherman to Grant ; in New Mexico one vote from Blaine to Roscoe Conkling ; in Wyoming one vote from Sherman to Grant. Grant 308 , Blaine 276 Sherman 118 Edmunds ii Windom 3 Washburne ^7 Garfield". 1 Conkling 1 THIRTY-SECOND BALLOT. Grant 309 Sherman 117 Windom 3 Garfield 1 Blaine •" 270 Edmunds H Washburne 44 THIRTY-THIRD BALLOT. Grant , 309 Sherman 110 Windom 4 Garfield 1 Blaine 276 Edmunds H Washburne 44 THIRTY-FOURTH BALLOT. This wa? the same as the thirty-third, except in Alabama Grant gained one vote by the return of a delegate in Indiana, and six votes from Washburne to Blame ; iri Tftcnessee one vote from Blaine to Grant; in Wisconsin the vote stood Grant, 2 ; Blaine, 1 ; Washburne, 1 ; Garfield. 16. The announcement showing that Wis- consin was trying to make a break to Garfield was greeted with loud clapping of hands and cheers. The ballot resulted : Grant 312 Sherman 107 Windom 4 Garfield 17 Blaine 275 Edmunds H Washburne 30 The announcement was received with prolonged cheers. This was the first bal- lot on which the full nflmber of delegates had voted. In the midst of the confusion General Garfield arose to a question of order. The Chair.— The gentleman will state his point of order. General Garfield.— I challenge the correctness of the aiinouncement of the vote just read. No man has a right to have his name announced and voted for in this convention without his permission. Such permission I have not given and cannot give. [Sensation.] The Chair.— The gentleman from Ohio is not in order. THIRTY-FIFTH BALLOT. A poll was called for in Minnesota, and the vote stood two for Grant and eight for Garfield. Nevada was polled and the vote was for Garfield. New Hampshire and New Jersey voted solid without much attention, but when Major Butterworth, of Ohio, cast forty -three votes for Garfield, the wildest enthusiasm was manifested. Grant 313 Sherman 99 Windom 3 Garfield 50 Blaine 257 Edmunds H Washburne 23 36 June 8th. — On the thirty-sixth ballot, when Tennessee voted, a poll of the State was demanded and resulted : Grant 19, Garfield 3, When West Virginia was reached A. W. Campbell said : " Mr. Chairman, West Virg:inia remembers her friends, and casts nine votes for Garfield." [Applause.] Then Wisconsin gave the votes necessary to nominate Garfield. But before the vote was read the audi- ence rose en masse and broke out into the wildest cheers. On previous occasions the cheers had been confined to a psrt of the audience and delegates, but this time there seemed to be no exception. The delegates seized the shields and waved them aloft. The band struck up "Hail Columbia," and the word having been announced to the vast crowd outside of the building the cheers inside were drowned by the shouts without. This enthusiasm was responded to by cannon on the lake. The scene presented by the galleries was certahily one of the most extraordinary ever presented on a similar occasion, tliere being enough ladies present to add beauty and animation. Garfield buried his head in his hands and absolutely shook with emotion. As the band struck up "Rally Round the Flag" the audience sung to the music with remarkable accuracy, and this was followed by three cheers and a tiger. Over half an hour was consumed in this way before the roll could be pro- ceeded with. The result of the ballot was finally as follows : Garfield 399 j Blaine 42 Grant 306 Sherman 3 Washburne 5 | Necessary to a choice, 378. [Tremendous cheers, and the band struck up "Hail Columbia."] Order being restored tiie Chair said : "James A. Garfield having received a majority of all votes cast is the nominee of the Republican party for President of the United States." [Cheers.] MAKING THE NOmNATION UNANIMOUS. The following is the speech of Mr. Conkling, in moving that the nomination be made unanimous : Mr. Conkling.— Mr. Chairman : James A. Garfield, of Ohio, having received a majority of the votes of this convention, I rise to move that he be unanimously presented as a nominee of this convention. And being on my feet I avail myself of this opportunity to congratulate the Republican party upon the good-natured and well-tempered manner which has distinguished this convention. Mr. Chair- man, I trust the zeal and the fervor and also the unanimity seen in this convention will be transferred to the field and the campaign, and that all of us who have taken a part against each other will bind ourselves with equal zeal bearing the flag, and with equal zeal carrying the banner of the Republican party into the ranks of the enemy. [Applause.] Senator Logan said he congratulated the convention upon the result of the con- vention. In union and harmony there is strength ; whatever difterences has pre- vailed heretofore, there should be harmony hereafter. The partisanship which has characterized the business should entirely pass from our minds. I have supported the grandest man that ever graced the face of the earth. I have fought and battled in favor of his nomination, but this convention has chosen another leadei-, a man who stood by General Grant in the war, and has stood by the grandest party that ever organized in this country. My judgment is that victory willperch upon our banner with him as our leader. [Applause.] 1, as one of the delegates from Illinois, second the nomination of James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and I hope the nom- ination maj^ be made unanimous. M.S. Quay, chairman of tlie Pennsylvania delegation, said: Mr. President, the State of Pennsylvania has had the honor of first naming in this conveution the gentleman who has been nominated as the standard-bearer of the Republican party in the approaching national contest. I arise to second the motion to make that nomination unanimous, assure this convention and the people of this country that Pennsylvania is heartily in accord with the nomination, and the country may except from Pennsylvania next November the best majority for the nominee that has been given in that State for many years. 37 Mr, Garey, of Maryland, moved to proceed to the nomination of Vice-President. Adopted, „ C, A, Arthur. B. K. Bruce, E, B. Washburne, M, Jewell, and Horace Maynard were nominated. Ballots were at once cast for an election, resulting as follows : Arthur 468 Jewell 44 Bruce 8 Maynard... 30 Washburne 193 i Whole number of votes cast, 751 ; necessary to a choice, 376, After the ballot was announced a motion was made to make the nomination unanimous, and carried without a dissenting vote. Mr, Bickham, of Ohio, offered the following, which was adopted : That this convention thanks its very able president and its accomplished secre- tary and courteous officers generally for the happy and satisfactory discharge of their onerous and responsible duties, and we also thank the citizens of Chicago for their courtesy and hospitality. Other resolutions of thanks were also adopted, and Mr, Conger offered a resolu- tion instructing the Chair to appoint a committee of one from each State to notify General Garfield of his nomination, A meeting of the national committee was announced after adjournment, after which the convention adjourned sine die. Thus the convention ended on June Sth, That evening near midnight the com- mittee appointed by Senator Hoar to wait on Garfield and Arthur to notify them of their nomination met them in the club room of the Grand Pacific, and Senator Hoar, as chairman, made an appropriate speech. General Garfield replied : , . -. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen : I assure you that the information you have officially given to me brings the sense of very grave responsibility, and especially so in view of the fact that I was a member of your body— a fact that could not have existed with propriety had I the slightest expectation that my name would be con- nected with nomination for office. I have felt, with you, great solicitude concern- ing the situation of our party during the struggle, but believing that you are cor- rect in assuring me substantial unity has been reached in conclusion, it gives me gratification far greater than any personal pleasure your auHouncement can bring. I accept the trust committed to my hands as the work of our party. As to the character of the campaign to be entered upon I will take a^ early occasion to re- ply more fnlly than I can properly do to-night. I thank you for the assurance of confidence and esteem you have presented to me, and hope we shall see our future as promising as are the indications to-night. Senator Hoar in the same manner presented the nomination to General Arthur, who responded in an appropriate speech. 38 Summary of all the ballots cast in the Chicago Convention. Ballots. a 'c/2 ■a o '6 05 Fiist 304 305 305 305 305 305 305 306 308 305 305 304 30S 305 309 306 303 305 305 308 305 805 304 305 302, 3G6 :^07 307 305 307 308 309 309 312 313 306 284 282 281 281 281 280 281 284 282 282 281 283 285 285 281 283 284 283 279 276 276 275 275 279 281 277 275 270 27C 279 276 270 276 275 257 42 94 94 93 95 95 95 94 91 90 92 93 93 89 89 88 88 90 92 95 93 96 97 97 93 94 93 92 91 116 118 119 119 110 107 101 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 31 33 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 30 . 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 36 34 34 35 32 35 35 35 36 35 35 36 37 35 35 33 33 35 44 32 23 5 10 31 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 4 3 3 4 4 3 Second 1 Third 1 1 Fifth Sixth 2 2 Eighth 1 j^inth.. 2 Tenth 2 2 Twelfth Thirteenth 1 Fourteenth Fifteenth 1 Twentieth 1 1 1 2 Twenty-fourth 2 2 Twenty-sixth 2 2 Twenty-eighth 2 2 Thirtieth 2 1 Thirty-second 1 Thirty-fourth 1 17 50 Thirty-sixth 399 General Harrison, of Indiana, received one vote on the third and fourth ballots; President Hayes one vote on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth ; G. W. McCrary one on the thirteenth ; Davis one on the seventeenth ; Hartranft one on the nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-first and twenty-second ; General Sheridan one on the thirtieth, and Conkling one on the thirty-first. The nomination of James A. Garfield was a strong and a wise one in itself. It harmonized the various factions and thoroughly united the Republican party. His very character was the prototype of Republicanism. His self-made manhood, his magnificent intellectual attainments, his large and impartial views of public policy, his unsullied private and public character, his firm devotion to Republican princi- ples and policies, bid fair to make him a candidate in whose support all Republi- cans would come together with a vigor and enthusiasm invincible. Everywhere his nomination was received with perfect gratification. The sup- porters of Grant, Sherman, Edmunds and Wasbburne turned to him with a zeal and interest marked and determined. His letter of acceptance was given to the country in a short time, carrying with it general satisfaction to the whole Republican party. His letter is given in the fol- lowing chapter. 39 CHAPTER II. GENERAL GARFIELD'S LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE. Mentor, Ohio, July 12, ISSO. Dear Sir : On the evening of the 8th of June last I had the honor to receive from you in the presence of the committee of which you were chairman, the official announcement that the Republican national convention at Chicago had that day nominated me as their candidate for President of the United States. I accept the nomination with gratitude for the confidence it implies, and with a deep sense of the responsibilities it imposes. I cordially indorse the principles set forth in the platform adopted by the convention. On nearly all the subjects of which it treats, my opinions are on record among the published proceedings of Congress. I venture, however, to make special mention of some of the principal topics which are likely to become subjects of discussiovi. Without reviewing the controversies which have been settled during the last twenty years, and with no purpose or wish to revive the passions of the late war, it should be said that while Republicans fully recognize and will strenuously de- fend all the rights retained by the people, and all the rights reserved to the States, they reject the pernicious doctrine of State supremacy which so long crip- pled the functions of the National Government, and at one time brought the Union very near to destruction. They insist that the United States is a nation with ample power of self-preservation ; that its Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof are the supreme law of the land ; that the right of the nation to determine the method by which its own legislature shall be created cannot be surrendered without abdicating one of the fundamental powers of Government ; that the national laws relating to the election of representatives in Congress shall neither be violated nor evaded ; that every elector shall be permitted freely and without intimidation to cast his lawful ballot at such election and have it honestly counted, and that the potency of his vote shall not be destroyed by the fraudulent vote of any other person. The best thoughts and energies of our people should be directed to those great questions of national well-being in which all have a common interest. Such eSbrts will soonest restore perfect peace to those who were lately in arms against each other ; for justice and good-will will outlast passion. But it is certain that the wounds of the war cannot be com^ letely liealed, and the spirit of brotherhood cannot fully pervade the whole country until every citizen, rich or poor, white or black, is secure in the free and equal enjoyment of every civil and political right ^i^uaranteed by the Constitution and the laws. Whenever the enjoyment of these rights is not assured discontent will prevail, immigration will cease, and the social and industrial forces will continue to be disturbed by the migration of laborers and T,he consequent diminution of prosperity. The National Government should exercise all its constitutional authority to put an end to these evils ; for all the people and all the States are members of one body, and no member can sufter without injury to all. The most serious evils which now afflict the South arise from the fact that there is not such freedom and toleration of political opinion and action that the minority party can exercise an efli'ective and wholesome re- straint upon the party in power. Without such restraint party rule becomes tyrannical and corrupt. The prosperity which is made p-isuble in the South by its great advantages of soil and climate will never be realii ,d uutii every voter can freely and safely support any party he pleases. POPULAR EDUCATION. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice caR be permanently maintained Its interests are in- trusted to the States and to the voluntary action of the people. Whatever help the nation can justly afford should be generously given to aid the States in support- mg common schools ; but it would be unjust to our people and dangerous to our institutions to apply any portion of the revenues of the nation, or of the States, to the support of sectarian schools. The separation of the church and state in everything relating to taxation should be absolute. 40 THE NATIONAL FINANCES. On the subject of national finances, my views have been so frequently and fully expressed that little is needed in the w^ay of additional statement. The public debt is now so well secured and the rate of annual interest has been so reduced by refunding, that rigid economy in expenditures and the faithful application of our surplus revenues to the payment of the principal of the debt will gradually but certainly free the people from its burdens, and close with honor the financial chapter of the war. At the same time the Government can provide for all its ordinary expenditures, and discharge its sacred obligations to tlie soldiers of the Union, and to the widows and orphans of those who fell in its defence. The resumption of specie payments, which the Republican party so courageously and successfuly ac- complished, has removed from (he field of controversy many questions that long and seriously disturbed the credit of the Government and tlie business of our country. Our paper currency is now as national as the flag, and resumption has not only made it everywhere equal to coin, but lias brought into use our store of gold and silver. The circulating medium is more abundant than ever before, and we need only to maintain the equality of all our dollars to insure to labor and capital a measure of value from the use of which no one can suffer loss. The great prosperity which the country is now enjoying should not be endangered by any violent changes or doubtful financiai experiments. THE TARIFF. In reference to our custom laws, a policy should be pursued which will bring revenues to the Treasury, and wdl enable the labor and capital employed in our great industries to compete fairly in our own markets with the labor and capital of foreign producers. We legislate for tlie people of the United States, and not for the whole world ; and it is our glory that the American laborer is more intelligent and better paid than his foreign competitor. Our country cannot be independent unless its people with their abundant natural resources possess the requisite skill at any time to clothe, arm, and equip themselves for war, and in time of peace to produce all the necessary implements of labor. It was the manifest intention of the founders of the Government to provide for the common defense, not by stand- ing armies alone, but by raising among the people a greater army of artisans whose intelligence and skill should powerfully contribute to the safety and glory of the nation. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Fortunately for the interests of commerce, there is no longer any formidable opposition to appropriations for the improvement of our harbors aud great navi- gable rivers, provided that the expenditures for that purpose are strictly limited to works of nationaljimportance. The Mississippi river, with its great tributaries, is cf such vital importance to so many millions of people that the safety of its navigation requires exceptional consideration. In order to secure to the nation the control of all its waters, President Jeiferson negotiated the purchase of a vast ter- ritory, extending from tlie Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. The wisdom of Congress should be invoked to devise some plan by which that great river shall cease to be a terror to those who dwell upon its banks, and by whicii its shipping may safely carry the industrial products of 25,000,000 of people. The interests of agriculture, which is the basis of all our material prosperity, arid in which seven-twelfths of our, population are engaged, as well as the interests of manufac- turers and commerce, demand that the facilities for cheap transportation shall be increased by the use of all our great water-courses. CHINESE IMMIGRATION. The material interests of this country, the traditions of its settlement and the sentiment of our i eople have led the Government to ofier the widest hospitality to emigrants who seek our shores for new and happier homes, willing to share the burdens as well as the benefits of our society, and intending that their posterity shall become an undistinguishable part of our population. The recent movement 41 of the Chinese to our Pacific Coast partakes but little of the qualities of such aa immigration either in its purposes or its result. It is too much like an importation to be welcomed without restriction ; too much like an invasion to be looked upon without solicitude. - We cannot allow any form of servile labor to be introduced amon^ us under the guise of immigration. Recognizing the gravity ox this subject, the present administration, supported by Congress, has sent to China a commission of distinguished citizens, for tlie purpose of securing such a modifica- tion of the existing treaty as will prevent the evils likely to arise from tlie present situation. It is confidently believed that these diplomatic negotiations will be suc- cessful without the loss of commercial intercourse between the two powers, which promises a great increase of reciprocal trade and the enlargement of our markets. Should these eftbrts fail it will be the duty of Congress to mitigate the evils already felt and prevent their increase by such restrictions as, without violence or injustice, will place upon a sure foundation the peace of our communities and the freedom and dignity of labor. THE CIVIL SERVICE. The appointment of citizens to the various executive aud judicial offices of the Government is perhaps the most difficult of all duties which the Constitution has imposed on the executive. The convention wisely demands that Congress shall co-operate with the executive departments in placing the civil service on a better basis. Experience has proved that with our frequent changes of administration no system of reform can be made effective and permanent without the aid of legis- lation. Appointments to the military and naval service are so regulated by law and custom as to leave but little ground for complaint. It may not be wise to make similar regulations by law for the civil service, but without invading the authority or necessary discretion of tlie executive. Congress should devise a method that will determine the tenure of office, and greatly reduce the uncertainty which makes that service so unsatisfactory. Without depriving any officer of his rights as a citizen, the Government should require him to discharge all his official duties with intelligence, efficiency and faithfulness. To select wisely, from our vast pop- ulation, those who are best fitted for the many offices to be filled requiies an acquaintance far beyond the range of any one man. The executive should there- fore seek and receive the information and assistance of those whose knowledge of the communities in which the duties are to be performed best qualifies to aid in making the wisest choice. The doctrines announced by the Chicago convention are not the temporary devices of a party to attract votes and carry an election ; they are deliberate con- victions resulting from a careful study of the spirit of our institutions, the events of our history and the best impulses of our people. In my judgment these principles should control the legislation and administration of the Government. In any event, they will guide my conduct until experience poiuts out a better way. If elected it will be my purpose to enforce strict obedience to the Constitution and the laws, and to promote, as best I may, the interests and honor of the whole country, relying for support upon the wisdom of Congress, the intelligence and patriotism of the people, and the favor of God. With great respect I am, very truly yours, J. A. GARFIELD. To the Hon. George F. Hoak, Chairman of the Committee. CHAPTER III. HIS CAMPAIGN AND ELECTION". The platform adopted by the Republican national convention was as follows : The Republican party, in national convention assembled, at the end of twenty years since the Federal Government was committed to its charge, submits to the people of the United States this brief report of its administration : It suppressed a rebellion which had armed nearly a million of men to subvert the -national authority, [applause ; J it reconstructed the Union of States with freedom 4 42 instead of slavery as its corner stone, [applause ;] it transformed 4,000,000 human beings from the likeness of things to the rank of citizens, [applause ; ] it relieved Congress from the infamous work of hunting fugitive slaves, and charged it to see that slavery does not exist, [applause ;] it has raised the value of our paper cur- rency from 38 per cent, to the par of gold, [applause ;] it has restored, upon a solid basis, payment in coin of all national obligations, and has given us a currency abso- lutely good and equal in every part of our extended country, [applause;] it has lifted the credit of the nation from the point where 6 per cent, bonds sold at 86, to that where 4 per cent, bonds are eagerly sought at a premium. [Applause.] Under its administration railways have increased from 31,000 miles in 1860 to more than 82,000 miles in 1879. [Applause.] Our foreign trade increased from $700,000,000 to $1,150,000,000 in the same time, and our exports, which were $20,- 000,000 less than our imports in 1860, were $265,000,000 more than our imports in 1879. [Applause, and cries of "Good !" '" Good ! "] Without resorting to loans, it has, since the war closed, defrayed the ordinary expenses of the Government besides the accruing interest on the public debt, and has disbursed annually more than $30,000,000 for soldiers' and sailors' pensions. It has paid $880,000,000 of the public debt, and by refunding the balance at lower rates, has reduced the annual interest charge from nearly $150,000,000 to less than $89,000,000, All the indus- tries of the country have revived, labor is in demand, wages have increased, and throughout the entire country there is evidence of a coming prosperity greater than we have ever enjoyed. UPON THIS RECORD the Republican party asks for the continued confidence and support of the people, and this convention submits for tlieir approval the following statement of the prin- ciples and purposes which will continue to guide and inspire its efforts : 1st. We affirm that the work of the Republican party for the last twenty years has been such as to commend it to the favor of the nation ; that the fruits of the costly victories which we have achieved through immense difficulties should be pre- served ; that the peace regained should be cheiishe;^ ; that the Union should be perpetuated, and that the liberty secured to this generation should be transmitted undiminished to other generations ; that the order established and the credit ac- quired should never be impaired ; that the pensions promised should be paid; that the debt so much reduced should be extinguished by the full payment of every dollar thereof ; that the reviving industries s^bould be further promoted, and that the commerce already increasing should be steadily encouraged. 2d. The Constitution of the United States is a supreme law, and not a mere con- tract. [Applause.] Out of confederated States it made a sovereign nation. Some powers are denied to the nation, while others are denied to the States, but the boundary between the powers delegated and those reserved is to be determined by the national, and not by the State tribunal, [Cheers.] 3d. The work of popular education is one left to the care of the several States, but it is the duty of the National Government to aid that work to the extent of its constitutional ability. The intelligence of the nation is but the aggregate of the intelligence in the several States, and the destiny of the nation must be guided, not by the genius of any one State, but by the average genius of aU. [Applause.] 4th. The Constitution wisely forbids Congress to make any law respecting the establishment of religion, but it is idle to hope that the nation can be protected against the influence of secret sectarianism, while each State is exposed to its domination. We, therefore, recommend that the Constitution be so amended as to lay the same prohibition upon the legislature of each State, and to forbid the appropriation of public funds to the support of sectarian schools. [Cheers.] 5th. We reaffirm the belief avowed in 1876 tliat the duties levied for the purpose of revenue should so di- criminate as to favor American labor, [cheers;] that no further grants of the public domain should be made to any railway or other corpor- ation ; that slavery having perished in the States its twin barbarity, polygamy, must die in the Territories; that everywhere the protection accorded to a citizen of American birth must be secured to citizens by American adoption. That we deem it the duty of Congress to develop and improve our seacoast and harbors, but insist that further subsidies to private person? or corporations must cease, [cheers;] that the obligations of the Republic to the men who preserved its integrity in the 43 day of battle are undiminished by the lapse of fifteen years since their final victory. To do thorn honor is and shall forever be the grateful privilege and sacred duty of the American people. 6th. Since the authority to regulate immigration and intercourse between the United States and foreign nations rests witli the Congress of the United States and the treaty-making power, the Republican party, regarding the unrestricted immi^ gration of Chinese as a matter of grave concernment under the exercise of both these powers, would limit and restrict that immigration by the enactment of such, just, humane, and reasonable laws and treaties as will produce that result. 7th. That the purity and patriotism which characterized the earlier career of Rutherford B. Hayes in peace and war, and which guided the tlioughts of our immediace predecessors to him for a Presidential candidate, have continued to* inspire him in liis career as Chief Executive ; and that history will accord to his administration the honors which are due to an efficient, just, and courteous dis- charge of the public business, and will honor his vetoes interposed between the people and attempted partisan laws. [Cheers.] 8th, We charge upon the Democratic party the habitual sacrifice of patriotism:- and justice to a supreme and insatiable lust for office and patronage ; that to obtain possession of the iN'acional Gov(!rnment and control of the place, they have obstructed all efforts to promote the purity and to conserve the freedom of the suffrage, and have devised fraudulent ballots, and invented fraudulent certifieatioa- of returns; have labored to unseat lawfully elected members of C^igress to secure at all hazards the vote of a majority of States in the House of Representatives ; have endeavored to occupy by force and fraud the places of trust given to others by the people of Maine, rescued by the courage and action of Maine's patriotic sons; have by methods vicious in principle and tyrannical in practice, attached partisan legislation to appropriation bills upon whose passage the very movement of the Government depended; have crushed the rights of the individual; have advocated the principles and sought the favor of the rebellion against the nation,, and have endeavored to obliterate the sacred memories and to overcome its inesti- mably valuable results of nationalitj', personal freedom, and indivi".Come here, upon this platform, and for my name and for my sake consent to become idiots;" [-'Hear!" "Hear!"] consent that your very brain and intellect shall ije broken down into hopeless idiocy for my sake," how many could be found to make that venture? And yet thousands did it with their eyes wide open to the horrible consequences. And let me tell you how. One hundred and eighty thou- sand of our soldiers were prisoners of war; and among them, when death was stalk- ing, when famine was climbing up into their hearts, and when idiocy was threat- ening all that was left of their intellects, the gates of their prison stood open every day if they would just desert their flag and enlist under the flag of the ene- my; and out of one iiundred and eighty thousand not 2 per cent, ever received the liberation from death, starvation, idiocy, all that miglit come to them, but they endured all these horrors and all these sufferings in preference to deserting the flag of their country and the glory of its truths. [Grr^iiC applause.] Great God ! Was ever ^uch measure of patriotism reached by any men upon this earth before 1 [Applause.] That is what your monument means. By the subtle chemistry that no ra 111 knows, alt the blood that was shed by our brethren, all the lives that were thus d(^voted, all the grief and tears, at last crj^stallized itself into granite and ren- .dered immortal the great truti)s for which tliey died. [Applause.] And it stands ibere to-day, e^nd that is what youi- monument means. Now, what will it teach? What will it teach? Why, I remember the story of one of the ok> conquerors of Greece, who, when he had traveled in hi* boyhood nvpr the bat,tlt3'li' Ids wiiere Miltiudea had won victories and set up trophies, returnirg he said: "These trophies of Miltiades will never let me sleep." Why? will Inok do" n upon tlie 'joys wno snau waiK iiiese snecus lui gcuciciL.w.io i^^ ^.^,^^, and he will not let them sleep when the country calls. [Applause ] More than nVe bu-ler on the field, from his granite lips will go out a call that the clnldren of T ake County will hear after the grave has covered us all and our nnmediate chil- Hren That is the teaching of your monument ; that is its lesson. It is the lesson of endurance for what we believe. It is the lesson of sacrifice for what we love; the lesson of heroism for what we mean to sustain; and that lesson cannot be ^""u^s no^aT^^sol^ofre;enge; it is not a lesson of wrath. It is the grand, sweet le4on of the immortality of a truth that we iiope will soon cover, like the bhechi- nah f li'^ht and glory all parts of this Republic from the lakes to the gulf. fAnn^ause^l I once entered a hou«e in old Massachusetts where, over its d.-or, we two c ossed swords. One was the sword carried by the grandsire ^^^%o^^■l^ev ^n the field of Bunker Hill, and tl.e other was a sword carrh d by the Enghsb ffraidsire of the wife on the same field and on the other side of the conflict. Undei those crossed swords, in the restored harmony of domest^ic peace, lived a family happy, contented and free under the light of our republican liberties. 45 [Applause.] I trust the time is not far distant wlien, under the crossed swords and the loclied shields of Americans, North and South, our people shall sleep in peace and rise in liberty and love and harmony under our flag of stars. Shortly after this the Democratic convention, in session at Cincinnati, placed General Hancock, of Pennsylvania, as nominee for President, and William En- glish, of Indiana, as nominee for Vice-President, in the tield at the head of the ticket, and the campaign began in earnest. It was fought with an earnestness that was almost bitterness frrm its incipiency until the very morning that the peo- ple went to the polls. New York was to be the great battle-ground in the conflict between the two parties. The completion of the ticket, by General Arthur's namf , strengthened the Republicans of that State. Ail the different and hitherto jarring elements of New York Republicanism were brought together to the support of Garfield and Arthur, and insured a vigorous campaign. There was a bright prospect of such a sig- nal Republican triumph as followed the nomination of Cornell. They commenced the campaign with a magnificent send-off", and through the entire campaign, every effort for their success was attended with spontaneous outbursts of enthus- iasm. Garfield visited. New York city in the early part of the campaign and received a grand ovation by the Republicans of that city. On the 6th of August he delivered this short and eloquent address to the "Boys in Blue :" Comrades of the "Boys in Blue" and Fellow Citizens of New York: I cannot look upon this great assemblage and these old vererans that have marched past us, and listen to the words of welcome from our comrade who has just spoken, without remembering how great a thing it is to live in this Union and be a part of it. [Applause.] This is New Yoik ; and yonder, toward the Battery. More than a hundred years ago a young student of Columbia College was arguing the ideas of the American Revolution and American union against the un-American loyalty to monarchy of his college president and professors. By-and-by he went into the patriot army, was placed on the staff of Washington, [cheers,] to fight the battles of his country, [cheers,] and while in camp, before he was twenty-one years old, upon a drum-head he wrote a letter which contained every germ of the Constitution of the United States. [Applause.] That student, goldier, statesman, and great leader of thought, Alexander Hamilton, of New York, made this Republic glorious by his thinking, and left his lasting Impress upon this the foremost State of the Union. [Applause.] And here on this island, the scene of his early triumphs, we gather to-night, soldiers of a new war, repre- lenting the same ideas of union, having added strength and glory to the monu- uraent reared by the heroes of the Revolution. Gentlemen, ideas outlive men ; Ideas outlive all earthly things. You who fought in the war for the Union fought for immortal ideas, and by their might you crowned the war with victory. [Great Applause.] But victory was worth nothing except for t!ie truths that were under it, in it, and above it. We meet to- night as comrades to stand guard around the sacred truths for which we fought. [Loud and prolonged cheers.] And while we have life to meet and grasp the hand of thecomrade we will stand by the great truths of the war. [''Good," '"Good," and loud cheers.] Many convictions have sunk so deep Into our hearts that we can never forget them. Think of the elevating spirit of the war itself. We gathered the boys from all our farms and shops and stores and schools and homes, from all over the Republic. They went forth unknown to fam*?. but returned enrolled on the roster of immortal heroes. [Great applause.] They went in the spirit of the soldier of Henry at Agincourt, of whom he said : " For he to-day that sheds his blood with me ShaU be my bt other ; be he ne'er so vile, This day siiall gentle his condition." And it did gentle the condition and elevate the heart of every worthy soldier who fought for the Union, [applause,] and he shall be our brother forevermore- An- other thing we will remember : we will remember our allies who fongitt with us. Soon after the great struggle began, we looked behind the army of white rebels, and saw 4,000,000 of black people condemned to toil as slaves for our enemies ; and we found that the hearts of these 4,000,000 were God-inspired with the spirit of liberty, and that they were all our friends. [Applause,] We have seen white men betray the flag and fight to kill the Union ; but in all that long, dreary war we never 46 saw a traitor in a black skin. [Great Cheers.] Our comrades escaping from the starvation of prison, fleeing to our lines by the light of the north star, never ieared to enter the black man's cabin and ask for bread. ["Good," "Good," " That's so," and loud cheers.] In all that period of suffering and danger, no Union soldier was ever betrayed by a black man or woman. [Applause.] And now that we have made them free, so long as we live we will stand by these black allies. [Kenewed applause.] We will stand by them until the sun of liberty, fixed in the firmament of our Constitution, shall shine with equal ray upon every man, black or white, throughout the Union. [Cheers.] Fellow-citizens, fellovz-soldiers, in this there is the beneficence of eternal j ustice. and bv it we will stand forever. [Great applau«e.] A poet has said that in individual life we rise " On stepping-stones of our dead selves to higher thing=," and the Re public rises on the glorious acheieve- ments of iiS dead and living heroes to a higher and nobler national life. [Applause We must stand guard over our past as soldiers, and over our country as the com- mon heritage of all. [Applause.] I thank you, fellow-citizens, for this magnificent demonstration. In so far as I represent in ray heart and life the great doctrines for which you fought, I accept this demonstration as a tribute to ray representative character. [Applause.] In the strength of your hands, in the fervor of your hearts, in the firmness of your faith, in all that greatness of manhood and nobleness of character, the Republic finds its security and glory. [Applause.] I do not enter upon controverted ques- tions. The time, the place, the situation forbid it. I respect the traditions that require me to speak only of those themes which elevate us all. Again I thank you for the kindness and enthusiasm of your greeting. [Tremendous cheering.] The Maine election was the first damper on the cause of the Republicans, and •defeat was feared in November. About this time, there was a meeting of Garfield, Grant, Conkling, Logan, and at Mentor strenuous efforts were at once put forth to carry the Democratic stall of Indiana, and in connection with Ohio, it was carried at the election in October. New York now came to be the deciding point. If it could be carried for Gar- field his election was assured ; if not, his defeat was certain. To accomplish the former end every means was put fortii. The result is well known. New York 'Went Republican, and the sun had not set many hours on the night of November, before it was conceded on all hands that James A. Garfield had been duly (sleeted to be President of the United States. When the returns were compared in the Con- gressional convention, it was found that the States of Colorado (3), Connecticut (6), Illinois (21), Indiana (15), Iowa (11), Kansas (5), Maine (7), Massachusetts (13), Michigan (11), Minnesota (5), Nebraska (3), New Hampshire (5), New York (35), Ohio (22), Oregon (3), Pennsylvania (29), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (5), and Wis- consin (10;, had cast their electoral votes for the Republican candidate. With the one vote from California, this gave General Garfield a total of 214 votes against 159 for General Hancock. The question as to who received a majority of the popular vote is still, as it always will be, undecided, although it is certain that the Democratic and Greenback vote together largely exceeded the Republican vote. The storm of politics which had been raging now calmed down and the people acquiesced at once in the result. There was no murmuring or bickering after the result became definitely known, and the avocations which had been left during the excitement were resumed. On the 24th of November General Garfi(dd came to Washington to finish up some business of a private nature. He arrived quietly, was received without ostentation and remained in seclusion during his stay. Then came the counting of the electoral vote by Congress, which took place Feb- iTuary 9, 1881. The question about counting the vote of Georgia, which had been cast upon a day other than that fixed for the castiiig by Congress, did not afl'ect the general result. With this exception the count proceeded without interruption until all the certificates had been opened. After the result had been summed up by the tellers. Senator Thurman reported it to the two Houses. " Wherefore," said Vice-President Wheeler, in a loud tone of voice, " I do declare that James A. Garfield, of the State of Ohio, having received a majority of the votes of the whole number of electors appointed, is duly elected the Pnsident of the United States for four years, commencing with the 4rh of March, 1381. And 1 do further declare that Chester A. Arthur, of tlie State of New York, having received a majority of the votes of the whole number of electors appointed is duly elected Vice-President of the United States for four years fiom iLie 4Lh day of March, 1881." 47 On the 28th of February the President-elect left Mentor for Washington, the Presidential party consisting of General and Mrs-. Garfield, Mrs. Eliza Garfield, his venerable mother; Miss Mollie, his daugliter, and Irwin and Abram, two of his sons ; Maj.-Gen. Swaim and J. St^anley Brown, private secretaries ; Col. T. A. Sheldon and wife, of Cleveland, and Capt. C. E. Henry, of Cleveland. The President-elect made some three or four speeches along the route, and immense crowds gathered to greet him wherever the train stopped. The following is his speech on leaving Mentor : "I tliank you for this cordial and kindly greeting and farew^ell. You have come from your homes — than which no happier are known in this country — from this beautiful lakeside, full of all that makes a country life happy, to give me your blessing and farewell. You do not know how much I leave behind me of friend- ship and confidence and iiorae-like happiness ; but I know I am indebted to this whole people for acts of kindness, of neighborly friendship, of political confidence, of public support, that few men have ever enjoyed at tlie hands of any people. You are a part of tliis great community of Northern Ohio which for so many years have had no political desu-e bu', the good of your country, no wish but the promotion of liberty and justice; have had no scheme but the building up of all that was worthy and true in our Republic. If I were to search over all the world I could not find a better model of political spirit, of aspirations for the truth and right, than I have found in this community during the eighteen years its people have honored me with tiieir confidence. I thank the citizens of the county for their kindness, and especially my neighbors of Mentor, who have demanded so little of me and have done so much to make my home a refuge and a joy. What awaits me I cannot now speak of, but I shall carry to the discharge of the duties that lie before me, bo the problems and dangers I may meet, a sense of your confidence and your love which will always be answered by my gratitude. Neighbors, friends and constitu- ents, farewell." Tiie party arrived in Washington about 9 o'clock on the morning of the 1st of March. Mrs. Eliza Garfield was immediately conveyed to the White House at the request of Mr. and Mrs. Hayes, while the rest of the party occupied rooms at the Riggs House. During the three days preceding his inauguration General Garfield received a large number of visitoi's. During this time, also, speculation was rife as to whom he would appoint as his Cabinet oflicers. CHAPTER IV. HIS INAUGURATION. On Friday, the 4th of March, 1881, James A. Garfield was inaugurated President of the United States. We are a progressive nation, and procreative as well, to judge from the crowds that swarmed the national capital to aid in the inauguration of the President. By contrast with all other Presidents, Garfield's reception enstamps him as the most popular, excepting the first inauguration, that of Washington in New York, in April, 1780, when people too poor to employ vehicles— steamboats and cars being unknown — tramped hundreds of miles to participate in the afl"air. Never was there seen in any city in this country, save in Washington, two such triumphal processions as the "farewell parade of the conquering armies of Grant and Sherman iu 1865, and the reception of Garfield as President in 1881. In the former the thousands and thousands of worn and war-stained veterans filed through the cobble-stoned streets exhausted and tattered; th^^re were no kid- gloved soldiers then. In the latter the elegance of peace was blended with the martial solendor of war and the forests of bayonets that caught luster from a fine sun and glistened above thousands of faultlessly attired, handsome, men. Affairs looked unpropitious on Thursday evening. Riin put in its appearance, changed its mind and turned to hail, and the hail to snow. The city was blinded by a dead storm on the eve of the 4th. Tlie day itself, however, woke up with sunlight, and before the triumphal parade the grand, broad avenue was clean and dry. 48 Months of preparation had been spent in the endeavor to make the inaugnratiori a spectacle worthy of a grand country. The Government buildings were all decorated. Most of them were ornamented under a general contract. The work was done very neatly and with good taste. The buildings which were not under the general contract were the more hand- somely dressed, the employees located in them having a pride in seeing how well they could make their official habitations aopear. The immense avenue front and Tvvelftli-sh-eet side of that building was decorated most elaborately and displayed an originality that was very pleasing. From the flagstafFon the roof there floated an immense banner. From it in four directions there depended streams of banners to the roof. They were not small and cheap floaters by any means. The best of bunting and the richest silk made a ha.mooy rich and grateful to the eye. This was also true of the details below the roofs. The many windows were draped in flags and smaller banners blew from the windows. Over the whole avenue front and Twelfth-street side of the building was a network of red, white and blue cable chains. The cables were exactly of the size used for l^choring purposes by men-of-war, and were made of compact though light material. They were strung across each other and appeared to be one continuous cable. There was not too much put on. The spaces between the network were of such size that the building was brought out very eftectively, and seemed to dec- orate the decorations. Where there were crossings in the cable, the pictures of celebrated men in the country's history looked out. On the avenue front was a large picture. It represented a one-legged soldier seated. On the right was a woman with a child in her arms. Over the two stoorl Columbia in an attitude denoting protection, while from a cornucopia in her right hand, she rained coin. The coat-of-arms of the Union found place in the decorations. The coats of different States were also neatly interlaid here and there with good eff"ect. Over the tower at the corner was a gilt sunburst, which fitly capped the most gaily adorned building in the city. The Census Office building was decorated very elaborately. The red stone in its structure helped the work of adornment. From its flagstaff on the roof floated a big flag, with smaller ones on loops reaching to the roof on either side. The windows looked as if curtains of flags half drawn had been put on the out- side instead of the inside. Between the windows were crossed ensigns. The doors of the ground floor were overhung with parted flasks. From the windows on the second floor large banners hung down. The effect of the whole was very good. The Quartermaster General's office, on the corner of the avenue and fifteenth street, was decorated by a hand which knew its business. The gray walls toned well in their holiday dress. The flag on the roof was rich and costly. From the edge of the roef hung long and short flags at intervals. None of them, however, were directly over a window below. Between the windows on each story were crossed flags. A number of the flags used were signalling banners, and the numbers on them did much to relieve tiie eye tired with contemplating bannt-rs of uniform color and sizes, seen everywhere. Gonfalons hung from the windows. They were rich and beautiful. On the ground floor the doors were very beautifully arraj'ed. They looked like so many entrances to the tents of military commanders as depicted on the theatrical stage. The gray and somewhat unclean-looking east front of the Treasury Department building looked very pretty. From the poles on the roofs floated flags. Streamers of small ensigns of all kinds were thrown from its top to the roof in angles of well-chosen degrees. The sturdy old pillars were swathed about ten feet from their base with wide flags. From the band tlius made tliere projected medium- sized banners on staffs. The space on the portico between the pillars was closed to a height of about three feet with an apron of flags. From the roof on the south end of the building there fell long ropes to either side of the building, from which blew flags, ensigns and banners of all kinds. The entrance on either end was handsomely draped. The Fifteenth-street entrance was the prettiest part of the building. Tliree lines of streamers and banners fell from tlie roof angularly below. The entrance door was arclied over with roiled bunting. Big flags hung down either side, and all was pleasant to look at. Tlie drop of the lines of ropes of decorations from the roof was very graceful. The nortli entrance of the building was adorned as the south. The long sweeo of tl\e Fifteentli-street side of the Treasury made it a most satisfactory vie»v. Tliere was something about ihe 49 old pillars that gave a grander effect to the picture. On the porticoes on this side, as in front of the north side, stands were erected. They did not harmot.ize with the general effect very well, hut the incongruii-y of their appearance was somewhat relieved hy their being decorated so as to partially conceal the ro'Jgh lumber. The State arclies which spanned each street as it intersected the avenue were handsome. The drapery hung a little heavy, but was not out of place. The arches were an iron frame-work, garlands of evergreens wound around the span of each arch and hung below in graceful loops. Flags were also wound over the arch and were gracefuUv draped below. On either side of each arch was a shield. In thp center of each arch on the side facing the avenue was the shield of a State with the date of her admission into the Union. At each corner of the iron frame- work were put flags. Around the State coat-of-arms there arose above 'dl other portions of the arch flags crossed and banked. The whole made a very pretty pile. The big arch on Fifteenth street looked well. It was not dwarfed as much as was expected by either the Treasury or the Corcoran building. The color of the arch — a neutral bronze tint — was a pleasant contrast to its gray gurroundings. The arch was 70 feet w'cle and about thfi same height. On the east side of it was a tower which in the absence of a similar erection on the other side, seemed to some eyes to throw the whole out of symmetrv. There were win- dows in different parts of the arch, in which were placed the coats-of-arms of each State and lerritory. On the top of the tower there were flags and flags. They were artistically bouchpd. Flags went off from all across the arch. Flags hung from the space to a little below the portcullis. Draperies were put on the upright columns and green garlands placed here and there. The big arch was a big success. The Department of Justice building was very pretty indeed. Fla^s pushed themselves out of the windows in a way that would have looked saucy but for the heavier surroundings in the drapery of the window casements. Festoons hung from window to window. The heavy blocks that form the sill of windows could not be seen for their covering of national colors. A stand had been thrown out from the second-story window. It was covered with drapery, and added to rather than detracted from the appearance of the building. The White House was not decorated very elaborately. The old pile will not stand such decoration. The pillars in front were wound, about sis feet up, with broad flags. An evergreen hung here and there. Over the door was a winding of colors. The windows were curtained outside with flags. The iron railing that forms the outer barrier of the portecochere was concealed by flags and evergreens. The drive from the eastern to the western entrance to the groiinds was spanned at short intervals overhead, from tree to tree, by festoons or small ensigns and ban- nerets. The new State, War and Navy Department building stood out in its magnificence with not much in the way of ornamentation. It needed no fixing up. It is such a huge pile, with so many graces of construction and arrangement of pillars, that to hide them with banners and things would take an enormous lot of bunting, and, after all. make it look cheap and nasty. What there was of decoration was very tasteful and not overdone. From the cupola on the central part of the build- ing were stretched lines of pretty flags to the middle of the finished wings run- ning north and south. The columns were wound around with flags. Over each door and window were draped flags in easy folds. From each of the many dormer windows projected a flaarian nose, next entered, and back of it the diplomatic corps of the various legations, each diplo- mat having more orders than a bar-tender on a crowded Sun lay. The clock was set back, as the President was slow to put in an appearance. Vice-President Arthur arrived first, escorted by Senator Bayard, and was sworn into office by Vice-President Wheeler, who introduced him as his successor in a neat speech, tlie first that Wheeler made while in office. Upon the platform on the east front of the Capitol sat Garfield, Dick Bright, as his custodian, upon his left; Chief Justice Waite was upon his right. Nearly two hundred thousand people were about and before him, a wond of faces looking upon him. Immediately behind Garfield was Hayes and Mrs. Hayes, and in their group the little, sweet-faced, white-haired mother of the President-elect, his wife, and their children, Mrs. Garfield, the wife of the President, is a delicate, sensitive-looking and exceedingly intelligent lady. Indeed, much of her husband's eminence and success was due to her influence upon the fa-hioning of his life. He was surrounded on that great occasion by the most illustrious of our states- men, jurists and soldiers, and by many others who had achieved distinction in the various walks of life. A'^ soon as order could b3 restored in this vast crowd, he arose and read the following : Fellow Citizens : We stand to-day upon an eminence which overlooks a hundred years of national life— a centiu-y crowned Math perils, but crowned with the triumphs of libi^>rty and law. Before continuing the onward march, let us pause on this height for a moment to strengthen our faith and renew our hope by a glance at the pathway along which our people hive traveled. It is now three days more than a hundred years since the adoption of the first writ- ten Constitution of the United States, the Articles of Confederation and perpet- 51 ual Union. The new Kepublic was then beset with danger on every hand. It had not conquered a place in the family of nations. The decisive battle of the war for independence, whose centennial anniversary will soon be gratefully cele- brated at Yorktown, had not yet been fought, the colonists were struggling not onl}' against the armies of a great nation, but against the settled opinions of manliind ; for the world did not then believe that the supreme authority of gov- ernment could be safely intrusted to the guardianship of the people themselves. We cannot overestimate the fervent love of liberty, the intelli j:ent courage, and the sum of common senso with which our fathers made the great experiment of self-government. When they found, after a short trial, that the confederacy of States was too weak to meet the necessities of a vigorous and expandins republic, they boldly set it aside, and in its stead established the National Union, founded directly upon the will of the people, endowed with full power of self-preservation and ample authority for the accomplishment of its great object. Under this Constitution the boundaries of freedom have enlarged, the founda- tions of order and peace have been strengthened, and the growth of our people in all the better elements of national life has indicated the wisdom of the founders and given new hope to their descendants. Under this Constitution our people long a^o made themselves safe against danger from without and secured for their mariners and flag equality of rights on all the seas. Under this Constitution twenty-five States have been added to the Union, wi!h constitutions and laws framed and enforced by their own citizens to secure the manifold blessings of local self government. The ju'isdiction of this Constitution now covers an area fifty times greater than that of the original thirteen States, and a population twenty times greater than that of 1780. The supreme trial of the Constitution came at last, under the tremendous pressure of civil war. We ourselves are witnesses that the Union emerged from the blood and fire of that conflict purified and made stronger for all the beneficent purposes of good government. And now, at the close of this first century of growth, with the inspirations of its history in their hearts, our people have lately reviewed the condition of the nation, passed judgment upon the conduct and opinions of political parties, and have registered their will concerning the future administration of the Govern- ment. To interpret and to execute that will in accordance with the Constitution is the pai'amount duty of the Executive. Even from this brief review it is mani- fest that the nation is resolutely facing to the front, resolved to employ its best energies in developing the great possibilities of the future. Sacredly preserving whatever has been gained to liberty and good government during the century, our people are determined to leave behind them all those bitter controversies concerning things which have been irrevocably settled and the further discussion of which can only stir up strife and delay the onward march. Tbe supremacy of the nation and its laws should be no longer a subject of debate. That discussion which for half a century threatened tlie existence of the Union was closed at last in the higii court of war by a decree from whi jh there is no appeal, that the Constitution and laws made in pursuance thereof are and shall continue to be the supreme law of the land, binding alike upon the States and tlie people. This decree does not disturb the autonomy of the States, nor interfere with any of their necessary rights of local self-governmnit ; but it does fix and establish the permanent supremiey of the Union. The will of the nation, speaking with the voice of battle and through the amended Constitution, has fulfilled the great promise of 1776 by proclaiming '• libertv throughout the land to all the inhabitants hereof." The elevation of the negro race from slavery to the full rights of citizenship is the most important political change we have known since the adoption of the Con- stitution of 17S7. No thoughtful man can fail to appreciate its beneficent eftects upon our institutions and people. It has freed us from the perpetual danger of war and dissolution. It has added immensely to the moral and industrial forces of our people. It has liberated the master as well as the slave from a relation which wrong>xl and enfeebled both. It has surrendered to their own guaidianship the manhood of more than five millions of people, and has opened to each one of them a career of freedom and asefulness. It has given new inspiration to the power of 52 self-help in both races by making labor more honorable to the one and more neces- sary to the other. The influence of this force will grow greater and bear richer fruit with the coming years. No doubt this great changje has caused serious disturbance to our Southern com- munities. This is to be deplored, though it was perhaps unavoidable. But those who resisted the change should remember that under our institutions there was no middle ground for the negro race between slavery and equal citizenship. There can be no permanent disfranchised peasantry in the United States. Fr'edom can never yield its fullness of blessings so long as the law of its administration places the smallest obstacle in the pathway of any virtuous citizen. The emancipated race has already made remarkable progress. With unquestion- ing devotion to the Union, with a patience and gentleness not born of fear, they have "followed the light as God gave them to see the light." They are rapidly laying the material foundations of self-support, widening their circle of intelligence, and beginning to enjoy the blessings that gather around the homes of the industri- ous poor. They deserve tlie generous encourasfement of all good men. So far as my authority can lawfully extend they shall enjoy the full and equal protection of the Constitution and law. The free enjoyment of equal suffrage is still in question, and a frank statement of the is«ue may aid in its solution. It is alleged that in many communities negro citizens are practically denied the freedom of the ballot. In so far as the truth of this allegation is admitted, it is answered that in many places honest local govern- ment is impossible if the mass of uneducated negroes are allowed to vote. These are grave allegations. So far as the latter is true, it is the only palliation that can be offered for opposing the freedom of the ballot. Bad local gov^^•nment is cer- tainly a great evil which ought to be prevented ; but to violate the freedom and sanction of the suffrage is more than an evil; it is a crime which, if persisted in, will destroy the Government itself. Suicide is not a remedy. If in other lands it be high treason to compass the death of the king, it shall be counted no less a crime here to strangle our sovereign power and stifle its voice. It has been said thai unsettled questions have no pitj' for the repose of nations. It should be said with the utmost emphasis that this question of suffrage will never give repose or safety to the States or the nation until each, with its own jurisdic- tion, makes and keeps the ballot free and pure by the strong sanctions of the law. But the danger which arises from ignorance in the voter cannot be denied. It covers a field far wider than that of negro suffrage and the present condition of the race. It is a danger that lurks and hides in the sources and fountains of power in every State. We have no standard by which to measure the disaster that may be brought upon us by ignorance and vice in the citizens, when joined to corruption and fraud in the suffrage. The voters of the Union, who make and unmake constitutions, and upon whose will hangs the destinies of our Government, can transmit their supreme authority to no successor save the coming generation of voters, wlio are the sole heirs of sovereign power. If that generation comes to its inheritance blinded by ignorance and corrupted by vice the fall of the Republic will be certain and remeililess. The census has already sounded the alarm in the apallingfigures which mark how dan- gerously high the tide of ilMteracy has risen among our voters and their cluldren. To the South this question is of supreme importance ; but the responsibility for the existence of slavery did not i-est upon the South alone. The nation itself is responsible for the extension of the suftrage, and is under special obligations to aid in removing the illiteracy which it has added to the voting population. For the North and South alilce there is but one remedy. All the constitutional power of the nation and of the States, and all the volunteer forces of the people should be summoned to meet this danger by the savory influence of universal edu- cation. It is the higli privilege and sacred duty of thos.* now living to educate their successors and tit them, by intelligence and virtue, for the inheritance which awaits them. In this beneficent woik sections and races should he forgotten and partisanship should be unknown. Let our people find a new meaning in the divine oracle wliirh declares that "a little child shall lead them," for our own little chil- dren will soon control the destinies of the. Republic. My countrymen, we do not now differ in our judgment concerning the contro- versies of past generations, and fifty years hence our ciiildren will not be divided in their opinjons concerning controversies. They will surely bless their fathers 63 and their fathers' God that the Union was preserved, that slavery was overthrown, and that both races were made equal before the law. We may hasten or we may retard, but we cannot prevent the final reconciliation. It is not possible for us now to make a truce with time by anticipatinjjand accepting its inevitable verdict. Enterprises of the highest importance to cur moral and material well-being unite us and offer ample scope for the employment of our best powers. Let all our peo- ple, leaving behind tiiem the battle-fields of dead issues, move forward, and in the strength of liberty and the restored Union win the grander victories of peace. The prosperity which now prevails is without a parallel in our history. Fruitful seasons have done much to secure it, but they have not done all. The preservation of the public credit and the resumption of specie payments, so successfully attained by the administnition of my predecessors, has enabled our people to secure the blessings which the seasons brought. By the experience of commercial nations in all ages it has been found that gold and silver afford the only safe foundation for a monetary system. Confusion has recently been created by variations in the rela- tive value of the two metals. But I confidently believf that arrangements can be made between the leading commercial nations which will secure the general use of both metals. Congress should provide that the compulsory coinage of silver now required by law may not disturli our monetary system by driving either metal out of circulation. If possible, such an adjustment should be made that the purchas- ing power of every coined dollar will be exactly equal to its debt-paying power in all the markets of the world. The chief duty of the National Government in con- nection with the currency of the country is to coin money and declare its value. Grave doubts have been entertained wiiether Congress is authorized by the Con- stitution to make any form of paper money legal tender. The present issue of United States notes has been sustained by th;i necessities of war; but such paper should depend for its value and currency upon its convenience in use and its prompt redemption in coin at the will of the holder, and not upon its compulsory circula- tion. These notes are not money, but promises to pay money. If the holders demand it the promise should be kept. The refunding of the national debt at a lower rate of interest should be accom- plished without compelling the withdrawal of the national-bank notes, and thus disturbing the business of the country. I venture to refer to the position I have occupied on financial questions during a long service in Congress, and to say that time and experience have strengthened the opinions I have so often expressed on these subjects. The finances of the Government shall sufl'er no detriment which it may be possible for my adminis- tration to prevent. The interests of agriculture deserve more attention from the Government than they have yet received. The farms of the United States afford homes and employ- ment for more than one-half our people, and furnish much the largest part of all our exports. As the Government lights our coast for the protection of mariners and the benefit of commerce, so it should give to the tillers of the soil the best lights of practical science and experience. Our manufacturers are rapily making us industrially independent, and are opening to capital and labor new and profit- able fields of employment. Their steady and healthy growth should still be main- tained. Our facilities for transportation should be promoted by the continued improve- ment of our harbors and great interior waterways, and by the increase of our ton- nage on the ocean. The development of the world's commerce has led to an urgent demand lor shortening the great sea voyage around Cape Horn by con- structing ship canals or railways across the isthmus which unites the two conti- nents. Various plans to this end have been suggested, and will need cot>sidera- tion ; but none of them have been sufficiently matured to warrant the United States in extending pecuniary aid. The subject is, however, one which will imme- diately engage the attention of the Government, with a view to a thorough protec- tion of American interests. We will urge no narrow policy nor seek peculiar or exclusive privileges in any commercial route ; but, in the language of my prede- cessor, I believe it to be the "right and duty of the United States to assert and maintain such supervision and authority over any interoceanic canal across the isthmus that connects North and South America as will protect our national interests." The Constitution guarantees absolute religious freedom. Congress is prohibited from making any law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the 54 free exercise thereof. The Territories of the United States are subject to the direct legislative authority of Congress, and hence the General Government is responsi- ble for any violation of the Constitution in any of thera. It is tlierefore a reproach to the Government that in the most populous of the Territoiues tlie constitutional guarantee is not enjoyed by the people, and the authority of Congress is set at naught. The Mormon church not only offends the moral sense of manhood by sanctioning polygamy, but prevents tlie administration of justice through ordi- nary instrumentalities of law. In my judgment it is tlie duty of Congress, while respecting to the uttermost the conscientious convictions and religious scruples of every citizen, to prohibit within its jurisdiction all criminal practices, especially of that class which destroy the family relations and endanger social order. Nor can any ecclesiastical organization be safely permitted to usurp in the smallest degree the functions and powers of the National Government. The civil service can never be placed on a satisfactory basis until it is regulated by law. For the good of the service itself, for the protection of those who are entrusted with the appointing power against the waste of time and obstruction of public business caused by the inordinate pressure for place, and for the protection of incumbents against intrigue and wrong, I shall at the proper time ask Congress to fix the tenure of the minor offices of the several Executive Departments and prescribe the grounds upon which removals shall be made during the terms for which incumbents have been appointed. Finally, acting always within the authority and limitations of the Constitution, invading neither the rights of tlie States nor the reserved rigiits of the people, it will be the purpose of my administration to maintain the authority of the nation and in all places within its jurisdiction, to enforce obedience to all the laws of the Union in the interests of the people, to demand rigid economy in all the expendi- tures of the Government, and to require the honest and faithful service of all executive officers, remembering that tlie offices were created not for the benefit of incumbents or their supporters, but for the service of the Government. And now, fellow-citizens, I am about to assume the groat trust which you have commuted to my hands. I appeal to you for that earnest and thoughtful support which makes this Government in fact, as it is in law, a government of the people. I shall greatly rely upon the wisdom and patriotism of Congress and of those who may share witli me the responsibilities and duties of administration. And, above all, upon our efforts to promote the welfare of this great people and their Government, I reverently invoke tlie support and blessings of Almighty God. General Garfield then took the oath of office as President of the United States. Immediately after taking the oath, he turned and kissed his mother and then his wife. This was a tender and touching scene, illustrative of the great heart and affectionate nature of the new President. Ex-President Hayes was the first to shake General Garfield by. the hand and greet him as President. All parties sepa- rated then ; the President, ex-President Hayes, Senators Thurman and Bayard, riding to the WhittfHouse together. preceded and followed by thousands of military, regulars and volunteers, and between two seas of multitudinous men and women thronging and surging on either side of the avenue. The perfect pageant was witnessed on the return trip. Miles of solid, f uU-companied platoons filled the broad avenue, their bayonets bristling and glistening in the sun. Tlie regular array had the precedence, and with measured tread and in perfect movement pre- ceded tlie barouche bearing the new President. As far, indeed much farther, than the eye could reach, the militia followed on horseback and afoot. One fact was decided by the inaugural procession : We need no standing array save that which we have. Pennsylvania alone could furnish enough well-drilled and equipped soldiers to meet and defeat any outside invaders that might actempt a march upon or against us. If it had not been for Pennsylvania there would have been rather a slim prcjcession as far as military display was concerned. The procession was in five divisions, and required nearly three hours to pass a given point. President Garfield entered the White House with the confidence and admiration of every State and section. The highest hopes of the American people were cen- tered in him. The fireworks on tlie evening of the 4th were unequalled in the country's history. The inaugural ball, given in the new National Museum, was a magnificent enter- tainment and a memorable feature of that day of universal joy and gladness. 55 The new administration, ushered in with pomp, pride, and circumstance of marching military, brass bands, fireworks, and the acclamations of a hundred thousand spectators, began its career under circumstances unexampled in this generation. For the first time in nearly fifty years a party has chosen its forensic leader President. The inaugural delivered from the east portico of the Capitol was the first that has been heard within memory from the lips of an orator trained to his art in debate upon the floor of Congiess, or educated to public aifairs by active share in their conduct at the political center. Moreover, it was the first Inaugural since John Quincy Adams minced his pedan- tic sentences in 1825, conceived in the brain of a student and a scholar, in that broad, generous sense of the terms by whic h it has become the rare exception to describe American Presidents. The White House has been sometime a barrack for rude soldiers to clank their sabres and jingle their spurs in ; sometimes the residence of adroit party plotters and shrewd political intriguers ; and latterly the headquarters of an impromptu temperance society ; but rarely what it was likely to be for four years to come, the abode of a student, a thinker, and a man of high intellectual tastes, gifts and fellowship. All this was a matter of sincere congratulation. We remember to have said, the Sunday after the Chicago convention, that if Garfield should be elected — then seem- ing improbable — the White House would be thereby a more agreeable resort for men of brains than it had been within our memory. This observation needed no amplification to readers who had known Garfield for nigh a score of years as a debater and dialectician, holding in the Araeiican Congress rank relative to that held by Edmund Burke in the House of Commons. And if any attestation had been needed it was furnished forth amply in the majestic address upon which, as a corner-stone, the new President founded the administration for tlie success and glory of which friends and foes alike vied in prayer. Standing thus apparently upon the threshold of an era of good feeling, it is proper to consider the causes that hava operated to allay the bitterness of party, silence the murmurs of faction and unite diversities of opinion, or of interest in one common hope for the general public weal. There was no man in this country so vitally interested in knowing these causes, or to whom a proper appreciation of them was so requisite to success and fair fame, as Garfield. It is the common thing to say that a change of a few thousand votes in the State of New York would have elected the other man; that Garfield won by a lucky scratch, and more for quantity. That is all quite true. But the history of all destiny is the annals of accident. Turn to whatsoever page you please, and you fint' that the hinge upon which the greatest events have turned has been that of the least premeditation, the least systematic calculation and the nearest anprox- imation to the rule that "the unexpected happens." A moment's hesitancy or indecision in the sergeant who collared the president of the French Directory might have lost to history Napoleon Bonaparte, with all the magic and all the miracle that ensuing time thickened upon his name. ''Had the three hundred and thirty-two Spartans of the Thirty-ninth infantry," says the historian of the British Empire in India, "been other than they were; had their grim cheeks blanched, their thin, red line wavered, or their stout hearts quailed at the approach of their sixty thousand dusky foes, I'lassy had not been won, Clive had been a name forgotten, and the Hindoo peninsula had remained to mock the civilization of the nineteenth century with its petty wars of rajahs and its veiled diplomacy of zenanas." Human destiny has ever hung upon not only brittle, but most attenuated threads and those breaking when and where least expected. And having been elected Garfield began an administration whose only danger lay in the vices of his friends — his own virtue not counting much in the game either way. Two classes of political advisers, olficial or unofficial, always sur- round an American President. Both advise him to do well by his party, so as to pave its way for renewed success, at the next election; but one class advises him to serve his party by serving his country, while the other exhorts him to serve his party by serving his party— which means, being translated, "give us the offices and we will give you the responsibility." The fellows who want the party served are the fellows who did it at the late election. They were the chaps who went howling upon all the stumps in the country. 56 They were the diplomats who insinuated the wedge of intrigue between the two stupid Democratic factions in New Yorlc. These proceed upon the theory that the first duty of an administration is to parcel out the public patronage, with sal- aries attached, to such henchmen as the boss may designate ; and tiien, if the President can find time between the quarrels of the little placemen, he may devote some attention ro ihe real, material alFairs of the puhlic as a whole. The men who want the country served are quite as much in earnest as the others, but they fall far short of them in the important attributes of lung-power and im- pudence. Tliey do not lay ultimatums before tlie President, threatening that unless they are '* recognized " they will make it ''hot for his administration " in the Senate and in the House, or at the next election. They proifer their advice calmly and go away. Well, between the two classes of advisers the Cabinet slate has been tossing for some weelis — or rather slates, for there has been a good many of them ; made to be broken. And Garfield, good-natured, disliking scenes and desiring to please everybody, has apparently let his mind drift with the clashing currents hither and yon. We were not one of his advisers. But we were indifferently one of his friends, and as sucli we said to him that his own judgment was better, his own perception clearer and his own motives more patriotic than those of any single individual or group engaged in the delectable task of consuming his time and distracting his patience; wherefore the sooner lie began to let some of them know tiiat the President was James A. Garfield, and nobod.y else, the better it would be for his adminis- tration, and thereby for that considerable and highly respectable faction of the American people who do not train under any boss and who ask no oflices. If Garfield would havn faikd at all he would have failed because of his indif- ferent capacity to say " No;" because of the sentimental goodness of nature and benevolence of soul which made his career in tne House almost inconsistent as it was brilliant, and which, in whatever station, has always made him the easy prey of base friends. During the late campaign, when we werg in the habit of protesting against the systematic calumny that formed the front and center of the Democratic onset, we demonstrated that evt-ry cliarge of corruption laid at Garfield's door, if calmly investigated and judiciaily analyzed, would turn out to the credit of his humanity and redound to his estimation in the eyes of all fair-minded men ; for that they were all predicated u;K)n his profusion of one of the very noblest traits of man — confidence in his fellovv-men and desire to serve those whom he thought worthy to be served. This u)ight have been his fate again ; for there was no sign, either in the expres- sion of his frank face, or in the manner of his greeting to old friends, that his high exaltation has had the slighest eftect upon his character, wrought the least change in his modes of thought, or made any alteration in his habits of view. But if he allows his absurd faith in men's proie;!sions to lead him into new traps he would find that, fierce as was the fight which beats upon a leading representative in Congress, it was no more comparable to that in wiiich he must have henceforth moved and acted than a tallow dip at midnight is to the sun at noon. Viewing his adminis- tration from the standpoint of simple wish that it may have been successful for the sake of the whole country, and without an ax or even a hatchet of our own to be ground, we say^ again that we would rather have trusted Garfield's instincts than the designs of any of the men who surrounded him ; that the more his instincts cropped out in his administration the better it would have been for him and the people at large. CHAPTER V. HIS ADMINISTRATION. Garfield's brief administration began with the evidence that it was a Garfield administration. He was an experienced public man, and showed his sagacity in nothing more th.ui in the ability to listen to advice and follow his own judg- ment. II is first official move proved this. His Cabinet was his own selection, and although he made many changes in it, for various reasons, yet the princi- K()S( OL ('o\K MNCt 57 < pies of its construction were what he meant they should be long before the multitudinous and miscellaneous pilgrimage to Mentor began. Whatever crit- icism may be made upon the Cabinet, it is clear that, politically speaking, its construction was very skillful. The proof of this was that it was generally acceptable, while the President remained master. On the afternoon of the 5th of March the nominations were sent to the Senate. The Senate immediately went into executive session, and, after ninety minutes' talk, the nominations were confirmed. The Cabinet was as follows : Secretary of State, James G. Blaine ; Secretary of the Treasury, William Windom ; Postmaster-General, Thomas L. James ; Secretary of the Navy, William H. Hunt ; Secretary of War, Robert T. Lin- coln ; Attorney- General, Wayne MacYeagh ; Secretary of the Interior, Samuel J. Kirkwood. Secretary Blaine is a native of Washington county, Pennsylvania ; was born on the last day of January, 1830. He was at one time a school teacher in Ken- tucky, taut turned his attention to journalism, and became editor of the Port- land Advertiser. He was elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and Avas Speaker of the House during the Forty-first, 'Forty-second, and Forty-third Congresses, when Randall succeeded him. Senator Blaine was succeeded in the Senate by Frye. Secretary Windom was born in Ohio in 1827. He is a lawyer by profession, and removed from his native State to Minnesota in 1855. He entered Con- gress at the same time with Blaine, and remained in that body until 1870, when he was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Norton. Secretary Lincoln is the youngest member of the Cabinet, being scarcely forty years of age. He is the eldest son of Abraham Lincoln, and is a native of Illinois. He is an able lawyer and a pleasant gentleman. ^Yayne MacVeagh, of Pennsylvania, Attorney-General, is a native of the State from which he is appointed, a middle-aged man, and wealthy. He is a son-in-law of Simon Cameron. Secretary Hunt is a Louisianian by birth, and of North Carolina parentage. He is abaut 55 years of age, and the handsomest member of the Cabinet. Prior to the war he was Ji pronounced Whig, and during secession a strong Unionist, although he remained in the South. He has Deen judge of the United States Court of Claims for several years, and is universally popular with and esteemed by both parties. Postmaster-General James is a New Yorker, and for several years has filled the onerous duties of postmaster of that city. He will find his labors less diffi- cult and demanding as Postmaster-General than as the boss of the New York office. Senator Kirkwood, who relieves Mr. Schurz, is a native of Iowa. He is a rugged, jolly old gentleman, with an immense fund of good humor, common sense and business capacity. We predict that he will be not only a very efficient, but an immensely popular Secretary. No man in public life understands the knotty questions arising out of the relations between the Government and the Indians more thoroughiy or more practically than he does. The administration of President Garfield opened most auspiciously. Domes- tic tranquilHty, amicable relations with all nations, a growing kindliness of feel- ing between the sections, a cheerful acquiescence in liis accession to the office by those who opposed him in the election, a general disposition on the part of aU the people to believe in the purity of his motives and the honesty of his purposes — these are the great facts of the happy situation under which the new administration entered upon its work. Unfortunately our late President had but one opportunity to declare the policy by which he intended to be governed in the administration of his office. That was on the 4th of March, immediately after the oath had been administered to him, and while he still stood with un covered head on the east portico of the Capitol. There and then he gave utter- ance to words as noble and elevating as any that ever fell from the lips of either of his predecessors. He said : " And now at the close of this first century of growth, with the inspirations of its history in their hearts, our people have lately reviewed the condition of the nation, passed judgment upon the conduct and opinions of political parties, 5 58 and have registered their will concerning the future administration of the Government. To intepret and to execute that will in accordance with the Constitution is the paramount duty of the Executive." The words we have quoted distinctly discountenanced the idea that the ad- ministration was to he non-partisan. The President was an earnest Republican, because he believed the purposes of that party were as patriotic and beneficial to., all the people as those of the opposition were injurious, narrow, and reaction- ary. We have heard him say: "He serves his country best who serves his party best ! " And then he enlaj'ged upon this by saying that ours is a govern- ment of parties, as all governments by the people must Toe, and that every pa- triotic citizen, having joined in party action with those whose political aims and plans are the best in his opinion, can of course best serve his country by promoting the success of such a party. He had acted upon this view, and, having been elected by the Republican party, he recognized it to be his duty to execute the will, in accordance with the Constitution, and carry out the opinions of that portion of the people who had prevailed over the other in a struggle to determine whicli set of opinions and antecedents should control in the conduct of public affairs. Thus we find that the policy of President Garfield was to be a party policy— a Republican policy. But he did not confine himself to generalities. The index to his swelling theme may be thus briefly given. He declared that the people, by again sum- moning the Republican party to power, had decided in favor of the following guiding i^rinciples: National supremacy over States in national concerns. Universal and equal personal and political freedom. Freedom and purity of the ballot-box. Universal education. Pinal reconciliation of the sections upon these enduring bases. He announced his adherence to the views concerning finance and currency which he had so often expressed in Congress, and which are generally enter- tained by Republicans. He expressed concern for the gi-eat industrial interests of the country, and recommended that the Government " give to the tillers of the soil the best light of practical science and experience," and said that the "steady and healthy growth" of manufactures "should be maintained." Internal improvements he advocated as facilities for internal commerce, and a canal under American control to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, as a promoter of foreign commerce. He advocated the prohibition of polygamy as a criminal practice. Concerning the civil service, he said: "The civil service can never be placed on a satisfactory basis until it is regulated by law. For the good of the service itself, for the piotection of those who are entrusted with the appointing power against the waste of time and obstruction of the public business, caused by the inordinate pressure for place, and for the protection of incumbents against in- trigue and wrong, I shall, at the proper time, ask Congress to fix the tenure of the minor offices of the several executive departments, and prescribe the grounds upon which removals shall be made during the terms for which in- cumbents shall have been appointed." Further on, he said he should "require the honest and faithful service of all executive officers, remembering that the offices were created not for the benetit of incumbents or their supporters, but for the service of the Government. Such was the policy marked out by James A. Garfield on the day of his in- auguration. The time never came for him to impress it upon the country otherwise than by tte masterly manner in which he presented it. He clothed it in language full of power and elegance, and as its body was synmietrical. so its soul was great. . . , -r .. His policy, it will be seen, was broad and based wholly on principles. Liotty contemplation of historic national events and progress, impassioned zeal for liberty, popular government, and general education, reconciliation on the basis of natimial supremacy— these were the matters that pressed upon him, and to interweave them with the destiny of the nation was his policy. For a while all went well. The Republican Senators, to whom Mahone had allied himself, reorganized the Senate committees on a Republican basis, and as the House, when it should meet, would be Republican also, the President was assured of co-operation. 59 On the 24tli of Marcli, however, President Garfield sent to tlie Senate the name of Judge William H. Robertson as collector of the port of New York. This was looked upon as an affront by those in the Republican party who held what they termed "stalwart" views. This faction had, as its leader. Senator Conkling, of New York. It was just at this time, aleo, that the Republicans attempted to elect Senate officers, which was contested by the Democrats. The parties were so evenly divided that a deadlock was the result. This lasted from March 25 until May 4. On the 3d of the latter month the Republicans held a caucus, in which they decided to abandon their position, the deadlock was broken the following day and the business of the executive session was resumed. During all this time Conkling had remained hostile to the Executive and had opposed the confirmation of Robertson. President Garfield had sent in. along with Robertson's name, the nominations of Payn, Woodford and other of Conkling 's friends for various Federal positions in the State. On the oth of May these latter names were withdrawn, making a direct issue with Conkling. The antagonism continued for several days, until on Friday, May 14, both Senators Conkling and Piatt forwarded their resignations as Senators to the Governor of New York. It was not until Monday, the 17th of May, that Conkling informed the Senate of their resignation. The announcement fell like a thunderbolt everywhere. It was so unexpected that a feeling of surprise preceded tlie question. '-Why did he do it'r"' His own side of the matter was put forth in his letter of resig- nation to Governor Cornell. In this he claimed that the President had In'oken faith with him and had not consulted him in regard to tlie New York appoint- ments, while he asserted that his own acts were impelled by the purest motives. He then went before the legislature of his own State, expecting a justification which he did not receive. That legislature sent Judge Lapham and Hon. Wm. Miller to the United States Senate, to fill the vacancies created by the resignations of Messrs. Conk- ling and Piatt. On the 8th of May the nomination of Robertson was confirmed by the Demo- cratic Senate, and tyvo days later the executive session was adjourned sine die. On Monday, April 25, the colossal statue of Admiral Farragut was unveiled in Farragut Circle, Washington city. President Garfield was present at the imposing ceremonies, and accepted the statue in the name of the nation in the following terse and appropriate language; Fellow-citizens:— It is the singular province of art to break down the lim- itations which separate|the generations of men fromjeach other, and allow those of past generations to be comrades and associates of those now living. This capital is silently being filled up with the heroes of other times. Men of three wars have taken their places in silent eloquence as gulirdians and guards of the nation they loved' so well, and as years pass on these squares and public places will be rendered more and more populous, more and more eloquent by the presence of dead heroes of other days. From all quarters of the country, from all generations of its life, from all portions of its service these heroes come by the ministry and mystery of art to take their places and stand as per- manent guardians of our nation's glory. To-day, we come to hail this hero who comes from the sea down from the shrouds of his flagship wreathed with the smoke and glory of victory, bringing sixty years of national life and honor to take his place as an honored compatriot and perpetual guardian of his nation's glory. In the name of the nation I accept this noble statue, and his country will guard it as he guarded his country. This was the last time he spoke in public. The financial policy of the administration, as outlined by Secretary Windom during its early days, was acceptable to all, and but added to those presages of success which loomed up on every hand. The examination into the Star Route cases, begun by Post- master-General James, promised to be another notable feature of the admin- istration. His administration was that which was indorsed by the great majority of the American people. They desire no change; they wish his views and his policies to be carried out, though he is no longer here to direct them in person. Suchloving regard and such faith were never shown before. That it is General 60 4... Arthur's desire to carry out the wishes of the people we have not the slightest doubt. I*fowhere else can General Arthur look for this advice, and lean so reli- antly upon that given him, as on General Garfield's Cabinet. The gentlemen who composed it were selected by the master mind, and the harmony with which they have worked, and^tlie results they have accomplished, show how wise, how discerning was the mind that chose them. PART III. THE ASSASSINATION. CHAPTER I. THE PRESIDENT SHOT. * Washington, July 2, 1881. About half -past nine o'clock this morning, the startling news rapidly spread throughout the city that the President, who was about to depart from the city, had been fatally shot at the Baltimore and Potomac railroad depot. The hor- rible intelligerce, coming so unexpectedly, was soon proved to be too true. The city was soon full of excitement, and as the various officials were galloping up and. down the avenue, vast crowds of people made their way to the depot. President Garfield was shot in the morning at half-past nine o'clock, in the ladies' room of the Baltimore and Potomac depot. He had jnst alighted from his carriage to take the cars for the ISroi:th. Secretary Hunt and Mrs. Hunt, Secretary Windom and Mrs. Windom, Postmaster-General James, and the rest of the party had taken their seats in the car. Colonel Jamieson, of the Post Office Department, who was to have charge of the transportation of the party, was standing at the g9,tes leading to the cars. He heard a pistol shot quickly followed by another. There was a rush to the ladies' room whence the sounds came. President Garfield was found lying on the floor, having fallen to the left. Secretary Blaine came out of the room following a man, and calling "Rockwell ! Where is Rockwell '?" The man was seized by Officer Kearney and Mr. Parks, the depot policeman. The President was taken upstairs. Dr. Bliss arrived soon afterwards. The shot w^ent in at the right side of the back, between the hip and the kidney. It then passed forward, and went down into the groin. It was probed for, but could not be found. There is hope for the President recovering, but he is in a very critical condition. The shooting occurred w4ien the President and Secretary Blaine were walk- ing arm-in-arm through the ladies' room. Secretary Blaine was not going with the party, but came down to bid the President "Good-bj^e.*" He said: "The President and I were walking arm-in-arm towards the train. I heard two shots and saw a man run. I started after him, but seeing that he was grabbed just as he got out of the room, I came to the President, and found him lying on the floor. The floor was covered with the President's blood. A number of people who were around shortly afterwards have some of that blood on their persons. I think I know the man. I think his name was Ditteau." The assassin is about five feet seven inches in height, of strong though not stout build. The weapon he used was a revolver about seven inclies long. It had an ivory handle. The caliber was very large; it is what is known as the "California" pistol. It made a very loud report. When arrested, he said: "I 61 did it and want to be arrested. I am a stalwart and Arthur is President now. I have a letter here I want you to give to General Sherman ; it will explain everything. Take me to the police station." Officers were sent to the police headquarters, by order of those around the President, to get the name of the assassin. He very willingly wrote his name and address on a sheet of paper, as follows : "Charles Guiteau, Attorney-at-Law, Chicago, 111. " The following letter was taken from the prisoner's pocket at police head- quarters, showing conclusively the intention to kill the President : July 2, 1881. To the White House: The President's tragic death was a sad necessity, but it will unite the Eepub- lican party and save tlie Kepublic. Life is a flimsy dream, and it matters little when one goes. A human life is of small value. During the war thousands of brave boys went down without a tear. I presume the President was a Chris- tian, and that he will be happier in Paradise than here. It willbe no worse for Mrs. Garfleld, dear soul, to part with her husband this way than by natural death. He is liable to go at any time, anyway. I had no ill-will toward the President. His death was a political necessity. I am lawyer, a theologian and a politician. I am a stalwart of the stalwarts. I was with Generfll Grant and the rest of our men in New York during the canvass. I have some papers for the press which I shall leave with Byron Andrews and his cojournalists at 1420 New York avenue, where aU the reporters can see them. I am going to the jail. Charles Gtjiteau. The President was laid on the floor until a mattress could be procured, and at once was removed to a room in the second story of the depot. The assassin attempted to run out at the Sixth-street door, but for some reason turned back, when Special Offic r Scott and Officer Kearney caught him and at once took him to police headquarters. Mr. Garfield's son was with him at the time, and as his father fell he burst into a paroxysm of tears. Secretaries Blaine, Hunt and Lincoln, and Postmaster-General James were all at the depot at the time. The waiting-room was crowded at the time, both with Northern and Southern passengers, and when the shot was fired Mr. J. W. Wheeler, of Hampton, Vir- ginia, was seated with a lady so close to the President that he heard the whiz- zing of the ball uncomfortably near him. He states that at the time of the first shot the assassin was not over seven or eight feet from him. Mr. Garfleld wlien he fell turned deadly pale and soon after he was carried upstairs he vom- ited. CHAPTER II. EEMOVAL OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE WHITE HOUSE. About 10 o'clock the police cleared the main room of the depot b lilding, and in a few moments the wounded President was borne through the building and placed in an ambulance, which was waiting on the outside. He bore the removal with great fortitude, never uttering any complaint or groan. The ambulance was surrounded by a cordon of police, and the horses were whipped into a gallop all the way to the White House. An excited crowd followed the ambulance on a run, but at the White House the crowd was stopped and none but a select few admitted. At the depot the pressure for admittance to the room in which the President was lying yvas so great that the police could not keep back the crowd. Men persisted that they must see -the President despite the surgeon's orders that the room and hallways must not be filled up. In this way the upper floor was filled to such an extent that fresh air could not be obtained for the wounded President, and it was determined to remove him immediately Lo the White House, where he could be well cared for. 62 '^At 12 o'clock there was no perceptible change in the President's condition. His pulse had gradually risen. The President lies on the bed, and speaks now and then. The physicians will not allow him to converse much. An exami- nation proved that the shot supposed to have taken effect in the arm did not touch the flesh. It merely went through the sleeve of the coat. There is no evidence of the spine having been injured by the effective ball; nor that the intestines or bladder are touched. A medical consultation will be held this afternoon at 3 o'clock, when a defi- nite opinion can be given by the physicians. The following will be at the consul- tation: Drs. Bliss, C. M. Ford, D. L. Huntington, U. S. A.; J. J. Woodward, U. S. A.; Smith Townshend, IST. S. Lincoln, Robert'Eeyburn, Surgeon-General Barnes. Basil IST orris, Surgeon-General Wales, U. S. I^._, andC. D. Patterson. While the President was lying at the depot, the following dispatch was sent: To Mrs. Garfield, Elberon, N. J.: The President wishes me to say to you from him that he has been seriously hurt. How serious he cannot yet say. He is himself, and hopes you will come to him soon. He sends his love to you. A. F. EOCKWELL. It may be remembered that when President Hayes was about to be inaugur- ated, a party from Chicago, named Myers, came here and threatened to assassi- nate him; but he was arrested by Detective McDevitt and locked up. It was almost impossible to learn accurate news of the President's condition, as stories of the most contradictory character were circulated. At 10 o'clock it became generally known that tlie President was not dead, and that there was a chance for his recovery. About fifteen minutes past ten o'clock there was a great commotion along the avenue. Word was passed from mouth to mouth with much greater rapidity than a horse could fly, that the Pr^'sident was being removed from the depot to the White House. Crowds rushed to the curb, and awaited the approach of the procession. First came the mounted policemen on a gallop, about sixty yards in advance of the police ambulance. In front and surrounding the ambulance were eight other mounted ofticers. The vehicle was drawn by a pair of grey horses, which, under the lash of the driver, went at fuU gallop up the south side of the avenue. Colonel Corbin, of the Adjutant General's Oflice, sat on the seat by the driver, and three or four men hung to the steps in the rear. Several physicians preceded the cavalcade in carriages.- and the rear was covered by four mounted officers. Tlie gates at the east en- trance of the White House grounds, south of the Treasury building, were thrown open as the ambulance approached, and the mournful procession en- tered. The crowds of people. on foot, who ran at full speed behind the escort, were prevented from entering the grounds by the closing of the gates, and policemen stationed at every entrance to prevent people from invading the grounds. The ambulance was driven to the south entrance of the building, and the wounded President was carefully carried to the north-west chamber on the second floor. Before Preside 't Garfield was taken from the depoi-, word was sent to the arsenal, and four foot batteries and a mounted detachment of a light battery, numliering in all about one hundred and fifty men, were ordered on duty. Some of the soldiers were statio'ied about the depot, and the others were sent to the White House grounds. A cheer was given from the waiting crowds on Fifteenth street as the sol- diers entered the grounds. The footmen stacked their gun^in front and to the east of the building, and sentries were detailed to patrol tlie grounds. The policemen at the gaites were very strict in prohibiting the admission of visitors. There were hundreds of people in front of the grounds. Men, women, and children clung to the iron pickets of tlie fence, and the approaches to the gates were surrounded by a crowd of people eagerly awaiting reports of the Presi- dent's condition. Eepresentatives of the press and prominent public men were a "mitted to the grounds, and as they returned from the Executive Mansion they Avere sur- ■ rounded by the waiting crowds, and virtually compelled to tell all that they knew regarding the sufferer. Tliere were several ladies at the White House. Mrs. MacVeagh was informed of the attempted assassination as soon as the catastropliy occurred. She went 63 -at once to the White House, and personally supervised arrangemeiits for the President's reception before he wa"s removed from the depot. Mrs. Blame was also one of the first of the ladies to reach the Executive Mansion, bhe had not gone to the depot, and after hearing the sad news, did all that lay in her power to make the sufferer comfortable. Mrs. Hunt and Mrs. Wiiidom also visited the White House. All the members of the Cabinet were there, occupy- ing seats in the private office, awaiting reports of the physicians who were with the President. , ,.^ The news of the attempt upon the President's life was speedily communi- cated to the different foreign legations. Sir Edward Thornton, acccompanied by one of his secretaries, immediately cabled the English government news ot the event, and he afterwards went to the White House to ascertain the precise condition of the wounded President, and to express his deep sorrow at the sad event. The Japanese Minister, accompanied by an interpreter, was also among the early callers. , , . , ^, ^ ^i t-t ^^ j-i Attornev-Genernal MacYeagh, at 12 o'clock, said that the life of the President depended upon the course the ball had taken, and that no one could tell until after an examination had been uiade what the result would be. It the spine had been touched or the abdomen perforated, death would, m all probability, ensue. If the ball had pursued a harmless course, the President would recover. It was reported at the White House that General Garfield had expressed to those about him a determination not to die, and it was felt that his nerve and determination might do much to aid his recovery. On July 3, at 12:15 P. M.. the health officer received the following: "The President's condition greatly improved. He has secured sufficient refreshing sleep, and during his waking hours he was inclined to discuss passing topics. He is calm, with more full and softer expression. Pulse 106; temperature and respiration nor. ital." , ^ -, ... tt -i Dr. Bliss, at a quarter past twelve, was in the very best of spirits. He said that inflammation had not set in, and that the President's condition was re- markably favorable. Tlie physicians in attendance upon the President seem to be greatlv encouraged this morning by the favorable symptoms. Tiie Presi- dent slept fiVe hours during the night, and has taken nourishment. He has had a natural passage of urine. Dr. C. M. Ford, who has just left the Presi- dent, stated that the temperature and respiration were normal, and that they had reason to hope for the President's recovery, which was more than could be said at 9 o'clock last night. "The ball." said Dr. Ford, "has probably lodged m the liver. An abcess may form; but we can't tell much about it now. There are thirty-two cases on; record, during the war, where men were shot through the liver and recovered,' ' The physicians have decided to hold a consultation at seven o'clock this evening. ^ , , , ^-, 'n 4. At 10 o'clock this morning there was a more cheerful look on the faces at the White House than there had been since 10 o'clock yesterday morning. The members of tlie Cabinet all expressed themselves as very hopeful, and most of the physicians spoke cheerfully of the President's condition. He is improving every hour. Mrs. Garfield has been with him most of the morn- ing. She is weak, but bears up wonderfully. The crowd in front of the White House did not disappear altogether during the night. There were some people standing around the gates at all hours. This morning the crowd was of good numbers, but not as large as yesterday. At 10 o'clock Dr. Bliss issued the following bulletin : " The President has rested quietly and awakened refreshed. His improved condition gives additional hope of his gradual recovery. Pulse, 114 ; respira- tion, 18. and temperature, normal." At 11 :30 o'clock there was no perceptible change in the President s condition. The greatest danger to the President now is from inflammation which ^\\^J^ set in. The ball has not been removed, and will not be until he has gained considerably more strength than he now has. There is every reason to hope that the inflammation will not be great or dangerous. The passage from the bowels, which was natural, and of urine, are indications that the wound has not touched the intestines or the bladder. The wound is kept well sponged, and no precaution against inflammation is neglected. Said Dr. Bliss, at 11 o clock, -^' Everything is now favorable, and the symptoms gradually get better." Mrs. Garfield shows wonderful courage and endurance. She only took a very 64 short sleep last uight, and to-day was up early. She has been close by the Pres- ident since early this morning. She has a belief, which cannot be shaken, that the President will recover. The arrangements at the White House to-day are, under orders from the physicians, such as conduce to the most perfect quiet. They pronounce it as ab- solutely necessary that the patient should be kept entirely undisturbed. ISTo carriages are allowed in the grounds. Only a few people are admitted tlirough the gate, and fewer get inside the house. The people should understand this. There should be no fireworks to-morrow. The feeling throughout the District to-day is still intense, and the solicitude for the President's recovery and sympathy for himself and family is expressed in every direction by people of all parties, creeds and conditions. The crowds about the White House remained until 11 o'clock last night, when the house wa- closed and all Avere excluded except the physicians and at- tendants. At half-past ten the President again asked Dr. Bliss what the chances were. Dr. Bliss replied : "As I told you before, IVIi'. President,|I think your chance a good one, and has improved since you last questioned me." The President replied : " I told you, doctor, that I was going to take that chance." Secretary Blaine, at half-past ten, cabled our ministers abroad that at that hour the President's condition was improved, and that there was strong hope of his recovery. The President, a little before 11 o'clock, took some beef tea, which was the first nourishment he had received during the day. During the night his con- dition continued to improve. Mrs. Garfield remained as a constaiit attendant by his bedside. He fell asleep a little after 11 o'clock. The bulletins issued from the sick room occasionally were all of the most encouraging nature. The physicians consider the fact that the vomiting had ceased and the nourishment had been retained on his stomach, a most hopeful sign. Secretaries Lincoln, MacVeagh, Windom and James staid at the White House all last night. Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. MacVeagh left at 1 o'clock, Mrs. James at 2, Mrs. Windom at 4, and Mrs.' Hunt at 5. Among the messages received at the White House were the following: E'ew York, July 2, 18S1. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C. .• Your telegram, with its deplorable narrative, did not reach me promptly, owing to my absence. I am profoundly shocked at the dreadful news. The hopes you express relieve somewhat the horror of tlie first announcement. I wait for further intelligence with the greatest anxiety. Express to the Presi- dent and those about him my great grief and sympathy, in which the whole American people will join. C. A. Arthur. Later, in reply to an unfavorable telegram from Secretary Blaine, the Yice- President telegraphed as follows: New York City, July 2. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretiry of State: Your telegram is very distressing. I still hope for more favorable tidings, and ask you to keep me advised. Please do not fail to express to Mrs. Garfield my deepest sympathy. C. A. Arthur. Governor's Island. Gen. W. T. Sherman, U. S. A., WasMngton, D. C: I trust that the result of the assault upon the life of the President to-day may not have fatal consequences, and that in the interest of the country the act may be shown to have been that of a madman. Thanks for your dispatch and.for your promise of further information. W. S. Han-cock. Elbbron, N. J. Secretary Lincoln, WasMngton : Please dispatch me the condition of the President. News received con- flicts. I hope the most favorable may be confirmed. /Express to the President my deep sympathy, and hope he may speedily recover. U. S. Grant. 65 To Sir E. Thornton: The Queen desires that you will at once express the horror with which she has learned of theattempt upon the President's life, aud her earnest hope for his recovery. Her Majesty wishes for full and immediate reports as to his con- (jition. Lord Granville. The news was received at the foreign office a little before 4 o'clock, and a message Avas immediately forwarded to Lord Granville at his private residence. He at once communicated it to the other members of the Cabinet, and to the Queen at Windsor, who was deeply moved by the startling intelligence. Dur- ing the afternoon Lord Granville called twice at the legation to inquire after the condition of the President . Later in the evening Minister Lowell received the following dispatch from Her Majesty : Sir Henry Ponsonhy, Windsor Castle, to His Excellency, Jfr. Lowell, United States J^^ifiistCT .* The Queen has heard with the deepest concern the report of an attempt hav- ing been made on the life of the President, and sincerely trusts that the rumors of his having been seriously wounded are untrue. Her Majesty would be glad to learn any news you may be able to give her. This dispatch was immediately communicated to the Secretary of State at Washington. London, July 3.— The following appears in this morning's Observer in dou- ble lead : " A most profound and sincere feeling of regret will be occasioned by the news we publish this morning of a dastardly crime of which the Presi- dent of the United States has been the victim. There is no evidence as yet that the attempted assassination comes under the category of political crimes. Mr. Garfield owes the attempt upon his life, in as far as is known, to the fan- cied grievance sustained by some dismissedfofficial. Regicide, however mon- strous in itself, is still an intelligible crime— that is, a crime for which it is possible to assign a motive; but to kill one President with the view of making room for another is an act of insane folly, as well as wickedness, which is hardly likely to be committed by any man in his senses. It is too early yet to form any opinion as to the President's chances of recovery, but our American kinsmen may rest assured that the intelligence from Washington will be awaited almost as eagerly by Englishmen as by the President's own fellow- countrymen." ExECLTTivE Mansion, July 4, 10:50 A. M. The physicians have succeeded in relieving the pain in tlie feet and legs of which the President this morning complained, and which was due to the in- jury of the nerves leading to the lower extremities. The symptom was not regarded as a dangerous one, but the pain, if allowed to continue, might act unfavorably by causing restlessness. The President's comlition in other re- spects has not changed since the date of the last official bulletin. He is now resting quietly, and his physicians continue to be cheerful and hopeful. The cheerful look of people and things at the White House yesterday did not last long into the night. The President took a turn for the worse about 9 o'clock, and the bulletins grew less favorable. At the same time the phy- sicians talked less confidently. It was apparent that the President was sink- ing, and that the gravest fears were entertained. The house was closed to nearly everv one. The strictest quiet was observed. Every one was kept out of the President's room except Mrs. Garfield and the physicians. The Cabinet ministers sat around in the private secretary's room, talking now and then in quiet and low tones. Secretary Blaine said about 11 o'clock, "It looks worse." The Secretary showed his great anxiety in the effect upon his system . Attorney-General McVeagh and Postmaster-General James attended to the telegrams received or sent. The physicians say that while the President's case is much less hopeful he still has a chance for life. There were three stages through which the Presi- dent had to pass. First, the shock, next, the hemorrhage, and third, the inflammation. Through the first and second the President has safely passed. The tliird or inflammatory stage, which has now set in, was of course expected. It was expected also that when this stage was reached the President's condi- tion would not be as favorable. The President's will-power surprises even his m 66 physicians. He Ins made np his mind to live, and his strong recuperatory power and physique may yet pull him safely tlirough. Thus far, Mrs. Garfield bears up most heroically, notwithstanding the terri- ble ordeal through which she has passed and is passing; outwardly, slie holds herself with much composure. In all her conversation witla her stricken hus- band she whispers to him words of cheer. She has the firm conviction the President will live, a wish in which the country joins. Mrs. Blaine is con- stant in her attendance upon the President's wife. At 9 o'clock Yice-President Arthur called. He was accompanied by Sen- ator Jones, of Nevada, and came upon a note from Secretary Blaine that w^hile it would be impossible for the President to see him Mrs. Garfield would receive him, Mrs. Garfield was greatly affected by the interview, but did not give way to her emotions. The Vice-President spoke in earnest terms of his grief and great hope that the President w^ould recover, and tljat his administration would be a successful one. The interview did not last long. After it was over the Vice-1'resident returned to the room in which the Cabinet officers were sitting. He said : "I pray to God that the President will recover. God knows I do not want the place I was never elected to. " Everybody present was struck with the earnestness and sincerity of the Vice-President. Dr. Hamilton, of New York, and Dr. Agnew, of Philadelpliia, were sum- moned to Washington by telegraph. They are the two leading surgeons of the country- They arrived at 3:52 this morning. The run from Baltimore was made in forty minutes. About 3 o'clock the news from the sick room began to be a little brighter, but it did not carry much encouragement with it. The President, w^ho had been siiiking, was a little better. There was inflammation, which showed signs of tympanitis. It was thought by the physicians tliat the inflammation could be controlled. The pain which had existed in the feet was a little less. This morning about 7 o'clock there was a consultation, at which Drs. Agnew and Hamilton were present. Mrs. Blaine, who had been at the White House all night, was present at the consultation. The opinion after the consultation was that the President is in great danger— that his condition is very critical. But at the same tihie they think there is a possibility for him. One of the first callers this morning was Sir Edward Thornton. The crowd got around the White House gates at an early hour. They were very anxious for any information, and seized every one wiio came out. The first physician who had charge of the case after the shooting was Dr. Smith Townshend, who administered remedies, and soon afterwards Drs. Purvis and Bliss went to the depot, and the President was removed to the White House. Other physicians were subsequently summoned from time to time by the President's private secretary, and frequent consultation-; fol- lowed. These physicians consisted of Drs. Bliss, C. M. Ford. D. L. Hunting- ton, U. S. A.; J. J. Woodward, U. S. A.; Smith Townshend, N. S. Lincoln, Robert Reyburn, Surgeon-General Barnes, Basil Norris, Surgeon-General Wales. U. S. N., and C. D. Patterson. A consultation was held by those named at 3 o'clock yesterday, at which time a further consultation was fixed upon at 7 o'clock last evening. In the afternoon Dr. Bliss addressed a note to several of these physicians, among them Dr. Basil Norris. Dr. Wales, Dr. Lincoln and Dr. Townshend, inform- ing them that at the request of the President he wrote to advise them that his symptoms were at that time so favorable as to render unnecessary any further consultation mitil some change in his condition should seem to warrant it; concluding by thanking them most cordially for their kind attention and skill- ful advice, for whicli the President and family were deeply grateful. The hopeful feeling inspired last night by the bulletins of the physicians was changed this morning to one of grave anxiety. Reports from the sick room during tlie latter part of the night were of a gloomy character. The nation w^ent to bed encouraged to believe that the life of their stricken President would be spared. They awoke to hear news of the most distressing character, much dreaded symptoms having made their appearance during the night. The announcements made by the physicians tliis morning indicate an im- provement in the President's condition . His life now trembles in the balance . The people are watching eagerly the bulletins to catch some encouraging word, but the present hour is a dark one. 67 At 8:15 A. M., the condition of the President was not materially different from that reported in the last bulletin, (12:30 A. M.) He has dozed at intervals during tlie night, and at times has continued to complain of the pain in his feet. The tympanitis reported has not sensiblyincreased. Pulse, lOS; tem- perature, 99.4; respiration, 19. (Signed) D. ^Y. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Key burn. Frank H. Hamilton, of New York; D. Hayes Agnew, of Philadelphia. We held a consultation with the physicians in charge of the President's case at 7 A. M. this morning, and approve in every p articular of the management and of the course of treatment which has been pursued. — Frank H. Hamilton, of Xew York; D. Hayes Agnew, of Philadelphia. In order that the President may be disturbed as little as possible, the physi- cians announce that the next buTletin will not be issued until 1 o'clock. The feeling of suspense which prevailed late last night among those at the Executive Mansion was relieved somewhat by the official bulletin issued this morning. This was plainly observable in the more hopeful expression of their faces afer reading the bulletin. Among others present when the bulletin came from the physicians, were Secretary Wi'ndom, Postmaster-General James, Attorney-General MacVeagh, General Swaim, Marshal Henry and Colonel Eockwell. Postmaster-General James particularly seemed more hopeful and expressed himself much more hopeful than he did at a late hour last night. Secretary Windom says he has never lost hope, but his anxiety last night at midnight was intense. He felt then that the case was extremely critical, but he has always believed that the President's courage, calmness of mind and great vitality would carry him through safely. "If,'" he says, "the injuries are to prove fatal, it seems to me that we should have had an increase of the dangerous symptoms of last night, instead of the slight improvement which we find this morning." The consulting physician. Dr. Agnew, of Philadelphia, at 10 o'clock to-day, said that while the President's wound was a dangerous one, it was not neces- sarily a mortal one. He has not given up by any means. He says while there is life there is hope. At 10:15 this morning the President's condition was very critical, as it has been since 10 o'clock last night. The physicians base their hope of recovery upon the condition of the pulse. If the pulse does not rise materially during the day they will have confidence imbued in them. If the pulse does rise the gravest fears will be entertained. It is only a thread that holds life. At any rate, the President is expected to be worse before he can be better. 6. P . M.— No appreciable change since the last bulletin. The President sleeps well at intervals. Pulse, 108; temperature and respiration normal. 10 P. M.— The condition of the President is less favorable. :| Pulse, 120; tem- perature, 100; respiration. 20. He is more restless, and again complains of the pain in his feet. 10:50 P. M.— President's condition not'so favorable. Pulse gone up to 120. 12:30 A. M.— The President's condition has changed very little since the last bulletin. Pulse, 112; temperature, 98.8; respiration, 20. Some tympanitis is recognized. Does not complain so much of pain in the feet. It appears that Mrs. Garfield, while on her way to Washington Saturday, having been summoned to the bedside of her husband, narrowly escaped serious injury. When about a mile and a half east of Bowie, one of the parallel rods of the engine broke while the special train was moving at a tremendous rate, and the railroad men state that only a miracle saved the train from being thrown from the track and wrecked. The medical history of the President's case when published will form a large volume. At least, it has been peculiar in many of its phases, and the circum- stances surrounding it have been unusual. A very careful record has been kept of observations made more or less frequently, according to the gravity of the symptoms, from the day of the shooting down to the present. The mam points which have been given tothe public are the pulse,temperature, and respir- ation, together with such general facts as the doctors saw fit to embrace m the bulletins, with more or less frequency everv day from the date of the shoot- ing, which took place at 9:20 A. M, on the 2d of July, the bullet which made the ugly wound being of 44 caliber, and striking the Presidenr, about four inches to the right of the spinal column. It struck the tenth and shattered the 68 eleventh rib very badly, having turned downward and forward in a direction which, at that time, it was impossible for the physicians to determine. The shock from tlie wound was so ^reat that the doctors in attendance have said that they never saw a man come so near dying from this cause and live as did the President the first day he was wounded. It seems that the first physi- cian to reach him at the depot was Dr. Smith Townshend, who made a slight examination of the wound, simply enough to determine Avhere the President had been shot. The alarm was given, an ambulance was procured, and he was driven hastily to the White House. The usual nervous effects of the severe shock followed the shooting, and the patient was affected with nausea, vomit- ing, and extreme prostration during the first day. He was so weak, indeed, that it was not until 5 o'clock in the evening of that day that his clothes were all removed, and he could be put in shape for the beginning of the treat- ment. It seems that the surprise and panic were so great at that time that there was no one to direct the medical operations, and, as the result, various Government physicians and leading surgeons Avho were in the city volunteered or were called in attendance, and a brief examination was made late in the afternoon of the shooting; but nothing was done to relieve the patient. The ball having entered over the liver, it seemed perfectly natural to the physicians that it had continued in a direct course, and passed through that organ; hence for some days it was confidently believed that the liver had been pierced; this, probablv, being one cause why the physicians despaired of the patient's recovery, and believed he would die at once. The only examina- tion to determine really what course the ball had taken, when the theory of its passing through the liver was correct, was made by Surgeon-General Wales, who thrust his little finger in the wound, and discovered tliat the tenth and eleventh ribs, more or less, were fractured. So low was he that night that one of the attendants reports when General Swaim proposed to clear the room and give the patient air, one of the attending physicians said: ''There is no use doing anything; there is the death-rattle in his throat now."' The General insisted, however, and the room was cleared. The Avindows were raised, and the patient did rally at 2:45 on the morning of the 3d. He was then able to take and retain a little nourishment. At that time, it was not known that the ball had been deflected downward by the rib, and had passed, as subsequently was shown, forward and around through the heavy muscular tissue, and had entered the peritoneal cavity. .,,„,■,. , -, -^ i In short, subsequent investigation showed that the ball nad touched no vital part, and the wound was of such a character as was not necessarily mortal. The large number of physicians who were in consultation the first day and the following morning formed a body of men too great for the convenient treat- ment of any patient, and I)r. Bliss was assigned it is said, by the President himself to take charge of the case, with authority to select his corps of advisers. This he did by choos'ing Surgeon-General Barnes, of the army; Dr. J. J. Wood- ward, also a medical officer of the army and a well-known and accomplished microscopist, and Robert Reyburn, a physician who had made a favorable rec- ord as a surgeon in Government institutions. All through the day of July 3d, the fluctuations of pulse, temperature, and respiration were of such a character that the case appeared to be very critical, and it was stiU feared by many that death was imminent. At 3 o'clock on the morning of the 3d, so serious did the matter appear that one of the level-headed of the Cabinet officers remarked: "Hope is dead.'' With so important a case as this, involving the life or death of tlie President of the United States, it.w^as not strange that the people of the country felt an surgeons of national reputation be employed to assist the corps m constant attendance, who had more special charge of the case, under the direction ot Dr. Bliss. The result was that Drs. Frank PI. Hamilton, of :New 1 ork. and D. Hayes Agnew, an eminent surgeon of Philadelphia, were telegraphed tor on the morning of the 4th. They started at once on a special tram, furnished by the Pennsylvania Central railroad, and arrived here on the afternoon ot the same day. Throughout the day of the 4th of July, and for several days suc- ceeding, the patient was troubled with excruciating pams in the lower limbs 69 and feet, which he himself descrihed as being " like the sticking of a million needles into liim." From this it was feared'that the spinal nerves had been in some way injured. Toward the night of the 4th, however, there was a turn for the better, and the patient was safely launched into the next day. Drs. Agnew and Hamilton returned immediately to their respective homes, and it transpires that the only knowledge they had of the case at that time was wiiat they had heard from the attending physicians, having made no personal examination. It was not until after the examination that Dr. Hamilton was told by Surgeon-General Wales that there had been a fracture of the ribs, and this only came to the knowledge of Dr. Agnew when told by his brother physi- cian upon the train as they were starting out of Washington toward Philadel- phia. An understanding of medical ethics, however, wiirexplaiu, in a measure, what might appear surprising circumstances in this connection. Dr. Bliss, with his three assistants, were.in charge of the case, and Drs. Agnew and Ham- ilton were„but the consulting physicians; they could only advise and approve, making suggestions when asked questions; but they could make for themselves no examination, and were not in a position to dictate anything as to the treat- ment of the patient. It is not surprising, therefore, that they knew only such points of the case as it had occurred to the physicians in charge to communi- cate to them. Whether the advice of such eminent surgeons as Agnew and Hamilton would have been different from what it was on that eventful occa- sion, had they known this important factor of the comminuted rib, with its attendant complications arising from spicula? of bone, it is, perhaps, impossible now to say. At that time very little was heard of the rib fracture; but much speculation was indulged in as to the locality of the ball. Whether it had con- tinued directly through the vital parts, had passed downward, or had passed forward and around through the integument, in course of a few days, became the all-absorbing question in the discussion of the physicians. On the morning of the 6th of July, the pulse, for the first time, fell as low as 98 in the morning, and only touched 104 in the evening, and upon the 7th, the leading physician in attendance declared "the chances are more than ever for his recovery.'' Previous to this time, they had said there was but one chance in a hundred, and, upon the President asking what his show for life was, was told this fact, when he quietly remarked if there was but one chance lie would take that chance. From the 7th to the 16th there was a slight improvement, and with that it was declared officially that the President Avas "on the road to convales- cence." Still, the doctors, on the 18th, reported, in reply to a question of Dis- trict Attorney Corkhill, that they "were not prepared to say recovery is cer- tain," and the case of the murderer was put over by the court on that account. On the 21st, it was confidently predicted "that the President would he up in two weeks" by the attending physicians; but, on the 23d, all of a sudden, there was a serious relapse of the most alarming character. He had rigors and chills and perspiration, which, to outside physicians, surely indicated that the patient showed symptoms of pytemia. Executive Mansion, 9:1-5 A. M., July 7.— The President has passed a most comfortable night and continues steadily "to improve. He is cheerful, and asks for additional food. Pulse, 94 ; temperature, 99.1 ; respiration. 23. There will be no further bulletin issued until 1 o'clock.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Piobert Eeyburn. 10:45 A. M.— Attorney-General MacVeagh says the President's condition is very favorable, indeed. He does not consider that the President is out of dan- ger yet, but says he appears to be passing out of it as steadily and rapidly as can be expected. Noon.— Dr. Reyburn said at noon that the President was still improving. His pulse had gone down, and he was comfortable. His appetite was good. He had been given gruel this morning, and ate it with a relish, and retained it on his stomach. It is the inclination to grant the President's request for beef- steak. He will be given a little steak this afternoon. The President, this morning, asked for some oatmeal. Dr. Boynton, who attended Mrs. Garfield during her illness, arrived in the city this morning. He will be connected in an advisory capacity with the man- agement of the President's case. Dr. Boynton left Long Branch a few days ago for Ohio to atteu^ the President's uncle, who had been injured wbile pass- ing a railroad track in front of a locomotive. Dr. Boynton says that he did 70 not find the President in any better condition than he exi^ected, as he had been kept well-advised in the case. The President is very weak, he says, but also very comfortable. After he had been in the room some minutes, and had ex- amined the patient, the President said to him: ''Well, doctor, what do you , think ? " Dr. Boynton replied : ' ' I think you will get through all right.'" " I hope I will,'' the President answered. The condition of the President continues quite as favorable as this morning. Pulse, 100 ; temperature, 100.8 ; respiration, 23. Unless some unfavorable change should occur, no further bulletin will be issued until 8:30 P. M.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. , The heat of the day began to show on the President about 10 o'clock this morning. His pulse began to beat a little more rapidly, although he continued comfortable. At half -past 1 o'clock tlie pulse had increased six beats over this morning. The lieat affects the President just as it does every one else. About sundown it is thought that the pulse M'ill begin to fall again. 2 30 P. M.— The "condition of the President lias remained substantially un- changed since the date of the last bulletin. The slight increase in pulse and temperature s'nce morning is said by the attending physicians to be only the natural fluctuation of the fever from morning until noon. The President has eaten chicken broth to-dav and expressed a strong desire about noon for toast and oatmeal with milk. The latter was given to him as probably the least ob- jectionable kind of the solid food which he seemed to crave. Dr. Bliss spoke more hopefully of the President's condition this afternoon at 3 o'clock than ever before. The President's chances now are, he says, more than even. It has goue beyond the even line, and now he has the majority of chances in his favor. The ball, he says, went in on a level, struck a rib and deflected. It then went downward and struck the liver. ' ' My opinion is, ' ' he continued, " that the ball went through the liver and is now lodged against the anterior wall of the stomach. It was a very fortunate deflection. It made a good wound of it. There was very little discharge from the wound. We have no fear of an abscess. Even if one should form, we would make it feed itself. The only dangers are from secondary hemorrhage and blood poison. The time for the first to show itself is now nearly over, and there is no sign of it. There is no sign of either. The President is a most admirable patient. Everything we tell him to do he does without any trouble at all. Even in the slightest de- tail he obeys all our instructions. We gave him to-day a little oatmeal gruel and some chicken broth. We did not want to give him the gruel, but he was very anxious to have it. The reason we did not like to give him oatmeal was because at this stage we did not care about putting any glucose matter in his stomach. He is in excellent condition and gains every hour. He wants to talk about official business, but we will not let him. He said once that certain District matters were constantly on his mind, and he wanted to get rid of them, but we told him they were matters of very little importance and to let them pass. His will-power and vitality are wonderful." Dr. Bliss said, in as many words, that if the President got through four days more the great danger was passed. He inspired those standing around him with a feeling that the Presi- dent's condition justified the brightest hopes. During the past twenty-four hours the President has continued to improve slowly. As was anticipated, a slight rise of temperature and slight increase in the frequency of the pulse occurred during the afternoon and evening. At 8:30 P, M„ the pulse was 104, temperature, 100.6; respiration, 23. But in ac- cordance with this liiurnal movement both pulse and temperature were again diminished tliis morning, and showed some improvement over yesterday at the SEJine hour. At 9 A. M. the pulse was 94, temperature, 99.1 ; respiration, 23. We anticipate, of coarse, a similar movement for some days to come, and so to-day find at 1 p. m. the pulse, 100; temperature, 100.8; respiration, 23. Last evening at 9.30 P. M., a quarter of a grain of morphia sulphate was adminis- tered hypodermically and the President slept very well during the night. In addition to the chicken broth and albumen, he had yesterday a small quantity of scraped beef-tenderloin, which, however, he did not relish very much. This morning he is taking oatmeal gi'uel and milk at intervals of two hours with relish, Yellowishness of the skin, so common after Wjounds of the liver, de- veloped to a slight degree during the day yesterday, bu" is not more marked this morning. We do not attach a great deal of importance to this symptom, 71 except so far as to confirm the opiniou already formed of the nature of the wound. Altogether we feel that the patient has done as well as could reasona- bly be expected up to the present time, and our hopes of his ultimate recovery are strengthened by the events of the last two days. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Eeyburn. Executive Makston, Jiih/ 8, 1881, 12:30 P. M.— The progress of the Pres- ident's case continues to be favorable. Pulse, 108 ; temperature, 101.4 ; respi- ration, 24.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robt. Reyburn. 1 p. m. — The President's condition has not changed materially since our tele • gram to you yesterday. During the afternoon and evening he was again trou- bled with acrid eructations, and the administration of nutrients was again sus- pended for several hours. One-quarter of a grain of morphia Avas administered hj-podermically at 8:30 P. M., and followed at once by tranquil sleep. Towards midnight, however, he became restless and complained a good deal of muscular soreness in the feet and of pain in the ankle joint, so that we were on the point of administering an additional anodyne, when he fell asleep, and on awakening was so free from pain that it was not given. After 1 A. M. he passed the night tranquilly, sleeping composedly much of the time. At intervals since, that hour he has taken an ounce of the alburaenized chicken broth, alternating with au ounce of milk, to wliich a teaspoonful of very old and excellent rum was added. All this has been retained, as well as five grains of sulphate of quinia taken this morning at 8 o'clock. The yellowish tinge of the skin mentioned in our last telegram has sensibly diminished. When the antiseptic dressing was renewed this morning, the wound was found to be discharging a small quantity of healthy looking pus. The reaction accompanying the establishment of sup- puration is as might be expected, marked by a slight rise of temperature and pulse as compared with the corresponding hours of yesterday. This, however, we do not regard as unfavorable under the circumstances, and should not be surprised if it continued through this afternoon and was repeated in the after- noon and evening for several days. The record since our last telegram is as follows: Yesterday at 8:30 P. M., pulse, 106; tempertaure. 100.8; respiration, 23. This morning at 8:30, pulse, 96; temperature, 99.2; respiration, 23. At 1 P. M. pulse, 108; temperature, 101.4; respiration, 24.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Wood- ward, J. K. Barnes, Robt. Reyburn. Executive Mansion, July 9, 8:30 A. M.— The President has passed a tranquil night, and this morning expresses himself as feeling quite comfort- able. We regard the general progress of his case as very satisfactory. Pulse this morning, 100; temperature, 99.4; respiration, 24. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. The President's wound was dressed last night about 9 o'clock. The dressing precedes his preparations for the night. About 9 o'clock the Presi- dent said: ''Where is Bliss? '" "Here," replied the doctor, who was by the bed. " Bliss, I am tired," he says; "don't you think you had better put me in my little bed '? " The patient was then prepared for the night, and was soon taking a short and peaceful nap. He slept very well during the night. The cool atmosphere made his periods of rest longer than usual. There was a further discharge from the President's wound this morning. About two ounces of pus was discharged. Dr. Bliss said that it was a very healthy pus. Following healthy discharges of this kind from gunshot wounds is the healing process. If the President's condition continues as favorable as it now is - with the steady improvement going on— it Avill not be very long, it is expected, before the wound begins to heal. The improvement in the Presi- dent's condition this morning was more marked than at any time heretofore. IP. M.- The condition of tile President continues favorable. Pulse, 104; temperature, 101.2; respiration, 22. The next bulletin will be issued at 8 P. M.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robt. Reyburn, The President's pulse was lower at 1 o'clock to-day than at the same time yesterday. It is cooler to-day for one thing, and the President is not so fe- verish. Dr. Eeyburn said this afternoon at 2 o'clock: " The President's condition is better now than it was at the same hour yesterday. His pulse is better and his temperature lower. He has also eaten more to-day than yesterday. " 72 I There were not rpore than a dozen people, outside the clerical force at the White House, who M'ent there to-day. EarljHhis morning, Mrs. Garfield went out for a long ride with Mrs. Blaine and Mrs. Hunt. She looks very well and strong, though apparently somewhat careworn. Contributions for the Presi- dent's comfort come in from all sides. One was a dish of nicely-cooked wood- cock. Very few telegrams were received or sent off. The physicians going in and out of the sick room give only the very best news of the President's condi- tion; their words usually were: " He is in the most favorable condition, and is getting better all the time." The President is to-day given a little milk and old rum every two hours, and gruel now and then. His room this morning was very cool. Vice-Prepident Arthur called at Mr. Brown's room and'remauied about fifteen minutes. He asked about the President, and expressed a desire to see Mrs. Gar- field. He could not see her, as slie was out riding. Dr. Bliss was sent for, and a conversation between him and the Vice-President followed. The latter expref?sed his gratification at the President's improved condition. Shortly after he left the house Mrs. Garfield returned from her drive. All anxiety about the Wliite House has disappeared upon the improvement of the President and the more than hope- ful assurance of the physicians. The President's son James and Colonel Rock- well's son were bnsy this afternoon making a balloon in tlie aute-rooni. Of course, the President can sign no papers, nor even talk about official busi- ness. Last Friday he signed a lot of blanks for appointments of postmasters, and left them with Mr. Brown. This was necessary on account of tlie daily changes among so large a class of ofiicers. His intention was to direct, away from the city, as the necpssity arose, the filling of these blanks with names that should be agreed upon. These blanks are now being utilized for the appointment business of the Post Ofllce Department. The Postmaster-General, when it is necessary to make an appointment, notifies the White House, and a blank is filled out. This is the only business of an executive character that is now or has been transacted since last Saturday morning. Among the articles which arrived were several Houkah fans. They came from Philadelphia. They are just like the common palm-leaf palm, only about seven times larger. About 11 o'clock the fire-engines, which were ordered out to assist the cooling operations, were at the east of the house, down the area, to-day. No apparatus has yet been used in the President's room; The Jennings apparatus has been working some, but the air from it being a little damp the process has not been finally completed. This plan consists of foi-cing air through pipes over a chamber filled with ice, and then drying it. The heating pipes of the house are used to conduct the air to the room where desired. It comes into the room through the register. When tried this morning in General Swaira's room the register was found to be a little damp. Damp air is not wanted in the sick room. Mr. Jen- nings says he will soon have the process perfected. The other process being perfected is that of Mr. Dorsey, which is simply the compression and expansion of air. Air is forced into a chamber until it is compressed to one-eighth its original volume, and then expanded by release from its confined quarters. The air goes through pipes to where it is wanted. The motive power for forcing the air for both of tliese processes is furnished by the fire department engines. This afternoon a load of machinery arrived from the navy yard to be used in connection with the Dorsey plan for cooling the President't room. Small engines are also being put in place outside the house. There will be no necessity for the fire department engines for either aparatus. as soon as the engines are got in working order, which will be'sometime this afternoon. A prominent physician of Washington makes the suggestion that a careful examination of every particle of the clothing worn by the President and pene- trated by the ball should be made to ascertain if any portion is missing. This examination should be made with a powerful glass that will detect the absence of any fiber, and show wliether any scrap or patcli has been carried into the wound. Bits of cloth are much more dangerous substances to be lodged in the body than lead bullets. The old-fashioned round ball was much more apt to carry portions of the clothing into a wound than the modein conical ball, such as was used by Guiteau; still the latter does very often take bits of fiber with it, and it should be ascertained definitely whether or not it did in this case. It is not unlikely that such examination has been made, but as no mention has been made of the fact, if it has been done, it is thought proper to make this suggestion. ''^'^i^^Mf'/'i^'' ■■■ 73 The room occupied by the President, according to an old attache of the Execu- tive Mansion, has always been used by the Presidents. General Taylor, who died' in the Executive Mansion, occupied the room during the winter, but as was the custom always removed to the northwest chamber for the summer, and he died there on the 9th of July, 1850. Except for its closer proximity to tlie street this room would be much more desirable and cooler for the President now. During the visit of the Prince of Wales, in Buchanan's term, he occupied this northwest room, and it was afterwards called the state bed-room. Daring Lincoln's admin- istration it was newly furnished, the bedstead being magnificently carved, the work of a Boston firm. The first to occupy the room was General Burnside, on the night when, against his personal wishes, he had to take command of the forces after General McClellan was recalled. Tlie room adjoining the President's, into which it was reported he had^, been removed, is one of the handsomest in tlie man- sion, and during Buchanan's term was occupied by his niece, Miss Harriet Lane July 10. — The few persons admitted to see the President yesterday were par- ticularly impressed with the improved appearance of his face. When Colonel Rock- well went in to see him he found that his color was more natural than at any time since he was shot. The President manifested a disposition to talk a great deal, and the doctor in attendance had to caution him about it, and the danger if per- sisted in. While Colonel Rockwell was with him the President said: "Rockwell, I hear that the Catholics iiave been saying masses for my recovery; is it true?" ''It is," responded Colonel Rockwell. "Were they spontaneous or ordered?" asked the President. "Both," said Rockwell. "Well," said the President, "when I get up, I must make some recognition of this." Mrs. Garfield is exceedingly confident of the President's recovery, and will not look on the dark side at the bare possibilities. She telegraphed herself for Dr. Boynton, in whom she feels great confidence, and his presence has increased her confidence in the President's recovery. Since the arrival of Dr. Boynton Mrs.. Garfield has been greatly relieved, and site no longer hesitates to leave her hus- band's bedside and take rides in the open air. Dr. Boynton i^ in constant attendance on the President, and at Mrs. Garfield's request will remain at the White House during the critical period, and if the Presi- dent sufficiently recovers will yccompany him to such place as may seem most desirable for his complete restoration to health. Dr. Pomerine, surgeon of General Garfield's old regiment, and for some years Surgeon- General of Ohio, came here promptly on hearing of the shooting of the President, expecting that he might be of some service. He was taken in to the President by Mrs. Garfield, but was very quickly invited to leave by the physician in attendance, and of course complied with the request, although feeling keenly the discourtesy, not to s:iy rude treatment accorded him. He returned to Oiiio a sadder man, and wondering how the President's regular physi- cian could be so unmercifully thrust aside and all his rigiits ignored. Surgeon- General Wales, in conversation yesterday with the Secretary of the Navy, cived a case, well authenticated, of a wound of the abdomen from buck- shot, where the patient exhibited favorable symptoms, and where the temperature and pulre became perfectly normal, and yet death ensued on the eighteenth day. If the diagnosis it the physicians is correct, two threat dangeis now attend the President — secondary hemorrliage and pya?mia. It is well known to the medical profession that a persors may die of peritonitis with the tenipeiaSiure even below that whi< h has been recorded from day to day in the President's case. The propriety of suriQuuding the President's bed with cold wet sheets and blankets suspended has been severely criticised medically, and in consequence- they were quickly remc^ved. The scenes at the White House last night presented a wide contrast with those of a week ago. There were but few lights burning in the official part of the build- ing. Private Secretary Brown's office was the rendezvous for the newspaper cor- respondents. During the evening all of the Cabinet officers called, some of them accompanied by their wives. By 11 o'clock all the members of the Cabinet had gone for the night except Secretary Blajne, who, with his son, remained a half hour later. Each one seemed pleased with the parting intelligence they had received from the attending physicians. Dr. Reyburn came out of the sick room about 11:15 P. M. and immediately was surrounded by a flock of reporters, and ia answer to his question of "What is the latest news from the President?" Dr, Reyburn replied: "The President is resting quietly at present, and seems much 6 74 refreshed by the sleep from which he has just awoke. On wakuig he complained of a heavy feeling, accompanied by an acute pain in his limbs. The President said: 'If t could get rid of these pains in my legs I would rest easier.' " "I thought all the pain had left his limbs, doctor," put in a scribe." "Oh, no !" said the doctor, "not entirely. There will be an unpleasant feeling in liis legs for some time to come." And after saying good-night to all present the doctor left for his home to take a muelvneeded rest. Dr. Bliss came out of the sick room and was soon joined by District Attorney Corkhill, who came in about 10 o'clock. They took seats neartiie window overlooking the river — and the malarial flats— and were engrossed in earnest conversation, during wliich the Bliss-Baxter controversy was discussed. Dr. Bliss thinks Dr. Baxter overstepped the bounds of professional etiquette by the manner in which he addressed him. The interview between Colonel Corkhill and Dr. Bliss lasted almost an hour. It seemed like a week to some of tlie members of the press who were waiting to get a word from the doctor. An innocent-looking young man advanced and said : " T am a representative of the New York Herald'.'''' The doctor replied : "Well, sir, we don't think much of the New York Herald here. It pretends to know more about the President's condition than the attenaing physK.-ians. Now, if the New York Herald thinks it will gain anything by mud-throwing let it keep on. It has been said that we are representing the case to be more serious than it really is. Now, such accusations are unjust and unkind." Here a messenger brought from the consultation room an anatomical plate, and Dr. Bliss explained to Colonel Corkhill the supposed course of the ball. All present in the room gathered around the desk and listened attentively to his lucid explanation. About 11 o'clock Dr. Bliss went into the sick room, where he and Dr. Wood- ward kept watch during the night. At this time the President was sleeping qui- etly, with his pulse, respiration and temperature about the same as at the time of the previous bulletin. The workmen were engaged all night at the eastern end of the building trying to get the ventilating apparatus in working order in case of extreme warm weather. They were lighted in their work by a huge locomotive reflector. By 12 o'clock the house was shut up for the night, and the waiting crowd outside were informed that there would be no more bulletins until morn- ing, owing to the favorable condition of the President. Major Swaim, in conversation with a group of gentlemen last evening, said that the Presidt'ut had told him that he at times had been very despondent, but that he had fought strenuously against his feelings and had conquered, and his re- coverj^ was now only a question of time. Major Swaim said : •' Mr. President, the people, with one accord, are in sympathy with you." The President replied : " Yes ; but it is a V' ry sore heart." The basement of the Executive Mansion is gradually assuming tlie appearance of an extensive machine shop or of a model-room in the Patent Office. Every hour adds to the number of engines, ventilating fans, steam-blowers, electric motors and refrigerating mechanical devices, which sanguine inventors from all parts of the country are bringing in and offering to the attending surgeons, with assurances that they will lower the temperature of the President's room from ten to thirty degrees. From the ba.sement, near the main entrance, comes faintly the hum and hiss of an engine and boiler taken from a steam launcli at the navy yard, and Irought here to run a blower or fan which is forcing artificially cooled air, or, to speak more correctly, air which is supposed to be artificially cooled, into tlie President's chamber. At the eastern end of tlie Mansion lies a large iron boiler, which is shortly to be brought in and set up to furnish more power, and near it stands one of th.e city fire engines, which was used last night in an unsuc- cessful attempt to refrigerate air by alternate compress-ion and expansion. In the Cabinet officei^s' room stands a meclianical device, whic'i resembles as much as anything one of the wooden towers on wheels used in ancient warfare, and which is regarded by tliose who are compelled to pass it with a sort of suspicious appre- hension, as if it were an infernal machine of undefined but destructive power. In the lower hall an apparatus, which looks a little like an old-fashioned sign-post from a country cross-road, is rotating slowly on an axis formed by its upright shaft, sweeping its one arm in a wide circle lilfe a capsized and half-dismantled windmill. In the private secretary's room and the upper corridors may be seen air-cooling machines of all sorts, from what appears to be a Brobdigagnian squir- rel-ti'ap with a revolving cylinder to a contrivance for carrying an endless band 75 of Turkish towelinoj through a tank of ice water. Most of these machines have already been tried and condemned. They would be adequate, perhaps, in a small room, but in a room of the dimensions of the President's chamber they have no perceptible effect. Various and often paradoxical reasons are assigned by the proprietors of these machines for their failure to produce the required refrigera- tion. One inventor this afternoon, after loading his apparatus with a hundred poimds or more of ice and setting it in operation, and after watching vainly in perspiring anxiety for the expected current of cool air, explained to the by- standers that his machine generally raised the temperature three or four degrees in the beginning, but that this would be followed by intense refrigeration. Tlie first part of his statement was generally accepted as true, but the last part still awaits verification. Thus far only one of the many fanning and ventilating ma- chines which have been tried has seemed to be really useful and valuable, and that is a two-bladed brass screw like a steamer's propellor, which is whirled at a very high rate of speed by an electric motor, and which throws a strong, steady stream of air to a distance of twelve or fifteen feet. Unfortunately, the electric motor makes a loud, continuous hum, which, in the judgment of the attending surgeons, would interfere with the President's rest. Its use has therefore been discontinued. Although all the machines hitherto tried have failed, partially or totalljs to meet the requirements of the case, too much cannot be said in acknowl- edgment and praise of the cheerful readiness of inventors in all parts of the coun- try to put themselves to trouble and expense in coming here with devices which they hope will alleviate the President's discomfort and contribute to his recovery. Most of them have been actuated by the sinceiest motives of sympathy and regard lor the President, and many have expressly requested that, whether their ma- chines were useful or not, no mention should be made of their names. A score or more of men cheerfully and eagerly volunteered to work all of last night in set- ting up refrigerating and ventilating machinery merely that they might do what lay in their power to add to the President's comfort. 4 P. M. — The President has been more comfortable to day than at any time since he was wounded. His children were permitted to see him this morning, and the attending physicians report at 4 P. M. that he is improving satisfactorily. Kone of the sj^stems of artificial rt-frigeration thus far tried have entirely met the sanguine anticipations of their inventors and suggestors, but as the weather con- tinues reasonably cool, the President has not sutt'ered much from the heat since Thursday. Experiments are still being made with refrigerating apparatus in anticipation of a return of the liot weather, which is predicted by General Hazen. 7.15 P. M. — The President's condition has continued favorable during the day. The febrile reaction does notdift'er materially from that of yesterday. Pulse, 108 ; temperatui-e, 101.9; respiration, 24. — D, W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. There is beirinning to be considerable doubt whether the original diagnosis of the President's wound did not make it more alarming than it really was. The New York Herald in a leading editorial (and leaders in such cases, though written by laymew, are almost sure to represent high professional authority) boldly says: "We have interpreted all this as the evidence that the man was less seriously hurt than had been apprehended, for we were more disposed to believe tiiat a surgeon was at fault in his diagnosis than that the ordinary operations of nature were set aside for this occasion;" and goes at length into its reasons for refusing to believe that the ball penetrated the liver or entered the abdominal cavity. It quotes Sur- geon-General William A. Hammond, retired, as remarking upon yesterday's bul- letin : " That would indicate a slight fever, but nothing more than would result from a flesh wound, if the President continues over Sunday as he is now I see no reasoii why he should not recover. Ii after seven davs tliere is no fever, no inflam- mation, nor any of the symptoms that would indicate the presence of the bullet in the abdomen, the chances are a thousand to one it is not there. I don't believe it is. I think the diagno-is has been wrong from tiie beginning. I don't believe the ball passed tLrough the liver, and I don't believe it is in tlie abdomen. There has been no wound in the liver nor any of the peritoneum. I think the bullet struck the ribs and probably the thick muscles in the side and then glanced off. It will be found in the small of the back or maj^ be lower down. Judging by the report bulletined from the White House the President is not so well as he has been since the shooting, still there is not much difference nor much cause for alarm in his condition. Up to this we have been going on the theory supplied us that the ball 76 passed through the liver; now we are almost confident it did nothing of the kind." Dr. Faneuil D. Weisse, professor of practicg.1 and surgical anatomy in the medical department of the university of the city of New York, has, for several days past, been engaged in making some experiments upon a cadaver with a view to ascertaining the probable course pursued by the bullet in the President's body. A reporter of the Times called upon the professor at his office on West Twenty- second street Friday evening and found him quite well pleased with the result of his experiments thus far. "Since the shooting of the President," said the professor, "or rather after tlie first forty -eight hours after the shooting, being deeply interested in the case, I had evolved a theory which seemed to be strengthened day by day as the case pro- gressed. I determined to make some observations by special dissections in the region involved by the wound. The results of my dissections were such that they seemed to confirm or at least givt Isave penetrated the liver without passing through the pleura and wounding the peritoneum, and I do not believe the peritoni-um was wounded at all." "You are convinced, then, that the liver was not touched ?" "Very nearly convinced. I see a great many more reasons for thinking it was not wounded than theie are reasons for believing that it was. The pains of which the President complained in his legs and feet were undoubtedly caused by an injury to the sciatic nerve. In brief, the ball, striking the eleventh rib, was deflected down- ward. It may or it may not have opened the lower portion of the pleura. It reached the anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle, tracked through the fat on its surface without wounding ^he peritoneum, wounded the ilio hypo- grastric and ilio ingr.inal nerves distributing to the skin of the scrotum. Hence the pain and soreness of the skin of the scrotum. Continuing on its course, the ball reached the surface of the illiacus internus muscle, passing through the 77 substance of or below tbe proas magnus muscle and lodged upon the lumbosacral cork of the sacral plexu-, or even beyond that chord upon the sacral plexus. That the leash of the nerveg forms the contributing nerve trunks, which in turn form the sciatic nerve. This nerve leaves the lower abdominal cavity, passing down the back of the thigh, distributing to the muscles of the leg and foot; hence the immediate pain in the President's right leg and foot, and the tingling, the cramps, the subsequent soreness and numbness which were due to the pressure of the ball. The bullet probably remains there, pressing upon tliis origin of the sciatic nerve. Therefore, the sensitiveness of the patient's lower extremities continues. The immediate fall of the President when wounded, together with the occurrence of vomiting, are symptoms of injury co the nerves." "Is there any safe way of getting the bullet out under the present circum- stances?" "I presume the bullet had, better be let alone for the present. I do not want to say anything about treatment, however, but I am satisfied the bullet can be felt. A finger insinuated in the dissected body upon the sacral plexus can be felt by another finger inserted into the rectum, and the bullet in the President's body is undoubtedly on the sacral plexus." Executive Mansion, July 12, 8 A. M. — The President is comfortable this morning. The rise of temperature noted in last evening's bulletin began to dimin- ish about an hour later. Pulse, 96; temperature, 99.6; respiration, 22. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. VYoodward, Robert Reyburn. Mr. Brown, the President's secretary, this morning sent the following note to the members of the Cabinet. !t explains what was thought last evening to be aa unfavorable change in the President's condition : "The unfavorable symptoms which made their appearance yesterday afternoon have entirely subsided. The President passed a very comfortable, restful night, and this morning his pulse is 96 and temperature 99.6. This would seem to indi- cate that the increased pulse and temperature of last evening was merely a tem- porary fluctuation, due, as the surgeons supposed at the time, to some momentary tax upon his nervous system rather than to any permanent unfavorable change in his condition. — J. S. Brown, Private Secretary." 1 P. M.— The President is passing a comfortable day. Pulse, 100 ; temperature, 100.8; respiration, 24.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Birnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. The President'- condition at half-past one this afternoon was much better than at the same time yesterday. The President was very cheerful ; the physicians equally so. One of the attending ph5'sicians is constantly by his side. His appe- tite to-day has been better than since the shooting. Every two hours the Presi- dent is given three ounces of milk with a small dram of rum. Tills morning he was given a slice of milk toast. All of this he retains on his stomach. He seemed to enjoy the toast. The color of the President's skin is perfectly natural, and the skin cool. The usual amount of pus was discharged from the President's wound today. It was of a healthy character. Although the President was so weak ■\t 2 o'clock this afternoon that he could only raise his head with difficulty all the physicians agree in the opinion that he is in an imoroved condition. Dr. Bliss at this hour — 2 P. M. — reports that the President's condition has been steadily improving ever since morniiig. The transient increase in pulse and tem- perature last night was only a natural fluctuation of the fever and not an indication of any unfavorable change. The President is better in every way this afternoon than at the corresponding hour yesterday, and he ha^ not a symptom which need cause uneasiness. His pulse at 2 p. m. is only 96, and although he has taken no anodyne since yesterday, he is now sleeping a quiet, natural sleep. The atmosphere of his room is still maintained by the refrigerating apparatus in the basement at the steady temperature of 75 degrees, which the President finds most comfortable. The surgeons who have charge of th6 President's case, even in the excitement of the first hours, recognized the intense desire of the people to get information, and they arranged to issue frequent bulletins showing the state of the pulse, tem- perature and respiration. These bulletins have been most eagerly watched for throughout the whole civilized world. The use of technical terms in the bulletins could not be avoided, especially when the necessity of condensation, in order that they might be quickly prepared and frequently issued, is taken into consideiation. 78 It is but natural that very many persons should be unfamiliar with these tech- nical terms, and with the view of rendering tiie bulletins intelligible to all, the surgeons accompanied the figures showing temperature, pulse and respiration with a brief remark to the eftect that " the President's condition continues favora- ble," etc. These bulletins are now issued three times daily, and will be so contin- ued. Some explanation of the technical terms employed, and the maimer of determining the President's condition, will, no doubt, assist many to a quick comprehension of the bulletins, as it frequently occurs that the man of business or labor has but time for a glance at them, as he passes. " Pulse," on a bulletin, means the number of beats per minute of the patient's pulse. This, as every- body understands, is determined by counting the pulsations, watch in hand. "Temperature'' means the degree of heat, Fahrenheit, of the patient's body. This is ascertained by placing the bulb of a small thermometer, specially arranged and adapted for the purpose, in the mouth of the patient, or under the armpit, as tiie attending surgeon may see tit. Tlie highest degree registered by the mer- cury shows the temperature of the body. "Respiration " means the number of breathings per minute, and tiiese, like the pulsations, are ascertained by watch- ing and counting the times the chest rises and falls per minute. In good health the natural beats of the pulse vary in difterent persons. The average of adults is from sixty to seventy per minute. There are, however, very wide diiFerences, even in healthy persons. For instance, Bonaparte's natural pulse-beat was only about 42, while that of one of the lord justices of England (the name is not now remembered) was as high as 128 per minute. These, however, are extremes. Then, too, the pulse-beats of healthy persons vary at dilTerent times of the day, or according to the position of the body or to the activity or quiet of the person. The greatest frequency of the beat occurs during the middle of the day and the least about midnight. As a rule in health the pulse is quicker in the morning than in the evening, biit in a fever, especially in warm weather, this is i'i reversed, and the increase is in the evening. The President's pulse, since the hopeful symptoms of his case set in has invariably quickened in the evening and decreased in tlie morning. The doctors attributed the increase to the heat, stir and bustle incident to the daytime and the decrease to the cooler atmosphere and the general quiet which prevail at night. President Garfield's natural pulse, when in good health and quiet, is about 70 beats per minute. The highest pulsation yet reached in his case iias been 126. For the past several days it has ranged from 108 to 96. In cases of extreme lethargy the pulse has been known to go down to 17, and the other extreme on record is 200, the latter occurring in children alflicced with water on the brain. The average temperature or natural heat of the human body, in good condition of health, is 98^ degrees, (98. 5 Fahrenheit.) The 98th degree is marked on the tliermometer as " blood heat." Cases are on record in which the temperature rose to 108 in children and 107 in adults, but 105 is regarded as almost certain drath, and 104 as extreme'y dangerous. Raving yellow-fever patients are said to rarely go above 105. The President's temperature has been as low as 98.9, only four-tenths of a degree above normal. Last night it reached the highest point^l02.8. The surgeons ascribed this unusual rise — it had not been going above 101 and fractions— to excitement of the patient, produced by the hammering and other noises and stir necessary to tlie introduction of the pipes for the compressed air. The fact that the temperature receded this morn- ing to 99.6 proves the accuracy of this opinion. In cases of cholera the tempera- ture of the body has been known to fall to 77, but the icy hand of death already had hold of the patient. The President's respiration has varied 19 to 24. In health, and when entirely free from any exciting influence, the natural respira- tion (number of breathings per minute) of an adult is from fourteen to eigliteen ; but in cases of sickness and of wounds it has been recorded as low as 7 and as high as 100 per minute. " Peritonitis " is a term that was frequently used in the earlier bulletins to denote one of the dangers of the President's condition ; but his case has now reached a state of progress which relieves that apprehension. The term, briefly defined, means inflammation of the peritoneum, which is a membrane that envel- opes the intestines and other abdominal organs and generally the interior of the abdomen. Inflammation of that membrane is a most dangerous, if not fatal, phase of disease on a wound. "Tympanitis" was another unfavorable sympton in the earlier stages of the President's case, now happily passed. Its meaning was that the abdomen was 79 swelling up tight, like a drum (tympan) from an accimiulat'on of air or gases in the intestinal tube or in the peritoneum. The tympanitis tlisappexred bBfore it developed to an alarming extent. Executive Mansion, Mly 13. 8.30 A. M.— The President is doing well thi^ marning. Pulse 90; temperature 98.5 ; respiration, 20. His gradual progress to-^ wards recovery is manifest, and thus far without serious complications. — [Signed by the physician?.] 1 P. M. — The President's condition continues favorable. Pulse, 92; temperature, 100.6 ; respiration 22.— [Signed by the physicians. | For about three hours last night the President was restless. He was sponged off, and shortly afterwards went to sleep, getting a very good night's rest for one in his condition. This morning opened more hopeful than ever for the President. His condition was better than it has been at any time. His pulse— 90 — was lower than at, any time since the wound was received. His temperature was normal, the first time it has been in that satisfactory condition, and his respiration has gone down to 20. In short, everything was not only satisfactory in every way, but tlie indications of a steady improvement more marked than ever. At 3 o'clock the President was resting quietly. The improvement over his con- dition heretofore, which was very noticeable this morning, continues. \t is as marked this afternoon, compared with the same hour yesterday, as the im- provement this evening was over his condition yesterday evening. The following telegram was sent by the attending surgeons to the consulting surgeons this afternoon : — "Executive Mansion, July 13, 1 P. M. — To Drs. Frank H. Hamilton and D. H. Agnew. The febrile rise yesterday afternoon was less marked and occurred at a later hour than on the previous day, and to-day, for the first time, the President's morning temperature fell to t.ie normal point. The general progress of his symptoms appears more favorable than hitherto. During^ the last twenty-four hours he has taken thirty-two ounces of milk and one ounce of rum. This morning he had also a slice of milk toast, and chewed the breast of a woodcock, but did not care to swallow the meat. He had last night one- quarter of a grain of sulphate of morphia hypodermically, (in no twenty-four hours during the past week has he received more than a single dose of this quantity,) and slept well during the night. This morning he received ten grains of the bi-sulphate of quinia. Yesterday at 7 P. M. his pulse was 104; temperature, 102.4; respiration, 24. To-day at 8:30 A. M., pulse, 90; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 20. At 1 P. M., pulse, 94; temperature, 100.6; respiration, 22. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Kobert Reyburn. Secretary Blaine sent the following cable this morning : Lowell, Minister, London: The President's condition this morning is much better than at any time since he was wounded. Temperature normal ; respiration very nearly normal ; pulse 96. Pain in feet and legs greatly diminished. Weather very warm, but President's room kept as cool as desired. — Blaine, Secretary. Executive Mansion, July 14, 8:30 A. M. — The President has passed a comfort- able night and continues to do well. Pulse, 90; temperature, 99.8 ; respiration, 22. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. 1 P. M. — The progress of the President's case continues to be satisfactory this morning. Pulse, 94; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 22. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. The 1 o'clock bulletin, this afternoon, is the best that has been issued yet. The pulse and temperature of the President were lower than at noon of any day yet. The President was given this afternoon a sandwich of raw beef. He ate it with satisfaction. At 1 o'clock his condition was of the most favorable character. The President at 3 o'clock this evening was unchanged from his very favorable condi*:ion. He is better than ever before. Each hour he seems to get better though. There is no longer any doubt that he is on the high road to recovery. The great danger is past. Unless some turn of a very serious and unfavorable character is taken the President can be said to be practically out of the great danger in which he has been. For the past ten days he has improved so much that nothing too hopeful can be said of his condition, except that his recovery will be rapid. It will be slow but sure, the doctors all say. 80 Last night at midnight the President was sleeping quietly, as he had been most -of the evening. His symptoms at that hour were all favorable. When he was last awake he asked Dr. Reyburn what the news was. The doctor replied that the governors of the several States had in view to issue, when he (the President) should be out of danger, proclamations appointing a general day of thankso lying to God for the answered prayers of the nation. The President seemed touched and grati- fied. In conversation with the President yesterday Colonel Rockwell made the remark to him that " the heart of the nation was in this room. " The words seemed to make an impression on him, and last night, while Colonel Rockwell was sitting by his bedside, he murmured in his sleep : "The heart of the nation will not let the old soldier die." Executive Mansion, July 15, 8.30 A. M.— The President has rested well during the night ; is doing admirably this morning, and takes his food with relish. Pulse, 90; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. 1 P. M.— The President doing very well. The President continues to do very well this morning. Pulse, 94 ; temperature, 98.5 ; respiration 18— D. W. Bliss, J. -J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. At 3 o'clock this afternoon the President was resting comfortably. His favor- able condition continued. He is doing better to-day than any day of his illness. He is stronger than yesterday. He is recovering surely. But little anxiety as to the final result is now felt. The President moved his legs considerably during the day, and has partly regained the use of his arms. The following telegram was sent by the attending surgeons to the consulting surgeons this afternoon : Executive Mansion, 1 P. M.— For Drs. Frank H. Hamilton and D. H. Agnew : The President continues to do well. The afternoon fever is daily less marked. A smaller quantity of milk has been given and solid food substituted and relished. He has had less rum, and at intervals of several hours some Tokay wine, in all about two ounces and a half of the latter, Last niglit his hypodermic injection consisted of 3 16 of a grain of morphia only, which proved sufficient to -secure rest. This morning W3 have altered the dose of sulphate of quinia to three grains, to be taken three times daily. Yesterday, at 7 P. M., his pulse was 98, temperature, 101 ; respiration, 23. To-day, at 8.30 A. M., pulse, 90; temperature, . 98.5 ; respiration, 18. At 1 P. M., pulse, 94 ; temperature, 98.5 ; respiration, 18.— J). W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. Mr. Jennings had the larger cooling apparatus at work la-t night. This ma- <<;hine will furnish some 100,000 feet of cool air hourly. The other one furnishes about 18,300 feet an hour. It will still be used to keep tlie President's room at the uniform temperature of 75 degrees. Tlie large macliine is said to cool the corri- dor, upon whicli tlie President's room opens. This invention has attracted a great deal of attention, because of its perfect success. Commodore Shock, chief of the bureau of Pteam-engineering, has made elaborate drawings of it for comparison, with the plans for the ventilation of ships employed in the navy. Mrs. Garfield yesterday paid a visit to the basement to examine the machine and was greatly pleased wich its workings. Dr. Woodward keeps a record of the amount of air furnished and its temperature, taking his data once every hour. He visits the basement every night. Professor Bell, of the telephone, arrived at the White House yesterday after- noon with an instrument for ascertaining by electricity the location of the bullet In the President's body. The instrument is called an induction balance. A num- ber of experiments with it were made last evening, but not on the President. It was decided that there was no necessity for disturbing the President in order to see if the machine would locate the ball in his body. It may possibly be time after the President gets up and is walking about, but not before. The ball, wherever it is, is not causing any alarm even if its exact location is not known. Utider such circumstances it is thought better not to disturb the President by an experiment with the machine. Executive MANStoN, July 16, 8:30 A. M.— The President has passed another good night, and is steadily progressing towards convalescence. Pulse, 90 ; tem- perature, 98.5; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. 81 In view of the f ivorable progress of the President's ease, the surgeons have de- cided to issue bulletins only in the morning and evening. The following telegram was sent by the attending surgeons to the consultmg surgeons this afternoon : Executive Mansion, 1 P. M.— To Dr. F. H. Hamilton and Dr. D. H. Agnew: The President progresses steadily towards convalescence. During the last 24 hours he has had but one-eighth of a grain of sulphate of morphia (in a single hypodermic injection at bedtime). He slept well and this morning expresses himself as feeling quite easy. The quinia is continued in three-grain doses three times daily. Hels taking a still larger nroportion of solid food, with more relish than hitherto, and some old Port wine lias been substituted for the Tokay, its fla- vor being preferred by the patient. The febrile rise yesterday afternoon was less than on anv day since you saw him. At 7 o'clock P. M. his pulse wa* 9S ; tem- perature, 98.5; respiration. 20. This morning, at 8:30. pulse, 90; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 18. At 1 P. M., pulse, 94; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. Hereafter, our dispatch to you will be sent afrer the evenir.g consultation.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, R >bert R-^yburn. No bulletin was issued at 1 o'clock this afternoon as heretofore. The tem- perature and pulse had gone up but very little, and there were no symptoms in the least unfavorable. There was no fever, nor any signs of it. The Presi- dent slept a good deal this morning. He is stronger than yesterday— stronger than at any time since the reaction from the shock of the wound. He was more cheerful this afternoon and did not complain of the pain. He still suf- fers pain but it is not so acute as it has been. Mrs. Garfield has been m the room with him since breakfast this morning fanning him and sometimes talk- ing a little with him. . tt ^ • j This afternoon has been a very comfortable one for the President. He did not talk any, but remained easily and quietly on his bed. He took a little sleep. At one time he had his eyes closed and appeared to be sleeping. Sud- denly he opened thein, and said to Colonel Rockwell, who was by the bed, "You thought I was asleep, but I was not." His breathing is perfectly free and easy. Executive Mansion, July 16, 7 P. M.— The President has passed a better day than any since he was liurt. The afternoon fever is still less than yes- terday. At 1 P. M. his pulse was 94; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. His pulse is now 98 : temperature, 100.2 ; respiration, 19.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. The history of the President's case to-day was almost a duplication of the record of the day before. At 10 o'clock last night there had been a further reduction of two-tenths in the maximum temperature for the 24 hours, which indicates a continued abatement of the afternoon fever, and there had also been a steady improvement in the general symptoms. The patient ate a small quantity of roast beef yesterday afternoon, swallowing both juice and fiber, and took the usual allowances of toast, milk, meat extract and wine. At 10 o-clock last night he was sleeping quietly after a hypodermic injection of one- eighth of a grain of morphia. The discharge from the wound continues to be normal in quantity and appearance, and from the fact that the»drainage tube cannot be pushed further than three inches and a half into the wound without encountering resistance, it is inferred that the pus all comes from that part of the bullet's track which lies between the external surface of the body and the ribs, and that the depths of the wound have closed. Dr. Reyburn, upon being asked at a late hour last night whether he regarded the President as out of danger, said : "I should hardly like yet to pronounce him safe, but he is rapidly approaching the safety line. There is not the slightest indication of pyfemia, the danger of secondary hemorrhage has almost entirely passed, the surgical fever has so far abated as to be apparent only for afewlioursin the afternoon and evening, and the patient is making steady progress toward convalescence." The Executive Mansion presented a quiet and almost deserted appearance yesterday, the callers being for the most part newspaper correspondents and reporters. The members of the Cabinet, with one or two exceptions, have gone either down the river or to Deer Park to escape the heat and to recover from the prostrating anxiety of the past two weeks. 82 Executive Mansion, July 17, 1:45 A. M.— The President has rested well since midnight, and at this hour is sleeping quietly. ^ . i , , The Presfdent's progress towards convalescence, noted in the official bul- letin of Saturday, steadily continues. He feels greatly refreshed by the rest- ful unbroken sleep which he had last night, and which was materially assisted by the agreeable change in the weather. His pulse is gradually lessening; it now being 88, with normal temperature and respiration. He will receive for breakfast beafsteak, toast, and meat-juice and poached eggs, and later on a little oatmeal cooked to a jelly. It is deemed best by the surgeons to give him solid, substantial food in the morning, discontinuing it at 1 o'clock, after which time only liquid nourishment is administered. Executive Mansion, July 18, 8:30 A. M.— The President has passed another comfortable niglit, and is doing well this morning. Pulse, 83; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. K.Barnes. J. J. Woodward, Robert Rey- 1. P. M.— The condition of the President has not materially changed since morning. He has no fever and is resting quietly. Pulse, 90; temperature and respiration normal. The following bulletin was sent this morning to the Cabinet officers by the President's private secretary: Executive Mansion, July 19, 8 A. M.— The slightly increased febrile rise which occurred yesterday evening, but which was not due to any unfavorable change in the condition of the wound, has entirely disappeared this morning, and. at this hour, the President's pulse is 90, with a normal temperature and respiration. He rested well during the night, at one time sleeping 3* hours without awakening, and is now feeling bright and comfortable. There will be a slight change in his diet, something else being substituted for potatoes and oatmeal, which have been found unsatisfactory. 8:30 A. M.— The President has passed a very good night, and this morning he was free from fever, and e.xpresses himself as feeling quite comfortable. Pulse, 90; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. At 2 o'clock this afternoon, the President's pulse was 92, with respiration and temperature normal. He slept more during the day, and was comfortable and easy. His appetite continues good, and he would eat more if it were given him. There is no sign of fever, and its return is not expected. At 3 o'clock this afternoon, the President's condition was still very favorable. He is having a very comfortable day. There was no sign of fever. The wound discharged copiously to-day. The discharge continues to be healthy. The patient is none the worse to-day from last night's fever. The following telegram was sent by the attending surgeons to the consult- ing surgeons last night: "Shortly after our dispatch of yesterday the President received a hypodermic injection of one-eighth of a grain of sulphate of morphia. He slept well dur- ing the night, and this morning at 8:30 o'clock had a pulse of 8S, temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. His day, however, was not quite as comfortable as yes- terday. Slight gastric disturbance was noted toward noon, m consequence ot which the quantity of nourishment administered was temporarily diminished. This was followed by rather more afternoon ''ever than yesterday, but the dif- ference was not great, and is thought to be merely a temporary fluctucvtion. About 1 P. M. his pulsQ was 98; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 18; at 7 P. M. pulse, 102; temperature, 100.7; respiration 21." Dr. Bliss, upon being asked at 10:30 o'clock last night whether there was anything in the patient's condition to justify uneasiness, replied: "Nothing whatever. He is doing well. The fever is subsiding. His pulse is below 100 again, and he is sleeping quietly. He became a little overwearied tnis after- noon, but he will probably be as well again to-inorrow morning as he was this. Executive Mansion, Jnhj 20, 8 A. M.— There is a decided improvement in the President's condition this morning. He slept very well during the night, and his pulse at this hour is 8(3, which is lower than at any previous time. 83 Temperature and respiration normal. The wound is doing well and is dis- charging freely and properly. The President's appetite is still good and great care will continue to be exercised in his diet. 1:30 P. M.— The President is passing a comfortable day and making steady progress toward convalescence, At this hour his pulse is 88, and liis tempera- ture and respiration are normal. At 2 o'clock this afternoon the President's temperature was 88, an increase of two beats since this morning. The temperature and respiration continue normal and he was resting easily. He dozed at intervals during the morning and afternoon. There w^as no fever at two. The condition of the patient was very favorable and satisfactory. He gets a little stronger almost daily, though the strength returns very slowly. The progress of the President towards recovery continues uninterruptedly. He has passed a quiet night. Pulse this morning 86; temperature. 98.4; respir- ation, 18. (Signed) D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Eey- burn. The following dispatch was sent last night by the attending physicians to the consulting physicians: "Last evening the President received a hypodermic injection of one-eight) i of a grain of sulphate of morphia, and slept well dur- ing the night. He continues to take sulphate of quinia in three-grain doses thrice daily, and has enamata wiien required. As anticipated, the increased fever of yesterday proved only temporary, and he has had a better day to-day than any since he was injured. The wound looks well and is discharging healthy pus freely. This morning at 8:30 his pulse was 90; temperature, 98. 4 degrees; respiration, IS. At 1 P. M., pulse 92; temperature, 98.5 degrees; res- piration, 19. At 7 P. M., pulse, 96; temperature, 9.98 degrees; respiration, 19. July 21.— The President passed a good night. He slept more continuously than heretofore ; in fact, from 1 to 5 o'clock he slept without a break. There was no fever during the night. This morning tlie President expressed a desire for more solid food than has been given him the past two days. The physicians did not grant all the President's request, but allowed him a piece of chicken, which he apparently enjoyed very much. In addition to the chicken he ate a piece of toast, with the juice of a steak squeezed over it, and some milk with a little old rum. He was more cheerful than usual this morning, and was allowed to talk without much restraint to Mrs. Garfield and the others who were in the room. The following official bulletin was issued this morning : Executive Mansion, July 21, 8:30 A. M.— The President has had a good night, and is doing excellently this morning. Pulse, 88; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. (Signed) D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Eobert Eeyburn. 2 P. M.— The President is steadily convalescing, and has thus far passed a quiet and comfortable day. He has had no fever since last night, and at this hour his pulse is 92 and his temperature and respiration are normal. Dr. Rey- burn said: "He is doing excellently. I am free to say to-day, as I did yester- day, that he is better than at any time during his illness. He is recovering very nicely." At 3 o'clock this afternoon the President had no fever, and everything was still of the most favoraole character. He has taken a good deal of liquid nour- ishment since breakfast. He has had milk and rum, and beef-tea at intervals. The following bulletin was sent, this morning, to each of the Cabinet officers by the President's private secretary : Executive Mansion, July 21, 8 A. M.— The improvement in the Presi- dent's condition continues to be steady and uninterrupted. His pulse this morning is 88, with a normal temperature and respiration. He is bright and cheerful, has an excellent appetite, and expresses a desire for more substantial nourishment. There is no better indication of his progress than the disposi- tion which he is now manifesting to think and to talk of outside matters. The surgeons express themselves as entirely satisfied with the progress of the case. The President's sick room always has plenty of pretty flowers in it. They are placed where he can see them and enjoy their fragrance. Mrs. Garfield at- tends specially to them. Every morning handsome bouquets are prepared in 84 the conservatory and taken to the President's room and the flowers of the day before are removed. The White House conservatory is one of the best in the . city and there is no trouble in keeping the flowers in the sick room constantly fresh. Colonel Eockwell passed the night in the President's room. He said this morning that it was a splendid night for the President. He was very comfort- able and restful, and had the best night since he was shot. Tlie President passed a very comfortable night. The first part of the night he dozed at intervals. The latter part of the night he slept very, very well and continuously. He had no fever during the night. The fact that he is steadily recovering— though the progress is by no means rapid— is patent more and more each day. The doctors all agree upon a sea voyage as soon as sufficient strength is regained; but tliey cannot say how soon that will be. The President was less restless last night than upon any night since he was wounded. He continues to improve in color and general appearance; but that improve- ment is commensurate with the regaining of strength; that is, it is very slow. Dr. Bliss, this morning, said: "Another most favorable day has set in." This morning's bulletin wa* as follows: 8:30 A. M.— Tlie President rested well during the night, and is quite easy this morning; pulse, 88; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 17.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Eeyburn. The improvement in the President's condition continues. He slept well during the night, the cool weather being greatly in his favor. This morning his pulse is 88, with a normal temperature and respiration. The nourishment now being administered more than supplies the waste, and while it is probable that he is daily adding a little to his strength, still it is found that his system is not yet capable of resisting any unusual excitement, and the surgeons in charge insist upon as perfect repose as can be secured. At half -past twelve o'clock the President was dozing. He dozed at intervals during the day. ISTo fever has appeared. The symptoms were all favorable, and the pulse normal. The President passed a very comfortable afternoon. He asked for water several times after he was given rum and milk at 12 o'clock. He is allowed but very little water. At 3 o'clock this afternoon there had been no fever nor any indications of it. He has dozen again this afternooii; not not so much as this morning. The pain in his legs is not so sharp to-day. At 3 o'clock, his temperature, pulse, and respiration were normal. The doctors agree that he is not far from the convalescent stage. The matter which is discharged from the President's wound is always sub- jected to microscopic examination. There has been found in the pus small particles or fragments of cloth. Upon close examination, these were revealed to be pieces of'^the President's pantaloons and shirt, which had been forced in the wound by tlie bullet. Their discharge w\t,s a very satisfactory sign, as it indicates that the wound is being thoroughly cleaned. When the President's wound was dressed this morning there was a fuller and freer discharge of pus than at any previous time. With the discharge came small portions of the clothing worn by the President on the morning he w^as shot. There was also thrown out a small piece of bone. It was a portion of the rib which was fractured by the ball. There also came out some slough, or dead tissue. These are the most satisfactory signs. They indicate that the w^ound is being cleaned out. The wound is in better condition to-day than at any time heretofore. The cooliii? apparatus continues to do its work satii^factorily. The temperature of the PresUlent't; room is kept under perfect control, and is regulated to the nicety of a balance wheel. Mr. Jennings, who has kept personal charge of it, continues on duty, and will not le>ve, he says, until the President is removed. Drs. Agnew and Hamihon were hurriedly sent for ai^ain, and on the 20th it was discovered that a pus cavity had been formed some three inches below the spot where tlie ball had entered, and this complication w is relieved by Dr. Agnew by a skillful use of the knife, making an incision some two inches deep below the mouth of the wound, which released a quantity of ahout two ounces of imprisoned pus. The next day. for the first time, the gravity of the comminutinn of tje rib was develop<'d, and Dr. Agnew at the morning dressing removed with his fingers and forceps a number of sharp splinters of bone, which had been, it was believed 60 up to this time, the aggravating cause of the large pus discharge and the formation of the pocket which had necessitated the incision. The operation was a severe one, but was borne without etherization, the patient being relieved simply by an application of carbolized ?pray to the parts to which the knife was applied. The President was very much weakened by the shock of (his treatment, and to such an extent was it manifest that it showed in his voice, his accelei'ated pulse, and gen- eral debility. Executive Mansion, July 23. 10 A. M. — Tiie President was more restless last night, but this morning, at 7 A. M., while preparations were made to dress his wound his temperature was found to be normal ; pulse, 02 ; temperature, 9S.4 ; respiration, 19. At 7.30 he had a slight rigor, in consequence of which the dress- ing of his wound was postponed. Reaction followed promptly and the dressing has now just been completed. At present his pulse is 110 ; temperature, 101 ; respiration, 24., — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. 7.30 P. M. — The progress of the President's case continues without material change. At 1 P. M. the pulse was 98; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. At 7 P. M,, pulse, 98; temperature, 100.2 ; respiration, 19. Jul]i 24. — The President's fever last night was very sharp. He subsequently per- spired and it partly went oflf that way, but this morning it took the shape of a chill. The chill lasted about fifteen minutes, and the President shook with it very much. It was a pretty severe chill. At one time the pulse reached 130 — a most unsatis- factory sign. It dropped back right away, however. The chill set in about 8 o'clock, and it was a little after 9 before the reaction took place. After it the patient rested pretty comfoi tably. The doctors do not assign any exact reason for the President's unsatisfactory condition to-day. They say that it is probably caused by the failure of the wound to discharge freely. >Vhen it was dressed this morning the wound did not give forth near as much matter as during the past few days. By pressing on the body a little was forced out. It is possible, the doctors think, that a new formation is being made near the bullet. The method of dress- ing the wound was changed a little this morning. Dressing that will keep the wound more open was applied. The drainage tube was also changed for one a little longer. The new tube was so adjusted that it penetrated the wound about three inches and a half from the opening. In dressing the wound this morning, when it was found that the discharge was by no means free, the pressing upon the abdomen, which has heretofore caused u||flow of pus, was tried, but it did not work satisfactorily. This would indicate an accumulation of matter where the bullet is located. Mr. Gladstone, the English Premier, has written the following note to Mrs. Gar- field. Its text was cabled to the State Department through Minister Lowell at London : London. July 21. — Madam : You will, I am sure, excuse me, though a per- sonal stranger, for addressing you by letter to convey to you the assurance of my own feelings and those of my countrymen on the occasion of the late horrible at- tempt to murder the President of the United States in a form more palpable at least than that of messages conveyed by telegraph. Those feelings have been feelings in the first instance of sympathy and afterwards of joy ai d thankfulness almost comparable, and, I venture to say, only second to the strong emotions of the great nation of which he is the appointed head. Individually I have, let me beg to believe, had my full share in tlie sentiments which have possessed the Brit- ish nation. They have been prompted and quickened largely by wl^at, I venture to think, is the ever-growing sense of harmony and mutual respect and aftection between the two countries and of a relaiionsliip which from year to year becomes more and more a practical bond of union between us, but they have also drawn much of their strength fi-om a cordial admiration of the simple heroism which has marked the personal conduct of the President, for we have not yet wholly lost the capacity of appreciating such an example of Christian faith and manly forti- tude. This exemplary picture has been made complete by your own contribution to its noble and touching features, on which I only forbear to dwell beca use I am directly addressing you. I beg to have my respectful compliments and congratu- lations conveyed to the President, and to remain, dear madam, with great esteem, your most faithful servant, W. E, Gladstone. 86 In reply to this Secretary Blaine last niglit telegraphed as follows : Washington, D. C, July 22. — Lowell, Minister, London : I have laid before Mrs. GarJiekl, the note of Mr. Gladstone just received by cable.- I am requested by her to say that ainono- the many manifestations of interest and expressions of sympathy which have leached her none has more deeply touched her heart than the kind words of Mr. Gladstone. His own solicitude and condolence are received with gratitude. But far beyond this she recognizes that Mr. Gladstone rightfully speaks for the people of the British isles, whose sympathy in this national and personal affliction has been as quick and sincere as that of her own countrymen. Hei* chief pleasure in Mr. Gladstone's cordial letter is found in the comfort which it brings to her husband. The President is cheered and solaced.on his painful and weary way to health by the many messages of sympathy which in his returning strength he safely receives and most gratefully appreciates. Blaine, Secretary. Executive Mansion, hdy 25, 8.30 A. M. — The President has passed a more comfortable night, and has had no rigor since that reported in the bulletin yester- day morning. He is doing well this morning. Pulse, 96; temperature, 98.4 ; res- piration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Eobert Keybnrn. As yesterday wore on it became more and more evident that the operation performed upon the President in the morning had been very benefical in its results. The pus which had collected in the cavity, and winch was the cause of the Presi- dent's critical condition, flowed freely. It came from both the wound and the counter opening. A semi-circular tube through the incision and connecting with the track of the wound, allowed the cavity to be washed thoroughly. The doctors announced early last evening that the collected matter had been thoroughly cleaned out. This allowed the discharge from the wound to be resumed — the obstruction having been removed. The discharge was free and full. The removal of the pus from the cavity took with it all fear of blood poisoning at present. The symptoms of pyiTemia which were so strongly marked were caused by the accumulated pus. There is yet danger of py?emia, however. Another cavity may form. Medical opinion is that there is more probability of the formation of another cavity where the one just removed was located than at any other point along the track of the wound. Great care by keeping the cavity perfectly clean is taken to prevent such a new formation. The President rented ■« ell yesterday afternoon. He ate more toast with beef jucie and took his milk and rum at intervals. There is everything to encourage the hope that the President's improvement will continue. Drs. Hamilton and Agnew both feel greatly encouraged after the operation of yesterday, but at the same time admitted that the patient was in much danger yet and had a long road to travel before recovery. In an interview with a representative of the Associated Press, at 8 o'clock last evening. Dr. Keybnrn expressed the opinion that the crisis of the disturbance caused by the formation of the pus cavity had passed, and that there is now every reason to expect an abatement, if not an entire disappearance of the unfavorable symptoms of the last thirty-six hours. In explaining the nature of the operation performed by Dr. Agnew yesterday morning and the necessitj' for it. Dr. Eey- burn made in substance the following statement: "The direction taken by the ball after it entered the body was forward and slightly downward until it struck one of the ribs. It was then deflected still further downward and a little to the right, so as to make an acute angle with the line of the back. In other words, when a probe was introduced into the wound to a depth of thi'ee and a halt inches its direction was sucli that its inner end was Only about an inch and a half from the outside of the body at a point lower down. The examination, which was made in the presence of Drs. Agnew and Hamilton, this morning, showed tiiat a pus cavity had formed in the track of the ball near and beyond the point where it glanced from the rib, and tliatthe cavity could be reached by a direct jncision three inches below the mouth of the wound. It was deci'led at once to perform the operation. No anasstiietics were used, but the part to be operated upon was benumbed by the spray of ether, and a wide cut was made into the pus cavity, which was reached at a depth of little more than an inch. With the aid of a probe and a pair of for- ceps, a drainage tube, which is a sn'iall flexible tube of rubber perforated w^ith holes, was then introduced into the wound made by the ball, and then after being carried through the pus cavity, was brought out through the newly-made incision. 87 One end of the tube then projected from the cut made by the surgeon's knife to the ether from the mouth of the original wound. As the pus oozed into the tube through the perforation, it could escape from eitiier end, and was repeatedly washed out with a weak solution of carbolic acid and water, which was thrown through the tube in a stream. The discharge which followed the opening of the pus cavity- was entirely satisfactory to the surgeons, and was soon followed by relief to the patient. The drainage tube had been left as it was originally placed, and will remain there for the present. If the wound discharges freely tt rough the new opening the tube may perhaps be witl'.drawn from the old one in order to allow the latter to heal. The incision made to-day is in direct line with thedeeper parts of the wound, and it is thought that the pus will escape through it without any of the obstructions which impeded its outflow along the track of the bali, and which caused the pus cavity." In reply to the question whether another pus cavity is likely to form and bring about a r"ecur)ence of the alarmiu!); symptoms of yesterday. Dr. Reyburn said: "I cannot answer positively, but as the pus now has free egress, I do not t.iink it probable that another cavity will form. Upon being asked whether theie were or had been any symptoms in the Tresident's case of pjpemiaor blood-poisoning. Dr. Reyburn said: -'None whatever; rigor of course may be a symptom of pyaemia, but it is also a symptom of various other complications, and it does not point to pyaemia in the present ease. The pus continues healthy, and the characteristic symptoms of pyjemia are all wanting. You may say upon my authority that no indications of blood-poisoning have been observed, and that we have no reason to expect any:" The following official bulletin was issued after the consultation and operation yesterday : The President was more restless than usual during the night and had another rigor just before midnight. This morning at 8:15 his pulse wa>^ 98; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. A eonsultation'was then held with Dr. Hamilton, of New York, and Dr. Agnew, of Philadelphia, after which a counter opening was made through the integument of the back, about three inches below the wound, which, it is hoped, will facilitate the drainage of pus and increase the chance of recovery. The President bore the operation well, and his pulse is now 112. The news of an alarming change in the President's condition was so unexpected that it was like a shock to the country. Favoiabie reports of the President's pro- gress had gone out from day to day, until the public mind settled upon the con- viction that he was out of danger. A relapse was not apprehended. The first information sent out from the White House Saturday morning was of an assuring character. It cautiously alhided to a slight febrile rise of the night before, and closed with a reference to a '' gain in the President's favor." This conveyed the impression that he was doing well. Following this, within an hour or two, w^as the bulletin of the surgeons stating that the President had passed a restless night, and had had a "slight rigor" that morning. The figures given showed an in- crease of fever, which caused general alarm. The fear that the President was in greater danger than the bulletins indicated took possession of the people, and everv face was marked with the deepest anxiety. Tlie news to-day is reassuring, and it now looks as if hope may reasonably take the place of fear again. The surgical operation performed yesterday was followed immediately by good eff"ect, ^nd it has apparently removed the cause of all the trouble. The President rested well last night, his fever has once more abated, the discharge of pus from the wound continues to be free, and everything looks hopeful. The grave danger which confronted the President Saturday is passed. Of course the danger re- mains of the formation of other abscesses, but the chances are that each new de- velopment of the sort can be successfully dealt with, as in this case. July 26.— Matters at the White House to-day were quiet. The members « f the Cabinet and one or two others were all who called during the forenoon and early afternoon, Now and then an intimation came to the house of certain wild re- ports that were in circulation. One had it that mortification had set in, and that the President was in danger of death within a few short hours. Another was that blood poisoning was fully developed. It is almost unnecessary to say that neither of these reports had any foundation in truth. There was not the excite- ment created by these wild reports that was induced by similar ones which were circulated last Saturday. The operation performed this morning was not so im- portant though more painful and longer in duration than the operation last Sun- day. Dr. Agnew continues to speak hepefuljy of the patient. The good results of the operation were perfectly apparent this aftemoon in the President's reduced pulse and the half-hour's sleep that he obtained. July 27.— The information from the President is cheering indeed. He slept all throuo'h last night with the exception of a single brief interval, and the bcntlicent effects of this refreshing rest, just at this time, could scaicely be overestimated. He is apparently on the road to convalescence once more. The surgeons believe now that ihe worst is passed. Since yesterday forenoon the President has con- tinued to improve, and last night he expressed himself as feeling better than he had for several days. There is every reason now to hope for his recovery. The suro-eons have evidently handled the case with the greatest care and skill. During the^past several days they have been subjected to sharp, almost fierce criticism from some journals, but the marked improvement in the President will overcome any feeling of doubt in the public mind that these arraignments of their course and treatment may have caused. The surgeons may feel assured that they have the confidence of the country, and that their efforts in behalf of the President entitle them to the nation's gratitude. Executive Mansion, July 28, 8 A. M.— The President rested well during the night, and no rigor or febrile disturbance has occurred since the bulletin of yesterday evening. This morning the improvement of his general condition is distinctly perceptible. He appears refreshed by the night's rest, and expresses him-^elf cheerfully as to his condition. Pulse, 92; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18._Frank H. Hamilton, J. J. Woodward, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, Robert Key burn. The doctors had beforehand agreed that the President should be removed from the room in which he has rested since he was brought from the. depot. The new room selected for him is that right acit)ss the corridor from the one heretofore occupied, which is the southwest room of the building, overlooking the river. The new sick chamber is the northv^e-t room of tlie house, looking out upon the parking in front, upon Pennsylvania avenue and Lafayette Square. The removal was accomplished by wheeling the bed upon which the President rested very slowly and carefully out of the old i com, and across the corridor into the new. The change was made without any shnck to the patient, and without disturbing him in the least. The reason of this change was that the President might be in perfectly pu' e quarters not pervaded by any of the odors which always are to be found in an apartment occupied for any length of time by the sick. Everything in the new sick chamber had been carefully arranged before the change was made. The room heretofore occupied wa-^ thoroughly cleaned. The matting and the drugget over the bed were rnnoved, all the windows were thrown open, and the room is being thoroughly purified. It is probable that the Pi esident will be moved back to his old quarters when another change is necessary. It is so pleasant to-day Lhat there is no need of artificial cold. Che pipes for cold air Will not be luu' in the northwest room and the President will stay there only temporarily— until the room across the corridor is thoroughly cleane-i and purified. Executive Mansion, July 29, 8.30 A. M.— Immediately after the evening dres^ino-yesterdyy. Hie President's afternoon fever began gradually to subside. He slept well during the night, and this morning is free from fever, looks wi41. and expresses himself cheerfully. No rigors have occurred during the pasc twenty-four hours nor indeed at any time !.ince the 25ih inst. A moderate rise of tempera- ture in the afternoon is to be anticipated for some days to come. At present his pulse is 92, temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. The President this afternoon continued in his very favorable condition. He slept a little during the afternoon and there was no fever. All the physicians, in- cluding' Dr H imilton, continue to express themselves in the most hopeful terms. At 3 o'^iloc'k this afternoon the President was doing very nicely. There has been no unfavorable change and nothing to indicate but a veiy satisfactory condition of the President. tt u t. a The history of the President's case presents no new features. He has rested quietly throughout the day, taking a small quantity of solid food for the first time Garfield's Family 89 ill a week and sleeping at intei-vals naturally and peacefully. The usual febrile symptoms showed themselves late in the afternoon, but began to subside soon after the evening examination. The discharge of pus at the dressing of the wound last night was copious and of a healthy character. It is impossible to say definitely whether the discharge comes now from the end of the wound where the ball lies or from the suppurating surface along the ball's track near the wound's mouth, but it is probable that the latter is the case. July 30.— 8.30 A. M.— The President slept well during the night and this morning is cheerful and expresses himself as feeling better than at any time since he was hurt. After the slight rise of yesterday afternoon his temperature became again normal early in the evening and so continues. He appears stronger and has evidently made good progress on the road towards recovery during the last few days. His pulse is now 94; temperature, 9S.4; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K, Barnes, Robert Reyburn, Dr. Hayes Agnew. Everything was as favorable at 3 o'clock this afternoon as it was this morning. The President Was doing very well. There has been no drawback in the nature of fever or other disturbance. General Swaim said at 3 o'clock : " We are half a day further on, and everything is progressing as well as possibly could be expected." The President passed Saturday evening and yesterday most comfortably. He was raised again yesterday and remained in that posture for some time. The fever Saturday evening appeared later and went away earlier. There was but a little rise yesterday evening and it soon subsided. The President's appetite yes- terday was very good. In addition to the liquid nourishment and a small piece of tenderloin steak he was allowed mutton chops. He took during the day 24 ounces of liquid nourishment and 4 ounces of solids. The President passed last night very pleasantly, and secured a good night's rest. The morning examination showed a very healthy discharge from the wound. The nature of the discharge showed that suppuration is going on along the remote track of the wound as well as in that portion near where the ball entered. The President this morning had for breakfast some beefsteak and toast saturated in milk. His pulse this morning is better than at any time of the illness. The strength and general tone of the pulse shows a great improvement. The fol- lowing was this morning's bulletin: Executive Mansion, August 2, 8:30 A. M.— The President passed a very pleasant night and slept sweetly the great part of the time. This morning he awoke refreshed, and appears comfortable and cheerful. Pulse, 94; temperature, 9S.4; respiration, 18. D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Rey- burn, D. Hayes Agnew. The morning was passed very comfortably. The President was again raised and expressed himself as easier in that position. He is not allowed to retain the semi-sitting posture, however, until he becomes tired. The bulletin issued after the noon examination was as follows: The President is passing the day comfortably with his head and shoulders raised in the same manner as yesterday. At the morning dressing his wound was found to be doing admirably. His pulse is now 99; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 19.^— D. Hayes Agnew, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. At 3 o'clock this afternoon the President was restful . There had been no change for the worse during the day. On the contrary, he seemed to be doing better. He is improving daily. He can safely be pronounced out of any except unusual and unexpected danger. The question of removing the President is now being talked of at the White House. It is thought that in three weeks, if he progresses as he now does, it will will be entirely safe to give him a trip. The sea voyage is what is best thought of by the physicians. If the President continues to gain strength without any serious break, it is almost safe to predict that iu three weeks he will start on a short sea voyage in the Tallapoosa, which will be ready to receive him. It is an old story now that the President is "doing remarkably well." Every day he is better and better. All the reports from the sick room, oflicial and un- official, continue to be of the most encouraging character. There are but very few inquirers at the White House about the President. The official bulletins, which are posted on a tree in front of the White House and distributed around the differ- ent departments, and also posted behind the plate-glass vnndows of the drug 90 stores, furnish such good news that the White House is spared from inquiries about the President. This morning all that was said at the White House was even of a more encouraging character tlian yesterday. It is probable that before being taken anwhere else the President will, as soon as he is able to be removed, be conveyed to the Soldiers' Home and located in the northwest room of the President's cottage there, which has been selected by Mrs. Garfield for her husband's occupancy, as heretofore stated. Dr. Agnew left for Philadelphia this morning at 9:30 o'clock. Dr. Hamilton will arrive either on the limited express from New York at 4:30 this afternoon or at 10 o'clock to-night. This morning's bulletin was as follows : Executive Mansion, August 3, 8:30 A. M, — The President slept tranquilly the greater part of the night. This morning his temperature is normal and his general condition satisfactory. Another day of favorable progress is anticipated. At present his pulse is 96 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 18. — D. Hayes Agnew, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robt. Reyburn. 12:30 P. M. — The President continues to progress steadily towards conva- lescence. He has taken to-day an increased proportion of solid food. His wound is doing well, and his general condition is better than yesterday. At present his pulse is 100 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 19. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robt. Reyburn. This afternoon the President has passed very comfortably. He has slept some, and several times spoke of feeling much better. There has been no fever during the day up to 3 o'clock. He is getting along surely on the road to recovery. Executive Mansion, Axigust 4, 8:30 A. M. — The President continues' to im- prove. He slept well during the night, and this morning looks and expresses himself cheerfully. Another satisfactory day is anticipated. At present his pulse is 90; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. The next bulletin will be issued this even- ing, and hereafter the noon bulletin will be dispensed with.— Frank H. Hamilton, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robt. Reyburn. The President passed an excellent night. The reduction in the amount of the hypodermic injection of morphine last night did not in the least interfere with his slumbers. He got along as comfortably under an injection of one-sixteenth of a grain as under the one-eighth which had previously been administered to him each night. Tjiis morning the President was cheerful and inclined to do a good deal of talking. He is allowed now to converse more than heretofore. His ap- petite continues to grow as he regains strength. Each day he partakes of more nourishment than on the day preceding. Dr. Hamilton was present at the exam- ination this morning. It was decided that it was unnecessay to issue a daily bulletin at noon, in view of the President's steady progress. Bulletins will here- after be issued only in the morning and evening. There has been some comment by outside surgeons on the fact that the President's pulse and temperature have not been reduced to their normal state. The attending physicians say that the maintenance of those symptoms above the normal point is natural and to be expected. They are kept up, they say, by the irritation to which the President is naturally subjected. Dr. Hamilton is the guest of Attorney- General MacVeagh. He arrived last night but did not see the President, as it was deemed best not to disturb the patient, who was sleeping when Dr. Hamilton arrived. Dr. Hamilton will remain until Dr. Agnew returns, which will be either Saturday night or Sunday. At 3 o'clock this afternoon the President continued in his very favorable condition. He has rested very comfortably during the day. Executive Mansion, August 5, 8:30 A. M.— The President slept naturally the greater part of the night, although lie had taken no morphia during the last twenty-four hours. His improved condition warranted, several days ago, a dimi- nution in the quantity of morphia administered hypodermically at bedtime, and it was reduced at first to one-twelfth and afterwards to one-sixteenth of a grain in the twenty-four hours, without any consequent unpleasant results, and finally has been altogether dispensed with. His condition this morning exhibits continued improvement, and anotiier good day is anticipated. At present his pulse is 88 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 18.— Frank H. Hamilton, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. 91 At the noon- examination the President's pulse, following its usual course, was a little higher than in the morning. The pulse was 98 and temperature and res- piration normal. There has been no drawback to his improvement and he continues to progress favorably. Dr. Bliss said that he was getting along swimmingly, and that he was better to-day than yesterday. He is doing as well as he could. There has been no change in the treatment of to-day. At 3 o'cloclv the President was doing remarkably well. He has been passing a most comfortable day. The progress made towards full recovery is more marked each day. The President's condition this morning was in every x-espect as satisfactory and encouraging as could be wished. He slept the greater portion of the night. No morphine was administered to him. Last night there was none of tiie restlessness noted on the first night of the abstention from moi'phine. The President slept natu- rally and peacefully. The dressing of the wound this morning showed that it was in a very healthy condition. The di?charge from it was healthy, though, as was the case yestei'day, not as full as it has been. The bulletin issued after the morning's examination continued its good tale of steady progress. It was as tollov. s : Executive Mansion, August 6, 8:30 A. M. — The President has passed an ex- cellent night, sleeping sweetly the greater part of the time without the aid of morphine or any other anodyne. This morning he is cheerful, and all the indica- tions promise another favorable day. Pulse, 92 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Eeyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. Before breakfast this morning the President had a dish of strawberries placed before him. They were splendid specimens of the fruit, which had been sent to the White House by Mr. W. H. Ward, of New York. The President ate nhie or ten of the berries. After this followed the breakfast. The bill of fare was more extensive than usual. It consisted of beeksteak, potatoes, tea and toast. The neon examination of the President showed a little higher pulse than has re- cently been usual. The warmth of the day had to do with the rise. The pulse was 100 and the temperature and respiration normal. Tlie President is pronounced to be doing very well indeed by his physicians. They consider to-day another long step towards recuperation and recovery. 1 P. M. — The President continues to do well. He said to the surgeons this morning tliat he felt better than at any time since his injury. His breakfast tliis forenoon consisted of beefsteak and potatoes, toast, tea and a few strawberries. The latter were much relished. The patient has had thus far a comfortable day, anil at this hour his pulse is 100, and his temperature and respiration norra-^1. 3 P. M. — The President this afternoon slept a great deal. A 3 o'clock his pulse had gone down a little from the 100 beats of noon, and his temperature and res- piration continued normal. He was resting very nicely, and nothing had occurred to break his steady progress. He is very much better to-day than a week ago. August 7. — The President continues to do well. He expresses himself as feeling much better yesterday morning than lie has at any time since the shooting. His ap- petite continues to improve and he is gaining strength every day. The excessive heat had a retarding effect upon him during the afternoon, but the agreeable change in the atmosphere and cooling showers last night added much to his com- fort. Several of the Cabinet officers and their wives called at the White House last night and remained until about 10 o'clock, when they leTt for the night, much gratified with the cheering news they received from the the sick-room. Dr. Agnew arrived last night and relieved Dr. Hamilton. The latter gentleman says he is entirely satisfied with the progress the President is making, and entertains the belief that his permanent i-eeovery is not far distant. Drs. Bliss and Reyburn and Major Swaim were in attendance during the night. _ Executive Mansion, 4.45 P. M.— Dr. Bliss reports at 4.45 P. M. that the President has had in every respect an excellent day, and that his present condition is better than at any time heretofore. He has had no fever since last evening, his temperature and respiration have been and are still normal, and his pulse since morning has ranged from 92 to 100. Executive Mansion, 7 P. M.— Tlie President passed a'comfortable morning, his symptoms and general condition being quite favorable. At 12.30 P. M. his 92 pulse was 100; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 19. Daring the afternoon he com- plained somewhat of the weather, the external heat being such that it was found impracticable to keep the temperature of iiis room mucli below 90= without closing the windows and doors, which was not thought pruilent. The afternoon rise of temperature began as late as yesterday, but has been higher, though unaccompa- nied by dryness of skin. At 7 P. M. his pulse was 102, temperature, 101.8 ; res- piration, 19. The appearance of the wound at the evening dressing was, liowever, good, and there has been no intei-ruption to the flow of pus. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Birnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. Up to about 5 o'clock this afternoon the President liad a very satisfactory day, although the extreme heat of the weather caused liim a great deal of discomfort and acted to some extent unfavorably upon his general condition. On account of a strong hot wind from the south it was found impracticable, even at the full work- ing capacity of the refrigerating machines, to keep the temperature of the patient's room down without closing the doors and windows, and this it was not thought l^rudent to do. Cold air enough was furnished by the machines, but instead of fill- ing the rooDi and crowding out the heated air, as it had heretofore done on warm days, tlie cold air itself was swept away almost as fast as it came from the pipes by the hot south wind which blew strongly through the Mansion. The thermom- eter in the patient's room, therefore, for the first time in several weeks ranged 85° to 90°. This temperature, of course, operated to the President's disadvantage in his present weak condition, and this afternoon fever was higher tlian usual. There was no indication, however, of anj'^ other cause for the increased febrile rise. The discharge of pus at the evening dressing was satisfactory, there were no symptoms of malaria, and with the single exception of high bodily temperature tlie condition of the patient at 7 o'clock seemed quite as good as yesterday, if not better. Soon after the evening examination the fever began to abate and the President went to sleep naturall.y without anodynes and has rested quietly ever since. Before 10 o'clock the febrile rise had entirely subsided, and at this hour — 11.30 P. M. — the patient's pulse is again below 100, and his temperature is normal. He is sleeping peacefully, and as the weather has grown cooler with refreshing rain there is every probability that he will have a good night. August 8. — Tlie President passed tlie night comfortably. The fever went down, and the cool weather after the rain helped him in his slumbers. The wound this morning presented a very healthy appearanc 3. At the morning examination it was dressed, and the discharge of pus was free. Apparently all that had accu^- mulated was taken out. The following bulletin was then issued. 8.30 A. M. — The President passed a comfortable night and slept weU, without anodyne. The rise of temperature of yesterday afternoon subsided during the evening, and did not recur at any time through the night. At present he appears better than yesterday morning. Pulse, 94 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, Frank Hamilton, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. After the bulletin was issued the physicians made a thorough examination of the President. The cause of the febrile rise of yesterdaj^ which created so much anxiety, was decided to be due to the fact that there was some difliculty in drain- ing the wound through the incision made by Dr. Agnew at the first operation. The track of the original wound to the pus cavity which was cut into some time ago has almost entirely healed. It was decided that another incision should be made, so that the pus could flow downwards under the rib, instead of the tube, having an ascending direction. This was what caused the irritation and febrile rise, tlie passage of the pus becoming obstructed somewhat by the fact that it had to ascend a little. A new opening was made on the surface of the body. It was a continuation downward of the first incision. The flesh was cut down to below the rib, and then the cut connected with the former incision. A new drainage tube was put in, which being inserted from below, instead of from above the rib, gives a decline instead of the slight ascent to the passage of pus. The drainage tube through the fii'st incision was not removed. Tliere is now a tube through the old and a tube through the new incision which was made to-day. There is no tube in the old wound. The operation was performed very successfully. Drs. Agnew and Bliss performed it. At the request of Dr. Bliss Dr. Agnew did the cutting. The President was in splendid condition for it. The place into which the cut was made was treated with the spray of rigorline. Ether was also administered to the President. He never flinched during the operation. Tliere was no flow of pus 93 after the incision to-day. The wound had been drained before the operation was performed. The trouble was that the drainage had not been so well adjusted as to prevent irritation and consequent high temperature and pulse. The President, after the operation, expressed himself as feeling better. The doctors are much pleased with the operation, and think it will be very beneficial towards recovery. While every operation performed is a strain on the President, it is not thought that he is any worse now or that there is any great danger to be finally apprehended. The electric probe was not used to-day. There is no intention of r.sing it. No probe has been used on the President since he lay at the depot. There is no in- tention of cutting for the ball. After the operation this morning the following bulletin was issued: 10:30 A. M — It having become necessary to make a further opening to facilitate the escape of pus, we took advantage of the imo^oved condition of the President this morning. Shortly after the morning bulletin was issued he was etherized. The incision extended downward and forward and a counter opening made into the track of the ball below the margin of the twelfth rib, which it is believed will effect the desired object. He bore the operation well, has now recovered from the efl'ects of etherization and is in excellent condition. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, Frank H. Hamilton, J. J. Woodward, Eobert Keyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. The following has been sent: Lowell, Minister, London : During the past three days the President has periodically experienced a rise of temperature, indicating another obstruction to the flow of pus. A surgical operation was performed at 9 o'clock this morning by Dr. Agnew, assisted by all the surgeons in attendance, by which a free communi- cation between the pus cavities and the surface of the body has been effectually established. The operation was performed under the influence of ether. The President endured it well, and at this hour, 10:30, is doing as well as could be hoped. Blaine, Secretary. ^ The necessity for the operation which was performed upon the President this morning became apparent to the surgeons yesterday, when they found that a drainage tube of the size hitherto used could no longer be passed along the track of the ball between the ribs. The process of granulation at that point had gone on so far as to partially close the orifice, and the ribs prevented the pushing aside of the flesh which was healing between them enough so that the tube could be introductd. The result of this state of things was that pus formed in the deeper parts of the wound rather faster than it could escape through the half-obstructed opening between the ribs, and its gradual accumulation began to cause disturbance. It was therefore decided to make a new opening into the track of the ball below the last rib, so that the ribs should no longer prevent the keeping open of the wound by the solid backing, which they afforded to the granulating flesh between them, the operation was performed at the request of the other surgeons by Dr. Agnew. As soon as the patient had been put under the influence of ether, a long and sliglitly curved instrument was introduced into the wound, pushed between the ribs and carried downward alond the track of the bullet until its end could be felt below the last rib from the outside. Holding this instrument in the wound, as a guide, Doctor Agnew then made a counter incision below the twelfth rib, cutting directly through the integument until his knife met the end of the first-mentioned instrument at the point where ne wished to intersect the track of the ball._ The operation was not a difficult or danserous one, and the patient bore both it and the etherization extremely well. There is now an opening to the deeper parts of the wound, which does not pass between the ribs, and which can always he kept free and unobstructed, and no further trouble from the accumulation of pus is _ anticipated. Since the operation the President has rested quietly, and is now asleep. His pulse, at this hour is 100, and he has neither fever nor any other un- favorable symptom, ISTotwith'standing the surgical operation which was performed upon the Pres- ident yesterday, his condition to-day is by no means unfavorable. Throughout the night the patient slept naturally without the use of anodynes. This morning his temperature and respiration have been higher than during any day since the relapse of two weeks ago. This, however, the doctors attribute to the etherization of yesterday. They feel hopeful that during to-day the P"|se, temperature and respiration will again subside to the normal points. This morning the President was given liquid nourishment— milk, lime-water and the Kussian preparation of koumiss. 94 At the dressing of the President's wound this morning, it was found that pus had been discharging spontaneously and freely through the counter open- ing made yesterday. He has been quite comfortable this morning, and taken a liberal supply of liquid nourishment. His pulse is now 104; temperature, 99.7 ; respiration, 19.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Eobert Eeyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. The above bulletin, it will be seen, shows an increased pulse over that of the morning, but a slightly reduced temperature. Dr. Agnew, it is reported, told Secretary Blaine last night that during to-day and to-morrow he looked for a high pulse and temperature, but that after to-morrow he expected a marked improvement in the President's condition. That he has faith in his improve- ment is the fact that he left at 2 o'clock this " afternoon for Philadelphia. Dr. Hamilton, who is now in New York, will not return until Thursday. Throughout the city to-day there was considerable apprehension. There was a feeling that the doctors are concealing some of the worst features of the case. Dr. Reyburn said nothing was concealed from the public, and that the bulletins represented the actual state of the case, there being no desire to either rose-color or misrepresent the facts. At 2 o'clock the President fell into a sleep, which seemed peaceful. He makes no complaints during the day and bears his infliction with true heroism. The following was sent this afternoon : Lowell, Minister, London : At this hour, 2 P. M., the phyBicians give an encouraging report of the President's condition. Pulse and temperature slightly diminished since morning ; pus flowing freely ; appetite improved. He has been able to sleep with comfort, lying on his wounded side. Blaine, Secretary. At 8 o'clock this afternoon Drs. Eeyburn and Bliss were still on duty at the "White House. They report the President to be as cheerful as could be ex- pected under the circumstances. The fact that the new operation made yes- terday allows the pus to be discharged without the use of the drainage tubes is considered by the physicians as good evidence that there will be no further use for the knife. The unfavorable symptoms of to-day in high pulse and tem- perature are attributed entirely to the operation of yesterday. It may be Thursday before the President fully rallies from it; but that he will rally all the physicians vmanimously declare, and of all persons they ought to know. The following oflicial bulletin was issued last night: ExecutiveMansion,? p. M.— After the last bulletin was issued the President suffered somewhat for a time from nausea due to the ether; but this has now sub- sided. He has had several refreshing naps, and his general condition is even better than might have been expected after the etherization and operation. At noon his pulse was 104; temperature, 109.2; respiration, 20. At present his pulse is 108; temperature, 101.9; respiration, 19. Under the circumstances the fever must be regarded as moderate. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Eobert Eeyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. Auqust 9, 8:30 A. M. — Notwithstanding the effects of yesterday's operation, the President slept the greater part of night without the i;se of any anodyne. The febrile rise of yesterday afternoon slowly subsided during the night. This morning, at 8:30, his pulse is 98; temperature, 99.8; and respiration, 19. Since yesterday afternoon, small quantities of liquid nourishment, given at short intervals, have been retained, and this morning larger quantities are being administered without gastric disturbance. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Eobert Eej^burn, D. Hayes Agnew. Auijust 10.— The t'oUowing was sent to day: Lowell, Minister, London: — At 1 o'clock P. M. the President's condition has not essentially clianged since the morning report. At 12 noon he signed an important public document, to which his signature was indispensable, with a Arm, clear hand. Blaine, Secretary. 7 P. M. — The President has been very easy during the day, and has con- tinued to take the nourislunent allowed Avithout gastric disturbance. The dis- clia'-ge of pus from tliewoundisquiteabundant, and.it isevideht that thorough drainage has been secured by yesterday's operation." The degree of fever this afternoon differs but little from that of yesterday. Pulse, 106; temperature. 109.1; respiration, 19. 95 The following was sent at 11 o'clock last night: Lowell, Minister, London: At 11 o'clock to night the physicians report the President's condition as satisfactory. He sleeps well without the aid of anodynes. It is now the sixth day since he took any morphine. The pulse and temperature did not rise as high to-day from the effect of yesterday's operation as the surgeons expected. The situation is one of continuing anxiety, but also of cheerful hope. Blaine, Secretary. AuQust 11.— All the advices touching the President's condition given out at the White House continue to he assuring. Last night the patient rested well and his sleep was peaceful. At the morning examination the pulse was 100, the temperature a fraction over 98, and the respiration 19. The President was given for breakfast chicken, potatoes and koumiss. The wound when dressed this morning was found to have discharged freely, without the use of the drain- age tube. The character of the discharge was healthy. The sides of the cut made recently still continue inflamed, and, of course, are still quite sensitive to the touch. "^ About 11 o'clock Representative Le Fevre, of Ohio, called and inquired anxiously after the President. He was answered by Private Secre- tary Brown that there was no cause for alarm, and that the physicians had suc- ceeded at last in causing the wound to suppurate without the use of any arti- ficial appliances. 8:30 A. M.— The President has passed an exceedingly good night, sleeping sweetly, with but few short breaks, and awakening refreshed this morning at a later hour than usual. At the morning dressing, just completed, it was found that the deeper parts of the wound had been emptied spontaneously. The quantity of pus secreted is beginning to diminish; its character and the ap- pearance of the wound are healthy. His temperature shows an entire absence of fever this morning, and his pulse, which is less frequent than yesterday, is improving in quality. At present it is 100; temperature, 98.6; respiration, 19. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. Executive Mansion, 12:30 P. M.— The President is doing well to-day. Besides a liberal supply of liquid nourishment at regular intervals he has taken f 0'- breakfast, with evident relish, an increased quantity of solid food. He con- tinues free from fever. His skin is moist, but without undue perspiration. Pulse, 102; temperature, 98.6; respiration, 19,— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Eeyburn. Later this afternoon the condition of the President remained entirely sat- isfactory to his physicians. The belief is that as soon as the President fully recovers from the shock of Monday's operation he will rapidly convalesce. He has had no fever to-day, and other than the usual nocturnal fever, which has been a characteristic of the case all through, none is expected. The Presi- dent's appetite is improving, and as soon as he can retain nourishing food he is expected to gain strength at a rapid rate. The important state paper signed by the President yesterday, as.mdicated m Secretary Blaine's dispatch to Minister Lowell, was a formal requisition for the extradition of a criminal who sometime since took refuge in Canada, and is now in the custodv of the Canadian authorities pending the action of this Government. This is the first official act performed by the President since the 2d of July last. ^, , . 7 P. M.— The President has passed an excellent day. The drainage of the wound is now efticient, and the pus secreted by its deeper portions has been coming away spontaneously. The afternoon rise of temperature is almost a degree less than yesterday and the day before. Pulse at present 108 ; temper- ature, 101 ; respiration, 19.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Rob- ert Reyburn. The total amount of the subscriptions received by Mr. Cyrus W. Field for the fund for Mrs. Garfield up to noon Tuesday aggregated ^155,000. From Philadelphia a note was received inclosing one dollar, and reading : " From one who has but little money to give, but Avould willingly give her own life if in the giving that our President might be spared. " Executive Mansion, Auqusf 12, 8:30 A. M.— The President slept well the greater part of the night. The fever of yesterday afternoon subsided during the evening and has not been perceptible since 10 P. M. His general condition 96 this morniug is good. Pulse, 100 ; temperature, 98.6 ; respiration, 19.— D. W, Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn, Prank H. Hamilton. The doctors state that the President is better to-day than he was yesterday. Doctor Bliss says in making his comparison he takes the day as an entirety and not the parts of a day. He feels certain that when the President fully rallies from the shock of Monday's operation his convalescence will be notably rapid. The fever which comes on each evening is the usual surgical fever. Every evening after the wound is dressed an examination is had for the bulle- tin. The new wound is still very painful to the touch and its dressing annoys the patient. It is usually found that an hour after the JDulletin is issued the fever subsides. Doctor Bliss says it is not intermittent fever, as has been sug- gested, nor has it any malarial tyi)e. The contents of the letter written yes- terday by the President to his mother have not been disclosed. It was, how- ever, a letter of good cheer and hope. 12:30 P. M. — The President has passed a comfortable morning. He con- tinues to take, without repugnance, the liquid nourishment allowed, and ate with relish for breakfast a larger quantity of solid food than he took yesterday. At present his pulse is 100 ; temperature, 99.3 ; respiration, 19. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. The above bulletin shows that the President's pulse has not increased be- tween 7 A. M. and 12 M., as on yesterday. Yesterday it went up eight beats between these hours. There is, however, an increased temperature from 98.6 to 99.3. This, however, excites no alarm. In every way the President is rep- resented to be improved. The talk of removing the President to a healthier locality is again revived. At the Soldier's Home the Presidential cottage is all ready for occupancy. The repairs to the U. S. Steamer Tallapoosa are also nearly complete. There is no doubt but that as soon as the President has sufficient strength he will be removed from where he now is. The rank weeds on the flats of the Potomac begin to ripen about this time of the year, and the effluvia therefrom reaches the White House. When removed it is highly probable that a sea voyage will be the programme. The United States Steamer Tallapoosa, which has been undergoing repairs and fitting out for sea during the past month, has been thoroughly completed and will be manned to-morrow. Assistant Paymaster Henry D. Smith, form- erly of the Dispatch, has been transferred to the Tallapoosa. In conversation this morning, Mr, Smith gave a description of the manner in Avhicli the vessel has been fitted out. A suite of rooms has been prepared expressly for the use of President Garfield in the event of its being found practicable to take him out on the water, when he becomes sufficiently strong to warrant his being moved from the Executive Mansion. The suite consists of four comparatively large rooms including a bed chamber, reception and ante-room, and a bath- room. Paymaster Smith says if it is determined to take the President on the vessel, a swinging bed will be hung in his chamber for the purpose of prevent- ing the patient from being annoyed by the motion of the vessel. A steam heating apparatus has also been placed in the President's quarters, whereby the four rooms can be kept perfectly dry and warm. This precaution is said to be principally for use during the continuance of foggy or damp weather. There can be nothing definite said as to what will be determined upon should the President rally sufficiently to be removed, but the attending surgeons have expressed themselves in favor of a trip on the water, providing the same should be found agreeable to the patient. Since the 12.30 P. M. bulletin there has been no material change in the Pres- ident's condition. At this hour he is doing very well. There is no more fever than was noted at the last official bulletin, and the patient is resting quietly. The febrile rise to-night it is not expected will reach as great a height as last night. The doctors think by to-morrow all the indications will be most assuring. Executive Mansion, 7 P. M.— After the noon bulletin was issued the President's condition continued as then reported until about 4 P. M., when the commencement of the afternoon febrile rise was noticed. In its degree it did not differ materially from that of yesterday. His pulse is now 108; tem- perature, 101.2 ; respiration, 19, 97 Assistant Secretary of State Hitt sent the following telegram to Minister Lowell at 9 o'clock last evening :— "The President's condition and progress con- tinue substantially the same this evening as yesterday." The President wrote a letter yesterday. It was to his mother, and brief. In it he spoke cheerfully of himself, and bade her to keep in good cheer, say- ing that he felt better, and thought he would recover. It was addressed and mailed by Mrs. Garfield. Executive Mansion, August 12, 7 P. M.— The President has passed a com- fortable day. At the evening dressing the wound was found to be doing well. The quantity of pus secreted is gradually diminishing ; its character is healthy. The rise of temperature this afternoon reached the same point as yesterday. At present the pulse is lOS ; temperature, 101.2 ; respiration, 19. Auqust 13.— The President to-day at noon was no worse than when the noon bulletin was issued yesterday. Last night, however, wvt,s a troubled one with the President, his sleep was broken, and the fever which comes on at night did not subside until this morning. Tliis the doctors have an explanation for. It appears that the dressing of the wound last night was not as thorough as it should have been. A quantity of pus was retained, and to this is ascribed the unfavorable night. "A small angle of the wound was not cleansed as it should have been" is the way a Cabinet officer put the case this morning- to ex-Secre- tary Bristow. 8 :30 A. M.— The President did not sleep as well as usual during the early part ot the night. After midnight, however, his sleep was refreshing, and only broken at long intervals. This morning he has a little fever, nevertheless he expresses himself as feeling better than for several days past. Pulse. 104 ; temperature, 100.8 ; respiration, 19.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Eobert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. Soon after the morning bulletin came out, and subsequent to the morning di-essing of the wound, tlie President began to improve. His pulse and tem- perature receded, 12:80 P. M.— The President has been cheerful and easy during the morning, and his temperature his fallen a little more than a degree and a half since the morning bulletin was issued. The wound is discharging healthy pus. His pulse is now 102 ; temperature, 99.2 ; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Eobert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. 2 P. M.— The fever indicated by the morning bulletin has been gradually subsiding and the patient at this hour is very comfortable. Private Secretary Brown says that the President is decidedly better at the present time than he has been during the past forty-eight hours, and that the fever apparently con- tinues to decrease. The day is extremely oppressive, but the President's apartments are kept comfortable by means of the cooled air which is forced into them, the temperature being about 80. General Swaim just said that the President is better now than he was at the same time yesterday, his pulse now being below 100 and his temperature about 90. At 3 o'clock this afternoon the doctors renewed their assurance that the President was doing well. They, of course, do not deny that he is ex- ceedingly weak, but they do say that w^hen the rally comes it will be permanent and froni thenceforward the improvement will be marked and notew^orthy. The President is said to be in excellent spirits. Executive -Mansion, August 14, 8:30 A. M.— The President slept well dur- ing the night, and this morning expresses himself as feeling comfortable. His temperature is one degree less than at the same hour yesterday; his general condition good. Pulse, 100; temperature, 99.8; respiration, 18. 12:30 P. M.— The President has done well this morning, his temperature fall- ing one-half of a degree since the last bulletin was issued. At the morning dressing, the condition of the wound was found to be excellent, and the dis- charge of pus adequate and healthy. Pulse, 96; temperature, 90.3; respiration, 18. 6:30 P. M,— The condition of the President has not materially changed since noon. The afternoon febrile rise is about the same as yesterday. Pulse, 108; temperature, 100.8; respiration, 19. Amjust 15.— The condition of the President to-day does not seem to be quite as favorable as for some days past. The night with the patient was not a good 98 one. He had spasms of retching and vomiting. This, of course, weakened him and broke in on his sleep. This morning he was weak, with a rapid pulse and high temperature. The White House was early besieged to-day by a score or more of anxious newspaper correspondents. "When the noon bulletin was read. Private Secretary Brown remarked: "It is a favorable one." This showed though that the President's pulse had gone up to 118, yet the temperature had gone do^A^l from 100 and a fraction to 99 and a fraction. It was almost im- possible to see the doctors to-day. ISTot one of them had come into the room up to the hour the noon bulletin was issued. Of course, all kinds of alarming rumors were afloat. One was that another operation was being performed. Still another that the President was too weak to take food, and was being sus- tained by injections through the bowels. Private Secretary Brown gave flat denial to the first rumor, and the noon bulletin (as will l>e seen) contradicted the second, inasmuch as it set forth that the President had taken nourishment and that the wound continued to discharge. The following is the morning bulletin: 8:30 A. M.— The President did not rest as well as usual last night until to- wards 3 o'clock. His sleep was not sound, and he awoke at short intervals. His stomach was irritable, and he vomited several times. About 3 o'clock he became composed, and slept well until after 7 this morning. His stomach is still irritable, and his temperature rather higher than yesterday morning. At present his pulse is 108; temperature, 100.2; respiration, 20.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward. J. K. Barnes, Robert Eeyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. 11 A. M.— Private Secretary Brown reports, at this hour, tliat the President's condition has considerable improved since the oflicial bulletin of this morning was issued. He has taken a little nourishment which has been retained on his stomach. The President is said to be considerably better at this hour than when the morning bulletin was issued. He has taken some milk and a small quantity of beef extract. He has also partaken of some whisky with egg, all of which he has retained. In response to an inquiry as to the cause of the President's vomiting, Private Secretary Brown said that it was due entirely to a weak stomach, and while it was more or^less aggravated by the wound, that it could not be attributed solely to its effects. He added that the President contracted dyspepsia while he was in the army and had at no time since been entirely free from it, and that when he was in apparent good health he was oftentimes troubled with nausea. Mr. Brown says that the surgeons are not at all alarmed at the patient's present condition. During the last hour he has slept some and appears to be stronger. It having been intimated that the operation performed on Mondav last was in fact an attempt to remove the ball, Mr. Brown was asked if tlie story had any foundation. He replied that it was entirely er- roneous, and said that there was no immediate intention of disturbing the ball. 12:30 P. M.— Since the last bulletin^ the President has not again vomited, and has been able to retain the nourishment administered. At the morning dressing the discharge of pus was free and of good character. Since then his pulse has been more frequent, but the temperature has fallen to a little below what it was at this time yesterday. At present his pulse is 118 ; temperature, 99 ; respiration, 19.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Eey- burn, D. Hayes Agnew. When the noon bulletin was issued it created a great deal of uneasiness and anxiety throughout the city, and more especially so in the departments. The high pulse and reduced temperature was construed by many to mean that the President was in so weak a condition that he could not have fever. At the White House but little of the President's condition could be learned save what the bulletins themselves oflicially vouchsafed. It Avas known, though, that all the doctors were in attendance upon the distinguished patient. Shortly after 1 o'clock it was announced tliat the President was sleeping. The fact that he had not vomited at all to-day was accepted as a gratifying sign. Still but little else could be learned except tiiat the wound continued to discharge and was in good condition. The son of Dr. Bliss came out of the surgeons' room after 1 o'clock. He admitted the frequency of the President's pulse, but added that the reduced temperature was a favorable sign. It Avas noteworthy, however, about the 99 White House to-day that there was not that degree of confidence which has been manifested during the week. The stomach of the patient is giving the doctors anxiety. To-day, to allay it, small doses of sub-nitrate of bismuth were given. Those who have had advices from the sick room say that it is not denied that the President was nourished to-day by food injections. The doctors, however, are said not to be alarmed. They hold that the fact that all the conditions of the wound are satisfactory is evidence that it is only the rebellious stomach, and not the wound itself which is now complicating the case. What they want to do is to give the patient strength, and he is nourished through the bowels until his stomach is restored in tone to again take nourishment that way. To the bad night, the retching and vomiting is ascribed the frequency of the pulse noted in the noon bulletin. It is announced, too, that the doctors say that the pulse shows debilitation and not fever. Since morning the fever has subsided. 2:15 P. M.— Much anxiety is exhibited throughout the city regarding the President's condition, and numbers of inquiries have been made at the Man- sion through the day. The feeling throughout the country was similarly man- ifested by the large numbers of press correspondents who called at the White House to receive the 12:30 P. M. bulletin for the respective papers which they represent. Aside from this, many requests for the "latest news" have been received from the several executive departments. The temperature and res- piration, as stated in the last bulletin, are generally conceded as favorable in- dications, but the pulse, which is given as 118, causes considerable uneasiness in the public mind. Since the issuance of the last bulletin it has been impossi- ble to confer directly with any of the attending surgeons. Attorney-General MacVeagh called a short time ago, and as he was leaviug the White House said, in reply to an interrogatory, that Dr. Agnew attributed the unusually high pulse to the weak condition of the patient, caused by the nausea with which he has been troubled. The Attorney-General said further that the sur- geons informed him that there were no indications of ''pus fever," and that they hoped they had overcome the trouble caused by the nausea. If no further trouble from nausea is experienced it is thought the patient will soon rally from the bad effects of the attack he has already had. The surgeons took the patient's pulse about 1:45 P. M., when it was 112, be- ing a decrease of 6 beats in less than two hours. At this hour Private Secre- tary Brown, who just came from the surgeons' room, says the pulse is still de- creasing. Up to 3 o'clock this afternoon all the doctors were still in the sick cham- ber. But very meager details leaked out. Those were, however, encouraging. Doctor Agnew told Sheriff Daggett that he was not without hope by any means. The alarm outside the White House is much grenter than it is in. All the Secretaries and attendants are hopeful that all is still well. Executive Mansion, August 15, 6:30 P. M.— The irritability of the Presi- dent's stomach returned during the afternoon, and he has vomited tlnve times since 1 o'clock. Although the afternoon rise of temperature is less than it has been for several days, the pulse and respiration are more frequent. So that his condition on the whole is less satisfactory. Pulse is now 130; temperature, 99.6; respiration, 22.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Eobt. Key- burn, D. Hayes Agnew. LOAVELL, 'Minister, io?if7o)i;— President's condition less satisfactory. Irrita- bility of stomach returned. Vomited three times since 1 o'clock. Tempera- ture, 99.6, less than for several days; pulse, 130; respiration, 22. HiTT, Acting Secretary. The following was also sent last night: General R. B. Hayes, Fremont, Ohio:— Have reached another very serious point in the case. Conditions at this hour— 8 P. M.— are of a character that cause great anxiety. We hope for better things in the morning. H. C. COKBIK. Executive Mansiok, August 16, 8:30 A. M. -The President was somewhat restless and vomited several times during the early part of the night. Since 3 o'clock this morning he has not vomited, and has slept tranquilly most of the time. Nutritous enemata are successf'illy employed to sustain him. Alto- gether, the symptoms appear less urgent than yesterday afternoon. At present his pulse is 110; temperature, 98.6; respiration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Wood- ward, .J. K. Barnes, Eobert Eeyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. 100 The very guarded language of the physicians in comparing the condition of the President with his condition yesterday afternoon is a matter of comment. Still, the figures noting the condition of the pulse, temperature, and I'espira- tion, to the unprofessional mind, obviously indicate an improvement; and lead the public to give the most favorable interpretation to the language of the bul- letin. 10:30 A. M,— Private Secretary Brown came from the surgeons' room a few- moments ago, and reportetl that the President was then sleeping. No mor- phia has yet been injected, and there has been no report of nausea since 3 A. M. Two enemata have been successfully administered since midnight. Sec- retary Brown says the morning dressing showed that the wound was in a per- fectly healthy condition. The members of the Cabinet arrived at various times during the early morning; Attorney-General MacVeagh, accompanied by Dr. Agnew, arriving at the Mansion about half -past seven. When he returned from the private part of the house, he expressed the opinion that while there was yet hope, the patient was certainly in a very critical condition. There is a notice- able despondent expression visible in those having access to the President's chamber, and the greatest reticence is observed, es])ecially by the attending surgeons, wiio do not enter the business portions of the house unless it is abso- lutely necessary. The despondent expression of Attorney- General MacVeagh was especially noticeable. Shortly after, 9 o'clock, the Cabinet officers, with tlie exception of Secretary Lincoln, who arrived at a later hour, having just returned from Xew York, left the AYhite House for their respective depart- ments. The day bids fair to be one of anxious waiting. The midday bulletin is looked forward to with intense interest. The opinion prevails at the Mansion, among those who are thoroughly conversant with tlie President's condition, that should the temperature after the noon dressing be below the normal point, and the pulse become more frequent, the gravity of the situation will be increased. If, on the other hand, the temperature should remain normal, or decrease a little, and the pulse still keep up, the situation will not be considered as materially changed. A stationary temperature and. an improved pulse would be the most favorable indications which could be had at the present time. Nothing directly from the sick-room has been received since the facts above stated. There are now but few visitors at the house, but the windows throughout the city in whicli the official bulletins are displayed indicate that there is a general feeling of anxiety throughout the city. As usual pending an anticipated crisis there are many rumors on the streets; such as " the pulse is rapidly increasing," " it is known that the President cannot recover," &c.. etc. While such stories may prove to be correct, .there is no foundation for them beyond what has been stated. From 11 o'clock until the 12:30 bulletin was issued no news could be got from the sick room except that the President was no worse. Secretary Win- dom and wife and Attorney-General MacVeagh and wife remained at the White tlouse until 11:30 o'clock. Secretary Windom said the case looked more favorable, but all that Attorney-General MacVeagh had to say was " He is no worse." Mrs. Doctor Edson, the faithful nurse, went on duty at 11 o'clock. She would say nothing one way or the other. It was announced that the President was resting quietly, and that it was not the intention of the doctors to give him food until after the noon bulletin came out. At hdf-past eleven |o"clock Chin Lan Pin, the Chinese minister, and one of the attaches of the Chinese legation, called, dressed in full court costume. Their cards were sent to Mrs. Garfield and they were received in the Blue room. The object of the call was to convey to Mrs. Garfield a message from the Chinese emperor. The 12:30 bulletin, it seems to be generally agreed, was not nearly so reas- suring as had been hoped. It shows that while the pulse was frequent and in- creased since morning, that the temperature had fallen. This morning the bulletin registered temperature at OS.G. At noon it had fallen three-tenths to 98.3, or below normal. This, some physicians say, indicates that there is nothing left for the fever to feed upon, and that the President's body is grow- ing cold. It must be borne in mind, too, that yesterday at noon, when the pulse ran up to US, its frequency was ascribed to the nausea and vomiting. To-day, however, tliere has been no vomiting since the issuance of the morn- ing bulletin. 101 Mr. Hitt just sent the following cablegram: Lowell, Minister, London: The President's condition causes great anx- iety. Restless and vomited early part of night. Tranquil to-day, but not rallied as much as hoped at 12:30. Pulse, 114 ; temperature, 98.3 ; respiration, 18. Stomach refuses nourishment. Hitt, Acting Secretary. 6:30 P. M.— The President's symptoms are still grave, yet he seems to have lost no ground during tlie day. His condition is, on the whole, rather better than yesterday. He has vomited but once during the afternoon. The enemata are retained. At present his pulse is 120; temperature, 98.9; respiration, 19.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Eobt. Reyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. Executive Mansion. August 17, 8:30 A. M.— The President has passed a tranquil niglit, sleeping most of the time. He continues to retain the enemata and has not vomited since the last bulletin . His general condition appears more hopeful than this time yesterday. Pulse, 110; temperature, 98.3; respira- tion, IS.— Prank PI. HamiltoJQ, D. Hayes Agnew, D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn. After the issuance of the bulletin of last night the President did not grow worse. At midnight he retained upon his stomach cracked ice, and Dr. Bliss said that in the dressing of the Avound an area of granulation was found which was surprising, in view of the President's condition. Towards 1 o'clock everything about the White House was quiet. Dr. Hamilton arrived at 10 o'clock last night, and is the guest of Attorney-General MacVeagh. The fact that the President has had no disturbance through the night encourages the doctors to say that they hope this day will prove more encouraging than yes- terday. The scenes at the White House last night were a repetition of those of the night before. There was, however, a deeper intensity apparent in the gloom and anxiety of members of the Cabinet and other prominent officials within doors, and in the wistful watching of the thousands of the populace who keep vigil on the pavement in front of the grounds. The same crowd of bureau officers, heads of departments, prominent army and navy men and members of the medical fraternity of Washington, which crowded Secretary Brown's room Monday night were present last night. Out of doors, immediately in front of the White House, and at every place a bulletin was displayed, the assembled crowds were even less confident as they were still more outspoken. The eagerness with which they watched every ap- pearance from the White House, and the earnestness with -which they plied each fresh arrival with^questions, were as strongly marked last night as on the night of the shooting. The medical attendants generally agree that the President is better to-day. Not only does Dr. Bliss say that the patient is somewhat better, but Dr. Agn^w assumes the responsibility of authorizing the same statement. Dr. Boynton, who has been conservative in all his utterances touching the President's con- dition, says that while the case is undoubtedly critical, it is by no means hope- less. Since the night bulletin was issued^ip to 11 o'clock to-day the President had not again vomited. Most of the time the patient sleeps. All that has been given him, however, for nearly thirty-six hours, except an occasional piece of cracked ice or water, has been administered by injection. The doctors feel now assured that the enemata are sustaining life, and that the rest which is given the stomach will fit it for holding food when it is decided to administer it in the natural way. Certain outside "medical experts " having vouchsafed the theory that the President is suffering with pyaemia or blood-poisoning. Doctor Bliss feels it incumbent upon him to vigorously deny it. The President has no such symp- toms. If he had, the medical men in attendance say, it would be made mani- fest by the color of the skin and breath. Dr. Bliss says there is no connection w^hatever between the Avound and the present troubles ; that the unfavorable symptoms are due entirely to the condition of the patient's stomach, and him- self and the other attending surgeons are confident that the treatment adopted would soon remedy this. In speaking of the President's appearance he said that when he was shot he weighed 210 pounds, but his confinement had reduced him to nearly 140 pounds. 102 While it is not conceded by those nearest tlie President that he is not in a critical condition, the fact that he is better than he was twenty-four hours ago in- spires hope. Indeed, the fact that he is still alive, of itself inspires hope. It is true he is now in a crucical stage of his illness, but instead of growing worse, he is growing, as Dr. Agnew says, "much better." At the White House this morning there was exceeding qu'et. Up to noon there were few callers, among them all the members of the Cabinet except Secretary Blaine. Kev. Dr. Power also came early in the morning and re- mained an hour or so. Captain Henry, the marshal of the District, also called. Yesterday Captain Henry left Mrs. Garfield, the mother of the President, at Mentor. He says while slie is apprehen-i^ e she is hopeful of the President's recovery. " The letter the President wrote his mother," the Captain says, " gave her much assurance. " 10:30 A. M. — In conversation this morning on the President's condition, Dr. Boynton said the in'ospects were considerably brighter, and that the patient is resting comfortably. In reply to an inquiry, the doctor explained that the enemata, which were being administered, consisted principally of diluted extract of beef, a yolk of an egg and whisky, the whole being dis- solved and slightly heated. Dr. Bliss, in conversation on the same subject, stated that a small portion of muriatic acid was also a part of the enema. The latter gentleman expressed the opinion that the President's stomach was gradually becoming stronger, and referred to the fact that the nourishment was being retained as proof thereof. The doctor still remains hopeful, and says there is no reason for giving the President's case up yet. Dr. Boynton, in response to a question, regarding the President's taking nourishment in the regular manner, said it was possible that a very small quantity of di- luted beef extract, probably a teaspoonful. would be given him about noon ; it would depend, however, upon the patient's condition at that houi-. He has not been troubled with nausea since yesterday afternoon, at which time he threw off about a gill of liquid matter containing a quantity of bile. Dr. Boynton says IMrs. Garfield continues very hopeful, and feels rather more en- couraged to-day than she did yesterday. Up to 12 o'clock, there was nothing communicated from the sick room of a discouraging character. Colonel Eockwell, as he was passing into the White House about noon, said: "The President slept like a breeze last night, and he is going to get well." At noon. Dr. Bliss said: "The President is better than he was yesterday. The bulletin shows that." At the morning examination of the wound, its character was found to be satisfactory, and tlie discharge, although diminished, healthy. When Dr. Hamilton looked at the President this morning, he said he looked really better than he expected to find him. Throughout the city to-day there was less anxiety than yesterday, but every- thing that came from the White House was received with intense interest. The morning bulletin seemed to be accepted as offering more encouragement than that of yesterday. Soon after 12 o'clock. Assistant Secretary Hitt called at the White House with the announcement that Secretary Blaine was in J^ew York this morning, and would be here this afternoon. *" Up to the time the noon bulletin was issued, the doctors had not attempted to try the state of the President's stomach. It is probable they will, however, this afternoon with a preparation of beef in a weak state. The doctors think the stomach has improved in tone; but, of course, do not know whether it will perform its functions until the experiment is actually made. All the indica- tions up to noon indicated that, on the whole, to-day would be a better day with the President than yesterday. 12:30 P. M.— The President's condition has not materially changed since the last bulletin. He has been trnnquil and slept some. Has not vomited, and the nutritive enemata are still retained. Pulse, 112-, temperature, 98.7; res- piration, 18.— D. Hayes Agnew, D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, F. H. Hamilton, J. K. Barnes, Kobert Eeyburn. The doctors say this bulletin is a favorable one. The members of the Cabinet are beginning to regain hope under the assur- ances from the doctors that the President has an even chance for his life. The only medication which is given the patient is the sub-nitrate of bismuth to re- store the stomach. 103 The noon bulletin was somewhat comforting. The pulse was more rapid by two beats than in the morning, but the increase of four-tenths in the tempera- ture indicated that the enemata which are being administered the President are sufficient to keep his temperature up for the present. The physicians to- day act as if they were a good deal more hopeful. The rumor is that this af- ternoon food will be given the patient, and if it is retained much of the grav- ity which now surrounds the case M'ill be dissipated. Should it not be, how- ever, the President's condition will continue critical. The doctors feel satis- fied that the wound is doing well, and that what they now have to do is to re- store the stomach. The experiment upon the stomach will be made with what is called peptonized beef. It is said that during the Presidential campaign, under the cares and anxieties of the canvass, his stomach gave out and that for weeks he ate but little. After the noon bulletin was issued the usual crowd of newspaper men and officials, who gather in the private secretary's room to hear it read, dispersed, and quiet was again resumed. Previous to the midday dressing, Dr. Agnew was asked the condition of the President, to which he responded: "He is better to-day." When questioned further, the doctor said, " There is nothing further to say than is contained in the bulletin, which is stated over my own, together with the signatures of the other surgeons." The doctor was pressed for a reply to the question as to whether he considered that the patient had an equal chance for recovery. He said: " It is a bad plan to speculate on chances: the bulletin tells the story that the President is better to-day. Good morning." 2 P. M.— Dr. Bliss just came from the patient's room, and before leaving the Mansion said that the President had taken nourishment twice since the midday dressings, which occurred at 12:45 and 1:45. It consisted of cool infu- sion of beef mixed with a few drops of muriatic acid. The patient is given but about a teaspoonful at a time. What has been ad- ministered thus far has been retained, and the improvement anticipated by it has been realized. The President, shortly after the first dose was taken, ex- pressed himself as feeling better, and his pulse indicated great improvement, having become stronger and the number of beats materially decreased. The nourishment will be administered again about 3 o'clock P. M. The doctor is in excellent spirits and feels confident that the patient will now rally rapidly. The enemata are being continued as usual in addition to the other nourishment, and will not be dispensed with for the present. 6:30 P. M. — The President's condition is even better than it was this morning. There has been no vomiting during the day, and the enemata continue to be retained. Moreover a teaspoonful of beef extract has twice been administered by the mouth and not rejected, and small quantities of water swallowed from time to time excite no nausea. The wound continues to do well. At present his pulse is 112; temperature, 9S.S; respiration, 18.— D. Hayes Agnew, F, H. Hamilton, D. AV. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Eeyburn. Secretary Blaine reached the city this afternoon on the limited express. In company with Mrs. Blaine he called at the White House at once and remained an hour or more. He said he was glad to get back; that when he heard of the President's relapse he was, of course, worried, but he was glad to savthe Presi- dent was not so bad as he expected to find him. The following dispatch was sent to London to-day: Lowell, Minister: At half-past four the physicians report the President as in better condition than at any time during the past forty-eight hours. He has retained a very small quantity of liquid food on his stomach. Hope is somewhat revived. Blaine, Secretary. The following dispatch was received to-day by Mrs. Garfield from Queen Victoria: Aurjust 17, 1881.— I am most anxious to know how the President is to-day, and to express my deep sympathy with you both. The Queen. To the above Mrs. Garfield sent the following reply: To Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, Osborne, England: Your Majesty's kind inquiry finds the President's condition changed for the better. In the judgment of his medical advisers there is strong hope of his recovery. His mind is entirely clear, and your Majesty's kind expression of sympathy are most grateful to him as they are gratefully acknowledged by me. LucRETiA K. Garfield. 104 Auqust 18, — The President's condition gives ground for hope. He is still in danger, hut there has heen a very perceptihle improvement in the last thirty- six hours. This morning- 's hulletin indicated that he was entirely free of fever at 8:30. His pulse is said to he stronger, and Dr. Boynton, who has heen very frank and plain in all his statements ahout the President, says he is slowly gaining strength from the enemata nourishment. The wound is healing rap- idly, and no longer gives any trouble. It is the President's Aveak stomach that now complicates the case. The improvement visible this inorning affords reason for believing that that difficulty is disappearing, and that the most serious aspect of the present crisis has passed. 8:30 A. M. — The President has passed a most comfortable night, sleeping well the greater part of the time. There has been no further vomiting and the nutritive enemata are still retained. This morning his pulse is slowei", and his general condition better than yesterday at the same hour. Pulse. 104; tem- perature, 98.8; respiration. 17. — D. Hayes Agnew, Frank H. Hamilton, D. W. I31iss, J. K. Barnes. J. J. Woodward, Eobert Eej^burn. 11 A. M.— The indications are that everything is progressing nicely in the sick room. Dr. Agnew, who left for Philadelphia on the limited express, will probably return to-morrow, in order that Dr. Hamilton may go to Xew York on Satvirday. Private Secretary Brown accompanied the doctor to the train, and says he talked very encouragingly of the President's chances. Previous to leaving the Mansion Dr. Agnew had a talk with Mrs. Garfield, and informed her that he felt perfectly secure in being temporarily absent, that if an emer- gency should occur' he could easily be summoned. SuC. At this hour the Presi- dent is resting quietly. About three-quarters of an hour ago he took a small qiiantity of koumiss, which was given him by his wife, as stated above. Up to this time no bad effects have been experienced from it, and the patient is sleeping. At 12 o'clock to-day General Swaim made the statement that the Presi- dent had been given nourishment througli the mouth four times, and had re- tained it. All the outward signs at the White House this morning are of the most cheering character. The long faces of the callers yesterday and the day before have given way to more cheery ones. The members of the Cabinet, the private secretary, and the attaches about the White House are decidedly in better spirits. When ex-Postmaster-General Jewell c illed to day he was given most gratifying assurances of the President's recuperation. Justice Harlan called at noon, and remained until the 12:.30 bulletin was issued. It did not come from the surgeons' room until 1:15 P. M. and was as follows: The President is suffering some discomfort this morning from commencing inflammation of the right parotid gland. In other respects his condition is somewhat improved, and especially his stomach is becoming less intolerant. He has asked for and retained several portions of liquid nourishment, much more than he could swallow yesterday. The nutritive enemata continue to be used with success. At present his pulse is 108 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respira- tion, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Eobert Eeyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. The new complication in the President's case announced in the bulletin as the " swelling of the parotid gland" causes an anxiety that after all there may be a slight poisoning of the blood. The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands, and is situated on the right side of the face, between the eye and immediately in front of the ear. It is the gland which is inflamed when cue has the mumps. The swelling, according to the bulletin, has only com- menced. The night bulletin will probably show to Avhat extent the doctors have been able to arrest it. 2 P. M.— As Dr. Hamilton was leaving the White House ten minutes ago, he said, in response to the questions of a representative of the press, that he could not conveniently explain the cause of the inflammation of the parotid gland at that time; but he said it was perfectly proper to state that it was not an indication of any serious complication; was not an unusual occurrence in such cases, and that it caused no alarm whatever to the attending surgeons. The doctor then proceeded on his way to luncheon. 2:45 P. M.— Dr. Bliss, in response 'to interrogatories on the subject of the inflammation of the President's parotid gland, agrees with Dr. Hamilton that Garfield's Physician*. 105 it is no occasion for alarm, and is not an unusual occurrence in cases where patients become greatly debilitated. He says it is not an indication of pyaemia or of fever. At the White House there is no alarm created by the new feature developed in the case. Colonel Corbin, who had a talk with Dr. Boynton, says that while the latter does not concede that there has been blood-poisoning, that even had there been, the SM'elling of the elands is an indication of the poison passing off. The following was sent this afternoon : Lowell, Minister, London: At 2 o'clock P. M. the President shows a slight improvement in his poAver to retain and digest food; but his general condition is not strongly reassuring. Blaine, Secretary. Dr. Agnew left this morning for Philadelphia on the limited express. AVhen his presence on the train became known, there was a general feeling of relief, as his departure indicated that there was no immediate danger to the Presi- dent, otherwise he would have remained here. The condition of the President is so much more favorable to-day than it Avas yesterday that strong hopes for his recovery are again revived. He spent last night comfortably, sleepingjtranquilly, and awoke very much refreshed. At the morning dressing of the wound, it was found to be in good condition. The discharge of pus had considerably decreased; but what there was was of a healthy character. About a half hour after the dressing, the President asked Mrs. Garfield, who sat by his side, if he could have some koumiss. As this gave indications that his stomach was in better tone than it had been, the doc- tors were greatly pleased. He was given two drachms of the preparation, which he seemed to relish exceedingly, and retained without any symptoms of nausea. Half hour later he was given a second administration, which was also retained. This gave assurance that the capricious stomach of the President was on the mend. The doctors have decided between 12 and 3 o'clock to again administer beef juice, which, if retained, will be given at intervals during the day. This voluntary desire of the President for food is a hopeful sign. August 19.— The President's condition to-day is better than any day since the unfavorable symptoms of Monday last. He had a continuous and refreshing sleep last night, and awoke this morning so much refreshed and better that it was noticed by the attendants even before the doctors made the morning exam- ination. The" glandular swelling is giving no trouble. The President is begin- ning to have an appetite, and the rebellious stomach is being restored in tone. The following bulletin, issued this morning, shows thf pulse to have dropped to 100, and the increased temperature, which was noticed last night, has gone down to the normal point, and, in fact, it is the most reassuring bulletin issued for a week: 8:30 A. M.— The President slept much of the night, and this morning is more comfortable than yesterday. The swelling of the right parotid gland has not increased since yesterday afternoon, and is now free from pain. Nutritive enemata are still given with success, and liquid food has already this morning been swallowed and relished. Pulse, 100; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 17.— D. W. Bliss. J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Eeyburn, Prank H. Ham- ilton. The members of the Cabinet all called this morning, and gathered renew ed hope from the very favorable conditions reported. The air of solemnity and anxiety noticed about the White House for a week past has been dispelled, and hope and good cheer have again penetrated the gloom. There is no danger of blood poisoning, as the outside doctors feared, and the President can now be said to be mending as rapidly, if net more so, than his physicians had reason to anticipate. Nourishment continues to be given him through the mouth, and it is retained upon his stomach without producing irritation. The work of the secretaries and clerks at the Executive Mansion has not abated at all during the President's illness, but the character of it is entirely changed. While there is no mail for the T>resident, that for Mrs. Garfield has grown as large as the official mail used to be. This has to be assorted, briefed, and filed, and replies have to be written to many of them. Hvmdreds of letters expressing sympathj'^or offering assistance in some shape or other are received every day. Then the officials are kept pretty constantly busy replying to ques- tions of newspaper reporters and other visitors. 106 10 A. M.— Everything is quiet about the White House, and tlie President is said to be resting comfortably. He still retains nourishment, which is admin- istered in small quantities at intervals. Tlie morning bulletin was received as an indication of improvement. 11 A. M.— The President continues to do well. He partakes of nourishment more frequently, and the quantity is being gradually increased. The stomach offers no resistance, and the attending surgeons express themselves as very much gratified with the outlook. The inllammation of the right parotid gland is gradually subsiding. Executive Maksion, Awjusfi^, 12:30 P. M.— The President's condition has perceptibly improved during the last twenty-four hours. The parotid swelling is evidently diminishing and has not pained him since last night. He is taking to-day an increased quantity of liquid food by the mouth, which is relished and which produces no gastric irritation. Pulse, 106; temperature, 98.8; respira- tion, 17.— Erank H. Hamilton, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn. The noon bulletin served to confirm oflficially the Hnofficial report from the sick chamber. The pulse had gone up somewhat since the morning examina- tion, but this is considered by the doctors as trivial. What is after all the most encouraging sign is that the liquid nourishment is retained. Up to the time the noon bulletin was issued the President had been given fifteen ounces of liquid nourishment through the mouth. So far as the parotid swelling is concerned, it now causes no alarm. It is being reduced and does not cause as much an- noyance to the President as it did yesterday. By the hopeful and smiling way in which Private Secretary Brown read the noon bulletin it seemed to give him genuine pleasure. Among the White House callers to-day were Major Morgan, Deputy Internal Revenue Commissioner Rogers, Justice Harlan. Rev. Dr. Power and others. Colonel Rockwell and General Swaim both say that Mrs. Garfield is now greatly encouraged. They report, too, that the President is better in every way. During the afternoon the administration of liquid nourishment through the mouth will be continued during the President's waking hours. As usual the President sleeps a good deal during the day, more especially in the after- noon. The following was sent this afternoon : Lowell, Minister, London: At half -past one o'clock the condition of the President is better than at any time during the past four days. There is an increase of hopeful feeling in regard to his recovery. Blaine, Secretary. Dr. Hamilton left in the 2:10 P. M. train for New York. Dr. Agnew is ex- pected to arrive to-night. Dr. Bliss says the patient continues to improve. During the day he had twenty ounces of beef extract administered by means of enemata, in addition to the sixteen ounces of koumiss and milk gruel taken naturally. Up to 3 o'clock there was nothing reported from the sick room to depress the assuring reports of the morning and midday bulletins. The President had slept some and had taken additional nourishment without producing irritability. The glandular swelling continued to be reduced and gave the President but little trouble and caused the doctors no anxiety. The White House at 3 o'clock was deserted by all, except the usual employees and attendants. There was a feeling of relief manifested, not only around the immediate sick room, but out- side as well. There we»e no crowds about the bulletin boards. So far as the wound is concerned, it continues to progress more favorably than the doctors hoped. The suppuration lias considerably diminished, but this is explained because it has healed within three inches of the orifice. The discharge continues to be liealthy in character. The fact that the stomach is slowly being repaired, gives the doctors renewed hope that the patient will now slowly but surely improve. Of course there are a number of dangers which yet beset the case, but the hopeful view taken by the doctors, the famil}^ and the attendants leads to the conclusion tliat the crisis has been passed. No solid nourishment will be given the President until there is an absence of all nausea. It is just possible, Dr. Boynton thinks, that there are traces of septicemia, but not of pyaemia. The President is represented to be quite hopeful that he is going to recover. 107 The clerks in the office of Colonel Eockwell get occasional messages from the Colonel regarding the President's condition. The messenger that arrived at noon to-day came in with his face all wreathed in smiles, and said: '"The Col- onel told me to tell j-ou that the President is all right. He is getting well."' The following commimication has been received from the Patriarch of the Armenians in Turkey: Mr. President: Providence, which watches over the days of virtuous men in the service of free countries, has saved the illustrious President of the United States from the cowardly attempt against his life. As a servant of the Arme- nian Church, who prays daily for all the chiefs of Christendom, I hasten to ex- press to you my most sincere felicitations. The Armenian Church, so little known in America, is an ancient church, which, in Asia and in the midst of non-Christian peoples, has observed with a heroic perseverance the Gospel of Christ and that spirit of religious tolerance which the Armenians consider as the basis of truly understood Christianity. This Church feels consolation in its misfortunes on seeing the fortunate liberty enjoyed by other Christian na- tions, and it rejoices in their prosperity. As a representative of the Arme- nians of Turkey I am happy to avail myself of this occasion, Mr. President, to be the channel of conveyance to yon of the sentiments of high admiration which my nation feels for 'the Government and the people of the United States — a government which realizes all the dreams of friends of liberty, and a people whose philanthropy obeys the highest precepts of religion and morality. In- voking the benedictions of Heaven upon you and upon the people, whose des- tinies you so nobly rule, and praying the All-powerful to hold your precious life in His keeping, I have the honor to be, Mr. President, your humble servant in the Lord Jesus Christ, Archbishop Nerces, Armeman Patriarchate. A recognized medical authority, writing of the parotid gland, says it is the larg- est of the salivary glands, seated under the ear and near the angle of the lower jaw. It is composed of many separate lobas, giving rise to excretory dvicts. which unite to form one canal, called the parotid duct, Steno's canal — the ductus supe- rior or superior salivary gland of some. This duct, after liaving advanced hori- zontally into the substance of the cheek, proceeds through an opening into the buccinator muscle, and terminates in the mouth opposiie the upper st^cond mo'aris. About the middle of its course, it sometimes receives the excretory duct of a glan- dular body, situate in its vicinity, and called the accessory gland of the parotid. In the substance of the parotid gland are found a number of branches of the facial nerve, of the transverse arteri.^s of the face and the posterior auricular. It re- ceives also some filaments from the inferior maxillary nerve and from the ascend- ing branches of the superficial cervical plexus. Its lymphatic vessels are some- what numerou?, and pass into ganglions situate at its surface or behind the angle of the jaw. The parotid secretes saliva, and pours it copiously into the mouth. 6:30 P. M. — The President has done well during the day. He has taken addi- tional nourishment by the mouth th's afternoon with evident relish without subse- quent nausea. There is some rise of temperature, but his general condition is rather better than at this time yesterday. Pulse, 108 ; temperature, 100 ; respira- tion, 18. Secretary Blaine sent the following dispatch to Minister Lowell at 11:15 last night : The crndition of the President at 11 o'clock to-night shows improvement. He has swallowed, retained, and apparently digested nine ounces of liquid food during the day, asking for it himself and relishing it. The swelling of the parotid gland has created some uneasiness in the public mind, though it is not regarded as espe- cially discouragicg by his medical advisers. The whole amount subscribed to the Mrs. Girfield fund up to this titm is $155,- 381. Aiigust'IO. — Saturday, since the President's illness, seems to have always been a day of anxlety,'and sometimes a critical day. To-day, however, seems to be an exception to the rule. The morning bulletin — printed below — was a most gratify- ing one, and seemed to greatly restore confidence. The President's pulse had gone down two beats since yesterday morning, but in other respects the fio;ures were the same as yesterday morning. The bulletin, though, was assuring, foras- much as it indicated no unfavorable symptoms, and the reports unofficially received 108 from the sick room were that the President was doing well; that his stomach was regaining tone, and that he continued to take and retain nourishing food. The swelling of the parotid gland had also subsided, and it was less painful, and in the opinion of the doctors it would not form an abscess, but scatter, and it v/as not believed it would appear elsewhere. 7:45 A. M. — Dr. Bliss feels much encouraged at the condition he finds liis patient in this morning. He reports him having passed a comfortable night, sleeping con- siderably at intervals. About 7 o'clock this morning his pulse ranged at 98 and his temperature was apparently about normal. 8:30 A. M. — The President has passed a quiet night and this morning his condi- tion does not difi'er materiall.y from what it was yesterday at the same hour. The swellir.g of the parotid gland is unchanged and[is free from pain. This morning his pulse is 98; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburu, D. Hayes Agnew. Just before the morning dressing occurred Dr. Bliss came into Private Secretary Brown's room. He said in reply to inquiries regarding the President, that he had passed a very comfortable night, that he slept from a half an hour to an hour at a time, and that the last twelve hours had shown considerable improvement. During a waking hour, about 1 o'clock, an enemata was administered, and about 2 o'clock the patient took two ounces of milk gruel. After that he rested quietly until the doctors arose. Dr. Bliss saw the President for the first time during the night after daylight. The conversation with the surgeon was as follows : •'How is the patient, doctor?" "He has had a good night." "Then I suppose he is better?" "Oh, yes; he shows an improvement since yesterday. I saw him only a few moments ago. He was lying there as quietly as could be. I took his pulse; it was about 96." "How was his respiration, doctor?" "It could not have been more than 16; he was breathing so easily, and his skin was cool and moist." "Was the pulse firm?" "It was soft and clear." "The pulse will become more frequent after the morning dressing, I suppose?" "Yes, possibly three or four beats." "How is the parotid gland? Does it bother him much ?" "Did you ever have the mumps?" "Yes, sir." "Then you know something about how it troubles him. He cannot open his mouth wide at all times. He told me this morning that his mouth would not open but about half an inch." " Is it still swollen ?" "The swelling is not so much now, but the soreness affects the muscles of the jaw." "Doesn't it cause a collection of phlegm in the throat then?" " Oh, yes ; but he clears his throat so loudly that he can be heard in the next room. He told me just now that he thought if he should vomit it would clear the phlegm away. I told him that it was not necessary." On one occasion during the earl}'^ morning one who happened to be in the hall- way outside the door, near the President's bed, distinctly heard the patient ask Colonel Swaim for his handkerchief. When it was given him he cleared his throat and wiped his lips', and repeated the operation several times. During i\ further conversation with Dr. Bliss he talked in regard to a mistake which occurred in a telephone interview with him late last night I'egarding the use of an instrument in connection with the wound. He said he appears to have been understood to say that the flexible tube used for cleansing the wound had not been put into the wound further than three and a half inches. " What I in- tended to say," continued the doctor, "was that no probe had penetrated the wound beyond tliat depth." How far the flexible cleansing tube had been inserted he could not saj% but he would ascertain exactl}' and probably mention the fact in one of to-day's bulletins. Dr. Reyburn came into the room just as Dr. Bliss concluded, and said that the indications this morning were better than tliey had been for a week. 109 10 A. M. — Dr. W. H, Hawkes came to the Mansion about ten minutes ago, and desiring to obtain tlie exact conditior of the President, conferred with Dr. Boyn- ton, who stated that ''the patient is still better this morning, and everything is favorable." The feeling of reassurance is rapidly increasing. In response to an inquiry, Dr. Boynton said at 11 :15 A. M. that the President continues to improve slowly, and that everything is favorable. It is worthy of notice that the condition of the patient this morning, as shown by the 8:30 bulle- tin, was better so far as pulse, temperature and respiration are concerned than at any corresponding hour during the past eleven days. On the 9th of August the patient's pulse at the morning examination was 98; temperature, 99.8; respira- tion, 19. Since that time the pulse has never been below 100, morning or even- ing, until to- day, when it was again 98, with temperature and respiration corre- spondingly improved. It is hoped that this fall of pulse below 100 indicates a gradual return to the favorable conditions which existed about a week before the last operation. 12:15 P. M. — The President has taken nourishment through the mouth several times to-day, and in considerable quantities. In all, he has swallowed about ten ■ounces of koumiss and four ounces of milk gruel, without any indications of gas- tric disturbance. It nas not been thought prudent up to the present time to give him any other kinds of liquid food, but the juice of a beefsteak is being prepared and will be tried soon. If it be retained and assimilated, beef juice will hence- forth be given every day. An enema was also administered to the patient this forenoon, consisting of three and one-half ounces of beef extract, with the yolk of an e^^. The callers at the White House to-day were few. Of course, as is usual, all the members of the Cabinet dropped in at intervals. Representative Dezendorf, of Virginia, also called. About the White House there was an air of quiet, serenity, and confidence. The excitement of the last few days had entirely subsided, and everybody wore a more hopeful look. The 12.30 o'clock P. M. bulletin was not issued until 1.15 o'clock, and it is as follows : Executive Mansion, August 20, 12.30 P. M. — The President continues to do well. He is taking liquid food by the mouth in increased quantity and with relish. The nutritive enemata are still successfully given, but at longer intervals. His pulse is now 107; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. At the morning dressing the wound was looking well, and the pus discharged was of a healthy character. After the operation of August 8th the flexible tube used to wash out the wound at each dressing readily followed the track of the ball to the depth of three and a half or four inches. At the dressings, however, a small quantity of healthy pus came, as was believed, from the part of the track beyond this point, either spontaneously or after gentle pressure over the anterior surface of the right iliac region, but this deeper part of the track was not reached by the tube until yesterday morning, when the separation of a small slough permitted it to pass unresisted downward and forward for the distance of twelve and one-half inches from the external sur- face of the last incision. This facilitates the drainage and cleansing of the deeper parts of the wound, but has not been followed by any increase in the quantity of pus discharged. The large pus cavity which had formed in the immediate vicinity of the broken rib is filling up with healthy granulations, and the original wound of entrance, as far as that cavitj% has healed. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn, D. Hayes Agnew, J. J. Woodward. The delay in the issuance of the above bMlletin caused a gloomy foreboding among those anxiously waiting for it, that it would not be reassuring. Such, how- ever, did not prove to be the case. It took the doctors a good deal longer to pre- pare it ; that was all. The explanation set forth in it shows that the doctors are now able to reach the wound almost its entire depth, and can facilitate the drainage of the wound entire much better tlsan heretofore. At 1 o'clock the reports from the sick room were all of a most favorable charac- ter. The rebellious stomach seems to have become docile, and the pain from the glandular swelling is now insignificant. The wound, nenceforward in the dress- ing, will be explored and cleansed almost to its full depth. The noon bulletin happily set at rest the fear that the President was to have his usual bad Saturday. On the whole his condition is fully as favorable this after- noon as when the very favorable morning bulletin was issued. True, his pulse has 1 no risen somewhat, but the doctors do not attach much importance to this incident. What gives them great encouragement is that the food given the patient is assim- ilating, and he is gaining strength. At 3 o'clock this afternoon the President had fallen to sleep, with Mrs. Edson and Colonel Rockwell watchers by the bedside. The following has just been sent by Secretary Blaine : Lowell, Minister^ London : At 2 o'clock P. M., all reports Indicate that the President's condition is about the same as yesterday. There is certainly no loss and there is no very marked gain. Blaine, Secretary. Dr. Hamilton will return here on Tuesday next to relieve Dr. Agnew, who desires to go home on that date, conditioned of ccurse if all the present favorable signs continue. The steady improvement in the President's condition for the past two days has again revived the hopes of his recovery, which existed prior to the last relapse. To-day's bulletins were very encouraging. They were waited for with a peculiar interest. The changes for the worse in the President's case hitherto have all occurred Friday night or Saturday, and tliis has caused a sort of superstitious feeling about the last day of the week. Yesterday the President took altogether about forty -six ounces of nourishment, without experiencing any nausea or unpleasantness whatever in consequence. The fact that he can take and digest food enough to impart strength, taken in connection with the rapid healing of the wound, is in- deed reassuring. The uneasiness produced by the Sunday reports from the White House disap- peared to some extent to-day by the more favorable indications set forth in the two bulletins printed below. Sunday with the national patient was a bad day. The first bulletin issued was not a good one, and there was no appearance for the better in the second. When the night bulletin came out, which announced the return of vomiting, there was general alarm, which had not fully subsided until the bulletin of this morning was issued. The vomiting yesterday was at 3 o'clock and at 5:30. The President's throat had been clogged during the day with phlegm, and in one of his eflbrts to relieve himself of it he brought on the first attack. It was rather severe and caused him to throw from his stomach the nourishment he had taken during the day. The second attack was less severe. The medical at- tendants say that the vomiting did not produce any gastric disturbance, but was brought about solely by the phlegm in the throat. Up to 11 o'clock last night there was a great deal of uneasiness about the White House. All of the members of the Cabinet were on hand, and the general surroundings were gloomy in the extreme. It was conceded that if the morrow did not mark an improvement the case had again reached a critical point. Happily after midnight the President, who had been restless, fell into a sound sleep. There was no return of the vomiting, and when the patient awoke this morning he was found to be much better. The glandular swelling gives the President much discomfort. The bulletin issued this morning was as follows : 8:30 A. M. — The President has not vomited since j^esterday afternoon, and this morning has twice asked for and received a small quantity of fluid nourishment by the mouth. He slept more quietly during the night, and this morning his general condition is more encouraging than when the last bulletin was is^sued. Pulse, 104; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. The assurances contained in the morning bulletin that the stomach had reas- serted itself, and that other indications were no less satisfactorj^, raised the hopes of tlie det-pondent this morning. The night compared with the preceding one, was a comparatively .quiet one. The President woke frequently; but not so often as during the night before, tlie accumulation of phlegm being less troublesome. About 4 A. M., the President asked for liouraiss and a small quantity was given to him, which was retained by the stomach. The morning dressing showeil a nor- mal temperature and respiratioi-i; and the pulse two beats less than yesterday morning; tlie wound was found to be doing well, and the inflamed gland in about the same condition as last iiight. Dr. Reyburn said at 9 A. M: "Tlie swelling is no worse, and the general con- dition of tlie Prisident is a little better." The anxiety is somewhat lessened by the developments of the morning, but the gravity of the situation is still apparent. Up to 11 o'clock A. M., there had been no further disturbance of the stomach. Ill The President had also been a:iven liquid nourishment, including peptonized beef extract, which was retained. The usual enema was als > administered. If there should be no further stomachic disturbance, tlie doctors think the tone of the stomach will be slowly restored. The members of the Cabinet all called this morn- ing, and felt a great deal more hopeful than Ja^t night. General Sherman, Jus- tice Harlan and Rlv. Dr. Power were also among the callers. It is reported that the parotid swelling is painless. Dr. Reyburn is apprehensive that if suppuration ensues it may lead to grave complication?. Thus far while the doctors have kept ihe swelling stationary, they have not been able to scatter it. So far as the wound is concerned, it is said to be doing well. It is now cleansed thrice each day by the antiseptic process to the depth penetrated by the flexible rubber tube. The President's condition has not materially changed since the morning bulletin. There has been no recurrence of vomiting and the patient has taken a small quan- tity of milk porridge and .a little koumiss without nausea. It has been rumored that his mind has wandered at intervals, but this reported mental disturbance seems to have been nothing more than a slight Incoherence of speech immediately after awaking from sleep, before the senses were fully under control. It has not occurred at any other time, and is perhaps due to extreme weakness. The swell- ing of the parotid gland remains about stationary. The feeling at the Executive Mansion this forenoon is one of anxiety, but the general impression seems to be that there is no greater cause for alarm now than there has been for two or three days. Dr. Bliss reports, at 11.40 A. M., that the condition of the patent is slightly better than yesterday. There has been no nausea or vomiting since yesterday afternoon, and the stomach seems to be again resuming its functions. The patient has swallowed and retained, without discomfort, since morning, about twelve ounces of milk porridge and koumiss, and at 7 A. M. an enema of beef extract was administered. Another enema will be given about noon. There has been no change in the appearance of tlie parotid gland since yesterday, although there has been a further slight subsidence of the inflammation of the surrounding parts. The surgeons hope that they have the feature of the case under control, altliough they cannot yet speak with confidence. The gland may suppurate within the next three or four days, notwithstanding the measures whicli have been taken to reduce the inflammation. In that case the pus will be liberated by an incision just as soon as its existence becomes apparent. This will not necessarily involve great peril if the patient's strength can be sustained. The danger most to be appre- hended now, Dr. Bliss says, is exhaustion, and with this danger they hope to deal successfully unless the stomach entirely breaks down, Tlius to-day the indications are that that organ is improving in tone, and the secretion of plilegm in the throat has so far decreased that it gives the patient no especial annoyance, and he is re- lieved from the necessity of making such efi"orts to expel it as those which brought on the vomiting yesterday afternoon. Doctor Bliss says that the patient's pulse at 6 o'clock this morning was 98, and at half-past eleven 104. As the day progressed there was a more hopeful feeling apparent about the White House. Every visitor was impressed with the belief that the vomiting should not necessarily caiise great alarm as it was due entirely to nausea caused by tiie sickening mucous from the swollen gland getting into the throat. In all other respects tlie President was reported as getting along nicely. The noon bul- letin sustained the cheering reports received at intervals from the sick room. It was as follows : 12.30 P. M. — The President has continued this morning to retain liquid nourisii- ment taken by the mouth, as well as by enema. There has been no recurrence of the vomiting and no nausea. The parotid swelling is not materially smaller, but continues painless, it has caused for a day or two an annoying accumulation of viscid mucous in the back of the mouth, but this sympton has now much abated. His pulse is 104 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 18. — D. Hayes Agnew, D. \V. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn, J. J. "Woodward. The above bulletin was considered not at all unfavorable. The pulse of the patient had not risen, and there was an improvement since morning, by reason of the fact that the President had retained twelve ounces of liquid nourishment. It was found, too, that the troublesome phlegm was not so annoying as yesterday. The parotid swelling still remains, but continues to be painless. Tiiere had been no recurrence of the vomiting. 112 2:10 P. M.— The President is passing a quiet afternoon, and f^Ieeps a good deal of the time. Up to the present hour he has swallowed and retained to-day twenty- four ounces of liquid nourishment; consisting of milit porridge and koumiss. He has also had two enemas, one at 9 o'clock A. M., and one soon after noon. No new unfavorable symptoms have appeared, and his general condition is about the same as at 12:30 o'clock. 3 P. M. — The callers were few at the White House this afternoon, and such as came were assured by Private Secretary Brown that all was well. There had been no recurrence of the vomiting up to 3 o'clock, and the patient continued to be given nourishment through the mouth, which he retained. The phlegm in the throat gave the President less trouble. In brief, the President is much better than at this time yesterday, and is no worse than he was before the unfavorable symp- toms of yesterday set in. His pulse and temperature remain about the same as at noon. The following was sent this afternoon : Lowell, Minister^ London : The Prei-ident's condition has somewhat improved since the last report. He has not vomited for twenty-one hours, and during the forenoon has swallowed liquid food several times, in all about ten ounces. Weather very warm, but it does not affect him. Blaine, Secretary. The following bulletins were issued yesterday by the President's attending phy- sicians : Executive Mansion, Avgust 21, 8:30 A. M. — The President awoke more fre- quently than usual, yet slept sufficiently during the night, and appears comfort- able this morning. The parotid swelling is about the same, but is not painful. He took liquid nourishment by the mouth several times during the night, as well as this morning. Pulse, lOG ; temperature. 98.8; respiration, 18. 12:30 P. M. — The President's condition is about the same as reported in the morning bulletin, except that tliere is a slight rise of temperature. He continues to take liquid nourishment by the mouth, as well as by enema. Pulse, 108; tem- perature 99.4; respiration, 18. 6.30 P. M. — The President has vomited twice during the afternoon. The ad- ministration of food by the mouth has therefore again been ten)porarily suspended, and the nutritive enema will be given more frequently. His temperature and his pulse are ratht r less frequent than yesteraay afternoon. The parotid swelling is painless, but stationary. Pulse, 108 ; temperature, 99.2 ; respiration. 18. Secretary Blaine telegraphed to Minister Lowell last night as follows: "The President's .^leep last night was broken and unrestful. His symptoms through»ut the day have been less favorable, and his general condition is not encouraging. He is unable to retain food on his stomach, having vomited twice during the after- noon, the last time at 5 o'clock. This evening he has been able to drink water and retain it. The swelling of the parotid gland has not increased. Pulse and temperature about the same as yesterday. His sleep up to this hour (11 o'clock) is somewhat disturbed. We are all deepl}^ anxious." A Washington dispatch to the Boston Herald, dated August 20, says that Cap- tain Henry telegraphed as follows to friends in Ohio : ''The improvement of the President has been more tliau marked the past 24 hours; especially the tone of the stomach has improved, and this gives strength. Dr. Boynton has watched this feature of the case with the greatest care. The President has felt no sign of hun- ger for weeks until a trifle to-day. Even the wind has been favorable. During the past two days it has not blown from the Kidwell bottoms, but has come fresh and bracing from the north. Mrs. Garfield has been not only hopeful and cheer- ful during the day, but appeared happy. I told her of little A.be and Irve at Lawn- field— some things they said about 'papa's illness,' I told her of their little sun- browned hands and faces. The brave, womanly heart that had stood the terrible strain for weeks, melted to think of her dear little boys at home and papa and mama away from home, but longing to be there. For three or four weeKs pre- vious to last Monday the President often spoke of home. He longed to be at his Lawnfield home; to be in Cleveland; to walk do\vn Superior street, meeting and greeting old friends. He wanted to see Hiram and Solon, and Cousin Henry Boynton and some of Aunt Alpha's Indian bread again, an,' pick wintergreens on the hill. He wanted to see Burke and Harry, Mary and H^'ttie, and a score of others. He wanted to be in the shade of the maples at Captain Henrv's farm. He longed to be in Ohio, as he expressed it, 'on the old sod once more.' Thou- 113 sands upon thousands of familiar friends would appear before him as he lay on his bed of pain, On Monday, however, the pulse went up to 130, a feeble flutter. Since then he has been too weak to think much about old times, scenes and faces. While he is decidedly better than a few days ago, he is feeble and wasted.^ prob- ably 60 pounds of flesh has gone in seven weeks. The bullet-hole was 11$ inches deep, by actual measurement this morning as they washed it out. His strength is nearly wasted, but the little left has been increasing slowly and hopefully during the past two davs. If he continues to improve, I shall not consider him out oi danger for some time. To-day is the forty-ninth since he was shot. He is 4 J years old. I was troubled yesterday about to-day on account of the comcidence ot these numerals. A score or more of his old friends will understand why. rwenty-tive years ago he often said that he expected to die at 33, the age of his father when ne died. He passed 33, and then thought he would die at 42, the number of his regi- ment. His mind, however, to-day was too weaiy to be troubled about the appli- cation of facts and numerals. His faculties, however, are quite active, vvnen awake he is quick to see what is going on in the room. The grip of his hana is firm. He can hold aglass of water in his hand and carry it to his mouth wituout trembling. His voice has become natural since Monday. The pulse is tirm, ana his eyes brighter and more natural in expression. In these letters 1 have endea- vored to give a faithful picture of the condition of the President, such facts as would not be noticed by others, and, in the main, not attainable by the o^^'i^^^y methods of getting information. I believe the people have the right to near au the facts and incidents that would enable them to know the whole trutn. i cio not, however, distrust the doctors. I think they state the facts in their buiieuns, while the zeal and industry of newspaper correspondents in separating ttie cnan from the wheat and sending correct news awakens my admiration. ^^ ^im "P' let us bear in mind that our President is weak, sore, and in danger, ami tnat^ne must continue to improve for many days before he will be entirely out of danger. August 23.— The President was less restless last night than he was the night before. There has been no loss since vesterday,though there has been no gain . 1 he President was annoved during the night by phlegm in the throat, but there was not neces- sarily as much exertion to lift it. During the night he was given two enemata, and also took some nourishment by the mouth. This morning, in addition to kou- miss and milk porridge, he was given some of the juice of a steak, and seemed to relish all that was administered to him. Later this morning he was given some beef tea, and retained it on the stomach. The morning dressing sno^'f*,'^*^''^"'^ wound was repairing slowly. The swelling of the gland remains about the same. It is confined to the gland itself. The swelling is hard and clearly defined, mere are no evidences of its scattering. It cannot now be told whether suppuration wui ensue from the swelling, but there are no indications that the treatment adminis- tered has had the effect of preventing the act of suppuration. Dunng the tore- noon all that could be said of the President was that he is holding his ov/n. ine physicians in attendance say that such is the case, and all persons who have ac- cess to the sick room coincide with them. The stomach, the great point to be watched, is in better condition this morning than yesterday. The word Detter should, however, be qualified. The stomach is a little less capricious tlian yester- day, though it is by no means in a condition that could be wished for. Ihe Presi- dent's vitalitv, though considerably exhausted, is not as reduced as some reports have made it. He has considerable vitality left yet, though he is greatly emaci- ated and very weak indeed. The morning bulletin shows no material change in the patient. It is ^^s follows : 8-30 A. M.— The President slept the greater part of the night, but awoke at fre- quent intervals. He has taken since last evening a larger quantity of liquid food by the mouth than in the corresponding hours of any day during the past week. The use of the nutrient enemata is continued at longer intervals. Ihe pai'otid swelling is unchanged. Pulse, 100; temperature, 9S.4; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Eobert Reyburn, D. Hayes Agnew. 11-30 A. M.— The condition of the President has not materially changed since yesterday afternoon, and is yet a subject of grave anxiety. The improved tone of the patipnt's stomach, which gave some encourgement to his attendants j-esterday, is still maintained, and this is the most hopeful feature of the case. He has taken this morning six and a half ounces of beef juice without nausea or any other symp- tom of gastric disturbance. Upon the continuance for several days at least of this 114 ability to talie and assimilate food, and upon the continued absence of further complications would seem to rest the patient's chances of recovery. If the wound continues to do well, if no serious consequences result from the swelling of the parotid gland, and if the stomach continues to take food enough to make good the waste caused by suppuration, there will at lea^t be improvement enough within the next four or five days to carry the patient to a high plane of vitality, and per- haps to put him on the road, although not on the su.e road, to recovery. The continuance of these favorable conditions, however, while universally hoped for, cannot be confidently predicted. About 11 o'clock the President took soae peptonized milk. There has been no disturbance of the stomach, and everything reported from the sick room is reas- suring. The peptonized milk contains the substance from chickens' stomachs, which, in its natural way, causes their strong digestion. The President's stomach lacking the digestive fluid in such a measure as is satisfactory, the peptonized milk is being administered to supply, if possible, the deficiency. The President is not delirious nor has he been. He is like other people who are suff"ering; upon waking there is a mental aberration for a few moments. The pain from the swollen gland causes his frequent wakings during the night. When consciousness has returned he is for a short time unable to fix anything in his mind. He does not know for that time who is by him or what is going on, and when spoken to just after he awakes sometimes does not understand or pay any attention to what is said. That is the extent of his delirium . At noon to-day there has been nothing new developed in regard to the President. No word had come from the sick room except by second-hand. The news received in that way stated that all was going on fairly, and that nothing unusual in the treatment of the patient, or in the progress of the case had appeared. There is anxiety of course. Sifting all that is heard from physicians, and from others, in regard to the President's case, the general result arrived at is that the President has a chance for recovery. That chance is not as well-defined nor as large in pro- portion as it has been since he received the bullet ; but still it is a chance. It is also evident that the full gravity of the situation is not appreciated either by the public as a rule or by those who are comparatively near the sick-room. The doc- tors certainly are to'be pitied. If they issue a good bulletin they are accused of keeping the worst back, or it is said that the President has never been as bad as has been represented. If, on the other hand, the builptin is not satisfactory, the doctors are said to be over-feeding the patient or doing something else to kill him as quickly as possible. Dr. Ellis Bliss said at noon that there had been an improvement during the day in the President's condition. It was an improvement that could be noticed readily. There had been no unusual occurrence in the sick-room during the day, he said, and nothing of any interest beyond the regular treatment of the patient had taken place. There had been no disturbance of any kind and not the slightest retrogressive symptoms. Of the midday bulletin, which is issued about an hour after noon, it was known beforehand that it would be favorable and would show that there had been some improvement in the President's condition. This news spread around generally and the bulletin was looked forward to without any fore- bodit)g. 12:30 P. M.— The President continues to take by the mouth and retain an increased quantity of liquid food. At the morning dressing the wound looked well and the pus was of a healthy character. The mucous accumulations in the back of the mouth, on account of the parotid swelling, is less viscid, and now gives but little trouble. At present his pulse is 104; temperature, 98.9; respiration, 18.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Kobert Reyburn. The following was sent this afternoon : Lowell. Minister, London: In the last twelve hours since 1 o'clock this morn- ing, the President has swallowed eighteen ami a half ounces of liquid food. He has had no nausea. The pulse and temperature not essentially changed. In the judgment of his physicians he has lost notliing since last dispatch. If there be any change it is for the "better. Blaine, Secretary. (Jp to 2 o'clock this afternoon the President had taken eighteen ounces of liquid food. The nourishment administered to him has been of a stronger character, including beef tea and peptonized milk. Dr. Bliss said that the only result from the increased nourishment was in the character and tone of the pulse. He said 115 also that the gland swelling was about the same in size and character as yesterday. He could not tell when suppuration from the gland mioht be expected. It might be three days before there was any change in the swelling. Dr. Bliss expressed himself as being satisfied with the progress of the President to-day. The Presi- dent has slept at intervals during the day, but not for any continuous long time. Executive Mansion, August 22, 6.30 P. M.— The President has continued to take nourishment in small quantities at stated intervals during the ent're day, and has had no return of nausea or vomiting. The nutriment enemata are also retained. The wound is looking well and the work of repair is going on in all positions exposed to view. The pus discharged is healthy. At present the pulse is 11 ; tem- perature, 100.1; respiration, 19. The following was sent last night : Lowell. Minister, London: The President has been able to swallow and retain about twenty ounces of liquid food to-day, showing a better state of the stomach, but his general condition is serious, if not critical. He is weak, exhausted, and emaciated, not weighing over one hundred and twenty-five or one hundred and thirty pounds. His weight when wounded was from two hundred and five to two hundred and ten pounds. His failure to regain strength is the one feature which gives special uneasiness and apprehension. Blaine, Secretary. The following correspondence by cable is furnished from the State Department : Rome, August 15. The Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, Washington: As the Holy Father learned with painful surprise and profound sorrow the horrid attempt of which the President of the Republic was the victim, so now he is happy to felici- tate his Excellency upon the news that his precious life is now out of danger, and will ever pray that God may grant him a speedy and complete recovery of his health and long spare him to 'the benefit of the United States. The undersigned has the honor to join in these sentimerts of sincere congratulations and wishes for complete recovery. L- Cardinal Jacobini. Washington, August 22, 1881. To His Eminence L. Cardinal Jacobini, Rome: Please convey to his Holiness the sincere thanks with which this Government received the kind expression of his prayerful interest in behalf of the stricken Presi- dent. Since your message was sent, the President's condition has been changed and we are now filled with anxiety, but not without hope. The President has been very deeply touched by the pious interest for his recovery shown by all the churches and by none more widely or more devotedlv than by those of the Roman Catholic communion. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. Bishop Watterson, of Ohio, has issued a pastoral letter to the Catholic clergy of his diocese directing them to offer special prayers for the suffering President. Last night was a good one for the President. He slept well during the early part of the evening. At 11 o'clock he was awake from the restful ?leep of the ear- lier hours of the night. Shortly after 11 he again went to ^leep, and remained in that condition until between 2 and 3 o'clock this morning. The dressing of the wound this morning showed it to be in good condition. The discharge and char- acter of the pus was pronounced satisfactory. Dr. Hamilton, who arrived from New York last night, was present at the dressing. The morning's bulletin was a very good one indeed. It is as follows: Executive Mansion, August 23, S:30 A. M.— The President has passed a very good night, awakening at longer intervals than during several nights past. He continues to take liquid food bv tlie mouth, with more rolish and in such quantity that the enemata will be suspendfd for the present. Xo change has yet been observed in the parotid swelling. The other symptoms are quite as favorable as yes- terday. Pulse, 100; temperature, 98.5; respiration. 17.— D. W. Bliss, J. J. Wood- ward, J. K. Barnes, Robert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton. The White House was closed early last night. About 10 o'clock the offices were closed and the gas put out. The members of the Cabinet left just before the lights were extinguished and the newspaper men dispersed about the same time. This morning there were few callers except about bulletin time, when thev came for copies of that document. Secretary Windom^ Postmaster-General James, 116 Deputy-Commissioner Kogers and Warner M. Bateman called during the fore- noon. . . The President this morniuo; asked for food. He was given it and retained it on his stomach. About 3 o'clock this morning he was given five ounces of milk por- ridge. Again at 7 o'clock this morning, he was given liquid nourishment by the mouth. Up to 10:12 o'clock he had taken thirteen and a half ounces of nourish- ment, consisting of milk porridge, be^f juice aal peptonized milk. The stomach shows itself tu be in an improved condition— slightly improved, buc still there is an improvement. Tliere is less trouble to-day in clearing the throat. The mucous matter is given up without any rerciiing, and with apparently a comparatively slight effort on the patient's part. In short, there is to-day a general improvement outside the swollen gland. The condition of the gland causes some anxiety from the fear of weakening; cousequent upon suppuration which may set in. This morning about 3 o'clock Dr. Bliss went into the sick room. Dr. Boynton • was in attendance upon the President. Touching his forehead with his hand Dr. Bliss inquired: '■'• Have you noticed any disturbance here? " The President heard the question and said : '' What disturbance do you mean ? " Dr. Bliss turned the inquiry away by saying, '• disuirb.inc^ of the t;ir>at." Afterivards Dr. Boynton told Dr. Bliss that there had been no mental disturbance. That the President should take Dr. Bliss up so readily when he made this inquiry was a good enough sign that his mind was clear. Signs of suppuration in the swollen gland.— This afternoon there seems to be no doubt but that the gradular s ^veiling will suppurate. The signs of it noted this morn- ing have become more strongly marked. The softening is increasing and it is evident that there must be a drainage of accumulated matter from the gland. The doctors do not say when the drainage will commence. Dr. Bliss does not fear any«seriou3 results from suppuration. He says that he thinks the accumulation can be drained without causing any great disturbance to the patient or setting him back materially. He thinks that the drainage can be accomplished completely in five days after it commences, and that at the end of that time the swelling and its results will have entirely disappeared. It is evident, however, that there is considerable anxiety in regard to the culaiiiiatii>n of the glandular complications and the etfects that its suppuration may have on the patient. Dr. Bliss is quoted on the streets as having told a friend last night that every- thing that could be done oy human beings had been resorted to by the attending surgeons, to scatter the swelling of the President's parotid gland, but it did not appear to yield, and that suppuration seemed inevitable. The doctor thought, however, it is said, that the discharge would be comparatively light. 10.20 A. M.— The attendants of the President report this morning that the latter had a very quiet, comfortable night, sleeping longer at a time than heretofore, and showing less restlessne-s. Before the morning examination he expressed a desire for food, and Doctor Bliss warmed slightly and gave to him about four ounces of beef extract, which he swallowed with apparent satisfaction. In a brief inter- view witii a reporter of the Associated Press, afterthc morning bulletin appeared, Dr. Bliss said that the President had had a very good night and was doing well. The glandular swelling had not, he said, preceptihly changed in appearance yester- day, "but he thought it seemed a very little softer to the toucii. The wound con- tinued to pivsent a healthy and in every way a satisfactory appearance. Generally speaking the patient's.'conditon this forenoon is about the same as la«t evening. The slight improvement which was then noted is fully maintained, and there has been a little additional gain in the capacitv for nourishment. At 11 o'clock there had been no change since the bulletin was issued. The reports from the sick-room were cheering, and there was no evidence anywhere about the White House that grave apprehension was felt. The only change that was marked in the President's condition up to noon was in the swollen gland. Tiie swelling was softer than yesterday. The touch it gave was slightly yielding instead of the hard resistance which was its unchanged feature yes- terday. This softening is a sign of suppuration. It is not, however, yet cer- tain that there will be suppuration, or that the efforts to scatter the matter and prevent that phase of parotid swelling will not be successful. The danger in the suppuration, of which tliere is already evidence, as stated, lies in the fact that the drainage of the matter would likely result in a further weakening of the President. His vitality is now so very low that any further strain on it, even of the slightest character, would be attended by dangers not to be esti- mated. 117 Ifnrwns not as favorable as the one issued this morning, but there is uotmng • fh^iP- St Sarmino The President's condition was slightly improved as ture 99 2- respiration, 1/. — D. W. isliss, J. d. v> uouwciiu, « j-v , ''leSif WM«n?c?me°'t; the AVIute House again this afternoon He fs made The stay of the Sctors was due to the condition of the swollen pa- is maae. /"^f '^^ "._,,„ . ^„ i,j,,.e such marked evidences of suppuration that '■?^'i ^^ fppidPd to open f^^ie knife wis used and an incision made by cutting, S1»t,r;4rri^;t^js;s°siss:^^ '■^SfH^on PSea the ope.^tlon, being im:itecUo <,os„ I'X «- ftesiclent iillgliiiifEiSis 104. The patient is now resting quietly and his gf^^\?^^?^^^-Xtlhat there will K?sitS;'iS!;9'rsi5|ngSr«£^ SSrf^Krol*c^S'ifii\'"nM^^^^ afternoon the day, so tar as the days ';.»«,?°f„'',^%^„<'™t aww fidm the White n^^-^^X^^^^^ Xrnt*s"tr|o=r the river on the 118 Tallapoosa or to Mentor. He never speaks of the Soldiers* Home. To-day he asked Dr. Bliss if he could be removed by cold weather. Dr. Bliss told him that he would be removed as soon as his stomach was all right. "It's all right now," said the President, " I want to get away. If we can't go to Mentor I want to go down the river on the Tallapoosa. " The following was sent this afternoon : Lowell, Minister, London: According to the opinion of his physicians, there is no marked change in the President's condition since last dispatch. At this hour, half past one o'clock P. M., there is some indication of an in- crease of fever, Mliich they say is in part caused by the increased heat of the day. He continues to take liquid food and does not seem troubled by nausea or indigestion. Blaine, Secretary. Executive Mansion, August 23, 6:30 P. M. — The President has continued to take liquid food l)y the mouth at regular intervals during the da\% and has had no recurrence of gastric disorder. The parotid swelling remains unchanged. In other respects the symptoms show some improvement over his condition yesterday afternoon. Pulse, 104; temperature, 99.2; respiration, 19. Secretary Blaine sent the following cablegram to Minister Lowell last night: "The President's condition is more encouraging than it was at .this time last night. During the last twenty-four hours he has sw^allowed ten ounces extract of beef and eighteen ounces of milk, retaining and digesting both. He has twice asked for food, which he has not done before for several days. Pulse and temperature are both somewhat lower. The swelling of the parotid gland has not specially changed. Its long continuance at present stage increases the fear of suppuration. At this hour, 11 o'clock, physicians report that the Presi- dent has rested quietly the entire evening." Dr. D. Hayes Agnew, the senior of the consulting surgeons, was to have been relieved at the President's bedside yesterday by Dr. Hamilton, and after the morning examination he left the Executive Mansion for Philadelphia. To a Press reporter, who found him on the sunny lawn of his home at Haverford late yesterday afternoon, the eminent surgeon seemed in better spirits than at any time since the unfavorable change in the President's condition more than a week ago. He asked what the noon bulletin from the White House had con- tained, and added that there was very little to be said in addition to what the attending physicians regularly reported of the President's condition. The public, he said, had been led within a day or two to magnify the new danger the President was in and to fear a sudden change for the worse, which the physicians had not looked for. Replying to the assertion of his visitor that many persons who held the President's recovery very near at heart, had never given up hope until now, Dr. Agnew said it was equally true that many people had hardly realized before now that the President was very badly wounded, and thatthe injury might almost at any time have caused his death. It was only within a short time that the wound had passed, its most aggravated stage, a stage which was inevitably attended with great weakness and debility, followed by a period of Wmost complete prostration. "It is necessary," said Dr. Agnew, " for a patient so wounded to reach the bottom of the ladder before he begins to ascend it again to the high ground of restored health. That period of complete prostration through wliich lie is pass- ing was complicated by the failure of the stomach. That has been partially restored to strength, and now it is a question of the staying powers of the President and of his recuperative forces whether he shall advance toward con- valescence." " Secretary Blaine, in his official dispatches last night, spoke of the Presi- dent's exhausted and emaciated condition, and said plainly that his failure to regain strength was the one feature which gave special uneasiness and appre- heiision. Is this extreme weakness which the Secretary of State refers to ac- counted for and prolonged solely by the stomachic trouble of the past ten days? " " That and septicaemia. The amputation of a limb is followed by a sort of wound fever, whicli is sometimes called surgeon's fever. The President's wound has caused tliis same continued low fever, which the whole system is fighting against and which will decrease if the stomach continues to receive necessary nourishment. " " There are no indications of malarial fever?" 119 " Not any. "With particular care I have looked out for that. There are no traces of malaria at the "White House, nor could I find that any one who had ever lived near the Executive Mansion had heen affected with it in the past. The sick room is perfectly comfortable and healthy. The temperature may be reduced almost to any degree bv the refrigerator apparatus, and the chamber where the President lies is by far the most comfortable place I have been in at all." "Are there fears of new complications from the swollen parotid gland? Dis- patches from "Washington anticipate another operation." "It may become necessary to open an abscess if the inflammation develops to that point, but it would hardly be called an operation. The soreness came from the impoverished condition of the blood, but the danger of the present inflammation from that cause has been magnified by unofficial dispatches." " It has been stated that the President's mental faculties have at last suc- cumbed to the assaults of the wound and the failing strength of the system, and that his mind has become partially if not wholly obscured." Dr. Agnew replied that the patient was very weak and emaciated, but that his mind was quite as clear as it has ever been. He was the first to know the residt of the physicians' examination which precedes every bulletin. He talks very little to his attendants, but no one in the sick-room knew better than he what was going on about him. All that he says is spoken as rationally as Dr. Agnew was himself talking at that moment. •' It has been stated, too, that the attending physicians withhold from the public many dangerous s^miptoms which transpire in the sick-room? " " It is not true," said Dr. Agnew, " that the physicians know much more than i^ communicated through the bulletins." Prom private interviews with the physicians correspondents at "Washington, he said, had gathered hints of a new complication in the President's illness, as in the case of septicaemia, before it had been announced in the bulletins. Correspondents jumped at con- clusions. The physicians did not conjecture anything. Septicaemia was an- nounced in private dispatches several hours before those dispatches were In- dorsed by the bulletins. " You may say," concluded Dr. Agnew, "that the case is by no means hope- less ; that we do not anticipate any sudden change either for the worse or better; that our hopes are based upon the recuperative power of the President and the restored strength of his stomach to bring renewed vigor, and if in the end his improvement is permanent that his convalescense will be a very lorg one." . ^ ^ Dr. Agnew spoke guardedly and with that reserve which the distinguished surgeon has shown from the first, and which has given so much weight to every encouraging word that he has vouchsafed since his first summons to the President's bedside seven weeks ago. He will not return to "Washington until Saturday, unless he is summoned thither by the attending physicians in the meantime. August 24.— The President did not pass what might be called a good night. There was much pain around the swollen gland. The swelling has not dimin- ished any since the incision made yesterday. Thi> shows that other matter is collecting, and that the drainage through the incision will have to go on as the accumulations reach a quantity sufficient to be evacuated. "While the President slept most of last night it was not a refreshing sleep, nor were his slumbers at any time continuous for any extended period. The stomach con- tinued to be in an unrebellious state during the night, and the reports from the sick room this morning are that it shows no oapriciousness now. The President is not as strong to-day as he was yesterday. There has been a wasting which, though slow, is unmistakable. This wasting has been very perceptible during the past ten days ; it has not on any day during that time been fully checked. The 8.30 bulletin of this morning was rather unfavorable as compared with the bulletin issued at the same hour yesterday. The pulse this morning is six beats higher than yesterday ; the temperature is the same, and respiration yesterday at^8.30 was 17, while to-day it was 18. The foUowing is the bulletin : The President slept most of the night. He has taken liquid food by the mouth at stated intervals, and in suflacient quantity, so that the enemata have not been 120 renewed. No modification of the parotid swelling has been observed. His gene- ral condition is much the same as at this time yesterday. Pulse, 106 ; tempera- ture, 98.0 ; respiration, 18. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, Frank H. Hamilton, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Keyburn, D. Hayes i^gnew. As Dr. Bliss stated in his dispatch, asking Dr. Agnew to return to Washington, the object of his desired presence was to co';snlt and decide whether the President should be removed or not. The President himself brought on the agifation of that question. He is most anxious to go somewhere, but not to the Soldiers' Home, He will not think of that. During the past three days his demands for removal have been frequent and almost imperative. He has been very restless over t!ie subject, and his determination to be taken to another place has been the cause of much concern in the sick room. Upon that subject alone he has refused to listen to his attend- ants and the doctors. He would not pay any attention whatever to the state- ments that it was impossible to take him away from the Whits Hou5e. After he had been told that he could not be removed, he would not be in the least convinced, but would still as persistently and earnestly say, that he must get away. Mentor is where he w^ants to go. Next he wants to be tak^n on board the Tallapoosa to salt water. He is very anxious to get to the ocean. His persistencv in that di- rection is to be explained by the fact salt water has always agreed remarkably well with the President. Whenever he went upon a sea voyage he was always greatly benefitted thereby. The salt water never failed to benefit the dyspepsia from which he had been a sufl'erer. In consulting upon the question of his remov- al there was a disagreement among the surgeons last night and no conclusion was reached. This morning after the issuance of the 8.30 o't^lock bulletin there was a further consultation on the same subject. It was decided not to remove the President. Again this morning there was a division of opinion. Dr. Hamilton was in favor of removal and advocated a sea voyage. Dr. Bliss was of the opinion that the President should be taken to the Soldiers' Home. The others were of the opinion that there should be no removal, and Dr. Bliss was against a trip down the river. From these opinions the conclusion that no removal should be mad.^ at present was arrived at. Upon one thing, however, there was perfect unanimity ; all the physicians concurred that there was no malaria in the President's system, and that there had been none. The result of the consultation as to removal was given official announcement in the issuance of the foUowhig special bulletin : Executive Mansion, August 25, 9.15 A. M.— The subject of the removal of the President from Washington at the present time was earnestly considered by us last night and again this morning. After mature deliberation the conclusion was arrived at by the majority that it would not now be prudent, although all agree that it will be very desirable at the earliest time at which his condition may warrant it. We are, moreover, unanimously of the opinion that at no time since the injury has the President exhibited any symptoms of malaria. — Frank H. Ham- ilton, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, D. Hayes Agnew, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Reyburn. Mrs. Dr. Edson in conversation with Dr. Tindall, secretary to the District Com- missioners, last evening stated that in her judgment there is very little hope for the recovery of the President unless he is removed from the President's house ; that she has been of this opinion for some time past and has not been backward in expressing herself upon this subject, and that the President himself is convinced that a change of place and air is necessary. His constant and extreme longing for such a change has a verv wearing and depressing elFect upon his health and spirits, under which he is daily losing flesh. General Sherman has had a number of stout soMiers drilled in carrying people on stretchers with a view to their employment in the work of removing the Presi- dent, should it be decided to change his location. These men have become very expert and methodical in their movements. They have so far been perfected that their steady tread and uniformity of movement will not disturb the water in a glass held by the hand of an 150-pound man lying on the stretcher. These men would undoubtedly be called into service should the President grow strong enough to be removed. The old mansion at Arlington has been offered as a place to which th e Presi- dent can be removed. A widow lady, who has control of the house, has written saying that the whole mansion will be placed at the disposal of ttie President and James G. Blaine. 121 fitted upfor his comfort and reception if it should be decided to remove'him thither. Of course, it having been decided not to remove him, the invitation cannot be accepted. There at-e, however, many who think that tlie admirably located old house is a very desirable location for the President, and one which would be bet- ter suited to his condition than either a trip down the river or removal to Menteror the b'oldiers' Home. 10:20 A. M. — Doctor Bliss reports that the condition of the President this fore- noon is about the same as yesterday forenoon, except that his pulse is a little higher. He was somewhat restless at times during the night, and did not sleep quite as well as on Tuesday night. There has been no perceptible chang-e in the appearance of the inflamed parotid gland, and two or three days may elapse before the swelling subsides. Taking everything into consideration, the patient has not gained any ground since yesterday morning. Dr. Boynton said this morning that the stomach was all right and doing admir- ably. Tbe President had taken about the same amount of beef-juice and pepton- ized milk as yestei-day. Still, however, in Dr. Boynton's opinion the President is not in quite as good a condition as he was yesterday. There has been no very marked change, but the change, if any, was, in his opinion, for the w.orse. He did not feel as much encouraged to-day as he did yesterday. If the patient can maintain his strength, the slight poisoning of the system will be eliminated. The question is, can the strength be maintained? Dr. Bliss, this morning, seems to think that if there has been any change since yesterday it has not been a change for the better. That the forenoon was not as comfortable for the President to-day as yesterday, and that the President's condition was not as good, was fully shown by the mid- day bulletin. The President was more feverish during the morning, and his gen- eral condition has continued to be not that of a man improving, or even that of a man holding his own. Compared with the midday bulletin yesterday, the pulse to-day is 8 beats higher ; the temperature is the same — 99.2, and the respiration is two points more frequent. There is a general air of discouragement around the White House to-day. This was not shown so much in what was said as in what was left unsaid. Compared with this morning's bulletins, there was a rise from 106 to 112 in pulse, an increase from 98.5 to 99. 2 in temperature, and from 18 to 19 in respiration. All things considered, there was at 12 o'clock a great deal of anxiety as to tlie condition of the patient. The noon bulletin was as follows : Since the issue of this morning's bulletin a rise in the President's temperature, ■ similar to that which occurred yesterday morning, has been observed. His pulse is somewhat more frequent. From the incision in the parotid swelling a few drops of pus were discharged this morning; the size of the swelling has not diminished. In other i-espects his condition has not perceptibly changed. Pitlse, 112 ; tempera- ture, 99.2; respiration, 19. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn, Frank H, Hamilton. At 3 o'clock this afternoon there had been no change reported from the sick room, except the statement made at that time by Dr. Bliss that the President was slightly better than this morning. Secretary Blaine's midnight dispatch to Minister Lowell told pretty clearly the anxious feeling, amounting almost to dread. It was as follows : "The President has not gained to-day. He has had a high fever, which began earlier than is usual with his febrile rise. In the afternoon an incision was made in the swollen parotid gland by Dr. Hamilton. The flow of pus therefrom was small. The one favorable symptom of his swallowing liquid food with apparent relish and digestion has continued, but the general feeling up to midnight is one of increased anxiety." The following was the 6.30 A. M. bulletin : " Shortly after the noon bulletin was issued an incision was made on the right side of the President's face for the purpose of relieving the tension of the swollen parotid gland and of giving vent to pus, a small quantity of which was evacuated. He has taken a larger quantity of liquid food by the mouth to-day than yesterday, and has been entirely free from nausea. His temperature this afternoon is, how- ever, higher than yesterday at the same hour, and his pulse somewhat more fre- quent. Pulse, 108 ; temperature, 100.7 ; respiration, 19. August 26. — The gravity of the situation at the White House yesterday grew on the immediate official family with an almost imperceptible, but terribly certain 9 122 advance. The street stories were not so wild as usual, but the dread fact appeared to impress all with its solemn truth that the President was slowly neariug the end of his long and heroic struggle with fate. There were grave apprehensions afloat in the city in the morning on account of the apparent mystery of Wednesday night's proceedings. The impression seemed to gain ground that the summons to Dr. Agnew, while its principal object was stated, meant more than that. The tenor of Secretary Blaine's late cablegram to London showed how anxious he wais. The conference of the doctors was devoted almost exclusively to the consideration of the question of removal. It was found that no conclusion could be reached then, and the Cabinet were informed that the matter could not be decided until morning. The morning bulletin was issued at the usual hour. Its contents were as fol- lows: " The President slept most of the night. He has taken liquid food by the mouth at stated intervals, and in sufficient quantity so that the enemata have not been renewed. No modification of the parotid swelling has been observed. His general condition is much tlie same as at this time yesterday. Pulse, 106 ; tem- perature, 98.5 ; respiration, 18." This showed the condition to be about the same as at the same hour tlie day before. Further inquiring developed the fact that the President did not sleep quite so well during the night. The slow suppuration of the swollen gland caused some restlessness. In the morning he took nourish*^ ment satisfactorily, but there was no apparent improvement of the general condi- tion since Wednesday. The statement that the swollen gland was not much better told a great deal. The fact was that the incision made Wednesday had not proven as satisfactory as was hoped, and as indeed at first it seemed likely to. The swell- ing had not diminished since the discharge was secured, and tiie discharge was very slight indeed. The character of the pus was said to be good. The appre- hension felt was not based on new knowledge, but on lack of knowledge as to just what was to be the result of the inflammation. Immediately after the morn- ing examination had been made the doctors again went into consultation in regard to the President's removal. It seems that the idea was seriously broached on account of the President's expressed wish for a change of scene and air. Dr. Hamilton was one that favored the idea of removal. All agreed that it would be best to remove the President as soon as possible, but it was thought best not to remove him now, as shown in the following extra bulletin, issued at 9:15 o'clock: "The subject of the removal of the President from Washington at the present time was earnestly considered by us last night and again tills morning. After mature deliberation the conclusion was arrived at by the majority that it would not now be prudent, although all agree that it would be very desirable at the ear- liest time at which his condition may warrant it. We are, moreover, unanimously of the opinion that at no time since the injury has the President exhibited any symptoms of malaria." Secretary Kirkwood, Attorney-General MacVeagh and Postmaster-GeneralJames met at the White House when the physicians were con- ferring about the removal of the President . The others waited for the decision to be announced by bulletin. When the Attorney-General went away he was asked if he had heard anything to make him feel better or woi-se. He replied that he had felt ver}' despondent for a long time, and that he had heard nothing to make him feel much better. He was further asked if any new development added to his despondency, and i-eplied: "No, nothing in particular, but this continued drain must wear him away.'' Postmaster-General James had nothing to say, except that there did not seem to be much change one way or the other. Dr. Agnew returned to Philadelphia on the 10:30 A. M. train. He has patients to keep him busy there, and dees not expect to return before Sunday. Meanwhile Dr. Hamilton remains here. Dr. Hamilton felt in no way antagonized by the other surgeons because they did not decide to remove the President from the White House. Dr. Agnew has long been on record against any attempt to remove the President until he should be very much better, and Dr. Bliss has expi-essed the same sentiment. Dr. Hamilton's proposition seems to have been made greatly in deference to the desire of the President, and was deemed worthy of full con- sideration by all. The decision was not generally accepted as further evidence of the hopelessness of the case, but as evidence that.no unimperative risks were to be run. The slow progress of the gland was an evident source of discomfort to the physicians. Dr. Bliss stated at 11 A. M. that it would probably be several days before the best effects of the incision would be apparent. He said the swelling had not seemed 123 to decrease. Other indications seemed not unfavorable. The stomach was retain- ing fully as much nourishment as on Wednesday. The noon bulletin showed another rise in pulse and temperature. It read as follows : Since the issue of this morning's bulletin a rise in the President's tem- ature similar to that which occurred yesterday morning, has been observed. His pulse is somewliet more frequent. From the incision in Che parotid swelling a few drops of pus were discharged this morning; the size of the swelling has not diminislied. In otlier respects his condition has not perceptibly changed. Pulse, 112; temperature, 99.2; respiration, 19." There has been very feV callers at the White House during the forenoon. There seemed to be a settled feeling that there was no use trying to hasten con- clusions. The crisis still continued and it was apparent that the inmates of the White House were less encouraged than on Wednesday. Dr. Boynton just before noon stated, in reply to a question, that he did not consider the President any better yesterday than Wednesday. He was asked whether he thought he had held his own. Dr. Boynton replied that he could point to no symptom that showed him to be worse, but it seemed :o be the general impression that he was hardly so well. He considered the important feature of the case to be his extreme weak- ness and the low condition of his blood. He did not think there had been any gain of strength since Wednesday. The wound seemed to be doing well enough. The parotid swelling had not begun to yield. The President seemed to be receiving enough food, and was taking it wiHingly. If the wound should continue to do well and the stomach to act, the blood ought to improve by and by. It was only a question whether the nourishment would be sufficient to carry him over the crisis. If it did he might recuperate ; if not, he would not like to say what might come. The noon bulletin was not at all reassuring. The recurrence of the febrile rise so early in the day was very unsatisfactory. The physicians still kept cheer- ful and insisted that he was not much worse, but the outside public seemed again coming to the conclusion that he was worse than he has seemed lately. The evening bulletin was awaited with great anxiety by both the inmates of the White House outside of the surgeons' room and the public, who seemed more interested in the figures than the other contents, in which but little faith is put by the m;«jority. It was as fo lows : " There has been little change in the Presi- dent's condition since the noon bulletin was issued. The frequency of his pulse is now the same as then . His temperature has risen somewhat, but is not so high as yesterday evening. There has been a slight dischatge of pus during the day from the incision in the parotid swelling, but it is not diminishing in size. No un- favorable change has been observed in the condition of the wound. He has taken by the mouth a sufficient supply of liquid food. At present his pulse is 112 ; temperature, 99.8 ; respiration, 19. The anxiety of the situation did not seem to be yet approaching alarm among the inmates of the White House. Private Secretary Brown had not been feeling so confident, but would not surrender his hope. He still believed that tlie Presi- dent was not beyond recovery and that he would yet rally. If no alarm existed on Wednesday none ought to have been abroad yesterday, according to Dr. Ham- Iton's idea. He stated definitely to one repoiter, in the hearing of others, during the afternoon, that he felt '' more encouraged to-day than yesterday," and in an- swer to a question as to whether there was any immediate danger, he promptly answered in the negative. Dr. Boynton was anxious about what was going to come of the gland, but, at the same time, he thought he could see a way to re- covery, '' It is sight without explanation," said one who heard this remark. " That's so," said the doctor ; " I don't undertake to show why I think the Presi- dent may yet recover, but I still have tiie hope that he will." Dr. Keyburn, late in the afternoon, said there was no apparent improvement in the President during the day, but that he seemed to be holding his own. The wound and stomach were now secondary considerations. The amount of nourish- ment was taken sufficient to have shown better efl'ectsif the gland was not causing so much trouble. One who saw Mrs. Garfield in the afternoon said that she still clung to her firm Christian faith that her husband would get well. "We do not give him up by any means," said she. She, however, had began to look weary with long anxiety, but she could see a chance for better prospects and took it. Dr. Susan Edson, than whom no one has been near the President more, said that he " remains just about so." She had said for several days that what he needed was a change of scene. She did not pretend to say that he was in a con- 124 dition to be moved, but that his chances for recoverj' would be much better if he could have something to take his mind, even for a moment, from the reality of his situation. The decision of the physicians net to remove the President found no severe critics, because he was aclinowledged to be too ill at present. Dr. Hamil- ton hoped only that possibly some slight change might be made, rather than let the President worry because a prisoner between the same four walls. He did not insist on removing Ihe patient in his present state, but advocated no further delay than absolutely necessary. In this he carried his point without difficulty, for all agreed that a change would be highly desirable immediately tlie President could bear it. It was suggested that good might be wrought even by so sliglit a change as moving his bed into another room, giving him another outlook and a different breath of air, but as yet the subject had not been seriously considered. The inflamed gland caused a great deal of discussion among outside pliysicians yesterday. One prominent surgeon said: "When I first heard of this glandular swelling I did not think it would amount to much ; such things are common; but when one suppurates it is apt to be accompanied with more or less constitutional disturbance. A suppurated gland would make a well man sick, and the eftect of such a one on a patient so weak as tlie President cannot but be watched with the deepest anxiety." The evening bulletin showed a little less than the usual increase of temperature over that of noon, and the pulse remained the same. All other conditions remained the same. Tine old story was repeated, "just holding liis own," and it was mighty poor encouragement to the public. A change for better or worse seemed ta be expected during the evening, and callers became more plenty. Among those who came merely to pay respects were Senator John A. Logan, ex-Senator Chaffee, and ex-Governor Routt, of Colorado. These gentlemen saw only the private secretary, and were informed that the Presi- dent was no worse, though he did not seem to gain much. This was about all that the Cabinet officers learned as well. There had been no more quiet day at the White House in the history of the Presi- dent's case than yesterday. The greatest regret was that the quiet was not due to a feeling of perfect securitj\ There have been days when all seemed to be going so well that even correspendents did not try to anticipate the bulletins. Yesterday there was a noticeable feeling that the case was at a standstill ; that no amount of anxiety could give good assurance that the President was better, and that he was not perceptibly worse. Still it could not but be felt that no better and no worse meant that each hour gave the President a less firm hold on life. There were no facts to warrant such an interpretation, perhaps, but the indications pointed toward it. Tlie idea that Dr. Agnew's summons meant merely a conference on the pro- posed removal of the President was combatted for a while, but soon became gen- erally admitted. Close observance of the physicians and attendants showed that the President was not doing as well as it was wished he might. Dr. Bliss talked cheerfully, but appeared somewhat nervous — nothing strange, perhaps, in one so tired as he had a right to be, but sufficiently marked to excite comment in con- nection with the earnest conversation in regard to the gland. His remark was : "I do wish that gland was out of the way. Once that is cured and we will have plain sailing." Then, too, in explaining about the incision in the face, he described how the gland was full of little pockets of pus. Just such pockets Dr. Bliss talked about two weeks ago as one of the symptoms of pyaemia. Now he hoped the walls of these cells would be broken down by suppuration, that the pus could, after a -few days, be thoroughly drained. He admitted that this condition was the result of an aftection of the blood, but hoped to see the President rally from these effects when the inflammation subsided. This would be, in his opinion, several days. Therefore, on the statement of the physician in charge of the case, tliere were more days of anxiety ahead. No one who heard Dr. Bliss talk doubted that he still expected the President to recover, but he did not seek to disguise the fact that the gland was causing serious trouble. In fact, the gland had completely sup- planted the stomach in public interest and general dread as well, yesterday. All the physicians agreed that the inflammation was now the main thing, and the question was, could the President's vitality liold out until the swelling was gone? There seemed to be the only hope. At 10 P. M. a reporter had a conversation with Dr. Boynton. He was found reading the bulletin. " Yes," he remarked, " he takes nourishment enough, but it will have no effect as long as the parotid inflammation exists, together with tlie trouble that caused it.'' 125 " What trouble do you mean ? " "Blood poisoning." "But can't that be eliminated? " "Only by time, and I fear the President can't bear up long enough for it. I tell you I feel just about discouraged. I have seen all along favorable conditions of the wound, and even of the parotid swelling, that kept me in heart, but there has been a change. I can't just tell you how it is apparent, but I very much fear that the worst will come to the worst." " You anticipate no sudden end ? " I do not yet give him up entirely, but my hope is growing>'eaker. I do not like to think but that he will yet recover ; at any rate, he is not likely to die imme- diately." Meanwhile the Cabinet were all at the White House, and some of the ladies were with Mrs. Garfield. There was a deep feeling of gloom with them. Hope had almost forsaken them when the contents of the evening bulletin were learned. In conversation with the doctors they learned that the situation was growing more and more grave, and they were given to understand that a change must come soon. In fact, one of the members stated afterward, they were told that if a change for the better dRl not come within 24 hours the worst might be expected. The Cabinet and their ladies all left at 10:30. Before leaving Secre- tary Blaine sent the early cablegram to Minister Lowell, the plain facts of which were very significant of the general feeling. The Secretary of State had no more to say after he left tiie house. Secretary Windom had tears in his eyes as he escorted his wife to their carriage. In answer to an inquiry, he replied : " It's bad enough, I tell you." Secretary Hunt said : " I don't know any more than you do about it." Secretary Kirkwood said : "We think the President will not recover." Postmaster-General James, whose hope has been strongest, could not speak for emotion. Secretary Lincoln said : "The end looks near." Attorney- General MacVeagh said : "It is turning out as I ieared, and it won't be long, I fear, now. The only hope lies in the effect of the nourishment in the next few hours." Thus were the official visitors almost eonvinc^d that the end was near. All went hoiiie and to bed, but most of them left messengers at the White House to bring news of any change during the night. Drs. Hamilton, Woodward, and Barnes went out during the evening and did not come back. After the increased anxiety was known they could not be seen for purposes of an interview, as they had retired for the night. Drs. Bliss and Reyburn remained with the President. Miss Edson sat by the bedside during the early part of the night. Mrs. Gar- field was near the President a while during the evening. She was with aim when he showed wandering of the mind. She said not a word when she left to go to bed. With her wifely instinct she, of course, recognized the gravity of the situa- tion, although she knew the physicians did not yet abandon all hope, and she certainly did not seem to. She went to bed, as did also her children. Private Secretary Brown slept at the White House. Before retiring he made the remark: "The President is not dead yet. I look for better news to-morrow." During tlie evening the President's pulse rose to 120. At 11:30 P.M. it had fallen to 112 again. The swollen gland was covered with poultices all the evening, and at the hour just mentioned had not changed in appearance. The President continued to wander in his mind until a late hour. He slept some, but awoke very frequently. At one time he said, " Wliere is Dr. Bliss ?" On the doctor's stepping to his side he said, '^I want Dr. Bliss to put me in my own bed." The doctor explained that he was in his own bed and seemed to be very comfortable: and with that the President seemed better satisfied. At 11:20 P.M. Dr. Bliss said that there was no marked change in the President's condition; that he was then asleep; the I'ulse was about 112 and other indications about the same as at evening bulletin. At midnight the President was asleep. No marked change had occurred thus far, but lie seemed a little more quiet. The end was not expected before morning, though it was generally conceded not to be far off, unless almost a miracle inter- vened. At 1 o'clock the White House was quiet as on any night for a week. The doctors were lying down. Miss Edson remained beside the President. He had slept some but was restless. Mrs. Garfield kept company with Miss Edson for a few moments during the last hour, but had gone to her room again. 126 There had been no decided change in the President's condition up to 2 o'clock. The doctors had not been needed at the bedside but once since midnight and then he was apparently not uncomfortable. He continued to be slightly de- lirious at times. At 3 o'clock the situation had not altered during the last hour. The Presi- dent was then resting quietly and the members of the household remained un- disturbed. 4 A. M.— The President's condition remained unchanged. Tlie inmates of the Wliite House felt that there may yet be hope. At 9 o'clock last night Secretary Blaine sent the following dispatch : Lowell, Minister, London : The President has lost ground to-day. Some of his symptoms this afternoon and evening are of the gravest character. The condition of the swollen gland and of the pulse and temperature suggest serious and alarming complications. His mind, at intervals, has been some- what beclouded and wandering. His strength fails, but he still swallows liquid food of a nourishing character, and apparently digests it. On this one fact rests the hope that is still left of a reaction. Blaine, Secretary. Last night was a very bad one for the President and a sad one for the other inmates of the White House. It could hardly have been sadder if the word had come. Everybody was downcast. The physicians had no words of en- couragement for anxious inquirers. During the earlier part of the night a change in the condition of the swollen gland became apparent. It was dis- covered that instead of one accumulation of pus, matter was collected in at least a half dozen cells. There was evidence, also, that the accumulation of matter in cells was going downward. Great fears were entertained, however, that it would also ascend and reach the brain, as it was found that the swollen gland was what is known as a burrowing abscess. Such an abscess is a pretty sure sign that there is blood poisoning and of a rather virulent form. The President slept very poorly. He was suffering from mental aberration a great deal of the time ; was restless and impatient. Later in the night the burrowing abscess broke inside, and pus was dis- charged through the mouth. All efforts to control the abscess seemed to avail nothing. The break inside was admitted to be a most dangerous sign. One of the physicians said before it occurred that if such a contingency should arise lie did not think the President could survive. There is no need of con- cealing the fact that the dreaded culmination of the assassin's deed may be looked for at almost any liour. Again last night the President became anxious and worried on the subject of being removed. Mrs. Edson was with him. The President said : " Where is Bliss '?■" " In the next room," was the reply. After an impatient movement the President said : " Go and tell him to come here. Tell him I want to be removed to my own bed. Tell him I want to be removed and put in my own bed. I won't stay here any longer."' After con- siderable trouble Mrs. Edson quieted him, and he went "to sleep for a few min- utes. This morning the President was resting somewhat easier— a result of the bursting of the gland and the relief consequent upon a discharge of pus from the burroAving abscess. His mind was cleaver tliis morning. Last night he was frequently out of his head and knew nothing that was going on around him, and recognized no one. Early this morning there was an anxious crowd in front of the White House. The waiters for bulletins were on hand at the house in much larger numbers than usual. There was a rush for the bulletins when they were distributed, and a scampering away after they had been cap- tured by "eager hands. The following was the oflicial bulletin : Executive Mansion, August 26. 8:30 A. M.— The President slept most of the night, awakening at intervals of half an hour to an hour. On first awaken- ing there was, as there has been for several nights past, some mental confn- sion, which disappeared when he was fully roused, and occasionally he mut- tered in his sleep. These symptoms have abated this morning as on previous days. At present liis temperature is slightly above the normal, and his pulse a little more frequent than yesterday morning. Pulse, 108; temperature, 99.1; respiration, 17.— 1). W. ]>liss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Keyburn, Prank IL Hamilton. 127 The best that can be said about the President this morning is that he is not in a dying condition. He is weaker than he was yesterday, and all the symp- toms are for the worse rather tlian the better. He was weaker yesterday than the day before, and is weaker to-day than he was yesterday. In other words, the wasting process is going on and has not been cliecked. The liquid food which he still takes by the mouth does not seem to assimilate and build up the system as it should by enriching the blood. Such recuperative action is necessary, as stated yesterday, for an improvement of any endur.^ble charac- ter. There now seems to be no doubt whatever but that blood poisoniug has a firm hold on the President, and it is very doubtful if it can be thrown off or checked, in view of the weakened condition of the patient and the impover- ished state of the blood. Everything about the White House to-day was gloomy. While hope was not abandoned, it was apparent to the most casual eye that fears of the worst were planted in every breast. It was reported that another pus cell in the gland had been cut open after the morning examination, but inquiry among the doctors elicited only a denial of it. The pus from the inward break in the gland is being discharged from the ear instead of through the mouth. It was at first thought, as stated above, that the discharge was from the mouth, but it lias been discovered that the matter from the mouth was mucous pus, and that the discharge from the abscess is through the ear. It will be remembered that when Dr. Hamilton cut the gland the other day. he did it in order to give an outlet for the accumulated matter, fearing that it might seek an outlet itself, and possibly go through the ear. The swelling of the gland has not gone down perceptibly. But little information was obtained direct from the physicians concerning the condition of the President this morning prior to the issuance of the morn- ing bulletin. The absence of all reference in the bulletin to the general con- dition of the President and to the parotid swelling was at once noted and com- mented upon by those waiting for it. Attorney-General MacVeagh pronounces the situation extremely critical, and when asked this morning how long he thought this suspense would continue, replied: "God only knows." Postmas- ter-General -James and Secretary Hunt telegraphed to Thurlow Weed that " a gleam of hope at 10 A. M. comes from the surgeons. His symptoms are no worse and improvement not impossible." Dr. Bliss came out of the surgeons' room about 9:30 this morning and telephoned to his wife that the President was a little better than last night. In rely to interrogations, he said that the President's pulse this morning was less frequent, and that the parotid swelling had broken into the right ear, and was discharging through that orifice. The patient's mind was clear, and he conversed rationally with the surgeons about the condition of the inflamed gland. He partook of food, which seemed to be grateful to him, and his general condition appeared to be a little improved. The doctor expressed'himself as hopeful that the swollen gland would be re- lieved by the discharge through the ear, and that he would pull through the day without much change. 10:40 A. M.— Secretary Kirkwood came out of the Cabinet-room a few mo- ments since, and in reply to questions asked by a reporter of the Associated Press gave the following statement of the President's case as he understood it this morning: "I have never thought," he said, "until last night that the Pres- ident would die; but the information which we received from the surgeons late in the evening was of such a character as to leave very little room for hope. The danger which then seemed most imminent was tlie danger of the absorp- tion of unhealthy pus from the swollen parotid gland. The mental disturbance and the increased pulse seemed to indicate that this process of absorption had already begun, and that it was poisoning tlie blood, and thus acting upon the brain and heart." Taking up a small egg-shaped piece of sponge which lay on the reporter's table, the Secretary continued: "As I understand the case from what the surgeons have told me, the President's right parotid gland is, in some respects, like this sponge; everj'^where through it there are little cells or pock- ets, in each of which there is an accumulation of pus. The incision which was made day before yesterday pierced one of these pockets, and released the pus which that particular one contained, but it did not drain the others; and, in fact, the others could not be effectually drained at this stage of the suppura- tion by a single incision made anywhere. The fear last night was that the pus retained in these small cavities would become unhealthy, and as I before said, 128 result in acute blood poisoning. Dr. Bliss told us, however, last night, just before we went home, tliat he had not given up the hope of a favorable change during the night, and the surgeons think this morning that there has been such a slight change for the better as Dr. Bliss hoped for. The breaking of the sup- purating gland into the cavity of the ear will, it is thought, afford more relief than could be given in any other way. and it is, therefore, regarded as a favor- able symptom. The discharge through that channel seems to be free, the pus is thus far of a healthy character, and the patient's mind this morning is clearer than last night, showing that there has been no blood poisoning of consequence from the gland as yet. Taking everything into consideration, I think there is reason this morning for a little more hope." "The greater the discharge from the gland the better it will be," is what comes from the physicians. The discharge from the ear induced by the inward Durst- ing of a cell in the swollen gland, continues. There has also been and still is a discharge from the incision made by Dr. Hamilton the other day. Towards noon the appearance of things at the White House was much brighter, and the gloom of the morning was partially lifted. The reports from the sick room gave the glad news that the President was resting a great deal easier, and that he was much relieved. Upon these reports was founded the more cheerful spirit that pervaded the house. It is not so much any one symptom or mere development that causes anxiety now, as the complication of the many differ- ent ones which seem to follow each other in an endless procession. Dr. Hamilton says that the President is better, and that he still has hope for the patient. In times of deep public anxiety, whatever there is of superstition among the people comes to the surface. The announcement that the President demanded to be taken to his old home at Mentor w^as regarded by the superstitious as a very bad sign, for there is a vague notion among them that such wishes always precede death. After the President w-as shot, the Washington Evening Star re- published an extract from the horoscope of General Garfield, as published in March, 1881, by "Ruthiel." At that time the prediction as to the mode of death seemed to have no application to the President's w^ound, but since the danger has been removed to the face it will be read again with interest, and may, perhaps, strengthen the superstitious in their belief in signs in the sky. The astrologer said : "This being a nocturnal birth, and the moon being on the cusp of the ninth house, she was the hyleg, or giver of life. Her position could scarcely have been more unfavorable. She was very near the most evil of the unfixed stars. Caput Algol, at her full, and nearly in parallel to Mars. These things threaten injuries to the face and eyes and a painful death." The gathering at the White House for the noon bulletin w^as unusually large. The talking in the private secretary's room w^ent on in undertones. The crowd got impatient, as the bulletin was delayed for some minutes. As usual there were those on hand to say that the delay was the sign of a bad bulletin. This impression was strengthened by the recollection that usually it is know^n be- forehand the general character of the medical announcement, and that to-day there was not the slightest thing known about it before its promulgation. There was a rapid break for down stairs with the bulletins as they were dis- tributed. Sergeant Dinsmore has to stand at the stairs and check the stam- pede of the bulletin holders, to prevent too much noise being made in the hurry to get out of the house with the bulletins. The bulletin bearers are becoming a nuisance. The building was as depressing as had been anticipated. The pulse had gone up ten beats since this morning, the temperature had gone up nearly a tenth, and there was no improvement in the respiration. The bulletin was as follows: At the morning dressing of the President it was observed that pus from the parotid swelling had found its way spontaneously into his right external audi- tory meatus, through which it was discharging. Some pus was also discharging through the incision made into the swelling. His wound looks as well as it has done for some time past. His pulse and temperature are at present higher than at the corresponding hour for some days. He continues to take by the mouth the liquid food prescribed. ]S'everthel('SS, we regard his condition as critical. Pulse, US; temperature, 100; respiration, IS.— D. AV. Bliss, J. J. Woodward, J. K. Barnes, Kobert lleyburn, Prank II. Hamilton. 129 The above bulletin had the effect of spreading discouragement everywhere, even at the White House. It was the first really bad bulletin that the doctors have issued. It shoAved that the doctors themselves weie beginning to weaken in confidence. It being the first bulletin that carried with it alarm on its face, the depression was more widespread than if there had been similar bulletins previously. The words ''nevertheless we regard his condition as critical," looked ominous. This afternoon hope is still feebly entertained. It looks as if the President cannot recover and that his death is only a question of time. The doctors do not give any tangible hope, but they do not, by any means, say that they give the patient up. Tlie fever during the day came on early and has continued. Compared with yesterday's noon bulletin there was to-day six more beats to the pulse, the temperature was eight-tenths higher and respira- tion less by one. It looks bad this afternoon. The same difficulty is experi- enced in keeping up the patient's strength. He does not gain iu that direction in the least. The following was sent this afternoon: Lowell, Minister, London: At this hour (Half -past one) the patient's pulse and temperature are higher. Pulse, 118 ; temperature, 100. During several hours last night his pulse was 120. In the early morning it fell to 108. It is hoped that the parotid swelling has found a slight release by a discharge of pus through the right ear. He continues to swallow liquid food in adequate sup- ply. He exhibits a tendency to continuous sleep or drowsiness. His physi- cians pronounce his condition to be critical. Blaine, Secretary, This dispatch stating that the pulse last night went up to 120, and that "the President has a tendency to continuous sleeping, was the first information as to these conditions that had been made public. The sleepiness is a sign of blood poisoning well advanced. The President's condition at 3 P. M. was more alarming than it has ever been. There is no longer hope of his reco^ ery. The end is approaching with steady stride. Since the issuance of the noon bulletin his pulse has at one time run to 138, with a corresponding increase in temperature. There has been administered to him since the afternoon examination a quan- tity of stimulants. He has been given brandy, milk and raw eggs. His pulse went down under their effect, but there has been no general improvement. The indications are that by to-morrow he will be in a comatose condition. August 27. — Last nighc was a gloomy one. During the early part of the night some faint rays of hope came from the sick room, but as the morning hours approached the light shed by them was extinguished by the inforaiatiou that the President was worse. Tlie members of the Cabinet remained at the house most of the night, and expressed tlie deepest anxiety and fear. Mrs. Garfleld slept some during the night, but did not retire. She has been told that the worst is pos- sibly near. As she has done during the whole illness of the President she bears up well. There is nothing new given out as to the wound and the glandular swell- ing. The trouble seems to be the failure of the nourishment administered to build up the patient any. The exhaustion continues and is not checked. When, this morning, the pulse began to fluctuate so that it could not be counted, it was evi- dent that the end was near. There seems to be absolutely no hope of a rally. Dr. Bliss this morning before the bulletin was issued, told Mr. Brown that there was no encouragement. The other physicians say tlie same thing. The Presi- dent's case is now regarded as hopeless by every one, including even the physi- cians. He is sinking perceptibly. The bad change occurred this morning about 4 o'clock. Until that time the little hope that had found its way into the breasts of the p.-ople at the White House was held there. But the change was so great as to be entirely unmistakable. The President may live for 24 hours. It is a bare "may live," however. Dr. Bliss said in ansvver to an inquiry tliat he would not predict that tlie President would live 24 hours. Two of the doctors, who knew nothing of the change early this morning, were greatly surprised at the very bad news which greeted them when they came to be present at the morning exami- nation. The bulletin was very depressing. It was bad all around, except in the fact that the nourishment was retained. The pulse was fluctuating still when the examination was made, and the figure 120, at which it is placed in the bulletin, is only approximate. The following is the bulletin : August 27, 8:30 A. M.— The President slept from half an hour to an hour or more at a time tiiroughout the night. He continues to retain the liquid food ad 130 ministered by the mouth, and the stimulating enemata; nevertheless, his pulse has been more frequent since midnight, and he is evidently feebler this morning than yesterday. Pulse, 120 ; temperature, 98.4 ; respiration, 22. — D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Robert Reyburn, Frank II. Hamilton. The failure of the pulse and temperature to rise and fall together is now one of the very worst signs of the case. The pulse going one way and the temperature another is usually a sign of approaching dissolution. Their see-sawing causes the gravest apprehensions. Last night Dr. Reyburn, recognizing the great danger, told Mrs. Garfield that it would be better that all the children should sleep in the house. For this reason Miss MoUie, who has been passing the nights at Colonel Rockwell's, came from there and passed tlie night at the Executive M msion. There was not much sleep- ing at the White House except by the President, and that sleep was of a character to give unrest to others. AH the Cabinet officers called early this morning, having been informed of the bad condition of the President. Postmaster-General James, Secretary Kirkwood and Secretary Windom left together about 9 o'clock. Not one of them felt the least encouragement. " What do you think of it?" asked a reporter of the Postmaster-General. ''I cannot think," was the reply. "Is it not about as bad as it could be? " " It is very bad ; but while there is life there is hope." Executive Mansion, 6:30 P. M. — The President's condition has not changed materially since the last bulletin was issued. He continues to take by the mouth the liquid food prescribed, and occasionallj'^ asks for it. Since yesterday afternoon, commencing at 11:30 o'clock, the enemata have again been given at regular inter- vals a? a means of administering stimulants as well as nutrition. They are retained without trouble. At present his pulse is 116 ; temperature, 99.9 ; respi- ration, 18. — Signed by the five surgeons. Secretary Blaine sent the following dispatch at 10 o'clock last night to Minister •Lowell: " While the President has made no gain to-day, his loss of ground has been less, in the judgment of his phj'sicians, than was feared last night. In this aspect there is a slight feeling of encouragement, or at least a ray of hope. The adverse symptoms are stiil manifest, and the one favorable indication of swallowing and digesting liquid food continues. Two or three times during the day he has asked for nourishment. He has spoken intelligently and voluntarily, and throughout the day his mind has been less affected than yesterday. The expected relief to the parotid swelling from the discharge through the ear has not been realized. The situation is one of great gravity and danger." August 27. — At 7 o'clock this morning the first intelligence of the condition of the President was received from the physicians' room. This information, though meager, was discouraging. It was substantially to the effect that the President's condition was a little less encouraging than at a late hour last night ; that his pulse had not yet been taken, but that it was noticeably less firm. Tiiis feeble rise of pulse was not noticed until Dr. Bliss went to his bedside about 6 o'clock this morning. He then observed tliat although thefrequencj'^ of the pulse had not materially changed its character was weaker and more unsteady. He did not in- terpret this as certain evidence of the nearness of the end, but a circumstance calculated to narrow still more the President's chances of recovery. A painful period of suspense intervened between the receipt of tliis information and the appearance of the morning bulletin, and the latter was w^aited for with an ominous foreboding that it would confirm the worst fears. The bulletin when it made its appearance with the positive statement that the President had grown feebler since yesterdaj% and noting a marked increase in pulse and respiration, extin- guished the last ray of hope held by the general public, and cast a deeper gloom over those near and dear to the President. The physicians do not say, however, that hope is dead. Secretary Blaine sent the following telegram to Minister Lowell this morning : Executive Mansion, Jl/z^tj^s^ 27.— Lowell, Minister, London: — The President had a bad night, and his symptoms at tiiis hour — 9 o'clock — are of the most alarm- ing character.- ' Blaine, Secretary. This morning the President's pulse ran up to 148. At another time last night it was 130. Towards noon everything was very quiet about the house. Frequent 131 messengers to the drag store were dispatched durhig the morning. The reports from the sick room continue to bring the same words, " no change." 12.30 P. M. — Tliere has been no improvement in the President's condition since the last bulletin was issued. He continues to retain the liquid food administered by the mouth as well as the enemata. At the morning dressing the parotid swell- ing appeared about the same as yesterday. No material change was observed in the wound. Since morning the temperature has risen about a degree, and the pulse has flactated somewhat. At present his pulse is 120; temperature, 99.6; respiration, 22.— Frank H. Hamilton, J. K. Barnes, D. W. Bliss, Kobert Rej'burn. Gen. Mason, who is a cousin of Mrs. Garfield, had an audience with Mrs. Garfield between half-past one and two o'clock. She had not abandoned hope and still dinged to the belief that the favorable turn in the President's condition will yet appear. 2. P. M.— Lowell, Minister, London:— There has been no change for the better in the President's condition since morning. His fever has risen and his pulse at this hour (2 P. M.) is 120. His physicians do not regard the case as hopeless, but very dangerous and critical Blaine, Secretary. Surely no such load was ever taken away from any nation as that which has been lifted from the hearts of the American people within the last forty-eight hours, by the great change for the better in the condition of the President. It is true, the gallant patient is still far from well ; he is yet in very great danger, in- deed ; but the improvement has been so marked and the prospect is now so en- couraging that sorrowful countenances and despairing hearts have everywhere given way to cheerful faces and bright hopes. The more confident view of the case taken at the present time seems to be • fairly justified by the official bulletins, and it may also be said to be fully shared by the attending physicians. That the grounds upon which it is based may continue to exist and grow broader and firmer every hour is the prayer of the whole civilized world. The improvement in the President's condition so suddenly and happily be- gun Saturday afternoon, has been maintained without interruption. Hope has grown with each hour, and now almost amounts to the happy assurance that unless some xmtoward and unexpected complication appears, the Presi- dent will live. Last night was passed almost comfortably by the President. He was rest- ful. There was none of the coughing that had disturbed him the night before. The gland continued to behave excellently, and did not cause irritation. The bowels acted better than they have for many days. This morning all was bright and comparatively cheerful at the White House. The news from the sick room was better even than the encouraging reports of last evening. The members of the Cabinet came early and went away cheerful. Secretary Lincoln said that after his conversation with the surgeons he was very hope- ful: "The President has certainly passed the corner. There maybe other corners, but I do not think there are. Danger is still present, but I do not think that it will augment, but decrease and gradually draw off."' At the morning dressing the wound was found to be in good condition and looked well. The gland was getting along and showed no signs of rebellion. The gland is suppurating freely and the pus is of a very good character. Dr. Bliss said as he came from the sick room after the dressing, "Everything is lovely. The President is getting along splendidly. The gland suppurates very satisfactorily."' In answer to a gentleman who asked him what kind of a dis- patch he should send to Xew York, Dr. Bliss said: " You can predict that the President i- going to live." Dr. Hamilton is reported as having used these words last night before he left for New York: "I will stake my professional reputation on it that the President is going to recover." Dr. Hamilton left at about 10 o'clock. Dr. Agnew remains. The bulletin this morning was as acceptable as those of yesterday. It was as follows: 8:30 A.M.— The President's symptoms this morning are as favorable as yesterday at the same hour. He slept, awakening at intervals, the greater part of the night. At these intervals he took and retained the liq-iid nourish- ment administered. His mind continues perfectly clear. Pulse, 100; temper- ature, 98.5; respiration, 17.— [Signed by the attending physicians.] 132 During the intervals of wakefulness tlie President's mind was perfectly clear. Once about 2 A. M. , when awake and while taking nourishment, he remarked to Dr Boynton— evidently referring to his several relapses—' • I wonder how many more stations I will have to stop at." Dr. Boynton says the President looks better and feels better this morning. The doctor's hope is strengthened this morning owing to the fact that the President has held his own through an- other day and night. He will feel contented and satisfied with the continu- ance of this stationary period for a few days; after that he hopes the work of repair and recuperation will commence. 11 A. M.— The surgeons report that the condition of the President is quite as favorable as at the morning examination. ' The President's lungs have been examined several times. These examina- tions have been very close and thorough. There was another examination to- day It was found that the lungs were all right and that they have not been in the least affected, as was erroneously reported. They are not inflamed, nor is there any indication of a pulmonary abscess having been formed. There was a rumor afloat this morning that an examination had been made of the President's lungs, and that unmistakable evidence in the shape of pus accumulations had been discovered of the secondary or pya^mic stage of blood- poisoning. In reply to questions asked by a reporter of the Associated Press at noon, Dr. Eeyburn said: " Since the President's condition became so low we have examined his lungs carefully every day and have always found them healthy. The report that pus cavities have formed there is entirely without foundation." .,, . ^ ^, -u- 4. -a Dr Boynton, upon being questioned with regard to the same subject, said : "I made an examination of the President's lungs myself last night and found them all right. There are no new complications whatever m the President's case, and no unfavorable features, which are not already known. He contin- ues to do well. " , _ _ -..,,■,, -, 4.- At the morning dressing of the President's wounds there had been a plenti- ful discharge of pus during the night from the three openings in the parotid gland Another yellow spot was discovered on the side of the face this morn- ing, but when pricked permitted a free discharge of pus from another pus- pocket. The wound in his body was found to be doing well. It still continues to discharge freely. The character of the pus discharged has not changed ma- terially since yesterday, but is thicker and healthier in character than what flowed from the wound a few days since. While dressing and cleaning the wound this morning the cleansing catheter entered to a depth of fully twelve Another slight opening was made in the swelling of the President's face. Dr. Bliss used the lancet and did the cutting. He made quite a deep incision, just below the point of prominency in the cheek-bone. A discharge of about a teaspoonf ul of pus followed. Tliis makes the fourth point from which there is a discharge of matter— one through the ear and the others from openings made by the lancet. The President's beard, on the right side, has been cut off, so that now there is but little of it left. The handling of the gland made the removal of a part of the beard necessary. 12:30 P. M.— At the morning dressing of tho President an additional point of Euppuration was recognized in his swollen face, which being Incised gave exit to some healthy looking pus. The other openings on the exterior of the swelling are likewise discharging, but though less tense the tumefaction has not vet mate- rially diminished ii. size. Nothing now has been observed in tlie condition of the wound. Tiie usual daily rise of temperature lias not yet occnritd. and the general condition has not materially changed since morning. Pulse, lOG; temperature, pulse, 104; respiration, 18. He slept well during the night, awakening only at 98.6; respiration, 18.— [Signed by the attending surgeons.] Last Friday there was a little conversation between Mrs. Gailleld andr ne or two of the physicians, who told her that there seemed to be no el:a:;ce for t!ie Presi- dent's recovery. Mrs. Garfield replied that the President was not going ro die and she did not want lo hear any one say that lie was. She requested that they would never tell her that there would be death until the President had ceased to live. Mrs. Garfield held that the President would tell her if he felt that he was going to die. The following was sent this afternoon: 133 s LowELTv, Minister, London:- The President had a good night and is having a good day. At this liour (2 P.M.) his pulse is 103; showing a decrease from the forenoon. For many days past the pulse has shown a decided increase by this time in the afternoon. His respiration is normal. All other symptoms are reported by his surgeons to be favorable. Elaine, Secretary. 3 P. M. — The afternoon wore on at the White House comfortably for the Presi- dent. He is passing a better day than yesterday. All of his symptoms are favor- able and in general appearance good, with pulse from 100 to 104. Secretary Blaine sent the following telegram to Minister Lowell last night: "The condition of the President at 10 o'clock continues as favorable as could be expected. Within the past thirty hours his improvement has given great encour- agement to the attending surgeons. He swallows an adequate supply of liquid food. The parotid swelling discharges freely and gives promise of marked im- provement. His mind is perfectly clear. He has perhaps a little more fever than was anticipated, and his respiration is somewhat above normal. The general feel- ing is one of hopefulness. Two or three days more of improvement will be needed to insure confidence." i The Saturday evening bulletin said the President's symptoms show slight ame- lioration this afternoon. His pulse is somewhat less frequent and his temperature lower by the mouth and the enemata continue to be retained. Pulse, 114; tem- perature, 98.9; respiration, 22. This was supplemented by encouraging words from the physicians. At 10 o'clock Saturday iiight Secretary Blaine sent the following to Minister Lowell, at London : LowEiiL, Minister^ London :— There is a somewhat more hopeful^feeling to-night in regard to the President. The regular evening bulletin was more favorable and the good indications have continued. His pulse is lower, being now 111 and of better quality. His mind is entirely clear. He has shown positive appetite, asking for milk toast, a small quantity of which he was permitted to eat. This is the first time for many days that he has swallowed anything but liquid food. A slight increase in his respiration is the only adverse symptom reported at this hour — half -past ten. The continued improvement yesterday brought forth expressions of the strongest hope from the physicians. Dr. Bliss and others stated that they believed the crisis had passed, and that the President would recover. "The amelioration of the President's symptons, announced in last evening's bulletin, continued during the night, and since midnight some further improve- ment has been olsserved, the pulse progressivtly diminishing in frequency. The stomach has continued to retain the liquid nourishment administered, and last evening he asked for and ate a small quantity of milk toast. Stimulating and nutrient enemata continue to be retained. There has been no mental disturbance during the night or this morning. At present his pulse is 100 ; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 17." During yesterday morning another incision was made in the swollen gland. All the conditions were reported as favorable. The Sunday noon bulletin which described the operation was as follows : " At the morning dressing of the President several yellowish points were ob- served j ust below the ear over the swollen parotid, and an incision being made about a teaspoonf ul of healthy-looking pus escaped. There was also some discharge of pus through the two openings (into the ear and the incision,) mentioned in pre- vious bulletins. The wound looks rather less indolent than it has been doing for several days past. Since the morning bulletin there has been some rise of tem- perature, but' little increase in the frequency of pulse, and in other respects no material change has occurred. Pulse, 104 ; temperature, 99.5 ; respiration, 18," At 2 o'clock Secretary B'aine sent the following to Minister Lowell :—" The favorable indications in the President's case have continued since the dispatch of last night. The respiration has g"Own better, and at this hour— 2 P. M.— is nearly normal. The condition of the swollen parotid has visibly improved. A slight increase of fever is observable, but was not unexpected. His mind con- tinues clear. The possibility of recovery, in the judgment of his surgeons, Jiave increased and are mcreasing." The evening bulletin was as encouraging as the three which preceded it. It s&id * The improvement in the President's condition, declared yesterday afternoon, is 134 still maintained. He continues to take willingly the liqui-J food given by the mouth, and is apparently digesting it. The stimulants and nutrients given by eneraata are also retained. At the evening dressing an increased quantity of healthy-looking pus was discharged from the suppurating parotid. The appear- ance of the wound has not perceptibly changed since the morning dressing. But little rise in temperature or pulse has taken place since noon, and the pulse is per- ceptibly stronger than this time yesterday. Pulse, 110; temperature, 99.7; respi- ration, 20. On Saturday Secretary Blaine received, through Minister Lowell, a message from Queen Victoria saying: "I am most deeply grieved at the sad news of the last few days, and would wish my deep sympathy to be conveyed to Mrs. Garfield." Secretary Blaine, in reply, telegraphed to Mr. Lowell saying that Mrs. Garfield's request was "that you will return to the Queen her most sincere thanks, and ex press her heartfelt appreciation of the constant interest and tender sympathy shown by Her Majesty toward the President and his family in their deep grief and most painful suspense." The sultry weather of yesterday morning was thought to bean inauspicious augury for the President. It was soon leariaed, however, that he had slept toler- ably well, and while there was no positive accession of strength, no ground had been lost and perhaps a little gained. It was semi-ofticially announced before the bulletin was issued that the President had had another good night and had started on what bid fair to be another good day. The gain was as yet perceptible only in the general appearance of the patient and the favorable progress of the symptoms. It would doubtless be several days before there is any noticeable gain in strength, it was said. Tlie patient slept "remarkably well during the night, causing his attendants very little trouble. Early in the morning he was a trifle more restless on account of the "gathering" of the pus at another point in the gland. The eaily examination proved very satisfactory, as shown in the following bulletin : August 28, 8:30 A, M.— The President slept the greater part of the night, awak- ening at intervals and retaining the liquid nourishment administered. His general condition this morning is about the same as at the same hour yesterday. Pulse, 102; temperature, 98.5; respiration, 18. The pulse and temperature were, perhaps, a littlt higher than they would have been if the accumulated pus could have been removed before the indications were recorded. After the issuance of the bulletin, in fulfillment of Dr. Bliss's predic- tions of Monday night, another incision was made in the gland, at a point where an accumulation of pus was most evident. The result was a liberal discharge of healthy pus, and, of course, further relief to tiae gland. The size of the swelling has materially diminished now and, from present indications, a i^w more days of favorable progress in other respects, it is thought, will materially alleviate the drain on the system from this source. The wound was reported to be doing well and no new unfavorable symptoms had been discovered. In fact the case appears to stand about where it did Monday morning. If there had been any gain it seemed to be in the fact that another night had passed without the rise of any new complications, and it vvas generally admitted that every hour passed under present conditions was favorable. The noon examination resulted in the following bulletin : 12 30:P. M. — At the morning dressing another small incision was made in the lower part of the swelling on the right side of the President's face, which was fol- lowed by a free discharge of healthy-looking pus. A similar discharge took place through the other openings. The swelling is preceptibly smaller and looks better. The wound remains in an unchanged condition. There has been little rise of temperature fcince morning, but the pulse is more frequent. In other respects the condition is about the same. Pulse, IIG ; temperature, 98,9 ; respiration, 18. The incision make by Dr. Bliss to further relieve the gland caused quite a decided fluctuation in the President's pulse. It ranged from 104 to 118, and when the noon bulletin was taken it was 116, The temperature was slightly increased, perhaps from the same cause, the respiration remaining normal. The midday bulletin was, therefore, not satisfactory to the public. The physicians, however, said that the whole trouble was with the gland, and that the high pulse was an accompaniment of its progress. Each incision, when made, though aflbrding relief to the gland, caused much irritation to the patient and consequent fluctatious. The wound seemed to be doing no harm, and the physicians insisted that no other unfavorable 135 symptoms had been developed.- In the present state of public feeling such a high pulse had a tendency to cause considerable anxiety on the streets. At the White House, however, all seemed to think the case was proceediuo: satisfactorily. After the noon bulletin vpas issued Dr. Agnew remarked : "The President continues to do well." Dr. Bliss said th« high pulse caused no alarm as long as all the other indications were favorable. Dr. Reyburn said the gland would not be past a troublesome point for several days yet, and until it was such fluctuations must be expected and need cause no alarm. The day being so hot, the cooling apparatus was set to work again, During the morning Drs. Agnew and Barnes paid a visit to the Washington Asylum for the Insane. The President had chicken broth and other nourishnieiit, a? usual. At 1:30 P. M. Colonel Rockwell stated that the President was doing very well. The high pulse at noon caused no anxiety, particularly since it fell six beats within half an hour after the bulletin had been issued. The Colonel said the phj^sicians had told them that as long as the gland remained troublesome as now they must expect fluctuations of pulse without thinking them danger- ous. Dr. Woodward stated at 2 P. M. that the pulse was causing no anxiety; that it was due entirely to the gland; that the gland was progressing satisfac- torily, and that, on the whole, the case was proceeding favorably. The evening Ijulletin restored the somewhat shaken confidence of the public. It was issued rather late and was therefore all the more eagerly watched for. The following is the text of the bulletin, which was signed, as were the other two, by all the sm'geons but Dr. Hamilton: 6:30 P. M. — The President has passed comfortably through the day. He has taken the usual amount of nourishment by the mouth, with stimulating ene- mata at stated periods. His rise of temperature this afternoon is a degree less than yesterday at the same time and his pulse is less frequent than at noon to- day. The parotid swelling has been discharging more freely and is continuing to diminish in size. Pulse, 109; temperature, 99.5; respiration, 18. The following is Secretary Blaine's afternoon dispatch: Lowell, Minister, London: The President's condition has not materially changed since my last dispatch. Another incision was made this morning in tlie parotid gland with very satisfactory results. Pus flows freely and the swelling grows less. The pulse at this hour (2 P. M.) is lower than during the forenoon, as yesterday. But on both days it is higher than liis other good symptoms would seem to warrant. It is now 110; at noon it was 116. Blaine, Secretary. Yesterday was a day devoid of incidents round about the White House, and the record of the sick room was equally monotonous. Not monotonous, per- haps, to him who, in the morning, suffered another incision of the gland and a consequent accelerated pulse, but monotonous to the other anxious ones who were longing for a decided change for the better. The patient had been better only in the sense of the general improvement that would naturally come with twenty-four hours' continuation of favorable conditions. That is to say, the much-needed marked improvement was not yet apparent. Even the most san- guine fail to recognize conclusive evidence of sure progress, but those even who are only hopeful are abundantly satisfied as long as no new unfavorable symptoms appear. The morning bulletin indicated the presence of a consid- erable accumulation of pus somewhere. The decline of these indications after another incision was made in the gland proved conclusively that the extra ac- cumulation was there. About two tablespoonf uls of healthy pus were removed from the gland during the day. This, of course, materially relieves the ten- sion on the swollen part, and gives more satisfaction, too, since the swell- ing has now begun to decrease. The swelling was once two and a half by three inches in size and as thick as the fleshy part of a man's hand. The cheek, neck, and right eye were also swollen. Now, however, the surrounding swell- ing has entirely disappeared, and the lines of the gland were distinctly evident, while the glandular swelling proper was reduced about one-sixth. It is stated that the walls between the pockets of pus in the gland are gradually breaking down and that there is a fair prospect of the gland being a safe condition after a few days more. This trouble obviated, the physicians expect to have plain sailing, if, however, the President's system will not decline under the contin- ued strain. To nourish the system the same means are being resorted to. Enemata are administered at stated intervals, and the President takes liquid 136 nourishment easily and in sufficient quantity. Koumiss, milk porridge, pep- tonized milk, and chicken Ijroth still constitute his bill of fare, with another piece of toast added yesterday. The increased pulse shown by tlie noon bulletin, and caused, according to the s.urgeons, by tlie irritatien consequent upon the incision of the gland, re- sulted in creating considerable uneasiness outside the White House. Inside, however, it was better understood how light a matter affected the patient's pulse, and all other indications being favorable, it seemed no cause for alarm. The surgeons agreed that the whole trouble was now with the gland and its ef- fect on the system. The President particularly dislikes the frequent incisions that have had to be made. One of his attendants said he dreads them. This, doubtless, did much toward increasing the pulse in the morning. It began to decrease soon after noon, however, and the evening's bulletin was so satisfactory that the feeling was one of general quiet . There had been no difference of opinion during the day among the physicians in regard to the continued favorable char- acter of the case. Dr. Bliss stated last night that he was very w^ell satisfied with the progress of the case. There had been no great general gain, but the gland was improving every hour. He had not expected the case to take a de- cided turn toward recovery until the gland was less troublesome; now he ex- pected to see the beginning of marked improvement by Saturday or Sunday. He said the wound was doing nicely, that the flow of pus wa^ better in charac- ter and quantity than it was a week ago. Dr. Reyburn said his hope was no less than on Monday, and that it increased every hour with the improvement of the gland. Dr. Woodward said the President was doing well. He said, too, that fluctuations of pulse, and temperature, too, must be expected as long as the gland remained troublesome, but that he thought the case Avas progressing to entire satisfaction. Dr. Barnes keeps very quiet, and is evidently waiting to see signs of a more decided improvement before renewing confidence. Miss Edson, too, said there had been nothing unfavorable in the progress of the case during the day. Dr. Boynton was liardly as confident in his remarks yes- terday as Monday. He did not think the wound looked quite so well as it might. He admitted that the President was no worse than Monday, but said he was very little better. Dr. Boynton further said that a very close watch is being kept on the possible outbreak of septic evidences in other parts of the President's body. No indications of the spread of such a condition had yet been discovered. He would be better satisfied if the granulation of the wound were more marked. He was satisfied with the way the stomach be- haved, and the only adverse point made by the doctor was that no marked gain was yet apparent. In the course of a late conversation. Dr. Boynton said that were it not for the advent of septicaemia in the President's case he would now be convalescent. That the stomach trouble of two weeks ago. the gland- ular complication, the stupor and deliriam, the rapid pulse, loss of strength, etc., were all due to this cause. That the wonderful vitality of the President had enabled him to overcome all of the dangers and complications attending the wound prior to the occurrence of blood poisoning. That in his case sep- ticemia had undermined the very foundations of life, producing a condition much resembling typhoid fever," attended with stupor, delirium and great prostration. The processes of digestion and assimilation had been pretty much arrested, so tliat, although he partook of a sufficient amount of nutri- tious food, he became greatly emaciated and exhausted. The blood, beside being vitiated by the absorption of septic matters, had become more and more depraved on account of the failure of the system to assimilate food and trans- form it into blood. The President had been laboring under influence of this blood poison for some time, and during the past week it became evident that unless a favorable change soon occurred his vital powers would give way. On Friday evening a change for the better was noticeable, the first indication of it being an abatement of the stupor and delirium. This was followed by the appearance of other favorable symptoms, which indicated that the blood poi- soning was being eliminated and that the system was making an effort to rally from the terrible depression caused by the pyaemia. The problem was now to sustain his strength until nature could further eliminate the poison. The President Avas weaker on Saturday than at any previous time, yet his condition was less critical than on the two preceding days. On Saturday it was more a struggle with exhaustion, the cause of the exhaustion having to some extent 137 been removed, while on the preceding days the exhaustion was not nearly so great, with no apparent abatement of the cause. If the blood poison con- tinued to be eliminated and no more septic matters were absorbed, the President would slowly but surely regain his strength. In his present condition it was not impossible tliat there might be further absorption of septic matters, bring- ing with it serious complications, but it was confidently hoped that such will not be tlie case. No irreparable mischief had occurred to any of the vital or- gans, and recovery was more than probable As the processes of digestion and assimilation became more fully re-established better blood would be manufac- tured from the food, which, as it circulates through the system, would stimu- late to more healthy action all the functions of the body. The process of repair in the wound, which was now at a complete standstill, would be re-es- tablished, the discharge of pus, which had almost ceased, would again become normal as to quantity and quality, granulations would spring up and the wound rapidly heal. The glandular trouble, although the result of the septic and de- praved condition of the blood, became not only an annoying but a dangerous complication, and its subsidence was a very important element in bringing about a favorable change in the President's condition. In answer to the question as to the diiference between septicaemia and pyremia. Dr. Boynton stated that the same condition of blood poisoning in a patient might be pro- nounced pyiemia by one physician and septicaemia by another : but that in all cases septicsemia iM*ecedes pyaemia; that septicaemia could and did exist inde- pendent of pyjemia, but that pyaemia had no existence independent of sep- ticaemia; that, of necessity, the two conditions often existed simultaneously in the same patient. During the evening the President enjoyed two naps and took nourishment twice. An enema was administered at the usual hour. The pulse remained pretty high till midnight, but no other unfavorable symptoms appeared. At midnight there were no new indications of a discomfiting nature. The President's pulse had been fluctuating between 108 and 114, but his temperature and respiration were normal. At 2 o'clock the pulse was averaging lower than an hour or two before, and the other surface symptoms were satisfactory. The President had been sleep- ing fairly well so far into the night. The 3 o'clock report from the sick room indicated that there was no change up to that hour. The prospects were then regarded as favorable for a good morning bulletin. The following was sent at 10 P. M. to Minister Lowell and Minister Morton: "The President, if not rapidly advancing, is at least holding his own. His fever was less than last night, and his swollen gland steadily improves. His pulse continues rather high, running this evening from 110 to 114. Perhaps the best indication in the case is that the President himself feels better, and his mind being now perfectly clear, he readily compares one day's progress with another. Blaine, Secretary. Auqust 30.— The only feature out of the ordinary run of events since the President has commenced to improve was the rise in pulse and temper- ature, as shown by the evening bulletin. This rise was relatively consonant as regards those two symptoms. It was explained by the announcement that there had been accumulated a quantity of pus since the handling of the gland in the morning. The evening dressing resulted in the evacuation of that pus, after which the slight fever subsided, and the pulse and temperature lowered with it. Later in the night the pulse went up in accord with the history of the case. Early this morning the pulse went down again, and at the morning ex- amination registered 102 — two beats higher than yesterday morning. The President slept well. His sleep was perhaps a little less satisfactory than the night before, but so little less that it was almost imperceptible. The wound at the morning dressing was found to be in very good condition. After the examination followed the dressing. The gland discharged freely and the wound was evidently resuming its operation of granulation, which was suspended dur- ing the recent and most dangerous crisis. An accumulation of pus in another place in the gland was apparent. Another incision was made to remove it. Dr. Bliss used the lancet and made a slight cut in the neck below the jawbone, on the right side of the face. It was a very slight cut. It was followed by a discharge of healthy pus. After 10 138 the new incision was made the opening was connected with the incision in the cheek by means of tubing, and the two cells were thoroughly washed out. This makes five outlets for matter from as many cells where the pus has gathered in the parotid gland. Four outlets were made by the doctors. Th^ oth< r was from the inward bursting and flow of pus through the ear. Every outlet, in- stead of being of a dangerous tendency, is a very good sign. It is of great ben- efit to the patient to have the accumulated matter come out of the system. Another notable and satisfactory feature was observed at the morning dress- ing. The gland was softer to the touch. It is softening in all its surface. The physicians would probably say "the tumefaction is subsiding." The patient was given this morning the usual liquid nourishment, and again he took milk toast— a small quantity. There is not yet noticeable any increase in strength; but there is no loss. It is not expected that vitality will be increased for sev- eral days; but the mere fact there is no loss is in itself, at this time, considered a gain. All the symptoms continue favorable. 10:15 A. M. — The President's stomach still continues to perform its work satisfactorily, and the parotid gland is progressing favorably. His pulse, tem- perature, and respiration, as compared with yesterday morning, are about the same. On the continuance of these favorable symptoms another day of prog- ress is predicted. The President has not been given any chicken or chicken broth yesterday or to-day. In his present condition, it is not advisable to feed him on solids. The milk toast, which can hardly be termed a solid, and the very little chicken jelly — the latter of which was administered yesterday afternoon — are the only things approaching the solid that have been given him. That form of food will not be returned to for some time yet. There is now considered to be no dan- ger of the gland sloughing off. That danger was to be feared before suppura- tion set in, but it is not now apprehended. The right side of the face, although the inflammation has gone down, is still much swollen. After the morning dressing, there was during the afternoon a rise in the pulse. Prom 102 it went up to 110, and hung about there. 12:30 P. M. — At the morning dressing another small incision was made in the lower part of the swelling, on the right side of the President's face, which was followed by a free discharge of healthy-looking pus. A similar discharge took place through the other openings. The swelling is perceptibly smaller and looks better. The wound remains in an unchanged contiitlon. There has been little rise of temperature since morning, but the pulse is more frequent. In other respects the condition is about the same. Pulse, 116; temperature, 98.9; respira- tion,18. [Signed by five surgeons. Dr. Hamilton being absent.] The cause of the rise of pulse noticed in this bulletin is attributed to the incis- ion made this morning and the disturbance caused by tiie &qreezing necessary to exude the pus. Within three-quarters of an hour after the issuance of t 12:30 bulltMn the President's pulse was taken, and showed that it had gone down io v/here it was during the forenoon. It went down to 110. Colonel Rockwell 'ays that the President's hair has not got any grayer, but that he imagines that the gray has a little more white in it. The President complains some this afternoon of the sensitiveness of the swollen side of his face. That the swelling is diminishing is evident. The incisions made in the face are washed out with permanganese of potash. The connections between the two incisions heretofore noted is made by means of a probe under tlie flesh of course. A fli-w of permanganese potash through the probe thoroughlj' cleanses the two connected cavities. There has been within the past few days a slight shifting in the position of the ball. Ir has worked its way downward a little. Tliis can be told by feeling upon the outward portion of the anterior wall of the stomach. The hard resistance heretofore met with in pressing upon that part of the stomach where the ball was located, lias disappeared, and tlie fact is apparent that it made a downward movement. This progress has been slight. It is thouglit that the change in the locality of the ball might have been tlie cause of the recent favorable change in the President's condition. A report has been circulated to some extent that the ball was passed through the rectum last Saturday. It has not been passed. Dr. Bliss says that if the ball is taken out it will require a surgical operation. Another report that is circulated is that the ball is in the rectum; that it was lodged there 139 in the first place, and the physicians mislocated it or that it has worked its way backward into the abdominal cavity, and is now lodged in the less dangerous local- ity, the rectum. Both of the reports are pronounced as untrue as the report that the ball had been passed. But it is a fact that there has been a slight change in the locality of the bullet. At 3 o'clock there was nothing new to note in the President'o condition. He has slept some during the day and has taken the usual amount of nourishment. Dr. Bliss has just said that he considers the President's condition as keeping at the satisfactory point. He is no worse than yesterday. His pulse has fluctuated more to-day than yesterday. Very few people have been at the White House. Mrs. Garfield prepares the beef extract that is now administered to the Presi- dent. Her husband likes her handiwork better than the already prepared article. Tlie preparation which Mrs. Garfield gets up is made by taking one pound of lean beef and cutting it up fine. The beef particles are then put in one pint of cold water and six drops of muriatic acid are added. After being thoroughly mixed it is allowed to stand one hour and then strained and pressed until all the liquid is extracted. Mrs. Garfield does not spend all her time in the sick room now. She is, how- ever, there during the greater portion of the day. Intelligence of the shooting of President Garfield produced a profound sensation at the several civilized settlements along the west coast of Africa. The feeling in Liberia was intense, promptly finding expression in the following by order of President Gardner: Department of State, Monrovia, July 28, 1881. Sir: I am directed by the President to acknowledge the receipt of your commu- nication conveying the startling intelligence of an attempted assassination of Pres- ident Garfield, and to express the deep horror which the President experienced at the sad news, and further to beg you to convey to your Government the earnest congratulations of the President at the escape of President Garfield, and his hope also that President Garfield's health has not seriously suffered from, the dastardly- attempt upon his valuable life. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, G. W. Gibson, Sct^reiary of State. Hon. J. H. Smyth, U. S. Minister- Resident, ^c, U. S. Legation, Monrovia, Liberia. Secretary Blaine sent the following telegram to Minister Lowell last night: At half-past ten to-night the general condition of the President is favorable. Late in the afternoon his pulse rose to 112 and his temperature to 100, both a little higher than the surgeons expected. Pulse has now fallen to 108 and fever is sub- siding. The parotid swelling is steadily improving and is at last diminishing in size. Apprehensions of serious blood-poisoning grow less every hour. Executive Mansion, 6:30 P. M. — The dally rise of the President's tempera- ture began later this afternoon than yesterday, but rose eight-tenths of a degree higher. The frequency of his pulse is now the same as at this hour yesterday. He has taken willingly the liquid food prescribed during the day, and had besides during the morning a small piece of milk-toast. At the evening dressing a pretty free discharge of healthy pus took place from the parotid swelling, which is per- ceptibly diminishing in size. The wound manifests no material change, Pulse^ 110; tenjperature, 100.5; respiration, 18.— [Signed by five surgeons.] The total imount thus far received for the Garfield fund has reached $163,000. Mr. Fred. Wolfe, of Montgomery, Ala., called on Mr. Cyrus W. Field yesterday and gave him his cbeck for $500. August 31. — It can be said that the President passed a comfortable night. The sensitiveness of the gland of which he complained yesterday afternoon abated and he was without pain during the night from that cause. His sleep was tranquil. The pulse went up during the night, as usual, and again repeated itself during the early hours of the morning by going down. The night was de- void of interest of incident in the sick room beyond the regular attendance upon the patient. The morning examination demonstrated that the wound was in an im- proved condition, and that the healing was going on. The gland also was in an improved condition. It had diminished perceptibly, and the discharge was full and freer. An agreeable absence is to be noted as the result of the morning dress- 140 ing. There was a break in wliat had become the daily cuttins; into some other cell of the a;land. The great dwindling away of the gland and the absence of necessity for a new opening shows that it is healing. The bulletin this naorning dwindled down to its proportions of the successive days when there was nothing but improve- rnent to be noted. It was as follows : 8.30 A. M. — The President has passed a tranquil night and this morning his con- diton is quite as favorable as yesterday at the same hour. Pulse, 100; tempera- ture, 98.4 ; respiration, 18. — [Signed by the six surgeons.] This morning beefsteak again made its appearance in the President's bill of fare. In addition to the liquid nourishment which he was given, he chewed a piece of steak and swallowed the juice. The change of locality of the ball is perfectly apparent, and is clear proof that it has not been encysted. It has not been in its new position — a lirtle further down — long enough to become encysted there. Un- less it should become encysted, the ball will at some time have to be taken out. It may shift to a place where there would be considerably less danger in taking it out when the time arrives than there now is. 12.30 P. M. — At the dressing of the President this morning the parotid swelling was found to be di^charginj; freely. It looks well and has materially diminished in size. The wound remains in about the same state. His general condition is evidently more favorable than at this hour yesterday. Pulse, 55 ; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 17.— [Signed by the six surgeons.] The noon bulletin confirmed the information of the morning that the President was better tnan yesterday. The pulse was 21 beats lower than at the same hour yesterday. It was a very favorable bulletin. The following was sent this afternoon: Lowell, MinhUr^ London: — The President's condition is very encouraging to-day. Pulse down to 95; lower thau it has been for several weeks. Tem- perature and respiration normal. No adverse symptonis apparent at this hour (2 P. M.) Blaine, Secretary. The President passed the afternoon up to 3 o'clock very quietly. His pulse remained below 100, and he rested some. The White House was very quiet. The day so far has been a very good one. It is much better than yesterday, which, on the whole, was a bad day. Rev. J\ D. Power, pastor of the Vermont Avenue Christian Church, has written a letter concerning the President's character as a Christian man, in which he says: "He has never hesitated when it was necessary to testify to his faith. He lias lectured publicly in this 'Christian Church,' within two years, on the evidences of the Christian religion, and he has for six years been a de- vout and constant worshipper and communicant." The following is an extract from a letter wa-itten by Mrs. Garfield to the President's mother only a day or so before his recent great danger: Washington, August 23. Dear Mother: Slowly, but very steadily James is coming up from this trouble with his stomach. I begin to wonder what can happen next, and whether there is any lower note in the scale for him to touch. But if there is, I shall not despair, and yon must not. His strong constitution and superabun- dant vitality 1 believe will carry him through. I begin to see how little I knt)W of the troubles attending such a wound. It seemed to me that when he ,got through the first week and then the second so well it must be plain sailing.' I can now understand why the surgeons were never ready to say that the dangers were all past. They would say that they thought they were, &c. It has been a strange, disappointing summer, but if we all come through alive and well w^e will not complain. September 1. — The President did not rest as well last night as the night be- fore; but there was no cause for alarm in his condition. His pulse went up after the evening bulletin. Between 8 and 9 o'clock the fever came on, and the pulse, which at 6:30 was 100, mounted upward. It fluctuated some. Its highest point was 116. After midnight the fever went down, and the pulse receded with it. The sleep during the early part of the night, though fairly good, was not as restful as it was after midnight. On the whole, the night was a good one. The President this morning is doing very well. The bulletin issued after the morning examination was as follows: 141 Towards 9 o'clock last evening, the President had some feverishness, and his pulse ranged from 108 to 116. This condition, which was unaccompanied by rigors or sweating, had subsided by midnight, and did not interfere with his sleep. He had, on the whole, a good night, and this morning his condition is fully as favorable as yesterday at the same hour. Pulse, 100; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 17.— [Signed by five surgeons.] This bulletin caused some apprehension from the fact that rigors were mentioned, even although it was stated that there were none. Dr. Bliss, in answer to a question upon this point, said that people would find something to complain about in any bulletin. There was not the slightest significance to be attached to the appearance of the word rigor in the bulletin. The President's fever has been higher for the past twenty days towards midnight than it was last night, and the fever has been more marked. In fact the President's state before midnight last night was an improvement. The fact that the mere appearance of the word " rigor " even in a negative way, caused apprehension shows how quick the public is in digesting and theorizing upon the bulletins. This morning in addition to his liquid nourishment, the President took a piece of beefsteak, and after chewing it swallowed the juice ; he also took some beef gruel. The parotid gland looks better than it did yesterday, the swelling having been considerably reduced. There is a slight flow of pus through the opening in the cheek into the mouth. This is thrown off by the President in expectoration. The act of expectoration eliminates mattei from the throat inpartsabout one -half pus and one-half mucous, an improvement since yesterday. The President is this morning in better condition than yesterday morning, speaking in general terms. His pulse since the morning bulletin continued good and remained at about the figures given in the bulletin during the early part of the forenoon. 12:30 P. M. — At the morning dressing of the President the abscess of the parotid gland was found to be discharging freely. It lookswell and continues to diminish in size. The .•^tate of the wound remains the same. His general condition is not materially different from what it was at this hour yesterday, except that the pulse is somewhat more frequent. Pulse, 108 ; temperature, 98.6 ; respiration, 18. — [Signed by five surgeons.] This bulletin shows that the pulse was thirteen beats faster than at the same hour yesterday. The bulletin rather added to the impression that got abroad early this morning that the President was not doing so well to-day. 6:30 P. M.— The President has passed a better day than for sometime past. He has taken his food with increased relish, and the usual afternoon rise of tem- perature did not occur. At the evening dressing the fluid used to wash out the parotid abscess found its way into the mouth, which it did not do this morning, showing that an opening into the mouth has spontaneously occurred. The ab- scess is discharging freely and the swelling continues to diminish. There is some increase in the discharge of pus from the wound. Pulse, 109 ; temperature, 98.6; respiration, 18. The inflow of fluid into the mouth, as noted in this bulletin, caused some little anxiety in the outside world last evening. It was feared that pus would find its way into the mouth and throat. The doctors said that pus went downward in- stead of upward. The position of the outlet was such as would preclude the possibility of pus getting into the throat. The opening into the mouth is a very small one. Secretary Blaine sent the following dispatch to Minister Lowell last night at 10 o'clock : -'The Presidenthas less fever this evening than upon any previous evening since he was wounded. His temperature at 6 o'clock was normal. The entire day has been most encouraging in all his symptoms. Hereafter I shall send but one report daily." The best that can be said of the President is that he holds his own. That is, he still maintains the point to which he rallied from his last relapse, without percep- tible gain of strength. It is not expected that he will begin to "pick up" until existing drafts upon his system have somewhat further ceased. In the meantime the gland and the wound are doing well. The mcreased pulse and temperature tliat were noticeable yester- day are attributed in part to the hot and depressing weather. The question of the President's removal is being considered again. If practi- cable a change is certainly desirable. The patient is weary enough of the White 142 House, and the atmosphere of that locality is liable to be even worse in September than it was in July and August. The following was sent last night : Lowell, Minister, London: The President continues to do well in eating and digestion, and the swollen gland steadily improves. But in the past twenty-four hours he has made no substantial progress in his general condition. In the judg- ment of his physicians, however, he still holds the ground gained on Sunday and Monday last. His pulse and temperature to-day have shown marked increase from the record of yesterday. The weather to-day has been exceedingly warm and sultry, and this may account in part for the adverse shanges noted. In the Sep- tember climate of Washington .such an oppressive day as this has been is rare. Blaine, Secretary. 8:30 A. M. — The President slept well during the night, and this morning his con- dition is in all respects as favorable as yesterday at the same hour. Pulse, 100 ; temperature, 98 4; respiration, 17.— [Signed by five surgeons.] 12:30 P. M. — The President's condition has not materially changed since the morning bulletin was issued. Pulse, 100; temperature, 98.7; respiration, 18. — [Signed by five surgeons.] September 2. — The President had a recurrence of the high pulse and restless- ness'of four nights ago. As the early hours of the morning came on, the pulse went down and sleep went on ; after 1 o'clock the President slept well. He is a very little weaker than yesterday morning, but otherwise he has held his own. The physicians say that the President is keeping about even. This morning the breakfast of the patient was'somewhat varied. He had some milk toast, and got the benefit that lies in the breasts of three reed birds cut up in fine pieces. The President did not swallow the meat, but the juice of the slightly underdone reed- bird meat was assimilated. This morning it is more than ever imperative that the President shall be removed. The doctors say this. It is now only a question of at what time, and how the removal shall be made by rail. Removal by water is now one of the things not taken much into consideration. Dr. Bliss was thor- oughly out of all concert? with a voyage by water after he inspected the Tallapoosa yesterday afternoon. He was never much in love with tliatprrject anyhow. The morning bulletin showed nothing bad, but at the same time it was not as good as might have been expected from the favorable announcement of last night. It was as follows : 8:30 A. M. — The President was somewhat more restless than usual during the early part of the night, but slept better after 1 A. M. This morning his general condition does not differ materially from what it was ac the same hour yesterday, except that there is a slight increase in the frequency of the pulse. Pulse, 104; temperature, 98.6 ; respiration, 18. — [Signed by five surgeons.] At the dressing of the wound this morning it was found not to have been much changed. Tliere was a slight improvement in it, however. There was a discharge of pus from the wound, and it had become thicker and more healthy in appear- ance. There had been no discharge from the wound for several days until this morning to ppeak of. The parotid gland was further diminished, and the dis- charge from it was satisfactory. The gland is not yet healing, but is doing as well as it could do. There is no indication that pus has accumulated in other parts of the body, nor is there any fear on that account entertained. The Prosident passed the forenoon comfortably. His pulse went down below the figures of the morning bulletin about 11 o'clock. His condition was a little better at 11 than it was this morning. There was but little if any fever. All reports from the sick room were that all was going well and the President was holding his own. Executive Mansion, September 2, 6:30 P. M. — The President has passed a comfortable day, and this evening appears better than for some days past. He has taken a larger proportion of nutriment by the mouth, and manifested greater relish for it. His pulse shows some inn)rovement as regards frequency and strength. The parotid abscess continues to improve. The wound shows, as yet, little change. This evening his pulse is 104; temperature, 99.2; respiration, 18. Secretary Blaine's dispatch last night to Minister Lowell was as follows : "The President has had a very satisfactory day, and, in the judgment of his surgeons, all his symptoms are favorable to-night. Taking the 24 hours through, he has had less fever and better appetite than for many days past." 143 12:30 P. M.— The President's condition has not matenally changed since the morning bulletin was issued. Pulse, 104 ; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. — [Signed by the six surgeons.] The President was rt^ported to be still doing well at 3 o'clock, and nothing had occurred to disturb him. The conference of surgeons to-day resulted in a decision that the President should be removed as soon as he is strong enough. It was also decided that he was not strong enough to be removed now. It was also decided that he be taken to Long Branch, and that he ba taken there by rail. Arrangements to carry their decision into effect will be immediately commenced. That the President will go to Long Branch tliere is not much doubt. It is not thought that thff change could be made inside of four or five days. Dr. Bliss says it will be impossible to take along newspaper correspondents, as a guard of soldiers will go with the President. It can be stated on the authority of one of the physicians at the conference that tiie President will be moved just as soon as the preparations are made. These have already commenced. He will be out of the city in a very few days— probably in- side of Feventy-two hours. September 3. — The President did not pass a good night. His pulse fluctuated during the night and he was feverish. There was no recurrence of vomiting, and there was none this morning up to noon. Sleep overtook the President about 10 o'clock last night, but he did not rest at all comfortable until after midnight. He talked about his removal and the ai'rangements for it. Although every eftbrt was made to quiet him he would not, for a time, be quiet, but persisted in talking of the matter and arranging the details of his going. Dr. Bliss and the others told him that all arrangements were being made as rapidly as possible, and that as soon as they were completed they would start on their journey. This morning he was very weak, but there was no change for the A\orse beyond the fact of biiog a little weaker than yesterday. His pulse has become more tractable. Tliis morning he took beef extract and chicken broth. Three squirrels which were brought from Arlington this morning are being prepared for him. The following was the morn- ing bu'letin : 8.30 A. M. — The President was somewhat restless during the early part of the night, but slept well after midnight. He has taken by the mouth and retained the nutriment prescribf^d. This morning his pulse is less frequent than yesterday. His temperature is a degree above normal. Pulse, 102 ; temperature, 99 5; res- piration, IS.— [Signed by five surgeons] The President did not pass as comfortable a forenoon as was desirable. He was restless and his fever came on. His pulse ran up to 114 between 11 and 12 o'clock, and was high all during the forenoon. The Prcj-ident continued to talk about his removal this morning, and perhaps to that excitement liis higher pulse is to be attributed. The noon bu lie; in was as follows : 12.30 P. M. — The President's condition has not changed materially since the last bulletin was issued, except that there is some change in the frequency of the pulse. He has taken with some relish the nourishmet administered by the mouth, and had no return of gastric irritability. Pulse, 114; temperature, 99.5; respiration, 18. — [Signed by five surgeons. 1 The first thing the President asked Dr. Bliss this morning when he went into the room was: "Well, is this the last day in the White House V" Dr. Bliss tried to quiet him, telling him that he was doing so well where he now is that there was no necessityfor immediate removal. " No, no," said the Presi- dent, " I don't want any more delay." There was some uneasiness yesterday about the President's condition, which continued during the night. The patient was a little weaker yesterday. The recurrence of vomiting, which was caused by the gagging in the throat, was not looked upon with alarm by the doctors. The story of the day is told in the following: Lowell, Minister^ London: Last night the President did not rest well, and twice during the night his stomach was so disturbed that he vomited. During the day he has been better, and has swallowed the usual quantity of food and retained it. His pulse, however, has been higher than for the two pteceding days. His surgeons do not think he has lost ground, but he certainly has not gained since last night's dispatch. At this hour, 10:30, he is quietly sleeping. Blatne, Secretary. 144 September 4, 8:30 A. M. — The President vomited once late last evening, and once about an hour after midnight. Notwithstanding this disturbance he slept well most of the night, and this morning has taken food by the mouth without nausea and has retained it. His pulse is somewhat more frequent, but in other respects his condition is about the same as at this hour yesterday. Pulse, 108; temperature, 98, 4t respiration, 18. 12:30 P. M. — The President's condition has not changed materially since the last bulletin was issued, and there has been no further gastric disturbances. Pulse, 106; temperature, 98.4; respiration, 18. 6:30 P. M.— The President has passed a comfortable day. He has taken his food with some relish, and had no return of tlie irritability of stomach reported in the morning"s bulletin. The parotid swelling continues to improve, and is now so far reduced that the contour of his face is restored. The wound shows no material change. The rise of temperature this afternoon has been very slight, but his pulse was more frequent throughout the day than yester- day or the day before, and he showed more fatigue after the dressings. Pulse , 110; temperature, 99; respiration, 18. The details of the President's removal are being perfected this afternoon. He will not be taken from his bed. The bedstead will be removed from the White House to Pennsylvania avenue and Sixth street in a covered vehicle. The track was extended up to that point, as mentioned above, in order to avoid going over the cobble-stones which pave the streets immediately contiguous to the depot. Where the Belt line street-car road, the Ninth street road, and the Seventh street road cross the avenue there would be some jolting of the vehicle containing the President. This will be overcome by planking laid over the railroad ties. Superintendent Ely, who has charge of the motor department of the Penn- sylvania railroad and who has fixed up the President's car, called at the White House to-day in company with Attorney-General MacVeagh, and saw the sur- geons. He explained to them the arrangement of the car and answered all questions. It was decided that the surgeons should inspect the car during the day. The three cars will be occupied by the President, his family, the sur- geons, and those who go from the office. Mrs. Garlield and Miss Mollie will accompany the President. The surgeons, including Dr. Agnewand Dr. Boyn- ton, will go along. Mrs. Edson will also be taken on the train. Outside of those will be Private Secretary Brown, Colonel Rockwell and Mrs. Rockwell, General Swaim, and Colonel Corbin. Mr. Hendley, the official stenographer, may go. There will be no one from the President's office except Mr. Brown. There is no necessity of others going. If they are wanted after the President gets to Long Branch they will be sent for. The train will move at a very fair speed. No newspaper men will be on it. At Long Branch tlie Pretideut will occupy Fiancklyn cottage, near the Elberon hotel, which has been placed at his disposal. There also will be located Mrs. Gar- field, Miss Mollie, Gen. Swaim and Colonel and Mrs. Rockwell. Colonel Corbin will only remain at the Branch two or three days. There are two small cottages near Francklyn cottage. One of these will be occupied by the surgeons and the other bv Mr. Brown as a sort of an executive office. Car 33, in which the bed for the President is laid, was fitted for the occasion at Altoona, and left there yesterday. All the seats were taken out and the ear thoioughly renovated. A false top was put on a few inches above the roof of the car, in order to give the air an opportunity to circulate betn'ecn it and the roof, so as to keep the ^'ar cool. The partition was taken out and replaced bj" folding- doors, and storm doors added to the platform doors. Wire gauze was fastened on the outside of the car, completely inclosing the parlor apartment, to keep the car free from dust. The inside was hung with heavy curtains, and Brussels carpet was laid on tlie floor. Two large ice-b^xes, well-filled with ice, are in one apart- ment. On the sides of the car are several iieavy engine axles for ballast. About • the center of tlie apartment for the President, his bed is made — a mattress over fifteen inches deep beinji" set on two boards covered wich clotli, the ends resting on Qleats on the top cf the washboanl. and judging from the trial made he will ride easy. If the rate of speed should be twenty to twent.y-tive miles per hour the elevation, in going round the curves, (about five inches) will scarcely be per- ceived. 145 The project of removal to the train, near the Washin2;ton monument, has been given up, and when ready it is understood that the President will be removed down Pennsylvania avenue on a stretcher, in a covered wagon, and be lifted into the car at the corner of Sixth street and the avenue. To malie this possible Chief Engineer Walters had on the ground this morning a force of 300 men, who at once proceeded to lay a track on the east side of Sixth street, to that point from the main track, below the depot — a distance of over three liundred years. In less than two hours all the ties were down, and in two and a half hours the rails were in place, and a train, with gravel to ballast it, was ready to back on and do that work. Executive Mansion, September 5, 6:30 P. M.— No material change has taken place in the condition of the President since morning. The parotid abscess continues to improve, and the wound remains about the same. The pulse is somewhat less frequent than at noon. At present it is 108; temperature, 99.8; respiration, 18. Should no untoward symptoms prevent, it is hoped to remove the President to Long Branch to-morrow. Secretary Blaine's dispatch last night to Minister Lowell was as follows: " This has been the hottest day of the season, and the heat has told upon the President. His pulse and temperature have been higher than for several days past. In other respects there has been no special change either favorable or adverse. It is expected that he will be removed to Long Branch to-morrow. It is hoped the sea air will strengthen him." CHAPTER III. KEMOVAL TO LONG BRANCH, ELBERON, NEW JERSEY. September 6. — The President was removed from the city this morning. All night preparation went on in the White House. The doctors spoke not much of the President's condition, but of the President's removal. Most of the baggage from the White House was at the depot and in the car by 11 o'clock last night, but until 1 o'clock this morning there were trips to the train, with this or that thing that had been forgotten, or was not ready when the bulk of the baggage went down. The principal points under discussion by tlie doctors and nurses were as to the exact method of the removal. These discussions resulted in a slight change from the plan of yesterday. The bed upon which the President has lain was not taken into the express wagon, as was the intention. At 5:30 o'clock the actual removal commenced. The President was removed from his bed and placed upon a stretcher, which had been prepared during the night. The doctors and nurses took the stretcher up and carried it feet foremost down the stairs. It was taken down the private stairway, which is to the right of the building as you enter. A brief stop was made inside the glass doors which shut off the lower corridor of the house from the public vestibule. There the President was transferred to a bed which had been specially prepared for him. Along the sides of this bed had b3en run an outer framework of white pine. From the framework there branched out three handles on either side, braced with iron bandages. Upon it was a hair mat- tress, with sheet, blanket and pillow. The head of the mattress was elevated about 10 degrees more than was afforded by the pillow. The President was changed from the stretcher to this bed in a few minutes. The blanket and sheet were placed over him. Then was commenced the progress to the express wagon. The same people who had brought the President down stairs on the .stretcher took hold of the bed. They were General Swaim, Colonel Rockwell, Colonel Cor- bin, Dr. Boynton, Dr. Bliss, Dr. Reyburn and Mr. O. E. Rockwell. When the President wa^ out of the door and being moved toward the wagon some of those who had hold of the stretcher were relieved by Sergeant Dinsmore and Dubois, Atchison, Louis and Smith, of the White House. The express wagon, which had been in waiting for some houi's, had been backed close up to the eastern end of the porch. A movable platform of boards nailed together was extended from the porch to the tailboard of the wagon. Inside the wagon was a set of double bed springs. Lying thereupon and covering the sprir.gs was a section of planking 146 made for the purpose. The bed was taken in almost on a level, and rested upon the planking. There were cleats in the planking to i^revent a shifting of the bed, although such a thing could not have occurred, so gently but firmly was the bed managed by those on the wa^on. Dr. Boynton sat at the head of the bed, on the right side. ISText him in the wagon was General Swaini, and at the foot of the bed on the same side was Mr. O. E. Rockwell. On the left side of the wagon was Colonel Rockwell, Dr. Bliss ami Dr. Reyburn, in the order named, from the head of the wagon. Mr. Warren S. Young, of the White House executive force, stood at the foot of the bed. Dan Spriggins, one of the President's body servants, was also there. All having been comfortably arranged the horses, which were to haul the wagon to the depot, were put to "the pole. They had been standin-,'- by in ready harness for two hours. The small congregation of carriages, which, since half-past four, had been knotted around the White Hou-e portico, began to break. First there went a carriage containing Drs. Agnew, Barnes, and Woodward. Next came a carriage with Mrs. Edson, Miss MoUie Garfield, and Mrs. Rock- well. Mr. Brown in his buggy followed. These left by the front gate, and drove at good speed to the train. Mrs. Garfield and Mrs. Rockwell left al)out the same time, but by the back way. Then came the starting of the wagon containing the President. Sergeant Dinsmore was on the box with the driver. A slight word to the two horses, and they pulled over the sand which had been laid on the six feet of concrete between the porch of the White House and the roadway. As the wagon moved away the President waved liis left hand to those on the porch, and commenced his journey to Long Branch. His head wvas elevated considerably, and the bed being pretty high up a good view of him was to be had. He lay on his back squarely. A sheet and blanket covered his body np to the arms. Around the head was a bandage of white, saturated with water to keep his temples cool. The morning, even at that early hour, was very warm. His face was pale, but did not look as wan or wasted as it was thought by many it would look. There was surprise on the part of those who had not seen him since he was shot to note how much better he looked than they thought possible. His face, by no means, bore out the reports that he was attenuated even "unto a living skeleton. It was noticeable where the whiskers had been cut off on the right side in dealing with that troublesome gland. The President looked 100 per cent, better than any one who had formed an opinion as to his appearance could have expected. Slowly the wagon moved down the carriage way. It was followed by Steward Crump in a market wagon, and by Mrs. Garfield's maids in a carriage. The bed on its springs rose and fell easily with the heavy but pliant motion of the springs of the express wagon. There was no conversation among those steady- ing the President. Colonel Rockwell, with a large palm-leaf fan, kept the air around the President's head, constantly in motion. Tlie White House gates were passed in a few minutes, and the turn was made down the avenue. There was no jolting; there was no noise, save the heavy, dull sound peculiar to the motion of compact and heavy-built wagons. There were not over 150 people around the gate. Many of them had been there all night. They roosted and dozed on the stone of'tlie fencing around the grounds. There was not a vehicle or a car on the avenue from Seventeenth street down. Sergeant Perry had stopped all vehicles from coming upon the street below Seven- teenth street . Now in a rapid walk, now in a dog trot, the sturdy bays drew the wagon down the avenue. Policemen stationed at every corner of intercepting streets kept all people off the carriage-way, but allowed them on the sidewalk. The early crowd which was at the White House gate when the President passed through, followed at a short distance or kept apace with the wagon. The crowd was composed mostly of half-grown boys, bootblacks, and colored people, with now and then a young woman. There was no craining of necks to see the patient. He was so carried that all could look upon him by simply turning their heads in his direction. "He looks much better than we expected," was the general comment. He did not look any worse than he did when being taken into the house from the depot on the day Guiteau shot liim. The President laid on his back. lie turned his head now and then and took a view of the avenue as he went down and of the people walking b^^side him. There ap- peared to be a relieved expression on liis face, as if he were glad to get away. The horses went on steadily, keeping to the south side of the avenue. There were heads in the windows, .as the wagon passed on. The crowd just below the Treas- ury began to grow larger. 147 In a short time tbe carriage contaiuing Mr8. Garfield, Miss Mollie Garfield, Mrs. Edson and Mrs. Rockwell arrived, followed by the two servants, Lizzie Cutter and D. Spraggs, and they were shown seats in President Roberts' car. At twelve minutes past six o'clock the wagon containing the President arrived. Col. Rockwell, Col.Corbin, and Drs. Bliss and Reyburn, Gen. Swaim and E. O. Rockwell being on the sides of the wagon. The horses having been detached, the bed was carefiiUy lifted in. Some little time was taken in shifting the mattress on which the President had lain to the bed prepared for him. The train moved out about 0.30 o'clock, Washington time, and went off ap- parently without a jar. The train was made up as follows : Engine 658, known as an anthracite coal engine, P. R. R. standard, which is furnished with a muffer, to prevent the escape of steam. This was manned by Wm. Page, engineer, and J. W. Lami-om and E. Gwinnell, firemen, .John Uaglaub. engineer, and S. A. Reynolds, fireman, run- ning as local to Bay View. Car No. 268, [an Eastlake compartment car, in the bao-gao-e departmar.t of which were some twenty five or thirty pieces of baggage] fo" the attendants. Car No. 33, the Eastlake fitted up for the President and suro-eon, and car No. 120. President Roberts' private car, placed at the disposal of Mr". Garfield and the family. Mr. J. K. Sharpe, of the Baltimore and Poto- mac, was in charge of the train to Bay View, and it was run to tiiat point with Caot. T. L. Luckett as conductor, G. F. Schunian and D. C. Wilhelm as brakes- men; R. H. Geming, traveling operator; Mr. Ely, superintendent of motive power ; Mr. Elder, master car-builder ; Chas. Watts, general train-master. New York division, with J. jST. Whelpley, conductor ; .James Kelly and George R. Deane, brakesmen, who took charge of train at Gray 's Ferry. Baltimore and Potomac engine No. 5, with Jacob Fry engineer, and P. F.Riley firemen, pre- ceded this train ten minutes as pilot. Assistant Train-Master Bell being the con- ductor. ^ , _, _ , Beyond the recurrence of the nightly fever and restlessness, the President passed a comfortable night. He again talked about his removal, but was soon quieted by the st ttement that he would be taken away this morning without fail. After 11 o'clock it can be said that he slept well. There was no more vomiting. There was nothing of a disturbing character about his case. At midnight he was pronounced to be in better shape than for a week past. The night was oppressively warm, and the cooling operation was kept moving until the early hours of the morning. In making preparations for his journey no morphine or any narcotic was administered. He was given nutriment early this morning. It was of the liquid form. The President went away in what Dr. Reyburn said to a Star reporter at the depot was an " encouraging con- dition." Baltimore, Sei>Umber 6.— The President has stood the fatigues of travel up to this hour with remarkable fortitude. Eis pulse is even less frequent than it was before leaving Washington. It is now 106. The arrangements are so complete in every i°."vf I''* ^""^ ^'°''^ ^^'""'^ *'''o ^^^y« u"l«ss the chills can be 19 0- P \r M "^^^ock the pulse was up to 143. that tiie Pieside.^'t" S^^^^""^ ^""^^^ M'hile he does not anticipate immediate death moment amf ^n ',1 f • ° .i" ''4.f • ^P^^V^'^^^ *^''^* embolism may come on at any S arterfes Thp^. ^^1°^- ^ "' '^^H 1^"^^'"'^ "P ^^^ t'^^ blood in the veins mtipit o fL. T- '1^"'^^ nourishment of beef blood by enemata wss given the fniu?oT '^ fw minutes ago. The President, those who were near him sav is we RlefinedV^^^^^^ 'f '^' ""'' ''''' T'"^^' ^h^ sweet'bSh oiTe^f^the 19 1 n TJ vr^ n-? ^^ pyfemia, was discovered, nf thi ii ••„ -"V*^ President is resting somewhat easier now. The recurrence pUcLsli wfil^r^^^ *°-^^"^*- ^f- Agnew thinks that before the en I Sp? before dithiff''."'*^ a comatose state, in which he will remain many houts betoie death. Attorney-General MacVeagh has taken, under the law. posses- 158 sion of the telegraph wire at Elberon. The Cabinet are all here except Secre- taries Blaine and Lincoln. The others are now at Elberon, thoroughly dis- couraged and disheartened. 12 •''0 P M —The manner in which the President rallied from the morning chill astonished tlie doctors. After the wound had been dressed he asked for a hand (^lass, and after looking himself over, said : " i can't understand why I should be so weak when I feel so well and look so well." 12-30 P. M.— The President is now sleeping. His pulse is 118, temperature normal, respiration 20. Dr. Bliss, who has just come to the West End from Elbe- ron, savs the case is next to hopeless. Dr. Agnew told John Russeh Young the case was as bad as it could be, and he saw no encouragement whatever. Dr. Ao-new was asked ten minutes ago if he expected that the present comphcations of" the case would carry the President off to-day. He said: "Oh, no; oh no. He may last three days. He may last ten. Again the paroxysm of some of the ch/11^ may be too much for him." The weight of opinion here is that the Presi- de nt^wiU not survive over Wednesday, if he lives until then. His rigors, they say, proceed from his debilitated system. Dr. Agnew says that when they opened the abscess in the parotid gland he felt that the beginning of the end had come. He is reticent, but it can be noticed by his manner that he has no hope. Ihe sur- roundings at Elberon are dismal enough ; sorrow sits in every face and people talk low and walk slowly as in the presence of death. E-ich word from the sick room is eagerly caught up, and the gloom deepens as time progresses. 2PM —The President is sleeping, and is in partial stupor. He grows weaker, but may rally to-morrow, unless he has a chill to-night. There is no hope for recovery felt, but the doctors say it is simply a question of time. Dr Bliss this morning dictated the following as the diagnosis of the President's case • " After he was wounded the limited area of traumatic trouble in the lower portion of the lobe of the right lung was found due to hypoestatic congestion. This was caused by proximity to the inflamed diaphragm perforated by the bullet, the inflammation being aggravated by nearness to the fractured rib. This congestion increased in intensity, though not in area, owing to the long contuiued recumbent position of the patient. There was no difliculty in breathing and no cough at that time, nor until the parotid troubles. When the latter became aggravated the pus from the gland found its way into the mouth and the coughing efforts to throw it off being difticult and continuous, induced an inflammation of the mucous mem- brane of the mouth. The pus continuing to cause this cough, the inflammation extended to the throat, then to the larynx, and thence to the bronchial tubes downward. This inflammation naturally extended to the right, because the patient nearly m11 the time lay on one side, and when it reached the nighborhood of the afflicted lung it became naturally aggravated. During all this tune the septic condition of the blood was doing its work, and when the lung and bronchial attec- tions at last met they found a deranged and enfeebled system at a very low grade. Still the blood lesions were all repairing at this time. The conjunction of the two inflammations came at the best opportunity for the dissemination of the combined activities of each, and there was a spreading of the united troubles, iiie healing of the lesions was stopped at about this time, and the repairing process was arrested. We do not know yet if the result has been a depo-it of pus in the lungs. If any pus is now in the right lung, it is not indicated, and the deposit must have occurred within the past three or four days. The amount would be extremely small. If there was not innutrition the patient would be able to resist the oper- ation of all these causes even yet. But there is innutrition. The healing process is stopped. The blood cannot furnish the constituents of repair, and there is nothing to build on nor even to support what vitality is still left, and that is being continually drawn upon and diminished. tt ^ i * .„ 11-20 P. M —Attorney-General MacVeagh just came to the Elberon Hotel from the Francklvn cottage, and made the following statement : " I sent my dispatch to Minister Lowell at 10 P. M. Shortly before that Dr. Bliss hal seen the 1 resi- dent and found his pulse at lOG beats per minute, and all the conditions were then promising a quiet night. The doctor asked the President if he was feeling uncom- fortable fn any way? The President answered, 'Xot at all,' and shortly afterward fell asleep, and Dr. Bliss returned to his room across the hall from that occupied bv the President. Cols. Swaim and Rockwell remained with the President. About 10-15 the President awakened and remarked to Col. Swaim that he was suttermg 159 great pain, and placed his hand over his heart. Dr. Bliss was summoned, and when he entered the room he found thePresident substantially without pulse, and the action of the heart was almost indistinguishable. He said at once that the President was dying, and directed that Mrs. Garfield be called ; also the doctors. The President remained in a dying condition until 10:35, when he was pronounced dead. He died of some trouble of the heart, supposed to be neuralgia." CHAPTER IV. HIS DEATH. The last of the famau? " bulletins " was issued at 1:15 o'clock this morning, and made the mournful announcement that the end had come, in the following words : 11:30 P. M.— The President died at 10:35. After the bulletin was issued at 5:30 this evening the President continued in much the same condition as during the afternoon, the pulse varying from 102 to 106, with rather increased force and volume. After taking nourishment he fell into a quiet sleep about thirty-five minutes before his death, and while asleep his pulse rose to 120, and was somewhat more feeble. At 10:10 o'clock he awoke, complaining of severe pain over the region of the heart, and almost immediately became unconscious, and ceased to breathe at 10:35. — D. W. Bliss, Frank H. Hamilton, D. Hayes Agnew. Well may it be said in the words of the immortal Tennyson : — " Divinely gifted man. Whose life in low estate began. And on a simple village green ; Who breaks his birth's invidious bar, And grasps the skirts of happy chance. And breasts the blows of circumstance, And grapples with his evil star ; Who makes, by force, his merit known, And lives to clutch the golden key To mould a mighty State's decrees, And shape the whisper of the throne ; And moving up, from high to higher. Becomes, on fortune's crowning slope, The pillar of a people's hope. The center of a world's desire." But now by fate's direst arrow, The grand spectacle of a nation's sorrow. Elberon, X. J., September 20.— The following official bulletin was prepared at eleven o'clock to night by the surgeons who have been in attendance upon the late President : " By previous arrangement a post-mortem examination of the body of President Garfield was made this evening in the presence and with the assistance of Drs. Hamilton, Agnew, Bliss, Barnes, Woodward, Reyburn, Andrew Smith, of Elberon, and acting Assistant Surgeon D. S. Lamb, of the Army Medi- cal Museum, Washington. The operation was performed by D. S. Lamb. It was found that the ball, after fracturing the right eleventh rib, had passed through the spinal column, in front of the spinal canal, fracturing the body of the first lumbar vertebra, driving a number of the small fragments of bone into the adja- cent soft parts, and lodging below the pancreas, about two and one-half inches to left of the spine, behind the peritoneum, where it had become completely encysted. The immediate cause of death was secondary hemorrhage from one of the mesen- teric arteries adjoining the track of the baU, the blood rupturing the peritoneum, and nearly a pint escaping into the abdominal cavity. This hemorrhage is believed to have been the cause of the severe pain In the lower portion of the chest, com- IGO plained of just before death. An abscess cavity, six inches by four inches in di- mensions, was found in the vicinity of the gall bladder, between the liver and the transverse colon, which was strongly adherent. It did not involve the substance of the liver, and no communication was formed between it and the wound. A long suppurating channel extended from the external wound between the loia muscles and the right kidney almost to the right groin. This channel, now known to be due to the burrowing of pus from the wound^ was supposed during life to have been the track of the ball. On an examination of the organ of the chest evidences of severe bronchitis were found on both sides of the broncho-pneumonia of the lower portion of the right lung and, though to a much less extent, of the left. The lungs contained no abscesses and the heart no clots. The liver wag enlarged and fatty, but free of abscesses. Nor were any found in any other organ except the left kidney, which contai:::ed near its surface a small abscess about one- third of an inch in diameter. In reviewing the history of the ease in connection with the autopsy it is quite evident that the different suppurating surfaces, and especially the fractured spongy tissue of the vertebra, furnish a sufficient explana- tion of the septic condition which existed.— D. W- Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. vVood- ward, Eobert Reyburn, Frank H. Hamilton, D. Hayes Agnew, Andrew H. Smith, D. S. Lamb. Long Branch, N. J., September 20. — The following arrangements for the funeral services have been ordered by tlie Cabinet, and are given to the press for the information of the public : The remains of the late President of the United States will be removed to Washington by a special train on Wednesday, September 21, leaving Elberon at 10 A. M. and reaching Washington at 4 P. M. Detach- ments of the United States army and from the marines of the navy will be in attendance on arrival at Washington to perform escort duty. The remains will lie in state in the rotunda of the Capitol on Thursday and Friday, and will be guarded by a deputation from the Executive Departments and by oHicers of the Senate and House of Representatives. Religious ceremonies will be observed in the rotunda at 3 o'clock on Friday afternoon. At 5 P. M. the remains will be transferred to a funeral car and be removed to Cleveland, Ohio, via the Pennsyl- vania railroad, arriving there Saturday at 2 P. M. In Cleveland the remains will lie in state until Monday at 2 P. M., and be then interred in Lake View Cem- etery. No ceremonies are expected in the cities and towns along the route of the funeral train beyond the tolling of the bells. Detailed arrangements for the final sepulchre are committed to the municipal authorities of Cleveland, under the direction of the executive of the State of Ohio. James G. Blaine. Wherever the eyes turn at the capital here the sable symbols of the nation's mourning can be seen. The palaces of the wealthy and the humble cots of the poor alike show forth the grief of the inmates over the death of the nation's chief. Even in the alleys of our citj% wliere penury and painful poverty abound, almost every tenement exhibits some meager show of mourning, which the inhab- itants, out of their abject poverty, have utilized to show that they, too, claim the right to mingle their tears with those of their more prosperous neighbors in this hour of universal grief. In a word, all classes of our people show by their con- duct that they fully appreciate the national calamity which has made them all akin in their demonstrations of mourning. Time can never eftace the memory of this sorrow. There will come no year in all our national future when President Gar- field will be forgotten, when the story of his noble life will not furnish an incen- tive to pure and lofty ambition, wlien the sad tragedy that shrouded his sun, at meridian, in perpetual eclipse, will no more be remembered. 161 CHAPTER V REMOVAL TO WASHINGTON.— LYING IN STATE IN THE ROTUNDA OF THE CAPITOL. September 21.— Shortly after 8 o'clock the cottage was opened to the people, who formed in line and began to pass through. The casket lies in the parlor, in the middle, between two doors, alForoing easy means of ingress and egress. As to the poor remains within it, the face and form are not like those of the Garfield whom we knew. They are literally remains— all that remains of the splendid physique of the man who became our President on the 4th of March last. While people were passing through the cottage parlor, the funeral train was being backed to the rear entrance. The hindmost car was for the baggage, which was rapidly carried in. It contained also a large ice-box. The next car was the one which bore the President hither two weeks ago. It is richly carpeted and tastefully draped in mourning, the black being relieved by narrow gathered folds of our national colors. In the center, where the bed was two weeks ago, is a sym- metrical and appropriate catafalque, on which the casket is to be placed. At either end of the car are twelve new willow arm-chairs— twenty- four in al). The next car was hke any first-class traveling car of sr-perior finish. Between this and the engine was a palace car especially for the use of Mrs. Garfield and her family. The make-up of the train may be changed when the main track is reached. Mean- while the bell of the little chapel near by has been tolling, and people have been passing through in a steady stream. Yet every moment the constantly accnmulating crowd is forming m line and w^ien the time expires for viewing the remains the procession is longer than ever, and very many are disappointed. Perhaps it is as well. What they would have seen would not have added to their happiness. At half-past nine o'clock Chief-Justice Waite, Secretary" and Mrs. Blaine, Secretary and Mrs Windom, Secretary and Mrs. Hunt, Postmaster-General and Mrs. James, and Secretaries Lincoln and Kirkwood, and Attorney-Gen- eral MacVeagh arrived at the Francklvn cottage, and the doors were closed to visitors. The religious services were conducted by request of Mrs. Garfield by the Rev. Charles J. Young, of Long Branch. There were present besides the family and attendants the members of the Cabinet and their wives and a few personal friends, numbering in all not more than fifty individuals. When the moment for the solemnities was announced the windows and doors were closed and all sounds were hushed. Owing to the necessity of starting of the train promptly on time Colonel Rockwell had requested the officiating clergy- man to occupy but five minutes. The service was as follows : The minister read from the Scriptures appropriate passaijes relating to death and the resurrection, such as are found in the burial service of the Episcopal Church. He then offered the following prayer : " O Thou who didst open the grave of the brother in Bethany ; who hadst compassion on the widow of Nain, as she bore her beloved dead ; who art the same yesterday, to-day, and forever, and in whom is no variableness nor shadow^ of turning, have mercy upon us at this hour when our souls have no where else to fly ; but we fly to Thee ; Thou knowest these sorrows that we bow under. O Thou God of the widow, help this stricken heart before Thee ; help these children and those that are not here ; be their father ; help her m the distant State, who watched over him in childhood ; help this nation that is to-day bleeding and bowed in sorrow before Thee. O sanctify this heavy chastisement to its good. Help those associated with him in the Government. O Lord, gr.mt from the darkness of this nigiit of sorrow there may arise a better day for the glory of God and the good of man. We thank Thee for the record of the life that is closed and for its heroic devotion to principle. We thank Thee, O Thou Lord, that he was Thy servant ; that he preached Thee, Thy noble life and example, and that we can say of him now: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord ; their works do follow them. Now, Lord, go with this sorrowing company in this last sad journey ; bear them up and strengthen them. O God, brins? us all at last to the morning that has no shadow -, the house that has no tears; the land that has no death; for Chrisfs sake. Amen. 162 Immediately after the conclusion of the services at the Francklyn cottage Mrs. Garfield, accompanied by her son Harry, Colonel Swaim, Colonel and Mrs. Rockwell, Miss Mollie Garfield and Miss Rockwell, and Dr. Boynton and E. O. Rockwell, came from'the Francklyn cottage and entered the first coach. The members of the Cabinet and their wives follow^ed, and took seats in the second coach. Mrs. Garfield was heavily veiled, and in passing to the train exhibited the same fortitude which has characterized her manner through- In addition to the immediate members of the family, the following composed the party on the train: Private Secretary J. Stanley Brown, Executive Clerk Warren S. Young, John R. Van Wormer. chief clerk Post-Office Department; John Jamison, railway mail service; Ridgeley Hunt, son of the Secretary of the Navy; C. F. James, son of the Postmaster-General; Mr. Jay Stone, private secretary to Secretary Lincoln; ex-Sheriff Dagget, of Brooklyn; Colonel H. C. Corbin, and Messrs. Atchison, Rickard, and the other attendants upon the late President and Mrs. Garfield during the sojourn here. Just before the train MVSiS ready to start the following State officials, accompanied by members of the legislature, arrived upon the scene: Governor George C. Ludlow, Major- Gen- eral G, Mott, Adjutant-General William S. Stryker, Quartermaster-General Lewis Perrihe, General Willoughby Weston, General Bird W. Spencer, Colonel S Perrine, Jr., Secretary of State Henry C. Kelsey, Assistant Secretary of State James D. Hall, Comptroller E. J. Anderson, Treasurer George M.Wright, and Private Secretary to the Governor James D. Naar. A few minutes before 10 o'clock the casket was removed from the cottage by six strong men, and, pass- ing through a guard of soldiers formed in parallel lines, was placed in the third coach. The attendants and others who accompanied the party took seats m the fourth car. Dr. Reyburn is the only surgeon who went on the special train. At exactly 10 o'clock the funeral train started from the Francklyn cottage, moving from the grounds very slowly. The train reachel Elberon station about 10.08 A. M., and stopped up the road about a quarter of a mile from the station. To this p6int the special train which brought President Arthur and General Grant from New York was run, and guards were stationed in the vicinity to prevent any annoyance from the crowd, there being from five to six hundred persons in the immediate neighborhood. As soon as President Arthur's train was stopped alongside the train which bore the remains, the President and General Grant stepped across and entered the second car of the funeral train. General Grant took the second from the last seat on the right- hand side of the second car. President Arthur sat in the next seat in front of General Grant by himself, and the seat next in front of that in which President Arthur sat was occupied by Secretary Blaine. As the train moved off, Presi- dent Arthur had his hands on the back of Secretary Blaine's seat, and was leaning forward engaged in conversation witli the Secretary. About an hour after the funeral train left, the special train conveying Gov- ernor Ludlow and staff started for Trenton. Immediately after the family of the deceased I'resident left the Francklyn cottage at Elberon. When Philadelphi'i was reached a stop of a few minutes was made to take on board Senator John P. Jones. Here the trappings of woe shrouded the fronts of the buildings. The flags were at half-mast, and an immense throng of people had assembled to catch a sight of the train. Nor were these of any particular class, but included staid Quakers, gentlemen in broadcloth, and grimy workmen from the neighboring shops and manufactories They stood qui- etly, with uncovered lieads, not a word being uttered as the train rolled past. At Chester and Wilmington the same sympathy wa~ manifested. Between these two cities the ships lying at anchor in the Schuylkill and the steamers moving up and down the river all had their flags half-masted. Besxles Philadeli)hia. the train stopped at Bayview, Bristol, and Baltimore. At the latter place every ])oint in the vicinity of the station that would com- mard a view of the funeral train was crowded with a mass of human beings. When the train left Baltimore it was fully thirty minutes late, and between that city and Washington it moved along at a rapid rate. As it drew near the city away in the background the dome of the Capitol was faintly outlined against the sky, and soon the bridge was reached. Here loomed up the square, massive walls of the District jail. As those in the train caught sight of its walls, quick as a flash came tlie thought of the mad wretch confined in one of 163 its cells, whose dastardly act has phmged a continent into mourning. With reduced speed the train moved on through the tunnel and down the street to- ward its stopping point at the Baltimore and Potomac depot. As the cars rolled slowly under the shed your correspondent called to mind the morning of March 3, last, when a committee of citizens were awaiting the arrival ot the new Tresident. How well now can be recalled the bright smile and hearty handshake of General Garfield when he walked through the depot with his aged mother upon his arm. Then the cup of hope and ambition seemed full to overflowing, and, surrounded by those who held him dear, President Garfield came to assume the duties of his high office. Now he again comes to the cap- ital, but, alas ! how changed is the scene. Friends, tried and true, are tenderly returning his earthly remains to the capital, while on his coffin lies the palm- branch, the victor's prize, and the martyr's crown. The funeral train, bearing the remains of the late President and the funeral party, arrived at the Baltimore and Potomac depot at 4:30 o'clock yesterday after- noon. An immense crowd of people were assembled there to meet the tram, though there was no excitement, and when the casket was being removed from the car to the hearse, the silence was only broken by the music of the hynan, "Nearer, My God, to Thee," played |by the Marine Band. When the debarkation was made Mrs. Garfield was escorted to the carriage by Secretary Blaine and her son, Harry. , t> i ^^ After them slowly came General Swaim and Mrs. Swaira, Colonel Kockwell, Mrs. Rockwell, Miss Mollie Garfiald and Miss Lulu Rockwell. Colonel Corbm, Dr. Bliss and Miss Bliss, Dr. Boynton, Dr. Agnew, Dr. Hamilton, Secretary Kirk- wood, Postmaster-General and Mrs. James, Attorney-General and Mrs. MacVeagh and the two MacVeagh boys. Secretary and Mrs. Hunt, Captain Henry, Secretary and Mrs. Lincoln, and their young son, Abe Lincoln. Tlien came President Arthur, General Grant, S;inator Jones and General l^eale. When the party had passed thruugli the depot the carriages were filled in the fol- lowing order : First, Mrs. Garfield, accompanied by her son, Harry. Mrs. Rockwell and Miss Mollie Garfield and Miss Lulu Rockwell. Second carriage, Mrs. Mac- Veagh and Mrs. Secretary Lii:coin; next, Mrs. Blaine and Mrs. Fred Grant; next. General Grant. Senator Jones, of Nevada, and General Beale . The next carnage contained President Arthur, Secretary Blaine, Chief Justice Waite and Secretary Windom, fallowed by carriages containing parties in the following order : Secre- taries Hunt, Lincoln and Kirkwood, and Postmaster-General James; Attorney- General MacVeagh and Private Secretary Brown; Dr. Boynton, Marshal Henry and Warren Young, General Swaim, Colonel Corbin and Colonel Rockwell. 1 hen followed the hearse drawn by six grey horses. The carriage containing Mrs. Gar- field and daughter was driven down Pennsylvania avenue to Four-and-a-half street and from there it turned up and was driven to the residence of Attorney-General MacVeagh. t^- i. • ^ The funeral escort from the depot to [the Cvpifcol was formed of the District militia : Wasiiington Light Infantry, Colonel W. G. Moore; Union Veteran Corps, Captain S. E. Thoraason: National Rlfies, Captain J. O. P. Barnside; Washing- ton Light Guards, Lieutenant F. S. Hodgson; Capital City Guards, Captain i. S. Kelley; detachment United States marines; battalion of United States artillery; four foot and one light battery from the barracks (Arsenal;) Washington, Columbia and other commanderles Koights Templars. How many minds involuntarily contrasted the picture presented at the Capitol yesterday with that at the same place on the 4th of last M u-cii. One was life, the other death, portrayed by the hand of the Great Master himself, and, therefore, solemn, striking. Impressive. In the splendor of physical manhood and vigor on inauscuration day General Garfield drove to the Capitol to formally enter upon the work of the great trust reposed in him. At every step of progress towards the Capitol he was greeted with the glad acclaims of the populace. From every State and Territory of the Union people had gathered at the national capital to testify their esteem for and confi lence in their chosen ruler. He was the nation s pride and the hopes of fifty millions of freemen centered in him. He was moved and his heart swelled within him as he observed the deep abiding hold he had upon the popular regard. All was animation, joy and hope. Yesterday the mortai remains of the popular President moved slowly down Pennsylvania avenue. The crowd was there, but sorrow filled every heart. Instead of the lively music of the 4th ol March, the solemn strains of a funeral dirge added to the solemnity of tbe scene. 164 All heads were bowed, and no sound, save the solemn music, broke the nir. Under that same roof, which had so often ninj^ with the eloquent words of the living statesmen, the dead heio was borne, and within a few feet of the spot where he took the oath of office, the coffla was rested. It was a ciiange of scene calculated to impress the most thoughtless with tiie certainty of death, and in its presence how trivial is all earthly tilory. At 5:20 the head of the procession reached the east front of the Capitol. There was a throng of thousands of people on the plateau to the east. The porticos of the Senate and House wings were black with people. The hearse stopped. The officers of the House and of the Senate and members of the Supreme Court were there to receive the body. They were: The Sergeant-at- Armsof the Senate Bright; John G. Thompson, Sergeant-at-Arms of the House; Eepresentatives Tucker, Virginia; Wilson, West Virginia; Urner, Maryland; Townsend, Ohio; Dezeudorf, Virginia; Thomas, Illinois; Shelley, Alabama; Senators Ingalls, Morgan, Pugh, Garland. Kellogg, and Davis, (West Virginia.) Justice Harlan, and Justice Matthews, ex-Justice Strong, General Field, Doorkeeper of the House, and Colonel Adams, Clerk of the Houee. The military marched past the east front, and were formed in line, with faces to the Capitol. The Marine band broke out in harmony, "Nearer, My God, to Thee, "and continued that dirge until the casket was inside the retary Lincoln, Attorney-General MacVeagh, Postmaster-General James, Secretary Kirkwood, General Swaim, Colonel Eockwell, Private Secretary Brown, Colonel Corbin, J. O. Rockwell, W. S. Young, District-Attorney Cork- hill; A. A. Adee, Marshal Henry, W. S. Roose, Commissioners Morgan and Dent, and Major Twining. The party which came down from the rotunda to receive the remains followed after. Facing the coffin on either side were pla- toons of Columbia Cominandery, Knights Templar, who formed the guard of honor. The procession passed into the rotunda and the casket was placed upon the catafalque. The ceremony over, the soldiers withdrew. The glass at the head of the coffin was then uncovered and the escort took a look at all that was mortal of the late President. Nobody could ever forget that face. It had become blackish. The beard was thin and gray. It could barely be seen where on the right of the face it had been cut away, so carefully was the body arranged. The eyes were sunken and hollow. Dark circles un- der them extended down to the cheek bones. The nose was the only feature that was recognizable. The dark skin is drawn so tightly over the'bones of the face that it would seem as if it would be cut by the pressure. The lips are slightly parted and show the tightly clinched teeth beneath. The people who see the face will remember it forever. Those who had composed the funeral cortege left after looking into the coffin. President Arthur was the first to see the dead after the head of the coffin was uncovered to light. The crowd of people were then allowed to file in line of twos, marched into the east door of the rotunda, passed on each side of the bier and went out by the western door. All night long this march kept up. Sometimes it reached an hundred yards from the foot of the steps and some- times it ebbed to a straggling few. Seen under the gaslight of the rotunda the dead looked even worse than by dayliglit. The dome was illuminated and the globes around the walls were lighted. The light M'ay up in the dome crossed the light from the walls. The one was yellow, the other was nearly white. The result was a peculiar light resembling that which comes through the stained windows of chancels. All was silent. Men ajid women with heads uncovered passed slowly through, without conversation and without making any stir. The face of the dead President bears but little resemblance to those fine, open, manly features which everybody admired. I^Ionths of severe physical suffering reduced that muscular frame to the shadow of its former self. The remembrance that the popular heart will carry of (General Garfield, however, will be a picture of him as he was in health. His kindly nature and always friendly bearing, who can wonder at his great popularity? He was unselfish, generous, and ever considerate of others. The leader of hisparty in the House of Representatives for yeai-s, necessarily taking a prominent and active part in all discussions of political questions, he never indulged in language calculated 165 to wound the sensibilities of an opponent. If in the heat of discussion any word fell from his lips which could by any possibility be construed into a harsh meaning, he would never rest until the member who might feel aggrieved was found and satisfied that no unkind feeling had prompted his utterances. His great heart was full of the milk of human kindness, and half the labor of bis life Avas given up disinterestedly to the good of others. His remarkably suc- cessful career was a testimonial of his true worth. AVithout any special effort to advance himself, devoting his time and abilities singly to the duties of each position given to him, trusting entirely to the people, he was after less than a quarter of a century of participation in public affairs elevated to the highest place within the gift of the public. He knew absolutely nothing of the arts of the politician. He never schemed for promotion, but was entirely satisfied with the honors conferred upon him. No other man in the history of this Government ever had such honors freely, heartily conferred upon him. While a Kepresentative in Congress he was unanimously elected United States Sen- ator by his party in his native State, and with both these civic honors laid at his feet he was called to the Presidency of the republic; and when he assumed the responsibility of his high office the nation accepted his past devotion to duty and to country as an earnest of what he would do in the future. No man ever entered the Chief Magistracy under fairer, brighter auspices. He had the hearty support of all the people. There was everywhere a feeling of confidence in the wisdom and patriotism of his administration. In fact, the clamor of politics died away with the news of General Garfield's election, and those who had been arrayed against him in the political field loyally greeted him as the President of all the people. So great was the popular confidence in the integ- rity of his purposes and the wisdom of his plans of administration, that sec- tionalism, which had more or less disturbed the quiet of the nation for upwards of a third of a century, almost entirely disappeared and the old-time feeling of reverence for the Union took its place. Some of the people, after standing patiently in the sun for two or three hours, at last got into the rotunda, and, pausing but an instant beside the casket, after one glimpse passed out. It was observed by the guard who were stationed near the coffin, that nearly all the visitors left the coffin with an expression of horror upon their faces. One look was enough, and many said afterward that they wished they had not looked at all. Those most familiar with the features of the deceased said that they were not able to recognize the remains as that of the late President. There were no floral decorations upon the bier except a handsome wreath of rare white flowers. This was presented through Mr. Victor Drumraond, charge d'affaires of the English Legation, in accordance with the wishes of Queen Victoria, who sent the following cable dispatch: "•The Queen desires that a wreath be laid upon the coffin of President Garfield in her name." Beyond the bier to the west door there were beautiful flowers. They were upon the left of the line as it passed out. There was first a wreath of natural ivy, lying flat upon the stone floor. Beyond this was a broken column about three feet high, surmounted by a milk-white dove, whose head was bent toward the bier. Next to that, standing in t!ie flowers, was an allegorical picture of "The Gates Ajar." The posts of the gate were of |white roses and buds, surmounted by globes of immortelles. The posts were in beds of yellow and wliite flowers. The gate was a double one. The two wings of it were of fern, upon wire, with white flowers here and there. The bars were of fern. One of the gates was sligh.ly pulled open toward the line of people which passed by and admired them. Tliis triumph of the floral art was sent by the members of tlie Christian Church, of this city. Next to it was a beautiful crown, made of white flowers, principally of buds of roses, and having around its crests tlie same delicate fern of all the other floral offerings. The crown was surmounted by immortelles. Beyond it was a pillow of flowers, from whi^h sprung a column with dove alight on its top, with head looking up and ready for flight. The bed of white flowers which formed the pil- low below had wori^ed upon it in immortelles the words, "Our Martyr President." The row of flower beauty was finished as it commenced. A wreath of ivy lay there flat upon the lljor. Among the floral tributes placed around the dead President were a pillow of white tuberoses, from the Union Veteran Corps, which bore on its surface, wrought in purple immortelles, the words: "U. V. C. to Their Old Comrade," and an angel of white carnations, with wings of pampas grass, sounding a trumpet. This last 166 was contributed by James Wormley, Esq. They were the work of the florist, John Small, Esq. The flowers, with the exception of the gates, were sent from the White House. At 4 o'clock Mrs, Blaine, in company with Mrs. Windom, entered the rotunda and looked at the remains. Both lad es turned away very much shocked. The guards had noticed duiing the day that the face was changing. Black spots appeared, indicating that decay was beginning under the skin. The embalming had been done badly, and it was evident that the body was fast decaying. Mra. Blaine turned t<" one of the guards and said: " The coflin must be closed." The guard responded that it could not be done. "But," was the quick response, "I am Mrs. Blaine." " I can't help that. The coflin will not be closed unless by order of the Cab- inet." The ladies retired and the procession went on. At 6:25 Sergeant-at-Arms Bright received an order from Secretary Blaine to close the coffin at once. This was done. Those who had reached the foot of the coffin were in time only to see the lid closed. Then the wreath sent by C^ueen Victoria was placed over the head, and the crowds continued to file past to only look at a closed casket. There was, of course, great surprise and some indignation, which, however, was not loudly expressed. The members of the Army of the Cum- berland who were around the coflin said that the remains M-ere not fit to be seen, as the face had turned completely black. Many expressed the opinion that the coflin ought never to have been exposed open to the public. There was great disappointment, as many came from a long distance to see the re- mains. The opinion was expressed that the coffin should have been kept open nrder any circumstances. Before the coflin was closed the members of the Grand Army of the Kepublic, in full uniform, three hundred strong, passed by the remains, and each placed a white flower on the casket. The crowd stiU continued to press in, and continued with undiminished numbers until a late hour. It was estimated that about 150,000 people passed through the rotunda during the day and evening. Many thousands who had witnessed the inauguration of President Garfield, including most of the distinguislied personages wliose presence had graced the former occasion, assembled at the Capitol to pay a sad tribute of respect to his memory. The frail tenement in which dwelt the soul of James A. Garfield lay in its casket beneath the dome, but a few yards away from the spot on which he had stood when he swore to defend the Constitution in the office of Presi- dent of the United States. What a change from that Friday in March to this Friday in September I Smiles of gladness had given place to tears of grief, joyful shouts and loud hurrahs to the muffled drum and the dirge. Joy had vanished before the sad advance of sorrow. It seemed as if all the brightness and beauty of life had passed away, as if all that is dreary, gloomy, and grief -inspiring had come to malve its home in the Capitol. Over the form of him who had spoken so bravely to the heart and hopes of the nation on that other occasion, the prayer, the hymn, and the funeral ora- tion were uttered on the latter. And when the sad rites were done, the remains of the loved and honored Pres- ident were borne for the last time out of the edifice in which he had achieved so many triumphs and where he had, unconsciously, hewn his Avay to the Presidency. They were borne across the balcony where he stood on the 4! h of March, and were followed by many of the nation's niiost distinguished sons who had stood around him on that other day. These are sharp contrasts, forcibly illustrating the instability of all that men value highest, of all that men strive for in the paths of ambiiion. September Q—Se/ptemhir 21.— Sixteen days ago, in the gray of early morning, the President, sick and wounded nigh unto death, was removed from the White House to the special railway train that had been so admirably improvised for his conveyance to Long Branch. The transfer was quietly made, and, as no announcement of the hour had been published, it was witnessed by comparatively fev/. The least possible publicity was given to the event. But in view of its peculiar circumstances and assocla- 167 tions — the critical condition of the President and the hopelessness of his recovery in Washington — it was one of the most memorable, as it was certainly one of the most melancholy episodes in the whole sad story. Upon all who witnessed the scene it left an impression startling at the moment and ineffaceable as memory itself. The spectacle was severe in its s-implieity, yet heroic in its significance, and in- vested with an inexpressible pathos. The hushed stillness of the chamber of death had stolen out upon the broad avenue and into the light of day. The throng which had gathered at Sixth street to see the strange pageant was voiceless. The sounds of preparation rose only in low murmurs. Even the feet of the horses, and the wheels of the vehicle that bore the President, seemed muffled lest they might disturb his quietude. It was the last chance. Only a few weeks before the Chief Magistrate of the United States, in the full pride of his intellect and strength of his manhood, had gone over that selfsame ground to be halted by an assassin's bullet. He was now borne back again, like a dying soldier in ambulance, stretched in the similitude of death upon a mattressed wagon. Nature herself stood silent in sympathy and wonder at the awfulness of the contrast. The sun delayed his coming, that his sultry rays might not fall upon the sick man's fevered temples. The winds refrained, that they might not chill his ex- hausted blood. The smoke-tinged, leaden clouds only withheld their tears that they might not fall upon the pallid, up-turned face. It was the last chance, indeed. Bravely he fought for it. Patiently he bore long weeks of weariness and agony that he might possess it. But it was not so willed. The last chance was lost. The eloquent lips are mute. The busy brain is at rest. The heart that always beat to the music of humanity and honor beats no more. All that is mortal of James A. Garfield was laid in state beneath the dome of the Capitol— close to the theater of his greatest triumphs and within a few steps, only of the consecrated portico where, six months and a half ago, he pro- nounced that master-piece of statesmanlike delivery— his Inaugural Address. Thousands of his fellow-countrymen and countrywomen, and young children who have learned to speak his name with admiration, gazed with tender grief and farewell sobs upon the pallid lineaments of their fallen chief. It is well— it is better. It is well to mourn, but it is better to hope. It is well to be bowed at a sense of the loss which the country has sustained in the death of President Garfield, but it is better to feel that his immortal spirit, di- vested of its- temporal habiliments, was filling that vast rotunda with its pres- ence and shedding the influences of the good that he wrought through every chamber and corridor, and down into the highways and byways of the city, and far and wide among the people whom he served so well. This was the faith that permitted us to gaze upon the features of the dead President and feel that he still lives— that his name and fame will ever hereaf- ter constitute a part of the glory of the American Kepublic— that the great- ness of his legacies is measured by the greatness of his achievements, and that the strong soul which made him great has its eternal abiding-place elsewhere than in the grave. Out of the inanimate clay which was but the symbol of his mortality, sprang the perennial flower of an illustrious example. The information of tbe death of President James A. Garfield at 10:35 P. M. Monday, September 19, was flashed over the wires of the world at that hour, and the heart of the American thrilled in painful harmony with the distance- destructive electric power. He was dead ! The earthen vase, wherein his grand soul existed and held its being, was shattered; the spirit had struck upward toward the stars; noth- ing save the human dross remained behind. Not unexpected was the death; for eighty days, between the extremes of hope and fear, the nation had paused, and, pausing, held its heart still in dread suspense, for fear was uppermost ; but still, though not unanticipated, the sudden shock was too terrible to be other than startling. The ghastly information reached the national capital, and circulated through- out the streets teeming with human life just as the theaters and places of 168 atnnsement had closed, and the exodus from all found the light laughter that the amusement had awoke within them metamorphosed into tears and the intensest grief. The brave chieftain, who had faced death fearlessly on many a bloody field, who had written the history of a pure life by the purest deeds, wiiose exist- ence was ever characterized by a natv.ral and a domestic grandness of charac- ter; the perfect statesman, valiant soldier, the tender liusband and father, was dead! Garfield passed from earth to Heaven baptized into a holier existence by the tears of fifty millions of people— confirmed in the newer and endless religion of tlie saints by the chaste record of his life. The city w.is draped at once, all of the departments closed the next day, business was practically suspended and the very atmosphere was wan with grief. The funeral cortege arrived September 21, in the afternoon. A sad antithe- sis, the retur/i of that special train to its departure for Elberon, when millions of hearts leaped liappily in hope of the recovery to health of its precious freight. The avenue was thronged with thousands, and thousands followed the corpse to the Capitol, where it was laid in state on the same catafalque whereon Lin- coln, Chase, Sumner, and Wilson rested. For more than twenty-four hours a human tide ebbed and flowed about the coffin of the great dead, casting one last lingering look npon the face of the one man whom all hold as good, whom all regarded with a love as if blood kindred. It is certain that over two hundred thousand people visited the Capitol to pay their last tribute of personal respect to the martyred Chief Magistrate. His appearance was unpleasant to look upon as generally stated. To be sure, no one knowing the robust, powerful, youthful man, in the full vigor and in the prime of life, would recognize any trait of him as he lay in the coffin; but the face, though smaller and very dark, was not as much changed as that of many dead men whom we have looked upon. The funeral services were held in the rotunda of the Capitol on Friday. What a contrast between the two Fridays. It was upon Fiiday, the 4th of March, 1881, that the grand man Garfield, with a magnificent career before liim, rode to that Capitol, with oath appropriate took in hand the helm of the ship of State, tenderly kissed his wife and white-haiied mother, and entered upon iiis administration as son to the laws and husband of the nation. It was Friday, the 23d of September, 1881, that what was once Garfield was solemnly, slowly, sadly conveyed from the same Capitol a corpse, with the city once so joyful, draped in the habiliments of woe, the wife broken-hearted following, and the white-haired mother in the far-ofl:' Oliio sobbing lier waning life away with the ever-recurring wail, " Why did they want to kill my baby I " A strange prognostication of the death of President Garfield was made several months ago in the columns of the Capital by the remarkable a?tro]ogist,"Kathiel," of Bltimore. This gentleman i= the same who prophesied the assassination of the Czar of Russia nearly ten days before its occurrence. The document is a cu- riosity of literanre, and evidences that there really are more things in heaven and earth" than are generally accepted in our philosophy. It was published on the 20th of last Ma!-f;h, and says : General Garfield, according to the very best authority, was born November 19, 1831, at 2 o'clock in the morning. The planet Saturn had risen shortly before in the sign Virgo, and Mars was not far below the horizon in Libra. Mercury and the sun each cast a sextiie aspect to the ascending degree, and the moon a trine. He lias, therefore, some portion of the qualities of each of these planets in his phvsical and mental organization. Ptolemy tells us that the intellectual abilities are never first-class unless Mercury and the moon have aspect with one another or with the ascendant. Im this case they are configurated together, and also with the ascendant. The President is a man of very striking ability. Mercury in Scorpio makes him "just, uncompromis- ing, constant, firm of purpose, prudent, patient, industrious, strict, chaste, mind- ful of injuries, steady in pursuance of an oltject and desirous of ho':^r." These characteristics are somewhat diminished by the opposition of Mercury to the moon. Mercury has no aspect with any other body except the sun, and, says Ptolemy : ''Mercury alone having dominion of the mind renders it clever, sensible, capable of great learning, inventive, expert, logical, studious of nature, specula- 169 tive, of good genius, emulous, benevolent, skillful in argument, accurate in con- jecture, Adapted to science and tractable." He adds : "The sun likewise co-operates to increase probity, industry, honor and laudable qualities." The nativity is not fortunate except as regards the President's intellectual gifts. The moon was at the full, and neither sun nor moon had any aspect with Jupiter or Venus. He is likely to have a troubled administration. The year will be extremely unfortunate for the country at large as well as for its Chief Magistrate. On this account I judge there is not the slightest probability of his election to a second term. This being a nocturnal birth, and the moon being on the cusp of the ninth house, she was the hyleg, or giver of life. Her position could scarcely have been more unfavorable. She was very near the evil of the fixed stars. Caput Algol, at her full, and nearly parallel to Mars. These things threaten injuries to the face and eyes, and a painful death. The President did not, like Grant, reach his eminence in life by a fortuitous combination of circumstances, but by his conspicuous ability, and this we find designated by the fortunate trine from the ninth house of the moon to Saturn. The only other good position in the horoscope is the trine of Venus and Jupiter. As already remarked, the President's firmness of character is likely to be con- siderably modified by the opposition of the moon and Mercury. A writer in the University Magazine^ In an article some time ago on " The Soul and the Stars," took occasion to point out the remarkable recurrence of this aspect in men of high genius. It was found in Shakespeare, Byron, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Heine, Musset and Ruskin, and appea "s to bestow a tinge of romance and poetry to the mind. These, in Garfield's case, are tempered by the graver characteristics pro- duced by the beautiful trine of the moon to Saturn. It is a curious circumstance that at the time General Garfield was nominated, June S, 1880, near 1 o'clock P. M., the last degrees of Virgo were rising, the same portion of the zodiac ascended as he came into the world. The sun, moon and Mercury were all near the meridian, and the sun was in trine (fortunate) to the places occupied at the nativity by Jupiter and Venus. When the tide first turned in the convention the very degree of the sign of the Virgin under W/hich Mr. Garfield was born was making its appearance on the eastern horizon as the machinery of the universe performed its daily course. September 23. — From the Capitol to the depot the sight of the mournful cortege as it filed out of the historical east portico of the Capitol was a singularly grand and significantly impressive one. Over the same steps from which the inaugural was delivered by the rfecent chosen Chief Magistrate, then in the full glory of his superb manhood, was now carried the lifeless, and worse than lifeless, remains. Those who had looked upon the features while exposed under the dome could not help shudder as the coflin was carried by, recalling that ghastly sight that marred their recollection of the dead President's finely cut features. As the services closed the waiting military were prepared to take their parts in the procession. When the corpse was safely placed within the hearse the first movement began, and the finely drilled body wheeled into line. A larger concourse of people than had, perhaps, ever gathered about the spot were assembled to sf e that short passage of the dead from the door to the vehicle. All eyes were riveted on the sombre burden carried by stalwart soldiers who had charge of it after leaving the rotunda. The next thing looked for was the widowed lady, for whom the tenderest sympathy was expressed on all sides, but no indication of a willingness to respect her feelings. This ordeal was spared her by the admirable arrangements made, and the public outside did not know the time or place of her departure from the Capitol. The funeral cortege extended from the Capitol to Four-and-a-half-street, about half a mile, and was an imposing sight. The soldiers with arms reversed to the muflied beat of the drum and the sad refrain of the bands. It was indeed a sad, grand spectacle. Major Brook, with a platoon of mounted police, headed the procession and was followed by the Sicond Artillery band. Colonel Webster and staff, ali mounted, came next, with the Washington Light Infantry, 120 strong. Colonel Moore commanding. This command, in their light, dressv uniforms, and soldierly bearing, attracted much favorable comment. Pis- torio's Band, in its neat uniform, followed, immediately preceding the National Rifles, 80 men, Col. J. 0. P. Burnside in command. The Rifles made an excel- 12 170 lent showing by their fine marching. The Washington Light Guards, 50 men^. Lieutenant Hodgkins, did well. The Butler Zouaves, Captain Fisher, 40 men, car- ried themselves in a soldierl}' manner, as did also the Wasiilngton Cadets, Captain Fleetwood, who immediately succeeded them. Following came the Capital City Guards, Captain Kerey,40 men, and the Lincoln Light Infantry, Captain Cornell, 45 men, each organization attracting much attention. Next came the Marine Band, J. K. Sousa, leader, 50 pieces, and drum corps, which acquitt^id itself in a most creditable manner. Coming as one advancing line followed the Marine Corps, which, though less showy than some of the local militia, for precision of step and bearing looked, after all, ideal soldiers. This command was 200 strong. Following the marines came four companies of artillery, which made an excellent showing. Eight pieces of the Light Artillery, drawn by four horses each, came next, and following this battalion, and preceding the De Molay Commandery, mounted, came Col. Roberfc Boyd and staft', in charge of the civic branch. The De Molay Commandery, 65 men, with draped colors, R. M. Thorp, Eminent Commander, attracted mucli attention, and were the feature of the civic part of the procession. Haverly's band, the members wearing silk hats and crape upon the left arm, immediately preceded Washington Commandery No. 1, 79 men, W. J. Stephenson, Eminent Commander. This com?nandery was composed of an especially fine body of men, who marched well. Next to the Marine Band, the Fifth Regiment Band, that accompanied Beauseant Commandery of Knights Templar from Baltimore, attracted attention and received praise for its excellent renditions. The visiting commandery, too, was a fine body of men, marched well and kept an even line. Tfie troops and militia kept on down Sixth street, and massed about the depo'. The Masonic bodies baked on Pennsylvania avenue op- posite Sixth street, and were drawn up in line facing down Sixth street, forming an admirable guard from the pressure of the immense throng that had gathered at that point. Tiie hearse followed, drawn by six iron gray horses, each led by a colored groom. Upon each side of the he*rse marched the pall-bearers, the military offi- cers on the right and tlie naval olficers on the left. A carriage containing Rev. Dr. Power, wife and family, followed. Following came carriages containing Mrs. Garfield and family. Then came car- riages as follows: President Arthur and Secretary Blaine, Secretaries Windom, Hunt", Kirkwoo 1, Lincoln ; ex-President Grant and Mr. R. B. Hayes, Chief Jus- tice Waite and Justices Harlan and Miller. Foreign legations in carriages ; mem- bers of the House of Representatives in carriages, members of the Senate; General Ruggles and friends, Major Nickerson and friends, Messrs. Morton, Montgomery, Hudley and Balway, of the President's household ; Colonel Corbin and family, Governor Ramsey and friends, Mr. George Rollins and Mr. Bliss, General Elmer J. R. Van Wormer, A. D. Hazen, and Dr. McDonald. Gen. W. S. Hancock and staff occupied a carriage lined with crimson and satin, and drawn by handsome bay horses. It was the finest turnout in line. The Grand Arnay of the Republic, William Gibson, commander, followed, "With the Pennsylvania Republican Association next, and the Roscoe Conkling Boys in Blue, Colonel Oyster, commanding, bringing up the rear. A number of carriages containing citizens followed. Tiie funeral arrangements were in charge of Undertaker Speare, who accompanied the remains to Cleveland. The 125 carriages Avere furnished by Mr. Allison Nailor, and they were ar- ranged in line without delay. As the melancholy cortege filed into the depot, the sky added not a little to the mournful effect of the mundane surroundings. A dark leaden hue over- spread the heavens, breaking into a fine rain as the train moved out. The most striking feature was the formation of a bow in the clouds at the same moment. This was hailed by many people as an omen of the heavenly peace now enjoyed by the departed President. There was more dr less bustle and confusion within the depot when the pro- cession arrived. A great crowd pressed against the iron railings of the gates and peered curiously through, anxious to catch a glimpse of the sorrowful pro- cession. As it passed by and through the police endeavored to keep the people back to prevent confusion, but they could not do so. Army and navy oflicers standing around lent their aid in preserving order, but it was a difficult task, and the people, believing they had some rights, not only pressed against the gates, but clambered upon the railings and climbed the posts, determined to see the cortege. And a sad cortege it was. Amid the strains of muftied music the 171 body-bearers removed the casket from the hearse. They lifted the casket ten- derly upon their shoulders and entered the gate with slow step. They were preceded by three policemen. As they entered the inclosure the army officers, including Generals Sherman, Sheridan, and Hancock, stood with bare heads on one side, and Admiral Nicholls, with the naval officers, on the other. There was a blast of bugles from the artillery corps without, and all stood silent watching for the bearers of the casket and its followers to pass. Senator Beck, .Marshall Jewell, Governor Hoyt, of Pennsylvania, and son; Ser- §eant-at-Arms Bright, Marshal Henry, Commissioner Loring, Sevellon Brown, enator Jones, of Nevada, and Attorney-General MaeVeagh walked past the bearers of the body and hurried up the platform. The Attorney-General was acting as usher. When his party was seated within the train he gave the neces- sary signal, and the funeral cortege passed in as follows: Revs. Dr. Rankin and Power and Dr. Reyburn, arm in arm, abreast; soldiers bearing the casket. As this passed by the crowd peered through the railing, and sobs broke the still- ness. Ladies who were crushed in with othfirs cried piteously, and there were tears in the eyes of the stoutest and mo-.t hardened men Avho witnessed the spectacle. The casket was unadorned, gave by the branches of palm and the elegant wreath contributed by the Queon of England. The bearers walked slowly, while the muffied drums without rolled and the bugles and bands made the welkin ring with sad cadences. Without obstruc- tion the body was hnally placed in the car. The bearers mounted the platform and tlie doors were closed. The army and navy officers followed the body and drew up in line along the platform and watched the body-bearers de]3osit their burden within. Dr. Boynton, Private Secretary Brown, Colonel Corbin, Major Pruden and Mr. Charles Hendley fell into line with the officers. Then there was a delay of about two 'minutes. General Grant, leanii\g on the arm of Mr. Hayes, then entered the depot under escort of Attorney-General MaeVeagh. They were closely followed by Senators Edmunds, Ingalls and Kellogg. This party attracted quite general attention. Tiiey walked to where the train was standing and took positions just opposite the car in which the remains of the late President lay. The White House employees were next to pass over the platform and fall in behind those who had preceded them. Suddenly there was a warning to maintain silence through the depot. Many people believed that Mrs. Garfield was coming next. But the crowd was mis- taken. The next party proved to be President Arthur and Secretary Blaine. The arms of the two were locked and both were pale, but they walked briskly and looked straight ahead, and seemed oblivious to the surroundings. When they passed where the officers of the army and navy were standing the latter saluted them respectfully. The two distinguished gentlemen acknowledged the salute by simply bowing their heads. They fell ofi: to one side apart from the others gathered on the platform, and stood uncovered and silent until the train moved away. Secretary Lincoln and wife. Secretary Windom and wife. Secretary Hunt and wife, Postmaster-General James and wife and Secretary Kirkwood walked slowly in next, followed by Chief Justice Waite and Associate Justices of the United States Supreme Court. Senator Sherman walked in alone. After him came Senators and Representatives in Congress indiscriminately. The train intended to carry the illustrious dead and the mourners and escort was drawn up in the depot, on the west side of the second platform. It was headed by engine No. 1, John Unglaub, engineer, and G. A. Reynolds, fireman. Next was an Eastlake combination coach. No. .369, which went out empty and which was switched off at Baltimore. The object of placing this car on the train was to have one car between those composing the special and the engine in order that tlie passengers should liave less annoyance from the locomotive. The tliird car was No. 120, President Roberts' private car, specially set apart for Mrs. Garfield and those she might wish to accompany her. Next was the handsome Pullman hotel car Marlborough, No. 331, intended for the ex-Pi'esi- dents and the Cabinet. After that was the Pullman sleeper Paris, No. 187, for the officers of the army and navy, forming the guard of honor. Then the Pullman sleeper Galitzen, No. 279, for the Judges of the Supreme Court and foreign ministers. Behind this was the car No. 497, which was to carry the remains, and the guard of soldiers. The last car in the train was combination car No. 248, which contained the baggage and refreshments for those traveling 172 '-i fhpir <5qf ^ journey. When the train reached Baltimore it was to be reversed, hringhig the . combination car next to tlie engine and Mrs. Garfield's car the ""^ThpV^Irt w?Je almost hid by black cloth. A border ran the full length along +v>a rnr> ni.fl sf thp ^ads, and betwGBn the windows it assumed a panel shape, fin- lifo.1 ,>ft- v^ith h wa -md rosettes. The sides of the car were completely covered „!!Ihm, th^ cam^ mk 'rial, leaving nothing expo-ed but the name and number. ^^hJ^.n.v! nn th^ p'fr ^r.L ^part to carry the dead President, and which the railroad Si^l lt,nH7^f1 -!h.O.V^ '-^^e car," was more elaborately draped, of course, than ,^ i'Lv ThP n, r^r P w^ s dressed in keeping with the remaining cars of the train b t^nsfd^scarcelTa ml ht- but black met the eye on the sides and ends of the but inside scarcely any tlm^^^^ covered with black cloth, studded. with bows and coach Ihe f 1\' g/^*? 'f ^ ^^^ . .inj. of red, white and blue li.ies. In the center '?'' Tp'r!^t«? ? UP TPlasek"^ five by fourteen feet, eight inches in height, stood the catafalque Ihe base w^ ^ and had a height of one foot two inches, and ''^/^'^'^f «f^^.^t "^«^J^f, ^'^^^^^ h, festooned by the national colors, pinned The latter was covered vvith black cI taui J. M. Whelple.y^ who went as Lidin uv tuc „ PrpoifiAnr v'^s taken to Loug Branch, ou the through conductor at the time tlie President v hrnirj-ht thp hnrlv hark last 6th of September, and who had charge of the otie "^ i^^„tt JJ c/evelan^ Wednesday, September 21, went as through conv. "^^o ^o <:^leveland , <;^aptain Thomas T. Luckett had immediate charge as local «>."ductoi Mi . G. F Schuman local baggage master and Mr. L. C. Wilhelm brakema?. • Mr. Ge mge G. Wdkins, iuTer te^Mfent of the Baltimore and Potomac and N.^rthern Central railroads, 3 Mr ILR Lintlf.cum, road foreman of engines of the Northern Central road, accompanied the train to Marysville, where the local crews vereejjanged While the train was waiting for its sad par y ^'^^ travelei., woid was lec^^ that Mrs Garfield would come in advance of the others. In ^J»-d ^f J, J^^^^ ^f ileSJe clr! Ualn got in mot on pa^s to Mj^Ga ifi^^ Artillery, who kept were twelve privates, tleta^e" "0^".;"'' f, ^.-.ofW 5on the train started slowly and were twelve privates detai^anomuie^e.^^^^^^^ faithful watch over t le beloved dead. At ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^rj it found Sixth the journey to Clevelaad vva begun^^^^ A^ ^^^^ ^.^-.j^ O^t street packed with people, the «' ^ ^ f ;;' space oe^^^^^ t ^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^^ on Virginia avenue the same cond^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^1^^, ^„,t by tunnel was entered that the '^^"Ititude vvas ^*^" ^«JJ^""' parrying the late Presi- them they gave a long '^^^,^^'1^^^^^^^^ of what dent foreverfrom heir sight ^^"'Jif^.^J't^^i^';.^^^^^^ a Presidential career, had been such a glorious and brilliant ue innin^ ui a ^^^^ The second section of the ^""'^^•^l ^^l^''^,^ ^^^^",1^^^^ one Representative on the second section ^f ««Pt benatoij and Co^^^^^^^ pP.^^^^ ^^^^ each of the Nationa Associated liess and ^cw^x^^^ 173 start the second section ran at increased speed until in sight of the first section. The sfr-cond train was made up as follows : Engine No. 11. First car — hotel car. aecond car — Senate, occupied by Senators Bayard, Anthony, Camden, Sherman, Ingalls, Pugh, Morgan, Bhiir, Miller, and Sergeant-at-Arras Bright, Executive Clerk Peyton, Stenographer Mnrphy, and Mr. Christie, Deputy Sergeant-at-Arms. Total, 13. Third car — Senate, occupied by Senators Jonas, McMillan, Jones, of Nevada; Garland, Beck, Jones, of Florida; Edmunds, Kellogg, Groome. ^Total, 9, Fourth car — railroad people. Fifth car — House of Representatives' occu- pied by Congressmen Jacobs, Harris, Brewer, Everett, Wilson, Candler, Bel- mont, Chancey, a messenger; Dow, a messenger; Smith, of the library; Jordan, janitor. Total, 11. Sixth car — House of Representatives, occupied by Congress- men Evins, Robinson, McCook, McKinley, Briggs, Dowd, Henderson, Watson, McClure, Morey, Dawes, Bnuum, Taylor, Ritchie, Buck, Kasson, Beltzhoover, Mutchler, Urner, West and Rainey, deputy-sergeant-at-arms; Field, doorkeeper; also, Congressmen Randall, Ermentrout and Tucker. Total, 15. Seventh car — House of Representatives — Congressmen Hoge, Townsend, Hill, Hardenburg, Thomas, Clark, Dezendorf, Nathan, Schultz, Camp, Hiscock, Bayne, John H. Starin, General Burke and Dr. Loring. Total, 16. Last car — lunch car. Hotel on second section; seventy-six people, all told. The Congressional train passed Annapolis Junction at 6:16 P. M., some minutes behiiul the first section, but mov- ing forty miles an hour and drawing closer. The occupants of the second were not at all crowded. Lunch was s&rved when passing Baltimore. The Senators ate on the hotel car, and car No. 6 was arranged for members of the House of Representatives, and those on board were provided for in this way. The funeral train reached Baltimore at 6:34 P. M. A delay of ten minutes was caused by the enormous crowd of people who, despite all efforts of the railroad company's officials, crowded upon the track outside of the depot, making it im- possible to proceed with the train except at an enormous cost of human life. As it became necessary to bring the train to a standstill the train officials decided to make an official inspection of the wheels and running gear and to take a fresh supply of water. Except for the great crowd at the depot, however, no stop would have been made. It was estimated by well-informed persons present that 100,000 people were in and about the depot, and it was stated that all the streets in that vicinity were thronged. It finally became necessary to start the engine at the slowest possible pace and actually push the people off' of the track. The mournful cortege steamed ous of Baltimore at 6:54, and five minutes later at Mc. Vernon, passed to the Northern Central I'oad, enronU for Harrisburg. At 7:09 the train had passed Cockeysville, Md., fifteen miles from Baltimore, and the next fourteen miles to Parkton, Md., was run in ten minutes, more than a mile per minute. Between Parkton and New Freedom, Pa., eight minutes time was lost, occasioned by taking water and climbing a steep grade. York, Pa., was reached at 8:23 P. M. Over 15,000 had gathered at the depot to see the train, but it passed through at a high rate of speed, in order, if possible, to make up some of the lost time. Marysville, just across the river from this place, was reached at 9.18, and after twelve minutes delay, passed to the Pennsylvania Central track*. It did not cross the river to Harrisburg. Newport, Pa., September 23, 10:23 P. M.— Everything is going well on board the train. Most of the party have retired for the night, but Mrs. Garfield and Mrs. Rockwell will sit up all night. The military guard around the casket will be relieved at midnight. The monotony of the night has fairly set in. We are now seven minutes late, the average speed thus far having been about thirty-seven miles an hour, including stoppages, and the actual running time about forty miles an hour. Cresson, Pa., September 24, 2:29 A. M. — We are now 262 miles out from Washington, and are making excellent time. Nearly all on board are asleep. A stop of four minutes was made at Altoona, the only one since leaving Marys- ville. ARRIVAL AT CLEVELAND. The accident on the road west of Pittsburg delayed the funeral train, and the remains of President Garfield, instead of reaching the city at 11 o'clock, as it had been arranged, did not arrive until 1:15 in the afternoon. The whole city was astir early, and the last details of the funeral preparation were soon perfected. Owing to the fact that the Union depot is located at the 174 bottom of a sharp declivity, and is otherwise unfavorable for the reception of the funeral train, the committee of arrangements decided to receive the remains at Euclid station. This is in the very midst of the most delightful suburb, and three miles from the public square containing the catafalque, the beautiful, broad, aris- tocratic avenue leading in a straight line from the station to the square. AH along Euclid avenue the residences were draped in costly mourning, and there were ex- hibited evervwhere evidences of deep sorrow. The procession to meet the funeral train was formed at noon, and at that hour, under the command of Col. John M. Wilson, U. S. A., marched to Euclid avenue depot. Upon the arrival of tlie head of the column at Wilson avenue near the station, it halted and formed into line, facing south. The hearse and carriages turned into Kennard street, passing through into Prospect street, thence into Wilson avenue, where they waited the arrival of the train. The train arrived at 1:15 P. M., promptly on schedule time. Arrangements had all been completed for the reception of the remains at the depot an hour before the train arrived, and the casket was immediately placed in a large hearse, which was massively draped with mourning. The guard of honor escorted the remains to the hearse. The guard consisted of Generals Sherman, Sheridan, Hancock, Drum, and Meigs, of the army, and Ad- mirals Rodgers, Stanley and English, and Commodores Hooker and Wales. The Ohio executive delegation divided ranks, between which passed Mrs, Garfield and the ladies of the mourning car, accompanied by the Cabinet officers and Colonel Rockwell. The hearse was drawn by fonr jet black horses with black broadcloth neck and body blankets trimmed with deep silver fringe. Each horse was led by a colored groom. The first to alight from the funeral train was General Sher- man and staff. They formed parallel lines along the platform between which the immediate members of the family of the late President walked two by two to the carriages which were in waiting for them. Mrs. Garfield, her son Harry, and her daughter Mollie first entered a carriage. As Mrs. Garfield passed dowai the platform, leaning on the arm of her son and accompanied by Seci etary Blaine, every eye was upon her. She was closely veiled, but her face could be easily seen. Her expression was somewhat careworn but firm, and she exhibited remarkable fortitude as she passed through the throngs of peo- ple about the depot. As soon as the remains had been deposited in the hearse the church bells commenced tolling and continued until the procession reached the public square. The escort from the depot to the pavilion on the square consisted of the Oriental Knights Templar, of Cleveland, 150 strong; the Holy Rood Commandery, of Cleveland, 55 strong, and the Columbia Command- ery Knights Templar, of Washington, about 100 strong. The dead President was a member of the latter commandery. Besides these organizations there were the Cleveland City troops and several others. Four hundred members of the State militia were in attendance in the neighborhood of the depot, act- ing principally as guard. The crowd was very large and extended for tw^o or three blocks in either direction from the station. Perfect order prevailed, however, every one appearing to realize the solemnity of the occasion. The immediate members of the family took the first carriages and were fol- lowed by the members of the Cabinet. Ex-President Hayes occupied a carriage with Secretary Windom, with whom lie walked from the cars arm-in-arm. Colonels Rockwell and Swaim, the old friends of the deceased President, and who were constantly with liini throughout his illness, also occupied one car- riage by themselves. Dr. A. V. Boynton, the family physician, accompanied some of the LuUes. Mrs. Garfield did not go to the public square, but was driven at once to the residence of Mr. Mason, whose guest she was while in the city. Colonel A. F. Rockwell, Judge-Advocate General Swaim, E. O. Rockwell, Colonel Corbin. Private Secretary Brown, Executive Clerk Warren Young, and Mr. Judd. the telegraph operator of the Executive Mansion; Chief Clerk Browni, of the State Department, and Mr. Sweet, private secretary to Secretary Lincoln, occupied carriages immediately after the members of the Cabinet. Private Secretary J. Stanley Brown devoted his time to properly seating the members of tlie "Cabinet and seeing that the carriages were started without delay. Dr. Power, pastor of the Christian Church of Washington, accompanied the remains, as did a delegation from Oliio. The time occupied in starting the procession was nearly one hour. The Congressional train arrived about fifteen 175 Tiiinutes after the funeral train, and the joint committee of the houses of Con- gress were promptly furnished with carriages, and driven with the procession to the public square. Private Secretary Brown informed a representative of the Associated Press, immediately on the arrival o^ the funeral tram, that there were no incidents worthy of note along the route of travel; that everything passed off quietly, and, beyond mentioning the crowds which as- sembled at the various stations, there could be little said of sufficient impor- tance to chronicle. , .„ . , . . , , Mrs. Garfield bore the journey extremely well, and still maintains the remark- able fortitude whicli she has exhibited since her husDand was wounded. Miss Mollie and Master Harry also bear up under the sorrow extremely well, and, while their countenances denote the severe shock that their father's death was to them, they do not manifest their feelings publicly. During the time the funeral cortege was passing over the route from the depot to the catafalque, which is situated in the public square, there was little or no bustle or confu- sion: while the broad streets were literally packed with human beings, all seemed to be in heartfelt sympathy with the mourners, and a qnietness such as pervades a small funeral was observed by all. After the body was placed m the public square, the gates were thrown open, and the thousands of persons waiting to view the casket and floral decorations were permitted to pass through. After the remains of the late President airived at Monmouth Park it was de- cided not to tiirow the gates open to the public, inasmuch as the arrangements were not completed. The pavilion was finished during the afternoon, however, and the gates were opened the next day. The pavilion was probably the finest temporary structure of the kind ever erected. A large force was at work on it day and night for several days. It was located in the center of the square at the intersection of Superior and Ontario streets, and was forty feet square at the base. The four fronts were spanned by arches thirty-six feet high and twenty-four feet wide at the base. The catafalque upon which the casket rested was five and a half feet high, covered with black velvet, and handsomely festooned. A long carpeted walk ascended to the floor from the east and west fronts. The pavilion was seventy-five feet high to the apex of the roof. From the center of the roof rose a beautiful gilt sphere supporting the figure of an angel twenty-four feet high. The columns at each side of the arches were ornamented by shields of a beautiful design and were exquisitely draped. Over these were suspended un- furled flags. The centers of the arches bore similar shields. On the angles of the roof were groups of furled flags. Projecting from the angles of the base were elevated platforms to be occupied bv fully uniformed guards. Each platform was provided with a suitable piece of field artillery. The structure was appropriately decorated from base to dome with black and white crape. Flowers and flags were displayed in various portions of the pavilion. The interior was beautified with rare plants and choice flowers and exquisite floral designs, two carloads of which were from Cincinnati. It was a magnificent piece of work, both in design and execution. The east and west entrances to Monumental Park are heavy Gothic arches with drives and openings for foot passengers on each side. They were situated a sufficient distance from the catafalque to appear to be a part of it. The eastern one was covered with crape with white and black trimmings, running round each column, and the top border with blue and white stars. Added to these were several golden sliields. The western gateway was similar in construction, and seemed fairly to close up Superior street. The extreme outside pillars were the names of the States in black letters. The north and south approaches are in reality gateways, being built with bas-reliefs draped in Avhite, with one large central arch and heavv posts on either side. Surmounting all appear large golden eagles and other appropriate designs. The catafalque was the great temporary monument of attraction, standing with its four open arches and surmounted by its massive golden ball. Its confined grandeur required a close scrutinv to fully appreciate it. Resting on each of its four corners was a cannon heavily draped. Large black flags drooped from each side immediately beneath the cornice and still lower the national colors with streamers of crape alternating with the bars of red and white. An elegant shield, several feet in length, composed of swords, was conspicuouslv displayed on the octagon faces of the four sides. Half circling the arches were choice ferns upon a white background, arranged in triangular shape, and heavy gold fining run around the pillars. The interior was trimmed 176 in plain and appropriate bands of ricli black goods. At the south of the structure a large platform was erected on a level with the catafalque, on which sat the emi- nent visitors, the clergy and tlie singing societies. The catafalque was entered from the east and west by an inclined platform covered wltn matting. It was suf- ficiently wide to allow for the passage of not less than thirty persons abreast. During the forenoon wreaths upon wreaths of rare green were attached to the upper part of the structure. Two cartloads of ferns, leaves, plants, &c., came from the Cincinnati exposition, also a cartload from parties in Philadelphia. The arches were beautifully draped with strings of evergreen. The President's coffin lay with the head toward the east, the words "Life's- race well run, life's work well done, life's crown well won, now comes rest," ap- pear in beautiful letters on a scroll between two pillars. A foot above this was a fine crayon portrait of the deceased. On the head of the coffin rested the elegant floral wreaths, ordered to be made at New York by Queen Victoria. At the foot were two ferns lying crossed. Above the casket nothing intervened except a heavy velvet crape cloth which was attached to the pillows. About 7 o'clock in the evening Postmaster-General James and wife and General Phil Sheridan came into the building. The car in which the casket was brought was filled with flowers, which almost hid the coffin from sight. The coffin was wrapped in a large flag and in triple folds of tine crape. Upon It were a few white flowers a:nd some large green leaves. It was borne from the train by ten United States artillerymen, who wore white helmets, and who, with drawn swords, took their position beside the hearse. As soon as the casket had been placed in the hearse the beautiful black horses drew it slowly down the avenue towards the file of soldiers and Knights Templar, who were drawn np on tlio west side, and faced ea^t with beads r^verentlv bowed. Slowly the procession took up its march down the avenue in the following order: Colonel Wilson and staff, Silver Grey Band, First City Troop, hearse and horses, guarded by Knights Templar, in columns of threes, and flanked by ten horsemen of the City Troop each side: Cleveland Greys, Forty-second Volunteers, the Cabinet, General Sherman and aids. Ohio gnards of honor, composed of officei's of the army and navy and distinguished guests. As the column, headed by three platoons of police started from the Euclid-avenue station, St. Paul's Church bell commenced tolling. Other churches along the line followed and added to the solemnities of the march. The sidewalks and broad lawais were literally packed with people. Great credit is due to the au- thorities for the good order which prevailed. Thousands of persons occupied stands erected for the occasion and thousands of others viewed the sad scene from carriages. Inquiries were made all along the route of the march for General Grant, many persons thinking that he had accompanied the funeral party. Secretary Blaine was also an object of marked attention, and ''Where is Blaine i"' could be heard at intervals along the line. Most of the floral of- ferings which were exhibited in the rotunda of the Capitol were brought here and placed about the casket and the catafalque. Shortly after the remains were placed on the bier Governor Foster announced, at the request of Mrs. Garfield, tha' the coffin would not be opened. The scene throughout the city was very fine. Electric lights were numerous, especially about the public square, which was perfectly lighted and the casket could be seen from the ad- jacent streets. The city was filled with strangers and all tlie hotels and board- ing-houses M'ere overcrowded, it being necessary to place cots in the hallways to accommodate the arriving guests. The Congressional party were mainly quartered at the American Hotel. All the members and immediate relatives and friends of the Garfield family were quartered at private residences. Mrs. Garfield, ]Mrs. Kockwell, and the daughters of each were at Judge Mason's. The last sad rites over the body of the dead President having been per- formed, in the presence of a quarter of a million people, the remains were conveyed to their final resting-place, at Lake View Cemetery. The services at Monumental Square did not begin until sometime after 10 o'clock, and for a while great confusion existed on account of the tremendous crowd of people blocking up the entrance and iireventing those who were to participate from getting to the pavilion. At least one hundred thousand people stood about the square watching the obsequies inside, although the sun was intensely hot and depressing. Tlie programme was carried out, and the scene was one never to be forgotten. Thousands of those present were in tears and exhibited the deepest grief as the ceremonies progressed. 177 The prayer and the remarks of Rev. Mr. Erret could not be heard by one- tenth of those privileged to the inclosure, although perfect silence was main- tained. It was sometime after 12 o'clock before the procession started from the square tp the cemetery, and many of the societies which had been in line since an early hour were completely tired out. The first two carriages in the funeral procession contained the family Grandma and Mrs. Garfield and children, Miss Mollie. James. Harry, Abram and Irving. Following them were Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph, Colonel and Miss Lulu Rockwell, General Swaim, Dr. and Mrs. Boynton, Captain and Mrs. Henry, Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon, Private Secretary Brown, Mr. Warren Young^ and all the members of the Cabinet and their wives. Seats had been provided for all these under the pavilion and around the catafalque. Mrs. Garfield leaned on the arm of her son Harry, and the aged mother on the arm of James. Both were closely veiled, and walked with firm, resolute steps. All the family and near friends Avere in their seats before the clergymen arrived, and it was then that the governor of the State and a delegation of prominent citizens ar- rived. The six miles of Euclid avenue, through which the procession passed, were appropriately decorated in a manner becoming the occasion. At Mrs. Garfield's suggestion the casket containing th(^, body of the late Pies- ident was inclosed in an iron cage, then a cement wall was built around this of suflicient strength to resist all attempts to remove the body, and of dimen- sions large enough to form the foundation of the proposed monument. The mayor of the city detailed a police force to be on duty continually until the final interment. The first section of the funeral train on the return trip to Washington started from Euclid avenue at three minutes past 6 o'clock P. M., September 26, with alt the members of the Cabinet, excepting Secretary Blaine, on board. During the hours set for the obsequies memorial services were held in every locality in Ohio. IMPRESSIVE SERVICES THROUGHOUT THE AVORLD. Dispatches from all quarters of the globe were of but one import. They chronicled impressive funeral services in nearly every churcli of every faith throughout the civilized world. Appropriate services were held by all the American legations in foreign countries, and there Avere meetings of condo- lence in all parts of this country. The day was universally observed every- where, and business practically suspended. Mock funerals were held in Chi- cago, Xew Orleans, and Jacksonville, Ela. In the former city 12,000 persons were in line. A magnificent catafalque Avas drawn by six black horses, fol- lowed by an Arabian riderless steed. The death Avas the subject of sympa- thetic sermons in nearly all the pulpits of the civilized Avorld. All denomina- tions united in the tribute to the character of the man. KINDLY EN^GLISH SEl^^TIMENTS. The Pall Mall Gazette said: "To-day when England and America stand as mourners beside one grave we may venture to hope that the bitter memories and dividing animosities engendered by the Revolutionary Avar are finally passed aAA^ay; and suggests that England and America shall endeavor to arrange some kind of an informal union for the prevention of internecine strife. If an Eu- ropean concert, despite almost insurmountable difficulties, is recognized as a political necessity, Av^hy should there not be an Anglo-American concert Avide enough to include in one fatherland all English-speaking men i* " TRIBUTES OF THE PRESS. With Mr. Garfield disappears not only an upright man, but, possibly, the entire policy of uprightness which he innugursited.— Independence Beige. The sentiments of condolence which the royal family have transmitted to Wash- ington are the sentiments of the entire Italian nation.— -i^aw/MZo, Borne. Though not unexpected, the impression created throughout Europe by the death of President Garfield will be profound and universal,— AVrf, JBrussels. 178 An innocent victim has been claimed by Moloch. Corruption may warn the American people of the necessity of moral regeneration. — Berlin National Zeitung. President Garfield's name will shine forth in history with the names of Wash- ington and Lincoln, He made the country independent of the dictatorship of party. — Berlin Taghlat. America should swear at the grave not to rest until the national disgrace — cor- ruption — is wiped out. If she does, President Garfield will not have died in vain. — Berlin Tribune. President Garfield represented tlie fine flower of American citizenship and dis- played in himself the highest characteristics of manliness and homely virtue. — Pall Mall Gazette. America has lost a head of the Government who could be reckoned among the most virtuous, and whoso austere integrity and indomitable energy already had a deep eflect despite his short term. — Bepublique Francaise. President Garfield is a martyr to his endeavors to resist corruption. The crime against him has awakened the consciousness that it is the duty of a community to struggle against the unbraided self-seeking of individuals. — BerlinPost. Our President is dead ! He who was idolized by the people has left us. All, without distinction of party, creed, or section, mourn his departure. We can find none to fill his place, and our hearts beat with anguish. God may possibly forgive the assassin, but the people cannot. — Cleveland Leader. The blood of the dead President will, we believe and trust, nourish such hatred and horror of the evils out of which its shedding grew, ti at the potency of his death may prove, in the providence of God, to be greater than aught which could have attended the unflagging and best-directed energies of his life. — New York Times. A sinister pall hangs over the heads of States. President Garfield has been the victim of dark powers which desire the maintenance of a rotten state of afl'airs. Germany, remembering when the Emperor William was similarly stricken, can, with a fuller heart, ofl"er sincere sympathy to the friendly transatlantic people ui their hour of trial. — North German Gazette. Whatever policy the President may have mapped out previous to the attempt on his life, we believe he would have risen from his bed with his mind free from the slightest trace or vestige of partisanship. He could not have ignored the attitude of the South. His genial and sympathetic nature would have taken advantage of the events of tho past few months, and for the first time in twenty odd years we should have had a President in full enjoyment of the confidence and esteem of the whole country. — Atlanta Constitution, It is in the order of things as prescribed by the Constitution that Vice-President Arthur shall assume the Executive functions. He should have the support of the American people in a position that will be as full of delicate complications as of responsibility. He should not be prejudged, but simply judged as he performs. The lesson of this terrible event has been plain enough and kept so long before the people that it should have made an impression. Should it be lost, it would be the worst featuie of this great calamity. — Boston Post. The nation sitting shrouded in awe, covered with blackness as with a garment, testifies in the silence of sorrow that a great calamity has fallen upon it. While there is no apprehension that the foundations of the Republic will be shaken, or that authority and order will not be enforced and preserved, and the vast machi- nery of the Government move on without obstruction, tliere is a pervading feeling that no hand was worthier to guide it, no mind more highly endowed to direct it, than those of the lamented President. — Cincinnati Comm'.rcial. The death of President Garfield is regarded as hardly less than a national calamity. In all ranks from Queen to peasant, there is the most heartfelt sympathy for the bereaved widow and the injured nation. The career of Presi- dent Garfield is of tlie kind which appeals to the best feelings and much cherished traditions of our people. His early poverty, his manful independence, his hard- won attainments, his integrity of character, had all caused his career to be watched as that of a man of exceptional powers and brilliant promise. — London Times. 179 We have come upon the saddest day in the history of this generation. Ours is a sorrow to be felt, not told. Tears are flowing, for hearts are breaking with a weight of woe. A dear, good friend has passed away ; only his memory is left to love. Yet we do not mourn as a nation without consolation. As he lived he died, in the saving hope of a glorious resurrection. And for the land of his love — in his own patriotic and God-fearing words, spoken in another time of national calamity — "God reigns, and the Government at Washington still lives ! " — Phila- delphia Press. In his death, mournful as It is, the sections will evince a common sympathy that may cement more closely the bonds of that fraternity so essential to the keeping of the compact between the States. North, South, East, and West will join in their grief over the grave of the dead President— a sure sign that the currents of the national life flow as strongly as they ever did in the history of the Vnion.—Galueston News. President Garfield served his country well and faithfully, according to the lights his conscience gave him, and will be held in grateful remembrance for that service, and for the manifestation of a high purpose, which he has not been spared to execute, to rescue the executive oflice from the degraded posi- tion into which it had fallen in the hands of his predecessors. — Chicago Times. It is also, doubtless, a consolation to those more especially bereaved that General Garfield ended his career in the highest public dignity known to the people of the United States. He enjoyed the greatest of our civic honors. He stood at the summit of political ambition, and with life thus at its fullness, he closed his eyes, and the scenes of this world disappeared from before him for- ever. — JSfew York Sun. • The lives of Garfield and of Lincoln will always be linked together in the pathetic records of a common tragic fate; but they will also be classed together as indications of the type of man that is to be contributed to the drama of our nation's history by those divisions of our people that grow up in circumstances where they are comparatively unaffected by outside influences. — New York Herald. Grief for the murdered President must find expression, however inadequate words may be to convey all that is felt, and then the nation will move on along its career of prosperous growth and development. The motto which we stamped upon our coin when the strength of our institutions was tested by the ordeal of civil war still voices the assurance of the nation— "In God we trust." — Bostmi Journal. When the excitement incident to the President's untimely death, however, shall have subsided, then will political friends and opponents discuss the record he made as legislator and President. History, it is safe to predict, will assign him a position among the first civilians of the generation of Americans among whom he figured so conspicuously for nearly a quarter of a century. — Richmond Dispatch. Without exception, every honest and honorable citizen of the nation sin- cerely and from the heart deplores the calamity which has befallen us in the death of President Garfield. He seemed especially raised up and equipped to bring about the greatest results for the good of the nation. Yet, since so it is, the country is to be congratulated that his successor is Chester K. Arthur. — Indianapolis Journal. The nation has lost greater and more beloved sons, warriors and statesmen, but it is doubtful if, with the exception of Lincoln, any figure ever passed, from our national life around whose memory will cling more tender traditions of unmerited suffering and cruel death. But as the stillest forces in nature are the strongest, th'^ greatest woe has its expression in tearless self-contain- ment. The world will move on to-day and to-morrow^ and forever, while the dim eyes of woe look out upon heavens hung in black ; and our free institu- tions will endure, chastened and strengthened by the blood of their martyrs, while liberty and law shall remain the jewels of the republic. — Philadelphia Times. 180 James A. Garfield has no faction or party, but a whole people, as his mourn- ers. He was President long enough to show the patriotism and the generos- ity of his purposes toward the South ; to assert the strength of his cliaracter in defense of his prerogatives, and to win the confidence of the people in the hon- esty and thoroughness of his methods for reforming abuses in the Government. The mistakes which he made were such as were natural to his compliant and kindly disposition ; and, while they did not shake the belief in his good inten- tions and soundness at heart among those w^ho were disappointed in his action, they did cause grave appreliensions for the high and permanent success of his administration.— Boston Herahl. He is President no more. Only four months he held the helm, but the work done in that short time will bless the land for ages. No other administration has ever done more for the good of the country than this which had just begun. The time has not yet come for a calm and dispassionate review of Garfield's acts, nor are the eyes, now dim with tears, able as yet to see all the merit of his plans. Those who were close in his counsel will have much to say of the noble and lofty aims wliich inspired him, but his fame will not rest upon un- realized hope. The cold and passionless|verdict of history, though it may find a fault or a flaw, will more than satisfy those who loved James A. Garfield most, and will place his name far toward the highest in the list of human rulers.— New York Tribune. President Garfield was, therefore, the instrument and occasion of a mighty work. When he was chosen at Chicago the sinister shadows of sword and sceptre faded out of sight. luhis wounding unto death passed away the aliena- ' tion, the estrangement, which prevented this country being truly one, although men and millions had made it, in appearance indivisible.— C/iarZeston Neivs and Courier. * He will now always remain one of the saints of American story, without a spot on the whiteness of his garments, one of the few Presidents who have left the White House amid universal reverence and regret. The last touch was given to the pathos of his fate by his dying on the anniversary of whnt was perhaps after all the greatest day of his career, that of the batde of Chicka- manga. — New York Evening Post. General Garfield died as the old Greek wished to die— "while yet gathering honors," but he lived long enough to give promise of winning high rauk among the able administrators who have preceded him. We recommend to President Arthur that lie now adhere to the Garfield policy, and thus perpetuate the tranquillity and prosperity which his country enjoyed under that great states- man's too-brief administration. — London Globe. The great chieftain is no more. The Executive of a great people has been ruthlessly stricken down in the moment of his usefulness and in the very hour of his fame. Long will he be lamented, long will the atrocity of his fate be execrated, and in future times the generations yet to follow will forever link the name of Garfield among the brightest and most glorious of the sons and rulers of the American Kepublic— C/iicac/o Tribune. The sorrow of the nation may be broader, but it cannot be so deep as the grief of the woman now left a mourning widow. The heroism and devotion of the President's wife has commanded the profound sympathy and admiration of the people of the whole country, and now, in the darkest hour of her life, she will not be forgotten. Tlie country shares her affliction, but. alas, the whole burden of it is Upon her still.— Cincinnati Enquirer. Since Prince All)ert's death and the almost fatal illness of the Prince of Wales, the heart of the English nation has not been so moved as it is to-day over the intelligence that President Garfield is dead. We were all ])roud of him. We recognized in him the true patriot, the upright and honest gentle- man and tht! brave man. The entire civilized world execrates the crime which robbed the American country of a valuable citizen and society of an lumorable member. — London IStandard. 181 The President is dead, and all the nations responding to that touch of sympathy which makes the whole world akhi stand uncovered in the presence of the calam- ity, for tragedies, ever calamitou.^, are doubly so when they spring from murder, and attach themselves to the head of the state, tlie symbol of power, the represent- ative of the people and of law. If ever mortal stood in these relations to his country and his time, this man did so. It was tiie universal sense that lie did ?o, which brought around his bedside his fellow-citizens without distinction of political opinion, and caused women who had never seen him to pray for him, and little children, who conceived not the emergency nor the magnitude of the contingencies hanging upon his life, to ask each day after his well-beina;, as if he were a father, ill and dying in some far-olF place. — Louisville Courier Journal. But God, who purposes when the sparrow falls, does not lay low a President for naught. He has His own providences to work out through this people, to whom it has been given so s^ignally to lead the hum.'iu race upward and onward. It will remain for this natii^u to sense the profound lesson emblazoned in this ca- lamity — the lesson that ambition, greed of place, ana the selfish perversion of gov- ernment to the ends of favoritism, and to the degradation of the popular honor, must be put under necessary curb and wholesome restraint. Thus taking this great lesson to heart, we must so order our institutions and so control the baser motives at work in our political system that the historian will be enabled to say that James A. Garfield died not in vain, but gave his life for the purifying of our administration, for the healing of partisan and sectional animosities, and for the strengthening of all the moral purposes of this great people. — Springfield Re- publican. The uppermost feeling of Englishmen at this critical time will be one of deep sympatiiy and condolence with the American people. By common consent Presi- dent Garfield's life, which has been passed in full view of the public, has been free from spot or blemish. Distinguished in the field, able and upright in civil con- duct, he has been a soldier without fear, a citizen without reproach. He has had time to show tiiat the hopes entertained of his Presidency were well founded. It was felt that the tone of public life would be purified and the standard of effici- ency raised, steadily persevering in the disciiarge of every duty, giving some time to war, some to politics, some to study, and all to his country ; he has risen from the humblest walks of life to fill without exciting envy or surprise the foremost post to whic!), with perhaps one exception, any man has been raised by the voice of his fellow-citizens. His illness has been like his active life. Supporting his suflTerings with patience and fortitude, the knowledge of which happily was not confined to the sick room, occupying his few moments of comparative ease in the discussion of public affairs, a true patriot and statesman, he has proven himself equal to the most terrible strain which human nature can h^ax.— London Daily News. So much has been said, and so well said, on the tremendous theme of President Garfield's death, that it would be difficult to add anything original without run- ning into the bizarre or strange. The only relief for pressing public calamities like this is to rise to broader views and more sublime emotions. To regard the dastard's blow and its ultimate triumph over the long putting forth of the varied resources of surgery and the prayers of the whole civilized world as the work of a blind chance which might fortuitously have been otherwise, would be intolerable. The mind and heart alike recoil from'ihis as a conception too cruel, dark, and pes- simistic for humanity to live and keep its reason under. Neither are we necessa- rily driven to a conception of a lund of Divine thaumaturgy by which evil is inter- cepted and skillfully twisted into purposes of good. If our belief be right, the malefactor is not so much fotied as foils himself. The very frame of things is against him, and the blow he strikes for harm is changed in the act like the proph- et's ban to blessing, or recoils only on himself. Even when the wicked seems to grasp the fullest fruits of success he is only '-embracing cloud, Ixion-like." On the other hand, it is not well, perhaps, to spy too closely into the purposes of Providence in what it does or what it permits. To attempt to weigh the good off against the evil which appears might result in setting up our reasons to judge whether on the whole evil has not gained the day, a conclusion which we have 182 pointed out to be insufferable in its gloom. But it may be allowable to make at least one leading reflection, that if the wretched assassin thought to check the best work of the late President's ailrainistration and introduce a reactionary regime, he has effected just the opposite result. Instead of one Garfield, whose life depended on the usual slight chances of mort'ality, he has raised up fifty million Garfields, the whole population of the republic bent to see to it that the work of the past six months in punishing scoundrels, reforming our dangerous method of civil administration, and increasing prosperity and justice, shall be carried on with all and more than the vigor with which it was begun. And this is much. There is scarcely a great cause in history which has not been consecrated with the blood of a martyr, and derived its strength and efficacy therefrom. As to the single life which has been sacrificed for many, and those who are so deeply and immediately stricken by its loss, little doubtless has or can be said that will not sound hollow at such an hour. For one thing, the late President could not have fallen at a better time for his honest fame and glory. He did not live to drain to the dregs the almost intoxicating cup which life had presented to his lips. Not that he himself was unduly elated, for we think that one of the sincerest compliments that can be paid to him is on his reasonableness of mind, his capacity for looking at things in an enlightened way, and seeing tliem in their true bear- ings, which came, doubtless, from the very considerable true culture he had been able to give himself. But if life has anything to oft'er to a man to make it worth living, the late Chief Magistrate had gained it to the fullest afforded by his day, generation, and country. He was snatched from the brightest summit of his career, instead of walking down to a grave in its obscure lowlands. Time will only embellish with kindly touch what he had already achieved, and ineffably exaggerate what might still have been hoped for from him. The frailty of mortal power and illusory nature of most objects of ordinary ambition is a lesson too often and powerfully preached to need repetition here. The lessons to be drawn from Garfield's life are more elevating— that what best befit a man in any station where duty may lead him are the virtues of fortitude, resignation, and calmness, since in the hour of victory evil may be so near, while in the hour of evil the highest good is always at hand. PART 111 LIFE OF CHESTER ALLAN ARTHUR, TWENTY-FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I. EARLY LIFE. Chester Al/an Arthur, the son of an Irishman named William Arthur, was born in Fairfield, Vermont, on the 5th of October, 1830, After the customary New England schooling he entered Union College, in Schenectady, in 1845, and was graduated high up on the list four years later. Like his predecessor, Mr. Arthur supported himself while in college, and served his apprenticeship in the humble inclosnre of a country school-house. After two years in a law school and a brief service as principal of the North Pownal Academy, in Vermont, Mr. Arthur came to New York and entered the law firm of Culver, Paisten & Arthur, after which, and until 1865, he was associated here with Mr. Henry D. Gardner. The law career of Mr. Arthur includes some notable cases. One of liis first cases was the celebrated Lemmon suit. In 1852 Jonathan and Juliet Lemraon, Virginia slave- holders, intending to emigrate to Texas, came to New York to await the sailing of a steamer, bringing eight slaves with them. A writ of habeas corpus was obtained from Judge Paine to test the question whether the provisions of the fugitive slave law was in force in that State. Judge Paine rendered a decision holding that they were not, and ordered the Lemmon slaves to be liberated. Henry L. Clinton was one of the counsel for the slaveholders. A howl of rage went up from the South, and the Virginia legislature authorized the Attorney-General of that State to assist in taking an appeal. William M. Evarts and Chester A. Arthur were employed to represent the people, and they won their case, which then went to the Supreme Court of the United States. Charles O'Connor here espoused the cause of the slaveholders, but he, too, was beaten by Messrs. Evarts and Arthur, and a long step was taken toward the emancipation of the black race. Following this came the street-car discourtesies, which Mr. Arthur put a stop to in a legal and definitive way. On the Sixth avenue and one or two other lines conveyances labelled "Col- ored persons allowed in this car" were run at long intervals, but on the Fourth avenue and other east side lines not even this provision was made. Under these circumstances Lizzie Jennings, a respectable colored woman, neatly dressed, cleanly and of good appearance, the superintendent of a colored Sunday school, hailed a Fourth avenue ear and succeeded in obtaining a seat in it. The conductor took her fare, thereby tacitly admitting her right to be a passenger, but hardly had he done so when a drunken white rufiian, who was seated in the car, demanded, " Are you going to let that — nigger ride in this car?" "Oh, I guess it won't make any difference," said the conductor. " Yes, but it will," repRed the other ; " I have paid my fare and I want a decent ride, and I tell you you've got to put her out." Thus appealed to the conductor went to the colored woman and asked her to leave the car. She refused to do so. The car was stopped. The conductor attempted to eject her by force. She resisted bravely, crying all the time: "I have paid my fare and am entitled to ride." Her dress was almost torn from her back. Strong men stood by, but gave her no assistance. Still she fought bravely for Avhat she believed to be her right. The conductor could not eject her, and was compelled to call for the aid of the police. By their efforts the woman was dragged from the car. 184 The matter coming to the notice of a number of influential colored people, they desired to make it a test case and applied to Mr. Arthur for advice. He at once espoused their cause and took their case before Justice Rockwell, in Brooklyn. When the trial came on the court-room was crowded almost to suf- focation, and at one time serious trouble was threatened by those who believed that to seek justice for one of the black race was to do injustice to humanity. Even the Judge seemed to share this opinion, for when the attorney handed him the papers in the case he threw them upon the desk, with the exclama- tion: — "Pshaw ! do you ask me to try a case against a corporation for the tort (the wrongful act) of its agent? " In reply to this Mr. Arthur plainly pointed out a portion of the Eevised Statutes under which there was an undoubted right of action. After examin- ing it the court concurred cordially with the counsel, the case was tried, and, much to the delight of the colored people, a verdict of .$500 was rendered in favor of the plaintiff. The railroad company paid the judgment without fur- ther contest, and at once issued orders that thereafter colored people be al- lowed to ride upon its cars. Similar action was soon after taken by all the city railroad companies. At this there was great rejoicing among all the negroes in New York, the Colored People's Legal Rights Association was established, and for many years afterward with much ceremony celebrated the anniversary of the trial which resulted as described. CHAPTER II. ARTHUR IN THE WAR. At the outbreak of the war Governor Morgan appointed Mr. Arthur engineer- in-chief, then inspector-general, and in January, 1862, quartermaster-general. No higher encomi um can be passed upon him than the mention of the fact, that, although the war account of the State of New York was at least ten times larger tlian that of any other State, yet it was the first audited and al- lowed in Washington, and without the deduction of a single dollar, while the quartermasters' accounts from other States were reduced from ^1,000,000 to ^10,000,000. Diiring his incumbency every present sent to him was immedi- ately returned. Among others a prominent clothing-house offered him a mag- nificent uniform, and a printing-house proffered a costly saddle and trappings. Both gifts were in his memory was erected in the Naval Academy grounds at Annapolis. General Arthur married Miss Herndon in the early part of his career as a lawyer in New York city. He has two children, one a youth of 17, named after his father, but called Allan by the family ; the other a girl of 11, named Nellie. These, with the servants, constitute the house- hold of the modest Lexington avenue residence. The President bas one brother. Major William Arthur, of the regular army. He has three married sisters. Of these, Mrs. Mary McElroy, of Albany, has spent as much time at his house and has looked as much after his household aff"ai!S as she could. President Arthur's accession to his new responsibilities has been too recent for him to give any con- sideration to family arrangements for his residence at Wasiiington, but if the cares of her own family will permit, Mrs. McElroy will most probably be the lady who will preside at the White House. PART V. K. THE ASSASSIN. Charles Julius Giiiteau was born in Freeport, Illinois, on the 8th of September, 1841. His father, L. W. Guiteau, was a man of some respectability, having been many years prior to his death, about one year ago, the cashier of the Second National Bank of Freeport. But even he was not balanced, but was at times mo- nomaniacal, and some years ago lectured extensively in the North and West on the subject of "Perfection." His wife was a very good-looking woman, and he with her and her children joined the Oneida community. They had three children, John Wilkes Guiteau, now a practicing lawyer in the city of Boston, and who is the New England agent for the Equitable Life Insurance Company of New York ; Flora, a promising young lad}% having a decided talent for music; and Charles Julius Guitean, the subject of this sketch, who basely and most cowardly took the life of our Presi- dent. He seems to have taken after his father in the lunatic turn of his mind much more than either one of the ethers. When the family left the Oneida community, Charles, then fifteen or sixteen years of age, remained behind. He received an ordinary common-school education in his native town, and was afterward sent to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where his father lived in 1835, and where he was sent to prepare himself for the University of Michigan. The weak and eccentric young visionary abandoned his father's plans for making a usefully edu- cated man of him, gave up his studies and resolved to return to the Oneida society, and did so, where he remained some four or five years; then becoming dissatisfied with the lack rather than the excess of license of debauchery in social affairs— under the rules of the society not being allowed to follow out the inclinations of his depraved nature to the extremes he desired— he accordingly severed his connec- tion with it, threatening to expose them by writing a book; but he was prevented by the head of the society, who exposed Guiteau's connection with the Society in the society paper. After leaving the society in 1869, Guiteau went to Chicago and began the study of law in the oflfice of his brother, then a practicing lawyer in that city. He soon became very frequent in his visits to the Young Men s Christian Association, where he met and soon became intimate with a young lady employed as librarian and married her; it proving to be an unhappy union, he deserted her in two or three years thereafter. He was admitted to the bar in the city of Chicago, opening an office and obtained a small practice in the collection of bills, etc. He soon displayed evidences of a very vicious character in failing to account for funds collected by him for his clients, and became so obnoxious that he was compelled to leaV the city. He then went to the city of New York, opened an office on Broadway, renting three rooms, and pursuing the same high- handed robbery as before, and was locked up in Ludlow street jail for misappro- priation of the moneys that he collected for his clients. Being finally re eased through the influence and endeavors of his brother-in-law, George bcoville, he instituted suits for libel against the New York Herald and the New lork I imes for large sums as damages. Then the New York and Chicago papers denounced him as a fraud, whereupon he retorts by bringing suits for libel against them m large amounts. None of them, however, ever came to trial. These and such as these are truly characteristic actions of the man; he seems to have always had a perfect mania for notoriety, and gain it he would; by wnat means he cared not, as evidenced by his last and most atrocious crime. He wag in many respects like the man who would burn down the most magnificent resi- dence that its burning might make fire for him to cook his eggs. In 1875 he returned to Chicago and tried to resume the practice ot law, but failing to do so, he claimed that it was heaven's desire to make known through him the truth about the second coming of Clirist, claiming that Christ s sec- ond coming was revealed to him as having transpired at the destruction or Jerusalem, A. D. 70. 198 He was the personification of egotism and obstinacy, and lazy beyond com- parison. Being remonstrated with by his brother for some dishonest proceed- ing, he exclaimed petulently: "You talk to me just like a father; you assume that I am all wrong. " Being a great reader of the daily lit erature, it is thought by some that after the assassination of Alexander II, Czar of Russia, by the Nihilists, he put himself in communication with the European Nihilists and tried to organize one of the same kind in the United States, with himself the chief. Being a man of incomparable cheek, he claimed intimate acquaintance and friendship with many of the most prominent men of our times. In poli- tics he was always a Republican, but not a monomaniac on that subject as on religion, until the split in the Republican party of the State of New York. Personally he was a great coward, fearing to go even into the dark part of a room without first arming himself. In appearance he was an American of French extraction, 35 or 40 years old, of medium height, slenderly built, fair complexion, brown hair, and wore a French shaped mustache and whiskers tinged with grey. His whole appearance was that of a dandified man of small mental caliber. ' From shystering in the police courts he drifted into various pursuits, and might have been seen occasionally well dressed, with a brisk, go- ahead air of business about him that was confidence-inspiring-, and again he might have been seen in a deplorable state of shabby gentility, hunting beer saloons and other low dens, in complete keeping with his true character. Occa- sionally exhibiting signs of insanity, he was always an eccentric, nervous, ex- citable being— eccentric it may be because he had heard it said to be character- istic of genius, but whose most eccentric act would not excite surprise long in any one, but soon elicit feelings of disgust from all who came often into con- tact with him. At one time in his eventful career of adventures he became quite an accomplished "dead-beat," imposing upon private families who occa- sionally accommodated boarders, and often swindling regular boarding-houses out of his board and their pay, and when things got too hot for him he would conveniently have business in some other city. Another one of his character- istics was a proclivity to follow and persecute with his attentions nice young ladies to whom he had had a casual introduction or on whom he had forced his acquaintance and attentions. After leaving Boston in 1879, he was next reported to have been among the A^ictiins of the great Narragansett disaster. But there was no such good for- tune in store for the country. He turned up shortly afterwards with an account of his experience on board that unfortunate vessel, through the columns of one of the New York papers. After that he was little better than a professional tramp, roamiug around over the country from Maine to California, swindling honest people out of something to keep his depraved soul linked to his pollu- ted body. He was at Saratoga in the early part of the late presidential cam- paign and advertisfttd as follows in the paper published there called, " The Saratogian:" "Garfield against Hancock— Charles Guiteau, of Illinois, the ora- tor of the West, will speak at the Town Hall, Saratoga, Saturday, July 10, 1880, at 8 o'clock P. M. ; admission, 25 cents. Let the people turn out and hear an able, eloquent, and patriotic address." 'Twere useless to say the meeting never came off, the orator was on hand, but the good people were not patriotic enough to turn out'. Therefore, the orator retaliated by skipping his board bill and the town, without paying for either the hall or the advertisement. The bookkeeper of "The Saratogian" opened the following account against the lawyer, theologian, politician, and lunatic: "Charles Guiteau, July 1, 1880, to advertising lecture, Garfield againt Hancock, daily, $3.00." Across the face of this account the poor defrauded bookkeeper had long . since written, "Fraud." JX- Finally, after the election, and President Garfield's inauguration, thinking, 'probably, that he was a power towards shaping the result of the campaign, he takes the notion that the United States consulship at Marseilles, France, would pay him for his powerful efforts during the campaign and accordingly comes to the city of Washington. He came to Washiugton city on Sunday evening, March 6, 1881, and stopped at the Ebbitt House, remaining only one day. He then secured a room in another part of the city, and has boarded and/roomed at various places. On Wednesday, May 18, 1881, the assas&in de- termined to murder the President. He had neither money nor pistol at the time. About the last of May he went into O'Meara's store, at Fifteenth and 199 r streets, in this city, and examined some pistols, asking for the largest cali- ber. He was shown two similar in caliber and only diiierent in price. On Wednesday, June 8, he purchased the pistol which he used, for which he paid $10, he having in the meantime borrowed $15 of a gentleman in this city, on the plea that he wanted to pay his board bill. On the same evening, about 7 o'clock, he took the pistol and went to the foot of Seventeenth street and prac- ticed firing at a board, firing ten shots. He then returned to his boarding place, wiped his pistol dry, wrapped it in his coat and waited his opportunity. On Sunday morning, June 12, he was sitting in Lafayette Park, and saw the President leave for the Christian Church, on Vermont avenue, and he at once returned to his room, obtained his pistol, put it in his pocket, and fol- lowed the President to church. He entered the church, but found he could not kill him there without killing some one else. He noticed that the President sat near a window. After churcli he made an examination of the window and found he could reach it without any trouble, and that from this point he could shoot the President through the head without killing any one else. The fol- lowing Wednesday he went to the church, examined the location and the win- dow, and became satisfied he could accomplish his purpose, and he determined, therefore, to make the attempt at the church the following Sunday. He learned from the papers that the President would leave the city on Saturday, the ISth of Jane, with Mrs. Garfield, for Long Branch. He, therefore, determined to meet him at the depot. He left his boarding place about 5 o'clock Saturday morning, June IS, and went down to the river, at the foot of Seventeenth street, and fired five shots to practice his aim and be certain his pistol was in good order. He then went to the depot, and was in the ladies' waiting-room of the depot with the pistol ready when the President's party entered. He says Mrs. Garfield looked so weak and frail that he had not the heart to shoot the President in her presence, and as he knew he would have another opportunity, he left the depot. He had pre- viously engaged a carriage to take him to the jail, On Wednesday evening the President and his son, and, I think. United States Marshal Henry, went out for a ride. The assassin took his pistol and followed them, and watched them for some time, in hopes the carriage would stop, but no oppor- tunity was given. On Friday evening, July 1, he was sitting on the seat in the park opposite the.. White House, when he saw the President come out alone. He followed him down the avenue to Fifteenth street, and then kept on the opposite side of the street up Fifteenth until the President entered the residence of Secretary Blaine. He watched at the corner of Mr. Morton's late residence, at Fifteenth and H streets, for some time, and then, as he was afraid he would attract attention, he went into the alley in the rear of Mr. Morton's residence, examined his pistol, and waited. The President and Secretary Blaine came out together, and he followed them over to the gate of the White House, but could get no opportunity tO use his weapon. On the morning of Saturday, July 2, he breakfasted at the Riggs House about 7 o'clock. He then walked up into the park and sat there for an hour. He then took a one-horse avenue car and rode to Sixth street, got out and went into the depot and loitered around there ; had his shoes blacked ; engaged a hackman for two dollars to take him to the jail ; went into the water closet and took his pistol out of his hip pocket and unwrapped the paper from around it, which he had put there for the purpose of preventing the perspiration from the body dampening the powder; examined the pistol carefully, tried the trigger, and then returned and took a seat in the ladies' waiting-room, and as soon as the President entered, advanced behind him and fired two shots. The accounts of eye-witnesses of what happened do not agree in aU details. They aU appear to be somewhat dazed by what occurred, and, of course, no one was observing either the President or the assassin with any suspicion of what was to happen. Carefully collating and comparing all the narratives, it appears . that the President and Secretary Blaine Avere walking briskly across the room nearly abreast, still engaged in conversation, when both, as well as all in the vicinity, were startled by the report of a pistol in the room. That pistol was fired by Charles. J. Guiteau, a slender, light-complexioned man, perhaps forty years old, who had been noticed by the regular employees of the station hang- ing about the rooms for twenty or thirty minutes previously, walking al:%nt nervolRly, but doing nothing which would probably have been regarded as suf- ficiently peculiar to be remarked if it were not for the after-development of his 200 purpose. When the President and Secretary entered the door from the out- side he was standing in one of the doorways between the ladies' room and the general waiting-room, and advanced into the room as they advanced in the op- posite direction, but without attracting their attention. When he came quite near he levelled his pistol and fired. The President said nothing but turned partly around, as if looking to see whence the report came. Secretary Blaine also sprang to one side, away from the President, and looked for the murderer, who, for aught he then knew, might be seeking his life. As the President turned Guiteau discharged another barrel of his revolver into the President's back. Secretary Blaine then saw him and sprang for him, following him through the door into the general waiting-room, calling for the officer to seize him, and also calling for Colonel Rockwell, of the President's party, who was presumed to be in that room. Seeing that the assassin had been seized he rushed back to the President, wiio had already fallen. Guiteau was at once seized and carried to the District jail, a large brown- stone structure at the eastern extremity of the city. The officers, after the assassin had been lodged in jail, at first refused admittance to the jail, stating as their reason for so doing that they were acting under special instructions of Attorney-General MacVeagli, the purport of which was that no one should be al- lowed to see the prisoner. Indeed, at first they emphatically denied that the pris- oner had been brought to the jail, fearing that should the fact be made known the jail would be attacked by a mob. Information had reached them tliat such^ a movement liad been contemplated. The prisoner arrived at the jail and wa ' placed in a cell about 10:30 o'clock, an hour after the shooting took place. The prisoner gave his name as Charles J. Guiteau, lawyer, Chicago, Illinoii He was neatly attired in a blue suit and wore a drab hat pulled down over his eyes, giving liim the appearance of an ugly character, such as he actually had. He had previously visited the jail but was refused admission on the ground of its not being visitors' day. At that time he mentioned his name as being Gui- teau, and that he was from Chicago. The same officer who had previou.sly re- fused him admittance was the one to receive him after his appalling deed, and a mutual recognition took place between them, Guiteau saying, "You are the man who wouldn't let me go through the jail some time ago. " The only other remark that he made before being put into his cell was to the effect that Gen- eral Sherman would be at the jail soon. The jailors stated tliat they had seen him around the jail several times, and that on one occasion he seemed to be under the influence of liquor. On one of his visits subsequent to his first one these otficers stated that he had reached the rotunda of the building, where he was noticed examining the scaffold from which the Hirth murderers were hanged. As directed by the Attorney-General, the jailor refused to give any further information or tell in which cell the assassin had been lodged. The same offi- cer was an attendant of the old city jail when President Lincoln was assassi- nated. The following letters were taken from the assassin's pocket at Police Head- quarters : " To The White House : . Jult/ 3, 18S1 . "The President's tragic death was a sad necessity, but it will unite the Repub- lican party and save the Republic. Life is a flimsy dream, and it matters little when one goes; a human life is of small value. During the war thousands of brave boys went down without a tear. I presume the Pre.eident was a Christian, and that he will be happier in Paradise than here. It will be no worse for Mrs. Garfield, dear soul, to part with her husband this way than by natural death. He is liable to go at any time, any way. I had no ill-will toward the President. His death was a political necessity. I am a law^'er, a theologian and a politi- cian. I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts. I was with General Grant and the rest of our men in New York during tlie canvass. I have some papers for the press which I shall leave with Byron Andrew;^ and his co-journalists, at 1420 New York avenue, where all the reporters can /■; Ihem. I am going to the jail. Charles Guiteau." " To General Sherman ; "I have just shot the President. I shot him several times, as I wished hiA to go as easily as possible. His death was a political necessity. I am a lawyer, 201 theologian and politician. I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts. I was with Gen- eral Grant and the rest of our men in New York during the canvass. I am going to the jail; please order out your troops to take possession of the jail at once. Very respectfully, Charles Guiteau." On receiving the above General Sherman gave it the following indorsement : "Headquarters of the Army, Washington, D. C, July 2, 1881, 11:35 A. M. — This letter * * * was handed me this minute by Major William S. Twin- ing, UnitedStatesEngineers,'Commissionerof the District of Columbia, and Major William G. Brock, chief of police. I don't know the writer, never heard of or saw him to my knowledge, and hereby return it to the keeping of the above-named parties as testimony in the case. W. T. Sherman, General." GUITEAU'S STATEMENT OF WHAT INDUCED HIS AWFUL CRIME. Mr. Samuel Milliken, chief clerk of the Department of Justice, visited the District jail and exchanged a few words with the assassin Guiteau in his cell. Guiteau was in robust health, had a voracious appetite, eats about a pound of meat and two pounds of bread at a meal, and washes down the food with a quart or three pints of coffee. From Warden Crocker it was learned that Guiteau became ob- streperous when it was proposed to move him from the cell in which he was when shot at by Sergeant Mason, and it was found necessary to use main force to transfer him to the cell in which he now is, namely, one on the opposite side of the jail and backing up to or adjoinino^ his former cell. Since then he has been sullen and has "kept low" in the darkest part of his cell. Guiteau has made known his cause for the cat-like vindictiveness which possessed him and impelled him to make the murderous attack upon President Garfield. He explained that he was grossly insulted by the President. These are in substance the circumstances: He (Guiteau) sneaked into the President's office at the White House one day at a time while several members of the Cabinet and one or two other gentlemen were there, and, being an unbidden and unwelcome visitor, he was ejected from the room by order of the President. This treatment, Guiteau says, rankled in his breast and boiled in his blood. "The President had no right to insult me in that way." While being ejected he resolved upon revenge and the infliction of some serious bodily injury on the President. THE ASSASSIN. u APPENDICES APPENDIX A. INAUGURATIONS FROM WASHINGTON TO GARFIELD. Of^fte'^'^^f ¥^P twenty four Presidential inaugurations in this country Of the Presidents inaugurated, Washington, Jefferson, Madison mZ4 Tact bon, Lincoln, and Grant were each twice elected. Tyler FiCore In.l'f h^^ cm-rld'' Threl nn'J^V^^^ '^.°"V\^"^f Vice-Presid'ents wheTva;.a cies' S"- v\/f ^.. • 7 ®! Other Presidents, John Adams, Jefferson, and A^an Buren were Vice-Presidents previous to their election to the principal office ''"'^^''' ""^^^ THE FIRST INAUGURATION. TT.T-f!-f cf^\^°° "^ General Washington to the office of Chief Magistrate of thA United States was announced to him at Mount Vernon, on S 4th of April Jpff.A ^^ K''^}]^ business needed the immediate attendance of the pFSi rtv a?f3^ '''•^•''^ Government, he hastened his departure: and on the second day after receiving notice of liig appointment, took leave of MSvernnn He was met by a number of gentlemen residing in Alexandria and P.^nrfi^i to their city, where a public dinner had been pr|.aied to nhlclUie w^Tn^^^^^^^^^ JeiS,bors?o"r'." ^^ i^' ''"T '^''^ ^' ^^« Al4'andria, and S attended by Ms neighbors to Georgetown, where a number of citizens from the State of Mir^ land had assembled to receive him. Throughout his jouniev thf neonlP 00^ ISpned 'a?d c\'S' of 'Tf- '''''^^- ^^"^^^^^ ^^^^^^ aCnZi'm ^^ Sever^^^^^ stopped, and co ps ot militia and companies of the most resuect-ible Hfiyp i« escorted him tlirpugh their respective streets. At PhilacSffi he was rP ceived with peculiar splendor. Gray's bridge over the sSuXll was iXhS decorated. In imitation of the triumphal exhibitions of aSnt Rom? J^ arch, composed of laurel, in which was displayed tirsimpleele"4ceo^trn^ t' n^P^nVp'T^'^ ^* '^"? "^^^ «* '^^ '^"d on each side Sa lam^e? shrubberv As the object of universal admiration passed under the arch a civic crown wS' unperceaved by him, let down upon his head by a youth , ornamented with ?dS of laurel, who was assisted by macliinery. The fields an™n S leldi U fi im Pr!i wl"{-^'"^ ^^ PhiladeliMiia were crowded with peo% Zo S w S|eS eral Washington was conducted into the city by a numerous and 7esi)?ctal?fl ttff S'*''^""' ^']'^ ^* ?^^^* t^e town wa's illuminated Thrnext^davt Trenton, he was welcomed in a manner as new as it was pleasin- In addition hP r^f«.?"'''^ demonstrations of respect and attachment .Xh were given bv the discharge of cannon, by military corps, and by private persons of tSwnc- f Jp' t;ie gentler sex prepared in their own' taste a tribute ot SaitL inS- tive of the grateful recollection in which they held their deliverance i wpU a years before from a formidable enemy. On the bridge over the S^^^^^^ passes through the town, was erected a triumphal arc! highly oSamentedwfth wriSf """J ^^'''''''' and supported by thirteen pillars, "each Si ed Sh ?7^T*^^^ f evergreen. On the front arch was inscribed in large -it letter? 'The Defender of the Mothers will be the Protector of the Daf-lifeis '' On the center of the arch above the inscription, was a dome or cupola of floweS and evergreen, encircling the dates of two memorable events which we?e ne- cuharly interesting to New Jersey. The first was the battle of T?enton and the second the bold and judicious stand made by the Americmi trows" t the same creek, by which the progress of the British army was anSedoHhe even- ing preceding the battle of Princeton. At this place he m^s met b^a mrtv of matrons leading their daughters in white, who ^carried Se s of'^flouTr J ?i 204 At Brunswick he was joined by the Governor of New Jersey, who accom- panied him to Elizabethtown Point. A committee of Congi-ess received him on the road and conducted him with military parade to the Point, where he took leave of the Governor and other gentlemen of Jersey, and embarked for New York in an elegant barge of thirteen oars, manned by thirteen branch pilots, provided for the purpose by the citizens of New York. At the stairs on Murray's wharf, which had been prepared and ornamented for the purpose, he was received by the Governor of N ew York, and conducted with military hon- ors through an immense concourse of people to the apartments provided for him. These were attended by all who were in office, and by many private citi- zens of distinction, who pressed around him to offer their congratulations, and to express the joy which glowed in their bosoms at seeing the man in whom all confided at the head of the American empire. This day of extravagant joy was succeeded by a splendid illumination. The ceremonies of the inaguration having been adjusted by Congress, the President attended in the Senate cham- • ber, on the 30th of April, in presence of both houses, and took the oath prescribed by the Constitution. To gratify the public curiosity, an open gallery adjoining the Senate chamber had been selected ,by Congress, as the place in which the oath should be administered. Having taken it in view of an immense con- course of people, whose loud and repeated acclamations attested the joy with which his being proclaimed the President of .the United States inspired them, he returned to the Senate chamber, where he delivered his address. The scene of this inauguration Avas Federal Hall, in the city of New York, on the site of the present Sub-treasury building. The Federal Congress, which was to take the place of the old Continental Congress, was also organized here. WASHINGTON'S SECOND INAUGURATION. Before "Washington's second inauguration (1793) he asked from his Cabinet offi- cers their views as to the time, manner and place of the President's taking the oath of office. The opinions elicited were so contradictory that no change was made. The oath was publicly administered by Judge Gushing, of the Supreme Court, in the Senate chamber, Independence Hall, Philadelphia. There were pres- ent the heads of departments, judges of the Supreme Court, foreign ministers, as many of the Senate and House of Representatives as were in town, and a small sprinkling of spectators of both sexes, as the limited hall could not contain many. After Washington had delivered an exceedingly short inaugural speech, and the oath had been administered, he retired as he had come, without pomp or cere- mony; the people cheering him as he withdrew. INAUGUBATION OF JOHN ADAMS. The inauguration (1797) of John Adams (the last which took place in Philadel- phia) was celebrated in the House of Representatives. A reporter says : "At an early hour a great number of citizens had assembled around Congress Hall to wit- ness the retirement of our worthy President — Washington — from public life. The concourse increased to such a degree as to fill the street, and when the gallery doors were thrown open the house was suddenly filled up to overflowing. The ladies added to the dignity of the s'^ene. Numbers of them were seated in the chairs of representatives and others were accommodated with seats on the floor (literally on the floor) of the House. A few minutes after the Senate arrived, pre- ceded by their president, George Washington entered, but before he had ad- vanced half-way across the hall a burst of applause broke from every quarter of the house. On the entrance jf John Adams like marks of appreciation were ex- pressed." After the President-elect had delivered his speech the oath of office was read to him by the Chief Justice (Oliver Ellsworth,) which he energetically repeated. In a few minutes Adams, Vice-President Jeff"erson and Washington retired "amid reiterated hurrahs and a discharge of artillery." "Thus closed a scene the like of which was never before or after witnessed in this or any other country — which forms a new epoch in our history and in the his- tory of republican freedom to which we must commit the glorious subject." A banquet was gived to Washington in^the evening by the merchants of Philadelphia, "consisting of near 400 covers of the choicest viands nature produces." The heads of departments, officers of the army and foreign ministers were nearly all present. 205 INAUGURATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. This (1801) was the first inauguration in Washington, the seat of Government having been removed to this city in 1800. Washington vi^as then a rural hamlet. A discharge from the company of Washington artillery ushered in the day. About 10 o'clock the Alexandria company of riflemen, w^ith the company of artillery, paraded in front of the President's lodgings. Jefferson, who had ridiculed the pageantry of the previous administrations, studied a republican simplicity in his inauguration. Dressed in plain clothing, and attended only by a few friends, he proceeded to the Capitol. When lie entered the Senate chamber the Senators rose to receive him. He took the chair proff"ered by Aaron Burr, president of the Sen- ate. It is said there were about one tliousand persons in the Senate chamber, one hundred and fifty of whom were lidies. The retiring President, John Adams, was not present, being unwilling "to enact the captive chief in the triumphant procession of the victor to the Capitol." There were discharges of artillery when Jefferson entered and left the Capitol. The remainder of the day was devoted to festivities, and at night tliere was a pretty general illumination. There is a tra- dition afloat that Jefferson rode to the Capitol on horseback, and after hitching his horse to the fence proceeded to the Senate chamber to be inaugurated. This pro- cedure was quite in keeping with Jefferson's republican ideas, but as a matter of fact it appears to stand on the same footing with the hatchet and cherry tree story about George Washington. JEFFERSON'S SECOND INAUGURATION. Jefferson was quietly re-installed in oflice, (1805,) taking the oath in the Sen- ate chamber. Ater the delivery of his speech, the President was waited upon by a large assemblage of members of the legislature, citizens, and strangers of distinction; and a procession was formed at the navy yard, composed of me- chanics engaged there, which marched to military music, displaying "with con- siderable taste the various insignia of their professions. INAUGURATION OF MADISON. On Saturday, March 4, 1809, James Madison assumed the duties of President of the United States. The day, from its commencement to its close, was, it is stated, ''marked by the liveliest demonstrations of joy." For many days be- fore citizens from the adjacent, and even remote States, had been pouring into Washington until its capacity of accommodation was strained to the utmost. The dawn of day was announced by a Federal salute from the navy yard and Fort Warburton, and at an early hour the volunteer corps of militia began to assemble. Such w^as the interest to be present at the inauguration that the whole area allotted to citizens in the Representative hall was filled and over- flowing several hours before noon, the time assigned for that purpose, and it is computed that the number of persons surrounding the Capitol, unable to ob- tain admittance, exceeded ten thousand. The Senate convened at 11 o'clock in the chamber of the Representatives, Governor Milledge, the President 2)ro tempore, in the chair. Agreeably to arrangement the Senators were placed next to the chair, the late President (Jefferson) of the United States on the rig]* of the chair, foreign ministers and suite on the left, judges of the Su- preme Court in front, heads of departments on the right of the President of the Senate, members of the House of Representatives on the floor, and various other places assigned for other public characters and for ladies. Mr. Jefferson arrived about 12 o'clock. A short time before that hour Mr. Madison left his own house escorted by the troops of cavalry of the city and Georgetown, commanded by Captain Brent, and at 12 entered the Representa- tive hall attended by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of the Navy, the Attorney-General, and Mr. Coles, secretary to the late President, and in- troduced by a committee of the Senate, when Mr. Milledge left the central chair and conducted IMr. Madison to it, seating himself on the right. Mr. Madison then rose and delivered his address. The oath of office was then ad- ministered to him by Chief Justice Marshall, after which and as the President retired two rounds of minute guns were fired. On leaving the Capitol he found the volunteer militia companies of the District, nine in number, and in com- plete uniform, under the command of Colon^el M. Kinney, drawn up, whose line he passed in review, when he entered his carriage and was escorted home in the same way he came. 206 A large concourse of ladies anil gentlemen, and Mr. Jefferson among the number, immediately waited upon him, among whom refreshments were lib- erally distributed. The company generally, after calling on the President, waited on Mr. Jefferson to take a last farewell before his departure. Mr. Madison was dressed at his inauguration in a full suit of cloth of Amer- ican manufacture, made of the wool of merinos raised in this country: his coat from the manufactory of Colonel Humphreys and his waistcoat and small clothes from that of Chancellor Livingston, the clothes beiug severally pre- sented by those gentlemen. MADISON'S SECOND INAUGURATION. On March 4, 1813, being the day on which commenced the second term of Mr. Madison's election to the Presidency, he took the oath to support tlie Constitution of the United States, administered to him b.y Cliief Justice Marshall, in the presence of many members of Congress, the judges of the Supreme Court, the foreign ministers, and a great concourse of ladies and gentlem"n. The President was escorted to the Capitol bj' the cavalry of the District, and was received in his approach to the Capitol by the several volunteer corps of Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria, drawn up in line fur the purpose. The day was fiue, the sun shone brilliantly, as if to welcome it ; the appearance of the militar}^ — the Marine corps and volunteer- — was usually aniraatinsf. No accident occurred to mar the ceremonies of tlie day. The scene, we are told, " was truly brilliant ; at the same time it was solemn and truly republican." Previou- to taking the oath in the chamber of the House of Representatives, the President delivered an elegant and appropriate speech. In the evening there was a splendid .assembly at Davis' Hotel, in honor of the day, at which were present the President of the United States, heads of departments, foreign ministers, etc., and a "most lively assemblage of the lovely ones of our District." President Madison, accompanied by the beads of departments, Gen. Van Ness, auvl a number of ofheers of the militia of this Di.-trict, was escorted from his house to the Capitol by Captains Mandeville's, Caldwell's, and Peter's uniform cavalry, under the immediate command of Captain Peter. As the President and his suite approached the center of the line, composed of militia volunteers, a de- tachment of marines, and Lieutenant Perkins, with a detachment of United States artillery, formed near the Capitol, and passed in front. On his way to the south wing he was handsomely saluted by the line under Colonel Young, of Alexandria, commanding officer of the whole for the day. The President, on retiring from the hall of Representatives, received at the door of the south wing of the Capitol a marching salute from the whole line, consisting of several hundred troops, handsomely uniformed ; after which he and his suite were escorted back to his house, in the same order in which they passed up. The chronicler says, in con- clusion : '■' In addition to the many other agreeable, as well as solemn impressions produced by the interesting scene of this day, we cannot omit expressing the general satisfaction at the very handsome and honorable display made by our local militia." INAUGURATION OF MONEOE. • James M >nroe was inaugurated President March 4, 1817. At 11:30 o'clock, the Piesident, with him the Vice-President-elect, left his private residetico, attended by a large cavalcade of citizens on horseback, marshalled by the gentlemen ap- pointed to that duty. The President reached the hall of Congress a little before 12 o'clock; at the Same time the ex-Pres!dt nt arrived, and the judges of the Supnnne Court. All having entered the chamber of tlie Senate, then in session, the Vice-President took the chair, and the oath of office was administered to him. A pertinent address was delivered on the occasion by the Vice-President. This ceremony having ended, the Senate adjourned, and the President and Vice-President, tlie judges of the Supreme Court, the Senate generally, the mar- shals, etc., attended the President to the elevated portico temporarily erected for the occasion, where, in the pvesence of an immense concourse of officers of the Government, officers, strangers, (ladies as well as gentlemen,) and citizens, the Piesident rose and delivered his speech. Having conclud d liis address, the oatli of oflSce was administered fo him by tlie Chief Justice of the United States. Tlie oath was announced by a single gun, 207 and followed by salutes from the navy yard, the battery from Fort Warburton and from several pieces of artillery on the ground. The President was received on his arrival with military honors by the Marine corps, by the Georgetown Eifleraen, a company of artillery and two companies of infantry from Alexandria ; and on his return was saluted in like manner. It is impossible, the newspaper account says, to "compute with anything like accuracy the number of carriages, horses and persons present. Such a concourse was never before seen in Washington ; the number of persons prcsen:: being estimated at from five to eight thousand. The mildness and radiance of the day casta brilliant hue on the complexion of the whole ceremony, and it is satisfactory to say that we heard of no accident during the day, notwithstanding the magnitude of the assemblage." The President and his lady, after his return, received at their dwelling the visits of their friends of the heads of departments, most of the Senators and Represent- atives, of all ^the foreign ministers at the seat of Government, or strangers and citizens, who also generally paid the tribute of their unabated respect to Mr. and Mrs. Madison. The evening concluded with a splendid ball at Davis' Hotel, at which were present the President and ex-President and their ladies, the heads of departments, foreign ministers, and an immense throng of strangers and citizens. A reporter says of this inauguration: "The difference said to have existed between the two houses in respect to the appropriation of the Keprcsentative chamber was rather fortunate than otherwise, since it caused the ceremony of the President swearing fealty to the Constitution to take place in the view, if not in the hearing of all the people of the United States who chose to witness it. This it appears to us is a mode far preferable to that of being cramped up in a hall, into which, however extensive, not more than four or five hundred^people can possibly have admittance." MONROE'S SECOND INAUGURATION. A the inauguration of James Monroe for a second term, March, 1821, the oath of office was administered.to the President by Chief-Justice Marshall, after which he delivered his address. The day proved very unfavorable for the attendance of spectators, there having fallen during tlie preceding night a good deal of snow and rain; notwithstanding which an immense crowd thronged the doors of the Capitol. The number of persons who obtained admission within the walls of the Repre- sentative chamber (gallery, of course, included) could nothtxve been less than 2,000. The President was placed on the platform in front of the Speaker's chair; the Chief Justice stood by his side during the delivery of the speech. Tlie associate judges, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the heads of the departments, and many distinguished military and naval oflicers were near him. Assigned to their proper places were the members of the various foreign legations. The seats in the interior v/ere principally occupied by a numer- ous collection of ladies; and all around, above and below, were countless numbers of the people, of whom, without discrimination, as many were admitted, after the ladies and privileged persons were seated, as the room could accommodate. On the entrance and exit of the President the music of the Marine band enlivened the scene, which, it is stated, "was altogether characterized by simple grandeur and splendid simplicity." THE INAUGURATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. John Qiiincy Adams was inaucrurated March 4, 1825. The crowd at the doors of the Capitol began to accumulate about 9 o'clock, and, although ladies were allowed the privilege of their sex in being admitted to seats reserved for them in the lobbies of the House of Representatives, they had to attain the envied station at no small sacrifice, and the gentlemen who led and guarded them were obliged in some instances almost literally to fi;^ht their way to the doors. Toward 12 o'clock, the military, consisting of general and staff offi'-ers and the volunteer companies of the First and Second Legion, received the President at his residence, with his predecessor (Monroe) and sev'-'ral officers of the Govern- ment. The cavalry led the way, and the procession moved in very handsome array, with the music of their several corps, to the Cipitol, attended by thousands of citizens. The President was attended on horseback by the marshal, with his 208 assistants for the day, distinguished by blue badges, &c. On arriving at the Capi- toT the President with his escort, wis received by the Marine corps, under the command of Colonel Henderson, stationed in front in line of t^^Capitol, whose eSent band'of music" saluted the President on their entrance into the Capitol. 'wtWn the hall, the sofas between the columns the entire spac^^^ ^ninr inhbv without the bar, the spacious promenade m the rear ot tne »pea^ ?Me orthe floS of the hall on the opposite side of ^hich sat the remammg ?,1?h*rcirLl a^Hh^lSulat^n. The ti^e ^cc.p.^d hy the aeUver^^^ buke to S littleness of party spirit which can see no nient m a iival, and and avenue com^letel^etued The ^^^^^^^^^^^ compliments and re- spTcts ofa g" al"ni'X\'of 'lentleS^^^^ ikdies who caUed upon him, who also pS their r?spects at the mansion occupied by the ex-President. INAUGURATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 209 inaugural address, and, having concluded it, the oath to support the Constitu- tion was administered to him by Chief Justice Marshall. Salutes were fired by two companies of artillery, stationed in the vicinity of the Capitol, which were repeated at the forts and by detachments of artillery on the plains. When the President retired, the procession was re-formed, and he was conducted to the Presidential Mansion. He here received the salutations of a vast number of persons, who came to congratulate him upon his induction to the Presi- dency. Mr. Webster writing from Washington in regard to the scenes at Jackson's inauguration says: "I never saw such a crowd here before. Persons have come five hundred miles to see General Jackson." Judge Story writes: "After the ceremony was over, the President went to the palace to receive company, and there he was visited by immense crowds of all sorts of people, from the highest and most polished down to the most vulgar and gross in the nation. I never saw such a mixture. The reign of King Mob seemed triumphant. I was glad to escape from the scene as soon as possible." No doubt Story was glad to escape; he was a bitter opponent of Jackson, audit was not to be ex- pected that he could enjoy these festivities." ''A profusion of refreshments," vn-ites a participant, "had been provided. Orange punch was made by barrels full; but as the waiters opened the doors to bring it out. a rush was made, the glasses broken, the pails of liquor upset and the most painful confusion pre- vailed. To such a painful degree was this carried that wine and ice cream could not be brought out to the ladies, and tubs of punch were taken from the lower story into the garden to lead off the crowd from the rooms. Men with boots on heavy with mud stood on the damask-satin covered chairs in their eagerness to get a look at the President." It is stated in the papers of that day that the swell -mob were present in large force in the throng that attended the inauguration of Jackson. Despite the cautions published to beware of pickpockets, one gentleman had his pocket picked of nine hundred dollars and many others were victimized to a smaller extent. JACKSON'S SECOND INAUGURATION. This took place March 4, 1833. At 12 o'clock President Jackson and Martin VanBuren, elected Vice-President, repaired to the Representatives' hall, in the Capitol, and in the presence of a number of Senators and Representatives in Congress, foreign ministers, public officers of the United States, and a great concourse of ladies and citizens, each took the oath of office, which was ad- ministered to them by the Chief-Justice of the United States. President Jackson delivered an address on the occasion, but Vice-President Van Buren did not make an address. INAUGURATION OF VAN BUREN. On the occasion of the inauguration of Martin Van Buren, (1837,) after he had delivered his address and taken the oath of office, national salutes from the military and naval stations within the city were fired in honor of the occasion, after which the President and ex-President returned to the Execu- tive Mansion, attended by the cortege which accompanied them to the Capitol, and whither a large number of citizens repaired to offer their salutations to the new President and take leave of his predecessor. The representatives of foreign governments also attended, and through Mr. Calderon, the minister from Spain, oifered their congratulations to the President in an appropriate and impressive address. The President, it is stated, " was escorted to the Capitol, and thence to his residence, by Captain Mason's fine volunteer troop of Dragoons, and by Cap- tains Blake's and Bronaugh's very handsome companies of volunteer infantry. The day was uncommonly brilliant for the season, and the fineness of the weather permitted great numbers of citizens to come in from the country,who, with the multitude of strangers who had been flocking into the city for many days from a distance, and the thousands of resident citizens, lined the avenue during the forenoon, and formed a larger concourse of both sexes at the Capi- tol during the ceremonies than was ever witnessed on any former occasion . 210 Thronged, however, as the streets and public places were during the day, not an instance of disorder took i)lace that we heard of. Indeed, everything wore a marked appearance of calmness, and the absence of excitement." INAUGURATION OF GENERAL, HARRISON. The inauguration of Harrison, (1841,) like that of Jackson, brought .to Wash- ington a vast crowd of enthusiastic followers. The morning of the inaugura- tion day broke somewhat cloudily, and the horizon seemed rather to betoken snow or rain. At sunrise a salute of twenty-six guns was fired from the Mall, south of their gun-room, by a party of the Columbia Artillerists, acting under the command of Captain Buckingham. Soon after the firing of these guns, the entire body, apparently, of citizens and numerous visitors, roused from their slumbers, thronged Pennsylvania avenue and its principal streets, and gave to them a very animated and lively appearance: the throng continuing to increase until 8 o'clock, when the various delegations, military companies, Tip- pecanoe clubs, associations and citizens assembled at their prospective posts. Soon after 10 o'clock the procession moved fi'om the head of I'our-and-a-half street, when a salute of three gnus announced their march towards the quarters of the Piesident-eltct. Havujg there received General Harrison, attended by his personal friends, the procession moved on from the quarters of the President-elect, up E street to Eleventh street; up Eleventh street to F street; up F street to Fif- teenth street; down Fifteenth street to Pennsylvania avenue; down Pennsylvania avenue to the south gate of the eastern yard of the Capitol. A reporter says : "Occupying a favorable p-sition in front ofBrown's Hotel, we noticed the pi-oces- si ^a as it passed along the most public part of Pennsylvania avenue to the Capitol. Tiie scene was hi^uhly interesting and imposi g. The ladies everywhere, from the windows on each side of the avenue, waved their handlverchiefs or hands in token of their kind f<:'elings, and General Harrison returned their smiles and greetings witli repeated b >ws. The enthusiastic cheers of the citiz.uis who moved in the proce-sion were, with equal enthusiasm, responded to by thousands of citizni spec- tators who lined Pennsylvania avenue, or appeared at tlie side windows, in the numerous balconies, on the tops of houses or on otlie.r elevated stands. At the head of tlie procession was the chief marshal, who was mounted on a fine horse, suitably caparisoned; as also were his two aides. The milicary portion of the pro- cession was remarkably fiiie and soldier-like. Much of this, no doubt, was owing to M.ij'T Fritz, oi the Philadelphia National Greys, whose company and excellent band of music were objects of particular notice and admiration. "N^'arly tlie whole throng of visitors accompanied t!ie PresidfMit to his new abode, and as many as possible entered and paid their personal respects to him. The whole building, however, could hardly contain a fortieth part of tliem; so that very many were unable to obtain admission" at all. A popular President will on such an occasion alivays be surrounded by more friends than it is possible for him to receive and recognize otherwise tlian in masses. The close of the day was marked by the repetition of salutes from the artilh'ry, t!ie whole city being yet alive with a population of strangers and residents, whom the mildness of the season invited into the open air. In the evening the several ball rooms and places of amusement were filled with crowds of gentlemen and ladies attracted to this city by the novelty and interest of the great occasion. In the course of the evening the President of the United States paid a short vidt to each of the a?sembl'es held in honor of the inauguration, and was received with the warmest demonstrations of attachment and respect. The end of the day was marked, as its progress from the early morning hour had been, by quiet and order, not only remarkable but astonishing, considering the vast crowds of persons, (he excitement of the occa- sion and the temptations which it oftVred to undue exhilaration," INAUGURATION OF JAMES K. POLK. The unfavorable state of weather on the day of the inauguration of James K. Polk (184.0) did not pi'event a large turnout of s'trangers and citiz^-ns to join in the inaugural procession, or to witness the proceedings at the Capitol. A^. sunrise a discharge of artillery announced the ceremonies of the day. At 8 o'clock A. M. the voliuue^r companies of the D'utriet, and those which had arrived fiom Balti- more and distant places, commenced marching towards the appointed parade 211 grounds in front of the City Hall, About 10 o'clock the military, under command of Captain Mason, of the Potomac Diagfoons, marched forward and took their ap- pointed station in front of Colem:in''s Hotel. Here the inangural procession was formed under the direction of Chief Marshal MeCalla and his aide.'^. Between 11 and 12 o'clock the President elect left Coleman's Hotel, and then the processio)! took up its line of march towards the Capitol, the military being m f:ont. and making altog'ther a handsome display, there being eleven volunteer companies in the line, of whom eight belonged ro the District of Columbia, one to Baltimore, one to Savagp Factory and one to Fairfax county, Va. Tiie District volunteer companies appeared to great advantage, but the most prominent and most observed of all the companies in the procession was the lude- pendent Blue?, of Baltimore, commanded by Captain Watson— a corps noted for excellent discipline, and to wiiich was attached D^em's strr.ng and .skilful band of musicians. The Savage Factory Guards, a handsomely uniformed company, under the command of Captain Williams, also appeared to great advantage, as did the Fairfax County Cavalry, under the command of Captain Wilcockson. The volun- teer companies in front of the procession were as follows : Fairfax Cavalry, Poto- mac Dragoons, Independent Bines. Savage Factory Guards, Washington L!. The bells of the city tlien rang out a stirring peal, and long before the usual breakfast hour the people were wending their way in masses to the Capitol. 212 At 9 o'clock one hundred gentlemen, who officiated as marshals, mounted their horses in front of the City Hall and proceeded in a body to Willard's Hotel for the purpose of paying their respects to General Taylor. Having been escorted to the long upper hall of the hotel, and arranged themselves in a line, the President elect made his appearance, leaning upon the arm of the mayor of the city, and pro- ceeded to shake the hands of the gentlemen present as a return for their polite salutation. The General vi^as dressed in a plain suit of black, and he appeared to be in the enjoyment of his usual good health. At half-past eleven o'clock the procession took up its line of march. The sev- eral military companies, of which there were about a dozen, presented a good appearance. The carriage in which the President-elect was escorted was drawn by four handsome grey horses, and protected from the pressure of the multitude by the cavalcade of the hundred marshals already mentioned. The gentlemen who accompanied General Taylor in his carriage were the Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives and the mayor of the city of Washington. According to previous arrangement, however, when the general's carriage arrived in front of the Irving Hotel, where ex-President Polk was sojourning, the procession halted, and Mr. Polk was handed into the carriage, and a seat awarded to him on the right of the President-elect, who shook his predecessor cordially by the hand, whereat nine long and loud cheers were given by the spectators. The procession resumed its march. Both sides of Pennsylvania avenue were thronged with human beings, all the way from Willard's Hotel to the Capitol grounds. Many of the roofs of the houses were covered, and every window was completely blocked with heads. The time occupied by the procession in reaching the east front of the Capitol was about an hour, and after the conclusion of the inaugural ceremonies the booming of ar- tillery resounded from one end of the city to the other. At 12 o'clock the members of the late executive cabinet appeared, Mr. Buchanan leading the way, and occupied places on the left of the ex- Vice-Presidents, The President-elect entered in company with ex-President Polk and took a seat, which had been prepared for him ; Mr, Polk occupying another on his left hand. The appearance of General Taylor, it is stated, was so perfectly unassuming, that many persons had repeatedly to inquire, ''before they could assure themselves that that was the man whose name and deeds had tilled the trumpet of fame, and won the love and highest honors of his countrymen. The general saluted those near him with an air of frankness and good will, and conversed for some time (in whispers) with Chief Justice Taney, (probably as to the ceremony about to take place.) After a brief pause, the order of procession was announced and the company retired from the chamber of the Senate, passing through the rotunda to the east- ern portico of the Capitol. On reaching the staging erected over the flight of stairs of the portico of the Capitol, and "standing in full view of the upturned eyes of at least twenty thousand people," the President-elect pronounced the in- augural address. This address was delivered in a remarkably distinct voice, and many parts of it were enunciated with a full and clear emphasis, and enthusiasti- cally responded to by the cheers of the surrounding spectators. As soon as the applause which marked the conclusion of the address had subsided, the oath of office was administered to the President by Chief Justice Taney. The President was tlien overwhelmed with congratulations. Chief Justice Taney and ex-Presi- dent Polk taking the lead. INAUGURATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. The inauguration day (1853) was unpleasant. The sky was clouded, and there was a slight fall of snow. Nevertheless an immense crowd, for those days, assem- bled, and later in the i ay made Pennsylvania avenue almost impassible. The av- enue was gaily decorated with flags, banners, etc., through which the procession passed. The marshals were Major A. A. Nicholson, Col. Wm. Selson, Dr. A. W. Miller, Rob. Quid. Col. H. S. Lansing, Dr. E. M. Chapia. O/der of procession : The judiciary, the clergy, marshal-in-ehief with aides. President, President-elect and suite, with marshals. Senate committee of arrangements, foreign ministers, corps dijjlomatique, members of Congress, &c., governors, ex governors and mem- bers ;of State legislatures, army, navy and militia, otflcers and soldiers of v/ar of revolution, of 1812, etc., corporate authorities of Washington and Georgetown, the Jackson Democratic Association, other political associations, organized civic 213 societies, professors and students of colleges aud schools in the District of Colum- bia, citizens. After the usual proceedings in the Senate, the oath was administer- ed in the eastern portico by Chief Justice Taney in the presence, it was estimated, of 20,000 persons. The President then delivered his inaugural speech (half an hour long) from memory. In tlie evening lie received the congratulations of a large number of citizens at the Executive Mansion. INAUGURATIOK OF JAMES BUCHANAN. During the night before the 4th of March, 1857, the city was animated by the blaze of rockets, the movements of ball-goers, the bustle at the Capitol, (Congress being in session all night,) the march of military companies, and the weary tramp on the sidewalks of thousands of visitors, unable to obtain lodgings. The day was mild and sunny. The military portion of the proces- sion organized at the City Hall. Patient groups of spectators occupied the City Hall steps from an early hour. A reporter says: "Not a few country wagons were drawn up by tlie curbstone, filled with substantial Montgomery county farmers and their families, and not a few Prince George bucks pranced around upon horseback, exhibiting witching feats of horsemanship before the admiring eyes of the ladies on the City Hall steps." About noon the procession proceeded to Willard's Hotel, wliere President Pierce and the President-elect, in an open barouche, took their places in the line. The marshals headed the procession. Next came the 1st artilley, Co. K, and other divisions of the regular army, a battalion of United States marines, various guards and rifle organizations, the Albany Burgess Corps, the Charles- town City Guard, the Lancaster Fencibles, the Alexandria battalion, the Rich- mond Montgomery Guards, the Alleghany Guards, the soldiers and sailors of the war of 1812, with a venerable banner; the President and President-elect, the ship Constitution, from the navy yard; the Jackson Democratic Associa- tion, and other political clubs from South Carolina, Philadelphia, Baltimore, California, etc., and, lastly, the fire companies. Chief Justice Taney administered the oath of office "amid the sky-rending shouts of the multitude." The appearance of the military, ranged as they were in the most picturesque positions of the scene g Merrick, Miller, Morehead, Nicholson, Pierc', Porter, Prentiss, Preston, Rives, Sevier, Simmons, Smith of Indiana, Southard, Sturgeon, Tallmadge, Walker, White, Woodbridge, Woodbury, and Young— 38." Congress thus, by overwhelming votes in both houses and of both parties, decided that the Vice-President became President absolutely, and not provisionally, nor technically, nor conditionally, in case of the death of the President. Death is one of the four conditions described in the Constitution, wherein " the powers and duties of the said office" devolve upon the Vice-President. Such was the decis- ion of the '27th Congress on this question. THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT TAYIiOR— AN ACGOUNT OF HIS LAST ILLNESS. The following is an article which appeared In a city newspaper, on the morn- ing of July 9, 1850. under the caption of "The President's Healih : " "It being generally known that President Ta\ lor had been much indisposed for two or three days past, great anxiety was excited yesterday by information, which spread through the city, that his illness had assumed a very serious and critical aspect. This was really the case, we learn, during the greater part of the day. Irk the afternoon, however, the symptoms became less menacing. His illness com- menced on Friday last, wi' h an attack of cholera morbus, which appeared to yield to medical treatment, but it afterward assumed a difterent and more threatening type. " The following bulletin indicates his condition at 10 o'clock last night : " ' The President is laboring under a bilious remittent fever, following an attack of severe cholera morbus, and is considered by his physicians seriously ill. July 8, 10 P. M.' " 220 THE CABINET NOTIFY MU. FILLMORE OF THE DEATH OF THE PRESIDENT. The rresident died the evening of Sunday, and the following official notice was sent to his B-cessor^^^^^^^^^^ of State WashinotonJ^J^^^^^^^^^^^^ MILLARD Fillmore, President of the United f totes--S|^ ; The ^elanchoiy andSos't'^painful duty devolves on us o announce t^^^- «^\\^tft/esTdJnt'8 late President of the Umted States is no more^m^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^y Mansion this evening at half -past ten o clock. ^|e ji'J^^ Secretary of State ; torney-General. MR. FILLMORE'S REPLY. Washington, July 9, 1850. mony. Respectfully, yours, Millard xiLi. MR. FILLMORE RESIGNS THE PRESIDENCY OF THE SENATE. Washington, July 10, 1850. ceed to the choice of a presiding officer. Millard MR. FILLMORE ANNOUNCES TO CONGRESS THE PRESIDENT'S DEATH, AND RE- PEATS HIS LAST WORDS Washington, July 10, 1850. FellovycUizens of the Senate and of the House of ^.^J'^f^^'^i^'U^^^^ foLthemelanc^dutyofannou^^^^ eLjl!atic totinctness :-'■ I have always done my duty ; I am ready to die , the office which this event has devolved upon me. ^^^^^^^ Fillmore. message of president FILLMORE IN RELATION TO THE OBSEQUIES OF . HIS PREDECESSOR. Washington, July 10, 1850. Si^?S?i-^ll^a«rlS'S;lrrafinteL^=f^^^^^^ 221 affectionate regard of the American people for the memory of one whose life has been devoted to the public service— whose career in arms has not been surpassed in usefulness and brilliancy— who has been so recently raised by the unsolicited voice of the people to the highest civil authority in the Govern- ment, which he administered with so much honor and advantage to his coun- try, and by whose sudden death so many hopes of future usefulness have been blighted forever. To you. Senators and Representatives of a nation in tears, I can say nothing which can alleviate the sorrow with which you are oppressed. I appeal to you to aid me, under the trying circumstances which surround me, in the dis- charge of the duties from which, however much I may be oppressed by them, I dare not shrink; and I rely upon Him who holds in His hands the destinies of nations, to endow me with the requisite strength for the task, and to avert from our country the evils apprehended from the heavy calamity which has befallen us. I shall most readily concur in whatever measures the wisdom of the two houses may suggest as befitting this deeply melancholy oocasion. MiLLAKD Fillmore. THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN— DETAILS OF inS DEATH, AND THE SUCCESSION OF ANDREW JOHNSON TO THE PRESIDENCY. Though sixteen years have elapsed, the occurrences attending the assassina- tion of President Lincoln and the succession of the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, to the Presidency are still fresh in the memory. President Lincoln on the night of April 14, 1865. attended a performance of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater, on Tenth street. He was assassinated there at half-past 10 o'clock, while sitting in his private box with Mrs. Lincoln, Miss Harris, and Major Rathburn. The assassin, who approached from behind the President, after firing the fatal shot, leaped upon the stage, brandishing a dag- ger, and escaped by a rear entrance before the crowded audience realized that a terrible crime had been committed. The wounded President was borne to the house of Mr. Petersen, opposite the theater, where he lay unconscious until his death, which occurred at twenty minutes past 7 o'clock on the following morning. Ko one who was in "Washington that night will ever for- get the wild excitement that racked the reason of the strongest men. A mur- derous assault made upon Secretary Seward at his residence on Lafayette square, about the same time, increased the popular agitation. President Lincoln died at twenty-two minutes past 7 o'clock in the morning. He closed his eyes as if falling asleep. There was no indication of pain, and it was not known that he was dead until the gradually-decreasing respiration ceased altogether. Rev. Dr. Gurley, of the New York Avenue Presbyterian church, immediately on its being learned that life was extinct, knelt at the bedside and offered an impressive prayer, which was responded to by all present. Dr. Gurley then proceeded to the front parlor of the house, where the members of the President's family were assembled, and again offered prayer ftor the con- solation of the family. Immediately after the President's death a Cabinet , meeting was called by Secretary Stanton, and held in the room where the body lay. A little after 9 o'clock in the morning the remains, having been placed in a temporary cofiin, were borne to the White House, escorted by a detachment of cavalry. VICE-PRESIDENT JOHNSON INAUGURATED. At an early hour on the morning of the 15th Secretary Stanton sent a com- munication to Vice-President Johnson notifying him of the death of the Chief Magistrate, and requesting liim to state the place and hour at which his inau- guration as President should take place. Mr. Johnson at once replied that it would be agreeable to him to have the proceedings take place at his rooms in the Kirkwood House as soon as the arrangements could be perfected. The Kirkwood House then occupied the site where the Pension Oflice now stands. The Evening Star, of April 15, 1865, gives the following account of the brief ceremony of inauguration : "Chief Justice Chase was informed of the fact, and repaired to the appointed place in company with Secretary McCulloch, of the Treasury, Mr. Attorney- General Speed, F. P. Blair, Sr., Hon. Montgomery Blair, Senators Foot, of 222 Vermont; Eamsey, of Minnesota; Yates, of Illinois; Stewart, of Xevada; Hale, of New Hampshire, and General Farnsworth, of Illinois. At 11 o'clock the oath of office was administered by the Cliief Jnstice of the United States, in his usual solemn and impressive manner. Mr. Johnson received the kind ex- pressions of the gentlemen by whom lie was surrounded in a manner which showed his earnest sense of the great responsibilities so suddenly devolved upon him, and made a brief speech, in which he said: 'The duties of the office are mine; I will perform them : the consequences are with God. Gentlemen, I shall lean upon you; I feel that I shall need your support. I am deeply im- pressed with the solemnity of the occasion and the responsibility of the duties of the office I am assuming.' " The funeral of President Liu coin took place from the White House on Thurs- day, April 20th. Tlie body lay in state in tlie East Koom. where years before the bodies of Presidents Harrison and Taylor had lain in state. The remains were escorted by an immense procession to tlie Capitol, where services Avere held and the remains lay in state until the followin^g day, when they were re- moved to the railroad station and shipped on their journey to Springfield, 111. Immediately after the death of President Lincoln, President Johnson occu- pied a room in the Treasury building, wiiere he transacted public business, and did not take possession of the White House for several weeks. The official announcement of liis inauguration was issued on the afternoon of the 15th of April, and was as follows: War Department, Washington, April 15, 3 P. M. Major-General Dix, New York .- Official notice of the death of the late President was given by the heads of Departments this morning to Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, upon whom the Constitution devolved the office of President. Mr. Johnson, on receiving the notice, appeared before the Hon. Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States, and took the oath of office as President of the United States, and assumed the duties and functions. At 12 o'clock the President met the heads of the Departments in the Cabinet meeting at the Treasury building, and among other business the following was transacted : First: The arrangements for the funeral of the late President was referred to the several Secretaries as far as relates to their respective departments. Second: Wm. Hunter, Esq., was appointed Acting-Secretary of State, dur- ing the disability of Secretary Sew^,rd and his son, Frederick Seward, the as- sistant secretary. Third: The President formally announced that he desir.ed to retain the pres- ent Secretaries of Departments as his Cabnet. and that they would go on and discharge their respective duties in the same manner as before the deplorable event that had changed the head of the Government. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. The Vice-Presidents whc succeeie ! to the P esidencv 223 APPENDIX C. ASSASSINATION OF RULERS. It is a curious face that no King of England or Emperor of Germany has ever fallen a victim to an assassin, although several attempts have been made on the present monarch" of these countries. There are murders enough of a very brutal sort on record in English history of both actual occupants of the throne and heirs to it, but they all were done openly befoi-e the world, as if the perpetrators scorned to conceal their deeds, or as if they felt that they had the rigiit to perform summary execution. The only case in English .history in which tlie real guilty party sought concealment is the murder of the two young Princes in the Tower of London, the circumstances of which have been told to fveiy visitor. Sevei'al Popes have fallen victims to tlie daggers of assassins, and Henry of Navarre, one of France's ablest monarchs, met the same fate. The killing of M irat by Char- lotte Courday was also an assassination ia the true sense of the word. Russia has the longest record of such crimes to show so far, but the United S::ates seem to be in a fair way of taking at least an undisputed second place. The attempts at assassination have been paiticularly numerous during the past third of a century, or since the use of fire-arms and the scientific use of gunpowder have been per- fected. A list of these, successful and unsuccessful, is at this time particularly interesting : ISJrS — November 26 — The life of the Duke of Modeaa was attempted. 1849 — June 21 — the Crown Prince of Prussia was attacked at Minden. 1851 — May 22— Sofelnqne, a workman, shot at Frederick William IV, King of Pussia, and broke his fureanu. 1850— June 28 — Robert Pate, an ex-lieutenant in the army, attempted to assas- sinate Queen Victoria. 1852— September 24— An infernal machine was found at Marseilles, with which it had been ini ended to destroy Napoleon III. 1853 — February 18 — The Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria was grievously wounded in the head while walking on the ramparts at Vieana by a Hungarian tailor named Libzens. 1853 — April 16 — An attempt on the life of Victor Emmanuel was reported to the Italian Chamber. 1S53 — July 5 — An attempt was made to kill Napoleon III as he was entering the Opera Comique. 1855 — March 20 — Ferdinand Charles HI, Duke of Parma, was killed by an unknown man, who stabbed him in the abdomen. 1855 — April 28 — Napoleon III was fired on at the Champs Elysees by Giovanni Pianeri. 1856 — April 28 — Raymond Fuentas was arrested in the act of firing on Isabella, Queen of Spain. 1856— Dec. 8 — Agesilas Milano, a soldier, stabbed Ferdinand III, of Naples, with his bayonet. 1867 — Aug. 7 — Napoleon III again. Barcolefcti, Gibaldi and Grillo were sen- tenced to death for co T)ing from London to assassinate him. 1858 — Jan. 14 — Napoleon HI for the fifth time. Orsini and his associates threw fulminating bombs at him as he was on his way to the opera. 1861 — July 14 — King William of Prussia was for the first time shot at by Oscar Becker, a student, at Baden-Baden. Becker fired twice at him, but missed him. 1862— December 18— A student named Dessios fired a pistol at Queen Amalia, of Greece, (Princess of Oldenberg) at Athens. 1863— December 24 — Four more conspirators from London against the life of Napoleon III were arrested at Paris. 1865— April 14— President Lincoln was shot by J. "Wilkes Booth. 1866— April 6— A Russian named Kavarsoff attempted Czar Alexander's life at St. Petersburg. He was foiled by a peasant, who was ennobled for the deed. 224 1867-The Char's life was attempted on June 6, during the great Exposition, at a review in the Bois de Boulogne, at Pans. }^S=£e%'o-PxScf S^^^^ Serbia, was killed by the brothers Rad- "^ Isn-The life of Amadeus, then newly King of Spain, ^^s attempted 1872-August-Colonel Gutieriez'^assassinated President Balta, of the Repub- ^^^iSTS-^fanuary 1-President Morales, of Bolivia, was assassinated. 1875-S-iist-President Garcia Maeno, of Ecuador, was assassinated. IsTG-Sulton Abdul-Aziz was killed in his palace by order of his ministers, ^'l877^1.june-President Gill, of Paraguay, was assassinated by. Commander ■^?87S-Mav U-The Emperor William, of Germany, was shot at again, this time b"^ Sile Henri Max Hoedel, alias Lehmann, the socialist. Lehmann Stlu-e^ shots at the Emperor, who was returning from a drive with the ^^^^^r^^^'^^i^ by Dr. Kobling, while out riding. ^?8?S^?il1r_^il^^^^^ Petersburg by one 't&e^em'ber l-TSetsSnation of the Czar attempted by a mine under ^ \'S9-TceSiTo-The King of Spain was shot at while driving with the ^S-Eebruary 17- Attempt to kill the royal family of Russia by blowing up thl Winter Palace. Eight soldiers were killed and f orty-hve wounded . ^ 1881-Maixh 13-The Czar, Alexander II., killed by a bomb. ^,,.,i , 1881-JiiTy 2-The President of the United States, James Abram Garfleld, kiUed by Charles Julius Guiteau. 9 8 9 -ti A^ ■^^ * «^- 5"^ '5' I V ' « ,-^^' ,/;. '•^^ * '. M ,0- 0^ ^- •"' '^c J 1 \ ' -^^ "o o"^ o" ^' ^^ V^ •^oo^ /. "SI"* -v --' x"" .*->^ ^ " oN' <^%. v^. c^ '^-^^ * A- Y ft O ' - ^ <^V V ft n '^ V' S - ' ', -^ .0 9-^0 %, 1^ ; -o 0' ,0- Jk.'-'' "'1*. :^- ^^" ,0 o. -^^ >" 'c. ..^^ ■> .^^ aV^' ^<^ ..-^^ -bo^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 010 457 546 8# iiiiiiili iiiii