PF 3109 C2 "opy 1 t LIBRARY OF CONGRKSS. I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, A NEW ELEMENTARY COUBSE GERMAN LANGUAGE FOE, THE USE OF SCHOOLS. GAB11IEL V CAMPBELL, B. A, PBOFESSOR IN THE STATE UNIVERSITY OP MINNESOTA. SECOND EDITION, REVISED. ^CHICAGO: CHURCH, GOODMAN AND DONNELLEY, 1867. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, By GABRIEL CAMPBELL, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois. A. Zeese, Cox & Donohue, Stereotyper and Electrotyper, Binders, 84 Dearborn Street. 164 Clark Street, Chicago. PREFACE. One language contains all the general principles of every other. Comparative philology — a new science — is entirely changing the mode of teaching languages. It shows that the true method of acquiring a foreign tongue is by compar- ing it with the one already known. The aim of this work is to make a practical application of the recent improvements in this direction ♦ The pupil is supposed to be familiar with the English language. Its grammar being Teutonic or German, no at- tempt is made to teach what should properly be studied in the native tongue. The German and English are brought side by side, their differences and affinities compared, and that point taught first which will open to the learner the broadest field. A large majority of the German words may be formed from the English by a regular system of consonant changes. For this reason, the chief study will be the forms of words. The same principle is followed in developing the endings which characterize these words in their relations to each other. The pupil is encumbered as little as possible with minor details and exceptional cases. The illustrations though drawn from the language of real life, are free from colloquial, proverbial or poetical idioms. The philosophical principles involved in teaching the per- sonal pronoun as a terminal element, in the declension and 4 PREFACE. gender of the substantive, the classification of irregular verbs, the arrangement of words, and in the use of imitative senten- ces in connection with the reading lessons, will be found to be clear, fundamental, progressive, specific, and practical. The first edition was prepared for private classes. Soon after its publication, however, requests were received from leading educators in various important points including the city of Chicago, to furnish this method for the schools. In compliance this new and improved edition has been prepared. The author gives sincere thanks to the many eminent scholars who have commended his system and encouraged its preparation for the press. May it tend in some degree to in- crease the interest in a language the most rich and flexible, and a literature the most finished and profound. G. C Chicago, September, 1867. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. Page. I.— Alphabet, 11 II. — Pronunciation, 12 A. Vowel Sounds, 12 B. Consonant Sounds, 13 III.— Syllables, 15 IV.— Accent, 16 V.— Capitals, 17 VI.— Punctuation, 17 LESSON FIRST.— The Present Tense. I. — Change of v to b. — First person singular, 21 II.— Change of th to b, 22 III.— Omission of f), 22 IV. — Plural termination Euphonic, 22 LESSON SECOND.— The Adnominal Word. V.— Change of t to 3, 24 VI. — Termination of the Adnominal Word, 25 VII. — The termination omitted, 25 LESSON THIRD.— The Cases. VIII. — The Accusative Case, 27 IX.— The Genitive Case, 28 X. — The Feminine genitive, 28 LESSON FOURTH.— The Plural. XL— Change d to t, 30 XIL— Form of the Plural, 31 XIIL— Change s to f$, 31 5 6 CONTENTS. LESSON FIFTH.— Genitive Plural and Past Participle. XIV.— Change y to & 33 XV. — Genitive plural of Adnominal words, 33 XVI.— Sign of the Past Participle, 34 XVII. — Separation of the Parts of the Verb, 34 XVIII.— Change t to g, 34 LESSON SIXTH.— Weights and Measures. XIX.— Change p to f or j>f, 36 XX.— The English of omitted, 36 XXI. — Definite Article replaces a or per, 37 XXII.— Change k to $, 37 LESSON SEVENTH.— The Imperfect. XXIIL— Change d to tfi, 39 XXIV.— Form of Imperfect, 39 XXV. — Its form in Irregular verbs, 40 XXVL— Change gh to §, ' 40 LESSON EIGHTH.— The Dative Case. XXVIL— Use of the Dative, 42 XXVIIL— Form of Adnominal Word, 42 XXIX. — Dative Plural euphonic, 43 XXX. — Prepositions with the Dative, 43 LESSON NINTH —The Genders. XXXI. — No Common gender. — Use of Neuter, 45 XXXII. — Feminine nouns in e, t and uitg, 46 XXXIII. — Other nouns Masculine, 46 LESSON TENTH.— The Euphonic Declension. XXXIV. — Euphonic ending, when used, 49 XXXV. — When the proper termination is used, 50 XXXVI. — Present Indicative, when irregular, 50 XXXVII.— Stem- Vowel modified, 50 LESSON ELEVENTH,— The Prepositions.- XXXVIII. — Prepositions with the Dative or Accusative, 53 XXXIX.— Prepositions with the Genitive, 53 XL. — Second person singular, 54 XLI. — When the reflexive pronoun is invariable 54 CONTENTS. t LESSON TWELFTH.— The Compound Tenses. XLII. — When (em (to be) is auxiliary, 56 XL11I. — When tuerben (to become) is auxiliary, 56 XL1V. — Form of the Present Participle, 57 XLV. — When the verb comes last, 57 XL VI. — When the verb precedes the subject, 58 XLVII. — When the compound verb is separated, 58 XLVIII. — Derivative verbs in be, Qt, ent, etc., 5 ( J LESSON THIRTEENTH.— Pronouns.— Order of Words. XLIX. — Declension of Relatives and Interrogatives, 61 L. — The Definite Article as a Relative, 62 LI. — The Definite Article as a Demonstrative, 62 LII. — Position of the Article, s 63 LIII. — Use of the Pronominal Adverb, 63 LIV. — Arrangement of words, ■. 63 LESSON FOURTEENTH.— Declension of Nouns. LV. — Adnominal word with the noun omitted, . . . ; 66 LVI. — Origin of the Euphonic declension, 67 LVII. — Feminine nouns with e omitted 67 LVIII,— Plurals with the liquid r, 68 LIX. — Plural and Singular alike, .....* 68 LX. — n or en omitted, 69 LESSON FIFTEENTH.— The Subjunctive and Imperative. LXI. — Use of the Subjunctive, . , 72 LXII. — Form of the first person singular, 72 LXIII. — Termination of the Imperfect Subjunctive, 72 LXIV.— The Conditionals, 73 LX V. — Where like the Indicative, 73 LXVI. — Form and use of the Imperative, 74 IP-A-IEST II. Personal Pronouns, 79 The Adnominal word, 79 A. Simple Declension, 80 B. Euphonic Declension, 82 8 CONTENTS. Irregular Pronouns, 83 The Numerals, 84 Comparison, 86 The Substantive,.. 87 A. Declension of Nouns, 87 B. Gender of Nouns, 91 The Verb, ; 92 A. Auxiliary verbs, 92 B. Regular verbs, 99 C. Irregular verbs, 104 Prepositions, 114 :p.a_:r,t hi. I. — The Golden Apple, 117 II. — Hope and Patience, 119 III.— The Three Friends, 120 IV.— The Brooklet, 122 V. — The Harp op Ossian, 124 VI.— The White Deer, 126 VII.— Genius, 128 VIII.— We are Seven, 130 IX.— Death and Sleep, 132 X. — Lorelei, 135 XI.— New Year's Night, 136 XII — Mignon, ' 139 XIII.— The Rainbow, 1 11 XIV. — Thr Maid of Orleans, 1 45 XV- — The Asoent or Aetna, 148 XVI.— My Fatherland, 152 XVII. — The Falls op Niagara, 155 XVIII. — The Minstrel's Curse, 157 XIX.— The Vatican Apollo, 160 XX.— The Two Muses, 162 German and English Vocabulary, 165 English and German Vocabulary, 187 m^^u .ZzzS?. ^ 65a-.?. S&o&eL- dc Co. CZicaao. Schiller INTRODUCTION. I. THE ALPHABET. A a 21 a ah B b 25 f> bay c 6 c tsay D d 2) b day E e @ e a F f. 8 f ef G g © 9 gay ha H h # ft I i 3 i e J J 3 J yot K k t t kah L 1 ,8 I el M m' £01 m em N n 91 n en D P P * V pay Q q £J q koo R r Sft r err S s e "«f es T t X t tay U u u u 00 V V 35 » fow w w 28 » yay X X X X icks Y y D ft ipselon Z z 3 J tset II. PRONUNCIATION. A. The Vowel Sounds. 1. Hard Vowels, 21, a, like a in father: $ater, bag, ©ajl. £), o, like o in note: *ftote, SRo§, fo« U, u, like u in rera^ : Ufyr, 33rui>er, Ulme. 2. Modified Vowels. 21 e, a, like a in late: ©pat, Sftabdjen, £dnbe* De, o, not in the English: Del, fcfyon, ©ofyne* Ue, it, not in the English: Sfliiitlcr, miifc>e, fur, 3. Soft Vowels. (£, e, nearly like d : geBen, mefyr, 9?eft 3, i, like i in marine: 3tjnen, <3il6er, in, $, 9, always like i : ©gjlem, ©prup, ^^rt^e, 4. JDvph.thoii|»s. (St, ei, like i in mine: mem, 2Bein, fetm (5 u, e it, resembling oy in 6o?/ : 25eule, Q3eute, reuett. Slew, du, nearly like eu; ©dule, Sftaufe, Srduteim Observations. 1. In other cases where two vowels stand in the same syllable, each has its proper sound and the syllable is long. fyau$, Wax, pfui, quer, 5Jceer, $aax, 33oot. a. 3e, ie, is pronounced like e in here: tuer, 33ter, , nearly like t, at the end of a syllable. 23ab, spfab, «Rab. ©, g, with a somewhat deeper aspiration than in go. gefyen, ®ott, ©elb. This is -especially manifest when it ends a syllable in which it is immediately preceded by a vowel. btutig, ©eltgfett, jog* §, fj, is seldom audible except at the beginning of a word. £>abe, fefyen, fyofter. The parts of a compound or derivative word retain their original pronunciation. erfyalten, auffyeoen, getbfjerr. It is always heard in the syllable fj e i t. ©djott^eit, gretfyett, Smfyeit In other cases it merely lengthens the vowel of the syllable in which it stands. Sotyn, Xtyor, Staty. 3, j, corresponds to the English y consonant. Satyr, ja, jung. 3ft, r, should always be trilled or rolled. rotten, 9laufcer, £err. <3, f, 3 (final), loses much of its hissing sound when it begins a syllable. It should not, however, be flattened to the sound of z in zone. ©otyn, ftngen, SRofe. Immediately preceding t or p it is pronounced by many German scholars like a gently aspirated sh. ©tutyl, fpielen, ©tanb. %, t, in ti, like ts, if the succeeding syllable begins with a vowel. Nation, (Station, Titian. Ill] SYLLABLES. 15 95, $, sounds like/. 3Sater, $or, ttotl. 233, it), nearly like the English v. tooUtn, ft>ent>en, 2Bunf$* 3, 3, sounds like fe. 3. Compound Consonants. (£§, d), except at the beginning of a word, has a guttural sound not found in the English. yftafyt, nocfy, ©eru<$. Its sound is more gentle when used with a soft vowel. When immediately followed by $ in the same radical syllable it is pronounced like k. ©d), fd), stands for s/&. @$uty, ©$ein, ©fitting* £, stands at the end of a syllable and is pronounced like j[. S^^ gug, mufte. SH), tf), is of course pronounced like t Zfyvixt, notfytg, SButlj* £, is pronounced like 3 and replaces 33. Slifc, ftii£ert, SBi^ III. SYLLABLES. 1. As a general rule divide as in English. 2. A simple consonant between two vowels goes with the latter. 16 ACCENT. [IV. 3. If two consonants stand between two vowels, one goes with the vowel which precedes and the other with the one that follows. 9ftut*ter, greim=be, 33e*refo*fam=fett 4. Two consonants which represent one sound are treated as a single consonant. 9ftie*t§en, 9JZen=fd)ett, 33ifj*$en. 5. When three or more consonants, all of which are sound- ed, occur between two vowels, so many of them as may be used together in the same order at the beginning of a word will belong to the succeeding syllable. (Eent^ner, 3)ftng*jiert, f«fyimpf*tetu- 6. Generally, however, compound and derivative words are divided according to their original elements. Un*ent*fcfyfof*fett*§eit, £ri$*MMi«0*!$ef« IV. ACCENT. The general ruies for accentuation in the German are essentially the same as in English ; they are, however, much more closely followed. 1. Derivative Words. The radical syllable of a derivative word receives the accent. 2faf*merf'*fam*fett, er4tag'4td), »er*jian'*ben. a. The inseparable prefixes ant, mtjjj, ur, and un, are accented. fdje. a. When two separable particles are compounded, the second regularly takes the accent. fyin^auf, ber, I have silver. £a£e \$ ®olt> ? Have I gold ? 3$ ^abe ®oIb unb @if6er, I have gold and silver. 1. The first person singular of the verb regularly terminates in e» 3$ Btutge ©oft). I bring gold. 3$ ftnbe meitt ©tlfter* I find my silver. 3$ Itefte. I love. 3$ ftnge* I sing. $abt t$ meitt ©oft) ? Have I my gold ? 21 22 THE PRESENT TENSE. [II. n. Again we have bit for thou, in which is the change of th to b. £)it f)a(L £)u ftnbeft ©UBer J)ter. 23rmg(e)ft bu bem ®la$ ? 23mbeftbtt? Sieb(e)ftbu en, to find. Vocabulary, Stnben, to bind. #aBen, to have. 9fem, no. Sringen, to bring. £ter, here. ©em, his. 3>ttt, thy, thine. 3d), I. ©te, she. £)u, thou. 3«/ in > int <>- ©te, you, they. (Sr, he. 3ft, is. ©fiber, silver, gittbett, to find. 3a, yes. ©tttgett, to sing. (Slag, glass. £tebett, to love. Uttb, and. (Mb, gold. 5^ettt, my, mine. $rtter, father. ®rag, grass. Gutter, mother. SBtr, we. Examples, 3d) fjafce ©olb $ter, £)u X>aft ©oft> uttt) ©Met in 9lem gjorf, 9flein ®olb ift in 93ofloiu 24 THE ADNOMINAL WORD. [V. Sftein $ater §at fein ©ilfcer t)iei\ S)ctn $ater fcrtngt beitt ©lag, gmbett ©ic ©olb imb ©lag l)ier ? Stem, itfy ftnbe ©lag in $eoria. Gutter l)at ©lag imb $ater l)at ©rag. 3ft bein SSatcr §ter? Stein, er ifl itt Sonbon. (Seitt 35ater l)at ©olb rntb ©ilber itt SBoftotu 33rtngen @ie ©olb? 3a, tdj fringe meitt ©otb* Exercise. Have you gold ? No, I have silver. Is my father here ? No, he is in Boston. Do yon bring my gold ? Yes, I bring thy gold and silver. Do you find grass here ? Yes, I find grass here. My father finds gold and silver. His father is in New York. Do you sing ? Yes, I sing. Does thy father sing ? He sings and we sing. Does she bind ? No, I bind. Has she my silver ? No, she has his silver. My father brings his glass. Is my father singing? Does thy father bring grass ? I find gold and silver in New York, and my father finds glass in Chicago. His father brings my gold, and thy father finds his silver. My father loves gold, and his gold is here. LESSON SECOND, The Adnominal Word. V. The English t often becomes g in the German. 28ag fyaBett ©ie ? What have you ? 3$ $afce SBaffev. I have water. VI.] THE ADNOMINAL WORD. 25 3ft eg toarm ? Is it warm ? 9iein, eg ift ntdjt toarm. No, it is not warm. VI. An adnominal word takes for its termination the personal pronoun which would stand for the noun limited. Diefer(bief=er)9ftamtl)at gieoet. This man has fever. Diefeg (bief^eg) ©olb.ift mein. This gold is mine. Setter Qen*er) £iger fommt. That tiger comes. Sr oringt jeneg (Jett^eg) ©lag. He brings that glass. 1. This pronoun is usually somewhat modified in form. Diefe (btef*fte) Dametjat @ilber. This lady has silver. Der (er) Doctor fmbet bag (eg) The doctor finds the gold. ©oft). Die (jte) Gutter Iteotbie Dame. The mother loves the lady. Da^ SBajfer ift tyier. The water is here. Diefe fjrau $at orautteg ipaar. This woman has brown hair. 2. The adnominal word does not take a termination when used as a predicate. Der SBolf ift ttrilt*. The wolf is wild. Diefeg SSaffer ift Bratm. This water is broWn. Dieg ift nicfyt meine Gutter. This is not my mother. VII. (£ttt (a, an), fetn (no) and the possessive pronouns omit their terminations in the masculine and neuter of the nominative singular. ■JDtem 2?ater fommt. My father is coming. 9fteitt ipaar ift oratm. My hair is brown. £at 3^r 2>ater bag Jpaug ? Has your father the house ? , wild. 2Bolf, wolf. £)er 9flann X>at bag Staffer nnb bie gran f)at bag ©lag. 2Ba5 ftnben <5ie? 3$ ftnbe ein £ang. 3$ fyctfre ein Jpan^, eine gran unb eine 9ttntter. 2Bir fyaben fein ©olb, fein <8ilber nnb feine Gutter* Diefer SSftann ift mein Doctor ; er fommt. 3ene Dame fenbet mcine 9ftntter in bag ipaug. 2Bag bringen 3§r SSater nnb mein SBrubcr? Diefer £iger nnb jener SCotf fyaben branneg £aar. 9ftein ©oljn lommt in bag £ang. ginben <5ie bic Dame nnb tf)r ®otb? £iebft bn beine Gutter, mein ©ofyn? 3a, mein $ater, tdj liebe meine Gutter. 23ringen ©ie-toarmeg SBajfer? 3$ brtnge eg. ■Jpaben ©ie ein (&la$ ? 9iein, id) fyabe fein @>la$. Der Doctor lommt ; mein SBrnber tyat gteber. VIII.] THE CASES. 27 Exercise. What have you ? I have silver and gold. I find my mother here. My father and my mother have brown hair. The doctor brings warm water. This man is my father and this woman is my mother. This lady brings your gold and my silver and her glass. We love your mother. Do you bind my hair ? No, I bind it not. That lady loves hel mother. I love that wife and this lady. Do you find my house ? Your house is not here. His house is not warm. My son is here, and my brother is coming. My wife is not here, she is in Boston. We find the water here. I love my silver, and you love your mother. Have you no grass ? No, I have no grass. His father and your wife and my son love her mother. Your brother is here. We send this lady into the house. What has the wolf ? What does the tiger find ? LESSON THIRD. The Cases. VIII. The accusative case corresponds to the objective of the English. The accusative of the adnominal word is always like its corresponding nominative, except in the masculine singular where it takes the euphonic ending en. The ter- mination is here formed from U)tt (him). £)er Doctor fmbet Me £>ame. The doctor finds the lady. £)ie Gutter ormgt ba3 QBo'fo. The mother brings the gold. £)a3 ©itoer tft in er £igerftnbetbett(tf)tt)9Jcantt. The tiger finds the man. 2 28 THE CASES. [IX. £)er 25a ter IteBt feinen <3o§n. The father loves his son. 3$ liefte meinen 33rnber* I love my brother. 3ene Gutter fenbet ifyren @of)tt. That mother sends her son. 3$ IteBe meine gran. I love my wife. ginben fte U)r $au$ ? Do they find their house ? 3a, fte ftnben e3. Yes, they find it. IX. The possessive case is called the genitive. No apostrophe is required in forming the genitive case. £)e3 gtfcfyerS (So^n ift l)ier. The fisher's son is here. £)e$ Sutlers $M)t ift meig. The miller's flour is white. 3d) fefye metneS 35rnber3 ©elb. I see my brother's money. $abm @ie 3fyre3 SSaterS $an$ ? Have you your father's house ? £>tefe3 SO^annei? gran ift reid). This man's wife is rich. 1. It more frequently follows the noun that is limited. 2)a3 papier betneS 23rnberS ift Thy brother's paper is brown. brann. (£r l)at ben gifd) bc3 gifdjerS. He has the fisher's fish. ©efyen ©ie ben grennb be3 Wuh Do you see the friend of the ler3 ? miller ? 3ft ba6 (5i^ 3f)re3 23rnber3 tjter ? Is your brother's ice here ? Sftein, mem £err, e3 ift nidjt fyier. No, sir, it is not here. X. The feminine noun has no genitive ending. The termination of the adnominal word in the singular is made from it) r (her). £)er (tf)r) Dame $aav ift ftrann. The lady's hair is brown. T)a$ £aar ber Dame ift lang. The lady's, hair is long. ©e()en <3ie ben ©o()ttbiefer gran? Do you see this woman's son. 2)a$ 23rob meiner Gutter ift n>ei£. My mother's bread is white. £a1jen ©tc 3§rer gran ©elb ? Have you your wife's money ? X.] THE CASES. 29 Vocabulary. 5lt>er, but. 23rob, bread. Stg, ice. geuer, fire. gtf($, fisb. gtfcfyer, fisher. Srcunb, friend. ®elb, money. ©viin, green. $VCX, gentleman, £eu, bay. 3f)rt, bim. $orn, grain, corn. £ang, long. 9J?abam, madam. 9J?e()l, flour, meal. Mr. 9D*em #err, sir. littler, miller. £)ber, or. papier, paper. SRetcf), rich. (Set) en, to see. ©imnjjen, to spring, leap. SBetp, wbite. Examples, ©efyen @te jene ober biefe 1)amt ? 3dj feJje biefe Dame unb jenen Sftann* T)a$ ipeu ift mem, after bag @t$ tft beat* Sffteineg greunbeg &eu ift ni$t grain* Der 23ruber t?e«5 gifefyerg £>at grimes ®rag* Der ©olm biefer Dame ift 3fyv greunb. ©te bringt bag papier 3§ r er Gutter* Sr fprang in bag*S3affer ; er ftnbet bag ©elb* SCir lommen in bag ^pauS tmb ftnben ben Sftamt* $aUn ©ie wet peg ober brauneg papier ? 9lein, Sftafcatrt, id) ^abe lein Papier* SBag fyaben ©ie, ben gifd) ober bag 23rob ? 3dj fyabe leinen gifd) unb fetn 23rob* ©efyen e lein tf orn, id) fef)e 3f)reg £aterg 9M)L Jpaben ©ie roeifeg Q3rob ober roarmeg SBaffer ? ginben ©te meinen retd)en greunb fyier ? Dtefeg £aug ift nid)t marm, aber eg ift lang* 3()r @ol)n fpringt in bag gener* ©e()en fie .(jit? 3$ fet)e meinen ©otyn, aber nid)t bag getter* £at ber flitter brauneg $orn ober roeifeg ? 30 THE PLURAL. [XI Exercise. Do you see my father's brother ? No, I see your brother's wife. The doctor comes and finds my friend. The miller has his father's money. I have your son and his money. What have you, sir ? I have my friend's house and your wife's paper ? Is your mother here, madam ? No, she is in Boston or in Portland. I love green grass. Do you see this lady's hair ? Her hair is long but not brown. What do you find here ? We find white corn and brown bread. I bring my brother and you send your son. This fisher and that miller have no money. Do you see the doctor's paper ? That lady and this gentleman have no bread. Have you a husband, madam ? Yes, he is in Chicago. This fire is not warm. I have the ice and the fish. My brother's wife loves your friend's mother. My wife's brother loves your mother's friend. Do you see his father ? No, I see his brother and my friend. LESSON FOURTH. The Plural. XL D is frequently changed to t. IDctS better ift nicfyt gut The weather is not good. (£g ift fef)r fait. It is very cold. 3)tefe ©cms ift alt. This goose is old. 3ener gtfdj ift lang imb Brett. That fish is long and broad. T>a$ ©ilBer ift nid)t fyart The silver is not hard. T)tefe3 SBort ift lang. This word is long. Strinfen ©ie Staffer ? Do you drink water ? XII.] THE PLURAL. 31 XII. Corresponding to fte (they), the regular plural termination is e. £)tefe fttffyt ftnb fdjon* These fishes are beautiful. 3d) liefce meine grennbe. I love my friends. £)ie 2)inge ftnb betn. The things are thine. 3ene SBorte ftnb nid)t mein. Those words are not mine. l.~ Masculine and feminine nouns which take their plural in e soften the stem- vowel when it is hard (a, o, it, au). 3ene ©attfe fdjttummett. Those geese swim. £)tefe2Bolfe ftnb nid)t toilb. These wolves are not wild. 3d) ftrtbe meine ©ofyne. I find my sons, ©efyen ©ic toetfe £aare? Do you see white hairs ? 2. Nouns which in the singular terminate in e take the euphonic ending to indicate the plural. Those taking the euphonic n or en in the plural do not change the stem-vowel. Observe that, after a vowel, and usually after a liquid, the euphonic termination is n instead of en. £)ie £)amen tjaBen etnen $tfd). The ladies have a fish. SSfteine $mnt ift fefjr alt. My hen is very old. $abm ©te Branne £ennen ? Have you brown hens ? XIII. S sometimes becomes fdj. Der ©djttcm ift wetg nnb fd)5n. The swan is white and beautiful. £)ie ©cfyroatte liekn ba6 Staffer. The swans love the water. T)a fdjfotmmen bte $tfd)e. There swim the fishes. (Seine ante ©d)tt>efter fptelt. His good sister is playing. 32 THE PLURAL. [XIII. sat, old. SBacfer, baker. 33mt, broad, wide. T)rt / there. £)mq, thing, gem, fine, gteiftt), flesh, meat. gleiftt)er, butcher, ©and, goose. Vocabulary* ©nt, good, well. ■£)art, hard. $enne, hen. £alt, cold. ei£e £emten. liefer 23acfer fyat mein meij^ed 23rob* 3d) ()abe feinev?, n>ei§ed papier, after fie f)afcen fcrauned, Sfteined 2>aterd ©djmane fdjnnmmen fefyr gut. Sd ift fef)r falter ^Better unb id) fyaBe fein 23rob, ginbet 3fyre <2d)ivefter fd)i?ne f$tf(^c? SBer Icmmt in bad £aud, mein outer ^reunb ? £>er 33ruber bed s 3Mtlerd fteljt I)icr unb ftnat 2Ber fptelr, bie Sdjiuejier bed SBaderd ? Hfteine ©oljne ftcfyen unb fefyen ben SBoIf. SBir fyafcen fdjime ©anfe unb feined £eu, Diefed Sid ift fall unb hart unb fd)6m $Qa& bringen ©ie, mein £err, ^orn ober 9DM)f? liefer £err t)at a,ute greunbe; ift er fetjr reidj ? 2Mefe Damen trinfen fein failed Staffer. Exercise. Who is coming, the doctor or the baker ? My friends are here. Do you see these wolves ? My sister's son is playing. What is the doctor's son bringing ? My brother's wife has brown hens. Who has my paper ? The weather is cold but the fire is warm. I love beautiful weather. This weather is XIV.] THE GENITIVE PLURAL- 33 not good. Who is your friend ? My father has no friends. Your sister has a long, wide and brown house. Has the butcher good meat ? ' No sir, his meat is not good. These swans are very wild, but they are white and beautiful. There are your friends ; they are coming. This lady has a rich husband. He is a wise man. This ice is broad ; do you see it ? I am bringing my son ; do you see him ? My mother's house is old and she has the fever. Who sings these words ? There is your sister. LESSON FIFTH. The Genitive Plural and Past Participle. XIV. The letter y is often changed to g. $3a3 fagett ©ic ? What do you say ? SBir [pitmen 6taue3 ©arm We spin blue yarn, ©em 5Iuge ift Muttg. His eye is bloody. IMefeS Staffer ift etftg. This water is icy. XV. The termination of the genitive plural of adnominal words is similar to u)t (their). ■Sfftetner (tt)r) ©6!me fyau$ ift fjter. My sons' house is here. Stjrer $mmbe £eber ift tyart. Your friends' leather is hard. T)a ift t>a£ 9ceft jeuer ©cfymane. There is the nest of those swans. 2Bo ift bte2Utgen fetner gifdjefmfc Matt. The eyes of his fishes are blue. 34 THE GENITIVE PLURAL. [XVL XVI. The past participle takes the prefix ge, 3$ t)a&e nidjt geltef>(e)t I have not loved. (£r ift gef alien. He has (is y fallen. SReitt SSatcr §at gefprod)eit. My father has spoken. 1. In irregular verbs it takes the euphonic ending. ©ic f)at gefpomten. She has spun. ©r fyat getrunfen. He has drank. $at betn Dttlcl oftgefungett '( Has thy uncle often sung ? Sr ift nidjt gefommen. He has (is) not come. XVII. If the verb is composed of two or more words, all but the finite part is thrown to the end of the sentence. £fjoma3 bat fcitt 33ud) gefunben. Thomas has found his book. fyabtn ©ie mem papier gefyabt? Have you had my paper? 9Wtt, id) fyabe e3 nid)t get)aBt No, I have not had it. 3d) ()abe feitt 2Bort gefyih't. I have not heard a word. $3ir fyabtn em 2Qott 311 fagert. We have a word to say. SBoflen ©ie ^ier ntdjt ftefyen? Will you not stand here? 3d) tyctfce tt)tt gefefyen. I have seen him. XVIII. Change t to 3. 2Bo ift ba$ ©at} ? Where is the salt ? £)ein iper^ ift eiftg fait. Thy heart is icy cold. £>iefe -ftul} ift fc(>r jabm. This cow is very tame. Sftein 3" nmer tft gu warm. My room is too warm, ©e^toiro^wflnn *)<** ^ 3 mn « The carpenter has the tin. XVIII.] THE PAST PARTICIPLE. 35 3huje, eye. 23cin, bone, leg. 33(au, blue. Slut, blood. 33tuttg, bloody. •Deittfcf}, German. Stftg, icy. (Sngltfo), English, gatieit, to fall, ©am, yarn. Vocabulary, $er$, heart, ^b'ren, to hear. 5luf), cow. Saut, loud, ^cber, leather. Sefcrt, to read. 9?eft, nest. £)ft, oft, often, ©ctgcit, to say. @rt(3, salt. ©ptmten, to spin. (Spred)cn, to speak. 2Bu, where. SCoUen, to will, to want. 3ie Seine biefer SBolfe fmb fefyr fang. £)ie 2tugen biefer Damen ftnb nid)t blau» £)iefer 2)amen 2Iugen ftnb nicfyt blau> fyaUn @tc bag @a(3 gefefyen, mem greunb ? 9tein, id) fyafte e3 nicfyt gefefyen. £6ren @ie, t»ag gran 33citf fagt '? 3d) t)6re, mad fie fagt ; fie fpinnt unb ftngt. 2Go finb ©ie? ^ommen ©ie in mein 3^ mmer » 3ened g(eifd) ift Mutig ; ed ift ntct>t gut 9fteine ©djtuejter §at grnei gifd)e gefyaot £at 3|r @o()n biefen 3tntmcrmann oft gefefyen ? 3a, ^Kabam, er tjat U)tt feC>r oft gefetjert* £at er bad 2eber, bad ®arn ober bad 3ta geljaot? $ein 9ftann Jjat beine ^mei greunbe gefefyem £)ed gifcfcerd utfd). ©ie liebt ifyre alte Gutter nid)t. 2* 36 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. [XIX. JExercise. Have you seen niy sister ? Your sister has (is) fallen into the fire. Where is your brother, my son ? Is your mother spinning my white yarn ? Have you seen my tame wolf ? This man sings too loud. What do you say, sir ? I say you are my old friend. Who has seen my cows ? I hear what you say, but I am reading English. Where is the swan's nest ? My heart is not here. Where is my father's house ? Have you the salt or the bread ? The miller's brother has my bread. Where are the fishes swimming ? This bone is very hard. What does your mother say ? This lady does not love her son. Your father has spoken. What has he said ? He says he has not heard one word. Do you love your good old mother ? My mother is good, but she is not old. Come into my room, sir. Who are you ? LESSON SIXTH. Weights and Measures. XIX. P may become f or jjf, 3ft btefc*? Staffer ticf ? Is this water deep ? 9J?em gjenfter tft nid)t off en. My window is not open, ©ein $orn tft fcfyr retf. His grain is very ripe. 2)etne3 33ater3 (2d)iff fommt. Thy father's ship is coming. £>a3 tft fetn $upfer. That is his copper. XX. After a word denoting measure, number or weight, the of in the English is omitted. XXI.] WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 37 3d) tvtnfe etn ©fog SBajfer. I drink a glass of water. ginben auv etn $fttttt> Jtupfer ? Do we find a pound of copper? Da ift etn ijalbeS $funt> ®olb. There is a half pound of gold. 1. The noun which expresses the measure, number or weight, stands in the singular. Sr trinft tret ®fa3 ©affer. He drinks three glasses of water. 2Btr faufen srier gajj gleifdj ? Have you two pounds of meat ? 2. If it is in the feminine gender, or expresses the amount of time or money, the plural is usually employed. SOietn ©o()n ift $ti)n %at)vt alt. My son is ten years old. XXI. In stating prices and in other similar cases where a or per is used, the definite article should be employed. 2Bte *>iel foftet SBicr ba» £>uart ? How much does beer cost a quart ? 2Sa3 ift jenew (Salj t>d6 $funb What is that salt worth per h>ertl) ? pound ? $3te tterfaufen @ie ba3 gag How do you sell flour a barrel ? 9Rf$l ? XXII. Change & to d). £>ter ift metn 23ad). Here is my book. SBtr Bremen bay StS. We break the ice. 2Ba3 mad) en ©ic ? What are you making ? Sr fnd)t fetnen SSater. He is looking for his father. Vocabulary. 71(3, than, when. -^Unb, dog. ^funb, pound. 23e(fer, better. 3at)r, year. Quart, quart. SBtcr, beer. iTaufnt, to buy. JKetf, ripe. 38. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. [xXII. Sredjen, to break. $aufmamt, merchant, ©attler, saddler. 23ud), book. friar, clear. ©d)iff/ sni P- 33ud$anbler, bookseller. Soften, to cost. <2d)mieb, smith, gaf}, barrel, cask. 9ftacfoen, to make. ©uttjen, to seek, to look gelb, field. 5D?et;r, more. Stef, deep. [for genfter, window. $lid)i$, nothing. Zud), cloth. $aib, half. sDffen, open. 23erfaufen, to sell. Examples, £)er ©attfer $at mef)r £ud) a(3 ber ©dunieb. £>er @o$tt bes Gutters ijerlauft frier ga§ SKeflL 1>ie gmmbe 3$re3 Setters faufen t>rct *Pfunb $ufcfer. ©iefes gtfdjerg vgdjwejter tft loicrjc^tt -3afyre alt 3$ faufe $wet $>funb gleifdj unb einen gifdh 2£er fyat mein aires £au3 gefauft? 3fyr greunb, be3 gifdjerg @o$u, fyat eg gefauft. (£r fud)t [etnen better unb fie fucftt U)re Sautter. SOtein ^ofyn fyat 3C)r 33etn nid)t a,ebrod)ciu £>er greunb beiner Gutter fyat em gute^ geuer gemadjt 2Ba3 ijabtn ©ie biefe3 3a^r gefauft, nteht @otjn ? 3d) l)abe bret $funb gletfd) unb gmei gaj* SD^c^.1 gefauft Sftetue grau fyat gtt>et unb cin fyalbes 3>funb 33rob. 3ene3 23ud) foftet meljr afs biefeS. 2)a3 jlorn femes greunbeS ift ^u I)art unb $u reif. Unfer rotfyee 1 ®arn ift nid)t tt)eu(e)rer ati 3fyr mifyti Xufy. £)iefer ^aufmann ift reidjer aU 3^r ©ruber. 2Bie »ie( ift 3fyr guteS, n?eipe» papier roert^ ? 3d) fyabe fein iveifjeS papier ^u aerfaufeu. Exercise. Where is your friend, the miller ? Who has seen my book ? Here is your book, sir. I have broken your brother's ]eg. Who has seen my old hen ? What are you looking for ? I am looking for my brother's book. What do you say ? I say you are an old man. Your father is a good man. The ships are. XXIII.] THE IMrERFECT. 39 coming. What does this hay cost ? I sell good hay. Do you sell fine salt ? Yes, and I have fine blue yarn. I have broken this man's leg. His leg is not broken. Have you seen the doctor ? This carpenter has (is) fallen into the water. The water is not deep. He is bringing three casks of water. My window is not open. I have fourteen barrels of flour. Have you spoken German ? This merchant has fine cloth. How much is your dog worth ? He is not for sale. My son's house is for sale. Do you sell fishes ? This weather is very warm. I have nothing to say. Do you speak English or German ? I do not drink beer. I have not bought two barrels of flour. I do not speak German. I see a wide field and green grass. What do you see ? She has more money than you. His green hay is better than nothing. The bookseller sells this book very dear. Here is red yarn. This candle is too long. I am looking for my brother's house. Here is your sister's house. Bring me two quarts of meal. My son has not seen his dog. LESSON SEVENTH. The Imperfect. XXIII. D in a few cases becomes t§. $3ct3 ttum @ie ? What are you doing ? S)iefeS £eber ijl-fc^r tfyeaer* This leather is very dear. (Seitt Z\\§ ift rott). His cloth is red. XXIV. The past tense is usually called the imperfect. In the imperfect the third person singular is like the first. The other persons terminate the same as in the present tense. 40 THE IMPEHFECT. [xxv. 3dj litb(t)tt ntcine Gutter* (£r UeBte feinen SSater.. 2Ba6 foftete biefeS £013? @te fnd^te if>re &ante. HBtr fauften nid)t3* 2Ber fagte t>te3 ? ©ic ftoftten ntd)t fommetu I loved my mother. He loved his father. What did this wood cost ? She was looking for her aunt. We bought nothing. Who said this ? They would not come. XXV. In the imperfect of irregular verbs, the first person singular does not terminate in e. 3dj fprcmg imt> fang. 3$ falj metnen £)nfe(. Sr lam imb fcfymamm. 3d) fattb metn 9ftcffcr. ©a^cn ©ie metn SBoot? SBtr famen in ba$ Sweater. 2Btr fanben unfcre £ante. I leaped and sang. I saw my uncle. He came and swam. I found my knife. Did you see my boat ? We came into the theatre. We found our aunt. 1. The principal parts of the irregular verbs are not given at this point. For a complete analysis and classification of these verbs, and a view of the close resemblance they bear to their brothers in the English, see Part II (44 — 55). XXVI. Change gh to dj. £tefe3 8t<$t ift frfjr ffor* 2Bo ift metn sftadjbar ? Da fommt 3()re £od)ter* Unfer £an$ ift fer>r $odj. SBir I)al>en ad)t ©djwane. (Sr ge()t bnrd) bas gelb. This light is very clear. Where is my neighbor ? There comes your daughter. Our house is very high. We have eight swans. He goes through the field. XXVI.] THE IMPERFECT. 41 Vocabulary. %% all. £0$, high. ©djarf, sharp. 53anb, band, ribbon. $olj, wood. ©titcf, piece. 23(et, lead. $(ettt, small, little. Zantt, aunt. Soot, boat. SHcljt, light, candle. Sweater, theatre. (Soncert, concert. 9ftef[er, knife. Shelter, dear. SDurdj, through. Sttetatt, metal. £()un, to do. (Stfen, iron. 9hd)bar, neighbor. £od;ter, daughter. ©a$, gas. Del, oil. Un3, us. ©olbfdjmteb, goldsmith. Onfel, uncle. Unfer, our. ®rojjj, large, great. $aar, pair. Skrftefyen, to understand. £ei§, hot. SRotf), red. SBann, when. Examples. 2)iefer $anfmann tterfanft feirt Xnd) $n teener, 3fyr toetjjes ©arn ift tfyeuret afo bicfcd* SMefer 23nd)I)anbler ift reidjer aU mein 23ruber» (Er tiefct un$, after er tte6t feine Gutter nid)t SBte alt ift 3§re Softer? Sl^t^n 3af)re alt SBann njottctt @ie in ba3 Sweater fommen ? SBotlen ©ie gtoei $aat meiner <3d)tt>ane faufen? 3d) tyafce ttier nnb groan^a, $fnnb Sifett gefanft ^erftefyen @te, »a3 3$*e Xante fagt? £)as Sifen nnb bag 3^«n ftnb fyarte Sftetalle* 3ene3 Jpolg mad)t etn fetyr fyetfjeS gener, 2Btr f)a6en lein gnte3 33oot gefunben. £)er 33ader fyat cin groped ©titcf g(eifd) gefanft* 3d) serftefye nid)t, \va$ metne ^rennbe fagen. 3ene3 23anb ift mefyr foertfy aU btefes. £>tefe3 ©as ift fet)r gnt, tote $ie( foftet e$ ? Exercise. My father is forty years old. This wood is too long. He came into my house. Where is your blue ribbon ? Your brother has bought sixteen cows. All money is not good. 42 THE DATIVE CASE. XXVII.] What have you found ? My aunt has a little boat. Are you coming to (into) the theatre ? Have you seen my long sharp knife ? Her uncle sprang into the water and swam. This gas is not good. Our gaslight is better than this. We came and found him here. The merchant has bought seventy-five barrels of flour. How much is lead worth a pound ? Do you understand what the miller said ? How old are these cows ? This (one) is seven years old, that (one) is eight. This metal is very hot. Have you seen my father very often ? We have no gas but we have a candle. My neighbor has found his dog. My uncle is richer than your aunt. How often do you buy your wood ? Here are twenty-five pounds of lead. The gold- smith has bought two pounds and a half of gold. LESSON EIGHTH. The Dative Case. XXVII. The indirect object is called the dative. 3$ getjc il)m 33rob. I give him bread. 2Btr brtngen ifyr ba$ ©Ia3. We bring her the glass. XXVIII. The dative . singular of the masculine and neuter of the adnominal word terminates in m. This termination is formed from it)m (him). Sr Brtngt fetttem $ater (Mb. He brings his father money. ©te geBen 3f)rem S3 ruber §letf<$. They give your brother meat. ©ie fdjtcft bem SSacfer ba3 9JM)(. She sends the baker the flour. SQBir fcfyretbeu bem ?5tfd)er» We are writing to the fisher. apier. I bring my mother paper. Sr fd)tdt fctncr Xante etn 25nd). He sends his aunt a book. 3d) gebe 3(H'cr ©cfyroejter nttfytS. I give your sister nothing. ■SSir fenben tf)r ifyren ©ofyn. We send her her son. ©ie fd)reiot ifyrer Softer. She writes (to) her daughter. 2. When a noun for euphony requires e3 in the genitive singular, its dative singular retains e. ©eben @ie 3fyrem @ot)ne£ndj ? Do you give your son cloth ? (£r gab fetnem ipnnbe gteifdj. He gave his dog meat. T>n fd)idft bent Sftcmne ba3 Del* Thou sendest the man the oil. XXIX. All datives plural take the euphonic ending. In this case the ending is made from tfjnen (to them). 3$ gebe metnen ^rcunben ®elb. I give my friends money. ©ic fd)tdt tf)ren @6f)nen Staffer. She sends her sons water. SBir geben ben ©amen i^r ©am. We give the ladies their yarn. XXX. Some prepositions govern the dative (58). 3ft er ^u £anfe ? Is he at home ? ©te lam gn ifym. She came to him. 2t>ir gefyen $n nteinem 35rnber. We go to my brother. 28 ir getjen nadj £aufe. We are going home. @te gef)t nad) Lofton. She is going to Boston. ©et)t er mit 3fyttett ? Is he going with you ? £)er $nabe lam son SPortlanb. The boy came from Portland. ©ie lamen au& bem £)orfe. They came out of the village. ®el)t er mit tfynen ? Is he going with them ? 28er lommt mit tfyr ? Who comes with her ? ©ie lommt son il)rem $ater. She comes from her father's. 44 THE DATIVE CASE. XXX.] Vocabulary. M 5lug, out, out of. SfyltCtt, to you, to tliem. ^d)tcfen, to send. 23ar, bear. 3fyr, her, to her. <2>d)reiben, to write. 33ett, bed. Rnaht, boy. @o, so. £)orf, village, town. $xant, ill, sick. <5>ofa, sofa, ©eben, to give. £attb, land, country. ©tilt, still, ©eben, to go. tylit, with. Xtyox, gate, ©rab, grave. ^ad), to (a place). $on, from, by. 3&m, him, to him. ,3ffix, new. SBobl, well. Examples, (Sem $ater gefyt nttt ifym nad) bent X)orfe» SSotlen @te 3()vem 25ruber btefeg 23ucf) geben ? £abert ©ie metner Gutter bag 25anb gegeben ? (£r fyat bent ©attler t>iet £eber gefd)idt 2Bann tft ber $nabe au$ bem £)orfe gefommen ? $3te n?eit tft eg son tjter nad) 2Baf fytngton ? SSte toett ift eg »on ba nad) 9ttd)monb ? £>iefer $nabe ift toofy, aber fein 2Sater tft frant fyabm ©ie bag ©rab metner Gutter gefeljen? SBir t^aben unfren greunben etn neueg 23ud) gefdjidt. 9ttetne greunbe serfaufen bent 23acfer U)r Sftetyl. ©tfciden ©ie t§nen bag Sett ifyreg Dnfetg ? 2Bir fommen son $ort(anb tmb gefyen nad) Chicago* £aben ttnr nid)t nttt feinem SSruber gefprod)en? Exercise. Who is going with you ? My aunt is thirty years old ; my brother is not so old. Have you seen our new bed ? Our neighbor is going to New York. Will you go with him ? No, I am going with your aunt. Our tame bear came from Berlin. This boy is loved by all his friends. My father is not very well. He is not ill. Where is your little gate ? Is your father at home ? No, sir, he is not at home. Me is coming home. Is your mother coming with him ? She is XXXI.] THE GENDERS. 45 going to Detroit. ^How far is it from Jackson to Detroit ? How far is it from here to Peoria ? Has your wife given you her knife ? There is my sister's grave. Has your uncle given you his money ? I sell my father fine cloth. Will you write (to) my father ? I have more than forty hens. These ladies are going to Boston with their sons. Here is a sick boy. They gave us their new house. Write (you) to us often. He leaps out of the water. Where is your aunt's sofa ? This is a beautiful country. LESSON NINTH. The Genders. XXXI. In the German there is no common gender. The neuter often supplies its place. 3)a3 iamm ift ntcfyt ttntb. The lamb is not wild. £)tefe$ <3djtt>ettt ift fett This swine is fat. 3d) t)ctfte em fcfyoneS s Pferb. I have a fine horse. 2Btr fyakn ein guteS .ftmb. We have a good child. 2Me8 ift meitt ©djaf* This is my sheep. 3ene$£alb ift em f)alBe$3af)r alt That calf is half a year old. <£r fhtbet baS SStefy* He finds the cattle. £)er ^(etfdjer tterfauft bag £utm. The butcher sells the chicken. 1. Diminutives formed by adding cfyen and leitt are also of the neuter gender. The hard radical vowel is softened. ©etjett @ie bas ipimbdjett ? Do you see the little dog ? £a!6en fte ein ©djroejterdjen ? Have they a (dear) little sister ? 46 THE GENDERS. [XXXIII. 3ene3 graulein ift fe^r fd)6tu That young lady is very beautiful. SCotlen ©ie biefe3 ©djnjeittdjen? Do you want this pig ? SGir fyaben em 3)ferfcdjen gefauft We have bought a pony. £)a3 JfruiWem fyat emSiimmdjen. The little boy has a lambkin. XXXII. Nouns terminating in e, t, or uttg, are for the most part of the feminine gender. (Sr get)t ctu3 ber ©tafct. He is going out of the city. £)ie Slofc ift erne fdjone SBhtme. The rose is a beautiful flower. Sfleine Soufine rootmt in £1*09. My cousin dwells in Troy. ©ie fommt au3 t>er ©d)ute. She' is coming out of the school. 2Bo ift feme SBoJjmmg ? Where is his dwelling ? 1. Feminine -nouns may be formed from the corresponding masculines by adding m(tt) and softening the radical vowel, if the latter is hard. 3d) fucfye meine gremtbitn I am looking for my (female) friend. (£r Jjort toe £igerut imt> SSiitftn. He hears the tigress and the she wolf. 2)er ©cfyiilev fommt git t>er Se^The pupil comes to the (fe- reritu male) teacher. XXXIII. A majority of the nouns not included in the above rules, which have not been employed in the preceding lessons and are of the neuter gender in the English, are masculine in German. Those which differ from these principles will, here- after, be followed in the vocabularies by m, f, or n, to indicate whether they are of the masculine Jeminine or neuter gender. SBotteit ©ie t>en B^der ? Do you want the sugar ? £)er Sefyrer fcfyreifct etnen 23rief* The teacher writes a letter, ©ie IjaUn guten SGein. You have good wine. xxxni.] TITE GENDERS. 47 23(ume, flower. 93rtef, letter. Sou fine, cousin. ftett, fat. grautein, young lady. g-rautcin 33,, Miss B. gllfr foot. $ ill) it, chicken. SSalb, calf. Vocabulary, $tnb, child. Samm, lamb. Sefjre, instruction. £ef)ren, to teach. £ebrer, teacher. Sei&en, to lend, spfcrb, horse. SRofe, rose. <©4>af, sheep. (Settle, school. (5d)u(er, scholar, pupil. <2ct)tt>ettt, swine. (Stabt, city, town. SSteh, cattle. SBetn, wine. SBobnen, to dwell. 2Bo()nung, dwelling. 3udtr, sugar. Examples. $at meine Confine bct3 ^)fcrb ifyres 33ater$ gefefyen ? Diefe 3tofc ift siet »ctf er ate jene* SSotten ©ie meinem 23a ter 3§r $ferb leifyen? 2S often ©ie feiner grennbin cincn SBricf fdjret&en? ©te tjat 3Jjnen ttkle 23riefe gefdjtcft. £)iefer $nabe brtrtgt feiner £el)rerin ba$ 93udj»- SMefeS £amm ift flutter ate jetted $alfc* SCir ijabtn siele £od)fci)nten in 2(merifa. £)iefe Sefjrerin lefyrt unfer Heine* $inb. Sr l)at funfjefyn $funb ftudtx gefaufh £aben ©ie ifym toeifje 33lumen gegeben? SSir trinfen feinen 2Bein nnb lein 33ier, Unfere (Eoufmen lefen ifyre 35riefe, granlein S3 o wen lommt au3 nnferer @tabt DtcfeS £an3 ift fed^tg %u$ fang, 9flein gammdjen ift beffer ate 3§r $alb* 2Bie mete ©cfyafe Ijat ber gleifc^er gefyabt? £)ie ©djiilertn f)at bent Sefyrer cine ^ftofe gefd)i(ft 33ringen er (&Q$n biefeS alten 9ttamte3 The son of this old man is fptett. playing. 2Bir geben tier franfen Xod)ter We give the sick daughter ®elb. money. Unfere reidjen ©finite fieben i§re Our rich sons love their young jungen $)ferbe. horses. (£r fdjuf t btefen armen Stnabtn He sends these poor boys a new etnen neuen 23atL ball. 1. In the nominative singular it takes e. £>er gnte 9ftann ift fefyr tafym. The good man is very lame. S)iefe3 grope fette ©cfyaftjat feme This large fat sheep has flue 5BotIe. wool. iOZeine aire ©rofjmutter ift bltnb. My old grandmother is blind. 2. The accusative singular of the feminine and neuter is, of course, like the nominative. See rule (VIII). Sfteine Gutter tiebt U)re fiipe My mother loves her sweet SRofe. rose. £)a$ Heine $tnb §at ba$ tteipe The little child has the white Stalb. calf. er 5Sogc( fmgen? ^onnen u ftc()ft ben tyaxh Thou seest the park. (Ev lauft in ben 2Qalb. He runs into the forest. ®i(e)fct er 3^nen etrcaS ? Does he give you anything? @tc fprtdjt granjoftfd). She speaks French. £)er SSaunt f&fft The tree falls. 1. It will be observed that this modification applies to a and e + The latter is changed only where it is a single stem- vowel, as in gefren, fpredjeiu In this case the e becomes t, or, if f) immediately follows, ie. Vocabulary, 5tber, but. ©arten, garden. ©c^fojjett, to beat, to Styfrf, apple. Smtner, always. ©d)ott, already, [strike. 2irm, poor. ^onnen, can, to be able. (£>d)tt>arj, black. 33db, soon. Satynt, lame. ©ptelen, to play, SBfttt, ball. Snufctt, to run. ©up, sweet. 23Ietben, to remain, stay. ^Sfttr, m e> to me. f80Q(\, bird. !Dtr, thee, to thee. ^itfjett, must, tobeob- 2Batb, forest, wood. (Sttoag, any, anything. $arf, park. [liged. 3Bofle, wool, granjofifd), French. ©cfylafen, to sleep. SBoKett, woolen. Examples. Qaz tranfe $tnb lann nidjt fdjkfen. Winn 25riiberd)en Iteft bag fran^ofifcCjc 23it<$* $ann 3£)t*e Gutter ber @d)tt>efter metner Iranlen Secretin einen fiigen Slpfcl fcfytcfen ? 5)er gnre, atte, Mtnbe 5D?ann §at eine Heine, fcfyone Jotter. £)a6 graulein teifyt ber nenen ©djiilerin einen rotten 33atL X)ie groj^en $nafcen fptelten immer mit ben ffeineiu 5D^etn fcfywarger £nnb fncfyt ben SSogcl, after er ftnbet tf)n ntd)t 3$ null ntein bentfcfyesS S3nd) ftnben nnb e3 tefen. ©er jtaufmann gtbt 3(jrem bentfd)en Scorer etn grojjes ^pn^n, 9#eine (Eonftne fpridjt $ran$oftfdj mit ifyrer fic^rcrin. 2Ber mitt biefe feme tteipe SBotte fanfen ? 52 THE EUPHONIC DECLENSION. [xXXVII. 2)er Icttjme StnaU Metfct immer §n £anfe. 2Ber §at bir btefen $ogel gegefcen ? S)etn gnter better gab tf)n mir. ©ie tjat bent 23ruber biefer 2)anten brei lange 23rtefe gefcfyriefcen* 9ft it (fen ©ie fo fcalb in bte @ta"bt get>en ? SO^ettt ®rofji>ater !ann nitty t cms bent ipanfe fommem 5)as jal)me ©(fytoein ift in ba3 tiefe SCajfcr gefatfen* 2Ber tanft bnrd) ba^ ojfene gelb ? Exercise, Can this hoy run to the village ? I am obliged to go home. Your horses are running into my new garden. He must give his old father an apple. My dear child, where is your long letter ? I have sent it to my aunt. Has your little brother played with our boys? This large apple is sweeter than sugar. He sent me his blue ball. How soon is your uncle coming home ? He is already here. Will you sell my uncle seventeen pounds of wool ? Do you want to buy black wool ? Run into the garden and bring me your grandfather's knife. I want a piece of meat. Your little sister's ball is smaller than that red apple. Will you go through this broad park ? Your feet are not very large. This young lady must write a good letter to her old blind grandmother. The sister of those two little boys is always ill. I can not stay at home. Give me something to read. That blue bird sings sweeter than I. Our horse runs through the forest. Thou givest me too much. He speaks to his teacher and gives her a book. She reads an English book and goes home. They live in Brooklyn. XXXYIII.] THE PREPOSITIONS. 53 LESSON ELEVENTH. The Prepositions. XXXVIII. A few prepositions govern either the dative or accusative (58). They govern the dative when used with a verb which implies rest. T)a$ 33ucfy Itegt auf bem SHfdje. The book lies upon the table. £)a3 $inb tft in ber ©tabt. The child is in the city. £)er Sftann ft£t unterbem 33aume* The man sits under the tree. 2Bir ftefyen an bem Benfter, We stand at the window. 1. They govern the accusative with a verb which implies motion. 3$ lege bag S3ud) auf ben £ifdj. I lay the book upon the table. Dcr $naBe lauft in bag Dorf. The boy runs into the village. £)ie &vl§ gefyt unter ben 33aunu The cow goes under the tree, ©e^en nur an bag genftev? Go we to the window? 2. When thus used with the accusative they indicate an actual change of place not necessarilv denoted by the verb. 2)a3 ^inb lauft in ben ®arten, The child runs into the garden, bann lauft eg in bem ©arten* then runs in the garden. (Sr fpvirtgt in bag Staffer, after He leaps into the water, but er fdjwrimmt in bem SBajfer. he swims in the water. XXXIX. Some prepositions govern the genitive (56). These ex- pressions, usually called prepositions, were originally nouns with the genitive case depending upon them. 2Bir ttol)nen untt>ett ber ©tabt. We live near the city. 3$ Mtt l)iev anftatt meineg I am here instead of my father. $ater^ 54 THE PREPOSITIONS. [XL. (£r jttfjt jenfeitg be£ OfajfeS. He stands on the other side of the river, ©ie ftnb anfjer^alb be3 £anfe3. They are outside of the house. XL. 3fyr, the plural of bit, has t for the termination of its verb (1); (43). 3|r fjabt eu(e)re ^Pferbe. Ye have your horses. 3d) wax arm, tf)r mart reidj. I was poor, ye were rich. XLI. The reflexive pronoun of the third person does not change its form. I strike (me) myself. Thou strikest (thee) thyself. Ye strike (you) yourselves. We love (us) ourselves. The lady loves (self) herself. The ladies love themselves. (Er fe£t fid) auf ben <2>tu v I. He seats himself upon the chair. Vocabulary, 3d) fd)lage mid). Dn fd)taa.fi bid). 3tyr fdjlagt eud). 2Cir lieBen nn£. Die Dame ttefct ftd). Die Damen liefcen fid). Stcgcn, to lie. @e$ttt, to set, to seat. ©tfcen, to sit. X()iire, door. Xi\$ f table. Urttcr, under. $ttt, at, to. (Stfd), you, to you. 2luf, on, upon, in. Suer, your. Stujjertyalb, outside. glup, river. Slnftatt, instead. Winter, behind. 5£3aum, tree. 3^, ye, you. Dann, then. Simerfyaltv inside. Die$fett(S), on this side. 3enfeit(3), on the other Unterfyalb, beneath. (Sffen, to eat. £egen, to lay. [side. Unfoeit, near. Examples. Unmeit ber @d)Ule mofynen bie ^reunbe be^ reid)en .ftanfmanns. Die armert $naben fe£en fid) an ben Xtfd). (£r mar anfedjalb ber ©tabt, aber er fain in bie (Stabt. 3d) mill biefeS ©djaf anftatt jencr $u$. XLI.] THE PREPOSITIONS. 55 @ic fetjen |tdj auf bas griine ®xa$. $or bem £aufe ftefyt em f)o(c)f)er 33aum* ©ejjen @ie fid) auf btefen ©tufyf. 3$t fyaftt bie fd)oufiert 5>fcrbc in ber @tabh 5Wcinc $M)nung mar aufjerfyalB be3 X)orfe3. ©e^et eud) auf bas (Sopfya, tct) will auf einem ©tu^(e fljjetu ©te ging in ben Garten nub feiate fid) unter einen Slpfelfcaunu 2Gtr fd)lafen unter bem alien 93aume. @r fpielt in bem ©arten unb lauft auf bem gelb* 2Ber ift an ber £()iire f (Euer 9kd)bar fommt an bie Zfyux. (£r fljjt oor bem $euer unb ijjt fein 23rob* $ount ifyr mtr ettua^ ©elb leifyen? 3a, id) fyabe eud) etn>a3 gegeben* £>teffeit3 be3 £aufe3 ftefyt bie fd)6ne 2Bol)nung. T>a$ $inbd)en legte ba3 23ud) unter ben £ifd), " 3d) liege auf meinem 33ette unb lefe ein fleineS 23udj» SDtone Gutter ift mtr immer gut* Winter bem £ifd)e ft^en meine (Souftnen* liefer fdjfoarje £)&)$ ift gu tterfaufen* SXnftatt ber @d)afe tjat er 23te$ unb @d)ft>eine. Exercise. I seated myself at the table. These ladies dwell on the other side of the river. This little bird sings sweeter than that one. Are you going through the park ? Yes, I dwell on the other side of the park. We have a large white house near the high school. I must go to the window. You must stay here. I have bought a ripe apple. Has your aunt come already ? No, but she is coming soon. This child strikes itself with a book. Can you lend me some money ? The French gentleman is at the door. Who is standing behind you ? He laid the wood upon the fire. She found her knife upon the table. Stay here, I must go to my friend. This apple tree is twenty-six 56 THE COMPOUND TENSES. [XLII feet high. Where did you find your ball ? I found it under the sofa. Come soon. He goes and plays with her. She sleeps in the cold grave. The sweet flowers were her best friends. I love tall, green trees and broad rivers. Does your sister give you anything ? Yes, and she runs into the garden and plays with me. I am already in my fatherland. I must go home but I will see you soon. LESSON TWELFTH. The Compound Tenses. XLII. @em (to be) is regulary employed as the auxiliary of in- transitive verbs which denote a change of place or condition (41). Dad $ferb ift gegangcn. The horse is gone. £)er ^nafce mar gefaflen. The boy had fallen, ©ic ftnb md)t gefommen. They have not come. XLIII. The verb loevben is also an auxiliary. When it is not so used it means to become, to grow (42). 3d) tvevbe retd). I am becoming rich. £>er lag aurb fait. The day becomes cold. ©ie ift alt gemorben. She has grown old. 1. It is the auxiliary of the future tense (43, I, e). 3d) tterbe gefyen. I shall go. ®3 tvirb regnen. It will rain. ©ie tverben bdb fefyen. You will soon see. XLIV]. THE COMPOUND TENSES. 57 2. Also of the future perfect (43, I, f). ©ie nnrfc gcfungen ijabm. She will have sung. Sv wirb geltebt fyaben. He will have loved. 3. It is used throughout in forming the passive voice (43, II, a). ©u nrirft ot= Have you finished the transla- lenbet ? tion ? 3d) fjabe ba3 gange 33ud) iifcer* I have translated the whole fdjt. book. 3. Verbs terminating in irert (terett) also omit ge from the past participle. (Bit I)Ctt gut ftubirh She has studied well. 3ener^onigl)atSngfanbregtcrt. That king (has) ruled Eng- land. Vocabulary. Sluggefyen, to go out. Sarfjen, to laugh. tteljerfetjung, translation. 23efd)retben, to describe. £ad)e(n, to smile. Unglucflid), unfortunate. £>ap, that. 9?od), yet, still. 25ottenben, to complete. Srfyctlten, to receive. S^egteren, to rule. 2Bet(, because, ©anj, whole, entire. S^egrten, to rain. SBeldjer, who, which, ©liicf, n. happiness, for- (gem, to be. SBertttt, to become. ©Uicfttdj, happy, [tune, ©tubiren, to study. SBimfcfyen, to wish, fatten, to hold. £ag, day. $\xxM$styri, to go back. $bmg, king. Uekrfetjen, to translate. 3u™dfontmett, to return. 3* 60 THE COMPOUND TENSES. [xLVIII. Examples. S5ie stele $omge tyaben in ©rojjbritta'nien regtert? ®r fyatte einen 33ricf Don 3t)nen nod) nid)t erfyalten. ©eben @ie mtr nod) ettt)a$ gu iiberfetjen. (Er Iad)te fo laut, ba£ id) i^n fyoren fonnte. Sr ift an^gegangen, aber er wirb bait) ^nriidgefommen fettt. ©ie nntrbe franf nnb gtng mit i^rcr Gutter gurittf. 3d) miin[d)e ben ganjen s ])arf ju befcfyreiben. Silver gefyort Jjatte, ba§ fetn QSater n?ol)I mar, lief ber $nabe bnrdj ben 2BaIt> juritd. £)er fingenbe 25ogc( fafj auf bem boljen 93aume. 2({3 er in bie ©d)it(e gtng, let)vte U)tt ber £et)rer lefen. SBcil er nid)t jit nn3 gnrudgefommen ift r nuinfcben tmr nid)t $n t()m guriicfgugetjett* ©ie nurb ben ganjen Xag nmvofyt getuefen fein. SSon tt»etd)em £anfe baben ©ie gelefen ? @3 regnete, afe wir nad) Jpaitfe fameiu £)er ganje 333 alb ttirb immer fdjimer. SBeil eg geregnet Ijat, fyabt id) bie Ue6-erfe£nng beo bentfdjen 53ud^e^ nod) nidjt ttodenbet. Die $6ntgtn lact)elte, ati er jene SBorte fpradj. Exercise. The boy was so ill that he went home. Because he went home his father gave him an apple. The fisher stood on the other side of the river. My brother has not yet returned. He has been very unfortunate. The man who gave me some money has gone to Great Britain. The queen who rules in that country is not always happy. The old king smiled when he heard that the butcher had sold so many sheep. The young lady did not wish to finish the French book. She could not translate it. Near our house, the river becomes wider. I must go back to Paris. He heard me when I XLIX.] ' THE PRONOUNS. 61 laughed. It was raining. I heard it rain. Who taught you to speak German ? He held my horse when I came back. Instead of red roses, the young man gave his sister small blue flowers. When he saw the wolf coming, he ran back to the city. The poor lame boy has given the little child a tame bird. He will be loved by .all. But he has gone to his fatherland. The carpenter will soon have finished the large table. He had fallen into the river. He will have been playing with our neighbor's boys, and (will) have been struck by them. He is growing better and better (always better). He slept the whole day. All are well. LESSON THIRTEENTH, Pronouns — Order of Words. XLIX. Relative and interrogative pronouns are declined like the adnomiual word, even when used without a noun (6). £)a» £au3, mlfytS ttur fauften, The house which we bought is ift alt. old. £>ie ^'naben, njetcfye id) geftern The boys that I saw yesterday gefefyett Ijafre, (tub untoof)U are unwell. $on weldjem fpredjen <5ie ? Of which do you speak ? 1. SBet and to&$, however, are irregular in the genitive singular. Like the English ivho and what, they have no separate form for the plural (16). 62 THE PRONOUNS. [l. SBeffen £mt fyabm @tc? Whose hat have you ? 2Bem reidjen ©ie bie 9Mdj ? To whom do you hand the milk? 2£er ftnb fie ? Who are they ? 2. When the relative is of the first or second person, it is often followed by the corresponding personal pronoun. (5ie (often nn3, bte arir U)re They praise us (we) who are $rennbe nidjt ftnb. not their friends. L. The definite article is often used as a relative pronoun (3). £)er 33aum, ber bort fte()t, ift The tree that stands yonder is erne (Sid)e. an oak. £)a ftnb bte Sdjafe, bie er fat). There are the sheep that he saw. 1. When the definite article is thus employed, the genitive case and the plural of the dative add the euphonic termina- tion — the former doubling 3 in the singular (15). £)er ©djiiler, beffen 23nd) id) The pupil whose book I had is tjatte, ift fauL lazy. £>te £)ame, son bev id) fpredje, ift The lady of whom I speak is f dj on. beautiful. Die ^fevbe, benen er 2Baffer gab, The horses to which he gave finb nid)t mem. water are not mine. LI. The definite article may also be employed as a demonstra- tive pronoun. When thus used it is declined the same as when a relative 3d) fyatte tttettt papier, fte tjatte I had my paper, she had that ba$ ti)ve3 23mber3. of her brother. 2)u gib (I benen, bie nidjta IjaUn. Thou givest to those who have nothing. LII.] THE ORDER OF WORDS. 63 1. The definite article is often used instead of the possessive pronoun. (Sr fyat ben $ut in ber £.::tb. He has his hat in his hand. LII. The article precedes other adnominal words, when all limit the same noun. T)k Beiben SSlumen ftnb 2tftett* Both the flowers are lilies. ©cfyretBen ©ie an einen fotcfyen Do you write to such a man ? SWann ? (Sin jebet fommt. Every one is coming. LIII. A personal, relative, or interrogative pronoun, whose an- tecedent is not a person, is seldom governed by a preposition. What is called the pronominal adverb takes the place of the preposition and pronoun. (£r fanfte etn $au$ nnb wotynte He bought a house and lived bar in. in it (therein). ©tc t)at einen SBatt nnb fptelt She has a ball and plays with it. bamtt S3 omit fcfyreifct fie ? With what is she writing ? T)tv (Garten, tt>otin ftur fpielen, The garden in which we play ift grojj* is large. LIV. In addition to the principles already given for the position of words in the sentence, may be stated the general rule that the more indefinite element stands first. » 1. A personal pronoun, being less definite than a noun, will precede it. 3$ tyftfce ifynt ftudtx gegeben. I have given him sugar. 64 THE ORDER OF WORDS. [LIV. 2. A pronoun relating to a thing is generally less definite than one relating to a person. ipaBeit ©te e3 ii)r gefdutft ? Have you sent it to her ? 3. A demonstrative pronoun is, of course, more definite than a personal pronoun; hence the latter will stand first. SBer fyat 3$neit bte3 gefagt ? Who told you this ? 4. The indirect object is less definite then the direct. (£r gab feinem SSater ben 33rtef. He gave his father the letter. 5. Adverbs of time precede all objects or adverbs. They, however, follow the personal pronouns. 3$ Hit geftem fyiei* gemefen. I was here yesterday. (Sr §at I)eute bemSefyrer etn 23ud) He lent the teacher a book to- geltefyen. day. 2Btr tuevben e3 ttjnen morgen We will give it to them to- gefcen. morrow. 6. The negative adverb precedes the element to which a negative qualification is given. It will, however, follow ad- verbs of time. ©te ijl ntcfyt fyter gemefen. She has not been here. ©ie ftnb nid)t au$ ber ©tabt They have not come out of the gefommen. city. 3$ X)abe e3 noc^ nitty t gefetjen. I have not yet seen it. Sffitr fommen tyente ntdjt We will not come to-day. 7. Short expressions will naturally stand before those which are more extended and consequently more definite. (Er toofynt bort in ber ©tabt He resides yonder in the city. Urn nue »ic( Ufjr fommt fte an ? At what o'clock will she arrive ? ©te «)irb iibermorgen urn fed)3 She will arrive day after to- Ufyr anfommen. morrow at six o'clock. LIV.] THE ORDER OF WORDS. 65 8. The emphasis, the harmonious flow of the sentence, or the nature of the thought, often furnish a sufficient reason for departing from these rules. Slttfommen, to arrive. 23eibe, both. 33e|'uo)en, to visit. Darin, therein, in it. Derm, for. Dort, yonder. (Sidje, oak. gauf, lazy. ®eftmt, yesterday. $anb,f. hand. Vocabulary. £eute, to day. £)Ut, m. hat. S^bCer), every, each. 3e{3t, now. Sitte, lily. Sofcert, to praise. ),f. railk. 9)?orgen, morning, to- morrow. SRetcfren, to hand, reach (Sd)b'nf)ett, beauty, ©old), such, ©ommer, summer. Ue6era((, everywhere, ttefcermorgen, day after to-morrow. Uf^r, y. clock, watch. Um, at, around, Utttoohl, unwell. 5Bmb, wind. Mxamples. Die betben $bnige roerben morgen in ber ©tabt anfommen. ^peute fonnen rtnr bag Dbrffein ntcr)t befucfyen. @r toirb nicbt fdjon btinb, aber taub gemorben fein. Die Gutter f)at Ijeute um em U()r bag $inb iibcratt gefudjr. Sin 35ucfy fcott ®olb fyielt ber £err in ber ipanb. 21 Ce 3()re $naben merben balb gu 3fyuen gurMfommen. 9J?eine beutfd)e Setjrerut §at mir bag a ties gegeben. Sin son Allien geiiebteg Sanb ift immer bag $atertanb. $3er gab i()m ben $ut? Die ©djmefter gab U)n tym. ©eftern fiat fie mir fcfyon ein grofeg Sfteffer gegeben. Da5 Sanb, worm nnr immer gemofynt l)aben, ift Slmeriftu Die Stfien unb 3tofen ftnb je£t iiberatl fcfyon. Diefen 9ttorgen erfjalte tdj einen 33rief son 3()nen. (Sr fyat ein $ferb nnb fpridjt immer ba$on. SBir loben ben Jput beg ©emitters unb ben beg @$miebeg. Die £anb ift ifym ben gangen Jag fait gcn>efen. Die $rau, beren £>unb ©ie gefefyen fyahm, ift fet)r arm. SBcflcn U()r f)abt ibr? (Eg ift bie meineg s $aterg. 66 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. [LV. 3dj lieBe eudj, bie i^r ben better lie&t 2Bos>ott fpricfyt ber Secret ? 55on gftiffert unt> SBalbern. Sr fa$t mtr jebeit Xag : nue siel U^r ift e3 ? Exercise. A poor man sat the whole day under the old oak. A boy saw him there and gave him something. The lady of whom you speak is a teacher. The country which lies on the other side of the Rhine is the land of oaks. The old miller has brown flour. He has not sold much of it. How will you describe the beauty of this dwelling, I cannot speak of it because I have not been in it. He played with me every day. Such a man will not receive my money. Hand me a glass of milk. He can come, for he has nothing to do at home. We all speak of the beauty of (the) flowers. Yes, you all speak of it. The lazy boy who stands under the apple- tree will not go with his little sister to the village. Both the boys are unwell to-day. What o'clock is it now ? It is now eleven o'clock. It has struck ten. Day after to-morrow I shall hear from my sister. The weather will be much better to-morrow, for it has rained all day (the whole day) to-day. I wish to go to the city day after to-morrow. The little boy had his knife in his hand and was playing with it. LESSON FOURTEENTH. Declension of Nouns. LV. The noun, to which an adnominal word belongs, is often omitted. The latter, however, retains its proper termination (XXXIV). LVI.] DEGXENSION OF NOUNS. 67 ©erTOe fjat ben 3unen The slave gives the boy his fein Sfteffer* knife. Unfcrc Sfteffen waxtn ^reitfen. Our nephews were Prussians. 1. A few masculines which have dropped the final e, and a large number of the masculines from foreign languages, are declined in the same manner (30, b) . 1)a$ 33 ud) be* ©tnbenten v at er He has sent the student's book bem ©olbaten gefdjtdt. to the soldier 9fteine £erren, Ue&et atle Wlm* Love all men, Gentlemen, fcfyen. LVII. A few feminine monosyllables originally terminated in t, £He$ran(e) ge()tanfbte $o[t(e). The woman goes to the post- office. £ctt>en ©ie bie IH)v(e) ? Have you the watch ? 68 DECLENSION OF NOUNS- [lVIII. 1. For this reason they still take the euphonic ending to form the plural (29, c). Die Ufyten tyafcett jtoet gefdjlagen. The clocks have struck two. jpeute lemmen bie grctnen an. The women arrive to-day. 2. Feminine nouns of more than one syllable form their plural in the same manner (31, a). 9fteine ©tfymeftern lieben ijjre My sisters love their teachers. Setyrerinnetu Die SBotymtngen bicfer 2) amen The dwellings of these ladies jtnb gwei OTctlen roeit. are two miles distant. 3. A very few masculines also take the euphonic ending in the plural (31, b). Unfere 9tad)£arn ftnb $ettern. Our neighbors are cousins. 3n btefert ©taaten gibt e3 »icl In these states there is much 33lei. lead. LVIII. A limited number of nouns in common use have assumed the liquid r, in addition to the regular plural termination e. The hard stem-vowel will, of course, be softened (32, a, b). ©djon ftnb btefSefoer unb $>5r* The fields and villages are fer. beautiful. (£3 ftnb 9ter ©lafev unb fiinf There are four glasses and five 23iidjer» books. Winter, nne Stele £ctnferfef>tU)r? Children, how many houses do iSBir lonnett bie Dcicfyer ntdjt you see ? 3(if)fen. We cannot count the roofs. Die 93 offer (SnropaS ftnb ^U The nations of Europe are reidj nnb grof}. numerous and great. LIX. Masculine and neuter nouns of more then one syllable, LX.] DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 69 which terminate in one of the liquid endings el, en (em), and ix, have the plural and singular alike (33, a). Die graulettt veifert morgen ab. The young ladies depart to- morrow. Die Scorer gatcn ben ©bittern The teachers gave knives to 9ftej[er. their pupils." 28er tjat tic ^ettfter gerftrodjen ? Who broke the windows ? Sure Gtfen ftnb in bent ^uer. Your irons are in the fire. 1. A few soften the stem-vowel when it admits (33, b, c). Unfere $ater unb 23ritber ftnb Our fathers and brothers have atte geftorfcen. all died. Die $6gel pitfett tie Stcpfcl in The birds peck the apples in ten ©arten. the gardens. 3t)r tyabt Icinc Defett. Ye have no stoves. LX. A small number of those which terminate in en may drop n, or en, in the nominative singular (34, a. b). ®ott fennt bie Bergen ber SJfteit* God knows the hearts of men. fd>en. SBijfcn @tc ben tauten biefeS Do you know the name of this Jperrn ? gentleman ? 3$ hjetfj fetnen tauten, after I know his name but am not lenne ifyn nic^t* acquainted with him. 9ftetn ^lame ijt 3o$ann, ber3t) s My name is John, yours is rtge tft Ravi, ber fetnige tft Charles, his is Henry ; their £einrtd) ; it)re *ftamen metfj id) names I do not know. ntcfyt Der menfd)(id)e 2GitIe tft fret. The human will is free. Dte*$retf)eit be3 2Bitlen3 tft nidji The freedom of the will is not iiberctU gelntlten. everywhere maintained. Wan fprtdjt tton 3^'cm guten They speak of your good name. 9?atneiL 70 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. [lx. 2£ei§ matt ttiet fcon ber Wlm- Do we know much about the fd)en £er$en ? hearts of men ? ©iijj fittgt bag ©ommer»6gc(* The little summer bird sings d)ett. sweetly. 1. Observe that the adverb has the same form as the pred- icative adjective. Vocabulary. St&retfen, to depart. T)arf>/ n. roof, gret, free, gretyeft, freedom, giir, for. ®ott, God. Bennett, to know. Wan, one, they. Wink, mile, 9J?cn(di, man. 9J?en[cfiltd), human. 9lamt, m. name. ©tcrbctt, to die. SReffe, »»• nephew. ©htbent, »». student. Dfen, stove. Setter, cousin. *Ptrfen, to pick, to peck. SSolf, "• people, nation. *Po|t, post-office. *Preu§e, *». Prussian. Sftetfen, to travel. 3rxtfcnb(er), traveler. ©fla&e, w. slave, ©olbrtt, »i- soldier. Staat, m. state. 2Btfle, m. will. ©tffen, to know. 3^1,/. number. 3vi'f}lcn, to count. 3rtfyfretc&, numerous. 3erbred)en, to break (in pieces). Exanijrfes. Sin S^eifenber fain an einem fatten Sage in bent 3)orfe» an. ©eftern ?Jcorgen ift ber itranfe siel beffer gercorben. (Sd)on tyabe id) gwei $reugen nnb etnen Deutfdjcn gefetyen. •£)ie 1>ntfd)e gac> bent ©olbaten etmag ©nteg §u effen. 3>r Jpnt meineg SReffen nnb ber beg <8fla^cn tuaren fcfyn?ar$. £ente £>at man bie 33iidjer beg ©tnbenten yerfanft. 3Dte l)o()en 23en, ftelen. SBeil bie .fttnber, beren SSater arm [tub, nodj nidjt? son nng erfyal* ten fyaben, wihtfdjen wir je&t urn fihtf llbr ju ifynen gn getjen. £)er gute ©ott bat ben 9flenf djen bag Sidjt beg Shtgeg gege&en. 2Hg ber ^anfmann mir bag motlenc Xufy serfanfte gab er bent (Sot)ne $u yiel (Mb guriidf* 2Cir fonnen biefen SDcorgen bie SSogcl [tngen tyoren. ID gtitd(id)er 9ttorgen ! in jebem 33anme flfct ber ftngenbe 55ogeL LX.] DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 71 •Der (Mefyrte tarn geftern an nnb retft morgen 2lfcenb a&. ©ie ging auf bie *Poft, after erfyielt feme S3ricfc. 3Jjr s Wann tjat geftern ntcfyt an fie gefcfyrteben. SBelcfy etn fdjimer %a$ ! ftonnen ©ie in ben ©arten lommen? £)a3 ^Better ift fo fcfyon, bajj man in bte SBalber gcfyen fann* JExercise. The old soldier died yesterday. He has been ill all sum- mer. We have not heard his name. One of our students was acquainted with him. He had a wife and two small children. Where did they make his grave ? Two English miles distant from the village under the tall trees. (The) freedom rules in our fatherland. Can you count the soldiers who have fallen for freedom ? Who would be a slave ? Your aunt arrrived to-day from Louisville. She brought two women with (her). Do you wish to see her now ? She is one of my best friends. I know her well. I hear her laughing. Did she speak of me to you? I know her two children who live near the Ohio river. Did you ever live in Louisville ? Yes, I lived there five years. My aunt is growing old, but she is still beautiful and sings sweeter than a bird. I love very much to hear good singing. How beautiful the fields are to-day ! Yes, and the woods are as green as the fields. O happy day ! we are going to seek the beauties of the country. Where freedom reigns, everything is happy. See the lambkins leap and play. The sheep and the cattle are lying under the tall trees. We will now go and seat ourselves on the green grass and drink from the water of the river for the day is becoming warm. What a beautiful oak. Do you know what the birds in the oak tree are saying ? Praise God for he is good to all his children. 72 THE SUBJUNCTIVE. [LXI. LESSON FIFTEENTH. The Subjunctive and Imperative. LXI. When a verb is in the subjunctive mood, it indicates that the statement is unreal or at least uncertain. The subjunctive mood is generally employed in giving, indirectly, the assertion of another person, which we do not ourselves assume to credit. LXII. The first person singular of the present subjunctive is formed by dropping the final n of the present infinitive (43, a). Wlan fagt, bap id) faut fei. They say that I am lazy. @r gfanbt, bap id) (Mb fyaoe. He believes that I have money. 1. In the present tense, as well as in the imperfect, the third person singular is like the first (43, a, b). 3d) fyoffe, bap er font me. I hope that he is coming. <3ie erftart, fie tuerbe retdj. She declares she is growing rich. LXIII. The first person singular of the imperfect subjunctive ter- minates in e (43, b). O bap er $u meinem 3Sater Oh that he would go to my gtnge ! father ! O bap mem @ofm nod) fyier Oh that my son would remain otieoe ! here still! 1. In irregular verbs, when the imperfect indicative has a hard stem-vowel, it is softened in forming the imperfect sub- junctive (44, I, b). LXIV.] THE IMPERATIVE. 73 SBcnn man fie ntd)t fcmbe, fo If she were not found, she were ware fie fid)ci\ safe. SDZcut fagt, er fa§e bie ,ftonigitt* They say he saw the queen. LXIV. What is called the conditional is formed with the imperfect subjunctive of merben, to become (43, I, g). £atte id) ®elb, toitrbe id) gern Had I money, I would gladly gefyen, go. SBave er gefatfen, ioiirbe er gennfj Had he fallen, he would cer- geftorben feirt* tainly have died. SGenn id) bag gettmfjt ptre, If I had known that, I would toitrbe id) U)tt gefd)lagen fyaben. have beaten him. LXV. In other respects the forms of the subjunctive are like those of the indicative. @ie fagten, baf? fie feme 23iid)er They said that they have no tyctbem books. SCenn itjx bie Qtit §M, fo merbe If you (ye) have the time, I idj end) befud)etu will visit you. 3d) tt>iinfd)te, bag ©ie fommett. I wished that you would come. LXVI. The forms of the imperative correspond to those of the sub- junctive, except in the second person singular, where the imperative is like the first person singular of the subjunctive (43, 1, h). 25leibe rul)ig* Remain (thou) quiet, fringe ba3 23udj* Bring (thou) the book. (5pred)et, U)r SBafber. Speak, ye woods. (£r fei roiltfommen. Let him be welcome. Soben ©te fid) md)t Do not praise yourselves. 74 THE SUBJUNCTIVE. [LXVI. 1. Most irregular verbs which soften the stem-vowel in the present indicative, drop the final vowel of the imperative, in the second person singular, and undergo the same vowel change as in the present indicative (XXXVII, 1). (Sprid) ttneber. Speak again. ©iB nut ttwa$. Give me something. 2. When the stem-vowel is a, however, it remains unchanged and the final vowel is not dropped (44, I, h). £anfe in ben ©avten. Kim into the garden, ©djfafe nocfy rutyig. Sleep on quietly. 3. When the subject of the verb in the imperative is @te (you), it should always be expressed. The verb is properly in the subjunctive, if any other pronoun is expressed as its subject. $ommen ©tc nad) £anfe. Come home. Sefucfyen @te un3 morgen. Visit us to-morrow. (£r fomme, totnn er Iran! ift. Let him come, if he is ill. Vocabulary. Slnttoorten, to answer. ®ern, gladly. S^uhig, quiet. 23eere, berry. ©etttp, certain. ©tcfcer, safe, secure. 23tfd)of, bishop. @(auben, to believe. 23er(terert, to lose. !Damit, in order that, ^offen, to hope. 23or, before. (Stnft, once. $(ug, shrewd. SBenn, if. (SrHarert, to declare. Safjen, to let, to leave. SSMeber, again, gecfoten, to fight. 9?ur, only. SBtUfommen, welcome, gragen, to a?k, question. Db, whether, if. Qtit, time. Examples. ©in 33tfdjof fagte einft ju einem fefyr Hngen $inbe: 9ftem $tnb, i$ null btr einen 2lpfel geben, tvenn bu mir fag (I, mo ®ott ijh £)a$ $tnb antwortete : Unb idj frill 3()nen jmei geoen, wenn @ie mir fagen, roo er nid)t i(L 2Benn id) son ifyr getyort tyatte, fo witrbe td) an ffe gefdjrteoen tjaoen. LXVI.] THE IMPEKATIVE. 75 £atte ber 23if$of genmgt, bag bas tfittb fo Hug fei, ttmrbe cr e$ nicfyt gcfragt tjaBen* SQBenn er morgcn fommen faun, fo gefje idj mieber gurittf. SBenn er rul)ig MeiBt, rcirb er tmmer Beffer tr-erbem 3$ nntf e^ t$m fagen, bamit er miffe, bag feine grau gefommen ijh 3d) ttiirbe gern glauktt, bag bie ©otbaten gut fedjten, after ity ijabe getoig gef)6rt, bag fte gefdjlagen nmrbetu £atte i$ ntc^t gegtauot, bag fte bie $reugen gefd)(agen ^aben, fo toiirbe id) e3 3l)iteu fyeute nidjt gefagt tjaben* ag, what. 84 THE NUMERALS. [17. THE NUMERALS. 17. Cardinal Numbers. 1 em (3). 21 tin unb jtocm^tg, 2 3»ei. 22 ^jvet ttub gn?an3ig. 3 bret. 30 breifjjtg. 4 iner. 31 ein unb bretfig. 5 fimf. 40 ttiergtg. 6 fe<$$* 50 fiinftig. 7 fteben. 60 fecfyjig. 8 a$t 70 ftebenjtg. 9 neun. 80 adjtjtg. 10 ^efyn. 90 neun^ig. 11 elf. 100 Imnbert. 12 gwoff. 101 Imnbert unb ein(3). 13 brei^n. 105 ^unbevt unb fitnf. 14 tiierjc^n* 200 atoeifyunbert. 15 funfae^n. 1,000 taufenb. 16 fed)3d)tt. 2,000 grcettaufettb. 17 fteBenje^n. 10,000 ^ntaufenb. 18 aifyt$tfyn. * erne WliUion. 19 neunjetm. eine SSillion. 20 inanity. tint Srittion. 18. Multiplicative Adverbs. emntat, once. sttjanjtgmal, twenty times, jttjeimat, twice. bretfigmat, thirty times, bretmat, thrice. fitnfjtgmal, fifty times, tttermat, four times. neunjigmaf, ninty times, fiinfmat, five times. tmnbertmat, a hundred times, acfytmal, eight times. taufenbmat, a thousand times. $tfynma\, ten times. ttielmal, many times, jtvolfmal, twelve times. attentat, every time. 19.] THE NUMERALS. 85 19. Ordinal Numbers. £)er erfte, the first. ber tin imb 3ft>att3tgfte, the twen- ber ^titt, the second. ty-first. ber britte, the third. ber bretjngfte, the thirtieth, ber fcierte, the fourth. ber furtfjigfte, the fiftieth, djdjn ber fiinfte, the fifth. ber ad^tgfte, the eightieth, ber acfyte, the eighth. ber fyunbertfte, the hundredth, ber 3tt>olfte, the twelfth. ber taufenbfte, the thousandth, ber 3ir>an3tgfte, the twentieth, ber mi (lion fte, the millionth. 20. Ordinal Adverbs. erfiertS, firstly. brittenS, thirdly, groettenv, secondly. *>ierten3, fourthly. 21. The following are declined : einfad), or eittfatttg, simple, single, ^metfacfy, or jtueifalttg, double, twofold, tyuttbertfacfy, or fyunbertfalttg, a hundredfold. 22. Fractional Numbers. £>te £atfte, the half. U anbertyalfc. ein $at&(e$), a half. 2| brittljaiK ein £)rittel (Drittf)eil), a third. 3J Dterttyalfc. ein SStcrtct, a fourth. 4 J fiinfttyatfc* tin 3ttatt3tgftel, a twentieth. 5£ fed)ftf)aJK 23. Variative Numbers. einerlei, of one kind. gman^tgerlei, of twenty kinds, gtoeterlei, of two kinds. fcielerlei, of many kinds, breierlei, of three kinds. aflerlet, of all kinds. 86 COMPARISON. [25. COMPARISON. 24. The hard stem-vowel of a simple adjective is so in forming the comparative and superlative degrees. TO, old, alter, atteft Jung, young, jituger, iirngft retdj, rich, reidjer, reidjft ebet, noble, ebter, ebelfh toeife, wise, toeifer, toeifejh $eflfarMg, light-colored, tyetlfarMger, $ettfarfctg(h ungtutfftdj, unhappy, itnajitcfltcfyer, uugji'tcilitf)fi 25. The following simple adjectives of common occurrence do not soften the stem-vowel : Man, blue, bras, brave, bunt, variegated, falfdj, false, fladj, flat, glatt, smooth. a.rau, gray. ^ot)l, hollow, fyolb, favorable, faro,, stingy. fuapp, tight, la^m, lame, taut, loud, log, loose, mager, lean, matt, weary, platt, flat, plump, clumsy, rafcfy, quick, rant), rough* Satjm, tame rot), raw. mnb, round. fanft, gentle, fatt, satisfied, ftot^, proud, ftumpf, blunt, ftumm, mute. tank, deaf. »oH, full, toafjr, true. 26. The following are somewhat irregular in comparison : gut, good, fceffer, fceft. Jjod), high, tyofjer, l)i>$fh naf), nigh, na^er, nadjft ttiet, much, me^r, metjh 27.] THE SUBSTANTIVE. 87 THE SUBSTANTIVE. A. Declension of Nouns. 27. Regular Declension, (xii). a. The Friend. Singular. Plural. ber $rennb, the friend. Me $rennbe, the friends. be3 ^rennbeS, of the friend. ber grennbe, of the friends, bem ^reunbe, to the friend. ben ^rennben, to -the friends, ben ^reunb, the friend. bie g^^unbe, the friends. b. The Word. Singular. Plural. ba3 2Bort, the word. bie SBorte, the words. be0 $3orte£, of the word. ber SBorre, of the words, bem SBorte, to the word. ben Shorten, to the words. bag SBort, the word. bie 2Borre, the words. 28. Vowel modified in the plural, (xii, 1). a. The Son. b. The G-oose. ber ©otjtt, bie ©oljne. bie (3an$, bie ©dnfe. be3 @ofjne3, ber ©ofyne. ber ®an$ f ber (Mnfe. bem ©ofyne, ben ©otynetu ber (SJcmS, ben (Mnfen. ben ©ofyn, bie @of)ne. bie (3an$, bie (Mnfe. c. The following masculines of frequent occurrence do not soften the stem-vowel in the plural : $rm, arm. £cmr, sound. $ctrf, park. 23efndj, visit. Sftonat, month. $fab, path. ipuf, hoof. 9)?enb, moon. ©$nf), shoe, ipnnb, dog. Drr, place ©teff, stuff. Xa$, day. 3>oU, inch. 88 THE SUBSTANTIVE. [29. 29. The singular terminating in e. (xii, 2). a. The Lady. b. The Eye. bie Dame, bte Damen. bag 2htge, bie SIngm. ber Dante, ber Damen. beg 2htge3, ber 2lugen. ber Dame, ben Damen. bem 2htg,e, ben Slnant. bie Dame, bie Damen. bag 5luge, bte 2lngen. c. The following feminines in common use are declined like Dame (lvii, 1) : 2trt, kind. $fUdjt, duty. $Qa% choice. S3a^n, road. $oft, P ost - SBelt, world. $orm, form. ©d)lad)t, battle. 3<*fy^ number, gran, woman. Ufjr, time-piece. 3 e ^/ time. d. Like bag Singe, are declined the following nouns of the neuter gender : S3ett(e), bed. (Snbe, end. £emb(e), shirt. 3nfe!t, insect. D^r, ear. 30. The Euphonic Declension, (lvi). a. The Boy. b. The Hero. ber $naBe, bte ^nafcen. ber ipefb, bie ipelben. beg $naBen, ber $naBen. beg ipetben, ber £elben. bem ^naBen, ben .ftnaBen. bent ipelben, ben £elben, ben $naBen, bie ^naBen. ben £elben, bie £elben. c Like the above are declined the following masculines of common occurrence (lvi, 1) : Sfftronom, astrono- £err, lord. £)d)g, ox. 33ar, bear. [mer. 9ttenfd), man. ^>()tlofopl), philoso- Sljrtft, christian. 9ttonardj, monarch. $oet, poet. [pher. gitrft, prince. Wvo, nerve. ©olbat, soldier. (Stnbent, student. S^rann, tyrant. 81.] THE SUBSTANTIVE. 89 31. Euphonic in the Plural, (lvii, 2, 3). a. The Sister. bie ©cfywejfcr, bte ©d)toeftern. ber @d)n>efter, ber ©cfywejiern. ber ©djroefter, ben ©cfymeftertu bie ©djiuefter, bie ©d)tt>eftern. b. The State. ber ©tacit, bie ©taaten* be3 @taate3, ber ©taatetu bem ©taate, ben ©taatem ben (Staat, bie ©taaten* c. A few masculines are declined like ber ©taat. 53aner, peasant. ' Sorft, forest. 9tocfy6ar, neighbor. 2)octor, doctor. -3ft a jl, mast. $antoffe(, slipper. (See, lake, better, cousin. 32. Plural with the liquid r» (lviii). a. The Booh. bas 23n$, bie SSiic^er* be3 33u$eS, ber 53iid)er. bem S3ud>e, ben 33iidjern. bas 33ndj, bie 33itcfyer. b. The Man. ber Sftann, bie banner* be3 yRannt$, ber banner* bem ^Ratine, ben Sftannent. ben 9ftann, bie banner. c The following neuters form their plural like 23ndj S3ab, bath. S3anb, ribbon. 35ilb, picture. SBfatt, leaf. SBrett, board. £)acfy, roof. £>orf, village. m, egg. Sag, cask, getb, field. ©elb, money. ©emitrt), mind. ®efd)ted)t, sex, race. ©eftdjt, face, ©las, glass. $aud, house. £eiucjtf)um, sanct- uary, ipnljm, chicken, flalfc, calf. $inb, child. Samm, lamb. Sanb, country. Sieb, song. 2oc$, hole. 9ceft, nest, ©djfojj, lock. <3 corner t, sword. Zfyal, dale. Xu&), cloth. 93oIf, nation, bag SGeiB, the wife. 90 THE SUBSTANTIVE. [33. d. The following masculines like 9ftann : ©eift, spirit. £etf>, body. S3alb, wood, ©otr, God. SRanb, edge. SBurm, worm. 3rrtl)um, error. Sinfyfyum, riches. 33. NO TERMINATION IN THE PLURAL. (Lix). a. The Carriage. b. The Father. ber 2£aa,en, bie SBagen. ber SBater, bte $ater. beg SBageng, ber 2Gagen. beg SSaterg, ber 25ater. bem SSagen, ben 2£aam. bent 23ater, ben $atern. ben SBagen, bie SBagen. ben $ater, bte 23ater. c. Like 3Sater, are declined the following masculines (lix, 1): 2lcfer, acre. ffaben, thread. Mantel, cloak. Slpfel, apple. ©ctrten, garden. ^Ragel, nail. SBrnber, brother. ipammer, hammer. £)fen, stove. (Battel, saddle. 55oget, bird. d. Two feminines form the plural like 23ater. Wluttzx, mother. Xocfyter, daughter. 34. Termination dropped in nominative singular, (lx). a. The HVame. b. The Heart. ber 9kme(n), bie 9kmen. bag £er$(en), bte ipeqen. beg 9?ameng, ber 9kmen. beg iperjeng, ber Jper^en. bem ^amen, ben ^arnen. bem £er$en, ben ^perjen. ben Viamm, bie 9?amen. bag £erj(en), bie ipeqen. c. A few masculines are declined like 5^ame. S3ud)ftaBe, letter. griebe, peace. ©tan&e, faith. £)anm(en), thumb. gnnfe, spark. £anfe, heap. gelg(en), rock. ©ebanfe, thought. ©ante, seed. SBitte, will 35.] THE SUBSTANTIVE. 91 B. The Gender of Nouns. 35. The following nouns in common use have now no ter- mination to show that they are of the feminine gender (lvii, 1): 33d)n, road. SBanf, bench. SBibel, bible. Sutter, butter. £)iftel, thistle. $et>er, pen. £cmb, hand. ©per, opera. 3nfel, island. $em, pain, ^artojfel, potato. $erfon, person, ^enntntf , knowledge. $cgel, rule. Setter, ladder. Waiter, wall. ^utftermg , darkness. 9J?au3, mouse. gfur, field, ^orm, form. ©ctM, fork, ©efafyr, danger. 9Mc$, milk. SDTuftf, music. 9tat>el, needle. Summer, number. $aty, number. ©cfyaufel, shovel, ©coulter, shoulder, ©pur, trace. Ut)r, time-piece. $Qal)l, choice. 2Bcmfc, wall. SGuqel, root. 36. A few nouns terminating in e, which are not the names of male beings, are of the masculine gender (34, a, b, c). 25ud)ftaBe, letter. ©ebanfe, thought. $afe, cheese. Sriebe, peace. ©laube, faith. Name, name* Suufe, spark. £aufe, heap. ©ante, seed. SBitte, will. 37. A limited number terminating in t are also masculine. 23art, beard. groft, frost. 9ftaft, mast. 23teifttft, pencil. ©eift, spirit. 9>unft, point. £)uft, odor. . £aMcfyt, hawk. ©alctt, salad. £urft, thirst. £ut, hat. ©taat, state. 38. Some neuters of frequent occurrence also end in t* Stmt, office. Srett, board. 2id)t, light. 33ett, bed. geft, festival. 9?eft, nest. 92 THE VERB. [39 matt, leaf. ©ift, poison. Dfcjl, fruit. 93Iut, blood. £aupt, head. ©tfymert, sword. S3oot, boat. $raut, vegetable. SBort, word. 39. The following are frequently recurring neuters which were not used in Part I : 33 ab, bath. $letb, garment. (Seit, rope. 23ttb, picture. Seib, suffering. (Spiel, sport. (St, egg. £teb, song. ©trpty, straw. ®raB, grave. 2o$, hole. Zfydl, valley. £eer, host. 5D?aI, time. Zljov, gate. £emb, shirt. 9Koo3, moss. Ufer, shore, iporn, horn. 9)actr, pair. 2Berf, work. 3ot$, yoke. <5<$Iojj, lock. SBunber, miracle. THE VEKB. J.. Auxiliary Verbs. 40. ipctoen, to have. Principal Parts. Sr>abtn, have. fjatte, had. getya&t, had. Indicative, Subjunctive. Present. Singular. Singular. id) tyaBe, I have. tdj fjat)e, I may have, bu tyaft, thou hast. bit fjabeft, thou mayest have, er fyctt, he has. er tyafce, he may have. Plural. Plural. nrit Ijaben, we have. ttnr fyctBen, we may have. i()r f)ao(e)t, ye have. ifyr tjapet, ye may have, fie fyahtn, they have. fie l)aUn, they may have. 40.] THE VERB. 93 Indicative. Subjunctive. Imperfect — I had. idj tyatte, I had. bit Ijatteft, thou hadst. er fyatte, he had. fair fatten, we had. tljr fyctttet, ye had. fte fatten, they had. td) fydtte, I might have. bit ()dtteft, thou mightst have. er fyatte, he might have. ttnr fydtten, we might have, ttjr tjiittet, ye might have, fte fatten, they might have. Perfect — I have had. tdj Ijabt getjabt bu tyafl gefyabh er $at gefyabt ttur ijahtrt geljabt ityr $afa geljabt fte- 1) a 6 en gefyabt id) ()a6e gefyabt bu Jjabejt gefyabh er ^abe gefyabt. uur fjaben gefyabt ifyr fyabet gefjafct. fte fyabeu gefyabt Pluperfect — I had had. id) fjatte get)abh bu tyattejl gefyabt er fyatte gefjabt fair fatten geljabt. i^r fatter gefjabt, fte fatten gefyabt Future- idj merbe fyabtn. bu mtrft tyafceiu er ttrirb fyaltn. U>ir tuerben yabem t^r werbet fyabtn. fte n?erben fyabm. i§ tjatte getjafct. bu fj&tteft gefyabt er Ijatte gefyabh our fatten gefjabt. ityr tyattet geljabt fte fatten geljabt -I shall have. idj tperbe tjaben. bu merbeft ijabm* er twrbe IjaUn. toix tuerben fyafon. i()r werbet fjabem fte merbeu fyaUn. 94 THE VERB. [40. Future Perfect — I shall have had. Indicative. Subjunctive. tdj tr-erbe gety&fct fyaUn. bu mirft Qtfyabt fydbm. er wirb ge^afct §afceru toiv Herbert geljabt tyafceu. tf)r fterbet cjef>a6t ^abett* fie iverbeu gef)a6t Ijafcen. id) toerbe gefyaBt tyapeu. bu tterbeft getjaBt tyafceu. er twrbe gefjafct fyabtxt* tt>ir Herbert getyaftt fyafon. ifyr merbet gefyabt tyafceru fie tuerben getjaBt fyaktu Conditionals. Fibst Conditional. Second Conditional. I would have. I would have had. i<$ ttitrbe fyctften. bu ttmrbeft l)aBen. er ttmrbe tyctkn. n?ir miirben f)aBem if)r ttmrbet fyafon. fie umrbeu Ijaben. t$ mitrbe gc^abt Ijafcetu bu umrbeft gefyafct fyabeu. er miirbe ge^afct fyaBeu* n?ir umrbeu gefjaBt fyafoti. tfyr miirbet gefyaot Ijafon. fie tr-itrbeu gefyafct ^a^en. Imperative. Singular. Plural. ^aBe, have (thou). t)afcet, have (ye). Infinitives. Present. Perfect. fyafon, to have. geljafct fyaku, to have had. Participles. Present. Past. fjafceub, having. ge^abt, had. 41.] THE VERB. 95 41. (Sein, to be. Principal Parts. fein, be. mar, was. gemefen, been. Indicative Subjunctive. Present. idj Mn, I am. idj fei, I may be. bu Mft, thou art. bu feieft, thou mayest be. er ift, he is. er fei, he may be. tx>ir ftnb, we are. mir feien, we may be. it)r feib, ye are. if)r feiet, ye may be. fie ftnb, they are. fte feien, they may be. Imperfect — I was. id) mar. mir maren. id) mare. mir maren. bu marft, ifyr mart. bu mar eft. tf)r maret. er mar. fie maren. er mare. fte maren.. Perfect- -I have been. td) Mn gemefen. idj fei gemefen. bu Mft gemefen. bu feieft gemefen. er ift gemefen. er fei gemefen. mir ftnb gemefen. mir feien gemefen. tt)r feit> gemefen. tijr feiet gemefen. fte ftnb gemefen. fte feien gemefen. Pluperfect — I had been. \6) mar gemefen. id) mare gemefen. bu marft gemefen. bu mareft gemefen. er mar getr-efen. er mare gemefen. mtr maren gemefen. mir maren gemefen. tfyr maret gemefen. iljr maret gemefen. fte maren gemefen. fte maren gemefen. THE VERB. [41. Future — I shall be. idj toerbe fein. tdj toerbe fein. bu ftirft fein. er roirb fein. tt>ir Herbert fein. ijjr tterbet fein. fte merben fetrt* Future Perfect- tdj tperbe gemefen fetn* bu nurft gcwcfen fcin. er ttirb gemefen fcin* nnr ttserben gewefen fein. tfyr tterbet gettefen fein. fie toerben gemefen fein. bu toerbeft fetn* er merbe fern. nnr merben fein. ifyr merbet fein. fte werben fern* —I shall have been, idj merbe gewefen fcirt* bu tuerbeft gewefert fetn. er merbe gemefen fcin. n?tr tuerben getvefen fein. tfyr tuerbet gemefen fcin. fte merbett getvefen fein. Conditionals. First Conditional. I would be. id) nmrbe fcin. bu ir-itrbeft fcin. er ftitrbe fein. nnr nmrben fcin. itjr tritrbct fein. fte toiirben fein. fei, be (thou). Present. fein. to be. Present. feienb, being. Second Conditional. I would have been, id) nmrbe gewefen fein. bu mitrbcft gcmcfeu fein. er autrbe gcwcfen fein. nnr mitrben gcmefcn fein. ifyr tourbet gcwcfen fein. fte toitrben getoefen fein. Imperative. feib, be (ye). Infinitives. Perfect, gemefen fein, to have been. Participles. Past. geroefen, been. 42.] THE VERB. 97 42. SBerben, to become. Principal Farts. toerben, become. amrbe, became. gemorben, become. Indicative. Subjunctive. Present. I become, thou becomest. idj merbe, bu ttirft, er mirb, mx rcerben, ii)v tx>erbet, fte tverben, idj murbe, bu murbeft, ec t»urbe, tcfy fterbe, I may become, bit toerbeft, thou mayest become, he becomes. er faerbe, he may become. we become. ttsir toerben, we may become, ye become. if)r toerbet, ye may become, they become. fte tt>erbcu, they may become. Imperfect — I became. ix>ir ttitvben. id) luitrbe, nrir toitrbeu. ifjr faurbet. bu tr-itrbeft, ifj/t toitrbet. fte nmrbeu. er toitrbe, fte nmrbeu. Perfect — I have become. idj Bin gemorben. bu Btft gemorben. er ift geworben. toir ftnb getuorben. ifyr feib getr-orbeu. fte ftnb gemorben. iareu getoorben. txur roaren getoorben. U)r »aret geieorben. ii)x uniret geroorben. fte u>areu gemorben. fte tx>arcn geroorben. 98 THE VERB. [42. Future idj tuerbe werben. bu nurft roerben. er nnrb fterben. n>ir tuerben merben. i(jr toerbet Herbert, fie toerben merben. Future Perfect tdj toerbe gemorben fein. bu wirjl getr-orben fein. er ftirb gemorben fein* ttJtr merben geiuorben fetn. i$r toerbet gemorben fein. fte werben gercorben fein. I shall become, idj werbe toerben. bn werbeft merben. er werbe n?erben. wir werben luerben. ifjr toerbet werben. fte werben werben. ■I shall have become, id) werbe geworben fein. bu werbeft geworben fein. er werbe geworben fein. ttrir werben gemorben fein. iijr werbet gemorben fein. fte merben gemorben fein. Conditionals. First Conditional. I would become, idj ttitrbe rcerben. bu ttitrbeft iverben. er wiirbe werben. ttur roiirben werben. itjr witrbet werben. fte nmrben werben. Second Conditional. I would have become, id) mitrbe gemorben fein. bu wiirbeft gemorben fein. er nmrbe gemorben fein. ttrir nmrben geworben fein. ijjr tviirbet geworben fein. fte ttmrben geworben fein. Imperative. werbe, become (thou). tterbet, become (ye). Infinitives. Present. Perfect. fterben, to become. getvorben fein, to have become. Participles. Present. Past. tterbenb, becoming. getvorben, become. 43.] THE VERB. 99 B. Regular Verbs. 43. Siefcen, to love. I. ACTIVE VOICE. Principal Parts. tteften, love. liebte, loved. getie&t, loved. Indicative. Subjunctive. a. Present. Singular. Singular. 1 idj liebe, I love. 2 bu (tebft, thou lovest. 3 er Itebt, he loves. Plural. 1 tmr Itefteu, we love. 2 U)r XieBet, ye love. 3 fte lie&en, they love. b. Singular. id) tieBte, I loved. bu lieBteft, thou lovedst. er Ite&te, he loved. Plural. totr ttefcten, we loved. U)r tteotet, ye loved, fie lie b ten, they loved. I have loved, id) fyctBe gelieBt bu tyaji geltebt. er $at gelieM. idj Itefce, I may love. bu (tefteft, thou mayest love. er Hebe, he may love. Plural. ttnr (ieBett, we ifyr liefcet, fie liifa may love. ii)x ueuei, ye may love, fie lieben, they may love. Imperfect. Singular. icfy Hebete, I might love. bu liefteteft, thou mightst love. er tteftete, he might love. Plural. ttur lieBeten, we might love, tfyr Tiebetet, ye might love, fie lie6eteu, they might love. Perfect. Singular. I may have loved. tdj tjafte getieftt. bu l)abeft gettefct er Jjabe geliefct. 100 THE VERB. [43. Indicative. tt>tt fyctoen geliefct. tfjr l^aBt gettefct fte X)aUn geliefcr. Subjunctive. Plural. ttur ^aBen gefteBt it)r tjaBet gelieBt fie §a6ctt getieftt d. Pluperfect. I Bad loved. tdj Ijatte gelie&t bu Jjatteft geltefct. er Ijatte geltefct. rctr fatten geliefch i\)x tyattet geliefct, fte fatten geltefct. e. I shall love, id) toerbe HeBen* bu uurjt ttefceu. er toirb liekn. ttur merbeu IteBen. tfjr toerbet liefcen. fie tterbett lieften. I might have loved, idj fyatte geltcfct. bu fyatteft getiefct. er §atte gcXicB t. ttnr fatten gelieot. i()r Ijattet geltefct. fie fatten geliebt Future. I will love. \&) toerbe Heft en. bu tuerbeft Itefceiu er tterbe Urijen. ttur tuerbeu lieBen* tfjr toerbet tiefcen. fie twrbeu lieben. f. Future Perfect. I shall have loved. id) iuerbe geliefct Baben. bu tturft gettefct fyafreu. er tturb geliebt \)abm. ttnr tr-erbeu geltebt l)akm. i\)x tverbet geltebt l)ahtn. fte toerbeu geltefct Jjafcen* I will have loved. id) tr-erbe gelieBt l)abm. bu ttcrbeft gelieftt fjabett. er n?erbe geliefct fyafceu. ttur wcrbeu geftefet tjafceit. il)r werbet gettebt tyafcett. fie roerben gette&t l)afceu + 43.] THE VERB. 101 First Conditional. I would love, idj ftitrbe liefteu. bu tt>iirt)eft lieku* er toiirbe IteBen* ttnr ttmrbeu ItcBen* i()r toitrbet IteBen. fie toitrbeu lieben* Conditionals. Second Conditional. I would have loved, id) mitrbe gelteut Ijabm* bu toitrbeft geltebt f)a6em er ttiirbe gefiebt l)abem tt>ir mitrbeu gelteot t)a£em ttjr umrbet geliebt ijacem fie nmrben geitebt tjabm. h. Imperative. Singular. Plural. liefte, love (thou). XieBet, love (ye). i. Infinitives. Present. Perfect. tiepeu, to love. geue6t fyabm, to have loved, k. Participles. Present. Past. tiebenb, loving. geltept, loved. II. PAS Indicative. I am loved. Singular. idj tterbe gelteut bu roivft gelieot er unrb geliebt* Plural. tuir fterbeu getieBt tljr toerbet gettcBt. fie merben getie&t 3 1 YE VOICE. Subjunctive. Present. I be loved. Singular. id) merbe getieot bu werbeft gelieot er toerbe gelieBL Plural. toir rnerbeu genecr. itjr toerbet getieot fie toerbeu geliept. 102 THE VERB. [43. b. I was loved. tdj umrbe geliebt. bu nmrbeft geliebt. er murbe geliebt. ttur ttmrben geliebt. tfjr nmrbet geliebt. fte nmrben geliebt. c. I have been loved, td) bin geliebt trorben. bu bift geliebt tr>orben. er ift geliebt morben. ttur ftnb geliebt toorben. i^r feib geliebt n?orben. fie finb geliebt worben. d. I bad been loved. idj mar geliebt tt>orben. bu tt>arft geliebt tt>orben. er tt>ar geliebt tt>orben. ttur ttmren geliebt worben. il)r maret geliebt tr-orben. \k toaren geliebt tt>orben. I shall be loved, idj tterbe geliebt fterben. bu tturft geliebt werben. er ttn'rb geliebt tr-erben. Imperfect. I were loved. tdj ttmrbe geliebt 'on ttmrbeft geliebt. er ttmrbe geliebt tt>ir ttmrben geliebt. ifyr ttmrbet geliebt. fie ttmrben geliebt. Perfect. I may have been loved, id) (W geliebt tr-orben. bu feift geliebt worben. er fei geliebt morben. toix feien geliebt trorben. il)r feiet geliebt worben. fie feien geliebt trorben. Pluperfect. I might have been loved. id) mare geliebt tr>orben. bu trareft geliebt tt>orben. er tt>are geliebt morben. ttur tt>aren geliebt morben. (§r tr-aret geliebt tuorben. fie maren geliebt ttorben. Future. I will be loved, idj tt>erbe geliebt n?erben. bu tr-erbeft geliebt werben. er n>erbe geliebt tt>erben. 43.] THE VERB. 103 toix tterben gelieBt merben. ii)x tt>erbet gelieBt tverben. fie twrben gelieBt fterben. ttnr merben gelieBt twrben. il)r n>erbet gettebt Herbert* fte roerben gelieBt fterben. f. Future Perfect. I shall have been loved, idj toerbe gelieBt ttorben fein. bu ttirft gelieBt ttorben fein, er toirb gelieBt ttorben fein* ttnr toerben gelieBt ftorben fein. tfyt werbet gelieBt toorben fein. fie merben gelieBt ftorben fein. g- First Conditional. I would be loved, tdj ttitrbe gelieBt merben. bn ftitrbeft gelieBt faerben. er miirbe geltebt werben. toix ttmrben gelieBt n>erben iljr ttmrbet gelieBt fterben. fte ttmrben gelieBt merben. I will have been loved, id) luerbe gelieBt ttorben fein. bn toerbeft gelieBt tuorben fein* er fterbe gelieBt worben fein. ttnr tterben gelieBt morben fein. it)r toerbet gelieBt ttorben fein. fie tterben gelieBt worben fein. Conditionals. Second Conditional. I would have been loved, id) ttiirbe gelieBt ttorben fein. bn miirbeft gelieBt ttcrben fein. er mitrbe gelieBt ttorben fein. ttnr ttmrben gelieBt ttorben fein. tfyr ttiirbet gelieBt ttorben fein. fie nmrben gelieBt toorben fein. h. Imperative. tterbe gelieBt, be (thou) loved, tterbet gelieBt, be (ye) loved. i. Infinitives. Present. Perfect, gelieBt fterben, to be loved. gelieBt morben fein, to have been loved. k. Participles. Present. Past. gelieBt tterbenb, gelieBt ttorben. 104 THE VERB- [44 C. Irregular Verbs. 44. @d)lagen, to beat (to slay). I. ACTIVE VOICE. Principal Parts. fd)lctgett, "beat. f&fug, beat. gefcfylagen, beaten. I beat. idj fd)lctge. t>u fdjtagft er fcfytagt. ttir fcfytagen. ifyr fdjfagt. fte f^Iagen, b. I beat. td) fd)lug. bit fcfyhtgft. er fd)lug. tt>ir fcfylugett. if)r f^titgt fte fd)htgen. c. I have beaten. tdj ^aBe gefd)lagen. bu fyaft gefd)lctgen. er $at gcfcfolagett. nrir tjafcen gefd)lagen. ifjr tyaBt gefd)lagert. fie fyaBen gefd)lagert. Subjunctive. Present . I may beat. id) fd)tage. bit fdjlagejh er fd^tage. ftir fdjlagem i^r fd)laget. fte fdjlagen. Imperfect. I might beat- idj fd)liige. bit fd)litgeft. er fcfytitge. »it fdfotugen. tfir fd)litget. fte fcfyliigcn. Perfect. I may have beaten. id) Ijafre gefdrtagett. bu fiafceft gestagen, er fyabt gefd)Iagen. ttrr fyafren gestagen, ifyr Ijafcet gestagen, fte l)aUn gcfdjlagen. 44.] THE VERB. 105 d. I had beaten, id) Jjatte gefd)tageu. tm C)atteft gefd)tageu. cr fyatte gefd)(ageu. toix fatten gefd)lageu itjr r)attet gefdjlageu. fte fatten gefd)lagem e. I shall beat. id) merbe fd)lagen. bu mirft fd)tagen. er rcirb fd)tageu, tt)ir toerbeu fdjlagen. tfyr tterbet fd)tagem fte Herbert fdjtageu. Pluperfect. I might have beaten. id) fyattt gefc^tagen. bu fjatteft gcfd)lageu. et* ijatk gefd)(ageu. uur fatten gefdjlageu, il)i* ^attet gefdjfagen. fte fatten gefd)lagen. Future. I will beat, id) ttetbe fd)(ctgeu. bu tv-evbeft fdjlageiu er merbe fdjtageru Uur merbett fd)Iageu. tfyr tuerbet fdjfagen. fte toerbeu fdjlagen. f. Future Perfect. I shall have beaten, id) merbe gefd)lageu IjaBeu, bu uurft gestagen fyabm. er tt>irb gefd)tageu fyafon. tvir Herbert gefdjlageu tja'6en. t(jr tr-erbet gefd)lageu fyabm. fte tverbeu gefcfylageu tyaben. g- First Conditional. I would beat, id} ftiirbe fdjtctgen. bu nmrbefl fdjtagett. er mitrbe fdjlagen. tuir toitrbeu fd)lageu ifyr wurbet fd)(ageu. fte untrbeu fdjlagen. I will have beaten, td) tr-erbe gefd)(ageu fyaBeu. bu merbeft gefd)Iageu tyafcert. er merbe gefd)lageu ijahtn. uur tr>erbeu gestagen fyahm. ifyr ttcrbet gefd)(ageu l)abm. fte merbeu gefcfylageu fjaljem Conditionals. Second Conditional. I would have beaten, id) toitrbe gefd)tageu l)abm. bu mitrbeft gefcfylageu $ab>tn. er umrbe gefd)lageu fyafon. uur wiivben gefdjtagen fya&eu. i()r witrbet gefd)(ageu fyabeu. fte witrbeu gefd)Iageu Ijaben. 106 THE VERB. [44. h. Imperative. fd)Iage, beat (thou). fdjlagt, beat (ye). i. Infinitives. Present. Perfect. fcfylageu, to beat. gefdjlagen fyaUn, to have beaten, k. Participles. Present. Past. fdjlageub, beating. gefd)lageu, beaten. II. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative. Subjunctive. a. Present. I am beaten. I be beaten. idj merbe gefdjlageu. bu n?trft gefdjtagen. er tr-irb gefd)lageu. toix toerbeu gefd)Iageu. tfyr toerbet gefcfylagcn. fte tterbeu gefd)lagen. idj tr-erbe gefdjtageu. bu merbeft gefd)(agen. er tr-erbe gefd)(ageu. ttur toerbeu gefdjtageu, U)r tr-etbet gefd)lageu. fte merben gefd^lageu. b. Imperfect. I was beaten. I were beaten. tdj nmtbe gefcfylageu. bu murbeft gefcfylageu. er txmrbe gefd)Iageu. n>tr ttmrbeu gefd)fageu. fyx murbet gefd)lagen. fie wurben gefdjlageu. td) ttmtbe gefd)(agem bu ttmrbeft gefd)(agem er miirbe gefd)Iagem tmr ttiirbeu gefd)Iageu. iijr itsih'bet gefd)(ageu. fte mitrbeu gefd)(agen. 44.] THE VERB. 107 Perfect. I may have been beaten. id) fet gefd)(agen toorben. bn feift gefdVlagen ftorben. er fet gefdjtagen morben. mir feien gefd)(agen morben. tfjt feiet gefd)lagen tuorben. fie feien gefd)lagen toorben* Pluperfect. I misrht have been beaten. I have been beaten. id) Bin gefdjlagen tvorben. bn Mft gefcfylagen toorben. er ift gefdjlagen » orb en. nu'r ftnb gefd)Iagen morben. tt)r feib gefd)lage'n morben. fte ftnb gefd)iagen worben. d. I had been beaten. idj wax gefdjlagen toorben. idj mare gestagen tuorben. bu marft gefdjlagen worben. bn mareft gefd)iagen morben. er tt>ar gestagen toorben. er metre gefd)lagen roorben. nur trtaren gefd)lagen worben. wir nwren gestagen morben. tt)r nwret gestagen worben. i§r nwret gefdjlagen toorben. fte maren gefdjlagen toorben. fte waren gefdjlagen morben. e. Future. I will be beaten, id) tuerbe gefd)lagen merben. bn tterbeft gefdjlagen n?erben. er faerbe gestagen toerben. ttnr merben gestagen tterben. i v r toerbet gefd)(agen merben. fte merben gefdjlagen toerben. f. Future Perfect. I shall have been beaten. I will have been beaten. idj tuerbe gefd)tagen morben fein. tdj fterbe gefdjlagen toorben fetn* bn ftirft gestagen roorben fein. bn merbeft gefdjlagen toorben fein. er nurb gestagen tcorben fein. er toerbe gefdjlagen toorben fein. 5* I shall be beaten, idj toerbe gefdjlagen werben. bn tt>ir(l gefdjlagen fterben. er nnrb gefdjlagen twrben. nu'r tterben gestagen tterben. iljr toerbet gefdjlagen toerben. fte toerben gefdjlagen toerben. 108 THE VERB. [45. nrir Herbert gefd)lagen toorben fein. toix twrben gefdjlagetttoorbenfeiiu tyx toerbetgefcbtugenioorbettfeitu tt)r tterbet gefcfylagen worben fein. fte werbeit gefdjlagen toorben fein. fie merben gefd)Lagen morben fein. g. Conditionals. First Conditional. Second Conditional. I would be beaten. I would have been beaten. t<$ toixrbe gefcfylctgen merben. id) mitrbe gefcfyfagen ttorben fein. bn mitrbeft gefd^lagen werben. bu ittittbeft gestagen it) orbenfetn. er witrbe gefd>(agen ioerben. er n?iirbe gefc&lagen roorben feitu itnr nmrben gefcfyfagen werben. fturtonrbengefd)lagenmorbenfettt. i^r mitrbet gefcfylagen loerben* iljr tviirbet gefd)lagen ttorben fein. fte toitrben gef^lagen t»erben. fte ttmvben gefd)lagen ttorben fein. 45. ©tngen, to sing. Principal Parts. fmgett, sing. fang, sang. gefnngen, sung, a. The following verbs form their principal parts in the same manner: fctnben, to bind. ringen, to wring. fprtngen, to spring, brtngen, to press. fd)lingen, to sling. ftinfen, to stink, ftnben, to find. fdjannben, to vanish, trinfen, to drink, gelmgen, to succeed. fd)ttnngen, to swing, ttunben, to wind, fltngen, to sound. finfen, to sink. Ringen, to force. 46. ©predjen, to speak. Principal Parts. fpredjen, speak. fpradj, spoke. gefprod^en, spoken. a. The following form their principal parts similarly : fceginnen, to begin, gefmren, to bring fdjwimmett, to swim. I?efef)len, to command, forth. fmnen, to meditate. 47.] THE VERB. 109 Bergen, to hide. gelten, to be worth. Berften, to burst. geunnnen, to win. Bremen, to break. fyelfen, to help. brefd)en, to thresh, tommen, to come. empfcBlen, to recom- neljmen, to take. mend. ttnnen, to run. erfd)reden,to frighten, fcfyetten, to scold. ioerben, to become, tuerfcn, fpinnen, to spin, ftedjen, to sting. fte()(en, to steal, fterben, to die. treffen, to hit. &ert>erBen, to spoil. rcerBen, to win. :o throw. b. The imperfects of fommen, trejfert, and Herbert, are lam, traf, and ttutrbe. The old form mart) is chiefly used in poetry. c. In the present indicative and imperative are found the modifications indicated xxxvn, 1 ; lxvi, 1,2. d. The imperative of nefymen is nimm, — the same vowel- change taking place in the present indicative. The past participle is gen om men. 47. oren, to swear. Principal Parts fdjworen, swear, frteren, freeze, fd)tt>or, swore, ft or, froze. a. In like manner the following : Beftegen, to induce, fttegen, to fly. Btegcn, to bend. Bteten, to offer, erfitren, to choose, erlb'fdjen, to extin- guish, fed) ten, to fight, fled) ten, to twine. fltefyen, to flee. flie§en, to flow, giifyren, to ferment, gentejen, to enjoy, gtcfjen, to pour. gltmmen, to glimmer. fyeBett, to lift. gefd)tt>oren, sworn, gefroren, frozen. KeBen, to cleave, fttmmen, to climb. frtedjen, to creep, (itgen, to lie. melfen, to milk. pffegen, to practice. queUen, to gush, riedjett, to smell. 110 THE VEEB. [48. faufen, to drink, fangen, to suck, flatten, to resound, fd^eren, to shear. fd^ieBen, to shove, fcfyiefen, to shoot, fdjlief^en, to shut. fttebert, to drive (as dust)* triefen, to drip, tocrbricgen, to grieve, tterlieren, to lose, roeben, to weave, rciegen, to weigh. fdjmelgen, to melt. fcfynctufcen, to snort. fcfyraitben, to screw fdjnoaren, to fester. fcfyrcelfen, to swell. fteben, to boil. fpriefen, to sprout. jte^en, to draw. b. In the imperfect and past participle of faufcn and trtefen, the f is doubled — also the b in the same parts of fteben is changed to tt t foff, troff, gefotten ; whilst in gtefyen, the I) be- comes g: 30 g, gejogen. c. In fecfyten, fletf)ten, tofcfyen, ntelfen, qnetlen, fctnfen, fdjeren, fcfymetjen, fcfyroellen, the imperative and present indicative vary- according to xxxvn, 1 ; lxvi, 1, 2. 48. 33et$en, to bite. Principal Parts. Beifen, bite. Mfj, bit. geMjfen, bitten, reiten, ride. ritt, rode. geritten, ridden. a. The following form their parts the same : Befletfen (jtdj), to fneifen, to pinch. apply one's self. leiben, to suffer. Dieicfyen, to fade. pfeifen, to whistle, gteicfyen, to resemble, reiten, to tear, gleiten, to glide. fd)leid)en, to sneak, greifen, to seize. fcr)leifett, to grind, leifen, to chide. fcfytetfjen, to slit. b. As in reiten, a single consonant is doubled in the im- perfect and past participle. Instead of doubling b, however, tt is used ; as, leiben, litt, gelittem fcfymeifen, to smite, fdjneiben, to cut. fd) reiten, to stride. fpleifen, to split, ftreicfyen, to stroke, ftreiten, to contend, roetcfyen, to yield. 49.] THE VEEB. Ill 49. Zxtxhtn, to drive. I* rincipal P arts. tretBen, drive. IrieB, drove. getrieften, driven, a. Similarly form the parts of the following : MeiBen, to remain, rei&en, to rob. fdjtoeigert, to be silent, gebeifyett, to prosper. fd)ett>ett, to divide. fpeiett, to spit, leifcen, to lend. fd)cinen, to shine. ftetgett, to mount, meibett, to shun. fdjveifcen, to write. ftetfen, to show, pteifen, to praise. fd^reten, to cry. get^en, to accuse of. 50. fatten, to fall. Principal Parts. fatten, fall. "ftet, fell. gefafa, fallen, rufett, call. rtef, called. gerufert, called. a. Similarly are formed : Mafen, to blow. tyangen, to hang. taufen, to run. Bratett, to roast. fjctuen, to hew. rattyett, to advise, fangett, to catch. fteifjen, to call. fd)(afett, to sleep, fatten, to hold. taffett, to let. ftofen, to push. b. Except in fyawn and rufen, the vowel of the present indicative is modified according to xxxvn, 1. c ^ing and tying are now used as the imperfects of fangen and tyattgen. The imperfect of tyauen is tyieft. 51. £ragen, to carry (to draw). Principal Parts. ttagett, carry. trug, carried. getragett, carried, a. Similarly form the parts of: fcacfen, to bake. fafyren, to journey, laben, to load. 112 THE VERB. [52. grakn, to dig. f^affen, to Create. tt>ad)fen, to grow, toafcfyen, to wash. b. Except fdjajfen, these verbs follow the rule for modify- ing the stem-vowel in the present indicative (xxxvn, 1). ©cfyaffen also omits one f in the imperfect which is fcfyuf. 52. (5e()en, to see. Principal Parts. fefyen, see. fat), saw. gefe^en, seen. a. In like manner are formed : Bitten, to beg. gefcen, to give. tiegen, to lie. effen, to eat. genefen, to recover, meffen, to measure, fveffen, to eat (as a gefcfyefyen, to happen, ft£en, to sit. beast). lefen, to read. treten, to tread, ttetgeffen, to forget. b. With the exception of genefen, to recover, the above verbs which come under the rule (xxxvn, 1 ; lxvi, 1, 2) modify their stem-vowel in the imperative and present in- dicative. c. The parts of fi{3en, are fa£, gefeffen — those of bitten, hat, gekten* d. The past participle of effen is gegeffen — the second g being euphonic. 53. The four following are quite irregular : Infinitive. Imperfect. Past Participle. getyen, to go. gtng, gegangen* fein, to be. war, gemefen. ftefyen, to stand. ftanb, geftanben* ttyun, to do. rtyat, getfyan. 54.] THE VERB. 113 54. The following are regular verbs, but change the stem- vowel to a in the imperfect and past participle : Bremten, to burn. Bramtte, geBramtt fennen, to know. famtte, gefatmt nennen, to name. nannte, genannt renttett, to run. ramtte, gerannt. fenben, to send. fanbte, gefanbt. toenben, to turn. toanbte, gercanbt a. The last two of these verbs are also inflected regularly. In all, the imperfect subjunctive is regular. b. Three merely change the modified vowel. bttrfen, (dare) to be permitted. bitrfte, gebttrfh fomtert, (can) to be able. hunk, gefomtt mitffen, (must) to be obliged. mufjte, gemufi t c. Three have also a consonant change as in English. Bringen, to bring. Bradjte, geBradjt benfen, to think. bad)te, gebadjt mogen, (may) to be allowed* modjte, Qmofyt. d. The parts of ttuffen, to hnoiv, are ftiffett, toufjte, gettitft 55. Seven verbs have an irregularity in the singular of the present indicative (xxxvi, 1). Infinitive. Present Indicative. bitrfett, (dare) to be permitted. idj barf, bit barfft, erbarf* f omten, (can) to be able. id) fann, bit fanrtft, cr fantt. mogett, (may) to be allowed. id) mag, bit magft, er mag. mitffen, (must) to be obliged. tdj mug, bu mugt, er mitf. fallen, (shall) to be in duty bound. \fy foil, bu fotfft, erfoTL nnffen, to know. id) n>et£, bit toeijjt, er feeijj. mollen, (will) to want. id) tmfl, bit antlft, er »iff. 114 THE PREPOSITIONS. [56. PKEPOSITIONS. 56. instead (of) on this side. ttttftott, jtatt, ftuperfialb, without, outside bteffettS, | btejjett, j fcalber, j on account C of )- tnnerfyatb, within, inside. jenfette, ) , , : , • fi-L > beyond, on that side jenfett, j J fraft, by virtue (of). KangS, along. Ittitt, according to. ob, on account (of). Governing the Genitive (xxxix). oberbalb, above, trotj, in spite (of), urn — tmtfett, for the sake (of), ungeadjtet, notwithstanding, unterfyalb, below. Uttferit, ) not far from, untoett, j near. *enmttelft, ) mm% \ h ? means ( of > fcermoge, by dint (of), ttctyrenb, during, tfegert, on account (of), jufolge, tnfc forge, | . fofge, j 1 in consequence (of). 57 .au$, out of. au§er, outside of. bet, by, near. Inrnten, within, entgegen, towards. Governing the Dative (xxx). gemd'p, conformably idng3, along. [with, tntt, with, nacfi, after. ttd'd)ft, next, gegenitber, over against, nebft, together with. 58. Governing the Dative or Accusative (xxxvin). fttt, on, at. ttt, in, into. Uttter, under, among. Ctitf, upon, on. ttebett, beside. i>or, before, htnter, behind. iiber, over. 59. Governing the Accusative only, burd), through. c^ne, without, fur, for. fonber, apart, gcgen, toward. uitt, around. 60. The following prepositions, employed as verbal prefixes, are inseparable when unaccented (xlviii, 2) : burd), through. iiber, over. um, around. uttter, under. oh, over, at. famirtt, together with. fett, since. »0tt, from. $U, to. [of. gttfolge, in consequence jtmfdjen, between. rotber, against, enticing, along. PART III. SPECIAL PRINCIPLES. READING AND ANALYSIS. SELECTIONS FOB. READING AND ANALYSIS. I. — The Golden Apple. 1 dlafyan, em $ropl)et nnb tocifer Setjrer ^u ©atern, fag nnter feinen 3ungent.unb bie SBorte ber 2Bet3i)eit floffm mie £onig son feinen Sippen. 2 ©a fprad) einer feiner 3imger, Gamaliel: 9ftetfter, tmefommt eg, bag ttir fo gerne beine getyrert empfangen, tmb aHe ber Sftebe beineS 9Jcnnbe3 ()ord)en? 3 £>a lacfyelte ber Bef^etbene Setjrer uttb fprad) : £>ei§et tnein Sftame ntdjt ®et>en? £>er 9Jcenfd) nimmt ja gerne, ttmn man nur ju gefcett »ct§. 4 SBie giBft bit bernt ? fragte £iM, em anberer son benen, bie 3it fetnen gitfen fagen. 5 Unb sftattjan anttr-ortete: 3d) reid)e end) ben gotbenen 2tpfet in fttberner ©cfyale. Die Gofyak e m p f a n g e t il)r, — after v&r finb et ben 2fpfeL NOTES. 1. @itt; see Parti, vn. — $ropf)ei; see lvi, 1. — toetfer; see vi. — Secret; see lix, also Partll, 33. — fafi ; see Part. II, 52, a, c. — unter; see xxxviii, also 58. — fetnen; see xxrx, also 11. — 3 it n g e r n ; see lix, also 33. — bie 2B o r t e ; see xn, also 27 and 33. ■ — ber 2Betgf)ett; see xxxn, also x. Observe that an abstract noun, 117 118 READING AND ANALYSIS. [i. when used in a general sense, requires the definite article. — floffett ; see 47, a, also iv and xxv. — $ o n t g ; see • xiv and xxxm. — , ©omit man burd) 2Mt unb ©rati SBanbert in bte (Sroigfeit NOTES. £offttltttg; see xxxn. utt g corresponds to ing in hoping- {ft; see 53 and 41. — ettt; see vn and 10. — fefter; see xxxv and 14. — ©tab; see xxxm; xn, 1, and 28. ©ebttlb* Most nouns terminating mulb are feminine. — 3^e tfefletb ; see 39 and 32, c. — 2B Ottttt; see Liu. — matt; see Notes i, 3, matt. — bttrct) ; seen; xxvi, and 59. — 2BeIt; see xxxn and 29, c. — ©rafc; see i and 32, c, also 39.— SBattb ert ; see 43, a.— ttt; see xxxvm, 1, 2, and 58. — bie; see Notes i, 1, also vi, 1 and vm. — SttMCjfett; see xxxn ; lvii, 2, and 31, a. 120 READING AND ANALYSIS. [ill. Exercise. My staff has always been hope- Patience will now be our traveling-dress. With these we shall wander through the world. With a firm staff let us travel into (the) eternity. III. — The Three Friends. 1 (Sin 2ftann Jjatte bret ^wkH jivei tton ifynen Ttebte er fefyr; ber britte to ax ifym gleid)giiltig, oBgleid) biefer feinBeftergreunbftar. 2 (Etnft nmrbe er t>or ben 3tid)ter geforbert, tuo er — oBfd)on unf&utbig — bod) fyart serflagt n?ar. 3 $3er unter eud), fagte er gu fetnen greunben, mitt mit mir at* fyn unb fin* midj geugen ? bettn idj Bin ungered)t oerffagt, unb ber $onig gitrnt 4 £)er erfte feiner greunbe entfd)ulbigte fid) fogfeid) unb fagte, er fonne nid)t mit ifym gefyen, megen anberer ©efd)afte. 5 £)er 3^eite Begleitete ifyn Bis gu ber Sfyitre beS 9Tid)tfjaufeS ; bann tr-anbte er ftdj urn unb gtng guviicf, auS $urd)t $or bent gor* nigen diifytex. 6 2>r £)ritte, auf n>eld)en er am memgften geBaut tjatte, ging l)tnem, rebete fiir tf)n unb jeugte" son feiner Un(d)u(b fo freubig, bap ber Sftidjter i(jn loSiiep unb Befdjentte. 7 £)rei greunbe l)at ber SDtenfd) in biefer 2CeIt; mie Betragen fte fid) in ber ©tunbe beS SobeS, menu ($ott iljn oox fetn (Seridjt forbert ? 8 Das ©etb, fein erfter greunb, ijerlafjt ityn juerjl, unb gefit nidjt mit i()nu (Seine 35ern?anbten unb greunbe Be* gleiten i^n Bis gu ber £t)iire beS ®raBeS, unb fefyren bann 3uriid in tfyre £ (infer. 9 Der Dritte, ben er im SeBen am ofteften ttergap, fmb feine gu= ten SB'erfe. ©ie atlein Begteiten iljn Bis gu bem Sfyrone beS 3ftd)terS ; fie gefyen ttoran, fpredjen fiir tfyn, unb finben $$axml)ex* gigfeit unb ®nabe. III.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 121 NOTES. 1* ^atttt; 32, b. — fyatteis more easily pronounced thanf)abte; 40; xxiv.— bret; 11; 17.— greunbe; xn; 27.— jtoefj xvm ; 17. — Oon;xxx; 57. — fatten; xxix. ; l.— Hebte; 48, b; xxiv. — britte; xxxiv, 1 ; lv ; 12. — to a r ; 53 ; 41. — g f e i d) g it f t i g ; vi, 2. — b refer; vi : lv. — feitt; vii. — befter; xxxv; 14. — ftar;xLv. 2. 2Burbe;42; xliu, 3; 43, n, b. — er; xlvi. — a n b te — it m is from umtoenben ; xlvi ; xlvu ; 54. — gtng; 53 ; xlvi. — a it S ; 57. — gurd)t; xxxn. — bem; xxvm; 3. — j or nig en ; xxxiv; 12. 6. Ctttf; xxxvm; 58. — foeldiett; xlix ; 6. — am stands for an bem* Whenever euphony will admit, the definite article and preposition may be thus combined, toenigfteu; xxxiv ; lv. This mode of expressing the superla- tive of the adverb is very common. (£ r I) alt mid) am 6 e ft e tt* He holds me best. I) a 1 1 e ; xlv. — |) t n e i n ; xlvu ; N. iv, 1, f) t tt. When trt is a verbal prefix it has the form tin* — tt tt f d) U I 0, N. n, ©ebulb.— f r e U b i g ; lx, 1. — I o 3 1 i e $ Get loose); xlvu, 1 ; 50. 7; fiat; 40; 1.— ber;N. 1, 3.— ^ettfd) ; 30, c— ttt;xxxvm; 58. — 2B e 1 1 ; xxxn ; 29, c. — b e t r a g e tt ; xlvih ; iv. — © t u tt b e ; xxxn ; xii, 2. — %ob e$ ; ix, 1 ; xxxm ; N. 1, 2. — r ; xxxvm, 1. — © eri d) t ; see note 4, ©efdjd'fte. — f o r b e r t ; xlv. 8. b a 3 ; N. 1, 3, ber $?eufd) ; 3. — ® e ( b ; 32, c. — e r ft e r ; xxxv. — erf aft; xlviu ; xxxvn, 1 ; 50, b. — 23 e r to a rt b t e rt ; lv and lvi. — ® r a b e 8 ; 32, c. — 3 u r it cf ; xlvu ; liv, 8. — £ a u f e r ; 32, c. 122 READING AND ANALYSIS. [iV. 9, b e n ; l ; 15 — tm for in bem ; see Note 6 above. £ c h en ; N. i, 3. — When the infinitive becomes a noun, it is of the neuter gender and regu- larly takes the definite article. — a ttt f t e ft e It ; 24 ; see Note 6 above. — » e r g a g ; 52, a ; xlvui ; xlv. — g u t e n ; xxxiv. — % f) r o n e ; xxvm, 2 ; xxxm. — fft i fy t e r $ ; ix, i. — a nan; xlvh. — 58 arnt|er = g t g f e 1 1— ® it a b e ; xxxn. Exercise, Although these are my best friends, two of them are in- different toward (to) me. The second was summoned before a judge. Who among them will witness for him. The king is unjustly accused and his judges are angry. The king said he could not excuse the judges on account of his other friends. The third accompanies me as far as the door. When he saw the king, he turned (himself) about and came back out of fear of (before) the angry judges. Our acquaintances released us because this man bore wit- ness of our innocence so cheerfully. The one whom at first we love the least, goes in advance, and accompanies us even to the throne of the judge. IV. — The Brooklet. 1 £u 23ati>Iein, ftlber^etf uttb Uav, £)u eilft ttoritfrer immerbar* 2fm Ufer ftetj id), ftnit' uitb firm' : 2Bo fommft bu fyer? 28o getyft bu f)tn? 2 „3$ tomm attS bimffer ^effen (Bfyood ; Wlein £auf gefyt itber SSlum 1 imb Wlwd ; Shtf meinem Spiegel fd)it>e6t fo mtlb S)e3 Matten £immel3 freunbltd) 33ilb. IV.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 123 jD'ritm IjaV tcfy frofjen Winter jinn ; @3 treibt midj fort, weij? nifyt woijin, 3>r mtcfy gernfen cms bent (Stein, 2)er, ben! id), nurt> mein $iU)rer fein." © o t b e. NOTES. 1. 23ad)Iettt; xxxi, 1.— filbert) e II; N. m, 2; vi, 2.— & Dr- ub er; xlvh and liv, 8. — 21 m stands for an b em. N. m, 6, am. — ■ U f e r ; 39. — ji el); i, 1. — Final e is o/ten omitted. This occurs most fre- quently in poetry, and where the following word begins with a vowel. t (^ ; xl vi. — fyer is compounded with verbs to indicate a motion hither, or toward the speaker ; xLvn.^-b t tt, on the contrary, denotes a motion hence, or from the speaker. — g e f) fi ; 53. 2. fomi; see ft e t), N. 1. — au3; xxx; 57. — buuFIer; xv; 4. Observe that the e is dropped between t and the liquid L — elf en ♦ lx ; 34, c. — ?0?etn; vu ; 11. — 2a uf O ea P); X1X - — iiber; xxxvm, 1; 58. — 23 1 u m e ; xxxn. —tyl o o 3 ; 39.— a u f ; 58. — 9J? e t n e m ; xxvm ; 11. — © |> t e g c I ; xxxm.— m 1 1 b ; lx, l. — T) e 3 ; ix ; 3. — b fa u e n ; xxxiv . 12. — f r e U n b 1 1 d). The termination t$ is omitted to improve the measure of the verse. Such omissions are common in poetry. — 23 1 1 b ; 39; 32, c. 3. I) 1 rum forbar U nt. — A frequent contraction. — f r b e It ; via ; 4. — ^tnberftnn; xxxm. The first element in a compound word often stands in the plural, when its plural is formed by adding a liquid. See xii> 2 and lviu. — t r e t b t — f r t ; xlvu ; 49. — ft e t $ ; 54, d ; 55. Supply t d). — tt> of) i tt. When bin and b. e r are combined with prepositions or ad- verbs, they still indicate the direction of the motion implied in the verb ; N. 1. — £er ; l; 15. It is here equivalent to he who. gemfen; 50; xvi, 1. Supply bat When a dependent sentence xohich precedes the indepen- dent has its verb in a compound tense, the finite part of the verb is often omitted. — T>er, for the sake of definiteness, is here used instead of e r. — to t r b ; xliu, 1 ; 42'; xvn. — g it b r e r ; xlvi. 124 BEADING AND ANALYSIS. [V. Exercise, Brooklet, thou art bright as silver. Why art thou ever hurrying by ? On thy bank we stand and meditate. From whence didst thou come ? Whither didst thou go ? We came from the bosom of a dark rock. Our course goes over the moss. On the mirror of this brooklet hovered the image of the blue sky. Therefore the brooklet has a childlike mind. Whither is it driving us on ? (He) who (has) called it from the bosom of a rock will stand on the bank of the river. He will be the leader of its course. V- — The Harp of Ossian. 1 Dfjtan, gimjars Boljn, ber Minbe Sanger son Sftor&en, fag einft, ati ber Sag ftcfy neigte, am (Singange (einer felftgten £afle. SDIatsina, S£o$car'$ Mitfyenbe Softer, ftanb nekn bem fdjroeigenben ©retfe. 2 Da fragte er, Ijat fcte*@emte fdjou ifyreu Sauf sootfenbet, unb ijl ba$ Slbenbrotft am n?eftltdjen £immel ? @ic [tnfet in biefcm SlugenMtd krniebcr, attttoortctc Sftafoina unb feufjte. 3 SSarum fcufgcjlbu, 9Eal»ma ? fragte ber Minbe ©rete. 3(d\ mdn Setter, anttuortete bie 3ungfrau, bag bu feut s ))corgcn* unb lein 2l6cnbrotf) fichcft. 4 Unb adj ! — fejjte ber ©rete mit liidjcmber Stppe funju — audj ntc^t -Btalsritta'S, meiner Xod)ter freunbficBe^ 2httlt£. — Sltcr fun*' tdj itidjt, SUlalirina, ben 8aut betner fiigen (Stimme $u bem ,ft(ang meiner £arfe, unb t»ai? Sdjiuefcen ber ©eijter urn iftre Soiten ? 5 2Bie sermagft bu benn bie £aure ber unftd)tftareit ©etfter ju tternehmen, mem SBater ? fragte 2ftat&tna« 9htr ifym, 5ftahnna, fpradj ber ©rete, bem bie augere 2Bdt erftarb unb untcrging, er* tenet ba>? teife ©aitfetn tu'Ijerer SBetten. Y.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 125 6 ©ie$e, IBlateina, fein Stuge tft fd)on gefcfytojfen, el)c ber £ob fommt, unb tote (Srbe rufyet yor ttjm in s J?ad)t unb Dunfel $er£)it(It @o nue ber oerbunfelten (Erbe nur ber ©terne ©lana erfdjeint, fo fd)n>eben son oben auf itjn tonenbe ©trafylen t)ermeber, unb be= ritfyren bie ©aiten feiner Jparfe unb femes fe()ertben ®etfte$* 7 Sflct^e mix bte £arfe, 9ftat»tna. (So rebete Dfftan ; -Jftatoina reid)te ifym fdjmeigenb bie £arfe unb nun ftiirmte ber bitnbe ©rets in U)re ©aiten. NOTES. 1* ^ftrtgafS, 2%e apostrophe is sometimes used with the genitive of the names of persons. © o f) n ; xn, 1. — b (tube; xxxiv, 1 ; 12. — fa $ ; 52, a, c ; xxv. — X a g ; xxxm ; 28, c. — n e i 9 1 e ; xxiv ; 43, 1, b. — a ttt ; N. m, 6. — Stttgattge; xxxm; xxvm, 2, — fettter; x. — f el fig ten ; xxxiv. — £ a II e ; xxxn ; xn, 2 — b I it t) e it b e ; xliv ; 9. — % o ct) t e r ; 33, d. — ft a tt b ; 53. — n e b e n ; xxxvm ; 58. — f cf)tr>etgenbett; xliv ; XXXVlll. 2* £) a ; N. i, 2. — (© o tt tt e ; xxxn.— f $ o tt ; liv, 5.— t 1) r e n ; viii ; 11. — ijollettbet; xlvih, 2; xvn. — £>tttttttel; xxxm. — ©te (she, the sun). As in English, the personal pronoun agrees with its noun in gender. ftttfet; m. — ttt; 58. — 21 it g e tt b 1 1 cf (eyeglance) ; N. iv, 3, — b e r = tt t e b e r is the prefix of the verb f t n l e tt ; xlvii. 3. bit; iv, 3. — m e t tt ; vn ; 11. — 9ft o r g e tt => The hyphen is often employed to indicate that the word which precedes is joined to an element which does not immediately succeed it. — ft e b e ft ; lxi. 4. lacfKlttb er ; see blitfyettbe, note 1. — t)tttjit; xlvii. — 9ftal=* &ttta'g;see %inQaV$, note 1.— £oct) ter ; x.— t) bY ; N. iv, 1.— £attt ; 37; 28, c. — © tint me; xxxn. — flange; xxxm; xxvin, 2; xn, 1. — ©djttnbett; N. m, 9.— ber; xv ; 3.— ©etfter; 32, d ; 37.— ttttt; 59.— ©aitett; xn, 2; 29, a. 5. t> e r m a g jt ; 55. — » erttebmen; 46, a, d ; xlvih, 1 ; xvn. — 1 1) ttt depends upon ertb'ttet. — be ttt; l; 15. — 2BeIt;xxxn; 29, c. — er* jtarb; 46, a. — utttergittg; 53; xlvii, 1. The imperfect, as usual, denotes the continuation of a condition. — letfe; xxxiv, 1. — ©attfeltt; N. m, 9.— t) b t) e r e r ; 26 ; xv. 6. ©tet)e; lxvi; 52.— 2tuge; 29, b— gef<$U ffett; 47, a — 126 READING AND ANALYSIS- [VI. £o b ; N. 1, 3, ber 9D?enfdj.— b e r ; xxvm, 1 ; N. i, 2.— ©terne; ix.— erfcfjetnt; xlv; 49, a.— tb'nenbe; xliv; 9.— (Straiten; xxxm ; 31, b. 7* S^t e t (^ e 5 lxvi.— r e b e t e j xlvi.— f $ ix> eig enb ; xliv ; N. m, 2. — ftihmte; xlvi; xxiv. Exercise. When the day was declining and the glow of evening was on the western sky, my blooming daughter stood near the old minstrel. Alas, that thou shouldst hear no hovering of the spirits around the strings of my harp. Yes, adds Malvina with smiling lip, I too hear the music of its sweet strings ; but pray, how can I perceive the sounds of the spirits and the rustling of a higher world ? His eye is closed and he cannot see the maiden's cheerful countenance. Before death comes, when the earth is wrapped in darkness, sounding beams from higher worlds descend (float down) upon his beholding spirit. She silently handed the harp to the old man. Do you hear the sound of a sweet voice ? The sun is setting at this moment. He (she) has already finished his (her) course. The night has come, the stars appear, and the earth reposes in darkness. VI. — The White Deer. 1 &$ gtngen bret 3^* tool)! auf bte 23trfct), (Bit motltett etjagen ben weifen iptrfdj* ©ie legten fid) imter ben Sannenoanm, £)a fatten bte Drei einen fettfamen £ranm. VI.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 127 3 ©er (Srfte. Mix tjat getrciumt, id) Hopf auf ben 23ufd), 3) a raufd)te ber £irfcfy fyerauS, fyufd), fyufd) ! 4 J)er 3w«ite» Unb ate er fprang mit ber £unbe ©effaff, £)a oramtt' td) ttjm auf ba$ gett, piff, paff ! . 5 £)er ©rttte. Unb aU idj ben £irfd) an ber of)t is often a word of euphony. There is no word in the English which will here give its full import. — atlf is used as in the phrase auf bte 3>agb, upon the chase, a hunting. — 33 1 r f d), also written SB i r f d) e ; lvh. — e r jag en. The prefix er implies the actual attaining or getting of the object aimed at. 3a gen, to hunt; etjagett, to secure by hunting or chasing; — so also, bait en, to hold ; e r b a 1 1 e It, to receive. — b e tt ; vm. 2. fid); xli. — unier; xxxvm, 1. — £raum; xxxm ; xn, 1. 3. Srfte; 19; 7. — 9)Hr fya t getraumt This expression is like to me (it) seemed, in English. — $lopf ; N. iv, 1. — ba ; N. l, 2. — fy e r =» a u 3 ; xlvii. 128 READING AND ANALYSIS. [VII. 4. £ u n b e ; xy ; 28, c— © e f 1 a f f ; N. m, 4, ®ef$afte ♦— b a 3. 7%e definite article usually takes the place of a possessive pronoun when there can be no doubt as to who is the possessor (li, 1). In most cases the dative or accusative of the personal pronoun accompanies. 5. ber; xxvin, 1; xxxvm. — fttefj; from jiojjen; 50, a. — lufttg; ix, 1. — in'g for in bag ; N. m, 6, am. 6. lagett is from Uegett ; 52, a. — ba; N. i, 2. — rattnte; 54. — fcorfcet; xlvu. 7* g e f e|) e tt ; N. iv, 8. gerufeit. — ©0 is often used to introduce that part of a proposition which is the direct statement of a consequence or inference. It cannot always be translated. — % \ e f e. Many feminine nouns are formed from adjectives by adding e. Compare lv and lvi. Exercise. These hunters are going to hunt deer. They lay and talked under a fir-tree. When the first sees the deer coming, he blows (into) the horn. As the second was rapping on a bush, the deer rushed by. Before the two had seen him, he was lying on the ground. They all had a dream. When the deer heard the yelping of the dogs, he ran past. Before they could speak, he was away. Have you ever seen a deer run- ning ? Can you lie under a tree and catch a deer ? VII. — Genius. 1 Der menfebticfye $orper soft *fter»en nnb 2Ibern, in beren Gtentro bie menfcfylicfye ©eele jt£t tote eine ©ptnne im (Sentro ityres ©ewe* TbeS, ift einer £arfe gu ijergteidjen nnb bie Dtnge in ber 2Belt nm Ujn ben ^ingern, bie anf ber $arfe fpteten. StUe £arfenfaiten beBen nnb cjefcen einen Xon, toenn fte berttfyrt toerben. 2 (Etrttge #arfen aber ftnb son einem fo glitcflicfyen 93au, ba$ fte g(eid) nnter bem finger fceS $nnft(er3 fprecfyen, nnb itjre ©atten ftnb fo inntg jum 35ebcn anfgelegt, bap fid) ber Zon yon ber ©aite [VII. READING AND ANALYSIS. 129 loSretft unb ein leid)teS atfjerifd)e3 SBefen fitr fid) ctu3mad)t, bas in ber Suft ttmfyer tr-atft, unb bie ^erjen mit fitter ©djroermutfj anfittlt. 3 Unb biefeS teid)te citfyerifdje SBefen, ba3 fo frci fitr fid) in ber 2 uft umfyer toaUt, roenn bie ©aite fd)on aufgefyort l)at gu betien, unb bas bie iper^en mit fitter ©djmermuti) anfitllt, lann nidjt an= berg at$ mit bent tauten ©enie getauft merben, unb ber 9)?ann, bem e3 fid) auf ben $opf fejjt n>ie bie ©ule auf ben $opf ber Sfti* nerija, ift ein Sftantt, ber ®enie $at; unb ber geneigte £efer nnrb nun tyoffenttidj Beffer, aU tdj, ttiffen, voa$ ®enie ift* NOTES, 1, 9tfer»en; 30, c. — beren; l, 1. — detttro is a foreign word. — tmis for in bem. — ©etoefceg; N.m, 4, ®ef$afte. — ju sergleicfjett. iw a case of this kind the active infinitive is employed where in English we use the passive. (£g tfijufyoffett. It is to be hoped. — um; 59. — ben gingem depends upon sergletdjen ; N. i, 2, ber 3^ebe. — X o tt ; XXX111. 2. eittem fo; lu. — gludHcfyett; xxxiv. — j p r e c^> e n ; 46; xlv. — jum for ju bem ; N. i, 8, ©ebett. — aitfgelegt. When the past parti- ciple of a verb, which does not take the auxiliary (ein in the active voice, is thus used, it is properly a predicative adjective. — fid); liv, 1. If the sub- ject of a, dependent sentence is a noun, a personal pronoun belonging in the same sentence will usually precede it. — aU$mad)t; xlvii, 1. — ba$; L; xlix. — £ e r j e tt ; 34, b. 3* awfgerjort; xlvii, 2. — ba$ refers to SBefett, its antecedent. — fatttt^ 55; xxxvi, 1. — bem. Here the relative stands in the da- tive ; N. vi, 4, bag.— ber 9flitter»a; x;3.— ber ® ettie; l ; 15.— getteigte; 13; xxxiv, 1.— nuffen; xvn; 54, d. Exercise, Does the human soul sit in the center of the human body ? This harp is to be likened to the web of a spider. Our fingers 130 READING AND ANALYSIS. [VIII. are full of nerves and veins. These harps are of such an un- happy construction that the strings do not vibrate even when we touch them. Ethereal beings move to and fro in the air of their own accord. The harp-strings are so intimately disposed to (the) vibrating that they speak at once, if you touch them. When the spider has already ceased to spin, the owl seats itself upon the head of Minerva. Do you see the artist playing upon the sweet strings ? Do you know what genius is ? How the sound fills the heart with sadness ! The being who sits upon the head of the man who has genius, is to be compared to a large white owl. The devoted pupil, it is hoped, will now know (how) to touch the chords of the human soul. VIII. — We are Seven. (£3 fafj kt fiunten 23htmen aitf eiuem ®raB etn $tnb ; 3n feinen Socfen fptette ber frifdje 9JZorgennnnb. 3fym glitfyten frifdj bie 2£angen, wic $irfd)en in bem Sflat, Unb feine 2lugen ftrafylten wit ©terne liar imb fret. 2 9ttd)t fcftclt ber ^in? fo ^etle, ber in ben S^etgen ftngr, <5o fro()lid) bie ©alette, bie in bem SBalbe fpringh „(£* fag', rote tftel ©efcfyroifter feib tfyr, metn ItekS $inb ?" £)a$ $inb fprad) freunblid) : „©iekn in 21 Hem nnfer finb. 3 „3it)et faen in bem ©arten, jroet rutj'n tm ©rak ()ter ; 3roet ftfc^en anf bem SBaffer, brum ftekn, £err, ftnb roir." „2Benn aroet tm 9fteere ftfdjen, unb aroet tm gelbe ftnb ; Dann feib U)r ja nid)t ftekn; fag an, metn Kek* $inb/' VIII.] HEADING AND ANALYSIS. 131 „(£i gtvet oon -unS ja liegen int griinen ©rabe t)ter ; Drum ftnb e3 unfer fieBert, |a fteben, £err, ftnb ttur." „2Benn gwci son end) begraben im griinen ©rabe ftnb; £)ann fetb Ujr ja nur fiinfe, mein guteS, Iiebe3 ^tnb." 5 „D nein, o nein, nicfyt fiinfe ; nein, fteben, iperr, ftnb mir ; !Denn 23riiberd)en nnb @d)mefterd)en, bie lommen oft ju mix* @e()r lange tag ba3 (Sd)toeftercfyen gebulbig bei una Irani, Unb blidte nocfy fo freunbiid), aU fcfyon fein ^'opfc^en fan!, 6 „$)er Hebe ©ott im .Ipimmel, ben e$ mir oftma(3 tt>ie3, £)er rtef bas Iranle ©d)n>efterd)en ^n fid) in' 3 $arabte$* 2)a ging ify mil bem 53riiberd)en gar oft 3um ©rabe I)tn; 2Bir fd)miidten es mtt 33(umen nnb fpielten in bem ©run* 7 „£)odj aU ber latte Winter bie 23iiimletn fc^neite ein; £)a rtef and) ©ott ba» 23riibercfyen ^um lieben ©ctymefterfem. Drnm fiinfe nid)t, nein, fteben ftnb, £err, in 5ltlem ttnr ; 3m ©arten, anf bem Staffer nnb in bem ©rabe fyter*" NOTES. L (SS; N. vi, 1.— fa§; 52, c— bie; N. vi, 4, baS — frtft^ ; lx, 1. — 99» a t ; xxxm. The names of the days of the week, and of the months and seasons of the year, take the definite article. % belle; N. i, 2, gem.— ber; l; 15.— fag'; N. iv, 1, fftt)\— fefb ; 41. — unfer is in the genitive plural ; 1. Observe that, except in the case of Uttfer, these genitives are formed by adding tX to the corresponding possessive pronouns. 4. begrabett; N. vn, 2, aufgelegt.— fiinfe ; N. i, 2, germ 5. 23riiber&)en. The diminutive terminations &) e n and I tin are often expressive of endearment. The latter is seldom used except in poetry. 6* 132 READING AND ANALYSIS. . [iX. b t e 5 N. iv, 8, ber. — I a tt g e. The final e is retained when lattg is an adverb. — lag ; 52, a. — Bet as employed to indicate the place of residence or of business. S3 e i ntetttem 33 a t e r* At my father's. 23 ei bent Kaufman n. At the merchant's. — fanf ; 45, a. 6, ben; l; 15. — eg refers to @cf» defter tt)e n ; N. v, 2, fie* — tote 3 49, a. — ber; N. iv, 3, ber. — rtef; 50. — itt$, forinbaS. — gtng; 53; xlvi.— t)tn; N. 4, 1, bin.— ©run; lvi. JExercise. There sat a child upon a little grave. The cool evening wind plays in its golden curls. Its eyes glow like stars and its cheeks like apples in autumn. The finch which was singing in the forest did not look so joyous and bright. How many brothers and sisters have you ? There are five of us in all, sir. Two are resting in the green grave. Then you are not really seven. My little sister lies ill at our home. Even when her little head is sinking, she still looks as patient. The good God called her to paradise. Her brother adorned the grave with variegated flowers. How gaily the gazelle leaps through the forest. Will your brother be fishing on the water when the *winter covers the flowers with snow ? No, he will be at his uncle's. IX. — Death and Sleep. 1 £ob unb ©cfylaf, ber £obe3engef unb ber Sngef be3 ©&)fum= merS, 6ritber(ttf) umfcfytungen, burd)roanbetten bte (Srbe. @* roar SJbenb. @ie lager ten jidj auf einem £uget, nidjt feme oon ben 2Bor)nungen ber Sftenfcfyen. Sine roefymittfytge ©title roaltcte rings ttmf)er, unb bte 9I&enbgtode tm fernen 2)orflettt oerftummte. 2 (Stiff unb fd)roetgenb, roie eg tl)re SGetfe tft, )a$en bte Betbcn roof)ltl)attgctt ®enien ber 2ftenfd$ett in trault^er Umarmung. unb fdjon nafjete bte 9?ad)t. IX.] READING AND ANALYSIS- 133 3 £)a ertjoB fid) ber (£nget beg (Sd)tnmmerg »on feinem Bemooften Sager, nnb ftrenere mit leifer £anb bie nnfid)tBaren ©djlnmmer* fornleyu <£>te SIBenbnnnbe trngen fie gu ben ftttten 2Bol)nnngen beg mitben Sanbmanneg. 9tnn nmfing ber fitjjje ©djlaf bie 23e* moaner ber lanbltdjen Jpittten, yon bem ©retfe, ber am ©taoe get)t, Ms gu bem ©angling in ber SBiege. £)er $ranfe ttergaf feme ©djmer^en, ber Sranernbe feinen Summer,- ber 2lrme feine ©orgen* Mt 2lngen fdjloffen fid). 4 3ej?t, naci) ttoftenbetem ®efd)iifte, legte fidj ber n>ot)ltf)atige (Sngef beg ©drummers nueber $u feinem ernfteren 25rnber fyuu „2Benn bie Sittorgenrotije anbrtdjt", rief er mit frofylidjer Unfd)nlb, „bann preifet mtd) bie 2Mt aU tf)ren grennb nnb $M)lt()ater ! SD tt>eld)e ^renbe, nngefefyen nnb tjeimlid) ®nteg gn tfynn ! SBte glitdltd) finb fair nnfid)tbaren53oten beg gnten ©etfieg ! $3ie fdjon unfer (litter 33eruf ! 5 ©o fprad) ber frennbtid)e (Engel beg ©djfnmmerg. £)er £0= begengel fatj U)it mit (litter 2Be!)mntf) an, nnb eine £l)rane, rote fte bie UnfterMid)en fteinen, ftanb in feinem grofen bnnllen 2fnge* „5Id)", fprad) er, „ba$ id) ntdjt, rote bn, beg frof)tid)en Daniel mtdj frenen lann; mid) nennt bie 2Mt ifyren $einb nnb grenbenftorerl" 6 „£), mein 33rnber", ernneberte ber (£nge( beg @d)lafeg, „tt>irb nidjt and) Beim @rn>ad)en ber ®nte in bir feinen ^rennb erlennen nnb banfBar bid) fegnen? ©tnb nur nid)t 33rnber nnb 33oten eines Waters V @o fprad) er ; ba glance bag 2htge beg £obeg* engelg, nnb 3&rtlid)er nmarmten fid) bie Briiberlid)en (Senien* $ x u m m a d) e r. NOTES. 1. umfdjlungen, bur cfytuanbeltett $ 60; xlvh; xlvui, 2.— f e r n e ; see N. 1, 2, gerne, — © 1 1 1 1 1 ; see N. vi, 7, Xtefe, 2. fefcto etgenb ; xliv; lx, 1. — faf en; 52, a, c. — betben ; m; 11. In referring to two objects which are considered together, b e t b t tt usually takes the place of 5 ft) e L 134 READING AND ANALYSIS. [lX. 3, erfyofc is from ertyeben. — Uttftd^tbaren. The termination lax corresponds to able or ible in £Ae English. — t r U g e n ; 51. — u in f t n g is from nmfangen; 50, c— »erga§ ; 52, a.— £ranernbe; lv;xxxiv, 1. — fdjloff en; 47, a- 4, anbric&t; 46, a; xxxvn, 1; xlvh, 1.— rief ; 50.— Unfc&utb; see N. ii, ©ebulb. — mtc$; see N. vn, 2. — toir; xlyi. — 23 o ten; lvi. 5» ft a n b ; 58. — f r e U e n, and a few other verbs when used reflexively, may govern an object in the genitive. 6. 23 r U b e r ; 33, b. c. — e i n e g ; 17. This is the only cardinal num- ber which is declined throughout all the cases. Exercise, It was morning. The angel of slumber had lain down upon a moss-grown couch. How beautiful the morning bells ! The occupants of that distant cottage have forgotten their cares. What joy to walk about the earth when the glow of morning is on the sky ! No melancholy silence reigns around. The angel of death stood and wept far from the abodes of men. Am I not an invisible messenger of the sick and mourning? The poor in the rural cottages call me their enemy. The fraternal genii are sitting arm in arm. The evening winds grew still. Alas, that the good are not per- mitted to bless me gratefully ! How happy are those who do good unseen ! When the sick man had forgotten his cares, an angel arose from his couch and called him his benefactor. They are all messengers of the invisible spirit. The mourner embraced her brother and a tear such as mourners weep stood in her dark eye. Shall we not forget our griefs and rejoice (ourselves) in (of) cheerful gratitude ? The night is already approaching. The distant evening bells are all silent. The babe is sleeping in its cradle. The eyes of the weary are closed. The angel of death is sitting upon a distant hill. X.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 135 X. — Lorelei. 1 3d) wcig ntdjt, tva$ foil eg fcebeutett, Dag tdj fo traurig Bin ; (Sin 9ftar$cu aug atten 3eiten, Dag fommt miv nidjt aitg bem ©inn* 2 Die Suft ift !itt)I tint) eg bunMt, Unb rufyig fltefjt ber SRjjetn; Der ©ipfer beg Sergeg funlett 3m 5lbenbfonttenf^eitt. 3 Die fdjonjfc 3uttgfrau fljjet Dort oBen hmnberfcar, 3^r golbneg ©efdjmeibe Mijset, @ie fainmt il)r golbeneg ipaar* 4 @te fammt eg mit golbenem $amme, Unb ftngt ein Steb bal>ei, Dag tyat eine nmnberfame, (Semaltige $Mobeu 5 Den (Sniffer im lleinen @erf(^tittaen 21m (Sttbe nod) gtfdjer «nb $af)n; Unb bag tjat mit intern ©ingen Die Soretet getfyan. £> e t n e* 136 BEADING AND ANALYSIS. [XL NOTES. i. foil; xxxvi, 1; 55.— 9J?tr; N. vi, 4, bag, 2. fHeft; 47, a. - 3. ® e ftt)metbe; N. m, 4. 4. baoet;Liu. — 9fteIobet is for 9)?elobte. It is a poetical form. 5. ben ©differ is the object of ergreift. — e3 refers to £teb.— $ o fy ; see N. rv, 1 and N. yi, 7. Exercise, The air is becoming cool. How calmly the Rhine flows by ! Do you know what it can mean ? The fisherman and his boat will not go (come) out of my mind. The loveliest maiden is sitting on the top of a mountain. Her jewels flash in the evening sunlight. She looks at the sailor and sings a song at the same time. He sits in his little ship. Does he not see the reefs ? I ween the melody is powerful. It will not come out of his mind. Does the maiden look aloft ? He only hears the song and sees the mountain. Have the billows swallowed the singer or the fisher? Does (the) Lorelei do this by her singing ? But it is growing dark, and I am very sad. XL — New- Year's Night. 1 (Sin alter 9ftenfcfy ftanb in ber 9?eujat)r£na$t am 5cnfter unb fdjauete nut bem 33 ltd etner langen 33eqn>etfluna, anf gum unbe^ toegUcfyen, ettug Mitftenben £immef unb f)erab auf bie ftifte, reine, tt>ei§e (Srbe, toorauf jejjt 9ttemanb fo freuben* nnb fdjlaflos tear, aU er. £)enn fein ®rab ftanb natye an ifim ; e3 roar Mo£ »om <5d)nee be£ Alters, nidjt »om ©run ber 3ngenb serbetft, unb er fcrad^te au3 bem gangen' retcfcen £efcen SWdjtS mir, aU 3rrtfmmer, ©iinben unb .ftranffyeit, einen serfyeerten $6rper, eine serobete <5eele, bie Sruft »ott ®ift unb ein Sitter doH 3teue. XI.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 137 2 (Seine [gotten 3ugenbtage manbten ftdj Ijeute aU ©efpenfter urn unb gogen ifyn toteber oor bent fyeilen 9Jtorgen t)in, mo iljn fein $ater guerft anf ben ©cfyetbetoeg be3 SebenS geftetlt, ber red)t3 anf ber ©onnenbafyn ber £ugenb in ein mette^ rui)ige3 2anb oott £id)t nnb (Ernten nnb ooft (Sngel bring:, nnb metier linf$ in bie WlauU tx>urf3l)uge( beS SafterS fyera^tefyt, in eine fcfymarge £6i)le oott fyer= untertropfenben ©ifte3, ootl gifdjenber ©cfylangen unb fmfterer, fd) muter £)ampfe. 3 2ldj, bie ©djtangen fyingen um feine 25ruft, nnb bte®ifttropfen anf fetner 3 ltn g e / wn *> er voufytt nun, mo cr mar. ©tnnioS nnb nut unauSfprecfylicfyem ®rame rief er gum £immet tunauf: „©tb mir bie 3ngenb mieber ! O $ater, fteUe mid) anf ben ©djetbemeg mieber, bamit id) anberS mafyle* 4 2Iber fein 9Sater nnb feine 3ugenb maren langft baljin* (Sr fatj 3rrtid)ter anf ©itmpfen tangen unb anf bem ©otte^ader er* lofdjen, unb er fagte: „@$ ftnb meine tpricfyten £age*" (£r fat) einen ©tern au3 bem ipimmet fliefyen unb im gatle fd)immern unb anf ber (Srbe gerrinnen* „T)a$ Bin id)/' fagte fein btutenbes iperg, unb bie ©d^langengafyne ber 9teue gru6en barin in ben SSunben meiter* 5 bitten in bem $ampf flog ptofclidj bie 9ftuftf fur ba3 9?eu* jaljr oom £t)urme fyernieber mte ferner ^irt^engefang. (£r murbe fanfter bemegt — er f^anete um ben iporigont fyerum unb itber bie mette Sr.be, unb er bad)te an feine 3ugenbfreunbe, bie nun, glitdli* d)er unb beffer ati er, Sefyrer ber (Srbe, $a ter glitdttdjer ^inber unb gefegnete 9ftenfd)en maren, unb er fagte : „fD, id) lonnte and) mie il)r biefe erfte 9kd)t mit trodenen 2htgen oerfd)tnmmern, menu id) gemollt fyatte. — 21 dj, id) lonnte glitdtid) fein, i()r tl)euern (Sltern, menu id) enere ^euiafyr^munfcfye unb M)ren erfiitlt l)'atte !" 6 (£r serfyittlte ba3 Sluge ; taufenb I)ei^e Zljxanm ftromten oer= ftegenb in ben ©cfynee — er feufete nur nod) leife, trofttoS unb firm* lo$ : „^omme nur mieber, 3ugenb, lomme mieber I". . , ♦ 7 Unb fie tam .ioieber ; benn er ^atte nur in ber 9?enj;a{)r£nad)t 138 READING AND ANALYSIS. [XI. fo fitrcfyterltdj getranmt ;— er toar nod) em Siingting; mtr feine Serirrnngen rcaren fern Zxaum gettefcn, 2tber er banfte ®ott, baf er, nod) jung, in ben fd)mn£igen ©angen be3 £after3 nmfef)* ren nnb jtc§ anf bie @onnenbal)n ^nriidbegeben fonnte, bie itfd reine 2anb ber Srnten lettet 8 M)re mit tfym, jnnger Sefer, nm, ttemt bn anf fetnem ^moege fteftft £)tefer fcfyredenbe Xranm mtrb liinfttg bein ^tdjter toerben ; after menn bn einft jammerootl rnfen nmrbejt : $omme roieber, fcfyone 3ugenb ! — fo ttitrbe fie nidjt tvteber fommen. 3ean tyaul NOTES. 1. ©0) nee; xxxm. Nouns terminating in ee are masculine. — »oitt is for soon tem. — 3ugenb» J/os£ ttowrcs whose final syllable is ettb are feminine. — brad)te; 54, c. — mit is here a part of the verb which is ntitbrtngen; xlvii. fommen @ie mit. Come with (me). 2. jogen; 47, a, b. — fyeruntertropfenben. The genitive singu- lar of an adnominal word in the simple declension is often euphonic. Ob- serve that i> o 11 governs the genitive when the noun is preceded by a limiting word. 3. btngett; 50, c— h>u§te; 54, d.— rief; 50. 4. gruben; 51, a. 5. flof ; 47, a. — bacfete; 54, c. — fottttte; lxi ; Lxin, 1. 6. taitfeitb, and also fyitttbert, are commonly used without the indefinite article Exercise, This sunny path leads to the left into a land of virtue and happiness. From his long life he has brought nothing but a bosom full of hissing serpents. Nobody upon the pure, quiet earth is so comfortless and sleepless as I. He gazes upon the blooming sky with a look of despair. O father, give me again the lovely youthful days ! He saw specters dancing upon gloomy swamps. XII.] READING AND ANALYSIS- 139 He hears the music for the new year floating down from the steeple. As he looks around the churchyard he thinks of the friends of his youth. In the midst of the music he calls to heaven: "Set me again upon the path of virtue." A thousand hot tears stream from their eyes, and they still sigh softly : " Come again, youth, only come again !" He looked around the horizon and saw a bright star glittering as it fell. The youth did not know where he was, and dreamed that he is an old man. If this old man should ever call : come again youthful days ! they would never come. This path leads to the right into a beautiful land of harvests. The other brings you into the sultry vapors of error. Let us turn about and walk in the sunny path. XII. — M I G N O N. 1 $ennft bu bag £anb, too bie (Sitrottett Mufm, 3m bunleln %auo bie ©olborangen gluten, (Sin fanfter 2Binb $om Blauen pummel tt>ef)t, £)ie myxtyt fttfl unb tyocfy ber Sot&eer ftef^t? ^ennft bu eg mo^l ? Detain ! Qaljin I S>Zod)t' tcfy mit bit, o mem ©eliefcter, gtet)tu 2 ^ennft bu bag $au$ ? 5luf ©auten rttfyt fetn Qafy, (Eg glanjt ber ©aat, eg fd)tmmert bag ®emadj, Unb SJlarmorMlber ftefyn unb fefyn mid) an : 2Bag tyat man btr, bu armeg $tnb, getfyan ? ^ennft bu eg wofyt ? £at)tn ! £)at)in ! Sftodjf idj mit bir, o mein 23efdjii£er, gtetyn* 140 EEADING AND ANALYSIS. [XII. 3 ^ennft bn ben 33erg unb fehten 2SoIfenfteg ? Dct£ Waulfykx fud)t im 5^ebel fetnen 2£eg ; 3n £of){en too^nt bet £)tad)ett atte SBrxit ; ®3 jiurgt ber gel3 itnb itfcer if)it bte glutf)* ^ennft bu eg motyl ? £)af)in ! £)atjin ! ©ef)t unfer 2£eg ; o better, taf imS $tel)n I NOTES. 1. ©olborangen. The g in Drartge is pronounced like z in azure. — MUfott instead of H life en. — to o fy I ; see N. vi, 1. — SEftocH 1 ; ixi. I would like, or I fain ivould, or Would that I might. 2. (£0; see N. vi, 1, e31 — ber © a a I is the subject of glanjt — feben mid) an; supply asking. — m a n ; N. i, 3, man* 3* ber!Drad)en;xv; lvi.— g e I $ ; lx ; 34, c— I a § ; lxyi, 1, 2. Exercise. What has my protector done to you ? Do you know the roof that rests upon a marble pillar? I can hear the flood tumbling over the rocks. Do you know where the race of ancient dragons dwells? The mule seeks the rocky path. How these apartments glitter ! I am looking at a marble statue. Do the lemon-trees bloom in this land ? Away, away, thither let us go ! I fain would rest where the golden orange glows. Gentle breezes blow where the lofty laurel stands. Knowest thou the mount where my beloved resides ? A mist hangs around it. Would that I might see the quiet myrtle and the oranges glowing in the dark foliage ! XIII.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 141 XIII.— The Rainbow. 1 9Mj$ItdjeS, 2Bofyltfyatige3 unb UnentfcetyrlidjeS, mas gur iftafyrung, gur 23efteibung unb gum Dobad), iioerfyaupt gur (£rtjal= rung ber lebenben ®efd)6pfe gefyort, ftnben nur inter garden 9ktui\ 2)a3 SBaffer Iofd)t unfern £urjl ; fitr un$ macfyfen allerlet gvitcfyte, urn un3 gu fiittigen ; nur ftnben SDtateriaTien gu unferer 23ef(eibung unb gum 23au unferer SBofynungetu Sine aUmadjtige #anb reict)t un3 2ltfe$ bar, tua» »tf fcebitrfen. 2 Slber aucfy ©d)one3, ©ro£e3 unb iperrticfyeS l)at ©ott ge* fcfyaffen, mas mir mit ftaunenbem Sutgifden oetrad)ten, toa$ unfere 35emunberung erregt unb unfere Bergen mit ^reuben erfiiftk 2)er (Slant be3 @rernent)tmme($, bie SDtorgen- unb 2T6enbrott)e, bie tter^ fcfytebenen ©eftalten unb garben ber SBollen, bag fd)6ne ©rim ber SBtefert unb flatter an ben SSaumen, bie 33futt)en unb 33 lumen getgen un3 eine er bie3 (Bfyont, (Erfyabene unb ©ottiidje empfmben unb benlen faun. 3 U biefen ©cbonfyeiten in ber Sftatnr, bie nur gu genuffen 3eiten mafyrnefymen, recfyne idj and) ben ttielfarbigen ^egenoogen. Wan muf ftaunen, mnn man oebenft, bafj er burdj 3iegentropfen entfte()t, bie au3 ben SBoflen gur (£rbe nieber fatten, in benen ftd) bie £id)tftra()Ien brecfyen, ruelcije ifym biefe yerfefyiebenen gjavfoen geben. 4 SSenn it)r barauf gemerlt fyabt, fo erfd)eint eud) ber Sftegen* Bogen nur bann, menu end) bie ©onne tm SRitden fteftt nriD in ben SRegen cor md) feine ©trafylen fallen lafjt. 3mmer alfo ber ©onne gegenitber erfefyeint ber ^egenbogen, beS SlfoenbS in Dften, be3 9ftor* gens in SBejren, in ©itben nur im Winter, mnn bie (Sonne niebrig ftet)t (Sr geigt befto r)el(ere garoen, jc bunHer bie balnnterftebcnbe SBolfe ift. @3 ftnb nic^t bie Diinfte ber SBolfen, fonbern mirf(id)e 21ropfeit, bie it)n biiben. 142 READING AND ANALYSIS- [xilT. 5 £)ie .^anptfaroen be3 Sftegenoogena ftnb : sjtolctt, inbigoblan, ^etfblau, grim, Ijelfgelo, orangengetb, rotlj, anferbem after nod) atle garden, bie bnrd) ben Uebergang oon einer mr anbern entftefyem S8i3tt>etlett ^iefyt jtd) urn ben Jpauptregenbogen in gleicfy wetter (Sntfernung »on i()m etn 9Zebenregenbogen, beffen garben »on jenem in »erfe$rter 3>ttd)tnng Itegen ; feltener entftefyt and) tin britter 3xegenbogen, beffen ^arben mieber fo anf einanber folgen, nne voir fie in bent ipanptregenbogen fafyen. £>er 9Jebenregenbogen geigt nn3 matttxt garben, nnb bet bem britten ftnb fie ant fdnoad)ften. 6 $Qenn nid)t an alien ©eiten eine SBolfe regnet, fo erblidt man nnr ba ©tiicfe son einem ^tegenbogen, wo ^egentropfen nie= berfatlen, nnb btefen nennt man Sfcgengatfe. Set grof^en SBajfer* fallen, wo stele Ditnfte bie Suft erfiillen, ftef)t man, wennmaneben* falls bie Sonne im linden fyat, sor ftd) bie fd)onften SRegenbogen, bie bad erfyabene <3d)anfpiel ber 9?atttr, wic bei bem Sfaagarafaff, ber atlco S)enlen fo madjrtg crfd)itttert, nod) me()r fcerfdjonern. 7 2Bemt bte ©onnenftrablen son einer rnfyigen, ftitfen 2Baffer= fliid)e 3ttvitd in ben mebcrfalienben 9iegen geworfen werben, fo ent= ftei)t auty eitt 9iegenbogen, bod) mit bent Untcrfcfyicbe, bajj bte $ar= hm in U)tn gerabe in oerfebrter Sfxid) tung wte bet einem wtrflid)en 9tcgenbogen liegen. 2£enn ba3 s 3)?eer ftiirmt, nnb bie SBetlen in Sropfen nnb £>itnften anffteigen, bann ergeugen bie ©onnenftrafylen oft jwanjtg, bretjjtg ^Regenbogen mgleid), beren $arbe gegen bie (Sonne gelb nnb gegen bas s D?eer blafjgrnn ift. SDaS 9Jtonblid)t in ber 9lat^t biibet btewetlen and) SRcgenbogen ; fie ftnb aber fefyr blaf unb nnr roeifj ober gelt. 8 Side ^Kegenbogenfarben fpiegetn ftdj be3 SftorgenS in ben ffeinen £()antropfd)en, bie fnnfelnben @ternd)en gleid)en nnb ben gluren nnb SBBiefen eine nnnad)a()mlid)e $rad)t leifjen. 2)er !oft= barfte Diamant funfelt bann nid)t fo fd)on, aU biefe Sropfcn, xon benen bie spftangen nnb £atme itberftrent 311 fein fdjemen, 'Man ftet)t mit jebem Stngenblide einen neuen SRegenbegen, tpetl bie die* gentropfen Winter etnanber im beftanbigen fallen, ftnb, nnb bie XIII.] READING AND ANALYSIS- 143 garBen son immer neuen SEropfen gebilbet roerben ; after roir ne§* men biefen SBecfyfel nid)t tt>at)r, roett in tie ©telle eined jeben fatten* ben £ropfend roieber ein auberer tritt 9 ©tel)t man auf einer toeit itber bem Jporigont erfyabenenipofye ober ber Sftegenrootfe natje genug, fo erfcfyeint ber 9fagenbogen aid ein uottig rnnber $rete* 2Bir fefyeu i()u nur aid etnen £albfretd. 3eber ©onnenftral)! beftefyt au$ fteben garben nnb gertt>etlt fid) in btefelben, roenn er in einem burd)ftd)tigen $(irper gebrocfyen roirb. £)iefed ftefyt man fcfycn an einem ©lafe Staffer, mnn bie (Sonne baranf fd)etnt, nodj metyr aber burdj ein breifeitig gefd)ltffened ©lad, bad man ein $ridma nennt 2agt man bad ©onnenlid)t burd) ein fold)ed ©lad in ein bunfled 3^ mmer fatten, fo getgen ftcfy bie fcfyon* ften bnnten ^arben, bie fid) and) an bem Sxegenbogen geigem 10 yflan fann fid) eine ftnnlidje $orftettung son bem S^cgen* fcogen macfyen, roenn man eine glaferne ^uget mit SGaffer anfiittt nnb auf fie unter einem geroiffen $3infet bie <3onnenftra()len fatten lagt, bann erblidt man auf einer roeigen SGanb, twelve bie JefatTb* ten £td)tftra()len auffangt, im Clemen einen farbigen 9xegenbogem Und mug ed geniigen, bie $3erfe eined t)ol)eren ©etfted mit Slnbetung unb Q3erounberung feiner ©rope gu betracfyten, roenn ed unferm fd)roacfyen $erftanbe aud) nicfyt yergonnt ift, bad 2Bte unb 333arum gu begreifen, 9ft it U e r* NOTES. 1. 9? U 1} 1 1 d) e d* When that which is denoted by a word is spoken of abstractly, the substantive employed stands regularly in the neuter gender ; compare N. i, 3, ©eben. — J U X for ju ber + — II t X 1 e 1 ; 23. — to a d and to e r, when relative pronouns, do not refer to a definite antecedent. 3. b e Q a b t e» Such participial constructions are often used instead of a limiting sentence. The English idiom would be, man who is endowed with reason, e d, in this case, may be rendered that or the one; see N. vi, 1. — bted; termination ed omitted. — ber 9?atttr; N. i, 1, 3, ber 9ftenfd).— b enen; l, 1 ; 15. 1-W HEADING AND ANALYSIS. [xill. 4. gegettiiber follows the noun which depends upon it ; 57. — beg 31 b e n b 3. When a day of the week, or a part of a day, is mentioned as an indefinite point of time, the noun denoting the same will usually stand in the genitive case. — (on b e r XI implies a direct contradiction of a nega- tive statement contained in the first part of the sentence; as, @r tfi nt d; t arm, ( o n b e r n r e t d). He is not poor but rich. 5. Sen etlter; supply gar be. — son ttjm is more definite than bason; mi. — j e n em refers to Isauptregenboge n. — o e r f e t) r * ter; xlvhi.— a m fd; road; ft en for bte fd; ro ad; ft en ; 24; N. m. 6, am roemgfren. 6. f o; N. vi, 7. — bie bag; bte is a relative pronoun and subject of oerfefyb'nertt. 8* £ t) autr bp f ct) en. en?« dropped before the diminutive termination d)en; as, ©arten, ©d'rtcben. — bte is a relative pronoun, subject of gletdjett a verb which governs the dative. — to til\ ♦ ♦ ♦ ftttb J because the drops of rain are constantly falling in succession. 9. erfyabenen; xlvhi; see above N. 3, begabre. — gefc§ltff ene3 is from fd)leifert ; 48, a, b. 10. jj i (fc has the same form in the dative as in the accusative ; xli. UJxercise. In the secondary rainbow the colors are inverted. Is it granted to our understanding to know the why ? Can you make a sensible representation of the colors of a sunbeam ? What do we see when the sun shines upon a glass of water ? The rays of light are refracted and this gives the different colors. You have observed that it appears only when the sun is behind you. Do you know why the rainbow always appears opposite the sun ? To-day the rainbow appeared in the east. The brighter the cloud which stands behind, the colors are the paler. In the evening the sun shows itself at an equally great distance from the blue cloud. If these drops of rain do not fall on all sides we cannot see the sublime spectacle. These little drops of dew seem to resemble spark- ling stars, still with the distinction that they all reflect the XIV.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 145 colors of the rainbow. Whatever pertains to the clothing and preservation of living creatures we find in nature. Rivers flow down from the mountains in order to quench our thirst. A beneficent hand proffers us everything that we need for the building of our habitations. Let us lift our hearts to God in grateful adoration. Man alone can perceive the beautiful and sublime. XIV. — The Maid of Orleans. Extract. 1 Ms toxx nun bte ipotjen 53et 5?ermanton erretcfyt un'o in bas Zfyai, T)a$ tue gjonne burcfyftromt, fyerunterftiegen, £)a ftanb in roettcr (Sbene 9 or unS ber getnb, Unb 2£ajfen Mitten, ba xvix riidwarts far)n* Umrungen fa()u toxx un3 son Beibeit £eeren, 9li$)t ipoffnung wax gu ftegen, nodj gu fltety'n ; £>a fan! bem Sapferften ba$ £erg, unb 2We3, SSergiveiflung^ttotl, mill f(t)on bie 28affen ftrecfen, 2 21(3 nun bie giifyrer mtt einanber nodj math fu^ten unb nidjt fanben— ftef), ba ftetlte ftdj Sin feltfam SBunb'er unfern ^ugen bar ! £)enn au3 ber STtefe bee ©efro^eS plo^Itd) £rat etne 3ungfrau mtt oefyelmrem £aupt 2Bte etne ,ftrtege$gotttn, fdjon gugteid) Unb fcfyredlid) anjttfelm ; urn tbren dladm 3n b unrein 3Rtngen ftct ba$ $aat ; cin Ottanj SSora £tmmel fd)ten bte £ofye gu umleudbten 2H$ fie bie ©timm 1 crlutb nub atfo fpradj : 146 BEADING AND ANALYSIS. [XIV. 3 „$&a$ gagt i*jt, tapfre granfen ! 2htf ben getnb ! Unb warenfein meljr benn beg ©anbg im SDtoe, ©ott unb bie fyeil'ge 3uttgfvau fittjrt eudj an \" Unb fcfynelt bem gafynentrager aug ber £anb SftijT fie bie 5^^' unb x>or bem 3uge ^ev 9ftit fiifynem Slnftanb fd)rirt bie 9)Zad)ttge* $3ir, ftumm sor ©taunen, feloft nid)t tootlenb, folgen £)er i)oi)en ^^n' unb ifyrer Sragerin, Unb auf ben geinb gerab' an ftuvmen toix. 4 2)er, f)od)ktroffen, fte^t oemegungglog, Sftit weit geoffnet ftarrem 33Itcf bag SCunber 3lnftaunenb, baf fid) feinen 2(ugen jeigt — £)odj f6neK, alg fatten ©otteg <5d)reden ifyn (Ergrtffen, ttenbet er fidj urn 3ur ftlnfyt, unb, 2M)r unb SBaffen son fidj toerfenb, (Sntfcfyaart bag gauge £>eer fid) im ©efilbe ; Da l)itft tein 9ttad)tworr, feineg giifyrerg $uf ; 23or ©(^reden fmnloS, ot)ne ritdgufdHtu'n, ©tiirgt $Zann unb 2to§ fid) in beg gtuffeg 23ette. Unb la£t fid) toitrgen oijjne SMberftanb ; 5 Sin erfd)lang, - Unb son ben Unfern iuarb fein Vflann sermi&t. (©filler. NOTES. 1. erreia)t; N. iv, 3, gerufen.— u m r u n g e n ; xlvhi, 2; GO.— bem £abfetfteit. The substantive here stajids in the dative ; see N. vi, 4. 2HI e g is often used in the neuter singular even when it refers to persons only. ■ XIV.] BEADING AND ANALYSIS. 147 2. f eltfam; N. iv, 2, frennblid) — t r a t ; 52, a. — ft e 1 5 50.— fdjten ; 49, a. — .£> i) e ; lv ; lvi. — u m I e u d) t e n 5 xlvhi, 1 ; 60.— b 1 e <2> 1 t in m 1 j -wl, 1 ; N. vi, 4, ba6. — e r t) u b is for e r f) b ; 47, a. 3. SB a 8 v ^l/) * s more abrupt and emphatic than njarillll. — f ettt is frequently used for fetner ; see N. vin, 2, nnfer. — b e n n in this sense is almost obsolete, dt i § ; 48, a. — fd)rttt; 48, b. — folgenawd a/ew o^Aer veris ta&e their object in the dative instead of the accusative. 4. ber ; l. — § ocbbetroffen ; N. 111, 1.— beaugungSloS ; lx, 1. — batten; lxi ; lxiii, 1. — © d) r e cf e n ; lix ; 33, a. — ©eft I be. Neuter derivatives, with the prefix g e, have a collective or frequenta- tive meaning ; as, g e I b, jfoZd, © e f il b e, ./?c&fo ; ©tern, star, © e * ft t r n, constellation ; 33 e r g, mountain, © e b t r g e, chain of mountains. On account of the plurality of their signification, a large part of them terminate in e and have no separate form for the plural. If, however, the e is dropped in the singular their plural is formed regularly ; xn ; 27. — t) 1 1 f t ; xxxvn, 1 ; 46. — b n e and Uttt require ju before an infin- itive which depends upon them ; xlvii, 2. 5. junenncnj see N. vn, 1. — b t e n t d) t ; li. — b t e b e r ; l ; 15. Exercise. When we had reached the vale through which the river flows we saw the enemy standing in the plain. They looked back and saw themselves surrounded by our two armies. Not reckoning those who were scattered in the plain, not one of our men was missed. Why do the brave Franks tremble ? Then sinks the heart of (to) the bravest. The maiden sud- denly steps forth from the wood. The dark hair which falls around her neck is terrible to behold. Were there more of you than of the leaves on the trees, I would wrest the standard from your hands. Our leaders kept seeking for counsel and finding none. Did you see the light shining around the mighty one. It was not a battle, because the steeds plunged into the bed of the river. Our enemy gazed a moment in mute amazement and then throwing away their (his) weapons, they scattered them- selves in the distant plain. 148 READING AND ANALYSIS. [XV. XV. — The Ascent of JEtna. 1 yiafybtm mir bas 9Jcerfnmrbigfte in (Satania gefeljen, mafyttn wir unS auf ben 2Beg nadj bem ©ipfel bes 2Ietna. Ungefatyr 3moIf ejtgltfc^e Snellen bis gum £)orfe fRtcoIoft fteigt matt aflmattg burd) reid)e SBeinberge ttttb Sttautbeerpflanjungen, aber audj biefc waren ttott bem te^tett £aoaftrome burd)brodjen imb ttieifad) %tx* ftbrt. £)ie ©egenb oon Sfticoloft war nodj rings umfyer mit trotfe* ner fdjwarger 3lfc$>e bebedt, unb bie nad)ften £iigel, iiber weld)e fid) bie %a$a ergoffen tjatte, waren nod) fo nnfrud)t6ar, ate wenn ber 2ht3brud) erft geftern gefd)el)en metre. 2 33 on bem ©ipfel etttes £itgel$, wetd)en id) beftieg, fat) idj nm mid) t)er eine gro£e Stnjaljt afynlidjer ($rb6I)ungen, eitttge gleid)fatf3 wnfvud)tbar, anbere reid) mit SCein bepffanjt, anbere mit (Sidjen- walbern ben?ad)fen. 3" bem Softer oon Sfticoloft rul)tett loir ein Wenig aus unb oerfolgten bann unfere $eife, gefitfyrt yon einem 23atter bes £)orfe£. ipier fangt bie wafbtge ©egettb an unb battert bis ju ber 3iegenl)b'()le, ungefaljr fed) 3 SDieilen. £)er ©teig ift ben gan^en 2Ccg itber fteil unb wirb jafyer, je l)bl)er man fommt 3 X)ie SScranbcrung be im Stnrme brit^t* Der Crater toar ^n nnterfd)eiben an einem rotfyen, biifteren St^te, bas bnrd) bie freiten Dampfivolfcn brad), bie fid) fyeroortoa^ten* Da$ (3an$e bilbet eitte l)6d)ft fnrd)tbare Scene, ber ttieileidjt 9tidjtS in ber 2Be(t serg(id)en iverben fann* \ 5 SSir fanben ioenig Sd)nee an biefer Seite be3 25erge3 ; aber bie $alte mar fo ftrenge, bag ttrir fie !anm ertragen fonnten* 2Be* ber bag ®emid)t ber Icleiber, nod) bie 2lnftrengnng, bnrd) tofe 2tfd)e jn llimmen, bie bet jebem Sd)ritte nacfygab, wotlte nn3 erwarmen* Die $alte wax fo mad)tig, bag ber tyeifje Dampf, welder an3 ben fleinen Stiffen in ber 9taf)e beg Craters fyeroorbrang, fofort an ben Steinen gefror. 9cad)bem wix nngefafyr groei Stnnben mit l)6d)fter Sftii^e nnb 25efd)ft>erbe fyinangeftommen maren, gelangten wir an ben ^Ranb beS Craters, Die 2lnSftdjt, bie ftdj t)ter jeigt, ift itber atle 33efd)reibnng nnb Sinbilbnng* 6 Die ganje 3nfel Statien, Wlalta, Salabrien nnb bie lipari* fdjen 3nfeln erfd)ienen gerabe nnter Sinem, tine anf einer ^arte. Da3 Gmtjelne wax atte3 in ber btanen £tnte beS 9ftorgen$ tter= fdjnmnben, nnb bas <3an%t gnfammen fd)ien in Sd)meigen nnb #M)e oerfenft 3d) fiH)Ue mid) felbft itber bie s 3ftenfd)t)eit erfyoben nnb fat) mit 33erad)tnng anf bie gemaltigen ©egenftanbe ber (£t)x* fnrdjt nnter mtr* Die Sd)anplaiae, anf benen fo ttiete mad)ttge Stabte bnrdj ^nnft nnb SBaffen bliti)ten, fo ga()lreid)e glotten nnb Jpeere urn bie £>errfd)aft ber 3Mt fampften, fd)ienen nnr bnnfete $leden gn fein. 7 W.U bie ©onne anfftieg, tr>arb bie Scene nad) nnb naclj anf= gefiart Die glad)en nnb Serge, Seen nnb gtitffe, Stabte nnb SBalber tmtrben atlmatig benttid)er* %U \k aber dnm gennffen ©rab ber ^peWtgfeit ervetct)t fatten, fd)ft>anben fie nneber ftnfemt>eife in bie Ditnfte, meld)e son ber Sonne in bie £of)e ge^ogen tuarem Der 5letna felbft bitbete einen nngefyenrat Sonnen^eiger, beffen Sd)atten fid) mit itber ben ftdjtbaren iporigont erftrecfte, ftobnrcfj 150 READING AND ANALYSIS- [XV. idj midj itberjengte, bag man son Jjier au^ mit etnem gnten £e* leffope bie $itfte son Slfrila tsitrbe fetyen fonnen* 8 Unter un$ an bem Serge fonnten roir bie ©purcn eincr gro* fen 9ftenge Sasaftrbme erfennen, roelcfye bod) 9ttd)t3 ftnb gegen bie 3af)l berer, bie fid) nid)t metyr nnterfd)eiben taffeiu 3>nn nnter* fudjt man bie tiefen Stealer, tseldje bnrd) 23ergftrbme au3getsafd)en tserben, fo ftetyt man, bag ber gan^e 23erg an$ serfcfyiebenen £asa= fd)id)ten beftefyt, bie nad) langen 3»ifd)cnraumctt itbcr einanber ge= flojfen ftnb ; jwifdjen ben ein^elnen ©djidjten erfennt man nod) ben nen angebilbeten 33oben son abroed) felnber Dide. \ 9 (Stye isir gnritdfefyrten, entfd)log i^ mid), in ben Crater t)tn= etttjufdjauem Unfcr ftufyxtx rongte babei siel son ber ©efaijr 3U fagen, nnb eqafyite, nne bie tyotyt itbertyangenben Sasabanfe ofter etngeftiir^t feicn. 2lber nacfy einigem 3*ii'eben unb nad) etltd)en ®e* beten, roobet e$ mix bod) fd)anerlid) jn 9Jcutbe tsnrbe, fnfyrte er un3 an eine ©telle, tveldje fd)on bnrd) irgenb einen fiitynen trembling serfud)t roorben. 35on ba au$ blidte id) in ben fit rd) ted id) en geuerf^Iunb nnb faty nngetycure sorragenbe gelfen, $tsifd)en benen mactytige ^ampfwoifen bersorbracfyen, bie immer mit eincm triiben, jittemben Sidjte sermifd)t roaren. 10 3d) fonnte leinen ©runb erfennen, tootyl after bag @<$laa,ett nnb Jofen ber $3eUen son gefd)molgener Sftaterie, iscfdje ettt foldjes ®eriinfd) mad)tcn, bag fie mir son ben $int()en nnb SGtrbefwinben eines fturmifd)en genera, roeicfye unten rafeten, eimgett 23egriff ga= bm. 5^ad)bem roir nnn inforoeit unferer 9ceugier gennttfafyrt, ftie* gen isir gtemtid) erfroren jn ber ip6l)(e ^nritd, um m\v bort wicber $n ensdrmen nnb jn erqniden, nnb le()rten aUbann nad) Catania jnritd, too tsir SlbenbS, son s IRitbigleit gait3 erfd)b>ft, anlangten.^ ©b'tbe/ NOTES. 1. gjferftoitrbigfte; lv.— ge f e t) e n ; N. iv, 3, gerufen.— 31 f d) e. Some nouns are used in the singular which are plural in the English. 3flttge, tongs; 23 rill e, spectacles. — ft) are; lxi ; Lxin, 1; XLii. XV.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 151 2. BejHeg; 49, a.— retcb; lx, 1. 3. trieben; 49.— jit eg en; 49, a.-bem ©tpfel jiu At the end of a sentence ju frequently stands after the noun it governs. — toaren; xlh. — toarb; 46, a, b. — urn; N. xiv, 4, ofyne. — lag; 52, a. 4. um, in this case, does not refer to $u. — Hang; 45, a. — © e e is used in the masculine or feminine — as if b t e © e e, the sea, were mother of b e r (See, the lake ; N. xi, 1, ©djnee. — ju un terfdjetben; see N. vn, 1. — bev; l; xxvm, 1; 15. 5. ft r e n g e ; N. 1, 2, gerne.— ® e to i <$ t ; N. xiv, 4, ® e f 1 1 b e + — fyer&orbrang is from feert>orbringen^ 45, a. — g efr r is from g e f r t e r e n ; 47.— to a r e n ; xlh. 6. »erfd)tounben; 45, a.— io c r f en ft 5 xlviu.— benen ; l, 1 ; 15 7. © e e n is plural of b e r © e e. 3D t e e3 dangers SSatcrlanb ? 2Bo efcler ©eijhr $unfen fprittjten, 2Bo Grange fitr t>a$ <&d)fau blutjten, 2Bo ftarfe iper^en freubig glut) ten, giir 2llles £etltge entfrrannt ; £)a wax mem ©aterfanb. XVI.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 153 2£ie fyeijjt be£ ©angers $atetfanb ? 3e£t iiber feiner ©o()ne 2eid)en, 3e£t weint e£ unter fremben ©treicfyen ; (Sonft tyiefj e3 nur ba3 Sanb ber gidjen, £)a$ freic Sanb, ba$ beutfd)e Sanb ; ©o tyiefjj mein SSatcrlanb. 2£a3 wctnt be3 (gangers $atertanb ? £)a3 Dor be3 2Bittt)rid)3 Ungemtttern ©tc giirften feiner Golfer gittern, £)afj it)re tjeit'gen SGorte fptittern Unb ba§ fein 9xuf fein £6ren fanb ; £)'rum tueint mein Saterlanb* $3em ruft beS ©angers 2$atertanb ? (S3 ruft nac^ ben fterftummten ©ottern, 9ft it ber ^erjmeiflung I)onnertt>ettem 9lacfy fetner greifrett, feinen better n, %la&) ber SSergettimg 2tad)ert)anb ; 2)em ruft mein 23atertanb* SBas wilt be3 ©angers JBaterlattb ? £)te $ned)te mitt e3 nieberfd)tagen, £)en 33lut(utnb au3 ben ©rengen jagen, Unb fret bie frcten ©ofjne tragen, Cber fret fte fatten unterm ©anb ; £a£ and mein 5ktcrlanb. 154 READING AND ANALYSIS. [XVI. 6 Unb t)offt beS ©anger^ ^aterlcmb ? @3 ()ojft auf bie gerecfyte ©adje,. £offt, baf fein treueS %$olt txxoafyt, £ojft auf bes grogen ©ottes 3fla^e, Uttb Ijat ben 3^ad)er niifyt serfannt; £)'rcmf §offt mein $aterlanb* Corner. NOTES. 1. e b ler ; xv.-6 a) o n e, £ e t H a. e ; lv ; N. xm, 1, 9?ii|Ud)e3. 2. fetner refersto SSaterlanb ; xv; 11.— hte§ is from hetfjeh, 50, a. 3. SBaS; N. xiv, 3, »»ag.— Golfer.; plural of Self; 32. c. The practice of adding an r to the regular plural form is most common in the rural districts of Germany. Compare the tendency among us to say idea-r, Maria-r, Noah-r. 4. 2Bem; xlix, 1; 16.— ber: x; 3. 6. auf takes the place of the English for with to hope. — erfo ad) C lxi ; lxii, 1. — b t x I a n n t is from serfennen; 54. Exercise. Where was my fatherland ? It is where brave hearts are glowing for everything noble. My native land is weeping over the dead bodies of its minstrels. Formerly it was called only the land of freedom. We all weep because the sacred words of our princes found no hearing. For that reason it was called the land of slaves. To whom are you calling ? We are calling for the avenging hand of the silent gods. They will come with thunderstorms of retribution. Let us chase the tyrants from our borders or make our beds beneath the oaks. Your fatherland hopes that her righteous people may awaken. They will not mistake the strokes of the great God. XVII.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 155 XVII. — The Falls of Niagara. 1 Dtefer fo beritfymte SBafferfatf ftiiqt eigentlid) in $tt>ei @tro= men son feinem getfentljrone fyerab. £)ie 33reite beg einen (Stro= meg betragt etma 300 gu£, nnb biefert nennt man ben amerifani^ fcfyen, ruetl er, ba bte (Sren^inte gwtfd)en beiben bnrcfygesogen ift, ben $ereinigten (Staaten son ^orbamerifa 3itgebort 23on bem anbern, bem englifd)en, toirb er bnrd) bie fogenannte 3^ e B ert ^ lt f e ^ gefd)teben £)iefer te^tere, anf ber Seite i?on Sanaba, ift ber fd)onfte gall. 2 3n feiner 9?at)e empftnbet man bag 23eben beg 35obeng, anf bem man fte()t; bag ©etbfe beg gatteg aber fyort man fcfyon inmet* (enmeiter Sntfentnng. s #nfangg matfte ber (Strom fanft fort ; je nafyer toix aber bem 2£afferftnr3e famen, befto ftarfer nmrbe fein Donner. $3ir mnrben bte itber ifym fcfymebenbe £)nnftn>o!fe ge= wafyr, bte einer ber bidften SBolfen am £tmmel g(id). (Sie erfd)ien nng nad) bem oerfd^iebenen Stanbe ber (Sonne, bie fte mit ifyren (Strabten beriifyrt, balb bnttfc(fcfytt>ar3, balb glan^enb tr>eig* 2)te 9)caffe biefeg 3)nnfteg ift fo brett nnb grog, ba$ man glanben mbd)te, ber (Strom fade in einen tobernben 23nlfan, n>eld)er atfeg Gaffer fogleid) in £)nnfte oermanbelt 3 5tuf einem langen nnb gefal)rltd)en Ummege famen tr-ir bei bem fogenannten Safelfelfen an, n>eld)er au$ einer am Stbfyange big linfen lifers l)er*orragenben gelfenmaffe beftefyt 3Som 3tanbe beg gelfeng fann man fenfrecfyt in ben branfenben, Snellen fd)tagenben, anf* fprij^enben jleffel t)inabfd)auen, in bemein getvaltiger ^vieg fyerrfd)t, wenn man ebm fo mittl)tg aU nengierig ift nnb bie 2lnwanblungenbeg S>d)tt>inbelg nicfyt faint 3Me garbe beg SBafferg ift bei feinem gatfe son bem getfenabfyange bigroeilen bnnfelgriin, ijettgiangenb, »cig, t»ie Scbanm, nnb geigt ein taufenbfarbigeg Sicfytfpiel, na$ ber 33efd)af= fent)eit ber 2ftmofp()are, bem (Stanbe ber Sonne nnb ber eite ift mit (Xebern unb Sannen beioad)fen, bie iiber bent ipaupte bed 2lnfd)auerd gu fd)toeoen fd)einen unb iljn augenblidiid) ^u germalmen broken. s DM)rere biefer 53aume fyabett U)re SBipfel nie* berfenft unb ()alten ftc£> am 23oben nur nod) fd)toad) mit il)ren 2Cur* gelm Siinf ote fecfod ©djritte ging id) Winter bem mad)tigen 2Baf= ferftra^le fort, urn nod) meljr in $a$ 3nncrc biefer £6l)len tytnetn* guMicfen ; aber balb, balb ware id) l)ier burd) einen t)errfd)cnben SBirbelnnnb umgetoorfen toorben, ber immenoafyrenb am gupe bed galled fetn ©ptel treiot, unb ber burdj bad ftiirmtfdje ^erabftitr^en ber SSaffermaffen auf bie gelfen oerurfad)t nurb* 6 $ein 2tudbrud ift oermogenb, einen beutltcfcen S3egriff oon ben (Smpftnbungen m geben, bie ein fo ftird)terltd)ed ©djaufpiet einfioft; atle ©inne ftnb oon ©taunen, gurdjt unb 2lngft ergrtf* fen; bad taute ©etofe flojjt erne 'Setounberung gang eigener 2lrt ein, toenn man bebenft, bap nur ein leifer fyaufy btefed 28irfcelioitt* bed ben fd)ioad)en ©terMtcfyen oon bem gelfen, auf bem er fteljt, Jjimoegfd)leubern unb ifyn in bem Stbgrtmbe, ben er oor ftc^ ftefyt oerfdjnmtben laffen fann, au$ bem' Hjn leine 9Jtenfd)engetoalt m retten oermag. Dad C()r ift bctaubt oon bem £)onnern unb SSrau* fen; bad 2(uge irrt unftat unb oenoorren umfyer unb ioeif nic&t joot)tn ed fid) rid)ten foil; bie (Seek fitfylt ftdj erfd)itttert unb ift in einer oortyer uie gefannten 53eroegung* Griffon. XVIII.] HEADING AND ANALYSIS. 157 NOTES. 2* gctoafyr. The verb is getvahrwerben ; xlvh. — git cfi ; 48, a; governs the dative emer which is feminine to agree with 2B o ( I C understood. 5. ft> orb en; xliu, 3, 4, a; 42. — b inter; xxxvm, 2. 6. b t n fo e g f a) I e u b e r n depends upon fcmn* Exercise. I stand upon the brink of the abyss and look far in behind the roaring flood of falling water. If we had taken one more step we should have been hurled from the brink of the precipice. After we had crept upon our hands and feet for a quarter of an hour we came to a place where the water was lashed into spray and dissolved into a white mist in which we could see all the colors of the rainbow. When we had arrived at table rock, the more I gazed at the sublime spectacle the more confused I seemed to become. XVIII. — The Minstrel's Curse. 1 Q?S ftanb in alten Stittn em @d)tog fo fyodj nnb t?efjr, 2£eit gtan^t es itber bte £anbe Ms an v bas Mane 9)?eer. Unb rings son buft'gen ®arten ein Miitfyenreicfyer ^rang, jD'rin fprangen frifcfye 23rnnnen in SRegenoogengtan^ 2 T)oxt fa$ em ftoi^er $i3nig, an £anb iytb @tegen reid) ; (£r fag anf fetnem Zl)vom fo ftnfter nnb fo Meid) ; £)enn was er fmnt, ift ©cfyreden, nnb was cr Midi, ift 2Bntfy, Unb was er fpridjt, ift ®et£ei, unb was er fd)retM, ift 23(nt 158 HEADING AND ANALYSIS. [XVIII. 3 (Shift gog naty biefem ©djloffe em ebte3 ©dngerpaar, £)er Sin 1 in golbnen Soden, ber 2lnbre gran son £aar; £)er SHte mit ber £arfe, ber fag auf ftfymutfem Sftof, @8 fcfyritt tfym frifc^ gur ©cite ber blitfyenbe ©enofj. 4 £>er 2Hte fpradj gum 3ungen : „^lun fei Berett, mein ©otm ! Denf unfrcr ttefften Sieber, ftimm 1 an ben ftollften £on ; 9?imm atte $raft gufammen, bie £ujl unb and) ben ©cfymerg ! (£3 gilt unS l)mV $vl rit^ren be3 JtonigS fteinern £>erg." 5 ©$on ftef^n bie oeiben ©anger im l)ofyn ©dulenfaal, Unb auf bem %t)xom ft£en ber $imtg unb fein ©cmafyl ; 2)er $onig furd)tfrar prdd)tig, »ic Mufger ^orbltd)ifd)ein; 2)ie ^onigtn fiijj unb milbe, aU Micfte SSotlmonb b'rein* 6 T)a fd)lug ber ®rei3 bte ©aitcn, er fd)lug fie untnbersoff, 2)af reiser, immer reiser ber $Iang gum Dtjre fd)wotI, £)ann ftromte fyimmtifd) fyetle be$ 3imgttngg ©timme oor, 2)e0 5l(ten ©ang bagnufd)cn nue bumpfer ©ctfterd)oi\ 7 ©ie ftngen t>on £eng unb £ieoe, son fePger golbner 3eit, 23on gretfyett, 5Jtdnnerwurbe, oon Streu' unb £etltgfett, ©ie ftngen Don allem ©ii§cn, \va$ 9)icitfd)cn(mtft burd)oe6t, ©ie ftngen son allem £ofyen, ma3 9?tenfd)eni)erg crfyebt. 8 2)ie ipofIing£fd)aar im $retfe aerlernet jeben ©pott, £>eS $onig3 tro^ge $rieger \k ocugcn ftdj sjor ©ott, £)ie .ftontgm, gerfloffcn in 9Be$mut$ unb in Suft, ©ie nnrft ben ©dngern itieber bie 9tof oon ifyrer 23ruft» XVIII.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 159 9 „3f)r KjaBt mem SSoIf oerfiitjret, oeriodt tijr mm meitt 2Bei6 ?" £)er ^ontg fd)reit e3 mittfyenb, er bebt am gangen 2ei6, @r nurft (ein ©tfyroert, bas bftjjenb bed 3ungling3 93rujt burcfybringt, D'raus, ftatt ber golbnen Steber, ein 23lutftrafyl fyocfyauf fpringt 10 Unb toie »om (Sturm ^erftooen ift afF ber £6rer ©d)ftarm. £)er 3ung(ing X)at $errod)elt in femes SfteifterS 2Irm, Der fdjlagt urn ttm ben Mantel unb fe£t il)n auf ba3 Sftofj, (£r Mnb't tfjn aufred)t fefte, Derlapt mit il)m bag ©cfylofu 11 £)odj $or bem fjotjen £tjore, ba tjalt ber ©angergreis, £)a fajjt er feine £arfe, fie after £arfen $reis ; 2ln einer Siftarmorfaute, ba Ijat er fie 3erfd)eftt, 2)ann ruft er, bag e£ fcfyaurig burd) ©d)lo§ unb ©arten geftt: 12 „$&tty eudj, tfjr jtofyen fallen ! me tone fitter $(ang !£)urdj eure 3taume nneber, nie (Satte nod) ®efang, Sftein, ©eufeer nur unb ©to^ncn unb fdjeuer ©fta&enfdjrttt, 23i3 euc^ gu ©djutt unb SJcober ber 9tad)egeift gevtritt ! 13 $3ef)' eu$, tijr buft'gen ®arten tm tjolben 9ftaienttdjt! ©ud^ $eig' i$ bitfrt £obten entfteftteS 2mgeftdjt, T>a$ tf)r baroo serborret, bas jeber Oueft oerfiegt, £)af ifyr in fiinffgen £agen oerfteint, oerobet liegt 14 Soeij 1 bir, $errud)ter Berber, bu gludj be3 ©angerttjums ! Umfonft fei ad bein 9tingen nacfy Stvanftn Mutagen 9tm)m$ ; Dein 9kme fei oergeffen, in em'ge 9cad)t getaucfyt, (Set, rote ein lejsteS 9tod)em, in leere 2uft oerl)aud)t!" 160 READING AND ANALYSIS. [XIX. 15 £)er 2l(te tjctt's gernfen, ber iptmmel fyat'3 gef)ort, 5)ie Pattern liegen nteber, bte $aUm finb gerftort, 5^oc^ erne ^o^e (Bank gengt son ijerfd)ttmnb'ner $ra$t, %u6) biefe, fcfyon geBorften, fann ftitrgen iioer Sftacfyt. 16 Unb rings, ftatt bnft'ger (Mrten, ein 6be3 £eibelanb ; $em 33anm serftreuet ©fatten, fein £)nell bnrcfybringt ben @anb ; 2)eS $6nig3 ^amen melbet lein £ieb, lein ipelbenlmd) ; SBerfnnfen nnb sergeffen ! bas tft bes ©angers g(u$* U&tanb, NOTES. 1 + @g; N. vi, 1, eg, — ©djlof ; 32, a. c. — Sattbe are parts or divisions of a country, while £ a It b t X are the countries themselves. There are a few such examples of nouns with two forms in the plural, each having a different meaning ; 32, a. c ; N. xvi, 3. — © a X t 1 tt ; 33, b, c. 4. f et ; 41 ; lxvi. — 9Hmm; 46, a, d. — gilt; xxxvn, 1. 8. ttirft; xxxvn, 1 ; 46, a. 12, ftoljetU The euphonic ending is sometimes used after a personal pronoun; xxxiv. — tone; lxvi, 3. After mastering this and each of the following selections, a short essay should be written in German, which shall present a clear outline of the narrative here given. XIX. — The Vatican Apollo. 1 £)ie ©tatne beg Styotlo ift bag fyod)fte 3beat ber ^nnft nnter alien SBerlen beS 2Iltertl)itm3, welcfye ber B^rftornng beffelben ent* gangen ftnb. (S3 itbertrifft atle anbent 33ilber beffelben, fo nne Vomer's Slpofto ben, tuetchen bie foigenben £)td)ter maleiu Uebcr bte $ienfd)l)eit evi)aben ift fein 2£unn i)ier ift nid)tg ©terfclidjeS, nod) ft>ag bie menfd)* lidje X>ttrftigfeit erforberh $eine 5lbern nod) ©efynen erfyijaen nnb regen biefen $orper, fonbern ein Ijimmlifdjer ©eift, ber ftd) mie ein fanfter ©trorn ergoffen, l)at gteirf)fam bie gan^e Umfcfyreibung biefer gignr erfitlfet @r l)at ben 9>9t()on, toiber n?e(djen er erft fehten 23ogen gebraud)t, serfolgt, nnb feitt mctd)ttger @d)rttt 5**^ ttytt er= reidjt nnb erlegh 3 $on ber £oIje feiner ©enugfamfeit gefyt fetn erfyabener 33Ittf, n>ie tn'g Unenblicbe, n>eit iiber feinen ©ieg fyinaug* 23erad)tung ftjjt anf feinen Sippen, nnb ber Unmutl), toelcfyen er in ftdj gtc()t, bKif)et fid) in ben 9?afenlod)ern nnb tritt M3 in bie ftol^e <&tim$in* anf. 9lber ber griebe, roeldjer in einer feligen ©title anf berfeiben fd)tt>ebt, bleibt ungeftort, unb fein 2Iuge ift ootl (Siifjigfeit, toie un= ter ben SJftufen, bie ifyn gn nmarmen nmnftfyetu 4 3n alien ung iibrtg gebliebenen Q3ifbern beg Waters ber ©otter, tt>eld)e bie $unft oere()rt, mifyert er ftd) nid)t ber ©ro£e, in rocldjer er ftd) bem ^erftanbe beg gottttdjen Dtcfyterg offenbarte, n>ie I)ier in bem©eftd)te beg ©ofyneg, nnb bieeinjelnen erf3 ber jtunft, unb id) ne^me fefBft einen erfyafcenen ©tanb, urn mit SBitrbigfett an$ufd)auen. 9Jiit $eref)rung fd)eint ftd) meine S3ruft gu enreitern unb gu erfyeBen, roie bxejenige, bie tdj $om ©eifte ber SBeiffagung angefcfymellt fel)e, unb idj fit^fe mid) im ©eifte ttegge- ritcft nad) £)elo3 unb in bie Ipcifdjen £aine, Drte, bie Apollo mit feiner ©egenroart Beefyrte ; benn mein Q3ilb fcfyetnt £eBen nnb 25e* iuegung ju befommen, trie be3 sppgmation ©d)6nl)eit; tr-ie ift eS moglid), e3 gn malen unb $u Befd)rei6en ? bie $unft felbft mitfjjte mir ratten unb bie £anb fiU)ren, bie erften 3«ge, bie id) fyier ent* rcorfen, fitnftig au^ufufyren. 3d) lege ben 23egriff, roetd)en idj son biefem 23i(be gegeben, ju beffen ^ufen, tt>ie bie ^ranje berjenigen, roeid)e ba» £aupt ber ©ott()eiten, bie fte Ironen ttollten, nid)t er* reicfyen fonnten. SHMncfelmann, y^ NOTES. 1, 51 p O H 0. ^%e genitive of the name of a person does not take a ter- mination when it is preceded by the definite article and follows the noun limited. 2. 9?atur; lvh, 1 ; hence the gender of ©tatur, £egt$Iatur etc. 4. beg2$ater6* Jupiter was called the father of the gods. — b t $ © J) tt e 3. Apollo was the son of Jupiter. — ty a tt b r a means All-gifted. She was so called on account of the many gifts she received. The poet - referred to is Homer. 6. Apollo was born upon the island of Belo3. — ^gmaltOlt. The lover of a beautiful maiden who is said to have been formed from an ivory image. XX.— The Two Muses. 1 3$ faf>, o fagt mir ! falj idj, roaS je£t gefdjtet)t? (SrMidf id) 3 u ^ un ft? mit ber britanntfdjen . ©at) id) in ©treitlauf £)eutfd)lanb3' 9)?ufe £eip ju ben frimenben giekn flicgen. XX.] READING AND ANALYSIS. 163 3 wet 3kle grenjten, too fid) ber 23tid verier, Dort an bie Saufbafyn. (Eid)en Befc^attetert 3>3 ipainS ba3 eine ; na^' bem anbern SBefyeten $almen im 2Ibenbfd)tmmer._ 3 ©cwo^nt beS (Streitfattfs, trat bie oon TOion ©tola in bie ©d)ranfen, fo tote fie fam, ba fie Sinji mit ber Sfftiionib', nnb jener 2fm Capitol in ben f)ei§en ©anb trat 4 ©te fat) bie jnnge bebenbe ©tretterin ; T)c<$ biefe BeBte manniid), nnb gliifyenbe, ©iegStoertfye 9tot§en iiberftromten glammenb bie SSang', nnb ifyr gotbeney fyaax flog* 5 ©djon fytelt fie miifyfam in ber emporten S3ru(l Den engen Sltljem; tying fcfyon fyeroorgebeugt Dem 3iclc jn ; fcfyon f)nb ber iperolb 3§r bie Drommet', nnb tfyr trnnfner 33ficf fd)rcamm* 6 (Stolj auf bie finite, ftolger anf ftdj, betnag Die tyofye SBritttn, after mit eblem 33fitf, £)icfy, StyniSfone : „3a bei 33arben 2£nd)3 id) mit bir in bem ($,i&)znf)ain anf; 7 WMn bie ©age lam mir, bn feift ntd)t mel)r ! SBergeitj, o 2ft ufe, roettn bn nnfterb(id) bift, SSerjeify, bafj id)'y er ft je£o lerne; SDocfy an bem 3telc nnr toill icfy'3 lernen ! 164 READING AND ANALYSIS. [XX. £)ort ftefyt eg ! 2Iber fteijft bn bag ttettcre, Unb feme $ron' and) ? :Diefen gefyaltenen ^fluty £>ieg ftotje ©cfyweigen, biefen 23(t(f, ber geurig gnr (£rbe fidj fenft, bte fenn' tdj !" 9 ©ie fprad)'g. £)er ernfte, ricfytenbe 2lngenMitf $am mit bem £ero!b nafyer* „3d) Uebe bid) !" @prad) fd)nell mit glammenblitf Sentona* „33rittin, td) Hebe bid) mit 23eamnbrnng ! 10 £)odj bid) md)t fyeifjer, aU bte UnfterMid)feit Unb jene ^Palmen! 9tiif)re, bein ®entng ©ebent er'g, fte *>or mir ; bod) fajf tdj, SBenn bu fie faffeft, baun g(eid) bte $ron' auc^» 11 Unb, o ftu'e oeB' id)! o Ujr UnfterMidjen! 2Melleid)t erreid)' id) fritter bag ()ol)e 3«H 2)ann mag, o bann an meine letd)te gliegenbe £ode bein 2tt()em ^and)en !" 12 £>er £erolb Hang ! fie flogen mit StblereiL £)ie wette £anfbat)n ftiinbte, nne SBoIfen, anf* 3d) fat) :. 3SorBei ber (Std)e tt>eMe £)nnf(er ber ©tank, nnb mein 33li(i oerlor fie. flopped, NOTES. 2. beg -•£>(! in g limits bte understood. Those of the grove. — bag cine; supply 3tel. 5. fyub is for {job ; 47, a. 6. tt>utt)g is from tMOjfen ; 51, a. 11. ©ebeut; from gebieten ; a few verbs make this change in the present indicative. VOCABULARY. 165 GERMAN AND ENGLISH VOCABULARY to jp.a_:r,t hi. 91- Stbbrecfyett, to break off. SJbeitb, m. evening, west. 3(benbg(odt, /• evening bell, vesper- bell. 3Jbenbrb'tf)e, /• evening red, glow of evening, blush of eve. 3(benbfd)tmmer, m. glimmer of even- ing, twilight. 3Iber, but, however. 3(bgrunb, m. precipice, chasm, abyss, gulf. Slbbctrtg, m. declivity, precipice. W:\iibt, f. design, intention. 5lb[turj, m. downfall, plunge ; preci- pice. $lbittecf)fe(tt, to change, vary, alter- nate. 3(d)! alas! oh! ah! Slebt, eight. 3(ber,/. vein. 3Jbler, m. eagle. 3ltl. er) lace, counte- nance. Slttgfi,/. anxiety, distress. ^(ri^btje, /. eminence, hill, rising ground. 3(nfemmert, to arrive, come to. Sbtlangen, to arrive. 3(nmacbcn, to make ; to # kindle; to fasten. Slmnutf),/. grace, charm. 3(n(cbaunt, to look at, contemplate, view, behold. 3lrt"cbauer, m. beholder, spectator. StnfdweUen, to swell out or up, ex- pand, rise, swell. Shtfebert, to look at, see, behold. 3bt'tanb, m. grace, deportment, demeanor. 3fnftatt, instead of. 3lnftaunett> to gaze or stare at. 3Jtt|"tvengUttg, /. exertion, labor. 3(nftttr^ m. shock, collision. 3(ntltft, n. visage, countenance. 3itttttortCtt, to answer, reply. Slnwanblung,./'. paroxysm, fit. Sluvtbl,./". number, quantity. 3(n$ug, m. dress, attire. 166 VOCABULARY. Styfel, m. apple. 51)30(10, m. Apollo. 2lrm, m. arm. Strut, poor, indigent. Strmee,/. army. 2trt,/. (i^, en) kind, sort. Sl[d)e,/. ashes. Sltfyem, w. breath. 2lett)er, »*. ether. 2Ietf)ertfd), ethereal. 2ltmo3pt)are,/. atmosphere. Sletna, w. iEtna. Stud), also, too, likewise, even. Slltf, upon, on, in, at, to, toward, into, against; up, upward. Slujtrttfenb, striking, remarkable. Sluffartgcn, to catch, intercept. 3lufr)bren, to discontinue, cease. Slufflarcn, to clear up. 2(uflegen, to lay on, dispose. 2luflb'fcrt, to resolve, dissolve. 2lufrcd)t, erect, upright, 21uf(pvt'fcett, to spirt, spout or boil up. 2luf)rd'ubert, to raise dust or roll up. Slufftetgen, to ascend, mount, rise. 3htfix\utfen, to grow up. 2Iufroa({en, to bubble or boil up; to rage. 9tlige, n. eytf. Shigcnbltrf, m. moment, instant. Slltgenbltcfltd), instantly, in a mo- ment, Slugenbraue,/. eyebrow. SlUv, out of, from, through. SluSBrudj, m. outbreak, eruption. Shtsbrutf, m. expression. 2ht*?bnnfrurtg, /. evaporation. 2lusf)b'blcrt, to hollow out, excavate, undermine. Sllt^macbert, to make out, constitute; - ftdi, to become. Stugm^Ctt, to rest, repose. Slufjicr, out of, without, except, be- sides. 2leit§er, outward, external. 91upcrbem, besides, moreover. $lUtf[tcfct,/. prospect, view. SluSroafcbert, to wash, wash out. 2irr, /. ax. 33d'd?iefrt, ». brooklet, SQcityn,/. (pi. en) path, course, track. Salb, soon ; bait . . balb, now . . now. 23ai(en, m. bale, mass 23arbe, m. bard. f&axm%lt$QUit, f. mercy, compas- sion. 23au, m. edifice ; construction. 33iUiett, to build ; to rely on. 33auer, m. (pi. n) farmer, peasant. SSaUltt, m, tree. SScBeit, to tremble, vibrate, quiver. 2?cbctfen, to cover, hide. 33ebcnfcn, to consider, bethink. 2?ebCUten, to point out, enjoin; to mean, denote ; to forebode. SBeburfett, to need, lack. 23efmben (jtcb), to find one's self, to be. 23egaben, to endow. 23egeben (fid}), to betake one's self, repair to. 23eglet'tnt, to accompany, escort. 33cgraben, to bury, 23cgmfert, to comprehend, under- stand. SBegrtff, m. conception, idea. 3?ebclmcn, to crown with a helmet. 33et, near, by, with, among, at the house of, in, at ; in the case of. 3?ribc, both. two. iBeffn'ben, to dress, clothe. 3?cfictbung,/. clothing, dress. 3?cfommcn, to receive, get, obtain. 3?cmcjTen, to measure, scan. 23cm o oft, moss}-, moss-covered. 2?cpflan5en, to plant, SBemt, ready, prepared. 23erg, m. mountain, hill. 23crgftrom, m. mountain-stream. 2?crfren, barft, geborften, to burst. 23cruf, m. vocation, employment, calling. 23criibmt, famous, eminent, cele- brated. VOCABULARY. 167 SBeritfyren, to touch. 33ef$affenfoett,/. temperature, state, condition. SSefc^atten, to shade, overshadow. Sefdjeiben, modest. 23e|d)enfen, to favor with gifts ; to reward. 23eja)mbuttg, /. description, ac- count. SBefdbii^er, m. protector, guardian. 23e[d)Werbe, /• hardship, difficulty. 23c[onber, separate, particular, especial. SBelJer, better. 33efl, best. 33e|ta'ttbtg, continual, constant. SBefrefyen, to consist, exist. SBeftetgen, to ascend, mount. 23e tail ben, to deafen ; confound. 53ctrad)ten, to look on, view, con- template. 23etragen, to behave, conduct ; to amount to. a3ett(e), n. bed. 33etten, to bed, bury. 53citgen, to bend, bow. 23ett>ad)fett, to grow, grow over. 53etvegen, to move, agitate. 23cti)egung, /. motion, movement. SeioegtrngSloS, motionless. SSetoofyner, m. occupant. SSerounbcrung,/. admiration. 33tlb, n. (pi. er) image, figure, re- presentation. SBtlbett, to form, fashion. 23tnben, banb, gebunben, to bind, tie. 33trja)e, /. hunting of deer, deer- hunting. 23t^ r till, until, as far as. 23t3fteilen, sometimes, now and then. SMaben ((id)), to swell, be inflated. 23laf}, pale, wan. 3Mafjgri'm, pale green. 33latt, n. (pi. er) leaf. 33lan, blue, azure. SBIctbcn, blitb, gebtteben, to remain, stay, continue. 23letdj, pale, wan. 23Hcf, m. glance, look, eye. 23Ucfen, to look, glance. SBUnb, blind. SSlttjen, to flash, gleam. 5310^, simply, merely, only. 33(iit)en, to bloom, blossom. 33Iume,/. flower. 23lut, n. blood. 231utfntnb, m. bloodhound ; tyrant. 23lut)trat)l, m. stream of blood. Gluten, to bleed. 23lutt)e, /• blossom, bloom. 33luttg, bloody. 23oben, m. soil, ground, bottom. 23ogen, m. bow. 23ote, m. messenger. 23raudjen, to need, have occasion for ; to use, employ. 25rau(en, to roar, rush, thunder. 23red;en, brad), gebrodjen, to break ; to refract. 33rette, /. breadth, width. 23rennen, brannte, gebrannt, to burn, to scorch. 23ringen, bracfyre, gebrad)t, to bring. SBrttanntfd), British, Britannic. 23ritte, m. Briton. 23ruber, m. brother. 23rubcrltd), brotherly, fraternal. 33rumten, m. well, spring, fountain. 23ruft,/. breast, bosom. SSrut,/. brood, race. £umt, gay-colored, variegated. SBufd), m. bush, thicket. Salabrten, n. Calabria. Satanta,/. Catania. Seber, /. cedar. Sentro, ft. center ; from Centrum, (£()0r, w. choir, train. Qttrone, /. citron, lemon. 2)0, there, here, then, thereupon ; when, since, whereas, where. ^Dabet, there, near it, with it ; at the same time ; attending it. £)acb, n. (pi. er) roof. 168 VOCABULARY. ©afittt, away, thence away. jDamtt, therewith, with it ; that, in order that. ©ampf, m - steam, vapor. 5Domf fwolf e> /• cloud of vapor. ©anf, fn. thanks, gratitude. ©anfbar, thankful, grateful. ©anfett, to thank, return thanks. ©ann, then, at that time, there- upon ; at a time. ©arauf, thereupon, upon that ; afterwards, then ; for that. Sarin, therein, in it. ©arofr, at it, on account of it. ©arreidjert, to reach forth, tender, present, proffer. ©arftedert, to represent, exhibit. ©arum, for that reason, therefore. ©a§, that, so that. ©auertt, to continue, endure, last. ©attOtt, off, away ; thereof, of it. ©ajanfcfcert, between them, interven- ing, accompanying. ©etfen, to cover. ©etrt, thy, thine, your. ©elo$, n. Delos. ©enfett, bacfote, gebac^t, to think, conceive of, imagine. ©enn, for ; pray ; than. ©er, bte, bag, the ; this, that; he, she, it ; who, which, that. ©er, bte, baejcrttge, he, she, that, ©erfclbe, the same; he, she, it. ©efto, the, the more. ©eutltd), distinct, cl.ear. ©Clttjd), German. ©eutfdilanb, «• Germany. ©tamanr, m. diamond. ©tester, m. poet. ©id, thick, compact. Side,/, thickness. ©tefer, this, the latter. ©teJTettg, on this side. Dtlig, n. thing. ©ocb, yet, still, nevertheless, but. Conner, m. thunder. ©ennerrt, to thunder. ©onnerfturnt, m.- thunder-storm, tempest. ©Otttteraetter, n. thunder-storm, tempest, ©orf, n. (pi. er) village, town. ©err, there, yonder, ©rarfje, m. dragon, ©rdngcn, to press, throng, ©ret, three. ©retfetttg, trilateral, three-sided, ©retftg, thirty. ©rtrtgen, brang, gebrurtgert, to press, ©rttte, third, ©rommere,/. trumpet. ©U, thou, you. ©ufr, fn. odor, fragrance. ©ufttg, odorous, fragrant. ©umpf, hollow, dull, muffied. ©unlet, n - darkness. . ©unfel, dark, gloomy. ©UttfelgtUtt, dark green, ©unfeltt, to darken, grow dark. ©Utt[r, m. vapor, steam. Tltrd), through, by, during, ©urcbbeben, to agitate, thrill, vi- brate through, ©urtfibredmt, to break through, ©urdibrtngen, to press through, pierce, ©urdntdffen, to wet thoroughly or through. ©urdifrromen, to flow or run through, ©urdiroanbefrt, to walk about, to go up and down, ©urd^tefyeit, to pass or draw through. ©itrfett, (dare), to be permitted, ©urfttgfctt, /. want, imperfection, insufficiency, ©itrfr, m. thirst, ©lifter, dusky, gloomy. a, perhaps, nearly, about. @ti»a$, something, anything ; some, any; somewhat. Sud), you, yourselves ; to you. Swig, ever, eternal, perpetual, ©toigfeit, /. eternity. gat)tte,/. standard, flag, colors, gafynentrager, m. standard-bearer, color-bearer, ensign, gait, m. fall ; case, gatlen, fiet, gefatten, to fall, drop, gangen, ftng, gefangen, to catch, garbe, /. color, hue, tint, garben, to color, tinge, garbig, colored, tinted, gaffen, to grasp, seize, geierlid), festive, solemn ; awful, geinb, m. enemy, foe. getb, n. (pi. cr) field ; plain, gelt, n. skin, fur, hide. gel£(en), m. rock, cliff, gclfenfteg, m. rocky path, gelfentbren, m. rocky throne. gelftgt, rocky, formed of rocks. genfter, n. window, gern, far, distant, remote, geft, fast, firm, gcuer, n. fire. geuerfdjlunb, m. fiery abyss, geitrig, fiery, sparkling, beaming, gigitf,/. figure, ginben, fanb, gefunben, to find. Shiga I, m. Fingal. ginger, m. finger, ginf, m. finch. ginfter, dark, dim, gloomy, grim, gifeben, to fish, gifefjer, m. fisherman, fisher, gtamme,/. flame, blaze, glammen, to flame, burn, kindle. gtamntenbltcf, m. flaming glance, burning eye. glecf, m. spot, speck. gliegen, flog, geflogen, to fly ; to flow, stream. gtic§en, flop, gefloffen, to flow, run. glotte,/. fleet, navy. gtnd), m. curse. ghtd)t,/. flight, escape. glnr, /. (j>l. en) plain, field. glnjj, m. river. gtilfjtg, fluid; flowing. glutb, /• flood, tide ; billow. golgen, to follow, succeed. gortern, to demand, summon. germ,/, form, figure. gort, away, gone ; on ; continually. gortfliefjen, n. continuous flow. gragen, to ask, interrogate. granf,»». (pi. en) Frenchman, Frank. gran,/, woman, wife, lady. granlem, n. young lady, miss. gret, free ; independent ; open. gretfyett,/. freedom, liberty. gremb, foreign, strange. grembltng, m. foreigner, stranger. grenbe,/. joy, delight, pleasure. grenbenlo^, joyless. greubenftb'rer, m, disturber of pleas- ure. grenbig, joyous, joyful, glad, cheer- ful. greuen (fid)), to rejoice, rejoice in ; to enjoy. greiinb, m. friend. greunblid), friendly, kind, courteous, pleasant, cheerful. griebe, m. peace, tranquillity. grifd), fresh ; gay, brisk. grot), glad, gladsome, hnppy, joyous grb't)tict>, joyful, joyous, merry, cheerful. grudit,/. fruit. gntcbtbar, fruitful, fertile. grub, early ; soon. grilling, m. spring. giiblen, to feel. gitbren, to conduct, lead. gitbrer, m. leader, guide. VOCABULARY. 171 ftltttfe, m. spark. gltttfelrt, to glitter, glisten, sparkle. gitr, for, in favor of; fur jtc&, for itself, of its own accord. gurdjt, /. fear, dread, fright, gurdjtbar, fearful, frightful, gurdjten, to fear. Sitrd)terltc&, terrible, frightful. Siirjt, m. prince, sovereign, gup, m. foot. ©atttaltel, m. Gamaliel. ©ang, m. step; passage, way; course. ©attj, whole, entire, all. ©ar, very, quite ; at all. ©artett, m. garden. ©ajetfe,/. gazelle. ©ebdren, gebar, geboren, to bring forth, give birth to. ©ebdube, w. building, structure, fabric. ©ebett, gab, gegebett, to give ; eg gtbt, there is, there are. ©ebet, n. prayer. ©ebteten, to bid, command, order. ©eborftett, burst, broken, cleft. ©ebulb,/. patience, endurance. ©ebuibtg, patient. ©efafyr, /. danger, peril. ©efafyrtioU, dangerous, perilous, hazardous. ©efd'brltd), dangerous, perilous. ©eftlb, n. fields, plain. ©efrterett, to congeal? freeze. ©egert, toward, against, in compa- rison with. ©egenb, /. region, district, neigh- borhood. ©egenftanb, m. object. ©egenitber, opposite. ©egentoart, /. presence. ©ejjen, ging, gegattgen, to go, to walk. ©ebblje, n. wood, thicket. ©ebbren, to belong or pertain to. ©ei§el,/. whip, scourge. ©etft, (pi. tx) m. spirit, mind. ®et|terd)0r, m. spirit choir. ©efiaff, n. yelping. ©elangett, to reach, arrive ; to at- tain. ©elb, yellow. ©elb, n. money. ©eltebt, beloved, loved. ©ellett, to sound, yell, echo. ©elten, gait, gegolten, to be worth, be good; to concern; to become. ©emacb, n. room, apartment. ©emafyl, n. spouse, wife. ©emetnfcbaft, /. fellowship, com- munion, mutual accord. ©ettetgt, devoted, kindly disposed. ©ettie, n. genius. ®entu$, m. (pi. ©enten) genius, guardian spirit. ©ettof, m. companion, associate, comrade, mate. ©ettltg, enough, sufficient. ©eniigett, to suffice, to satisfy. ©enugfamfeit, /. sufficiency, satis- faction. ©erabe, straight ; exact, just. ©erdufcb, re. rushing. ©erecfct, just, righteous. ©ericbt, n. court of justice. ©ertng, small, slight, insignificant. ©em, gladly, cheerfully. ©efang, in. singing, song. ©ejajdft, re. business. ©ej"d)et)en, gefcfyab, gefcbefyen, to hap- pen, come to pass, take place. ®efd)metbe, n. jewels, jewelry. ©efcbopf, re. creature. ©ejajtinfter, n. brothers and sisters. ©eftc^t, n. (pi. er) face, countenance. ©efpcnft, n. (pi. er) ghost, spectre, phantom. ©eftaft, /. figure, shape, form. ©eftefyett, to confess, acknowledge. ©eftern, yesterday. ©etofe, re. roaring, rumbling, din. ©etwabrtoerbm, to perceive, descry. ©etoalt, /. power, force, violence. ©eftaltig, mighty, violent. ©efoebe, re. web. 172 VOCABULARY. ©etotd)r, n. weight. ©erotf}, certain, sure. ©eroobut, accustomed to. ©tft, n. poison. ©tpfel, m. top, peak, summit. @tfd)t, rn. spray, froth. ©lauj, rn. splendor, brightness, brilliancy, ©Icinjen, to glisten, glitter, shine. (BiaS, n. (pi. tx) glass. ©laferu, glass, of glass. ©iatt, smooth. ©lauben, m. faith. ©lauben, t0 believe, trust ; to sup- pose, imagine ; to ween. ©letd), like, similar, equal ; equally ; immediately, forthwith; quickly, at once ; although. ©letcben, gltd), gegltd)en, to be like, to resemble. ©letcftfaUtv likewise, also, too. ©(etdjgiilrtg, indifferent. ©(etcbjam, as if, as it were; al- most. ©h'eb, n. (pi. tx) member, limb. ®tidt,f. bell. ©iitcf, n. fortune, happiness. ©litcflicb, fortunate, lucky, happy. ©liU)en, to glow ; to shine. ©mite, /. grace, favor ; pardon. ©olben, gold, golden. ©olborauge,/. gold orange, golden orange. ©ott, m. (pi. er) God, god. ©otte^adtr, m. church-yard, bury- ing-ground. ©Ottfyett,/. divinity, deity. ©emit,/, goddess. ©b'ttitd), divine, godlike. ©rab, n. (pi. er) grave, tomb. ©rabeu, grub, gegraben, to dig. ©rab, m. degree, grade. ©ram, m. grief, sorrow. ©ra3, n. grass. ©rau, gray. ©ra$te,/. grace. ©retfert, griff, gegrtffert; to grasp. ©reti3, m. an old man. ©ren^e,/. bound, border. ©rertjen, to bound, border, to ex- tend. ©rcnjltrtfe, /. boundary-line. ©renjfaule, /. bound-stone. ©rofji, great, large ; tall. ©ro§arttg, grand, magnificent. ©rc§e/.greatness; loftiness, grand- eur, nobleness. ©rim, green, verdant. ©runb, m. ground ; bottom. ©Ut, good; well. $aax, n. hair. -£>aben, to have; to possess. $ain, m. grove, wood. f>atb, half. £albfm£, m. semi-circle. .ftalftc, /• half. •£)alm, m. stalk, blade, •fatten, btelt, gebalren, to hold ; to keep ; to restrain; to stop, pause. |?anb, /• hand; side. £>augen, btng, gefyangen, to hang, adhere. $arfe,/. harp. |)arfenfatte,/. harp-string. «£>art, hard ; severe, grievous. £>auc&, m. breath ; breeze. |>aud)en, to breathe; to blow; to exhale. £aupt, n. (pi. cr) head. ^auprfarbe,/. chief color, principal color. £auptregenbogen, rn. principal rain- bow, pi'imary rainbow. £au3, n. {pi. cr) house. |>eben, bob, geboben, to lift, raise. £>eer, n. host, army. >£>efttg, violent, vehement. $tt)x, lofty, sublime ; venerable. ■£>eibe,/. heath. f>etbelanb, n. heath. |jetltg, sacred, holy. |)etitgfeit, /. holiness, sanctity. |)etmltd), secret ; secretly. £et§, hot ; ardent. $etfjen, biep, gehetfkn, to name, call ; to be named, called. VOCABULARY. 173 #elt>, m. (pi. en) hero. |)elbenbudj, n. book of heroes, book of fame. $elfen, half, gefyolfen, to kelp, assist; to avail. Spdi, clear, bright, light. ■fiellglattjetlt), bright shining, spark- ling. $euTgfett, /. clearness. |)etlblau, blue, bright blue. |)eUgelb, yellow, bright yellow. |jer, hither, here, {implying motion toward the speaker). $nab, down, downward. •f)erabjh*b'men, to stream, pour, rush down. $erab(titr$en, n. descent, precipita- tion. £eranf, up, upward. •£)erau3, out (toward the speaker). herein, in (toward the speaker), into. |)ermeberjmfen, to set, to sink down. ^ernieberfdiweben, to float down, to sweep down, descend. ■£>erolb, m. herald. $eTT, Mr. ; gentleman ; lord ; sir. -^errltd), glorious, splendid; grand. ^errfcfcaft, /. dominion, mastery, command, jurisdiction. |>errja)en, to rule, reign, sway, prevail. #erum, around. Remitter, down. i^erunterftetgen, to descend. Ixruntertropfen, to drop down. £erttorragen, to project forth. ■jperttor, forth, out. £)eryorbtegen, to bend forward, lean toward. -fjerworbrecfyen, to break or burst forth. •^er'sorbrtngen, to break forth, rush forth. £>erttortoa^ett, to roll out or forth. £>er$, n. (pi. en) heart, breast. #eut(e), to-day. Ijter, here ; in this place. §\M, m. Hillel. |>immel, m. heaven, sky. •SMminltfd), heavenly, celestial. ^>tn, (imply iwg motion from the speak- er), thither, hence. £tnab, down. iMnabgtefen, to pour down. £tnab|c()auen, to look or gaze down. ^tnabfcfnttfen, to pour down. Curtabjtefyen, to draw down, lead down. ^tncuuHimmen, to ascend, climb up. JMnauf, up, up to. * £tnan3, ou t, beyond. -SMrtetnbttcfen, to glance or look in. £>inetngeben, to go into, enter. lunfcblangeln, to coil, wind as a ser- pent. gutter, behind. .iptnuber, over, across. £>innnter, down, downward. #tm»egja)Ienbern, to fling, throw or hurl away. ^unpfei^en, to add. ^trfcb, m. stag, deer. £ocjj, high ; tall ; lofty. ■^ocbauf, high up ; aloft. ^b'djft, highest ; greatest ; most, exceedingly. £of, m. yard, court. ^>offert, to hope; to expect ; to trust, confide. ^offentltd), it is hoped, it is to be hoped, I hope. £offnnng,/. hope, expectation. i^b'fltng, m. courtier. $'6t)t,f. height, loftiness; in bit-, up, upward, aloft. £>oft{, hollow. $'6t)U,f. hollow ; cavern. £olb, favorable ; lovely ; kind ; fair, beauteous. £1% n - (P l - tx) wood. #omer(n3), m. Homer. £)omg, m. honey. -^orcfren, to listen, hearken. i^b'ren, to hear, attend. i^orer, m. hearer, listener. £ori$ont, m. horizon. Jporn, n. horn, bugle. [, m. hill, hillock. • 174 VOCABULARY. |?Mtb, m. dog, hound. -Cunbert, hundred. •£)ufd), hush ; used in imitating a rust- ling sound. £utte,/. cottage. 3$, I. Steal, n. ideal. 3bltt, nim > to him ; to it. 3j)n, him, it. 3fynen, to them,' them ; to you, you. 3^ y e > y° u - 3t)r, her, hers ; their, theirs. 3ntmer, ever, always. 3mmerbar, always, ever. 3mmertoa()renb, perpetually, inces- santly. 3lt, into, to ; in, at. SnbtgoMou, indigo, indigo blue. 3nnet)alten, to stop, pause, halt. 3nnere, ber, bte, bag, interior. 3nmg, intimate, fervent ; intimate- iy. 3n(el, /. island, isle. 3n[ott>ett, thus, thus far, as far as. 3rgenb, anywhere ; - finer, any, some. 3rtt\/. Iris, the rainbow. 3rren, to wander, err. 3rrltd)t, n. (pi. er) ignis fatuus, Will-o'-the-wisp. 3rrtf)um, m. (pi. er) error, decep- tion. 3rrtt>eg, m. path of error. 3- 3a, yes, yea ; certainly, indeed, surely, forsooth, really. 3agb,/. chase, hunt. 3agert, to chase, hunt. 3ager, m. huntsman, hunter. 3at), precipitous, steep. 3ai)r, n. year. 3ammer»ott, woeful; full of anguish. 3e, always, ever ; (with compara- tives) the ; -♦♦ , befto, the . . . the. 3eber, each, every. 3ntfett3, on the other side. 3e0t, je#0, how, at present. 3ugenb, /. youth. 3ung, young, youthful. 3iinger, m. disciple, follower. 3ungfrau,/. maid, maiden, virgin. 3urtgltng, m. young man, youth. 3upiter, m. Jupiter. Rafyn, m. boat, skiff. $alt, cold, cool. $altc, /. cold, coldness. Harnm, m. comb. hammer:, to comb, dress. ^am^f, m. combat, fight, conflict, struggle, ^ampfett, to struggle, combat, fight. ^apttol(tum) n. capitol. $arte, /. map, chart, card, ^aufen, to buy, purchase, ^aufmann, m. merchant. Return , scarcely, hardly, ^ebrett to turn. $etn, no, not a. Bennett, to know, be acquainted with. $e|Jel, m caldron, kettle. 5tmb, n. (pi. er) child. Mxtf)t,f. church. .fttrcfrengefang, m. anthem, hymn. fflxfty, f. cherry. ^lang, m. sound, clang; music. $lar, clear, bright, serene. Hletb, n. (pi. er) dress, garment, clothing. $(eitt, small, little, miniature. $ltma, (pi. ta) clime, climate. ftftmmen, flomm, geflcmmen, to climb. Hltngen, Rang, gcflungen, to sound. fflippe,/. steep rock, cliff, crag. £(oj>fen, to rap. beat. Softer, n. cloister, convent, monas- tery. 5lnafc, m. boy. ^neefct, m. servant ; slave, one who voluntarily becomes a slave. $ommen, Earn, gefommen, to come. Homg, m. king. ftbmgttt,/. queen. VOCABULARY. 175 $bnnen, fomtte, gefonnt, (can) to be able; to know how; to be per- mitted. $0pf, m. head. ^om, ft. grain, corn, seed. ^Ibrper, m. body. .Kofrbar, costly, precious. Soften, to cost; to taste. ftraft, /. strength, power, energy. SttaXll, sick, infirm, ill. tonft)ett,/. sickness, illness. $ran$, m. garland, chaplet, wreath. prater, m. crater. $ret3, m. circle. $tetfett, to whirl, turn, move around. ^rtedjen, frod), gefrocfyen, to creep, crawl. .Krteg, m. war, conflict. $rteger, m. warrior. ■Kriege^gbttin,/. goddess of war. .Krone,/, crown, wreath. ■Kronen, to crown. $ugel,/. ball, sphere. $iir;l, cool. •Kiiijn, bold, daring, dauntless, val- iant. Summer, m. grief, sorrow. $imf tig, future ; in future, at some future time. £unft,/. art. ■Simftler, m. artist. $ii[ie, /. coast, shore. & Sadjeln, to smile. Sadjen, to laugh. Sager, n. couch, bed. Sagern (fid)), to lie down, encamp. Sampe,/. lamp. Sanb, ft. {pi. er) land, country. Sanbttd), rural, rustic. Sanbmann, m. husbandman, rustic. Sang, long, lengthy. Sangfr, longest ; long since, long ago. Saffen, Itejj, gekffen, to let, leave ; to permit, suffer; to order. Safter, ft. vice, crime. Sanb, ft. foliage, leaves. Sanf, m. course, career. Saufbarjit,/. race-course; career. Saitt, m. sound, tone. So»a,/. lava. %a*oaban?,f. bank or deposit of lava. Sattafdjtdjr,/. stratum of lava. Sattaftrom, m. stream of lava. Seben, n. life. Seer, empty, vacant. Seeren, to empty. Segen, to lay, place, put. Seljre,/. precept, instruction. Sefjren, to teach. Sefyrer, m. teacher, instructor. Setd)e,/. corpse, dead body. Seicbt, light, easy ; thin. Setfyen, to lend. Setfe, low, soft, gentle. Setten, to lead, conduct, guide. Sen^, m. spring. Semen, to leam. Sefen, to read ; to gather. Sefer, rn. reader. Se£r, last. Sid)t, ft. light. Std)tfptel, ft. play of light. Steb, dear, beloved. Stebe, /• love, affection. Steben, to love. Steb, ft. {pi. er) lay, song, air. Siegen, lag, gelegen, to lie. Sttte,/. lily. Sinf, left. Stttf3, to or from the left, on the left side. Stpartfdje Snfeltt, Lipari islands. Stybe,/. lip. Soben, to praise, commend. Sod), ft. {pi- er) hole. Socfe, /. lock, tress, curl. Sobern, to blaze. Soretet, /• Lorelei. Sorbeer, m. laurel, bay, bay-tree. So£, loose, untied. Soften, to quench. So^laffen, to release, set free. So£rf t§cn, to break loose, tear away, disengage. Snft,/. air, atmosphere, breeze. 176 VOCABULARV. Sag,/, pleasure, delight, joy. £a|ttg, merry, jocund, jovial, gay. ^ctftf), Lycian. 5D?ad)en, to make ; to do ; to pro- duce. sjftadjt,/. might, power. 5ftadj>ttg, mighty, powerful. yjlatfyttooxt, n. word of command. ^ftabcfyen, n. maid, girl. 9D?at, m. May. sjftatenbttit^e, /• bloom of May. 9Dforiettli#t, n. light of May. Wlal, n. time. tylaUn, to paint ; to depict, de- lineate, portray. yjlditT, m. painter. yflalta, n. Malta. Wan, one, they, people, we. 9Jiarttt, w*. man, husband. SWannertoitrbe, /• manly dignity or worth. 3Kannlt#, manly, valiant. ^aitnltdjfett,/. manhood, manliness, virility. 9J?antel, ?«• mantle, cloak. 9)?aeorttbe, Mseonian (muse). Wlaxtyn, n. tale, legend, story. farmer, m. marble. SSftctrmorMlb, n. marble statue or image. SSJtormorfauIe,/. marble column. SJJtofje,/. mass, bulk. ^ftaterie,/. matter, material. Material, n. (pi. ten) material. tylatt, feeble, faint, dim. SSJtoaer, f. wall. tylavilbmt, f. mulberry. 9}?auttl)ier, w. mule. SJtonllDurfSfottgel, w. mole hill. ^Ofeer, n. sea, ocean. 9)?et)r, more ; any more. 9J?et)rere, several. 9Jietle,/. mile. SDMlentoett, miles away, extending for miles. 9D?etlt, my, mine. ffittftex, m. master. 5D?eIben, to mention, tell ; to make known. SOMobte,/. melody, tune. ^Jfenge,/. multitude, throng. 9J?en0en, to mix, mingle, ^ftenfd^ett), m. human being, man. SJftenfcfyenbrufl,/. human breast. SSftenfcfienfyerj, w. human heart or soul, ^ftenfcbfyett, /. the human race, humanity. 9J?enfd)ltcB / human ; humane. 9J?erfen, to mark, observe, ^tterfttmrbtg, remarkable. 9ttef|en, ma§, gemeffea, to measure, survey, contest. yjlilD, mild, tender, gentle. ^JtintVoa, f. Minerva. SOftt, with, by, along with. Sfttttag, m. noon, mid-day. ^ftttte,/. centre, midst, middle. 9J?tttett, amidst, in the midst ; -ttt, in the midst of. 9J?ttternacf>t, /. midnight. 9J?0ber, m. mold, mud, decay. 9JWgen, modfjte, gemocfrt, to be allowed (may); to wish, desire. 5Woglt§, possible. SOtfottat, m. month. 9J?onb, m. moon. 9D?onbltd)t, n. moonlight, ^ftoo^, n. moss. 5D?or^en, m. morning; to-morrow. ^orgenrotfy, n. morning red, glow of morning, blush of morn. Worcjenriitfye, /. rosy dawn, aurora. 9J?oryett, Morven. Witbe, weary, tired. ^ftiibtgfett, /. weariness, fatigue. 9J?itf)e,/. trouble, difficulty. Stftubjant, tedious, difficult ; with difficulty. ^JJhtnb, m. mouth. 9J?itfe,/. muse. Wllftf,/. music. Wufjett, (must) to be obliged. 9Jhttb, rn. courage, spirit, mood. fitting, courageous, bold. SJtyrt'&C/ /• myrtle. VOCABULARY. 177 Welti), after ; to, for, according to ; -lUlb-/ by degrees, gradually. Watybax, m. (pi. n) neighbor. Sfacbbem, after, when ; after that, 9la$Qtbm f to give way, yield. %tatf$, nearest, next. Waty, f. night. Leiden, m. neck. 9?at)(e), near, nigh, close. %ltii)?f /■ nearness, proximity ; tit fox — t near by, near at hand. Sftahen, to draw near, approach. §id'^rn ((id)), to approach, draw near ; to approximate. ^Clhrung,/- nourishment, food. 9?ante(tt), m. name, title. yiamlitf), namely, to wit. 9tafe,/. nose. 9?a§, wet, moist, ftapglatt, slippery. Sfcatfoatt, m. Nathan. 3tai\iv/f. nature. ^ftebel, m. fog, mist. 9?eben, by the side of, by, near. ^ebenregmbogen, m. secondary rain- bow. 9?ebmen, nabm, genomtnen, to take. SRetgen (fid)), to bow, decline. Sfattt, no, nay. Bennett, nannte, genannf, to name, call, mention. 9?eu, new, recent. 9?eugter,/. curiosity, inquisitiveness. ^eugtertg, curious, inquisitive, ^eujafyr, w. new-year. SReujafyrSna^t, /. new-year's night. yiidjt, not, never. 9?tc|)t3, nothing, naught. SWcofojt, Nicolosi. ^teber, low, nether ; down. SfttebcrfaKen, to fall down. 9?teberfd)lagen, to strike or knock down. 2Rteberfmfcn, to decline, to sink down. 9?iebrtg, low. Pinnate, never. yiiemarib, no one, nobody. dimmer, never, no more. Sftod), yet, still, more; -em ffial, once more. ^orbCen), w*. north. 9?orbamerifa, North America. ytoxblilfyt, n. northern light, aurora borealis. ^orbltdjtfdjem, m. shining or glare of the northern light, ^otbtgett, to necessitate, constrain. compel, ^httt, now, by this time. Sfcur, only, but. 9ttijjU$, useful. £5- Dbbad), n. shelter, lodging. Dbett, above, aloft, on high ; up stairs. Dberfldcbe, /. surface. Dbgtetd)/ although, though. £)bfc§on, although. £)ebe, desolate, waste, solitary. Deffnen, to open, £)efter(3), often, frequently. Dfjknbaren, to manifest, disclose, reveal. £)ft, often, oft. Dfyne, without, except. Dfyr, n. (pi. en) ear. Del, n. oil. SDrcmgengelb, orange color, orange yellow. £>t, m. (pi. er) place, spot. Dfftatt, m. Ossian. Dften, m. east. * tyaax, n. pair ; a few. J5alme,/. palm tree, palm. §)anbora,/. Pandora. spctrabteg, n. paradise. JJnffircn, to pass. *Per|ott,/. person. f)fab, m. path. $ferb, n. horse, steed. ^flanje, /. plant. ^flait mug, /. planting, plantation. 178 VOCABULARY. 3>tff, ]>aff, P^ Paff. tyla%, m. place. §Jloijltctj, suddenly, at once. ^Jracfjt,/. splendor, mngnificence. ^raditsou', magnificent, gorgeous. *Prad)ttg, splendid, magnificent, stately. ^Prets?, rn. price ; prize, glory, pride, ^retjen, prte$, gepriefen, to praise, extol. tyli&ma, n. prism. jTopbct, w. Q?Z. en) prophet, ^gmalton, m. Pygmalion. StytfjOtt, m. Python. SRcifyz, f. vengeance, revenge. 9tadje m. avenging spirit. Waiter, m. avenger. Sfamb, m. (pi. er) edge, brink. dla\m, to rage, rave. SJfatfiett, to rest, repose. ?Rat\), rn. advice, counsel. Dtatbcn, rietf), gerattjen, to advise, counsel ; to assist. Sftaucb, rn. smoke, fume. SRitum, rn. space, room. • SRaujcben, to rustle ; to rush, roar. £Redmeit, to reckon, compute. fRecbt, right. £Recb>3, at, to or from the right hand. ■jRebe, /. speech, discourse, words. ^Reten, to speak, talk. £Regen, to stir, excite, move. £Rcgeit, m. rain. SRegenbogen, m. rainbow. £Regenbogenglan$, rn. rainbow-splen- dor. sRegengafle, /. imperfect rainbow, (weathergall). SRegentropfen, m. drop of rain, rain- drop. JRegrten, to shower, rain, give rain. SRctcb, rich. dltid), n. empire, realm. £Retd)en, to reach, hand. fRtin, pure, clear, bright, clean. SReife,/. journey, trip. dttfaliti't), n. traveling dress or garment. JRetfen, to travel, journey. JRetfcen, rip, geriffen, to tear, snatch, wrest. SRetten, ritt, gerttten, to ride (on horseback). dtti^tn, to entice, allure, charm. tRennen, rarntte, gerannt, to run, race. jRettert, to save, deliver, rescue, better, m. deliverer, savior. 0teite r /. repentance, sorrow, regret, remorse. dttytin, m. Khine. dtitytm, to direct, give a signal ; to judge. *Rtd>ter, rn. judge. *Rttf)tung,/. direction. SRicb>3f)au3, n. tribunal, court of justice, judgment-hall. Oftng, m. ring, circle, ringlet. SRtngett, n. struggling, wrestling, striving. SRtngS, around ; - umber, all around, round about. £Rt§, m. rent, cleft, crevice. SRodjeltt, n. dying groan, gurgling breath. dtolltn, to roll ; to coil. SRofe, /. rose. *Ro§, n. horse, steed, charger. SRotf), red, ruddy. £Ri>tbe,/. redness, blush, flush. JRiicfen, m. back. *Riicffdkttten, to look back or behind. SRUcfroartS, back, backward. S^uf, m. call, shout. jRufen, rtef, gerufen, to call, exclaim. SRube, f. rest, tranquillity, repose. SRufyen, to rest, repose , sleep. SRubtg, quiet, calm, tranquil, serene. SRubm, m. glory, fame, renown. SRiibjen, to touch, affect, move. SRunb, round, circular. 6. ©aal, in. room, saloon ; hall, pal- ace. (&aty, /. thing, matter ; business ; VOCABULARY. 179 ©aett, to sow. ©age, /. saying, rumor, report ; tradition, tale. ©agen, to say, tell. ©atte,/. string. ©alben, to anoint. ©atem, w. Salem. ©anb, m. sand ; arena. ©attft, soft, mild, gentle, smooth. ©ang, »i. song, singing ; voice. ©anger, ?«. minstrel, bard, singer. ©angertbum, w. minstrelsy." ©atttgen, to satisfy, fill. ©auglittg, babe, suckling. ©a'ule, /. pillar, column. ©aulenfaal, n. hall supported by columns, pillared hall. ©d'ufeln, to rustle. ©certe,/. scene. ©c&aar,/. host, throng. ©d)af, w- sheep. ©djaffen, fdjuf. gefc^affen, to create. ©d)ale,/. shell, cup, vase. ©fatten, m. shade, shadow. ©djauber, m - shuddering, horror, dread. ©cfiaitett, to see, look ; to view, be- hold. ©d)auetltd), awful, dreadful. ©djauertg, awful, dreadful. ©djaum, m. foam, froth. ©d)aupla£, m. theatre, scene. ©d)aufptel, n. spectacle, sight. ©djeiben, fc&teb, gefc&ieben, to part, depart, separate. ©djetberoeg, m. dividing path, divid- ing line. ©d)ettt, m. shine, glare. ©djeinen, fcfoten, gefdjienen, to shine; to appear, seem. ©cfrettel, m. crown (of the head). ©d)eu, timid, cowardly, shy. ©d)td)t, /. stratum. ©djttfen, to send, dispatch. ©d)tff, n. ship, vessel. ©d)ijfer, m. mariner, sailor. ©d)tmmer, m. glimmer, splendor. ©dnmmertt, to glitter, glimmer. ©djlacfot, /. battle, engagement. ©d)Iad)tett, slay, slaughter. <&tyiad)kn, n. slaughter, killing. ©cMaf, m. sleep. ©deafen, fd)ltef, gefd)(afen, to sleep, be asleep. ©djtofloS, sleepless, ©diiagen, fdjlug, gefcfilagen, to beat, strike ; to wrap. ©djlagen, n. beating, striking. ©d)lange,/. serpent, snake. ©d)led)t, bad, miserable, base. ©cbletfert, fcbjtff, gefcfeltffen, to grind. ©d)(eubern, to throw, fling, hurl. ©deepen, (d;lo§, gefcfcloffen, to shut, close. ©d)linge,/. tendril, loop. ©d)(o§, n. {pi. er) cas'de, palace ; lock. ©d)(ummer, m. slumber. ©djlummerfb'rnlettt, n. seed of slum- ber. ©dilummertt, to slumber, sleep. ©dilulJel, m. key. ©d)me(jen, fd)moIj, gefd)moljen, to melt, dissolve. ©cbttterj, m. pain, distress, afflic- tion. ©cftmucf, trim, spruce, handsome. ©dmuitfert, to adorn, deck. ©d)mu^ig, filthy, dirty. ©d)rtee, m. snow. ©cbnetbert, fc&rutt, gefdmttten, to cut. ©dwelt, quick, fleet, swift. ©d)0tt, already ; even ; indeed. ©cftoit, beautiful, fair, handsome, ©cbb'nbett,/. beauty, comeliness. ©d)003, »*. lap, bosom. ©d)bpfer, w. creator, maker. ©d)b'pfimg,/. creation. ©d)ranfe,/. barrier; joZ. lists. ©d)red'en, w. terror, consternation. ©d)vedett, to terrify, frighten. ©cbretfu'd), frightful, terrible, fear- ful. ©cbretben, fcfirteb, gefdmeben, to write. ©d)reten, fd)rie, gefdjricen, to cry, shriek, shout. ©cbrettert, fd;rttt, gefcbrttten, to step, walk, stride. 180 VOCABULARY. ©d)rttr, m. step, pace, tread. ©ctyurt, m. rubbish, ruins, ©djiitten, to pour. ©thread;, weak, feeble, faint. ©djtMnger, burdened, pregnant. ©d)tuarm, m. swarm, crowd, throng. ©cfyroarj, black, dark, gloomy, ©cbtveben, to hover ; to hang, float. ©dnr»etgen, fd)tmcg, gefcbnnegen, to be silent, be still, ©c&wetgen, n. silence. ©cjweUen, fdiwoU, gefdjtootten, to swell; to float ; to rise, heave, ©cbttermutfy,/. sadness, melancholy, ©cjjtoerr, ». sword, ©cbtoefrer,/. sister, ©djmtmmen, fdjtMtnm, gefcbtoommen, to swim. ©cfctotnbel, W2. dizziness, giddiness. ©djtoinben, [cbttanb, gefcbwunben, to vanish, disappear. ©dwitl, close, sultry. ©ed)3, six. ©ee, w. lake. ©ee,,f. sea. ©eele, /• soul, mind. ©egnen, to bless. ©eijett, fab,, gei'eben, to see, perceive, to look upon, behold. ©efyne,/. sinew, nerve. ©ebr, much, very, very much. ©em, roar, gettefen, to be ; to exist. ©eirt, his, its. (seiner or fern, of him, of it, of them. ©ette,/. side. ©elber, self; even. ©e(b[t, self; even. ©cltg, blessed, happy, blissful. ©eltett, rare ; seldom. ©elt|'am, strange, wonderful, sin- gular. ©enfen (fid)), to sink, drop. ©enfredjt, perpendicular. ©e£en, to put, place, set. ©ettfjCtt, to sigh, groan. ©eufjer, ?». sigh, groan. ©id), himself, herself, itself; to or for himself, herself etc. ©tdber, secure, safe, certain. ©tcbern, to secure, insure. ©tcbtbar, visible, manifest, sensible. ©tCtltm, n. Sicily. ©te, she, her ; it ; them, you. ©teben, seven. ©teben, to seethe, boil ; to hiss. ©teg, m. victory, triumph, con- quest. ©tegen, to triumph, conquer. ©iegesftcrtfy, worthy to conquer, victory deserving. ©fiber, n. silver. ©tlberfyell, bright as silver ; pellu- cid, limpid. ©tlbern, silver, silvery, of silver. ©tngen, fang, gefungen, to sing. ©forfeit, fanf, gefunfen, to sink. ©inn, m. sense, mind, feeling. ©tttttltdjj, sensible, sensual. ©initio^, senseless, distracted. ©t|$en, fap, gefefjen, to sit. ©0, so, thus ; such ; then. ©ofort, immediately, forthwith, instantly. ©ogenannt, so-called. ©ogletd), immediately, at once. ©obit, m. son. ©old)er, such. ©elbar, m. (pi. en) soldier. ©oUcn, to be in duty bound; shall, ought, must. ©ommer, to. summer. ©onberbar, singular, strange. ©onbern, but, (after a negation). ©onne,/. sun. ©onnenbabn,/. sunny path. ©onnenftrabj, to. sunbeam., ray of the sun. ©onnenjetger, m. style or gnomon of a sundial. ©onft, otherwise, else ; formerly, heretofore. ©orgc, /. care, solicitude. ©pat, late, tardy. ©jMCgcl, m. mirror. ©piegeltt, to reflect, mirror ; jtd) -, to be reflected or imaged. ©|)te(, ». play, sport. VOCABULARY. 181 (Sptelen, to play, sport. (Spume, /. spider. (Spltttern, to break, shiver, splinter, shatter, ©pott, m. derision, scoff, scorn. Spracbe,/- speech, language. (Sprechen, fprad), gefprodjen, to speak, say. talk. (Springen, (prang, gefprnngen, to spring, jump, .leap. (Sprt^ert, to spirt, spout. (SprUfyen, to dart ; to sparkle, flash, fly- Spur,/, (pi. en) track, trace. (Stab, m. staff, stick. ©tabt,/. city, town. (Stamm, m. body or trunk, stem. (Stanb, m. attitude, position. (Starf, strong, robust, sturdy, vig- orous. Sta'rfe, /. strength, force. (Starr, stiff, fixed, staring. ©rati, instead of. (Statue,/, statue. (Stan 6, m. dust. Stannen, to be astonished ; to be amazed; to wonder. (Stannen, n. amazement, astonish- ment. (Steg, m. foot-bridge, path. Stejien, ftanb, geftanben, to stand. •Stetg, m, path, road. Stetgen, ftteg, gefttegen, to rise up, ascend, mount. (Stetl, steep, precipitous. (Stettt, m. stone, rock. (Stetnern, stony, stone. (SteUe, /. place, spot, situation. (Stellen, to place, put, set. (Sterbeu, ftarb, geftorben, to die. (Sterbitctj, mortal, perishable. •Stern, m. star. (SttU, still, quiet, calm. (Stttte, /. stillness, silence, calm. (Sttinme,/. voice. (Stinte, /, forehead, brow. (Stbtmen, n. groaning, groan. (Stol^, proud, haughty. ortt -, to blow the horn. SJtrat)!, m. beam, ray. (Strat)(en, to beam, gleam, shine. Streden, to stretch, lay down. Stretd), m. stroke, blow. Strett, m. strife, combat. en, to disappear, vanish away. SSerfenfen, to sink. 23er[tegert, to dry up, become dry, disappear ; to be exhausted. 23er|mfert, to sink away, be swal- lowed up, be lost. 23er [tanb, «. understanding ; mind, intellect. 2>erftel)ert, to understand, compre- hend. SSerftetnert, > covered with stones, ^erltetnt, $ ruined ; petrified. 2?er|rreuen, to scatter, spread out. 23crjrummen, to become mute, cease. 2>cr(ud)cn, to try, attempt, essay. 23ertiefung, /. deepening, hollow, recess, cavity. 23erur(ad;en, to cause, induce, oc- casion. Senvanbeln, to change, turn, con- vert. 23erroanbte, relative, relation. SBerroorren, confused. SBwjeibeit, to forgive, pardon, ex- cuse. SSerjtoetfelung/ /. despair. SScrjlDCtfelUttggSDff, full of despair. £mcI, much, a great deal ; many, 93telfttdj> manifold, abundant. SStelfolttg, for the most part, con- siderably, manifold. SBiflfarbtg, many-colored, many- bued. SBtcUct^t, perhaps, perchance, pos- sibly. SStcrtcl'jhmfce,/. quarter of an hour. Stdett, violet. 23ogd, m. bird. SSolf, n. (pi. er) people, nation. S3 oil, full, full of, filled. Soliertben, to end, complete, finish. !ii3b'ufg, full, whole, complete. SoUformnett, perfect, entire, full. SiBotfmortb, m. full moon. SSon, of, by, from. %$$x, before, in the presence of, of, through. SSorangeben, to go before, go in ad- vance, take the lead. Sorbet, by ; past. SSorfyer, before, previously. Sorragen, to jut, project, standout. 93orftct)t, y. caution, precaution. 33orjieUung,/. representation, image. 23cr[trb'men, to stream, gush or flow forth. 33oriiber, by, past, gone. SSoriiberctlen, to hasten by or past, hurry by. 2?orroart3, forward, onward. Sltlr'an, >". volcano. SBacfcfen, road)*, gewacbfen, to grow; to wax. SEBafff,/. weapon, pi. arms. SBagen, to weigh; to consider, pon- der. SBafylen, to choose, elect. 2£at)r, true, real, genuine. SBatntjcit, /. truth. 2Bat)rnebmeu, to perceive, observe. 233alb, in. wood, forest. 2£alDtg, woody, wooded. ©alien, to bubble ; to flow, undu- late, move to and fro. $3altcn, to rule, prevail. 233aljen, to roll. 2£>anb,/. wall. SBaubein, to walk, go, travel. JBartbeW, t0 wander ; to walk, go. SBange,/. cheek. SBarm, warm. ©arum, why. 2Ba$, what, why ; that which ; whatever. SB after, n. water. VOCABULARY. 185 SDafferfatl, m. waterfall, cascade. SBafferflaclie, /. surface or expanse of water, water-level. SBajJermafje,/. mass of water. SBajferjhrafc ra. flash or jet of water. 2Ba|jer|tur$, m. waterfall, cataract. SBedjfei, m. changing, change. SBeber, neither ;-.... nod), neither .... nor. 2Beg, w. way, passage, path ; road, route. SBegen, on account of. SBegga-ittft, iemoved, borne away. SSegriicfeit, to bear away, remove. 2£et), >i. woe, pain, agony. 5£el)en, to blow ; to move, wave, roll. SBe^mittf), /. sadness, melancholy. Siktymiitfyig, sad, melancholy. SBefyre,/. weapon, defence. &3eib, n. woman, wife. SB-kid), soft, gentle. SBeil, because, since. Shkin, '«. wine. SBetnberg, ra. vineyard. SBeittrebe, /• vine, grape-vine. &5einen, to weep, cry, shed tears. SBetfe, wise, sage. SBetfe,/. manner, way, custom. SBeifen, to show, point out. SBet^eit,./. wisdom. SUeijj, white. 2Beil|agung r /. prophecy, divination. SBeit, tar, afar off, remote, distant; wide. SBeldjer, who, which, that. SGMt,/. {pi en), world, earth. 2Ber, who, he who. Sikrben, tuarb, getoorben, to become, grow; shall, will ; to be. SBerfen, toarf, getoorfen, to throw, cast, hurl, fling. SBerf, n. work ; fabric. SBejen, n. being ; essence, nature. 2£eften, m. west. 3Be)tlirf), western, west, westward. SKkiter, n. weather, tempest, storm. SBiber, against. 2£ie, how ; as, just as, as if, like. SBteber, again, anew ; back. SDtege,/. cradle. 2Btegen, to cradle, rock. 2Bte(e,/. meadow, mead. 28tlb, wild, intractable, fierce. 2Bttle(tt), ra. will, purpose, wish. SBtUfafyren, to gratify, yield to. 3£tnb, m\ wind, breeze, air. SBinfel, m. angle, corner. SBtnfen, n. beck, winking, nodding. SBtnter, >n- winter. SMpfel, m. top. 2£ir, we. SBtrbeltinnb, m. whirlwind. aBirfltd), actual, real. 2Bi||en, tou§te, getoujjit, to know, know of, have a knowledge of. 3Bo, where; when. 2Bobet, wherein, during which. SBoburd), w T hereby, during which. 2Boge,/. wave, billow. 5Bogen, to heave, wave, fluctuate. SPogenfyeer, n. host of waves. SBojjer, whence, from what place. SBotjtn, wmither, to what place. SBofyf, well ; probably ; really. 2Dot)ltf)ater, m. benefactor. 2Bo()ltt)attg, beneficent. SBofynen, to dwell, live, reside. 2Bof)nimg, /. habitation, dwelling; mansion, abode. SBolben, to arch, vault. SBolfe,/. cload. SBolfenfteg, m. path among the clouds, cloudy path. SBotlen, to be willing; to intend; to want. SBomtt, with which, wherewith, with what. SBtmite, /• delight, pleasure. SForauf, whereupon, on which. SBort, n. word. i&Htnbe,/. wound. SBunber, n. wonder, prodigy, mir- acle. SBnnberbar, wonderful, wondrous. strange. SBunberfam, wonderful, wondrous, strange. 186 VOCABULARY. SButtberttott, wonderful, with won- drous skill. SBunberiDerf, n. marvelous or won- derful work. SSunfd), m. wish, desire. SBitrbe,/. dignity, honor. SBurbtglett, /. worthiness, merito- riousneSs ; propriety. SBitrgett, to choke, strangle, destroy. 2Bur$e(,/. root. 2But|>,/. fury, rage. SBittben, to rage, chafe. SBittbertd;, m. tyrant, madman. % gjonne, /. Yonne, a river. 3<5gett / to tremble, quake. 3at)l,/. number. 3at)!retd), numerous. ^atyn, m. tooth, fang. \axt, tender, delicate. >artltd), tender, fond ; tenderly, [artlicbfett, /. tenderness, softness. >etgen, to show, point out ; ficfj - f to show one's self, appear. 3ett,.f. time. Qtvfikfytn, to melt, dissolve. 3ermalmen, to crush, grind to powder. 3erpettfcben / to whip, lash (into spray). ^ffrinrtett, to melt, dissolve, vanish. 3er[cbeUen, to dash or shiver to pieces, shatter. 3erfd)(agen, to beat or break to pieces. 3erfdjmettern, to dash to pieces, crush, shatter. 3ftfttel)en / to vanish, be scattered, fly away (as dust). 3^rtt)et[en, to divide, separate ; to disperse. 3ertreten, to tread down, crush un- der foot. 3ertriimmem, to dash, shatter or crush to pieces. 3eugen, to witness, testify. 3itQt,f goat, she-goat. 3tegen&Db(e,/. Goat hollow. 3tegemnfel, /. Goat island. 3te^en / jog, gqogeit, to draw; to move, go, march; to extend, stretch. tel, n. limit, mark. telen, to aim. temltd), tolerable ; pretty. tmmer, n. room, apartment. tfdjett, to hiss. tttern, to tremble, shiver. onttg, angry. U, to, for ; at, by ; in. 3ucfer, m. sugar. 3uerft, first. 3uflte§en / to flow to, reach in its course. 3ug, m. expedition, procession, column; trace; feature, trait.* 3ugeftb'ren / to belong or appertain to. 3ugletd), together, at once. 3u!unft / /. the future, futurity. 3unge,/. tongue. 3ureben / n. persuasion, exhortation. 3urttett, to be angry. 3uritcf, back, backward. 3urucfgeben, to give back, restore. 3urutf'geben, to go back, return. 3urucJfebren, to return, turn back. 3u(ammen, together. 3ufammemtebmen, to collect, gather, ^ftrtttjtg, twenty. 3tt»et, two. 3toetfeln, to doubt. 3toetg, m. bough, branch. 3tt)ette, second. 3tt>tfc^en / between, betwixt ; among, amongst. 3fotfd)enraum, m. interval, interme- diate space, interstice. 3tob'(f, twelve. ^ —■— raimiwri VOCABULARY. 187 ENGLISH AND GERMAN VOCABULARY to ■jpjL.tt'n i. A, an, ettt. Able (to be), fb'nnen, fcermb'gen. Above, oben, iiber- Accompany, begtetten. Account, bte ^edjnung. Acquainted (to be), lenttett. Across, itber, queritber. Advice, ber SRafy. After, nad), nadjbent. Afternoon, ber ^adjmtttag. Again, roteber, nod) einmat. Against, rotber, gegen* Air, bte £uft. All, a ft, ganj. Almost, faft, betnar)e. Alone, afletn. Along, langg, entlang. Already, berettg, fcbon. Also, aucb. Although, obgletd) obfd)on. Always, tmmer. American, amertfantfd) ; Slmertfaner. Among, nnter, jrotfdien. And, nnb. Animal, bag £f)ter. Answer, bte 21ntroort; antroorten. Any, etroag, trgeub etn. Anybody, jemanb. Anything, etroag, irgenb etroag. Appear, erfdjetnen, fdjetnen. Apple, ber 5tyfe(. April, ber Slprtl. Arm, ber 2lrm. Army, bte 5trmee, bag #eer. Around, berum, um, umfyer, rtngg. Arrive, an foramen. Art, bte Sftmfh Artist, ber $itnftler. As, alg, ba, rote, fo. Ask, fragen, bitten. At, $u, an, bet. August, ber Sfuguji. Aunt, bte Xante. Autumn, ber £>erbfL Away, roeg, fort, bafytn. Ax, bte 2lrt. :b_ Bad, fc$led)t, bbfe. Baker, ber Sct'der. Ball, ber Sail Band, bag 23anb. Barrel, bag gajj* Basket, ber itorb. Be, fetn. Bear, ber 23ar. Beat, fdytagen. Beautiful, fcfibn. Beauty, bte ©djb'nrjett. Because, roetl. Become, roerben. Bed, ba3 Sett. Bee, bte 23tene. Beech, bte 23udje. Beer, bag 23ter. Before, yor, bettor, er)e. Begin, begtnnen, anfangen. Behind, btnter, btnten. Believe, glauben. Below, nnter, nnterbalb. Beneath, nnten. Berry, bfe 25eere. Between, jrotfdjen. Beyond, jenfettg. Bind, btnben. Bird, ber 33ogeI. Bishop, ber Stfcbof. Black, fdbtoarj. Blood, bag Slut. Bloody, bluttg. Blue, blau. 188 VOCABULARY. Boat, ber $afm, bag Soot Bone, bag Setn, ber $nod)etu Book, bag Such. Bookseller, ber Sud)f)artbler* Boot, ber ©ttefeL Both, Betbe. Boy, ber $naBe, SuBe, Bread, bag Srob,. Break, Bremen, jerbred^ctt* Breakfast, bag gritfyftiict Bridge, bte Srittfe, Bring, Brtttgen, fyolen. Broad, Brett, toett- Broom, ber Seferu Brother, ber Sruber. Brown, BraUtt* Build, Batten* Building, bag ©eBaube, Burn, Brennen. Business, bag ($5efd)aft But, aBer, fonbern, auettt* Butcher, ber f^leifc^er* Butter, bte Sutter, Buy, fauferu By, sort, burd), Bet o_ Calf, bag flalb. Call, rufen, nemtett, t)et^ert. Can, bte Marine ; fonneiu Candle, bag Stdjt Cane, ber ©tod, bag fftofyx* Cap, bte $appe, ?Q?u^e, Carpenter, ber 3^ttmermarttt. Carriage, ber SiBagen, Cask, bag gafiL Cat, bte $a&e. Catch, fangetn Cattle, bag Stefy, 0Knb. Cent, ber Sent Century, bag 3afyr|mnbert Certain, getvt§. Chair, ber (otufyt Chalk, bie $retbe* Charles, $art Cheese, ber Mfc* Cherry, bte jttrfdie. Chicken, bag £>ltt)n. Child, bag flinb. Church, bte $trd)e* City, bte ©tabt Clear, fiat, f)eO\ Cloak, ber «0tonteL Clock, bte Wjr, SBanbutyr* Cloth, bag £u<$. Cloud, bte SBoIfe. Coat, ber ^otf. Coffee, berilaffee. Cold, fait Color, bte garBe ; fd'rBen* Come, f'ommeru Complete, sotlenbett. Concert, bag Soncert Conquer, ftegen. Contented, jttfrtebett. Cook, ber flocfc. Copper, bag Shtpfer; Fupfern* Corn, bag torn, ber 9#atg, Cost, foftem Cotton, bte Saumtootfe % BaumtooHen, Count, jafylen, redmen* Country, bag Sanb* Cousin, ber Setter, bte Soufine* Cow, bte $ufy. Cup, bte £affe, ID. Daughter, bte £od;ter* Day, ber £ag* Day after to-morrow, UeBertttOrgetU Dead, tobt Deaf, taito. Dear, tfyeuer, IteB, Death, ber £ob. December, ber T)ecemBer. Declare, erfld'ren. Deep, tfef* Deer, ber £trfd). Depart, abretfen. Describe, Befdjretbem Desk, bag $ult Dictionary, bag SQSb'rterbud). Die, fterBem Difference, ber ttnterfdneb* Difficult, fcbfter, jdjrotertg. Diligent, flet§tg. Dinner, bag tNtttaggeffen. Do, tfoun, mad;en. VOCABULARY. 189 Doctor, ber "Doctor. Dog, ber $unb. Dollar, ber Scaler, DoHar. Door, bic £biire. Down, nieber, tunab, fierunter* Draw, gtefyen, jeirfmeu. Dress, bav3 $Ietb, ber 2lnjug. Drink, trtltfett. Drive, treiben. During, tt>at)renb + Dwell, footmen. Dwelling, bie SBofinung. IE. Each, jeber. Eagle, ber Slbter* Ear, bag Dbr. Earth, bie Srbe. East, ber Often, Easy, leicbt. Eat, effett, freffett* Either, entweber. Elm, bie Uhne. End, bag (Snbe. Enemy, ber Oetttb* English, (Sng(ifd). Englishman, ber Snglanber, Entire, gartj* Europe, (Suropa. Even, eben. Evening, ber 2tbenb* Ever,je / jemalg, immer* Every, jeber. Everywhere, iiberatl* Eye, bag Stuge. IF. Fall, fatten. Far, tueit, fern. Fat, bag Sett ; fett. Father, ber 3Sater. February, ber gebmar. Fever, bag gieber. Field, bag getb, bie ghtr. Fight, fecbten, ftreiten. Find, finben. Fine, fein, fdjb'it. Finger, ber g-tnger* Fire, bag geuer. First, erfte. Fish, ber gifd). Fisherman, ber gffcber. Flesh, bag gleifct). Flour, bag 5JM&I. Flower, bie SBtume, Foot, ber gup. For, fitr, $u, benn. Forenoon, ber SSormittag. Forest, ber gorjt, SBatb. Forget, sergefjen. Fortune, bag ©titci Fowl, bag £>ubn. France, granfreicb. Free, befreien ; fret, lebtg. Freedom, bic greifyeit. French, fran^b'ftfcfo. Frenchman, ber granjofe. Friday, ber greitag. Friend, ber greunb. From, (oott, aug. Fruit, bie grucbt, bag £)b|i Gk Garden, ber ©arten. Gate, bag SDfoor. Gas, bag ®a$> Gentleman, $err. German, beutja% Germany, Deutfcbjanb. Girl, bag *Mbcben. Give, geben. Glad, frofy, Better, erfreut Gladly, gem. Glass, bag ©lag. Glove, ber $anbfcbuf). Go, gefyen ; - out, auggeben; -back, auriicfgetjen, God, ©ott. Gold, bag (Mb. Goldsmith, ber ©olbfcbmteb. Good, gut. Goose, bie ©attg. Grain, bag torn, ©etreibe. Grass, bag ©rag, Grave, bag ©rab. Gray, grau. Great, gro§. Great Britain, ©ropbritanniett. Green, grim. 190 VOCABULARY. ZHC Hair, bag £>aar. Half, f>alb; bte #alfte. Hammer, ber jammer ; tyammern. Hand, bte £>anb ; retc^eit* Handkerchief, bag £aja)entuc(j. Happiness, bag ®lttct Happy, glitcfltcb. Hard, fyart. Hasten, etlert* Hat, ber £ut. Have, fyabetu Hay, bag £>cu. Head, ber $opf, bag £aupt. Health, bte ©efunbfjett. Healthy, gefmtb. Hear, fyoren. Heart, bag £er$. Heaven, ber |>tmmel. Heavy, fcbtoer. Hen, bte #enne. Her, t^ fie. Here, fyter. Hers, ber ifyrtge. High, bocb. Him, ifut, tfylt. His, fetn, ber fetntge* » Hold, battem Hope, bte #offnung ; fyoffen. Horse, bag $ferb, $o&. Hot, f)dp. Hour, bte ©hmbe. House, bag $au$. How, tote. Human, ntenfcbjtd). Hundred-weight, ber (£entner + Hungry, fyungrtg. Husband, ber $Jlamx, ®emabX I. I, i%. Ice, bag &tg. Icy etftg. Idle, mitfng, trage. If, mnn, ob. Ill, JranF, untoobj. In, tn, auf, an. Ink, bie £inte ; - stand, bag £tnten= Inside, tnnerfjatb. Instead of, ftatt, anftatlv Instruct, unterrtcbten. Instruction, ber Unterridpi, bte £ebre. Into, in, auf. Iron, bag Stfen ; eifern. J-_ James, 3acob. January, ber Sanuar* John, 3obann. Journey, bte ^Retfc Joy, bte greube. June, ber Sunt. July, ber 3uli. Key, ber ©cbjitffel. King, ber $imtg. Knife, bag 3fle(fer. Know, nuffen, femten. Lady, bte ftrau, £)ame; young-, bag grauletn. Lamb, bag £amm. Lame, lafym. Land, bag £anb. Landscape, bte £anbfdjafk Language, bte &\>xad)t. Large, grof. Lark, bte £ercbe. Last, le^t. Laugh, lacben. Lay, legen. Lazy, fflul. ' Lead, bag 23let ; bletern. Lead, fittyren. Leader, ber gitfyrer. Leaf, bag 53tatt. Leap, fyrtngen, ppfen. Learn, lemen. Leather, bag 2eber. Leave, lajten, tterlaffen. Leg, bag Sent. Lend, letfyen, borgen. Let, laffen, mmtetfyen. Letter, ber 23rtef. Lie, bte 2itge ; litgen. Lie, Itegen. ■■HHHHHHHBBHHmHBHH^HHHHBnBMMHMH^BU VOCABULARY. 191 Life, bag 2ebem Light, bag Sicbt ; teit^t* Lily, bte £tlte* Lion, ber £itoe* Little, Hetn, toetttg. Live, leben, roobnem. Long, lang. Lose, yerlteren* Loud, laut Love, lieben* hyc. Madam, 9Jkbam(e)» Make, macben, Man, ber 9flenfd), 3Jtomu Many, fctele, March, ber -JMrj, May, ber yjlat May, mogen, fbnnen, bttrfem Meal, bag Wlty), bte 9flabt$eit Meat, bag Sletfcf). Merchant, ber jtavtftttamu Metal, bag 9ttetatt\ Midnight, bte OTtemad)t Mile, bte SJfletle. Milk, bte mify Miller, ber Gutter. Mind, bag ®emittb, ber ©tmu Miss, bag grauletru Modest, befcbetben, Monday, ber 9ftontag. Money, bag ®elb. Month, ber 9ftonat Moon, ber 9ttonb. More, mebr. Morning, ber 9ftorgen. Mother, bie gutter* Mountain, ber 33erg» Mr., |icrr. Much, ember. Now, nun, jeljt Number, bte 3«^/ Summer* Numerous, ^abjretcb, O. Oak, bte (£td)e» Obliged (to be), mujfeit ; sserbunbem October, ber Dctober* Of, son ; - course, natitrltcb, eg tter- ftebtftcb. Office, bag Sfatt, ©efc&aftgjtmmer* Oft (en), oft Oil, bag £)eu Old, alt. On, an, auf. One, etng ; man. Once, etnmal, etnji Only, alletn, nur, erji Open, often, auf. Or, ober. Other, attber ; every - day, etttett Slag um benanbern; -wise, an* berg, fonft Ounce, bte Itrtje, Out, aug ; - of, aug, aufer* Outside, auperbalb. Over, iiber, auf. 192 VOCABULARY. Pair, bag $aar. Paper, bag papier ; papieren. Parasol, ber ©onnenfcfeirm. Parents, bte (glterrt. Park, ber $arf. Patient, gebulbig 5 ber $ranfe. Peace, ber Oinebe. Peach, bte ^ftrftc^e* Pear, bte SSirrte. Pen, bte $eber. Pencil, ber Sleifrtfr. Penny, ber pfennig. People, bag SSolf, bte £eure. Pepper, ber $feft>r. Perhaps, jrieUeidjt. Physician, ber 5lrjt. Peck, picfert. Piece, bag ©tiicf. Pigeon, bie £aube. Pine, bte $ictUe. Pink, bte 9fceife. Plate, ber Seller. Play, fpielert. Pleasant, angertefym. Polite, r)oflicb. Poor, arm. Post-office, He $0% bag $ojtomt. Pound, bag *Pfunb. Praise, bag Sob 5 lobert, Preifett. Pronounce, aug|prect)en. Prussia, spreufjen. Pupil, ber (Sc^iiler. Put, ftetfen, legert. Q,- Queen, bte $bmgtn. Question, bte grage 5 fragert. Quiet, rutjig, ftiU. Rain, ber SRegen. Rather, tteber. Reach, reicbcn. Read, lefen. Really, roirrlidi, in ber £r)at. Receive, empfangert, ert)altcn, fce= foramen. Red, roti). Remain, bleiben. Reside, tooBttejw Return, juritrffefiren, jitrucffommett. Ribbon, bag 23anb. Rich, reid). Ride, reitert, fafiren. River, ber glufji. Roof, bag Xaty. Room, bag gimmtx, bte ©tube, ber S^aum. Rose, bie S^ofe. Rule, bte £ftegel ; regterett. Run, laufert, remtert, rtnnert. S. Saddler, ber ©artier. Safe, ftdjer. Salt, bag ©atj. Same, berfelbe. Saturday, ber feonrtabenb, ©amjtag. Say, fagert, fprecbcn. Scholar, ber ©cbiUer, ©elebrte. School, bte ©dntle. Sea, bte ©ee, bag Weer. Seat, fet^ert; ber ©ilj. Secure, ftcber. See, febert. Seek, fudim. Seldom, fcltert. Self, felbft, felber. Sell, toerfaufen. Send, fenbett, fditcfert. September, ber September. Set, jet3en. Shall, foKert, roerbert. Sharp, fcbarf. She, fie, eg. Sheep, bag err, mcttt #err. Sister, btc (&tym\ttv. Sit, jigen, paffen. Slave, ber ^flaoe, $ned;t» Sleep, fcblafen. Slow, langfam. Small, flet'n. Smile, Id'djcln. Smith, ber ^cbtnteb. Snow, ber ©$nee ; fcgneiett. So, fo. Sofa, bag ©ofa. Soft, nmcb. [etfe. Soldier, ber ©olbar. Some, erroag; -body, jemanb; - thing, ettoag. Son, ber ©obit. Soon, balb, friib. South, ber ©itbett. Speak, fprecben, reben. Spin, (pitmen. Spring, ber grubjtng ; fprtngen. Stand, ftebjn. Star, ber £>tem. State, ber ©raat. Stay, blet'ben. Steal, fteblen. Steel, ber ©tabj. Still, jh'tt, rubtg, nod). Stove, ber £)fen. Stranger, ber grembe. Street, bte (srrafje. Strike, fcblagen, trejfen. Strong, ftarf. Student, ber ©tubent. Such, folcber. Sugar, ber glider. Summer, ber ©ommer. Sun, bte Sonne. Sunday, ber ©onntog. Supper, bag Slbcnbeifetu Sure, jic$er,j}e»tjj. Swan, ber ^cbtran. Sweet, |"u§. Swim, ftynnmntMt Swine, bag ©cbtimn. Sword, bag ©djwert. Table, ber £tfd), btc £afel. Tailor, ber ©cbnetber. Take, nebmen. Tame, ^abm. Tea, ber £bee. Teach, tebren, nnrerridjten. Teacher, ber £ebrer. Than, atg. That, jener, t»etd)er, ber, bag. That, bap ; in order -, bamtt The, ber, bte, bag. Theater, bag Sweater, Thee, bid), btr. Their, tbr. Them, tynett, fte. Tjien, bann, ba, barauf. There, ba, borr. Therein, barfn. They, fte, bte. Thing, bag ©m 9 , bte ©ad6e, lhink, benfen, metnen. This, bt'efeg. Thou, bu. Though, obfebon, obgjetd). Thousand, raufenb. Through, bitrcb. Thursday, ber Domterjka. Thy, thine, betn. Tiger, ber £taer. Till, U*. Time, bte 3etr, bag 9tfaU Tm, bat 3inn. Tired, miibe. To, g U/ an, aitf, nad). To-day, bente. To-morrow, morgen. Ton, bte &onne. Too, jn, and). Tooth, ber 3abr t 194 VOCABULARY; Truth, bte 2Bat)rbeit Tuesday, ber £)ienfrag. Tulip, bie £ulpe. TJ. Umbrella, ber SRegenfcfrirm. Uncle, ber Dfyeim, Dnfel. Under, uuter, unteu, uuterfwtb. Understand, uerftefyeu. Unfortunate, unglitcflid). United States, bte 2kreinigteu &taer, wetter, ber. Whole, ganj. Why, toarum, u^ag. Wide, brett, toeit. Wife, bie grau, ®attin, \>a$ 2Beib. Wild, jottb. Will, berSBiae; tootteu. Willow, bie SBeibe. William, SCilbelm. Window, bag geufter. Winter, ber Winter. Wine, ber $Rtin. Wise, toetfe. Wish, ber 2Bunfd) ; toimfd)eu. With, mtt, bet. Within, tnnerfjaffc. Without, attfjer, ofyue. Wolf, ber SOSolf. Woman, bag sIBetb, bie grail* Wood, bag £olj, ber SBalb. Wooden, fyoljern. Wool, bie 2£ot(e. Woolen, tootten. Word, bag SDort. World, bie SBclt. Worth, tucrtb, retc^. Write, fcbreibeu. Writing-book, bag Sdjreibbudj ; -desk, bag (gcbreibpult ; -paper, bag