A NEW GAZETTEER, OR GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. OF NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES, CONTAINING I.— A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH AMERICA. II.— A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES; THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND CONSTITU- TION OF THE UNITED STATES. III.— A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE STATES, COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, FORTS, SEAS, HARBORS, CAPES, RIVERS, LAKES, CANALS, RAIL-ROADS, MOUNTAINS, &c. CONNECTED WITH NORTH AMERICA; WITH THE EXTENT, BOUNDARIES AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH STATE ; THE BEARING AND DISTANCE OT REMARKABLE PLACES FROM EACH OTHER AND OF EACH FROM THE CITY OF WASHINGTON WITH THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 183a CONTAINING LIKEWISE MANY TABLES RELATING TO THE COMMERCE. POPULATION. REVENUE, DEBT, AND VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. COMPILED FROIYI THE MOST RECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES BY BISHOP DAVENPORT. PUBLISHED BY GEORGE M'DOWELL. 1835 '"3 843 Entered according to the act of congress, in the year 1832, by George M'Dowell & George H. M'Dowell, in the clerk's office of the district court of Maryland. STEREOTYPED BY J, HOWE. PREFACE. — That a good Gazetteer of North America is much needed at the present time, will, it is presumed, not be denied. But whether this volume answers to that description, must remain for an enlightened public to decide. The compiler has aimed to collect such a mass of geographical and other information, in regard to North America, as will not only render the book useful in families and to individuals as one of reference, but such as may likewise be of utility to the higher classes in schools. The work, it is presumed, will be found to be much more full in regard to the United States, than any gazetteer extant. Par- ticular care has been taken to give a full account of the literary re- sources of the United States ; and the accounts of the various colleges and seminaries of learning will be found to be much more full than those in gazetteers in general. In the compilation of this volume, the following works have been largely consulted, and numerous extracts, with slight alterations, taken : viz. Malte Brun's Geography, Morse's and Worcester's ge- ograpical works, Darby's Universal Gazetteer, Flint's Geography, Na- tional Calendar for 1831 and 1832, American Almanac for 1831 and 1832, Niles's Weekly Register, American Constitutions, American En- cyclopedia, and the various state registers. In addition to the above, the compiler has obtained information from a great variety of sources, too numerous to be specified. Particular care has been taken to have the information made use of in this work, the most recent and authen- tic that could be obtained. The names of the different persons from whose works extracts have been made, are not annexed to those ex- tracts, because in some instances the phraseology has been altered ; and hi that case it might be considered an act of injustice, as it would ascribe to the individual named that which is not his own, and for which he should not be answerable. With this brief notice the work is submitted to the inspection of an intelligent public. BISHOP DAVENPORT. ABBREVIATIONS MADE USE OF IN THIS WORK. Del. D. C. isl. n. In. Ken. La. L. C. CO. Ct. or Con. cap. C. H. bor. Borough. Capital. Court House, County. Connecticut. Delaware. District of Columbia. Island. Illinois. Indiana. Kentucky. Louisiana. Lower Canada. Md. Maryland. N. H. New Hampshire. N. C. North Carolina. N. J. New Jersey. N. Y. New York. No. Number. m. Miles, Mass. Massachusetts. Me. Maine. Mich. Michigan. Mis. Mississippi. Miso. Missouri, mt. Mountain. Pa. Pennsylvania. Pop. Population. r. River. R. I. Rhode Island. S. C. South Carolina. s-p. Seaport town. sq. ms. Square miles. Ten. Tennessee. t Town or Township. Va. Virginia. U. S. United States. v. Village. Vt Vermont. EXPLANATORY NOTE. When the population is expressed without a date, it is for 1830. In the six New England states, and also in the state of New York* New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, the counties are subdivided into townships, and in Delaware, into hundreds ; but in the rest of the states no such subdivision as that of township is known. In the New England states these townships are commonly styled towns. They differ considerably in size; generally varying from about 5 to 6 miles square. In South Carolina the state is divided into districts instead of counties, and in Louisiana these divisions are termed parishes. In New England the principal village almost always takes the name of the township in which it is situated. In the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, the towns or villages commonly take dif- ferent names from the townships in which they are situated. In the states south of Pennsylvania, and the Ohio river, the word town is used for a compact collection of houses. NORTH AMERICA. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. North America extends from the Isthmus of Darien, N. lat. 8° Extent lo the utmost known regions of the north, and spreads from Beh- ring's Straits to those of Bellisle, or rather, to embrace Greenland. Its breadth is very irregular, not exceeding 15 or 20 miles near Panama ; whilst from Beh- ring's Straits to the Straits of Bellisle, it extends to a distance of 3,300 geo- graphical, or 3,800 English miles, bearing N. 76° W. From the Straits of Bellisle to the isthmus of Darien, is 4,500 geographical, equal to 5212 English miles. North America is traversed by two great chains, and several minor Mountains ranges of mountains. The Appalachian or Alleghany mountains, extend through the United States from NE. to SW. from the state of New York to Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, with a mean width of about 50 miles. Several detached ranges or groups rise NE. off the Hudson, and SE. off the St. Lawrence. The Masserne, or Ozark mountains, extend from the centre of the state of Missouri towards Texas, in a direction nearly parallel to the Appa- lachian chain. The length of the Appalachian is about 900 miles, with a mean elevation of from 1,200 to 2,000 feet. The extent of the Masserne chain, is not very accurately known, but must exceed 600 miles ; its mean height can- not, in the present state of geographical knowledge, be estimated with any ap- proximate degree of accuracy. The great spine of North America, is the Chip- pewan, Rocky, or as it is termed in Mexico, that of Anahuac. This immense chain reaches from the peninsula of Tehuantepec, N. lat. 16°, to the Frozen Ocean at N. lat. 68°, or through upwards of 50 degrees of latitude ; encircling nearly one-seventh part of the globe. In neither the Appalachian, or Masserne chains, nor in any of their neighboring groups, have any active or extinct vol- canoes been discovered ; but in the southern part of the great central chain, an immense range of volcanoes or volcanic summits rise to from 10,000 to 17,700 feet. It is generally supposed that the mountains of the isthmus of Darien, are continuations of the chain of Anahuac ; but there is strong reason to believe, that the former are distinct and unconnected with the latter. A nameless range skirts along the Pacific Ocean, which, from the defective surveys yet taken, cannot be very distinctly delineated. That part of North America west of the Chippewan mountains, and north of Colorado river, except the central parts of the valley of Columbia, remains either imperfectly or entirely unknown. North America has five great systems of rivers ; that of the At- lantic Ocean ; that of the Gulf of Mexico ; that of the Frozen Ocean ; lveri ' that of Hudson's Bay ; and that of the Pacific Ocean. In the Atlantic system, the principal rivers are, St. Johns of Florida, Altamaha, Savannah, Santee, Pedee, Cape Fear, Roanoke, James, Potomac, Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson, Connecticut, Kenebec, Penobscot, St. John's of New Brunswick, and St. Law- rence. In the system of Hudson's Bay are included, besides many streams of lesser note, Rupert's, Albany, Severn, and Sashasshawin rivers. Into the North- ern Ocean, M'Kenzie's river is the only stream of considerable magnitude yet known, to enter from the continent of North America. The rivers of the cen- tral valley of North America, are discharged into the Gulf of Mexico, amongst which the Mississippi presents its overwhelming flood ; but besides that vast river, the Appalachicola, Mobile, Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico, Rio Grande del Norte, and several others, are streams of great magnitude. The Santiago, Hiaqui, the Colorado of the gulf of California, and the Columbia, are the only 6 , GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF extensive rivers, the courses of which are correctly known, which enter the Pacific Ocean from the continent of North America. Divisions North America comprises three great divisions ; 1st, British Amer ica, in the north ; 2d, the United States, in the middle ; and 3d Mexico and Guatimala, or Central America, in the south : in addition to these Greenland, in the north-east, belongs to Denmark ; and there are Russian pos- sessions in the north-west. islands ^ e most important islands are Newfoundland, Cape Breton, St. John's, Rhode Island, Long Island, and the Bermudas, on the east- ern coast 5 Queen Charlotte's Island, Quadra and Vancouver's Island, King- George's Island, and the Fox Islands, on the western coast. Bays, Gulfs, The five largest Bays, or Gulfs, are Baffin's and Hudson's bays ; and Lakes. an( j the gulfs of St. Lawrence, Mexico, and California. The Lakes of North America are the largest collections of fresh water in the world. Some of the principal ones are lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, Win- nipeg, Athapescow, Slave Lake, and Great Bear Lake. The largest of these great lakes is lake Superior, which is 490 miles in length, and is as much af- fected by storms as the ocean. It is remarkable for the transparency of its waters, and abounds in fish. The Pictured Rocks, on the south side of lake Superior, are a range of precipitous cliffs, rising to the height of 300 feet, and are regarded as a great curiosity. inhabitants ^ e mna °i tants ma y be divided into three classes — Whites, Ne- groes, and Indians. The whites are descendants of Europeans i who have migrated to America since its discovery. The negroes are mostly held in slavery, and are descendants of Africans forced from their native country. Indians ^ e Indians are the aborigines of the country, and generally savage. They are of a copper complexion, fierce aspect, tall, straight, athletic, and capable of enduring great fatigue. They are hospitable and generous, faithful in their friendship, but implacable in their resentments. Their common occupations are hunting, fishing, and war. At the time of the discovery of America, the natives, in some parts, particularly in Mexico and Peru, were considerably advanced in civilization. For the most part, they con- tinue a distinct people, and retain their savage customs ; but in some instances they have mingled with the white population. In North America, they possess almost all the country, except the southern and eastern parts ; that is, the north- ern part of Mexico, most of the territory of the United States which lies west of the Mississippi, and nearly all the vast regions which lie north of the United States' territory, and west of the St. Lawrence. Customs The following account is mostly taken from the American Ency- and Dispo- clopedia : — When the Europeans first arrived in America, they n! American found the Indians quite naked, except those parts which even the Indians. mos t uncultivated people usually conceal. Since that time, however, they generally use a coarse blanket, which they buy of the neighboring planters. Their huts, or cabins, are made of stakes of wood driven into u s ' c * the ground, and covered with branches of trees or reeds. They lie on the floor, either on mats or the skins of wild beasts. Their dishes are of timber ; but their spoons are made of the skulls of wild oxen, and their knives of flint. A kettle and a large plate constitute almost the whole utensils of the family. Cartwright assures us, that in Labrador, he met with a family of na- tives who were living in a cavern hollowed out of the snow. This extraordi- nary habitation was seven feet high, ten or twelve in diameter, and was shaped like an oven. A large piece of ice served as a door. A lamp lighted the in- side, in which the inhabitants were lying on skins. At a short distance was a kitchen, likewise constructed of snow. They describe a circle on the frozen snow, and cutting it into segments with their knives, build it up with great reg- NORTH AMERICA. 1 uiarity, till the blocks of snow meet at the top, and constitute a graceful dome. Captain Parry says their huts are numerous in many parts of Melville Islands, in latitude 74° N., and that he saw many of the natives in the islands of the Archipelago of Barrow's Straits, though their timidity prevented any inter- course. These polar men are little, squat, and feeble ; their complexion par- takes less of a copper hue, than of a reddish and dirty yellow. There is established in each society a certain species of govern- Form of ment, which prevails over the whole continent of America, with ex- Government, ceeding little variation ; because over the whole of this continent the manners and way of life are nearly similar and uniform. Without arts, riches, or lux- ury, the great instruments of subjection in polished societies, an American has no method by which he can render himself considerable among his compan- ions, but by superiority in personal qualities of body or mind. But, as nature has not been very lavish in her personal distinctions, where all enjoy the same education, all are pretty much on an equality, and will desire to remain so. Liberty, therefore, is the prevailing passion of the Americans ; and their gov- ernment, under the influence of this sentiment, is, perhaps, better secured than by the wisest political regulations. They are very far, however, from despi- sing all sort of authority : they are attentive to the voice of wisdom, which ex- perience has conferred on the aged, and they enlist under the banners of the chief in whose valor and military address they have learned to repose a just and merited confidence. In every society, therefore, there is to be considered the power of the chiefs and of the elders. Among those tribes most engaged in war, the power of the chief is, naturally, predominant ; because the idea of having a military leader was the first source of his superiority, and the con- tinual exigencies of the state requiring such a leader, will continue to support and even to enhance it. His power, however, is rather persuasive than coer- cive ; he is reverenced as a father, rather than feared as a monarch. He has no guards, no prisons, no officers of justice, and one act of ill-judged violence would pull him from his humble throne. The elders in the other form of gov- ernment, which may be considered as a mild and nominal aristocracy, have no more power. In most countries, therefore, age alone is sufficient for acquiring respect, influence, and authority. It is age which teaches experience, and ex- perience is the only source of knowledge among a savage people. Among the different tribes, business is conducted with the utmost public As- simplicity, and which may recall, to those who are acquainted with s embiies. antiquity, a picture of the most early ages. The heads of families meet to- gether in a house or cabin appointed for the purpose. Here the business is dis- cussed ; and here those of the nation, distinguished for their eloquence or wis- dom, have an opportunity of displaying those talents. Their orators, like those of Homer, express themselves in a bold figurative style, stronger than refined, or rather softened, nations can well bear, and with gestures equally violent, but often extremely natural and expressive. When the business is over, and they happen to be well provided with food, they appoint a feast upon the occasion, of which almost the whole nation partakes. The feast is accompanied with a song, in which the real or fabulous exploits of their forefathers are celebrated. They have dances likewise, though, like those of the Greeks and Romans, they are chiefly of the military kind; and their music and dancing accompany every feast. To assist their memory, they have belts of small shells, or beads wampum, of different colors, each representing a different object, which is or belts - marked by their color and arrangement. At the conclusion of every subject on which they discourse, when they treat with a foreign state, they deliver one of those belts ; for if this ceremony should be omitted, all that they have said passes for nothing. These belts are carefully deposited in each town, as the 8 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF public records of the nation; and to them they occasionally have recourse, when any public contest happens with a neighboring tribe. The r Wars ^ we exce P t nuntm g an d fishing, war is the principal employ - eir a 9 ' ment of the Indian men : almost every other concern, but in partic- ular the little agriculture which they enjoy, is consigned to the women. The most common motive of the Americans for entering into war, when it does not arise from an accidental rencounter or interference, is either to revenge them- selves for the death of some lost friend, or to acquire prisoners, who may assist them in their hunting, and whom they adopt into their society. These wars are either undertaken by some private adventurers, or at the instance of the whole community. In the latter case, all the young men who are disposed to go out to battle (for no one is compelled contrary to his inclination), give a bit of wood to the chief, as a token of their design to accompany him ; for every thing among these people is transacted with a great deal of ceremony and with many forms. The chief, who is to conduct them, fasts several days, during before setting which time he converses with no one, and is particularly careful to out< observe his dreams ; which the presumption natural to savages gen- erally renders as favorable as he could desire. A variety of other superstitions and ceremonies are observed. One of the most hideous is setting the war kettle on the fire, as an emblem that they are going out to devour their enemies ; which among these nations, it is probable, was formerly the case, since they still con- tinue to express it in clear terms, and use an emblem significant of the ancient usage. Then, they dispatch a porcelain, or large shell, to their allies, inviting them to come along, and drink the blood of their enemies. They think that those in their alliance must not only adopt their enmities, but that they must also have their resentments wound up to the same pitch with themselves : and indeed no people carry their friendships or their resentments so far as they do. Having finished all the ceremonies previous to the war, and the day ap- pointed for their setting out on the expedition being arrived, they take leave of their friends, and exchange their clothes, or whatever movables they have, in token of mutual friendship ; after which they proceed from the town, their wives and female relations walking before, and attending them to some distance. The warriors march all dressed in their finest apparel, and most showy orna- ments, without any order. The chief walks slowly before them, singing the war-song, while the rest observe the most profound silence. When they come up to their women, they deliver them all their finery, and putting on their worst clothes, proceed on their expedition. Quickness of The great qualities of an Indian war are vigilance and attention, their senses. j- 0 gj ve an( j aY0 [^ surprise ; and, indeed, in these they are superior to all nations in the world. Accustomed to continual wandering in the forest ; having their perceptions sharpened by keen necessity, and living, in every re- spect, according to nature, their external senses have a degree of acuteness, which, at first view, appears incredible. They can trace out their enemies, at an immense distance, by the smoke of their fires, which they smell, and by the tracks of their feet upon the ground, imperceptible to an European eye, but which they can count, and distinguish, with the utmost facility. It is said, they can even distinguish the different nations with whom they are acquainted, and can determine the precise time when they passed, where an European could not, with all his glasses, distinguish footsteps at all. These circumstances, however, are of less importance, because their savage enemies are equally well acquainted with them. Vigilance When they go out, therefore, they take care to avoid making use and circum- of any thing by which they might run the danger of a discovery. spection. They lighted no fires to warm themselves, or to prepare victuals : they lie close to the ground all day, and travel only in the night ; and marching NORTH AMERICA. 9 along m files, he that closes the rear, diligently covers with leaves the tracks of his own feet, and of theirs who preceded him. When they halt to refresh themselves, scouts are sent out to reconnoitre the country, and beat up every place where they suspect an enemy to lie concealed. In this manner they enter, unawares, the villages of their foes ; and while the flower of the nation are en- gaged in hunting, massacre all the children, women, and helpless old men ; or make prisoners of as many as they can manage, or have strength enough to be useful to their nation. But when the enemy is apprized of their design, and comes on in arms against them, they throw themselves flat on the ground among the withered herbs and leaves, which their faces are painted to resemble. They then allow a part to pass unmolested, when, all at once, with a tremen- dous shout, rising up from their ambush, they pour a storm of musket-balls, or arrows, on their foes. The party attacked returns the same cry. Manner of Every one shelters himself with a tree, and returns the fire of the fi s htlI1 &- adverse party, as soon as they raise themselves from the ground to give a second fire. Thus does the battle continue until one party is so much weak- ened as to be incapable of farther resistance. In their battles death appears in a thousand hideous forms, which would congeal the blood of civilized nations to behold, but which rouses the fury of savages. They trample, they insult, over the dead bodies, and tear the scalp from the head. The flame rages on till it meets with no resistance ; then the prisoners are secured, those unhappy men whose fate is a thousand times more dreadful than theirs who have died in the field. The conquerors set up a hideous howling, to lament the friends they have lost. They approach, in a melancholy and severe gloom, to their own village ; a messenger is sent to announce their arrival, and the women, with frightful shrieks, come out to mourn their dead brothers, or their hus- bands. When they are arrived, the chief relates in a low voice, to the elders, a circumstantial account of every particular of the expedition. The orator pro- claims aloud this account to the people ; and as he mentions the names of those who have fallen, the shrieks of the women are redoubled. The men, too, join in these cries, according as each is most connected with the deceased by blood or friendship. The last ceremony is the proclamation of the victory ; each in- dividual then forgets his private misfortunes, and joins in the triumphs of his nation ; all tears are wiped from their eyes, and by an unaccountable transi- tion, they pass, in a moment, from the bitterness of sorrow, to an extrava- gance of joy. But the treatment of their prisoners, whose fate all this time re- mains undecided, is what chiefly characterizes the savages. The person who has taken the captive attends him to the cottage, T t t where, according to the distribution made by the elders, he is to be of their pris delivered to supply the loss of a citizen. If those who receive him oners - have their family weakened by war or other accidents, they adopt the captive into the family, of which he becomes a member. But if they have no occasion for him, or their resentment for the loss of their friends be too high to endure the sight of one connected with those who were concerned in it, they sentence him to death. All those who have met with the same severe sentence being collected, the whole nation is assembled at the execution, as for some great solemnity. A scaffold is erected, and the prisoners are tied to the stake, where they commence their death-song, and prepare for the ensuing scene of cruelty with the most undaunted courage. Their enemies, on the other side, are deter- mined to put it to the proof, by the most refined and exquisite tortures. They begin at the extremity of his body, and gradually approach the more shocking vital parts. One plucks out his nails by the roots, one by one ; an- tortures - other takes a finger into his mouth, and tears off the flesh with his teeth ; a third thrusts the ringer, mangled as it is, into the bowl of his pipe made red-hot, which he smokes like tobacco ; then they pound his toes and fingers to pieces between two stones ; they cut circles about his joints, and gashes in the fleshy 10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF parts of his limbs, which they sear immediately with red-hot irons, cutting, burning, and pinching them, alternately ; they will pull off his flesh thus man- gled and roasted, bit by bit, devouring it with greediness, and smearing their faces with the blood, in an enthusiasm of horror and fury. When they have thus torn off the flesh, they twist the bare nerves and tendons about an iron, tearing and snapping them, whilst others are employed in pulling and extend- ing his limbs in every way that can increase the torment. This continues often five or six hours ; and sometimes, such is the strength of the savages, days together. Then they frequently unbind him, to give a breathing to their fury, to think what new torments they shall inflict, and to refresh the strength of the sufferer, who, wearied cut with such a variety of unheard-of cruelties, often falls into such a profound sleep, that they are obliged to apply the fire to awake him, and renew his sufferings. He is again fastened to the stake, and again they renew their cruelty ; they stick him all over with small matches of wood that easily take fire, but burn slowly ; they continually run sharp reeds into all parts of his body ; they drag out his teeth with pincers, and thrust out his eyes ; and lastly, after having burned his flesh from the bones with slow fires ; after having so mangled the body that it is all but one wound ; after having mutilated his face in such a manner as to carry nothing human in it ; after having peeled the skin from the head, and poured a heap of red-hot coals or boiling water upon the naked skull, they once more unbind the wretch ; who, blind, and staggering with pain and weakness, assaulted and pelted on every side with clubs and stones, now up, now down, falling into their fires at every step, runs hither and thither, until one of the chiefs, whether out of compassion, or weary of cruelty, puts an end to his life with a club or dagger. The body is then put into a kettle, and this barbarous custom is succeeded by a feast as barbarous. The women are said to surpass even the men in this scene of hor- ror : while the principal persons of the country sit round the stake, smoking and looking on, without the least emotion. Constancy of What is the most extraordinary, the sufferer himself, in the little the sufferers, intervals of his torments, smokes too, appears unconcerned, and con- verses with his torturers about indifferent matters. Indeed, during the whole time of his execution, there seems a contest which shall exceed, they in inflict- ing the most horrid pains, or he in enduring them with a firmness and con- stancy almost above human : not a groan, not a sigh, not a distortion of coun- tenance escapes him : he possesses his mind entirely in the midst of his torments : he recounts his own exploits : he informs them what cruelties he has inflicted on their countrymen ; and threatens them with the revenge that will attend his death ; and, though his reproaches exasperate them to a perfect madness of rage and fury, he continues his insults even of their ignorance of the art of tormenting, pointing out himself more exquisite methods, and more sensible parts of the body to be afflicted. Nothing can exceed the warmth of their affection towards their nen s ip. g,j en( j gj wno cons i s t 0 f a n those who live in the same village, or are in alliance with it. Their friendship principally appears by the treatment of their dead. Where any one of the society is cut off, he is lamented by the whole : on this occasion a variety of ceremonies is practised, denoting the most lively sorrow. No business is transacted, however pressing, till all the pious Treatment ceremonies due to the dead are performed. The body is washed of their dead anointed, and painted. Then the women lament the loss with fnends. n id eous howlings, intermixed with songs which celebrate the great actions of the deceased and his ancestors. The men mourn also, though in a less extravagant manner. The whole village is present at the interment, and the corpse is habited in their most sumptuous ornaments. Close to the body of the deceased are placed his bows and arrows, with whatever he valued most in his life, and a quantity of provision for his subsistence on the journey which he is NORTH AMERICA. 11 supposed to take. This solemnity, like every other, is attended with feasting. The funeral being ended, the relations of the deceased confine themselves to their huts, for a considerable time, to indulge their grief. After an interval of some weeks, they visit the grave, repeat their sorrow, new-clothe the remains of the body, and act over again all the solemnities of the funeral. To such extremes do the Indians push their friendship or their enmity ; and such indeed, in general, is the character of all strong and uncultivated minds. Religion is not the prevailing character of Indians ; and except Their reii- when they have some immediate occasion for the assistance of their glon - gods, they pay them no sort of worship. Like all other rude nations, however, they are strongly addicted to superstition. They believe in the existence of a number of good and bad spirits, who interfere in the concerns of mortals, and produce all our happiness or misery. It is from the evil spirits, in particular that our diseases, they imagine, proceed ; and it is to the good spirits we are indebted for a cure. Such, in general, are the customs and manners of the Indian nation ; but almost every tribe has something peculiar to itself. The following statement as to their population in the United J^fonSfthe States is from the American Almanac, 1831. u. s. Number of Indians within the Within New England and Virginia, New York, - Pennsylvania, North Carolina South Carolina Georgia - - - - Tennessee, - Alabama, - Mississippi, - Louisiana, - Ohio, Indiana, - - - Illinois, Missouri, - United States, as estimated by the War Department. Within 2,573 Michigan Peninsula, - 9,340 4,820 Arkansas Territory, - - 7,200 300 Florida Territory, - - 4,000 North-west or Huron Ter. - 20,200 300 Between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, exclusive of the states of Louisiana 1,000 19,200 23,400 939 1,877 4,050 5,900 5,631 Territory, 94,000 Within the Rocky Mountains, 20,000 West of the Rocky Mountains between Lat. 44° and 49% 80,000 Total within the U. States, 313,130 Climate. The climate of North America is various ; that part lying north ot latitude 50°, is a cold, barren, and desolate region. The part between 30° and 50° is subject to extremes of heat and cold. South of latitude 30° the climate is warm, producing the principal tropical fruits in abundance. UNITED STATES GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The territory of the United States embraces the middle division of North America, extending from the Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific on the west. Its extreme length from the Pacific ocean to Passamaquoddy Extent and Bay, is 3,000 miles ; its greatest breadth, from the southern point boundaries, of Florida, to the Lake of the Woods, is estimated to be 1,700 miles. &c- On the north-east, a conventional line divides it from New Brunswick, extend- ing from Passamaquoddy Bay northward to the 48th parallel, embracing the head waters of the river St. John. From this extreme northern point, the boundary line passes along the ridge of mountains south-westward to the 45th parallel, and then along this parallel till it strikes the St. Lawrence, 120 miles 12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP below Lake Ontario. It then follows the river and chain of lakes, Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, proceeding from the last by the course of the river La Pluie, or Rainy River, to the Lake of the Woods, from which it passes along the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains. On the west of the mountains, the Americans have an unquestioned claim to the country from the 42d to the 54th parallel. On the south, the United States are bounded by the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the south-west, the boundary ex- tends from the mouth of the river Sabine, in a north-west direction, to a point in the Rocky Mountains, in north latitude 42°, and west longitude 108°, from which it passes along the 42d parallel to the Pacific ocean. Mountains ^ w0 S reat cnams °f mountains traverse the territory of the United States, in a direction approaching to south and north : the Allegha- ny on the east, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. They divide the country into an eastern, a western, and a middle division, the latter comprising the great basin or valley of the Mississippi. For a particular description of the mountains, see the article Alleghany, &c. Lakes and The two largest lakes wholly within the United States are Michigan rivers, an( j Champlain. Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie one half in this country, and one half in Upper Canada. The United States contain many large and navigable rivers ; some of the principal of which are the Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Potomac, James, Savannah, Ohio, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Red River, and the Oregon or Columbia. A particular description of the lakes and rivers will be found under their respective heads. Climate ^ e cumate °^ tne United States is remarkably inconstant and ima e * variable. It passes rapidly from the frosts of Norway to the scorch- ing heats of Africa, and from the humidity of Holland to the drought of Cas- tile. A change of 20 or 25 degrees of Fahrenheit, in one day, is not consid- ered extraordinary. Even the Indians complain of the sudden variations of temperature. In sweeping over a vast frozen surface, the north-west wind ac- quires an extreme degree of cold and dryness, and operates very injuriously on the human frame. The south-east, on the other hand, produces on the At- lantic coast effects similar to those of the sirocco. The south-west has the same influence in the plains to the east of the Alleghanies : when it blows, the heat frequently becomes painful and suffocating. In the mountains, however, where the summer heat is moderate, even in the southern states, the fresh and blooming complexion of young persons, is a proof of the purity and salubrity of the atmosphere. The same ruddy complexion prevails in New England and in the interior of Pennsylvania ; but the pale countenances of the inhabitants of all the low country, from New York to Florida, reminds a stranger of the Creoles in the West India Islands. In this region malignant fevers are preva- lent in September and October. The countries situated to the west of the Allegha- nies are in general more temperate and healthful. The south-west wind there brings rain, while the same effect is produced on the other side of the moun- tains by the north-east wind. But the north-east wind, which covers the At- lantic coast with thick fogs, is dry and elastic on the banks of the Ohio. When we compare the climate on the opposite sides of the Atlantic, we find that the extremes of temperature are greater, and that the winter's cold is more severe on the west side than on the east. The mean temperature of the year, accord- ing to Humboldt, is 9 degrees (Fahr.) lower at Philadelphia than in the corre- sponding latitudes on the coast of Europe. The mouth of the Delaware is gen- erally shut by ice for six or eight weeks, and that of the St. Lawrence for five months in the year. Throughout the United States, the rains are sudden ana heavy, and the dews extremely copious. Storms of thunder and lightning are also much more common and formidable than in Europe. THE UNITED STATES. m A general Land Office exists at Washington, which is vested Public Lands, exclusively with the power of contracting with the Indians for the sale of - sale of their lands. The business of the Land Office is the survey and sale of the public lands. These lands are purchased of the Indians by treaty with the government of the United States. Private individuals are not allowed to have any transactions of this description with the natives ; and the law has been rigorously observed. Sub Land Offices are established at the follow- ing places : Ohio, Stubenville, Marietta, Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Zanesville, Wooster, Piqua, Tiffin. Indiana, Jefferson ville, Vincennes, Indianapolis, Craw- fordsville, Fort Wayne. Illinois, Kaskaskia, Shawneetown, Edwardsville, Vandalia, Palestine, Springfield. Michigan Territory, Detroit, Monroe. Mis- souri, St. Louis, Franklin, Cape Girardeau, Lexington, Palmyra. Arkansas Territory, Batesville, Little Rock. Louisiana, Ouachita, Opelousas, New Or- leans, St. Helena C. H. Mississippi, Washington. Augusta, Mount Salus. Alabama, St. Stephens, Huntsville, Tuscaloosa, Cahawba, Sparta. Florida Territory, Taliahasse, St. Augustine. The aggregate of all the unsold and unappropriated public lands of the United States, surveyed and unsurveyed, on which the Indian title remains or has been extinguished, lying within, and without the boundaries of the new states and territories, according to a report made to congress in April 1832, is 1,090,871,753 acres. The lands are surveyed and set off into townships of six miles square, each of which is divided into thirty-six sections, of one mile square, or 640 acres. The dividing lines run in the direction of the cardinal points, crossing one another at right angles. One section, or one thirty-sixth part of every township, is allotted for the support of schools, and in the coun- try west of the Alleghanies, seven entire townships have been given, in perpe- tuity, for the endowment of superior seminaries of learning. The lands are offered to public sale, in quarter sections, of 160 acres, at the minimum price of one and one fourth dollar per acre, and whatever remains unsold, may be purchased privately at this price. Formerly, the minimum price was two dol- lars per acre, payable in four years, by four instalments ; but by act of con- gress, in 1821, it was fixed at one and one fourth dollar ready money. This new regulation was adopted to discourage the practice of speculating in land, and to lessen the litigation arising out of protracted payments. The title deed is printed on a small sheet of parchment, with the date ; the purchaser's name, and the topographical situation of the ground, are inserted in writing. It is subscribed by the president of the United States and the agent of the Land Office, and delivered without charge to the purchaser, who may transfer the property to another person by a process equally cheap and simple. In a country having so many varieties of soil and climate as the Agricultural United States, there is necessarily a considerable diversity in the Productions, agricultural productions. Maize, or Indian corn, is cultivated in all parts of the country, but succeeds best in the middle states. Wheat is also raised in all parts of the country, but thrives best in the middle and western states. The cultivation of tobacco begins in Maryland and Virginia. Cotton grows as far north as 39°, but its cultivation is not profitable beyond the latitude of 37°. This useful plant was first raised for exportation only in 1791. It is now pro- duced in immense quantities from the river Roanoke to the Mississippi, and forms the leading export of the United States. The best grows upon dry situ- ations in Carolina and Georgia, on the sea-coast. The rice crops, which re- quire great heat, and a soil susceptible of irrigation, commence about the same parallel, and have nearly the same geographical range. The sugar cane grows in low and warm situations, as high as latitude 33° ; but the climate favorable to its cultivation does not extend beyond 31^°. Oats, rye, and barley, are raised in all the northern and middle states : in the western states wheat, hemp. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF and flax are the staple productions. In addition to the above, buckwheat, peas, beans, potatoes, turnips, &c. ; apples, pears, cherries, peaches, grapes, cur- rants, gooseberries, plums, &c, are extensively cultivated in various parts of the country. Table, showing the estimated quantities of different articles produced on an acre, in the principal parts of the United States. Explanations, g. c. good crop, c. c. common crop. AVERAGE BUSHEL PER ACRE. corn. heat. CO CO CO Q Ph cp & PS -0) a l±i GO "c3 o o3 o CQ o PL| 1 Eh New England - I g- c - 30 35 40 45 400 450 > c. c. 11 15 20 30 30 15 150 200 T\Tpw "Vnrlr _ ! g- c - l c. c. 32 10 35 12 40 14 45 25 45 25 35 16 300 90 350 100 Pennsylvania - \ g- c - 35 35 40 45 45 35 300 350 £ c. c. 10 12 13 15 15 16 65 75 New Jersey - - \s- c - £ c. c. 30 9 30 11 35 12 35 14 35 14 30 15 250 60 250 65 Delaware - - \ g- c - I c. c. 35 10 35 12 34 13 56 15 36 15 30 16 250 65 250 65 Virginia - \s- c - I c. c. 30 7 35 9 35 9 45 25 45 25 30 15 150 60 150 75 Carolina - - - \s- c - ( c. c. 25 6 20 10 25 8 45 23 45 23 20 15 60 50 75 50 Western States } g- c - 40 45 45 45 45 35 350 400 £ c. c. 25 25 36 37 37 40 200 300 Louisiana - - g. c. 40 40 40 40 40 25 200 350 Minerals Gold is found extensively in the upper country of North Carolina, 1 ' and in some few points in the adjacent parts of Virginia, South Car- olina, and in Georgia. It is found in alluvial deposits, and has been lately wrought to considerable extent. Some of the ores of iron are found in almost every state ; and mines of this metal are worked in New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. The United States are supplied with copper chiefly from Mexico and other foreign countries, but ores of this metal exist in most of the states, and in the north-west territory are said to be in great abundance, in situations easy of access. Lead is chiefly procured from Missouri, where for- ty-five mines are worked, and yield three millions of pounds annually. Of coal there is a large field twenty miles long by ten broad, twelve miles from Richmond, which has been long worked. This useful mineral is also found at various places, in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. But the most abundant supply is on the west side of the Alleghanies, where a coal formation, one of the largest in the world, extends, with some interruption, from the west- ern foot of the mountains across the Mississippi. Salt is chiefly obtained from the sea, or imported in the eastern states ; but salt springs abound in various parts of the United States, particularly in the valley of the Mississippi, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains ; and in some situations on the western side of the valley, plains occur of many miles in circuit, which are periodically covered with a thick crust of salt. The salt springs, at Salina, in New York, are extensively worked, and vast quantities of salt are made from them annually THE UNITED STATES. 15 The legislative power in the United States is separated into two Legislative branches, the state governments, and the federal government: the P° w er- government is therefore two-fold. To the state governments is committed that branch which relates to the regulation of internal concerns. These bodies make and alter the laws which regard property and private rights, regulate the police, appoint the judges and civil officers, impose taxes for state purposes, and exercise all other rights and powers not vested in the federal go- vernment by positive enactment. To the federal government belongs the pow- er of making peace and war with foreign nations, raising and supporting an army and navy, fixing the organization of the militia, imposing taxes for the common defence or benefit of the Union, borrowing money, coining money, and fixing the standard of weights and measures, establishing post offices and post roads, granting patents for inventions, and exclusive copyrights to authors, regulating commerce with foreign nations, establishing uniform bankrupt 'aws, and a uniform rule of naturalization, and lastly, the federal tribunals judge of felonies and piracies committed on the high seas, of offences against the law of nations, and of questions between the citizens of different states. No country in the world enjoys a more free and equitable system of gover ? ment. All power originates with the people, who are governed by laws which are enacted by men of their own choice. The Constitution secures to the citizens the grand principles of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. The executive power, which is the power that administers the government, is vested in a president, who, together with the vice president, is chosen for four years by electors from all the states. The principal subordinate officers, in the executive department, are the secretaries of state, of the treasury, of war, and of the navy. The president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in active service. He grants reprieves and par- dons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. With the advice and consent of the senate, he makes treaties, nominates am- bassadors, consuls, judges : and he appoints several other officers by his own authority. He must be a native bom citizen, and not under thirty-five years of age. For a more full account of the power and duties of the president, the quali- fications necessary for senators and representatives in congress, see Constitu- tion of the United States. Senators and representatives in Congress receive an allowance of eight dol- lars per day for the time they attend the session of congress, and eight dollars of travelling charges, for every twenty miles they have to travel in going and returning. Members of congress take an oath to support the constitution, but no religious test is required from them, or any person holding office under the federal government. Senators and representatives vacate their places, if they accept of an office under the federal government, and are not re-eligible while they hold it. The forms of business in congress are chiefly borrowed from those of the British parliament. Bills are read three times, and in a certain stage sent to committees ; but what is deemed a great improvement in congress, there are a large number of committees appointed in the House of Representatives, at the commencement of each session, viz. for commerce, finance, foreign affairs, &c. The federal judiciary consists of a supreme court, which sits at Washington, and a district court in each state, in which one judge u iciary ' sits. In the supreme court, there is a chief judge and six associate judges, who hold their office during good behavior. This court has original jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors and consuls, and those in which a state is a 16 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP party. It has appellate jurisdiction in all cases arising under the federal Con* stitution, in all admiralty cases, in controversies between two states, or two citizens of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states or subjects. The supreme court, deriving its power from the constitution, exercises a power not enjoyed by the inferior courts. The federal judges are appointed by the executive, with the approbation of the senate. In this and other federal courts, jurors and witnesses are allowed one dollar twenty-five cents per day, and five cents a mile for travelling expenses, state govern- The state governments are extremely similar to that of the fede- ments. ra j m thgjj. composition. The legislature consists always of two branches, both of which are returned by the same electors ; and these electors may be said to comprise the whole adult white population ; the usual qualifica- tions being citizenship, with one or two years' residence, and payment of taxes. The on y exceptions are the following : — In Vermont, the legislature consists of a House of Representatives only ; in North Carolina, representatives are chosen by the whole resident free citizens who pay taxes, but senators only by freeholders ; in New Jersey and Virginia, the right of suffrage for both } )uses is limited to persons holding a small amount of landed property ; in Maryland, the senators are chosen by delegates named for the purpose by the people. In all the states, the period for which the representatives serve is either one or two years. The elections are hiennial in Delaware, South Carolina, Ten- nessee, Louisiana, Illinois, and Missouri; and annual in the other eighteen states. The shortest period for which the senators serve in any state is one year, and the longest Jive. In Maine, New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New- Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, the senators hold their office for one year only ; in Ohio and Tennessee for two years ; Mississippi, Alabama, Indiana, for three years ; in New-York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, Louisiana, Illinois, Missouri, fox four years ; and in Maryland for five years. Except in Maryland, when the senate of any state serves for more than one year, it is renewed by parts or divisions, one-third of the members going out annually when they serve for three years, and one-fourth when they serve for four. In some cases, however, when the senators serve for four years, the renewal is by halves every two years. Religious I* 1 Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Tennessee, a belief in a Deity, qualifications and in a future state of rewards and punishments ; and in Massachu- or 0 ce ' setts, Maryland, and North Carolina, a belief in the Christian reli- gion, is required as a qualification for office. In New-Jersey no protestant can be excluded. In the other states no religious test is required. Such is a brief sketch of the political system of the United States. " It has survived the tender period of infancy, and outlived the prophecies of its down- fall. It has borne the nation triumphantly through a period of domestic diffi- culty and external danger ; it has been found serviceable in peace and in war, and may well claim from the nation it has saved and honored, the votive bene- diction of esto perpetua" The expenses of the government are maintained without any tvenue. ^- rect taxes f or j ts SU pp 0r t ; the produce of the customs levied at the ports on the importation of foreign goods, and the sums derived from the sale of the public lands, constitute the whole of the public revenue. The average produce of the customs may be estimated at from 16 to 18 mil- lions of dollars, and the sum derived from the sale of public lands at 1,600,000. The bank dividends consist of the interest of 7,000,000 dollars of capital, vested by the government in the national bank. Poet office P° st "°ffi ce yields more than a million of dollars a year ; but e ' it is almost wholly consumed in supporting the establishment. THE UNITE!) BTAilb. 17 RATES OF POSTAGE. For single Letters, composed of one piece of paper * No. of Miles. Cents. Any distance not exceeding - - - - 30 - - 6 Over 30, and not exceeding - - - -80- - -10 Over 80, do 150 - - 12£ Over 150, do 400 - - - 18$ Over 400, - - 25 Double Letters, or those composed of two pieces of paper, are charged with double those rates. Triple Letters, or those composed of three pieces of paper, are charged with triple those rates. Quadruple Letters, or those composed of four pieces of paper, are charged with quadruple those rates. All Letters, weighing one ounce avoirdupois, or more, are charged at the rate of single postage for each quarter of an ounce, or quadruple postage for each ounce, according to their weight ; and no letter can be charged with more than quadruple postage, unless its weight exceeds one ounce avoirdupois. Newspaper Postage. For each newspaper, not carried out of the state in which it is published ; or if carried out of the state, but not carried over 100 miles, 1 cent. Over 100 miles, and out of the state in which it is published, lj cents. Magazines and Pamphlets. ' If published periodically, distance not exceeding 100 miles, I| cts. per sheet. Ditto do. over 100 miles, - - - 2^ do. If not published periodically, distance not exceeding 100 miles, 4 , do. Ditto do. over 100 miles 6 do. Small pamphlets, containing not more than a half sheet royal, are charged with half those rates. Eight pages quarto are rated as one sheet, and all other sizes in the same proportion. The number of sheets which it contains, must be printed or written on one of the outer pages of every pamphlet or magazine sent by mail. Every thing not coming under the denomination of newspapers or pamphlets, is charged with letter postage. Post-offices in 1790, 75 Do. do. 1800, 903 Do. do. 1810, 2,300 Do. do. 1820, 4,500 Do. do. 1830, 8,450 Debt. Extent of Post-roads in miles 1,875. Do. do. do. 20,817. Do. do. do. 36,406. Do. do. do. 72,492. Do. do. do. 115,176. The debt of the United States consists of sums borrowed during the revolutionary war, and at various subsequent periods. The debt due by the government at the close of the war in 1783, was 42,000,375 dollars ; but no proper provision being made for the payment of the interest and the public revenue often falling short of the expenditure, the debt con tinued to increase, and in 1790 it amounted to 79,124,464 dollars. Various measures were taken for its liquidation, but with little effect, till 1805. From that period a gradual reduction took place, till it was stopped by the war with England in 1812. In 1812 the amount of the public debt was 45,035,123 dollars, but in consequence of the loans made during the war, it amounted in 1816 to 123,016,375 dollars. Considerable progress has since been made in paying oif the debt, and on the 1st of January 1832 it was reduced to $24,322,235 18. viz. C 18 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FUNDED DEBT. Three per cent stock, revolutionary debt, (date, 4th August, 1790,) redeemable at the pleasure of the government, $13,296,626 21 Five per cent, stock, (3d March, 1821,) redeemable after January 1, 1835, - $4,735,296 30 Do. exchanged, (20th April, 1822,) redeem- able 1831, 1832, and 1833, - - 56,704 77 4,792,001 07 Four and a half per cent, stock, 1832, 1833, and 1834, (May, 1824,) 6,194,251 96 $24,282,879 24 ' UNFUNDED DEBT. Treasury notes, Mississippi stock, and registered debt for claims prior to 1798, 39,355 94 Total $24,322,235 Id A standing army is necessarily an object of jealousy in a republi- m ' can state ; and as North America has no formidable enemy in its vicinity, and as the people are, at the same time, extremely studious of econo- my in all the branches of the government, their military force has always been kept on a very low scale. By an act of congress, 1815, the strength of. the regular army was fixed at 9980 men. In 1821 it was reduced to 6442, and on the 1st of January, 1832, the number was 6,188, viz. 1 Major General, 2 Brigadier Generals, 1 Adjutant General, 2 Inspector Generals, 1 Quarter Master General, 4 Quarter Masters, 1 Commissary Gene- ral of Subsistence, 2 Commissaries, 1 Surgeon General, 8 Surgeons, 45 Assist- ant Surgeons, 1 Paymaster General, 14 Paymasters, 1 Commissary General of Purchases, 1 Assistant Engineer, 2 Military Storekeepers, 12 Colonels, 12 Lieutenant Colonels, 19 Majors, 120 Captains, 148 First Lieutenants, 148 Second Lieutenants, 11 Sergeant Majors, 11 Quartermaster Sergeants, 354 Sergeants, 424 Corporals, 14 Principal Musicians, 212 Musicians, 108 Artifi- cers, 56 Ordnance Men, 4452 Privates. — Aggregate, 6,188. Mirtia, mn ^ a ' wn i cn constitutes the principal military force of the 11 ia " United States, consists of all the males between the ages of 18 and 45. According to returns made mostly since 1830, it amounts to 1,262,315 men, viz. m'o & s* ss - cP & 2 ^2 2 2 2 o £-p £l2 cd 0 g c^o p cd p * pit li § -j-s 1 §ii-pSi §HrfP,ir p 10 P 533 . S . S . O <1 ri In i a i niicidd yiiia, - - 1821 vv dbiimgLun IflOl - - 1041 rnvtcwini if h 1 ft90 Shark - - 12 Washington - - - - 1821 - 12 New York - - - - 1831 Purchased - - - 1823 Sea Gull [galliot] - - - - - 1823 NAVY YAEDS. There are seven navy yards belonging to, and occupied for the use of, the United States, viz. ' No. 1. The navy yard at Portsmouth, N. H. is situated on an island, on the east side of Piscataqua river, within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, contains fifty-eight acres, and cost $5,500. No. 2. The navy yard at Charlestown, Mass., is situated on the north side of Charles river, on a point of land east of the town of Charlestown, contains thirty-four acres, exclusive of extensive flats, and cost $39,214, including com- missions and charges. No. 3. The navy yard at New York, is situated on Long Island, opposite to the city of New Ycrk, on the Wallabout Bay, contains forty acres, including the mill-pond, and cost $40,000. No. 4. The navy yard at Philadelphia is situated on the west side of the river Delaware, within the District of Southwark, adjoining the city of Phila- delphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, contains eleven acres, to low-water mark, and cost $37,000. No. 5. The navy yard at Washington, in the District of Columbia, is situated on the Eastern Branch of the river Potomac, contains thirty-seven acres, and •cost $4,000. No. 6. The navy yard at Gosport is situated on the south branch of Eliza- beth river, adjoining the town of Portsmouth, in the state of Virginia, contains sixteen acres, and cost $12,000. No. 7. Pensacola, Florida. It was reserved for the lawgivers of the United States to make the e lgion . ^ eX p er j men t 0 f dispensing with a state-religion. In New Hamp- shire the legislature is empowered to authorize, and in Massachusetts the legis- lature is enjoined to require, the several towns and parishes to make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the support of Protestant ministers. The same was the case in Connecticut until 1818, when it was abolished by the new constitution. But in all the other twenty-two states, the support of religion is left entirety to • the voluntary zeal of its professors. The result has shown that Christianity has a firm hold in the nature of man, and is rather injured than served by those costly establishments which so often abridge free inquiry and liberty of conscience, engender fierce animosities among rival sects, per- petuate the errors and dogmas of unenlightened times, and degrade religion into an engine of civil tyranny, or the ally of ignorance and imposture. In the large towns and populous places of New England, and the middle states, reli- gious instruction is more faithfully and abundantly dispensed, and religious ordi- nances are more strictly and universally observed, than in any other country in the world. In newly-settled districts, where a small population is spread over a wide surface, the means of religious instruction are often deficient. THE UNITED STATES. 21 The most numerous sects, are Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Episcopali- ans, Methodists, Baptists, Lutherans, Unitarians, and Quakers. Benevolent societies, and religious institutions of every kind, are Benevolent far more numerous than in Great Britain, in proportion to the popu- Societies, lation : the following is a list of the principal : BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. NAME. Connecticut Miss. Soc. Philadelphia Bible Soc. Am. Board For. Miss. Am. Bap. Bd. For. Miss. Am. Tract Society, Bost. Am. Education Society, Am. Asy. Deaf and Dumb, American Bible Society, Presby. Br. Am. Ed. Soc. Board Miss. Gen. Assem. Methodist Miss. Society, Board Edu. Gen. Assem. Am. Colonization Society, Dutch Ref. Miss. Society, American S. S. Union, Baptist Gen. Tract Society, Prison Discipline Society, Mass. S. S. Union, American Tract Society, Am. Temperance Society, Am. Home Miss. Society, Am. Seamen's Friend Soc. Mass. Miss. Soc. reorg. American Peace Society, African Education Society, Presidents. Hon. Jonathan Brace, Rt. Rev. Wm. White, d. d. John C. Smith, ll. d. Rev. Jesse Mercer, Hon. William Reed, Samuel Hubbard, ll. d. Hon. Nathaniel Terry, Col. Richard Varick, Arthur Tappan, Esq. A. Green, d. d. ll. d. Rev. Elijah Heading", Th. McAuley, d. d. Charles Carroll, Alexander Henry, Esq. Rev. Wm. T. Brantly, Hon. William Jay, Hon. William Reed, S. V. S. Wilder, Esq. Marcus Morton, ll. d. S. Van Rensselaer, ll. d. S. Thompson, ll. d. Leonard Woods, d. d. Rt. Rev. Wm. Meade, d. d. For- Income, Income, ma. 1828-9. 1829-30. 1798 $2,0/0 66 ttt.O AT O A/? $3,013 06 1808 7,724 41 1810 *i ao a a A AA 102,000 00 106,928 26 1814 16,061 90 OA AAA AA 20,000 00 1814 t O OA£* T O 13,896 18 ii ~i AO A/? 11,102 06 1816 OA A O A "1 O 30,434 18 OA A t A 30,710 14 1816 2,341 55 1 A O 1 OA OO 143,184 66 1816 170,067 55 1817 t O £?0O AA 12,632 00 1818 C) AAA AA 8,000 00 12,632 43 1819 14,176 11 TOT OO AA 13,128 00 1819 1819 19,561 93 20,295 00 1S22 4,470 71 4,604 00 i Q fv?7 Of) 70 521 70 1824 5,256 76 5,536 39 1825 3,531 00 3,353 52 1825 1,018 80 1,465 46 1825 60,000 00 60,210 00 1826 1826 26,997 31 33,229 00 1826 1,214 38 4,159 87 1827 5,247 32 1828 495 85 1830 $485,714 20 $584,084 29 PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. What are the length and breadth of the United States? 2. What are the principal chains of mountains ? 3. What is the general direction of these mountains ? 4. How do these mountains divide the United States ? 5. Which division comprises the great valley of the Mississippi ? 6. Which are the two largest lakes wholly within the United States ? 7. Mention those lakes which lie half in the* United States and half in Upper Canada. 8. What are the principal rivers in the United States ? 9. What can you say of the climate ? 10. What is said of the south-west wind west of the Alleghanies? 1 1 . What is said of the mean temperature of the year at Philadelphia, com- pared with the corresponding latitudes on the coast of Europe ? 12. How long are the mouths of the Delaware and St. Lawrence shut by ice in a year ? 13. What is said of the rains and dews? 14. What of storms of thunder and lightning? 15. Mention the powers and duties vested in the general land-office at Washington. 22 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF 16. At what places are other land-offices established? 17. How are the public lands obtained ? 18. Flow are these lands surveyed and set off? . 19. How much of each township is allotted for the support of schools? 20. How • much land, west of the Alleghanies, has been set apart for the endowment of superior seminaries of learning ? 21. What is the whole number of acres of public land in 1832 ? 22. In what manner, and at what price, are the public lands offered for sale? 23. In what manner are the title deeds executed ? 24. What part of the United States are adapted to the cultivation of tobacco? —25. Cotton?— 26. Rice?— 27. Sugar? 28. In what section of the United States is gold found? 29. In what States are mines of iron ore worked? 30. From what country do the United States obtain copper ? 31. From what. State is our lead chiefly obtained? 32. Mention in what States coal is found, and where is one of the largest formations in the world ? 33. How is salt chiefly obtained ? 34. Where do salt springs abound ? — 35. What is said of the salt springs at Salina, in New York ? 36. Into how many branches is the legislative power of the United States separated, and what are they ? 37. What power is committed to the State governments ? 38. What power belongs to the Federal Government, or Congress ? 39. What allowance do Senators and Representatives in Congress receive for their services ? 40. In what way do members of Congress vacate their places ? 41. In what does the Federal Judiciary consist? 42. How many Judges are there in the Supreme Court ? 43. What jurisdiction has this Court ? 44. What can you say of the State governments ? 45. How often do general elections, in the different States, occur ? 46. What is the shortest period for which the Senators serve in any of the States ?— 47. What the longest ? 48. Name the States where they serve one year. — 49. Where they serve two years. — 50. Three years. — 51. Where four, and where five years. 52. What religious qualification is necessary for office, m the different States? 53. From what is the public revenue derived? 54. What is the average produce of the customs ? 55. What sum is annually derived from the sale of public lands ? 56. What is said of the Post Office establishment? 57. State the rates of postage, &c. 58. What does the debt of the United States consist of? What the amount in 1832? 59. What is the amount of the standing army ? 60. Of what does the militia of the United States consist ? What the num- ber of militia ? Which State has the greatest number of militia ? Which next ? Which the third and fourth ? 61. How long are they bound to serve, when called into actual service? 62. What can you say of the navy of the United States ? 63. What is now the strength of the navy ? Where are the navy-yards of the United States ? 64. How is religion supported in the United States ? 65. Mention the benevolent societies of a national character. 66. Which of these has the greatest income ? 67. Which next ? Mention the others in the order of their income. THE UNITED STATES. 23 STATISTICAL TABLES. UNITED STATES. TABLE I. Population of the different States and Territories, according to Five Enumerations. States and Terri- Pop. Pop. Pop. 1 Pop. Pop. 1800. 1810. 1 ft20 1 ft^O X oou. • Maine, ioi, i iy 99ft 70t 2Qft 3*} r j QQQ JQ7 N. Hampshire, 14fcl, ooO 1 ft*3 ft^ift 91 4 4fi0 24-4. 1 fil 9fiQ ^fi7 Vermont, ft5 53Q 1 54 465 217 895 235,764 280 679 Massachusetts, /199 WzL5 479 04.0 R9Q 9Q7 fil 0 01 4 Rhode Island, fift ft9^ fiQ 1 99 7n Q31 ft3 059 Q7 21 0 Connecticut, 907 CM A 951 009 9fi1 Q42 275 24-ft 2Q7 51 3 New York, New Jersey, O/in i on Q5Q 04Q 1 372 ft! 2 1 934 000 1 ft/1 1 j. o^iji oy 911 149 245 562 277 575 320 77Q U/iUj lit/ Pennsylvania, ^tofi,o / 0 fi02 545 81 0 091 1 049 31 3 1 347 fi72 Delaware, plq 0Q4. «jy ji/yi fid 973 72 674 72 749 7fi 73Q Maryland, 319,728 345,824 380^546 407^350 446,913 Virginia, 747,610 880,200 974,622 1,065,366 1,211,296 North Carolina, 393,951 478,103 555,500 638,829 738,470 South Carolina, 249,073 345,591 415,115 502,741 581,458 Georgia, 82,548 162,686 252,433 340,989 516,567 Alabama, ) 8,850 40,352 { 127,901 308,997 Mississippi, $ I 75,448 110,000 Louisiana, 76,556 153,407 215,762 Tennessee, Kentucky, 105,602 261,727 420,813 684,833 73,677 220,959 406,511 564,317 688,844 Ohio, Indiana, 45,365 230,760 581,434 937,679 4,651 24,520 147,178 341,582 Illinois, 215 12,282 55,211 157,575 Missouri, Michigan Ter. 19,783 66,586 140,192 551 4,762 8,896 31,698 Arkansas Ter. 1,062 14,273 30,383 Dis. of Columbia, 14,093 24,023 33,039 39,858 Florida Territory, 34,723 Total, 3,929,326 5,309,758 7,239,903 9,638,166 12,850,240 REMARK. The first complete census of the United States was taken in 1790. The population of the Thirteen States, at the time of the Declaration of Independ- ence, was not far from 2,600,000. 24 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TABLE II. The Total Population and the Number of Slaves in the United States at different Periods, with the respective Increase, Total Top. Rate pr. ct. 1st Census, 1790, Q QOQ QOfi Oy}6 J,OiC\J From Increase. 2d do. 1800, 5,309,758 1790 to 1800, 1,308,232 35.1 3d do. 1810, 7,239,903 1800 to 1810, 1,930,345 36.3 4th do. 1820, 9,638,166 1810 to 1820, 2,398,263 33.1 5th do. 1830, 12,850,240 1820 to 1830, 3,212,074 33.3 Slaves. 1st Census, 1790, 697,696 From 2d do. 1800, 896,849 1790 to 1800, 199,153 28.7 3d do. 1810, 1,191,364 1800 to 1810, 294,515 32.1 4th do. 1820, 1,538,036 1810 to 1820, 346,627 29.1 5th do. 1830, 1,888,690 1820 to 1830, 350,654 22.8 TABLE III. The Population of the several States and Territories in 1830, the Number of Square Miles, the Population to a Square Mile, and the Number of Slaves in 1830. Population. Sqtt; ire Miles. Pop. to Sq. Mile. SIflV6S. New York, 1,934,000 Va. 66,000 Mass. 81 Va. 363,637 Pennsylvania, 1,348,000 Mo. 63,000 R. I. 75 S. C. 315,665 Virginia, 1,211,000 Geo. 61,000 Ct. 62 N.C. 246,462 Ohio, 938,000 111. 58,000 Md. 41 Geo. 217,470 North Carolina, 738,000 Ala. 51,000 N. Y. 40 Kfen. 165,350 Kentucky, 689,000 N. C. 50,000 N. J. 40 Ten. 142,382 Tennessee, Massachusetts, 685,000 Mis. 48,000 Del. 36 Ala. 117,294 610,000 La. 48,000 Pa. 29 La. 109,631 South Carolina, 581,000 N. Y. 48,000 N. H. 28 Md. 102,878 Georgia, Maryland, 517,000 Pa. 47,000 Vt. 27 Mis. 50,000 447,000 Ten. 43,000 Ohio, 24 Mo. 24,990 Maine, 399,000 Ohio, 39,000 S. C. 19 Del. 3,305 Indiana, New Jersey, 342,000 Ken. 38,000 Va. 18 N. J. 2,246 321,000 Ind. 34,000 Ken. 18 111. 746 Alabama, Connecticut, 309,000 Me. 32,000 Ten. 16 Pa. 386 298,000 S. C. 30,000 N. C. 15 N. Y. 46 Vermont, 281,000 Md. 11,000 Me. 12 Ct. 23 New Hampshire, 269,000 Vt. 10,200 Ind. 10 R. I. 14 Louisiana, 216,000 N. H. 9,500 Geo. 8i Me. 0 Illinois, 158,000 N. J. 8,000 Ala. 6 N.H. 0 Missouri, 140,000 Mass. 7,500 111. 3 Vt. 0 Mississippi, 110,000 Ct. 4,800 Mis. 2 Mass. 0 Rhode Island, 97,000 Del. 2,100 Mo. 2 Ohio,. 0 Delaware, 77,000 R. I. 1,300 Ind. 0 Dis. of Columbia, 40,000 Ar.T. 60,000 Flo.T. 15,510 Florida Ter. 35,000 Flo. T. 55,000 D. C. 6,050 Michigan Ter. 32,000 Mi. T. 38,000 Ar. T. 4,578 Arkansas Ter. 30,000 D. C. 100 Mich. T. 27 | 12,850,000 1,888,690 THE UNITED STATES. 25 TABLE IV. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. l'Bowdoin, 2 Waterville, Dartmouth, Univ. of Vermont, Middlebury, Harvard University, Williams, Amherst, Brown University, Yale, Washington, Wesleyan Univ. Columbia, Union, Hamilton, Geneva, College of N. J. Rutgers, Univ. of Pennsyl. Dickinson, Jefferson, 9 10 11 12 n 14 15 1? 18 19 2l 21 22 Western University, 23 Washington, 24 Alleghany, 25 Madison, 26 St. Mary's * 27 Univ. of Maryland, 28 St. John's, 29 Mount St. Mary's* 30 Columbian, 31 Georgetown,* 32 William and Mary, 33!Hampden-Sydney, 34 Washington, 35 Univ. of Virginia, 36 Univ. of N. Carolina 37 Charleston, 38 College of S. C. 39 Univ. of Georgia, 40 Alabama University, 41 Jefferson, 42 Louisiana, 43 Greenville, 44 Univ. of Nashville, 45 E. Tennessee, 46 Transylvania, 47 Centre, 48 Augusta, 49 Cumberland, 50 St. Joseph's* 51 Georgetown, 52 Univ. of Ohio, 53 Miami University, 54 Western Reserve, 55;Kenyon, 56 Franklin, 57 Indiana, 58 Qlinois, 59 St. Louis * Brunswick, Me. Waterville, do. Hanover, N.H; Burlington, Vt. Middlebury, do. Cambridge, Mass. Williamstown, do. Amherst, do. Providence, R. I. New Haven, Conn Hartford, do. Middletown, do. New York, N. Y. Schenectady, do. Clinton, do. Geneva, do. Princeton, N. J. N. Brunswick, do. Philadelphia, Penn Carlisle, do. Canonsburg, do. Pittsburg, do. Washington, do. Meadville, do. Union Town, do. Baltimore, Md. Do. do. Annapolis, do. Near Emmittsbg. do. Washington, Ca. Georgetown, D. C. Williamsburg, Va. Prince Ed. Co. do. Lexington, do. Charlottesville, do. Chapel Hill, N. C. Charleston, S. C. Columbia, do. Athens, Ga. Tuscaloosa, Ala. Washington, Mi- Jackson, La. Greenville, Tenn. Nashville, do. Knoxville, do. Lexinffton, Ken. Danville, do. Augusta, do. Princeton, do. Bardstown, do. Georgetown, do. Athens, Ohio. Oxford, do. Hudson, do. Gambier, do. New Athens, do. Bloomingdale, Ind. Jacksonville, II. St. Louis, Mo. Found- ed. "794 820 770 791 800 638 793 821 764 700 826 831 754 795 812 823 746 770 755 783 802 820 806 815 829 799 812 784 830 821 799 693 774 812 B19 791 785 801 785 820 802 Vols, in College Library. Vols, in Students' Ub'arirs. 8,000 1.8C0 6,010 1.0C0 1, 35,000 2,550 2,380 6,100 8,500 5,000 8,000 5,150 2,900 500 8,000 182 600 1.200 2,000 5.000 700 1,800 50 400 525 8,000 10,000 2,100 7,000 4,000 7,000 3,600 600 700 1,500 8.000 1.800 3,000 3,000 1,000 7,000 2.000 2,250 1,000 4,£00:First Wednesday in Sept. 600jLast Wednesday in July 8,000 Last Wed. but one in August. 500 First Wednesday in August. 2,322Tnird Wednesday in August. 4,6C0!Last Wednesday in August. 2,000 [First Wednesday in Sept. 4,515 Fourth Wednesday in August. 6,000 jFirst Wednesday in Sept. 9,000 Third Wednesday in Aug. 1,200 'First Wednesday" in August. 6,000 First Tuesday in August. 8,450; Fourth Wednesday in July. 3,000 [Fourth Wednesday in August 900jFirst Wednesday in August. 4,000 Last Wednesday in Sept. Third Wednesday in August Last day, not Sunday, in July. Fourth Wednesday in Sept. Last Thursday in September Last Friday in June. Last Thursday in September. First Wednesday in July. July 15th. Third Tuesday in July. Third Wednesday in July. Second Wednesday in Feb. Last week in June. Fourth Wednesday in Dec Near the last of July. July 4th. Fourth Wednesday in Sept. Third Wednesday in April. Fourth Thursday in June. Last Tuesday in October. 3d Mon. after 4th Mon. in Nov. First Wednesdav in August. Third Wednesday in Dec. 3.500 2,500 750 340 200 2,350 1,500 1.258 108 1,500 550 1,000 600 1,300 1,000 1,000 1.000 1,200 1,000 100 50 Third Wednesday in Sept. First Wednesday in October. First Wednesday in October. Last Wednesday in Sept July 4th. Thursday after 1st Wed. Aug. Second Thursday in Sept. 1st of August. Wed. after 3d Tuesday in Sept Last Wednesdav in Sept. Fourth Wednesday in August Fourth Wednesday in Sept- Last Wednesday in Sept. Catholic Colleges: a large part of the students in these belong to fixe preparatory department. D 26 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TABLE V. Theological Seminaries. JVame. Place. Denomination. Bangor Theol. Sem. - Theological Seminary, Theological School, Theol. Institution, - - Theol. Dep. Yale Col. - Theol. Ins. Epis. Ch. - Theol. Sem. of Auburn, Hamilton Lit. & Th. In. Hartwick Seminary, - Th. Sem. Du. Ref. Ch. Th. Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S. Sem. Luth. Ch. U. S. - German Reformed, Western Th. Seminary, Epis. Th. School, Va. - Union Th. Seminary, - Southern Th. Seminary, South- Westren Th. Sem. Lane Seminary, - - Rock Spring, - - - Hanover, Bangor, Me. - - Andover, Mass. Cambridge, do. - - Newton, do. - - New Haven, Con. - New York, N. Y. - Auburn, do. Hamilton, do. Hartwick, do. N. Brunswick, N. J. Princeton, do. Gettysburg, Pa. - York, do. Alleghany T. do. - Fairfax Co. Va. Pr.Ed.Co. do.- - Columbia, S. C. - Maryviile, Ten. Cincinnati, Ohio, - Rock Spring, II. - New Madison, In. - Cong. - - Cong. - - Cong. Unit. Baptist, - - Cong. - - Prot. Epis. - Presbyt. Baptist, - - Lutheran, - Dutch Ref. - Presbyt. Evang. L. - G. Ref. Ch. Presbyt. Prot. Epis. - Presbyt. do. - - do. - - do. - - Baptist, - - Presbyt. 43,350 TABLE VI. Medical Schools. JVame. Maine Medical School, . . . New Hampshire Medical School, Medical Society Univ. Vermont, Vermont Academy of Med. . Mass. Med. Col. Harv. Univ. Berkshire Med. Ins. Wm. Col. Med. Dep. Yale College, . . Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. . Rutgers Med. Fac. Gen. Col. Col. Phys. and Surg. W. Dist. Med. Dep. Univ. Penn. . . Med. Dep. Jefferson College, Med Dep. Univ. Md. . . . Med. Col. Charleston, S. C. . Med. Dep. Transvlvania, Univ Med. College of Ohio, . . . Place Brunswick, Hanover, . Burlington, Castleton, . Boston, Pittsfield, . New Haven, New York, New York, Fairfield, N. Philadelphia, Canonsburg, Baltimore, Charleston, Lexington, Cincinnati, Prof. Students. 99 103 40 91 100 61 113 160 420 121 130 200 113 [For further Statistical Tables, see Appendix.] NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN COLLEGE, IN PROPORTION TO POPULATION. Eastern States, 1 stud, to 1,231 inh. I Southern States, 1 stud, to 7,232 inh. Middle States, 1 do. 3,465 do. | Western States, I do. 6,060. Law Schools.— At Cambridge, Ms., New Haven, Litchfield, Ct, Philadelphia, Williams- burgh, Va., Charleston, S. C. and Lexington, Ky. Principal Libraries. Philadelphia Library, 42,000 volumes; Cambridge University Library, 35,000; Boston Athenaeum, 20,000, ; New York Library, 22,000 ; National Library, Washington, 16,000 ; Charleston Library, 13,000. THE UNITED STATES. 27 QUESTIONS ON TABLE III. I?. Which is the most populous state in the Union ? 2. Mention the six next in order of their population. 3. Which state has the fewest inhabitants ? 4. Which next? 5. Which state has the greatest number of square miles 1 6. Mention the six next in order. 7. Which state has the least number of square miles ? 8. Which is the next smallest state ? 9. Which state is the most thickly settled, that has the greatest number of inhabitants on a square mile ? 10. Which next? 11. Mention the four next in order. 12. Which two have the least dense population ? 13. Which state has the greatest number of slaves? 14. Mention the six next in order. 15. Can you mention the three states that have the least number of slaves? 16. Mention the states that have no slaves. 17. What was the total number of slaves in the United States in 1830 ? 18. How many colleges are there in the United States ? See Table IV. 19. Which has the greatest number of volumes in the college library? 20. Which four stand next ? 21. How many theological seminaries are there in the United States? 22. Which is the oldest theological seminary in the United States, and when did it commence its operations ? 23. Which next? 24. Which denomination of Christians has the greatest number of theologi- cal seminaries ? 25. Which next? 26. How many medical schools are there in the United States ? 27. Which has the greatest number of students ? 28. Which four are next in regard to numbers ? 29. Where are the principal law schools ? 30. What proportion do the students in college, bear to the whole population in the eastern states ? 31. What proportion in the middle states? 32. Southern states ? 33. Western states ? 34. Which is the largest library in the United States, and how many vol- umes does it contain ? 35. Which is the next, and how many volumes ? 36. Mention the four next in order. 28 DECLARATION OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In Congress, July 4, 1776. The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America. propriety When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for of the one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them Declaration. ano tj ierj an( j £q assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident ; — that all men are created equal, Unalienable that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable the g peopie, rights 5 ^'dt among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- &c. . ness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that when- ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in- deed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, Absolute evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their tyranny the right, it is their duty to throw off such government, and to provide obJ kTng°of he new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suf- Gre ain Bdt f erance °f these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con- strains them to alter their former systems of government. The his- tory of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, ail having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- Recitation portance, unless suspended in their operation, till his assent should andSrpa- ^ e obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to at- tions on the tend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommo- the a Bri°tfsh Nation of large districts of people, unless those people would relin- crown. quish the right of representation in the legislature— a right inesti- mable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have return- ed to the people at large, for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that pur- pose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass INDEPENDENCE. 29 others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the con- sent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. • He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and alter- ing, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- stroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to com- plete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circum- stances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress Petitions in the most humble terms : our repeated petitions have been answered unavailing, only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked &c - by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum- stances of our migration and settlement here. We have appealed to Appeal to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by jSjSXS the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which le9S » &c - 30 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. would inevitably interrupt our connexions and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac- quiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. Declaration WE, therefore, the representatives of the United States of Ameri- of indepen- ca, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of ence * the world, for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- The coio- °l are 5 tnat these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free nies absolve and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to fromTheir tne British crown, and that all political connexion between them and allegiance, the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the sup- Mutual P ort °f tn ^ s declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Di- piedge of vine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our for- e lty * tunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of congress, engrossed and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire. JOSIAH BART LETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON. Massachusetts- Bay. SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY. Rhode Island, &c. STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY. Connecticut. ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT. New York. WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS. New Jersey. RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINSON, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARKE. Pennsylvania. ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS. Delaware. CESAR RODNEY, GEORGE REED, THOMAS M'KEAN. Maryland. SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton. Virginia. GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, Jr. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE CARTER BRAXTON. North Carolina. WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN. South Carolina. EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, Jr. THOMAS LYNCH, Jr. ARTHUR MIDDLETON. Georgia. BURTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEORGE WALTON. THE UNITED STATES. 31 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Con- Congress gress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and a house of representatives. SECTION II. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members Houseof chosen every second year by the people of the several states ; and Representa- the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for 1 electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United Members of States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their Apportion- respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the ment - whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within the three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of represent- atives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one ; Connecticut five ; New York six ; New Jersey four ; Pennsylvania eight ; Delaware one ; Maryland six ; Virginia ten ; North Carolina five ; South Carolina five ; and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the _ * V 3,CR.I1C1GS executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill up such vacancies, ' _ _ Officers, and The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other p° w er of im- ofrlcers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two sena- genate tors from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first elec- tion, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. C]asseg The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen, by re- signation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the 32 CONSTITUTION OP executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty Quaiifica- y ears > anc * been mne y ea rs a citizen of the United States, and who tions of shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he members. ghaU be chosen . President of. ^ ne v i ce *P res ident of the United States shall be president of the ' Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided, other offi- The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president cers. pro-tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. Trial of im- The senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. peachments - When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall pre- side ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States ; but the party convict- ed shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. SECTION IV. Elections The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators °/ n s d e " e a p t r ° e r , s and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legisla- eentatives. ture thereof ; but the congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. Meeting of The congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such congress. me eting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION V. Powers of Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and quali- each house. fi ca tions of its own members; and a majority of each shall consti- tute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Journals * Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their Yeas and judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members nays. 0 f e jther house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Adjourn- Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the ment. consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. compensa- ^he senat °rs and representatives shall receive a compensation for tion and their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury privileges. Q £ ^ e United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at- tendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. THE UNITED STATES. 33 No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he Exclusion o{ was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of members the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments a f Jid disSi- whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person ficatjon to^be holding any office under the United States shall be a member of mem ers ' either house during his continuance in office* SECTION VII. All bills for raising revenues shall originate in the house of repre- Revenue sentatives ; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, BlIls - as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives Negative of and the senate, shall, tefore it becomes a law, be presented to the the Presi- president of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but dent " if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to re-consider it. If, after such re-consideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be re-considered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the con- gress by their adjournment prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjourn- ment,) shall be presented to the president of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, ac- cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION VIII. The congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the powers of debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the con s r ess. United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States : To borrow money on the credit of the United States : To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes : To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the sub- ject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States : To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures : To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States : To establish post-offices and post-roads : To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries : To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court : to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations : E 34 CONSTITUTION OF To declare war, grant Ietters-of-marque and reprisal, and make rules con- cerning captures on land and water : To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years : To provide and maintain a navy : To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces : To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, sup- press insurrections, and repel invasions : To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for gov- erning such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress : To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings : — and, To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into ex- ecution the foregoing powers, vested by this constitution in the government oi the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION IX. Restrictions The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states on congress. now ex i s ti n g shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No prefer- ence shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one state over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to or from one state y be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. Public No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence money. 0 f appropriations made by law : and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States > and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind what- ever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION X. Restrictions No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; on the states. g rant fetters-of-marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the neat produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state THE UNITED STATES. 35 on imports or exports, shall be for the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually in- vaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. SECTION I. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United Executive States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four P 5^ t r, a p n r J si " years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same vice-presi- term, be elected as follows : dent ' Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof Electorg may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of sena- tors and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two per- Thjg para . sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with them- graph has selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number bke ^J™] 11 " of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate, art. 12th of The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of re- amendments, presentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice-president. The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and Choosing the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the electors, and same throughout the United States. theirvoting. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United President , s States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible quaiifica- to the office of president : neither shall any person be eligible to that tlons - office, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been four- teen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said Vacancy - office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president , and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- compensa- pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the tion - period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the Q ^ following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of the president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend, the constitution of the United States." 36 CONSTITUTION OF SECTION II. -Powers r ^^ ie P res ^ ent sna ^ De commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writ- ing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur : and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the con- gress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart- ments. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient : he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. impeach- The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United ments. States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. SECTION I. judiciary, The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one courts and supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from judges. ^ time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimin- ished during their continuance in office. SECTION II. Jurisdiction j^icial P owe ^ shall extend to all cases in law and equity, 'arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of ad- miralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states ; between citi- zens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states ; and be ■ tween a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. Original and In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and con- appeiiate. su ] s? anc [ those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and unxier such regulations, as the congress shall make. THE UNITED STATES. 37 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said ury a ' crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed in any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war Treason against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and eason - comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason : but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, credit by records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the con- st 1 ^ e a s c t t °P'j. b gress may, by general laws, prescrioe the manner in which such acts, each other, records, and proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II, The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and im- munities of citizens in the several states. Citizenship. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, Fugitives who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on from J ustice - demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws From labor thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor ; but shall be de- livered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION III. New states may be admitted by the congress into this union ; but New no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the congress. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful Territories rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property be- longing to the United States ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so con- strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. SECTION IV. The United States shall guaranty to every state in this union, a Guaranteeof republican form of government, and shall protect each of them republican against invasion ; and, on application of the legislature, or of the ex- government, ecutive, (when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it Amend- necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution ; or, on the ments - application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legis- latures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and 38 CONSTITUTION OF fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article : and that no state, with- out its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. „ . , . All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the Prior debts. . . . . . ' adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation. Supreme This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be law - made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby ; any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. Oath of office ^ e senators an( ^ representatives before mentioned, and the mem- "bers of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by No religious oath or affirmation to support this constitution : but no religious test test - shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratify- ing the same. Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and Deputy from Virginia. Ratification. NEW-HAMPSHIRE. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. CONNECTICUT. William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW-YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW-JERSEY. William Livingston, David Brearly, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. Attest, DELAWARE. George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr. John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. MARYLAND. James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. NORTH CAROLINA. William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. SOUTH CAROLINA John Rutledge, Charles Cotes worth Pinckney Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. rHE UNITED STATES. 39 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Art. 1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment Religious of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the lib «ty. freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Art. 2. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of Mmtia a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not 1 1 ia ' be infringed. Art. 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any Quartering house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time cf war, but in a soldiers - manner to be prescribed by law. Art. 4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, warrants of houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and sei- search or zures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon arres ' probable cause, supported by cath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Art. 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other- privileges of wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a accused - grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Art. 6. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the Rights of right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state accused - and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law ; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Art. 7. In suits at common lav/, where the value in controversy j-. guits shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be pre- 1 served ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Art. 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines Bail, punish- imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ments. Art. 9. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall Rights re- not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people, tained. Art. 10. The powers not delegated to the United States by the con- Reserved stitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states powers, respectively, or to the people. Art. 1 1 . The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- state not strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecu- suable, ted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Art. 12. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and Election of vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, JjJ "JjjJJ shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they president, shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice- president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, 40 CONSTITUTION OF directed to the president of the senate : the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed : and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose imme- diately, by ballot, the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quo- rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next follow- ing, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of elec- tors appointed : and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice, duaiifica. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, 'president!" sha11 be eli g ible to that of vice-president of the United States. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. Of what branches does the congress of the United States consist? 2. Of what is the house of representatives composed ? 3. What are the qualifications necessary for a representative ? 4. What number of inhabitants sends a representative to congress ? 5. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, how are they to be filled ? 6. Of what persons is the senate composed ? 7. In what manner, and for how long a period, are the senators chosen ? 8. Into how many classes are the senators divided ? 9. How often are the seats of these classes vacated ? 10. When vacancies in the senate happen during the recess of the legisla- ture of any state, how are they to be filled ? 11. What age must a senator have attained? 12. How many years must he have been a citizen of the United States? 13. Who is the president of the senate? 14. How often does congress assemble? 15. What day is fixed for its meeting? 16. From what fund are the members of congress compensated? 17. When a bill has passed the house of representatives and the senate, to (•vhom must it be presented before it becomes a law ? 18. What must the president do? 19. If the bill is returned without the signature of the president, what course is to be pursued by congress ? 20. What is a necessary qualification of the president, with regard to his place of birth? 21. What must be his age? 22. During how many years must he have resided within the country 1 THE UNITED STATES. 41 28. For how many years do the president and vice-president hold their offices ? 24. In what manner are they elected ? See Art. II. Sect. I. clause 2, and Art. 12 of the amendments. 25. Who is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia, when called into actual service 1 26. What is said in regard to the power of the president ? 27. What in regard to his duty ? Sect. III. Art. II. 28. For what crimes are the officers of the United States to be removed from office ] 29. How is the judicial power vested? 30. In what does treason against the United States consist ? 31. What form of government do the United States guaranty to every member of the great political family — the several states ? 32. Against what injuries are they bound to protect each state ? 33. What is said in regard to amendments 1 34. What in regard to religion, freedom of speech, and of the press 1 See Art. I. of the amendments. PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, FROM 1774 to 1789. Peyton Randolph, - John Hancock, - - Henry Laurens, - - John Jay, - - - - Samuel Huntington, Thomas M'Kean, - John Hanson, - - Elias Boudinot, - - Thomas Mifflin, - - Richard Henry Lee, Nathanial Gorham, - Arthur St. Clair, Cyrus Griffin, - - From - Virginia, - - - Massachusetts, - South Carolina, - New York, - Connecticut, - - Delaware, - - - Maryland, - - - New Jersey, - - Pennsylvania, - - Virginia, - - - Massachusetts, - Pennsylvania, - - Virginia, - - Elected Sept. 5, 1774. May 24, 1775. Nov. 1, 1777. Dec. 10, 1778. Sept. 28, 1779. July 10, 1781 Nov. 5, 1781. Nov. 4, 1782. Nov. 3, 1783. Nov. 30, 1786. June 6, 1786. Feb. 2, 1787. Jan. 22, 1788. PRINCIPAL OFFICERS UNDER THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. First Administration. George Washington, Virginia, April 30, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, Timothy Pickering, Alexander Hamilton, Oliver Wolcott, Henry Knox, Timothy Pickering, James M'Henry, Edmund Randolph, William Bradford, Charles Lee, Massachusetts, Virginia, Sept. 26, Jan. 2. Massachusetts, Dec. 10, New York, Sept. 11, Connecticut, Feb. 3, Massachusetts, Sept. 12, " Jan. Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Virginia, F o Jan. 27, Sept. 26, Jan. 27, Dec. 10, President. Vice-President. * Secretaries of I State. ^Secretaries of [ the Treasury. r Secretaries of ^ War. ' Attorneys , General. OFFICERS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Timothy Pickering, John Marshall, Oliver Wolcott, Samuel Dexter, James M'Henry, Samuel Dexter, Roger Griswold, Second Administration, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797. President. " " Vice-President. ) Secretaries of Virginia, May 13, 1800. $ State. ) Secretaries of Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 1800. $ the Treasury. Connecticut, Benjamin Stoddard, Maryland, Charles Lee, May 13, 1800, Feb. 3, 1801. May 21, 1798. Secretaries of War. Secretary of the Navy. Attorney General. Third Administration, March 4, 1801. President. Vice-Presidents, Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, New York, " " George Clinton, " " 1805. ^ James Madison, Virginia, March 5, 1801. | ° f ) Secretaries of $ the Treasury* } Secretary of $ War. } Secretaries of Secretaries of May 26, 1828. \ War. { Secretary of I the Navy. Attorney General. Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren, Martin Van Buren, Edward Livingston, Louis McLane, John Forsythe, Samuel D. Ingham, Lewis McLane, Wm. J. Duane, R. B. Taney, Levi Woodbury, John H. Eaton, Hugh L. White, Lewis Cass, John Branch, Levi Woodbury, Mahlon Dickerson, John McP. Berrien, R. B. Taney, Benj. F. Butler, Seventh Administration. Tennessee, March 4, 1829. New York, cc Louisiana, Delaware, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, N. Hampshire, Tennessee, 1833. March 6, 1829. May, 1831. 1833. 1834. March, 1829.' May, 1831. 1833. 1833. 1834. March 9, 1829. 1831. Ohio, 1831. North Carolina, March 9, 1829. N. Hampshire, 1831. New Jersey, 1834. Georgia, March 9, 1829. Maryland, 1831. New York, 1833. President. Vice-Presidents. Secretaries of State. Secretaries of the Treasury. Secretaries of War. Secretaries of the Navy. Attorneys General , OFFICERS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. Ministers to France. Governeur Morris, - James Monroe, - - Charles C. Pinkney, Charles C. Pinkney, Elbridge Gerry, - - John Marshall, - - Oliver Ellsworth, William Vans Murray William R. Davie, - James A. Bayard, - Robert R. Livingston, John Armstrong, Joel Barlow, - - - - " Connecticut William H. Crawford, - Albert Gallatin, - - - James Brown, - - - William C. Rives, - - Edward Livingston, of New Jersey, u Virginia, - - " South Carolina, Massachusetts, Virginia, - - Connecticut, - Maryland, North Carolina, Delaware, New York, - Jan. 12, 1792. May 28, 1804. Sept. 9, 1796. ■ June 5, 1797. Feb. 26, 1799. Georgia, - - - Pennsylvania, - Louisiana, - - Virginia, - - Louisiana, - - Feb. 19, Oct. 2, June 30, Feb. 27, April 9, Feb. 28, Dec. 9, 1801. 1801. 1804. 1811. 1813. 1815. 1823. 1829. 1833. Ministers to Great Britain. Governeur Morris, - Thomas Pinkney, - John Jay, - - - Rufus King, - James Monroe, - - James Monroe, - - William Pinkney, - William Pinkney, - John Quincy Adams, Richard Rush, - - Rufus King, - - - Albert Gallatin, - - James Barbour, - - Louis McLane, - - Aaron Vail, - - - of New Jersey, " South Carolina, " New York, - u tt u « Virginia, u a " Maryland, " Massachusetts, " Pennsylvania, " New York, - " Pennsylvania, » Virginia, " Delaware, - Oct. Jan. April May April | May Feb. Feb. Dec. May May May 13, 1789. 12, 1792. 19, 1794. 20, 1796. 18, 1803. 12, 1806. 26, 1808. 28, 1815. 16, 1817. 5, 1825. 18, 1826. 23, 1828. - 1829. - 1833. Chief Justices of the United States. John Jay, New York, - Sept. 28, 1789. William dishing, - - - Massachusetts, Jan. 22, 1796. Oliver Ellsworth, - - - Connecticut, - March 4, 1796. John Marshall, - - - - Virginia, - - Jan. 27, 1801. THE UNITED STATES. •15 INDIVIDUAL STATES. MAINE. It is the most north-eastern state of the Union, bounded N. W. and N. by Lower-Canada, E. by New Brunswick, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by New Hampshire. It lies between 43 and 48 degrees N. latitude, and 6 and 10 E. longitude from Washington. Its greatest length from N. to S. is 225 miles, and greatest breadth from E. to W. 195 ; and it is estimated to contain 32,628 square miles. Population in 1790, 96,540; in 1800, 151,719; in 1810, 228,705; in 1820, 298,335; and in 1830, 399,462. Population to a square mile, 12. Note. — The boundary of Maine cannot be considered as definitely settled. A dispute having arisen between the authorities of the state and those of the British province of New- Brunswick, which adjoins it on the north-east, the governments of the United States and Great Britain referred the matter to the arbitration of the king of Holland. His award has been given ; but it has not proved satisfactory to the people of Maine, and the senate of the United States has not yet consented to its ratification. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Cumberland sw Hancock s Kennebec m Lincoln s Oxford w Penobscot n Somerset nw Waldo s Washington e York sw Total Note.— -The small letters annexed to the counties indicate their situation in the several states ; as e, w, n, s, we, nm, em, fyc. east, west, north, south, north-east, north of middle, east of middle, Sfc. The seats of government of the different states are printed in small capitals. When more than one town is mentioned to a county, the first is the county town. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. 49,445 17,856 40,150 46,843 27,104 13,870 21,787 22,253 12,744 298,335 60,113 24,347 52,491 57,181 35,217 31,530 35,788 29,790 21,295 51,710 399,462 County Towns. Portland Castine Augusta ( Wiscasset { Topsham ^ Warren Paris Bangor Norridgewock Belfast Machias < York } Alfred Pop. Distance from Augusta. 12,601 53 1,155 78 3,980 2,443 24 1,564 31 2,030 44 2,337 42 2,868 66 1,710 28 3,077 40 1,021 143 3,485 99 1,453 86 46 MAINE. The principal rivers are the Penobscot, Kennebeck, Androscoggin, Saco, St. Croix, and St. Johns. The principal bays are Casco, Penobscot, Frenchman's, Englishman's, Machias, and Passamaquoddy. The most noted lakes are Moosehead, Umbagog, Sebago, Schoodic, and several others farther in the interior. Maine is rather an elevated country, having generally a diversified surface. A tract commencing on the west side of the state, east of the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, and holding a north-east direction as far as the heads of the Aroostic, about 160 miles in length, and 60 in its greatest breadth, is moun- tainous. Katahdin mountain, in this range, is supposed to be the highest land between the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence. There is also a small mountain- ous tract in the northern extremity. The remainder of the state may be con- sidered, generally, as a moderately hilly country. The tract of country along the sea-coast from 10 to 20 miles wide embraces all the varieties of sandy, gravelly, clayey, and loamy soils, frequently inter- spersed at short distances ; seldom very rich, in many places tolerably fertile, but generally poor. Of this section Indian corn, rye, barley, grass, &c. are the principal productions. In the tract lying north of this, and extending 50 miles from the sea in the western, 80 in the central, and 90 in the eastern part, the same kinds of soil are found, but they are less frequently diversified, and generally more fertile. The surface rises into large swells of generally good soil, between which, on the margin of the streams, are frequently rich inter- vals, and in other places sandy or gravelly pine plains, or spruce and cedar swamps. Of this section the principal productions are grass, Indian corn, wheat, barley, rye, flax, &c. The country beyond the limits above specified, is but little settled. It exhibits great diversities in the appearance of its soil, growth of timber, and also in climate. The land on the Kennebeck, and between this river and the Penob- scot, is accounted the best in the district. It is well adapted to the various pur- poses of agriculture, and as a grazing country, it is one of the finest in New England. Though the climate of Maine is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, yet the air in all parts of the country is pure and salubrious. The summers in most parts are favorable to the growth of all the vegetable productions of the northern states. In some parts, however, Indian corn and some other plants of a more tender kind, are frequently injured and sometimes destroyed by frosts late in the spring and early in autumn. The cold of winter is severe, yet the serenity of the sky, and the invigorating influence of the atmosphere, during the same season, make amends, in some degree, for the severity of the weather. It is said that an inhabitant on Kennebeck river requires more clothing in winter to keep him comfortable in Boston than at home. Maine enjoys great facilities for commerce. The coast is indented with bays, abounding in excellent harbors. All the settled parts of the country lie near a market, and the produce of the farmer is readily exchanged for money, at a good price. Value of the exports for the year ending 1st Jan. 1830, $738,000. The principal article of export is lumber. Vast quantities of boards, shin- gles, clapboards, masts, spars, &c. are transported to the neighboring states, to the West Indies, and to Europe. Much of the fire-wood consumed in Boston, Salem, &c. is brought from Maine. Dried fish and pickled salmon are con- siderable articles of export. Beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes, and some grain, are also among the exports. The principal manufactures consist of cotton and woollen cloths, hats, shoes, boots, leather, iron, nails, distilled spirits, and cordage. The number of cotton mills in 1831, was 8 ; capital in do. $765,000 ; yards of cloth made annually, 1,750,000. MAINE. 47 There are 20 banks in this state ; 6 at Portland, including a branch of the United States' Bank ; 2 at Saco ; 2 at Bath ; 1 at Kennebunk ; 1 at Augusta , 1 at Gardiner ; 1 at Water ville ; 1 at Bangor ; 1 at Thomaston ; 1 at S. Ber- wick ; 1 at Brunswick ; 1 at Vassalborough, and 1 at Winthrop. The first permanent settlement in Maine was formed about the year 1630 ; and for several years the government of the colony was ad- 1S ° ry ' ministered in the name of Sir Ferdinando Gorges as proprietor of the country. In 1652, the inhabitants of Maine were placed under the jurisdiction of Mas- sachusetts. The country was, however, afterwards claimed by the heirs of Gorges, but was, in 1677, purchased by the colony of Massachusetts. From that time the territory formed a part of the colony and afterwards of the state of Massachusetts, and was styled, the District of Maine, till the year 1820, when it was erected into an independent state. The constitution of this state was formed in 1819, and went into Constitution operation in 1820. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and and govern- a House of Representatives, both elected annually by the people, on ment- the second Monday in September. These two bodies are together styled The Legislature of Maine. The number of representatives cannot be less than 100, nor more than 200. A town having 1,500 inhabitants is entitled to send 1 re- presentative ; having 3,750,2; 6,775,3; 10,500,4; 15,000, 5; 20,250, 6; 26,250, 7 ; but no town can ever be entitled to more than 7 representatives. The number of senators cannot be less than 20, nor more than 31. The legis- lature meets at Augusta annually, on the first Wednesday in January. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected annually by the people, on the second Monday in September, and his term of office commences on the first Wednesday in January. A council of seven members is elected annually on the first Wednesday in January, by joint ballot of the senators and representatives, to advise the governor in the executive part of government. The right of suffrage is granted to every male citizen aged 21 years or up- wards (excepting paupers, persons under guardianship, and Indians not taxed), having had his residence established in the state for the term of three months next preceding an election. The Literary Seminaries in Maine are Bowdoin College at Brunswick, a flourishing institution ; Waterville College, at Waterville, under the direction of the Baptist denomination ; a Theological School at Bangor ; the Gardiner Lyceum, at Gardiner ; and the Maine Wesleyan Seminary, at Readfield, which unites agricultural and mechanical labor with literary instruction. Every town is required by law to raise annually, for the support of common schools, a sum equal at least to 40 cents for each person in the town, and to distribute this sum among the several school districts, according to the number of scholars in each. On an island in Penobscot river, there are still the remains of the Indiang Penobscot tribe of Indians. They consist of about 100 families, are " ians ' Roman Catholics, and have a church and a priest. The Baptists have 210 churches, 136 ministers, 22 licentiates, and Religion, 12,936 communicants; the Congregationalists, 156 churches, 107 183L pastors, and 9,626 communicants ; the Methodists, 56 ministers, and 12,182 communicants ; the Free-will Baptists, about 50 congregations ; the Friends, about 30 societies ; the Unitarians, 12 societies and 8 ministers ; the Episcopa- lians, 4 ministers; the Roman Catholics, 4 churches; the New Jerusalem Church, 3 societies ; and there are some Universalists. The number of periodical papers in 1830, was 22. This state sends 8 representatives to congress. The governor's salary is 1500 dollars. 48 NEW HAMPSHIRE. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON MAINE. 1. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does Maine lie? 2. What is its length and breadth ? 3. How many square miles does it contain ? 4. What was the population in 1830 ? 5. What is the population to a square mile ? 6. How many counties does it contain ? — 7. Name them. 8. What are the principal rivers in Maine? — 9. Bays? — 10. The most noted lakes ? 11. What was the value of the exports in 1829? 12. What was the number of cotton mills in 1831 ? 13. What are the principal articles of export? 14. What do the principal manufactures consist of? 15. What was the number of yards of cotton cloth made in 1831 ? 16. How many banks are there in the state? 17. When was Maine admitted into the Union? 18. When is the general election? 1 9. When and how often does the legislature meet ? 20. To whom is the right of suffrage granted ? 21. Name the principal literary institutions. 22. How much is every town obliged, by law, to raise annually for the support of common schools ? 23. Where are the remains of the Penobscot tribe of Indians, and what is said of them ? 24. Name the principal denominations of Christians in the state. 25. How many representatives does Maine send to Congress ? 26. What is the governor's annual salary ? NEW HAMPSHIRE ARMS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. New Hampshire is bounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by Maine ; S. E. by the Atlantic ; S. by Massachusetts ; and W. by Vermont. It lies between 42° 41' and 45° 11' N. lat. and between 4° 29' and 6° 19' E. long, from Washington. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 49 It is 160 miles long from N. to S., 90 in its greatest breadth, and contains 9,491 square miles, or 6,074,240 acres. Population in 1790, 141,885; in 1800, 183,858; in 1810, 214,460; in 1820, 244,161 ; and in 1830, 269,533 Population to a square mile, 28. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Pop. Distance fr. Concord. Rockingham se Stra ffnrd e Merrimack m Hillsborough s Cheshire sw Sullivan w Grafton w Coos n Total 40,526 51,415 32,743 35,781 26,753 18,628 32,989 5,151 44,452 58,916 34,619 37,762 27,016 19,687 38,691 8,390 { Portsmouth ( Exeter f Dover J Gilmanton j Gilford L Rochester Concord Amherst Keene Newport ( Haverhill I Plymouth Lancaster 8,082 2,759 5,449 3,816 1,872 2,155 3,727 1,657 2,374 1,913 2,153 1,175 1,187 45 39 40 20 30 40 30 55 40 67 40 116 244,161 269,533 Concord is the seat of government. Portsmouth is much the largest town, and the only sea-port. Five of the largest rivers in New England rise either wholly or in part in this state. These are the Connecticut, Merrimack, Androscoggin, Saco, and Piscataqua. The other most considerable rivers are the Upper and Lower Am- monoosuc, Sugar river, Ashuelot, Contoocook, Margallaway, and Nashua. The principal lakes are Winnipiseogee, Umbagog, Ossipee, Sunapee, Squam, and Newfoundland lakes. The whole extent of sea-coast in this state, from the southern boundary to the mouth of Piscataqua harbor, is 18 miles. The shore is generally a sandy beach, and bordering upon it are salt marshes, intersected by creeks. There are several coves, convenient for fishing vessels, but the entrance of the Piscat- aqua is the only harbor for ships. For 20 or 30 miles from the sea the coun- try is either level, or variegated by small hills and valleys. Then commences a country the surface of which is greatly diversified by hills, valleys, and seve- ral elevated mountains, among which are the White Mountains, accounted the highest in the United States. The other most considerable summits are Moose- hillock, Monadnoc, Kearsarge, Sunapee, Ossipee, &c. Some of the most re- markable natural objects of curiosity are the cave in Chester, the rock in Dur- ham, Bellows falls in Walpole, and particularly the Notch of the White Mountains. There is a great variety of soil in this state ; a considerable proportion is fertile, and it is generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. The interval lands on the large rivers are esteemed the most valuable. These produce vari- ous kinds of grain in great abundance. But the uplands, of an uneven surface, and of a rocky, warm, moist soil, are accounted the best for grazing. The principal articles of produce are beef, pork, mutton, butter, cheese, wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, pulse, and flax. In the township of Chester, are two remarkable caves. One called the Devil's Den is in Mine Hill, in the western part. The hill is half a mile in diameter, and about 400 feet high, almost perpendicular on the south side. The G 50 NEW HAMPSHIRE. entrance of the cave, which is on the south side, is 10 yards above the base, and after a passage, varying in its dimensions, 25 feet in length, opens into the principal apartment, which is 15 or 20 feet square, three or four feet high, floored and ceiled by a regular rock. From the ceiling are dependent numer- ous stalactites or excrescences, in the form of pears, whose polished surfaces reflect a torch-light with innumerable hues and uncommon brilliancy. The other cave is on the west side of Rattlesnake Hill, seven miles south- west of the meeting-house. The principal entrance is eleven feet high and four wide. It extends 20 feet into the side of the hill, and after forming a semi- circle of 53 feet in length, passes out on the same side. The manufactures of New Hampshire have increased very rapidly within a few years. There are now more than 40 cotton and woollen manufactories, many of them on an extensive scale. A glass manufactory has been estab- lished at Keene, and there are two iron manufactories at Franconia. The prin- cipal exports from New Hampshire are lumber, pot and pearl ashes, fish, beef, live cattle, pork, and flax-seed. The market for the northern part of the state, is Portland, for the south-eastern, Portsmouth and Newburyport ; for the coun- try on the Merrimack, Boston ; for the country on the Connecticut, Hartford and Boston. The value of the exports in 1829 was $106,000. New Hampshire has a college at Hanover, styled Dartmouth College, with which a medical school is connected ; a small academical theological institution at New Hampton ; and about 30 incorporated academies, of which the oldest and best endowed is Phillips Academy at Exeter. Common schools are established throughout the state, and for their support * sum, amounting, each year since 1818, to $90,000, is annually raised by a separate tax. The State has a Literary Fund amounting to $64,000, formed by a tax of one half per cent, on the capital of the banks. The proceeds of this fund, and also an annual income of $9,000 derived from a tax on banks, are appropriated to aid the support of schools. The number of periodical papers in 1831, was 16. There are in this State 21 banks, viz. at Portsmouth, New Hampshire Bank, New Hampshire Union Bank, Rockingham Bank, Portsmouth Bank, Piscata- qua Bank, Commercial Bank ; at Exeter, Exeter Bank ; at Berry, Derry Bank ; at Dover, Strafford Bank, Dover Bank ; at Meredith, Winnipiseogee Bank ; at Concord, Concord Bank, Merrimack Co. Bank ; at Amherst, Farmers' Bank ; at , Manufacturers' Bank ; at Keene, Cheshire Bank ; at Charlestown, Connecticut River Bank ; at Claremont, Claremont Bank ; at Haverhill, Graf- ton Bank ; at Plymouth, Pemigewasset Bank ; at Lebanon, Lebanon Bank. The Bank of the United States has an office of discount and deposit at Portsmouth. The first English settlement in New Hampshire, was made near 1S ° ry ' the mouth of the Piscataqua, in 1623. It was formed into a sepa- rate government in 1679, before which it was under the jurisdiction of Massa- chusetts. „ .. A constitution was established in 1784: and in 1792, this consti- Constitution . ii iit • n i i tit and govern- tution was altered and amended, by a convention of delegates held at ment - Concord, and is now in force. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which, together, are styled The Genera] Court of New Hampshire. Every town, or incorporated township, having 150 ratable polls, may send one representative ; and for every 300 additional polls, it is entitled to an additional representative. The Senate consists of 12 mem- bers, who are chosen by the people in districts. The executive power is vested in a Governor and a Council, which consists of five members. The governor, council, senators, and representatives, are all elected annually, by the people, on the second Tuesday in March ; and their term of service commences on the first Wednesday in June. The General Court meets annually (at Concord) on NEW HAMPSHIRE. 31 the first Wednesday in June. The right of suffrage is granted to every male inhabitant of 21 years of age, excepting paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request. Religious Denominations in 1831. Churches. Ministers. Communicants. Congregationalists, - - 146 - - 116 - - 12,867 Baptists, 75 - - 61 - - 5,279 Free-will Baptists, - - 67 - - 51 - 4 or 5,000 Methodists, ... - - 30 - - 3,180 Presbyterians, - - - 11 9 - 1,499 The Christians have 17 ministers; the Friends, 13 societies ; the Universal- ists, about 20 congregations; the Unitarians, 10 ministers; the Episcopalians, 8 ministers ; the Catholics, 2 churches ; the Shakers, 2 societies, and the San- demanians, 1. New Hampshire sends five representatives to Congress. The Governor's annual salary is $1200. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. How is New Hampshire bounded? 2. What is its extent, square miles and population ? 3. What is the population to a square mile ? 4. How many counties does it contain ? — 5. Name them. 6. Which town is the seat of government, and which is the largest ? 7. Name the five principal rivers. 8. How many miles of sea-coast has New Hampshire ? 9. What is said of the country for 20 or 30 miles from the sea? 10. What kind of a country commences then? 11. What is said of the soil? 12. What are the principal articles of produce? 13. What can you say of the manufactures? 14. What was the value of exports in 1829? 15. What is said of common schools, and what is annually raised by tax for their support ? 16. Mention the most remarkable curiosities. 17. How many periodical papers in 1831 ? 18. How many banks are there in the State? 19. Where was the first English settlement? 20. What can you say of the legislative power ? 21. How many representatives does each town send? 22. How many members does the senate consist of, and how chosen ? 23. How is the executive power vested? 24. When is the annual election ? 25. When and how often does the general court meet ? 26. Which are the most numerous denominations of Christians ? 27. How many representatives does New Hampshire send to Congress ? 28. What is the governor's annual salary ? 52 VERMONT. VERMONT. Vermont is bounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by New Hampshire ; S. by Massachusetts ; and W. by New York, from which it is separated in part by lake Champlain. It lies between 42° 44' and 45° N. lat. and between 3° 39' and 5° 31' E. longitude from Washington. It is 157 miles long from N. to S. 90 broad on the northern boundary, 40 on the southern, and contains 10,212 square miles. Population to a square mile, 27. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Addison w Benninston sid Caledonia Chittenden Essex Franklin Grand Isle Orange- Orleans Rutland Washington Windham Windsor ne w ne mo nw e n w m se e Total Pop. 1820. 20,469 16,125 16,669 16,055 3,284 17,192 3,527 24,681 6,976 29,983 14,113 28,659 38,233 225,764 Pop. 1830. 17,470 20,967 21,775 3,981 24,525 3,696 27,285 13,980 31,295 21,394 28,758 40,623 280,679 County Towns. Middlebury ( Bennington I Manchester Danville Burlington Guildhall St. Albans North Hero Chelsea Irasburgh Rutland MONTPELIER *Newfane { Windsor I Woodstock Pop. 3,468 3,419 1,525 2,631 3,526 481 2,375 638 1,958 860 2,753 1,193 1,441 3,134 3,044 Distance from Mont- pelier. 56 119 98 30 38 78 64 68 23 49 67 108 59 48 * The name of the village in which the county buildings are situated is Fayetteville. Population at Different Periods. In Population. 1790, 85,539 1800, 154,465 1810, 217,895 1820, 235,764 1830, 280,679 Increase from 1790 to 1800, 68,826 1800 1810, 63,430 1810 1820, 17,869 1820 1830, 44,915 Slaves. 16 0 0 0 0 The Green Mountains, from which the state derives its name, come from Massachusetts, and run along the east side of Bennington, Rutland, and Addi- son counties. In Addison county they divide ; the western and principal chain continuing a northerly course, and terminating near the northern boundary of the state ; while the height of land, as it is called, strikes off to the north-east, dividing the waters which flow into the Connecticut from those which fall into jfoke Memphremagog and lake Champlain. The western range presents much the loftiest summits, but has inequalities which afford a passage for Onion and Lamoil rivers. The soil is for the most part fertile, being generally deep, and of a dark color, moist, loamy, and well watered. The interval lands are esteemed the best ; bordering on these is usually a strip one or two miles wide, which is comparatively poor, but beyond this the land recovers a fertility nearly equal to that on the rivers. The principal productions are wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, oats, &c. The principal exports are pot and pearl ashes, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. The market for the northern part of the state is Montreal ; for the eastern, Hartford and Boston ; for the western, New York, The amount of exports in 1829 was 808,000 dollars. VERMONT. 53 The principal rivers within the state are Lamoile, Onion, Otter Creek, Misis- que, Deerfield, White, Black, and Pasumsic. Fort Dumraer, in the south-east part of Vermont, was built in 1724 ; and Bennington, the oldest town in the state, was chartered in 1 1749, by Benning Wentworth, governor of New Hampshire. The territory of Vermont was originally claimed both by New Hampshire and New York ; and its political condition was, for a considerable time, unset- tled ; but the people preferring to have a separate government, formed a consti- tution in 1777, under which a government was organized in March, 1788 ; and in 1791, Vermont was admitted into the union. The first constitution of this state was formed in 1777 ; the one ^jjejof now in operation was adopted on the 4th of July, 1793. tution. The legislative power is vested in a single body, a house of representatives, elected annually, on the first Tuesday in September, every town in the state being entitled to send one representative. The representatives meet (at Mont- pelier) annually on the second Thursday of the October succeeding their elec- tion, and are styled The General Assembly of the State of Vermont. The executive power is vested in a governor, lieutenant-governor, and a council of 12 persons, who are all chosen annually by the freemen on the first Tuesday in September, and their term of office commences on the second Thursday in October. They are empowered to commission all officers ; to sit as judges to consider and determine on impeachments ; to prepare and lay before the general assembly such business as shall appear to them necessary ; and have power to revise and propose amendments to the laws passed by the house of representatives. The constitution grants the right of suffrage to every man of the full age of 2] years, who has resided in the state for the space of one whole year, next before the election of representatives, and is of quiet and peaceable behavior. The judiciary power is vested in a supreme court consisting of three judges ; and of a county court of three judges for each county. The judges of the supreme, county, and probate courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace, are elected annually by the general assembly. A council of censors, consisting of 13 persons, are chosen every seven years (first elected in 1799) on the last Wednesday in March, and meet on the first Wednesday in June. Their duty is to inquire whether the constitution has been preserved inviolate ; whether the legislative and executive branches of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people ; whether the public taxes have been justly laid and collected ; in what manner the public moneys have been disposed of; and whether the laws have been faithfully executed. There are in this state 10 banks, viz. Bank of Burlington, of Windsor, of Brattleborough, of Rutland, of Montpelier, of St. Albans, of Caledonia, of Ver- gennes, of Orange county, of Bennington. Note. The bank of the United States has an office of discount and deposit at Burlington. There are two colleges in Vermont, at Burlington and Middlebury ; Education medical schools at Burlington and Castleton ; and about 20 incorpo- 1 rated academies in the state, where young men may be fitted for college. Common schools are supported throughout the state. The money raised by the general law for the support of schools, at 3 per cent, on the grand list (the valuation for taxes,) would be about $51,119 42 ; and about as much more is supposed to be raised by school district taxes. The state has a literary fund, derived principally from a tax of 6 per cent, on the annual profits of the banks ; the amount on loan in September, 1829, was $23,763 32. The Congregationalists have 13 associations, 203 churches, 110 ReH ougde pastors, 35 unsettled ministers, 10 licentiates, and 17,236 communi- nomina- cants; the Baptists, 105 churches, 56 pastors, 8 licentiates, and tl0ns ' im ' 54 MASSACHUSETTS. 8,478 communicants ; the Methodists, 44 ministers and 8,577 communicants , the Episcopalians, 15 ministers; the Unitarians, 3 societies and 1 minister; and there are some Free-will Baptists, Christians, and Universalists. The number of periodical papers in 1830 was 13. Vermont sends 5 representatives to congress. The governor's salary is $750. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON VERMONT. 1 . How is Vermont bounded ? 2. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does it lie ? 3. What is its length, breadth, square miles, and population in 1830 ? — Popu- lation to a square mile ? 4. How many counties does it contain ? 5. What is said of the soil ? 6. What are the principal productions ? 7. What the principal exports ? — Rivers ? 8. What was the amount of exports in 1829 ? 9. By what states was Vermont originally claimed ? 10. In what is the legislative power vested ? 11. How many representatives is each town in the state allowed to send? 12. In whom is the executive power vested? 13. To whom does the constitution grant the right of suffrage? 14. What is said of the council of censors and their duty? 15. How many banks are there in the state? 16. At which town is the branch of the United States Bank? 17. How many colleges, and where located ? 18. What is said in regard to the support of common schools? 19. How many representatives does Vermont send to congress? 20. What is the governor's salary ? MASSACHUSETTS. ARMS OF MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts is bounded N. by Vermont and New Hampshire ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by Rhode Island and Connecticut ; and W. by New- York. It lies between 41° 23' and 43° 52' N. lat. and between 3° 33' and 7° 10' E. longi- tude from Washington. It contains 7,250 square miles, or 4,644,000 acres. MASSACHUSETTS. 55 It is divided into 14 counties, and 290 towns. It has on an average 81 persons each square mile, and is the most thickly settled state in the union. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Males. Females. Colored. j Tot. Pop. | County Towns. Pop. I Distance from Boston, Suffolk Essex e 28,586 39,431 Middlesex m Plymouth e Norfolk e Bristol s Barnstable se Nantucket se Dukes se Worcester m Hampshire wm Hampden sw Franklin nw Berkshire w Total 38,107 20,905 20,436 23,366 13,997 3,339 1,702 41,545 14,999 15,288 14,447 18,310 31,693 42,929 39,348 21,678 21.296 25,178 14,363 3,584 1,768 42,449 14,995 16,003 14,765 18,510 294,449 308,559 1,883 62,162 Boston i Salem 527 82,887 < Newburyport I Ipswich 513 77,968 ^ Cambridge ) Concord 410 42,993 Plymouth 169 41,901 Dedham 930 49,474 ^ New Bedford ) Taunton 165 28,525 Barnstable 279 7,202 Nantucket 48 3,518 Edgartown 371 84,365 Worcester 225 30,210 Northampton 349 31,640 Springfield 132 29,344 37,825 Greenfield 1,005 Lenox 7,006 610,014 61,392 13,886 6,388 2,951 6,071 2,017 4,751 3,057 7,592 6,045 3,975 7,202 1,509 4,172 3,613 6,784 1,540 1,355 14 37 27 3 17 36 10 52 32 68 100 97 39 91 87 95 133 Population of Massachusetts at different periods. In 1800, 422,845. " 1810, 472,040. Increase from 1800 to 1810, 49,195 " 1820, 523,287. " " 1810 to 1820, 51,247 " 1830, 610,014. " " 1820 to 1830, 86,727 Boston is the chief town. The other most considerable maritime towns are Salem, Newburyport, Marblehead, Beverly, Gloucester, Charlestown, Plymouth, and New Bedford. Worcester, Northampton, Springfield, Greenfield, Pitts- field, Haverhill, Dedham, Lowell, Taunton, Concord, and many others are pleasant and flourishing inland towns. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, Merrimack, Concord, Nashua, Charles, Mystic, Neponset, Taunton, Chickapee, Deerfield, Westfield, Miller's, and Housatonic. The Middlesex Canal, which connects Boston harbor with the Merrimack, is 30 miles long. It was completed in 1804, and was at that time the most consid- erable canal in the United States. Blackstone canal extends from Worcester to Providence, and is 45 miles in length. Several different companies have been recently incorporated by the legisla- ture of this state for the purpose of constructing rail-roads ; one from Boston to Worcester ; another from Boston to the river Hudson ; another from Boston to Connecticut river ; another from Boston to Providence by .Pawtucket ; another from Boston to Taunton ; another from Boston to Lowell ; another from Boston to Lake Ontario, New York ; another from West Stockbridge to the boundary line of the state of New York. PROFILE VIEW OF THE MASSACHUSETTS RAIL-ROAD. 56 MASSACHUSETTS. The principal islands are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. The most noted capes are Cape Ann, Cape Cod, and Cape Malabar. The most consid- erable bays are Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Barnstable, Plymouth, and Buzzard's bays. There are no large lakes, but there are numerous ponds. The range of the Green Mountains passes from north to south, through the western part of this state. The principal chain takes the name of Hoosac mountain. The highest summits are Saddle and Takonnack mountains. The other most noted mountains in the state, are Wachuset, in Princeton, Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke, near Northampton, and Mount Toby, in Sunderland. The general aspect of the country is interesting, affording many highly varied and extensive prospects. The face of the country is greatly diversified. The south-eastern part is mostly level. There are also level districts of small extent in the vicinity of the Merrimack in the north-east. Salt marshes are numerous in the maritime parts, though not very extensive. Most of that part bordering on the sea-coast, and extending into the interior as far as the county of Worcester, may be regarded as the level division, exhibiting no very considerable elevations. The five western counties of Worcester, Hampshire, Franklin, Hampden, and Berk- shire, present the greatest irregularity of surface, and constitute the highlands of the state. These counties, however, abound in vast tracts of elevated lands diversified with gentle swells, in large districts of pine-plains, in valleys of various extent, as well as in wide intervals, particularly on Connecticut river. The soil is exceedingly various, comprising every description from the most fertile to the most unproductive. In the south-eastern part it is mostly light and sandy, interspersed, however, with numerous fertile tracts. In the middle and northern parts, toward the sea-coast, it is of a much better quality, though not generally distinguished for its natural fertility ; but by excellent cultivation, a great portion of it is rendered highly productive. The middle and western parts have generally a strong rich soil, excellent for grazing, and suited to most of the purposes of agriculture. The state is almost universally well watered. The streams of every description are remarkably clear and beautiful. The farms generally consist of from 100 to 300 acres, and are, for the most part, well cultivated. In no part of the United States have there been greater ad- vances made in agricultural improvements than in Massachusetts. The country is intersected in every direction by roads, which are kept in a good state of repair. The principal productions are, Indian corn, rye, wheat, oats, barley, peas, beans, buck-wheat, potatoes, hops, flax, and hemp. Beef, pork, butter, and cheese are abundant in most parts of the state, and of excellent quality. The county of Berkshire, in particular, is distinguished for its extensive dairies. The state abounds with orchards, and great quantities of cider are annually made, which is the common beverage of the inhabitants. The principal culti- vated fruits are apples, peaches, pears, quinces, plums, cherries, and currants. Gardening is an object of attention throughout the state, and all the hortulan vegetables suited to the climate, together with a variety of domestic fruits, are, in this way, extensively cultivated. Massachusetts is the most commercial state in the Union, except New York. The greatest part of the fisheries in the United States belong to this state. The principal articles of export are fish, beef, lumber, pork, ardent spirits, flax-seed, whale oil, spermaceti, and various manufactures. The total amount in 1829, was 8,255,000 dollars. This state holds the second rank in point of manufactures. The most con- siderable are those of cotton cloths, boots and shoes, ardent spirits, leather, cordage, wrought and cast iron, nails, woollens, ships, straw bonnets, hats, cabinet work, paper, oil, and muskets. There is an extensive national estab- lishment for the manufacture of arms at Springfield. In 1831 there were in MASSACHUSETTS. 5? this state 250 cotton mills, with a capital of 12,891,000 dollars, making annually 79,231,000 yards of cloth. The principal mines are those of iron, which are found in various parts, and there are numerous establishments for manufacturing iron. The counties of Plymouth and Bristol afford great quantities of this mineral, and there are several rich iron mines in the county of Berkshire. A lead mine is found at South Hadley, and at some other places. Ochres and other fossil productions have been found in various places. Quarries of good marble are found in Lanesborough, Stockbridge, Pittsfield, Sheffield, and several other places in Berkshire county. There are quarries of slate at Lancaster, Harvard, and Bernardston, and of soap-stone at Middlefield. Lime-stone is found in great abundance in the county of Berkshire, and free-stone in all parts of the state. Great quantities of beautiful stone for building are obtained from Chelmsford and Tyngsborough. The climate of Massachusetts is subject to the extremes of heat and cold. The air, however, is generally dry, serene, and healthy. The thermometer in summer is frequently observed to exceed 77° for forty or fifty days together ; and sometimes rises to 100°. There are in this state 66 banks : total amount of capital paid in, $20,420,000. Of these, 19 are in Boston, including a branch of the United States Bank, 6 at Salem, 2 at New Bedford, 2 at Newburyport, 2 at Worcester, and the rest are scattered through the state with but one in a town. The principal literary institutions are Harvard University in Cam- Education bridge, connected with which there are medical, theological, and law 1 schools ; Williams College at Williamstown ; Amherst College at Amherst ; Massachusetts Medical College in Boston connected with Harvard University ; Berkshire Medical Institution connected with Williams College ; the Theologi- cal Seminaries at Andover and Newton ; Round Hill School at Northampton, Berkshire Gymnasium at Pittsfield, and Mount Pleasant Classical Institution at Amherst. There are also 56 incorporated academies, of which Philips Acade- my at Andover, the oldest and best endowed, was incorporated in 1780, and has educated 2,025 scholars. Common schools are well supported throughout the state. The laws require that every town or district, containing 50 families, shall be provided with a school or schools equivalent in time to six months for one school in a year ; containing 100 families, 12 months; 150 families, 18 months; and the several towns in the state are authorized and directed to raise such sums of money as are necessary for the support of the schools, and to assess and collect the money in the same manner as other town taxes. Each town is also required to choose annually a school committee of 3, 5, or 7 persons, to take the general charge and superintendence of the public schools. The number of periodical presses in Massachusetts in 1830 was estimated at 40. The Congregationalists have 491 churches, and 423 ordained min- Reli(rious de isters, 118 of whom are Unitarians; the Baptists, 129 churches, 110 nomiUa- 6 ministers, and 12,580 communicants ; the Methodists, 71 preachers tI0ns ' 1831 ' and 8,200 members ; the Universalists, 46 societies ; the Episcopalians, 31 ministers ; the New Jerusalem Church, 8 societies ; the Presbyterians, 9 min- isters ; the Roman Catholics, 4 churches ; and the Shakers, 4 societies. The territory of Massachusetts comprised, for many years after its first settlement, two separate colonies, styled the Plymouth Colony mstox ^' and the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. The first English settlement that was made in New England, was formed by 101 persons who fled from religious persecution in England, landed at Ply- mouth on the 22d of December, 1620, and laid the foundation of Plymouth Colony. H 58 MASSACHUSETTS. Constitution ^ ne constitution of this state was framed in 1780, and amended in and govern- 1821. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of ment " representatives, which together are styled The General Court of Mas- sachusetts. The members of the house of representatives are elected annually in May ; and they must be chosen ten days at least before the last Wednesday of that month. Every corporate town having 150 ratable polls may elect one repre- sentative, and another for every additional 225 ratable polls. The senate consists of 40 members, who are chosen, by districts, annually, on the first Monday in April. The supreme executive magistrate is styled The Governor of the Common- wealth of Massachusetts, and has the title of " His Excellency." The governor is elected annually by the people on the first Monday of April, and at the same time a lieutenant-governor is chosen, who has the title of " His Honor." The governor is assisted in the executive part of government by a council of nine members, who are chosen, by the joint ballot of the senators and represent- atives, from the senators ; and in case the persons elected, or any of them, decline the appointment, the deficiency is supplied from among the people at large. The general court meets (at Boston) on the last Wednesday of May, and also in January. The right of suffrage is granted to every male citizen, 21 years of age and upwards (excepting paupers and persons under guardianship,) who has resided within the commonwealth one year, and within the town or district in which he may claim a right to vote, six calendar months next preceding any election, and who has paid a state or county tax, assessed upon him within two years next preceding such election ; and also every citizen who may be by law exempted from taxation, and who may be, in all other respects, qualified as above mentioned. The judiciary is vested in a supreme court, a court of common pleas, and such other courts as the legislature may establish. The judges are appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the council, and hold their offices during good behavior. Massachusetts sends 12 representatives to congress. The governor's salary is $3,666 67. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON MASSACHUSETTS. 1. How many square miles does Massachusetts contain? 2. How many inhabitants does it contain to a square mile ? 3. How many counties? — Population in 1830? 4. Chief towns and rivers ? 5. Mention the principal islands and capes.— 6. Mountains. 7. Describe the face of the country. 8. What is said in regard to manufactures and commerce ? 9. What are the principal minerals, and where found ? 10. What is said of the climate? 11. How many banks are there in Massachusetts? 12. How many of them are in Boston ? 13. Mention the principal literary institutions. 14. What is said in regard to common schools? 15. Give an account of the first English settlement in New England. 16. In what is the legislative power vested? 17. When is the annual election for representatives, and when for senators? 18. By whom is the governor assisted in the executive part of his office? RHODE ISLAND. 59 19. When and where does the general court meet? 20. To whom is the right of suffrage granted ? 21. How many representatives does Massachusetts send to congress? 22. What is the governor's salary ? RHODE ISLAND. ARMS OF RHODE ISLAND. Length 40 miles. Breadth, 29. Contains 1350 square miles. Bounded N. and E. by Massachusetts ; S. by the Atlantic ; W. by Connecticut. Between 41° 22' and 42° 3' N. L. and 5° 7' and 5° 54' E. L. from Washington. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Pop. 1830. Distance from Providence. Providence n Newport se Washington sw Kent m Bristol e Total 35,786 15,771 15,687 10,228 5,637 47,014 16,534 15,414 12,784 5,466 Providence Newport South Kingston East Greenwich Bristol 16,832 8,010 3,663 1,591 3,054 30 31 15 15 83,059 97,212 In Population. 1790, 68,825 1800, 69,122 1810, 76,931 1820, 83,059 1830, 97,212 Population at different periodi Increase from 1790 to 1800, 297 1800 1810, 7,809 1810 1820, 6,128 1820 1830, 14,153 Slaves 948 380 108 48 14 Population to a square mile, 75, being the second state in the Union in point ot a dense population. The rivers are Pawtucket, Providence, Pawtuxet, Pawcatuck, and Wood river. Narraganset bay extends up from S. to N. between the main land on the E. and W., and embosoms many pleasant and fertile islands; among 60 RHODE ISLAND. which are Rhode Island, from which the state derives its name, Canonicut, Prudence, Patience, Hope, Dyer's, and Hog Islands. Block Island, off the coast in the Atlantic, is the most southerly land belonging to the state. The most considerable towns are Providence, Newport, Bristol, Warren, South Kingston, East Greenwich, Smithfield, and the villages of Pawtucket, and Pawtuxet. The harbors are Newport, Providence, Wickford, Pawtuxet, Bristol, and Vv r arren. The face of the country is mostly level, except in the north-west part, which is hilly and rocky. The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than till- age. A large proportion of the western and north-western part of the state has a thin and lean soil ; but the islands and the country bordering on Narra- ganset bay, are of great fertility, and are celebrated for their fine cattle, their numerous flocks of sheep, and the abundance and excellence of their butter and cheese. Here are found some of the finest cattle in New England. Cider is made for exportation. Corn, rye, barley, oats, and in some places wheat, are produced in sufficient quantities for home consumption ; and the various kinds of grasses, fruits, culinary roots and plants, in great abundance and per- fection. The rivers and bays swarm with a variety of excellent fish. Iron ore is found in large quantities in several parts, and some copper ; there is also an abundance of limestone, particularly in the county of Providence. The manufactures of Rhode Island are extensive. They consist chiefly of iron, cotton, woollen, paper, and hats. In 1831 there were in Rhode Island 116 cotton manufactories, with an ag- gregate capital, including cost of land, water power, buildings and machinery, of $6,262,340. These establishments consume annually 10,415,578 pounds of cotton, and make 37,121,681 yards of cloth. Persons employed in them, 8,500, including women and children : aggregate amount of their wages, $1,177,527. There are likewise in this state 5 bleacheries, and two establish- ments for printing calicoes connected with the cotton manufactories, with an aggregate capital of $532,375, making the grand total of 6,794,715 dollars, employed in the manufacture of cotton. The amount of capital employed in the manufacture of iron and steel, is $802,666, divided among 10 founderies and 30 machine-shops. Cost of establishments for the manufacture of wool in this state, including land, water-power, buildings, stock in trade &c, is $263,000. The exports consist chiefly of flaxseed, lumber, horses, cattle, beef, pork, fish, poultry, onions, butter, cheese, barley, grain, spirits, and cotton and linen goods. They amounted, in 1829, to 390,000 dollars. The climate of this state is as healthy as that of any part of America ; and it is more temperate than the climate of any of the other New England states, particularly on the islands, where the breezes from the sea have the effect not only to mitigate the heat in summer, but to moderate the cold in winter. The summers are delightful, especially on the island of Rhode Island. In Rhode Island there are 51 banks, including a branch of the United States bank : of which 1 1 are in Providence ; the others are in various parts of the state. The amount of capital stock is $6,732,296. Education Brown University is situated at Providence; at the same place ' there is a seminary styled the Friends' Boarding School ; and there are 8 or 10 academies in the state. Increasing attention has of late been paid to education, and the state now pays annually, for the support of free schools, the sum of $10,000, which is divided among the several towns according to population. There are in the state 10 periodical papers. The following was the number of the various religious denominations m this state, in 1831. The Baptists had 16 churches, 12 ministers, 2,600 communi- RHODE ISLAND. 61 cants; the Methodists, 10 preachers, and 1,100 members; the Congregation- alists, 10 churches, 10 ministers, and 1,000 communicants; the Unitarians, 2 societies, and 2 ministers; the Sabbatarians, about 1,000 communicants, the Six-Principle Baptists, about 8 churches, and about 800 communicants ; the Friends are considerably numerous ; and there are some Universalists, and 1 Roman Catholic church. The settlement of this state was commenced at Providence, in 1636, by the celebrated Roger Williams, a minister who was banished from Massachusetts on account of his religious opinions ; and in 1638 the settlement of the island of Rhode Island was begun by William Coddington, John Clarke, and others. In 1643, Mr. Williams went to England, and obtained, in 1764, a charter, by which the settlements of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations were united under one government, and which continued in force till 1663, when a new charter was granted by Charles II., which has ever since formed the basis of the government. Rhode Island is the only state in the Union which is without a Govern- written constitution. me?lt - The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The house of representatives consists of 72 members, 6 from Newport, 4 from each of the towns of Providence, Portsmouth, and Warwick, and two from each of the other towns in the state ; and they are elected semi-annually in April and August. The senate consists of 10 members, who are elected annually in April. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected annually in April. A lieutenant-governor is also elected, on whom the executive duties de- volve in case of the office of governor being vacated. The general assembly meets four times a year ; at Newport on the firs* Wednesday in May, (the commencement of the political year,) and by ad journment, at the same place, in June. It meets on the last Wednesday in October, alternately at Providence and South Kingston ; and by adjournment, in January, at East Greenwich, Bristol, or Providence. The judges are appointed annually by the general assembly. This state sends two representatives to congress. The governor's annual salary is 400 dollars. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON RHODE ISLAND. 1. What is the length and breadth of Rhode Island? 2. How many counties does it contain ? 3. What was the total population of the state in 1830 ? 4. What was the increase of the population between 1820 and 1830? 5. Name the principal rivers, bays, and islands. 6. What are the principal towns and harbors ? 7. Describe the face of the country. 8. What are some of the principal productions? 9. What are the principal minerals ? 10. What is the number of cotton factories? 11. What their aggregate capital ? 12. How much cloth do they make annually? 13. How many banks are there in Rhode Island? 14. How many of these are in Providence? 15. What can you say in regard to education? 16. Which is the most numerous denomination of Christians in this state ? 17. What is said in regard to the history of the state ? 02 CONNECTICUT. 18. What charter now forms the basis of the government? 19. In what is the legislative power vested? 20. Of what does the house of representatives consist ? 21. Of what the senate? 22. How often does the general assembly meet? 23. How are the judges appointed? 24. How many representatives does this state send to congress 1 25. What is the governor's salary ? CONNECTICUT, ARMS OF CONNECTICUT. Connecticut is bounded N. by Massachusetts ; E. by Rhode Island ; S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York. It lies between 41° and 42° 2' N. lat. and between 3° 16' and 5° 11' E. longitude from Washington. It is 90 miles long, 70 broad, and contains 4,764 square miles. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Pop. Dist. from Hartford. Fairfield sw Hartford nm Litchfield nw Middlesex sm New Haven sm New London se Tolland nm Windham ne 42,739 47,264 41,267 22,405 39,616 35,943 14,330 25,331 46,950 51,141 42,855 24,845 43,848 42,295 18,700 27,077 i Fairfield ( Danbury Hartford Litchfield ( Middletown I Haddam New Haven C New London ( Norwich Tolland Brooklyn 4,226 4,311 7,076 4,456 6,892 3,025 10,180 4,356 3,144 1,698 1,413 55 61 31 14 25 34 42 38 17 41 8 Total 275,248 297,711 CONNECTICUT. 63 Population at Different Periods. Population. Slaves. In 1790, 237,946 1800, 251,002 Increase from 1790 to 1800, 13,056 2,764 1810, 261,942 1800 1810, 10,940 954 1820, 275,248 1810 1820, 13,306 310 1830, 297,711 1820 1830, 22,463 97 The principal rivers are the Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Farmington, and Naugatuck. The principal harbors are those of New London and New Haven. Farmington Canal extends from New Haven to the northern border of the state, 57 miles, where it unites with the Hampshire and Hampden Canal, which leads to Westfield, and it is to be continued to Northampton — whole length, 87 miles. Hartford, New Haven, Middletown, New London, and Norwich are incor- porated cities ; Bridgeport, Danbury, Guilford, Killingworth, Newtown, Stam- ford, Stonington, and Waterbury, boroughs. The face of the country is greatly diversified by mountains, hills and valleys. There are but few level tracts, nor any considerable mountains. The greatest elevation is a range of small mountains on the west side of Connecticut river, being a continuation of the Green Mountains. The hills are generally of mod- erate size, and occur in quick succession, presenting to the traveller an ever- varying prospect. The soil is generally rich and fertile, though intermixed with portions that are comparatively thin and barren ; and the whole is well watered. It is gen- erally in a state of good cultivation, resembling, in many parts, a well culti- vated garden. The principal productions are Indian corn, rye, wheat in many parts, oats, barley, buckwheat, flax in large quantities, some hemp, potatoes, pumpkins, turnips, peas, beans, &c. Orchards are very numerous, and cider is made for exportation. The state is, however, generally better adapted to grazing than to tillage ; and its fine meadows and pastures enable the farmers to feed great numbers of neat cattle, horses, and sheep. The quantity of but- ter and cheese made annually is great, and of well-known excellence. Beef and pork of superior quality, are also abundant. The state is generally laid out in small farms, from 50 to 300 and 400 acres. It is intersected by numer- ous roads, which are generally kept in a good state of repair ; and is the third state in the Union in point of dense population, containing 62 to a square mile. Though exposed to the extremes of heat and cold, and to sudden changes of temperature, the country is very healthful. The north-west winds, which pre- vail during the winter, are keen, but the serenity of the sky during the same season, makes amends, in some degree, for the severity of the weather. In the maritime towns, the weather is particularly variable, changing as the wind blows from sea or land ; in the inland country it is less so. The foreign trade of this state is principally with the West Indies : but its coasting trade is the most considerable. Its exports consist of beef, pork, cat- tle, horses, mules, butter, cheese, maize, rye, flax-seed, fish, candles, and soap. The whole amount, in 1829, was 458,000 dollars. Almost all the produce of the western part of the state is carried to New York. Mines of different kinds have been found in this state, but in general they have not been wrought to any considerable extent. There is a lead mine on the Connecticut, two miles from Middletown, which was wrought during the revolutionary war. Copper mines have been discovered and opened in several places, but having proved unprofitable, have been neglected. Iron mines abound in many parts, and are productive. A quarry of valuable stone is found in Chatham, and one of marble in Milford. At Stafford is a mineral spring, the most celebrated in New England. 64 CONNECTICUT. Connecticut has considerable manufactures of various descriptions, consisting of wool, cotton, paper, iron in different forms, glass, snuff, powder, buttons, hats, clocks, &c. Tin-ware is extensively manufactured, and sent to all parts of the United States. In 1832 there were in the state 94 cotton manufactories, with a capital of $2,825,000, making annually 2,055,500 yards of cloth. There are, likewise, more than 40 woollen manufactories in this state. The total value of all kinds of manufactures in 1830 was $1,442,878. There are in Connecticut 14 banks, including a branch of the United States Bank at Hartford. The amount of bank stock in 1830 was $3,064,780. Education co ^ e g es nl Connecticut are Yale College, at New Haven, which has connected with it medical, theological, and law schools ; Wash- ington College, at Hartford; and Wesleyan College or University, recently founded at Middletown. At Hartford is the American Asylum for the Educa- tion of the Deaf and Dumb ; and there are other respectable literary seminaries and academies at New Haven, Hartford, and various other places. This state possesses an important School Fund, which was derived from the sale of lands, reserved by Connecticut, in the state of Ohio, and which amounted on the first of April, 1829, to $1,882,261 68. The income of this fund is appropriated to the support of primary schools. In the year ending March 31, 1829, the sum of $72,161 15 was divided among the different free schools throughout the state. The number of children between the ages of 4 and 16, in 1828, was 84,899 ; and the dividends amounted to 85 cents to each child. The number of periodical presses in 1831 was 30. Eeiigiousde- The Congregationalists have 236 ministers and 36 licentiates; the nominations. Baptists, 99 churches, 78 ministers, 14 licentiates, and 9,732 com- municants ; the Episcopalians, 59 ministers ; the Methodists, 40 ministers, and 7,000 communicants; there are also several societies of Friends, several of Universalists, two of Unitarians, one of Catholics, one of Shakers and some Free-will Baptists, and a few Sandemanians. Histor ^ e terr ^ tor y °f Connecticut originally comprised two colonies ; the 1S ' colony of Connecticut, and the colony of New Haven. The settlement of Hartford, in the colony of Connecticut, was commenced by emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1635 ; and that of New Haven, in 1638, by emigrants from England. . In 1662, a charter was granted by Charles II., with ample privileges, uniting the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven under one government ; but the colony of New Haven refused, for some time, to accept the charter, and the union did not take place till 1665. The charter was suspended, in 1687, by Sir Edmund Andros ; but it was restored again after the revolution of 1688 in England; and it formed the basis of the government till 1818. Constitution ^ ne cnarter granted in 1662 by Charles II., formed the basis of the and govern- government of Connecticut till 1818, when the present constitution ment ' was framed. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, which together are styled the General Assembly. The members of the house of representatives are chosen by the different towns in the state : the more ancient towns, the majority of the whole num- ber, send each two representatives; the rest only one each. The present number is 208. The senate must consist of not less than 18, nor more than 24 members, who are chosen by districts. The present number is 21. The executive power is vested in a governor. A lieutenant-governor is also chosen, who is president of the senate, and on whom the duties of the governor devolve in case of his death, resignation, or absence. CONNECTICUT. 65 The representatives, senators, governor, and lieutenant-governor are all elected annually by the people on the first Monday in April. The general assembly has one stated session every year, on the first Wed- nesday in May, alternately at Hartford (1831) and at New Haven (1832). " Every white male citizen of the United States, who shall have gained a settlement in this state, attained the age of 21 years, and resided in the town in which he may offer himself to be admitted to the privilege of an elector, at least six months preceding, and have a freehold estate of the yearly value of seven dollars, in this state ; or having been enrolled in the militia, shall have performed military duty therein for the term of one year next preceding the time he shall offer himself for admission, or being liable thereto, shall have been, by authority of law, excused therefrom ; or shall have paid a state tax within the year next preceding the time he shall present, himself for such ad- mission, and shall sustain a good moral character, shall, on his taking such an oath as may be prescribed by law, be an elector." The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court of Errors, a Superior Court, and such inferior courts as the general assembly may, from time to time, establish. The judges are appointed by the general assembly ; and those of the Supreme and Superior Courts hold their offices during good behavior ; but not beyond the age of 70 years. No person is compelled to join, or support, or to be classed with, or associ- ated to any congregation, church, or religious association. But every person may be compelled to pay his proportion of the expenses of the society to which he may belong : he may, however, separate himself from the society by leaving a written notice of his wish with the clerk of such society. The governor's annual salary is 1100 dollars. This state sends six representatives to congress. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON CONNECTICUT. 1. How is Connecticut bounded? 2. What was the population in 1830? 3. How many counties does it contain ? 4. Which is the most populous city ? 5. What is said of the Farmington Canal ? 6. What is said of the face of the country ? — Soil and productions ? 7. How does Connecticut rank in point of a dense population ? 8. What are its principal exports? — What was the amount in 1829? 9. Mention the principal articles manufactured. 10. How many cotton manufactories were there in 1832? 1 1 . What was the amount of capital employed in them ? 12. How many yards of cloth do they make annually? 13. How many banks are there in Connecticut? 14. Mention the principal literary institutions. 15. What was the amount of the school fund in 1829? 16. From what was the school fund derived? 17. Which denomination of Christians is the most numerous? 18. What can you say of the history of the state? 19. What formed the basis of the government of Connecticut till 1818? 20. When is the annual election for governor, senators, and representatives ? 21. When and how often does the general assembly meet? 22. What is a necessary qualification for an elector ? 23. What is the governor's salary ? 24. How many representatives does Connecticut send to congress f 66 NEW YORK. NEW YORK. ARMS OF NEW YORK. New York is the most northern of the middle states, and the most populous state in the Union. It is bounded N. by lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence and Lower Canada ; E. by Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut ; S. by the Atlantic, New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; W. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara. Between 30° 45' and 45° N. latitude; and 2° 51' W. and 5° E. longitude from Washington. Length, 316 miles. Breadth, 304. Con- taining 47,000 square miles. Population to a square mile, 40. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. South Distinct. Counties. Columbia Duchess Greene King's New York Orange Putnam Queen's Richmond Rockland Suffolk Sullivan Ulster Westchester em s s s se s se sm se 14 Total S. Dist. Pop. 1820. 38,330 48,615 22,996 11,187 123,706 41,213 11,268 21,519 6,135 8,837 24,272 8,900 30,934 32,638 428,550 Pop. 1830. 39,952 50,926 29,525 20,537 203,007 45,372 12,701 22,276 7,084 9,388 26,980 12,372 36,551 36,456 537,041 County Towns Hudson Poughkeepsie Catskill Flatbush New York ( Goshen ) Newbursh Carmel N. Hempstead Richmond Clarkstown Suffolk C. H. Monticello Kingston Bedford Pop. Distance fr. Albany. 5,395 29 7,222 75 4,861 34 1,143 156 203,007 151 3,361 105 6,424 96 2,379 106 174 167 2,298 122 225 113 4,170 58 2,750 135 NEW YORK. 6? TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS— Continued. North District. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Pop. Distance fr. Albany Albany em 38,116 53,560 Albany 24,238 Alleghany wm 9,330 26,218 Angelica 998 256 Broome sm 11,100 17,582 Binghampton 1,203 145 Cattaraugus W7R 4,090 16,726 Ellicottsville 626 292 Cayuga Chatauque m 38,897 47,947 Auburn 4,486 166 w 12,568 34,057 Mayville 336 Chenango sm 31,215 37,404 Norwich 3,774 110 L/iincon ne 12,070 19,344 Plattsburg Cortlandville 4,913 162 001 uana m 16,507 23,693 3,573 142 Delaware sm 26,587 32,933 Delhi 2,114 77 Erie w 15,668 35,710 Buffalo 8,653 284 Essex ne 12,811 19,387 Elizabethtown 1,729 126 b ranklin 7? 4,439 11,312 Malone 2,20? 212 Genesee W 39,835 51,992 Batavia 4,271 244 m 1,251 1,324 Wells 340 72 Herkimer m 31,017 55,869 Herkimer 2,486 80 Jefferson nw 32,952 48,515 Water town 4,768 160 Lewis nm 9,227 14,958 Martihsburgh 2,382 129 Livingston wm 19,196 27,719 o Geneseo 2,675 226 Madison m 32,208 39,037 ^ Cazenovia ( Morrisville 113 101 IvTnn i*r*p tTHJlll wm 26,529 49,862 Rochester 9,269 219 Montgomery em 27,569 43,595 Johnstown 7,700 45 Niagara W 7,322 18,485 Lockport C Utica 2,022 8,323 288 96 vyiiema 711, 50,997 71,326 < Rome * Wliitesboro' 4,360 107 100 1TL 41,461 58,974 Syracuse 133 . wm 35,312 40,167 Canaiidaigua 5,162 195 wm 7,625 18,485 Albion 257 Oswego wm 12,374 27,104 ^ Oswego I Richland 2,703 167 ( )fsPOV> 2,733 153 44,856 51,372 Cooperstown 1,115 66 Rensselaer e 40,153 49,472 Troy 11,405 6 Saratoga em 36,052 36,616 Ballston 2,113 29 ol. jLidwrence nw 16,037 36,351 Potsdam 3,650 216 Schenectady em 13,081 12,334 Schenectady 4,258 15 Schoharie m 23,154 27,910 Schoharie 5^146 32 Seneca wm 17,773 21 031 ( Ovid ( Waterloo 2,756 1,837 171 173 Stpnhpn swm 21,989 33,975 Bath 3,387 216 Tioga swm 14,716 27,704 { Elmira 2,962 198 Tompkins ( Owego 3,080 167 swm 26,178 36,545 [thaca 5,270 163 Warren em 9,453 11,795 Caldwell 797 62 Washington e 38,831 42,615 { Salem 2,972 46 I Sandy Hill 50 Wayne wm 20,319 33,555 i Lyons 3,603 181 ( Palmyra 3,434 196 Yates wm 11,025 19,0191 Penn Yan 185 42 7KaJ JVoriA Dist. 944,262 1,366,467 56 TbtaJ q/" JV*. York] 1,913,508, of whom 46 are slaves. 68 NEW YORK. imiWHMj Lake Erte |] Buffalo iH=^ s Tonnewanta Or Pendleton l|||§|||pE Lock-port jig^ .-J? JiriuilJrport gl RoacZ under can. Newport f Brockport pTfT Pittsfield Qrt. Embankment Palmyra Population at Different Periods, Population. Increase from Slaves, In 1790, 340,120 21,324 1800, 586,050 1790 to 1800, 245,930 20,613 1810, 959,049 1800 1810. 372,999 15,017 1820, 1,372,812 1810 1820, 413,763 10,088 1825, 1,616,458 1830, 1,913,508 1820 1830, 540,696 46 The principal rivers are the Hudson, Mohawk, St. Lawrence, Delaware, Susquehanna, Tioga, Allegha- ny, Genesee, Oswego, Niagara, Tonnewanta, Black, Oswegatchie, St. Regis, Racket, Salmon, and Sara- nac. A part of the lakes Erie, Ontario, and Cham- plain, belongs to New York. The other lakes in this state are, lakes George, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, Oswegatchie, Canandaigua, Chatauque, Skeneatiles, and several smaller ones. New York State Canals. Erie Canal Champlain Oswego Cayuga & Seneca Length. 383 milt 63 " 38 " 20 " Total cost. $9,027,456 95 1,179,871 05 525,115 37 214,000 31 Tolls in 1831. $1,091,714 26 102,896 23 16,271 10 12,920 39 Jordan |p Otisco Syracuse Manlius vNew Boston Fall Hill , - ; Little Falls . Canajokarie IfffS Anthony's JVose . PlattskillJlg. Schenectady - _ , Wat Hoix Gap HlP Cahoos Falls If Champlain Canal 1 Albany Hudson River $1,223,801 98 The Erie Canal, which forms a communication between the Hudson and lake Erie, extending from Albany to Buffalo, is the most magnificent work of the kind in America, and is much longer 1 than any canal in Europe. The Champlain Canal, which forms a communi- cation between the Hudson and lake Champlain, is 63 miles long, and extends from Whitehall to Water- vliet, where it unites with the Erie Canal. The Oswego Canal extends from Oswego to Salina, 38 miles, and unites lake Ontario with the Erie Canal. The Delaware and Hudson Canal, formed by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, extends from the Hudson to the Delaware, 60 miles ; thence up the Delaware, 22 miles ; thence up the valley of the Lackawaxen to Honesdale, 24 miles ; total length, 106 miles : average cost, about $15,000 a mile. The debt on account of canals, on the 1st of Jan uary, 1832, was 8,055,645 dollars. The following are the principal cities and towns : New York, Albany, Utica, Hudson, Troy, and Sche- nectady, cities ; Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Cattskill, Athens, Lansingburgh, Waterford, and Sandy Hill, on the Hudson ; Cooperstown, Goshen, Cherry Val- ley, Sacket's Harbor, Oswego, Auburn, Skeneatiles, Geneva, Canandaigua, Rochester, and Buffalo, west of the Hudson ; Piattsburg, on Lake Champlain, and Brooklyn and Sag-Harbor, on Long Island. The surface of the eastern part of the state of New York, is greatly diversified ; there are some level tracts ; but the greater part is hilly, or mountainous. The Catskill mountains are the principal range in the state. There are numerous summits west of Lake NEW YORK. 69 Champlain, the highest of which is estimated at nearly 3,000 feet above the lake. The western part of the state is mostly a level, or moderately uneven country ; but towards the Pennsylvania line it becomes hilly and broken. A great part of this state has a good soil, and a considerable portion is cele- brated for its fertility. Much of the country is excellent for grazing ; and a great proportion is exceedingly well adapted to raising grain, and to the vari- ous purposes of agriculture. The level tracts in the western part have a deep rich soil, and yield abundant crops of Indian corn, wheat, &c. A considerable part of the state is under good cultivation, particularly the west end of Long Island, and the counties of West-Chester and Duchess. Wheat is raised in greater abundance than any other kind of grain. Indian corn, rye, oats, flax, hemp, peas, beans, various kinds of grass, &c, are ex- tensively cultivated. Orchards are abundant, and great quantities of excellent cider are made. Various other kinds of fruit flourish well, as pears, peaches in the southern part, plums, cherries, &c. Iron ore is found in great abundance, in various parts. Gypsum, limestone, marble, slate, lead, &c, occur in different places. Salt springs are found in the counties of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Genesee, and Oneida. These springs supply 1,441,558 bushels of salt annually, and the manufacture may be extended to any desirable quantity. The mineral waters of New York are the most celebrated in America. The waters of Saratoga and Ballston are visited from all parts of the Union. New Lebanon Springs are much re- sorted to for bathing. Sulphur springs are numerous ; of these Clifton springs at Farmington, are the most noted. Oil springs, which produce Seneca oil, are found in Cataraugus and Alleghany counties. There are many natural curiosities in this state ; the most celebrated of which is the great cataract of Niagara. Baker's and Glen's Falls on the Hudson, Adgate Falls on Sable river, the Cohoes on the Mohawk, and the falls on the Genesee, Salmon river, Fall Creek, Black river, and West Canada Creek, are all objects of interest. The passage of the Hudson through the Highlands, Rockbridge in Chester, Split Rock on Lake Champlain, the Ridge road extending from the Genesee to Lewiston, and the scenery around Lake George, are all regarded as curiosities. Not long since there was discovered on the north bank of Black river, op- posite to the village of Watertown, an extraordinary cavern, the mouth of which is about 10 rods from the river. It has been but partially explored, al- though it is said to have been traversed to the distance of more than 100 rods. It is of vast extent, comprising a great number of spacious rooms, halls, and chambers, with immense quantities of calcareous concretions in different states, from the consistence of lime mortar to that of the most beautiful sta- lactites as hard as marble. The mouth of the cavern is a small hollow, about 5 feet below the surrounding surface of the earth. You then descend 16^ feet into a room, about 16 feet by 20, and 8 feet high ; and behold in front of you a large table rock, 12 or 14 feet square, 2 thick, and elevated about 4 feet from the bottom of the cavern ; the roof over-head is covered with stalactites, some of which reach to the rock. On your left hand is an arched way of 150 feet, and on your right is another arched way, 6 feet broad at the bottom, and 6 high, leading into a large room. Passing by this arch about 20 feet, you ar- rive at another, which leads into a hall 10 feet wide, and 100 long, from 5 to 8 high, supported by pillars and arches, and the side bordered with curtains, plaited in variegated forms, as white as snow. Near the middle of this hall an arched way extends through, which, like the hall, is bordered with curtains, hung over with stalactites. Returning into the hall, you pass through another arch into a number of rooms on the left hand, curtained^ and having stalac- tites hanging from the roof. You then descend 10 feet into a chamber about 20 feet square, 2 high, curtained in like manner, and hung over with stalac 70 NEW YORK. fites. In one corner of this chamber, a small mound is formed, about 12 feet in diameter, rising 3 feet from the floor ; the top of which is hollow and full of water, from the drippings of stalactites above, some of which reach near to the basin. The number and spaciousness of the rooms, curtained and plaited with large plaits, extending along the walls from 2 or 3 feet from the roof, of the most perfect whiteness, resembling the most beautiful tapestry ; the large drops of water which are constantly suspended from the roofs above ; the columns of spar resting on pedestals, which in some places seem to be formed to support the arches ; the reflection of the lights, and the great extent and variety of the scenery of this wonderful cavern, form altogether one of the most pleasing and interesting scenes of the kind ever beheld by the eye of man. The exports of New York exceed those of any other state in the Union, and amounted, in 1829, to 20,119,000 dollars. They consist of beef, pork, wheat, flour, Indian corn, rye, butter, cheese, pot and pearl ashes, flaxseed, peas, beans, horses, cattle, lumber, &c. Manufac- There were in this state in 1831, 208 woollen manufactories, and tures. ftiQ fatal value of woollens manufactured annually was estimated at $2,500,000. The number of iron works in the state is over 200, and the total value of all manufactures of iron is estimated at $4,000,000. There are in the state of New York, (1832,) 112 cotton manufactories. Amount of capital invested, $4,485,500 Value of goods manufactured annually, 3,530,250 Pounds of cotton used annually, 7,961,670 Equal to 26,538 bales, of 300 lbs. each. Number of spindles in use, 157,316 Number of persons employed and sustained by said establishments, 15,971 The following will give some idea of the amount of several of the principal manufactures in this state made annually. Woollens $2,500,000 Cottons , 3,520,250 Iron and manufactures 4,000,000 Paper. 700,000 Leather , 3,458,650 Hats 3,500,000 Boots and shoes, deducting leather 3,000,000 Window glass 200,000 Domestic articles made in families 4,823,831 $25,702,731 Onondaga Salt Springs. — On the borders of Onondaga lake there are val- uable saline springs, which are the property of the state, and from which salt in large quantities, is manufactured. The water yields salt at the rate of one bushel to 45 gallons. The salt is made at the villages of Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes. Bushels. Duties. Quantity of salt inspected in 1826, 827,508 $68,825.33 Do. do. 1827, 983,410 126,942.41 Do. do. 1828, 1,160,888 131,959.32 Do. do. 1829, 1,404,800 In the state of New York are 67 banks, January 1832, including 3 branches of the United States bank ; 19 of which are in the city of New York, 5 at Al bany, 3 at Troy, 2 at Rochester, and the others are in various parts of the state, only one in a place. Total capital $27,133,460. NEW YORK. 71 Education principal literary seminaries in this state are Columbia Col- 1 ' lege, in the city of New York ; Union College, at Schenectady ; Ham- ilton College, at Clinton ; Geneva College, at Geneva ; the Medical Colleges in New York city and at Fairfield ; the Theological Seminaries in New l^ork city, at Auburn, Hartwick, and Hamilton ; the Polytechny, at Chittenango ; the Albany Academy, and about 50 other academies. Summary of the Annual Report of the Superintendent of Common Schools, January, 1832. Organized counties 55 Towns and wards 793 School districts 9,383 Those that have made reports 8,835 Whole number of scholars taught in the common schools 506,887 Whole number of children between 5 and 16 in the districts from which reports have been received 509,731 Increase of children taught in 1831 7,463 Increase of number of districts , , , . . 270 Average number of months in the year in which scholars are taught 8 Amount of school moneys received in the several districts in the state, viz. — From the state treasury 8100,000 00 Town taxes and local funds 144,886 09 244,886 09 Amount paid for teachers' wages over and above the public money 372,692 00 Total paid teachers $617,578 09 The productive capital of the School Fund, is $1,704,159 40. Newspapers are now published in all the organized counties of the state, except Putnam, Richmond, and Rockland, which counties are supplied with New York city and other papers. The daily papers are 18 in number, viz. 13 printed in the city of New York, 4 in Albany, and 1 in Rochester. In the city of New York 64 papers are published, viz. Whole number issued at each publication. Annually. 13 Daily 13,200 (average, 1400) 5,623,800 12 Semi-weekly 19,200. . . .(average, 1600). . . .1,996,800 33 Weekly 56,000 2,912,000 3 Semi-monthly 3,000 72,000 3 Monthly 2,000 .24,000 64 Papers. Total number of sheets printed annually, .. 10,628,600 194 Probable number issued in other parts of the state, . . .5,400,000 258 Total. .16,028,600 The Presbyterians have 5 synods, 29 presbyteries, 587 churches, ReIj(riougdb 486 ministers, 124 licentiates, and 54,093 communicants; the nomina- Dutch Reformed, 148 churches, 111 ministers, 7 licentiates, and tlons,183L 8,672 communicants; the Associate Synod of N. A., 15 congregations 13 ministers, and 1,6G8 communicants; the Methodists, 73,174 members; the Baptists, 549 churches, 387 ministers, and 43,565 communicants ; the Episco- palians, 129 ministers ; the Lutherans, 27 ministers, and 2,973 communicants ; the Roman Catholics, Friends, and Universalists are considerably numerous ; the Unitarians have 5 societies and 2 ministers, and there are some Shakers, and some United Brethren. \ 72 NEW YORK. Comparative view of the number of Clergy in the State in 1819 and 1832. No. in 1819. No. in 1832. Presbyterians and Congregationalists 328 460 Episcopalians 83 143 Baptists 139 310 Reformed Dutch 105 98 Methodists 90 357 Lutherans 16 13 Other denominations, not enumerated in 1819 89 Total 761 1470 The settlement of this state was commenced by the Dutch, in 18 ' 1614, who named the country New Netherlands, and established a colonial government in 1629. In 1664, Charles II. of England granted to his brother, the duke of York, a patent for a large tract of country, forming the present states of New York and New Jersey ; and during the same year, colonel Nicolls, with a considerable force, in the service of the duke, made a conquest of the country ; and the name of New Netherlands was afterwards changed into New York. In 1673, the colony was recaptured by the Dutch, and held by them a few months ; but, with the exception of this short period, it was in the possession of the English from 1664 till the American Revolu- tion, in 1775. constitution present constitution of the state of New York was formed in and govern- 1821. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected ment. ^ ^ e p e0 p} e eV ery two years ; and, at the same time, a lieutenant- governor is also chosen, who is president of the senate, and on whom, in case of the impeachment, resignation, death, or absence of the governor from office, the powers and duties of governor devolve. The legislative power is vested in a senate of 32 members, who are chosen for four years, and an assembly of 128 members, who are elected annually ; and these bodies united are styled The Legislature. For the election of the senators, the state is divided into eight districts, each being entitled to choose four senators, one of whom is elected every year. The members of the assembly are chosen by counties, and are apportioned accord- ing to population. The election of governor, lieutenant-governor, senators, and members of the assembly, is held at such time in the month of October or November, as the legislature may by law provide. The political year commences on the first day of January ; and the legisla- ture meets annually (at Albany) on the first Tuesday in January, unless a different day is appointed by law. The constitution grants the right of suffrage, in the election of public officers, to every white male citizen, of the age of 21 years, who has been an inhabitant of the state one year next preceding any election, and, for the preceding six months, a resident in the county where he may offer his vote ; but no man of color is entitled to vote unless he is possessed of a freehold estate of the value of 250 dollars, without any encumbrance. The chancellor and judges are appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate. The chancellor and justices of the supreme and circuit courts hold their offices during good behavior, or until they attain the age of 60 years. The judges of the county courts, or courts of common pleas, are appointed for a term of five years. The governor's annual salary is $4,000. This state sends 40 representa- tives to congress NEW YORK. 73 PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON NEW YORK. 1. How is New York bounded? 2. How many square miles does it contain ? — 3. How many counties 1 4. What was the total population in 1830 ? 5. How many were slaves ? 6. Mention the principal rivers and lakes. 7. Mention the canals in New York, length, and their cost? 8. What can you say of the Erie canal ? — 9. Champlain ? 10. Delaware and Hudson? — -Principal cities and towns? 11. Describe the face of the country. — 12. Soil. 13. What is said of the different kinds of grain? 14. How many bushels of salt do the salt springs of the state supply annually ? 15. What was the amount of exports in 1829? 16. What do the exports consist of? 17. What was the number of woollen manufactures in the state in 1831 ? 18. What the value of woollens manufactured annually? 19. What is the number of iron works ? 20. What is the value of all the manufactures of iron ? 21. Give an account of the manufacture of cotton. 22. Can you mention the annual amount of the principal manufactures in the state ? 23. How many banks were there in the state, January 1832 ? 24. Mention the principal literary seminaries. 25. How many scholars were taught in the common schools of the state in 1831 ? 26. What was the total number of clergy in 1832 ? 27. Can you give a short history of the state ? 28. When was the present constitution of the state formed ? 29. In whom is the executive power of the state vested ? 30. What is said of the legislative power ? 31. Into how many districts is the state divided for the election of senators? 32. When does the political year commence ? 33. To whom does the constitution grant the right of suffrage 1 34. What is the governor's salary ? 35. How many representatives does the state send to congress T K 14 NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY. ARMS OF NEW JERSEY, is bounded N. by New York ; E. by the Atlantic and by New Jersey Hudson river, which separates it from New York ; S. by Delaware bay, and W. by Delaware river, which separates it from Pennsylvania. It extends from long. 1° 26' to 3° 9' E. from Washington, and from lat. 39° to 41° 24' N. It is 160 miles long from N. to S. and contains 8,320 square miles, or 5.324,000 acres. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Pop. 1820. Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Cumberland, Essex, Gloucester, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Salem, Somerset, Sussex, Warren, ne m se s nm sm wm m e nm sw in nw nw 14 Total 18,178 28,822 4,265 12,668 30,793 23,039 28.604 21,470 25,038 21,368 14,022 16,506 32,752 Pop. 1830. 277,575 22,414 31,066 4,945 14,091 41,928 28,431 31,066 23,157 29,233 23,580 14,155 17,689 20,349 18,634 County Towns. H. Hackensack Mount Holly Cape May C, Bridgetown Newark Woodbury Teenton Flemington New Brunswick Freehold Morristown Salem Somerville Newton Belvidere Dist. from Trenton 63 21 102 69 49 39 23 27 36 55 65 33 70 54 320,779, of whom 2,446 are slaves. Population. In 1790 184,139 1800 211,149 1810 245,562 1820 277,575 1830 320,779 Population at different periods. Increase from 1790 to 1800, 27,010 1800 1810, 34,413 1810 1820, 32,013 1820 Slaves. 11,423 12,422 10,851 7,557 2,446 NEW JERSEY. "75 Delaware river separates this state from Pennsylvania, and the Hudson forms the northern part of the eastern boundary. The other most considerable rivers are the Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Great Egg Harbor River, and Musconetcunk. Trenton is the seat of government. The other most considerable towns are Newark, New Brunswick, Elizabethtown, Burlington, and Amhoy. The Morris Canal is intended to connect the Delaware and Hudson rivers, and to extend from Easton to Jersey City. The whole line from Easton on the Delaware, to Newark on the Passaic, is finished. The remaining part, from Newark to Jersey City is about 11 miles long. Hopatcong lake, at the summit level, being about 900 feet above tide-water, supplies the canal with water throughout. The whole expense is estimated at a little upwards of 81,100,000. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, which is to extend from New Brunswick on the Raritan to Lamberton on the Delaware below Trenton, a distance of 28 miles, is in progress, and will probably be finished in 1833. This will be a source of great internal improvement. It is 7 feet deep, and 75 feet wide at the water-line. Charters for several rail-roads have been granted by the legislature within two years, the state having reserved the right to levy a transit duty upon the goods, &c. transported upon them, which is expected to yield to the state a large revenue, when the works shall be completed. The most important of these enterprises is the Camden and Amboy Rail- road, the charter of which was granted in 1829, and which is to extend from Amboy to Camden, a distance of 61 miles. The part of this rail-road which extends from Amboy to Bordentown, 34 miles in length, and having a devia- tion of only f of a mile in the whole distance from a right line, is expected to be completed in 1832. The other part of the rail-road, from Bordentown to Camden, a distance of 27 miles, is expected to be finished early in the summer The Paterson and Hudson River Rail-road is to extend from Paterson to Jersey City, a distance of 14 miles. The stock has been taken up, and the work commenced. A charter was granted in 1832 for a rail-road from the Hudson river through Newark, Elizabethtown, near Rahway, and Woodbridge, to New Brunswick, and by means of the connecting road which the joint com- panies are compelled to make, it will be united to the Camden and Amboy Rail-road. The four northern counties, Sussex, Warren, Morris, and Bergen, are moun- tainous. The next four, Hunterdon, Somerset, Essex, and Middlesex, are agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. South Mountain, a great ridge of the Alleghany range, crosses the state in lat. 41 N., and the Kittatinny ridge crosses a little to the north of South Mountain. The greater part of the six southern counties is composed of the long range of level country which com- mences at Sandy Hook . and lines the coast of the middle and southern states. J PROFILE VIEW OF THE MORRIS CANAL. Of 1833. 76 NEW JERSEY. Much of this range is nearly barren, producing only shrub oaks and yellow pines ; but the rest of the state has a large proportion of good soil, excellent for grazing, and for the various purposes of agriculture. The productions are wheat, rye, maize, buckwheat, potatoes, oats, and barley. Great numbers of cattle are raised in the mountainous parts for the markets of New York and Philadelphia. Large quantities of butter and cheese are also made. The exports are flour, wheat, horses, cattle, hams, cider, lumber, flax-seed, leather, and iron. The greater part of the produce exported from this state, passes through New York and Philadelphia : and hence the amount of the direct foreign exports in 1829 was but $8,000. Great quantities of leather are manufactured at the valuable tanneries of Trenton, Newark, and Elizabethtown. Large quantities of shoes are made at Newark. There are 8 glass-houses in Gloucester county, and there are paper- mills and nail manufactories in various parts of the state. But the most impor- tant manufacture is that of iron. In the county of Morris, there are 7 rich iron mines, 2 furnaces, 2 rolling and slitting mills, and 30 forges. The annual produce of these works is about 540 tons of bar iron, 800 tons of pig, besides large quantities of hollow ware, sheet iron, and nail rods. There are also iron works in the counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Sussex, &c. The annual produce in the whole state, is computed at about 1200 tons of bar iron, 1200 tons of pig, and 80 tons of nails, exclusive of small articles. The number of cotton manufactories is 51, with an aggregate capital of 2,027,644, which make annually 5,133,776 yards of cloth. There are in New Jersey 18 banks, viz. Belvidere Bank, Belvidere ; Cum- berland Bank, Bridgetown ; Salem Banking Company, Salem ; State Bank, Camden ; Farmers' Bank of New Jersey, Mount Holly ; Trenton Banking Company, Trenton ; New Brunswick Bank, New Brunswick ; State Bank, New Brunswick ; State Bank, Elizabeth ; State Bank, Newark ; Newark Banking and Insurance Company, Newark ; Commercial Bank of New Jersey, Perth Amboy ; Washington Bank, Hackinb-ack ; People's Bank, Paterson ; State Bank, Morris ; Sussex Bank, Newton ; Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, Rahway ; Orange Bank, Orange ; Morris Canal and Banking Company, Jersey City. There are colleges and theological seminaries at Princeton and llca * " New Brunswick, and academies at various places. This state has a school fund which amounted, in October, 1829, to $245,404 47, which is all in productive stocks, yielding an interest, on an average, of about 5 per cent. A tax of half of one per cent, on the amount of the capital stock of the several banks subscribed and paid in, is also appro- priated to this fund ; and the whole annual income is about $22,000. By a law passed in 1829, $20,000 were annually appropriated to the support of common schools out of the income of the fund. The number of periodical presses is 19. Reii-ious ^e Presbyterians have 85 churches, 88 ministers, 20 licentiates, denomina- and 12,519 communicants; the Methodists, 10,730 members; the tious - Dutch Reformed, 28 churches and 28 ministers ; the Baptists, 34 churches, 21 ministers, and 2,324 communicants ; the Episcopalians, 20 min- isters ; the Friends are considerably numerous, and there are some Congre- gationalists. The constitution of New Jersev was formed in 1776; and no Constitution . . . . J , , 1 . ' , a«d govern- revision oi it has since taken place, except that the legislature has went, undertaken to explain its provisions in particular parts. The govern- ment is vested in a governor, legislative council, and general assembly ; and these bodies united are styled The Legislature. The members of the legislative council and of the general assembly, are elected annually, on the second Tuesday in October. PENNSYLVANIA. 7? The number of members of the legislative council is 14, one being elected by each county in the state. The general assembly has consisted, for a number of years past, of 43 members ; but by a law enacted in 1829, seven additional members were added ; and it will hereafter consist of 50 members, apportioned among the counties as follows : — Bergen 3, Essex 5, Morris 4, Sussex 3, War- ren 3, Hunterdon 5, Somerset 3, Middlesex 4, Monmouth 4, Burlington 5, Gloucester 4, Salem 3, Cumberland 3, and Cape May !• The legislature meets annually (at Trenton), on the 4th Tuesday in October. The governor is chosen annually by a joint vote of the council and assembly, at their first joint meeting after each annual election. The governor is presi- dent of the council ; and the council also elect from their own body, at their first annual meeting, a vice-president, who acts in the place of the governor in his absence. The governor and council form a court of appeals, in the last resort in all causes of law ; and they possess the power of granting pardon to criminals after condemnation. The constitution grants the right of suffrage to " all persons of full age who are worth fifty pounds proclamation-money, clear estate in the same, and have resided within the county in which they claim to vote for twelve months imme- diately preceding the election." The legislature has declared, by law, that every white male inhabitant, who shall be over the age of 21 years, and shall have paid a tax, shall be considered worth fifty pounds, and entitled to a vote. The judges are appointed by the legislature, those of the supreme court for a term of seven years, and those of the inferior courts for five years ; both are capable of being reappointed. This state sends 6 representatives to congress. Governor's salary, 82,000. Note— The practical questions will be omitted in the remaining states as the teacher may easily ask questions, similar to those which are given on the other states, and any others that he may think useful. PENNSYLVANIA. ARMS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania is bounded N. by New York and lake Erie ; E. by New Jersey, S. E. by Delaware, S. by Maryland and Virginia, and W. by part of Virginia and Ohio. It extends from 39° 42' to 47° 17' N. lat. and from 3° 31' VV. Ion. to 2° 18' E. Ion. from Washington. Its greatest length from east 78 PENNSYLVANIA. to west is 307 miles, and its average breadth, 160. Extent, 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000 acres. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Eastern Distinct. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Pop. Distance fr. Hanisburg. Adams s 19,370 21,379 Gettysburg 1,473 34 Berks se 46,275 53,357 Reading 5,859 52 Bucks se 37,842 45,740 ! Doylestown Bristol 1,262 107 122 Chester se 44,451 50,908 West Chester 1,258 75 Cumberland sm 23,606 29,218 Carlisle 2,523 18 Delaware se 14,810 17,361 Chester 848 95 Dauphin Franklin sem nr. qaq Hasrisburg A Oil 4,311 s 31,892 35,103 Chambersburg 2,794 48 Lehigh e 18,895 22,266 Allentown 85 Lancaster se 68,336 7o,ooo Lancaster OO Lebanon sem 16,988 OA K it r> 20,o4o Lebanon 7,704 24 Montgomery e 35,793 39,404 Norristown 88 Northampton Perry e 31,765 39,267 Easton 3,529 101 m 11,342 14/257 New Bloomfield 1,089 36 Philadelphia se ^Philadelphia city 73,295 63,802 108,503 80,458 > Philadelphia 80,458 98 Pike e 2,894 4,843 Milford 1 57 lot Schuylkill em 11,339 20,783 Orwigsburg Bethany 773 5Q Wayne ne 4,127 7,663 327 162 York s 38,759 42,658 York 4 21 fi 24 Western District. Alleghany w 27,673 37,964 jj Pittsburg 12,542 201 *'Pittsburg city 7,248 12,542 Armstrong ID 10,324 17,625 ;Kittaning 1,620 183 Beaver w 15,340 24,206 Beaver 914 229 Bedford & 20,248 24,536 jBedford 870 105 Bradford 71 11,554 19,669 Towanda Butler XL 10,193 14,683 Butler cork 580 20o Cambria n 2,287 7,079 Ebensburg 270 lol Centre or 13,797 18,765 Bellefonte 699 DC OO Clearfield n 2,342 4,803 Clearfield 129 Columbia en v 17,621 20,049 Danville OO Crawford nu 9,397 16,005 Meadville 1,070 236 Erie mi > 8,553 16,908 Erie 1,329 272 Fayette sn > 27,285 29,237 Uniontown 1,341 lo4 ' Greene su > 15,554 18,028 Waynesburg Huntingdon rr i 20,144 27,159 Fluntingdon on i Indiana ion i 8,882 14,251 Indiana 433 157 Jefferson wn i 561 2,225 Brookville 165 Luzerne en i 20,027 27,304 Wilkesbarre 2,233 114 Lycoming n i 13,517 17,637 Williamsport 87 McKean 7 i 728 1,439 Smithport 200 Mercer 11 ; 11,681 19,731 Mercer 656 235 Mifflin 71 i 16,618 21,529 Lewistown 1,479 55 Northumberland n i 15,424 18,168 Sunbury 1,057 52 Potter 1 i 186 1,265 Cowdersport 174 * Philadelphia and Pittsburg exclusive of the suburbs. PENNSYLVANIA. 79 TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Con tinned . Western District. Somerset s Susquehannah ne Tioga n Union m Venango w Warren nw Washington sw Westmoreland sw 51 Total ofPenn. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1S30. County Towns. 13,974 17^441 Somerset 9,660 16,777 Montrose 4,021 9,062 Wellsborough 18,619 20,749 New Berlin 4,915 9,128 Franklin 1,976 4,706 Warren 40,038 42,860 Washington 30,540 38,400 Greensburg 1,049,313 1,347,672 Pop. ~649~ 415 409 1,816 810 Distance fr. Harrisburg. 143~ 163 147 60 212 240 212 170 Population at Different Periods, Population. Increase : from Slaves. In 1701, 20,000 1763, 280,000 1701 to 1763, 260,000 1790, 434,373 1763 1790, 154,373 3,737 1800, 602,545 1790 1800, 168,172 1,706 1810, 810,091 1800 1810, 207,546 795 1820, 1,049,313 1810 1820, 239,222 211 1830, 1,347,672 1820 1830, 298,659 386 Reading Schuylkill P0TTSVIL.L2 Tunnel There are three incorporated cities in this state, Phil- adelphia, Pittsburg, and Lancaster. The other most noted towns are Reading, Easton, Bethlehem, Carlisle, York, Germantown, Chambersburg, Columbia, Sun- bury, Brownsville, Washington, &c. The principal rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehanna, Juniata, Alleghany, Monongahela, and Ohio. The Union Canal extends from Reading on Cana , g the river Schuylkill, where it intersects the Schuylkill Canal, to Middletown on the Susquehannah river, a distance of 80 miles. The Schuylkill Canal extends from Philadelphia to the coal mines at Port Carbon, a distance of 114 miles. The Lehigh Canal extends along that river from Easton to Mauch Chunk, a distance of 47 miles. A rail road 9 miles in length, extends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines. The Lacka waxen Canal extends from the Delaware river at the mouth of Lackawaxen creek, up it to near Bethany, 24 miles ; it there unites with a rail-road 9 miles in length, which extends to the coal mines at the Lackawannock mountains. The Conestoga Canal connects the city of Lancaster with the Susquehanna river, length 18 miles. The Susquehanna Canal extends along the west side of that river from the mouth of the Juniata river to near the junction of the north and west branches, a distance of 39 miles. The canal is then extended along the north branch to the state of New York, a distance of 165 miles, and along the west branch to Dunnstown, a distance of 70 miles. isquehcm.no. R» i Middletown Palmyra jgfL Tunnel IfWSllzMS Lebanon =g j\iyerstown ' Womclsdurf K^lf Bemville Hamburg Reading Pottstown laHS Phenixville Norristown Manayunk Fairmount Philadelphia PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA. 81 The Pennsylvania canal extends from Columbia on the Susquehanna to the Juniata river, and thence to Pittsburg, a distance of 322 miles. The Pittsburg and Erie Canal is intended to unite the Ohio river at Pitts- burg, with lake Erie at the town of Erie. Length 168 miles, of which about 20 miles are now finished. The Delaware division of the Pennsylvania Canal extends from Easton, at the mouth of the Lehigh river, to Bristol on the Delaware, a distance of 60 miles. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal will extend through the south-east part of Pennsylvania, from the state line at Wills' creek to Pittsburg, a distance of 151 miles. According to the "Pennsylvania State Register," for 1831, "The whole ex- tent of the state canals is 428| miles, of which 406 miles are completed. Be- sides this extent of canal navigation, there are 302 miles belonging to private companies, making an aggregate, in the state, of 728 miles. — The public property of the commonwealth is as follows : Expended on the state canals $10,544,243 16 Bank stock owned by the state 2,108,700 00 Turnpike stock do 1 ,91 1 ,243 39 Canal stock do 200,000 00 Bridge stock do 410,000 00 State debt, January 1, 1831, Total $15,174,186 55 , $12,512,520,48.' Rail-Roads. VIEW OF THE COLUMBIA RAIL-ROAD. The Columbia Rail-Road extends from Philadelphia to Columbia, on the Susquehanna river, and is 83 miles in length. It crosses the river Schuylkill on a substantial bridge of three arches, about two miles above the city of Philadelphia. The Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown Rail-Road extends from the city of Philadelphia, in a north-western direction, to Norristown, upon the river Schuylkill, a distance of about 18 miles. Pennsylvania is intersected by various mountains. The principal ridges of the Alleghany mountains, comprehended in Pennsylvania, are the Kittatinny, or the Blue mountains. Behind these and nearly parallel to them, are Peters, Tuscarora, and Nescopeck mountains, on the east side of the Susquehanna ; on the west, Shareman's hill, Sideling hill, Ragged, Great, Warrior's, Evit's, and Wills' mountains ; then the great Alleghany ridge, which being the largest, gives name to the whole ; and west of this are the Chestnut ridges. Between the Juniata and the west branch of the Susquehanna, are Jacks, Tussys, Nittiny, and Bald Eagle mountains. The valleys between these moun- tains are often of a rich, black soil, suited to the various kinds of grass and grain. Some of the mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits. The other parts of the state are generally level, or agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. The soil of Pennsylvania is various ; a small part of it is barren, but a great proportion of it fertile and a considerable part very excellent. It is gene- rally better adapted to tillage than grazing ; and much of it, particularly the south-east part, is under excellent cultivation. The two best tracts of land are, one in the south-east part, along the Susquehanna, the other in the north-west part, between lake Erie and Alleghany river. Wheat is the most important 82 PENNSYLVANIA. article of produce. The next in value is Indian corn. Buckwheat, rye, barley- oats, flax, hemp, beans, peas, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Cherries, peaches, apples, and cider, are abundant. There are large dairies in many parts. Pennsylvania has an excellent breed of horses. Iron ore is distributed in large quantities in many parts of the state ; and in some places copper, lead, and alum are found. Here are also numerous lime- stone quarries, and various kinds of marble ; and in the middle and western parts there is an abundance of coal. The general style of architecture in this state is neat and solid. Stone buildings are most common in old settlements ; brick houses are frequent ; log and frame houses abound in the new country. In the towns there is a con- siderable proportion of brick houses. Many turnpike roads of the most du- able materials, and best construction, are made in various parts of the state, hat from Philadelphia to Lancaster is 62 miles in length, 24 feet wide, and covered 18 inches deep with powdered stone. Numerous bridges, of great strength and beauty, are constructed over the rivers. Pennsylvania exceeds all the other states in the variety and extent of her manufactures, some of which are of superior excellence. In 1832 there were 67 cotton manufactories in the state, with an aggregate capital of $3,758,500, and making annually 21,332,467 yards of cloth. In the article of iron manu- factures Pennsylvania far excels any other state in the Union. The total value of manufactures, including about 250 different articles, is estimated at 870,000,000. In 1831 there were 33 banks in this state, 11 of which were in the city of Philadelphia. The bank capital is $10,310,333. Educatior ^ e principal literary seminaries in this state are the University ' of Pennsylvania with its Medical School, at Philadelphia ; Dickinson College, at Carlisle ; Jefferson College, at Canonsburg ; Washington College, at Washington ; Western University, at Pittsburg ; Alleghany College, at Meadville ; Madison College, at Union Town ; Mount Airy College, at Ger- mantown ; the Theological Seminaries, at Gettysburg, York, and Alleghany Town ; and the Moravian schools, at Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Litiz. The Constitution declares that " the legislature shall, as soon as convenient- ly may be, provide by law for the establishment of schools in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis." Under this injunction means have been provided in nearly all the counties of the state, for the instruction of the children of indigent parents. They are sent to the most convenient schools of the neighborhoods in which they respectively reside, and the expense is paid by the county commissioners. In the city and county of Philadelphia, which constitutes the First School District of Pennsylvania, the Lancasterian system has been introduced for the education of the children described in the Constitution. In the Twelfth Annual Report of the Comptrollers of the Public Schools of this district, dated Feb. 23, 1830, it is stated, that "during twelve years, 34,703 children had received the benefits of tuition under the wise and beneficent provisions of the existing act of the General Assembly." These schools are superintended by gentlemen who serve without compensa- tion. The teachers are well qualified for their duties, and are liberally paid. The number of periodical presses in 1831, was 150. Religious de- ^ ne Presbyterians have 429 churches, 209 ministers, 39 licen- nomina- tiates, and 38,873 communicants; the Methodists, 140 preachers, tions, 1831. anc j 4(^3gQ mem b ers j the Baptists, 144 churches, 96 ministers, and 7,561 communicants; the German Reformed Church, 282 churches, and 73 ministers ; the Episcopalians, 60 ministers ; the Associate Presbyterians, 39 congregations, 18 ministers, and 4,180 communicants; the Evangelical Lu- therans, 2 synods ; the Dutch Reformed Church, 6 churches and 6 ministers ; the Friends are numerous ; the United Brethren have about 15 congregations ; PENNSYLVANIA. 83 the Unitarians, 5 congregations and 3 ministers ; and there is a considerable number of Roman Catholics, some Universalists, Jews, &c. Pennsylvania was granted by Charles II. by a charter signed on the 4th of March, 1681, to the illustrious William Penn, who was IS ory " constituted the proprietary of the province. In 1682, William Penn, together with about two thousand settlers, most of whom, like himself, belonged to the society of Friends or Quakers, arrived in the country ; and in the following year he laid out the plan of the city of Philadelphia. He established a friendly intercourse with the Indians, which was not interrupted for more than seventy years. From the beginning of the 18th century till the commencement of the American Revolution, the government was generally administered by deputies appointed by the proprietaries, who mostly resided in England. The first Constitution of Pennsylvania was adopted in 1776 ; the Constitu . present Constitution in 1790. tion and go- The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, consisting vernment - of a Senate and House of Representatives. The representatives are elected annually on the second Tuesday in October by the citizens of Philadelphia and of the several counties, apportioned accord ing to the number of taxable inhabitants. The number cannot be less than 60, nor more than 100. The senators are chosen for four years, one fourth being elected annually, at the time of the election of the representatives. Their number cannot be greater than one third, nor less than one fourth of the number of the represent- atives. [In 1829, it was enacted by the General Assembly, " that until the next enumeration of taxable inhabitants, and an apportionment thereon, the senate, at a ratio of 7,700 [taxable inhabitants], shall consist of 33 members;" and "the house of representatives, at a ratio of 2,554, shall consist of 100 mem- bers." — The following statement shows the representative number, and the number of members of the legislature, at different periods. Ratio. Senators. . Ratio. Reps. 1793 to 1800 24 78 1800 " 1807 4,670 25 1,350 86 1807 " 1814 4,500 31 1,500 95 1814 " 1821 5,250 31 1,750 97 1821 " 1828 6,300 33 2,100 100 1828 " 1835 7,700 33 2,544 100.] The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people on the second Tuesday in October, and who holds his office during three years, from the third Tuesday in December next following his election ; and he can- not hold the office more than 9 years in any term of 12 years. The General Assembly meets annually (at Harrrisburg), on the first Tues- day in December, unless sooner convened by the governor. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, in courts of oyer and terminer and jail-delivery, in courts of common pleas, an orphan's court, a register's court, a court of quarter sessions of the peace for each county, and in such other courts as the legislature may, from time to time, establish. The judges of the Supreme Court and the several courts of common pleas, are ap- pointed by the governor, and hold their offices during good behavior. The right of suffrage is possessed by every freeman of the age of 21 years, who has resided in the state two years next preceding an election, and within that time paid a state or county tax, assessed at least six months before the election. This state sends 28 representatives to congress. Governor's salary, $4,000. Si DELAWARE. DELAWARE. ARMS OF DELAWARE. Delaware is bounded N. by Pennsylvania ; E. by Delaware river, Dela- ware bay, and the Atlantic ; S. and W. by Maryland. It extends from lat. 38° 30' to 39° 45' N. and from Ion. 1° 13' to 1° 57' E. from Washington. It is 87 miles long from N. to S. and from 10 to 36 broad, containing 2,120 square miles. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1620. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Distance from Dover. Kent m New Castle n Sussex s 3 Total 20,793 27,899 24,057 19,911 29,710 27,118 Dover ( New Castle I Wilmington Georgetown of whom 3,305 are slaves 42 47 40 72,674 76,739 Population of Wilmington, the largest town, in 1820, 5,268; in 1830, 6,628. Population at different periods. Population. In 1790, 59,094 1800, 64,273 1810, 72,674 1820, 72,749 1830, 76,739 Increase from 1790 to 1800, 5,179 1800 1810, 8,401 1810 1820, 75 1820 1830, 3,990 Slaves. 8,887 6,153 4,177 4,509 The principal rivers besides the Delaware which forms a part of the bound- ary, are Brandywine Creek, Christiana Creek, Duck Creek, Mispillion Creek, Indian river, Choptank, and Nanticoke. The general aspect of this state is that of an extended plain, favorable for cultivation. Some of the upper parts of the county of New Castle, indeed, are irregular and broken. The heights of Christiana are lofty and command- ing, and the hills of Brandywine are rough and stony ; but in the lower coun- DELAWARE. 85 try, there is very little diversity of level. The highest ridge between Delaware and Chesapeake bays, passes through this state. On the summit of the ridge there is a chain of swamps, from which a number of waters descend on the west to Chesapeake bay, and on the east to the river Delaware. Along the Delaware river, and about nine miles into the interior, the soil is generally a rich clay, which produces large timber, and is well adapted to the purposes of agriculture ; but between this tract and the swamps the soil is light, sandy, and of an inferior quality. In the county of New Castle the soil is a strong clay ; in Kent it is mixed with sand, and in Sussex the sand greatly predominates. The principle articles of produce are wheat, Indian corn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, and potatoes. The county of Sussex contains some excellent grazing lands, and it exports great quantities of timber, obtained from Cyprus Swamp or Indian river, which extends about six miles from east to west, and nearly twelve from north to south. The staple commodity is wheat, which is produced of a superior quality, and is highly esteemed for its uncommon soft- ness and whiteness, and is preferred in foreign markets. Large establishments have been erected for manufacturing wheat into flour. Of these the Brandy- wine mills, in the vicinity of Wilmington, are the most important. These are one of the finest collection of mills in the United States, and are celebrated both for the excellence and the quantity of flour which they manufacture. In 1832 there were ten cotton manufactories, with an aggregate capital of $384,500, and making annually 5,203,746 yards of cloth. The other manu- factures of note are woollens, paper, and powder. Delaware contains very few minerals. In the county of Sussex and among the branches of the Nanticoke, are large quantities of bog iron ore, well adapt- ed for casting ; but it is not wrought to any extent. 6 | yii MH^ I ■ :iiiaitei !'!;?!lM»ninil1HIIL'^S; ' lllllllllllllllll inillllllCS 'I lllltlmilHllllillltll il - " """ iiiimiimm— »» PROFILE VIEW OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL. This canal, which lies partly in Maryland, but chiefly in Delaware, Chesapeake 13^ miles long, 66 wide at the surface of the water, and 10 feet deep, and Deia- opens a highly advantageous communication between Philadelphia ware CanaL and Baltimore, and other places, by sloops and steamboats. During the year beginning June 1, 1830, and ending June 1, 1831, there were employed between Philadelphia and Baltimore, Alexandria, Richmond, Petersburg, and Norfolk, in the transportation of passengers and merchandise, by way of this canal, 2 lines of steamboats and 7 lines of packets. There were made, during that time, according to the official report, the fol- lowing number of passages through this canal : — 1230 packets, with merchan- dise; 600 vessels, with wood, carrying 13,332 cords; 272 vessels, rafts, and arks, with lumber, carrying 7,118,734 feet; 294 vessels, with flour, carrying 101,462 barrels ; 246 vessels, with wheat, corn, &c. carrying 289,173 bushels ; 2638 vessels with cotton, iron, oysters, fish, whiskey, and various other arti- cles, making a total of 5,280 passages of vessels, of different descriptions, through the canal during the year. The tolls received during the same year amounted to $62,223 15. There is a rail-road extending from Newcastle on the Delaware to French- 86 DELAWARE. town, a distance of 16 miles, on which the passengers between Philadelphia and Baltimore are now transported. There is yet but one track completed. The number of banks in 1832 was 8, viz. 3 at Wilmington, 1 at Newcastle, 1 at Georgetown, 1 at Dover, 1 at Smyrna, and 1 at Mil ford. Education This state has a school fund, amounting to $170,000, the interest u 1 ' of which, together with a small tax levied on each school district of four miles square, at the will of the majority of the taxable inhabitants, is appropriated to the support of common schools. No district is entitled to any share of the school fund, that will not raise, by taxation, a sum equal to its share of the income of the fund. But few of the districts have yet gone into operation under the school law. The number of periodical presses is 6, two of which are semi-weekly. Reiigousde- The Methodists in this state have 15 preachers, and 12,304 mem- nomina- bers ; the Presbyterians, 8 churches, 9 ministers, and 1300 commu- 10ns * nicants ; the Baptists, 9 churches, 9 ministers, and 520 communi- cants ; the Episcopalians have 6 churches and 6 ministers. The first European settlement in this state was formed by Swedes 1 * and Finns, in 1627 ; in 1655, the colony was taken from the Swedes by the Dutch, under governor Stuyvesant ; and after the conquest of New York by the English, in 1664, it was placed under the jurisdiction of the gov- ernment of New York. In 1682, the country was granted to William Penn, and it was placed under the same executive and legislative government with Pennsylvania. It was then, as it is now, divided into three counties, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, gene- rally styled, till the American revolution, " The Three Lower Counties upon the Delaware." In 1701, the representatives of Delaware withdrew from those of Pennsyl- vania; the first separate legislative assembly met at Newcastle, in 1704. Outlines of The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consisting the consti- of a senate and house of representatives for two years. The represent- amended atives are elected, 7 from each county, the whole number being 21. Dec. i83i. ^he senators are elected for 4 years, 3 from each county, the whole number being 9. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people for 4 years ; and he is not eligible a second time to said office. The general assembly meets on the first Tuesday in January, biennially. The first meeting under the amended constitution is to be in 1833. The constitution grants the right of suffrage to every free white male citizen of the age of twenty-two years or upwards, having resided in the state one year next before the election, and the last month thereof in the county where he offers to vote, and having within two years next before the election, paid a county tax, which shall have been assessed at least six months before the elec- tion ; and every free white male citizen of the age of twenty-one years and under the age of twenty-two years, having resided as aforesaid, shall be enti- tled to vote without payment of any tax. The judicial power of this state is vested in a court of errors and appeals, a superior court, a court of chancery, an orphan's court, a court of oyer and terminer, a court of general sessions of the peace and jail delivery, a register's court, justices of the peace, and such other courts as the general assembly may direct. The governor's annual salary is $1,333 33f . This state sends one repre- sentative to congress. MARYLAND. MARYLAND. 87 Maryland is bounded N. by Pennsylvania ; E. by Delaware and the At- lantic ; S. and W. by Virginia. It lies between long. 2° 31' W. and 1° 58 E. and between lat. 38° and 39° 44' N. It contains 13,959 square miles, or 8,933,760 acres, of which one-fifth is water. Chesapeake bay runs through the state from N. to S. dividing it into two parts. The part east of the bay is called the eastern shore, and the part west of the bay, the western shore. The state is divided into 19 counties, 11 of which are on the western shore, and 8 on the eastern. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Western Shore. Counties. J Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. Chief Towns. Dist. from Annapolis. Alleghany nw Anne Arundel m Baltimore n Baltimore, city Calvert s Charles s Frederick n Hartford ne Montgomery wm Prince George's sm St. Mary's s Washington nwm Caroline e Cecil ne Dorchester se Kent e Queen Anne's e Somerset se Talbot em Worcester se 19 Total 8,654 27,165 33,663 62,738 8,073 16,500 40,459 15,924 16,400 20,216 12,974 23,075 1 10,018 10,048 17,759 11,453 14,952 19,579 14,387 17,421 407,350 10,602 28,295 40,251 80,625 8,899 17,666 45,793 16,315 19,816 20,473 13,455 25,265 Eastern Shoi 9,070 15,432 18,685 10,502 14,396 20,155 12,947 18,271 446,913 Cumberland Annapolis | Baltimore Prince Fredericktown Port Tobacco Frederick Belair Rockville Upper Marlborough Leonardtown Hagerstown *e. Denton Elkton Cambridge Chestertown Centreville Princess Anne Easton Snowhill 165 30 63 69 76 53 52 23 72 101 44 80 62 47 32 107 47 127 88 MARYLAND. Different Classes of Population in 1830, Whites. Slaves. Free col'd Persons. Males 147,315 53,429 34,920 Females 143,778 49,449 28,022 Total 291,093 102,878 52,942 Deaf and dumb white persons. .131 ; slaves and colored persons 82 Blind, white persons, 156 , slaves and colored persons 117 Population of Maryland at different Periods. Population. Slaves. In 1790, 319,728 103,036 " 1800, 345,824 Increase from 1790 to 1800, 26,096 108,554 " 1810, 380,546 1800 1810, 34,722 111,502 " 1820, 407,350 1810 1820, 16,804 107,398 " 1830, 446,913 1820 1830, 39,563 102,878 The principal rivers are the Potomac, which divides this state from Virginia, Susquehannah, Patapsco, Patuxent, Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanti- coke, and Pocomoke. In the counties on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, the land is generally level and low, and in many places is covered with stagnant waters, giving rise in the summer and fall months to agues, and intermittent fevers. On the west- ern shore, the land below the lowest falls of the river, is principally level and free from stones. Above these falls the country becomes successively uneven and hilly, and in the western part of the state is mountainous. The principal range of mountains is the Blue Ridge or South Mountains, which pass through the state in a northerly direction from Virginia into Pennsylvania. The extreme western part of the state is crossed by the Alleghany mountains. Between these and the Blue Ridge are several inferior chains, as Will's mountain, Evit's, Warrior, and Ragged mountains, and Sideling hill. The soil is well adapted to the culture of tobacco and wheat, which are the staple productions of the state. Some cotton of inferior quality is also raised, and in the western coun- ties, considerable quantities of flax and hemp. Two articles are said to be peculiar to Maryland ; the genuine white wheat, which grows in Kent, Queen Ann's, and Talbot counties, on the eastern shore ; and the bright kite'sfoot tobacco, which is produced on some parts of the western shore, south of Balti- more. The forests abound with various kinds of nuts, used for fattening hogs, which run wild in the woods, and are killed in considerable numbers for export- ation. Apples and peaches are abundant. Excellent roads proceed from Baltimore in various directions. Therens a turnpike from Baltimore to Cumberland on the Potomac, a distance of 135 miles. From Cumberland to Brownsville on the Monongahela, in Pennsylva- nia, there is now completed by the United States, a free turnpike road, of the most superior construction. The distance is 72 miles, making the whole dis- tance from Baltimore to Brownsville 207 miles. This is the shortest and best communication yet opened between the tide water of the Atlantic and the navi- gable western waters. A turnpike extends from Baltimore, in a north-west direction, 16 miles, to Reistertown, and there divides ; one branch turning more to the north meets the Pennsylvania line in 19 miles ; the other in a W. N. W. direction, runs 29 miles in Maryland. Iron ore abounds in various parts of the state, and coal is found in inexhausti- ble quantities, and of a superior quality, on the Potomac, in the neighborhood of Cumberland. Furnaces have been erected in various places for the manu- facture of iron. Glass, paper, and whiskey are also made in considerable quantities. The value of manufactures in 1830, was $11,468,794. The prin- cipal exports are flour and tobacco. The value of the exports for the year ending September 30th, 1829, was $4,804,364. Maryland is the fourth state MARYLAND. 89 in the Union in amount of shipping. In 1815, the number of tons was 156,062, and in 1828, it was 170,948. In 1832 there were 23 cotton manufactories in this state, with an aggregate capital of $2,144,000, which make annually 7,640,000 yards of cloth. The Baltimore and Ohio Rail-Road, which Baltimore and ohio rail-road. is to extend from the city of Baltimore to the river Ohio, about 350 miles, is finished to the Point of Rocks, and is the greatest enterprise of the kind undertaken in America. The Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail-Roacl is to extend from the city of Baltimore to York-haven, in Pennsylvania. The number of banks and branches in this state in 1831, was eighteen, nine of which were in the city of Baltimore. The principal literary seminaries in this state are the University of Education Maryland, St. Mary's College, and Baltimore College, in Baltimore ; and St. John's College, at Annapolis. There are several academies in the state, which receive $800 a year from the state treasury. A law in favor of primary schools was passed in 1825, and has been partially carried into effect in two or three of the counties. The state has a School Fund consisting of a sum ad- vanced by Maryland during the late war and paid by the national government, amounting to $75,000, together with a tax on bank capital of 20 cents on $100. The fund is at interest, and the amount received from the banks has also gen- erally been placed at interest, to the credit of the several counties ; but in some instances it has been expended for its proper object. The intention of the state was, that it should be used to pay teachers only ; and that the expense of build- ing school-houses, and other expenses, should be paid by a tax on property within the several school districts. The number of periodical presses in 1830 was 25. The Roman Catholics are the most numerous sect of Christians in Religiou8 this state ; they have one archbishop, the metropolitan of the United denomina- States, and 30 or 40 churches ; the Methodists are numerous ; the tlons ' Episcopalians have 57 ministers; the Presbyterians, 11 ministers, 6 licentiates, and 1,058 communicants; the Baptists, 15 churches, 12 ministers, and 680 communicants ; the German Reformed, 9 ministers ; and the Friends are con- siderably numerous. This country was granted by Charles I. to George Calvert, lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic ; the first settlement was formed by his Hlstory * son Leonard Calvert, together with about 200 Catholics, in 1634 ; and it was named Maryland, from Henrietta Maria, the queen of Charles. The constitution of this state was formed in 1776 ; since which Conqtitution time many amendments have been made. The legislative power is and govern- vested in a senate, consisting of 15 members, and a house of dele- ment ' gates, consisting of 80 members ; and these two branches united are styled The General Assembly of Maryland. The members of the house of delegates, four from each county, are elected annually by the people, on the first Monday in October ; and the members of the senate are elected every fifth year on the third Monday in September, at Annapolis, by electors who are chosen by the people on the first Monday of the same month of September. These electors choose by ballot nine senators from the Western Shore, and six from the Eastern, who hold their office five years. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected annually on the first Monday in January, by a joint ballot of both houses of the general assem- bly. No one can hold the office of governor more than three years succes- sively, nor be eligible as governor until the expiration of four years after he has M 90 MARYLAND. been out of that office. The governor is assisted by a council of five members, who are chosen annually by a joint ballot of the senate and house of delegates. The general assembly meets annually (at Annapolis) on the last Monday in December. The council of the governor is elected on the first Tuesday in Jan- uary ; the governor nominates to office, and the council appoints. The constitution grants the right of suffrage to every free white male citizen, above 21 years of age, having resided twelve months within the state, and six months in the county, or in the city of Annapolis or Baltimore, next preceding the election at which he offers to vote. The chancellor and judges are nominated by the governor, and appointed by the council ; and they hold their offices during good behavior. The executive council, consisting of five members, are elected annually on the first Tuesday in January ; and in case of the demise of the governor during his term of office, the first named of the council, for the time being, becomes the governor of the state, till the next meeting of the general assembly. In appointing officers under the state, the governor has the right of nomination, and the council the right of appointment. The governor does not possess the power of a veto on the acts of the general assembly. The house of delegates is composed of 80 members, elected annually, four from each of the 19 counties, and two from each of the cities of Annapolis and Baltimore. The senate consists of 15 members, elected for five years, by an electoral college of 40 members, two from each of the counties, and one from each of the cities of Annapolis and Baltimore. The electors are chosen on the first Monday in September every 5th year, and they elect the senators on the succeeding 3d Monday in September. One of the peculiarities of the declaration of rights of the state is the section which declares, " That every gift, sale, or devise of lands, to any minister, public teacher, or preacher of the gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order, or denomination, or to or for the support, use, or benefit of, or in trust for, any minister, public teacher, or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order, or denomination ; and every gift or sale of goods or chattels to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller or donor, or to or for such support, use, or benefit, and also every devise of goods or chattels to or for the support, use, or benefit ot any minister, public teacher, or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order, or denomination, without the leave of the legislature, shall be void ; except always any sale, gift, lease, or devise, of any quantity of land not exceeding two acres for a church, meeting, or other house of worship and for a burying ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed, or used only for such purposes, or such sale, gift, lease, or devise shall be void." The governor's annual salary is $2,666f . This state sends eight representatives to congress. VIRGINIA. 91 VIRGINIA. ARMS OF VIRGINIA. Virginia is bounded N. by Pennsylvania ; N. E. by Maryland ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by North Carolina and Tennessee ; W. by Kentucky and Ohio. It lies between 36° 30' and 40° 43' N. lat. and between 6° 34' W. and 1° 20' E. long. It is 370 miles long, and contains about 64,000 square miles. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Eastern District. Counties. Whites. Slaves. 1 & 1 Tola] Pop. 1 lfcSO. Comity Towna. | Distance | from Richmond. Accomac e 9,458 4,654 2,544 19,656 Accomac C. H. 214 Albemarle m 10,455 11,689 484 22,618 Charlottesville 81 Amelia sm 3,293 7,518 220 11,031 Amelia C. H. 47 Amherst m 5,879 5,927 263 12,072 Amherst C. H. 136 Bedford s 11,113 8,790 341 20,253 Liberty 145 Brunswick s 5,397 9,760 612 15,770 Lawrenceville 69 Buckingham nm 7,172 10,928 245 18,351 Buckingham C. H. 87 Campbell sm 7,497 7,735 47:h 15,704 4,626 Campbell C. H. 132 Lynchburg, town 2,490 1,751 385 Lynchburg 120 Caroline em 6,490 10,764 520 . 17,774 Bowling Green 44 Charles City em 1,782 2,957 9,433 761 5,504 Charles City C. H. 30 Charlotte sm 5,583 236 15,252 Charlotte C. H. 96 Chesterfield em 7,709 10,337 591 18,637 Chesterfield C. H. 14 Culpeper nm 12,044 11,419 563 24,026 Culpeper C. II. 94 Cumberland m 4,054 7,309 326 11,689 Cumberland C. H. 55 Dinwiddie sm 7,709 10,337 591 18,637 Dinwiddie C. H. 40 Petersburg, Elizabeth City town 3,440 2,850 2,032 8,322 22 96 se 2,704 2,218 131 5,068 Hampton Essex e 3,647 6,417 467 10,531 Tappahannock 50 Fairfax ne 4,892 13,116 3,972 311 9,206 Fairfax C. H. 129 Fauquier nm 12,612 621 26,379 Warrenton 107 Fluvanna m 4,223 3,795 203 8,221 Palmyra 59 Franklin s 9,728 4,988 195 14,911 Rocky Mount 185 Gloucester e 4,314 3,857 5,691 603 10,608 Gloucester C. H. 82 Goochland m 5,706 795 10,358 Goochland C. II. 28 92 VIRGINIA. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS.— Continued. Eastern Distinct. — Continued. Counties. Whites. Free Blacks- Total Pop. Ib30. County Town Distance from Richmond Greenville s 2,104 4,681 7,117 Hicksford 63 Halifax s i o ai k 12,915 14,527 oyu 28,032 Halifax C. H. 130 Hanover em 6,526 9,278 449 16,253 Hanover C. H. 20 Henrico em 5,717 5,934 1,089 12,738 | Richmond. Richmond, city 7,757 6,345 1,960 16,060 7,100 Henry s 4,058 2,868 174 Martinsville 207 Isle of Wight se 5,023 4,272 1,222 10,017 Smithfield 180 James City e 1,284 1,983 571 3,838 Williamsburg K'g &Q'n C. H. 60 King & Queen e 4,714 2,475 6,514 416 11,644 49 King George ne 3,635 287 6,397 9,812 King George C. H. 88 King William em 3,155 6,310 347 King William C.H. 27 Lancaster e 1,976 2,631 195 4,800 Lancaster C. H. 83 Loudon ne 15,517 5j360 9,382 1,062 21,938 Leesburg 153 Louisa m 6,468 301 16,151 Louisa C. H. 54 Lunenburg s 4,479 7,233 245 11,957 Lunenburg C .H. 91 Madison m 4,389 4,873 71 9,236 Madison 110 Matthews e 3,995 3,481 189 7,663 Matthews C. H. 100 Mecklenburg s 7,443 11,950 874 20,366 Boydton 118 Middlesex e 1,870 2,137 11Q Ho A 1 OQ 4,122 Urbanna 83 Nansemond se 5,143 4,943 l,o9o 11,784 Suffolk 102 Nelson m 5,186 2,586 5,946 i no 122 11,251 Lovington 118 New Kent em o,5o0 o42 0,4-0/ New Kent C. H. 30 Norfolk se 8,180 5,842 966 14,998 ) Portsmouth 116 Norfolk, borough 5,131 3,757 y28 9,816 $ Norfolk 112 Northampton e 3,573 3,734 l,oo4 567 O QA A 8,o44 Eastville 174 Northumberland e 4,029 3,357 7,953 Northum'd C. H. 92 Nottoway sm 2,949 6,985 7,983 223 10,141 Nottoway C. H. 67 Orange m 6,456 1 AO 198 14,637 Orange 80 Patrick s 5,494 1,782 10,992 117 ri OAO 7,393 Patrick C. H. 241 Pittsylvania s 14,690 340 26,022 Pittsylvania C. H. 167 Powhatan m 2,661 5,472 384 8,517 Scotsville 32 Prince Edward sm 5,039 8,593 47o 14,107 Prince Edw. C. H. 75 Prince George em 3,0oo 4,oy8 700 o,ooo City Point 34 Prince William ne 5,127 3,842 OCT 9,330 Brentsville 104 Princess Anne se 5,023 3,736 O/t o 343 9,102 Princess Anne C. H. 137 Richmond e 2,975 2,630 4ol 6,056 Richmond C. H. 56 Southampton se 0,0/ O 7 7^ 1 745 310 384 Jerusalem Spottsylvania em Fred'ksburgr, town 4,685 1,798 6,925 1,125 11,920 3,307 I Fredericksburg. 66 Stafford ne 4,713 4,164 485 9,362 Stafford C. H. 76 Surrey se 2,865 3,377 866 866 7,108 Surrey C. H. 60 Sussex se 4,118 7,736 12,720 Sussex C. H. 50 Warwick se 619 892 27 1,570 Warwick C. H. 81 Westmoreland e 3,718 3,845 848 8,411 Westmoreland C. H. 70 York e 2,129 2,598 627 5,354 Yorktown 72 65 Total of E.Dist. 375,940 416,259 40,780 832,979 Western District. Alleghany Augusta, North Augusta, South Bath Berkeley Botetourt Brooke Cabell Frederick, East Frederick, West Giles m 2,197 571 48 2,816 m 7,208 1,677 257 9,142 10,783 m 8,048 2,588 147 m 2,803 1,140 65 4,008 n 8,323 1,919 276 10,528 sm 11,808 4,170 386 16,354 nw 6,774 227 39 7,040 w 5,267 561 56 5,884 14,099 n 8,104 5,342 653 n 9,260 2,088 598 11,946 w 4,779 470 49 5,298 Covington ^ Staunton. Bath C. H. Martinsburg Fincastle Wellsburg Cabell C. H. | Winchester Giles C. H. VIRGINIA. 93 TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Continued. Western District. — Continued. Whites. Slaves Slaves. Free Blacks. Total Fop. 1630. - c ° unty TownB ' 1 Distance From Richmond. Grayson s 7,161 462 52 7,675 Grayson C. H. 276 Greenbrier wm 7,791 1,159 65 9,015 Lewisburg 221 Harrison, E. Harrison, W. nw nw Q A A Q 4,404 K)Z\} 145 OU 10 10,119 4,558 v Clarksburg 260 Hampshire n 9,79b T OOA 1,330 loo 11,2/9 Romney 195 Hardy n 5,408 1,167 223 6,798 Moornelds 195 Jefferson n 8,438 3,999 493 12,927 Charleston 182 Kenhawa w 1 "71 S3 1, / ICS •7^ Q OA! ivennawa \j. Jti» oUo T Lee sw C QQA 0,ooU K)LZ iy 6,461 Jonesville QQO OMZ Lewis wm 6,066 162 13 6,241 Weston 249 Logan w 3,511 loo 0 3,680 6,688 7,368 .Logan C H. 324 Monongalia, E. Monongalia, W. n n 6,352 7,223 233 129 103 16 > Morgantown s . 293 Mason w 5,776 713 45 6,534 Point Pleasant 371 Monroe wm iy aoo 7,Udo Do* QQ OO 7,/ 98 Union OAO 208 Montgomery sw 10,212 2,037 OO 12,304 bnristiansburg 20o Morgan n 2,517 lOo zz O £!AO 2,o92 3,349 Berkeley Springs loo Nicholas wm 3,229 119 1 -Nicholas 0. H. 268 Ohio nw 15,033 362 195 15,590 Wheeling 357 Pendleton nm 5,750 498 23 6,271 Franklin 171 Pocahontas wm 2,297 22/ 17 2,541 Hunter sville 191 Preston n 4,947 1 OK 120 27 5,099 Ringwood 261 Randolph nm 4,426 Zo\) 115 5,000 Beverly Ol A 210 Rockbridge m 1 A /ICS 10,4oo t),oyc ool 14,244 Lexington 100 Rockingham 7n 17,814 6,002 Z,ool 04o oa eno 20,b9o Harrisonburg 1 OO IZZ sw 679 36 6,717 Lebanon 330 Scott sw 5^319 338 15 5,702 Estillville 368 Shenandoah, E. Shenandoah, W. nm 7,171 9,698 992 1,431 164 294 8,327 11,423 > Woodstock 156 Tazewell sw 4,912 820 18 4,104 Tazewell C. H. 290 Tyler nw 3,991 108 5 5,750 Middlebourne 307 Washington sw 12,785 2,568 261 15,614 Abington 309 Wood w 5,487 873 49 6,409 Parkersburg 299 Wythe sw 9,952 2,094 117 12,163 Wythe 253 45 Total W. Dist. 318,505 53,465 6,323 378,293 110 Total of Virg. 694,445 469,724 47,103 1,211,272 Population. In 1790, 747,610 1800, 880,200 1810, 974,622 1820, 1,065,366 1830, 1,211,272 Population at different Periods. Increase from 1790 to 1800, 132,590 1800 1810, 94,422 1810 1820, 90,744 1820 1830, 145,906 Slaves. 292,627 346,968 392,518 425,153 469,724 The principal rivers are the Potomac, Shenandoah, Rappahannock, Matta- pony, Pamunky, York, James, Rivanna, Appomatox, Elizabeth, Nottaway, Meherrin, Staunton, Kenhawa, Ohio, Sandy, Monongahela, and Cheat. PROFILE VIEW OF THE DISMAL SWAMP CANAL. The Dismal Swamp Canal, 22 miles long, opens a communication between Norfolk, in Virginia, and Elizabeth City, in North Carolina. 94 VIRGINIA. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which is to extend from the city of Wash- ington to the river Ohio, is now in progress. Its course is partly on the Vir- ginia, and partly on the Maryland side of the Potomac. The staple productions of Virginia are wheat and tobacco. The exports of the state, for the year ending September 30, 1829, amounted to $3,787,000. The state of Virginia may be divided into four zones, essentially differing from one another. The first extending from the sea-coast to the termination of tide at Fredericksburg, Richmond, &c, is low and flat, sometimes fenny, sometimes sandy, and on the margin of rivers composed of a rich loam covered with a luxuriant and even rank vegetation. This part is unhealthy in the months of August, September, and October. The next division extends from the head of tide- water to the Blue Ridge. The surface near the tide-water is level ; higher up the rivers it becomes swelling ; and near the mountains it is often abrupt and broken. The soil is divided into sec- tions of very unequal quality, parallel to each other, and extending throughout .the state. The parallel of Chesterfield, Henrico, Hanover, &c. is a thin, sandy, and, except on the rivers, an unproductive soil. That of Goochland, Cumber- land, Prince Edward, Halifax, &c, is generally fertile. Fluvanna, Bucking- ham, Campbell, Pittsylvania, again, are poor ; and Culpeper, Orange, Albe- marle, Bedford, &c, a rich, though frequently a stony, broken soil, on a sub- stratum of tenacious and red-colored clay. The population of this section, especially near the mountains, is more robust and healthy than that of any other part of the state. The scenery of the upper part is highly picturesque and romantic. There is a vein of lime-stone running through Albemarle, Orange, &c. Pit coal of a good quality is found within 20 miles above Rich- mond, on James river. The third division is the valley between the Blue Ridge, and North and Alle- ghany mountains ; a valley which extends, with little interruption, from the Potomac, across the state, to North Carolina and Tennessee, narrower, but of greater length than either the preceding divisions. The soil is a mould formed on a bed of lime-stone. The surface of the valley is sometimes broken by sharp and solitary mountains detached from the general chain, the sides of which, nearly bare, or but thinly covered with blasted pines, form disagreeable objects in the landscape. The bed of the valley is fertile, producing good crops of Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hemp, flax, timothy, and clover. The farms are smaller than in the lower parts of Virginia, and the cultivation is better. Here are few slaves. This valley has inexhaustible mines of excel- lent iron ore. Chalk is found in Botetourt county. The fourth division extends from the Alleghany mountains to the river Ohio ; a country wild and broken, in some parts fertile, but generally lean or barren but having mines of iron, lead, coal, salt, &c. — The soil of a great proportion of the county of Randolph and the adjacent counties in the north-west part of the state, is of an excellent quality, producing large crops of grain. The sur- face is uneven and hilly. The county is well watered, is excellent for grazing, and has a very healthy climate. There are many mineral springs in Virginia. The hot and warm springs of Bath county, the sweet springs of Monroe county, the sulphur springs of Greenbrier and of Montgomery counties, and the baths of Berkeley county, are much frequented. The most remarkable curiosities are the Natural Bridge, the passage of the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, the cataract of Falling Spring, and several caves. Gold Mines Since the year 1827, the gold mines of Virginia have attracted " considerable attention. The belt of country in which they are found extends through Spotsylvania and some neighboring counties. The gold region abounds in quartz, which contains cubes of sulphuret of iron. These cubes are often partly or totally decomposed ; and the cells thus created are sometimes VIRGINIA. 95 filled with gold. The gold is found on the surface, and in the structure of quartz ; but in greatest abundance resting upon slate, and in its fissures. The gold is diffused over large surfaces, and has not yet been found sufficiently in mass, except in a few places, to make mining profitable. The method of obtaining the metal is by filtration, or washing the earth, and by an amalgam of quick- silver. The average value of the earth yielding gold is stated at 20 cents a bushel. The amount received from this state at the United States' mint in 1830 was $24,000. The number of cotton manufactories in this state in 1832 was seven, with an aggregate capital of 290,000 dollars, making annually 675,000 yards of cloth. The Natural Bridge, the must sublime of nature's works, is on the ascent of a hill, which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great con- vulsion. The fissure, just at the bridge, is by some admeasurements 270 feet deep, by others only 205. It is about 45 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet it the top — this of course determines the length of the bridge, and its height rom the water. The breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thickness of the mass at the summit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The residue, with the hill on both sides, is one solid rock of lime-stone. The arch approaches the semi -elliptical form, but the larger axis of the ellipsis, which would be the cord of the arch, is many times longer than the transverse. Though the sides of this bridge are provided, in some parts, with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have resolution to walk to them and look over into the abyss. You involuntarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to the parapet, and peep over it. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delight- ful in an equal extreme. It is impossible for the emotions arising out of the sublime to be felt beyond what they are here ; so beautiful an arch, so elevated, so light, and springing, as it were, up to heaven, the rapture of the spectacle is really indescribable. " The fissure continuing narrow, deep, and straight for a considerable dis- tance above and below the bridge, opens a short but very pleasing view of the North Mountain on one side, and the Blue Ridge on the other, at the distance, each of them, of about five miles. This bridge is in the county of Rockbridge, to which it has given name ; and affords a public and commodious passage over a valley, which cannot be crossed elsewhere for a considerable distance. The stream passing under it, is called Cedar creek. It is a tributary of James 5 river, and sufficient in the driest season to turn a grist-mill, though its fountain is not more than two miles above. The following account is from another source : "As we stood under this beautiful arch, we saw the place where visitors have often taken the pains to engrave their names upon the rock. Here Washington climbed up 25 feet and carved his own name, where it still remains. Some wishing to immortalize their names, have engraved them deep and large, while others have tried to climb up and insert them high in this book of fame. " A few years since, a young man, being ambitious to place his name above all others, came very near losing his life in the attempt. After much fatigue he climbed up as high as possible, but found that the person who had before occupied his place was taller than himself, and consequently had placed his name above his reach. But he was not thus to be discouraged. He opened a large jack-knife, and in the soft lime-stone began to cut places for his hands and feet. With much patience and industry he worked his way upwards, and suc- ceeded in carving his name higher than the most ambitious had done before him. " He could now triumph, but his triumph was short, for he was placed in 96 VIRGINIA. such a situation that it was impossible to descend unless he fell upon the ragged rocks beneath him. There was no house near, from which his companions could get assistance. He could not remain in that condition, and, what was worse, his friends were too much frightened to do any thing for his relief. They looked upon him as already dead, expecting every moment to see him precipi- tated upon the rocks below, and dashed to pieces. Not so with himself. He determined to ascend. Accordingly he plied himself with his knife, cutting places for his hands and feet, and gradually ascended with incredible labor. He exerted every muscle. His life was at stake, and all the terrors of death arose before him. He dared not look downwards lest his head should become dizzy, and perhaps on this circumstance his life depended. " His companions stood at the top of the rock exhorting and encouraging him. His strength was almost exhausted ; but a bare possibility of saving his life still remained, and hope, the last friend of the distressed, had not yet for- saken him. His course upwards was rather oblique than perpendicular. His most critical moment had now arrived. He had ascended considerably more than 200 feet, and had still further to rise, when he felt himself fast growing weak. He now made his last effort, and succeeded. He had cut his way not far from 250 feet from the water, in a course almost perpendicular ; and in a little less than two hours, his anxious companions reached him a pole from the top, and drew him up. They received him with shouts of joy ; but he himself was completely exhausted. He immediately fainted away on reaching the spot, and it was some time before he could be recovered ! " It was interesting to see the path up these awful rocks, and to follow in imagination this bold youth as he thus saved his life. His name stands far above all the rest, a monument of hardihood, of rashness, and of folly." The passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, says Mr. Jefferson, is perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. You stand on a very high point of land. On your right comes the Shenandoah, having ranged along the foot of the mountain a hundred miles to seek a vent. On your left approaches the Potomac in quest of a passage also. In the moment of their junction they rush together against the mountain, rend it asunder, and pass off to the sea. The first glance of this scene hurries our senses into the opinion that the mountains were formed first ; that the rivers began to flow afterwards ; that in this place particularly they have been dammed up by the Blue Ridge, and have formed an ocean which filled the whole valley ; that, continuing to rise, they have at length broken over at this spot, and have torn the mountain down from its summit to its base. The piles of rock on each side, but particularly on the Shenandoah, the evident marks of their disrupture and avulsion from their beds by the most powerful agents of nature corroborate the impression. But the distant finishing which nature has given to the picture is of a very different character. It is a true contrast to the foreground. It is as placid and delightful as that is wild and tremendous. For the mountain being cloven asunder, she presents to your eye, through the cleft, a small catch of smooth blue horizon, at an infinite distance in the plain country, inviting you, as it were, from the riot and tumult roaring around, to pass through the breach, and participate the calm below. Here the eye ultimately composes itself, and that way too the road happens to lead. You cross the Potomac above the junction, pass along its side through the base of the mountain for three miles, its terrible precipices hanging in frag- ments over you, and within about 20 miles reach Fredericktown, and the fine country around. This scene is worth a voyage across the Atlantic. Yet here, as in the neighborhood of the Natural Bridge, are people who have passed their lives within a half dozen miles, and have never been to survey these monu- VIRGINIA. 97 rnents of a war between rivers and mountains, which must have shaken the earth itself to its centre. In the lime-stone country of Virginia there are several caves of considerable extent. The most remarkable one is Wier's Cave, which is on the north side of the Blue Ridge, and on the south fork of the Shenandoah. It is in a hill, which is about 200 feet in perpendicular height, and so steep that you may pitch a bis- cuit from its summit into the river which washes its base. It was discovered in 1804. Its entrance is only about 100 yards from that of Madison's Cave, another celebrated cavern, which, though it has been much longer known, is greatly inferior to Wier's Cave. The following is an account of a visit to this extraordinary place. There were three of us, besides our guide, with lighted torches, and our loins girded, now ready to descend into the cave. We took our lights in our left hands, and entered. The mouth was so small, that we could descend only by creeping one after another. A descent of almost 20 yards brought us into the first room. The cave was cold, dark, and silent. In this manner we proceeded, now descending 30 or 40 feet — now ascending as high — now creeping on our hands and knees, and now walking in large rooms, the habitations of solitude. The mountain seems to be composed almost wholly of lime-stone, and, by this means, the cave is lined throughout with the most beautiful incrustations and stalactites of carbonated lime, which are formed by the continual dripping of the water. These stalactites are of various and elegant shapes and colors, often bearing a striking resemblance to animated nature. At one place we saw over our heads what appeared to be a waterfall of the most delightful kind, descending 12 or 15 feet. Nor could the imagination be easily persuaded that it was not in reality a waterfall. You could see the water dashing and boiling down, with its white spray and foam, but it was all solid, carbonated lime-stone. Thus we passed on in this world of solitude ; now stopping to admire the beauties of a single stalactite ; now wondering at the magnificence of a large room ; now creeping through narrow passages, hardly wide enough to admit the body of a man ; and now walking in superb galleries, until we came to the largest room, called Washington Hall. This is certainly the most elegant room I ever saw. It is about 270 feet in length, about 35 in width, and between 30 and 40 feet high. The roof and sides are very beautifully adorned by- the tin- sels which nature has bestowed in the greatest profusion, and which sparkle ike the diamond, while surveyed by the light of torches. The floor is flat, smooth, and solid. I was foremost of our little party in entering this room, and was not a little startled on approaching the centre, and by my small light seeing a figure as it were rising up before me, out of solid rock. It was not far from seven feet high, and corresponded in every respect to the common idea of a ghost. It was very white, and resembled a tall man clothed in a shroud. I went up to it sideways, though I could not really expect to meet a ghost in a place like this. On examination, I found it was a very beautiful piece of the carbonate of lime, very transparent, and very much in the shape of a man. This is called Wash- ington's Statue. In one room we found an excellent spring of water, which boiled up, slaked our thirst, sunk again into the mountain, and was seen no more. In another room was a noble pillar, called the Tower of Babel. It is composed entirely of stalactites of lime, or, as its appearance would seem to suggest, of petrified water. It is about 30 feet in diameter, and a little more than 90 in circumfer- ence, and about 30 high. It would appear as if there must be many millions of stalactites in this one pillar. Thus we wandered in this world within a world till we had visited 12 very beautiful rooms, and as many creeping places, and had now arrived at the end, a distance from our entrance of between 2,400 and 2,500 feet, or about half a N 98 VIRGINIA. mile. We here found ourselves exceedingly fatigued ; but our torches forbade our delay, and we once more turned our lingering steps towards the common world. When arrived again at Washington Hall, one of the company three times discharged a pistol, whose report was truly deafening. It was as loud as any cannon I ever heard, and as its sound reverberated and echoed through one room after another, till it died away in distance, it seemed like the moan- ings of spirits. We continued our wandering steps till we arrived once more at daylight, having been nearly three hours in the cavern. Banks in Bank of Virginia (incorporated 1804,) at Richmond, with branches 183 °- at Petersburg, Norfolk, Fredericksburg, and Lynchburg ; Farmers' Bank of Virginia (incorporated 1813,) at Richmond, with branches at Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, Winchester, and Danville; Bank of the Valley, at Winchester, with branches at Romney, Charlestown, and Leesburg ; North-western Bank, at Wheeling. The aggregate amount of bank capital is $5,607,000. The Bank of the United States has an office of dis- count and deposit at Richmond and Norfolk. Literature Besides the University of Virginia, incorporated in 1819, and estab- ' lished at Charlottesville, Albemarle county, there are three colleges in this state ; William and Mary college, at Williamsburg ; Hampden Sidney college, in Prince Edward county, on Appomatox river ; and Washington col- lege at Lexington, west of the Blue Ridge, near James river. Academies and common schools are also established in several towns. This state has pro- duced a number of eminent characters, of whom Washington, the Great and the Good, is of most illustrious memory. It has furnished four of the presi- dents of the Union. Education is, however, generally much neglected, particu- larly among the lower classes. This state has a Literary Fund, created in 1809, and amounting, in available capital, according to a late report, to $1,510,689 71. The income during the year 1830 was $71,887 94. All escheats, confisca- tions, and derelict property ; also all lands forfeited for the non-payment of taxes, and all sums refunded by the national government for the expenses of the late war, have been appropriated to the encouragement of learning. Of the interest of the fund, $15,000 are annually appropriated to the University of Virginia, and $45,000 to the education of the poor in the different counties, according to the ratio of white population. internal im- The state has a permanent fund devoted to the purposes of interna] provement. improvement of $1,418,961 11 ; and a disposable fund of $681,630 ; total $2,100,591 11 ; [of this about $475,000 is at present unproductive.] Annual income from both funds, $121,836 75. This fund is managed by 13 directors, styled the Board of Public Works, 10 of whom are chosen annually by the legislature, 3 from the Trans-Alleghany District, 2 from the Valley Dis- trict, 3 from the Middle District, and 2 from the Tide- Water District. The governor, treasurer, and first auditor of the state, are, ex officio, members. In all canals and roads authorized by the state, this fund contributes three-fifths of the stock. The Board meets annually on the first Monday in January, and the members are paid $4 a day, and 20 cents a mile for travel. The number of periodical papers in 1831 was estimated at 45. Reli The Baptists in this state have 337 churches, 192 ministers, and aenomina- 39,440 communicants; the Methodists, 77 preachers and 27,947 tions, 1831. members; the Presbyterians, 104 churches, 75 ministers, 15 licenti- ates, and 7,508 communicants ; the Episcopalians, 45 ministers ; the Friends are considerably numerous, and there are some Lutherans, Roman Catholics, and Jews. The first permanent English settlement formed in America was 1S ° ry ' made, in 1607, by 105 adventurers, on James river, in this state, at a place named Jamestown, in honor of James I. of England. Several unsuc- cessful attempts had been made in the latter part of the preceding century VIRGINIA. 99 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, in honor of whom the country was named Virginia ; which name, though now limited to a single state, at the time of the settlement was applied to all the country in America lying between lat. 34° and 45° N. The early history of the colony is replete with interesting and affecting incidents, occasioned by dangers and calamities ; by sickness, want, and contests with the Indians. By this constitution the legislative power is vested in a senate and a house of delegates, which are together styled The General Assem- theConstitu- bly of Virginia. The house of delegates consists of 134 members, ^n^amend chosen annually ; 31 from the 26 counties west of the Alleghany mountains; 25 from the 14 counties between the Alleghany mountains and Blue Ridge ; 42 from the 29 counties east of the Blue Ridge, and above tide- water ; and 36 from the counties, cities, towns, and boroughs tying upon tide- water. The senate consists of 32 members, 13 from the counties west of the Blue Ridge, and 19 from the counties, cities, towns, and boroughs east thereof. The senators are elected for four years ; and the seats of one-fourth of them are vacated every year. In all elections to any office or place of trust, honor, or profit, the votes are given openly, or viva voce, and not by ballot. A reapportionment for representatives in both houses, is to take place every ten years, commencing in 1841, until which time there is to be no change in the number of delegates and senators from the several divisions ; and after 1841, the number of delegates is never to exceed 150 ; nor that of the senators, 36. The executive power is vested in a governor elected by the joint vote of the two houses of the general assembly. He holds his office three years, com- mencing on the 1st of January next succeeding his election, or on such other day as may be, from time to time, prescribed by law ; and he is ineligible for the three years next after the expiration of his term of office. There is a council of state, consisting of three members elected for three years, by the joint vote of the two houses ; the seat of one being vacated an- nually. The senior counsellor is lieutenant-governor. . The judges of the supreme court of appeals and of the superior courts are elected by a joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior, or until removed by a concurrent vote of both houses ; but two-thirds of the members present must concur in such a vote, and the cause of removal be entered on the journals of each house. The right of suffrage is extended to every white male citizen of the common- wealth, resident therein, aged 21 years and upwards, who is qualified to exer- cise the right of suffrage according to the former constitution and laws ; — or who owns a freehold of the value of $25 ; or who has a joint interest to the amount of 825 in a freehold ; — or who has a life estate in, or reversionary title to, land of the value of $50, having been so possessed for six months ; or who shall own and be in the actual occupation of a leasehold estate, having the title recorded two months before he shall offer to vote — of a term originally not less than five years, and of the annual value or rent of $200 ; — or who, for twelve months before offering to vote, has been a house-keeper and head of a family, and shall have been assessed with a part of the revenue of the com- monwealth within the preceding year, and actually paid the same. It was enacted by the legislature, that the state elections for the year 1831 should be held in the month of August, on the respective court days in the dif- ferent counties, and for all future years, in the month of April ; that the elec- tion for members of congress should be held in 1830, in August, and, after- wards, every second year, in April ; that the election of electors of president and vice-president of the United States should be held every fourth year on the 1st Monday in November ; that the legislature should meet hereafter on the 1st Monday in December • that the term of the office of governor should commence on the 31st of March ; that the lieutenant-governor, while acting as governor, 100 NORTH CAROLINA. should receive the same compensation as the governor ; and that the salaries of the officers of the executive department should remain the same as heretofore. The governor's annual salary is $3,333|. This state sends 21 representatives to congress. NORTH CAROLINA. ARMS OF NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina is bounded N. by Virginia; E. by the Atlantic; S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee. It extends from lat. 33° 50' to 36° 30' N. and from long. 6° 20' W. to 1° 33' E. and contains 48,000 square miles. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Kaloi« lit 295 Hertford ne 7 712 8,541 Winton 129 Hyde e 4^967 6,177 Lake Landing 207 lradell w 1 3 071 x o,u < X 15 262 States vi lie KJ U (X &V> O V lllw 146 Johnston m Q 007 C,vJU I 1 0 038 Smithfield KJilliLllllV>HX 27 Jones se 5 91 0 5 628 TVpnton 140 Lenoir m 0 7QQ 7,635 Kingston 80 Lincoln sw 1 ft 1 47 99 095 T ■inpoiTitrvn LilllV_ Will LUii 169 Macon w 5 390 Prank I in X 1 CtillVllll 333 Martin eiv fi 990 8 544 Williamston 106 Mecklenburg sw 16,895 20,076 Charlotte 150 Montgomery wm ft 009 1 0 Ql ft X V,i7X o T i?\ wi'PTippvi 1 1 e 1 iCl VV 1 V 1 1 V. V^ V i 1 1 v_> 109 Moore m 7 1 9ft 7 753 C]u vtha crp V ' VV ± LUClgVv 69 Nash m 8,185 8,492 Nashville 44 New Hanovei se 10 866 10,759 Wilmington 149 Northampton n 13,242 13,103 Northamp. C.H. 95 Onslow se 7,016 7,814 Onslow C. H. 188 Orange m 23,492 23,875 Hillsborough 41 Pasquotank ne ft 00ft 8 616 Elizabeth City 189 Perquimans ne fi ft57 7 41 7 Hertford XXVI 1 1 V 1 VI 282 Person n Q 09Q 1 0 097 R oy horoncyh X U\J± V_/ Ll^ll 60 Pitt em 1 0 001 19 1 74 1*£,1 / -± O vppn villp v,* i wii v iiiv_/ 97 Randolph wm 11,331 12,400 Ashborough 72 Richmond s 7 537 9,326 Rockingham 113 Robeson s ft 904 Q 9t5 T /iimbprfnn 1 i Lllll UV- 1 LvJll 94 Rockingham n 1 1 474 1 9 Q20 Went w o rt h 108 Rowan wm 20 00Q 90 7Q0 Srilisbn rv 118 Rutherford sw X fJ , O Mobile 226 Monroe SM 8,780 Clairborne 157 Montgomery sm 12,694 Montgomery 119 Morgan n 9,053 Somerviile 135 Ferry m 11,509 Perry C. H. 61 Pickens w 6,620 Pickens 48 Pike se 7,103 Pike C. H. 179 St. Clair nem o,y / o Asnville Shelby m 5,521 Shelbyville 73 Tuscaloosa .171 13,646 Tuscaloosa Walker nm 2,202 Walker C. H. 47 Washington siv 3,478 Washington C. H. 146 Wilcox sm 9,469 Canton 113 36 Total 308,997, of whom 117,294 are slaves. In 1810, less than 10,000 1816, 29,683 1818, 70,542 1820, 127,901 1827, 244,041 1830, 308,997 Population at different Periods. Population. Increase From 1820 to 1830, In 1820, 1827, Slaves. 41,879 93,008 181,096 1830, 117,294 The principal rivers are the Alabama, Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Tennessee, Chatahoochee, Perdido, and Cahawba. The southern part of the country, which borders on the gulf of Mexico and West Florida, for the space of 50 miles wide, is low and level, covered with pine, cypress, and loblolly ; in the middle it is hilly, with some tracts of open land ; the northern part is somewhat broken and mountainous, and the country generally is more elevated above the sea, than most other parts of the United States at equal distance from the ocean. The Alleghany mountains terminate in the north-east part. The forest trees in the middle and northern part con- sist of black and white oak, hickory, poplar, cedar, chestnut, pine, mulberry, &c. Alabama possesses great diversity of soil, climate, natural, vegetable, and mineral productions. Occupying the valley of the Mobile, and its tributary streams, together with a fine body of land on both sides of the Tennessee river, its position in an agricultural and commercial point of view is highly advan- tageous. A considerable portion of that part of the state which lies between the Alabama and Tombigbee, of that part watered by the Coosa and Talla- poosa, and of that on the Tennessee, consists of very excellent land. On the 114 ALABAMA. margin of many of the rivers there is a considerable quantity of cane bottom land, of great fertility, generally from a half to three quarters of a mile wide. On the outside of this is a space, which is low, wet, and intersected by stagnant water. Next to the river swamp, and elevated above it ten or fifteen feet, suc- ceeds an extensive body of level land of a black, rich soil, with a growth of hickory, black-oak, post-oak, dog-wood, poplar, &c. After this come the prairies, which are wide-spreading plains of level, or gently waving land, without timber, clothed with grass, herbage, and flowers, and exhibiting in the month of May the most enchanting scenery. Cotton is the staple of the state. Other productions are corn, rice, wheat, rye, oats, &c. The sugar-cane, the vine, and the olive, it is supposed, may be cultivated with success. Coal abounds on the Cahawba, the Black Warrior, &c. ; and valuable iron ore is found in some parts of the state. The climate of the southern part of the bottom land bordering on the rivers, and of the country bordering on the Muscle Shoals, is unhealthy. In the ele- vated part of the country the climate is very fine ; the winters are mild, and the summers pleasant, being tempered by breezes from the Gulf of Mexico. The Cherokee and the Creek Indians possess a large tract in the eastern part of Alabama ; and the Choctaws and Chickasaws have possessions in the west. In 1831 there were three banks in this state, including a branch of the United States Bank at Mobile. The University of Alabama, at Tuscaloosa, is a new but well-endowed uca 10n " institution. It was incorporated in 1820, by an act of the state legisla- ture. By an act of Congress, March 1819, one section of land, containing 640 acres, was granted to the inhabitants of each township for the use of schools, and 72 sections, or two townships, for the support of a seminary of learning. The funds of the university consist of the proceeds of these lands. There have been 24 academies incorporated in the state, up to 1832. internal im- By an act of congress, March 2, 1819, it was provided that 5 per provemeut. cen t. of the neat proceeds of all the sales of public lands in this state, made subsequently to September 1, 1819, should be reserved for making public roads and canals, and improving the navigation of rivers. Three-fifths of the amount were directed to be applied to these objects within the state, and two-fifths to the making of a road or roads leading to the state, under the direction of con- gress. This act gave rise to what is commonly called the " Three per cent. Fund," which has been vested in the bank of the state of Alabama ; and it amounted, according to the report of the state treasurer, on the 26th of Novem- ber, 1829, to $96,355 77. A board of internal improvement, to consist of six commissioners, was established by the general assembly in January, 1830, under whose superintendence the income of this fund is to be appropriated to objects of public utility, as roads, canals, &c. On the 23d of May, 1828, congress made a grant to this state of 400,000 acres of relinquished and unappropriated lands for improving the navigation of the Muscle Shoals and Colbert Shoals in the Tennessee ; and likewise for im- proving the navigation of the Coosa, Cahawba, and Black Warrior rivers. There are 12 periodical presses in this state. Religious de- The Baptists in this state have 12 associations, 219 churches, 130 nomina- ministers, and 8,953 communicants ; the Methodists, 44 preachers ions, j 3 ; 504 members ; the Presbyterians, 38 churches, 27 ministers, 6 licentiates, and 1,669 communicants: the Roman Catholics, 2 ministers ; the Episcopalians, 2 ministers, ffisto Mobile, in the southern part of Alabama, was settled long since by istory. ^ gp an - g | 1 . y et t j ie territory which now forms this state contained but very few civilized inhabitants before 1810. Since that time its increase in population has been exceedingly rapid. Alabama was erected into a territorial government in 1817 ; the inhabitants formed a constitution in 1819 ; and in 1820, it was admitted into the Union. MISSISSIPPI. 115 The legislative power is vested in two branches, a senate and house Constitution of representatives, which together are styled The General Assembly and govern- of the State of Alabama. The representatives are elected annually, ment - and are apportioned among the different counties in proportion to the white population ; the whole number cannot exceed 100, nor fall short of 60. The senators are elected for three years, and one-third of them are chosen every year. Their number cannot be more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the number of representatives. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people, for two years ; and is eligible four years out of six. The representatives and one-third of the senators are elected annually on the first Monday in August and the day following ; and the governor is elected biennially at the same time. The general assembly meets annually (at Tus- caloosa) on the fourth Monday in October. The right of suffrage is possessed by every white male citizen of 21 years of age, who has resided within the state one year next preceding an election, and the last three months within the county, city, or town, in which he offers his vote. The judicial power is vested in one supreme court, in circuit courts, and such inferior courts as the general assembly may, from time to time, direct and establish. The judges, after No- vember in 1833, are to be elected by a joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, every six years. The annual salary of the governor is $2,000. This state sends five repre sentatives to congress. MISSISSIPPI. This state is not far from 300 miles in average length, and 160 in average breadth. Between 30° and 34° N. lat. ; and 11° and 14° W. long, from Wash- ington. It contains 28,000,000 acres. Bounded on the N. by Tennessee ; E. by Alabama ; S. by the gulf of Mexico and Louisiana ; W. by Louisiana and the Mississippi. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Jackson. Adams Natchez sw city 12,129 ) 2,790 I Natchez 112 Amite sw 7,943 Liberty 122 Claiborne ID 9,818 Port Gibson 67 Copiah swm 7,024 Gallatin 53 Covington sm 2,549 Williamsburgh 83 Franklin sw 4,622 Meadville 105 Greene se 1,849 Leaksville 171 Hancock s 1,981 Pearlington 200 Hinds m 8,619 | Jackson Raymond 19 Jackson se 1,789 Jackson C. H. 213 Jefferson sw 9,755 Fayette 93 Jones sm 1,471 Ellisville 134 Lawrence sm 5,321 Monticello 88 Lowndes 3,342 Columbus 134 Madison e 4,973 Livingston 31 Marion s 3,701 Columbia 120 Monroe e 3,855 Hamilton 150 116 MISSISSIPPI. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Continued. Counties. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Jackson. Perry se Pike s Rankin w Simpson sm Warren w Washington Wayne e Wilkinson sw Yazoo id 26 2,285 5,402 2,084 2,666 7,861 1,976 2,778 11,693 6,550 Augusta Holmesville Brandon Westville Vicksburg Princeton Winchester Woodville Benton 137 151 16 56 54 119 165 148 64 Population at different Periods. The country now forming the states of Mississippi and Alabama was erect- ed into a territorial government by the name of the Mississippi Territory, in 1798, and so continued till 1817. Population in 1800, 8,850; in 1810, 40,352 :— of Mississippi alone, in 1816, 45,929. Population. Slaves. In 1820, 75,448 32,814 1830, 136,806 Increase from 1820 to 1830, 61,358 65,659 The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Pearl, Pascagoula, Yazoo, Black, Tennessee, and the western branches of the Tombigbee. The Mississippi forms the western boundary from lat. 31° to 35° N. ; 308 miles in a right line, but by the course of the river near 700 miles. The southern part of the state, extending about 100 miles north from the Gulf of Mexico, is mostly a champaign country, with occasional hills of moderate elevation, and is covered with forests of the long-leaved pine, interspersed with cypress swamps, open prairies, and inundated marshes. A considerable por- tion of this part is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is generally sandy, sometimes gravelly and clayey. It is capable of producing cotton, corn, in- digo, sugar, garden vegetables, plums, cherries, peaches, figs, sour oranges, and grapes. In proceeding north, the face of the country becomes more elevated and agreeably diversified. The growth of timber consists of poplar, hickory, oak, black walnut, sugar-maple, buckeye, elm, hackberry, &c, and the soil is ex- ceedingly fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton, corn, sweet potatoes, in- digo, garden vegetables, and fruit. Nearly all the country watered by the Yazoo is described as incomparably fertile, well watered, and healthful. Cotton is the staple production of the state. Peaches and figs are the fruits most easily produced. Apples, plums, lemons, and oranges are common. The climate is temperate, and in the elevated parts generally healthy. The local situation of this state, the fertility of its soil, the temperature of its cli- mate, and the value of its productions, will doubtless cause it to remain an im- portant part of the Union. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians possess a large portion of the territory of this state, embracing the northern and eastern parts. The tracts possessed by these tribes, comprise some of the finest parts of the state, abounding with extensive and beautiful prairies. The Choctaws and Chickasaws have well cultivated fields, and great numbers of horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep. Many of them are mechanics, and their women spin and make cloth. There are 8 banks and branches in this state ; viz. 3 at Natchez, 1 at Port Gibson, 2 at Vicksburg, 1 at Woodville, and 1 at Rodney. MISSISSIPPI. 117 Jefferson College, at Washington, was established in 1802, and Education has received liberal endowments in public lands from the federal go- 1 vernment. It is pleasantly situated ; the buildings are large and commodious ; the course of study is similar to that of West Point ; and the number of cadets or students, in 1830, was 98. There are other seminaries in different parts ; but, although an interest in education is manifested in the different counties, yet no system of primary schools has been adopted. The state has a Literary Fund, amounting, at present, to 827,000, derived from the donation of the general government, rents of lands, three per cent, on all sales of public lands, fines, forfeitures, dec. But no portion of it is available till it shall amount to $50,000. In 1829, a Board of Internal Improvement was organized by the internal im- legislature, consisting of the governor and three commissioners. The P r °vement. board was authorized to employ a civil engineer, and to negotiate a loan of the sum of $200,000 upon the credit of the state, to be appropriated for the improvement of the navigable streams and public roads within the state. By an act of congress, passed March 1, 1817, five per cent, of the neat proceeds of the sales of the public lands within the state, was reserved for making roads and canals ; and three-fifths of this (called the Three per cent. Fund) are sub- ject to appropriation by the state legislature to those objects within the state ; the other two-fifths are at the disposal of congress for roads leading to the state. The number of periodical papers in 1831 was 10. The Methodists in this state have 23 preachers, and 5,918 mem- Re ii gioug bers; the Baptists, 3 associations, 58 churches, 12 ministers, and denomina- 1,714 communicants; the Presbyterians, 25 churches, 21 ministers, tl0ns " 3 licentiates, and about 950 communicants ; the Episcopalians, 4 ministers , and there are some Roman Catholics. The first settlement of whites in Mississippi was made by the Histo French at Natchez, about the year 1716 ; in 1729, these colonists were massacred by the Natchez Indians ; but in the succeeding year, this once powerful tribe was extirpated by the French. But few American settlements were made in this country till near the end of the last century. In 1800, the territory was erected into a separate go- vernment, and, in 1817, into an independent state. The constitution of this state was formed at the town of Washing- Constitu . ton, in August, 1817. tion and go. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and a House of Repre- veinment - sentatives, which are together styled The General Assembly of the State of Mississippi. The representatives are elected annually on the first Monday in August, in the ratio of one to every 3,000 white inhabitants. Each county, however, is entitled to one ; and the present whole number is 33. According to the consti- tution, when the number of white inhabitants exceeds 80,000, the number of representatives cannot be less than 36, nor more than 100. The members of the senate are elected for three years, one third being chosen annually. Their number cannot be less than one fourth, nor more than one third of the whole number of representatives. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people, for two years, on the first Monday in August. At every election of governor, a lieutenant-governor is also chosen, who is president of the senate, and on whom the executive duties devolve in case of the death, resignation, or absence of the governor. The general assembly meets (at Jackson) annually on the first Monday in November. The right of suffrage is granted to every free white male citizen of tho 118 LOUISIANA. United States, of the age of 21 years or upwards, who has resided within this state one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the county, city, or town in which he offers to vote, and is enrolled in the militia thereof, unless exempted by law from military service ; or, having the aforesaid qualifications of citizenship and residence, has paid a state or county tax. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, and such superior and in- ferior courts of law and equity, as the legislature may, from time to time, es- tablish. The judges of the several courts are elected by the general assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior, till the age of 65 years. The governor's salary is $2,500. This state sends two representatives to congress. LOUISIANA. Length, 240 miles ; breadth, 210 : containing 48,220 square miles. Between 29° and 33° 30' N. lat. and 12° and 17° 3' W. Ion. Bounded east by Missis- sippi state, and the Gulf of Mexico, and by the river Mississippi from 31° to 33°, and thence by the parallel of 31° to Pearl river ; thence by that stream to its mouth ; south by the Gulf of Mexico ; west by the river Sabine, which separates it from the Mexican states, and following that river to the parallel of 32°, thence due north to 33°, thence due east to the Mississippi, having Arkan- sas territory on the north. TABLE OF THE PARISHES AND SEATS OF JUSTICE. Eastern District, Parishes. Pop. 1830. Seats of Justice. Dist. from N. Orleans. Ascension sem 5,409 Donaldson 75 Assumption sem 5,670 Assumption C. II. 90 Baton Rouge, East, m 6,717 Concordia Baton Rouge, West, m 3,092 Baton Rouge 117 Concordia ne 4,662 Feliciana, East, em 8,247 Jackson 158 Feliciana, West, em 8,629 St. Francisville 149 Iberville sem 7,050 Iberville 98 Jefferson se 6,846 Coquille 202 Lafourche Interior s 5,500 Thibadeuxville 108 Orleans se New Orleans, city 4* suburbs 3,793 46,310 | New Orleans Plaquemines se 4,489 Fort Jackson 75 Point Cupee m 5,936 Point Coupee 154 St. Bernard sem 3,356 St. Charles sem 5,107 St. Helena em 4,027 St. Helena 98 St. James sem 7,672 Bringis-r's 60 St. John Baptist sem 5,700 Bonnet Carre 36 St. Tammany e 2,864 Covington 44 Terre Bonne s 2,121 Williamsburg Washington e 2,286 Franklinton | 21 Total of East. Dist. 155,318 LOUISIANA. 119 TABLE OF THE PARISHES AND SEATS OF JUSTICE. — Continued. Western District. Parishes. Pop. 1830. Seats of Justice. Dist. from N. Orleans. Avoyelles ni Catahoula nm Claiborne Lafayette s Natchitoches nw T?nr\irlf>a 07), XvctUlU.00 l,v St. Landry sw St. Martin's s St. Mary's s Washita . n 3,488 2,576 1,764 5,606 7,926 7,559 12,552 7,204 6,442 5,140 Marksville Harrisonburg Russelville Vermilionville Natchitoches Alexandria Opelousas St. Martinsville Franklin Monroe 240 251 441 354 272 192 176 141 323 10 Total of West. Dist. 60,257 .21 Population. Slaves. 80,421 .10 60,257 29,210 31 Counties Total of Louisiana 215,575 Population at different Periods. In 1810, 1820, 1830, Population. 76,556 153,407 215,575 Increase from 1810 to 1820, 1820 1830, 76,851 62,168 109,631 Slaves. 34,660 69,064 109,631 Population of New-Orleans, in 1802, about 10,000; in 1810, 17,242; in 1820, 27,176 ; in 1830, 46,310. Three quarters of the state are without an elevation, that can be Face of the properly called a hill. The pine woods generally have a surface of country, a very particular character, rising into fine swells, with table sur- 801 J ' &c ' faces on the summit, and valleys from 30 to 40 feet deep. But they are with- out any particular range, and like the waves of a high and regular sea. The alluvial soil is level, and the swamps, which are the only inundated alluvions, are dead flats. The vast prairies which constitute a large portion of the surface of the state, have, in a remarkable degree, all the distinctive aspects of prairies. To the eye they seem as level as the still surface of a lake. They are, except the quaking prairies, higher and drier than the savannas of Flori- da. A range of hills commences in gentle elevations in Opelousas, rises gradually, and diverges towards the Sabine. In the vicinity of Natchitoches it preserves a distance intermediate between the Sabine and Red Rivers, and continues to increase in elevation to the western parts of the state. Seen from the Pine Hills above Natchitoches, they have, in the distance, the blue outline of a range of mountains. Another line of hills, not far from Alexandria, commences on the north side of Red River, and separating between the waters of that river and Dudgemony, unites with another line of hills, that bound the alluvions of the Washita, as bluffs, gradually diverging from that river, as they pass beyond the western limits of the state. The new and remote parish taken from Natchitoches, called Claiborne, or Allen's Settlement, is a high and rolling country. — There are considerable hills beyond the Mississippi alluvions, east of that river. But, generally speaking, Louisiana is one immense plain divided into pine woods, prairies, alluvions, swamps, and hickory and oak lands. 120 LOUISIANA. The pine woods are generally rolling; sometimes, but not often, level. They have almost invariably a poor soil, sufficiently described in our account of Florida and Alabama. They possess the same character here, except, that creeks are more common, with more extensive and somewhat richer bottoms ; and there is, perhaps, a greater proportion of laurels, oaks and hickories among the pines. The greater proportion of the prairies is second-rate land. ►Some of those west of Opelousas, and between Washita and Red River, are even sterile. Some parts of the prairies of Opelousas are of great fertility, and those of Attakapas still more so. As a general fact, they are more level than those of the upper country. A large belt of these prairies, near the gulf, is low, marshy, and in rainy weather inundated. A very considerable extent of them has a cold clayey soil, with a hard pan near the surface. In other places the soil is of inky blackness, and disposed in the hot and dry season to crack in fissures, of a size to admit a man's arm. The bottoms are generally rich, but in very different degrees. Those of the Mississippi and Red River, and the bayous connected with those streams, are more fertile and productive than the streams west of them, and between them and the Sabine. The fertility of the richer bottoms of the Mississippi and Red River is sufficiently attested by the prodigious growth of the timber, the luxu- riance, size, and rankness of the cane and the cotton, the tangle of vines and creepers, the astonishing size of the weeds, and the strength of vegetation in general. We have measured a fig-tree, and a sumach, both ordinarily con- sidered as shrubs, which were larger than a man's body. The richness of the articles of cultivation is sufficiently well known. The cotton on fresh lands of the richest quality grows to the size of a considerable shrub. The districts of Louisiana, which have the richest soil, are the following : — 1st. The island of New-Orleans. This is so denominated in geography, and correctly. Not far below Baton Rouge, a bayou, or efflux, called Manshac, or Ibberville, makes out from the Mississippi, which, in its course, receives other waters, until swollen into a considerable river, it falls into lake Maurepas. That again is connected by a narrow gorge with lake Ponchartrain, and that by the rigolets with lake Borgne and the Gulf. The Mississippi insulates it on the other side. Consequently, the island of New-Orleans is a narrow strip of land, stretching between this range of lakes and the river. About one third of the average width of this strip is under cultivation. The other two thirds are swamp. Its front is the eastern bank of the Mississippi ; and its rear is this bayou and this line of lakes. The bayou Manshac, which completes the insular character of this tract, is narrow, and is seldom seen by persons de- scending the Mississippi. This tract is the finest part of that rich country, called the coast. The coast is that part of the bottom of the Mississippi, which commences with the first cultivation above the Balize, that is to say, about 40 miles below New-Orleans, and 150 above. This belt on each side of the river is secured by an embankment, called a levee, from 6 to 8 feet in height, and sufficiently broad, for the most part, to furnish a fine highway. The river, in ordinary inundations, would cover the greater part of this belt from two to six feet in depth. It is from one to two miles in width, and per- haps a richer tract of land of the same extent cannot be found on the face of the globe. The levee extends something higher on the west than on the east side of the river. Above the levee on the east bank of the river are the par- ishes of Baton Rouge, and East and West Feliciana. The latter parish re- ceived its name from its pleasant surface of fertile hills and valleys, and its union of desirable circumstances for a planting country. This parish presents a spectacle very uncommon in this country, hills that are covered with laurels and forest trees, denoting the richest soil. Here are some of the wealthiest planters and best plantations in the state. Bayou Sarah, the point of shipment for this region, sends great quantities of cotton to New-Orleans. Some of the LOUISIANA 121 plantations on this bayou have from 5 to 800 acres under cultivation, worked by a large number of hands. On the banks of the Mississippi, La Fourche, the Teche, and the Vermilion, below lat. 30° 12' N. wherever the soil is elevated above the annual inunda- tions, sugar can be produced ; and the lands are generally devoted to this crop. In all other parts of the state, cotton is the staple. The best districts for cotton are the banks of Red River, Washita, Teche, and the Mississippi. Rice is more particularly confined to the banks of the Mississippi, where irrigation can be easily performed. — The quantity of land within the state adapted to the cultivation of the three staples, has been estimated as follows : sugar, 250,000 acres ; rice, 250,000 ; cotton, 2,400,000. Some of the sugar-planters have derived a revenue in some years of $600 from the labor of each of their slaves ; from -$350 to $450 is the ordinary calculation. The cultivation of cotton is believed to be equally profitable. The amount of sugar made in Louisiana in 1810, was about 10,000,000 lbs.; in 1814, not less than 15,000,000; in 1817, 20,000,000; in 1828, 88,000,000; and in 1830, 100,000,000. The extensive prairie land, in the south-west part of the state, embracing the district of Opelousas, and the greater part of Attacapas, is most admirably adapted to the rearing of cattle, and has hitherto been used almost exclusively for that purpose. Many of the richer planters on the Teche and Vermilion, have stock farms established on Mermantau and Calcasiu rivers, and count their cattle by the thousand. The population is principally confined to the settlements on the Mississippi. In the upper settlements the inhabitants are principally Canadians ; in the middle, Germans ; and in the lower, French and Spaniards. A few years since a majority of the inhabitants were Roman Catholics. The clergy of this order, however, are not numerous ; and the constant introduction of emigrants from the north is effecting a rapid revolution in all the institutions of the country. In journeying from New Orleans to the mouth of Sabine river, we meet with men in every stage of civilization. In New Orleans, and other places on the banks of the Mississippi, the sugar and cotton planters live in splendid edifices, and enjoy all the luxury that wealth can impart. In Attacapas and Opelousas, the glare of expensive luxury vanishes, and is followed by substan- tial independence. In the western parts of Opelousas are found herdsmen and hunters ; the cabins are rudely and hastily constructed, and the whole scene recalls to the imagination the primeval state of society. The exports from Louisiana are not confined to its own produce. The bulky articles of all the western states go down the Mississippi, and are cleared out at New Orleans. The value of the exports in 1804, was $1,600,362 ; in 1806, $3,887,323; in 1815, $5,102,610; in 1817, $13,501,036; and in 1829, $12,386,000. A canal was completed in 1831, connecting New Orleans with Canal ' lake Ponchartrain. It is 4| miles long, perfectly straight, and its ascent and descent are only 16 inches. There are 10 banks and branches in this state; 5 at New Orleans, 1 at Baton Rouge, 1 at Donaldson, 1 at Opelousas, 1 at Alexandria, and one at St. Francisville. There are colleges at Jackson and New Orleans. In 1827, the Education legislature made a grant to each parish in the state, of $2 62^ to . every voter, to be applied to the education of the indigent ; the amount for one parish not to exceed $1,350, nor to fall short of $800. In consequence of this act, nearly $40,000 are annually appropriated to the education of the poor. The number of periodical papers in 1831 was 12. Q 122 LOUISIANA. Reii ions ^ e Catholic religion is predominant in Louisiana, and there are denomina- Catholic churches in all the considerable villages ,* but there are few tions. Protestant churches in the state. The Mississippi was discovered by Marquette and Joliette, two 1S ory - French missionaries, in 1673. In 1682, the country was explored by La Salle, and named Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV. A French settlement was begun at Iberville in 1699, and in 1717 New Orleans was founded. In 1803, the extensive country of Louisiana, comprising all the territory now belonging to the United States, lying west of the Mississippi, was purchased of France for the sum of $15,000,000 ; and in 1812, the southern portion of this country was admitted into the Union as an independent state. In the latter part of the last war between Great Britain and the United States, a very formidable armament invaded the territory of Louisiana, with a view to the capture of New Orleans. Several thousand volunteers from the adjoining country hastened to the relief of the city, and their energies were ably directed by general Jackson. Four engagements took place, in all of which the British were decisively repulsed. In the last of these, which occurred on the 8th of January, 1815, the loss of the enemy was so great, that he withdrew the remainder of his forces, and desisted from the hopeless attempt. Constitution The constitution of this state was formed in 1812. The legisla- and govern- tive power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, both ment * together styled The General Assembly of the State of Louisiana. The representatives are elected for two years on the first Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday in July. Their number cannot be less than 25, nor more than 50 ; and they are apportioned according to the number of electors, as ascertained by enumeration every four years. The members of the senate are elected for four years ; one-half being chosen every two years, at the time of the election of the representatives. The state is divided into 16 senatorial districts, in each of which one senator is chosen. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected for the term of four years. The people give their votes for a governor at the time and place of voting for representatives and senators ; and on the second day of the succeeding session of the general assembly, the two houses, by a joint ballot, elect for governor one of the two candidates who have the greatest number of votes. The governor's term of office commences on the fourth Monday succeeding his election. The general assembly meets (since 1829, at Donaldson or Donaldsonville) annually, on the first Monday in January ; except in the years of the election of president of the United States, when it meets on the 3d Monday in November. The right of suffrage is pos- sessed by every white male citizen of the United States, of the age of 21 years, who has resided in the county in which he offers to vote one year next preced- ing the election, and who in the last six months prior to said election has paid a state tax. The judiciary power is vested in a supreme court, which possesses appellate jurisdiction only, and such inferior courts as the legislature may establish. The judges are appointed by the governor, with the advice and con- sent of the senate, and hold their offices during good behavior. The governor's salary is $7,000. This state sends three representatives to congress. TENNESSEE. 123 TENNESSEE. Boundaries Bounded N. by Kentucky ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia, our anes. Alabama, and Mississippi ; and W. by Mississippi river, which sepa- rates it from Arkansas territory. It lies between 35° and 36° 30' N. lat. and between 4° 30' and 10° W. long. It is 430 miles long, 104 broad, and con- tains 40,000 square miles, or 25,600,000 acres. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. West Tennessee. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Nashville Bedford m 16,012 30,444 Shelbyville 52 Carroll w 9,378 Huntingdon 109 Davidson Nashville, town m 20,154 22,523 5,566 > Nashville Dickson wm 5,190 7,261 Charlotte 40 Dyer w 1,904 Dyersburg 168 Fayette sw 8,654 Sompwillp UUliiCI V J.11C3 184 Fentress n 2,760 Jamestown 131 Franklin s 16,571 15,644 Winchester 82 Gibson w 5,801 Trenton 139 Giles s 12,558 18,920 Pulaski 77 Hardiman sw 11,628 Roli'var* 158 Hardin sw 1,462 4,867 Savannah 112 Haywood w 5,356 Brownsville 275 TT 1 Henderson wm 8,741 Lexington 130 Henry nw 12,230 Paris 108 Hickman m 6,080 8,132 Vernon 66 Humphreys wm 4,067 6,189 R p vn nl fl «;hn vcrh 77 Jackson n 7,593 9,902 Ga inpshovniicrl") 79 Lawrence s 3,271 5,412 Lawrenceburgh 75 Lincoln s 14,761 22 086 Fa vpttpvillp 73 Madison w 11,750 Jackson 147 Maury m 22,141 28,153 Columbia 42 McNairy s 5,697 Purdv 128 Montgomery n 12,219 14 365 C^larlccivillp 46 Obion nw 2^093 Troy 161 Overton n 7,188 8,246 Monroe 109 Perry wm 2,384 7,038 Shannonsville 114 Robertson n 7,270 13,302 Springfield 25 Rutherford m 19,552 26,133 Murfreesborough 33 Shelby sw 354 5,652 Memphis 224 Smith n 17,580 21,492 Carthage 52 Sumner n 19,211 20,606 Gallatin 25 Stewart nw 8,397 6,988 Dover 81 Tipton w 5,317 Covington 197 Warren m 10,348 15,351 McMinnville 74 Wayne s 2,459 6,013 Waynesborough 92 Weakley nw 4,796 Dresden 132 White m 8,701 9,967 Sparta 92 Williamson m 20,640 26,608 ; Franklin 18 Wilson nm 18,730 25,477 Lebanon 31 40 Total of W.Tenn. 287,501 488,448 of whom 124,492 are slaves. 124 TENNESSEE. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Continued. East Tennessee. Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Nashville. in 4,468 5,312 Clinton 195 Bledsoe Blount tA III LF UCH Carter m e n ne 4,005 11,258 4,244 4,835 6,448 11,027 5,110 6,418' Pikeville Marysville Jacksonborough Elizabethtown 109 197 215 316 Claiborne Cocke Granger 8— I n YYi 1 1 f r^n X -LdllJllKJll n f c em e sem 5,508 4,892 7,651 11,221 821 8,470 6,048 10,066 14,410 2,274 Tazewell Newport Rutledge Greenville Hamilton C. H. 243 247 232 273 148 f— 1 n ui/lnn a j-Xci w iviiib Jefferson Knox ne e em 10,949 8,953 13,034 13,683 11,799 14,498 Rogersville Dandridge Knoxville 264 229 199 McMinn Marion Monroe sem s se 1,623 3,888 14,497 5,516 13,709 Athens Jasper Madisonville 153 114 168 Morgan Rhea n em 1,676 4,215 2,582 8,182 Montgomery W ashington 46 129 Roane e 7,895 11,340 Kingston 159 Sevier e 4,772 5,117 Sevier C. H. 225 Sullivan Washington ne e 7,015 9,557 10,073 10,995 Blountsville Jonesborough 306 298 22 Total ofE. 1 enn. 135,312 196,374, of whom 17,890 are slaves. Population. Slaves. West Tennessee - - 488,448 - - - 124,492 East Tennessee - - 196,374 - - - 17,890 Total of Tennessee, 684,822 142,382 Population at different Periods. Population. Slaves. 1800, 105,642 13,584 1810, 261,727 Increase from 1800 to 1810, 156,125 44,535 1820, 420,813 — 1810 1820, 159,086 80,107 1830, 684,822 — 1820 1830, 264,009 142,382 Towns ^ e cn ^ e ^ towns are Nashville, Knoxville, Murfreesboro', Clarks- ville, Fayetteville, Columbia, Newport, Shelbyville, Jonesboro', Gallatin, Franklin, Winchester, Memphis, Jackson, Pulaski, Lebanon, Car- thage, Charlotte, Reynoldsburg, Springfield, Huntsville, Jonesboro', Maryville, Clinton, Kingston, M'Minnville, and Williamsburg. Nashville is the metropolis and capital. Rivers ^~^ e P rmc *P a l r i vers are Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, neis. Qjjjjpjj^ X) uc k ? Holston, French-Broad, No.tahacky, Hiwassee, Tellico, Reelfoot, Obion, Forked Deer, Wolf, and Elk river. Tennessee is washed by the great river Mississippi on the west, and the fine rivers Tennessee and Cumberland pass through it in very serpentine courses. The western part is undulating ; some of it level ; in the middle it is hilly ; and the eastern part, known by the name of East Tennessee, abounds in mountains, many of them lofty, and presenting scenery peculiarly grand and picturesque. Of these mountains the Cumberland, or great Laurel Ridge, is the most remark- able. Stone, Yellow, Iron Bald, Smoky, and Unaka mountains, join each TENNESSEE. 125 other, and form in a direction nearly north-east and south-west, the eastern bound- ary of the state. North-west of these, and separated from each other by valleys of from 5 to 15 miles wide, are Bay's Mountain, Copper Ridge, Clinch Mountain, Powell's Mountain, and Welling's Ridge. The last four terminate north of Ten- nessee river. They are all encircled by valleys, which open passages for rivers and roads, and which together with the numerous cascades, render the views very sublime. Caves of great depth and extent are found throughout the state. The geological formation of this state is wholly secondary, except a small portion of the eastern part, which is transition, and numerous spots on the banks of rivers, which are alluvial. A considerable portion of the state is bed- ded on lime-stone. A large deposit of gypsum has been lately discovered. Cop- peras, alum, nitre, and lead are among the minerals. Some silver has been found. Coal is supposed to be plentiful. Saltpetre is so abundant as to form a great article of commerce. There are several mineral springs, and many valuable salt springs. The soil in a country so uneven must be very various. The western part of the state has a black, rich soil ; in the middle are great quantities of excel lent land ; in the eastern, part of the mountains are lean, but there are many fertile valleys. There is a great profusion of natural timber, poplar, hickory, walnut, oak, beach, sycamore, locust, cherry, sugar-maple, &c, and in many places are great quantities of cane remarkably thick and strong. The state also abounds with medicinal plants, such as snake-root, ginseng, Carolina pink, angelica, senna, annise, spikenard, &c. Tennessee is also well supplied with animals and birds of various kinds, and the rivers abound in divers sorts of fish. The climate is generally healthy. In East Tennessee, the heat is so tempered by the mountain air on one side, and by refreshing breezes from the Gulf of Mexico on the other, that this part of the state has one of the most desirable climates in North America. The middle part resembles Kentucky in climate. The winter in Tennessee resembles the spring in New England. Snow seldom falls to a greater depth than 10 inches, or lies longer than 10 days. Cumberland river has been frozen over but three times since the country was settled. Cattle are rarely sheltered in winter. In the western parts there are some low bottoms on which the inhabitants are subject to bilious fevers, and fever and ague in the autu*mn. The great business of the state is agriculture. The soil produces abundantly cotton and tobacco, which are the staple commodities. The inhabitants also raise a plentiful supply of grain, grass, and fruit. They export cotton, tobacco, and flour, in considerable quantities ; also saltpetre, and many other articles. The principal commerce is carried on through the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and from them through the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. This state also supplies Kentucky, Ohio, &c, with cotton for inland manufactures ; and from East Tennessee considerable numbers of cattle are sent to the sea- ports on the Atlantic. There are only 3 banks in this state, including a branch of the United States Bank at Nashville, " The Bank of the State," and a private bank of Yeatman Woods & Co., all at Nashville. The state penitentiary is near Nashville, built in 1831, at an expense of about $50,000. It is 3 stories high, 310 feet in length, and 50 feet in width, containing solitary cells. Nashville University, at Nashville, is a respectable institution, with Education considerable endowments. East Tennessee College is at Knoxville. uca 10n * Greenville College, the oldest in the state, is at Greenville ; and there is a theo- logical school at Maryville. The Cherokee Indians possess that part of the state which lies to the south •of the Tennessee and Hiwasse rivers. These Indians have made much pro- 126 TENNESSEE. gress in the arts of civilized life, and pay considerable attention to education, There are several missionary stations among them, of which one of the most considerable is Brainerd. Religious ^ ne Baptists in this state have 11 associations, 214 churches, 141 denomina- ministers, and 11,971 communicants ; the Methodists, 125 preachers, lons * and 38,242 members ; the Presbyterians, 105 churches, 60 minis- ters, 20 licentiates, and 6,814 communicants; the Lutherans, 10 ministers. The Cumberland Presbyterians, computed at about 100,000, reside chiefly in Tennessee and Kentucky. The number of periodical papers in this state is 20. The earliest settlements in this state were made between the years I& ° iy " 1765 and 1770, by emigrants from North Carolina and Virginia. The country was included within the limits of North Carolina till 1790, when it was placed under a separate territorial government, denominated the " Territory South of the Ohio ;" and in 1796, the inhabitants formed a constitution, and Tennessee was admitted into the Union as an independent state. Constitution ^ e const itution of this state was formed at Knoxville, in 1796. and govern- The legislative authority is vested in a General Assembly, consisting ment - of a senate and house of representatives ; and the members of both houses are elected biennially on tjie first Tuesday and Friday in August. The number of representatives is 60, who are apportioned among the different coun- ties according to the number of taxable inhabitants. The number of senators cannot be less than one third, nor more than one half of the number of repre- sentatives. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected at the same time with the senators and representatives ; and who holds his office for the term of two years, but is not eligible more than six years in any term of eight. The general assembly meets (at Nashville) biennially, on the third Monday in September, next following the election ; and it may be called to- gether, if necessary, at other times, by the governor. The right of suffrage is granted to every freeman of the age of 21 years, possessing a freehold in the county where he offers his vote, and to every free- man who has been an inhabitant of any one county in the state six months immediately preceding the day of election. The judiciary power is vested in such superior and inferior courts, as the legislature may, from time to time, direct and establish. The judges are appointed by a joint ballot of both houses, and hold their offices during good fcehavior. The governor's salary is 2,000 dollars. This state sends thirteen representatives to congress. KENTUCKY. Kentucky is bounded N. by Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio ; E. by Virginia ; S. by Tennessee ; and W. by the Mississippi. It extends from lat. 36° 30' to 39° 10' N. and from 5° to 10° W. long, from Washington. Length on the southern line, 300 miles. % Extent, 39,000 square miles, or 24,960,000 acres. KENTUCKY. 127 TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS. Counties. Population. Towns. Pop. Dist. from Frankfort. Adair sm 8,220 Columbia 422 91 Allen s 6,486 Scottsville 180 151 171 4,542 Lawrenceburg 320 12 Barren swm 14,821 Glasgow 617 126 Bath em 8,799 i Owingsville > Sharpsburg 241 158 73 62 Boone n 9,012 Burlington " Paris 276 1,219 72 43 Bourbon nem 18,434 Millersburg Middletown 470 195 50 53 Bracken n 6,392 Augusta ' Hardinsburg 691 316 73 118 R rp.ckpn y\ c\ p*p W771 7,345 Cloverport 194 129 Stephenport 64 116 ovum 3,055 Morp-antown 76 141 Bullitt nwm 5,660 i Shepherdsville Mt. Washington 278 226 74 56 Caldwell w 8,332 i Princeton 1 Eddyville 366 167 229 241 (!nllnwnv sw 5,159 Vv dUcSDOrOUgll 163 262 Campbell n t7,CJi70 \ 1\ c W poi C I Covington 717 743 79 79 Casey 7tl 4,342 Liberty 118 66 Christian SW 12,694 Hopkinsville 1,263 206 Olarkp Tit 13,052 Winchester 620 45 Clay 3,549 Manchester 159 115 Cn m ripvl a n rl W Hill UC1 ICLilU g 8,636 Burkesville 340 119 Davies wm 5,218 Owensborough 229 150 Rrlmnnrl Jeffersonville ool OQ 00 OO Morgan em 2,857 West Liberty 50 107 Muhlenberg swm Greenville 1/1 C Bardstown 1,625 55 Nelson wm 14,916 < Bloomfield ( Fairfield 301 OQ 44 4fcO Nicholas nem 8,832 Carlisle 430 58 Ohio wm /I Q1Q Hartford f Westport A A Oldham nm 9,563 ! Bedford 1 Brownsville L La Grange i 0 &. 57 27 53 41 35 Owen nm 5,792 i Owenton ( New Liberty 143 161 28 36 Pendleton n 3,866 Falmouth 207 60 Perry se 3,331 Perry C. H. 148 Pike e 2,677 Pikeville 49 165 KENTUCKY. 129 TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND TOWNS. — Continued. Counties. Pulaski Rockcastle Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Todd Trigg Union Warren sm sem sm nm nm w swm Population. 9,522 3,883 6,099 6,815 8,801 5,889 4,435 10,947 Washington m Wayne s Whitely se Woodford m Total Towns Somerset 231 Mount Vernon 142 i Jamestown 67 \ Creelsburg 37 Georgetown 1,344 C Shelby ville 1,201 < Simpsonville 77 { Christiansburg 78 Franklin 280 Taylorsville 248 { Elkton 382 I Trenton 178 ( Cadiz 168 ( Canton 146 Morganfield 292 Bowling- Green 815 f Springfield 618 I Lebanon 384 V\J VV XX 325 104 Butler sw 27 044 486 Hamilton AXCXlXlXXH_fXX 1 097 101 Champaign wm 12,130 417 Urbana 1 102 50 Clark swm 13,074 412 Snvincfipld pX IXX£ilXOALl 1 080 43 Clermont sw 20,466 515 Rn ta via i J (A (, ( (. V Xd. 426 109 Clinton sm 11,292 400 W 1 1 m i n crton » . XlXXXXXXil tv^xx 607 67 Columbiana e 35 508 865 INTpw T .1 <3r~lOn i 1 38 152 Coschocton em 11,162 562 Coshopton 333 84 Crawford nm 4 778 584 298 69 Cuyahoga ne 10,360 475 Cleaveland 1 076 138 Dark w 6,203 660 Greenville 160 103 Delaware m ± X j'J^iu 610 T)pl n wa vp 1 /UlcL VV ui t/ 532 23 Fairfield m 24,788 540 Lancaster 1 530 28 Fayette sm 8,180 415 ^Vashington 300 45 Franklin m 14,766 520 f /OT.TT iVTTiTTS: 9 437 Gallia s 9,733 495 Gallinoli<=! 755 108 Geauga ne 15,813 600 ( /harnnn //t?/iwqm , ?t» V_yXXCll IIUXX, CUlUItOll'OJJ ft81 oox 157 Green swm 15,084 416 Xenia 919 57 Guernsey em 18 036 621 Oa m bfi d crA V^M-XXi LFX lU^D 51 8 tlX o 83 Hardin wm 500 Hardy 66 Hamilton sw 52,321 400 Cmpinnati V_xXXX^XXXXXClH 94 831 112 Hancock nwm 813 575 Findla v x_ ixxvuxct y 52 114 Harrison e 20 920 450 Cadiz ft90 124 Henry nw 260 474 i In mncpnQ x_/cxixJcloCLlo 161 Highland sm i fi 247 555 a — 1 "ill o ni~ivr*n n*n JLXIxlSUUx UUglx 5R4 74 Hocking sm 4 008 439 XjVJtlCtXX Q7 47 Holmes m Q 1 33 400 l'XiiUvi a u ui g 91 Q 80 Huron n 13,345 840 lVorwalk 31 0 113 Jackson s 5,974 4-Q2 T fi plrcnn 99Q 74 Jefferson e 22,489 400 Stpn Vipnvillp 9 Q37 149 Knox m 17 124 61 0 IVT mint Vprnoti 1HWLIIJL VCxxxtJIl 1 091 45 Lawrence s 5,366 426 Burlington 1 49 X *±£7 135 Licking m 20,864 uuu IXC VVctl X\. OQQ 34 Lorain n 5,696 555 Elyria 668 130 Logan wm 6,442 425 Rpllp T^nntninp XJCIIC X UxxlallxC 62 Madison m 6,190 448 1 /PiirlnTi XJUXlLlUxi 94Q 27 Marion m 6,558 527 Ma vion 987 47 Medina nem 7,560 473 '-tit) ViPninn //l^/iweni'n ivjicuixxct, lUU/lloltojJ fi99 111 Meigs se 6 1 5Q 405 ( hocfn v WiXCblCI Q4 Mercer w 1,110 570 St Marv'<=; Q9 111 Miami wm 12,806 444 Trov 504 78 Monroe se 8,770 563 Woodsfield 157 140 Montgomery wm 24,252 450 Dayton 2,965 66 Morgan se 11,796 500 McConnelsville 267 70 Muskingum Paulding m 29,325 664 Zanesville 3,094 59 nw 160 432 Perry sm 14,018 402 Somerset 576 46 136 OHIO. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Continued. Counties. Pop. 1830. Sq. M. County Towns. Pop. Dist. . from Columbus. Pickaway Tfl 15,935 495 Circleville 1,136 26 riKe S 6,024 414 Piketon 271 65 Portage tip lit* 18,827 752 Ravenna, township 806 127 i re Die w 16,255 432 Eaton 511 92 Putnam 71W 230 576 Sugar Grove 148 Richland 717/1 24,007 900 Mansfield 840 71 Ross S7TI 24,053 672 Chillicothe 2,846 45 Sandusky 71 2,851 656 Lower Sandusky 351 103 Scioto S 8,730 581 Portsmouth 1,064 91 Seneca 71771 5,148 546 Tiffin 248 85 one my o tar k W771 3,671 418 Sydney 240 86 €771 26,784 780 Canton 1,257 116 Trumbull ne 26,154 875 Warren 510 157 Tuscarawas em 14,298 654 New Philadelphia 410 107 Union em 3,192 430 Marysville 142 37 Van Wert 71W 49 432 Willshire 14o Warren swm 21,493 400 Lebanon 1,157 83 Washington se 11,731 670 Marietta 1,207 106 Wayne nm 23,344 660 Wooster 977 86 Williams 71W 377 600 Defiance 52 175 Wood nw 1,095 744 Perrysburg 182 135 Total 937,679 40,150 Population at different Periods. Population. In 1790, about 3,000 1800, 45,365 Increase from 1790 to 1800, 43,365 1810, 230,760 1800 1810, 195,395 1820, 581,434 1810 1820, 350,674 1830, 937,637 1820 1830, 356,203 The rivers which flow into Lake Erie on the north, are Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, Vermilion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula ; those in the south flowing into the Ohio, are the Muskingum, Hockhocking, Little and Great Miami. The Au-Glaize and St. Mary's in the western part of the state, are branches of the Maumee. The interior and northern parts of the country, bordering on Lake Erie, are generally level, and in some places marshy. Nearly one-third of the eastern and south-eastern part is very hilly and broken. The hills are exceedingly numer- ous, but they seldom rise into considerable mountains. Immediately upon the banks of the Ohio, and several of its tributaries, are numerous tracts of interval or meadow land, of great fertility. In the interior, on both sides of the Scioto, and on the Great and Little Miami, are perhaps the most extensive bodies of level and rich land in the state. In many parts there are large prairies, par ticularly on the head waters of the Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the two Miamis. Some of these prairies are low and marshy, pro- ducing large quantities of coarse grass, from 2 to 5 feet high ; some of which is of a tolerably good quality : other prairies are elevated, and are frequently called barrens ; not always on account of their sterility, for they are often fer- tile. The most elevated tracts of country between the rivers, are the wettest and most marshy in the state ; and the driest land is that which borders on the various streams of water. Among the forest trees, are oak of various species, maple, hickory, beach, birch, poplar, sycamore, ash, pawpaw, buck-eye, cherry, &c. OHIO. 137 Wheat is the staple of the state. Other sorts of grain, various kinds of fruit, grass, hemp, and flax, are extensively cultivated. From 70 to 100 bushels of Indian corn, it is said, have, in many instances, been produced in a year from one acre. Coal is found in great quantities in the eastern parts. Iron ore has been discovered and wrought pretty ex- tensively in several places, particularly on the south of Licking river, 4 miles west of Zanesville, on Brush creek, and in some other places. Salt springs are found on some of the eastern waters of Muskingum, and on Salt creek, 28 miles south-east of Chillicothe, where there are considerable salt works. The summers are warm and pretty regular, though somewhat subject to tornadoes. Spring and autumn are very pleasant ; and the winters generally mild. In some parts near the marshes and stagnant waters, the inhab- itants are subject to the fever and ague ; but the climate, generally, is accounted remarkably healthy. Ohio takes the lead among the western states with regard to manufactures. Some of the most important manufacturing towns are Cincinnati, Zanesville, Steu- benville, and Chillicothe. The building of ships has been commenced in this state* for the purpose of carrying its produce to market. These are laden at spring-flood, and descend the rivers in per- fect safety to the Atlantic, whence they proceed to the West Indies, or other parts, where they are disposed of, both vessel and cargo. The first ships built here were in 1802, at Marietta. Their frames were almost wholly of black walnut, which is said to be as durable as the live-oak. All the materials for ship-building abound in this country. The exports from this state consist of flour, corn, hemp, flax, beef, pork, smoked hams of venison, whisky, peach-brandy, and lumber. More than half of the exports go to New Orleans ; but much is sent to New York and other Atlantic cities. The Ohio Canal forms a communication between the river Ohio, at Portsmouth, and lake Erie, at Cleaveland, 320 miles in length. The Miami Canal, which is completed from Cincin- nati to Dayton, 65 miles, has 22 locks, and cost $746,000, about 811,000 a mile. It extends through the richest portion of the state, and is tho channel of an extensive trade. The Bank of the United States has an office of dis- count and deposit at Cincinnati ; and under the authority of the state are the following banks, namely, the banks of Chillicothe, Marietta, St. Clairsville, Steubenville, Mount Pleasant, and Canton ; Franklin Bank of Colum- bus, at Columbus ; Lancaster Ohio Bank, at Lancaster ; Urbana Banking Company, at Urbana ; Bank of Scioto, at Portsmouth ; and Western Reserve Bank, at Warren. The principal literary seminaries in this state are the University of Ohio, at Athens ; EducatIon - Miami University, at Oxford; Western Reserve Col- S 1 Cuyahoga R- ! Akron Bethlehem Zoar Dover JiT. Phila. Gnadenhution Coshocton Newark 'Deep Cut M Circleville Chillicothe Piketon 138 OHIO. lege, at Hudson ; Kenyon College, at Gambier ; and the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. A system of common schools has been lately introduced by law into this state. " An act to provide for the support and better regulation of common schools" was passed by the legislature in March, 1831, " to take effect and be in force from and after the first day of May" following. This act declares, " that a fund shall be raised in the several counties in the state for the use of common schools, for the instruction of the white youth of every class and grade, without distinction, in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and other necessary branches of education; — that for this purpose there shall be an- nually levied and assessed upon the ad valorem amount of the general list of taxable property in each county of the state, the property of blacks and mu- lattoes excepted, three fourths of a mill on the dollar ; that the trustees of each incorporated township in this state, where the same has not been already done, shall lay off their township into school districts in a manner most convenient for the population." Further provisions are made for carrying the system into effect. Religious ^ ne Presbyterians in this state have 346 churches, 192 ministers, denomina- 11 licentiates, and 22,150 communicants; the Baptists, 14 associa- tlons * tions, 240 churches, 140 ministers, and 8,801 communicants ; the Methodists, 91 preachers, and 36,064 members ; the Lutherans, 37 ministers 5 and 8,706 communicants ; the Associate Presbyterians, 65 congregations, 20 ministers, and 4,225 communicants ; the German Reformed, 82 congregations, and 3,750 communicants ; the Episcopalians, 16 ministers ; the New Jerusa- lem Church, 4 societies ; there are also a considerable number of Friends and Roman Catholics, some Universalists, Unitarians, and Shakers. The number of periodical papers, in 1831, was estimated at 150. The first permanent settlement of Ohio was commenced at Ma- 1S ° r ' rietta, in 1788 ; in 1789, the country was put under a territorial go- vernment, and called the Western Territory, which name was afterwards al- tered to the Territory North-west of the Ohio; and in 1802, it was erected into an independent state, constitu- ^ ne const i tut i° n of this state was formed at Chillicothe, in 1802. tion and go- The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Repre- vernment. sen t a ^ V es, which together are styled The General Assembly of the State of Ohio. The representatives are elected annually on the second Tuesday in October ; and they are apportioned among the counties according to the number of white male inhabitants above 21 years of age. Their number cannot be less than 36, nor more than 72. The senators are chosen biennially, and are appor- tioned according to the number of white male inhabitants of 21 years of age. Their number cannot be less than one third, nor more than one half of the number of representatives. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people for two years, on the second Tuesday in October ; and his term of service commences on the first Monday in December. The general assembly meets annually (at Columbus), on the first Monday in December. The right of suffrage is granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who have resided in the state one year next preceding the elec- tion, and who have paid, or are charged with, a state or county tax. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, in courts of common pleas for each county, and such other courts as the legislature may, from time to time, establish. The judges are elected by a joint ballot of both houses of the general assembly for the term of 7 )^ears. This state sends 19 representatives to congress. Governor's salary, $1,200. INDIANA. 139 INDIANA. Length, 250 miles; breadth, 150. Between 37° 47' and 41° 50' N. lat. and 7° 45' and 11° W. Ion. Bounded north by Michigan Territory and lake ; east by Ohio ; south by Ohio river ; and west by Illinois. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Indianapolis Allen ne 1,000 T? 4- TT7" .bort Wayne 141 Bartholomew m 5,480 Columbus 41 Boon swm 622 Thorntown 61 Carroll 1,614 Delphi oo Cass 1,154 Logansport llo Clark s 10,719 Charlestown 105 Clay w 1,616 Bowling- Green 69 Clinton 1,423 Frankfort Crawford s 3,184 Fredonia 122 Daviess SW7TL 4,512 Washington 106 Dearborn se 14,573 Lawrenceburg no 98 Decatur sem 5,854 Greensburg 55 Delaware em 2,372 Muncytown 59 Dubois sw?n 1,774 Portersville 124 Elkhart 935 Pulaski Fayette em 9,112 Connersville 68 Floyd se 6,363 AT A n New Albany 121 Fountain w 7,644 Covington 81 Franklin se 10,199 Brookville 70 Gibson sw 5,417 Princeton 141 Greene swn 4,253 Bloomneld iff* 76 Hamilton m 1,750 JNoblesville 22 Hancock m 1,569 Greenfield 21 Harrison se 10,288 Corydon 124 Hendricks m 3,967 Danville OA 20 Henry em 6,498 New Castle 49 Jackson sm 4,894 .Hrownstown 69 Jefferson se 11,465 Madison oo Jennings sem 3,950 Vernon 64 Johnson m 4,139 Franklin Knox V) 6,557 Vincennes 126 Lawrence sm 9,237 rledford 73 Madison m 2,442 Andersontown Marion m 7,181 INDIANAPOLIS Martin sm 2,010 Mount Pleasant 121 Monroe sm 6,578 Bloomington 51 Montgomery wm 7,386 Crawfordsville 44 Morgan m 5,579 Martinsville 30 Orange sm 7,909 Paoli 94 Owen wm 4,060 Spencer 52 Parke w 7,534 Rockville 68 Perry s 3,378 Rome 143 Pike sw 2,464 Petersburg 119 Posey sw 6,883 Mount Vernon 187 Putnam wm 8,195 1 Green Castle 42 140 INDIANA. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Continued. Counties. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Dist. from Indianapolis. Randolph e 3,912 Winchester 97 Ripley- sem 3,957 Versailles 79 Rush em 9,918 Rushville 40 St. Joseph n 287 1 arecoopy Scott se 3,097 New Lexington 89 Shelby m 6,294 Shelbyville 30 Spencer s 3,187 Kockport 167 Sullivan w 4,696 Merom 115 Switzerland s 7,111 Vevay 105 Tippecanoe nwm 7,167 Lafayette 70 Union e 7,957 Liberty 77 Vanderburgh sw 2,610 Evansville 170 Vermilion w o,70o Newport 86 Vigo w 5,737 'T'oyyo TTantp J-*-/l.Xw X J- CI Li LVy 83 Wabash nwm Elk Heart Plain 196 Warren w 2,854 Williamsport Warwick sw 2,973 Boonville 187 Washington sm 13,072 Salem 91 Wayne e 18,587 Centerville 63 64 Total 341,582 Population at different Periods* Population. Slaves. In 1800, 5,641 133 1810, 24,520 Increase from 1800 to 1810, 18,879 237 1820, 147,178 1810 1820, 122,658 190 1830, 341,582 1820 1830, 194,404 0 Towns This state has had a rapid increase of inhabitants ; yet the greater part of the land within its limits still belongs to the United States. The following, having the population annexed for 1831, are some of the most considerable towns : — New Albany, about 2,500 ; Madison, about 2,000 ; Vin- cennes, about 1,800; Richmond, about 1,500; Indianapolis, about 1,200; Salem, about 1,000. The principal rivers are the Ohio, Wabash, White River, Whitewater, Tip- pecanoe, Illinois, Plein, Theakiki, St. Joseph's, and St. Mary's. There are no mountains in Indiana ; the country, however, is more hilly than the territory of Illinois, particularly towards Ohio river. A range of hills, called the Knobs, extends from the falls of the Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, which in many places produces a broken and uneven sur- face. North of these hills lie the flat woods, 70 miles wide. Bordering on all the principal streams, except the Ohio, there are strips of bottom and prairie land ; both together from 3 to six miles in width. Between the Wabash and lake Michigan, the country is mostly champaign, abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies, lakes, and swamps. A range of hills runs parallel with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Miami to Blue River, alternately approaching to within a few rods, and re- ceding to the distance of two miles. Immediately below Blue River, the hills disappear, and there is presented to view an immense tract of level land, co- vered with a heavy growth of timber. North of the Wabash, between Tippe- canoe and Ouitanan, the banks of the streams are high, abrupt, and broken, and the land, except the prairies, is well timbered. Between the Plein and Theakiki, the country is flat, wet, and swampy, interspersed with prairies of INDIANA. 141 an inferior soil. The sources of rivers are generally in swamps or lakes, and the country around them is low, and too wet for cultivation. There are two kinds of prairies, the river and the upland prairies ; the former are bottoms destitute of timber, and are said to exhibit vestiges of former cultivation; the latter are from 30 to 100 feet more elevated, and are far more numerous and extensive. Some of them are not larger than a com- mon field, while others extend farther than the eye can reach. They are usu- ally bounded by heavily timbered forests, and not unfrequently adorned with copses of small trees. In spring and summer, they are covered with a luxuri- ant growth of grass and fragrant flowers, from 6 to 8 feet high. The soil of these plains is often as deep and fertile as the best bottoms. The prairies bor- dering on the Wabash are particularly rich. Wells have been dug in them where the vegetable soil was 22 feet deep, under which was a stratum of fine white sand. The ordinary depth is from 2 to 5 feet. The principal productions of this state are wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, pulse, beef, pork, butter, whiskey, and peach brandy. Not far from Big Blue River there is a large cave, the entrance of which is on the side of a hill, that is about 400 feet high. Here are found great quanti- ties of sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salt, and of nitre, &c. The climate is generally healthy and pleasant, resembling that of Ohio. The Wabash is frozen over in the winter, so that it may be safely crossed on the ice. In the southern part of Indiana there is a remarkable cave, which abounds in Epsom salts, and which is thus described by Mr. Adams. — " The hill in which it is situated is about 400 feet high from the base to the most elevated point, and the prospect to the south-east, in a clear day, is exceedingly fine, commanding an extensive view of the hills and valleys bordering on Big Blue River. The top of the hill is covered principally with oak and chestnut. The side to the south-east is mantled with cedar. The entrance is about mid-way from the base to the summit, and the surface of the cave preserves in general about that elevation ; although I must acknowledge this to be conjectural, as no experiments have been made with a view to ascertain the fact. It is probably owing to this middle situation of the cave, that it is much drier than is common. " After entering the cave by an aperture 12 or 15 feet wide, and in height, in one place, 3 or 4 feet, you descend with easy and gradual steps into a large and spacious room, which continues about a quarter of a mile, varying in height from 8 to 30 feet, and in breadth from 10 to 20. In this distance the roof is in some places arched, in others a plane, and in one place it resembles the inside view of the roof of a house. At the distance above named, the cave forks, but the right hand fork soon terminates, while the left rises by a flight of rocky stairs, nearly 10 feet high, into another story, and pursues a course at this place nearly south-east. Here the roof commences a regular arch, the height of which from the floor varies from 5 to 8 feet, and the width of the cave from 6 to 12 feet, which continues to what is called the ' creeping-place,' from the circumstance of having to crawl 10 or 12 feet into the next large room. From this place to the pillar, a distance of about one mile and a quarter, the visitor finds an alternate succession of large and small rooms, variously decorated; sometimes travelling on a pavement, or climbing over huge piles of rocks, detached from the roof by some convulsion of nature. The aspect of this large and stately white column, as it heaves in sight from the dim reflection of the torches, is grand and impressive. Visitors have seldom pushed their inquiries further than 200 or 300 yards beyond this pillar. This column is about 15 feet in diameter, from 20 to 30 feet high, and regularly reeded from the top to the bottom." 142 INDIANA. Education ^ college has been established at Bloomington : it has a philo- ' sophical and a chemical apparatus, and a foundation has been laid for a respectable library. One 36th part of the public lands has been appro- priated for the support of schools. There are 20 periodical papers published in this state. Religious ^e Baptists in this state have 11 associations, 181 churches, denomina- 127 ministers, and 6,513 communicants; the Methodists, 34 preach- 10nb " ers, and 13,794 members; the Presbyterians, about 50 churches and 20 ministers. History Vincennes was settled about the beginning of the last century by French emigrants from Canada, and long remained a solitary vil- lage. Few settlements were made in the country by citizens of the United States till the end of the century. In 1801, Indiana was erected into a terri- torial government, and, in 1816, into a state. It has been settled chiefly by emigrants from the eastern and middle states, and has had a rapid growth. Constitu- ^ ne executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by tion and go- the people for a term of three years, and may be once re-elected. At einmen . eyer y e } ec ^ on 0 f governor, a lieutenant-governor is also chosen, who is president of the senate, and on whom, in case of the death, resignation, or removal of the governor, the powers and duties of that office devolve. The legislative authority is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate, the members of which are elected for three years, and a house of re- presentatives, elected annually. The number of representatives can never be less than 36, nor more than 100 ; and they are apportioned among the several counties according to the number of white male inhabitants above 21 years of age. The number of senators, who are apportioned in like manner, cannot be less than one third nor more than one half of the number of representatives. The representatives and one third of the members of the senate, are elected annually on the first Monday in August ; and the governor is chosen on the same day, every third year. The general assembly meets annually (at In- dianapolis) on the first Monday in December. The right of suffrage is granted to all male citizens of the age of 21 years or upwards, who may have resided in the state one year immediately preceding an election. The judiciary power is vested in one supreme court, in circuit courts, and in such other inferior courts as the general assembly may establish. The supreme court consists of three judges ; and each of the circuit courts consists of a president and two associate judges. The judges are all appointed for the term of 7 years. The judges of the supreme court are appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate ; the presidents of the circuit courts, by the legislature ,* and the associate judges are elected by the people. The salary of the governor is 1000 dollars. This state sends 7 representatives to congress. ILLINOIS. Length, 350 miles ; breadth, 180 : between 37° and 42° 30' N. latitude, and 10° 20' and 14° 21' W. longitude. It contains 50,000 square miles, and nearly 40,000,000 acres. Bounded on the north by the North-Western Territory. East by lake Michigan, Indiana, and the river Wabash. South by the Ohio, which separates it from Kentucky ; and west, in its whole extent, by the Mis- sissippi, which separates it from Missouri, and the Missouri Territory. ILLINOIS. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Population. County Towns. Dist. from Vandalia. Ann in C? u 2,186 Quincy 193 ixieXallUel 1,390 America 181 JDOX1Q U077 3,124 Greenville 20 U 1,090 Gilead 126 t C 3,940 Clark C. H. 86 oiay €77 755 Maysville 46 1^11111.011 S77 2,330 Carlyle 30 V^l dWlOI U £ 3,113 Palestine 118 Ed°"ar 4,071 Paris 106 JCjU.Wd.lUb 1,649 Albion 92 L ct y c L it; 77 2,704 Vandalia Hvq nlrl in JL la.lllS.lXU 4,081 Frankfort 102 J? UllOIl A 7177 Fulton C. H. 133 neiiiy > 1 i 2,156 Middletown Knox j TlTti Knox C. H. 188 (Gallatin S€ 7,407 Equality 137 vji ecu W 7,664 Carrollton 106 TTarniltori S6 2,620 McLeanborough 93 iXcllxCUL/xv. W 484 Venus 133 J dUlv&Ull &w 1,827 Brownsville 127 1 PTTPrcnn o ollol J5U11 STTi 2,555 Mount Vernon 65 J U-JL/Cl V IC&o 7VW 2,111 Galena 326 J UIIUSUU & 1,596 Vienna 167 T .a wppti^P JLiCl W 1 3,661 Lawrenceville 84 TVTFir»annin lyicicci u u in 771 1,989 Carlinville 95 TVTpT .pan Bloomington TVTa r>r»n 11)771 1,122 Decatur 70 Madison W 6,229 Edwardsville 55 TVTa vi An ividiiuil S771 2,021 Salem 26 Mercer 71W 26 Monroe W 2,119 Waterloo 99 Mon t cromPT" v 771 2,950 Hillsborough 28 Morcran W771 12,709 Jacksonville 115 Macdonough ^ W771 2,050 Macomb Schuyler K W771 Rushville 172 Peoria i 71771 1,309 Peoria 43 Putnam \ 71 Hennepin Perry S771 1,215 Pinckneyville 129 Pike W 2,393 Atlas 148 Pope S6 3,323 Golconda 160 Ranr!nlr>h SUO 4,436 Kaskaskia 95 St Clair IV 7,092 Belleville 71 SariD'aTYinn 771 12,960 Springfield 79 Shelby 771 2,973 Shelbyville 40 Tazewell m 4,716 Mackinaw 149 Union SW 3,239 Jonesborough 154 Vermilion e 5,836 Tk_ '11 Danville 150 Wabash e 2,709 Mount Carmel 109 Warren nw 307 Warren Washington sm 1,674 Nashville Wayne sem 2,562 Fairfield 69 White se 6,091 Carmi 94 52 Total 157,575, of whom 746 are slaves. 144 ILLINOIS. Population at different Periods* Population. Slaves, In 1810, 12,282 168 1820, 55,211 Increase from 1810 to 1820, 42,929 917 1830, 157,575 1820 1830, 102,364 746 Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818, and contained that year, by- enumeration, 35,220 inhabitants. The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash form about two thirds of the whole bound- ary of this state. The other most considerable rivers are the Illinois, Kaskas- kia, Muddy, Saline, Little Wabash, Michilimackinack, Crow Meadow, Rainy, Vermilion, Mine, Spoon, Rocky, and Sangamoin. The peninsula between the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, has been surveyed for military bounty lands. Congress appropriated for this object 3,500,000 acres ; and the surface actually surveyed amounts to an area about equal to 240 townships, each 6 miles square; equal to 8,640 square miles, or 5,530,000 acres, nearly. It was necessary that the number surveyed should exceed the number appropriated, as the act of congress provides that the several portions granted shall be fit for cultivation. These lands are described as being very good. The southern and middle parts of the state are for the most part level. The banks of the Illinois and Kaskaskia, in some places, present a sublime and picturesque scenery. Several of their tributary streams have excavated for themselves deep and frightful gulfs, particularly those of the Kaskaskia, whose banks near the junction of Big Hill Creek, present a perpendicular front of solid lime-stone 140 feet high. The north-western part of the territory is a hilly, broken country, though there are no high mountains. The climate resembles that of Indiana and Ohio. The low and wet lands in the southern part are unhealthy. The soil has been divided into six distinct kinds. 1. Bottom land, bearing a heavy growth of honey locust, pecan, black-walnut, beach, sugar maple, buck- eye, pawpaw, grape vines, &c. This land is of the first quality, and is found in greater or less quantities on all the considerable rivers. It is of inexhaust- ible fertility, and is annually cultivated without manure. 2. Newly formed land, found at the mouths and confluences of rivers. It produces sycamore, cotton wood, water maple, water ash, elm, willow, oak, &c. There are many thousand acres of this land at the mouth of the Wabash, and at the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi. It is annually inundated, and is unhealthy. 3. Dry prairies, approaching the rivers and bordering on the bottom land, from 30 to 100 feet higher, and from 1 to 10 miles wide. These prairies are desti- tute of trees, except where they are intersected by streams of water and occa- sional tracts of woodland. It has been estimated that as much as two thirds of the whole state consists of open prairie. The dry prairie has a black rich soil, well adapted to purposes of agriculture, and is covered with rank grass. 4. Wet prairie, found remote from streams, or at their sources. This is generally cold and unproductive, abounding with swamps and ponds, covered with tall coarse grass. 5. Land covered with timber, moderately hilly, well watered, and of a rich soil. 6. Hills, of a sterile soil and destitute of timber, or covered with stinted oaks and pines. The prevailing forest tree in Illinois is oak, of which as many as 13 or 14 different species have been enumerated. Honey locust, black-walnut, mulber- ry, plum, sugar maple, black locust, elm, bass wood, beach, buck-eye, hack- berry, coffee nut, sycamore, spice wood, sassafras, black and white haws, crab- apple, wild cherry, cucumber, and pawpaw, are found in their congenial soils throughout the state. White pine is found on the head branches of the Illinois. Copper and lead are found in several parts of the state. Coal has been dis- ILLINOIS. 145 covered in several places, on the Big Muddy in great quantities near Browns- ville, on the Kaskaskia near the town of that name, near the town of Edwards- ville on the Illinois, 50 miles above Illinois lake, and in other places. Salt water is found in several places sufficient to furnish immense quantities of salt. The famous salt works belonging to the United States are in the vicinity of Shawneetown. Iron ore has also been discovered. Sulphur springs, chalybeate springs, and very strong impregnations of pure sulphurate of magnesia or Epsom salts, abound in different parts. In the southern part of the state a number of sections of land have been re- served from sale on account of the silver ore which they are supposed to contain. The lead mines in the vicinity of Galena, are very extensive and valuable. The mineral has been found in. every portion of a tract of more than 50 miles in extent in every direction, and is supposed to occupy a territory of more than twice that extent. The ore lies in beds, or horizontal strata, varying in thick- ness from one inch to several feet. It yields 75 per cent, of pure lead. The staple productions of Illinois are Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, beef, pork, horses, tobacco, and lead. The castor bean is raised, and oil is manufactured from it, but not in large quantities. Good cotton is produced for home con- sumption, and is manufactured extensively in the families of farmers into coarse fabrics, for domestic uses. Hemp, flax, and silk-worms succeed well. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, gooseberries, and currants arrive at great perfection. The wild fruits are grapes, plums, cherries, gooseberries, mulberries, crab-apples, persimmons, blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries. A canal has been projected (not yet commenced) to unite lake internal im- Michigan with the river Illinois, and the national government has P rovement - made a liberal donation of land in aid of the design. The length will be about 70 miles ; and the cost is estimated at $800,000. Laborers are now employed in the construction of that part of the great National Road, which extends from the town of Vandalia to the eastern bound- ary of Indiana, near Tsrre Haute. The length of this part is 90 miles, and the road is so straight t \at its length is not so much as a mile greater than the distance by a right line between the two extreme points. The Cave in Rock, o : House of Nature, on the Ohio below Shawneetown, is regarded as a great curiosity, and was formerly a rendezvous of robbers. A college has been recently established at Jacksonville, and land Educa ion to the amount of 998,374 acres has been given for the support of uca 10n ' schools ; but no system of general education has yet been organized in Illinois. The Baptists in this state have 6 associations, 80 churches, 69 Relifjious ministers, and 2,432 communicants ; the Methodists, 45 preachers, denomina- and 8,859 members; the Presbyterians, 24 churches, 13 ministers, tlons " and 492 communicants. One of the earliest settlements of the French in the Mississippi valley was made at Kaskaskia, in the latter part of the 17th century. 1S ° ry ' Almost all the settlements that have been formed by the citizens of the United States, have been begun since 1800. In 1809, Illinois was erected into a ter- ritorial government, and in 1818, into a state. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, consist- Constitu . ing of a Senate, the members of which are elected for four years ; tion and go- and a House of Representatives, elected biennially. The number vernment - of representatives shall not be less than 27, nor more than 36, until the num- ber of inhabitants within the state shall amount to 100,000; and the number of senators shall never be less than one third, nor more than one half of the number of representatives." The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people for four years ; and he is not eligible for more than four years in any term of eight years. At the election of governor, a lieutenant-governor is also chosen T 146 MISSOURI. who is speaker of the senate ; and on whom, in case the governor vacates his office, the duties of governor devolve. The representatives and one half of the senators are elected biennially on the first Monday in August ; and the governor is chosen, every fourth year, at the same time. The general assembly meets every other year, (at Vandalia), on the first Monday in December next following the election ; and the governor is authorized to convene it, on extraordinary occasions, at other times. All white male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, having resided in th3 state six months next preceding an election, have the rights of electors. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the general assembly may establish. The judges are appointed by a joint ballot of both branches of the general assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior. The salary of the governor is 1000 dollars. This state sends 3 representatives to congress. MISSOURI. Length, 270 miles ; breadth, 220. It contains 60,000 square miles, and 38,000,000 acres. Between 36°, and 40° 30' N. latitude, and between 11° 17' and 17° 30' W. longitude. Bounded north and west by the Missouri Territory, east and north-east by the Mississippi, which separates it from Illinois. South- east by the Mississippi, which separates it from Kentucky and Tennessee. South by Arkansas Territory. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Population. County Towns. Distance from Jefferson City Boon m 8,889 Columbia 56 Callaway m 6,102 Fulton 32 Cape Girardeau se 7,430 Jackson 208 Chariton nm 1,776 Chariton 79 Clay nw 5,342 Liberty 190 Cole m 3,006 Jefferson City Cooper m 6,019 Boonville 51 Crawford 1,709 Little Piney 98 Franklin em 3,484 Union 79 Gasconade m 1,548 Gasconade 47 Howard m 10,844 Fayette 65 Jackson w 2,822 Independence 177 Jefferson e 2,586 Herculaneum 164 Lafayette w ^,921 Lexington 138 Lincoln e 4,060 Troy 97 Madison 2,371 Frederic ktown 170 Marion ne 4,839 Palmyra 190 Monroe Monroe C. H. 129 Montgomery New Madrid em 3,900 Lewistown 67 se 2,351 New Madrid 278 Perry e 3,377 Perryville 187 Pike ne 6,122 Bowling Green 132 Ralls ne 4,346 New London 167 Randolph nm 2,962 Randolph 96 Ray n 2,657 Richmond 149 MISSOURI. 147 TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. — Continued. Counties. Population. County Towns. Distance from Jefferson City. ot. onarles € 4,322 St. Charles 123 St. Francois sem 2,386 Farmington 152 St. Genevieve e 2,182 St. Genevieve 168 St. Louis e 14,907 St. Louis 134 Saline nm 2,893 Walnut Farm 85 Scott se 2,136 Benton 236 Washington em 6,797 Potosi 127 Wayne 3,254 Greenville 200 33 Total 140,074, of whom 24,990 are slaves. In 1810, 1820, [1824, 1830, Population. 19,833 66,586 80,677] 140,074 Population at different Periods. Increase from 1810 to 1820, 46,753 1820 1830, 73,488 Slaves. 3,011 10,222 24,990 A great proportion of the land in this state is of the richest kind, producing corn, wheat, rye, oats, flax, hemp, and tobacco, in great abundance. The lands bordering on the Missouri, are exceedingly rich. They consist of a stratum of black alluvial soil of unknown depth. As you recede from the banks of the rivers, the land rises, passing sometimes gradually, and sometimes abruptly into elevated barrens, flinty ridges, and rocky cliffs. A portion of the state is, therefore, unfit for cultivation, but this part of the state is rich in mineral trea- sures. The land is either very fertile or very poor ; it is either bottom land, or d iff, either prairie or barren ; there is very little of an intermediate quality. The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, and very favorable to health. The most remarkable feature in Missouri is its lead mines, which are proba- bly the most extensive on the globe. They occupy a district between 37° and 38° N. lat. and between 89° and 92° W. long, extending from the head waters of St. Francis river in a north-west direction, to the Merrimack, a distance of 70 miles in length, and about 45 miles in breadth. They cover an area of more than 3,000 square miles. The ore is of the richest and purest kind, and exists in quantities sufficient to supply all the demands of the United States, and allow a large surplus for exportation. Quantity of Lead made at U. S. Lead Mines annually, from 1821 to 1831 Fever River. Missouri. Total. g. of lead made from 1821 to 30 Sept. 1823 835,130 335,130 do. for the year ending 30 Sept. 1824 175,220 175,220 do. do. do. 1825 664,530 386,590 1,051,120 do. do. do. 1826 958,842 1,374,962 2,333,804 do. do. do. 1827 5,182,180 910,380 6,092,560 do. do. ' do. 1828 11,105,810 1,205,920 12,311,730 do. do. do. 1829 13,343,150 1,198,160 14,541,310 do. do. do. 1830 8,323,998 8,060 8,332,058 do. do. do. 1831 6,381,900 67,180 6,449,080 Total, 46,470,820 5,151,252 51,622,072 148 MISSOURI. Operations of the Lead Mines, for the year ending*September 30, 1831. Pounds of lead made # Pounds of lead which have accrued as rent Rents remaining due 30th September, 1830 Total rents due in the year ending 30th Sep- tember, 1831 Pounds of lead received as rent in 1831 Rents remaining due the 30th Sept. 1831 . * Rents reduced from 10 to 5 per cent, on the amount of lead made, by order of the Secretary of War, January 15th, 1830. Fever River. Missouri. Total. 6,381,900 67,180 6,449,030 319,095 3,359 322,454 124,736 124,736 443,831 3,359 447,190 271,627 3,359 274,986 172,204 172,204 Besides the great rivers Mississippi and Missouri, this state is watered by va- rious others of considerable magnitude. The largest are the Osage, Grand, Chariton, Gasconade, Merrimac or Maramec, Washita, and St. Francis. The Osage is a large river, navigable for boats 660 miles. steamboat St. Louis is 1200 miles, by the course of the river, above New "from st." Orleans, and is, next to that city, the largest and most commercial Louis, town on the Mississippi. In the summer of 1831, there were six steamboats regularly employed between St. Louis and New Orleans. A trip from one place to the other and back again usually occupies 24 days ; the shortest time in which one was ever made, 18 days. The usual fare for cabin passengers descending, $20 ; ascending, $25 ; for deck passengers, $5 either way. Freight per lOOOlbs. descending, 37^ cents; ascending, 62^ cents. From St. Louis to Louisville, 630 miles : 6 boats regularly running, in 1831 : usual time of a trip 10 or 11 days ; the passage one way usually being some- what more than three days ; fare cf cabin passengers about $15, either way ; deck passengers, $4 : freight about 25 cents per lOOlbs. One boat also ran regularly to Cincinnati, 150 miles above Louisville. From St. Louis to Fever River, about 480 miles : 3 steamboats regularly employed in 1831 : time occupied by a trip, about 10 days : fare for passengers ascending, $15; descending, $9. The route of one of the boats occasionally extended to St. Peter's River, 400 miles further up. In 1831, two boats were employed in running from St. Louis up the Missouri to Franklin, 200 miles, and to Fort Leavenworth, 200 miles further : freight to Franklin 75 cents per lOOlbs., and to Fort Leavenworth from $1.25 to $1.50: from Franklin down, 25 cents per lOOlbs. From St. Louis to Pekin, on Illinois river, 180 miles : two or three boats regu- larly employed in 1831. Steamboats come occasionally to St. Louis from Pittsburg and other places. St. Louis College and another seminary at a place called Bois Brule Bottom, in the southern part of the state, both Catholic institutions, are the most considerable literary seminaries in Missouri. A portion of the public lands have been granted by congress for the support of schools ; but no provision for education has been made by the legislature of the state, except the passing of some laws relating to the lands granted by congress. Religious ^ ne Baptists m tn ^ s state nave 9 associations, 111 churches, 67 denomina- ministers, and 3,955 communicants ; the Methodists, 23 preachers nous. an( j 3 ? 403 members; the Presbyterians, 17 churches, 10 ministers, and 605 communicants ; the Roman Catholics, a considerable number of churches and priests ; the Episcopalians, 3 ministers. There are 12 periodical papers in the state. There is a branch of the United States Bank at St. Louis, which is the only bank in the state. Education. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 149 The constitution of this state was formed at St. Louis, in 1820. Congtitution The legislative power was vested in a General Assembly, consisting and govem- of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The representatives ment * are chosen every second year. Every county is entitled to at least one repre- sentative ; but the whole number can never exceed 100. The senators are elected for four years, the seats of one half being vacated every second year. The constitutional number is, not less than 14, nor more than 33. They are chosen by districts, and are apportioned according to the number of free white inhabitants. The elections for representatives and senators are held biennially on the first Monday in August. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected for four years, on the first Monday in August ; and he is ineligible for the next four years after the expiration of his term of service. At the time of the election of governor, a lieutenant-governor is also chosen, who is, by virtue of his office, president of the senate. The legislature meets every second year (at the City of Jefferson,) on the first Monday in November. The right of suffrage is granted to every white male citizen, who has attained the age of 21 years, and has resided in the state one year before an election, the last three months thereof being in the county or district in which he offers his vote. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, in a chancellor, circuit courts, and such other inferior tribunals as the general assembly may, from time to time, establish. The judges are appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and con- sent of the senate ; and they hold their offices during good behavior, but not beyond the age of 65 years. The governor's salary is 1500 dollars. This state sends two representatives to congress. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The District of Columbia is a tract of country, 10 miles square, on both sides of Potomac river, 120 miles from its mouth. It was ceded to the United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790, and in 1800 became the seat of the general government. It is under the immediate government of congress. Counties. Population. Chief Towns. Alexandria, 9,608 Alexandria. Washington, 30,250 Washington. Total, 39,858 Population at different Periods. Population. Slaves. In 1800, 14,093 3,244 1810, 24,023 Increase from 1800 to 1810, 9,930 5,395 1820, 33,039 1810 1820, 9,016 6,377 1830, 39,858 1820 1830, 6,819 6,056 The surface of the District of Columbia is generally very pleasantly diver- sified by hill and dale. The soil, in its natural state, is sterile. The climate is esteemed very healthy. The latitude of the Capitol is 38° 52' 45" north, ana within a very small fraction, 77° west from London. The mean temperature about 55° Fahrenheit ; similar to that of Philadelphia, Wilmington, Baltimore, and Richmond. The situation of the District is such that it has become the centre of a very extensive commerce. The quantity of flour and other domestic produce, brought 50 FLORIDA. down the Potomac annually is very considerable. The principal shipping interest of this district centres at Alexandria, but extensive business is also done at Georgetown. The amount of exports in 1830 was 753,973 dollars, and the shipping about 21,750 tons. At the junction of the east branch with the Potomac, the United States have a navy-yard, to which vessels of the largest tonnage can ascend. There are three colleges in the District : Columbia College, a seminary chiefly under the direction of the Baptist denomination, is situated near Washington ; Georgetown College, a Roman Catholic institution, at Georgetown ; and an Episcopal Theological Seminary in the vicinity of Alexandria. The number of banks in 1831 was 10, including a branch of the United States Bank at Washington. „ .. . The Baptists in this district have 18 churches, 10 ministers, and Religious r ... denomina- 1,658 communicants ; the Presbyterians, 9 churches, 11 ministers, 5 tions. licentiates, and 996 communicants; the Methodists, 1,400 members; and the Episcopalians, 5 ministers ; the Catholics, several churches ; the Uni- tarians, 1 minister. FLORIDA. Florida is bounded north by Georgia and Alabama, east by the Atlantic, south and south-west by the gulf of Mexico, and west by Alabama. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Pop. County Towns. Dist. from Tallahassee. West Florida. * Middle Florida. < East Florida. S. Florida. 15 Tota ' Escambia nw Jackson ) Walton V w „ Washington ) m " Gadsden nm Hamilton nm Jefferson nm Leon nm . Madison r Alachua m Duvall ne Mosquito Nassau ne ,St. John's e Monroe s I 3,386 6,092 4,894 553 3,312 6,493 525 2,204 1,970 733 1,511 2,535 517 34,723, Pensacola Marianna Alaqua Holmes' Valley Quincy Miccotown Monticello Tallahassee Hickstown Dell's Jacksonville Timoka Fernandina St. Augustine Key West of whom 15,510 <- 242 77 161 121 23 29 178 252 313 292 ire slaves. The surface of Florida is in general level and not much elevated above the sea. It is intersected by numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers, particularly the St. John's river, which runs through nearly the whole length of the Peninsula from south to north. A quarry of stone commences at the island of Anastasia, and extends to the south, not exceeding three miles in width. The stone is a concretion of shells ; it is soft when the quarry is first opened, but becomes hard upon exposure to the air, and is of excellent use in building. The south- ern part of the peninsula is a mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp rocks, interspersed with a scattered growth of shrubby pines. The gulf stream setting along the coast has here worn away the land, forming those islands, keys and rocks, known by the general name of Martyrs and FLORIDA. 151 Pinerais, and by the Spaniards called cayos, between which and the mainland is a navigable channel. These islands contain some settlements and many good harbors. The eddies which set towards the shore from the gulf stream cause many shipwrecks on this part of the coast, furnishing employment to the Bahama wreckers. The rivers and coasts of Florida yield a variety of fish, among which are the sheepshead, mullet, trout, and bass, and abundance of shell-fish, as oysters, shrimps, crabs, &c. The soil of Florida is in some parts, especially on the banks of the rivers, equal to any in the world ; in other parts, it is indifferent ; and there are large tracts which are represented to be of little value. The country, however, has been but imperfectly explored, and few agricultural experiments have been made. Much of the land, which, on a superficial view, has been supposed to be not worth cultivating, it is believed may be turned to very profitable account. Owing to its proximity to the sea on both sides, this peninsula has a milder climate than the country to the west of it, in the same latitude. The productions are corn, rice, potatoes, cotton, hemp, olives, oranges, and other tropical fruits, and it is supposed that coffee and the sugar cane will flourish here. The pine barrens produce grass, which supports an immense number of cattle. The forests yield fine live-oak, pitch, tar, and turpentine, and lumber has been exported for nearly a century. Among the most fertile lands are Forbes' Purchase, and the Alachua Savannah, The climate, from October to June, is generally salubrious ; but the months of July, August, and September, are extremely hot and uncomfortable; and during this season, fevers are prevalent. At St. Augustine, however, the climate is delightful, and this place is the resort of invalids. The principal rivers are St. John's, Apalachicola, Suwanee, St. Mark's, Oclockonne, and Connecuh. The lakes are Macaca, and Lake George. The principal bays are Pensacola, St. Rosa, Apalachie, Tampa, Charlotte Harbor, and Chatham Bay. The Florida canal extends from the mouth of the river St. Mary's, to Apa- lachie Bay ; length, 250 miles. § PROFILE VIEW OF THE FLORIDA CANAL. The capes are Cannaveral, Florida, Sable, Romans, and St. Bias. The chief towns are Pensacola, St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and Tallahassee, the capital. The bank of Florida is at Tallahassee, and the only one in the Territory. The salary of the governor is 2,500 dollars. MICHIGAN TERRITORY. Length, 250 miles; breadth, 135: containing 33,950 square miles, and 21,600,000 acres. Between 41° 31' and 45° 40' N. lat. ; and between 5° 12' and 10° W. Ion. from Washington. Bounded on the north by the straits of Michilimackinac ; east by lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, and their waters ; south by Ohio and Indiana ,* and west by lake Michigan. 152 MICHIGAN TERRITORY TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. Population. County Towns. Distance fr. Detroit. Berrien 323 Niles 179 Cass Jackson Lenawee s ' 928 1,491 Edwardsburs o Jacksonopolis Tecumseh 169 88 63 Macomb se 2,414 Mount Clemens 26 Michilimackinac n 877 Mackinac 321 Monroe se 3,187 Monroe 36 Oakland sem 4,910 Pontiac 26 St. Clair St. Joseph Van Buren e 1,115 1,313 5 St. Clair White Pigeon Prairie 59 Washtenaw sm 4,042 Ann Arbor 42 Wayne Detroit, city se 4,565 \ 2,222 \ Detroit Counties west of Lake Michigan, which are under its government. Brown 964 Menomonie Chippewa Crawford Iowa 625 692 1,589 Sault de Ste. Marie Prairie du Chien Helena 356 598 17 Total 31,260, of whom 27 are slaves. Michigan territory is a large peninsula, something resembling a triangle, with its base resting upon Ohio and Indiana. Three quarters of its extent are surrounded by the great lakes Huron and Michigan. It is generally a level country, having no mountains, and not many elevations that, might properly be called hills. The centre of the peninsula is table land, elevated, however, not many feet above the level of the lakes, and sloping inwards. The eastern parts of this territory, from various circumstances, became first settled. Within the few last years a great mass of emigrants have begun to- spread themselves over this fine and fertile country. Situated, as it is, be- tween the west, the south, and the east, with greater facilities for extensive inland water communication than any other country on the globe, with a fertile soil, of which millions of acres are fit for the plow, with a healthful climate, and with a concurrence of circumstances inviting northern population, there can be no doubt that it will soon take its place as a state, and rival its western sister states. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, turnips, peas, apples, pears, plums, cherries, and peaches are raised easily and in abundance. It is a country more favorable to cultivated grasses than the western country. In short, it is peculiarly fitted for northern farmers. No inland country, according to its age, population, and circumstances, has a greater trade. A number of steamboats and lake vessels are constantly plying in this trade, which is with Mackinack, Detroit, Chicago, and Ohio. The amount of foreign exports, in 1831, was #53,290. The climate of this region, in consequence of its being level and peninsular, and surrounded on all sides but the south with such immense bodies of water, is more temperate and mild than could be expected from its latitude. The southern parts have mild winters, and the spring opens as early as in any part of the United States in the same latitude : the position of the northern parts must subject it to a Canadian temperature. The winter commences here early in November, and does not terminate until the end of March. At De- troit, in 1818, the mean heat of January was 24°, and in 1820, the mean heat NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 153 Of July was 69°, of December 27°. At Mackinack, the most northern settle- ment in the United States, the mean heat of October was 45° ; of November 32°; and of December 21°. The Methodists in this territory have 11 preachers and 675 mem- Reli(Tjoug bers ; the Presbyterians, 6 churches and 6 ministers ; the Episcopa- denomina« lians, 5 ministers; the Baptists, 1 association, 2 ministers, and 187 tl0Ils ' communicants ; the Roman Catholics, several priests. The governor's salary is 2,000 dollars. Detroit, the capital of Michigan, was settled by the French about History. ^ -^670. In 1805, the country was erected by the congress of the United States into a separate territorial government; in 1812, it was taken by the British under general Brock; and in 1813, it was recovered by the army of the United States under general Harrison. NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. Nearly 500 miles in length, and 400 in breadth. Between 42° 30', and 49° N. latitude, and 10° 31', and 18° 30' W. longitude from Washington. Bounded east by Lake Michigan; north by Lake Superior and the British possessions ; west by the Mississippi, and a line drawn from its source to the northern boundary, which separates it from Missouri Territory. The most accurate account of this country is to be found in Long's Second Expedition. It is generally a hilly country, with the exception of extensive level prairies At the western extremity of Lake Superior are the Cabotian Mountains ; and near the mineral district the Smoky Mountains. In some of its features, this country resembles Missouri Territory ; but has greater proportions covered with wood. ' The chief rivers, except the Mississippi, are Ouisconsin river, Fox, Chippeway, St. Croix, Rum, St. Francis, and Savanna of the Mississippi ; Grand Portage, Ontonagon, Montreal, Mauvaise, Bois Brule, St. Louis, and nearly 50 smaller streams are waters of Lake Superior. Riviere la Pluie falls into the Lake of the Woods. None of the lake rivers have a course of more than 150 miles, and few more than 50 miles. The largest river of the Mississippi in this Territory, is Ouisconsin, which rises in the northern interior of the country, and interlocks with the Montreal of Lake Superior. It has a course of between 3 and 400 miles, with a shallow and rapid current, which is, however, generally boatable in good stages of the water, and is 800 yards wide at its mouth. There is a portage of only half a mile between this and Fox river. It is over a level prairie, across which, from river to river there is a water communication for periagues in high stages of the water. This is a fine region for hunters. In the upper part of the country, buffaloes, elk, bears and deer are common. Beavers, otters, and muskrats are taken for [J 154 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. their furs. The trappers and savages roam over immense prairies in pursuit of their objects. In some parts of it the soil is fertile. White and yellow pine, and white birch are common among the forest trees. All the water-courses, ponds, and marshes are covered with wild rice, which constitutes a considera- ble part of the nourishment of the inhabitants. The head waters of the Mis- sissippi are estimated to be 1,330 feet above the level of the sea. It is a country abundant in minerals. In it are found great quantities of the terre verte, or green earth, lead, copper and iron. The lead-mine district is in the lower part of the country, between Rock river and the Ouisconsin. On Fever river are the chief establishments of the present miners, and the mines are probably as rich and as abundant as any in the world. It has been assert- ed, for half a century, that great quantities of native copper are found along the northern shore of Lake Superior. On the Ontonagon are great quantities of pure copper in detached masses. A single mass is estimated to weigh 3,000 pounds. More recent and intelligent travellers have not realized the expecta- tions that have been raised in respect to rinding this metal. But lead and iron are found in various places ; and sufficient indications of the existence of mines of copper. The southern part of this extensive region possesses a climate compara- tively mild, and not much unlike that of the northern belt of Missouri. At the Falls of St. Anthony the summers are temperate, and the winters extremely cold. The sources of the Mississippi are in a region severely inclement. At St. Peters, in 1820, the mean temperature of January was zero, a degree of cold not felt in any part of the United States that is much settled. The sum- mer was temperate, and the atmosphere beautifully serene. Even at Prairie du Chien, though much more temperate, the winters are very severe. On the 19th July, near the Falls of Packagama, the elevation being 1,200 feet above the level of the sea, " the night was so cold that the water froze upon the bottoms of the canoes, and they were incrusted with a scale of ice of the thickness of a knife-blade. The thermometer stood at 36° at sunrise. There had been a heavy dew during the night, which was succeeded by a dense fog in the morning, and the forenoon remained cloudy and chilly." Green Bay Settlement is situated at the outlet of Fox river, and contains 952 inhabitants. A few miles up Fox river of this bay, in a most romantic posi- tion, is an interesting Episcopal missionary establishment. There are two or three other incipient establishments of hunters and trappers. Prairie du Chien is a considerable village. There are flour-mills near it. It is a place of im- portance as an outlet from the Lower Mississippi to the upper waters. It is situated near a beautiful prairie. The position of the village has been recently inundated. Most of the permanent inhabitants have Indian blood in their veins. At certain seasons of the year it is populous, bustling, and busy. Curious modes of justice and of dispatching business have been adopted here by pre- scription. The inhabitants of this village and settlement amount to 492. Fre- quent voyages are made from St. Louis to this place in keel-boats. The richest copper mines, and large masses of pure copper, are found here. This vast region has hitherto been politically connected with Michigan Ter- ritory ; but as that Territory has as distinct geographical limits as any state in the Union, and this region is only connected with that by circumstances of a temporary nature, it is evident that this country ought to be viewed, at least geographically, as a territory by itself. Prairie du Chien, Cassville, and Green Bay are the largest villages, and the whole population is rated at 16,000. Three thousand immigrants for this coun- try passed through Buffalo in a single week. ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 155 ARKANSAS TERRITORY. Greatest length 500 miles. Medial length 300. Breadth 240. It con- tains more than 50,000 square miles. Between 33° and 36° 30' N. latitude; and 13° and 23° W. longitude from Washington. Bounded north by Missouri and the territory beyond ; east by the Mississippi, which separates it from Ten- jssee and Mississippi ; south by Louisiana and the Mexican states ; west by ose states. It was erected into a territorial government in 1819, and contains >,667 whites, and 4678 blacks — total 30,383. The limits of this great region e strongly defined by physical and geographical lines. These lines are for e most part large rivers, and the ocean of prairies beyond. TABLE OF THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Counties. | Pop. County Towns. List, from Little Rock Arkansas ( 1,423 Arkansas 114 Chicot se 1,165 Villemont 184 Clark em 1,369 Clark C. H. 87 Conway em 982 Harrisburg 40 Crawford m 2,440 Crawford C. H. 136 Crittenden ne 1,272 Greenock 168 n.c 1 1 lp is to cl U s 2,507 - Hempstead C. H. 130 Hot or Warm Spring m 458 Warm Spring 60 Independence n 2,032 Batesville 102 Izard n 1,266 Izard C. H. 172 Jackson 333 Litchfield Jefferson : 772 Lafayette s 748 Lafayette C. H. 182 Lawrence ne 2,806 Jackson 152 Miller sw 358 Miller C. H. 228 Monroe 461 Jacob's Staff 84 Phillips e 1,152 Helena 124 Pope 1,483 Scotia 81 Pulaski m 2,395 Little Rock St. Francis 1,505 Franklin Sevier 636 Paraclifta 168 Union 640 Corea Fabre Washington 2,181 Fayetteville 217 23 Total 30,383, of whom 4,578 are slaves. The soil exhibits every variety, from the most productive to the most sterile. The indigenous forest-trees are specifically numerous, and very large. The principal species are, oak, hickory, ash, sycamore, cotton-wood, linden, maple, three or four species, locust and pine. The cultivated fruit-trees are the apple, pear, peach, plum, nectarine, cherry and quince. The various kinds of small grain succeed well, such as wheat, rye, oats, barley, and maize. Garden plants are abundant, and grow luxuriously. In metallic wealth, Arkansas is productive in iron ore, gypsum, and common salt. Cotton, Indian corn, flour, peltry, salted provisions, and lumber, are the staples of the territory. Arkansas was among the most ancient settlements of the French in Louisiana. That nation had a hunting and trading post on the Arkansas river as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century ; but, from the peculiar situation of the adja- cent country, the settlements upon that river made little advance before the transfer of Louisiana to the United States. Since that period, Arkansas has been involved in the various vicissitudes of the country of which it formed a 156 MISSOURI TERRITORY. part ; and on the formation of Missouri into a state, became a territory of the United States. The Arkansas Territory was erected into a separate government in 1819, extending from the Mississippi to Mexico; but in 1824, the western limit was restricted to a line beginning 40 miles the west of the south-west corner of the state of Missouri, and running south to Red river. The Hot Springs, towards the sources of the Washita, are much visited by invalids. The waters are pure and limpid, with little or no mineral properties, and their ordinary temperature is said to be that of boiling heat. Reii ious ^ ne Methodists in this territory have 7 preachers and 983 mem- denomina- bers ; the Baptists, 1 association, 8 churches, 2 ministers, and 89 tions. communicants ; the Roman Catholics, several priests ; the Presbyte- rians, 3 or 4 ministers ; and the Episcopalians, 1 minister. The governor's salary is 2,000 dollars. MISSOURI TERRITORY. This vast extent of country, lying between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, comprises the greater part of the western slope of the Mississippi valley, and is almost wholly uninhabited, except by Indians. A belt of country, extending from 200 to 400 miles to the west of the Mis- sissippi, is covered, in great part, with forests. To the west of this is found a vast region of plains reaching to the Rocky Mountains ; in some parts it is fertile and covered with grass, and in others sandy and sterile. It has been compared to the steppes of Central Asia, and some portions of it to the African desert of Sahara. The margins of the lower courses of the rivers that enter the Mississippi from this region are wooded ; but in ascending towards the mountains, the trees gradually diminish, and at length entirely disappear. To the west of these plains the Rocky Mountains rise up in an abrupt man- ner, presenting a steep front, with many frowning rocky precipices, and having many summits covered with perpetual snow. It is a singular fact that, between the sources of the La Platte and the Buenaventura, there is an opening through this range which admits the passage of loaded wagons. The largest rivers of this country are the Missouri and its tributaries, the Konsas or Kansas, La Platte, and Yellowstone. The Great Falls of the Missouri, which are 2570 miles by the river from the Mississippi, consist of a succession of cataracts and rapids, amounting in the whole to 350 feet. The largest cataract, which is 87 feet perpendicular, presents a scene of much beauty and grandeur. The place where the Missouri seems to have torn for itself a passage through the mountain ridge, called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains, is described as a very sublime spectacle. The river flows through a chasm more than five miles long, where the rocks rise perpendicularly from the water's edge to the height of nearly 1200 feet. The stream is here compressed to the width of 150 yards ; and for the space of three miles, there is but one spot on which a man can stand, between the edge of the water and the perpendicular accent of the mountain rock. The United States have established military posts at Council Bluffs and on St. Peter's river. OREGON TERRITORY, 157 OREGON TERRITORY. This is an extensive country, lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific ocean ; but it is little known. It is watered by the river Oregon, or Columbia, and its branches, the princi- pal of which are Lewis's river, Clark's river, and the Multnomah. The country bordering on the Oregon and its branches, is represented as having a good soil, and is covered with heavy timber, consisting chiefly of va rious species of fir ; many of the trees being of enormous height. At a distance from the ocean the country is mountainous, destitute of trees, and much of it barren. Extensive prairies are found on the west, as well as on the east side of the Rocky Mountains. The climate, in the mountainous parts, is severe ; but near the shores of the Pacific ocean, it is much milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic. This country was explored by Lewis and Clark, in 1805; and in 1811, a trading establishment was formed at Astoria by some Americans. Table exhibiting the Seats of Government, the Times of holding the Elec- tion of State Officers, and the Time of the Meeting of the Legislature of the several States, Maine N. Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia N. Carolina S. Carolina Georgia Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 'Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Indiana Illinois Missouri Seats of Govern- ment. Augusta Concord Montpelier Boston ( Providence, { Newport, &c. Hart. & N. Hav. Albany Trenton Harrisburg Dover Annapolis Richmond Raleigh Columbia Milledgeville Tuscaloosa Jackson New Orleans Nashville Frankfort Columbia Indianapolis Vandalia Jefferson City Time of holding Elections. Titne of the 2d Monday in Sept. 2d Tuesday in March 1st Tuesday in Sept. 2d Mond. in November Gov. & Sen. in Ap. ; Rep. in Ap. & Aug. 1st Monday in April In October or Novem. 2d Tuesday in October 2d Tuesday in October 2d Tuesday in Novem. 1st Monday in October In the month of April Commonly in August 2d Monday in October 1st Monday in October 1st Monday in August 1st Monday in August 1st Monday in July 1st Thursday in August 1st Monday in August 2d Tuesday in October 1st Monday in August 1st Monday in August 1st Monday in August 1st Wednesday in Jan 1st Wednesday in June 2d Thursday in Oct. 1st Wednesday in Jan. 1st Wed.May & in June last Wed. Oct. & in Jan. 1st Wednesday in May 1st Tuesd. in January 4th Tuesd. in October 1st Tuesday in Decern. 1st Tues. in Jan. bienn. last Monday in Decern. 1st Monday in Decern. 2d Mond. in November 4th Monday in Novem. 1st Monday in Novem. 4th Monday in October 1st Monday in Novem. 1st Monday in January 3d Mond. Sept. bienn. 1st Monday in Novem. 1st Monday in Decern. 1st Monday in Decern. 1st Mond. Dec. bienn. 1st Mond. Nov. bienn. 158 TABLE OF REPRESENTATIVES, &c. Table exhibiting the Governor's Term and Salary, the Number of Sen- ators and Representatives with their respective Terms and Pay, and the Mode of choosing Electors of President and Vice-President, in the several States. Gov. Term. Years. >> J3 Senators. Term. Years. Represent- | atives. jTerm. iYears. 'Total Sen. and Rep. Pay per Day. Electors of President and Vice- President chosen by|j IVT^ nip 1 1500 20 1 153 1 173 #2.00 Districts x i C/ VV AACtIIJ.UoJ.lli. C- 1 1200 12 1 229 1 236 2.00 Gen'l Ticket 1 750 none 230 1 230 1.50 do. lTlClOijClL'IlUijOlLkj 1 1 3666 1 40 1 481 521 2.00 do. llllUUV^ iOld.li.VJ. 1 400 10 1 72 JL 2 82 1.50 do. Connecticut ^ 1 1100 21 1 208 1 229 2.00 do. New York 2 4000 32 4 128 1 160 3.00 do. IVpw Tptspvoi 1 2000 14 1 50 1 64 3.00 do. Pennsylvania 3 4000 33 4 100 1 133 3.00 do. Dpi a wa VP I / V i ( X Will V.v 3 1333| 9 4 21 2 30 2.50 Legislature TYTri wland xvxctx y iccxx\^i 1 3500 15 5 80 1 95 4.00 Districts Virginia. 3 3333| 32 4 134 1 166 4.00 Gen'l Ticket North Carolina 1 2000 64 1 134 1 198 3.00 do. South Carolina 2 3900 45 4 124 2 169 4.00 Legislature Georgia 2 3000 78 1 142 1 220 4.00 Gen'l Ticket Alabama 2 2000 22 3 72 1 94 4.00 do. Mississippi 2 2500 11 3 36 1 47 3.00 do. Louisiana 4 7000 17 4 50 2 67 4.00 Legislature Tennessee 2 2000 20 2 60 2 80 4.00 do. Kentucky- 4 2000 38 4 100 1 138 2.00 Gen'l Ticket Ohio 2 1200 36 2 72 1 108 3.00 do. Indiana 3 1000 23 3 62 1 85 2.00 do. Illinois 4 1000 4 2 3.00 do. Missouri 4 1500 18 4 49 2 66 3.00 do. * There is no senate in the legislature of Vermont ; but the executive council, con- sisting of the governor, lieutenant-governor, and 12 counsellors, elected by the free- men, are empowered to lay before the general assembly such business as shall appear to them necessary ; also to revise and propose amendments to the laws passed by the house of representatives. f The number of representatives in the legislature of Massachusetts in 1831, was 481 ; but the number is very variable. J The pay of the senators, in the legislature of Connecticut, is $2 a day ; that of the representatives, $1.50. § The upper house, which forms an independent branch of the legislature of New Jersey, is styled the " Legislative Council." || Three different modes of choosing the electors of president and vice-president in the different states, are authorized by the constitution, viz. by the people by districts, by the people by a general ticket, and by the state legislatures. The same states have not all uniformly adhered to the same mode ; and the mode may be varied at the pleasure of the state legislatures. MEXICO. 159 MEXICO. PYRAMID OF CHOLULA. Mexico is bounded north by the United States and Gulf of Mexico ; east by the United States, Gulf of Mexico, and Bay of Honduras ; south by Guate- mala ; and west by the Pacific Ocean. The chief cities are Mexico, the metropolis and capital, Guanaxuato, Guada- laxara, Puebla, Oaxaca, Zacatecas, Vera Cruz, and Valladolid. The principal rivers are the Brazos, Colorado, Bravo, Grande, Gila, Colo- rado of the west, Buenaventura, and Hiaqui. Length, 1850 miles; breadth, 1,000: square miles, 1,690,000. Population 7,000,000 : by some the population is estimated at 8,000,000. The following 1 9 independent states belong to the Mexican Republic, besides 5 Territories : States. Sq. miles. Population. Capital. Mexico 30,482. . .. 1,100,000 . . . .Mexico Puebla 18,441 .... 900,000 .... Puebla Guanaxuato 6,225 600,000 Guanaxuato Michoacan 24,166 385,000 Valladolid Jalisco 72,389 600,000 Guadalaxara Zacatecas 17,580 230,298 Zacatecas Oaxaca 32,697 600,000 Oaxaca Yucatan 79,534 450,000 Merida Tabasco 14,676 .... 78,056 .... Hermosa Chiapas 18,750 93,750 Chiapas Vera Cruz 27,660 156,740 .... Jalapa Queretaro 13,482 500,000 Queretaro San Luis Potosi 19,017 174,957 San Luis Potosi Tamaulipas 35,121 166,824 Tamaulipas Durango 54,800 200,000 Durango Chihuahua 107,584 .... 160,000 .... Chihuahua Sonora and Sinaloa 254,705 1 88,636 Sinaloa New Leon 21,200 113,419 Monterey Coahulia and Texas 1 93,600 1 25,400 Leona Vicario Ter. of Santa Fe 214,800 .... 150,000 .... Santa Fe Do. Up. California 376,344 25,400 Monterey Do. L. California 57,021 13,419 Loreto Totals. . . .1,690,304 7,011,899 The Territories of Tlascala and Colima consist of those cities respectively, together with a very limited extent of contiguous country. The country out of which this republic has been formed, is peculiar as re- 160 MEXICO. spects the features of its geography. It extends from lat. 15° 50' to 42° N* 5 the intermediate space embracing every variety of soil, from the most recent alluvion to mountain valleys, or rather plains, of near 8000 feet above the con- tiguous oceans. These elevated plains are again broken and decorated by col- lossal summits, rising from 12 to upwards of 17,000 feet. In one of those aerial valleys, stands the city of Mexico, 7,400 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico. From this difference of elevation, and from em- bracing such an extensive range within and without the tropics, Mexico may be considered as possessing every climate of the earth, and capable of producing every vegetable necessary to the wants or the luxuries of human life. Its me- tallic wealth is no less abundant than its vegetables. From its bowels are extracted many of the most useful, and all the precious metals. Mexico is perhaps better calculated than any other part of the earth, to form a political community capable of producing within its own limits, all that the necessities, the arts, or elegancies of society can demand. Mexico has no slaves worth notice ; that class of its population not amount ing, at the utmost, to more than 10,000 ; or as 1 to 584 of the entire body of the people. The civilized Indians form more than two*fifths of the whole, and are the laboring, productive, and efficient, though not the ruling people. The manufactures of Mexico are said to be very considerable, consisting of cotton, wool, leather, tobacco, gunpowder, &c. ; but as no recent account has been received of them, a description will be omitted. Mines Every reader knows, that those of the precious metals are generally 1 ' found among mountains ; and that this is the country of silver and gold. The annual produce, in ordinary years, used seldom to fall below $22,000,000 of silver. The gold is found in little straw-like fragments and veins. The richest mine, in its yield of native silver, is Bartopilas in New Biscay. In most of them, the metal is extracted from red, black, muriated and sulphuretted ores of silver. In South America, the chief mines are found on the summits of the Andes, in the regions of perpetual frost and ice. In Mexico, on the contrary, the richest, such as those of Guanaxuato, Zacatecas, Tasco, and Real de Monte, are found between 5,500 and 6,500 feet high. The climate is delightful, and the vicinity abounds with forests, and every facility to work the mines to advantage. A catalogue of the names of 50 mines might easily be given, extending from Santa Fe, at the sources of the Rio del Norte, to the Pacific. Mexico has but few good harbors ; some of the best and most frequented are Vera Cruz and Tampico on the gulf of Mexico ; and Acapulco and San Bias on the Pacific Ocean. Vera Cruz is the port through which most of the com- merce between Mexico and Europe has been carried on. In the tropical regions the year is divided into only two seasons, called the rainy and the dry. The rainy season commences in June or July, and con- tinues about four months, till September or October, when the dry season com- mences and continues about eight months. On the low lands upon the coast, the climate is hot and unhealthy. On the declivity of the Cordillera at the elevation of 4 or 5000 feet, there reigns perpetually a soft spring temperature, which never varies more than eight or nine degrees. At the elevation of 7000 feet, commences another region, the mean temperature of which is about 60°. Mexico is in this region, and the thermometer there has been known in a few instances to descend below the freezing point. It never rises above 75°. The productions of this country are as various as its climate. In the course of a few hundred miles, you may meet with almost all the fruits of the temper- ate and torrid zones. The soil of the table land is remarkably productive. Maize is far the most important object of agriculture, and in some places, from two to three harvests may be taken annually. Wheat, rye, and barley are extensively cultivated. GUATEMALA. 161 The shores of the bays of Honduras and Campeachy have been long cele- brated for their immense forests of logwood and mahogany. A great com- merce is carried on in these articles ; likewise in cocoa and cochineal, which are also products of this country. Here likewise grow those trees which pro- duce the balsams copaiva and tolu. But what most distinguishes this country are its immensely valuable mines of gold, silver, and precious stones. Its silver mines are the richest in the world, and have for a long time pro- duced annually ten times as much silver as all the mines in Europe. Some of these mines are regarded as curiosities ; and one of them is excavated eight miles in length, and 1640 feet in depth. In 1521, the Spaniards under Cortez subdued Mexico, which was, at that time, under the government of the emperor Montezuma ; and in 1821, the Mexicans declared themselves independent of Spain. GUATEMALA, or CENTRAL AMERICA. Guatimala consists of a long isthmus, forming the southernmost part of North America, and lying between the Caribbean sea and the Pacific ocean. It was formerly subject to Spain, but was declared independent in 1821 ; and it has since been named, from its situation, the Republic of Central America. Volcanoes are extremely numerous, and some of them terrific ; no less than 20 are in constant activity. The general appearance of the soil is extremely fertile, and Guatimala produces abundantly corn, cochineal, grapes, honey, wax, cotton, fine wool, and dye-woods. The population has been estimated at 2,000,000. Length from north-west to south-east, 1000 miles. The settled parts are chiefly along the Pacific ocean, and average about 100 miles in width. The whole of Central America is subdivided into the provinces of Chiapa, Vera Paz, Guatimala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The country is exces- sively mountainous, and volcanoes are numerous. St. Juan is the principal river. The chief towns are Guatimala, the capital ; Nicaragua, and Leon. The minerals are gold and silver. BRITISH AMERICA. "British America is a vast extent of country, comprehending all the north- ern part of the continent, except the Russian possessions in the north-west, and Greenland on the north-east. It comprises Lower Canada, Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- wick ; the islands of Newfoundland, St. John's, and Cape Breton ; and the vast region of New Britain, or Hudsonia. The government of the whole country is under a governor-general, whose residence is at Quebec ; and each of the provinces has a lieutenant-governor. The established religion is that of the Church of England, and there are two bishops, one residing at Quebec, and the other at Halifax ; but most of the inhabitants of Lower Canada are Catholics. LOWER CANADA. Lower Canada extends from lat. 45° to 52° N., and from long. 14° E. to 3° 30' W. from Washington ; bounded S. by the United States, W. by Upper 162 LOWER CANADA. Canada, N. by the territories of the Hudson Bay Company, and E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; reaching about 500 miles from S. to N., and 500 from E* to W., with an area of 120,000 square miles. It is divided into four large dis- tricts, Montreal, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Gaspe. Lower Canada lies on both sides of the St. Lawrence, and is separated from Upper Canada by the Utawas. The great river St. Lawrence forms the most striking feature of the country. The other principal rivers are the Saguenai, St. Maurice, Chaudiere, St. Fran- cis, Richelieu or Sorel, and Utawas. The cities are Quebec and Montreal. The country is intersected by ridges of mountains, with fertile valleys inter- vening ; but the greater part is still covered with forests. The most populous part of Lower Canada consists of a fertile valley, mostly level, through the middle of which the St. Lawrence flows. The climate is subject to great ex- tremes of heat and cold. The winters are long and severe : the thermometer sometimes rises, in summer, to 100 degrees, and sinks, in winter, to 40 below 0. In a state of nature, Lower Canada was covered with an immense forest of very lofty timber, much of which yet remains. The settlements extend along or near the streams, in general where the soil is most fertile, and means of navigation most attainable. In the angle N. from lat. 45° N. to the St. Law- rence river, the soil is generally very productive, and settlements advancing rapidly. Eastward of this triangle, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the country is hilly, broken, barren, and but very thinly settled. From the Mingan settle- ment, on the north side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to a short distance above Quebec, the left shore of that great stream is rocky and precipitous. This range of hills leaves the river below the mouth of St. Maurice, and extends towards the Utawas, which it intersects about 120 miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. A very productive body of land is inclosed between this ridge and the respective rivers. Beyond this latter tract, and the margin of the streams, the country to the northward is but very imperfectly known. The population of Lower Canada in 1830 was as follows : District of Montreal 287,119 " Quebec 151,167 " Three Rivers 56,279 " Gaspe 1,003 Total .... 495,568 Lower Canada is favorably situated for commerce. Some of the principal exports are fur, timber, and potashes. This country was originally settled by the French, and as many as four- fifths of the present inhabitants are descendants of that nation. They live in great simplicity, resembling a European peasantry ; are polite and peaceable, but possessed of little enterprise, and their education is too generally neglected. Their houses are built of stone and plastered ; ■ are made extremely warm by means of stoves ; but are seldom of more than one story, except in the towns. The government is in the hands of a governor, Heutenant-gOTtrnor, execu- tive council, who are appointed by the king, and a house of assembly, who are representatives of the people. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic ; of .his persuasion there is a bishop of Quebec, a coadjutor, with the title of bishop of Salde, nine vicars general, and about 200 curates and missionaries, spread over the different districts of the province. The revenues of the Catholic clergy are derived in part from grants made of land to them under the ancient regime. The spiritual concerns of the Protestants are under the guidance of the Lord Bishop of Quebec, nine rectors, and a competent number of other clergymen, who are supported in part by annual stipends from the government, and the appropriations of one-seventh of all granted lands. UPPER CANADA. 163 FALLS OF MONTMORENCI. The Montmorenci falls into the St. Lawrence seven miles below Quebec. The river, just above its junction with the St. Lawrence, after passing through a wild and thickly wooded country, over a bed of barren rocks, with precipi- tous brinks of lime-stone, from 200 to 300 feet in height, rushes down a preci- pice of 240 feet. The cataract is almost perpendicular ; the deviation being just sufficient to break the water completely into foam and spray. The width of the river, at the top of the falls, is about 60 feet, but the stream dilates in descending. In its fall the water has the exact appearance of snow, when thrown in heaps from the roof of a house. The effect on the beholder is most delightful. The river at some distance seems suspended in the air, in a sheet of billowy foam ; and contrasted with the black frowning abyss, into which it falls, is an object of the highest interest. On a near approach, the impressions of grandeur and sublimity are finely blended with those of extraordinary beauty. The spray here, as at other similar cataracts, serves as a medium for forming the most beautiful rainbows. In the winter the spray freezes, and forms a regular cone, of sometimes 100 feet in height, standing immediately at the bot- tom of the cataract. UPPER CANADA. Upper Canada is bounded N. by the territory of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany ; N. E. and E. by Lower Canada ; S. E. and S. by the United States ; on the W. and N. W. no limits have been assigned to it. In 1830 it contained the following districts and population :— Gore 23,552 Home 32,871 Western 9,970 Niagara. 21,974 London 26,180 Newcastle 16,498 Midland 36,322 Ottawa 4,456 Bathurst 20,113 Eastern 11,168 Johnstown 21,961 Total .234,865 These districts are subdivided into counties, and the counties into townships These townships are laid out principally along the banks of the St. Law* 164 UPPER CANADA. rence, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake St. Clair, and extend back for a distance, varying from 40 to 50 miles. The soil throughout is scarcely excelled by any portion of North America. In the rear of the townships are large tracts of land stretching far to the north, covered with immense forests, and little known except to the Indians ; but it has been ascertained that there arc many large tracts of rich soil. The climate is salubrious. The winters are shorter and milder than in Lower Canada. The spring opens usually from six weeks to two months earlier than at Quebec. The population of Upper Canada has increased with great rapidity. In 1783, it did not exceed 10,000 souls. In 1814, it was 95,000 ; and in 1830, 234,865. For the defence of the Canadas, a regular military establishment is main- tained by the British government, amounting in common to between 20,000 and 30,000 men. This force is stationed at various points along the great line of the St. Lawrence. There are two large canals in Upper Canada ; Welland Canal, connecting lakes Erie and Ontario, 41 miles long ; and Rideau Canal, connecting lake Ontario with the river Utawas, 160 miles long. The Welland Canal commences near the mouth of Grand river on Lake Erie, 40 miles north-west of Buffalo. It connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario by canal navigation, overcoming all the descent of Niagara Falls and Niagara river between the two lakes. It admits vessels of 125 tons, being wider and deeper than any other canal in the country, except the Delaware and Chesa- peake. The elevation overcome by the locks is 320 feet. The canal required prodigious excavations, in some places through solid stone. The "Ravine Locks" are said to be the most striking canal spectacle to be seen in America. Climate of The extremes of heat and cold are astonishing; Fahrenheit's ther- the canadas mometer in the months of July and August, rising to 100°, and yet in general. w - n |. er ^ Q mercur y generally freezes. Changes of weather, how- ever, are less frequent, and the seasons more regular than in the United States. Snow not unfrequently begins to fall in October, and increases in November ; in December the clouds are generally dissolved, and the sky assumes a bright hue, continuing for weeks without a single cloud. Here, however, winter is the season for amusement, and the sledges drawn by one or two horses, afford a speedy and pleasant conveyance in travelling ; but on going abroad, all parts of the body, except the eyes, must be thickly covered with furs. In May the thaw comes on suddenly, and in its progress the ice on the river St. Lawrence bursts with the noise of cannon, and passes towards the ocean with tremendous rapidity and violence. The progress of vegetation is aston- ishing. Spring has scarcely appeared before it is succeeded by summer. In a few days the trees regain their foliage, and the fields are clothed with the richest verdure. September, generally, is one of the most agreeable months. The Canadian horses are mostly small and heavy ; but very brisk on the road, travelling at the rate of 8 or 9 miles an hour. The calash, a sort of one horse chaise, capable of holding two persons and a driver, is the carriage most generally in use. The Canadians have a species of large dogs which are used in drawing burdens. They are yoked into little carts : in this way people frequently go to market. Sometimes they perform long journeys in the winter season, on the snow, by half a dozen or more of these animals yoked into a cariole or sledge. The river St. Lawrence is the only channel, by which the commodities of these two provinces have hitherto found their way to the ocean. The principal exports consist of oak and pine timber, deals, masts, and bowsprits, spars of all denominations, staves, pot and pearl ashes, peltry, wheat, flour, biscuit, Indian corn, pulse, salt provisions, fish, and other miscellaneous articles, which employ UPPER CANADA. 165 generally about 150,000 tons of shipping. In return for these are imported, wines, rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, tobacco, salt, coals, and manufactured produce from Great Britain. The government of Upper Canada is administered by a lieutenant-governor, (who is almost always a military officer,) a legislative council, an executive council, and a house of assembly. The legislative council consists of not less than 7 members, of which the chief justice of the province is president, and wherein the bishop of Quebec has a seat ; the members are appointed by man- damus from the king, and hold their seats, under certain restrictions, for life. The executive council is composed of 6 members ; the chief justice is president, and the bishop of Quebec likewise has a seat in it. The house of assembly is composed of 25 members, who are returned from the 23 counties ; the dura- tion of the assembly is limited to 4 years. The civil and criminal law is ad- ministered by a chief justice and two puisne judges. There is a court of king's bench, common pleas, and a court of appeal. The expense of the civil list is defrayed by Great Britain. FALLS OF NIAGARA. The Falls of Niagara are esteemed the grandest object of the kind in the world. Though there are other falls which have a greater perpendicular descent, yet there is none in the known world where so great a mass of water is precipitated from so great a height. The distance of the falls above Lake Ontario is 14 miles, and below Lake Erie 23 miles on the New York side, and 21 on the Canada side. At the dis- tance of a mile and three-quarters above the falls, the river begins to descend with a rapid and powerful current. At the falls, it turns with a right angle to the north-east, and is suddenly contracted in width, from three miles to three- fourths of a mile. Below the cataract, the river is only half a mile wide, but its depth is said to exceed 300 feet. The descent within 10 miles is about 300 feet, and from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario 334 feet. The agitation and rapid current continue about 8 miles below the cataract, nearly to Queenstown, and the river does not become sufficiently calm to admit of navigation till it reaches that place. Below the falls, it is inclosed in perpendicular banks 300 feet high. The best single view of the cataract is that from Table Rock, on the Canada side ; the best view of the rapids is from Goat Island, which is con- nected with the eastern shore by a bridge. The precipice over which the river descends, is formed by the brow of a vast bed of lime. The perpendicular descent, according to the measurement of Major Prescot, is 151 feet. The descent is perpendicular, except that rocks are hollowed underneath the surface, particularly on the western side. The cataract is divided into two parts by Goat, or Iris Island, which occupies one- fifth or one-sixth of the whole breadth. The principal channel is on the west- ern side, and is called the Horse-shoe Fall, from its shape. The eastern chan- 166 UPPER CANADA. nel is divided by another small island. The descent on the eastern side is stated at 162 feet, being greater than on the western, but the water is more hollow. The quantity of water discharged in an hour, is computed at about 100,000,000 tons. The noise of the falls resembles the hoarse roar of the ocean ; being much graver, or less shrill than that of smaller cataracts. It is not unfrequently heard at York, 50 miles distant. When two persons stand very near each other, they can mutually hear their ordinary conversation ; when removed to a small distance, they are obliged to halloo, and when removed a little farther, they cannot be heard at all. Every sound is drowned in the tempest of noise made by the water ; and all else in the regions of nature appears to be dumb. The noise is a vast thunder, filling the heavens, shaking the earth, and leaving the mind, although perfectly conscious of safety and affected with a sense of grandeur only, lost and astonished, swelling with emotions which engross all its faculties, and mock the power of utterance. A large majestic cloud of vapor rises without intermission from the whole breadth of the river below ; and ascending with a slow solemn progress, partly spreads itself down the stream by an arching and wonderfully magnificent motion ; and partly mounts to heaven, blown into every wild fantastical form ; when separated into smaller clouds, it successively floats away through the atmosphere. This cloud is said to be visible at the distance of 60 or 70 miles. " In the mist produced by all cataracts," observes Dr. Dwight, from whom this account is chiefly extracted, " rainbows are ordinarily seen in proper posi- tions when the sun shines ; always, indeed, unless when the vapor is too rare. Twice, while we were here, the sun broke through the clouds, and lighted up in a moment the most lucid rainbow that I ever beheld. In each instance the phenomenon continued a long time, and left us in perfect leisure to enjoy its splendors. It commenced near the precipice, and extended, so far as I was able to judge, at least a mile down the river. In one respect, both these rain- bows differed widely from all others which I had seen. The red, orange, and yellow were so vivid, as to excite in our whole company strong emotions of surprise and pleasure, while the green, blue, indigo, and violet, were certainly not more brilliant than those which are usually seen on the bosom of a shower. " The emotions excited by a view of this stupendous scene, are unutterable. When the spectator casts his eye over the long ranges of ragged cliffs, which form the shores of this great river below the cataract ; cliffs 150 feet in height, "bordering it with lonely gloom and grandeur, and shrouded everywhere by shaggy forests ; when he surveys the precipice above, stretching with so great an amplitude, rising to a great height, and presenting at a single view its awful brow, with an impression not a little enhanced by the division which the island forms between the two great branches of the river ; when he contemplates the enormous mass of water pouring from this astonishing height in sheets so vast, and with a force so amazing ; when, turning his eye to the mighty mass, and listening to the majestic sound which fills the heavens, his mind is overwhelmed by thoughts too great, and by impressions too powerful, to permit the current of the intellect to flow with serenity. The disturbance of his mind resembles that of the waters beneath him. His bosom swells with emotions never before felt ; his thoughts labor in a manner never before known. The pleasure is exquisite, but violent. The conceptions are clear and strong, but rapid and tumultuous. The struggle within is discovered by the fixedness of his position, the solemnity of his aspect, and the intense gaze of his eye. When he moves, his motions appear uncontrived. When he is spoken to, he is silent; or if he speaks, his answers are short, wandering from the subject, and indicating that absence of mind which is the result of laboring contemplation." NEW BRITAIN, NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 167 NEW BRUNSWICK. Bounded N. by Lower Canada ,* E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence : S. by the Bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia ; and W. by the United States. The principal rivers are the St. Johns, Miramichi and Ristigouche. The lands on the rivers, especially on the St. John, are very fertile, and the set- tlements lie principally on this river and on the Miramichi. Coal of a superior quality is found on the Grand Lake near St. John's river. The tract of country so prolific in gypsum, commences in this province at Martin's head on the bay of Fundy, and extends east into Nova Scotia. The chief articles of export are lumber, codfish, salmon, and herring. The principal ports are St. John, St. Andrew, Miramichi, and the West Isles. The province is divided into 8 counties. Fredericton is the capital. St. John is the largest town. Population 80,000. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, in most particulars, are very similar. The face of the country is neither mountainous, nor quite level. There are several rivers, among which those of Annapolis and St. Johns are the most considerable. The soil is, in general, thin and barren, particularly on the coasts. In some parts there are very extensive tracts of marsh, which are rich and productive. Both the soil and the climate are unfavorable to the cultivation of grain, and the inhabitants do not raise provision sufficient for their own con- sumption. The fisheries, however, compensate in some measure for the sterility of the soil. The coast abounds with cod, salmon, mackerel, haddock, and herring. Their chief exports are fish and lumber. Coal is found in Nova Scotia ; and plaster-of-Paris, particularly at Windsor, from whence large quan- tities are imported into the United States. NOVA SCOTIA. Nova Scotia is a large peninsula, about 300 miles long, and is separated from New Brunswick, in part, by the Bay of Fundy. The Bay of Fundy is remarkable for its tides, which rise to the height of 30 7 and sometimes, in the narrowest part, even to 60 feet. The rise is so rapid that cattle feeding on the shore are often overtaken and drowned. The chief towns are Halifax and Annapolis. Population 130,000. It extends from Cape Sable, its most southern point, in lat. 43° 23' to 49° 30' N., and from 60° 15' to 67° W. long. NEW BRITAIN. The country lying round Hudson's bay, or the country of the Esquimaux, comprehending Labrador, New North and South Wales, has obtained the general name of New Britain, and is attached to the government of Lower Canada. That part called Labrador is full of frightful mountains, many of which are of a stupendous height. The valleys present numerous lakes, and produce only a few stunted trees. In the parallel of 60° north latitude, all vegetation ceases. Such is the intenseness of the cold in the winter, that brandy and even quicksilver freezes into a solid mass; rocks often burst with a tremendous noise, equal to that of the heaviest artillery. At Nain, Okkak, and Hopedale* the Moravian missionaries have settlements. 168 GREENLAND. In New North and South Wales the face of the country has not quite the same aspect of unconquerable sterility as that of Labrador, and the climate, although in the same parallel of latitude, is a little less rigorous. But it is only INDIAN VILLAGE. the coasts of these immense regions that are known, the interior having never yet been explored. The natives are called Esquimaux. Some factories and forts for the purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians, are estab- lished by the Hudson's Bay and North-west companies. The trade of the former is confined to the neighborhood of Hudson's bay ; that of the latter extends from lake Winnipeg to the Rocky mountains and the Frozen Ocean. The North-west company is composed of Montreal merchants. The usual mode of travelling in this country is in birch bark canoes. With these the inhabitants pass up and down the rivers and lakes, and when they meet with a rapid, or wish to pass from one river to another, they get out of the canoe and carry it on their shoulders. In this way, the men engaged m the fur trade travel thousands of miles, and carry all their goods. The principal rivers are the Mackenzie, Nelson, Saskashawan, Severn, and Albany. The largest lakes are Winnepeg, Athapeskow, Slave Lake, and Great Bear Lake. GREENLAND WHICH BELONGS TO DENMARK. WHALE FISHERY. GREEisi.jk.ivD, a country, bounded E. by the Atlantic, and separated from Labrador on the south-west by Davis' straits. It is not ascertained whether it is a peninsula or an island, although the recent discoveries in the Polar regions GREENLAND. 109 render it highly probable that it is wholly detached from the continent. It ex- tends as far south as Cape Farewell, in lat. 59° 30' N. Its northern limits are unknown. The eastern coast is commonly called East Greenland, and the western, West Greenland, but the whale fishers call the whole West Green- land, and apply the name East Greenland to Spitzbergen and the adjacent islands. Nothing is known of this extensive country, but its coast. The in- terior is wholly inaccessible, on account of the everlasting ice with which its mountains are covered. The eastern coast also has, for centuries, been cut off from European intercourse, by the vast bodies of ice with which its shores are lined. The severity of the climate forbids the growth of every thing but a few stinted trees and shrubs. The whole population does not exceed 20,000 ; and they are confined to the coast, deriving a miserable subsistence from seals, birds, and fishes ; and are sometimes under the necessity of living on sea- weed and train oil. The natives were formerly Pagans, and addicted to some cruel customs, but through the instrumentality of the Moravian missionaries, they have, to a considerable extent, been converted to Christianity. Icy Peak, an enormous mass of ice, rises near the mouth of a soil and river, and diffuses such a brilliancy through the air, that it is seen at C0UjUr y- the distance of more than 30 miles. The country along the sea shore presents rugged masses of rock interspersed with huge blocks of ice, indicating the conflict of chaos and winter. The interior is covered with a chain of innu- merable mountains, most of which are unexplored. Coal and various minerals and useful and beautiful fossils have been discovered here. Smoke is frequently observed arising from the crevices of marine ice. The rare occurrence of rain, the small quantity of snow, and the intense degree of cold produced by the north-east wind, lead us to suppose that the north-east parts of Greenland constitute a great Archipelago, encumbered with perpetual ice which for many centuries has been piled together by the winds and currents. Hares, reindeer, white bears, foxes, and lame do^s, that howl in- . oo 7 Animals stead of barking, and are employed by the Greenlanders in drawing their sledges, comprise the animals of this country. Immense flocks of sea fowl frequent the rivers and shores. The rivers abound in salmon and the seas in turbots and herrings. It is a curious fact, that those animals, whose blood is of the temperature of the sea, are found in greatest numbers under these icy fields and mountains. The inhabitants of North Greenland pursue the whale — and those of South Greenland the seal. The flesh of the animals is their chief food. The skins of the seals serve them for clothing, and as the mate- rial for their boats. Their tendons are used for thread, their bladders as bottles, their fat sometimes as butter, and at other times as tallow, and their blood is considered by the Greenlander the richest broth. The exports are in value from 50 to 100,000 rix-dollars. W GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. AAR- AARONSBURG, t. Centre Co. Pa., si- tuated about one mile E. of Elk Creek, which unites with Penn's Creek and falls into the Susquehannah, 5 miles below Sunbury. It is 40 miles W. N. W. Sunbury, 160 W. N. W. Philadelphia, and 204 miles from Washing- ton City. Lat. 49° 53' N. Long. 77° 33' W. It contains a German, Lutheran and a Calvi- nistic church. ABBEVILLE, district of S. C. having Pen- dleton district NW., Laurens NE., Edgefield SE., and the Savannah river SW. It is about 31 m. in length and breadth, having a super- ficies of about 1000 sq. ms. The surface is agreeably variegated with hill and dale, and a considerable part of the soil is rich and well watered. Pop. 28,134. ABBEVILLE, t. and cap. Abbeville district, S. C. ; 120 W. Columbia, from W. 624 m. It contains a court-house, a jail, an arsenal, and a magazine. ABBOTSTOWN, t. York co. Pa.; 18 S. York, from W. 86 m. ABINGDON, t Hartford co.Md.; 1 WSW. Hartford, 26 NE. Baltimore. Pop. 300. Cokes- bury College, a Methodist seminary, was estab- lished in this town in 1785, but the building was burnt several years since, and has not been rebuilt. ABINGDON, t. and cap. Washington co. Va. ; 320 WSW. Richmond, from W. 404 m. Lat. 36° 37' N. It is a considerable town, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, an academy, and a Presbyterian church. Here is a remarkable cave. ABINGTON, t. Plymouth co. Mass. ; 18 S. Boston, 20 NW. Plymouth, from W. 452 m. Pop. 2,423. It is a pleasant town, and contains three Congregational meeting-houses. ABINGTON, t. Luzerne co. Pa.; from W. 254 m. ABINGTON, t. Montgomery co, Pa., 11 N Philadelphia. Pop. 1,236. ABSECOMBE, v. Gloucester co. N. J. ACAPULCO, or Los Reges, t Mexico, on the coast of the Pacific ocean. Its port is one of the finest in the world, and capable of con- taining any number of vessels in perfect safety. The principal trade of Acapulco was formerly with Manilla, one of the Philippine islands, to which it for a long period sent out annually a large vessel, called a galleon. The lading from Acapulco to Manilla generally consisted of silver, a very small quantity of cochineal from Oaxaca, of cocoa from Guayaquil and Caraccas, wine, -ADA oil, and Spanish wool. The value of the pre. cious metals, exported in a single vessel, in- cluding what is not registered, amounted in general to about £200,000. ACADIA, district, La. between lake Maure- pas and the Mississippi. Pop. 3,955. ACCOMAC, co. Va. ; bounded N. by Mary- land, E. by the Atlantic, S. by Northampton co. and W. by Chesapeake bay. Pop. 19,656; Slaves, 4,654. Chief town, Drummondtown. ACCUSHNET, r. Mass, which flows into New Bedford harbor. ACHORSTOWN, t. Columbiana co. Ohio ; from W. 297 m. ACQUASCO, v. Prince George's co. Md. ; from W. 38 m. ACTON, t. Windham co. Vt.; 33 SSW. Windsor. Pop. 245. ACTON, t. Middlesex co. Mass. ; 24 NW. Boston, from W. 458 m. Pop. 885. ACWORTH, t. Cheshire co. N. H. ; 6 ESE. Charleston, 72 WNW. Portsmouth, from W. 466 m. Pop. 1,523. ADAIE, co. Ky. having Barren co. W. Greene NW. Casey NE. Wayne and Pulaski, or Cumberland r. and Wolfer SE. and Cum- berland co. S. Adair co. has a mean length and breadth of about 28 m. area 800 sq. ms. the face of the country broken and the soil diversified. Chief town, Columbia. ADAMS, t. Coos co. N. H. ; E. of the White mountains ; 90 N. Portsmouth. Pop. 244. ADAMS, t. Berkshire co. Mass.; 29 N. Lenox, 120 WNW. Boston, from W. 402 m. Pop. 1,763. It is a valuable township, and has 2 post villages 5 or 6 miles apart, each con- taining a meeting-house ; the north village con- tains also 2 cotton manufactories ; and there are likewise 2 cotton manufactories near the S. village. There is besides a Quaker meeting- house in the town. This place is remarkable for a deep excavation, 40 rods in length, and, in some places, 60 feet deep, formed by Hud- son's brook, in a quarry of white marble. A natural bridge 14 feet long, 10 feet broad, and 62 feet high is formed over this channel by the projection of rocks. ADAMS, co. Pa. having Frederick co. Md. S. Franklin co. Pa. W. Cumberland NW. and NE. and E. It is about 20 ms. in length, and 18 wide ; area 360 sq. ms. Chief town, Get- tysburg. The surface of this county is ex- tremely diversified with hill and dale. The soil is also of the different qualities from the worst to the best. The whole co. is well wa- tered. Pop. 1820, 19,681 ; in 1830, 21,379. 172 ADA— ALB ADAMS, t. Darke co. Ohio. Pop. 343. ADAMS, co. in the western part of Illinois. Chief town, Quincy. Pop. 2,186. ADAMS, v. Dauphin co. Pa. ADAMS, t. Hyde co. N. C. NE. 150 m. from Raleigh. ADAMS, t. Washington co. Ohio, E. of Mus- kingum river. Pop. 1810, 620 ; in 1820, 324. ADAMS, t. of Washington co. Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 174. ADAMS, co. Ohio, having Brown W. High- land and Pike N. Sciota E. and the Ohio river S. This co. is about 20 ms. sq., area about 400 sq. ms. the surface much broken, the soil in general fertile and well watered. Chief town, West Union. Pop. in 1820, 10,432 ; in "■830, 12,278. ADAMS, co. Mis. bounded W. by the Mis- sissippi river, S. by Wilkinson co. E. by Frank- lin, and N. by Jefferson ; length 40 m., mean width about 15 ; area 600 sq. ms. The face of this co. is diversified by hill and dale. Fruits, peaches, some apples, and abundance of figs. Chief towns, Natchez and Washington. Pop. in 1820, 12,073, in 1830, 14,919. ADAMSBURG, v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 145 m. W. from Harrisburg. ADAMSVILLE, v. Washington co. N. Y. 57 m. N. from Albany. ADAMSVILLE, v. Marlborough district, S. C. by post-road. 106 m. NE. from Columbia. ADDISON, t. of Washington Co. Maine, W. 16 m. from Machias. Pop. in 1820, 519 ; m 1830, 741. ADDISON, co. Vermont, having lake Cham- plain W., Chittenden N., Washington and Or- ange E., and Rutland S. Mean length 25 m. I mean breadth 20 ; area about 500 sq. ms. Though not mountainous, it is finely variega- ted by hill and dale. Otter river flows through this co. and by its numerous branches affords much fine land and excellent mill seats. Chief towns, Vergennes and Middleburg. Pop. in 1820, 20,620 ; in 1830, 24,940. ADDISON, t. Steuben cc, N. Y. 15 m. S. from Bath. Pop. 944, ADELPHI, t. Ross co. Ohio, about 20 m. NE. from Chillicothe, from W. 392 ms. AGAWAM, r. Mass. which runs into the sea at Wareham. AGAWAM, v. in the township of W Spring- field, Hampden co. Mass. near the entrance of Westfield river into the Connecticut, 2 m. SW. from Springfield ; from W. 366 m. AGAWAM, the name of Westfield river towards its mouth, AHPMOOJEENE-GAMOOK lake, Maine, 20 ms. N. from Moosehead lake. AIR, t. Bedford co. Pa. Pop. 1,179. AKANSAS, see page 155. ALABAMA, state, see page 112. ALABAMA, t. Monroe co. Alabama, on Al- abama river, 10 m. below Fort Jackson. ALABAMA, r. in the state of Alabama, is formed by the union of the Coosa and Talla- poosa, and flowing SSW. unites with the Tom- bigbee to form Mobile river, 45 m. from the head of Mobile Bay. From its mouth to the mouth of the Cahawba, 210 m. it has 4 or 5 feet water ; and ff om the mouth of/the Cahawba to the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, 3 feet in the shallowest places. It is navigable for sloops to Fort Claiborne. ALABASTER, or Eleuthera, one of the Ba- hama islands, on the great Bahama bank. The climate is healthy. It produces pine-apples for exportation. There is a small fort and garri- son on the island/ Long. 76° 22' to 76° 56' W. Lat. 24° 40' to 26° 30' N. ALACHUA SAVANNAH, in E. Florida, 75 m. W. from St. Augustine, 50 m. in circum- ference, without a tree or bush, but is encircled with hills, covered with forests and orange groves, on a very rich soil. The ancient Ala- chua Indian town stood on the borders of this savannah ; but the Indians removed to Cusco- willa, two miles distant, on account of the un- healthiness of the former site. ALACRANES, a long range of hidden rocks, shoals, and banks, on the S. side of the gulf of Mexico, opposite the coast of Yucatan, E. from Stone Bank, and W. from Cape St. An- tonio. N. lat. 23°, between 89° and 91° W. long. Navigators pass round them, though there are some good channels and soundings. ALBANY, t. Oxford co. Maine, 18 m. NW. from Paris. Pop. 288. ALBANY, t. Orleans co. Vt. 40 m. NNE. from Montpelier. ALBANY, co. N. Y. on Hudson r. Pop. 53,560. Chief town, Albany. ALBANY, city, Albany co. the capital of New York, and the second town in population, wealth and commerce in the state, stands on the W. bank of the Hudson, 150 m. N. of New I York, 165 W. of Boston, 230 S. of Montreal, and 376 from W. N. lat. 42° 39'. E. long. 3° 17' from W. Most of the ancient Dutch build- ings, which formerly gave it such a grotesque aspect, have disappeared. It is now neatly and in some parts handsomely built. It con- tains 10 public buildings. The capital, built upon the upper portion of the city, has an ele- vated position. It is 115 feet in length, and 90 in breadth. The academy, directly north of it, is a spacious and showy building. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank and the Alba- ny Bank, at the bottom of State street, are of white marble. The Museum is a handsome building in South Market street. State street, in its whole length, is remarkably wide, and shows to great advantage. The number of churches is 16, of which 6 are of stone, 7 of brick, and 3 of wood. Three of them are very handsome, and others are spacious. Canal wharf' and quay are of great length, and ex- hibit a striking show of business and bustle. Few cities present a more beautiful prospect than Albany, when seen from the public square, or the summit of the capital. The city slopes from the public square to the river, like the sides of an amphitheatre. Two or three of its noble mansions embowered in trees, give it the appearance of having forests in its limits. Sloops and steamboats arrive here from New York in great numbers, and there is seldom a day in which three or four passages do not oft fer, in steamboats departing to and from New ALB— ALE 173 York. Its canal communications with lake Champlain, the northern lakes, and the Ohio valley give it unrivalled advantages of this sort. More stages daily arrive and depart from this city, than any other of the size in the Union, being more than 100 daily. Its literary, hu- mane, and religious institutions are of a very- respectable class, and it issues 6 or 7 periodi- cal publications. Its population in 1820 was 12,630 ; in 1830, 24,216, having nearly doubled its population in ten years. A more emphatic ALBANY AND illustration of the tendency of the canal system could not be given. There are in the city 3 flour mills, 2 woollen manufactories, 2 do. cot- ton and woollen, 1 distillery, 5 breweries, man- ufactories of oil-cloths, and a very extensive cap manufactory which employs 200 males and 450 females and pays $1,800 in weekly wages. The business transacted in this estab- lishment amounts to several hundred thousand dollars a year. There is a rail-road from Al- bany to Schenectad} 7 , length 14 miles. ITS ENVIRONS. (a) United States arsenal. — (b) Aqueduct, (e) Deep Cut. ALBANY, t. Berks co. Pa. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 995. ALBANY, r. North America, which falls into James' bay, long. 84° 30' W. lat. 51° 30' N. runs NE. through a chain of small lakes, from the S. end of Winnipeg lake. The Brit- ish fort is on the river, in lat. 53° 10' N. ALBANY, Neio, t. Clarke co. In. ; from W. 642 m. ; a little below Clarksville. ALBEMARLE, co. central part of Va. ; bounded N. by Orange co. E. by Louisa and Fluvanna cos. SE. by James r. SW. by Am- herst co. and W. by Augusta and Rockingham cos. Chief town, Charlottesville. Pop. 22,618 ; slaves 11,689. ALBEMARLE-SOUND, inlet of the sea, on E. coast of N. C. It extends into the country 60 m. and is from 4 to 15 wide. It receives the waters of the Roanoke and the Chowan. Lat. 35° 52' N. ALBERTSON'S, v. Duplin co. N. C. ALBION, t. and cap. of Edwards co. Illinois, 40 m. SW. from Vincennes. It stands on the dividing ridge between the Great and Little Wabash rivers, 12 m. from the former and 6 from the latter, in a dry and healthy situation, while it is well supplied with springs of water. Distance from W. 733 m. ALBION, v. Edwards co. Illinois. Fort's Ferry. — (d) Vischer's Ferry.- ALBURG, t. Grand Isle co. Vt. on N. end of the island of North Hero, in lake Champlain ; 40 m. N. from Burlington, from W. 555 m. It is a port of entry. Pop. 1,239. ALDIE, v. Loudon co. Va. ; from W. 35 m. ALEXANDER, t. Athens co. Ohio. Pop. 765. ALEXANDER, t. Genesee co. N. Y. 6 m. S. from Batavia. ALEXANDER, co. Illinois, at the angle be- tween Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Chief town, America. Pop. 1,390. ALEXANDERS, v. York district, S. C; from W. 441 m. ALEXANDERVILLE, v. Montgomery co. Ohio, on Miami r. 7 m. below Dayton. ALEXANDRIA, t. Grafton co. N. H. 13 m. SSE. from Plymouth. Pop. 1,083. ALEXANDRIA, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the Delaware ; 15 m. SE. from Easton. ALEXANDRIA, t. Huntingdon co. Pa.; 8 m. from Huntingdon, 192 m. WNW. from Philadelphia, from W. 162 m. ALEXANDRIA, t. in the parish of Rapide, Louisiana, on Red River, 120 m. from its mouth, 70 from Natchitoches, and about 100 from Natchez, St. Francisville, and Point Cou- pee ; about 180 m. in a direct line, and 344 by water, WNW. from New Orleans, from W 174 ALE — ALL 1246 m. Lat. 31° 15' N. It is situated in a fertile valley, at the point of intersection of all the great roads of the western district of Lou- isiana. It is settled almost wholly by Ameri- cans, and is a place of increasing importance. ALEXANDRIA, New, t. Westmoreland co. Pa. ; from W. 201 m. ALEXANDRIA, co. District of Columbia. Pop. 9,608 ; chief town, Alexandria. ALEXANDRIA, city, and port of entry, in the District of Columbia, on the W. bank of the Potomac, 6 m. S. of Wasliington. The pub- lic buildings are a court-house, and 6 churches, viz. 2 for Presbyterians, 2 for Episcopalians, 1 for Quakers, and 1 for Roman Catholics. It has a commodious harbor, sufficiently deep for the largest ships. The streets are regular and squares rectangular. The progress of this neat and ancient town has been for a long time al- most stationary. It is expected that the Ohio and Chesapeake canal, with which it is con- nected, will communicate to it a new impulse of prosperity. Pop. in 1820, 8,216 ; in 1830, 8,221. ALEXANDRIA, t. Washington co. Maine, 30 m. N. of Machias. ALEXANDRIA, t. Campbell co. Ky. ALEXANDRIA, t. Scioto co. Ohio, on the Ohio river, at the mouth of the Scioto, which separates it from Portsmouth, 45 m. S. from Chillicothe. ALEXANDRIANA, t. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 157 m. SW. from Raleigh. ALFORD, t. Berkshire co. Mass.; 15 m. SSW. from Lenox, 125 W. from Boston. Pop. 512. ALFORDSVILLE, v. Robeson co. N. C. ; from W. 387 m. ALFORDSTOWN, t. and cap. Moore co. N. C. about 30 m. WNW. from Fayetteville. ALFRED, t. Prescott co. U. C. on Ottawa r. ALFRED, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 10 m. SE. from Angelica. Pop. 1,701. ALFRED, t. York co. Maine; 24 m. N. from York, 88 N. by E. from Boston, 86 from Au- gusta, and 513 from W. Pop. 1,453 It con- tains a court-house, a jail, and a Congrega- tional meeting-house. The courts of the county are held alternately here and at York. There is in the township a village of Shakers. ALFRED, t. Alleghany co. N. Y.; 10 m. SE. from Angelica. Pop. 273. ALLAN'S CREEK, r. N. Y. which runs into the Genesee, in Caledonia. Length 40 m. ALLEGHANY, co. SW. part of N. Y. ; bounded N. by Genesee and Ontario cos., E. by Steuben co., S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by Cataraugus co. Pop. 26,218. Chief town, Angelica. ALLEGHANY, co. W. part of Pa. bound- ed N. by Butler co., E. by Westmoreland co., S. and SW. by Washington co., and NW. by Beaver co. Pop. 37,984. Chief town, Pitts- burg. ALLEGHANY, t. Cambria co. Pa. W. from Harrisburg. Pop. 947. ALLEGHANY, t. Huntingdon co. Pa. W. from Harrisburg. Pop. 773. ALLEGHANY, t. Venango co. Pa. N. W. from Harrisburg. Pop. 671. ALLEGHANY, t. Armstrong co. Pa. W. from Harrisburg. Pop. 1,413. ALLEGHANY, t. Westmoreland co. Pa. Pop. 1,388. ALLEGHANY t. Somerset co. Pa. Pop. 372. ALLEGHANY, co. Md. the NW end of the state, on Potomac river. Chief town, Cumberland. Pop. 10,602. ALLEGHANY, mountains, U. S. com- mence in the N. part of Georgia, and running NE. nearly parallel with the coast of the At- lantic ocean, at the distance of 250 miles, pass through N. Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, to New York. They divide the waters which flow into the Atlantic from those which flow into the Mississippi. ALLEGHANY, r. rises in Pennsylvania, and runs first NW. into New York, and then by a bend to the SW. again enters Pennsylvania, and at Pittsburg unites with the Monongahela to form the Ohio. It is a steady stream, and navigable for keel-boats of 10 tons to Hamilton, 260 m. above Pittsburg. ALLEMAND, r. which falls into the Mis- sissippi, from the SE. 43 m. S. from Natchez. ALLEN'S FERRY, v. Harrison co. Indi- ana. ALLEN'S FRESH, v. Charles co. Md. 43 m. S. from Washington, on Wicomico river. ALLENS, t. Cumberland co. Pa. near Har- risburg. Pop. 2,995. ALLEN, t. Northampton co. Pa. Pop. 1,847. ALLEN, co. Kentucky ; having Ten. S. Warren, SW. NW. and N. and Barren E. Its form is elliptical, extending over about 500 sq. ms. Chief town, Scottsville. Pop. 6,486. ALLEN, co. Ohio, having Mercer and Vanvert W., Putnam N., Hardin E. and Lo- gan and Shelby S. It extends about 23 m. from N. to S. v/ith a width of 22 m. from E. to W. area 500 sq. ms. Pop. 578. ALLENSTOWN, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 10 m. SE. from Concord, and 25 NW. from Exeter. ALLENSTOWN, t. Monmouth co. N. J. 11 m. E. from Trenton. ALLENTOWN, t. and cap. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehigh river. 52 m. NNW. from Phila- delphia, 18 m. SW. from Easton, and 6 m. from Bethlehem. It it beautifully situated on an elevation in the midst of a well cultivated pleasant country. It contains, besides the county buildings, a bank, printing office, several dry goods stores, and a number of merchant mills. The principal staple, flour. Distance from Washington 178 ms. ALLENSVILLE, v. Mifflin co. Pa. ALLENSVILLE, v. Warren co. Ten. ALLENTOWN, v. Montgomery co. (N. C.) S. W. from Raleigh. ALLEY, t. Queens co. N. Y. ALLOW AY CREEK, t. Salem co. N. J. ALLOW AY, r. Salem co. N. J. runs into the Delaware. ALL — AM 1 1 175 ALL-SAINTS, islands near Guadaloupe, in the W. Indies. ALL-SAINTS, parish, Georgetown district, S.C. ALLUVIAL-WAY, or Ridge-Road, ridge, lying along the S. shore of lake Ontario, at the distance of from 6 to 10 m. Its general width is from 4 to 8 rods, and it is raised in the middle with a handsome crowning arch, from 6 to 10 feet. A road is opened upon it from Lewiston to Genesee river, a distance of 87 miles. It is a grand work of nature, and esteemed a great curiosity. ALNA, t. Lincoln co. Maine; 10 m. N. of Wiscasset, 190 m. from Boston. ALSACE, t. Berks co. Pa. ALSACE, t. Berks co. Pa. on E. side of the Schuylkill. Pop. 1,275. ALSTEAD, t. Cheshire co. N. H.; 8 m. N E. from Walpole, 14 m. N. from Keene, 82 m. WNW. from Portsmouth, 460 m. from Washington. Pop. 1,694. It is a valuable ag- ricultural town, and contains a paper-mill, an oil-mill, and 3 houses of public worship, 2 for Congregationalists, and one for Baptists. ALSTON, t N. C. on Little river, not far from the sea ; 20 m. W. from Brunswick. Lon. 78° 35' W. Lat 33° 54' N. ALTAMAHA, navigable river, Georgia, formed by the junction of the Oakmulgee and Oconee. After the junction, the Alta- maha becomes a large river, flowing with a gentle current through forests and plains upwards of 100 miles, and runs into St. Simon's sound by several mouths, 60 m. SW. from Savannah. Its length to its source is about 500 m. ALTAMAHA, t. Georgia, at the union of the Oconee and Oakmulgee. Lon. 83. W. Lat. 33. 54. N. ALTON, t. Strafford co. N. H. ; S. from lake Winnipiseogee ; 33 m. NW. from Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,279. ALTON, t. Madison co. Illinois, on the Mississippi, 3 miles above the mouth of the Missouri. It is recently established, and regularly laid out Near it there is a coal mine. ALUM CREEK, r. Ohio. It is the west- erly branch of the Big Walnut, which, after a course of about 35 miles, it joins in SE. part of Franklin co. AMAPALLA, t. Mexico, in Nicaragua, on a point of land rmaning into the Pacific, 12 m from San Miguel. AMAPALLA, large gulf on the W. coast of America, between Guatimala and Nicara- gua; nearly 60 m~ in length, and from 9 to 30 m. in breadth ' also called the Gulf of Fon- seca. 100 m. NW. from Leon. Lon. 88° 56' W. Lat. 13° 30' N. AMANDA, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. Pop. 836. AMBER, v. Onondaga co. N. Y. ; 5 m. from Otis, 39S m. from Washington. AMBOY, or Perth Amboy, city, and s-p. Middlesex co. N. J., at the head of Raritan bay, on a point of land formed by the union of the river Raritan with Arthur Kull Sound : 35 m. SW. from New York, 74 m. NE. from Philadelphia, 210 m. from Washington. Lat. 40 3 30'. It has one of the best harbors on the continent. AMBOY SOUTH, t. Middlesex co. N. J. at the mouth of Raritan river, opposite Perth Amboy. AMELIA, co. Va. in the SE. part of the state. Pop. 11,031, of whom 7,518 are slaves. The C. H. is 47 m. from Richmond, and 169 from Washington. AMELIA, isl. in the Atlantic, on the coast of E. Florida, 7 leagues N. from St. Augus- tine, at the mouth of St. Mary's river. Lat. 30° 28' N. It is 13 m. long and 2 broad. Chief town, Fernandina. AMELIASBURG, t. Prince Edwards co, Upper Canada, on the bay of Quinti, SW. from Kingston. AMENIA, t Dutchess co. N. Y. 24 m. NE. from Poughkeepsie. Here is a marble quarry. Pop. 2,389. AMERICA, t. and cap. Alexander co. Illi- nois, on the Ohio r. 7 m. from its junction with the Mississippi. AMES, v. Athens co. Ohio, 12 m. NE. from Athens. AMESBURY, t. in Essex co. Mass., about 4 m. from Newburyport, and 50 m. NE. from Boston. It is a flourishing place, being situ- ated on a navigable river. Pop. 2,445. AMHERST, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 8 m. NE. from Northampton, 85 W. from Boston. In 1821, a college was established here. It is now in a flourishing condition ; it has 7 pro- fessors, 3 tutors, and 200 students. The an- nual expenses of a student are from 90 to 118 dollars, including colleg-e bills and board. AMHERST ISLAND, small isl. in E. end of lake Ontario. AMHERST, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. ; 30 m. S. from Concord, 48 m. NW. from Boston 60 m. W. from Portsmouth, and 484 m. from Washington. Lat. 42° 54' N. Pop. 1,657. In the central part of Amherst there is a pleasant plain on which a handsome village is built, containing a court-house, a jail, a Con- gregational meeting-house, a printing-office, cotton and woollen manufactories, valuable mills, &c. The Souhegan flows through the southern part of the town The courts for the county are held alternately here and at Hopkinton. AMHERST, co. of Va. having the Blue Ridge, or Rockbridge, NW., Nelson NE., James river, or Buckingham and Campbell, SE., James river, or Bedford, SW. Pop. 12,072, of whom 5,927 are slaves. The C. H. is 136 m. from Richmond, and 180 from Washington. AMHERST SPRINGS, v. Amherst co. Va. 124 m. W. from Richmond. AMHERSTBURG, or Maiden, t. and cap. Essex co. Upper Canada, on Detroit r. 3 m. above its entrance into lake Erie, and 14 be- low Detroit It has about 150 houses, and a good harbor, with anchorage in 3J fathoms. AMHERST, t. Cumberland co. Nova Scotia, on Chignecto bay, at the entrance of the rivers La Planch, Napan, and Macon. 176 AMI— AND AMISSVILLE, v. Culpeper co. Va. 86 m. W. from Washington. AMITE, co. Mississippi, on Amite r. Chief town, Liberty. Pop. 7,943. AMITE, r. Mississippi, runs into the Iber- ville 40 m. above its entrance into lake Mau- repas. It is navigable for boats nearly to its source. AMITY, v. Orange co. N. Y. AMITY, v. Washington co. Pa. AMITY, t Berks co. Pa. AMMONOOSUC, (Lower,) r. N. H. which rises in the White Mountains, and runs into the Connecticut, in Bath. Length about 50 miles. AMMONOOSUC, (Upper,) r. N. H. which runs into the Connecticut, in Northumber- land. Length 50 miles. AMOSKEAG FALLS, on the Merrimack, in N. H. ; 7 miles below Hookset Falls and 15 below Concord, between Goffstown and Manchester. The water falls 48 feet in the course of half a mile. These falls are shunned by a canal. AMSTERDAM, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on N. side of the Mohawk ; 30 m. NW. from Albany, and 392 m. from Washington. Pop. 3,354. This town contains valuable mills and manufactures of iron. AMWELL, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. ; E. the Delaware ; 34 NNE. from Philadelphia. Pop. of the township, 5,777. Here is an academy. AMWELL, t. Washington co. Pa.; SE. from Washington. Pop. 1,673. ANCRAM, t. Columbia co. N. Y., on An- cram creek, about 20 m. SE. from Hudson. Here are extensive iron works, at which are made large quantities of excellent iron. The ore is principally obtained from Salisbury in Connecticut. A lead mine is also found here. ANCRAM CREEK, r. Columbia co. N. Y. which runs into the Hudson, opposite Catskill. ANASTASIA, isl. off the E. coast of Florida, opposite the city of St. Augustine. It is about 25 miles long, and is separated from the main land by an arm of the sea called Matanzas river. It contains quarries of freestone. Lon. 81° 36' W. lat. 29°' 49' N. ANCASTER, t. Lincoln co. Upper Canada, SW. York. ANCHOR POINT, NW. coast of Amer- ica, on the E. side of Cooke's inlet. Lon. 208° 48' E. Lat. 59° 39' N. ANCOCUS CREEK, N. J. falls into the Delaware, 6 m. SW. Burlington. It is navi- gable 16 miles. ANDALUSIA, t. Bucks co. Pa. 96 m. from Harrisburg. ANDERSON, v. Sussex co. N. J. ANDERSON, co. East Tennessee, on Clinch r. NW. Knoxville. Chief town, Clin- ton. Pop. 4,668. Slaves, 349. Engaged in agriculture, 1,310 ; in commerce, 4. ANDERSON, t. Hamilton co. Ohio. Pop. 2 122. ' ANDERSON'S ISLAND, on the NW. coast of America. Lon. 167° 40' W. Lat. 63° 10'N. ANDERSON'S-STORE, v. Caswell co. N. C. 56 m. NW. Raleigh. ANDERSON'S, r. Indiana, runs into the Ohio below Troy. ANDERSONVILLE, v. Edgefield district, S C ' ANDERSONVILLE, v. Hancock co. Mis- sissippi. ANDOVER, t. Oxford co. Maine. Pop. 368. ANDOVER, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. on the Merrimack, 18 m. NW from Concord. Pop. 1,642. It contains a printing-press, several mills and manufactures. In 1818, a legacy of $10,000 was bequeathed by Mr. Joseph Noyes for the establishment of an academy in this town. ANDOVER, t. Windsor co. Vt. 20 m. SW. from Windsor. Pop. 957. ANDOVER, t. Sussex co. New York, 30 m. N. from Trenton, 40 m. WNW. from New York. ANDOVER, t. Essex co.Mass. 20 m.N. from Boston ; 1 6 WNW. from Salem ; and 20 W. from Newburyport. Pop. 4,540. It is an opulent agri- cultural town, and contains two large parishes. The south parish has a number of manufac- turing establishments. The theological semi- nary in this place is richly endowed. Its buildings comprise four dwelling houses for the officers, and three spacious public edifices. The library contains over 5,000 volumes, and there are four theological professors. The number of students ranges from 120 to 150. Phillips' Academy in this town is the most flourishing academy in the state. It was founded in 1778, by the Hon. Samuel Phillips, Esq, of Andover, and his brother, the Hon. John Phillips, LL. D. of Exeter. Its officers are a principal, 3 assistants, a teacher of sacred music, and a writing master. The number of students ranges from 120 to 150. The institution is accommodated with a large and commodious brick building, 80 feet by 40, erected in 1818, on a range with the buildings of the theological seminary. The theological seminary was founded in 1808, and has been richly endowed, entirely by private bounty. The whole amount of what has been con- tributed for permanent use in this seminary, including the permanent funds, library and public buildings, is more than three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and this has been contributed almost entirely from six families. The buildings are on a lofty eminence, and command an extensive prospect. A majority of the students are supported in whole or in part by charity. The academy and the the- ological seminary are under the same board of trustees. ANDOVER, t. Tolland co. Connecticut, 15 m. E. from Hartford. ANDOVER, t. Sussex co. N. X; 10 m. S. from Newton, 18 NW. from Morristown. It is famous for its iron works. ANDOVER, t. Merrimack co. N. H. 21 m. from Concord. Pop. 1324. ANDOVER, t. Windsor co. Vt 68 m. S Montpelier. Pop. 975. AND— ANT 177 ANDOVER, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 285 m. W. Albany. Pop. 598. ANDOVER, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, 200 m. NE. of Columbus. ANDREWS, St., a seaport town of New Brunswick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy river. ANDREWS-BRIDGE, v. Lancaster co. Pa. 38 in. SE. Harrisburg. ANDROSCOGGIN, or Ameriscoggin, r. which rises from Umbagog Lake, N. H. It has a course of about 40 m. in N. H. and after a course of about 100 m. in SW. part of Maine, flows into the Kennebeck, which it joins 18 m. from the sea, at Merrymeeting Bay, 6 m. above Bath. ANDROSCOGGIN, Little, r. Maine, which flows into the Androscoggin N. of Poland. ANGELICA, t. and cap. Alleghany co. N. Y. ; E. of the Genesee ; 40 W. Bath, 285 W. Albany, W. 337. Pop. 998. ANGOLA, v. Erie co. N. Y. 291 m. W. Albany. ANGUILLA, or Snake Island, the most northerly of the English Leeward Islands in the West Indies. It is 30 m. long and 3 broad, winding somewhat in the manner of a snake, and is 60 m. NW. of St. Christopher. Long. 62° 35' W. lat. 18° 15' N. One of the Bahama Islands is also called Anguilla. ANN, St., a town of New Brunswick, situ- ate on the river St. John nearly opposite to Fredericton, and 80 m. above the city of St. John. Also the name of a lake in Upper Canada, to the N. of Lake Superior. ANNAPOLIS, formerly Severn, city and port of entry, Anne Arundel co. Md., on the SW. side of the Severn, 2 m. from its mouth ; 28 SSE. Baltimore, 40 ENE. from W. Long. 76° 48' W. lat. 39° 0' N. Pop. about 2,623. It is the seat of the state government, is a pleasant and healthy town, and contains a spacious and elegant state-house, a market- house, a theatre, a bank, and two houses of public worship, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Methodists. The streets converge to the state- house and to the Episcopal church, as two centres. Two newspapers are published here. The flourishing state of Baltimore has injured the trade of this city. St. John's College, a Roman Catholic insti- tution, incorporated in 1782, was for some years in operation in this city ; but a few years ago, it was deprived of its funds by the legis- lature. The instruction has been discon- tinued. ANNAPOLIS, a sea-port of Nova Scotia, on the E. side of the Bay of Fundy. It has one of the finest harbors in the world ; but the entrance is through a difficult strait, called the Gut of Annapolis. The town stands on the S. side of the harbor, at the mouth of a river of its name, 86 m. W. by N. of Halifax. Lon. 64° 55' W. lat. 44° 50' N. ANNAPOLIS, v. Salem township, Jefferson co. Ohio, 135 m. NE. Columbus. ANNE ARUNDEL, a county of Maryland, on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 28^95. Annapolis is the chief town. X ANN BOOR, v. Maury co. Tenn. ; 782 ra. from W. ANN, Cape, a point of land which forms the N. side of Massachusetts Bay. Two light- houses on an island at the extremity of this Cape are in N. lat. 42° 40/ W. long. 70° 38'. ANN, Fort, a town in Washington co. N. Y. between the North river and Lake Cham- plain. Pop. 3,201. ANNSVILLE, v. Dinwiddie co. Va. 54 m. S. of Richmond. ANSON, a county of North Carolina, bor- dering on South Carolina, and bounded on the NE. by the Yadkin river. Pop. 14,081. Wades- borough, 142 m. SW. by W. of Raleigh, is the chief town. ANSON, t. Somerset co. Me. on the Ken- nebec river. Pop. 1,532. ANTAUGA, a county of Alabama on the river Alabama. Washington is the chief town. Pop. 11,872. ANTHONY'S, or St. Anthony's Nose, pro- montory in New York, E. of the Hudson : 1,128 feet high ; 52 N. New- York, 6 S. West Point. It is 877 feet above the river. ANTHONY, St., Falls of, on the Missis- sippi river, in N. lat. 45° W. long. 93°, being more than 2,000 m. above the entrance of the river into the Gulf of Mexico. There is a fort in the Missouri Territory, on the point of land formed by the St. Peter's river, which river falls into the Mississippi just below the Falls of St. Anthony. ANTHONY'S KILL, r. N. Y. which rises in Ballston, and runs into the Hudson, 8 N. from Waterford. ANTICOSTI, an island at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, 90 in. long and 20 broad. It is full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no harbor ; but excellent cod is found on the shores. ANTIETAM, a small tributary of 'the Po- tomac, running into it near Shepardstown. ANTIGUA, one of the English Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, about 20 m. in length and breadth, and 60 E. by S. of St. Christopher. It is destitute of water, and the inhabitants are obliged to save the rain-water in cisterns. The chief produce is sugar, of which it annually produces about 10,000 hogs- heads. It was taken by the French in 1782, but restored in 1783. The capital is St John. ANTILLES, the name which the French give to the Caribbee or West India islands, which see. ANTONIO DE BEHAR, San, the capital of Texas, on the San Antonio river. It is a village composed of mud cabins covered with turf. ANTRIM, t. Hillsborough co. N. H.; 21 m. NW. Amherst, 30 WSW. Concord, 75 W. Portsmouth, 469 from W. Pop. 1,309. ANTRIM, t. Franklin co. Pa. It is watered by the Conecocheague, and borders on Mary- land. ANTRIM, Crawford co. Ohio. ANTWERP, t. Jefferson co. N. Y.; 180 m. NW. Albany, 474 from W. Pop. 2,412. 178 ANV— ASC ANVIL, t. Lebanon co. Pa. ANVILLE, t. Dauphin co. Pa.; about 55 m. WNW. Philadelphia, 130 from W. APALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, the name given to the immense chain extending- along the whole Atlantic coast of the United States, from Alabama to Maine. In the southern states they are 200 m. from the sea, but as they extend northwa rd approach near the coast. They run generally in parallel ridges, and their various divisions go by different names. These are the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee, the Blue Mountains of Virginia, the Alleghany and Laurel Mountains of Pennsylvania, the Catskill Mountains of New York, the Green ountains of Vermont, and the White Moun- ins of New Hampshire. They are some- times broken into groups and isolated chains. Their highest summits are in New Hampshire ; and are between 6 and 7,000 ft. above the level of the sea. East of the Hudson they are grani- tic. In the W. and S. they consist of granite, gneiss, mica and clay slate, primitive lime- stone, &c. Their name in the language of the Indians signifies endless. AP ALACHICOL A, a river of North Ameri- ca, formed by the junction of the Chatahooche and Flint, at an old Indian fort of the same name on the south confines of Georgia, and thence flows between West and East Florida into Apalache Bay, in the Gulf of Mexico, east of Cape Blaize. APOQUINIMINK, r. Newcastle co. Dela- ware, which runs E. into Delaware Bay, 3 m. below Reedy Island. APOQUINIMINK. See CantweWs Bridge. APOQUINIMINK, hundred, on S. side of Newcastle co. Delaware. APULIA, v. Onondaga co. N. Y. 129 m. W. Albany. APPLETON, t. Waldo co. Me. Pop. 735. APPLING, a county of Georgia, in the SE. part of the state, upon the Altamaha. Pop. 1,468. APPLINGVILLE, the chief town of Co- lumbia co. Geo. 93 m. from Milledgeville. APPOMATOX, r. Virginia, which rises in Campbell co., and after an easterly course of about 120 m. unites with James river at City Point. It is navigable to Petersburg. AQUACKANOCK, t. Essex co. N. J. on the Passaic; 10 m. above Newark, 226 from W. It is a very pleasant village. The Passaic is navigable to this place for small schooners. AQUIA, t. Stafford co. Va. on Aquia creek, m. above its entrance into the Potomac ; 42 m. from W. At this place, and in the vicinity on Aquia creek, are found extensive quarries of freestone, of which the Capitol at Washing- ton and the President's House were built. AQUIA CREEK, r. Stafford co, Virginia, which flows SE., and joins the Potomac, 14 m. NE. Fredericksburg, 54 below W. AQUIA RUN MILLS, v. Stafford co. Va,; 48 m. from W. ARARAT, mt. Pa. in Luzerne and Wayne counties. It is 15 m. long. ARARAT, or Pilot Mountain, N. C. on N. side the Yadkin, and E. the river Ararat, 9 m. NW. Bethania. It is about a mile in height, and rises in the form of a pyramid, with an area of an acre at top, on which is a rock 300 feet high. From the summit of this rock there is an extensive, variegated, and delightful pros- pect. ARBELA, v. Lancaster co. Pa. 45 m. E. of Harrisburg. ARCHER, t. Harrison co. Ohio. ARGYLE, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 326. m ARGYLE, t. Washington co. N. Y. on E. side of the Hudson ; 45 m. N. Albany, 403 m. from W. Pop. 3,459. There are two post villages, at each of which there is a Presbyte- rian meeting-house. Bog ore in great quanti- ties is found in this town. ARKANSAS TERRITORY. See p. 155. ARKANSAS, or Arkansaw, or Akansas, r. Louisiana, which rises in the Rocky Moun- tains, about N. lat. 42°, near the sources of the Del Norte, and unites with the Mississippi, lat. 33° 40' N. Its course is ESE. It is navi- gable 1,980 m. ; its whole length is 2,170 m. Its channel is broad, and its navigation safe, unobstructed by rocks, shoals or rapids. Sil- ver is found on the upper parts of this river, and much of the land on its banks is of the first quality. ARKPORT, v. in Canisteo, Steuben co. N. Y., on the Canisteo; 25 m. SW. Bath, 323 m. from W. ARLINGTON, t. Bennington co. Vt. 40 m. from Troy, Saratoga Springs, Whitehall and Rutland. Pop. 1,207. It has quarries of mar- ble and lime-stone, and a mineral spring. ARMAGH, t. Indiana co. Pa.; W. 160 m Harrisburg. ARMAGH, t. Mifflin co. Pa. ARMOND, St., a town of Lower Canada at the N. end of Lake Champlain. ARMSTRONG, co. Pa., watered by the Alleghany; bounded N. by Venango co., E. by Jefferson and Indiana, cos., SW. by West- moreland co., and W. by Butler co. Pop. 17,625. Chief town, Kittanning. ARMSTRONG, t. Indiana co. Pa. ARNOLD, t. York co. Maine ; 533 m. from W. ARNOLD'S OLD PLACE, v. Fauquier co. Va. ; 56 m. from W. AROOSTIC, r. which rises in Maine, runs ESE., and joins the St. Johns on the western border of New Brunswick, in lat. 42° 5' N. It is navigable for boats 40 m. ARUNDEL, t. York co. Maine, on the sea coast; 21 NE. York, 86 NNE. Boston. ASBURY, v. Warren co. N. J. 34 m. NW Trenton. ASCENSION, a parish in the eastern dis- trict of Louisiana, upon the Mississippi. The soil is rich, and produces sugar and cotton. Donaldson, 75 m. from New Orleans, is the chief town. Pop. of the parish, 5,400. ASCUTNEY, mt Vt. between Windsor and Weathersfield. The summit is 5 m. W. of the Connecticut, and 5 SW. Windsor village. Ac- cording to Capt. Partridge it is 2,903 feet above the river at Windsor bridge, and 3,320 above the sea. The summit is composed of granite, ASH— ATK 179 and the prospect from the top is very beauti- ful. ASHBOROUGH, t. and cap. Randolph co. N. C. on Deep river ; 42 m. E. Salisbury, 85 W. Raleigh ; 362 from W. ASHBURNHAM, t. Worcester co. Mass. 29 m. N. Worcester, 55 NW. Boston ; 462 from W. Pop. 1,403. There are 2 mountains in this township, Great and Little Wetatick. The former lies in NE. part of the town, the latter SW. of it. ASHBY, t. Middlesex co. Mass.; 31 m. N. Worcester, 53 NW. Boston ; 484 from W. Pop. 1,240, ASHFIELD, t. Franklin co. Mass.; 11 m. SW. Greenfield, 105 W. Boston, 410 from W. Pop. 1,732. ASHFORD, t Windham co, Ct. ; 15 m. N. Windham, 29 ENE. Hartford, 369 from W. Pop. 2,668. ASHFORD, New, t. Berkshire co. Mass. ; 20 m. N. Lenox, 121 W. Boston. ASHLAND, t. Montgomery township, Rich- land co. Ohio, 90 m. from Columbus. ASHLEY, r. S. C. which rises in N. part Charleston district, runs SSE. and unites with the Cooper, on SW. side of the city of Charles- ton. ASHTABULA, a county at the NE. ex- tremity of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. Pop. 14,584. Jefferson is the chief town. ASHTABULA, t. in the above county, on Lake Erie, 200 m. from Columbus. It has a good harbor, and is a flourishing town. -ASHTABULA a stream of Ohio, about 30 m. in length, running into Lake Erie. ASHTON, t. Delaware co. Pa., on Chester creek. Pop. 765. ASHUELOT, mt. N. H., in Winchester and Swansey. ASHUELOT, or Ashwillet, r. N. H., which runs SW. into the Connecticut, in Hinsdale. ASHVILLE, v. Buncombe co. N. C. ; 520 m. from W. ASSAQUIN CREEK, r. Virginia, which runs into York river, between Hanover and New Kent counties. ASSINIBOINS, or Asseneboyne, a river of North America, falling into the SW. end of Lake Winnipeg ; the North-west Fur Trading Company have a house on the south bank of the river, about 15 m. above its entrance into the lake. ASSONET, v. Bristol co. in the township of Freetown, Mass. ; on E. side of Taunton river ; 8 m. S. Taunton, 30 S. Boston, 446 from W. ASSUMPTION, t. and settlement, La- fourche ; 50 m. S. Baton Rouge, 1,351 from W. Pop. 5,400. ASTORIA, settlement, on W. coast of N. America, on S. side of the Columbia, near its mouth. It was formed about 3 years since on account of the fur trade. ASYLUM, t. Luzerne co. Pa, on the Sus- quehannah; 59 m. NW. Wilkesbarre, 284 from W. ATCHAFALAYA, an outlet of the Missis- sippi, which it leaves 3 m. below the junction of the Red river ; and after a course of 193 m. it flows into a bay of the same name. Lon. 91° 20' W. lat. 29° 20' N. ATHAPESCOW, a lake in the N. part of British America, discharging its waters into Slave Lake. It is 200 m. long. ATHENS, t. Somerset co. Maine; 20 m. NNE. Norridgewock. Pop. 1,200. ATHENS, t. Windham co. Vt. ; 26 m. SSE. Windsor. Pop. 415. ATHENS, t. Greene co. N. Y. on W. bank of the Hudson, opposite Hudson city ; 28 rn. S. Albany, 335 from W. Pop. 2,425. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, and has some manufactures and considerable trade. ATHENS, t. Harrison co. Ohio, 125 m. E. Columbus. ATHENS, t. Bradford co. Pa., at the con flux of the Tioga and Susquehannah, 304 m. from W. ATHENS, co, Ohio. Pop. 9,763. ATHENS, t. and cap. Athens co. Ohio : 41 m. W. from Marietta, 52 m. E. from Chillico- the, and 347 m. from Washington. Lon. 182° 7' W. Lat. 39° 23' N. It is situated on an elevated peninsula, formed by a large bend of the Hockhocking, which meanders about the town. The situation is pleasant and healthy, and commands an extensive prospect It con- tains a court-house, a jail, and about 40 houses, and has valuable mills in its vicinity. — An institution is established here, styled the Ohio University, which is endowed with 46,000 acres of land, yielding about 2,300 dollars annually. A considerable part of this is appropriated to the support of an academy, which is in a flourishing state. A college edi- fice of brick, large and elegant, was erected in 1817. ATHENS, t. Limestone co. Alabama. It is situated between Huntsville and the Muscle Shoals, in a central part of the county, and is the present seat of justice. ATHENS, t. Clarke co. Georgia; 7 m. N. from Watkinsville, 94 m. WNW. from Au- gusta, and 197 m. NW. from Savannah. Lat. 35° 15' N. Pop. 1,100. It has an elevated, pleasant, and healthy situation. A weekly newspaper is published here. Franklin College, which, together with the incorporated acade- mies of the state, is styled the University of Georgia, was incorporated and established at this place in 1784, but did not go into opera- tion till 1803. The faculty consists of a president and six professors. The libraries contain 4,500 vols. The students in 1831 were 95. ATHOL, t. Worcester co. Mass. on Miller's river; 33 m. NW. from Worcester, 72 m. WNW. from Boston, and 429 m. from Wash- ington. Pop. 1,325. It is watered by Miller's river, and contains manufactories of cotton and paper. ATHOL, t. Warren co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, N. of Hadley, and 81 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 909. ATKINSON, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 m. WNW. from Newburyport, 29 SW. from Portsmouth, and 483 from W. Here is a re- spectable academy. 180 ATS— AVO ATSION, a village in Burlington co. N. J. 30 m. E. by S. from Philadelphia. It contains several iron founderies. ATTAKAPAS, t. Attakapas district, Louis- iana; 1,412 m. from W. ATTAKAPAS, district, Louisiana, on the Gulf of Mexico, W. of the Atchafalaya. ATTICA, t. Genesee co. N. Y. : 20 m. S. from Batavia, and 440 m. from Washington. Pop. 2,485. ATTLEBOROUGH, t. Bristol co. Mass.; 15 m WNW. from Taunton, 28 m. SW from Boston, and 428 m. from Washington. Lon. 71°21'W. Lat. 42° N. Pop. 3,215. It con- tains several cotton and woollen factories. ATTLEBOROUGH, t. Bucks co. Pa.; 4 m. NW. from Bristol, and 163 m. from Wash- ington. ATTLEBURY, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 352 m. from Washington. AT WATER, t. Portage co. Ohio; 140 m. NE. of Columbus. AUBURN, t. Susquehannah co. Pa. AUBURN, two towns, in Geauga and Rich- land counties, Ohio. AUBURN, t. the chief town in Cayuga co. N. Y. 169 m. W. from Albany. It contains a theological seminary and the N. York State Prison. Pop. 4,486. AUGLAIZE, r. a branch of the Maumee, Ohio. AUGUSTA, t. and cap. Kennebeck co. Maine, on W. bank of the Kennebeck ; 2 m. N. from Hallowell, 56 m. NNE. from Port- land, 168 m. NE. from Boston, and 612 from Washington. Pop. 3,980. It is a pleasant town, and contains a court-house, a jail, a female academy, a Congregational meeting- house, a printing-office, a bank, and has con- siderable trade. Here is an elegant bridge across the Kennebeck, consisting of two arches, each 180 feet. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of 100 tons. AUGUSTA, t. Saratoga co. N. Y., formed in 1817 from a part of Halfmoon. AUGUSTA, t. Oneida co. N. Y. ; 12 m. SW. from Utica, and 409 m. from Washing- ton. Pop. 3,058. AUGUSTA, t. Sussex co. N. J. ; 224 m. from Washington. AUGUSTA, t. Northumberland co. Pa., on E. side of the Susquehannah. AUGUSTA, t. and cap. Bracken co. Ken- tucky, on the Ohio ; 22 m. below Maysville ; 60 m. NE. from Lexington, and 510 m. from Washington. It is a very pleasant town, and contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and a meeting house. AUGUSTA, city, and cap. Richmond co. Georgia, on the Savannah ; 73 m. SW. from Columbia, 87 m. ENE. from Milledgeville, 123 m. NNW. from Savannah, 138 m. WNW. from Charleston, and 589 m. from Washing- ton. Lon. 80° 46' W. lat. 33° 19' N. Pop. in 1810, 2,476, in 1818, about 4,000, and in 1830, 6,696. It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, an academy, an insurance office, several banks, one of which is a branch of the United States bank, and four houses of public worship, 1 for Presbyterians, 1 for Roman Catholics, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Methodists. It is regularly laid out and handsomely built, mostly of brick. Several of the public buildings, and many of the private houses, are spacious and elegant. It is a very flourishing commercial town, and probably has as much trade as any other place of its size in the United States. Immense quantities of cotton, considerable tobacco, and some other kinds of produce are brought to Augusta from the back country, and conveyed in boats down the river to Savannah. AUGUSTA, a county of the W. District of Virginia, near the centre of the state, subdi- vided into N. and S. Augusta. Pop. of N. A. 9,142, of S. A. 10,783. Staunton is the seat of justice for both. AUGUSTA, v. Perry co. Mississippi; 72 m. SE. from Monticello. AUGUSTA, v. Montgomery co. Alab. 67 m. E. from Cahawba. AUGUSTA, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. AUGUSTINE, St. t. St. John's co. E. Florida, on the eastern coast. It was formerly the capital of the whole territory of Florida. The town stands in a prairie near the sea, with a good harbor, which however has a shallow entrance. It is regularly built of a stone formed by the concretion of sea-shells. One of the churches is an old edifice in the Gothic style. The situation of the town is low, but pleasant. In the neighborhood are numerous groves of orange trees. Before it came into the possession of the United States, its population was about 5,000. Since this period the yellow fever has made its appear- ance, and the population has diminished. St. Augustine is 310 m. SSW. of Charleston, in lat. 29° 45' N. lon. 81° 40' W. AURELIUS, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 173 m. W. from Albany, on Owasco lake. Pop. 2,767. AURELIUS, t. Washington co. Ohio; 96 m. SE. from Columbus. AURIESVILLE, v. Montgomery co. N. C. 123 m. SW. from Raleigh. AURORA, t. Erie co. N. Y. 175 m. W. from Albany. Pop. 2,421. AURORA, t. Portage co. Ohio; 140 m. NE. from Columbus. AURORA, v. Dearborn co. In. 25 m. W. from Cincinnati. AUSTERLITZ, t Columbia co. N. J 34 m. SE. from Albany. Pop. 2,245. AUSTINBURY, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio; 192 m. NE. from Columbus; has a number of mills and woollen manufactories. AUSTINTOWN, t. Trumbull co. Ohio; 160 m. NE. from Columbus. Pop. 1,259. AUSTINVILLE, v. Wythe co. Va. on the Kanahwa. AVARYSVILLE, t. Columbia co. Georgia- 609 m. from W. AVERY, t. Huron co. Ohio; 409 m. from W. AVERYSBOROUGH, t. Cumberland co-. N. C, on Cape Fear river; 25 m. N. from Fayetteville, 35 S. from Raleigh, and 322 from W. Lon. 78° 55' W. lat. 35° 18' N. AVON, t. Somerset co. Me. ; 35 m. NW. AVO— BAI 181 from Norridgewock, and 210 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 745. , AVON, t. Ontario co. N. Y., on E. side of the Genesee; 21 m. W. from Canandaigua, and 366 from W. AVON, t. Livingston co. N. Y. 236 m. W. from Albany. Pop. 2,362. AVON, t. Lorain co. Ohio; 146 m. NE. from Columbus. AVOYELLES, a parish in the western district of Louisiana, between the Mississippi, Red and Atchafalaya rivers. It produces great quantities of cotton. Pop. 3,488. Marks- ville is the chief town. Lon. 91° 50' W. lat. 31° 21' N. AVOYELLES, district, Louisiana, S. from Red river. AVOYELLES, t. Avoyelles district, Louis- iana, about 56 m. from the Mississippi, and 1332 from W. AURELIUS, t. and cap. Cayuga co. N. Y. on E. side of Cayuga lake ; 175 m. W. from Albany, and 385 from W. Pop. 4,642. It contains 3 post-villages, Auburn, Cayuga, and Union Springs, and has an academy. Auburn is the seat of justice for the county. This is a wealthy and flourishing town. AURORA, t. Niagara co. N. Y. m AURORA, v. in Scipio, N. Y., on the E. side of Cayuga lake ; 16 m. SW. from Auburn, and 378 from W. It is a pleasant and flour- ishing village, and has an academy. AURORA, t. Portage co. Ohio; 347 m. from W. 'AUSTENVILLE, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio. AUSTERLITZ, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 315 m. from W. AUSTIN, t. Trumbull co. Ohio. Austinburg, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, on Grand river ; 8 m.W. from Jefferson, and 362 from W. AUSTINSVILLE, t. Wythe co. Va. on the Kenhawa; 16 m. N. from Greensville, and 360 from W. AUSTINTOWN, t. Warren co. Ohio ; 296 m. from W. AUSTIN'S CREEK, r. Georgia, which runs into the Savannah, about 12 m. NW. from Savannah. AU-VASE, r. Illinois, which flows into the Mississippi, 55 m. above the Ohio. It is navi- gable for boats 60 m. tlirough a fine prairie country. AYERSTOWN, t. Burlington co. N. J. on Ancocus creek ; 13 m. SE. from Burlington. AYLETTS, v. King William co. Va. ; 120 m. from W. AYRESBURY, v. N. J. on the Muscone- cunk. B. BAAL'S RIVER, in West Greenland, empties in lon. 50° 10' W. lat. 64° 30' N. - BACALAL, lake, Mexico, in Yucatan, 36 m. SW. from Valladolid. BACANO BAY, on the S. coast of Cuba. Lon. 74° 59' W. lat. 20° 6' N. BACHELDOR, t. Oxford co. Me., 20 m. W. from Paris. BACHELOR'S HALL, v. Tioga co. Pa.; 262 m. from W. BACHELOR'S RETREAT, v. Pendleton co. S. C. ; 578 m. from W. BACK, short navigable river and inlet, Bal- timore co. Md., which communicates with the Chesapeake, 4 m. N. of the Patapsco ; 10 m. long. v BACON CASTLE, v. Surry co. Va. ; 197 m. from W. BACHOUANON, river of U. Canada, falls into lake Superior about midway between the falls of St. Mary and Red river. BACK CREEK, an arm of the Chesapeake bay, in Cecil co. Md. The west end of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal empties into Back Creek. BACK-CREEK VALLEY, v. Frederick co. Va. BACON CASTLE, v. Surry co. Va. 74 m. SE. from Richmond. BAFFIN'S BAY, the most northern gulf or bay that has yet been discovered in North America. It extends beyond the 78th degree of N. lat. and communicates with the Atlantic ocean through Davis's Straits. On the W. side of this bay, in lat. 74° is Lancaster's Sound, through which Lieut. Parry, in the summers of 1819 and 1820, discovered a passage into the polar sea. He penetrated as far as the longitude of 113° 47' W. from Greenwich, between the parallels of 74° and 75° N. lat. where his further progress was ar- rested by the ice. BAGADUCE POINT, cape in Penobscot bay, Me. BAHAMA CHANNEL, or Gulf of Florida, the narrow sea between the coast of America and the Bahama islands, 135 m. long and 46 broad. The currents here are most violent, and vessels are frequently wrecked' in passing through this strait. BAHAMA BANK, Great, a sand-bank ex- tending from near the island of Cuba lat. 22° 20' to the Bahama islands lat. 26° 15' N. A smaller bank of this name lies N. of the island of Bahama. BAHAMA, or Lucayos Islands, in the At- lantic ocean, opposite the coast of Florida, lying N. of Cuba and St. Domingo, be- tween 21° and 28° N. lat. and 71° and 81° W. lon. They have been estimated at 500, but of these a great proportion are nothing more than cliffs and rocks. The principal are Bahama, Eleuthera, Exuma, Providence, Gua- nahani, or St. Salvador, and Turk's island. The climate is in general salubrious. The number of slaves upon the whole islands, ac- cording to a return made to Parliament in 1823, was 10,108, and the white population probably amounts to about 4,000. BAHIA HONDA, port of the N. side of the island of Cuba. Lat. 20° 58' N. ; 60 m. SW. by W. from Havanna. BAILEYSBURG, v. Surry co. Va, 70 m. SE. from Richmond. BAINBRIDGE, formerly Jericho, t. Che- nango co. N. Y. ; 20 m. S. from Norwich, 120 182 BAI — BAL WSW. from Albany, and 329 from W. Pop. 3,040. BAIN BRIDGE, t. Ross co. Ohio, on Paint creek; 18 m. WSW. from Chiilicothe, and 425 from W. It contains a forge and some other mills. BAINBRIDGE, v. Franklin co. Alab. on the Tennessee, 5 m. above Florence. BAINBRIDGE, Port, inlet on the NW. coast of America. Lon. 212° 9|' E. lat. 59° 55' N. BAINBRIDGE, t. Gauga co. Ohio. BAIRD'S FORGE, v. Burke co. N. C.; 507 m. from W. BAIRD'S TAVERN, v. Buckingham co. Va. ; 202 m. from W. BAIRDSTOWN, t. and cap. Nelson co. Kentucky, on Beech Fork river ; 40 m. SW. from Frankfort, 60 WSW. from Lexington, and 615 from W. Lon. 86° 10' W. lat. 37° 49' N. Pop. 820. It is a flourishing town, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market- house, a church, and a bank. BAKER, a county in the SW. part of Georgia. BAKERSTOWN, v. Alleghany co. Pa. 13 m. N. from Pittsburg. BAKER'S FALLS, on the Hudson, be- tween Kingsbury and Moreau, 52 m. above Albany. The descent is 76 feet within 60 rods. BAKER'S ISLAND, small isl. in the At- lantic, near the coast of Maine. Lon. 70° 47' W. lat. 44° 34' N. BAKER'S ISLAND, isl. Mass.,_off Salem harbor, opposite Manchester, three eighths of a mile long; 5 m. ENE. from Salem. There is a light-house on the north end. BAKER'S RIVER, r. N. H. which runs SE. into the Merrimack, in Plymouth. BAKERSFIELD, t. Franklin co. Vt.; 48 m. NNW. from Montpelier, and 526 from W. Pop. 1,087. BAKERSVILLE, t. Patrick co. Va. ; 14 m. from Henry C. H. and 321 from W. BALD EAGLE, r. Pa. which rises in Centre co., and passing through Mifflin and Lycoming counties, after a course of 50 m. runs into W. branch of the Susquehannah, about 12 m. W. of Jersey Shore. BALD EAGLE MOUNTAINS, in Pa.; 200 m. W. from Philadelphia. The valley below on the E. side is called Bald Eagle Valley, or Sinking Spring Valley. It is very pleasant, and remarkable for a phenomenon called the Swallows, which absorb several large streams and discharge them again, after a subterraneous passage of several miles. The valley is 5 m. wide, on the frontiers of Bedford county. BALD EAGLE, t. Centre co. Pa. BALD EAGLE, t. Lycoming co. Pa. BALD HEAD, point in Norton Sound, on the NW. coast of N. America. Lat. 64° 43' N. lon. 84° 42' W. BALD HEAD, head land SW. side of Wells bay in Maine. Lon. 80° 35' W. lat. 43° N. BALD HEAD, SW. end of Smith's island, at the mouth of Cape Fear river, N. C. It has a light-house ; 24 m. NNW. from Frying Pan shoal. Lon. 78° 13' W. lat. 33° 51' N. BALD MOUNTAINS, mountains of N. America, which bound Tennessee to the E. Lon. 82^ 35' W . lat< 35 o 50 ' n. BALDWIN, t. Cumberland co. Maine ; 40 in. NW. from Portland, 150 NNE. from Bos- ton, and 583 from W. Pop. 947. BALDWIN, co. central part of Georgia. Pop. 7,389. Chief town, Milledgeville. BALDWIN, co. Alabama. Chief town, Fort Stoddard. Pop. 2,324. BALDWINSVILLE, v. Columbia co. Geo. BALDWINSVILLE, v. Onondaga co. N. Y 453 m. from W. BALIZE, the principal entrance at the mouth of the Mississippi, 100 m. below New Orleans, 1377 m. from W. Long. 89° 30' W. Lat. 29° 6' N. Here are a fort and post-office, in Plaquemine co. On its banks the English have their principal establishments for cutting down mahogany, some of which are 200 m. above the mouth of the river. BALLARD'S BRIDGE, t. Chowan co. N. C. by post-road 199 m. NE. from Raleigh. BALLARD'S CAPE, part of the island of Newfoundland. Lat. 46° 35' N. ; long. 24° 34' E. from W. BALLSTON, t. and cap. Saratogo co. N Y. 28 m. N. from Albany, 390 m. from W. Pop. 2,113. In this township there is a court-house, a jail, an academy, and 6 houses for public worship. BALLSTON-SPA, v. partly in Ballston, but chiefly in Milton, N. Y. ; 26 m. N. from Al- bany, from W. 393 m. It has a court-house, two printing-offices, a book-store, with which are connected a circulating library and a read- ing-room ; an academy, and 2 houses for pub- lic worship, one for Episcopalians, and one for Baptists. This place is famous for its mineral waters, which are much frequented by the g r and fashionable during the months of July and August. Hence, in addition to several inns, there are three large boarding-houses expressly designed for the accommodation of strangers. The waters possess a stimulating and refresh- ing quality. Under the exhaustion of heat and fatigue, nothing can be more agreeable and reviving to the system. As a powerful remedy also in many diseases, they are well known and highly celebrated. Letters intended for per- sons residing at the springs, should be direct- ed to Ballston-Spa, as there is another post- office in the town of Ballston, at some distance from the village. Pop. 1 ,909. BALLSVILLE, t. Powhatan co. Va. BALTIMORE, t. Windsor co. Vt. 11 m. SW. from Windsor. Pop. in 1810, 207. BALTIMORE, hundred, Sussex co. Del. Pop. 2,057. BALTIMORE, co. Md. on the W side of Chesapeake bay, N. of Patopsco r. Chief town, Baltimore. Pop. exclusive of the city and its precincts, 40,251. BAL — BAL 183 BALTIMORE AND ITS ENVIRONS. BALTIMORE, city, and port of entry, Bal- timore co. Md. is on the N. side of Patapsco r. 14 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake bay ; 38 m. NE. from W. 100 SW. from Philadel- phia, 190 SW. from New York, 400 SW. from Boston, 160 NE. from Richmond, 230 ESE. from Pittsburg, 590 NNE. from Charleston. Lon. 76° 36' W.; lat. 39° 17' N. Pop. of the city and precincts, 1790, 13,503; 1800, 26,415; 1810, 46,555; 1820, 62,738, and 1830, 80,625. Baltimore is well situated for commerce. It is connected by good turnpike roads with various parts of Pennsylvania, and with the navigable waters which run into the Ohio. It possesses the trade of Maryland, and of a great portion of the back country of Pennsylvania, and the western states. In amount of shipping, it is the third city in the Union. It is the greatest flour market in the U. States. In its immedi- ate neighborhood are about 60 flour mills, a single one of which has produced 32,000 bar- rels in a year. There are also a number of establishments for the manufacture of cloth, cotton, paper, powder, iron, &c. The city is built around a bay, which sets up from the north side of the Patapsco, and affords a spa- cious and convenient harbor. The strait which connects the bay with the river is very narrow, scarcely a pistol-shot across, and is well defended by Fort M' Henry. A small river, called Jones' Falls, empties into the north side of the harbor, and divides the city into two parts, called the town and Fell's Point, which are connected by bridges. At Fell's Point, the water is deep enough for vessels of 500 or 600 tons, but none larger than 200 tons can go up to the town. Baltimore contains the state penitentiary; the city and county alms-house ; a court-house ; 2 museums ; 2 theatres ; a custom-house ; a hospital, in which there is a fine collection of anatomical prepa- rations in wax ; an exchange, an immense edi- fice of four stories; 5 market-houses; 10 banks, 45 houses of public worship, a public library, a lunatic asylum, an observatory, and several elegant public fountains. A marble monument to the memory of general Wash- ington has been erected on an elevation at the north end of Charles street. The base is 50 feet square, and 23 feet high, on which is an- other square of about half the extent and ele- vation. On this is a lofty column, 20 feet in diameter at the base, and 14 at the top. On the summit of this column, 163 feet from the ground, the statue of Washington fc> placed. BALTIMORE EXCHANGE AND MONUMENT. 184 ML— BAR The Battle Monument, erected to the mem- ory of those who fell in bravely defending their city from the attack of the British on the 12th and 13th of Sept. 1814, is a handsome struc- ture of marble, situated on a large square in North Calvert street. The city is generally well built. The houses are chiefly of brick ; many of them are handsome, and some splen- did. The streets intersect each other at right angles. Baltimore is supplied with water ta- ken from the Jones' falls, and conveyed to re- servoirs, whence it is distributed to every part of the city. There are several literary insti- tutions in this city. A medical college was founded in 1807. In 1812 the institution was enlarged, and received a new charter. It is now styled the University of Maryland, and embraces the departments of languages, arts, sciences, medicine, law, and divinity. The Baltimore and Ohic rail-road extends from this city to the Ohio river at Pittsburg, 300 m. It was begun in 1829, and a great portion of it is already completed. There are several viaducts and embankments in its course near Balti- more, substantially built of granite, and a deep cut three quarters of a mile long and 70 feet deep. Many cars are already in operation upon the rail-road. Some of them are drawn by horse power, some driven by steam, and some by wind. The cars with sails go some- times 25 miles an hour, and can lie within 4 points of the wind. The whole distance from Baltimore to Pittsburg, when completed, will be travelled, according to estimation, by horse power in 30 hours, and by steam in 20. An- other rail-road has been commenced, to extend from Baltimore to York Haven on the Sus- quehanna, 60 m. BALTIMORE, New, t. Greene co. N. Y. 20 m. S. from Albany, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,370. BALTIMORE, Neio, Farquier co. Va. 45 m. from W. BALTIMORE, t. Sussex co. Del. compris- ing the hundreds of Dagsborough, Indian River, Lewes, Rehoboth, and Broad Kiln. BANGOR, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 204 m. NW. from Albany. Pop. 1076. BANGOR, t. and cap. Penobscot co. Maine, on the W. side of Penobscot r. at the head of navigation, 35 m. N. from Castine, and 52 from Owl's Head, at the mouth of Penobscot bay. Pop. 2868. It is not open for shipping during the winter, but at other seasons it is of very easy access for vessels of almost any size, and the river is open at all times within 12 ni. to Frankfort. Bangor is the natural market for a large portion of the interior of Maine. It is a flourishing place, and contains a court-house, bank, and printing-office. A theological sem- inary was opened here in 1815, styled " The Maine Charity School." It is under the direc- tion of 2 professors and a preceptor. Its de- sign is to prepare young men for the ministry by a shorter course of study than is usual. The qualifications for admission are a know- ledge of English grammar, arithmetic, Latin grammar, and some acquaintance with the Latin classics. The term of study is four years. BANISTER, v. Halifax co. Va. 140 m. SW. from Richmond. BANK'S ISLAND, near the NW. coast of America, about 60 m. long and 5 broad. Lon. 129° 45' to 130° 10' W. ; lat. 53° 30' N. BAPTISTOWN, v. Hunterdon co. N.J. 30 m. NW. from Trenton. BARACOA, a town on the NE. coast of Cuba with a good harbor for small vessels, 9 m. ENE. of St. Jago de Cuba. Lon. 74° 42' W.; lat. 20° 30' N. BARATARIA, bay, or gulf, Louisiana, 18 m. long from N. to S. Lon, 90° W. ; lat. 29° 20' N. BARATARIA, r. Louisiana, which runs S. into a bay of the same name. BARATARIA, isl. on N. side of the Gulf of Mexico, at the entrance of Barataria bay ; 55 m. NW. from Balize. Lat. 29° N. It is a healthy island and a strong military position, and affords a safe and capacious harbor for merchant vessels, and light ships of war. BAR ATARIA, a bay on the coast of Loui- siana, near the mouth of the Mississippi, sur- rounded by a flat marshy country. Boats can pass from the Mississippi at New Orleans, through this bay to the sea. This was for- merly a great resort for pirates. BARBADOES, one of the Caribbees, and the most eastern of the W. India islands. Lat. 13° 10' N. ; lon. 59° W. The earl of Marl- borough obtained from James I. a grant of the island, in 1624, and laid the foundation of James Town, It is 21 m. long, 14 broad, and contains 166 sq. ms. or 106,470 acres. It lies 20 leagues E. of St. Vincent, 25 from St. Lucia, 28 SE. from Martinico, 60 NE. from Trinidad, and 100 SE. from St. Christopher's. It is di- vided into 5 districts and 11 parishes ; chief town, Bridgetown. Pop. in 1811, 16,289 whites, 3,392 free people of color, 62,258 slaves ; pres- ent free population, about 20,000. In 1810, the imports were £311,400 ; exports, £271,597. Owing to the hurricanes, the population and produce of the island have diminished. From 1740 to 1786, the annual exports declined from 13,948 hogsheads of sugar to 9,554; from 12,884 puncheons of rum to 5,448, &c. BARBARA, St. a town on the W. coast of North America, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It stands in a rugged, barren country, but has a good roadstead. Lon. 119° 17' W.; lat. 34° 54' N. BARBARY, v. Rowan co. N. C. 134 m, W from Raleigh. BARBE, St. a town of Mexico, in New Bis- cay, near which are rich silver mines. It is 500 m. NW. of Mexico. Lon. 107° 5' W. ; lat. 26° N. BARBER'S, v. Fauquier co. Va. BARBOURVILLE, t. and cap. Knox co. Ky. 556 m. from W. Pop. 55. BARBOURSVILLE, v. Orange co. Va. ; 87 m. NW. from Richmond. BARBUDA, one of the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, 20 m. long, and 10 broad. It has a good road for shipping, but no direct trade to Britain. The inhabitants are chiefly BAR— BAR 185 employed in raising corn, and breeding cattle, •for the use of the neighboring islands. It is 35 m. N. from Antigua. Lon. 61° 50' W. ; lat. 17° 50' N. BARBUE, r. of U. C. falls into lake Erie 40 m. W. from Long Point. It is now commonly called the Orwell. BARBUE, r. in the U. S. in the peninsula of Mich. ; falls into lake Michigan. BARDSTOWN, see Bairdstown. BAREFIELDS, v. Liberty co. S. C. on the Little Pedee, 412 m. from W. Lon. 79° 23' W. ; lat. 34° 12' N. BAREFIELDS, t. Marion co. S. C. 41 m. from W. BARGAINTOWN, v. Gloucester co. N. J. 194 m. from W. BARIL, Island of, in the St. Lawrence r. above Ogdensburg. BARIL POINT, in St. Lawrence r. above Ogdensburg. BARKHAMPSTEAD, t. Litchfield co. Ct. Pop. in 1820, 1,592. BARKHAMPSTEAD, v. in the NE. part of Litchfield co. Ct. about 20 m. NW. from Hartford. BARKSDALE, v. Lincoln co. Geo. BARLETT, t. Grafton co. N. H. BARLOW, t. Washington co. Ohio. BARN TAVERN, v. Southampton co. Va. 175 m. from W. BARNARD, t. Windsor co. Vt. 26 m. NW. from Windsor, 484 from W. BARNARD, v. Meigs co. Ohio. BARNARDSTOWN, t. Franklin co. Mass. BARNEGAT, or Limestone, v. in Pough- keepsie co. N. Y. 5 m. S. from Poughkeepsie village. Here is a large number of lime-kilns, and great quantities of lime are manufactured here and sent to New York. BARNEGAT, bay, and inlet on E. coast of N. J. 68 m. ENE. from Cape May. Lon. 73° 45' W. ; lat. 39° 47' N. BARNEGAT, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. on the E. side of the Hudson, 10 m. S. from Pough- keepsie. BARNESVILLE, v. Belmont co. Ohio, 318 m. from W. BARNESVILLE, v. Montgomery co. Md. 4 m. from the mouth of Monocacy creek, and 13 S. from Fredericktown. BARNET, t. Caledonia co. Vt. on the Con- necticut, 8 m. SE. from Danville, 32 E. from Montpelier, 329 from W. BARNET'S TAVERN, v. Fauquier co. Va. 59 m. from W. BARNSBOROUGH, v. Gloucester co. N. J. about 14 m. below Philadelphia. BARNSTABLE, co. Mass. comprising the peninsula of Cape Cod. Pop. 28*525. The chief town has the same name. Vast quanti- ties of salt are made in this county by solar evaporation. BARNSTABLE, t. and cap. Barnstable co. Mass. stands on a harbor at the bottom of Cape Cod Bay. The town is built with considerable neatness, and has some com- merce and fishing business. There are exten- sive salt marshes in the neighborhood, but Y the soil here is better than in almost any other part of the co. It is 64 m. SE. from Boston. Pop. 3,975. BARNSTABLE, t. Barnstable co. Mass. BARNSTEAD, t. Strafford co. N. H. 26 m. ENE. from Concord, 32 NW. from Ports- mouth, 563 from W. BARNS MILLS, t. Monongahela co. Va. near Morgantown, and 219 m. NW. from Richmond. BARNWELL, district of S. C. having Sa- vannah r. SW. Edgefield NW. Orangeburg NE. Colleton and Beaufort SE. being 50 m. in length by a mean width of 35 ; area 1050 sq. ms. surface hilly, and soil of middling quality. Staples, cotton and grain. Chief town, Barn- well. Pop. 1820, 14,750. BARNWELL, C. H. and t. of Barnwell dis- trict, S. C. Lat. 33° 13' N. ; lon. 4P 20' W. BARRE, t. Worcester co. Mass. 24 m. NW. from Worcester, 64 W. from Boston, 417 from W. Pop. 2,503. This is a very valuable town- ship, and produces great quantities of beef, butter, and cheese. BARRE, t. Washington co. Vt. 7 m. SE. from Montpelier, 524 from W. Pop. 2,012. BARRE, t. Genesee co. N. Y. BARRE, t. Huntingdon co. Pa. BARREN, co. in the S. central part of Ky. Pop. 14,821. Glasgow, the chief town, is 134 m. SW. by S. of Frankfort. Two rivers, one called the Little, and the other the Big Barren, have their source within the county, running in different directions, but both falling into the Green river. BARREN CREEK, r. which rises in SW. corner of Delaware, and runs into the Nanti- coke, 2 m. S. from Vienna. BARREN CREEK SPRINGS, t. Somerset co. Md. 85 m. SE. from Annapolis. BARREN RIVER, r. Kentucky, which runs into the Green River, between Warren and Logan counties. BARREN RIVER, Little, r. Ky. which runs into Green River, W. of Greensburg. BARRENS, t. St. Genevieve co. Miso. 70 m. SE. from St. Louis. BARRIER POINT, the W. point, where the r. Petite Nation enters the Ottawa, U. C. BARRINGTON, t. Bristol co. R. I. on the SW. side of Warren r. Pop. 612. BARRINGTON, Great, Berkshire co. Mass. about 150 m. W. from Boston. Pop. in 1820, 1,908. BARRINGTON, v. Steuben co. N. Y. 226 m. W. from Albany. BARRINGTON, t. Strafford co. N. H. 28 m. NW. from Portsmouth, 517 from W. It is a large township, and contains several ponds, the largest of which, Bow pond, is 650 rods long, and 40 broad. It has several houses of public worship. Crystal spar, black lead, iron ore, alum, and vitriol are found here. In the SE. part of the town there is a cave called the Bear's Den. BARRON'S, t. Prince William co. Va. 48 m. SW. from W. BARRYSVILLE, v. Mecklenburg co. N.C. 448 m. from W. iS6 BAR — BAT BART, t. Lancaster eo. Pa. S. from Stras- burg. BARTHELEMY, r. Louisiana, which after a course W. of S. of about 150 m. joins the Ouachitta, 3 m. below the Derbane. BARTHOLOMEW, St. parish of S, C. in the district of Charleston, containing about 13,000 inhabitants, three-fourths slaves, BARTHOLOMEW, small r. of Arkansas and Lou. rising in the former, and falling into Ouachitta, BARTHOLOMEW, Cape, S. point of Staten Island, in the straits of Le Maire. BARTHOLOMEW, St. one of the Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, 24 m. in circum- ference, and 25 N. from St. Christopher. The French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785 ; and it was taken by the British in 1801, but restored to Sweden in 1814. The chief exports are drugs and lignumvitse ; and it has a good har- bor. Lon, 63° 40' W. ; lat. 17° 46' N. BARTLETT, t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 644. BARTON, Lincoln co. U. C. BARTON, v. Orleans co. Vt. 50 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 729. BARTON, small r. of Vt. rising in Orleans co. and falling into lake Memphramagog, BARTON'S CREEK, r. Tennessee, which runs into the Cumberland, about 10 m. above Clarksville. BASKINRIDGE, t. Somerset co. N. J. on a branch of the Passaic, 7 m, SSW. from Mor- ristown, 17 N. from New Brunswick, 219 from W. Lon. 74° 33' W. ; lat. 40° 40' N. Here is a good academy. General Lee was taken prisoner here in 1776. BASIN HARBOR, v. Addison co. Vt. in Ferrisburg ; E, side of Lake Champlain ; 4| m. S. of the mouth of Otter creek, 486 from W. BASIN MINAS, bay or small gulf at the NE. extremity of the Bay of Fundy. BASSETERRE, capital of St. Christopher, built by the French, before the island was ceded to the English in 1713, BASSETERRE, capital of Guadaloupe, in a district of the same name, in the W. part of the island. It is defended by a citadel and other fortifications. Lon. 61° 59" W. lat. 15° 59' N. BASS COVE, in Adolphustown, Bay of Quinte, U, C, BASS ISLANDS,, an interesting group in Lake Erie, appertaining to Huron co., Ohio. This cluster is composed of 3 principal and several smaller islands. In the southern Bass Island is the fine harbor of Put-in-Bay,, about 5 or 6 m. W. of which, on Sept. 10th, 1813, capt. Perry captured the British fleet, under the command of capt. Barclay. BASTARD, t. U, C. between Lansdowne and Leeds. BATAVIA, or Genesee, t. and cap. Genesee eo. N. Y. ; 40 m. E. Buffalo, 256 W. Albany, 391 from W. Pop. 4,271. It contains a court- house, a jail, and other public buildings, and has considerable trade. A weekly newspaper is published here. BATAVIA, t. in Clermont co. Ohio, BAT AVI A i Gauga go, Ohio, BATCA, t. of Mexico, in Yucatan, on the side of the Bay of Campeachy. BATESVILLE, t. Independence co. Ar- kansas, on White river, 110 m. NE. of Little Rock. BATES, t. Monroe co. N. Y., 250 m. W from Albany. BATH, t. Grafton co. N. H. on the Connec- ticut ; 14 m. N. Haverhill, 40 N. Dartmouth College, 545 from W. Pop. 1,626. The Lower Ammonoosuck and Bath turnpike pass through this town, and at the point where they inter sect there is a handsome village, BATH, t. and port of entry? in Lincoln co, Maine, on W. side of the Kennebec, 12 m. from the sea, 8 SW. Wiseasset, 35 NE. Port- land, 150 NE. Boston, 588 from W. Lon. 69° 49' W. lat. 43° 55' N. Pop. 3,773. Bath is pleasantly situated and has great advantages- for commerce, being at the head of winter navigation. The river here is seldom frozen over. It is one of the most considerable com- mercial towns in Maine. It contains an academy, several banks, and houses of pub- lie worship for Congregation alists, Baptists, &c. BATH, t. and cap. Steuben co. N. Y., on the Conhocton ; 40 m. S. Canandaigua, 245 W. Albany, 295 from W. Pop. 1,700. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, and has consid erable trade. BATH, t. Northumberland co, Pa ; 173 m. from W. BATH, v. Beaufort co. N. C. 61 m. SE. of Edenton, on Tar river 24 m. above Pamlicoe Sound. Lat. 35° 31' N. BATH, co. Ky. having Nicholas NW 7 Flemming NE., Floyd SE., and Montgomery SW. It is 34 hi. in length, with a mean breadth of 10 ; area 340 sq. m. Chief town,. Owingsville. Pop. 8,799, BATH co. in the central part of Va. bound- ed N. by Pendleton co., E. by Rockbridge co., S. by Botetourt co., and W. by Grsenbriar co, Pop. 4,008. Slaves, 882, At the court-house there is a post-village, 50 m. WSW. Staunton, 226 from W. Here is a medicinal spring, called Warm Spring ; and another about 6 m. distant SW. called Hot Spring, the waters of which, at some seasons, are hot enough to beil an egg, and are useful in various complaints. BATH, t. Medina co, Ohio. BATH, Berkeley co, Va. near the Potomac ; 35 m, NNW. Winchester, 104 from W. Berke- ley Springs are near this town, which see. BATH, t, Greene co. Ohio. BATH, t. Beaufort co. N, C. on a bay which sets up from Tar river ; 11 m. ESE, Washington, 61 SSW. Edenton, 332 from W. Lon. 77° 20' W. lat. 35° 31' N, BATH,, v. Renssallaer eo, N. Y. on the E, side of the Hudson, opposite the upper part of Albany, BATH, eo. Va. having Botetourt and Mon- roe S. Greenbriar W. Randolph NW. Pendle- ton NE, Augusta E. and Rockbridge SE. It is 45 m. in length, with a mean breadth of 20 m. and 900 sq. ms. Situated in the Apala- chian ridges ; the face of this co. is mountain- ous j the ais is pure and lioalthy ; the soil m BAT— BEA 18? general rather sterile, though some very pro- ductive land lies along the streams. Chief town, Warren Springs. Pop. 1820, 5,237, BATH, C, H. and v. Bath co. Va. 50 m. W. Staunton, and 227 SW. from W. BATON ROUGE, t Lou. on the left bank of the river Mississippi. Here, in ascending the river, banks rise to a considerable height above the elevation of the water in freshets. It is about 138 m. above New Orleans, follow- ing the river. Here the country is finely im- proved. The town contains about 60 or 70 houses, and 350 inhabitants. BATON ROUGE, East, parish of Lou. on the left bank of the Mississippi river, having that stream W. New Feliciana N. the Amite river, or St. Helena E. Iberville river, or St. Gabriel S. It is 26 m. in length, with a mean width of 15 ; area 400 sq. ms. Its surface is rolling towards the N. but becomes generally level to the southward. The soil is fertile, and in its natural state covered with a dense forest Staple, cotton. Chief town, Baton Rouge. Pop. 6,717. BATON ROUGE, West, parish of Lou. on the right bank of the Mississippi, opposite East Baton Rouge, having the Mississippi river E. Plaquemine river, or St. Gabriel SE. Atcha- falaya river S W. and W. and Pointe Coupee N. It is 30 m. in length, by 25 mean width ; area 750 sq. ms. Its surface is a dead alluvial plain, extremely fertile, but except near the mar- gin of the Mississippi, and some other streams, liable to annual submersion. Staple, cotton. BATOPILAS, a considerable town of the Andes or Cordilleras of Mexico, in the inten- dency of Durango. BATTERAUX, island, in the river St. Law- rence, above Bearded Island. BATTLE CREEK, r. Ky. which runs into the Ohio, Ion. 85° 36' W. lat. 38° 35' N. BATTLETOWN, v. Frederick co. Va. 11 m. E. by N. from Stevensburg, and 6 E. from Winchester. BATTURE GRAND, on Ottawa river, be- low Portage du Chene, U. C. BAUCHERVILLE, a beautifully located village on the W. bank of the river St. Law- rence, about 10 m. W. of Montreal. BAUGHMAN, t Wayne co. Ohio. BAYAGUANA, an inland town of the isl- and of St. Domingo, about 35 m. NE. of the city of St. Domingo. BAYAMO, a town in the E. part of Cuba, on the river Estero, which forms a bay on the coast, 20 m. below the town. It gives name to a channel, between Cuba and the islands, called the Queen's Garden, and is 80 m. WSW. of St. Jago. Lon. 77° 20' W. lat 20° 45' N. BAYDENSVILLE, t. Indiana. BAYLESBURG, v. Southampton co.Va.; 203 from W. BAYLE'S STORE, t. Stokes co. N. C. 145 m. NW. from Raleigh. BAY OF ISLANDS, there aic several bays in different parts of the world so called ; viz. 1st, on the west coast of Newfoundland ; &d, in the straits of Magellan ; 3d, on the NE. coast of New Holland in lat. 10° 30'; 4th, on the NW. coast of America in lat. 57° N. ; 5th, on the E. coast of New Zealand. BAYOU CARANCIO, t Rapides, Lou. BAYOU CHICOT, t. in the northern part of Opeloosas, Lou. 30 m. NW. from the vil- lage of St. Landre, and 1,488 SW. from W. BAY RIVER, t. Craven co. N. C. 20 m. E. from Newbern. Bay river is a small creek of Pamlico Sound, and forming part of the boundary between Beaufort and Craven cos. BAZETTA, t in Trumbull co. Ohio. Pop. 1820, 196. BEACH GROVE, v. Luzerne co. Penn. ; 204 m. from W. BEACH HILL, t. S. C. ; 7 m. SW. Dor- chester. BEACH ISLAND, t. Hancock co. Maine. Pop. 1810, 4, in 1820, 8. BEACH ISLAND, small island in the At- lantic, near the coast of New Jersey. Lon. 74° 15' W. lat. 39° 47' N. BEACON ISLAND, small island in Pamli- co Sound, near the coast of N. C. Lon. 76° 22' W. lat. 34° 57' N. BEALSBURG, t. Harden co. Ky. on E. bank of Rolling Fork river : 15 m. WSW. Bairdstown, 50 SW. Frankfort Lon. 86° 27' W. lat. 37° 42' N. BEALLSVILLE, fine v. on the U. S. road, Washington co. Penn. 8 m. W. from Browns- ville, and 17 E. from Washington, the county seat. BEAM'S STATION, t Granger co. Tenn. 30 m. NE. from Knoxville, and 226 NE. from Murfreesborough. BEAN'S CREEK, v. Franklin co. Tenn.; 726 m. from W. BEAN'S STATION, v. Granger co. Tenn. ; 498 m. from W. BEAR BROOK, r. which runs into the Mississippi, lon. 93° 28' W. lat. 44° 40' N. BEARCAMP, r. N. H. falls into Ossipee Lake. BEAR CREEK, r. Ky. which runs into Green river, lon. 86° 45' W lat. 36° 52' N. BEAR CREEK, r N. C. which runs into the Atlantic, lon. 77° 32' W lat. 34° 36' N. _ BEAR CREEK, another small stream run- ning into the W. side of Miami river in Mont- gomery co. Ohio. BEARD'S STORE, t Anson co. N. C. 80 m. SW. of Raleigh. BEARD'S CREEK, in Geo. a small branch of Altamaha river, in Liberty co. BEARD'S MILL, t. Rowan co. N. C. BEARDED ISLAND, in the river St. Law rence, above Lake St. Francis. BEARFIELD, t. in Perry co. Ohio. BEAR GAP, v. Northumberland co. Penn.; 182 m. from W. BEAR GRASS CREEK, r. Ky. which runs into the Ohio at Louisville. BEAR INLET, channel between two small islands near the coast of N. C. Lon. 77° 21' W. lat. 34° 36' N. BEAR ISLAND, small island in the At iantic, near the coast of Maine. Lon. 68° 20 r W. lat 44° 6' N 188 BEA — BEA BEAR LAKE, one of the sources of the Mississippi, about lat. 48° 20' N. BEAR RIVER, r. N. America, which runs into the Mississippi, Ion. 92° 44' W. lat. 44° 20' N. BEARER RIVER. See Beaver. BEASLEY'S CREEK, r. Ky. which runs into the Ohio, Ion. 83° 55' W. lat. 38° 35' N. BEATTIE'S FORD, t. Lincoln co. N. C. BEAUCHARNOIS ISLE, in the N. east- erly part of Lake Superior, not a great way from the shore, and eastward of Isle Hocquart. BEAUCLERC, port in an island on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 56° 17' N. Ion. from W. 56° 37' W. BEAUFORT, co. N. C. in Newbern district ; having Craven SW. Pitt NW Martin and Washington N. and Hyde and Pamlico Sound E. Length 40 m. mean breadth 17; area 670. It is generally level. Chief town, Bath. BEAUFORT, a maritime district, forming the SE. corner of the state of South Carolina ; bounded on the SW. by the Savannah river. It is a low swampy district, but very produc- tive in rice and cotton. In addition to the Sa- vannah on the S. it is bounded on the N. by the Big-slake-hatchie river, and the Coosaw- hatchie intersects the district from NW. to the SE. dividing into two branches about the cen- tre of the district, and forming an island called Port Royal Island, on which is a town named Beaufort, formerly the capital of the district, but the courts are now held at the town of Coosawhatchie, about 20 m. NW. of Beaufort, and 193 S. of Columbia, the capital of the state. BEAUFORT, a co. of North Carolina, di- vided into two parts by the Pamlico river, at its entrance into Pamlico Sound. It is a swampy and dreary district, with a population of 10,949. Washington, 130 m. E. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. BEAUFORT, seaport, Beaufort district, S. Con Port Royal Island, 75 m. S. from Charles- ton, and 58 N. from Savannah. Its harbor is deep and spacious. Here is a chartered col- lege, but in a languishing state. Lat. 32° 25' N. Ion. 3° 30' W. from W. BEAUFORT, seaport t. and capital Carteret co. N. C. on Gore Sound, 44 m. S. from New- bern. Vessels drawing 14 feet water can as- cend to this place. It is well situated to be- come an extensive depot of trade ; and it is proposed to connect its sound with the Neuse, Tar, and Roanoke rivers. BEAUPORT, Seigniory, Quebec co. L. C. at the mouth of the Montmorenci river, on the N. side of the St. Lawrence. BEAURIVAGE, r. L. C. enters the Chau- diere about 4 m. above its mouth. BEAUVAIS, r. N. America, which runs into lake Michigan. Lon. 85° 36' W.; lat. 43° 50' N. BEAVER, or Bearer, r. N. H. which rises in Londonderry, and runs S. into the Merri- mack, in Dracut. BEAVER, co. W. side of Penn. ; boimded N. by Mercer co. E. by Butler co. SW. by Alleghany co. S. by Washington co. and W. by Ohio state. Pop, 24,206. Chief town, Beavertown. BEAVER, or Beverton, the chief town of this county, is situate at the junction of the Beaver river with the Ohio, near the centre of the county, 240 W. by N. of Harrisburg. BEAVER, t. Crawford co. Pa. BEAVER, t. Northumberland co. Penn. W. of the Susquehannah. BEAVER DAM, v. Delaware co. N. Y. BEAVER, t. Green co. Ohio; 86m.WNW. Pittsburg. BEAVER, t. Columbia co. Ohio. BEAVER, Little, t. Beaver co. Pa. BEAVER CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Cumberland, lon. 85° 12' W. lat. 36° 35' N. BEAVER, South, t. Beaver co. Penn. BEAVER CREEK, r. Alab. which runs into the Tennessee, lon. 87° 50' W. lat. 34° 38' N. BEAVER CREEK, t. Northumberland co. Pa. W. the Susquehannah. BEAVER CREEK, r. N. Y. which runs SW. into the Papachton ; 35 m. long. BEAVER CREEK rises in the township of Caistor, U. C. and running through part of Gainsborough, empties itself into Welland, to which river it runs close, and nearly parallel, for almost 4 m. before it discharges. BEAVER CREEK, in the t. of Humber- stone, runs into Lake Erie N. of Row's Point, U. C. BEAVER CREEK runs into Lake Supe- rior on the N. side, between river Aupie and river Rouge, U. C. BEAVER CREEK, t. Madison co. N. Y. 85 m. W. from Albany. BEAVER CREEK, mill stream, Clark co Ohio, running northwardly into Buck creek, a little distance above Springfield. BEAVER CREEK, name of a creek run- ning into the W. side of Little Miami river, in Green co. Ohio. BEAVER CREEK, also the name of a township situated on the above stream, in Green co. Pop. 1820, 384. BEAVER, t. Green co. Ohio. Pop. 1810 799, and in 1820, 757. BEAVER RIVER empties itself into the Narrows, a little below the Falls of St. Mary's, running from N. to S. U. C. BEAVER, co. Pa. on both sides of Ohio river, having part of the state of Ohio W., Mer- cer N. Butler E. Alleghany SE. and Wash- ington S. It is about 40 m. in length along the state of Ohio, with a mean breadth of 15 m. ; area 600 sq. ms. ; features hilly and broken; soil generally, however, fertile, and well wooded and watered. Chief town, Beaver, cap. Lat. 40° 50' N. lon. W. 3° 20' W. BEAVER, Big, or Mahoning, r. which rises in Portage co. Ohio, passes into Pennsylvania, and joins the Ohio, at Beavertown. BEAVER, Little, r. Columbiana co. Ohio, which runs S. into the Ohio near the line of Ohio and Pennsylvania; 43 m. below Pitts- burg. It affords many excellent mill-seats. Near the mouth of this river there is a spring, BEA — BED 1S9 from which issues an oil, called Seneca oil, which is highly inflammable, and is useful as a remedy for rheumatic pains. BEAVER, t. Union co. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 2,036. BEAVER, bor. t. Beaver co. Pa. BEAVER DAM, t. Erie co. Pa. BEAVER DAM, Goochland co. Va. ; 24 m. NW from Richmond. BEAVER, Little, t. Beaver co. Pa. Pop. in 1810, 1,379, in 1820, 1,144. BEAVER, North, t. Beaver co. Pa. Pop. in 1810,' 932, in 1820, 1,206. BEAVER IRON WORKS, t. Bath.co. Ken. 78 m. E. from Frankfort. BEAVER ISLANDS, remarkable chain of small islands, in lake Michigan, extending about 30 m. SW. into the lake. Lon. 85° 20' W. lat. 62° 20' N. They appear beautiful, the situation pleasant, but the soil barren. BEAVERTOWN, t. Union co. Pa. ; 69 m. N. from Harrisburg. BEAVER, the southeastemmost town of Guernsey, co. Ohio. Pop. in 1820, 556. BECANCOUR, r. of L. C. enters the St. Lawrence, opposite the mouth of the river St. Maurice. Its sources interlock with those of the Chaudiere. BECCARIA, t. Clearfield co. Pa. BECKET, v. of Berkshire co. Mass. on the head of Westfield r. 17 m, SE. from Lenox, and 25 W. from Northampton. Pop. 1,065. BECKHAMSVILLE, t. Chester district, S. C. on the Wateree, 32 m. NW. from Cam- den. BEAVERSDAM, v. Queen Anne co. Md. 126 m. from W. BEAVERTOWN, bor. and cap. Beaver co. Pa. at the confluence of the Big Beaver with the Ohio; 30 m. below Pittsburg, and 253 from W. It is a place of considerable busi- ness, and contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, an academy, and a printing-office, and has various manufactures. There is a valuable iron mine in its vicinity. BEAVERTOWN, t. Union co. Pa. BECKMANSVILLE, v. Schoharie co. N. Y. 376 m. from W. BECKMANSVILLE, or Rocky Mount, t.. Chester co. S. C. on the Wateree ; 30 m. NW. from Camden, and 480 from W. This place is celebrated for a shad fishery. BECKET, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 17 m. SE. from Lenox, 110 W. from Boston, and 376 from W. Pop. 1,065. BEDDINGTON, t. Washington co. Maine, near the source of Pleasant river, 35 m. NW. by W. from Machias. BEDFORD, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. Pop. 1,554. * P BEDFORD, t. Middlesex co. Mass. Pop. 685. BEDFORD, (New) t. and s-p. Bristol co. Mass. ; 26 m. SSE. from Taunton, 52 S. from Boston, and 458 from W. Lat. 41° 38' N. It is pleasantly situated on the W. side of an arm of the sea which makes up from Buzzard's bay. It contained in 1810, 5,651 inhabitants : since which Fairhaven on the opposite side, has been set off and separately incorporated, leaving to New Bedford, at that time, a popu- lation of about 3,000, of whom about 2,500 were in the village. The population is now 7,592. It contains an insurance office, 3 banks, 10 churches, and 7 manufactories for spermaceti candles. The harbor is safe and commodious, having a depth of water of from 3 to 4 fathoms. The shipping belonging to this port amounts to 60,000 tons, about 40^000 of which is employed in the whale fishery. Being surrounded by a country which fur- nishes but few articles of export, the prosper- ity of the town depends much on the whale fishery. The exports to Europe and the West Indies for two years, ending June 30, 1818, averaged 130,000 dollars each; of which sperm and whale oil, sperm candles, fish and fish oil, constituted the greatest part. There are several rope-walks, and ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent. BEDFORD, bor. v. and cap. of Bedford co. Pa. about 189 m. W. of Philadelphia, 91 E. by S. of Pittsburg, and 150 NW. from W. The situation of this town is extremely ro- mantic, being surrounded by mountains. It is now much frequented in the summer season on account of the mineral springs in its neighborhood. Pop. in 1810, 547, and in 1820, 789. The co. was divided from Cum- berland, and Bedford erected into a county town, March 1771 BEDFORD, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 52 m. from Boston. Pop. 1,554. BEDFORD, t. Middlebury co. Mass.; 16 m. NW. from Boston. Pop. 665. BEDFORD, co. Pa. having Md. S. Somer- set W. Cambria NW. Huntingdon NE. and Franklin SE. Length 52 m. mean breadth, about 31 ; containing 1,600 sq. ms. ; surface extremely diversified by mountains, hills, and valleys ; soil equally varied : in general rocky and barren in the mountains, but fertile and well watered in the valleys. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, and salted provisions. It is very productive in excellent iron, and pos- sesses some mineral coal. The springs near Bedford have become a place of fashionable resort in the months of July, August, and September. Chief town, Bedford. Pop. 54,636. BEDFORD, t. Eedford co. Pa. Pop. in 1820, 1,321. BEDFORD, v. Cuyahoga co Ohio. BEDFORD, co. Va. having Franklin SW. Botetourt W. and NW. Rockbridge N. Am- herst NE. Campbell SE. and Pittsylvania S It is 30 m. in length, by a mean breadth of 22 ; area 660 sq. ms. separated by the Blue Ridge from Botetourt co. A part of Bedford is mountainous; it is, in general, however, hilly, and moderately fertile. Staples, tobacco and grain. Chief town, Liberty. Pop. 20,253, of whom 8,790 were slaves. BEDFORD, E. part of Brooklyn, N. Y. BEDFORD, t, West-Chester co. N. Y.; 44 m. NNE. from New York, 130 S. from Al- bany, and 272 from W. Pop. 2,750. The village contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and a Presbyterian meeting-house 190 BED — BEL The courts of the county are held alternately at Bedford, and at White Plains. BEDFORD, v. in the northern part of Henry co. Ken. 12 m. SE. from Port William, at the mouth of Ken. r. and 40 NW. from Frankfort. BEDFORD, v. Cayahoga co. Ohio, 184 m. NE. from Columbus. BEAJORA, co. of Ten. on Duck river, having - Maury W., Williamson NW. Ruther- ford N. Warren NE., Franklin SE. and Lin- coln S. Staples, cotton and small grain. Chief town, Shelbyville. Pop. 16,012. BEDMINSTER, t. Sussex co. N. J.; 13 m. SE. from Morristown. Here is an academy. BEDMINSTER, t. Somerset co. N. J. BEDMINSTER, t. Bucks co. Pa. BECKMAN, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. ; 12 m. E. from Hudson city. This township con- tains 6 houses of public worship. Pop. 1,584. BEELIN'S FERRY, v. Cumberland co. Pa. ; 144 m. from W. BEECH GROVE, t. E. Feliciana parish, La. BEECH HILL, t. Jackson co. Ten. 70 m. NE. from Nashville. BEECH PARK, t. Gallatin co, Ken. by the post-road, 48 m. N. from Frankfort, BEEKMAN, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 10 m. E. from Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1,584. BE 10 KM AN TOWN, t. Clinton co. N. Y. Pop. 2,391. BEEKMANSVILLE, v. Schoharie co. N. York. BEEKMANTOWN, v. Clinton co. N. Y. 173 m. N. from Albany. BEELING'S FERRY, v. of Cumberland co. Pa. BEERING, or Bhering's Strait, the nar- row sea between the W. coast of N. America, and the E. coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide, in the narrowest part, between the capes Prince of Wales, and Tchukotskoi. The Arctic Circle passes this strait, a little N. of the narrowest part. BEERING'S, formerly Admiralty Bay, NW. coast of N. America. Lon. 62° W. lat. 59° 20' N. BEESLEY'S, t. Cape May co. N. J. 105 m. S. from Trenton. BEL-AIR, or Bellair, t. and cap. Harford co. Md. ; 23 m. NNE. from Baltimore, and 68 from W. It contains a court-house, a jail, a Methodist meeting-house, and an academy. BELCHERTOWN, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 15 m. ESE. from Northampton, 80 W. from Boston, and 400 from W. It is a pleasant town. Pop. 2,491. BELFAST, s-p. Waldo co. Maine ; 12 m. NW. from Castine, 224 NE. from Boston, and 641 from W. Lat. 44° 25' N. It is delight- fully situated on Belfast bay, at thefmouth of a small river of the same name, and at the NW. part of Penobscot bay. It has a good harbor and great maritime advantages, and is a flourishing town. Pop. 3,077. BELFAST, t. Bedford co. Pa. BELFAST, v. Laurens district, S. C. ; 559 m. from W. BELLFONTAINE, a small town and seat of justice for Logan co. Ohio, 18 m. N from Urbana, and 56 NW. from Columbus. BELFORD, v. Nash co. N. C; 259 m. from W. BELGRADE, t. Kennebeck co. Maine; 13 m. NNW. from Augusta, and 172 ENE. from Boston. Pop. 1,375. BELLAIRE, Seigniory, L. Canada, Hamp- shire co. on the N. side of St. Lawrence r. 24 m. above Quebec. BELL BROOK, v. Green co. Ohio. BELLAIR, v. Lancaster district, S. C. ; 471 m from W. BELLAMY BANK RIVER, r. N. H. which rises in Barrington, and flows into the Piscataqua, in S. part of Dover. BELLAMY, small isl. in the Atlantic near the coast of S. C. Lon. 78° 35' W. lat. 33° 50' N. BELLE-FONTAINE, v. and military post, Missouri Territory, on S. side of the Missouri, 4 m. above its mouth, 16 N. from St. Louis. Here is a palisade work and barracks, suffi- cient to accommodate 300 men. BELLEFONTE, bor. and cap. Centre co. Pa. ; 3 m.from Milesburg, 238 WNW. from' Philadelphia, and 189 from W. It has an elevated situation at the head of boat naviga- tion on Spring Creek. It is regularly laid out, and contains a bank, an academy, the county buildings, &c. and is situated in a fertile country. BELLEISLE, isl. of North America at the mouth of the strait between New Britain and Newfoundland, whence the straits take also the name of Belleisle. Lon. 21° 33' W. from W. lat. 51° 55' N. BELLE-RIVER, U. C. runs into St. Clair, to the eastward of r. Aux Puces, and is navi- gable for boats some way up. BELLE VERNON, t. Fayette co. Pa. 8 m. from Uniontown, and 194 SW. by W. from Harrisburg. BELLEVIEW, and settlement Of Wash- ington co. Miso. in the Maine district ; it con- tains about 1000 inhabitants. BELLEVILLE, v. Essex co. N. J. ; 5 m. above Newark, on the Passaic river. At this place, printing, bleaching, and dying manu- factories are established. The calico-printing works produce annually near 7,000,000 vards. BELLEVILLE, t. Wood co. Va. on the left bank of Ohio r. at the mouth of Lee's creek. BELLEVILLE, t. Logan co. Ohio. BELLEVILLE, t. Richland co. Ohio, on the W. branch of Mohiccon creek. BELLEVILLE, v. on Trade W r ater r. in the western part of Hopkins co. Ken. 200 m. SW. by W. from Frankfort. BELLEVILLE, v. Cunecuh co. Ala. 70 m. NNE. from Pensacola, and 100 m. S. from Cahaba. BELLEVIEW, fief of L. C. in Surry co. on the right bank of St. Lawrence, 22 m. NE. from Montreal. BELLEVILLE, parish, Newbury, Mass. 1 m. from Newburyport. BELLEVILLE, t. and cap. St. Clair co. II. 18 m. from the Mississippi; 15 E. from Caho- BEL— -BER 191 kia, 50 N. from Kaskaskia, and 992 from W. It is surrounded by a rich country, which is rapidly increasing in population. BELLEVILLE, v. Mifflin co. Pa. 139 m. from W. BELLFIELD, t. Greensville co. Va. on the Meherrin, opposite Hicksford ; 45 m. S. from Petersburg-. BELLINGHAM, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 m. SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,101. BELLONA, arsenal and t. Chesterfield, Va. 10 m. NE. from Lexington. BELLOWS FALLS, a cataract in the Connecticut between Walpole and Rocking- ham, consisting of several pitches in a very narrow strait of the river. A large rock here divides the stream into two channels, each 90 feet wide, but when the river is low the whole current is thrown into the western channel, where it is contracted to 16 feet and rushes with astonishing rapidity. A bridge is built over these faUs, and a canal passes round them. BELLOWS FALLS, v. in the township of Rockingham, Vt. opposite the falls ; 5 m. NW. from Walpole, 26 S. from Windsor, and 452 from W. It. is a flourishing village, and con- tains an Episcopal church, a printing-office, a paper-mill, an oil-mill, and other mills. BELLVILLE, v. in the NE. part of Rock- bridge co. Va. 10 m. NE. from Lexington, and 151 W. from Richmond. BELLVUE, extensive prairie of La. in the Opelousas. It lies between the waters of the Teche and Vermilion, and those of the Mer- mentau r. BELMONT, v. Hancock co. Me. 97 m. NE. from Portland. BELMONT, v. Wayne co. Miss. 168 m. from St. Charles. BELMONT, t. Waldo co. Me. 20 m. W. from Castine. Pop. 1,024. BELMONT, co. Ohio, having the Ohio r. E. Monroe co. S. Guernsey W Harrison and Jefferson N. Staples, grain and salted pro- visions. Chief town, Woodfield. Pop. 24,412. BELPRE, t. Washington co. Ohio, on the Ohio r. 14 m. SW. from Marietta, 319 from W. It is a pleasant town. BELVIDERE, t. Franklin co. Vt. on the waters of La Moelle r. 38 m. N. from Mont- pelier. Pop. 185. BELVIDERE, t. Warren co. N. J. on the Delaware, at the mouth of Pequest r. 11 m. NNE. from Easton, 54 from Trenton, 208 from W. It is a handsome village, has valuable mills, and is the seat of justice for the county. Here is a bridge over the Delaware. BENEDICT, t. Charles co. Md. on W. side of the Patuxent ; 68 m. SW. from Baltimore, 48 from W. BENGAL, t. Oneida co. N. Y. on the NE. side of Oneida lake, 423 m. from W. It lies on the W. side of Rome, between Fish creek and Constantia. BENJ AMINVILLE, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 299 m. from W BENNINGTON, co. Vt. forming the SW. angle of that state, having Rutland N. Wind- sor NE. Windham E. Berkshire in Mass. S* and Washington co. N. Y. W. It is 40 m. in length, with a mean width of 17 m. area 680 sq. ms. ; its features are hilly in general, and in part mountainous. At Mount Anthony there is a cave containing many beautiful petrifac- tions. Staples, flour, salted provisions, and lumber. Chief town, Bennington. Pop. 1820, 16,125 ; 1830, 17,470. BENNINGTON, chief town of Bennington co. Vt. 36 m. NE. from Albany, 36 W. from Brattleborough, 33 N. from Pittsfield, in Mass, It is famous for a victory obtained here, Aug 16th, 1777, by the troops of the U. S. under Gen. Starke, over a detachment of the British army, or rather Hessians, under Cols. Baum and Breyman, which was a prelude to the de- cisive victory at Saratoga, by which Gen. Bur- goyne and all his army submitted to the U. S. army under Gen. Gates. The principal public edifices are a chinch, court-house, and jail. It lies in lat. 42° 52' N. and Ion. 3° 56' E. from W. Pop. 3,419. BENNINGTON, v. Mercer co. Pa. on the Shenango, 60 m. NNW. from Pittsburg. BENNINGTON, t. in the NE. quarter of Delaware co. Ohio. Pop. 1820, 412. BENNINGTON, t. Licking co. Ohio. BENNINGTON, v. St. Clair co. Ala. 163 m. N. from Cahaba. BENNINGTON, t. Genesee co. N. Y. 15 m. SW. from Batavia. Pop. 796. BENNSVILLE, v. Charles co. Md. 8 m. from Piscataway, 23 from W, BENSALEM, t. Bucks co. Pa. on the NW. side of the Delaware, SW. from Bristol. BENSBOROUGH, v. Pitts co. N. C. 60 m, SE. from Raleigh, 278 from W. BENSON, t. Rutland co. Vt. E. lake Cham- plain, 62 m. S. from Burlington, 446 from W. Pop. 1,493. BENT CREEK, v. Buckingham co. Va. 222 m. from W. BENTINCK POINT, the NE. point of Henchenbrook island, NW. coast of America Lon. 214° 24' E. ; lat. 60° 28' N. BENTINCK'S ARMS, two branches of an inlet on the NW. coast of America. Lon. 233° to 233° 21' E. ; lat. 52° to 52° 25' N. BENTLEYVILLE, v. Halifax co. N. C.J 275 m. from W. BENTON, t. Ontario co. N. Y. on W. side of Seneca lake, 339 m. from W. It lies on W* side of Jerusalem. BENTON, t. Scott co. Mis. 165 m. from St, Louis. BENTON, North, v. Ontario co. N. Y. BERGEN, t. Genesee co. N. Y. 437 m. from W. Pop. 1,508. BERGEN, co. N. J. bounded NNE. by New York, E. by the Hudson, S. and SW. by Essex and Morris cos. and W. by Sussex co. Pop, 22,414. Chief town, Hackensack. BERGEN, t. Bergen co. N. J. near the mouth of the Hudson, 3 m. W. from New York, 88 NE. from Philadelphia. Lon. 74° 55' W.; lat. 40° 44' N. BERKHAMSTEAD, t. Litchfield co. Ct. The lands are rough and broken. Pop, 1 7 715 192 BER — BER BERKLEY, t. Bristol co. Mass. ; 5 m. S. from Taunton, 36 S. from Boston, 484 from W. Pop. 907. BERKLEY, or Sandtown, v. Gloucester co. N. J. 14 m. from Philadelphia. BERKLEY, co. Va. bounded N. by the Po- tomac, E. by Tefferr;on co. S. by Frederick co. and W. by Hampshire co. Pop. 10,528. Chief town, Martinsburg. BERKLEY SPRINGS, t. Berkley co. Va. .110 m. from W. These springs are near the town of Bath. The waters are useful to per- sons laboring under the jaundice, or affections of the liver. They are finely situated, and much resorted to by gay and fashionable peo- ple, as weU as by invalids. BERKLEY'S SOUND, NW. coast of Ame- rica, 70 m. SE. from Nootka Sound. BERKS, co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. Pop. 53,35 7. This is one of the most fertile coun- ties in Pa. Chief town, Reading. BERKSHIRE, t. Franklin co. Vt. on the Missisque r. 39 m. N. from Burlington. Pop. 1,308. BERKSHIRE, co. Mass. the W. part of the state. Pop. 37,825. Chief town, Lenox. It is crossed from N. to S. by the Green moun- tains. Quarries of marble are opened in Stockbridge, Sheffield, Lanesborough, and other places. BERKSHIRE, t. Tioga co. N. Y. 210 m. SW. from Albany. Pop. 1,683. BERKSHIRE, t. Delaware co. Ohio, 10 m. E. from Delaware, 23 N. from Columbus. BERKSHIRE VALLEY, v. Morris co. N.J. BERLIN, t. Worcester co. Mass.; 14 m. NNE. from Worcester, 23 W. from Boston. Pop. 692. BERLIN, t. Washington co. Vt. 3 m. SSW. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,664. BERLIN, t. Hartford co. Ct. 11 m. S. from Hartford, 23 N. from Hew Haven, on the turn- pike road between these two cities. It is di- vided into three parishes, Worthington, Ken- sington, and New Britain. Pop. 3,038. Wor- thington is the principal seat of the manufac- ture of tin ware, which is carried on by ped- lars to a very great extent. The pedlars set off in the autumn in wagons loaded with the tin ware, together with other articles of mer- chandise, and proceed chiefly to the southern and western states. Workmen are also sent out by water with a sufficient quantity of the raw materials to employ them during the win- ter, and establish themselves in different towns in the interior. To them the pedlar resorts, when his stock is exhausted, for a fresh sup- ply. In this way a large amount of goods is sold during the six or eight months that they are absent, and their tin ware is thus distrib- uted in all parts of the United States. BERLIN, t. Adams co. Pa. 13 m. W. from York, 100 W. from Philadelphia, 89 from W. BERLIN, t. Somerset co. Pa. 30 m. WSW. from Bedford, 240 W. from Philadelphia, 194 from W. BERLIN, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 20 m. E. from Albany. Pop. 2,019. BERLIN, New, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 7 m. ENE. from Norwich, 90 W. from Albany, 355 from W. Pop. 1,632. BERLIN, New, t. Union co. Pa. ; 174 m, from W. BERLIN, t. Huron co. Ohio, 83 m. N. from Columbus. BERLIN, Coshocton co. Ohio. BERLIN, Delaware co. Ohio. BERLINSVILLE, v. Northampton co. Pa. 207 m. from W. BERMUDA HUNDRED, small settlement on a point of land between the junction of the Appomatox with James river, 2 m. N. from City Point, 22 by land and upwards of 50 by the river ESE. from Richmond. BERMUDAS, or Somers' Islands, a cluster of small islands in the Atlantic Ocean, in num- ber about 400, but for the most part so small and barren, that they have neither inhabitants nor name. 200 leagues distant from Cape Hatteras in N. Carolina, which last is the nearest land to them. They extend from NE. to SW. about 45 m. Their whole coast is sur- rounded with rocks. The N. point of the islands lies in lat. 32° 34' N. ; Ion. 63° 28' W. The largest of these islands are St. George, which is 4 or 5 m. long and 2 broad ; St. Da- vid, Cooper, Ireland, Somerset, Long Island, Bird Island, and Nonesuch. On the first there is a town, containing about 300 houses. The winter is hardly perceptible here. The fields and trees are clad in perpetual green, and so salubrious is the air, that invalids frequently come hither for the recovery of their health. The Bermudas contain from 10,000 to 12,000 acres of poor land, of which nine parts in ten are either uncultivated, or reserved in woods for the supplying of timber for building small ships, sloops, and shallops for sale ; this being- the principal employment of the inhabitants. Pop. estimated at 10,381 ; 5,462 of whom are whites, and 4,919 are blacks. They have two harvests of Indian corn in the year, one in July, the other in December. They likewise cultivate tobacco, legumes, and fruit sufficient for their wants. BERMUDIAN, v. York co. Pa. 48 m. S. from Harrisburg. BERN, t. Albany co. N. Y. 20 m. W. from Albany, 397 from W. This township contains 5 houses for public worship. BERN, t. Somerset co. N. Y. BERN, Upper, t. Berks co. Pa. BERN, Lower, t. Berks co. Pa. BERN, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. BERNARDSTON, t. Franklin co. Mass. 5 m. N. from Greenfield, 96 WNW. from Boston, 413 from W. Here is a quarry of -marble. BERNARDSTOWN, t. Somerset co. N J Pop. 1,879. BERNE, t. Franklin co. Mass. on the Hock- hocking, 3 m. W. from Lancaster. BERNER'S BAY, on the NW. coast of America, between Point Bridget and Point St. Mary. Lat. 58° 43h' N. BERRY-HILL-BLUFF, v. Putnam co. Geo. BERRYSBURG, v. Dauphin co. Pa. 28 m. from Harrisburg. BERRY'S FERRY, over the Shenandoah, BER — BEU 193 and t. Frederick co. Va. on the road from Leesburg to Winchester. 58 m. W. from W. BERRY'S LICK, v. Logan co. Ken. 745 m. from W. BERRYSVILLE, v. Charles co. Md. BERRYSVILLE, v. Mecklenburg co. N.C. 460 m. from W. BERTHIER, v. and seigniory, Warwick co. L. Canada, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 46 m. NE. from Montreal, 50 SW. from Three Rivers. The village contains at least 80 houses, and many granaries, and store-houses of Brit- ish manufactured goods. The neighboring country is thriving and populous, and from it large quantities of grain are annually exported. BERTHIER, seigniory, Hertford co. L. C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 25 m. E. from Quebec. BERTIE, t. Lincoln co. U. C. on lake Erie, at its eastern extremity, having Niagara r. on the east. BERTIE, co. N. C. on the Roanoke, at its entrance into Albemarle Sound. Pop. 12,276. Chief town, Windsor. BERWICK, t. York co. Maine, on Salmon Fall r. 16 m. NW. from Portsmouth. The village extends about 2 m. along the r. and car- ries on a considerable trade, chiefly in lumber. Berwick has an academy. Pop. 3,168. BERWICK, South, t. York co. Maine, on Salmon Fall r. 12 m. NW. from York, 17 N. by W. from Portsmouth. At the landing at the foot of the falls is a flourishing village. BERWICK, t. Columbia co. Pa. on the E. branch of the Susquehannah, opposite the falls in Nescopeck creek, 22^- m. above Sunbury. BERWICK, or Abbotstown, Adams co. Pa. 41 m. SW. from Harrisburg. BESBOROUGH ISLAND, in Norton Sound, on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 63° 10' N. BETHABARA, t. Stokes co. N. C. 4 m. SE. from Bethania ; remarkable for being the first settlement of the Moravians in that section of the U. S. ; begun in 1753. BETHANIA, or Bethany, t. Stokes co. N.C. 4 m. NW. from Bethabara, 9 NW. from Salem, 10 SW. from Germantown, 368 from W. It is a Moravian town. BETHANY, t. Genesee co. N. Y. 397 m. fromW. Pop. 2,374. BETHANY, t. and cap. Wayne co. Pa, 50 m. NE. from Wilkesbarre, 279 from W. BETHANY CHURCH, t IredeU co. N. C. 170 m. W. from Raleigh. BETHEL, t. Oxford co. Maine, 18 m. NW. from Paris, 170 NNE. from Boston, 593 from W. BETHEL, t. Windsor co. Vt. 29 m. NNW. from Windsor. BETHEL, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 60 m. W. from Newburg, 307 from W. BETHEL, t. Bedford co. Pa. BETHEL, t. Berks co. Pa. BETHEL, t. Fairfield co. Ct. 20 m. NW. from Strafford, 26 a little N. of W. from New Haven. BETHEL, t. Lebanon co. Pa. BETHEL, t. Huron co. Ohio. BETHEL, t. York co. Maine, chiefly on the S. bank of the Androscoggin r. Z BETHEL, t. Delaware co. Pa. BETHEL, t. Dauphin co. Pa. at the foot of the Blue mountain. BETHEL, t. Miami co. Ohio. BETHEL, t. Clermont co. Ohio, 656 m. from W. BETHEL, t. Clark co. Ohio. BETHLEHEM, t. Grafton co. N. H. 69 m. N. from Concord. BETHLEHEM, t. Albany co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 8 m. below Albany. In this town two remarkable caves have lately been dis- covered. BETHLEHEM, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. on a branch of the Raritan. Pop. 1820, 2,002. BETHLEHEM, t. Northampton co. Pa. on the Lehigh, 12 m. SW. from Easton, 53 N. from Philadelphia. It is a settlement of the Mora- vians or United Brethren. The situation is healthful and pleasant, and in summer is fre- quented by travellers from various places. There are two boarding schools, one for young ladies, and the other for boys, which are in high repute, and receive many scholars from New York, Philadelphia, and other parts of the United States. BETHLEHEM, t. Oglethorpe co. Geo. 65 m. NNE. from Milledgeville. BETHLEHEM, t. Clarke co. In. 100 m. S. from Indianapolis. BETHLEHEM, East, t. Washington co. Pa. on the Monongahela. BETHLEHEM, West, t. Washington co. Pa. BETHLEHEM, t. Stark co. Ohio. BETHLEHEM'S CREEK, or Vlamari>s kill, N. Y. runs into the Hudson, 7 m. below Albany. BETHLEHEM-CROSS-ROADS, v. South- ampton co. Va. BETHLEM, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 9 m. S. from Litchfield, 32 NNW. from New Haven. Pop. 906. BETHSAIDA, v. Jones co. Geo. 25 m. W. from Milledgeville. BETTSBURG, v. in Jerusalem, Chenango co. N. Y. 307 m. from W. BEVERLY, t. and s-p. Essex co. Mass. 1| m. N. from Salem, 16 NNE. from Boston, 453 from W. It is connected with Salem by a bridge 1,500 feet in length. It contains seve- ral meeting-houses, a bank, and an insurance office. It is a place of considerable trade, and is largely concerned in the fisheries. Pop. 4,079. BEVERLY, t. and cap. Randolph co. Va. 50 m. W. by N. from Franklin, 280 WNW. from Richmond, 129 from W. It is handsome- ly situated between two branches of Tygart's Valley r. and is laid out in 3 parallel streets. It contains a brick court-house, a jail, and is a place of considerable business. BEVERLY, t. York co. U. C. SW. from York. BEUF RIVER, r. of N. A. which runs into the Mississippi. Lon. 91° 34' W.; lat. 39° 15' N. BEUF RIVER, r. of N. A. which runs into the Missouri. Lon. 91° 45' W. ; lat. 38° 25' IS 194 BEU— BIM BEULA, small t. Cambria co. Pa. planted chiefly by emigrants from Wales, (G. B.) about 60 m. E. from Pittsburg. BIBB, co. Ala. bounded N. by Shelby, E. by Coosa r. S. by Autauga and Perry, and W. by Tuscaloosa. Cahaba r. passes through this county, and the 33° N. lat. and 10° of Ion. W. from W. intercepts in its western part. Pop. 6,305. BIBB, C. H. and t. Bibb co. Ala. 35 m. SE. by E. from Tuscaloosa. BIC, seigniory, Cornwallis co. L. C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 153 m. below Quebec. BICHE MARIAS A LA, empties itself into lake Ontario, at the NE. part of the t. of Grantham, U. C. BICKLEY'S STORE, t. Abbeville district, S. C. 100 m. W. from Columbus. BIDDEFORD, t. and s-p. York co. Maine, near the mouth of the Saco, on W. side oppo- site Saco, 27 m. NE. from York, 105 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,995. BIDDLE, lake, one of the sources of Big- horn r. Is laid down on Mellish's map ; it is at 42° 40' N. lat. ; Ion. 32° 40 W. from W. BIENVENU, a bayou in the parish of Or- leans, Lou. running E. into lake Borgne. By this channel the British army reached the Mis- sissippi in Dec. 1814, when marching upon New Orleans. BIEKA, or Crab, one of the Virgin Islands, 9 m. ESE. from Porto Rico. Lon. 65° 15' W. Lat- 18° N. BIGBAY SETTLEMENT, v. Illinois, 868 m. from W. BIGBLACK, r. Mississippi, runs SW. 170 m. and falls into the Mississippi at the Great Gulf, 50 m. above Natchez. It is navigable in wet seasons 70 m. BIGBLUE, r. Indiana, runs into the Ohio, about 16 m. W. from Cory don. BIGBONE CREEK, Ken. runs N. into the Ohio, 40 m. below Cincinnati. Bigbone Licks is 8 m. above its mouth, and is a tract of land on each side of the r. furrowed by the tongues of the buffaloes and deer, who lick it for the salt with which it is impregnated. It receives its name from the bones of some enormous animal which were found here. BIG CREEK, a branch of the LoosaHatchie r. Shelby co. Ten. BIGDRY, r. N. A. which runs into the Mis- souri, 25 m. from Bigdry Creek. BIGDRY CREEK, r. N. A. which runs into the Missouri, 150 m. W. of the Yellowstone. BIG-EAGLE, t Scott co. Ken. 25 m. from Frankfort. BIG EDDY, r. Ken. which runs into the Cumberland. BIG FLAT, v. in the t. of Elmira, Tioga co. N. Y. 288 m. from W. BIG HACHY, r. Ten. and Mis. rises in the latter, and flowing NW. enters Henderson and Madison cos. in the former ; gradually turns W. and falls in the Mississippi r. ; lat. 35° 30' N. BIGHORN, r. N. A. rises in the Rocky mountains, near the sources of the Platte, and falls into the Yellowstone at Manuel's fort. Its length is 800 m. In its course it receives two considerable rivers, one from the W. and one from the S. called Little Bighorn r. It is unobstructed by falls, and is navigable to a great distance in canoes, through a rich opera country. BIGHORN, Little, r. N. A.; E. branch of the Bighorn. BIG LICK, v. Botetourt co. Va. 266 m. from W. BIG MUDDY CREEK, v. Randolph co. Illinois, 853 m. from W. BIG PRAIRIE, t. near Wooster, Wayne co* Ohio, 90 m. NE. from Columbus. BIGPRAIRIE, t. New Madrid co. Miso. BIGRIVER, t. St. Genevieve co. Miso. BIGRIVER, t. Jefferson co. Miso. BIGRIVER MILLS, t. St. Francis co. Miso, 90 m. from St. Charles. BIGROCK, t. Delaware co. Ohio. BIGROCK, t. Pulaski co. Arkansas, extends 80 m. along Arkansas r. BIG-SANDY, creek, Geo. runs into the Oc- onee, about 20 m. above Dublin. BIG SANDY, r. rises in the Alleghany mountains, near the heads of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and falls into the Ohio r. between Virginia and Kentucky. It is the boundary between these states for nearly 200 m. It is navigable to the Wascioto mountains. The east branch joins the south or main stream 40 m. above its entrance into the Ohio. The mouth of Little Sandy river is 20 m. be- low that of Big Sandy. BIG SCIOUX, r. falls into the Missouri from the N. 882 m. above its mouth. BIG-SPRINGS, v. Washington co. Md. 86 m. from W. BIG-SUGAR CREEK, v. Crawford co. Pa. 328 m. from W. BIG-SWAMP, t. Montgomery co. Alab. 50 m. E. from Cahawba. BIG WALNUT CREEK, large easterly branch of Scioto river, rises in the NE. angle of Delaware co. Ohio. Its course is nearly S. 50 m. through Delaware, across Franklin, into the N. border of Pickaway co. where it joins the Scioto. BILL-BIRD'S-KEY, i. in the Spanish Main, on the Musquito Shore. Lon. 82° 54' W. lat. 12° 16' N. BILLERICA, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 19 m. NNW. from Boston, 456 from W. Pop. 1,374. It is watered by the Concord and Shawsheen rivers, and is a pleasant and considerable town. BILLIMEAD, t. Caledonia co. Vt. on the sources of Passamsick river. BILLINGSPORT, v. N. J. on the r. Dela- ware, about 12 m. below Philadelphia. Here was a fortification during the war of Indepen- dence, which defended the channel of the river, until captured after an obstinate defence. BILLUPS, v. Dinwiddie co. Va.; 156 m. from W. BIMINI, one of the Bahama islands, near the channel of Bahama, 8 m. in length, and as much in breadth. It is very woody, and diffi- cult of access on account of the shoals, but it BIN— BLA 195 is a very pleasant place, and inhabited by the native Americans. Lat. 25° 0' N. BINBROOK, t. in Lincoln co. U. C be- tween Saltfleet, Glandford and Caistor. BINGHAM, t. Somerset co. Me. ; 26 m. N. Norridgewock. Pop. 538. BINGHAMPTON, v. and cap. Broome co. in the township of Chenango, N. Y. at the junction of the Chenango and S usque. 40 m. SW. Norwich, 148 SW. Albany, 295 from W. A weekly newspaper is published here. It is a flourishing village, and contains a court- house and jail, and has considerable trade. Pop. 1,203. BINSBY MOUNTAINS, range of moun- tains in N. C. BIRCH BAY, on the NW. coast of Ameri- ca, in the Gulf of Georgia. Lon. 237° 33' E. lat. 48° 53' N. BIRCH STREAM, t. Penobscot co. Me. 150 NE. from Portland. BIRD, small island, or rather rock in the head of Niagara river, between the harbor of Buffalo and Fort Erie. BIRD, t. Brown co. Ohio. BIRDSBOROUGH, t. Berks co. Pa. ; on SW. side of.the Schuylkill ; 8 m. SE. Reading. BlRDSTOWN,v. Cape Girardeau co. Miso.; 939 m. from W. BIRDSVILLE, v. Burke co. Geo. BIRMINGHAM, t. Delaware co. Pa., on E. side Brandywine creek, and bordering on Del- aware. Pop. 686. BIRMINGHAM, t Centre co. Pa.; 213 m. from W. BIRMINGHAM,! Chester co. Pa. Pop. 290. BIRMINGHAM, t. Huntingdon co. Pa. on the Little Juniatta; 18 m. NW. Huntingdon. BISCAY, New, a name given by the Span- iards to a part of the W. coast of Mexico ; now incorporated with the intendeney of So- nora, Durango, and Guadalaxara. BISCAY, Bay of, on the S. coast of New- foundland, between Cape Race and Cape Pine. Lon. 53° 6' W. lat. 46° 50' N. BISCAYNO, isl. in the Gulf of Florida. Lon. 80° 23' W. lat. 25° 55' N. BISHOPSVILLE,v.Sumpter district, S.C.; 60 m. SE. of Columbia. BISTINEAU, lake, in W. part of the state of Louisiana, 30 or 40 m. in length. It com- municates with Red river on the S. and the Dacheet flows into its N. end. BLACK BAY, in the Chesapeake, on the coast of Virginia. BLACK BAY, on the N. shore of Lake Superior, lies a little E. of Isle de Minatte, and W. of Shanguenac, U. C. BLACK CREEK, Lincoln co. U. C. dis- charges itself into the river Niagara, in th$». t. of Willoughby, some m. above Chippewa. BLACK CREEK, r. N. J. which runs into the Delaware. BLACK CREEK, r. Geo. which runs into the Savannah. BLACK CREEK, r. S. C. which runs into BLACK CREEK, r. Va. which runs into York river. BLACK'S EDDY, t. Bucks co. Pa. BLACK FOOT INDIANS, on Maria's river, N. America. BLACK HEATH, r. Monroe co, 111. 110 m. SW. from Vandalia. BLACK HEATH, t. Randolph co. Illinois. BLACK HORSE, v. Burlington co. N. J. BLACK HORSE TAVERN, v. Chester co. Pa. BLACK ISLAND, t. Hannah co. Me. BLACK LAKE RIVER, r. Louisiana, which rises in highlands in NW. part of the state, pursues a S. course, passes through Black Lake, which is 15 or 20 m. in length, and joins the Saline 8 NE. Natchitoches, to form the Rigolet de Bon Dieu. BLACK LAKE, or Osicegatchie Lake, lake, in St. Lawrence co. N. Y. ; 20 m. long, and 2 broad ; S. of Ogdensburg. It is nearly parallel to the St. Lawrence, about 4 m. distant. It communicates with the Oswegatchie by an outlet 3 or 4 m. long. BLACK LICK, t. Indiana co. Pa. BLACK LICK, r. Ohio which joins Big Walnut river, 10 m. SE. Columbus. BLACKMAN'S STORE, t. Sampson co. N. C. ; 85 m. SSE. from Raleigh. BLACK MOUNTAIN, mt. N. H. in Peel, ing and Lincoln ; NE. of Moosehillock. BLACK RIVER, r. Vt. which rises in Greensborough, and runs into Lake Mem- phremagog. BLACK RIVER, r. S. C. rises in Kenshaw, and flowing SE. crosses Williamsburg, into Georgetown district, and falls into Winyaw Bay at Georgetown. BLACK RIVER, r. Vt. which rises in Ply- mouth, and runs into the Connecticut opposite Charlestown. BLACK RIVER, r. N. Y. which, after a NW. course of 120 m. flows into Hungary Bay, in Lake Ontario, N. of Sacket's Harbor. It has a passage under ground nearly a mile, at a distance of a few miles from its mouth. BLACK RIVER, r. N. C. which runs SSE. into Cape Fear river, 23 m. above Wilmington. BLACK RIVER, a name given to the Ou- achitta, after the junction of the Tensaw and Ocatahoola. Its course from the junction to its union with Red river, is very winding, and is 30 m. in length. BLACK RIVER, Big, r. Mis. which rises between the head waters of the Yazoo and Pearl river, and pursuing a SW. course of about 170 m. flows into the Mississippi above the Grand Gulf. Lat. 32° 2' N. BLACK RIVER, r. Ohio, which runs into Lake Erie, 27 m. W. of the Cuyahoga. BLACK RIVER, r. S. C. which runs into the Pedee, lon. 99° 5' W. lat. 33° 29' N. BLACK RIVER, r. America, which runs into Lake Michigan. BLACK RIVER, t. Huron co. Ohio. BLACK RIVER, Michigan Territory, runs W. into Lake Michigan, N. of the river St. Joseph's. . BLACK RIVER, Lou. formed by the junc- tion of the Ocatahoola, Washitau, and Ten- saw, flows S. by a very circuitous channel of 196 BLA— BLA 40 m. and falls into Red river 30 m. above its mouth. BL ACKRIVER, Miso. rises near the sources of the Merrimack and the Gasconade, and running in a southerly direction is joined by C urrent, Thomas, Spring - , and Strawberry, large rivers from the west, after which it flows into the Arkansas Territory and unites with the White river 50 m. below the town of Lawrence. It is navigable more than 100 m.
mington. DUPLIN, Old, v. Duplin co. N. C. DUPREESVILLE, v. Northampton co. N C. 206 m, from W. DURANT'S BAY, inlet on the coast of N. C. in Albemarle sound. Lon. 76° 16' W lat. 35° 40' N. DURANT'S ISLAND, small isl. in Albe- marle sound, N. C. Lon. 76° 15' W. lat. 35° 46' N. DURANT'S POINT, cape, on the coast of N. C. in Albemarle sound. Lon. 76° 30' W lat. 36° 5' N. DURANGO, an intendency of Mexico. It is bounded N. by New Mexico, E. by San Luis Potosi, S. by Zacatecas and Guadalaxara, and W. by Sonora. It contains 129,947 sq. ms. and only 159,700 inhabitants. DURANGO, t. Mexico, in the intendency of Durango. It is the residence of the in UUR— EAS 257 tendent and of a bishop: 170 leagues NW.| from the city of Mexico. Pop. 12,000. DURHAM, t. Buckingham co. L.C. between Wickham and Melborne, 60 m. E. from Mont- real. DURHAM, t. Greene co. N. Y. 20 m. NW. from Athens. Pop. in 1820, 2,979 ; in 1830, 3,039. DURHAM, co. U. C. DURHAM, northern t. of Bucks co. Pa. on the W. side of the river Delaware, 12 m. S. from Easton. Pop. 526. DURHAM, t. Cumberland co. Me. on the Androscoggin, 26 m. ISl E. from Portland. Pop. 1,731. DURHAM, t Middlesex co. Ct. 7 ra. S. from Middletown, 18 NE. from New Haven. Pop. 1,116. DURHAM, formerly Freehold, t. Greene co. N. Y. on Catskill r. 20 m. NW. from Athens, 30 SW. from Albany. Pop. 3,039. It con- tains 1 Methodist and 2 Presbyterian churches, and a public library of 500 volumes. DURHAM, New, t. Strafford co. N. H. 38 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,606. DURHAM CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Delaware, Ion. 75° 15' W. lat. 40° 35' N. DUTCHESS, co. N. Y. on the E. side of the Hudson, bounded N. by Columbia co. E. by Connecticut, S. by Putnam co. and W. by the Hudson, which separates it from Orange and Ulster counties. Pop. 50,926. Chief town, Poughkeepsie. DUTCH SETTLEMENT, v. in Catharines, Tioga co. N. Y. DUTOTSBURG, t. Northampton co. Pa. DUTTON, v. Penobscot co. Maine, 135 m. NE. from Portland. Pop. 652. DUTY'S, v. Sumner co. Ten. DUTYSVILLE, v. Sumner co. Ten. DUXBOROUGH, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 10 m. N. from Plymouth, 38 SE. from Boston. Pop. 2,705. A number of vessels are owned here, and employed in the coasting trade and the fisheries. _ DUXBUR Y, t. Washington co. Vt. on Onion river, 13 m. W. from Montpelier. Pop. 652. DWIGHT, Arkansas territory, a missionary station among the Cherokees, established in 1820 by the American Board of Foreign Mis- sions. It is on the W. bank of the Illinois r. which empties into the Arkansas 4 m. below, and is navigable for keel-boats to Dwight. The site of the settlement is a small eminence, at the foot of which issues a large spring of pure water. The lands on both sides of the river are fertile, and there is a good mill-seat in the vicinity. Houses are erected for the accom- modation of the mission family, and a school is opened. It is 200 m. above the town of Ar- kansas, 130 above Little Rock, 500, as the river runs, from the mouth of the Arkansas, 100 be- low Fort Smith. DYBERRY, t. Wayne co. Pa. Pop. 400. DYER'S ISLAND, in the head of the bay of Quinte, lies to the eastward of Missassaga Island, U. C. DYER, v. Dyer co. Ten. DYER, co* of Ten. situation and boundaries 2H uncertain. It has been recently erected Pop. 1,904. Dyersburg is the capital. E. EAGLE, t. Brown co. Ohio. EAGLE, t. Hockhocking co. Ohio. EAGLE, t. St. Clair co. Illinois. EAGLE CREEK, r. Ohio, which flows into the Ohio, 10 m. below Maysville, Ken. EAGLE ISLAND, Hancock co. Maine. EAGLE RIVER, a river of N. America, which runs into the Mississippi. Lon. 92 3 14' W. lat. 43° 50' N. EAGLE VILLE, v. in Manlius, N. Y. \\ m. E. from Manlius village. EAGLEVILLE, t. Alabama, on the Tom- bigbee, just below the junction of the Black Warrior. It is the chief town of a French settlement, and is pleasantly situated in a very fertile country. EARDLEY, t. York co. L. C. on Ottawa r. NW. of Montreal. EARL, t. Berks co. Pa. Pop. 850. EARL, t. Lancaster co. Pa. on Conestoga creek. Pop. 5,100. EARLY, co. Geo. Pop. 2,051. EARTHQUAKE LAKE, lake, Missouri, about 40 m. W. from New Madrid. It is about 20 miles long. EAST BRANCH, r. Ohio, which joins the Little Miami, in N. part of Hamilton co. EAST ANDOVER, t. of Oxford co. Maine, 30 m. NW. from Paris. EAST BAY, in Adolphustown, Bay of Quinte, U. C. is where the forks of the N. Channel open, descending south-westerly from Hay bay. EAST BECKET, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 25 m. W. from Northampton. EAST BETHEL, v. Oxford co. Me. 71 m. from Portland. EAST BLOOMFIELD, t. Ontario co. N. Y. 6 m. W. from Canandaigua. EAST-BRIDGEWATER, v. Plvmouth co. Mass. Pop. 1,653. EAST-CHESTER, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 8 m. S. from White Plains, 20 N. from New York. Pop. 1,300. EASTERN, t. Chenango co. N. Y. EASTERN BAY, bay on E. side of Ches apeake Bay. Lat. 38 3 50' N. EASTERN NECK, isl. E. side of Chesa- peake Bay, at N. entrance of Chester river ; 3^ miles long, \ broad. EASTERN RIVER, r. Maine, which joins the Kennebeck, at Dresden. EASTERTON, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on E. side of the Susquehannah, 4 m. above Harrisburg. EASTHAM, t. Barnstable co. Mass. on Barnstable Bay, 24 m. ENE. from Barnstable, 89 SE. from Boston, 519 from W. Pop. 966. EAST-DISTRICT, t. Berks co. Pa. Pop. 956. EAST FALLS OF MACHIAS, v. Wash- ington co. Maine, 5 m. E. from Machias, 780 from W. EASTERN DISTRICT, of U. C. bounded E. by the province of L. G, S. by the river St. Lawrence, N. by the Ottawa river, and W. by 258 EAS— EAT a meridian passing 1 through the mouth of the' Gananoque river, in Leeds co. EAST GOSHEN, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 6 m. N. from Litchfield. EAST GREENWICH, t. and cap. Kent co. R. I. on an arm of Narraganset Bay, 16 m. S. from Providence, 22 NNW. from Newport. Pop. 1,591. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and two churches. EAST GUILFORD, v. in Guilford, New Haven co. Ct. EAST HADDAM, t. Middlesex co. Ct. on the E. side of Connecticut river, 14 m. S. from Middletown, 21 NW. from New London. Pop. 2,763. It contains 4 churches, 3 for Congre- gationalists, and 1 for Episcopalians. EAST HAMBURG, t. Erie co. N. Y. EAST-HAMPTON, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 5 m. S. from Northampton, 90 m. W. from Bos- ton. Pop. 734. EAST-HAMPTON, t. Suffolk co. N. Y. SE. part of Long Island, 110 m. E. from New York, 347 from W. Pop. 1,668. It includes Mon- tauk and Gardner's Island. Clinton academy is in this town. It is a respectable seminary. EAST HARTFORD, t. Hartford co. Ct. on the E. side of Connecticut river, opposite Hart- ford, with which it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 3,373. It contains 4 churches, 2 for Con- gregation alists, 1 for Baptists, and 1 for Meth- odists. Here are numerous mills and manu- factories. About | of a mile from the river is a wide street, compactly settled, with a row of stately elms in the middle, extending 2 m. EAST-HAVEN, t. Essex co. Vt. 45 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 33. EAST-HAVEN, t. Hew-Haven co. Ct. 4 m. E. from New-Haven. Pop. 1,229. EAST HECTOR, t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 12 m. W. from Ithaca. Pop. 5,212. EAST ISLAND, small isl. in the Atlantic, near the coast of Maine, Lat. 32° N. EAST KINGSTON, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 22 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 443. EAST LIVERMORE, t. Oxford co. Me. on E. side of Androscoggin r. 66 m. from Portland. EAST MAIN, part of New Britain, on the peninsula of Labrador ; lies along the E. shore of James' Bay. EAST MAIN HOUSE, one of the British stations for Indian fur trade, stands on a river flowing into James' Bay. Lat. 52° 15' N. EAST MARLBOROUGH, t. Chester co. Pa. on Red Clay creek, 9 m. S. from Downing- town. Pop. 1,050. EAST MINOT, t. Cumberland co. Me. 39 m. N. from Portland. The township of East Minot forms the NE. angle of the county. Pop. 2,908. EASTON, t. Bristol co. Mass. 10 m. N. from Taunton, 22 S. from Boston. Pop. 1,756. EASTON, t. Washington co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 16 m. SW. from Salem, 27 N. from Albany. Pop. 3,753. EASTON, t. and cap. Northampton co. Pa. is pleasantly situated on the Delaware, at the mouth of the Lehigh, 12 m. NE. from Bethle- hem, 58 N. from Philadelphia. Pop. 3 3 5S9. It is regularly laid out and contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 2 banks. There is a bridge over the Delaware at this place, 570 feet long. The Delaware, Morris, and Lehigh canals unite at this place. It is 190 m. from W. EASTON, t. and cap. Talbot co. Md, is on Treadhaven creek, 12 m. above its junction with the Choptank, 42 ESE. from Annapolis, 37 S. from Chester. It is the largest town on the E. shore of Maryland, and a place of con siderable business. It contains a bank, acad- emy, arsenal, court-house, jail, two printing- offices, and 4 houses for public worship ; 1 for Methodists, 1 for Episcopalians, 1 for Friends, and 1 for blacks. Pop. about 1,600. It is 84 m. from W. EAST PITTSTON, t. in the southern part of Kennebeck co. Me. E. from Kennebeck r. and 60 m. NE. from Portland. EASTPORT, v. and port of entry, Wash- ington co. Me, at the mouth of Cobscook river, 280 m. NE. from Portland. This town has rapidly increased ; its shipping exceeds 7,000 tons. Pop. in 1820, 1,937 ; in 1830, 2,450. EAST PULTNEY, a small river, rising in Rutland co. Vt. which enters Lake Champlain at Whitehall, and from that place to the village of Pultney, separates N. York from Vermont. EAST RIVER, r. or rather a channel or sound, between Long Island and New York Island, and between Long Island and the state of Connecticut, where it is more generally called Long Island , Sound. EAST RIVER, port of entry, Va, Amount of shipping, 1,788 tons. EAST RIVER, Florida, runs into Pensaco- la Bay. EAST SUDBURY, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 18 m. W. from Boston. Pop. 944. EAST TOWN, t. Chester co. Pa. Pop. 587. EAST UNION, t. Wayne co. Ohio, 6 m. E. from Wooster. Pop. 800. EASTVILLE, v. on the E. shore of Va. in Northampton co. 164 m. from Richmond. EAST WINDSOR, t. Hartford co. Ct. on the E. side of Connecticut r. 8 m. above Hart- ford. Pop. in 1820, 3,400 ; in 1830, 3,537. EASTWOODFORD, v. Union district, S.C. 116 m. NNW. from Columbia. EATON, t. Buckingham co. L. C. 84 m. SSE. from Three Rivers. EATON, t. Stafford co. N. H., on Ossipee Lake, 50 m. NE. from Concord. Pop. in 1820, 1,071 ; in 1830, 1,432. EATON, t. Madison co. N. Y on the head of Chenango r. 30 m. SW. from Utica. Pop. in 1820, 3,021 ; in 1830, 3,558. EATON, t. and seat of justice, Preble co. Ohio. The village is seated near a quarter of a mile from Old Fort St. Clair, 34 m. W. from Dayton, and 50 N. from Cincinnati. Pop. 511. Lat. 39° 45' N. ; Ion. from W. 7° 38' W. EATON'S NECK, the N. extremity of Hun- tington, in Suffolk co. on Long Island, N. Y. where a light-house is erected. EATON'S NECK LIGHT-HOUSE, Hun- tington, Suffolk co. N. Y on Long Island. It is situated on a point of land N. from Hunting- EAT— EDW 259 ton Bay, on Long Island Sound, 40 m. ENE. from New York, and nearly opposite Norwalk in Connecticut. EATONTON, t. and cap. Putnam co. Geo. in a very healthy situation. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and a church, which is erected on the academy square, and is open to Christians of every denomination. The academy consists of 2 handsome 2 story build- ings, 150 yards apart, one for males and the other for females, and has a library and philo- sophical apparatus. It is 22 m. NW. from Milledgeville, and 650 from W. EATONTOWN, v. Monmouth co. N. J. 1 m. from the town of Shrewsbury. EBENEZER, creek, Geo. runs SE. and falls into Savannah river at Ebenezer. EBENEZER, t. Effingham co. Geo. on Sa- vannah river, 25 m. NNW. from Savannah. It was settled in 1735, by Protestants from Germanv. EBENEZER ACADEMY, v. York co. S.Carolina. EBENEZER ISLAND, small island in the Savannah, near Purysburg. EBENSBURG, t. and cap. Cambria co. Pa. 53 m. W. from Huntingdon, 75 E. from Pitts- burg, 190 from W. Pop. 270. ECONOMY, a beautiful little village in Beaver co. Pa. on the Ohio, a few miles below Pittsburg. It is inhabited solely by the sect of Harmonists under the celebrated Rapp. The village is regularly laid out with wide and rectangular streets. The houses are mostly of wood. The inhabitants are Germans, and are very industriously occupied in manufac- tures and husbandry. They have a woollen and cotton manufactory with steam machinery on a large scale, also breweries, distilleries, tanyards, &c. The buildings for these are generally of brick. Here is also a handsome church, and a spacious building with a hall for concerts, a museum, a mineralogical collection, a mathematical school, a library, and a school for drawing. Considerable attention is paid to the cultivation of grapes, and close to the vil- lage is a hill covered with vineyards. All their property is held in common. They car- ry on an extensive trade with the neighboring country, and are in a very thriving condition. Pop. about 800. EDDENBURG, v. Portage co. Ohio; 120 m. NE. from Columbus. EDDINGTON, t. Penobscot co. Me. on Pe- nobscot r. 5 m. E. from Bangor. Pop. 405. EDDY GROVE, t Caldwell co. Ken. EDDYVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Cald- well co. Ken. on the right bank of Cumberland river, 22 m. SE. bv E. from Smithland on the Ohio, and 44 NW. from Clarksville, in Ten. Lat. 37° 3' N. ; Ion. from W. 10° 50' W. EDEN, v. Hancock co. Me. on the island of Mount Desert, 40 m. SSE. from Bangor, 163 NE. by E. from Portland. Pop. 957. EDEN, v. Erie co. N. Y. 268 m. W. from Albany. Pop. 1,066. EDEN, t. Orleans co. Vt. ; 37 m. N. from Montpelier. EDENBURG, v. Johnson co. In. ; 27 m. from Indianapolis. EDEN'S ISLAND, small island in the At- lantic, near the coast of S. C. EDENTON, s-p. and cap. Chowan co. N. C. at the head of Edenton Bay, which sets up from Albemarle Sound ; 66 m. S. from Nor- folk, 99 NNE. from Newbern, 139 SE. from Petersburg, Va. 192 NNE. from Wilming- ton, 284 from W. Lon. 57° 7' W. lat. 36° N. It contains an elegant court-house, a jail, a bank, and an Episcopal church. It is advan- tageously situated for trade, but the climate is unhealthy. A newspaper is published here. Pop. 1,500. EDGARTOWN, s-p. and cap. Duke's co. Mass. on E. part of Martha's Vineyard, 14 m. from the main; 87 m. S. from Boston, 500 from W. Lat. 41° 25' N. Pop. 1,509. It is sometimes called Old Town. Near Old Town Harbor there is a handsome village, containing a court-house, a jail, and meeting-house, and 100 houses. It has considerable shipping. EDGECOMBE, cape of King George's Isl- and, W. coast of N. America. Lon. 58° 15' from W. lat. 57° 2' N. EDGECOMBE, co. central part of N. C. Pop. 14,933. Chief town, Tarborough. EDGECOMBE, t. Lincoln co. Me. opposite Wiscasset, on Sheepscot river. Pop. 1,258. EDGEFIELD, district of S. C. bounded by Savannah river NW. Abbeville NE. Newberry N. and Lexington, Orange, and Barnwell SE. Length 46 m. mean width 40. Chief town, Edgefield. Pop. in 1820, 25,179; 1830, 30,511. EDGMONT, t. Delaware co. Pa. Pop. 651. EDINBURGH, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. : 26 m. N. from Ballston, 50 WW. from Albany. Pop. 1,571. EDINBURGH, t. Dearborn co. In. half a mile from the Ohio, and near Lawrenceburg. EDINBURGH, t. Elbert co. Geo. on Savan- nah river. EDINBURGH, t Portage co. Ohio, 6 m. SE. from Ravenna. Pop. 115. EDISTO, v. Orange co. S. C. ; 577 m. from W. EDISTO, considerable river of S. Carolina, which rises in the district of Edgefield, and after running in a SE direction between Barnwell and Orangeburgh, enters Ccileton and falls into the ocean by two separate out- lets in lat. 32° 25' N. EDISTO, island of Georgia, formed by the two outlets of Edisto river. It is separated from Wadmelau island, by N. Edisto, and is fertile and well cultivated. EDMESTON, t. Otsego co. N. Y. ; 20 m. W. from Cooperstown. Pop. in 1820, 1,841 ; 1830, 2,087. EDWARDS, co. II. on the Wabash. Pop. 1,649. Chief town, Albion. EDWARDSBURG, t. Greenville co.U. C. on St. Lawrence river, 67 m. NE. from Kingston. EDMUNDSVILLE, v. Surrey co. Va. EDWARDSVILLE, t. and cap. Madison co. II. ; 15 m. NNE. from Cahokia, 75 N. from 280 EEL— ELI Kaskaskia, 836 from W. It is situated in a very fertile country, and contains a land office, a bank, and about 50 houses, chiefly built of logs. EEL RIVER, r. N. America, which runs into the Wabash, Ion. 86° 27' W. lat. 40° 31' N. EEL RIVER INDIANS, in NW. Terri- tory, on the head waters of the Wabash. EFFINGHAM, co. L. C. extends from the Ottawa river, opposite Isle Jesus, in a NE. direction between York and Leinster counties. It lies NW. from Montreal. EFFINGHAM, t. Strafford co. N. H. ; 43 m. NE. from Concord. Pop. 1620, 1,368; in 1830, 1,911 EFFINGHAM, co. Geo. between Savannah and Great Ogeechee rivers, and bounded S. by Chatham, W. by Great Ogeechee river, NW. by Scriven, and NE. and E. by Savannah river. Length 26 m. width 18. Chief town, Spring- field. Pop. 1820, 3,018 ; in 1830, 2,969. EGGHARBOR, Great, inlet and river, N. J. The river forms the boundary between Cape May and Gloucester counties, and runs into the inlet, in lat. 39° 22' N. It is navigable 20 m. for vessels of 200 tons. EGGHARBOR, Great, s-p. and port of en- try, Gloucester co. N. J. on the sea-coast, at the mouth of Eggharbor river, 60 m. from Philadelphia. Pop. 1,700. It has considera- ble shipping. EGGHARBOR, Little, inlet, N. J. lies 17 m. N. from Great Eggharbor Inlet. It re- ceives Mulicus creek, which is navigable 20 m. for vessels of 60 tons. EGGHARBOR, Little, s-p. and port of en- try, Burlington co. N. J. on the sea-coast, 60 m. from Philadelphia. The compact part of the town is called Clamtown. Pop. 1,200. EGG ISLAND, island on the E. side of Delaware Bay, in Cumberland co. N. J. EGG ISLAND, small island on E. coast of Virginia, at the mouth of York river. EGLISE, River de V, r. L. Canada, which falls into the St. Lawrence from the N. 44 m. below the Island of Orleans. EGMONT BAY, on the SW. coast of the Island of St. John, in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. Lon. 64° W. lat. 46° 30' N. EGMONT ISLAND, in the Gulf of Mexi- co, on the W. coast of Florida. Lon. 82° 55' W. lat. 27° 54' N. EGREMONT, t. Berkshire co. Mass. ; 15 m. SSW. from Lenox. Pop. 889. EGYPT, New, v. Monmouth co. N. J. EIGHTEEN MILE CREEK, r. Ohio, which flows into the Ohio, 18 m. below Galli- polis. ELBA, t. Genesee co. N. Y. Pop. 2,679. ELBERT, co. N. part of Georgia. Pop. 12,354, of whom 5,853 were people of color. Chief towns, Elberton and Petersburg. ELBERTON, t. Elbert co. Georgia, on S. side of the Savannah ; 23 m. NW. from Pe- tersburg, 655 from W. It is the seat of jus- tice for the county. ELBERTON, t. Effingham co. Georgia, on NE. side of the Ogeechee ; 48 m. NW. from Savannah, 55 SE. from Louisville. ELBRIDGE, v. Camillus, Onondaga co. N. York. ELDERTON, v. Armstrong co. Pa.; 190 m. W. from Haxrisburg. , ELDRIDGE, v. Buckingham co. Va. ; 82 m. W. from Richmond. ELDRIDGE, t. Huron co. Ohio. ELEANOR'S COVE, a harbor on the NW. coast of America. Lon. 220° 51' E. lat. 59° 44' N. ELIM, or Parlcersville, v. Edgefield dis- trict, s. a ELIZABETH, t. Alleghany co. Pa. on E. side of the Monongahela, about 18 m. SSE. from Pittsburg. Pop. 3,050. ELIZABETH, t. Miami co. Ohio. ELIZABETH, v. Harrison co. In. ELIZABETH, t. Leeds co. U. Canada, op- posite Morristown, St. Lawrence co. N. Y. ELIZABETH, t. and seat of justice, Essex co. N. Y. on Bouquet river, 130 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 1820, 889; in 1830, 1,729. Lat. 44° 12' N. lon. 3° 26' E. from W. ELIZABETH, r. Va; is formed by the union of two branches, at Norfolk, and flows into Hampton Roads, 8 m. below. It is from 150 to 200 fathoms wide, and at common floods has 18 feet water to Norfolk. Its entrance is defended by a fort ; see Craney Island. The canal, connecting the waters of Albemarle Sound with Chesapeake Bay, communicate with the S. branch of Elizabeth river, 9 m. above Norfolk. ELIZABETH, t. Lawrence co. Ohio. Pop. 295. ELIZABETH, v. Callaway co. Miso. about 25 in. NE. from Osage, at the mouth of Osage river, and by the post route, 10 m. W. from St. Charles. ELIZABETH CAPE, the NE. point at the entrance of Cook's inlet. Lat. 59° 9' N.— There is another cape of this name, on the Main. Lat. 43° 22' N. ELIZABETH CITY, t. and seat of justice, Pasquotank co. N. C. on the right bank of Pas- quotank r. 45 m. S. from Norfolk, and 35 NE. from Edenton. Lat. 36° 12' N. ELIZABETH CITY, co. Va. between York and James rivers, having York and Warwick counties on the W. Pop. 5,068. Chief town^ Hampton. ELIZABETH ISLANDS, on the S. coast of Mass. between Martha's Vineyard and the main la^d belonging to Duke's county. Lon. 7Qo 38'— 70° 56' W. ; lat. 41° 24'— 41° 32' N They are about 16 in number, the principal of which are Nashawn, Pasqui, Nashawenua, Pinequese, and Cuttyhunk. ELIZABETH RIVER, r. N.C. which runs into the Neuse. Lon. 78° 18' W. ; lat. 33° 56' N. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. and bor. Essex co. N. J. 6 m. S. from Newark, 15 WSW. from New York. Lon. 74° 12' W. ; lat. 40° 38' N. Pop. 3,457. It is pleasantly situated on a creek, emptying itself into Staten Island Sound, and contains an academy, bank, and 3 houses ELI— ELL 261 for public worship, 1 for Presbyterians, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Methodists. Vessels of 20 or 30 tons come up to the town, and those of 200 or 300 tons come as far as Elizabeth- town Point, at the mouth of the creek, 2 m. distant. A steam-boat plies between the city of New York and the Point. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. Lancaster co. Pa. 18 m NW. from Lancaster, 80 W. by N.from Philadelphia. ELIZABETHTOWN, v. Alleghany co. Pa. on the E. side of Monongahela river, about 12 m. above its junction with the Ohio, and the same distance S. by E. from Pittsburg. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. and seat of justice, Bladen co. N. C. on the right bank of Cape Fear river, 40 m. above Wilmington, and 55 below Fayetteville. Lat. 34° 38' N. ; Ion. from W. 1° 40' W. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. and seat of justice, Hardin co. Ken. on the head of Nolin creek, a branch of G r een jiver, 45 m. nearly S. from Louisville. Lat. 37° 47' N.; Ion. from W. 8° 35'. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. and seat of justice, Carter co. Ten. on the left bank of W atauga river, 130 m. above Knoxville. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. Harrison co. In. ELIZABETHTOWN, v. Hamilton co.Ohio, 119 m. SW. from Columbus. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. and cap. Tyrrel co. N. C. on S. side of Albemarle Sound. It con- tains a court-house, a jail, and a few houses. ELIZABETHTOWN, t. Ohio co. Va. on E. bank of the Ohio, 12 m. S. from Wheeling. ELIZAVILLE, v. Fleming co. Ken. ELK, r. Miso. which runs into the Missis- sippi, 4 m. above the Little Falls. It is 40 yards wide at its mouth, and there is a short portage from its waters to the St. Anthony. ELK, r. of the E. shore of Maryland, is formed by the union of Big and Little Elk creeks, at Elkton, and flows into the Chesa- peake 13 m. below. ELK, r. rises on the W. side of the Cum- berland mountains, in Ten. and flowing SW. into Alabama, joins Tennessee river, a little above the Muscle Shoals, 40 m. WNW. from Creeks crossing-place. ELK, r. of western Va. rises in Randolph co. and flowing W. by comparative courses about 100 m. falls into the great Kenhawa at Charleston. ELK CREEK, Pa. unites with Penn's creek, and falls into the Susquehannah, 5 m. below Sunbury. ELK CREEK, Ohio, runs into the Miami, in Madison, Butler co. ELKHOLM, v. Montgomery co. Miso. 56 m. W. from St. Charles. ELKHORN, r. Ken. runs into Kentucky r. m. below Frankfort, and is 50 yards wide at its mouth. ELKHORN, t. Montgomery co. Miso. ELK LAKE, between Lake of the Woods and Lake Superior. Lon. 93° W.; lat. 48° 41' N. ELKMARSH, v. Fauquier co. Va. ELKRIDGE LANDING, t Ann-Arundel co. Md. on the S. bank of the PatapsCo, at the Falls, 8 m. SW. from Baltimore ; noted for its tobacco called kite's foot. ELKRUN, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. ELKRUN CHURCH, v. Fauquier co. Va. ELKTON, t. and cap. Cecil co. Md. at the forks of Elk river, 13 m. above its mouth at Turkey Point, 12 m. SW. from Christiana bridge, 10 N. from Charlestown, 46 SW. from Philadelphia, 56 NE. from Baltimore. The tide flows up to the town, and there was for- merly a brisk trade between Philadelphia and Baltimore, through this place. The village is well built, and the public buildings are a court- house, jail, bank, and Methodist church. ELKTON, t. Giles co. Ten. ELKTON, t. Christian co. Ken. ELKTON, v. and seat of justice, Todd co. Ken. 190 m. NW. from Frankfort. ELLENSVILLE, v. in the southern part of Ulster co. N. Y. ELLERY, v.Chatauque co.N.Y. Pop. 2,001. ELLICOTT, t. Chatauque co. N. Y., SE. from Chatauque. Pop. 2,101. ELLICOTTS, or Eleven-mile creek, N. Y. runs into the Tormewanta, at its entrance into Niagara river. ELLICOTTS CROSS ROADS, v. Cumber- land co. Ken. ELLICOTTS MILLS, v. Baltimore co. Md. ELLICOTTVILLE, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. ELLINGTON, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 2,279. ELLINGTON, t. Tolland co. Ct. 13 m. NE. from Hartford. Pop. 1,455. There is a cele- brated boarding-school for boys at this place. ELLIOTT, t. York co. Me. Pop. 1,845. ELLIOTT, missionary station of the Amer- ican board of Foreign Missions, on a branch of the Yazoo, 150 m. NE. from Walnut-hills. At this place has been erected since 1818, a village containing about 20 houses, a Lancas- terian school established, and other judicious measures adopted to civilize the neighboring savages. ELLIOT'S ISLAND, in the Gulf of Flor- ida, between Florida peninsula and the Cat Keys. Lat. 25° 33' N. ELLIS, r. Coos co. N. H. runs into the Sa- co, in Bartlett. ELLIS, r. Me. which runs into the Andros- coggin, in W. part of Rumford. ELLISBURG, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. ELLISBURN, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. Pop. 5,292. ELLISBURY, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. at the mouth of Sandy Creek. ELLIS'S FERRY, v. Adams co. Miss. ELLISVILLE, v. Cumberland co. Pa. ELLISVILLE, v. Warren co. N. C. ELLISVILLE, or Lower Blue Lick, v. in Nicholas co. Ken. on a small branch of Lick- ing r. 50 m. NE. by E. from Frankfort. ELLSWORTH, t. Grafton co. N. H. 11 m. NNW. from Plymouth. Pop. 234. ELLSWORTH, t. Hancock co. Me. 24 m. NE. from Castine. Pop. 1,385. ELLSWORTH, v. Shut on, Litchfield co. Ct. 262 ELM— ERIN on Oblong creek, branch of Kousatonnuc river, 12 m. W. from Litchfield. ELMIRA CREEK, r. N. Y. which joins the Tioga, at Elmira. ELMORE, t. Orleans co. Vt. 16 m. N. from Montpelier. ELMSLEY, t. Leeds co. U. C. ELSANBOROUGH, t. Salem co. N. J. Pop. 600. ELVIRA, t. II. on the waters of Cash river. ELY, t. Richelieu and Buckingham coun- ties, L- C. east of Montreal. ELYRIA, t. E. part of Lorain co. Ohio. ELYRIA, t. Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 200. ELY SI AN FIELDS, v. Amite co. Miss. ELYTON, v. Jefferson co. Ala. EMBARRASS, r. II. which runs into the Wabash, a little below Vincennes. EMBDEN, t. Somerset co. Maine, on Ken- nebeck river, 16 m. N. from Norridgewock. EMERY'S MILLS, v. York co. Me. 51 m. by postroad from Portland. EMERSONVILLE, t. Gibson co. Indiana, 756 m. from W. EMERY'S RIVER, r. Ten. which runs into the river Tennessee, 7 m. from Clinch r. EMMANUEL, co. Geo. on Ogeechee river, which separates it from Burke co. Pop. 2,681. County town, Swainsborough. EMMAUS, t. Northampton co. Pa. EMMITTSBURG, v. Frederick co. Md. between Flat Run and Tom's Creek, the west- ern sources of Monocasy river, 1 m. S. Penn- sylvania line, 24 NE. Fredericktown, 50 NW. Baltimore. Lat. 39° 10' 30" N. ENFIELD, t. Grafton co. N. H. 10 m. SE. Dartmouth College, 42 NW. Concord. It con- tains a village of about 40 houses, which is on Mascony pond, and a village of Shakers. Pop. 1,492. ENFIELD, t. Hampshire co. Mass. on the E. side of Belchertown. ENFIELD, t Hartford co. Ct. on the E. side of Connecticut river, opposite Suffield, with which it is connected by a bridge ; 16 m. N. Hartford. Here is a settlement of Shakers. Pop. 2,129. ENFIELD, t. Tompkins co. N. Y. ENFIELD, t. Halifax co. N. C. ENGLISH NEIGHBORHOOD, v. Bergen co. N. J. on a NE. branch of the Hackinsac, W. of Fort Lee. ENGLISH POINT, cape, in the river St. Lawrence. Lon. 61° 45' W. lat. 49° 40' N.— There is another cape of this name, on the S. coast of Newfoundland. Lon. 53° 29' W. lat. 46° 49' N. ENGLISH TOWN, t. Athens co. Ohio. ENGLISH TOWN, v. Monmouth co. N. J. 18 m. E. from Princeton. ENNISVILLE, v. Huntingdon co. Pa. 79 m. W. from Harrisburg. ENO, river of N. C. rises in Orange co. and with Little river and Flat river, forms the Neuse, 17 m. below Hillsborough. ENOSBURG, v. Franklin co. Vt. on Mis- sisque river, 36 m. NE. from Burlington. Pop. 1,560. < ENOREE, r. S. C. a NW. branch of Broad river. Its mouth is 5 m. below the mouth of Tiger river. EPHRATA, or Dunkard's Town, t. Lan- caster co. Pa. on Cocalico creek, a branch of the Conestoga, 12 m. N. from Lancaster, 60 W. from Philadelphia. It is settled by a religious sect from Germany, called Dunkers. EPPING, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 m. W. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,263. ERABLIERE, r. In. runs into the Wabash on the N. side, between Fort Harrison and Tippecanoe creek. EQUINUNK CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Delaware. Lat. 41° 52' N. ERIE, lake, N. America, through which the boundary line runs which separates the United States from Canada ; about 260 m. in length from SW. to NE. and from 10 to 60 in breadth. Lon. 78° 35' to 83° 10' W. lat. 41° 20' to 42° 50' N. This lake is of dangerous navigation, on account of the great number of rocks which project for many miles together from the north- ern shore, without any shelter from storms. There are several tolerably good harbors on the S. shore, the principal of which are Buffa- lo and Dunkirk, N. Y. Erie, Pa. Painesville, Cleveland, Granger, Sandusky, Croghansville, besides Put-in and Maumee bays, Ohio. It discharges its waters at NE. end into the river Niagara. A battle was fought here, on the 10th September, 1813, between the American fleet under commodore Perry, and the English fleet, in which the latter was taken. ERIE, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Niagara co. E. by Genesee co. S. by Cataraugus and Chatauque cos. W. by Lake Erie and Niagara river. Pop. in 1820, 15,668 ; in 1830, 35,710. Chief town, Buffalo. ERIE, co. the NW. corner of Pa. bounded N. by Lake Erie, E. by N. York, S. by Craw- ford co. and W. by Ohio. Chief town, Erie. Pop. in 1820, 8,553; in 1830, 16,906. ERIE, or Presque Isle, t. and cap. Erie co. Pa. pleasantly situated on the S. side of Lake Erie, on the margin of a bay formed by Presque isle ; 80 m. SSW. from Buffalo, 136 N. from Pittsburg, 100 E. from Cleveland. It contains a court-house, jail, and printing-office. It has an excellent harbor for small vessels, but the entrance is narrow and difficult. The trade of the town is considerable. The portage be- tween this place and French creek, one of the branches of Alleghany river, is only 16 miles, and a turnpike has been completed through this distance. Pop. in 1820, 635; in 1830, 1,329. ERIE, Fort, a fort, with a small village, in Bertie, Lincoln co. U. C. at the outlet of Lake Erie, opposite Black Rock, N. Y. 18 m. above the falls of Niagara. ERIE, district, Michigan. Pop. 1,340. ERIEVILLE, v. Madison co. N. Y. ERIN, t. In. on the Ohio, opposite Port Wil liam, at the mouth of Kentucky river, 10 m. below Vevay, and 12 above Madison. It is on elevated ground, and was laid out in 1815. ERNEST, t. of Lenox and Haddington co. U. C, W. and adjoining Kingston. ERR— EVA 263 ERREL, t. Coos co. N. H. 100 m. N. from Concord. Pop. 82. ERVING'S GRANT, t. Franklin co. Mass. 107 m. NNW. from Boston. Pop. 429. ERWINNA, v. on Delaware r. in Bucks co. Pa. 15 m. above New Hope. ESCATARIA, small island in L. C. about 5 m. N. from Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton. ERWINSVILLE, v. Rutherford co. N. C. 504 m. from W. ESCAMBIA, r. Alabama, which unites with the Conecah, in West Florida, near the north border. ESKELOOT INDIANS, N. America, on the narrows of Columbia. No. 1,000. ESKIMAUX BAY, bay on the S coast of Labrador. Lon. 57° 50' W. lat. 51° 30' N. ESKIMAUX, cape in Hudson's Bay. Lon. 94° 50' W. lat. 61° 12' N. ESKIMAUX ISLANDS, small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the S. coast of Labrador. Lon. 63° W. lat. 50° 15' N. ESOPUS, t. Ulster co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, 4 m. S. from Kingston, 69 S. from Albany. ESOPUS, r. Ulster co. N. Y. which rises in the NW. part, flows by Kingston, and joins the Hudson at Saugerties, 11 m. below Catskill. Length 58 miles. ESPERANCE, v. in Schoharie, N. Y. 8 m. N. from Schoharie, 26 W. from Albany. It is situated on the Schoharie, and contains a paper- mill, and other valuable mills. ESSEX, co. NE. part of Vt. bounded N. by Canada, E. by Connecticut river, S. by Cale- donia co. and W. by Orleans co. Pop. 3,981 Chief town, Guildhall. ESSEX, t. Chittenden co. Vt. on N. side of Onion river, 11 m. E. from Burlington. Pop. 1,664. ESSEX, co. NE. part of Mass. bounded N. by New Hampshire, E. and SE. by the Atlan- tic, and W. and SW. by Middlesex co. Chief towns, Salem and Newburyport. Ipswich, Marblehead, Beverly, Lynn, Danvers, Glou- cester, Newbury, Haverhill, and Andover, are all considerable towns. Pop. in 1820, 74,655 ; in 1830, 82,887. ESSEX, t. Essex co. Mass. on Chebacco river, 2 m. above its mouth, 5 SSE. from Ips- wich, 12 NE. from Salem. The river is navi- gable for sloops of 60 tons. Here are built the boats called Chebacco boats. Essex formerly constituted the S. parish of Ipswich, and was called Chebacco. Pop. 1,345. ESSEX, co. N. Y. on Lake Champlain; bounded N. by Clinton and Franklin cos. E. by Lake Champlain, S. by Washington co. and W. by Montgomery and Franklin cos. Pop. m 1820, 12,811; in 1830, 19,387. Chief town, Elizabethtown. ESSEX, t. Essex co. N. Y. on Lake Cham- plain, 136 m. from Albany. The Split Rock in this town, is a rock projecting 50 yards into the lake, the point of which, consisting of about J an acre, and covered with trees, is removed from the main rock about 20 feet. The height of this rock on each side of the fissure is about 12 feet above the water. Pop. 1,543. ESSEX, co. N. J. on Hudson river, oppo- site N. York ; bounded N. by Bergen co. E. by Bergen co. and Newark Bay, S. by Madi- son co. and W. by Somerset and Morris cos. Pop. in 1820, 30,793 ; in 1830, 41,928. Chief town, Newark. ESSEX, co. Va. ; bounded N. by Rappahan- nock, which separates it from Richmond co. and inclosed on the other sides by Middlesex, King William, and Caroline cos. Pop. 10,541, of whom 6,417 are slaves. Chief town, Tap- pahannock. ESSEX, co. U. Canada, comprises the coun- try between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie ; bounded W. by Detroit river, and E. by Suf- folk co. Chief town, Amherstburg. ESTILL, co. Ken. ; bounded N. by Mont- gomery, NE. by Pike, E. by Perry, S. by Clay, W. by Madison, and NW. by Clarke. Length 40 m. mean width about 17. Chief town, Ir- wine. Pop. 1820, 3,507 ; in 1830, 4,618. ESTILLYTLLE, v. and seat of justice, Scott co. Va. ; 33 m. a little S. of W. from Ab- ingdon, 116 NE. by E. from Knoxville, Ten. 370 SW. by W. from Richmond. ESTHER ISLAND, isl. in Prince William's Sound, on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 60° 50' N. ESTHERTOWN, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on E. side of Susquehannah ; 7 m. N. fromHarrisburg. ESTOP ACHY RIVER, v. Washington co, Alabama. ESTRELLA, r. Guatimala, which enters the Pacific in lat. 9° 5' N. ETNA, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 1820, 194; in 1830,362. ETNA, v. Tompkins co. N. Y. ETOWAH, river of Georgia, rises in the Apalachian mountains, interlocking with the sources of the Chatahoochee, and flowing SW. joins in Alabama the Oostenalah, and forms the Coosa. EUBANKS, v. Cumberland co. Geo.; 88 m. NE. from MilledgeviUe. EUCLID, t. Cuyahoga co. Ohio, on Lake Erie ; 8 m. NE. from Cleveland. Pop. 1,000. EVERETTSHOUSE, v. Lewis co. Ken. . EUKILLOGEE, a central district in the Cherokee country. In 1821 the United Breth- ren established a mission here. It is 30 m. from Spring Place. EUSTIS, lake, Missouri Territory, the SW. head of Yellow-stone river. It is near the head of the Wallaumut, which runs into Co- lumbia river. EUTAW SPRINGS, a small river of S. C. which runs into the Santee. Near its source a battle was fought in 1781, which, in effect, terminated the war in this state. EVANS, t. Erie co. N. Y. EVANSHAM, t. and cap. Wythe co. Va. on the E. side of the Reedy creek, a branch of the Kenhawa ; 40 m. E. from Christiansburg, 240 WSW. from Richmond. EVANSVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Van derburg co. In. on the bank of the Ohio river 264 EVA — FAI 51 m. S. from Vincennes, and 24 SE. from New Harmony. Lat. 38° 1' N. EVANSVILLE, t. Monroe co. Ala. EVENSBURG, v. Crawford co. Pa. EVERITTSVILLE, v. Albemarle co. Va. EVESHAM, t. Burlington co. N. J. in the forks of Moore's creek; 16 m. E. from Phila- delphia, 25 S. from Burlington. Pop. 4,000. EUSTATIA, St. one of the smallest of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf, whose top is hollow, and lies on the NW. of St. Chris- topher, and belongs to the kingdom of the Netherlands. Lon. 63° 10' W. lat. 17° 29' N. EVIT'S CREEK, r. Maryland, which runs into the Potomac, lon. 78° 44' W. lat. 39° 83' N. EWINGSVILLE, v. Christian co. Ken.; 749 rn. from W. EWINGSVILLE, v. Cecil co. Md. EXETER, r. N. H. which rises from a Binall pond in Sandown, and pursues generally an easterly course till it meets the tide at Ex- eter ; it afterwards pursues a NE. course, and communicates with the PisCataqua through Great Bay. The Indian name, from Exeter to the entrance into the Piscataqua, is Swamscot. EXETER, t. Rockingham co. N. H. ; 14 m. SW. by W. from Portsmouth, 15 NNW. from Newburyport, 18 NNE. from Haverhill, 43 SE. by E. from Concord, 47 N. by E. from Boston, 489 from W. Pop. 2,759. It is a hand- some village. Small sea-vessels ascend to it, it being at the head of tide-water on Exeter river. It contains a number of public buildings and three churches, and is the seat of very consid- erable manufactures. Phillips' Exeter Acade- my in this place is one of the most ancient, opulent, and useful institutions in the United States, having many of the advantages and en- dowments of a college. It has been almost exclusively devoted to the preparation of schol- ars for college. The whole number that have been educated is 2,025. Number of instruc- tors 4, including a writing and singing mas- ter. Number of volumes in the library, 680. The building is an elegant edifice, 76 feet by 30, with wings 34 by 28. EXETER, t. Penobscot co. Maine ; 62 m. NW. from Castine, 264 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,438. EXETER, t. Washington co. R. I. ; 25 m. SW. from Providence. Pop. 2,389. EXETER, t. Otsego co. N. Y. ; 10 m. NW. from Cooperstown. Pop. 1,690. There is a flourishing village on the lake in this township, which has considerable trade. The celebrated Split Rock is in this township, 5 m. S. of the village. It appears to have been separated by some great convulsion, and is esteemed a great curiosity. EXETER, t. Luzerne co. Pa. on the Sus- quehannah river, 10 m. above Wilkesbarre. Pop. 900. EXETER, v.New Hanover co. N. C. on the E. fork of Cape Fear river, 36 m. above Wil- mington. EXETER, v. of Harrison co. In. F. FABIUS, t. Onondago co. N. Y. It is sit- uated on the head springs of Chenango river, 148 m. W. of Albany. Pop. 1820, 2,494; in 1830, 3,071. FABOMIT LAKE, Canada. Lon. 88° 15' W. lat. 52° 18' N. FACTORIES, v. Hampden co. Mass. FACTORYVILLE, v.Tioga co. N. Y. about 164 m. SSW. from Albany. FAIRBLUFF, v. Columbus co. N. C. FAIR BANKS, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. FAIRFAX, t. Franklin co. Vt. on Lamoil river; 18 m. NNE. from Burlington. Pop. 1,729. FAIRFAX, co. Va. ; bounded N. and E. by the Potomac, S. by Prince William co. and W. by Loudon co. Pop. 9,206, of whom 3,972 are slaves. Chief town, Centreville. The court- house, where a post-office is kept, is 15 m. from W. FAIRFAX, t. and cap. Culpeper co. Va. ; 40 m. WNW. from Fredericksburg, 76 from W. FAIRFIELD, t. Somerset co. Maine, on the Kennebec, opposite Clinton ; 9 m. S. from Nor- ridgewock, 25 m. N. from Augusta. Pop. 2,002. FAIRFIELD, t. Franklin co. Vt.; 26 m. NNE. from Burlington. Pop. 2,270. FAIRFIELD, co. Ct. ; bounded N. by Litch- field co. SE. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York. Pop. 46,950. Chief towns, Fair- field and Danbury. FAIRFIELD, t. and port of entry, Fairfield co. Ct. on Long Island Sound ; 21 m. WSW. from New Haven, 54 NE. from New York. Lat. 41° 8' N. Pop. 4,246. It contains a court- house, an academy, and several houses of pub- lic worship. There are 4 villages within the town, Fairfield, Greenfield Hill, Green's Farms or Saugatuck, and Mill river. There are 3 harbors, Black Rock, Mill River, and Sauga- tuck. With the exception of New London, Black Rock is the best harbor in the Sound. FAIRFIELD, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. ; 10 m. N. from Herkimer, 75 from Albany. Pop. 2,265. In this town there is an academy, and a medical school connected with it. FAIRFIELD, t. Essex co. N. J. FAIRFIELD, t. Cumberland co. N. J. on Cohanzy creek ; 25 m. E. from Salem. Pop. 1,900. FAIRFIELD, t Crawford co. Pa. Pop. 725. FAIRFIELD, Westmoreland co. Pa. Pop 3,111. FAIRFIELD, or Miller's, t. Adams co. Pa. 8 m. W. from Gettysburg. FAIRFIELD, v. Rockbridge co. Va. FAIRFIELD, district, S. C. between Wa teree and Broad rivers. Pop. 21,546. Chief town, Monticello. FAIRFIELD, v. Columbia co. Geo. FAIRFIELD, or Roberts', v. Putnam co Geo. FAIRFIELD, v. Nelson co. Ken.; 10 m from Bairdstown. FAI— -FAR 265 FAIRFIELD, co. in the central part of Ohio. Pop. 24,788. Chief town, Lancaster. FAIRFIELD, v. Franklin co. In. on the E. fork of Whitewater river; 7 m. N. from Brook- ville, 77 m. SE. by E. from Indianapolis. FAIRFIELD, v. Wayne co. II. ; 63 m. SE, from Vandalia. FAIRFIELD, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. FAIRFIELD, t. Highland co. Ohio, N. of Hillsborough. Pop. 2,500. FAIRFIELD, t. Jefferson co. Ohio. FAIRFIELD, t. Greene co. Ohio, 11 m. NW. from Xenia. FAIRFIELD, t. Butler co. Ohio. Pop. 2,900. In this township is Hamilton, the seat of justice for the county. FAIRFIELD, t. Licking co. Ohio ; 4 m. N. from Newark. FAIRFIELD, t. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. FAIRHAVEN, t. Rutland co. Vt. on Pult- ney river ; 9 m. NNE. from Whitehall, 43 W. from Windsor. Pop. 675. FAIRHAVEN, t. Bristol co. Mass. on the Accushnet river, opposite New Bedford. Pop. 3,034. FAIRHA VEN, v. Gallia co. Ohio, on Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Kenhawa ; 4 m. above Gallipolis. FAIRLEE, t. Orange co. Vt. on Connecti- cut river ; 35 m. above Windsor. Poo. 656 FAIRLEE, West, t. Orange co. Vt. W. of Fairlee. FAIRPORT, t. Geauga co. Ohio, at the mouth of Grand river, on Lake Erie ; 15 m N. from Char don. FAIR RIVER, Canada, runs from Wapes saga to Lake St. John. FAIRTOWN, t. Cumberland co. N. J. FAIRVALE, v. in Granville, Washington co. N. Y. FAIRVIEW, v. Erie co. Pa. FAIRVIEW, v. Brooke co. Va. FAIRVIEW, t. Guernsey co. Ohio; 25 m E. from Cambridge. FAIRWEATHER, Cape, on the NW. coast of America. Lon. 222° 20' E. lat. 58° 504' N. FAIRWEATHER, Mount, high mountain on the NW. coast of America, about 12 m. NE. from Cape Fairweather. F ALES' CREEK, Ohio, runs into the Ohio, 11 m. above Portsmouth. FALL, r. R. Island, which runs from Wa- tuper Pond into Taunton river. FALL, r. which rises in Vermont, and runs into the Connecticut, N. of Greenfield, Mass. FALL RIVER, v. in the town of Troy, Bristol co. Mass. It is situated on Taunton river, which is navigable for small vessels to the town, and is one of the largest manufac- turing villages in the United States. The manufactures of cotton run 3,431 spindles. There are also manufactures of satinet, bleach- ing and printing works, and manufactures of iron. The town contains 7 churches and a bank. Pop. of the village 3,431. It is about 50 m. S. of Boston. FALLS CREEK, v. on FaUs creek, Tomp- tdns co. N. York. 21 FALLING SPRINGS, creek, Bath co. Va. It is a branch of Jackson river, and is about 25 m. SW. from the Warm Springs, and has a fall of 200 feet perpendicular height. FALLING WATERS, v. Berkeley co. Va. FALLOWFIELD, t. Washington co. Pa. on the left bank of Monongahela river, on the waters of Pig-eon creek. FALLOWFIELD, t. Crawford co. Pa. on the sources of Big Beaver river ; 10 m. SW. from Meadville. FALLS, t. Muskingum co. Ohio, imme- diately W. from Zanesville. FALLS, t. Hocking co. Ohio. FALLSINGTON, v. Bucks co. Pa. ; 5 m. SW. from Trenton. FALLSTOWN, v. N. C. Iredell co. FALMOUTH, s-p. and t. Barnstable co. Mass. at the SW. end of the peninsula of Barnstable ; 18 m. S. by W. of Sandwich, and 41 S. of Plymouth. Pop. 2,548. FALMOUTH, t. Cumberland co. Me.; 5 m. NW. of Portland. Pop. 1,966. FALMOUTH, v. Strafford co. Va. on the river Rappahannock, opposite to Fredericks- burg ; 70 m. N. of Richmond, and 60 S. by W. from W. FALMOUTH, v. and seat of justice, Pen- dleton co. Ken. ; 30 m. S. from Cincinnati. FALMOUTH, t. Lancaster co. Pa. ; 20 m. S. from Lancaster. FALMOUTH, s-p. Antigua ; 7 m. SE. from St. Johns. Lon. 61° 28' W. lat. 17° 9' N. FALMOUTH, s-p. Jamaica. Lon. 77° 33' W. lat. 18° 31' N. FALMOUTH, t. in Hants, Nova Scotia, on the SE. side of the basin of Mines ; 28 m. NW. from Halifax. FANNETSBURG, t. Franklin co. Pa. FANSHAW, Cape, NW. coast of America, on the N. side of Frederick's Sound. Lon. 226° 44' E. lat. 57° 11' N. FARQUIER. See Fauquier. FAREWELL, Cape, S. point of West Greenland, on the north side of the entrance of Davis's Straits. Lon. 42° 42' W. lat. 59° 37' N. FARLEY MILLS, v. King and Queen co. Va. ; 148 m. from W. FARLEYSVILLE, v. Charlotte co. Va.; 233 from W. FARMER, v. Seneca co. N. Y. FARMER'S, v. Genesee co. N. Y. 264 m. W. from Albany. FARMERSVILLE, v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 70 m. SW. from Rochester, and 50 SE. from Buffalo. Pop. 1,005. FARMINGTON, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 29 m. NNW. from Augusta, 200 NNE. from Boston, 649 from W. Pop. 2,340. It is a valuable agricultural town, and contains an academy. FARMINGTON, t. Strafford co. N. H. 26 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Fop. 1,464. FARMINGTON, t. Hartford co. Ct. on Far- mington river, 10 m. W. from Hartford, 30 N. from New Haven. Pop. 1,901. FARMINGTON, t. Ontario co. N. Y. 9 m. NE. from Canandaigua. Pop. 1,773. Clifton 266 FAR— FER springs are in this town. They are strongly impregnated with sulphur. FARMINGTON, t. Trumbull co. Ohio, 12 m. NW. from Warren. FARMINGTON, t. Belmont co. Ohio. FARMINGTON FALLS, v. on Sandy river, 5 m. above the village of Farmington, and in the NW. angle of Kennebeck co. Me. 97 m. nearly due N. from Portland. FARMINGTON RIVER, rises in Massa- chusetts, and runs SE. to Farmington in Con- necticut, where it is joined by Salmon river ; it has a cataract of 150 feet, after which it is called Windsor river, and joins the Connecti- cut, 4 m. above Hartford. FARMVILLE, v. Prince Edward co. Va. on the Appomatox, 72 m. SW. from Richmond. FARNHAM, t. Bedford and Richelieu cos. L. Canada, SE. from Montreal. FARNHAM, v. Richmond co. Va. FARROWVILLE, v. Fauquier co. Va. 64 m. SW. from W. and 145 NNW. from Rich- mond. FATE, t. Clermont co. Ohio. FAUCHE, r. II. runs into the Illinois river from the east. FA t GUM AN, t. Wayne co. Ohio. FAUQUIER, co. NE. part of Va. bounded N. by Loudon co. NE. by Prince William co. ESE. by Stafford co. SW. by Culpeper co. and NW. by Frederick co. Pop. 26,379. Chief town, Warrenton. FAUSSEMBAULT, Seigniory, Hampshire co. L. C. 10 m. W. from Quebec. FAUSSE RIVIERE, a lake inLouisiana, in Point Coupee, once a bend of the Mississippi river. The banks of the lake are high, dry, and arable. FAVORABLE LAKE, N. America. Lon. 93° 10' W. ; lat. 52° 48' N. FAWCETTSTOWN, t. Columbiana co. O. on Ohio r. 15 m. SE. from New Lisbon. FAWN, t. York co. Pa. on Muddy creek, and joining the divisional line that separates this state from Maryland. FAWN GROVE, t. York co. Pa. 25 m. S. from York. FAYETTE, t. Kennebeck co. Me. Pop. in 1820, 824; in 1830, 1,049. FAYETTE, t. Seneca co. N. Y. between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, 8 m. SE. from Ge- neva. Pop. in 1820, 3,698 ; in 1830, 3,216. FAYETTE, co. Ken. on the sources of Elk- horn river, bounded by Jessamine SE. Wood- ford W. Scott NW. Bourbon NE. Clark E. and Madison or Kentucky river S. Pop. 25,174. Chief town, Lexington. FAYETTE, co. Geo. bounded N. by Henry, E. by Oakmulgee river, S. by Monroe, and W. by Flint river. Pop. 5,501. Fayetteville is the chief town. FAYETTE, co. Ohio, bounded S. by High- land, SW. by Clinton, NW. by Greene, N. by Madison, E. by Pickaway, and SE. by Ross. Pop. in 1820, 6,316 ; in 1830, 8,180. Chief town, Washington. FAYETTE, co. in SW. part of Pa. Pop. 29,237. Chief towns, Union and Brownsville. FAYETTE, t. Gallia co. Ohio. FAYETTE, t. Lawrence co. Ohio. FAYETTE, co. Indiana. Pop. 9,112. Cow- nersville is the chief town. FAYETTEVILLE, t. and cap. Cumber- land co. N. C. 60 m. S. from Raleigh, 95 NNW. from Wilmington, 159 NE. from Columbia, 347 from W. Lon. 79° 58' W. ; lat. 35° 3' N. It is situated near Cape Fear river, at the head of boat navigation. FAYETTEVILLE, v. Onondago co. N. Y. by postroad 139 m. from Albany. FAYETTEVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Lincoln co. Ten. on the right bank of Elk r. 50 m. SW. from Murfreesborough. Lat. 35° 10' N. ; lon. from W. 9° 37' W. FAYETTEVILLE, v. Fayette co. Geo. about 50 m. WSW. from Milledgeville. FAYSTOWN, t. Washington co. Vt. 17 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 458. FEAR, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, where there is a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear river. This river is formed by two branches, called the NW. and NE. branches, which unite above Wilmington ; and it enters the Atlantic below Brunswick. Lon. 77° 45' W.; lat. 33° 40' N. FEARING, t. Washington co. Ohio. FEARY, v. Montgomery co. Ten. FEDERAL POINT, point, N. C. near the New Inlet. Here is a beacon ; 80 m. W. by S. from Cape Lookout, 30 NW. by N. from Frying Pan Shoals. FEDERALSBURG, v. in Dorchester and Caroline cos. Md. on Marshy Hope creek, 20 m. NE. from Cambridge. FEDERAL STORE, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 95 m. SSE. from Albany. FEEDING HILLS, v. in West Springfield, Hampden co. Mass. 5 m. W. from Springfield. FEESTOWN, t. Clermont co. Ohio. FELICIANA, co. La. bounded W. by the Mississippi, S. by East Baton Rouge, N. by the state of Mississippi, E. by Florida. The set- tlers are almost entirely Americans. Chief town, St. Francisville. FELICIANA, t. Feliciana co. Louisiana, E. of Baton Rouge. FEMME OSAGE, v. St. Charles co. Miso. FENNER, v. Madison co. N. Y. 115 m. from Albany. Pop. 2,017. FERDINAND, t. Essex co. Vt. 60 m. NE. from Montpelier. FERDINAND, St. Louis co. Miso. FERGUSON, t. Centre co. Pa. FERGUSON'S FERRY, v. Johnson co. II. FERNANDINA, s-p. Amelia Island. It is the only town on the island. FERRIER POINT, cape of Mexico, on the Pacific Ocean. Lon. from W. 41° ■ lat 33° 42' N. FERRISBURG, t. Addison co. Vt. on Lake Champlain, at the mouth of Otter creek, 22 m. S. from Burlington. Pop. 1,822. FERROL, Cape, a cape on the NW. coast of Newfoundland. Lon. 57° 11' W. ; lat. 5P 4'N. FER — FLI 267 FERRY-HILL, v. Mecldenburg co. Va. FIDALGO, Port, inlet, NW. coast of Amer- ica, in Prince William Sound. Lat. 60° 55' N. FIELD'S MILLS, v. Brunswick co. Va. 186 m. from W. FIFTEEN MILE CREEK, r. which rises in Pennsylvania, and runs into the Potomac, in Maryland. FIGHTING ISLAND, small isl. of Michi- gan territory, in Detroit river, a little above Gross Isle. FINCASTLE, t. and cap. Botetourt co. Va. on Catawba creek, which flows into James river, a few miles below the town ; 55 m. W. by N. from Lynchburg, 175 W. from Rich- mond, 244 from W. Pop. about 800. It con- tains a court-house and jail. FINCHTOWN, t. St. Ormont co. U. C. FINDLEYSVILLE, v. Mecklenburg co. N.C. FINHOLLOWAY, r. Geo. which runs into the Alatamaha, in Wayne co. FINNEYSVILLE, v. Rutland co. Vt. 97 m. SSW. from Montpelier. FIRELANDS, a tract of country in Ohio, which includes the five westernmost ranges of townships in -the Connecticut Reserve. FIREPLACE, v. Suffolk co. N. Y. 298 m. from W. _ FISH CREEK, r. N. Y. which runs S. and joins Wood creek in Bengal. Length 43 m. FISH CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Ohio. FISH CREEK, r. Md. which runs into the Chesapeake. FISHKILL, r. N. Y. which joins Wood creek 2 miles from its entrance into Oneida Lake. Another creek of this name is the out- let of Saratoga Lake into Hudson river. Its mouth is opposite the mouth of Batlenkill. On the banks of this creek the British army under Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to Gen. Gates, Oct. 17th, 1777. FISHKILL, small but important creek of N. Y. in Dutchess co. falls into the Hudson opposite Newburgh. FISHKILL, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on Hud- son river, 10 m. below Poughkeepsie, 65 N. from New York. Pop. 8,292. The village of Fishkill is about 5 m. E. of the river, on Fish- kill creek. The other settlements in the town are Hopewell, New Hackinsac, Middlebush, and Wappinger's Creek. The number of churches is 6. Here are numerous mills and manufactories, and 2 landings, at which con- siderable trade is carried on. FISHKILL, mountains, are the continuation of the Highlands above Westpoint, and curving to the NE. and N. stretches between Dutchess and Putnam counties, and thence through the former towards the SW. angle of Mass. FISHKILL LANDING, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. directly opposite Newburgh, 5 m. S. from the village of Fishkill, and 60 m. above the city of New York. FISH LAKE, v. Delaware co. N. Y. 89 m. SW. from Albany. FISH RIVER, r. Alabama, which runs into E. side of Mobile Bay. FISHER'S ISLAND, isl. in Long Island Sound. It forms a part of the town of South old, N. Y. 8 miles long, and 2 broad ; 5 m. SW. from Stoninsfton, Ct. FISHERY STORE, v. Clark co. Alaba- ma. FISHERSFIELD, t. Merrimack co. New Hampshire, 27 m. WNW. from Concord. Pop. 798. FISHING BAY, bay, Md. on E. side of the Chesapeake, at the mouth of the Nanticoke. FISHING CREEK, Howard co. Miso. FISHING CREEK, t. Columbia co. Pa. It is watered by a creek of the same name. FISHING CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Ohio. FISHING CREEK, v. Wilkes co. N. C. FISHINGFORD CROSS-ROADS, v. Bed- ford co. Ten. FITCHBURG, t. Worcester co. Mass. on Nashua river, 25 m. N. from Worcester. Pop. 2,180. FITCHVILLE, t. Huron co. Ohio. FITZHERBERT'S ISLAND, in the Flor- ida stream. Lon. 81° 50' W. lat. 24° 40' N. FITZWILLIAM, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 13 m. SE. from Keene. Pop. 1,229. FITZHUGH'S SOUND, narrow channel of the Pacific ocean, between Culvert's island and the W. coast of America. FLATBUSH, t and cap. Kings co. Long Island, on New York bay, 5 m. S. by E. from New York city. Pop. 1,143. The public build- ings are a court-house, academy called Eras- mus Hall, and a church. A battle was fought near this town, 27th August, 1776, in which the Americans were defeated by the British with great loss. FLAT CREEK, r. S. C. which runs into the Great Pedee, 6^ m. from Greenville. FLATLANDS, t. Kings co. N. Y. on New York bay, 2 m. S. from Flatbush. Pop. 596. FLAGG-SPRING, v. Campbell co. Ken. FLAGGTOWN, v. Somerset co. N. J. 29 m. N. from Trenton. FLAMBOROUGH, t. York co. U. C. on Burlington bay, at the W. extremity of Lake Ontario. FLANDERS, v. Morris co. N. J. near the head of Raritan river, 15 m. a little N of W. from Morristown, and 59 N. from Trenton. FLATTERY, Cape, on the W. coast of N. America, so named by captain Cook, who discovered it in 1788, because he was disap pointed in not finding a harbor. Lon. 124 0 57 W. lat. 48° 25' N. FLEMING, co. in the E. part of Ken. Pop. 13,493. FLEMINGS, v. Wayne co. Indiana. FLEMINGSBURG, t. and cap. Fleming co Ken. FLEMINGTON, t. Hunterdon co. N.J. 23 m. NNW. from Trenton, 9 S. from Pittstown, 53 NE. from Philadelphia. FLETCHER, t. Franklin co. Vt. 22 m. NE. from Burlington. Pop. 793. FLINN, t. Jackson co. Indiana. FLINN'S FORK, v. Caldwell co. Ken. 796 m. from W 268 FLI— FOR FLINT, r. Ontario co. N. Y. which runs into Canandaigua r. at the village of Vienna in Phelps. FLINT, r. Geo. which rises in N. lat. 33° 40' and running SW. by S. 200 miles, joins the Chatahoochee to form the Apalachicola. FLINT ISLAND, island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the coast of Cape Breton Island. Lon. 59° 40' W. lat. 46° 10' N. FLINT-STONE, v. Alleghany co. Md. 150 m. NW. by W. from W. FLORENCE, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 17 m. NW- from Rome. Pop. 964. FLORENCE, t. and cap. Lauderdale co. Al. on the N. bank of the Tennessee, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, on the road from Nash- co. Ken. 36 m. W. from Frankfort, and 20 NE. from Louisville. FLOYD'S FORK, r. Ken. which runs into tne river Salt. FLUSHING, t. Queen's co. N. Y. situated about 5 m. E. from New York. Pop. 2,820. FLUSHING, t. Belmont co. Ohio, 12 m. W. from St. ClairsviUe. Pop. 1,197. FLUVANNA, co. central part of Va. bound- ed N. by Louisa co. E. by Goochland co. S. by James river, and W. by Albemarle co. Pop. 8,221, of whom 3,791 are slaves. Chief town, Columbia. FOGLESVILLE, v. Lehigh co. Pa. FOIN, Point An, in St. Lawrence river, the first above liver a la Vielle Galette, in Edwards- ville to New Orleans. It was laid out in 1818, j burg, Upper Canada. on an elevated plain 100 feet above the river, and is well supplied with water. It lies op- posite a fine island in the river, between which and the town is the usual channel for boats, and is one mile above the mouth of Cypress creek, which also affords a good harbor ; 60 m. N. by E. from Cotton-gin-port. FLORENCE, t. Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 500. FLORIDA, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 30 m. NNE. from Lenox. Pop. 454. FLORIDA, v. in Warwick, N. Y. 4| m. from the village of W arvvick. It has about 70 houses, a church, and an academy. FLORIDA, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, 11 m. S. from Johnstown, 35 NW. from Albany. Pop. 2,838. It contains 5 churches. FLORIDA, v. Orange co. N. Y. FLORIDA, t. Highland co. Ohio. FLORIDA, Cape, the most easterly point of Florida. Lon. 80° 37' W. ; lat. 25° 44' N. FLORIDA, Gulf of, the channel between the peninsula of Florida and the Bahama islands, N. of the island of Cuba, and through which the gulf stream passes. FLORIDA KEYS, or Martyr's Island, a number of rocks and sand banks at the S. ex- tremity of E. Florida. The great sand bank extends from the peninsula of Florida inward to the Gulf of Mexico, in the form of a hook. FLORIDA TERRITORY, see page 150. FLORISSANT, v. Miso. on N. side of the Missouri, 12 m. above Belie Fontaine, 15 from St. Louis. It is a French settlement. FLOUGHERTY'S CREEK, Va. flows into the Youghiogeny r. a little below the Great Crossings. It passes within a mile of Wills' creek, a water of the Potomac. FLOW ERTOWN, or White Marsh, t. Mont- gomery co. Pa. on the Schuylkill, 12 m. N. from Philadelphia. Pop. 1,328. FLOYD, co. Ken. Pop. 4,266. Chief town, Prestohville. It is in the E. part of the state. FLOYD, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 6 in. E. from Rome, 10 N. from Utica. Pop. 1,699. Iron ore is found here. FLOYD, co. In. opposite Louisville, Ken. bounded bv the Ohio river SE. Harrison S. and SW. Washington NW. Scott N. and Clarke NE. ; about 20 m. square. Pop. 6,363. Chief towns, New Albany and Jeffersonville. FLOYDSBURG, on Floyd's Fork, Jefferson FOND DU LAC, a large bay at the W. end of Lake Superior, which receives the river St. Louis. The American Fur Company have an establishment on the river, 21 m. above its mouth. FORBES' PURCHASE, a tract of land in Florida, including nearly the whole of the country between the Apalachicola and the Oke- lochonne rivers, and extending S. to the Gulf of Mexico. It comprehends some of the best lands in Florida. FORDS, v. Amity co. Mississippi. FORD'S ISLAND, small isl. in the Atlan tic, near the coast of South Carolina. Lon. 79° 5' W. ; lat. 33 3 14' N. FORDSVILLE, v. on Pearl river, in Marion co. Mississippi, 160 m. SE. by E. from Natchez, and 80 NNE. from New Orleans. FORELAND, South, remarkable point of U. C. projecting into Lake Erie, and usually called Point Pele. It lies opposite to Huron county, Ohio. FORESTERTON, v. Burlington co. N. J. 15 m. E. from Philadelphia, and 11 S. from Burlington. FORKED DEER, r. Ten. which runs into the Mississippi, between Obrien and Hatchy rivers. FORKS, t. Northampton co. Pa. Pop. 1,659. FORKS, v. Richland co. S. C. FORK SHOALS, Greenville co. S. C. FORK'S OIL CREEK, v. Crawford co. Pa 340 m. from W. FORSTER'S HARBOR, bav, in Hudson's Strait. Lon. 73° 30' W. ; lat. 62° 18' N. FORT AMANDA, fort, Ellen co. Ohio, on a branch of the Auglaize. 49 m. NK from Green, ville, 129 N. from Cincinnati. FORT ANN, t. Washington co. N. Y. on Lake George, 10 m. N. from Sandyhill, 60 N from Albany. Pop. 2,911. The village is on Wood creek, at the head of navigation, and contains about 40 houses. At this spot stood Fort Ann, often mentioned in the history of American wars. FORT ARMSTRONG, military post, U. S. on Eock Island, at the foot of rapids in the Mississippi, 2 m. above the mouth of Rock r. 400 above St. Louis. In its neighborhood are a large body of Indians, of the Sack and Fox tribes, who are warlike, and well furnished with horses and fire-arms. FOR- — FOR 269 FORT BLOUNT, or Williamsburg, v. Smith's co. Ten. FORT BROWN, fort, Paulding co. Ohio, 16 m. S. from Fort Defiance. FORT BROWN, at the head of Green Bay, of Lake Michigan, and on the left bank of Fox river. Lon. from W. 10° 30' W.; lat. 44° 18' N. FORT CHARTRES, fort, Illinois, in the American bottom, built by the French, at the expense of a million and a half dollars. The ruins still remain, \ of a mile from the Missis- sippi, and 20 m. from Kaskaskia. FORT CHIPPEW YAN, N. A. on Athapes- cow Lake. Lon. 110° W. ; lat. 58° N. FORT CHURCHILL, fort, and settlement, on the W. coast of Hudson's Bay. Lon. 95° W. ; lat. 58° 50' N. FORT CLAIBORNE, t. Monroe co. Ala. on the E. side of the Alabama, at the head of nav- igation, 60 m. above its junction with the Tom- bigbee, 25 E. from St. Stephens. _ FORT CLARKE, fort, Illinois, on the W. side of Illinois river. Lat. 40° 40' N. FORT COVINGTON, t. Franklin co. N. Y. on St. Lawrence river, at the mouth of Salmon creek, 235 m. IM. from Albany. Pop. 2,901. FORT CRAWFORD, on the point made by the confluence of the Mississippi and Ouiscon- sin rivers, and about 5 m. above their junction, in Prairie du Chien. It is a very important frontier station, and trading establishment. Lon. from W. 13° 50' W. ; lat. 43° 5' N. FORT CRAWFORD, v. Conecuh co. Ala. on Murder creek, branch of Conecuh river, 45 m. NNE. from Pensacola, and 60 m. E. from Fort Stoddart. FORT CREVECOEUR, fort, on the coast of Florida. Lon. 85° 30' W. ; lat. 29° 51' N. FORT CULONGE, fort, L. C. on the Otta- wa river, 170 m. W. from Montreal. FORT DEARBORN, military post of the U. S. on the S. side of Chicago river, \ a mile from its entrance into Lake Michigan, 20 m. from the S. end of the lake, and 220 from Fort Howard. Lat. 41° 53' 11" N. FORT DEFIANCE, fort, Williams co.Ohio, at the junction of the Auglaize and Maumee rivers, 50 m. SW. from Fort Meigs, and 16 N. from Fort Brown. FORT DEFIANCE, v. Wilkes co. N. C. FORT EDWARD, t. in Argyle, Washing- ton co. N. Y. on the Hudson, near the great bend, 16 m. from Lake George, 22 from Lake Cham plain, 50 N. from Albany. Pop. 1,816. The New York Northern canal from Lake Champlain opens into the Hudson at this place, through a lock. FORT FERREE, fort, Ohio, in Upper San- dusky, on Sandusky river, 40 m. S. from Fort Stephenson. FORT FINDLEY, v. Logan co. Ohio, on the route from Urbanna to Fort Meigs, Ohio, 20 m. N. from Fort Necessity. FORT GADSDEN, Florida, on the left bank of Chatahoochee river, near the point where that stream spreads into several channels. Lat. 33° 15' N. FORT GAINES, Geo. fort, on the E. side of Chatahoochee r. between lat. 31° and 32° N. FORT GEORGE, v. and fort, in Newark, Lincoln co. U. C. on Niagara river, J a mile from its mouth. The bank of the river, at the site of the fort, is 34 feet high. FORT GEORGE, v. in Caldwell, Warren co. N. Y. at the S. end of Lake George, 59 m. N. from Albany. The ruins of the old fort are still to be seen. It was built of stone, and stood near Fort William Henry. FORT GEORGE, isl. on the E. coast of Florida, N. from the entrance of St. John's r. FORT GRATIOT, military post, Michigan territory, on St. Clair river, which defends the entrance into Lake Huron. It stands a little below the mouth of the lake. FORT GREENVILLE, fort, Darke co. Ohio, about 33 m. NW. from Dayton. A treaty with the Indians was concluded here in 1795. FORT HAMILTON, fort, Butler co. Ohio, on the Great Miami. FORT HARRISON, t. and cap. Sullivan co. Indiana, on the E. side of the Wabash, 65 m. above Vincennes. FORT HAWKINS, t. Jones co. Geo. on a healthy spot, about 1 m. E. from Oakmulgee river, and 30 W. from Milledgeville. FORT HOWARD, a military post of the U. S. in Green Bay Settlement, Michigan Ter- ritory, at the mouth of Fox river, 184 m. SW. from Mackinaw, 220 N. from Chicago, and 360 by Fox and Ouisconsin rivers to Prairie du Chicn. FORT INDEPENDENCE, fort, on Castle Island, in Boston harbor. FORT JACKSON, t. Montgomery co. Ala- bama, in the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. FORT JAMES, fort, Geo. on the W. side of the Alatamaha. FORT JEFFERSON, v. Darke co. Ohio, 5 m. S. from Greenville. FORT JEFFERSON, Ken. on the Missis- sippi. Lon. 89° 46' V/. ; lat. 35° 36' N. FORT JENNINGS, fort, Ohio, 18 m. S. from Fort Amanda. FORT KNOX, fort, In. on White river. FORT LAWRENCE, fort, Geo. on the W. side of Flint r. 31 m. SW. from Fort Hawkins. FORT LIGONIER, fort, Pa. 50 rn. E. from Pittsburg. FORT LORAMIE, fort, Ohio, on the head waters of the Great Miami. Lon. 84° 17' W.; lat. 40° 16' N. FORT MAC ARTHUR, fort, Logan co. Ohio, 24 m. N. from Urbanna. FORT MACINTOSH, fort, Pa. on the Ohio, 25 m. NW. from Pittsburg. FORT MALDEN, stood on the Detroit r above the village of Amherstburg, U. C. The fort has been abandoned since the last war be- tween Great Britain and the U. S. FORT MASSAC, Pope co. II. on the Ohio river, 38 m. above its mouth. FORT MEIGS, t. Wood co. Ohio, on the right bank of Maumee, 80 m. SW. from Detroit. FORT MEURON, U. C. station of the Hud- son Bay Company, on the N. bank of a river which empties into Lake Superior at Fort Wil liam, 20 m. below. 270 FOR— FOW FORT MIAMI, fort, Ohio, on the Maumee. Lon. 84° 56' W. ; lat. 41° 20' N. FORT MICHELL, or Coweta, on the right bank of Chatahooche r. where the road passes from Milledgeville to New Orleans, about 100 m. SW. by W. from Milledgeville. FORT MILLER, v. Washington co. N. Y. on the bank of the Hudson river, 10 m. below Sandy Hill, and 38 N. from Albany. FORT MIRO, fort, Louisiana, on the Wa- chitta. Lat. 32° 32' N. FORT MONTGOMERY, v. and fort, Mont- gomery co. Ala. near the Alabama r. about 12 m. ENE. from Fort Stoddart. FORT MOOSE, fort, at the S. extremity of James' Bay, in Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Moose river. FORT OSAGE, on the Missouri, 330 m. above its mouth. FORT PETITE COQUILLES, fort, La. on Lake Pontchartrain. It is an important post. FORT PICKERING, Shelby co. Ten. at Chickasaw Bluff, below the mouth of Wolf r. FORT PLAIN, v. Montgomery co. N. Y. on the right bank of Mohawk r. at the mouth of Otsequaga creek, 78 m. NW. by W. from Albany. FORT PORTAGE, fort, U. C. on the Otta- wa river, 120 m. W. from Montreal. FORT PORTAGE, Ohio, 18 m. S. from Fort Meigs. FORT RECOVERY, Mercer co. Ohio, on a branch of Wabash river, 23 m. NNW. from Greenville. FORT ROYAL, capital of the island of Granada. FORT ROYAL, fort, on the W. coast of Martinico Island. FORT ROYAL, s-p. Jamaica, on the S. side of the island, in which a thousand sail of ships could anchor with the greatest convenience and safety. It once contained 2,000 houses ; but, in June 1692, a dreadful earthquake buri- ed nine-tenths of it eight fathoms under water. They, however, rebuilt the town ; but about 10 years after, it was laid in ashes by a terrible fire, and in 1722, one of the most dreadful hur- ricanes ever known reduced it a third time to a heap of rubbish. Though once a place of the greatest wealth and importance in the West Indies, it is now reduced to three streets, a few lanes, and about 200 houses. It still contains, however, the royal navy -yard, the navy hospital, and barracks for a regiment of soldiers. The fortifications are kept in excel- lent order, and are remarkably strong. It is 10 m. SW. from Kingston. Lon. 77° W. ; lat. 17° 50' N. FORT SENECA, v. Seneca co. Ohio, 93 m. a little W. of N. from Columbus. FORT ST. CLAIR, Preble co. Ohio, quar- ter of a mile S. from Eaton. FORT ST. JEAN DE ULOA, on a rocky island at the mouth of the harbor of Vera Cruz, state of Vera Cruz, Mexico. FORT ST. JUAN, fort, Mexico, in New Leon, on the del Norte. Lon. 101° W.; lat. 29° N. FORT ST. MARY, fort, Louisiana, on E. side of the Mississippi, 6 m. SE from New Orleans. FORT ST. MARY'S, Ohio, near the sour- ces of St. Mary's river, 23 m. N. from Fort Loramie. FORT ST. PHILIP, fort and v. Plaquemine co. Louisiana. It is situated at the Plaque- mine bend on the Mississippi, 30 m. above Fort Balize. FORT SMITH, or Belle Point, U. S. fort and the seat of justice of Crawford co. Arkan- sas, on the S. side of the Arkansas at the junc- tion of the river Poteau. The Arkansas is navigated by steam-boats from its mouth to this place, a distance of more than 500 m. FORT STANWIX, fort, in Rome, N. Y. built in 1758 by the British, at the expense of $256,400, and rebuilt from a heap of ruins in the revolutionary war, and called Fort Schvy- ler. Its ruins are now to be seen near the village of Rome, between the waters of the Mohawk and Wood creek. FORT STEPHENSON, military post, Ohio, on W. side of the Sandusky, at the settlement of Lower Sandusky, 18 m. from the mouth of the river. FORT STODDART, v. and fort, Baldwin co. Alabama, on W. side of the Mobile, 44 m. above its entrance into Mobile Bay, and 1,036 from W. FORT STOTHER, St. Clair co. Ala. on the right bank of Coosa river, 20 m. SE. from St. Clairsville. FORT WASHINGTON, v. on the left bank of Potomac river, and on the point above the mouth of Piscataway creek, Prince Georges co. Md. 15 m. below W. FORT WAYNE, v. Randolph co. In. by postroad 175 m. NNE. from Indianapolis, 157 NW. from Columbus in Ohio. FORT WILLIAM, U. Canada, station of the NW. Fur Company, on the N. bank of the Kaminiticuvia, which is here half a mile wide, and empties into Lake Superior, a mile below the fort. Lat. 48° N. FORT WILLIAMS, Ala. on the E. side of the Coosa, in the country of the Upper Creeks, about 60 m. above Fort Jackson. FORTUNE, bay, in the S. coast of New foundland, inclosed by Miquelon Island, and Point May. FOSTER, t. Providence co. R. I. 18 m. W. from Providence, 453 from W. Pop. 2,672. Here are several cotton manufactories. FOSTER'S FERRY, v. Sussex co. N. J. FOTHER ING A Y, v. Montgomery co. Va. FOUCAULT, Seigniory, Bedford co. L. C. between Missisque Bay, the N. boundary of the U. S. and Richelieu river. FOUCHE DE THOMAS, t. Arkansas. FOULKSTOWN, v. Columbiana co. Ohio. FOUL WE ATHER , Cape, NW. coast of America. Lon. 236° 4' W. ; lat. 44° 49' N. FOWLER, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 605; in 1830, 1,447. FOWLER, t. Trumbull co. Ohio, 12 m; NE. from Warren. FOU — FRA 271 FOURCHE AU CADO, branch of Washi- tau river, entering from the left. It rises be- tween Washitau proper, and Little Missouri. FOUR CORNERS, v. Huron co. Ohio. FOUR CORNERS, v. Oswego co. N. Y. 14 m. from Rotterdam, 329 from W. FOUR CORNERS, v. Lincoln co. Me. FOUR MILE BRANCH, v. Barnwell dis- trict, S. C. FOUR MILE CREEK, r. Kentucky, which runs into the Ohio. FOXBOROUGH, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 m. SSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,099. FOX CAPE, Pacific coast of N. America. Lat. 54° 45' N. FOX CREEK, r. which rises in Albany co. N. Y and runs into the Schoharie river in the town of Schoharie. Length, 17 m. FOXCROFT, t. Penobscot co. Maine, 82 m. NNYV. from Castine, 270 NE. from Boston. Pop. 677. FOX ISLANDS, small islands on the S. side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. FOX ISLANDS, in the centre of Penob- scot Bay, Maine. They contain about 10,000 acres, and constitute the town of Vinalhaven. FOX LOACS GROVE, t. Limestone co. Ala. 269 m. N. from Cahawba. FOX RIVER, r. Canada, which empties into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. FOX RIVER, r. which runs into the Wa- bash, 15 m. above its mouth. FOX RIVER, NW. Territory, U.S. which runs through Lake Winnebago, and flows NE. into Green Bay. It is connected with the Ouisconsin by a portage of 4 m. FOX RIVER, r. Indiana, which runs into the Theakiki. FRAMINGHAM, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 m. WSW. from Boston, 415 from W. Pop. 2,213. Here are an academy, and a cotton manufactory. FRAMPTON, t. Dorchester and Hertford cos. L. C. between Cranbourne and Ialliet, 30 m. SE. from Quebec. FRANCESTOWN, t. Hillsborough co.N.H. 12 m. NW. from Amherst, 496 from W. Pop. 1,540. It is a considerable town, and contains two valuable quarries of soap-stone. FRANCIS, v. St. Genevieve co. Miso. FRANCIS, St. a tributary stream of the great river Mississippi, rising in the state of Missouri, in the lat. of 37° 45' N. running parallel with the Mississippi on the W. at the distance of about 40 m. and enters it after a course of about 220 m. 45 m. above the en- trance of the Arkansas. FRANCIS, St. a river of Lower Canada, rising in Lake Memphremagog, which spreads into the state of Vermont. FRANCIS, Point, cape, on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 48° 44' N. FRANCISBURG, v. Union co. Ken. 240 m. from Frankfort. FRANCOIS, River, U. C. runs SW. from Lake Nepking into Lake Huron ; it has sev- eral portages ; that nearest to Lake Nepising is called Portage de Trois Chaudiers, in length about half a mile. FRANCOIS, v. Wayne co. Miso. FRANCOIS, Cape, fine town in the N. part of the island of St. Domingo, belonging to the French, who often call it the Cape, by way of eminence. It was almost ruined by the dread- ful commotions which attended the French revolution. FRANCONIA, t. Grafton co. N. H. 28 m. NE. from Haverhill. Pop. 443. There are 2 manufactories of iron in this town. FRANCONIA, t. Montgomery co. Pa. Pop. 800. FRANKFORD, t. Sussex co. N. J. border- ing on Newtown. FRANKFORD, t. Cumberland co. Pa. FRANKFORD, t. Philadelphia co. Pa. on a small creek, which runs into the Delaware, 1J m. below. It is 5 m. NE. from Philadel- phia. Pop. 1,637. It has a number of manu- facturing establishments, and is a pleasant vil- lage. The Friends have here an Asylum for the Insane, with a spacious and commodious building. FRANKFORT, v. Greenbrier co. Va. ; 74 m. from Christiansburg. FRANKFORT, t. Hampshire co. Va. on a creek which runs into the Potomac, 13 m. NW. from Romney, 4 S. of the Potomac. FRANKFORT, t. Waldo co. Me. on the W. side of Penobscot river, at the head of water navigation ; 26 m. N. from Castine, 12 S. from Bangor. Pop. 2,487. FRANKFORT, t. Herkimer co. N- Y. on the Mohawk. Pop. 2,620. FRANKFORT, t. Franklin co. Ken. the political metropolis of the state, is situated on the N. bank of the Kentucky, 60 m. above its entrance into the Ohio. The environs of the beautiful plain, on which the town is built, are remarkable for their romantic and splendid scenery. The river divides the town into Frankfort and South Frankfort, which are connected by a bridge across the Kentucky, which here flows between banks 4 or 500 feet in height. Both divisions contain about 2,000 inhabitants. The State House is entirely of marble, with a front presenting a portico sup- ported by Ionic columns, the whole having an aspect of magnificence. It contains the cus- tomary legislative halls, and apartments for the Court of Appeals, and the Federal Court. The stair- way under the vault of the dome has been much admired. The penitentiary in general contains over 100 convicts, and is one of the few establishments of the kind in the U. States the income from which exceeds the expenses. Its other public buildings are three churches, an academy, and county court-house. It has a number of respectable manufacturing establishments, among which are three manu- factories of cotton-bagging, a rope-walk, a cot- ton factory, two large ware-houses, and the usual number of corresponding establishments. It is at the head of steam-boat navigation, having 3 or 4 steam-boats in regular employ, when the stage of water in the river admits ; and is a place of considerable commercial en- terprise. The public inns are on a respectable footing ; and it is a place of much show and 272 FRA — FRA gaiety. The houses in particular are singu- larly neat, many of them being built of the beautiful marble furnished by the banks of the river. Sea-vessels have been built here, and floated to New Orleans. It is situated 212 m. from Nashville, 806 from New Orleans, 20 NW. from Lexington, 149 from Indianapolis, 252 from Vandalia, 550 from Washington, 321 from St. Louis, and 85 from Cincinnati. Pop. 1,987. FRANKFORT, v. Beaver co. Pa. FRANKFORT, v. and seat of justice, Mor- gan co. Va. on Patterson's creek, a branch of Potomac ; 12 m. from Cumberland in Md. FRANKFORT, v. Franklin co. II. ; 47 m. NW. by W. from Shawneetown, and 65 SE. by E. from Kaskaskia. FRANKFORT, t. Guernsey co. Ohio; 15 m. E. from Cambridge. FRANKLIN, co. Vt. on Lake Champlain. Pop. 24,525. Chief town, St. Albans. FRANKLIN, t. Franklin co. Vt.; 96 m. NE. from Burlington. Pop. 1,129. FRANKLIN, co. Mass. on both sides of Connecticut river, N. of Hampshire co. Pop. 29,344. Chief town, Greenfield. FRANKLIN, t. Norfolk co. Mass.; 8 m. SW. from Dedliam, 26 SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,662. FRANKLIN, t. New London co. Ct. on the W. side of the Shetucket, adjoining Norwich. Pop, 1,200. FRANKLIN, co. N. part of N. Y. ; bounded N. by Canada, E. by Clinton and Essex cos. S. by Essex and Hamilton cos. and W. hy St. Lawrence co. Pop. 11,332. Chief town, Malone. FRANKLIN, t. Delaware co. N. Y. on the Susquehannah, N. of Delhi ; 346 m. from W. Pop. 2,775. FRANKLIN, co. NW. part of Ala. on the S. side of Tennessee river. Pop. 11,078. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP, Gloucester co. N. J. FRANKLIN, t. Bradford co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. Somerset co. N. J. FRANKLIN, t. Bergen co. N. J. FRANKLIN, co. S. part of Pa. ; bounded NE. by Cumberland co. E. by Adams co. S. by Maryland, and W. by Bedford and Mifflin cos. Pop. 35,103. Chief town, Chambers- burg. FRANKLIN, t. York co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. Adams co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. and cap. Venango co. Pa. at the junction of French creek with the Al- leghany ; 25 m. SE. from Meadville, 63 N. from Pittsburg, 237 from W. The celebrated Oil Springs are 11 m. NE. of this town. They rise from the bed of Oil creek, and afford an inexhaustible supply of oil. FRANKLIN, t. Franklin co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. Huntingdon co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. Fayette co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. Greene co. Pa. FRANKLIN, t. Westmoreland co. Pa. FRANKLIN, co. S. part of Va. ; bounded NW. by Bottetourt co. NE. by Bedford co. E. by Pittsylvania co. S. by Henry and Patrick cos. and W. by Montgomery co. Pop. 14,911. Chief town, Rocky Mount. FRANKLIN, t. Pendleton co. Va. on S. branch of the Potomac; 35 m. SW. from Moorfield, 55 N. from Bath, 190 from W. FRANKLIN, t. Russell co. Va.; 20 m. WNW. from Abingdon. FRANKLIN, co. N. part of N. C. Pop. 10,665. Chief town, Louisburg. FRANKLIN, co. central part of Ohio Pop. 14,716. Chief towns, Franklinton and Co- lumbus. FRANKLIN, t. Warren co. Ohio, on the Great Miami ; 10 m. NW. from Lebanon, 34 N. by E. from Cincinnati. FRANKLIN, t. Portage co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Ross co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, co. N. part of Ken. Pop. 9,251. Chief town, Frankfort. FRANKLIN, co. West Tennessee. Pop. 15 £44 Chief town, Winchester. FRANKLIN, v. Havwood co. N. C. FRANKLIN, t. and cap. Williamson co. Ten. on the Harpath ; 17 m. SSW. from Nash- ville, 767 from W. Pop. about 2,000. It is a pleasant town, and one of the largest and most flourishing in the state. It contains the county buildings, a bank, and a printing-office, where a newspaper is published. FRANKLIN, co. SE. part of Indiana. Pop. 10,199. Chief town, Brookville. FRANKLIN, t. St. Mary's parish, La. ; 150 m. from New Orleans. Lon. 91° 58' W. lat 30° V N. FRANKLIN, co. II. Pop. 4,081. Chief town, Frankfort. FRANKLIN, co. Ala. Pop. 11,078. Chief town, Russell ville. FRANKLIN, co. Miso. Pop. 3,484. Chief town, Union. FRANKLIN, t. and cap. Howard co. Miso. on the Missouri; 160 m. from St. Louis. FRANKLIN, co. NW. part of Georgia. Pop. 10,135. Chief town, Carnesville. FRANKLIN, co. Mississippi. Pop. 4,622. Chief town, Franklin. FRANKLIN, t. Attakapas co. La. ; 1,327 from W. FRANKLIN CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs SE. into the Great Miami, below Franklin. FRANKLIN, t. Jackson co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Stark co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Wayne co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Licking co. Ohio. FRANKLIN, t. Richland co. Ohio. FRANKLINTON, t. Franklin co. Ohio, on SW. branch of the Scioto, opposite Columbus, 1 m. distant; 45 m. N. from Chillicothe, and 419 from W. It is the seat of justice for the county. FRANKLINVILLE, v. Catauraugus co. N. Y. ; 289 m. SW. by W. from Albany. FRANKS, t. Huntingdon co. Pa. Pop. 1,297. FRANKSTOWN, t. Huntingdon co. Pa. on Frankstown river; 20 m. SW. by W. from Huntingdon. PEA— FEE 273 FRANKSTOWN-BRANCH, r. Pa. ; the NW. branch of the Juniata, rises in Bedford co. and joins Raystown-braneh, 2 m. below the borough of Huntingdon, and forms the Juniata. FRARESAU, v. Miso. on the road from St. Charles to St. Louis. FREDERICA, t. Kent co. Delaware, at the forks of Mothcrkill, a branch of Delaware river ; 7 m from Milford, 12 E. from Dover. FREDERICA, a town of the state of Geor- gia, in Glynn co. and the W. side of St. Simon Island, with a safe and commodious harbor, 04 m. SW. of Savannah. Lon. 80° 56' W. lat. 31° 6' N. FREDERICK, t. Montgomery co. Pa. Pop. 1,000. FREDERICK, co. Md. on the Potomac. Pop. 4-5,793. Chief town, Fredericktown. FREDERICK, t. Cecil co. Md. on the Sas- safras, opposite Georgetown, 19 m. NE. from Chestertown. FREDERICK, co. Va. Pop. 26,048. Chief town, Winchester. FREDERICK HOUSE, a trading station in Upper Canada, near the head waters of the Ottawa river. Lon. 82° W. lat. 48° 30' N. FREDERICK POINT, U. C. is on the E. side of Kingston harbor, and on the W. side of Haldimand Cove, winch is made by it and Point Henry. FREDERICKSBURG, t. Spottsylvania co. Va. and one of the most flourishing commer- cial towns in the state, is regularly laid out, on the SW. bank of the Rappahannock river, 110 m. from its mouth, 57 SW. from W. 66 N. from Richmond. Lon. 77° 33' W. lat. 38° 18' N. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, 2 banks, and 4 houses of public worship. It is advantageously situated for trade, near the head of navigation on the Rappahannock, in the midst of a fertile and w T ell cultivated coun- try. Vessels of 130 or 140 tons ascend as far as this place, and large quantities of corn, flour, tobacco, and other produce, are brought from tire surrounding country for exportation. The annual value of exports has been estimated at 84,000,000. Pop. 3,307. FREDERICKSBURG, t. Washington co. Indiana, on Big Blue river, 20 m. NW. from Corydon. FREDERICKSBURG, t. Gallatin co. Ken. FREDERICKSBURG, t. Lenox co. U. C. on the Bay of Quinte, W. of Ernestown. FREDERICKTON, or St. Anne, capital of New Brunswick, on St. John's river, at the head of sloop navigation, about 90 ra. above its mouth. FREDERICKTOWN, city and cap. Fred- erick co. Md. on a branch of Monocasy creek, 43 m. NNW. from W. 42 W. from Baltimore. Lat. 39° 24' N. The public buildings are an elegant court-house, a jail, bank, brick market- house, academy, and 7 houses of public wor- ship. It is a very flourishing town, and has considerable trade with the back country. Great quantities of leather, shoes, hats, saddles, and gloves, are sent to Baltimore. 2 K FREDERICKTOWN, t. Knox co. Ohio, 7 m. N. from Mount Vernon, 40 NE. from Co- lumbus. FREDERICKTOWN, t. and cap. Madison co. Miso. near St. Michael's. FREDERICKTOWN, v. Washington co. Pa. on the left bank of Monongahela river, 2 m. below the mouth of Ten-Mile creek, and 8 above Brownsville. FREDONIA, v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 45 m. from Buffalo, and 45 from Erie, on the road between the two latter places, and 4 m. from Dunkirk on Lake Erie. FREDONIA, v. Crawford co. In. on Ohio r. 5 m. below the mouth of Great Blue r. and 15 m. a little S. of W. from Corydon. FREEBURG, v. Union co. Pa. FREEDOM, t. Waldo co. Me. 28 m. NE. from Augusta. Pop. in 1820, 788 ; in 1830, 869. FREEDOM, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 35 m. from Albany. FREEDOM, v. Baltimore co. Md. FREEHOLD, v. Greene co. N. Y. on Cats- kill creek, 20 m. NW. from Hudson, and 27 SSW. from Albany. FREEHOLD, or Monmouth, v. and seat of justice, Monmouth co. N. J. 15 m. SW. by W. from Shrewsbury, and 25 m. SE. by E. from Bordentown It is a pleasant place, and has an academv. FREEMAN, t. Somerset co. Me. 40 m. NW. from Norridgewock. Pop. in 1820, 517; in 1830, 724. FREEMAN'S STORE, v. Jones co. Geo. 14 m. W. from Milledgeville. FREEPORT, t. Cumberland co. Me. 20 m. NE. from Portland. Pop. 2,623. FREEPORT, v. Armstrong co. Pa. on the right bank of Alleghany river, at -the mouth of Buffalo creek, 15 m. below Kittaning, and 26 above Pittsburg. FREEPORT, t. in the south-west angle of Harrison co. Ohio. FREETOWN, t. Bristol co. Mass. left side of Taunton river, 40 m. S. of Boston. Pop. 1,909. FREETOWN, t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. Pop. in 1820, 663 ; in 1830, 1,051. FRENCH BROAD RIVER, one of the sources of Tennessee river. It rises in South Carolina, and crossing the western part of North Carolina, enters Tennessee through a breach in the mountain, and joins the Holston, 11 m. above Knoxville. It is navigable for boats nearly the whole of its course in Ten- nessee. About 30 miles from its mouth is a large medicinal warm spring. FRENCH GRANT, v. Scioto co. Ohio, 106 m. S. from Columbus. FRENCH CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Alleghany, 80 m. N. by E. from Pittsburg. It was the usual French route from Lake Erie to the Ohio. FRENCH CREEK, t. Mercer co. Pa. FRENCH CREEK, t. Venango co. Pa. FRENCH CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio. 274 FRE — GAL FRENCH CREEK, v. Jefferson co. N. Y. 200 m. NW from Albany. FRENCH CREEK, rises in Berks co. Pa. and flowing- SE. enters Chester co. falls into Schuylkill river, 10 m. above Norristown. FRENCH CREEK, r. rises in Chatauque co. N. Y. enters Pa. in Erie co. and continuing by comparative courses to Meadville, there re- ceives the Cassawago, turns to NE. 25 m. and unites with the Alleghany river at Franklin. It is navigable as high as the mouth of Bceuf creek, 5 m. S. from Waterford. FRENCHMAN'S BAY, Me. lying between Mount Desert Island and the peninsula of Goldsborough. It communicates with Blue- hill Bay. FRENCH MILLS, now Fort Covington, t. Franklin co. N. Y. on Salmon river, 8 m. E. from St. Regis. FRENCH MILLS, t. Onslow co. N.C. 158 m. SE. from Raleigh. FRENCH RIVER, r. Upper Canada, which rises in Lake Nepising, and after a course of 75 miles, enters Lake Huron, in lat. 45° 53' N. FRENCH, r. which rises in Mass. and joins the Quinebaug in Thompson, Ct. FRENCHTON, v. Dinwiddie co. Va. FRENCHTOWN, landing, Cecil co. Md. on the E. side of Elk r. 1 m. S. from Elkton. FRENCHTOWN, t. Monroe co. Michigan territory. FRENCH VILLAGE, v. II. 5 m. E. from St. Louis. FRENEUSE, lake, N. Brunswick, through which St. John river passes. FRESNILLO, t. Mexico, 30 m. NW. from Zacatecas. Lon. 101° 58' W.; lat. 23° 22' N. FRIENDLY COVE, harbor in Nootka Sound, on the NW. coast of America. FRIENDSHIP, t. Lincoln co. Me. 30 m. E. from Wiscasset. Pop. 634. FRIENDSHIP, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. SW. of Angelica. Pop. 1,502. FRIENDSHIP, v. Anne Arundel co. Md. FRIENDSVILLE, v. Susquehannah co. Pa. FROBISHER'S STRAITS, little north of Cape Farewell, and West Greenland, discover- ed by Sir Martin Frobisher. Lon. 42° W. lat. 63° N. FROG'S POINT, or Frog's Neck, West- chester co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 9 m. NE. from Haerlem Heights. FRONTINAC, co. Upper Canada, on Lake Ontario. FRONTROYAL, v. Frederick co. Va. FRUITSTOWN, t. Lycoming co. Pa. FROSTBURG, v. Alleghany co. Md. situ- ate on the national road, 10 m. W. from Cum- berland. This is perhaps the most elevated town in the U. States, being, according to Mr. Schriver, 1792 feet above tide-water in Chesa- peake Bay. This village is 145 m. from W. FRUITSTOWN, t. Columbia co. Pa. 15 m. N. from Danville FRYBURG, t. Oxford co. Me. and the seat of an academy; lying on the N. branch of Saco river, 58 m. NW. of Portland. Pop. in 1820, 1,057 ; in 1830, 1,353. FRYINGPAN SHOALS, off Cape Fear r. N. C. FUERTE RIO, r. Mexico, in Sonora, flows into the Gulf of California. FULLENWIDERS, t. Lincoln co. N. C. 194 m. SW. by W. from Raleigh. FULLERTON, Point, cape, on the W. coast of Antigua. Lon. 61° 35' W. ; lat. 17° 13' N. It is also the name of a cape in Hudson's Bay. Lon. 88 3 20' W.; lat. 64° 10' N. FULLING-MILLS, v. Kent co. R. I. FULLMOON SHOAL, shoal of cape Hat. teras, N. C. having 10 or 12 feet at low water. FULTON, v. Rowan co. N. C. 137 m. by postroad from Raleigh. FULTON, t. Sumpter district, S. C 49 in. from Columbia. FULTON, C. H. Fulton co. II. 96 m. from Vandalia. FUNDY, Bay of, North America, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Its en- trance is between Cape Sable, the SW. point of Nova Scotia, and Mount Desert Island on the coast of Maine. The tides in the Bay of Fundy have an extraordinary rise. At the entrance of the bay they are only of the ordi- nary height, about 8 feet ; but at Lubec, com- mon tides rise 25 feet ; at St. John, 30 ; and at the head of the bay 60 feet. The tides here are so rapid as to overtake and sweep off ani- mals feeding on the shore. FUNKSTOWN, or Jerusalem, t. Washing- ton co. Md. on Antietam creek, 2| m. SW. from Elizabethtown. FURNACE, v. Litchfield co. Ct. 58 m. a little N. of W. from Hartford. FURRY'S TOWN, t. Jamaica, in St. James co. 20 m. NE. from Savannah la Mer. G. GAINES, t. Orleans co.N. Y. on Lake On- tario ; 30 m. W. from Rochester, 18 N. from Batavia. Pop. 2,121. GAINESVILLE, t. Genesee co. N. Y. ; 24 m. S. from Batavia. Pop. 1,934. GALEN, t. Seneca co. N. Y. on the Erie canal, immediately N. of Junius. It contains the village of Clyde. Here are salt-works. Pop. 2,979. GALLATIN, t. Columbia co. N. Y. ; 19 m. SE. from Hudson. The Ancram iron-works in this town are very extensive, and the iron is highly prized. The ore is obtained from the neighboring town of Salisbury, Ct. GALLATIN, t. and cap. Sumner co. W. Ten. ; 27 m. NE. from Nashville. Here is an academy. GALLATIN, co. Ken.; bounded N. by Ohio river ; E. by Grant, SE. by Grant and Owen, and SW. by Henry. Length 35 m. mean width 10. Chief town, Port William Pop. 6,680. GALLATIN, co. IL ; bounded by Wabash river E. and SE. Pope S. Franklin W. and White N. Length 36 m. mean width 33. Chief town, Shawneetown. Pop. in 1820, 3,155 in 1830, 7,407. GALLATIN, v. Copiah co. Mississippi ; 36 m. from Monticello. GAL — GEO 275 GALLATIN'S RIVER, one of the three forks of the Missouri, joins the main stream in Ion. 110° 5' W. ; lat. 45° 15' N. GALLIA, co. Ohio ; bounded by the Ohio river E. and SE. Lawrence SW. Jackson NW. and Meigs N. Length 36 m. width 24. Pop. 9,733. Chief town, Gallipolis. GALLIPOLTS, t. and cap. Gallia co. Ohio, on Ohio river ; 57 m. SE. from Chillicothe, 102 SE. from Columbus. It contains a court-house, jail, and academy. It was settled in 1790 by a French colony. Pop. 755. Lat. 38° 50' N. GALLOWAY, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 1,659. GALVESTON, v. La. on the Iberville at its confluence with Amite river, 18 m. from Don- aldsonville, 25 SE. from Baton Rouge. Lat. 30° 20' N. GAL WAY, t. Saratoga co. N. Y.; 8 m. W. from Ballston, 31 from Albany. Pop. 2,710. GARDINER, t. Kennebeck co. Me. on the W. bank of Kennebeck river, opposite Pitts- town. Cobbeseconte river runs through this town, and for more than a mile has a contin- ued succession of falls on which are erected various manufacturing establishments. The Gardiner Lyceum is established here, and went into operation in January, 1823. It is novel in its design, being intended to fit young men to become farmers and mechanics. In- struction is given in the various branches of natural science, and their application to prac- tical purposes. The term of study is 3 years. It is 6 m. S. from Augusta. Pop. 3,709. GARDINER'S BAY and ISLAND, at the E. end of Long Island, N. Y. Lon. 72° 15' W.; lat. 41° 3' N. The island is 7 m. long. It was settled in 1639 by Lyon Gardiner, and is now the property of one of his de- scendants. GARDNER, t. Worcester co. Mass. ; 25 m, N. from Worcester, 58 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,023. GARLAND, t. Penobscot co. Me.; 28 m. NW. from Bangor. Pop. 621. GARRARD, co. Ken.; bounded by Rock- castle SE. Lincoln SW. Mercer NW. Ken- tucky river, or Jessamine N. and Madison NE. Length 28 m. mean width 8. Chief town, Lancaster. Pop. in 1820, 10,851 ; in 1830, 11,870. GASCONADE, r. Miso. which falls into the Missouri from the N. 100 m. from its conflu- ence with the Mississippi. GATES, t. Monroe co. N. Y. at the mouth of Genesee river ; 28 m. NW. from Canandai- gua. Pop. 2,643. GATES, co. N. C. in the NE. part of the state. Length 23 m. mean width 11. Pop. 7,856. Chief town, Hertford. GAULEY, r. Va. enters the E. side of the Kenhawa, above the falls. GEAUGA, co. Ohio; bounded NW. by Lake Erie, E. by Ashtabula and Trumbull, S. by Geauga, and W. by Cuyahoga. Length 28 m. width 21. Chief town, Chardon, Pop. in 1820, 7,791 ; in 1830, 15,813. GEDDYSBURGH, v. in Salina, N. Y. on the Erie canal. GENESEE, r. rises in Pa. and flowing through New York, falls into Lake Ontario, affording a good harbor at its mouth. About 40 m. N. of the Pennsylvania line, there are two falls in the river, 1 of 60 and 1 of 90 feet, a mile apart. At Rochester there are also two falls, 1 of 96 feet, and 1, 3 m. below, of 75 feet- Vessels ascend to the falls. GENESEE, co. N. Y. ; bounded S. by Al- leghany and Cataraugus, W. by Erie and Niagara, N.'by Lake Ontario, and E. by Mon- roe and Livingston cos. Length 52 m. width 26. Pop. 51,992. Chief town, Batavia. GENESEO, t. and cap. Livingston co. N. Y on the Genesee river ; 25 m. W. from Canan daigua, 33 S. from Rochester, 35 E. from Batavia. Pop. 1,598. GENEVA, v. in Seneca township, Ontario co. N. Y. on the W. side of Seneca Lake, near the outlet ; 16 m. E. from Canandaigua, 95 W. from Utica, 192 W. from Albany, 345 from W. The lake is here 3 miles wide. It is one of the neatest villages in the state. The neigh- borhood has a varied and pleasant scenery, with many elegant country-seats. The vil- lage contains 4 churches, a bank, and a col- lege. The college was founded in 1823. It has 9 instructors, and a library of 1,500 vols. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. It has 3 vacations : 1st, from com mencement, 5 weeks ; 2d, at Christmas and New Year, 2 weeks ; 3d, three weeks in April. GENEVA, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, on Lake Erie ; 10 m. NW. from Jefferson. Pop. 315. GENOA, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake ; 25 m. S. from Auburn, 180 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,585. It has 5 houses of pub- lic worship. GENOA, t. Delaware co. Ohio. Pop. 2,768. GEORGE, t. Fayette co. Pa. on the SE. side of the Monongahela, at the mouth of George creek, 16 m. SW. from Union. It is a place of considerable trade. GEORGE LAKE, a beautiful lake, 36 m. long, and about 2 broad, between Washington and Warren counties, N. Y. It communicates with Lake Champlain, by an outlet 3 miles long, in which distance the water descends nearly 100 feet. The lake is surrounded by high mountains, and is much celebrated for the romantic beauty of its scenery. There are numerous small islands in the lake, on some of which are found crystals of quartz, of un common transparency and perfection of form. This lake was conspicuous in the wars of this country, and several memorable battles were fought on its borders. GEORGE, t. Fayette co. Pa. Pop. 2,086. GEORGE CREEK, r. America, which runs into the Potomac, 12 m. SW. from Fort Cumberland. GEORGETOWN, t. Lincoln co. Me. on the Kennebeck ; 15 m. SW. from Wiscasset, 160 NE. from Boston, 621 from W. Pop. 1,258. GEORGETOWN, t. Madison co. N. Y Pop. 1,094. 276 GEO— GIB GEORGETOWN, t. Beaver co. Pa. ; 44 m. below Pittsburg-, on the S. side of the Ohio. This is a flourishing town, and is a place of considerable trade. GEORGETOWN, t. and cap. Sussex co. Delaware ; 16 m. WSW. from Lewistown, 103 S. from Philadelphia, 108 from W. It con- tains an academy and a bank. GEORGETOWN, t. and port of entry, Washington co. and District of Columbia, on NE. bank of the Potomac, about 200 m. from its mouth, and 300 from the capes of Virginia, 3 m. W. of the Capitol in Washington. It is separated from Washington by Rock creek, yet from its proximity it appears to the eye to make a part of the city. The situation is very pleasant, commanding a beautiful view of the river, the city of Washington, and the sur- rounding country. The houses are principally built of brick, and many of them are elegant. On the hills near the town there are several elegant country-seats. The situation is very healthy, and the water excellent. It is a flour- ishing town, and a place of considerable trade. Pop. 8,441. A canal from the Potomac to the Ohio begins at this place. Georgetown Col- lege, situated here, is a Catholic institution, under the direction of the Incorporated Catho- lic Clergy of Maryland. It was first incor- porated in 1799. It has two spacious edifices, and a library containing 7,000 volumes. The number of students ranges from 140 to 175. Here is likewise a large nunnery, called the Convent of Visitation. It was founded by the late most Rev. Archbishop Neale, in 1798. The number of nuns varies from 50 to 70. Attached to this institution is a large and flourishing Female Academy. The boarding school contains 100 young ladies, under the instruction of the nuns. GEORGETOWN, v. Kent co. Md. on the Sassafras river, 65 m. SW. from Philadelphia. GEORGETOWN, district of S. C. ; bound- ed by the Atlantic ocean SE. by Santee river or Charleston SW. by Williamsburg NW. and by Marion and Horry NE. Length 36 m. mean width 25. Chief town, Georgetown. Pop. 1820, 17,603; in 1830, 19,943. GEORGETOWN, v. seaport, and seat of justice, Georgetown district, S. C. near the head of Winy an Bav, 60 m. NE. from Charles- ton. Lat. 33°21'N. Pop. about 2,000. Ves- sels drawing 11 feet water pass up to the town. It has a fine back country, watered by the Great Pedee. It contains several places of public worship, a bank, and the ordinary build- ings necessary for- a county town. GEORGETOWN, v. Warren co. Geo, on the left side of Ogeechee river, 60 m. from Savannah, and 35 above Louisville. GEORGETOWN, t. and seat of justice, Scott co. Ken. on the left bank of North Elk- horn creek, 15 m. E. from Frankfort. It con- tains a court-house, bank, printing-office, and several places of public worship. Lat. 38° 14' N. ; Ion. 7° 28' W. from W. Pop. 1,344. GEORGETOWN, v. Harrison co. Ohio, 6 ,m. SE. from Cadiz. GEORGETOWN, v. Dearborn co. In. GEORGETOWN CROSS-ROADS, v. Kent co. Md. ; 1 m. S. from Georgetown, D. C. GEORGETOWN ENTRANCE, the mouth of the Great Pedee river, on the coast of South Carolina. GERMAN, t. Chenango co. N. Y.; 15 m. W. from Norwich, 115 W. from Albany. Pop. 884. GERMAN, t. Fayette co. Pa. Pop. 2,900. GERMAN, t. Clarke co. Ohio. GERMAN, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. GERMAN, t. Cape Girardeau co. Miso. GERMAN FLATS, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on the S. side of the Mohawk ; 5 m. S. from Herkimer, 75 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,466. In this town stood Fort Herkimer, mentioned in the history of American wars. The Ger- man Flats are an extensive tract of alluvial land, on both sides of the Mohawk, in this town and in Herkimer. Though it has been cultivated nearly 100 years, it has lost none of its fertility. GERM ANNA, v. on Rapid Ann river, in the NE. angle of Orange co. Va. ; 72 m. SW. from W. and 81 N. from Richmond. GERMANTOWN, t. Columbia co. N. Y. on Hudson river, 12 m. below Hudson. Pop. 967. GERMANTOWN, t. Philadelphia co. Pa. ; 6 m. N. from Philadelphia. Pop. 4,642. It contains 4 churches, 1 for Presbyterians, 1 for German Calvinists, 1 for Lutherans, and 1 for Friends. The houses are chiefly of stone, some of them large and elegant, and built principally on one street, about 2 m. in length. The inhabitants are mostly Germans and Dutch. Here is the principal congregation of the Menonists. The battle of Germantown was fought here on the 4th of October, 1777. In this village is situated Mount Airy College, an institution justly celebrated. The rail-road from Philadelphia to Norristown passes through this place. GERMANTOWN, t. Hyde co. N. C. on a bay in Pamlico Sound ; 108 m. from Ra leigh. GERMANTOWN, t. Stokes co. N. C. on the Town Fork of the Dan. It contains a court-house, fail, and about 40 houses. GERMANTOWN, t. Montgomery co. Ohio, 13 m. S. from Dayton. GERMANY, t. Adams co. Pa. Pop. 1,272. GERRY, t. Chatauque co. N. York. Pop 1,110. GETTYSBURG, t. and cap. Adams co. Pa. on Rock creek, one of the sources of the Monocasy, 36 m. from Williamsport, Md. 52 from Baltimore, 118 W. from Philadelphia. Pop. 1,473. It contains a court-house, jail, bank, and printing-office, from which a news- paper is issued. GHENT, t. Columbia co. N. Y. Pop. 2,790. GHENT, t. Gallatin co. Ken. on the Ohio, opposite Vevay. GIANT OF THE VALLEY, mt. Eliza- bethtown, N. York, 1,200 feet high. GIBBONSVILLE, v. in Watervliet, N. Y Here is a U. S. arsenal. GIBSON, t Clearfield co. Pa. Pop. 300. GIB— GOL 277 GIBSON, t. Susquehannah co. Pa. Pop. 1,000. GIBSON, co. in the SW. part of Indiana. Pop. 5,417. Chief town, Princeton. GIBSON, co. in the western part of Ten. Pop. 5,801. Chief town, Trenton. GIBSONPORT, t. and cap. Claiborne co. Mississippi, on Pierre bayou, 30 m. above its entrance into the Mississippi, 45 m. from Natchez, 1.154 from W. GIBSON CREEK, runs into the N. side of the Missouri, in Ion. 106° 30' W. ; lat. 47° N. GILEAD, t. Oxford co. Me. ; 30 m. WNVV from Paris. Pop. 377. GILES, co. W. part of Va. ; bounded NE. by Greenbrier and Monroe cos. SE. by Mont- gomery co. SW. by Tazewell co. and NW. by Kenhawa co. Pop. 5,298, of whom 470 are slaves. GILES, co. on N. side of West Tennessee. Pop. 18,920. Chief town, Pulaski. GILFORD, t. Strafford co.N.H. on SW. side of Lake Winnipiseogee ; 28 ra. NNE. from Concord, 55 NW. from Portsmouth. This town was formed from the N. part of Gilmanton. It is connected with Meredith by a bridge, at which there is a considerable village. Pop. 1,872. GILL, t. Franklin co. Mass. on W. side of the Connecticut ; 3 m. ENE. from Greenfield. Pop. 864 GILLORI, island near the coast of Missis- sippi, at the mouth of the Mobile, near Dau- phin's Island. GILMANTON, t. Strafford co. N. H. ; 19 m. NNE. from Concord, 50 NW. from Ports- mouth, 523 from W. Pop. 3,816. It con- tains a court-house, a number of ' respectable manufacturing establishments, an academy, and several houses of public worship. The Court of Common Pleas for the county is held alternately at Gilmanton and Rochester, and the Superior Court at Dover. GILMANTON, Lower, v. in the township of Gilmanton. GILSUM, t. Cheshire co. N. H. ; 6 m. N. from Keene. Pop. 642. GLASGOW, t. and cap. Barren co. Ken. ; 61 m. ENE. from Russellville, 148 SW. from Lexington, 66 from W. Pop. 617. It is a flourishing town, situated in a fertile country, and contains the county buildings and a bank. GLASGOW, New, t. Amherst co. Va. ; about 20 N. by E. from Lynchburg. GLASSBOROUGH,v. Gloucester co. N. J.; 20 m. SE. from Philadelphia. Here is a con- siderable glass manufactory. GLASTENBURY, t. Bennington co. Vt. ; 11 m. NE. from Bennington. Pop. 52. GLASTENBURY, t. Hartford co. Ct. on E. side of the Connecticut, opposite Wethers- field; 6 m. SSE. from Hartford. Pop. 2,980. It is a pleasant town, and contains an academy. GLENNS, v. Gloucester co. Va. ; 159 m. from W. GLENVILLE, v. in Queensbury, Washing- ton co. N.Y. on the Hudson at Glenn's Falls ; 3 m. W. from Sandy Hill. A weekly news- paper is published here. Glenn's Falls present a beautiful and picturesque scenery. The de- scent is 28 feet in 3 rods. Here is a bridge across the river. GLESE, r. La. which runs into the Mis- sissippi. GLOUCESTER, t. and s-p. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ann, at N. extremity of Massachu- setts Bay; 16 m. NE.. from Salem, 30 NE. from Boston, 469 from W. Pop. 7,513. It contains a bank, an insurance office, and 2 public libraries, the largest of which contains about 700 volumes. It is divided into five parishes, in each of which is a Congregational meeting-house. The harbor is very open and accessible for large ships, and it is one of the most considerable fishing towns in the state. The harbor is defended bv a battery. GLOUCESTER, t. Providence co. R. I. in the NW. corner of the state, having Massa- chusetts on the N. and Connecticut on the W Pop. 2,524. GLOUCESTER, small village, Gloucester co. N. J. on the E. bank of the river Delaware, 3 m. below Philadelphia. Pop. 2,159. GLOUCESTER, co. N. J. bounded by the Atlantic Ocean SE. Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem cos. SW. Delaware r. NW. and by Burlington co. NE. ; length 40 m. breadth 20. Chief towns, Woodbury, Gloucester, and Cam- den. Pop. 28,431. GLOUCESTER, co. Va. bounded E. by Mock Jack Bay, SE. and SW. by York river, NW. by King and Queen, and NE. by Mid- dlesex and Matthews ; length 20, mean width 16 m. Chief town, Gloucester. Pop. 10,608, of whom 5,691 are slaves. GLOUCESTER, C. H. Gloucester co. Va. 80 m. E. from Richmond. GLOUCESTER FORT, or Point au Pins, U. C. the first point on the north shore in the narrows leading from Lake Superior towards the falls of St. Mary. GLOUCESTER TOWNSHIP, U.C. in the county of Dundas ; it lies eastward of and ad- joining the river Radeau. GLOUCESTER FACTORY, establish- ment of the Hudson's Bay Company, on a branch of Albany river. Lat. 51° 30' N. GLOVER, t. Orleans co. Vt. 35 m. NNE. from Montpelier. Pop. 902. GLO YDSBOROUGH, v. Hampshire co. Va. GLYNN, co. Geo. bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the SE. Camden co. or Little St. Ilia river SW. Wayne co. NW. and Alatamaha river NE. ; length 20 m. width 20. Chief town, Brunswick. Pop. in 1820, 3,418; in 1830, 4,467. GNADENHUTTEN, t. Tuscarawas co. Ohio, on the E. side of the Muskingum, 11 m. S. from New Philadelphia. GOFFSTOWN, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. on the W. side of the Merrimack, at Amos- keag falls, where is a bridge across the river, 15 m. S. from Concord, 13 NNE. from Am- herst. Pop. 2,213. GOLCONDA, t. Pope co. II. on the Ohio. 278 GOL — GRA GOLDSBOROUGH, t. Hancock co. Maine, 40 m. E. from Castine, 188 NE. from Portland. Lat. 44° 19' N. Pop. 880. GOOCHLAND, co. Va. in the central part of the state. Pop. 10,348, of whom 5,706 are slaves. GOOSEBERRY ISLAND, and Rocks, off Cape Ann, Mass. GORDONSVILLE, v. Smith co. Ten. 6 m. from Carthage, and 56 NNE. from Murfrees- borough. GORDONSVILLE, v. Orange co. Va. 2 m. from which is Springhill academy, a very re- spectable institution. GORHAM, t. Cumberland co. Maine, 9 m. NW. from Portland. It contains an academy and two churches, round which is a consider- able village. Pop. 2,988. GORHAM, t. Ontario co. N. Y. 8 m. E. from Canandaigua, 10 W. from Geneva. It con- tains 2 churches, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Presbyterians. Pop. 2,977. GOSFIELD, t. Essex co. U. C. on Lake Erie, W. from Mersea. GOSHEN, t. Addison co. Vt. 31 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 555. GOSHEN, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 m. NW. from Northampton, 112 W. from Boston. Pop. 606. GOSHEN, t. Litchfield co. Ct. on the Green Mountain range, 6 m. NW. from Litchfield, 32 W. from Hartford. Pop. 1,732. It is famous for its cheese* GOSHEN, t. and half-shire, Orange co. N.Y. 20 m. W. from Westpoint, 63 N. from New York. P^o. 3,361. The village is pleasantly situated, and contains the court-house, jail, bank, academy, and 2 or 3 printing-offices. GOSHEN, v. Cape May co. N. J. 104 m. S. from Trenton. GOSHEN, West, t. of Chester co. Pa. about 5 m. E. from Downingtown, on the creek of Brandy wine and head of Chester creek. Pop. 1,600, including the borough of West Chester. Chief town, West Chester. GOSHEN, v. Loudon co. Va. on the road from Washington to Winchester, 35 m. from Washington. GOSHEN, v. Lincoln co. Geo. about 40 m. above Augusta. GOSHEN, t Clermont co. Ohio, 18 m. NW. from Williamsburg. GOSHEN, t of St. Clair co. Illinois. GOSHEN MILLS, v. on Seneca creek, Montgomery co. Md. by postroad 32 m. NW. from W. GOSPORT, t. Norfolk co. Va. on Elizabeth liver, 1J m. S. from Norfolk. Here is one of the United States' navy yards. GOUVERNEUR, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 20 m. S. from Ogdensburg, 192 NW. from Al- bany. Pop. 1,552. GOVERNADOR, r. Florida, runs intoPen- 6acola Bay. GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, isl. in Boston harbor, Mass. 2 m. E. from Boston. It contains about 70 acres, and has a pleasant and com- manding situation. Fort Warren, which has 2 crescent batteries, with heavy guns, is on this island. GRAFTON, t. Grafton co. N. H. 30 m. NW. from Concord. Pop. 1,207. GRAFTON, t. Windham co. Vf. 22 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 1,439. GRAFTON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 8 m. SE. from Worcester. Pop. 1,889. GRAFTON, co. W. part of N. H. bounded NE. by Coos co. E. by Strafford co. S. by Hills- borough and Cheshire cos. and W. by Vermont. Pop. in 1820, 32,989 ; in 1830, 38,691. Chief towns, Haverhill and Plymouth. GRAFTON, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 11 m. E. from Troy. Pop. 1,681. GRAINGER, co. Ten. between Clinch and Holston rivers ; bounded by Jefferson SE Knox SW. Claiborne NW. and Hawkins NE. ; length 30 m. mean width 12 ; area 360 sq. ms. Surface hilly, and soil sterile, except along the margin of the streams. Chief town, Rutledge. Lat. 36° 15' N. ; Ion. from W. 6° 40' W GRANADA, island in the West Indies, the principal of the Grenadines; situated in Ion. from W. 5° 40' E. and between 11° 55' and 12° 23' N. lat. It is the last of the Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues NW. of Tobago. The chief port, called Lewis, is on the W. side, in the middle of a large bay, with a sandy bottom, and is very spacious. GRANADA, t. of N. America, in the prov- ince of Nicaragua, seated on the Lake Nicara- gua. The inhabitants carry on a great trade by means of the lake, which communicates with the Atlantic Ocean. It is 54 m. SE. of Leon. Lon. from W. 8° 46' W.; lat. 12° 5' N. GRANBY, t. Essex co. Vt. 60 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 97. GRANBY, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 9 m. ESE. from Northampton, 90 W. from Boston. In this town and South Hadley there are ex- tensive open plains and fields, on which are annually raised for market large quantities of rye. Pop. 1,064. GRANBY, t. Hartford co. Ct. 17 m. NW from Hartford. Pop. 2,730. GRANBY, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 1,423. GRANBY, t. Lexington district, S. C. on the Congaree, opposite Columbia. GRAND ISLE, isl. N. Y. in the Niagara, 4 m. above the falls. It contains 48,000 acres. It belongs to the town of Buffalo. GRAND ISLE, co. NW. part of Vt. It is composed of islands in Lake Champlain.' the largest are North and South Hero. Pop*, 3,696. GRAND LAKE, or Chilnucook Lake, on E. side of Maine, at the sources of the St Croix. GRAND PRE, Seigniory, St. Maurice co. L. C. on Lake St. Peter, 18 m. W. from Three rivers. GRAND RIVER, of Ohio, rises in Trum- bull co. and flowing about 10 m. nearly N. enters Ashtabula co. and continuing N. about 20 m. turns nearly at right angles and enters Geauga co. in which it falls into Lake Erie at GRA— GRE 279 Fairport, after an entire comparative course of 50 m. See Painsville and Fairport. GRAND RIVER, or Nipigon River, U. C. falls into Lake Superior from the N. a little E. opposite Keweena point. GRANT, co. Ken. bounded by Owen S. Gal- latin W. Boone N. and Pendleton E.; length 20 m. mean width 13. Pop. in 1820, 1,805 ; in 1830, 2,987. Chief town, Williamstown. GRANVILLE, t. Hampden co. Mass. 14 m. WSW. from Springfield. Pop. 1,652. GRANVILLE, t. Washington co. N. Y. 12 m. SE. from Whitehall, 60 NE. from Al- bany. It contains 3 villages, an academy, and 5 churches, It is watered by Pawlet and In- dian rivers, on which are many mills. In this town is a..quarry of good marble. Pop. 3,882. GRANVILLE, co. N. C. bounded N. by Va. E. by Warren and Franklin cos. S. by Wake, and W. by Orange and Person ; length 30 m. mean width 23. Chief town Oxford. Pop. in 1820, 18,216 ; in 1830, 19,343. GRANVILLE, v. Monongahela co. Va. 329 m. NW. from W. GRANVILLE, t. Licking co. Ohio, 27 m. NE. from Columbus, 32 W. from Zanesville. It has a bank. GRASS, r. N. Y. runs into the St. Law- rence, opposite St. Regis island, after a course of 125 m. In Canton it is connected by a natural canal with the Oswegatchie. GRATIS, t. Preble co. Ohio. GRATISTOWN, t. Dauphin co. Pa. GRAVESEND, t. Kings co. Long-Island, N. Y. on the sea-coast, 4 m. S. from Flatbush, 9^ S. from New- York. Gravesend beach is a frequent resort for parties of pleasure from the city. Pop. 565. GRAY, t. Cumberland co. Me. 20 m. N. from Portland. Pop. 1,575. GRAYSON, co. Va. bounded SW. by N. C. NW. by Washington and Wythe, NE. by Montgomery, and SE. by Patrick ; length 70 m. mean width 13. GRAYSON, co. Ken. between Green river and Rough creek, bounded S. by Warren, SW. by Butler, W. by Ohio co. N. by Breckenridge, NE. by Hardin, and E. by Hart ; length 36 m. mean width 16|. GREAT BAY, N. H. the W. branch of the Piscataqua ; receives Exeter and Lamprey rivers, and unites with the main branch of the Piscataqua at Hilton's point, 5 m. above Ports- mouth. GREAT BARRINGTON, t. Berkshire co. Mass. about 23 m. W. of Springfield, on the river Connecticut. Pop. 2,276. GREAT BEND, t Susquehannah co. GREAT VALLEY, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 647. GREAT WORKS, r. Penobscot co. Me. flows into the E. side of the Penobscot, 2 m. below the great falls. GREECE, v. Monroe co. N. Y. W. from Genesee river, and 7 m. NNW. from Rochester. GREEGVILLE, v. Loudon co. Va. 25 m. W. from W. GREEN, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. GREEN, t. Clark co. Ohio. GREEN, t. Franklin co. Penn. on both sides of the road from Shippensburg to Chambers- burg. Pop. 2,200. GREEN, co. of Ohio, bounded by Clinton and Warren S. Montgomery W. Clark N. Madison NE. and Fayette E. ; length 24 m. breadth 18. Chief town Xenia. Pop. in 1820, 10,529 ; in 1830, 15,084. GREEN, t. Clinton co. Ohio. GREEN, t. Fayette co. Ohio. GREEN, t. of Gallia co. Ohio. GREEN, t. in Harrison co. Ohio. GREEN, t. of Richland co. Ohio. GREEN, t. of Ross co. Ohio, on the E. side of Scioto river. GREEN, t. of Scioto co. Ohio, on Ohio river. GREEN, v. and t. Stark co. Ohio. GREENE, co. N. Y. bounded E. by Hud- son river, S. by Ulster, W. by Delaware, NW. by Schoharie, and N. by Albany ; length 32 m. mean width 30. Chief town Catskill. GREENE, t. Kennebec co. Maine, 24 m. SW. from Augusta. Pop. 1,324. GREEN BAY, or Bay Puan, a large bay on the W. side of Lake Michigan. It extends from the N. end of the lake 90 miles, in a SW. direction, and is 15 or 20 miles wide. Across its entrance is a chain of islands, called the Grand Traverse, which shelters the bay from the winds that often blow with violence across the lake. Several of the channels between them are of sufficient depth to admit vessels of 200 tons burthen, which traverse the bay and ascend Fox river several miles. Green bay abounds with fish, particularly sturgeons and white fish. It has several small bays, the principal of which is Sturgeon's bay. The principal rivers which it receives, are Fox and Menominy. GREENBRIER, co. of Va. bounded by Nicholas, E. Monroe SE. Kenhawa river, or Giles SW. Kenhawa NW. and Randolph NE. length 50 m. mean width 24. Chief town, Lewisburg. Pop. in 1820, 7,040; in 1830, 9,015. GREENSBOROUGH, t Orleans co. Vt. 27 in. NNE. from Montpelier. Pop. 784. GREENSBOROUGH, t. Caroline co. Md. on the W. side Choptank creek, 7 m. N. from Danton, 22 SE. from Chester. GREENSBURG, t. and bor. Westmoreland co. Pa. on a branch of Sewicky creek, one of the sources of the Youghiogeny, 30 m. SE. by E. Pittsburg 75 from Bedford. Pop. 871- It contains a court-house, jail, bank, academy, and a German Calvinist church. GREENSBURG, t. Beaver co. Pa. 10 m. N. from Beaver town. Pop. 1,291. Here is an academy. GREENSBURG, v. West-Chester co. N. Y. 20 m. N. from the city of N. Y. GREENSBURG, t. and cap. Greene co. Ken. on Green river, 69 m. W. from Lexington, 95 E. from Russellville, 79 from Frankfort, and 493 from W. It contains a court-house, jail, and bank. Pop. 665. GREEN BUSH, v. Windsor co. Ver. 68 m S. from Montpelier. 280 GRE— GRO GREEN BUSH, opposite the city of Albany, and in Rensselaer co. N. Y. Pop. 3,216. GREEN CASTLE, v. Franklin co. Penn. 11 m. S. of Chambersburg, and the same dis- tance N. of Hagerstown, Md. Pop. 1,400. GREEN CASTLE, v. Fairfield co. Ohio, 10 m. NW. from New Lancaster, and 11 SE. from Columbus. GREEN CASTLE, v. Putnam co. In. 46 in. W. from Indianapolis. GREEN POINT, cape, Florida, in Pensa- cola bay. Lon. 87° 4' W. ; lat. 30° 31' N. GREEN RIVER, Ken. rises in Lincoln co. and flowing W. joins the Ohio, 200 m. below Louisville, 50 above the mouth of the Cumber- land. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and is navigable for boats nearly 200 m. GREENUP, NE. co. Ken. bounded N. by Ohio, E. by Big Sandy river, S. by Lawrence, W. by Fleming, and NVV. by Lewis ; length 43 m. mean width 14. Pop. 5,853. Chief town, Greenupsburg. GREENUPSBURG, v. and seat of justice, Greenup co. Ken. on the Ohio river, above the mouth of Little Sandy river, and 125 m. NE. by E. from Lexington. Lat. 38° 37' N. ; lon. from W. 5° 48' W. GREENVILLE, t. Greene co. N. Y. on Catskill creek, 14 m. NW. from Athens, 25 S. from Albany. Here is an academy. GREENVILLE, t. Somerset co. Pa. GREENVILLE, co. Va. bounded by N. C. S. Brunswick, W. Dinwiddie NW. Sussex NE. and Southampton E. ; length 22, width 14 m. Chief town, Hicksford. Pop. 1820, 6858; 1830, 7,117. GREENVILLE, v. Augusta co. Va. 10 m. SSW. from Staunton, and 136 m. NW. by W. from Richmond. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. Pitt co. N. C. on the S. bank of Tar river, 110 m. from Ocre- cock inlet, 279 from Washington. It contains a court-house, jail, and academy. GREENVILLE, district, in the NW. part of S. C. Pop. 16,476. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. Greenville co. S. C. on Reedy river, 110 m. N. from Augusta, Geo. 110 from Columbia. The . air is cool and healthful, and many persons from the low country of Carolina and Georgia reside here in summer. GREENVILLE, t. Darlington co. S. C. on the W. side of Great Pedee river, 55 ENE. from Camden, 90 NE. from Columbus. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. Green co. Ten. on the head waters of French Broad river, 26 m. W. from Jonesboro', 81 E. from Knoxville, 273 from Nashville, 454 from W. The village contains a court-house, jail, printing-office, Presbyterian meeting-house, and about 150 dwelling-houses. A few miles S. of the village is Greenville college, a flourishing institution, incorporated in 1794. It has a library of about 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday of Sept, GREENVILLE, t. and cap. Muhlenburg co. Ken. 35 m. NNW. from Russellvifle, 180 from Lexington, 177 from Frankfort, and 715 from W Pop. 219. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. Jefferson, Miss. 21 m. NE. from Natchez. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. Dark co. Ohio, 80 m. N. from Cincinnati, 86 W. from Colum- bus. Lon. 84° 32' W. ; lat. 40° 2' N. In Aug 1795, a famous treaty was held here by general Wayne, on the part of the U. S. with the In dians. GREENVILLE, co. U. C. bounded on the E. by the co. of Dundas, on the S. by the river St. Lawrence, and on the W. by Elizabeth- Town. Greenville comprehends all the islands near to it in the river St. Lawrence. It sends one representative to the provincial parliament. GREENVILLE CREEK, tributary of the SW. branch of Miami river, running E. past old fort Greenville. One mile above its mouth and 17 below Greenville, it has a perpendicu- lar fall of 15 feet. GREENWICH, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 m. E. from Northampton, 75 W. from Boston. Pop. 813. GREENWICH, t. Fairfield co. Ct. on Long Island Sound, in SW. corner of the state, 14 m. WSW. from Norwalk, 45 WSW. from New Haven. Lat. 41° V N. Pop. 3,805. GREENWICH, t. Washington co. N. Y. 8 m. W. from Salem, 37 N. from Albany. Pop. 3,850. It contains 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Congregationalists, and 1 for Baptists ; an academy, a distillery, and extensive cotton and woollen manufactories. GREENWICH, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 10 m. SW. from Bridgeton. Pop. 900. GREENWICH, t. Sussex co. N. J. on the Delaware, 5 m. NE. from Easton. Pop. 2,710. GREENWICH, t. Gloucester co. N. J. on E. side of the Delaware, 6 m. S. from Phila- delphia. Pop. 3,000. GREENWICH, t. Berks co. Pa. Pop. 1,104. GREENWICH, East, t. and cap. Kent co. R. I. on NW. part of Narraganset Bay, 16 m. S. from Providence, 22 NNW. from Newport. Pop. 1,591. It contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Presbyterians, and 1 for Friends, and is a place of some trade. GREENWICH, West, t. Kent co. R. I. on W. side of East Greenwich, 20 m. SW. from Providence. Pop. 1,817. GREENWOOD, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 694. GREENWOOD, t. Mifflin co. Pa. W. of the Susquehannah. Pop. 1,097. GREENWOOD, t. Cumberland co. Pa. on W. side of the Susquehannah. Pop. 1,300. GREGSTOWN, v. Somerset co. N. J. on the Millstone, 6 rn. NE. from Princeton. GRIERSBURG, t. Beaver co. Pa. Here is an academy. GRIMSBOYS, t. Fauquier co. Va. GRINDSTONE FORD, v. Claiborne co. Mis. 1,212 m. from W. GROS ISLE, island of the territory of Mi- chigan, in Detroit river, near its discharge into Lake Erie. GROTON, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 10 m. S. by W. from Danville, 20 E. from Montpelier. Pop. 836. GROTON, t. Tompkins co. N. Y. GRO — HAC 281 GROTON, t. Grafton co. N. H. 9 m. W. from Plymouth. Pop. 689. Here is an iron ■furnace for casting hollow ware. GROTON, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 m. S. from Amherst, 34 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,925. This is a very pleasant town, has an academy, and is a place of considerable busi- ness. GROTON, t. New London co. Ct. on E. side of the Thames, opposite New London. Pop. 4,750. Fort Griswold, which defends the har- bor of New London, is in this town. GROVEHILL, v. Warren co. N. C. 75 m. NNE. from Raleigh. GROVEL AND, v. Livingston co. N. Y. on Genesee river, 30 m. SW from Canandaigua. Pop. 1,300. GUADALOUFE, on of the Leeward Carib- bee Islands, in the West Indies, between An- tigua and Dominica, in Ion. 62° W. and lat. 16° 20' N. The island, which is of an irreg- ular figure, may be about 80 leagues in cir- cumference. It is divided into two parts by a small arm of the sea, which is not above two leagues, and from 15 to 40 fathoms broad. This canal, known by the name of the Salt River, is navigable, but will only carry vessels of 50 tons burden. The soil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the sea, by rivulets which fall from the mountains. The French settled in this island in 1632, in whose posses- sion it still remains. Bassaterre is the capital. GUADALOUPE, r. of the republic of Mex- ico, in Texas, falls into the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of about 200 m. Its mouth is 180 m. W. from that of the Sabine. GUANAXUATO, state of the republic of Mexico, bounded by Jalisco W. by Xacatecas and San Luis Potosi, N. by Queretaro E. and by Mechoacan S. ; length and breadth nearly equal, each about 80 m. ; area 6,255 sq. ms. ; lying between 20° 30' and 21° 10' N. This state is situated entirely on the table-land, and is the most populous region of the republic. The whole state is supposed to be above 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. The mine of Valenciana, near the city of Guanaxuato, is the most productive ever yet discovered. The products of the state are considerable in objects of agricultural and manufacturing industry. GUANAXUATO, capital of the preceding state, stands 170 m. NW. from the city of Mexico. Lon. from W. 23° 50' W. ; lat. 21° N. Pop. about 90,000. GUANHANI, or Cat Island, one of the Ba- hama Islands, the first land of America discov- ered by Columbus, in 1492, and named by him St. Salvador. Lat 24° 20' N. GUATEMALA, or Central America. See page 161. GUATEMALA, city, the capital of the above republic, stands on a little stream called the Yacas, flowing into the Pacific. It is in lat. 14° 40' N. and lon. 91° 25' W. It is hand- somely built, with regular streets and many elegant public buildings. It was greatly dam- aged in 1830 by an earthquake. Previous to that event it contained 40,000 inhabitants. 2L GUILDERLAND, t. Albany co. N. Y WNW. from Albany. Pop. 2,742. GUILDHALL, v. and seat of justice, Essex co. Vt. on Connecticut river, opposite Lancas- ter. Pop. 481. It is 78 m. from Montpelier, and 564 from W. GUILFORD, t» Penobscot co. Me. 145 m. NE. from Portland. Pop. 655. GUILFORD, t. Strafford co. N. H. on Win- nipiseogee river, 38 m. N. from Concord. Pop. 1,872. GUILFORD, t. Windham co. Vt. 50 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 1,760. GUILFORD, t. New Haven co. Ct. 18 m. E. by S. from New Haven, on Long Island Sound. Pop. 2,344. GUILFORD, v. between Unadilla, and Che- nango rivers, Chenango co. N. Y. 10 m. SSE. from Norwich. GUILFORD, co. N. C. bounded by Ran- dolph S. Rowan and Stokes W. Rockingham N. and Orange E. Length 26 m. width 25. Chief town, Martinsville. Pop. 18,735. GUILFORD, C. H. Guilford co. N. C. 48 m. NW. from Hillsborough ; the scene of a hard fought battle between the Americans under Gen. Greene, and the British under Lord Corn- wallis, March 15th, 1781. GUILFORD VILLAGE, v. Strafford co. N. H. 31 m. a little E. of N. from Concord. GULL ISLAND, small isl. near the coast of N. C. in Pamlico Sound. GULL ISLES, Great and Little, two small islands on the coast of Connecticut, 8 m. S. from New London. GUM SPRINGS, v. Orange co. Va. GUNPOWDER, v. Baltimore co. Md. 50 m. from W. GUNPOWDER-NECK, peninsula, Hart- ford co. Md. formed by Gunpowder and Bush rivers. GUNPOWDER RIVER, r. Md. runs into the Chesapeake, 11 m. N. of the Patapsco. GUYANDOT, or Guyandotte, t. Cabell co. Va. 423 m. from W. GUYANDOT, Big, r. Va. which runs NW. into the Ohio, 327 m. below Pittsburg. It is navigable for canoes 60 m* GUYANDOT, Little, r. Va. which runs into the Ohio. GUYANDOT, Indian, r. Gallia co. Ohio, which runs into the Ohio, nearly opposite to Big Guyandot, in Virginia. GWINNETT, co. Geo. Pop. 12,220. Law- renceville is the capital. GWIN'S ISLAND, small island m Chesa- peake Bay. Lat. 37° 30' N. H. HAANE-KRAI-KILL, small r. N. Y. which joins the Hudson on W. side at New Baltimore landing. HABERSHAM, co. Geo. Pop. 10,648. Chief town, Clarksville. HABOLICHETTO, v. Hancock co. Miso. HACKETSTOWN, t. Sussex co. N. J. on the Musconecunk ; 22 m. W. from Morristown. k HACKINSACK, r. N. J. which rises in 282 HAC— HAL New- York, and running a southerly course 4 or 5 miles from the Hudson, mingles with the Passaic in Newark bay. It is navigable 15 m. HACKINSACK, t. and cap. Bergen co. N. J. on the Hackinsack ■ 20 m. NW. from New York, 229 from W. It contains a court- house, 2 houses of public worship, and an academy. The houses are mostly of stone. II ADDA M, t Middlesex co. Ct. on the W. bank of the Connecticut; 10 m.SE. from Mid- dletown. Pop. 2,830. It is a pleasant and considerable town. HADDAM (East) t. Middlesex co. Ct. on E. bank of tbe Connecticut, opposite Haddam; 14 m. SE. from Middletown. Pop. 2,763. HADDONFIELD, v. Gloucester co. N. J. ; 6 m. E. from Philadelphia. HADDENSVILLE, v. Goochland co. Va. ; W. 140. HADLEY, t. Hampshire co. Mass. on E. side of the Connecticut ; 3 m. NE. from North- ampton, 92 W. from Boston. It is connected with Northampton by a bridge upwards of 1000 feet long. A bridge also connects the north part of the town with Hatfield. This town is noted for the culture of broom-corn, the annual sales of which, when manufactured, exceed 20,000 dollars. Hopkins Academy, in this town, is a flourishing seminary. It has a prin- cipal, an assistant, and upwards of 100 stu- dent*. Pop. 1,886. HADLEY, (South) t. Hampshire co. Mass. on E. bank of the Connecticut ; 5 m. SE. from Northampton, 90 m. W. from Boston. About a mile south of the meeting-house there is a medicinal spring , considerably resorted to. Here is a fall in the river of about 50 feet, which is overcome by a dam, 1100 feet long, and 4| feet high, and by a canal 712 rods long, with 5 locks. About one-third of the whole length of the canal is cut through a solid rock 10 feet deep, and near the locks more than 40 feet deep for 300 feet in length. Pop. 1,185 HADLEY, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson; 17 m. N. from Ballston Spa. Pop. 829. HAGARSTOWN, t. and cap. Washington co. Md. on Antietam creek, 26 m. NW. from Frederick town, 71 NNW. from Baltimore, from W. 63. It is regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, a bank, and several houses of public worship. A great part of the houses are built of brick and stone. It is situated in a fertile tract of country, and has considerable trade. There are a number of mills in the vicinity,, on Antietam creek. Pop. 3,171. HAGUE, v. Westmoreland co. Va. 80 m. SE. from W. HAGUE, t. Warren co. N. Y. on W. side of Lake George ; 22 m. NE. from Caldwell. Pop. 721. This town is noted for a remarka- ble knob, called Rogers' Rock, which rises from the water's edge to the height of 300 feet. HAINA, r. St. Domingo, which runs north, and falls into Haina bay, 1 2 m. W. of the city of St. Domingo. HALEY'S BRIDGE, v. Southampton co. Va. HALESFORD, v. Franklin co. Va. 150 m. SW by W. from Richmond. HALEYSBURG, v. Lunensburg co. Va. HAL DIM AM), co. of U. C. on Lake On tario. HALDIMAND, co. Niagara district, Up- per Canada. HALDIMAND, t. Northumberland co. Up- per Canada, on Lake Ontario. HALE'S KEY, island in the gulf of Mexi. co, near the coast of Florida. Lon. 82° 5' W. ; lat. 28° 4' N. HALIFAX, t. Windham co. Vt. 50 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 1,562. HALIFAX, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 13 m. NW. from Plymouth, 35 SE. from Boston. Pop. 709. HALIFAX, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on the E. side of the Susquehannah, 13 m. N. from Har- risburg. Pop. 1,772. HALIFAX co. Va. Pop. 28,032. Chief town. Bannister. HALIFAX, co. N. C. Pop. 17,738. Chief town, Halifax. HALIFAX, t. and cap. Halifax co. N. C. is pleasantly situated on the W. bank of the Ro- anoke, 7 m. below the Great Falls, and 70 by land from the mouth of the river ; 36 m. N. from Tarborough, 72 m. S. by W. from Peters- burg. Lat. 36° 13' N. It is regularly laid out, and contains a court-house and jail. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of com siderable burthen. A canal around the falls of the Roanoke opens the navigation for ba- teaux, for more than 130 miles above the town. HALIFAX, r. Florida, flows S. about 30 m. and empties itself into Musquito inlet. HALIFAX, t. Buckingham co. Lower Canada, 45 m. SE. from Three Rivers. HALIFAX, the capital of Nova-Scotia, is in Halifax co. on a spacious bay, or harbor, called Chebuctoo, which is open at all seasons of the year, is of a bold and easy entrance, and will admit 1,000 of the largest ships to ride in safety. The entrance is completely defended by Fort George. The town stands on the W. side of the harbor. Lon. 63° 35' W. ; lat. 44° 44' N. Pop. 15,000. HALL, co. Geo. Pop. 11,755. Gainesville is the county town, HALL'S KEY, isl. in the bay of Honduras. Lon. 39° 10' W. lat. 16° 10' N. HALF MOON, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on the Hudson above Water ford. Pop. 2,042. HALF-WAY HOUSE, v. York co. Va. 15 m. SE. from Williamsburg, and 23 NW. from Norfolk. HALF-HYDE BAY, on the W. coast of the island of Antigua, 2 m. S. from Reed point- HALF-MOON BAY, a bay on the W. coast of Jamaica, 2 m. N. from Orange bay. HALF-MOON BAY, on the N. coast of St. Christopher, 2 m. SE. from Ragged Point.. HALF-MOON KEY, isl. near the south coast of Jamaica, 3 m. ENE. of Portland point, HALF-MOON KEY, isl in the bay of Honduras. Lon. 89° W. lat. 17° 10' N. HAL—HAM 283 HALLOWELL, t. Kennebeck co. Me. on Kennebeck river, at tbe head of the tide, 2 m. below Augusta, 54 m. NE. from Portland. Lat. 44° 16' N. Pop. 3,964. It is a flourish- ing town, a place of considerable trade, and exports large quantities of beef, pork, pot and pearl ashes, flour and lumber. Tbe river is navigable to this place for vessels of 150 tons. HALLOWELL, t. Prince Edward co. U. C. on Lake Ontario. HALLOWELL CROSS-ROADS, Kenne- beck co. Ma near the village of Hallowell, and 53 m. NE. from Portland. HALL'S RIVER, N. H a head-water of the Connecticut ; flows from the NW and its mouth is in lat. 45° N. HALL'S CROSS-ROADS, Harford co. Md. 30 m. NE. from Baltimore. HALLSVILLE, v. Montgomery co. N. Y. ; 73 m. NW. from Albany. HALLSVILLE, v. Duplin co. N. C. about 100 m. SE. from Raleigh. HAM, t. Buckingham co. L. Canada ; 50 m. SE. from Three Rivers. HAM-BLUFF, cape, at the W. extremity of Santa Cruz, in the West Indies. Lon. 63° 34' W. ; lat. 17° 51' N. HAMBURG, t. Erie co. N. Y. on Lake Erie, S. of Buffalo. Pop. 3,348. HAMBURG, t. Sussex co. N. J.; 18 m. from Goshen, N. Y. 20 from Newton. HAMBURG, t. Niagara co. N. Y. ; 436 m. from W. HAMBURG, v. Otsego co. N. Y. HAMBURG, t. Berks co. Pa, on the E. side of the Schuylkill ; 18 m. N. by W. from Read- ing, 70 NNW. from Philadelphia. HAMBURG, t. Abbeville district, S. C. on Savannah river, opposite Augusta. The first buildings were commenced in June, 1821, and in 1822 there were erected 200 dwelling-houses and stores, Hamburg was erected for the purpose of diverting the trade of this part of the state, and also of the upper parts of Geor- gia, from Savannah to Charleston. A rail-road is now in progress between this place and Charleston. HAMBURG ON THE LAKE, v. Niagara co. N. Y. HAMDEN, v. Delaware co. N. Y. ; 104 m. SW. from Albany. HAMDEN, t. New Haven co. Ct. ; 8 m. N. from New Haven. Pop. 1,669. Within the township, about 2 m. from N. Haven, there is a large gun manufactory. HAMILTON, cape on the N. end of the island of Newfoundland. HAMILTON, t. Essex co. Mass.; 10 m. NW. from Salem. Pop. 743. HAMILTON, co. N. Y. ; bounded by Mont- gomery S. Herkimer SW. and W. St. Law- rence and Franklin N. and Essex, Warren, and Saratoga E. This county was formerly contained in the northern part of Montgomery. Pop. 1,324. HAMILTON, t. Gaspe co. L. Canada, on Chaleur Bay. HAMILTON, t. Northumberland co. U. C. extending from Lake Ontario to Rice Lake. HAMILTON, t. Philadelphia co. Pa. on the Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia. HAMILTON, t. Martin co. N.C. HAMILTON, t. Warren co. Ohio. Pop. 1,665. HAMILTON, a port in the Bermuda isl- ands, and seat of government. HAMILTON, t. Madison co. N. Y. 25 m. SW. from Utica, 110 W. from Albany. Pop. 3,220. It contains 2 churches. The village is handsomely built on the main branch of Chenango river. HAMILTON, v. Guilderlandt, N. Y. HAMILTON, t. Gloucester co. N. J. HAMILTON, co. E. Ten. Pop. 2,274 Brainerd is the chief town. HAMILTON, co. tbe SW. part of Ohio, on Ohio river. Pop. 52,321. Chief town, Cin- cinnati. HAMILTON, t. and cap. Butler co. Ohio, on Miami river, 25 m. N. from Cincinnati, 105 SW. from Columbus. Here is a printing- office. Pop. 1,097. HAMILTON, t. Franklin co. Ohio, on the E. side of the Scioto, 7 m. from Columbus. HAMILTON, v. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on St. Lawrence river, 20 m. below Ogdens- burg. HAMILTON, v. of Cataraugus co. N. Y. on the right bank of Alleghany river, at and below the mouth of Olean. The Alleghany river is there about 80 yards wide, and at sea- sons of high-water, navigable for vessels of 8 or 10 tons burthen. Distant from Pittsburg by land 170 m. by water 260, from Buffalo 65, and from navigable water in Genesee river, near Angelica, 25 m. HAMILTON BAN, t. Adams co. Pa. HAMILTONVILLE, Huntingdon co. Pa. on the Juniata. HAMPDEN, t. Penobscot co. Me. on the W side of Penobscot river ; 10 m. SSW. from Bangor, 29 NW. from Castine. Pop. 2,020. HAMPDEN, co. Mass. Pop. 31,640. Chief town, Springfield. HAMPDEN, t. Geauga co. Ohio. HAMPSHIRE, co. Mass. Pop. 30,210. Chief town, Northampton. HAMPSHIRE, co. Va. Pop. 11,279. Chief town, Romney. HAMPSHIRE, co. in Quebec district, L. Canada, on the N. side of the St. Lawrence. HAMPSTEAD, t. Queen's co. N. Bruns- wick, on the W. side of St. John river. HAMPSTEAD, t. Rockingham co. N. H. ; 24 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 913. HAMPSTEAD, v. King George co. Va. HAMPSTEAD, t. Rockland co. N. Y. 15 m. NW. from New York. It contains several churches, and the extensive iron-works, called Ramapoo Works. HAMPTON, t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the sea-coast, 18 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,103. It contains two meeting-houses, and an academy. HAMPTON, t. Windham co. Ct. ; 37 m. E. from Hartford. Pop. 1,101. HAMPTON, v. in Westmoreland, Oneida co. N. Y.; 11 m. W. from Whitesborough. 284 HAM— HAR HAMPTON, t. Washington co. N. Y.; 70 m. NE. from Albany. Pop. 1,069. HAMPTON, t. Elizabeth-city co. Va. HAMPTON FALLS, t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the sea-coast, 20 m. SW. from Ports- mouth. Pop. 582. It contains 3 churches, 2 for Congregationalists, and 1 for Baptists. HAMPTON VILLE, v. Surrey co. N. C. HANCOCK, co. Me. on both sides of Pe- nobscot Bay ; bounded N. by Penobscot co. E. by Washington co. S. by the Atlantic, and W. by Lincoln co. Pop. 24,347. Chief town, Castine. HANCOCK, t. Hillsborough co. N. H.; 13 m. E. from Keene, 28 SW. from Concord. Pop. 1,316. HANCOCK, t. Addison co. Vt. ; 29 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 472. HANCOCK, t. Berkshire co. Mass. ; 20 m. NNW. from Lenox. Pop. 1,053. HANCOCK, t. Delaware co. N. Y. ; 22 m. SW. from Delhi, 60 W. from Kingston. Pop. 766. HANCOCK, t. Salem co. N. J. HANCOCK, t. Washington co. Md. on the N. bank of the Potomac ; 25 m. SE. from Bedford, Pa. 119 NW. from Baltimore. HANCOCK, co. western district of Geo on the E. side of the Oconee. Pop. 11,822. Chief town, Sparta. HANCOCK, co. Ohio ; bounded W. by Put- nam, N. by Wood, E. by Seneca and Craw- ford, and S. by Hardin. Pop. 813. Chief town, Findlay. HANCOCK, co. Mis.; bounded by Lake Borgne S. by Pearl river or Louisiana W. by Marion and Perry N. and by Jackson NE. Pop. 1,961. Chief town, Pearlington. HANCOCKSVILLE, v. Union district, S. C. 110 m. NNW. from Columbia. HANGING FORK, t. Lincoln co. Ken. be- tween Danville and Stamford, 53 m. SSE. from Frankfort. HANGING ROCK, t. Hampshire co. Va. ; 99 m. WNW. from W. HANKINSONVILLE, v. Claiborne co. Mis. about 40 m. NE. from Natchez. HANNIBAL, t. Oswego co. N. Y. SW. from the mouth of Onondaga river. Pop. 1,794. HANNIBALSVILLE, v. in Hannibal town- ship, Oswego co. N. Y.; 1S2 m. NW. by W. from Albany. HANOVER, t. Grafton co. N. H. on E. side of the Connecticut ; 53 m. NW. from Concord, 102 WNW. from Portsmouth, 115 NW. from Boston, 490 from W. Pop. 2,361. Dartmouth College, situated in the SW. part of this town ship, about half a mile E. of the river, on a beautiful plain, ranks as the third literary in- stitution in New England. It was founded in 1770 by Dr. Eleazar Wheelock. The build- ings consist of two handsome edifices, the Col- lege Hall and Medical Hall. The former is 150 feet by 50, 3 stories high, and contains 36 rooms. The latter is 75 feet long and 3 sto- ries high, containing a laboratory, a room for the anatomical museum, 2 lecture rooms, and ) rooms for medical students, a chapel and a dining hall. The officers are a president and 8 professors. The whole number of graduates up to 1831 was 1,609 : the average number of under-graduates was about 150. The number of volumes in the College Library is 6,000, and the Students' Library contains 8,000 volumes. There are 3 vacations in a year, in May, Au- gust, and December. Commencement is on the last Wednesday but one in August. HANOVER, t. Plymouth co. Mass. ; 15 m. NW. from Plymouth, 25 SE. from Boston. Pop. 1,300. HANOVER, v. in Paris, Oneida co. N. Y on Oriskany creek. HANOVER, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. NE. of Chatauque. Pop. 2,614. HANOVER, t. Morris co. N. J. on the Pas- saic, 16 m. NW. from Elizabethtown. Pop. '3,718. HANOVER, t. Burlington co. N. J. Pop. 2,859. HANOVER, t. York co. Pa. on a branch of Conevvago creek, which runs into the Susque- hannah, IS m. SW. from York, 106 W. by S. from Philadelphia. It contains two churches. Pop. 1,006. HANOVER, co. Va. between Chickahomi- ny and Pamunky rivers. Pop. 16,253, of whom 6,526 are whites, 449 free blacks, and 9,278 slaves. In this county is Washington- Henry Academy, at Hanover, 9 m. NE. from Richmond. HANOVER, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop 2,039. HANOVER, t. Harrison co. Ohio, 5 m. N. from Cadiz. Pop. 44. HANOVER, t. Licking co. Ohio. Pop. 709. HANOVER, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 323. HANOVER, t. Knox co. Ohio. HANOVER, t. Butler co. Ohio, 6 m. W. from Rossville. Pop. 1,644. HANOVER BAY, or Chetamal Bay, on the E. coast of Yucatan. Lon. 89° 15' W. ; lat. 18° 45' N. HANOVER, New, country on the NW. coast of America, lying partly in New Cale- donia and partly in Oregon Territory, between lat. 45° 30' and 53° 15' N. HANOVERTOWN, t. Hanover co. Va. on the Pamunky, 6 m. above New Castle, 22 NE. from Richmond. HANSON, t. Plymouth co.Mass. Pop. 1,030. HANTS, co. Nova-Scotia, which contains the townships of Windsor, Falmouth, and Newport HARBOR, Cape, the N. extremity of Wells' Bay, on the coast of Maine. Lon. 70° 24' W.; lat. 43o 18 ' N< HARBOR DE LUTE, harbor in Campo Bello Island, New Brunswick, opening into Passamaquoddy Bay. HARBOR ISLAND, one of the smaller Bahama Islands, N. of Eleuthera. Lon. 76° 44' W. ; lat. 25° 56' N. HARDENBURG, v. Breckenbridge co.Ken. HARDEN'S COVE, v. Randolph co. Va. on the E. branch of Monongahela river, 65 m. above Morgantown. HARDEN'S CREEK, r. Ken. runs into tha Ohio Lon. 86° 56' W. ; lat. 37° 40' N. HAR— HAR 285 HARDENSVTLLE, v. on Racing River, Shelby co. Ken. 9 m. S W. from Frankfort. HARDIMAN, co. in the SW. part of Ten. Pop. 11,628. Bolivar is the capital. HARDIN, co. Ken. on the Ohio, 662 m. from W. Pop. 13,148. Chief town, Eliza- bethtown. HARDIN, v. Shelby co. Ohio, on Loramie creek, 5 m. SE. from Fort Loramie, and 93 NW. by W. from Columbus. HARDIN, co. in the SW. part of Ten. Pop. 4,867. Savannah is the capital. HARDIN, co. Ohio. Pop. 500. Hardy is the chief town. HARDIN, t. Preble co. Ohio. HARDING'S FERRY, on White river, Ar- kansas, 400 m. from its mouth. HARDINSBURG, v. Dearborn co. In. 101 m. SE. from Indianapolis. HARDINSVILLE, v. on the right bank of Tennessee river, Hardin co. Ten. 140 m. SW. by W. from Murfreesborough, and 50 NW. from Florence in Alabama. HARDWARE RIVER, r. Va. which runs into James river. HARDWICK, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 14 m. NE. from Danville, 24 NNE. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,216. HARDWICK, t. Worcester co. Mass. 22 m. WNW. from Worcester, 70 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,885. HARDWICK, s-p. Bryan co. Geo. near the mouth of the Ogeechee river, 25 m. SW. from Savannah. HARDWICK, t. Warren co. N. J. on the Delaware river, 60 m. above Easton in Penn- sylvania. Pop. 1,962. , HARDWICK, island, in Johnson's Strait, on the Pacific coast of N. America. Lon. from W. 48° 45' W. ; lat. 50° 26' N. HARDY, co. N. part of Va. bounded NE. by Hampshire co. E. by Shenandoah co. SW. by Pendleton and Randolph cos. and NW. by Maryland. Pop. 6,798. Chief town, Moore- field. HARDY, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. HARE, large bay, on the E. side of the N. peninsula of Newfoundland. Lon. from W. 19° 20' E. ; lat. 51° 20' N. HARE ISLAND, isl. L. C. in the river St. Lawrence, 16 m. above the confluence of Sa- guenaw river, and 103 below Quebec. HARFORD, t. Susquehannah co. Pa. 235 m. from W. HARFORD, co. Md. bounded N. by Penn- sylvania, E. by the Susquehannah, SE. by Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Baltimore co. Pop. 16,315. Chief town, Belle- Air. HARFORD, t. Harford co. Md. on Bush River, 25 m. NE. from Baltimore, 77 SW. from Philadelphia. Lon. 76° 17' W. ; lat. 39° 28' N. HARLAN, co. Ken. Pop. 2,928. HARLEESVILLE, v. Marion co. S. C. HARLEM, v. New York co. N. Y. 8 m. N. from New York. HARLEM, t. Delaware co. Ohio, on Big Walnut creek. Pop. 535. HARLEM CREEK, or East River, N. Y. forms the E. boundary of New York island and county. HARLINGTON, t. Bergen co. N. J. HARLINGTON, v. Washington co. Me. Pop. 1,118. HARLINSBURG, v. Mercer co. Pa. HARMAN'S CREEK, Va. runs into the Ohio, 1 m. above Steubenville. HARMONY, t. Somerset co. Me. 25 m. E. from Norridgewick. Pop. 925. HARMONY, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 1,988. HARMONY, t. Butler co Pa. on Conaque- nesing creek, 25 m. NW. from Pittsburg. HARMONY, t. Susquehannah co. Pa. HARMONY, t. Clarke co. Ohio. HARMONY, t. Posey co. In. on the Wa- bash, settled by a religious sect from Germany, called Harmonists. Pop. 690. HARMONY, v. Sussex co. N. J. HARMONY, v. York co. S. C. HARMONY, Arkansas Ter. a missionary station among the Osage Indians, formed in 1821 by the United Foreign Mission Society. It is situated on the Marias de Cein, a good mill-stream, 6 m. above its junction with Osage river. The tract of land given by the Indians for the use of the mission contains about 15,000 acres, is very fertile, and well supplied with timber and stone for building. Good coal is found within a few rods of the settlement. HARMONY, v. Luzerne co. Pa. on the Sus- quehannah, 1 8 m. N W. from Stockport. HARPER'S FERRY, v. Jefferson co. Va on the Potomac, at the mouth of the Shenan- doah, 21 m. WSW. from Fredericktown, 24 m. ENE. from Winchester, and 65 NW. from W. The passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at this place is accounted a curiosity. There is here an extensive establishment be- longing to the United States, for the manufac- ture of arms. The number of men employed is about 260, and the annual expense has been, on an average, about $100,000. HARPERSFIELD, t. Delaware co. N. Y. 20 m. NE. from Delhi, 55 SW. from Albany, 51 from Catskill. Pop. 1,936. HARPERSFIELD, South, v. Delaware co. N. Y. HARPERSFIELD, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, on Grand river, 10 m. W. from Jefferson. HARPERSVILLE, v. Broome co. N. Y. HARPETH, v. Williamson co. Ten. HARPETH, r. Tennessee, which after a NNW. course of about 40 m. falls into the Cumberland, 19 m. NW. from Nashville. It is navigable for boats to Franklin. HARPSWELL, t. Cumberland co. Me 40 m. E. from Portland. Pop. 1,353. HARRIET POINT, cape, on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 60° 24' N. HARRINGTON, t. Washington co. Me. on Narraguagus Bay, 25 m. W. from Machias Pop. 1,118. HARRINGTON, t. Bergen co. N. J. Pop. 2,581. HARRISBOROUGH, t. Richmond co. Geo. on Savannah river, a little above Augusta. 286 HAR — HAR STATE-HOUSE, AT HARIilSBURG. HARRISBURG, t. Dauphin co. Pa. and capital of the state, is regularly laid out on the E. bank of the Susquehanna river, over which a bridge is here erected, a mile in length. It is 97 m. WNW. from Philadelphia, 35 NW. from Lancaster, 184 E. from Pittsburg, and 110 from W. Lat. 40° 16' N. It contains 7 or 3 public buildings, and 7 houses of public wor- ship. The state-house is a spacious and ele- gant building, and makes an imposing show. Pop. in 1820, 3,000 ; in 1830, 4,307. HARRISBURG, t. Lewis co. N. Y. 20 m. from Brownville, 65 N. from Rome. Pop. 712. HARRISBURG, or Cairo, v. Lancaster co. S. Carolina. _ HARRISBURG, t. Gallia co. Ohio, on Ohio river, 7 m. S. from Gallipolis. HARRISBURG, v. Ocatahoola parish, La. 40 m. a little N. of W. from Natchez. HARRISON, t. Cumberland co. Me. 41 m. NW. from Portland. HARRISON, t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. HARRISON, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 30 m. NE. from New York. Pop. 1,085. HARRISON, co. Va. inclosed by the coun- ties of Ohio, Monongalia, Randolph, Kenhawa, and Wood. Pop. 14,677. Chief town, Clarks- burg. HARRISON, co. in the NE. part of Ken. Pop. 13,180. Chief town, Cinthiana. HARRISON, co. Ohio, between Jefferson and Tuscarawas counties. Sq. ms. 450. Pop. 20,920. Chief town, Cadiz. HARRISON, t. Champaign co. Ohio. Pop. 525. HARRISON, t. Franklin co. Ohio, 10 m. NE. from Columbus. HARRISON, t. Gallia co. Ohio. Pop. 781. HARRISON, t. Hamilton co.Ohio. Pop. 173. HARRISON, t. on the E side of Ross co. Ohio. Pop. 545. HARRISON, t. Pickaway co. Ohio, E. from Scioto river. Pop. 823. HARRISON, t. Licking co. Ohio, on the S. fork of Licking river. Pop. 477. HARRISON, t. Preble co. Ohio. Pop. 1,318. HARRISON, v. Ohio and In. standing on the line between the two states, one part being in Hamilton co. Ohio, and the other in Dear- born co. Indiana. HARRISON, v. Knox co. Ohio, 15 m. SE from Mount Vernon. HARRISON, co. In. bounded by Ohio river SE. S. and W. Big Blue river SW. Washing- ton N. and Floyd NE. and E. Soil fertile. Chief town, Corydon. Pop. 10,288. HARRISON, v. and t. Harrison co. In. HARRISON, t. Franklin co. In. 25 m. NW. from Cincinnati. HARRISON, v. Calloway co. Miso. 100 m. W. from St. Louis. HARRISONBURG, v. and seat of justice, Rockingham co. Va. 25 m. NNE. from Staun- ton, and 40 NNW. from Charlottesville. HARRISONVILLE, v. Monroe co. Illinois, on the left bank of the Mississippi, 30 m. below St. Louis. HARRISVILLE, v. Butler co. Pa. HARRISVILLE, v. Brunswick co. Va. 57 m. a little W. of S. from Richmond. HARRISVILLE, v. Medina co. Ohio, on the S. side of the co. Pop. 500. HARRISVILLE, t. Harrison co. Ohio, 9 m. NE. from Cadiz. Pop. 314. HARRISVILLE RESERVE, v. Medina co. Ohio, 90 m. N. from Columbus. HARRODSBURG, t. Mercer co. Ken. on Salt river, 10 m. N. by W. from Danville. Here is a mineral spring, from which Epsom salts are obtained. Pop. 1,051. HARROD'S CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio, 10 m. above Louisville. HART, co. Ken. Pop. 5,292. Chief town, Munfordsville. HARTFORD, t. Oxford co. Me. 12 m. NE. from Paris. Pop. 1,297. HARTFORD, t. Windsor co. Vt. on Con- necticut river, 14 m. above Windsor. Pop. 2,044. HARTFORD, co. Ct. on both sides Con- necticut river. Pop. 51,141. Hartford is the capital. HARTFORD, city, Hartford co. Ct. and one of the capitals of the state, is regularly laid out on the W. bank of Connecticut river, 50 m. from its mouth, 14 N. from Middletown, 34 NNE. from New Haven, 42 NW. from New London, 74 W. from Providence, 94 SE. from Albany, 100 WSW. from Boston s 123 NE. from New York, and 335 from W. Pop. in 1820, HAR — HAV 287 6,901 ; in 1830, 9,789, including the city and township. It contains 9 public buildings, among which the state-house makes the most conspi- cuous figure, and 9 churches. One of the Con- gregational churches is a spacious and elegant building. The asylum of the deaf and dumb, a mile west of the city, on Tower Hill, is a building creating striking interest. It was es- tablished in 1817, and is the first institution of the kind in America. The congress of the United States has made a generous grant to the asylum of more than 23,000 acres of land; and the legislatures of some of the states have made appropriations for the support of pupils. The success of the institution has hitherto been highly gratifying, and the improvement of the pupils has equalled the most sanguine expecta- tions of their friends. The retreat for the in- sane, a little south of the town, is a spacious stone building, 150 by 50 feet, with extensive grounds for the unfortunate patients. Wash- ington Episcopal College has two spacious stone buildings. It was founded in 1826 ; it has 9 professors, and the number of students ranges from 70 to 100. It has a library con- taining 6,200 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday of August. There are three vacations in a year ; the first, from com- mencement, 6 weeks ; the second, 2 weeks from Thursday before Christmas ; the third, 3 weeks from Thursday before 20th of April. — Hartford has a respectable amount of com- merce, and numerous manufactories. Printing and publishing are carried on to a considerable extent. It has daily communication with New York by steam-boats and stages, and being at the head of sloop navigation, carries on a brisk trade with the surrounding country and places up the river. HARTFORD, t. Washington co. N. Y. 8 m. NE. from Sandy-hill, 54 N. from Albany. Pop. 2,420. HARTFORD, t. and cap. Pulaski co. Geo. on the Oakmulgee, 50 m. from Milledgeville, and 709 from W. HARTFORD, t. and cap. Ohio co. Ken. Here is a bank. Pop. 242. HARTFORD, t. Licking co. Ohio. HARTFORD, t. Trumbull co. Ohio, 8 m. W. of Warren. Pop. 859. HARTFORD, t. Dearborn co. Indiana. HARTLAND, t. Somerset co. Maine. Pop. 718. HARTLAND, t. Windsor co. Vt. on Con- necticut river, 7 m. above Windsor. Pop. 2,503. HARTLAND, t. Hartford co. Ct. 22 m. NW. from Hartford. Pop. 1,221. HARTLAND, t. Niagara co. N.Y. on Lake Ontario. Pop. 1,584. HARTLESS, t. Bedford co. Pa. HARTLETON, t. Union co. Pa. HARTLEYSTOWN, t. Union co. Pa. HART'S STORE, v. Albemarle co. V. HARTSVILLE, v. Bucks co. Pa. HARTSVILLE, v. Sumner co. Ten. HARTVILLE, or Hollow, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. HART WICK, t. Otsego co. N. Y. on the Susquehannah, 5 m. SW. from Cooperstown, 71 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,772. In 1816, a literary and theological seminary was estab- lished here. HARVARD, t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 m. NE. from Worcester. Pop. 1,601. HARVEY, v. Greene co. Pa. HARVELL'S, v. Dinwiddie co. Va. about 35 m. S. from Richmond. HARWICH, t. Kent co. U. C. between Lake Erie and the river Thames. HARWICH, t. Barnstable co. Mass. on Barnstable Bay, 9 m. from Chatham. Pop. 2,467. HARWINTON, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 23 m. W. from Hartford. Pop. 1,516. HASTE RIVER MILLS, Culpeper co. Va. HASTINGS, co. U. C. opposite the Bay of Quinte. HATBOROUGH, v. Montgomery co. Pa 17 m. N. from Philadelphia. HATCHERSVILLE, v. Chesterfield co. Va. 11 m. southwardly from Richmond. HATCHES, v. Onslow co. N. C. 100 m. NE. from Raleigh. HATCHES, t. Montgomery co. Pa. HATCHY, Big, r. Ten. and Mis. rises in the latter, and flowing NW. enters Mississippi river. HATFIELD, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 5 m. above Northampton. Pop. 893. HATFIELD, t. Montgomery co. Pa. 24 m. NNW. from Philadelphia. Pop. 835. HATLEY, t. of Richelieu and Buckingham cos. L. C. on Lakes Memphremagog, Scaswa- ninepus, and Tomefobi. HATTERAS, cape, N. C. It is the salient point of a very long reef of sand, extending from Ocracock to New Inlet. The cape, prop- erly so called, is in lat. 35° 15' N. HAUTE, or Holt, isl. the southernmost of the large islands in Penobscot Bay, Me. HAVANA, city and s-p. on the NW. part of Cuba, 2 miles in circumference, and the capital of the island. The houses are elegant, built of stone, and the churches are rich and magnificent. The harbor is capable of con- taining upwards of 1000 vessels, and the en- trance so narrow that only one ship can enter at a time ; it is defended by two strong forts, called the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many other forts and platforms, well furnished with artillery. Here all the ships that come from the Spanish settlements rendezvous on their return to Spain. It is seated on the W side of the harbor, and watered by two branch- es of the river Lagida. Pop. about 70,000. Lon. from W. 5° 2' W. ; lat. 23° 12' N. HAVANA, province of the island of Cuba, comprising the sub-provinces of Matanzas, Trinidad, Santa Espirita, Remedios, and Villa Clara. Havana, principal city. HAVANA, v. Greene co. Al. 53 m. SW. from Tuscaloosa. HAVANA, t. Lauderdale co. Alabama, on N. bank of the Tennessee, 9 m. from Florence. HAVERHILL, t. Grafton co. N. H. on the Connecticut, opposite Newbury, with which it 288 HAV— HEL is connected by a bridge ; 27 m. N. from Dart- mouth College, 31 m. NNW. from Plymouth, 119 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,153. In the SW. part of the town there is a hand- some village containing a court-house, a jail, an academy, a Congregational meeting-house, and is a place of considerable business. The courts for the county are held alternately here, and at Plymouth. Distance from W. 509 m. HAVERHILL, t. Essex co. Mass. at the head of navigation on the N. side of the Mer- rimack, 18 miles from its mouth, opposite Brad- ford; 15 m. WSW. from Newburyport, 18 m. SSW. from Exeter, 19 m. NNW. from Salem, 30 m. N. from Boston. Pop. 3,912. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, and contains a bank, cotton and woollen manufactories, 2 printing-offices, a library containing about 800 volumes, and several houses of public worship. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of 100 tons. Here is an elegant bridge across the Merrimack. It has considerable manu- factures of leather, hats, plated ware, &c. and trades largely in shoes, and it has an extensive trade with the back country. HAVER STRAW, t. Rockland co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson ; 40 m. N. from New- York. Pop. 2,306. Here are extensive iron works, and an academy. HAVRE DE GRACE, t. Harford co. Md. on W. side of the Susquehannah, at its conflu- ence with the Chesapeake ; 36 m. NE. from Bal- timore, 64 m. WSW. from Philadelphia. It contains a bank, and is a place of some trade. Lat. 39° 33' N. HAW, r. N. C. which rises near the N. bor- der of the state, and joins Deep river to form the NW. branch of Cape Fear river. It may be easily made navigable for 50 miles. HAW RIVER, v. Orange co. N. C. 323 m. from W. HAWK'S BAY, bay on the coast of Ala- bama, westward of the mouth of Mobile bay, between Pelican and Dauphin islands. HAWKE, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 19 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 528. HAWKESBURY, t. Prescott co. U. C. on the Ottawa. HAWKESBURY ISLAND, isl. on the NW. coast of America Lat. 53° 36' N. HAWKINS, co. East Tennessee. Pop. 10,949. Chief town, Rogersville. HAWKINSBURG, t. Shenandoah co. Va. HAWKSBILL MILLS, v. Shenandoah co. Va. HAWLEY, t. Franklin co. Mass. ; 14 m. WSW. from Greenfield, 120 m. WNW. from Boston. Pop. 1,037. HAY CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Schuylkill. HAY SPRING, v. Campbell co. Ken. HAYCOCK, t. Bucks co. Pa. HAYCOCK, isl. Pa. in the Delaware; 7 m. below Easton. HAYMARKET, v. Muskingum co. Ohio, on the E. bank of the Muskingum, 9 m. above Zanesville. HAYMARKET, v. Prince William co. Va.; 38 m. WSW. from Washington. HAYWOOD, co. in the W. part of N. C, Pop. 4,593. HAYWOOD, western co. of N.C. bounded by Geo. S. Ten. NW. and Buncombe E. The great body of the co. is an. elevated mountain valley. Pop. 4,593. HAYWOOD, C. H. Haywood co. N. C. 293 m. SW. by W. from Raleigh, and 549 m. from W. HAYWOOD, co. Ten. in the western part of the state. Pop. 5,356. Brownville is the capital. HAYWOOD, C. H. v. Haywood co. Ten. HAYWOODSBOROUGH, t. Chatham co. N. C. at the confluence of the Haw and Deep rivers, about 38 m. N. by W. from Fayetteville. It is situated near the centre of the state. HAY'S MILLS, v. Shenandoah co. Va. about 80 m. W. from W. HAYSVILLE, v. Franklin co. N. C. ; 46 m- NE. from Raleigh. HAZLE GREEN, v. Madison co. Missouri. HAZLE PATCH, or Rice's, v. Knox co. Ken. HAZLETON'S FERRY, v. Knox co. In. HAZARD, or Richmond Bay, in Hudson's bay. Lon. 75° 50' W. ; lat. 56° 35' N. HEAD OF CHESTER, v. Kent co. Md. HEAD OF COW NECK, v. Queen's co. N. Y. HEAD OF SASSAFRAS, v. Kent co. Md. HEAD OF SEVERN, v. Ann-Arundel co. Md. 15 m. S. from Baltimore. HEALTH, SEAT OF, Granville v. N. C; 58 m. NE. from Raleigh. HEALTHY COVE, bay of the island of Jamaica, on S. coast. Lon. 77° W. ; lat. 17° 44' N. HEART LAKE, lake, N. H. ; 20 m. E. from Stuart. It is 6 m. long and 3 broad. HEATH, t. Franklin co. Mass. ; 12 m. NW from Greenfield, 125 WNW. from Boston. Pop. 1,199. HEATH POINT, SE. extremity of the island of Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. HEBE, t. Genesee co. N. Y. HEBRON, t. Oxford co. Maine; 9 m. & from Paris, 150 m. NNE. from Boston. Pop, 915. It contains an academy and a woollen manufactory. HEBRON, t. Grafton co. N. H. ; 8 m. SW from Plymouth. Pop. 583. HEBRON, t. Tolland co. Ct.; 20m. SE. from Hartford. Pop. 1,939. It contains several churches. HEBRON, t. Washington co. N. Y. ; 8 m. N. from Salem. Pop. ,2685. HECTOR, t. Tompkins co. N. Y. ; 10 m. S, from Ovid. Pop. 5,212. HECTOR CAPE, cape on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 51° 57' 20" N. HELENA, t. and cap. Phillips co. Arkansas, on the Mississippi, 12 m. below the St. Francis. HELLERSTOWN, v. Northampton co. Pa. 4 m. SE. from Bethlehem. HELLGATE, strait, in East river, N.Y. ; 8 m. from New- York, between the islands of Manhattan and Parsell, on the NW. and Long Island on the SE. Here are numerous whirl. HEM— HEY 289 pools, the roaring of which, at certain times of the tide, is tremendous. Vessels of any bur- den, however, may be conducted through the strait by a skilful pilot. HEMLOCK, lake, in Livonia, N. Y. 6 m. long and 4 broad, communicates with Honeoy HEMMINGFORD, t. Huntingdon co. L. C. on the Province line, 34 m. S. from Montreal. HEMPFIELD, v. Lancaster co. Pa. 3 m. W. from Lancaster. HEMPSTEAD, t. Queen's co. Long Island, N. Y. 22 m. E. from New York. Pop. 6,215. HEMPSTEAD, co. Arkansas Ter. on Red river. Pop. 1,423. Chief town, Arkansas. HEMPSTEAD FORT, Mis. on the N. side of the Missouri, 2\ m. above Franklin. HEMPSTEAD PLAIN, on Long Island, N. Y. in Queens co. 15 m. long and 4 broad. HEN AND CHICKENS, group of small islands in the W. part of Lake Erie, and N. from the Bass Islands. HENDERSON, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2,428. HENDERSON, co. Ken. bounded by Ohio river N. Davies co. E. Hopkins S. and Union W. Pop. 6,649. Chief town, Henderson. HENDERSON, v. and seat of justice, Hen- derson co. Ken. on the left bank of Ohio river. Pop. 483. HENDERSON, t. York co. S. C. HENDERSON, t Huntingdon co. Pa. Pop. 1,073. HENDERSON v. Montgomery co. N. C. HENDERSON, co. Tenn. bounded by Har- din S. Madison W. Carroll N. and Perry E. Pop. 8,741. Chief town, Lexington. HENDERSON'S STORE, v. Botetourt co. Va. 206 m. W. from Richmond. HENDERSONTON, t. and cap. Montgom- ery co. N. C. HENDERSONVILLE, Nottaway co. Va. on Little Nottaway river. HENDERSONVILLE, or Henderson's Fer- ry, v. Newbury district, S. C. 30 m. above Co- lumbia. HENDERSONVILLE, v. in Sumner co. Ten. 20 m. from Nashville. HENDRICK'S STORE, Bedford co. Va. 177 m. W. from Richmond. HEN DRICKS VILLE, v. Westmoreland co. Pa. HENLEY-HOUSE, station of the Hudson Bay company, on Albany river. HENLOPEN, Cape, Del. the SW. point at the entrance of Delaware Bay, 28 m. from Cape May. Lon. 75° 6' W.; lat. 38° 47' N. Here is a light-house. HENNIKER, t. Merrimack co. N. H. 13 m. W. from Concord. Pop. 1,725. HENRICO, co. Va. Pop. 28,798. Chief town, Richmond. HENRIETTA, t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Gen- esee river. Pop. 2,302. HENRY, co. Va. Pop. 7,100. Chief town, Martinsville. HENRY, Cape, Va. the S. point at the en- trance of Chesapeake Bay, 12 m. S. from Cape Charles. Lon. 76° W. ; lat. 36° 58' N. HENRY, co. Geo. bounded by Gwlnnet NW. Newton NE. Jasper and Jones E. Fayette S. and Flint river W. Pop. 10,567. Chief town, M'Donough. HENRY, v. Henry co. Geo. 67 m. NW. by W. from Milledgeville. HENRY, co. Ken. bounded by Jefferson SW. Ohio river W. Gallatin N. and NE. Ken- tucky river, or Owen co. E. and Shelby S. Pop. 11,395. Chief town, Newcastle. HENRY, co. Ohio, in New Purchase, bound- ed N. by the territory of Michigan, E. by Wood, S. by Putnam, and W. by Williams. Pop. 260. Chief town, Damascus. HENRY, SE. co. of Al. bounded by Cha- tahooche river E. Florida S. Covington W. and Pike N. Pop. in 1820, 2,638 ; in 1830, 3,955. Columbia is the chief town. HENRY, v. Henry co. Al. HENRY, Cross Roads, v. Sevier co. Ten. 200 m. E. from Murfreesborough. HENRY POINT, the E. point of Haldiman Cove, U. C. HENSHAW, t. in the NW. part of Trum- bull co. Ohio. HERCULANEUM, t. Miso. near the Mis- sissippi, 21 m. above St. Genevieve, 30 S. from St. Louis. Here is a shot manufactory. This town is the store-house of the lead-mines, which are 45 m. W. from this place. It is 950 m. from W. HEREFORD, t. Buckingham co. L. C. on the head waters of Connecticut river. HEREFORD, v. Baltimore co. Md. HERKIMER, co. central part of N. Y. bounded N. by St. Lawrence co. E. by Hamil- ton, S. by Otsego, and W. by Oneida and Lewis. Pop. in 1820, 31,017 ; in 1830, 55,869. Chief town, Herkimer. HERKIMER, t. and cap. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the N. side of the Mohawk, 20 m. E. from Utica, 78 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,486. The principal village is situated at a little distance from the entrance of West Canada Creek into the Mohawk. Little Flats, another consider- able village, Js 7 m. W. At this village there is a canal with 8 locks. Distance from W. 392 m. HERMAN'S STATION, v. Ken. on a branch of Sandy r. 18 m. S. from Balclutha. HERMITAGE, v. Prince Edward co. Va. 228 m. from W. HERMON, t. Penobscot co. Me. 7 m. W. from Bangor. Pop. 535. HERNDORSVILLE, t Scott co. Ken. 33 m. NE. from Frankfort. HERON CREEK, creek, Mass. W. of Cape Malabar. HERRING BAY, bay, Md. on W. side of the Chesapeake, 15 m. S. from Annapolis. HERTFORD, co. NE. part of N. C. Pop. 8,541. Chief town, Winton. HERTFORD, t. and cap. Perquimans co. N. C. on Perquimans river, 15 m. NNE. from Edenton, 267 from W. HERTFORD, co. L. C. on the right side of the St. Lawrence, opposite the island of Or- leans. HEY, Point, the NW. point of Comptroller's 290 HXA— HIL Bay, on the NW. coast of America. Lon. 215° 45' E. ; lat. 60° 11' N. HIAQUI, river of Mexico, in Sonora y Si- naloa, falls into the Gulf of California, after a course of 400 m. Mouth at lat. 27° 30' N. HIATSTOWN, v. Middlesex co. N. J. on the head of Mill-stone river, 13 m. NE. from Trenton. HIBERNIA, v. Calloway co. Miso. about 100 m. by land W. from St. Louis. EIICKES' KEYS, inlets, in the bay of Hon- duras. Lon. 88 3 54' W. ; lat. 17° 10' N. HICKMAN, SW. co. of Ken. on Mississippi river, bounded N. by Graves, E. by Calloway and M'Craken, and S. by the state of Tennes- see. Pop. 5,193. Clinton and Columbus are the chief towns. HICKMAN, co. East Tennessee, on Duck river* Pop. 8,132. Chief town, Vernon. HICKMAN'S CREEK, r. Smith co. Ten. which falls into Caney Fork, 6 m. above its mouth. HICKMAN'S CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the river Kentucky. HICKORY, t. Venango co. Pa. on the Alle- ghany, 20 m. NE. from Franklin. HICKORY, or Mount Pleasant, v. Wash- ington co. Pa. 11m. NNW. from Washington, the seat of justice for the county. HICKORY CREEK, t. on a small stream of that name, flowing into Caney Fork, branch of Cumberland river, Warren co. Ten. 35 m. SE. by E. from Murfreesborough. HICKORY FLATS, t. Madison co. Mis. HICKORY GROVE, Abbeville district, S.C. HICKORY GROVE, v. Henry co. Geo. about 70 m. NW. by W. from Milledgeville. HICKORY GROVE, v. Montgomery co. Miso. 53 m. W. from St Louis. HICKORY HILL, Beaufort district, S. C. HICKSFORD, v. Greenville co. Va. on the S. side of Meherin river, 69 m. S. from Rich- mond. HIGGIN'S POINT, NW. coast of America. Lon. 228° 25' E. ; lat. 55° 27' N. HIGGINSPORT, v. Brown co. Ohio, on Ohio riyer, 4 m. below Ripley. Pop. 129. HIGHGATE, t. Franklin co. Vt. in NW. corner of the state, on Lake Champlain ; 40 m. N. from Burlington, Pop. 1,129. This town has iron works, and considerable trade in lumber. HIGHLAND, co. SW. part of Ohio. Pop. 16,347. Chief town, Hillsborough. HIGHLAND, t. Muskingum co. Ohio, 15 m. NE. from Zanesville. Pop. 820. HIGHLANDS, a mountainous tract in N.Y. through which the Hudson flows. The loftiest summits are Thunderhill, St. Anthony's Nose, Sugar-loaf, Butter-hill, and Breakneck-hill. The passage of the Hudson through the Highlands is remarkably grand, being 18 miles. HIGHLAND CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio, lon. 82° 22' W. ; lat. 37° 32' N. HIGH PEAK, peak of the Catskill moun- tains, N. Y. Height 3,487 feet. HIGH ROCK, v. Rockingham co. N. C. HIGH SHOALS, v. Clark co. Geo. HIGHTSTOWN, v. Middlesex co N. J. on a branch of Mill river, by postroad 19 m. NE. from Trenton, and 25 a little W. of S. from New Brunswick. HIGUEY, t. St. Domingo, 80 m. E. from St. Domingo. Pop. 3,500. HILL'S BAY, bay, in Chesapeake Bay. Lon. 76° 20' W. ; lat. 37° 32' N. HILL CREEK, r. Md. which runs into the Potomac. Lon. 78° 23' W. ; lat. 39° 40' N. HILLHAM, t. Overton co. Ten. 699 m. from W. HILLIAR, t. Knox co. Ohio. HILLIARDSTOWN, v. Nash co. N. C. by postroad 70 m. NE. from Raleigh. HILLSBOROUGH, co. south part of N. H. bounded N. by Grafton co. E. by Strafford and Rockingham cos. S. by Massachusetts, and W. by Cheshire co. Pop. 37,762. Chief town, Am- herst. HILLSBOROUGH, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. ; 13 m. WSW. from Hopkinton, 20 W. from Concord. Pop. 1,792. HILLSBOROUGH, t. Westmoreland co. New Brunswick. HILLSBOROUGH, t. Madison co. Ala. HILLSBOROUGH, t. Orange co. Indiana. HILLSBOROUGH, t. Somerset co. N.J. 18 m. N. from Trenton. Pop. 2,878. HILLSBOROUGH, v. Caroline co. Md. 21 m. SSW. from Chester, 79 from W. HILLSBOROUGH, v. Loudon co. Va. 3 m, NNW. from Leesburg, 51 from W. HILLSBOROUGH, v. Culpeper co, Va- 104 m. from W. HILLSBOROUGH, t. and cap. Highland co. Ohio, 36 m, W. by S. from Chillicothe, 55 SW. from Columbus, and 441 from W. Pop. 564. HILLSBOROUGH, t. and cap. Orange co. N. C. oh the Eno ; 30 m. NW. from Raleigh, 110 ENE. from Salisbury, 180 WNW. from Newbern. It is situated in an elevated, fertile, and healthy country, and contains a court- house, a jail, and an academy. Distance from W. 296 miles. HILLSBOROUGH, r. Florida, which runs into the Gulf of Florida. Lon. 81° 30' W. ; lat. 28° 36' N. HILLSBOROUGH, or Espiritu Santo Tam- pa, bay, on the W. coast of Florida. It is the most spacious bav on that coast; 60 m, from Lake George. Lon. 83° W.; lat. 27° 36' N. HILLSBOROUGH BAY, bay, on the N coast of Dominica. Lon. 61° 22' W. ; lat. 15° 42' N. HILLSBOROUGH BAY, bay, on the S. coast of the island of St. John. Lon. 62° 40' W. ; lat. 46° 10' N. HILLSBOROUGH, v. Jasper co. Geo. 59 m. NW. from Milledgeville. HILLSBOROUGH, v. Washington co. Pa. on the U. S. turnpike road, almost exactly mid- distance between Washington and Brownsville, 11 m. from each. HILLSBOROUGH, v. Franklin co. Ten, 60 m. SSE. from Murfreesborough. HIL— HOL 291 HILLSBOROUGH, v. Montgomery co. II. 25 m. NW. from Unadilla. HILLSBRIDGE, v. Halifax co. N. C. 116 m. NE. from Raleigh. HILLSDALE, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 18 m. SE. of the city of Hudson. Pop. 2,546. HILL'S STORE, v. Randolph co. N. C. about 60 m. W. from Raleigh. HILLTON, v. Charles co. Md. HILL-TOP, v. Charles co. Md. 44 m. from W. HILLTON HEAD, island on the coast of S. C. near the mouth of Savannah river. Lon. 80° 20' W. ; lat. 32 3 10' N. HILTON HEAD, cape on E. coast of Trench's Island, at going into Portland en- trance. Lon. 80° 46' W. ; lat. 32° 16' N. HILTON'S POINT, on Piscataqua river, the SE. point of the town of Dover, 7 m. from the sea. HILLTOWN, t. Bucks co. Pa. HINCHINBROOX, island of America, in Prince William's Sound, on which the Rus- sians have a factory. HINCHA, v. St. Domingo, at the mouth of Guayamuco, 64 m. NW. from St. Domingo, in N. lat. 19° 3'. HINCHINBROKE, Cape, on the NW. coast of America, at the entrance of Prince William's Sound. Lon. 213° 56' E. ; lat. 60° 16*' N. HINCHINBROOK, t. Huntingdon co. L. C. on the Province line, 40 m. SW. from Mont- real. HINCHINBROOK, t. Frontenac co. U. C. HINCHINBROOK ISLAND, isl. on the NW. coast of America, in Prince William's Sound, about 50 m. in circumference. Lon. 213^ 50' to 214° 24' E. ; lat. 60° 24' N. HINESBURG, t. Chittenden co. Vt. 12 m. SE. from Burlington. Pop. 1,669. HINESVILLE, v. Patrick co. Va. 280 m. SW. by W. from Richmond. HINGHAM, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 14 m. SE. from Boston, 455 from W. Pop. 3,357. It lies on S. side of Boston harbor, is a very pleasant town, and contains several churches, a woollen manufactory, and a well-endowed academy. HINKLEY, v. Medina co. Ohio, about 100 m. N. from Columbus. HINKSON'S, t. Boone co. Miso. 102 m. W. from St. Charles. HINKLETOWN, v. Lancaster co. Pa. 128 m. from W. HINSDALE, v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. on Olean creek, 10 m. N. from Hamilton, on Al- leghany river. Pop. 919. HINSDALE, t. Cheshire co. N. H. on the Connecticut ; 15 m. SW. from Keene. Pop. 937. HINSDALE, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 15 m. NNW. from Lenox, 130 W. from Boston. Pop. 780. HIRAM, t. Oxford co. Me. 34 m. SW. from Paris, 160 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,026. HIRAM, t. Portage co. Ohio. Pop. 517. HIWASSEE, r. in the country of the Cher- ekees. It rises in Georgia, flows into Ten- nessee, and joins the Tennessee river about 12 m. SW. from Washington, near Hiwassee garrison. HOBART POINT, the NW. point at the entrance into Port Houghton, on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 57° 17' N. HOBOKEN, v. Bergen co. N. J. on the Hud- son, 7 m. above New York. HOCCANUM, r. Ct. which runs into the Connecticut at East Hartford, and affords many ™ HOCKHOCKING, r. Ohio, which rises in Fairfield co. and runs into the Ohio at Troy, 25 m. below Marietta, 150 above the mouth of the Scioto, and is navigable for boats to Athens, 40 m. from its mouth. It has a deep and still, but narrow channel. Near its source, 7 m. N. of Lancaster, is a romantic cascade of 40 feet perpendicular. It has a number of mills erect- ed on it. Its chief tributaries are Rush, Sun- day, Monday, Margaret's, and Federal creeks. HOCKHOCKING, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. Pop. 3,079. HOCKING, co. Ohio. Chief town, Logan. Pop. 4,008. HOGANSBURG, v. Franklin co. N. Y.; 267 m. NNW. from Albany. HOGAN'S CORNER, t. Ulster co. N. Y. , 77 m. from Albany. HOGESTOWN, v. Cumberland co. Pa. HOG ISLAND, isl. in Narraganset Bay, R. I. 2 m. in circuit ; 2 m. SW. from Bristol. HOG ISLAND, small isl. in Pamlico Sound, near the coast of N. C. Lon. 76° 36' W. ; lat. 34° 56' N. HOG ISLAND, small isl. in the Atlantic, near the coast of Va. Lat. 37° 30' N. HOG ISLAND, below Peach Island, is sit- uated in the Strait of Detroit, where it opens into Lake St. Clair. HOG ISLAND, island of Lake Champlain, forming part of Franklin co. HOKESVILLE, t. Lincoln co. N. C. HOLDEN, t. Worcester co. Mass. ; 6 m. NNW. from Worcester, 46 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,718. HOLDERNESS, t. Grafton co. N. H. on E. side of the Merrimack ; 5 m. E. from Ply- mouth. Pop. 1,409. HOLE CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs into the E. side of the Miami, in Montgomery co. HOLE IN THE WALL, v. Talbot co. Md. on E. shore : 7 m. S. from Easton. HOLE IN THE WALL, remarkable rock in the W. Indies, in the island of Abaco. Lat. 25° 50' N. HOLE TOWN, t. Barbadoes. Lon. 58° 31 W. ; lat. 13° 12' N. HOLLADAYSBURG, v. Huntingdon co, Pa. ; 3 m, SW. by W. from Frankstown. HOLLAND, t. Orleans co. Vt. ; 68 m. NNE. from Montpelier. Pop. 422. HOLLAND, t. Hampden co. Mass. ; 20 m ESE. from Springfield, 75 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 453. HOLLAND, New, t. Lancaster co. Pa. ; 12 m. ENE. from Lancaster, 54 m. WNW. from Philadelphia. HOLLAND, t. Erie co. N. Y. ; 20 m. SK from Buffalo. Pop. 1,070. 292 HOL— HOP HOLLAND ISLANDS, in Chesapeake Bay, Md. N. of Smith's Island, and W. of Fishing Bay. HOLLAND'S POINT, cape on the coast of Maryland, in the Chesapeake ; 28 m. S. from Annapolis. Lon. 76° 40' W. ; lat. 38° 42' N. HOLLENBECK'S, v. Berkshire co. Mass. ; 152 m. W. from Boston. HOLLEY'S CREEK, r. N. C. which runs into the Saluda, lon. 81° 29' W. ; lat. 34° 4' N. HOLLIDAY COVE, v. Brooke co. Va.; 30 m. W. from Washington, Pa. HOLLINGSWORTH'S FARM, v. Haber- sham co. Geo.; 137 m. N.from Milledgeville. HOLLINSWORTH'S FERRY, v. Madi- son co. Va. HOLLIS, or Phillipsburg, t. York co. Me. on the Saco; 42 m. NNE. from York, 124 NNE. from Boston, 567 from W. Pop. 2,273. HOLLIS, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. ; 9 m. S. from Amherst, 40 NVV. from Boston. Pop. 1,501. HOLLISTON, t. Middlesex co. Mass.; 27 m. SW from Boston. Pop. 1,304. HOLLOW, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. HOLMES, t. Oxford co. Me. HOLMES'S HOLE, a safe and commodious harbor on N. side of Martha's Vineyard, in the township of Tisbury ; 80 m. SSE. from Bos- ton. It is formed by West and East Chops ; the former of which is 2J, and the latter 2 m. from the head of the harbor. The points are 2 1 m. apart. The depth of water is from 3 J to 8 fathoms. From 20 to 70 vessels bound to Boston, or the eastward, are frequently seen here waiting for a fair wind. From about 1,000 to 1,200 sail anchor here in the course of a year, HOLMESBURG, t. Philadelphia co. Pa, ; 9 m. NE. from Philadelphia. HOLMES VILLE, t. Pike co.Miso. Pop. 71. HOLSTON, r. Tennessee, which rises in Virginia, runs SW. and joins the Tennessee 22 m. below Knoxville. It is 200 m. long, and navigable for boats of 25 tons 100 m. HOLT, Isle of or Haute, isl. on E. side of Penobscot Bay s Me. ; 18 m. E. from Owl's Head. Lon. 58° 40' W. ; lat. 44° 4' N. HOLT'S CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the river Kentucky, lon 94° 18' W.; lat. 38° 37' N, HOLT'S STORE, v. M'Minn co. Ten. ; 157 m, from Murfreesborough. HOLYOKE, mt. Mass, in Hadley; 3 m. ESE. from Northampton ; 830 feet above the surface of the Connecticut river. The top of this mountain affords an extensive and beauti- ful view of the surrounding country. In a clear day, one may here see the elevated peaks of New Hampshire, the Catskill Mountains of New York, and the river as far as Middle- town. On the W. side there are basaltic col- umns similar to those of the Giant's Causeway. A road has been made to the summit of the mountain, and it has become a place of resort for parties of pleasure, and admirers of natural scenery. HOME, district, U. Canada, comprising the counties of York and Simcoe. HOMER, t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. on the Tioughnioga; 26 m. S. from Onondaga, 145 W. from Albany. Pop. 3,306. HOMER, t. Athens co. Ohio. Pop. 636. HOMOCHITTO, r. Mis. which runs SW. and flows into the Mississippi between Adams and Wilkinson cos. above Fort Adams. HONDA, Bay of, on the coast of S. Ameri- ca, in Santa Martha. Lon. 71° 6' W.; lat. 12° N. HONDA BAY, bay on the N. coast of Cuba, 70 m. W. from Havana. Lon. 83° 25' W. ; lat. 22° 58' N. HONDA BAY, bay on the E. coast of Hon- duras, N. of Cape Gracias a Dios. HONDO, r. Mexico, in Texas, which runs SSE. and enters the bay of Mexico. HONDURAS, t. Cuba, 63 m. NE. from Bayamo. Lon. 76° 4' W. ; lat. 21° 21' N. HONDURAS, province of Guatimala, bound- ed N. by the bay of Honduras, W. by Vera Paz, E. by the Caribbean sea, and S. by the province of Nicaragua. It is 390 miles long from E. to W. and 150 from N. to S. They have three crops of maize in the year. Honey, wool, cotton, wax, mahogany, and log-wood, with other dyeing drugs, are its chief products. HONDURAS, Bay of a large bay of North America, formed by the coast of the province of Honduras on the S. and that of Yucatan on the W. It is well known from the settlements which the British have made in it, for the cut- ting down of mahogany and dye-woods. The principal is the town of Balize, on the coast of Yucatan, at the mouth of Balize river. HONDURAS CAPE, or Punta de Custilla, cape, on the E. side of the Gulf of Honduras. Lon. 86° 16' W.; lat, 16° N. HONEYVILLE, v. Shenandoah co. Va. HONEY CREEK, Ohio, which runs into Sandusky river, 15 m. from Upper Sandusky. HONEY CREEK, Ontario co. N. Y. outlet of a lake of the same name. HONEY CREEK, In. runs into the E. side of the Wabash, below Fort Harrison. HOOKSETT FALLS, and v. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 m. below Concord. Pop. 880. HOOKSTOWN, v. Eeaver co. Pa. HOOKSTOWN, v. Md. 6 m. NW. from Baltimore, and on the road to Reisterstown. HOOKSTOWN, Greene co. N. C. HOOKSTOWN, Talbot co. Md.; 3 m. N. from Easton. HOOPER'S CROSS-ROADS, v. Bedford co. Ten. ; 70 m. southwardly from Murfrees- borough. HOOPER'S ISLAND, E. side of the Chesa- peake, in Dorchester co. Md. ; E. of the mouth of the Patuxent. HOOSACK, one of the most elevated sum- mits of the Green mountain range, in Wil- liamstown, Berkshire co. Mass. HOOSACK RIVER, rises in Bennington co. Vt. and falls into the Hudson, 8 m. above Waterford. HOOSACK, t. of Rensselear co. N. Y. ; 30 m. N. of Albany, on the E. side of Hudson river. Pop. 3,582. HOPE, t. Gaspe co. L. C. on Chaleur Bay. HOP— HOU 293 HOPE, t. Durham co. U. Canada, on Lake Ontario. HOPE, t. Waldo co. Me. ; 35 m. NE. from Wiscasset. Pop. 1,541. HOPE, small isl. Rhode Island, in Narra- ganset Bay. HOPE, t. Hamilton co. N. Y. Pop. 781. HOPE, t. Sussex co. N. J. HOPE, bay, on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 49° 33' N. HOPE, t. Warren co. N. J. a small Mora- vian settlement, 22 m. NE. of Easton, Pa. HOPEDALE, one of the missionary settle- ments of the United Brethren, on the coast of Labrador, S. of Okkak. HOPEFIELD, t. Phillips co. Arkansas Ter- ritory, on the Mississippi, opposite Chickasaw Bluffs. HOPEWELL, t. of New Brunswick, in Westmoreland co. on a small river flowing into the Bay of Fundy. HOPEWELL, v. Ontario co. N. Y. between Canandaigua and Geneva. Pop. 2,202. HOPEWELL, t. Cumberland co. N. J. Pop. 1,953. HOPEWELL, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the NE. side of the river Delaware ; 14 m. E. of Princeton. Pop. 3,151. HOPEWELL, t. Washington co. Pa. about 14 m. NW. by W. from W. HOPEWELL, v. York district, S. C. HOPEWELL, t. Licking co. Ohio. Pop. 999. HOPEWELL, t. Perry co. Ohio ; 5 m. N. from Somerset. Pop. 1,510. HOPEWELL, t. Muskingum co. Ohio ; 10 m. from Zanesville. HOPKINS, co. Ken. Pop. 5,763. Chief town, Madisonville. HOPKINS, Point, cape on the NW. coast of America. Lat. 53° 5' N. HOPKINSV1LLE, v. Warren co. Ohio. HOPKINSVILLE, v. Powhatan co. Va. HOPKINSVILLE, t. and cap. Christian co. Ken. The public buildings are a court-house, jail, and an academy. Pop. 1,263. HOPKINSVILLE, t. and cap. of a county in Missouri. HOPKINTON, t. Merrimack co. N. H.; 7 m. W. from Concord, 27 N. from Amherst, 58 WNW. from Portsmouth. It is a valuable agricultural town. Here is a handsome vil- lage. Pop. 2,474. HOPKINTON, t. Middlesex co. Mass. ; 42 m. SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,809. HOPKINTON, t. Washington co. R. I. ; 28 m. W. from Newport. Pop. 1,777. HOPKINTON, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. ; 37 m. E. from Ogdensburg. Pop. 827. HOPPENY CREEK, r. Pa. which runs NE. into E. branch of the Susquehannah, about 14 m. above Tunkhannock creek. HORN'S ISLAND, small island near the coast of S. C. HORNELLSVILLE, t Steuben co. N. Y. HORNORSVILLE, v. Culpeper co. Va. HORNTO WN, v. Accomac co. Va. ; 16 rn. S. from Snowhill. HORN ISLAND, on the coast of Missis- sippi, W. of Dauphin Island. It is 17 miles long. HORRY, district, S. C. Pop. 5,323. Con- wayborough is the capital. HORSENECK, in SW. part of Greenwich, Ct. ; 32 m. NE. from New York. A bloody battle was fought here between the Indians and the Dutch, in 1646. HORSENECK, v. Essex N. J. on S. side of the Passaic ; 4 m. SW. from Paterson. HORSENECK, cape, N. side of Long Isl- and, W. of Huntingdon harbor. HORSE SHOE, t. Randolph co. Va. HORSHAM, t. Montgomery co. Pa. on a branch of the Neshaminy. Pop. 1,086. HORSIMUS, v. Bergen co. N. J. on W. bank of the Hudson, between Jersey City and Hoboken. HORVOS, isl. in the Gulf of Mexico, near the N. coast of Yucatan. Lon. 70° 5' W. ; lat. 21° 10' N. HOSANCOCK CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Schuylkill. HOSICK, r. of Vermont, Massachusetts, and New York, which rises in Bennington co. Vt. and Berkshire co. Mass. and falls into Hudson river at the point of separation between Rens- selaer and Washington cos. N. Y. HOSICK, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on Hosick river, 31 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 3,582. HOSICK FALLS, v. in the NE. angle of Rensselaer co. N. Y. 28 m. NE. from Albany. HOSPITAL ISLAND, formerly Rainsford's Island, Mass. included within the township of Hingham ; 6 m. SE. from Boston. Here is a hospital for the reception of seamen and others infected with contagious disorders. HOT SPRINGS, in Bath co. Va. ; 7 m. SW. from Warm Springs. The water at this spring has been so hot as to boil an egg. It raises the thermometer to 112°, and is useful in some complaints. HOUGHTON, t. Norfolk co. U. Canada, on Lake Erie. HOUGHTON, Port, harbor on the NW. coast of America, between Points Hobart and Walpole. Lat. 57° 20' N HOUNSFIELD, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. ; 78 m. N. from Utica, 176 NW. from Albany. Pop. 3,415. It lies E. of Lake Ontario, on Hungry Bay, and S. of Black river. Sacket's Harbor is in this town. HOUSATONNUC, r. which rises from two sources, both m Berkshire co. Mass. one in Lanesborough, the other in Windsor. These branches unite m Pittsfield, and pursuing a southerly course of about 150 m. it flows into Long Island Sound between Strafford and Mil- ford. Towards its entrance into the sound, it is called Strafford river. It is navigable for small vessels to Derby, 12 m. Between Canaan and Salisbury it has falls of about 60 feet per- pendicular. HOUSTON^, v. Rowan co. N. C. 138 m. W. from Raleigh. HOUSTONVILLE, v. Iredell co. N. C. 172 m. W. from Raleigh. HOUSTONVILLE, v. Pendleton district, S. C. 184 m. NW. from Columbia. 294 HOW— HUN HOWARD, t. Steuben co. N. Y. on Canis- ter river, 18 m. W. from Bath. Pop. 2,364 HOWARD, t. Kent co. U. Canada, running from the Thames to Lake Erie. HOWARD, NW. co. of Missouri, lying N. from Missouri river. Pop. 10,844. Fayette is the capital. HOWELL, t. Monmouth co. N. J. HOWELL'S STORE, v. Clarke co. Ala. ROWLAND, t. Trumbull co. Ohio. Pop. 722. IIOYLESVILLE, v. Lincoln co. N. C. HUAMELUA, t. Mexico, in Oaxaca, 45 leagues SE. from Mexico. Lon. 95° 44' W. ; lat. 16° 13' N. HUBBARD, t. Trumbull co, Ohio, 16 m. SE. from Warren. Pop. 1,085. HUBBARDSTOWN, t. Worcester co. Mass. Pop. 1,674. It is situated on a branch of the river Ware, 45 m. W. from Boston. HUBBARDSTOWN, t. Rutland co. Vt. 40 m. NW. from Windsor. Pop. 865. HUBERT, Seigniory, Quebec co. L. C. HUDSON, city, port of entry, and cap. Co- lumbia co. N. Y. is situated on the E. bank of the Hudson river, which is navigable to this place for the largest ships, 29 m. S. from Al- bany 130 m. N. from New York, and 335 m. from W. Lat. 42° 14' N. Pop. 5,392. The site of Hudson is a high point, projecting' into the river. The city is regularly laid out, the streets are spacious, and cross each other at right angles. It contains 1 bank, 4 printing- offices, and 4 houses of public worship, for Friends, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Epis- copalians. It is a place of considerable trade and manufactures, containing establishments for the manufacture of cotton and woollen, calico printing and bleaching. There are 4 newspapers published here. HUDSON RIVER, N. Y. one of the best for navigation in America, rises in the moun- tainous region, W. of Lake Cham plain, and pursuing a straight course a little W. of S. for more than 300 m. communicates with the At- lantic, below New York city. It has three re- markable expansions, Tappan bay or sea, Hav- erstraw bay, and a third between Fishkill and New Windsor. Its only large tributary is Mohawk river. The other waters flowing into it are mere mill-streams. HUDSON, v. Caswell co. N. C. HUDSON, t. Portage co. Ohio, 12 m. NW. from Ravenna, 23 m. SE. from Cleveland. HUDSON'S BAY, a large bay of North America, extending from lon. 78° to 95° W. ; and from lat. 52° to 68° N. The Hudson's jay company have several settlements and forts, especially on the west coast, where their agents carry on a traffic with the Indians for beaver-skins, and other valuable furs. HUDSON'S HOUSE, one of the Hudson's bay company's factories, in N. America, on the Saskatchawine. Lon. 106° 27' 20" W. ; lat. 53° 0' 32" N. HUDSON POINT, cape, on the W. coast of N. America, a little within the entrance of Admiralty inlet, in the gulf of Georgia. Lon. 237° 33' E. ; lat. 48° 8' N. HUDSON'S STRAITS, the narrow sea be. tween the Atlantic ocean and Hudson's bay, N. of Labrador. HUEJUTTA, city, Mexico, 210 m. NE. from Mexico. Lon. 274° 15' W. ; lat. 22° 35' N. HUGHSVILLE, v. Patrick co. Va. HULINGSBURG, v. Armstrong co. Pa. HULL, t. York co. Lower Canada, on Ot- tawa river. .HULL, t. Plymouth co. Mass. on the S. side of Boston harbor, 9 m. E. from Boston, 36 m. N. from Plymouth. Pop. 196. HULL'S CROSS-ROADS, v. Harford co. Md. HUMBER, r. Newfoundland, which falls into the gulf of St. Lawrence, through the Bay of Islands. HUMBER, small river of U. C. in York co. falls into Lake Ontario, a short distance W. of York. HUMBERSTONE, t. Lincoln co. U. C. on lake Erie. HUME, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 951. HUM M ELSTO WN, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on Swetara creek, 10 m. E. from Harrisburg. HUMPHREYS, co. W. Ten. Pop. 6,189. Chief town, Reynoldsburg. HUMPHREYSVILLE, v. in Derby, New- Haven co. Ct. on the Naugatuck, 4 m. above its confluence with the Housatonnuc. Here are a woollen factory, cotton factory, and seve- ral mills. At this place, merino sheep were first introduced into the United States in 1801, by general Humphreys. HUMPHREYSVILLE, v. Union co. S. C. HUMPHREYSVILLE, v. Chester co. Pa. HUNDRED CREEK, r. Va. which runs into James river. Lon. 77° 16' W. ; lat. 37° 10' N. HUNGERFORD, t. U. C. in Hastings co. HUNGRY BAY, bay, on the E. end of Lake Ontario, on which Sacket's Harbor is situated. HUNGRYTOWN, v. Lunenburg co. Va. ; 33 m. E. from Marysville. HUNTER, Cape, on the SW. coast of New Georgia. Lon. 160° 3' E. ; lat. 9° 42' N. HUNTER, formerly Greenland, t. Greene co. N. Y. Pop. 1,960. HUNTERSTOWN, v. York co. Pa.; 25 m. W. from York. HUNTERDON, co, N.J. bounded NW. by Sussex co. N. by Morris co. E. by Somerset co. SE. by Burlington co. and SW. by the Delaware. Pop. 31,066. Chief town, Trenton HUNTERSTOWN, t. St. Maurice co.L.C. 28 m. NW. from Three Rivers. HUNTERSTOWN, v. York co. Pa. 25 m W. from York. HUNTERSVILLE, v. Pocahontas co. Va. HUNTERSVILLE, v. Lincoln co. N. C. HUNTING CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Potomac, at the S. corner of Columbia dis- trict. HUNTING CREEK TOWN, v. Dorches- ter co. Md. 18 m. NE. from Cambridge. HUNTING ISLANDS, cluster of small islands in the Atlantic, near Port Royal, in S. C. HUN — ILL 295 HUNTINGDON, co. Lower Canada, on the S. side of the St. Lawrence. HUNTINGDON, t. Hastings co. U. C. HUNTINGDON, co. Pa. inclosed by the counties of Centre, Mifflin, Franklin, Bedford, and Cambria. Pop. 27,159. Chief town, Hunt- ingdon. HUNTINGDON, t. and cap. Huntingdon co. Pa. on the N. side of the Juniatta, 50 m. above its mouth, 129 m. E. from Pittsburg, 186 m. W. from Philadelphia, 148 from W. HUNTINGDON, v. Carroll co. Ten. HUNTINGDON, t. Adams co. Ohio. HUNTING SOUND, channel on the coast of N. C. between Core bank and the main. HUNTINGTON, t. Chittenden co. Vt. 15 m. SE. from Burlington. Pop. 929. HUNTINGTON, t. Fairfield co. Ct. on the Housatonnuc, which separates it from Derby, 17 m. W. from New-Haven. Pop. 1,369. HUNTINGTON, t. Suffolk co. on Long- Island, N. Y. 40 m. E. from New York. Pop. 5,582. It extends across the island from the sound to the Atlantic, and contains 5 houses of public worship and an academy. The vil- lage of Huntington is built on a bay which sets up from the sound between Eaton's neck on the E. and Lloyd's neck on the W. On Eaton's neck is a light-house. HUNTINGTON, v. Laurens district, S. C. HUNTINGTON, t. Gallia co. Ohio, 15 m. NW. from Gallipolis. Pop. 694. HUNTINGTON, t. Ross co. Ohio, on the Scioto, 3 m. S. from Chillicothe. Pop. 590. HUNTINGTON, t. Brown co. Ohio. Pop. 2,165. HUNTINGTOWN, t. Calvert co. Md. on Hunting creek, 22 m. NE. from Port Tobacco, 40 m. from Annapolis. HUNTSBURG, v. Franklin co. Vt. near the line that divides this state from L. C. at the distance of about 12 m. E. of Lake Cham- plain. HUNTSBURG, v. Geauga co. Ohio, 250 m. NE. from Columbus. HUNT'S MILLS, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. HUNTSVILLE, v. Surrey co. N. C. HUNTSVILLE, v. Laurens district, S. C. HUNTSVILLE, v. Otsego co. N. Y. HUNTSVILLE, v. Robertson co. Ten. HUNTSVILLE, t. and cap. Madison co. Alabama. HURLEY, t. Ulster co. N. Y. HURON, one of the five great lakes, com- monly called the lakes of Canada. It is in the form of a triangle ; the SW. and NE. sides of which are about 200 m. that of the SE. 110 m. It is almost separated into two lakes by a chain of islands, extending from its NW. to SE. side. This chain retains its Indian name of Manitoulin, or Islands of the Evil Spirit. Lake Huron receives the discharge of Lake Superior, by St. Mary's strait ; that of Lake Michigan by the straits of Michillimacki- nack ; that of Nipesing by the river du Fran- cois, and discharges the accumulated mass into the river St. Clair. It is 1,000 miles in cir- cumference. HURON, r. Ohio, which runs into Lake Erie, 6 m. E. from Sandusky bay. HURON OF ST. CLAIR, r. Michigan ter- ritory, which issues from a chain of small lakes in the neighborhood of Pontiac, and flows into Lake St. Clair, about 20 m. above Detroit. HURON OF SUPERIOR, r. NW. Territory, which runs into Lake Superior, and is 60 yards wide at its mouth. HURON, co. Ohio, bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, E. by Cuyahoga and Medina cos. S. by Richland, and W. by Seneca and San- dusky cos. It includes all the tract designated by the appellation of Fire-lands. Chief town, Norwalk. Pop. 13,345. HURON, t. Huron co. Ohio, on the lake shore ; distance 47 m. westerly from Cleveland, and 110 N. by E. from Columbus. Pop. 480. HURRICANE SHOALS, v. Jackson co. Geo. 91 m. NNW. from Milledgeville. HURRICANE, t. Lincoln co. Miso. HUTTONSVILLE, v. Randolph co. Va.on Roaring creek, and on the road from Clarks- burg to Beverly, 35 m. SSE. from the former. HYANNIS, bay of Mass. Barnstable co. sets up from the Atlantic ocean, between Yar- mouth and Barnstable. HYANNIS, t. on Hyannis bay, Barnstable co. Mass.; 97 m SE. from Boston. HYATTSTOWN, v. Montgomery co. Md. on the road from Fredericktown to W. ; 33 m. NW. from the latter, and 15 SSE. from the former. It is a small village, of a single street of about 30 houses, along the main road. HYDE, co. on the coast of N. C. Pop. 6,177. Lake Landing is the seat of justice. HYDE PARK, t. Orleans co. Vt. 34 m. N from Montpelier. Pop. 373. HYDE PARK, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on Hudson river, 8 m. above Poughkeepsie. Pop. 2,554. HYDE PARK, v. Halifax co. N. C. 79 m. NE. from Raleigh. I. IBERIA, Neio, v. Louisiana, in the district of Attakapas, 200 m. W. of New Orleans. IBERVILLE, or Bayou Manchac, r. La. one of the outlets of the Mississippi. It leaves the main stream at Manchac, 20 m. below Baton Rouge, and after an E. course of 20 miles, receives Amite river ; thence its course is SE. 40 miles, until it joins Lake Maurepas. It is navigable three months in the year for vessels drawing 3 or 4 feet water, but during the rest of the year, it is entirely dry, from the Mississippi to the mouth of the Amite river. IBERVILLE, co. La. on both sides of the Mississippi, south from Baton Rouge. Pop. 7,050. IBERVILLE, t. and cap. Iberville co. La. on the Mississippi ; 100 m. above New Orleans. 1,256 m. from W. ILLINOIS, r. II. is formed by the union of the Kankakee and the Desplanes, and travers- ing the state in a SW. direction nearly 400 m. joins the Mississippi in Ion. 90° 18' W. ; and lat. 38° 58' 23" N. 18 m. above the Missouri. It 296 ILL— IND is 400 yards wide at its mouth, has a gentle I current, unbroken by rapids, and is navigable! for boats throughout its course. It is proposed to connect the Desplanes with the Chicago, a river of Michigan, by a canal. ILLINOIS, one of the U. S. See page 142. ILLINOIS, r. Arkansas, flows S. and joins the Arkansas, 4 m. above Canadian river. On the banks a few miles from its mouth are salt springs. ILLINOIS, r. Arkansas, on which is the settlement of Dwight. INDEPENDENCE, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 877. INDEPENDENCE, t. Warren co. N. J. Pop. 2,126. INDEPENDENCE, t. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. Pop. 245. INDEPENDENCE, t. and cap. Bond co. II. on Kaskaskia river. INDIANA, co. Pa. bounded by Westmore- land SW. Armstrong W. Jefferson N. Clear- field NE. and Cambria SE. Length 33 miles, breadth 23. Pop. 14,251. Chief town, In- diana. INDIANA, t. and cap. Indiana co. Pa. 26 m. SE. from Kittaning, 270 from Philadelphia. Pop. 433. INDIANA, one of the U. S. See page 139. INDIANAPOLIS, t. Marion co. and cap. of Indiana, situated on the west bank of White river, in the centre of one of the most exten- sive and fertile bodies of land in the western world ; nearly central to the state, and at a point accessible by steam-boats, in common stages of the Wabash. No river in America, according to its size and extent, waters greater bodies of fertile land, than White river. The country is settling about this town with unex ampled rapidity. But a few years since, it was a solid and deep forest, where the surprised traveller now sees the buildings of a metropo- lis, compact streets and squares of brick build- ings, respectable public buildings, manufacto- ries, mechanic shops, printing-offices, business and bustle. Such is the present aspect of Indianapolis, which contains 200 houses, and 1,200 inhabitants. It will, probably, become one of the largest towns between Cincinnati and the Mississippi. INDIAN-TOWN, v. Dorchester co. Md. 3 m. SW. from Newmarket. INDIAN-TOWN, t. Currituck co. N. C. 52 m. ENE. from Edenton. INDIAN-TOWN, t. Williamsburg co. S.C. WEST-INDIA PRODUCTIONS. INDIES, West. This is a long chain of Islands, that stretch in the form of an arch or bow, between North and South America, from the Gulf of Florida, to that of Venezuela. They are called by some geographers the Co- lumbian Archipelago. They have been called Antilles from the Latin ante insulas. They are often called Caribbees, and by the North Americans, the West Indies. They are divid- ed into the greater and less Antilles, and some- times into the windward and leeward islands. These islands, with the exception of Hayti and Margarita, belong to different European states, chiefly to Great Britain, Spain, and France. The four Great Antilles, namely, Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, are the largest and most important. Some of the most considera- ble of the Caribbee Isles, are Guadaloupe, Mar- tinique or Martinico, and Barbadoes. The Ba- hama Islands are numerous, but not very im- portant. One of them, now called Cat Island, is celebrated for being the first land in America that was seen by Columbus. There are moun- tains on all the larger islands of this Archipel- ago. The highest are on the west of St. Do- mingo, the east of Cuba, and the north of Ja- maica. Volcanoes have been observed in Gua- daloupe, and some other islands. Their gen, eral geological feature is abrupt transition from mountains to plains, marked by steep and craggy rocks. Coral and madrepore rocks are common on the different coasts. Cuba and the Bahamas are surrounded by labyrinths of low rocks, several of which are covered with palm trees. These islands are generally situ- ated under the tropic of Cancer, and there is very little difference in the climate ; so that the observations touching one of them will generally apply to the whole. The periodical rains, which give birth to the spring of the country, commence in May, and the brown of vegetation changes to a deep verdure. The periodical rains fall about noon, and cause a luxuriant vegetation. The medium standing of the thermometer is 78° Fahr. These show- ers are followed by the splendor of tropical LND — IND 297 summer. The sky is nearly cloudless, and the heat would be almost insupportable, but for the sea breeze. The moon emits a light, by which a person can see to read the smallest print by night. The thermometer now often rises above 90°, and suffocating calms announce the re- approach of the great periodical rains. Fiery clouds are seen in the atmosphere, and the mountains seem nearer, than at other times. The rains fall in torrents. It is said, that 87 inches fell in one year. Iron rusts rapidly ; humidity is great, and the inhabitants live in a kind of vapor bath. The climate is then re- laxing, unwholesome, and dangerous to a Eu- ropean. Putrid and yellow fever ensues, as some say from miasma, and others whimsical- ly affirm from lunar influence. It is now gen- erally believed not to be contagious, and less dangerous on elevated, than marshy districts. The temperate zone of the Antilles commences at 1,400 feet above the level of the sea. The mountains at an elevation of 4000 feet are subject to mists and rains. Most of the wild animals indigenous to this climate are of a smaller size. The scorpion is found only in the large islands. Negroes are sometimes ex- posed to the murderous bite of the cayman or crocodile. Parrots of various species glitter in the woods, and innumerable aquatic birds congregate on the shores. Humming birds, darting along the bright flowers, vie in thsir plumage with the flowers, the emerald and ruby. All the tropical plants, shrubs and trees are natives of this climate. A canoe made from a single trunk of a cotton tree, has been known to contain a hundred persons ; and the leaf of one species of palm will shade five or six men. The palmetto, or mountain cabbage tree, grows 200 feet high, and its verdant sum- mit trembles from the slightest breeze. A splendid variety of the noblest trees graces the plantations. Lemon, orange and pomegranate trees perfume the air with the aroma of their flowers ; while their branches are loaded with fruit. The apple, peach and grape ripen in the mountains. The date, sapota, sapotilla, mammee, rose apple, mango, different species of spondias and annonas, and most of the ori- ental tropical fruits ripen on the sultry plains. We should not have space to enumerate the splendid varieties of flowering shrubs, opuntias, thistles, and lianes. The polypodium arboreum, at a distance, might be mistaken for the palm tree, on account of its lofty trunk, and the broad leaves on its summit. Lignum vitas, wintera-canela, cinchona caribea, wild vanilla, aloes, arnatto, and pimento are all either indi- genous, or cultivated here. The igname and potato, manioc and angola peas are the food of the negroes. Sugar cane of the various species is the well known and most abundant production of these islands. No conflagration is more rapid or alarming than a fire in a dry cane field, which frequently occurs. Two va- rieties of the cotton, the green seed and the small seed, are the most common kinds culti- vated. The coffee of the country is a native of Arabia Felix. It seldom bears before the third season ; sometimes not till the sixth. It never lasts more than 30 years, and frequently decays before that time. A single plant pro- duces from one to four pounds. TABULAR VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL WEST-INDIA ISLANDS. Belonging to Sq. ras. Bahama i Providence V Britain 5,500 Abaco, &c y Hayti Independent. . .28,000 Cuba Spain 50,000, Jamaica Britain 6,400, Porto Rico Spain 4,000 . Leeward Islands. Guadaloupe France 675, Antigua Britain 93 . Santa Cruz Denmark 100, St. Christopher .... Britain 70 , Dominica Britain 29, St. Eustatia Holland 22. Mariegalante France 90, Montserrat Britain 78. Tortola, &c Britain 90. Nevis Britain 20. St. Bartholomew. . .Sweden 60 . Virgin Gorda Britain 80 . St. Martin Holland 90. St. Thomas Denmark 40. Anguilla Britain 30 . 2N Pop. . 16,000 , 935,000 , 704,000. ,386,000. 225,000. 126,000. 36,000 . 33,000. 24,000. 19,000. 14,000. 12,000. 7,000 11,000 8,000 8,000 6,000 5,000 800, Chief towns. . Nassau . Port au Prince . Havana . Kingston . St. Juan . Basse Terre . St. John's .Santa Cruz . Basse Terre , Roseau .The Bay .Basse Terre , Plymouth , Road Harbor Charlestown Gustavia 298 IND — ISL TABULAR VIEW — Continued. Windward Islands. Belonging to Sq. ms. Martinique France 370 .. , Barbadoes Britain 166.. Grenada Britain 110.. Trinidad Britain 1,700.. MAC LEOD'S LAKE, lake, New Caledo nia, 60 or 70 m. in circumference, which dis- charges its waters through an outlet into Peace river. On its banks is a fort of the NW. Fur company, in Ion. 124° W. ; lat. 55' N. MAC LEOMSBOROUGH, v. Hamilton co. II. 60 m. NE. from Vandalia. MAC LINTON, v. Abbeville district, S.C. MAC MAHON'S CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs into the Ohio, 5 m. below Wheeling. MAC MINN, co. Ten. bounded SE. by Monroe, SW. by Hiwassee river, NW. by Rhea, and NE. by Roane and Blount. Length 30 m. mean width 20. Surface hilly, and soil varied. Pop. in 1820, 1,623 ; in 1830, 14,497. Chief town, Athens. MAC MINVILLE, t. and seat of justice Warren co. Ten. 70 m. SE. from Nashville, 644 from W. MACOKETCH, Great, r. Louisiana, which runs into the Mississippi. Lat. 41° 38' N. MACOMB, co. Michigan Territory, on the river Huron of St. Clair. Pop. 2,414. Chief town, Mount Clemens. MACON, t. and cap. Bibb co. Geo. on the Oakmulgee river, 35 m. WSW- from Milledge- ville. It is a place of considerable trade, and has a bank and a printing-office. MACON, r. NE. part of La. It rises in Missouri, and pursuing a S. course unites with the Tensaw. Lat. 31° 42' N. MACONSVILLE, v. Northampton co.N.C. MACVEYTOWN, v. Mifflin co. Pa. MADBURY, t. Strafford co. N. H. 11 m. NW. from Portsmouth, 36 from Concord. Pop. 510. MADDINSBOROUGH, t. Miso. 15 m. & from St. Genevieve. MADISON, co. N. Y. bounded by Onon- dago W. Oneida Lake NW. Oneida co. NE. Otsego SE. and Chenango S. Length 28 m, mean width 20. It lies in an elevated position, and several streams which rise in it, flow in different directions, as the Chenango and Una- dilla rivers, which run S. into the Susquehan- nah, and the Chittenango, Oneida, and Cane- serago creeks, which enter Oneida Lake ; and some creeks which flow into the Mohawk The surface is broken, but the soil is produc- tive. Pop. 39,037. Chief town, Cazenovia. MADISON, t. Somerset co. Maine, on the Kennebeck river, 10 m. above Norridgewock. Pop. 1,272. MADISON, t. Madison co. N. Y. on the heads of Chenango river and Oriskany creek, 22 m. SW. from Utica. Pop. 2,544. MADISON, t. Columbia co. Pa. between Greenwood and Derry, 5 m. N. from Danville. MADISON, co. Va. bounded SE. S. and SW. by Orange co. or the Rapid Ann river, NW. by the Blue Ridge, or Shenandoah co. and NE. and E. by Culpeper. It is about 28 m. square ; drained by various creeks of the Rapid Ann ; the surface somewhat hilly, and soil tolerably good. Staples, flour and tobacco. Pop. in 1820, 8,490; in 1830, 9,236; Chief town, Madison. MADISON, v. Madison co. Va. on Robert- son's river, branch of Rapid Ann, 45 m. W. from Fredericksburg. MADISON, v. Amherst co. Va. on the left bank of James river, opposite Lynchburg. MADISON, co. Geo. on Broad river, bound- ed S. by Oglethorpe, SW. by Clark, W. by Jackson, NW. and N. by Franklin, and NE. by Elbert. Length 30 m. mean width 10. Surface uneven, but soil productive. Pop. 4,626. Chief town, Danielsville. MADISON, t. and seat of justice, Morgan co. Geo. 50 m. NNW. from Milledgeville, 648 m. from W. MADISON, co. Ohio, bounded on the N. by Union, E. by Franklin, S. by Fayette, and W. by Clark and Champaign cos. It is about 28 m. long, from N. to S. by 19 broad, from E. to W. This county contains extensive bodies of fine land, well adapted to agriculture and gra- zing. Pop. in 1820, 4,799; in 1830, 6,190. Chief town, London. MADISON, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop. 1,280. MADISON, t. Muskingum co.Ohio, E. from Muskingum river, and containing the village of Haymarket. Pop. 589. MADISON, t. in the NE. part of Highland co. Pop. 1,609. MADISON, t. NE. part of Geauga co. Ohio. Grand river runs through this t. Pop. 1,898. MADISON, t. Richland co. Ohio, in which is situated the village of Mansfield. Pop. 2,138. MADISON, t. Licking co. Ohio. Pop. 743. MADISON, SE. t. Franklin co. Ohio. Pop 1,745. MADISON, NE. t. Pickaway co. Ohio Pop. 976. MAD— MAL 323 MADISON, t. Guernsey co. Ohio. Pop. 942. MADISON, t. Jackson co. Ohio. Pop. 438. MADISON NE. t. Scioto co. Ohio. Pop. 837. MADISON, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. Pop. 904. MADISON, SE. t Clark co. Ohio. Pop. 1,163. MADISON, t. Fayette co. Ohio. Pop. 1,478. MADISON, t. Montgomery co. Ohio, W. from Miami river, and adjoining to the co. of Preble. Pop. 1,246. MADISON, v. Hamilton co. Ohio, 123 m. SW. from Columbus. Pop. 284. MADISON, t. Butler co. Pop. 2,128. MADISON, NE. t Perry co. Pop. 1,058. MADISON, v. and seat of justice, Jefferson co. In. on the Ohio river, 75 m. above Louis- ville, 75 below Cincinnati, and 576 from W. Pop. about 2,500. It has already one print- ing-office and a bank. MADISON, co. in W. Ten. bounded on the N. by Gibson and Carroll, E. by Henderson, S. by M'Nairy and Hardiman, W. by Hay- wood. Pop. 11,750. Jackson is the capital. MADISON, co. Alabama, on the N. side of Tennessee river. Pop. 28,011. Chief town, Huntsville. MADISON, t. Rhea co. Ten. MADISON, co. Ken. Chief town, Rich- mond. MADISON, or Pikeville, t. and cap. Bledsoe co. Tennessee, on the Sequatchee, 35 m. above its junction with the Tennessee, 100 W. from Knoxville, 105 E. from Nashville, 608 from W. MADISON, co. Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Missouri. Pop. 6,229. Chief town, Edwardsville. MADISON, v. Madison co. Illinois. MADISON, co. Missouri, on the St. Fran- cis. Pop. 2,371. Chief town, Fredericktown. MADISON, r. Missouri, one of the forks of the river Missouri. MADISON VILLE, t. St. Tammany co. La. on Lake Ponchartrain, at the mouth of the Chefuncti, 27 m. N. from New Orleans, and 127 N. from Natchez. MADISONVILLE, t. and cap. Hopkins co. Ken. 738 m. from W. Pop. 112. MADRID, t St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence, 250 m. NW. from Albany. Pop. 3,459. Here is an academy at a village called Hamilton. MADRID, New, district, Miso. Pop. 2,351. Chief town, Winchester. MADRID, New, t. New Madrid district, Miso. on W. side of the river Mississippi, 75 m. below the mouth of the Ohio, 148 S. from St. Louis. Lon. 89° 30' W. ; lat. 36° 36' N. This town was originally laid out on an exten- sive plan, and with the expectation of its be- coming a great city. It is built on ground somewhat higher than the ordinary bank of the Mississippi, but is, however, exposed to the ravages of the river, and is also environed both above and below with stagnant muddy creeks. It is not in a flourishing state at present, though the country around is good. MAD RIVER, r. N. H. which runs SW. into the Merrimack, in Campton. MAD RIVER, t. Champaign co. Ohio. Pop. 1,731. MAD RIVER, r. Ohio, runs SW. into the Great Miami, at Dayton. Length 55 m. MAD RIVER, t. Clark co. Ohio. MAGAUGUADAVICK, r.New Brunswick, which runs into Passamaquoddy Bay, opposite St. Andrews. It has falls at the head of tide waters, 6 m. from its mouth, and another 9 m. farther up the river, at both of which saw-mills are erected, and immense quantities of pine and other lumber yearly manufactured. At the lower falls is a settlement containing two churches and about 700 inhabitants. There is also a small settlement at the upper falls. MAGAZINE MOUNTAIN, Arkansas ter. on the S. side of Arkansas river, 10 m. above the junction of the Petit John. It is 1,000 or 1£00 feet high. MAGDALEN RIVER, r. L/C. which runs into the river St. Lawrence, in lon. 65° 5' W. ; lat. 49° 12' N. MAGDALEN A, r. Mexico, in Texas, which runs into the sea, between the rivers Flores and Mexicano. MAGDALENE ISLANDS, cluster of isls. 7 in number, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 42 m. NW. from the island of Cape Breton. Lon. 61° 40' W. ; lat. 47° 13' to 47° 42' N. MAGPIE RIVER, r. Canada, which runs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 6 m. W. from the St. John. MAHANOY MOUNTAINS, are one ridge between Mahanoy and Catawissa rivers ; and another between Mahanoy river and Shamokin MAHANTANGO, r. Pa. runs W. into the Susquehannah, 18 m. below Sunbury ; another which runs E. into the Susquehannah, 2 m. above the former. MAHONING, r. Venango co. Pa. runs W. into the Alleghany, 5 m. SE. from Franklin. MAHONING, r. rises in Ohio, and passing into Pennsylvania, joins the Ohio river. MAHONY, r. Pa. which runs W. into the Susquehannah, 10 m. S. from Sunbury. MAHONY, mt. Pa. N. of the Mahony r. MAIDEN CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Schuylkill, 7 m. N. from Reading. MAIDSTONE, t. Essex co. U. C. on the S. side of Lake St. Clair. MAIDSTONE, t. Essex co. Vt. on Connec ticut r. 53 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 236 MAILLARD, bold promontory, in L. C. on the N. coast of the St. Lawrence, 22 m. below the island of Orleans. MAINE, one of the U. S. See page 45. MAISY, Cape, the E. extremity of the island of Cuba. Lon. 74° 4' 15" W. ; lat. 20° 20' N. MALABAR, cape, on SE. extremity of Mass. Lon. 69° 55' W. ; lat. 41° 34' N. MALAGA, v. Gloucester co. N. J, 30 m. S from Philadelphia. MALAGA, v. Monroe co. Ohio, 147 m. SE. by E. from Columbus. MALBAY, r. L. C. which falls into the St. Lawrence from the N. nearly opposite to the Camarouska islands, 90 m. below Quebec. MALDEN, Fort, now in ruins, was situated 324 MAL— MAN on the river Detroit, Essex co. U. C. opposite Isle au Bois Blanc. MAL I) EX, t. in the co. of Essex, U. C. is situated at the mouth of Detroit river, on the E. side of the strait, having Colchester to the E. and Huron to the N. and including the vil- lage of Amherstburg. MALDEN, t. Middlesex co. Mass. situated between Medford and Lynn, 5 m. NE. from Boston. It is united to Charlestown by Mys- tic bridge. Pop. 2,010. MALLOYSVILLE, v. Wilkes co. Geo. 82 m. NE. from Milledgeville. M ALONE, t. and cap. Franklin co. N. Y. 42 m. W. from Plattsburg, 220 N. from Alba- ny, 523 from W. Pop. 2,207. The village stands on Salmon river. MALTA, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. the princi- pal village, 7 m. W. from Saratoga, and 5 m. SE. from Ballston Spa. Pop. 1,517. MAMARONECK, t. Westchester co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 23 m. NE. from New York. Pop. 838. Its harbor admits vessels of 100 tons. MAMELLE, mountains, Arkansas Ter. on the S. side of Arkansas river, below the junc- tion of the Poteau. They are estimated to exceed 1,000 feet in height, and are supposed to be connected with the Mazern mountains. MAMMOTH CAVE, Ken. See page 130. MAMOKATING, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. con- taining the village of Bloomingburg, 23 m. W. from Newburgh. Pop. 3,062. MANASQUAN, r. N. J. runs into the At- lantic. Lon. 74° 8' W. ; lat. 40° 8' N. MANATAWNY CREEK, r. Montgomery co. Pa. runs into the Schuylkill, at Pottsgrove. MANATOULIN ISLANDS, U. C. extend- ing from the W. side of Lake Huron in an E. direction 160 m. Many of them are from 20 to 30 m. long. MANAYUNK, v. Philadelphia co. Pa. It stands on the E. bank of the Schuylkill. MANBY POINT, cape, on the NW. coast of America, forming the W. point at the en- trance of Behring's Bay. Lon. 219° 17' E. ; lat. 59° 47' N. MANCENILLA, bay, on the N. side of St. .Domingo. Lon. 71° 50 7 W. ; lat. 19° 50' N. MANCHAC, a pass or channel, forming a communication between Lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain, about 6 m. long. MANCHAC, t. Louisiana, on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 20 m. below Baton Rouge. MANCHAC BAYOU. See Iberville. MANCHESTER, t. Bennington co. Vt. 22 m, N. of Bennington, and 44 NE. of Troy in N York. Pop. 1,525. MANCHESTER, t. Essex co. Mass. a few miles NE. of Beverly. Pop. 1,238. MANCHESTER, t. Niagara co. N. Y. at the cataract of Niagara. A bridge now con- nects this place with Goat Island. MANCHESTER, v. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 m. SW. by W. from Utica. MANCHESTER, v. Baltimore co. Md. on the road from Baltimore to Carlisle, 33 m. from the former, and 42 from the latter. MANCHESTER, t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 10 m. N. from Canandaigua, on the road to the Sulphur Springs, and on Canandaigua outlet. Pop. 2,811. MANCHESTER, v. Chesterfield co. Va. on the S. side of James river, opposite Richmond, and 33 m. NW. of Williamsburg. MANCHESTER, v. Sumpter district, S. C. on Wateree river, about 5 m. above the mouth of Congarce. MANCHESTER, v. and seat of justice, Clay co. Ken. about 120 m. SE. from Frank- fort, 558 m. from W. Pop. 159. MANCHESTER, v. pleasantly situated on the bank of the Ohio, in Adams co. Ohio, 100 m. S. by W. from Columbus, and 73 in the same direction from Chillicothe. MANCHESTER, t. Morgan co. Ohio. Pop. 831. MANCHESTER, v. Dearborn co. In. 94 m. SE. from Indianapolis. MANCHESTER, v. St. Louis co. Miso. 17 m. from St. Louis. MANCHESTER, t. Hillsborough co. N. H on the E. bank of the Merrimack, 16 m. S. from Concord, 42 W. from Portsmouth. Pop. 877. MANCHESTER HOUSE, one of the Hud- son Bay Company's factories, N. America, on the Saskatchawine, 100 m. W. from Hudson's House, 75 SE. from Buckingham House. Lon. 109° 20' W. ; lat. 53° 14' 18" N. MANCHESTER VILLAGE, v. on the Oriskany creek, where crossed by the great western road, Oneida co. N. Y. 9 m. a little S. of W. from Utica. MANDAN, Indian village, on Missouri river, 1,600 m. from the Mississippi. Lon. 100° 50' W. ; lat 47° 20' N. Here Lewis and Clark encamped during the winter of 1804-5, on their voyage up the Missouri. MANHEIM, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on the E. side of Mohawk river, above the mouth of East Canada creek. Pop. 1,937. MANHEIM, t. York co. Pa. It is situated in the SW. corner of the co. adjoining Md. Chief town, Hanover. MANHEIM, v. Lancaster co. Pa. on the W. side of Conestoga creek, between Moravia and Little Conestoga creeks, immediately N. from the city of Lancaster. MANICOUGAN, river of L. C. rises in the recesses of Labrador, flows into and again out of Manicougan Lake, and assuming a course of SSW. enters St. Lawrence river, nearly opposite the paps of Matane, 200 m. below Quebec. MANIEL, mt. of St. Domingo, 20 m. in cir- cumference, and so high and craggy, that it is almost inaccessible. MANLIUS, t. Onondago co. N. Y. between the Salt Lake and Lake Oneida, 42 m. W. of Whitestown, on Mohawk river. Pop. 7,375 MANLIUS CENTRE, or Manlius Square, a very prosperous v. on the great western road, in Onondago co. N. Y. 34 m. NE. by E. from Auburn. MANNAHAWKIN, v. Monmouth co. N. J. MAN — MAR 325 upon the Atlantic coast, containing about 30 dwelling-houses, and a Baptist and Methodist meeting-house. It lies 8 m. from Tuckerton. MANNSVILLE, v. Jefferson co. N. Y. 148 in. NW. from Albany. MANSFIELD, t Chittenden co. Vt. 20 m. N. from Burlington. Pop. 279. Mansfield Mountain, one of the loftiest of the Green Mountains, lies chiefly in this town. MANSFIELD, t. Bristol co. Mass. 12 m. N. from Taunton, 30 SSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,172. MANSFIELD, t. Holland co. Ct. 25 m. E. from Hartford. This town is celebrated for the culture of silk. It contains two cotton factories and five houses of public worship. Pop. 2,661. MANSFIELD, t. Sussex co. N. J. on the Musconecunk, 7 m. SE. from Oxibrd. MANSFIELD, v. Tioga co. N . Y. MANSFIELD, t. Burlington co. N. J. It is 8 m. NE. from Burlington. P.p. 2,083. MANSFIELD, v. Warren co. N. J. on the Musconecunk river, 10 m. SE. from Oxford. Pop. 3,303. MANSFIELD, t. and seat of justice, for Richland co. Ohio, containing 840 inhabitants. It stands 73 m. NE. from Columbus, and 380 from W. MANSFIELD, v. Amelia co. Va. 20 m by land above Petersburg. MANSFIELD CENTRE, v. Windham co. Ct. 35 Hi. NE. from Hartford. MANSFIELD ISLAND, island in Hud- son's Bay. Lon. 80° 40' W. ; lat. 62° 5' N. MANTUA, t. Portage co. Ohio, on Cuya- hoga river, 10 m. N. from Ravenna. Pop. 949. MANUEL'S FORT, Missouri Territory, on the Yellow-stone. Lon. 106° 30' W. ; lat. 46° N. MARATHON, now Moulton, t. and seat of justice, Lawrence co. Al. on the left bank of Tennessee river, 35 m. W. from Huntsville, 779 from W. MARBLEHEAD, t. Essex co. Mass. 4 m. SE. from Salem, 16 NE. from Boston. Lat. 42° 32' N. ; lon. 70 3 50' W. It contains a bank, a custom-house, and 5 houses for public worship, 2 for Congregationalists, 1 for Epis- copalians, 1 for Methodists, and 1 for Baptists. The harbor lies in front of the town, and ex- tends from SW. to NE. about a mile and a half in length, and is half a mile broad. It is convenient, and well defended by Fort Sewall. The inhabitants of this town are more exten- sively engaged in the bank fisheries than any other in the U. S. Pop. 5,150. MARBLETOWN, t. Ulster co. N. Y. 10 m. W. from Kingston. Pop. 3,223. MARCELLUS, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. on Skeneateles Lake, 10 m. W. from Onondaga, 60 W. from Utica. Pop. 2,626. In this town is the village of Skeneateles. MARCUS HOOK, v. Delaware co. Pa. on the Delaware, 20 m. below Philadelphia. MARENGO, v. Seneca co. N. Y. MARENGO, co. Al. bounded W. by Tom- bigbee and Black Warrior rivers, N. by Tusca- loosa co. E. and SE. by Dallas, and S. by Clarke. Length 60 m. mean width 20. Sur- face hilly, and soil of a poor quality, except near the streams. Plenty of good pine timber grows here. The valleys produce cotton, which is the principal article of trade. Chief town, EagleviUe. Pop. in 1&20, 3,S33; in 1830, 7,742. MARGALLAWAY, r. which rises in the mountains which separate Canada from Maine, runs southerly, partly in Maine and partly in N. Hampshire, and flows into Umbagog Lake. This is the head branch of the Androscog- gin. MARGARETTA, t. Huron co. Ohio. MARGARETTA'S CREEK, Ohio, runs into the Hockhockinsr, opposite Athens. MARGARETTSV1LLE, v. Washington co. Md. 10 m. S. by E. from Elizabethtown. MARGOT, r. Mississippi, which runs into the Mississippi, lat. 35° 28' N. The ground below its junction with the Mississippi is ele- vated and pleasant, and the soil remarkably fertile. MARGUERITE, r. N. America, which runs into Lake Michigan, lon. 85° 34' W. ; lat. 44° 2'N. MARIA, r. N. America, which rises in the Rocky Mountains and runs into the Missouri, 54 m. below the Great Falls. MARIANNE ISLANDS, 3 small islands in Lake Borgne, Mississippi. MARIA'S RIVER, branch of Missouri, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, near lat. 50° N. Its general course is SE. into the Missouri, which it joins about 50 m. below the Great Falls. MARIE, r. II. which runs into the Missis- sippi, between the Auvase and the Kaskaskias. MARIE, Cape Dame, the W. point of St. Domingo, which, with the Cape St. Nicholas, forms the entrance of the Bay of Leogane. Lon. 74° 26' W.; lat. 18° 38' N. It is 60 leagues W. from Port au Prince. MARIETTA, bor. Lancaster co. Pa. on the E. side of the Susquehannah, 12 m. W. from Lancaster, 3 N. from Columbia. Pop. 6,058, including the township of Donegal. MARIETTA, t. and cap. Washington co, Ohio, on the W. bank of the Ohio river, im- mediately above the mouth of the Muskingum, 178 m. below Pittsburg, 93 E. by N. from Chillicothe, 109 SE. from Columbus, 61 SE. from Zanesville. Lat. 39° 25' N. ; lon. 81° 30' W. 304 from W. It contains 2 churches, an academy, the public county buildings, two printing-offices, a bank, 20 stores, about 90 houses, and the whole township 1,914 inhabit- ants. The people are noted for their industry and sobriety, and the politeness and urbanity of their manners. Ships were formerly built here ; but from some cause the business has been discontinued. The situation of the town is unfortunate ; parts of it being liable to an- nual inundation. Pop. 1,207. MARIEGALANTE, one of the leeward Caribbee islands, in the W. Indies, subject to the French, extending 16 m. from N. to S. and 4 from E. to W. It is full of hills, and along the E. shore are lofty perpendicular rocks, that 326 MAR— MAR shelter vast numbers of tropical birds. It has several large caverns, with many little streams and ponds of fresh water. It is covered with trees, and particularly abounds with tobacco and the wild cinnamon-tree. It is 30 m. N. of Dominica, and 40 E. of Guadaloupe. Lcn. 61° 11' W.; lat. 15° 52' N. MARION, co. Miss, bounded by Hancock co. in Miss. SE. Washington parish, in Lou. S. Pike co. W Coungton and Lawrence on the N Pop. 3,701. Chief town, Columbia. MARION, district, S.C. Pop. 11,208. Chief town, Gilesborough. MARION, co. Geo. Pop. 1,327, of whom 109 are colored. MARION, t, and cap. Twiggs co. Geo. MARION, v. Marion co. Al. MARION, co. Ohio, bounded on the N. by Crawford, E. by Richland, S. by Delaware and Union cos. and on the W. by Hardin co. It is 33 m. long from E. to W. and 18 broad from N. to S. Pop. 6,558. Chief town, Ma- rion. MARION, v. and cap. Marion co. Ohio, on the road from Columbus to Perryville, 48 m. NW. from Columbus, and 416 from W. Pop. 287. MARION, v. Cole co. Miso. 144 m. W. from St. Louis. MARION, C. H. Marion district, S. C. 124 m. a little N. of E. from Columbia. MARION, co. Ten. bounded S. by Al. and Geo. W. and NW. by Franklin, N. by Bled- soe, and E. Dy Hamilton and the Cherokee lands ; length 32, mean width 18 m. Surface hilly, and in part mountainous. Tennessee river crosses its SE. angle. Chief town, Jas- per. Pop. in 1820, 3,888 ; in 1830, 5,516. MARION, co. Al. bounded W. by Monroe co. in Miss, and the Chickasaw lands, N. by Franklin co. in Al. NE. by Lawrence, and E. by Blount and Jefferson. Length, 50 m. mean width 30. Pop. 4,058. Chief town, Pikeville. MARION, co. In. Chief town, Indianapolis, the capital of the state. Pop. 7,181. MARKLES MILL, v. Vigo co. In. MARLBOROUGH, t. Greenville co. U. C. MARLBOROUGH, t. Middlesex co. U. C. MARLBOROUGH, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 5 m. SE. from Keene. Pop. 822. MARLBOROUGH, t. Windham co. Vt. 44 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 1,218. MARLBOROUGH, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 m. E. from Worcester, 27 W. from Boston. Pop. 2,074. MARLBOROUGH, t. Hartford co. Ct. 17 m. SE. from Hartford. Pop. 704. MARLBOROUGH, t. Ulster co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 23 m. below Kingston. Pop. 2,272. It has 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Quakers, and 1 for Presbyterians. MARLBOROUGH, Lower, v. Calvert co. Md. on the Patuxent, 30 m. SW. from An- napolis. MARLBOROUGH, Upper, t. and cap. Prince George co. Md. on the Patuxent, 21 m. SW. from Annapolis. MARLBOROUGH, district, S. C. Pop. 8,578. At the court-house is a post-office. MARLBOROUGH, t. in the northern bor ders of Delaware co. Ohio, which is situated in the village of Norton. Pop. 504. MARLBOROUGH, v. Marlborough dis trict, S. C. 94 m. NE. from Columbia. MARLBOROUGH, New, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 23 m. SSE. from Lenox, 118 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,656. A mineral spring has been discovered here. MARLEY'S STORE, v. Sampson co. N.C. MARLOW, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 33 m. W. from Concord. Pop. 645. MARQUESADO, Villa del, t. Mexico, 48 leagues SE. from Mexico. Lon. 277° 10 W. ; lat. 18° 2' N. MARQUETTE, r. Michigan, which runs W. and falls into Lake Michigan. MARQUIS ISLANDS, cluster of small isl- ands in the Florida stream. Lon. 81° 30' W. ; lat. '24P 35' N. MARRATTICK, t. Halifax co. N. C. on the S. bank of the Roanoke, at the foot of the lower falls. It has a pleasant and advantageous situation. MARRS BLUFF, v. Liberty district, S. C MARSH ISLAND, isl. Maine, in the Pe- nobscot, 4 m. above Bangor, MARSHALL VILLE, v. Anson co. N. C. MARSHALLSVILLE, v. Mecklenburg co. Va. MARSHALLTON, v. Chester co. Va. MARSHFIELD, t. Washington co. Vt. 11 m. ENE. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,271. MARSHFIELD, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 15 m. NNW. from Plymouth, 30 SE. from Bos- ton. Pop. 1,563. MARSHPEE. See Mashpee. MARSHY-HOPE, r. Md. which rises in Delaware, and runs SW. into the Nanticoke, 5 m. NE. from Vienna. MARTHA'S RIVER, r. N. America, which runs into the Missouri, 60 m. above the Yel- low-stone. MARTHASVILLE, t. St. Charles district, Missouri territory, 40 m. W. from St. Charles. MARTHASVILLE, v. Montgomery co. Miso. 66 m. W. from St. Louis. MARTHA'S VINEYARD, isl. Mass. 8 m. S. from Falmouth, 12 WSW. from Nantucket, 19 m. long, and from 2 to 10 broad. Lon. 70° 40' W. ; lat. 41° 40' N. The greatest part of the island is low and level land. In some parts the soil is fertile, but a great proportion is un- productive. The trees on the island are small, The principal manufactures are those of woo. and salt. The island contains 3 towns, Ed gartown, Tisbury, and Chilmark. MARTICVILLE, v. Lancaster co. Pa. MARTIN, Cape, promontory of Valencia, in Spain, which separates the Gulf of Valen- cia from that of Alicant. Lon. 0° 36' E. ; lat. 38° 54' N. MARTIN, co. N. C. bounded by Beaufort SE. Pitt SW. Edgecombe W. Halifax NW. Roanoke river, or Bertie N. and Washington E. Length 35 m. mean width about 14- Chief town, Williamston. Pop. in 1820, 6,320 ; in 1830, 6,320. MARTIN, co. In. bounded by Owen and MAR— MAT 827 Davies S. Sullivan and Vigo W. Wabash and Delaware NW. and Monroe and Lawrence E. Length 47 m. width 24. The W. branch of White River runs through this co. from NW. to SE. The soil is generally very good. Chief town, Mount Pleasant. Pop. in 1820, 1,032 ; in 1830, 2,010. MARTINICO, one of the Windward Car- ibbee Islands, in the West Indies, 40 m. in length, and 100 in circumference. There are many high mountains, covered with trees, as well as several rivers and fertile valleys, but they produce neither wheat nor vines. It produces sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and other tropical fruits; and is extremely populous. Some of the an- cient inhabitants still remain. It has several safe and commodious harbors, well fortified. Fort St. Pierre, the principal place, is in Ion. 61° 20' W. ; lat. 14° 14' N. MARTINSBOROUGH, t. N. C. on Tar r. 20 m. above Washington. MARTINSBURG, t. and cap. Lewis co. N. Y. on Black river, 48 m. NE. from Utica, 144 NW. from Albany, 431 from W. Pop. 2,382. Here is a pleasant and flourishing vil- lage, which contains a court-house, a jail, a meeting-house, a paper-mill, and other valuable mills. MARTINSBURG, t. and cap. Berkeley co. Va. 8 m. S. of the Potomac, 22 NNE. from Winchester, 71 from W. It contains a court- house, a jail, an academy, an Episcopal church, and about 150 houses. It is situated in a rich and beautiful country. MARTINSBURG, t. Hopkins co. Ken. MARTINSBURG, v. in the northern part of Bedford co. Pa. 27 miles NNE. from Bed- ford. MARTINSVILLE, v. Henry co. Va. 20 m. WNW. from Danville. MARY ANN FORGE, v. Somerset co. Pa. MARYLAND, one of the U. S. See page 87. MARYLAND, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 16 m. S. from Cooper stown. Pop. 1,834. MARYLAND POINT, a point formed by a bend in the Potomac, Md. 12 m. SW. from Port Tobacco. MARYSVILLE, t. and cap. Charlotte co. Va. about 34 m. SE. from Lynchburg, 187 from W. MARYSVILLE, v. Campbell co. Va. MARYSVILLE, v. Harrison co. Ken. MARYVILLE, t. and cap. Blount co. Ten. 15 m. S. from Knoxville, 532 from W. It con- tains a court-house, a jail, and a bank. MASCOMY POND, N. H. in Enfield and Lebanon, chiefly in the former. It is 1,250 rods in length, and 250 in breadth. MASCOMY, r. N. H. which runs into the Connecticut, in Lebanon ; 7 m. long. MASCONTIN, r. Illinois, which empties into the Wabash, between Vincennes and Fort Harrison. MASCOUCHE, r. L. Canada, which falls into the river St. John, about 12 m. before the latter joins the St. Lawrence. MASCOURY, Point de, cape on the north coast of St. Domingo. Lon. 71° 10' W. ; lat. 19° 45' N. MASHPEE, t. Barnstable co. Mass. 11 m. S. from Sandwich, 13 SW. from Barnstable. It has 2 harbors, Popponesset Bay, and Wa- quoit Bay, both of which have bars at their mouths. MASON, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 12 m SW. from Amherst, 42 SSW. from Concord, Pop. 1,403.. MASON, co. NW. side of Va. bounded NE. by Wood co. SE. and S. by Kenhawa co. and W. and N VV. by the Ohio ; 352 m from W Pop. 6,534. Chief town, Point Pleasant. MASON, co. Ken. bounded by the Ohio r. NE. Lewis E. Fleming SE. and S. Nicholas SW. and Bracken W. ; length 18 m. mean width 14. Surface uneven, though there are considerable tracts of excellent soil on streams, particularly the Ohio. Staples, grain, flour, whisky, &c. Chief towns, Washington, and the seat of justice, Maysville. Pop. in 1820, 13,588; in 1830, 16,203. MASON HALL, v. Orange co. N. C. MASON'S ISLAND, small isl. in the Poto- mac ; lon. 77° 13' W. ; lat. 39° N. MASON VILLE, t. Delaware co. N. Y. ad jacent to the SE. angle of Chenango co. 26 m. W. from Delhi. MASSABESICK POND, N. H. mostly in Chester, but partly in Manchester. It is a beautiful sheet of water, about 3 m. long, con- taining 1,512 acres. MASSAC CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio, lon. 89° 25' W. ; lat. 36° 47' N. MASSACHUSETTS, State of. See p. 54. MASSACHUSETTS BAY, between Cape Ann on the N. and Cape Cod on the S. MASSACRE ISLAND, Al. 2 m. E. from Horn island, 10 m. from the main land. _ MASS ASIN WAY, r. In. unites with Little river at Fort Tecum sell to form the Wabash. MASSENA, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on the river St. Lawrence. MASSERN, a hill on the S. side of the Ar kansas, near Fort Smith. MASSIE'S CREEK, r. Ohio, joins the Lit tie Miami, 4 m. above Xenia. There are falls near its mouth. MATACA, Mantaca, commodious bay on the N. coast of the island of Cuba, 35 m. E. of Havana ; lon. 89° 16' W. ; lat. 23° 12' N. MATANCHET, t. Mexico, on the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 105° 24' W. ; lat. 20° 45' N. _ MATANE, r. L. C. which falls into the S. side of the St. Lawrence, near its mouth. MATANZA RIVER, an inlet of the sea on the E. coast of Florida, 20 m. S. from St, Augustine. MATANZAS, t. on the N. coast of Cuba, 60 m. E. from Havana. It has a large and safe harbor. Lon. 81° 30' W. ; lat. 23° 3' N, Pop. 7,000. MATAOUASCHIE RIVER, r. U. Canada, runs into the Ottawa river, above the river du Rideau. MATAPEDIACH, Lake, L.C. the source of Ristigouche river. 328 MAT— MEA MATCHEDASH, bay, in the eastern part of Lake Huron, into which the river Severn empties, and forms a communication with Lake Simcoe, U. C. MATILDA, v. Fairfax co. Va. on the Poto- mac, near the Great Fall. MATILDA, t. Dundas co. U. Canada, on the St. Lawrence. MATILDAVILLE, v. Fairfax co. Va. at the mouth of Difficult creek, 17 miles above Washington City. MATINICUS, isls. Maine, S. of Penobscot Bay. Lon. 68° 20' W ; lat. 43 3 56' N. MATTALUCK, r. Ct. which at Waterbury takes the name of Naugatuck. M ATTAPOISETTS, v. Plymouth co. Mass. 20 m. SSW. from Plymouth, and 66 a little E. of S. from Boston. MATTAPONY, r. Va. rises in Spottsylva- nia co. and running SE. joins the Pamunky at Delaware, to form York river. It admits load- ed flats to Downer's Bridge, 70 m. above its mouth. MATTHEWS, co. Va. commencing 8 m. S. from the mouth of the Potomac. There is a post-office at the court-house. Pop. in 1820, 6,920 ; in 1830, 7,663. MATTHEWS, C. H. Matthews co. Va. 108 m. E. from Richmond. MATTITUCK, v. Suffolk co. N. Y. on Po- conic bay, 8 m. SW. from Southold, and 85 E. from New York. MAUCHCHUNK, v. Northampton co. Pa. on the right bank of the Lehigh, 30 rn. by land above Bethlehem. It is the landing for the coal procured on a mountain of the same name. Pop. 1,362. MAUGERVILLE, t. New Brunswick, in Sunbury co. on St. John's river. MAUMEE, r. rises in Indiana, flows NE. into the NW. angle of Ohio, through which it continues NE. and falls into the extreme SW. extension of Lake Erie. About 18 m. above its mouth it is impeded by shoals, occasioned by a series of ledges of rock, which cross the river for a distance of 18 miles. It is a fine navigable stream above and below these shoals. Its principal branches, which all unite above the shoals, are St. Mary's, St. Joseph's, and Great and Little Auglaize. MAUMEE BAY, is an oval sheet of water, 5 m. long and about 2 wide, and at the mouth of the Maumee river; it is united to Lake Erie by two channels, formed by a small island in the form of a crescent. The western chan- nel has a depth of about 7 feet. MAUMEE, v. Wood co. Ohio, on the left bank of Maumee river, above its lower falls, and nearly opposite Fort Meigs. Lat. 41° 33' N. ; lon. from W. 6° 44' W. MAUREPAS, lake, La. It is formed by a dilation of the Amite river, and communicates with Lake Ponchartrain by a strait 7 miles in length, called the pass of Manchac. It is of an oval figure, 12 m. by 7. It receives from the S. the Acadian creek, from the W. New river and Amite river, and from the N. the Tickoshah. Its depth is about 12 feet, but the pass of Manchac admits of vessels of 6 feet draft only. MAURICE, r. N.J. which runs into Dela- ware Bay in Cumberland co. It is navigable 20 m. for vessels of 100 tons. MAURICE, ST. r. L. C. which enters the St. Lawrence from the N. at the town of Three Rivers. MAURICE, ST. co. L. C. on both sides of St. Maurice river, and extends along the NE. shore of St. Lawrence river, from 3 m. above St. Anne river to 6 m. above the Majkinonge, or about 58 m. Its capital is the town of Three Rivers, the third in size in Canada. MAURICE RIVER, t. Cumberland co. N. J. Pop 2,085. MAURY, co. W. Ten. bounded by Giles S. Hickman W. Duck river or Williamson N, Bedford E. Length 35 m. mean width 20, area 700 sq. m. Surface hilly. Soil excellent. Staple cotton. Chief town, Columbia, 40 m. SSW. from Nashville. Pop. in 1820, 22,141. Lat. 35° 30' N.; lon. 10° W. from W. MAY, r. S. C. which runs into the Atlantic. Lon. 80° 55' W.; lat. 32° 15' N. MAYFIELD, t. Montgomery co. N. Y, 40 m. NW. from Albany. Pop. 2,614. MAYLICK, a salt spring, in Mason co, Ken. 9 m. SSW. from W. MAYO, r. which rises in Va. and runs into the Dan, in N. C. MAY'S LANDING, v. Gloucester co. N.J. MAY'S LICK, t. Mason co. Ken. MAYSVILLE, t. Mason co. Ken. on the Ohio, 3 m. NE. from Washington, 60 NE, from Lexington, 63 above Cincinnati, 275 m. by land, and 500 by water, below Pittsburg. It has a fine harbor for boats, and is situated on a narrow bottom on the verge of a chain of high hills. There are three streets running' parallel with the river, and four streets cross- ing them at right angles. This place has the usual number of stores and manufactories. Glass and some other articles are manufactured to a considerable extent. It has a market- house, court-house, three houses for public wor- ship, and some other public buildings. What has given particular importance to Maysville, is its being the principal place of importation for the NE. part of the state. The greater part of the goods for Kentucky from Philadel- phia and the eastern cities, are landed here, and distributed hence over the state. It is a thriving, active town, and a number of steam- boats have been built here. Pop. 2,040. MAYSVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Cha- tauque co. N. Y. at the head of Chatauque Lake, 8 m. from Portland, on Lake Erie, 60 SW. from Buffalo, and 349 m. from W. MEAD, t. Belmont co. Ohio, on the Ohio river. Pop. 1,492. MEADOW RIVER, r. Maine, which runs into Casco Bay. MEADOW RIVER, r. N. America, which runs into Lake Huron. Lon. 84° 30' W. ; lat 45° 38' N. MEADVILLE, t. and cap. Crawford co. Pa on French Creek, 25 m. W, from Franklin, 37 MEA — MEN 329 S. from Erie, and 297 from W. Lon. 80° 11' W. ; lat. 41° 37' N. The village is very plea- santly situated, regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a bank, an arsenal, a printing- office, from which is issued a weekly newspa- per, a social library, an academy, and a col- lege. Alleghany college was founded in this place in 1815 : it has a library of 8,000 vols, and is tolerably well endowed. Commencement is on the first Wednesday of July, after which there is a vacation of 6 weeks ; there is one other vacation from Dec. 25th to Jan. 15th. Pop. 1,094. MEANSVILLE, or Towanda, t. and cap. Bradford co. Pa. on the eastern branch of the Susquehannah, 60 m. NW. from Wilkesbarre. It contains the usual county building, and is a place of some trade. Pop. 987. MEANSVILLE, v. Union district, S. C. MECHANIC, v. in Washington township, Dutchess co. N. Y. 15J m. N. from Pough- keepsie. Here is a Quaker boarding-school. The building is 3 stories high, and accommo- dates 100 students. MECHANICS, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. Pop. 353. MECHANICSBURG, t. Cumberland co. Pa. MECHANICSBURG, v. Champaign co. Ohio, in the township of Goshen, 14 m. E. from Urbana, 26 NE. from Columbus. Pop. 99. MECHANICSTOWN, v. Frederick co. Md. MECHANICSVILLE, v. Saratoga co. N. Y. MECHANICS VILLE, v. Darlington dis- trict, S. C. MECKLENBURG, co. S. side of Va. bound- ed N. by Lunenburg co. E. by Brunswick co. S. by N. C. and W. by Halifax and Charlotte cos. Pop. 20,366. Chief town, Boydton. MECKLENBURG, co. N. C. bounded by SC. S. and SW. by Catawba river or Lincoln co. N. C. NW. Iredell N. Cabarras NE. and Anson SE. Length 45 m. mean width 18. Surface rather uneven. Soil near the streams excellent, but in the intervals sterile. It is drained by several creeks flowing SW. into Catawba river. It produces grain, cotton, and tobacco. Chief town, Charlotte, 130 m. SW. by W. from Raleigh. Pop. in 1820, 16,895 ; in 1830, 20,076. MEDFIELD, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 18 m. SW. from Boston. Pop. 817. MEDFORD, v. Middlesex co. Mass. on the Mystic river, 5 m. NW. of Boston. MEDFORD, v. Burlington co. N. J. 46 m. SE. from Trenton. MEDFORD, t. Middlesex co. Mass. on Mystic river, 4 m. N. from Boston. Pop. 1,755. It is a pleasant, handsome, and flourishing town, and contains a grammar-school for lads, and a boarding-school for young ladies, and has a number of elegant houses. The river is navigable for vessels of considerable size to this place, where it meets the Middlesex canal. MEDICINE, r. N. America, which runs E. into the Missouri, 13 m. above the Great Falls. 2 R MEDINA, co. in the N. part of Ohio, bound- ed on the N. by Cuyahoga, E. by Portage, S by Wayne, and W. by Huron cos. It is 38 m. long from E. to W. and 20 broad from N. to S. County-seat, Medina township. Black and Rocky rivers take their rise in this co Pop. in 1820, 3,082 ; in 1830, 7,560. MEDINA, t. and seat of justice for Medina co. Ohio, on the sources of the Rocky river, 26 m. SW. from Cleveland. MEDOMACK, t. Lincoln co. Me. MEDWAY, t. Norfolk co. Mass. about 25 m. SW. from Boston, and about the same dis- tance NE. from Providence, R. I. MEHERRIN, r. which rises in Virginia, and running into N. Carolina, unites with the Nottaway, 7 m. below the line, to form the Chowan river. MEIGS, co. Ohio, bounded E. and SE. by Ohio river, S. by Gallia and Athens, and N. by Athens. Length 30 m. breadth very unequal, from 12 to 22. Surface broken, though some of the soil is very good. Pop. in 1820, 4,480 ; in 1830, 6,159. Chief town, Salisbury. MEIGS, SE. t. Muskingum co. Ohio. Pop. 796. MEIGS, t. Adams co. Ohio. Pop. 1,229. MEIGSVILLE, t. Morgan co. Ohio, 70 m. SE. by E. from Columbus. Pop. 684. MEIGSVILLE, v. Randolph co. Va. 317 m. NW. from Richmond. MEIGSVILLE, v. Jackson co. Ten. 84 m. NE. by E. from Nashville. MELBOURNE, t. Buckingham co. L.C. on the St. Francis river, 50 m. S. by E. from Three Rivers. MELVILLE, t. Cumberland co. N. J. MELVILLE ISLAND, the largest of the New Georgia islands, 135 m. long and 40 or 50 broad, in the Polar Sea, discovered by Capt- Parry. In Hecla and Griper's Bay, on the S. side of the island, the expedition under the Captain wintered, in 1819-1820. Cape Dun- das, the W. point, is in lon 113° 57' 35" W. ; lat. 72° 27' 50" N. MELTONSVILLE, v. Anson co. N. C. 132 m. SW. from Raleigh. MEMPHIS, v. Shelby co. Ten. on the Mis- sissippi river. It is situated on the site of Old Fort Pickering, and at the mouth of Loosa- hatchie river. MEMPHREMAGOG, lake, America, the greater part of which belongs to Canada, and the rest to the state of Vermont. It is 35 m. long, and 3 broad. It communicates with tho St. Lawrence, by the river St. Francis, and re- ceives the waters of Black, Barton, and Clyde rivers, which rise in Vermont. MEN AN, Little, isl. Me. with a light-house, 2 m. SSE. from Goldsborough. MENDHAM, t. Morris co. N. J. 6 m, W. from Morristown. Pop. 1,314. MENDON, t. Worcester co. Mass. E. from the Pawtucket, 19 m. SE. from Worcester, 36 SW. from Boston. Pop. 3,152. It borders on Rhode Island, and is watered by Charles and Mill rivers, and contains a cotton manufactory, a forge, and other valuable mills. 330 MEN— MEX MENDON, t. Monroe co. N. Y., NW. from Canandaigua. Pop. 3,075. MENOMINIE, r. Michigan Ter. runs into Green Bay, 60 m. NE. from Fort Howard. It admits vessels drawing 6 or 7 feet water, and canoes ascend 60 leagues. MENTOR, t. Geauga co. Ohio, on Lake Erie, on W. side of Painesville. Pop. 703. MENTOS, t. La. on the Arkansas, 150 m. SW. from New Madrid. Lon. 92° 40' W.; lat. 35° 27' N. MENTZ, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. on the Erie canal, 12 m. NW. from Auburn. Pop. 4,144. In this town is the village of Montezuma. MERCER, t. Somerset co. Me. 11 m. W, from Norridgewick. Pop. 1,210. MERCER, co. Pa. bounded N. by Crawford co. E. by Venango co. S. by Beaver co. and W. by Ohio. Pop. 19,731. Chief town, Mercer. MERCER, bor. and seat of justice, Mercer co. Pa. on the W. side of Neshanoc creek, 57 m. a little W. of N. from Pittsburg, 267 from W. Pop. 656. MERCER, co. Ken. bounded by Lincoln SE. Casey S. Washington W. Franklin N. Kentucky river, or Woodford and Jessamine NE. and Garrard or Dick's river E. Length 26 m. mean width 14. Pop. in 1820, 15,587 ; in 1830, 17,706. Chief town, Harrodsburg. MERCER, co. Ohio, bounded W. by In. N. by Vauwert, E. by Allen and Shelby, and S. by Dark. Length 25 m. breadth 24. Pop. 1,110. MEREDITH, t. Strafford co. N. H. on W. side of Lake Winnipiseogee, 29 m. N. from Concord, 63 NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,683. The township contains a nail manufactory, 2 distilleries, and 4 houses of public worship. MEREDITH, t. Delaware co. N. Y. 8 m. N. from Delhi, 66 W. from Catskill, 69 SW. from Albany. Pop. 1,655. MERIDA, city, Mexico, cap. of the province of Yucatan, 70 m. NE. from Campeachy. Pop. 10,000. MERIDEN, t. New Haven co. Ct. 17 m. N. from New Haven, 17 S. from Hartford. Pop. 1,708. It contains 3 churches, 1 for Congre- gationalists, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Baptists. Here are several manufactories of tin ware. MERIDIAN, v. Madison co. Missouri. MERIDIAN VILLE, v. Madison co. Al. 8 m. N. from Huntsville. MERMENTAU, Mexicana, or Mentou, r. La. which, after a S. course of 200 m. falls into the Gulf of Mexico, 200 m. W. of the Missis- sippi. In the lower part of its course, it ex- pands into a spacious lake, and again contracts to a small river. MEROM, t. and cap. Sullivan co. In. on the E. side of the Wabash, 35 m, above Vincennes. Its situation is elevated, commanding a view of the prairie country for 30 m. It is 688 m. from W. MERRIMACK, r. N. H. formed by the Union of the Pemigewasset and the Winni- piseogee. It rises in Grafton co. and runs in a SE. direction through the state. It then en- ters Massachusetts, makes a turn to the NE. and empties into the Atlantic Ocean below Newbury port. It is navigable to Haverhill The Middlesex canal connects this river witb Boston harbor, and, by means of various im- provements around the rapids and falls of the river, the navigation is now extended as high? up as Concord. MERRIMACK, r. of Miso. rises bi Frank- lin co. flows NE. through Franklin, and sepa- rating Jefferson from St. Louis, falls into the Mississippi, 5 m. below the town of St. Louis- MERRIMACK, co. N. H. formed from the towns adjacent to, and including the state capital, Concord. Pop. 34,619. MERRIMACK, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 6 m. E. from Amherst. Pop* 1,191. MERRIMACK, t. Washington co. Miso. MERRIMACK, t. Franklin co. Miso. MERRIMACK, r. Miso. which rises in the highlands E. of the Gasconade, and falls into the Mississippi, 20 m. below St. Louis. MERRITSTOWN, v. Fayette co. Pa. MERRY HILL, v. Bertie eo. N. C. MERRYMEET1NG BAY, Me. is formed by the junction of the Kennebeck and Andros- coggin rivers, 20 m. from the sea. MERRYMEETING BAY, N. H. the SE. arm of Lake Winnipiseogee, extending about 5 m. in the township of Alton. MERRY'S ISLAND, isl. in Hudson's Bay. Lon. 93° 5' W. ; lat. 61° 52' N. MERSEA, t. Essex co. U. C. on Lake Erie. MERUVAIS, r. NW. Territory, runs into Lake Superior. It interlocks with the St. Croix, a water o'f the Mississippi. MESOPOTAMIA, t. Trumbull co. Ohio, 16 m. NW. from Warren. MESQUITAL, t. Mexico, 18 m. NE. from Guadalaxara. META, r. Arkansas, which traverses the whole length of the Great Prairie, and empties into the N. side of Arkansas river, several m above the post of Arkansas. METCALFBOROUGH, v. Franklin co,, Tgtiugssgg* MEXICALTZINCO, t. Mexico, 6 m. SE. from Mexico. MEXICO, Republic of. See page 159. MEXICO, City of capital of the republic of the same name, is situated in lat. 19° 26' N. ; lon. from W. 22° 5' W. on or near the W. shore of the Lake Tczcuco, and in the central part of the valley of Tenochtillan, and also, nearly at mid-distance between Vera Cruz and Acapulco. The site of Mexico is elevated 7,470 feet above the ocean. The ancient city was divided into four quarters, Teopan or Xo- chimilco, Atzacualco, Moyotla, and Creepopan , and the old limits are preserved in St. Paul, St. Sebastian, St. John, and St. Mary. The present streets have for the most part the same direction with the old ones, running from N. to S. and from E. to W. But what gives the new city a peculiar and distinctive character, is, that it is situated entirely on the continent, between the extremities of the two Lakes of Tezcuco, and Xochimilco, and that it only re- ceives by navigable canals the fresh water of the Xochimilco. A canal, dug at a prodigious MEX— MID 331 expense, under the mountains, contributes to drain it. The houses are built on piles, as the ground is by no means firm. The streets, though wide, are badly paved. The houses in this strange and rich vale on the summits of mountains, are as magnificent and unique, as the position. They are spacious, and built of porphyry and amygdaloid. Many of the pal- aces and private mansions have an imposing show, and glitter with metallic riches. The cathedral is, perhaps, the richest in tbe world. Altars, eandfc-sticks and images of the saints are of colossal size, and solid silver, and orna- mented with precious stones. Palaces, man- sions of great families, beautiful fountains and extensive squares, adorn the interior of this city. Near the suburbs, to the north, is the alameda, or chief promenade. Round this walk flows a rivulet forming a fine square, in the centre of which is a fountain, with a basin. Eight alleys of trees terminate here, in the form of an altar. The detestable Inquisition, finally abolished by the ex-emperor Iturbide, was near this square. This superb city is in- habited by 160,000 people, and is the centre of more scientific establishments than any other Spanish town in America. MEXICO, Gulf of, a large bay or gulf of the Atlantic, extending from the coast of Flor- ida to Yucatan, about 600 m. and from Cuba to the coast of Mexico, about 700. MEXICO, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 344. MEXICO, t. Oswego co. N. Y. on Mexico Bay, in Lake Ontario, 13 m. E. from Oswego. Lat 43° 31' N. Pop. 2,671. MEXTITLAN, t Mexico, 95 m. ENE. from Mexico. Lon. 98° 2' W. ; lat. 20° 37' N. MIAMI, r. Ohio, which, after a course of 100 miles, enters the Ohio near the south-west corner of the state. It is navigable 75 miles. There is a portage of only 5 miles between its head waters and the Auglaize, a river of Lake Erie. MIAMI, Little, r. Ohio, which joins Ohio river, 7 m. above Cincinnati. In Greene co. there are remarkable falls in the river. It is one of the best mill-streams in the state. MIAMI, co. Ohio, bounded on the N. by Shelby, E. by Champaign and Clarke cos. S. by Montgomery, and W. by Dark co. It is 21 m. in extent from N. to S. by 20 from E. to W. Chief town, Troy. Pop. 12,806. MIAMI, v. Hamilton co. Ohio, 15 m. above the mouth of Great Miami river, and 16 W. from Cincinnati. Pop. 113. MIAMI, t. Greene co. Ohio. Pop. 780. MIAMI'S BERG, v. Montgomery co. Ohio, 12 m. S. from Dayton. MIAMI UNIVERSITY, Oxford t. Butler co. Ohio. MIAMI, western t. Logan co. Ohio. Pop. 825. MICHAELS, t. and cap. Madison co. Miso. 30 m. SW. from Genevieve. MICHIGAN, Lake, U. S. 260 m. long, 55 broad, and 800 in circumference, containing, according to Hutchins, 10,368,000 acres, or 16,200 sq. ms. On the NE. it communicates with Lake Huron, through the straits of Michil- limackinack, and on the NW. it branches out into two bays, one called Noquet's and the other Green Bay. The lake is navigable for ships of any burden, and has fish of various kinds, particularly trout, of a large size and excellent quality, and sturgeon. Lon. 84° 30' to 87° W. ; lat. 41° 35' to 45° 50' N. MICHIGAN TERRITORY. See p. 151. MICHILLIMACKINACK, co. Michigan. It comprises all the northern part of the Ter- ritory. Michillimackinack, or Mackinack, on the island of that name, is the capital. Pop. 877. MICHILLIMACKINACK, a broad river or strait, which connects Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. It is 6 m. wide and 20 or 30 long, MICHILLIMACKINACK, district, Michi. gan. MICHILLIMACKINACK, Little, r. II. which runs NW. into the Illinois, 13 m. below the Illinois Lake. It is about 170 m. long, and navigable for boats 90. MICHILLIMACKINACK, or Mackinack, isl. and fort, situated in the straits, or river, Michillimackinack, 200 m. NNW. from De- troit Lon. 84° 30' W. ; lat. 45° 33' N. This fort is composed of a strong stockade, is neatly built, and exhibits a beautiful appearance from the water. The ground on which it stands is 150 feet above the lake, and 100 yards from the shore. The village near the fort contains a Roman Catholic church. MICHISCOUI, r. which rises in Canada, runs through NW. part of Vermont, and flows into Lake Champlain, at Michiscoui Bay, in Highgate. MIDDLEBOROUGH, t. Plymouth county, Mass. 10 m. W. from Plymouth, 39 S. from Boston. Pop. 5,008. This is a large township, and contains a rolling and slitting-mill, a shovel manufactory, 2 forges, 2 furnaces, 2 cotton manufactories, a town-house, an academy, and several houses of public worship, for Congre- gationalists and Baptists. MIDDLEBOROUGH, v. Wayne co. Pa. MIDDLEBROOK MILLS, v. Montgomery co. Md. MIDDLEBROOK, t. Augusta co. Va. 11 m. SW. from Staunton. MIDDLEBURG, t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 10 miles S. from Schoharie, 35 W. from Albany. Pop. 3,266. MIDDLEBURG, t. Loudon co. Va. 32 m. SE. from Winchester. MIDDLEBURG, t. Frederick co. Md. 15 m. NE. from Fredericktown. MIDDLEBURG, t. Nelson co. Ken. MIDDLEBURG, t. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. MIDDLEBURY, t. Genesee co. N. Y. Pop. 2,415. MIDDLEBURY, t. and cap. Addison co Vt. on both sides of Otter creeek ; 11 m. SE. from Vergennes, 31 S. from Burlington, 32 N from Rutland, 51 SW. from Montpelier. Lon 73° 6' W. ; lat. 44° N. Pop. 3,468. Distance from W. 483 m. It is the seat of various im- portant manufactures, especially of marble. Besides the usual county buildings, it contains two flourishing academies, one for each sex, 332 MID— MID several churches, and Middlebury College, the most considerable seminary of learning in the state. It has a president and 5 professors — 1 of law, 1 of mathematics and natural philo- sophy, 1 of theology, 1 of languages, and 1 of chemistry ; and 2 tutors. The number of stu- dents ranges from 80 to 100. The total num- ber of those who have been educated at this seminary, and have received the degree of A. B. in 1830 was 495, of whom 193 had devoted themselves to the Christian ministry. The li- braries contain 4,168 volumes. The com- mencement is held on the third Wednesday in August. There are three vacations; one from commencement, 4 weeks ; one from the first Wednesday in January, 7 weeks ; and the other from the third Wednesday in May, 2 weeks. MIDDLEBURY, v. Portage co. Ohio, 187 m. NE. from Columbus. MIDDLEBURY VILLAGE, v. on the eastern boundary of Genesee co. N. Y. and on Allen's creek, 15 m. SSE. from Batavia. This t. is different from that of Middlebury in the same township. MIDDLEBURY, t. New Haven co. Ct. 22 m. NW. from New Haven, 36 SW. from Hart- ford. Pop. 816. MIDDLE CREEK, r. Northumberland co. Pa. which runs E. into the Susquehannah, 8 m. below Sunbury. MIDDLEFIELD, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 24 m. W. from Northampton, 110 from Boston. Pop. 721. MIDDLEFIELD, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 3 m. E. from Cooperstown, 35 SE. from Utica, 63 W. from Albany. MIDDLE FORK, r. Madison co. Ken. which unites with the river Kentucky. MIDDLE GRANVILLE, v. Hampshire Co. Mass. MIDDLE HADDAM, v. Middlesex co. Ct. on E. side of the Connecticut, in the township of East Haddam. MIDDLE HERO, t. Grand Isle co. Vt. on an island in Lake Champlain, 22 m. NNW. from Burlington. MIDDLE HOOK, v. Somerset co. N. J. on N. bank of the Raritan, 8 m. NNW. from New Brunswick. MIDDLE ISLAND CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Ohio. MIDDLE LISTER, small island in Lake Erie, lying NW. from the Bass islands. It is one of the three called Middle, East, and West Lister, though bearing from each other NE. and SW. MIDDLEPORT, v. Niagara co. N. Y. MIDDLE POINT, cape on the E. coast of Labrador. Lon. 63° W. ; lat. 59° N. MIDDLE RIVER, r. Md. which runs into the Chesapeake, SW. of Gunpowder river. MIDDLESEX, t. Washington co. Vt. on Union river, 5 m. NW. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,156. MIDDLESEX, co. Mass. bounded N. by Hillsborough co. in N. H., NE. by Essex co. in Mass. SE. by Suffolk, Norfolk, and Boston harbor, and SW. and W. by Worcester ; length 40 m. mean width 20. Chief towns, Cam- bridge and Charlestown. Pop. in 1820, 61,476 ) in 1830, 77,968. • MIDDLESEX CANAL, Mass. is wholly within the county of Middlesex, and connects Boston harbor with Merrimack river. See page 55. MIDDLESEX, co. Ct. bounded by Long Island Sound SE. by New Haven SW. Hart* ford NW. and N. and New London E. Length 28 m. mean width 12. Connecticut river in- tersects it, and separates it Into two sections* Chief town, Middletown. Pop; in 1820, 22,408 ; in 1830, 24,845. MIDDLESEX, co. N. J. bounded E. by Sta> ten Island Kills and Raritan Bay, SE. by Mon- mouth co. SW. by Huntingdon and Burling- ton, W. by Somerset, and N. by Essex. Length 32 m. mean width 11. Chief town, New Brunswick. Pop in 1820, 21,470 ; in 1830 23 157. MIDDLESEX, co. Va. bounded SE. by Chesapeake Bay, SW. by Piankatank river or Gloucester and King and Queen cos. NW. by Essex, and NE. by Rappahannock river. Length 35 m. mean width 6 Chief town, Urbana. Pop. in 1820, 4,057 ; in 1830, 4,122, of whom 2,137 were slaves. MIDDLE STATES, that part of the_U. S. lying between the Hudson and Potomac rivers : viz. the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. MIDDLETON, t. Strafford co. N. H. 48 m. NE. from Concord. Pop. 562. MIDDLETON, t. Essex co. Mass. 9 m NW. from Salem, 28 from Boston. Pop. 607. MIDDLETON, t. Delaware co. N. Y. 40 m. W. from Catskill. Pop. 2,383. MIDDLETON, t. Norfolk co. U C. MIDDLETON, t. Columbiana co. Ohio, 20 m. W. from 2anesville. MIDDLETOWN, t. Rutland co. Vt. 52 m. N. from Bennington. Pop. 919. MIDDLETOWN, t. Newport, R. I. 2 m. NE. from Newport, 28 SE. from Providence. Pop. 915. MIDDLETOWN, city, port of entry, and cap. of Middlesex co. Ct. is pleasantly situat- ed on the W. bank of the Connecticut river, 31 m. from its mouth, 14 S. from Hartford, 25 NNE. from New Haven, 325 from W. Lon. 72 3 54' W. ; lat. 41° 35' N. Pop. 6,892. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, and haa considerable trade and manufactures of cotton, woollen, swords, rifles, &c. Two miles from the city, there is a lead-mine. MIDDLETOWN, t. Delaware co. N. Y. 15 m. SE. from Delhi, 73 SW. from Albany. Pop. 2,383. MIDDLETOWN, v. Orange co. N. Y. MIDDLETOWN, v. in Brookhaven, N. Y. MIDDLETOWN, t. Monmouth co. N. J. S. of Raritan Bay, 11 m. NW. from Shrews- bury, 30 SW. from N. York. It contains an academy, and 2 houses of public worship. Pop. 5,128. MIDDLETOWN, v. Fayette co. Pa. 10 m. E. from Brownsville, and 6 N. from Union- town. MIDDLETOWN, Sullivan co. Ten. MID— MIL 333 MIDDLETOWN, v. Washington co. Pa. on a branch of Cross creek, 12 m. NW. from Washing-ton . MIDDLETOWN, v. Newcastle co. Del. 21 m. SSW. from Wilmington. MIDDLETOWN, v. Dauphin co. Pa. on the point above the junction of Swetara creek with the Susquehannah river, 9 m. below Har- risburg, and 27 NW. from Lancaster. It is an ancient village, chiefly inhabited by Ger- mans. MIDDLETOWN, v. Frederick co. Va. on Cedar creek, 14 m. SW. from Winchester. MIDDLETOWN, v. Jefferson co. Ken. 11 m. a little N. from E. Louisville. MIDDLETOWN, t. Butler co. Ohio, on the E. side of the Miami river, 6 m. below Frank- lin, and 14 above Hamilton. MIDDLETOWN, v. Saratoga co. N. Y. 3 m. NW. from Waterford, and 14 N. from Albany MIDDLETOWN POINT, v. Middletown, N. J. on a small creek which runs into Rari- tan Bay, 14 m. NW. from Shrewsbury. It carries on some trade with New York. MIDDLETOWN UPPER HOUSES, v. Middlesex co. Ct. immediately adjoining Mid- dletown* MIDDLEVILLE, v. Herkimer co. N. Y. 90 m. NW. by W. from Albany. MIDDLEWAY, v. Jefferson co. Va. 85 m. NW. from W. MIDLAND, district, U. C. extends from Lake Ontario, between the head of the bay of Quinte and the mouth of Ganonoque river, back to the river Ottawa. MIDWAY, settlement, Liberty co. Geo. 30 m- S. from Savannah, 9 W. from Sunbury. Its first settlers were from Dorchester, Mass. Here is a handsome Congregational church. MIFFLIN, co. Pa. bounded by Perry SE. Huntingdon SW. and W. Centre NW. and Union NE» Length 39 m. width 21. Chief town, Lewistown. Pop. in 1820, 16,818; in 1830 21 529. MIFFLIN, t. Richland co. Ohio. MIFFLIN, the westernmost t. of Pike co. Ohio. MIHAUATLAN, t. Mexico, 108 leagues SE. from Mexico. Lon. 275° 15' W.; lat. 18° 35' N. MILAN, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. MILAN, v. Huron co. Ohio, 123 m. N. from Columbus. MILFORD, t Hillsborough co. N. H. on the Sowhegan, 2 m. SW. from Amherst, 48 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,303. It is a pleas- ant town, and contains 2 cotton manufactories, and 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Congre- gationalists, and 1 for Baptists. MILFORD, t. Kent co. Del. on the N. side of Mispillion creek, which falls into Delaware Bay, 12 m. below, 19 m. S. by E. from Dover, 95 S. from Philadelphia. MILFORD, t. Butler co. Ohio, 10 m. NW. from Hamilton. Pop. 1,808. MILFORD, t. and cap. Pike co. Pa. on the Delaware, 120 m. above Philadelphia. The river here forms a good harbor for boats. MILFORD, t. New Haven co. Ct. on Long Island Sound, 9 m. SW. from New Haven. Pop. 2,256. The village contains about 100 houses and 3 churches. The harbor has suf- ficient depth of water for vessels of 200 tons. The amount of shipping owned here is about 1,500 tons. In this town is a very valuable quarry of marble. MILFORD, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 10 m. S. from Cooperstown, 76 W. from Albany, Pop. 3,025. MILFORD, t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 m SE. from Worcester. Pop. 1,380. MILFORD, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. 34 m. NW. from Trenton. MILFORD CENTRE, v. Worcester co. Mass. 24 m. SW. from Boston. MILLBOROUGH, v. Washington co. Pa. MILLBOROUGH, v. Bath co. Va. 172 nr. NW. by W. from Richmond. MILLBOROUGH, v. Sussex co. Va. about 30 m. SE. from Petersburg. MILLBURY, t. Worcester co. Mass. 6 m. S. from Worcester. It contains a woollen manufactory, a saw-mill, and an iron manu- factory, a rolling and slitting-mill, a nail man- ufactory, several scythe-shops, a gun manu- factory, employing 40 or 50 workmen, exten- sive tanneries, a paper-mill, oil-mills, and other valuable mills. Pop. 1,611. MILL CREEK, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. Pop, 587. MILL CREEK, v. Berkeley co. Va. 93 m. NW. from W. MILL CREEK, large and valuable mill- stream, rising in the northern part of Logan co. Ohio, and running from thence in an E. by S. direction into the W. side of the Scioto river 6 m. below Fulton's creek, Delaware co. MILL CREEK, large mill-stream, Butler and Hamilton cos. Ohio, running S. by W. into the Ohio river, immediately below Cin- cinnati. MILLEDGEVILLE, t. Baldwin co. Geo. and capital of the state, is situated on the W. bank of the Oconee, 300 m. by the curves of the river, from the sea. Though in the upper country, it is near the borders of the low coun- try. Its situation is elevated and pleasant, and central to a fertile and populous country. It contains a state-house, an arsenal, academy, court-house, jail, state penitentiary, 2 printing- offices, and 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Baptists and 1 for Methodists. The state-house, arsenal, and penitentiary, are all large and con- spicuous buildings. It is 87 m. SW. from Au- gusta, 170 NW. from Savannah, and 642 from W. Pop. 1,599. MILLER, t. Knox co. Ohio. Pop. 584. MILLER, co. Arkansas Ter. Pop. 358. MILLERSBURG, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on the E. side of the Susquehannah. MILLERSBURG, t. Bourbon co. Ken. 8 m. N. from Paris, 28 N. from Lexington. Pop. 470. MILLER'S FERRY, v. Randolph co. JL MILLER'S RIVER, r. Mass. which rises in a pond in Rindge, N. H. and after a SW. course of 35 miles, enters Connecticut river at 334 MIL — MIS Northfield. A few miles from its mouth it has falls, where the whole descent is 62 feet, and that at the principal fall 14 feet. MILLERSTOWN, t. Perry co. Pa. on the Juniatta, 134 m. W. from Philadelphia. MILLERSTOWN, t. Lehigh co. Pa. on a branch of Lehigh river, 26 m. S W. from Easton, 47 NW. from Philadelphia. MILL FARM, v. Caroline co. Va. MILL GROVE, v. Cabarras co. N. C. MILL HALL, v. Centre co. Pa. MILL HAVEN, v. Scriven co. Geo. MILLSFIELD, t. Coos co. N. H. 7 m. W. from Umbagog Lake. Pop. 33. MILLSTONE, t. Somerset co. N.J. on Millstone creek, a S. branch of the Raritan, 14 m. N. from Princeton. MILLVILLE, v. Cumberland co. N. J. 12 m. E. from Bridgetown. Pop. 1,561. MILLVILLE, v. King George co. Va. MILLVILLE, t. Butler co. Ohio. MILLWOOD, v. Frederick co. Va. MILO, v. Penobscot co. Maine, 145 m. NE. From Portland. MILO, t. Ontario co. N. Y. MILTON, t. Chittenden co. Vt. on Lake Champlain, 13 m. N. from Burlington. Pop. 2,100. MILTON, t. Strafford co. N. H. 30 miles NNW. from Portsmouth, 40 ENE. from Con- cord. Pop. 1,273. MILTON, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 m. S. from Boston. Pop. 1,565. It is a pleasant town, and contains an academy, several paper- mills, and a chocolate-mill. It is watered by the Neponset, which is navigable to this town for vessels of 150 tons. This river separates the town in part from Dorchester. The pros- pect from Milton hill is said to be one of the finest in America. MILTON, or King's Ferry, v. Cayuga co. N.Y. MILTON, t. Northumberland co. Pa. on W. branch of the Susquehannah, 15 m. N. of Sunbury. MILTON, v. Sussex co. Del. situated on Broadkill creek, about 7 m. from its mouth, and 30 S. by E. from Dover. MILTON, t Saratoga co. N.Y. 30 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 3,079. It contains valuable mills, a woollen manufactory, and 5 houses for public worship. MILTON, t. Richelieu co. L. Canada, in the great bend of the Riviere a la Tortue, 35 m. E. from Montreal. MILTON, large v. Litchfield co. Ct. 5 m. W. of Litchfield. In this village there is an elegant Gothic church, belonging to the Epis- copalians, built after the draught of Trinity church in New York. MILTON, v. on Hudson river, in the SE. part of Ulster co. N. Y. 11 m. above Newburgh. MILTON, v. Morris co. N. J. 68 m. N. of Trenton. MILTON, v. Albemarle co. Va. on the Ri- vanna river, 5 m. below Charlotteville. MILTON, v. Rockingham co. N. C. MILTON, t. Jackson co. Ohio. Pop. 546. MILTON, t. Miami co. Ohio, 8 m. SW. of Tro V . Pop. 78. MILTON, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 1,156, MILTON, t. Trumbull co. Ohio. Pop. 966. MILTON, t. Wayne co. Ohio, 11 m. NE. of Wooster. Pop. 843. MINDEN, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, 25 m. W. from Johnstown, 62 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,567. It contains three Dutch Reformed churches. MINDEN, v. Ontario co. N. Y. MINEHEAD, t. Essex co, Vt. on Connecti- cut river, 58 m. NE. from Montpelier. MINERAL FORK, r. Miso. a branch of Big river, which flows into the Merrimack. MINE RIVER, r. Howard co, Miso. which flows into the S. side of the Missouri, 200 m. above its mouth. It is navigable 40 miles. MINERVA, t. Essex co. N. Y., SW. of Elizabethtown. Pop. 358. MINERVA, t. Mason co. Ken. 13 m. from Washington. MINGAN ISLANDS, islands near the S. coast of Labrador, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 30 m. W. from AnticostL Lon. 64° W. ; lat. 50° 15' N. MINISINK, t. Orange co. N. Y. 10 m. W. of Goshen, 25 W. of Newburgh. Pop. 4,979. MINISINK, t. Sussex co. N. J. on the Del- aware, 5 m. below Montague, 57 NW. from New Brunswick. MINITOBA, lake, Canada, 100 m. long, and from 10 to 15 wide. Lon. 100° 20' W. ; lat. 50° 40 N. MINOT, t. Cumberland co. Me. on the Am droscoggin, 33 m. N. of Portland. Pop. 2,908. MIRAMACHI, bay and river of the E. coast of New Brunswick, 60 m. S. from Chaleur Bay. The river rises about 120 m. inland. MISSASSAGA ISLAND, U. C. lies oppo- site the mouth of the Trent, and about the same distance from the portage at the head of the Bay of Quinte. MISSASSAGA POINT, U. C. in the t. of Newark, lies on the W. side of the entrance of the river Niagara, and opposite the fortress of Niagara. MISSASSAGA RIVER, r. U. C. runs into Lake Huron, between le Serpent and Thessa- lon rivers, on the N. shore. MISSIGUINNIPPI LAKE, lake, Canada, 100 m. N. from Quebec. Lon. 71° 30' W. ; lat. 48° 3' N. MISSIGUINNIPPI RIVER, r Canada, which runs into the Saguenay. Lon. 71° 10' W. ; lat. 48° 22' N. MISSISQUE, r. in Vt. runs into Missisque Bay in the NE. part of Lake Champlain. MISSISSIPPI, one of the U. States. See page 115. MISSISSIPPI, a river of the U. S. This magnificent stream has already been the sub- ject of so many minute descriptions, that, to give the reader a correct account of it without considerable repetition, would be scarcely pos- sible. It rises in high table-land, in the great Northwestern Territory W. of Lake Superior. A medium of the authorities respecting the MIS— MIS 335 point of its origin, would give it to be in lat. 47° 47' N. though in speaking of the source of large rivers, which are formed of a great number of tributaries, it is not often possible to say, precisely, which particular branch car- ries the most water, or ought to be called the parent stream. It is 1,600 m. from its source to its junction with the Missouri, and 1,310 from that junction to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, making its whole length 2,910 m. Its general course is south. Its most important branches, beginning at its mouth, are the Red river, the Arkansas, and the Missouri, on the west, the latter of which is, by far, the greatest tributary which it receives. Its two principal branches on the east, are the Ohio and the Illinois. Ships rarely ascend the Mis- sissippi higher than Natchez, which is 322 m. by the river, above New Orleans, but it is navi- gated by steam-boats to the Falls of St. An- thony, a distance of more than 2,000 m. from its mouth. Down these falls, the river, which is here about half a mile wide, precipitates its waters in a perpendicular descent of sixteen or seventeen feet. For a long distance below these falls, it is a clear, placid, and beautiful stream, with wide and fertile bottoms. Its medial current is not more than 2 m. an hour from the falls to the mouth of the Missouri, ex- cept at the rapids, a few miles below the mouth of the river Des Moines, which are about 9 m. in length, and are a considerable impediment to the navigation during a part of the summer. Where it receives the Missouri, it is a mile and a half wide. The Missouri itself enters with a mouth not more than half a mile wide. The united stream below, has thence, to the mouth of the Ohio, a medial width of little more than three quarters of a mile. This mighty tributary seems rather to diminish than increase its width ; but it perceptibly alters its depth, its mass of waters, and, what is to be regretted, wholly changes its character. It is no longer the gentle, placid stream, with smooth shores and clean sand-bars ; but has a furious and boiling current, a turbid and dan- gerous mass of sweeping waters, jagged and dilapidated shores, and, wherever its waters have receded, deposits of mud. Below the Missouri its rapidity should be rated consider- ably higher than has been commonly done. Its medial rate of advance is perhaps four miles an hour. The bosom of the river is covered with prodigious boils, or swells, that rise with, a whirling motion, and a convex surface, two or three rods in diameter, and no inconsiderable noise, whirling a boat perceptibly from its track. In its course, accidental circumstances shift the impetus of its current, and propel it upon the point of an island, bend, or sand-bar. In these instances, it tears up the islands, re- moves the sand-bars, and sweeps away the tender alluvial soil of the bends, with all their trees, and deposits the opoils in another place. At the season of high waters, nothing is more familiar to the ear of the people on the river, than the deep crash of a land-slip, in which larger or smaller masses of the soil on the banks, with all the trees, are plunged into the stream. The circumstances that change the aspect and current of the river, are denomi- nated, in the vocabulary of the watermen, chutes, races, chains, sawyers, planters, points of islands, wreck-heaps, and cypress-bends. It occurs more than once, that in moving round a curve of twenty -five or thirty miles, you will return so near the point whence you started, that you can return back to that point, by land, in less than a mile. There are, at present, bends of this sort on the Missouri and the Mis- sissippi, particularly at Tunica bend, where you move round a curve of thirty miles, and come back to the point, where you see through the trees, and at the distance of three quarters of a mile, the point whence you departed. The divinity most frequently invoked by boatmen, seems to have imparted his name oftener than any other to the dangerous places along the river. The " devil's" race-paths, tea-table, oven, &c. are places of difficult or hazardous navigation, that frequently occur. They are serious impediments to the navigation of this noble stream. Such is its character from Mis- souri to the Balize ; a wild, furious, whirling river — never navigated safely, except with great caution. On the immense wreck-heaps, where masses of logs, like considerable hills, are piled together, the numerous wrecks of boats, lying on their sides and summits, suf- ficiently attest the character of the river, and remain standing mementoes to caution. Boats propelled by steam-power, which can be chang- ed in a moment, to reverse the impulse and direction of the boat, are exactly calculated to obviate the dangers of this river. No person who descends this river for the first time, re- ceives clear and adequate ideas of its grandeur, and the amount of water which its carries. If it be in the spring, when the river below the mouth of the Ohio is generally over its banks, although the sheet of water that is making its way to the gulf is, perhaps, thirty miles wide, yet finding its way through deep forests and swamps that conceal all from the eye, no ex- panse of water is seen, but the width that is curved out between the outline of woods on either bank ; and it seldom exceeds, and oftener falls short of a mile. But when he sees, in descending from the Falls of St. Anthony, that it swallows up one river after another, with mouths as wide as itself, without affecting its width at all; when he sees it receiving in succession the mighty Missouri, the broad Ohio, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red rivers, all of them of great depth, length, and volume of water ; when he sees this mighty river absorbing them all, and retaining a vol- ume apparently unchanged — he begins to esti- mate rightly the increased depths of current, that must roll on in its deep channel to the sea. From the sources of the river to the mouth of the Missouri, the annual flood ordi- narily commences in March, and does not subside until the last of May ; and its medial height is fifteen feet. At the lowest stages, four feet of water may be found from the Rapids of Des Moines to the mouth of the Missouri. Between that point and the mouth 336 MIS- of the Ohio, there are six feet in the channel of the shallowest places at low-water, and the annual inundation may be estimated at twenty five feet. Between the mouth of the Ohio and the St. Francis, there are various shoal places, where pilots are often perplexed to find a suf- ficient depth of water, when the river is low. Below that point, there is no difficulty for ves- sels of any draught, except to find the right channel. Below the mouth of the Ohio, the medial flood is fifty feet; the highest, sixty. Above Natchez, the flood begins to decline. At Baton Rouge, it seldom exceeds thirty feet; and at New Orleans, twelve. Some have sup- posed this gradual diminution of the flood to result from the draining of the numerous effluxes of the river, that convey away such considerable portions of its waters, by separate channels to the sea. To this should be added, no doubt, the check which the river at this distance begins to feel from the reaction of the sea, where^this mighty mass of descending waters finds its level. The navigation upon this river is very great. The number of steam- boats upon the Mississippi and its tributaries is abont 300. Their size is from 540 tons downward. The passage from Cincinnati to New Orleans and back, has been made in 19 days. From New Orleans to Louisville the shortest passage has been 8 days and 2 hours, the distance being 1,650 m. and against the current. The steam-boats have generally high-pressure power, and many fatal explo- sions have happened upon these waters. The first steam- vessel here was built in 18 10. New Orleans is the out-port of this river, and the largest city on its banks. Its waters pass into the Gulf by several channels which intersect a flat marshy tract. The main entrance is at the Balize. MISSISSIPPI, t. Phillips co. Arkansas Territory. MISSOURI, one of the U. S. See p. 146. MISSOURI, the longest river in N. Ameri- ca, is formed of three principal branches, the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin, which rise among the Rocky Mountains, between 42° and 48° N. lat. and unite at one place in lat. 45° 10' N. and Ion. 110° W. From this con- fluence, its course is northerly about 250 m. to the Great Falls; thence easterly to the Man- dan villages; thence it runs, first S. and then SE. to its junction with the Mississippi, in Ion. 90° W. and lat. 38° 51' N. Its whole length, from its source to the Mississippi, is 3,217 m. Although it loses its name at its confluence with the latter, it is much the longer stream of the two, but the Mississippi having been first discovered and explored, it has retained its name to the Gulf of Mexico. This error being now past remedy, the Missouri must be considered as a tributary of the Mississippi. If we add to the Missouri the length of the Mississippi below their confluence, we have a river 4,490 m. in length, which exceeds by nearly 1,000 m. any other river on the globe. During this whole distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, except at the Great Falls, which are 2,575 -MOB m. fron the Mississippi. At these falls, the river descends, in the distance of 18 m. 362 ft. The first great pitch in ascending the river is 98 feet; the second, 19; the third, 47; and the fourth, 26. The width of the river is here about 350 yards, and, from every description, the cataracts are, next to those of Niagara, the grandest in the world. About 100 m. above the falls, is the place called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains. The rocks here rise per- pendicularly from the water's edge, to the height of nearly 1,200 feet, through a distance of more than 5 m. and the river is compressed to the width of 150 yards. Nothing can be imagined more gloomy than the passage through this dark chasm. MISSOURI, t. Hempstead co. Arkansas Territory. MISSOURI, t. Clarke co. Arkansas Terri- tory- MISSOURITON, t. Howard co. Miso, MISTAKEN POINT, a promontory on the W. of Cape Race, at the SE. point of the isl- and of Newfoundland. MISTASSIN, Lake, a lake of New Britain, lying E. of the S. part of James' Bay, and sur- rounded by mountains called the Great Mis- tassins. It is above 250 m. in circuit, of a very irregular shape, being much intersected by long and narrow projections of land, and contains several islands. It is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers from the moun- tains, and its outlet is the river Rupert. MOBILE, city and port of entry, and cap. of Mobile co. Alabama, is situated on the west- ern channel of Mobile river, near its entrance into Mobile bay. It is 1,033 m. from W, 226 S. from Tuscaloosa, 33 N. from Mobile point, 15 WNW. from Blakely, 50 WNW. from Pensacola, 40 by water below Fort Stod- dart. Lat. 30° 40' N. Pop. 3,194. Mobile is the only town of an} 1, great importance in the lower part of the state. It is situated con- siderably above the overflow of the river, in a dry and pleasant situation. Access to it is ren- dered somewhat difficult to vessels by a swampy island opposite the town. But when once they have entered, they are perfectly secure from winds, storms, and enemies ; and can come directly to the town. It has swampy lands and stagnant waters back of it, and near it a sterile country of pine woods. From these causes, though it had been one of the earliest settled towns in the country, it never became, under the Spanish and French regime, more than a military post. Under the government of the United States, it has received a new im- pulse of prosperity. But a few years since, little cotton was raised in the whole country connected with Mobile ; and none was export- ed directly from this place. It is now a great shipping port for cotton ; and a large number of square-rigged vessels take their freight from this city. There is no other port, perhaps, in the United States, of the same size, that has so large an amount of export, After New Or- leans and Charleston, it is the largest cotton port in the country. It is enlivened, too, by the coming and departing of many steam- MOB— MON 337 boats, that ply on the noble river above the city. In addition to the great number of packet- schooners that sail between this place and New Orleans, some by the lake, and some by the Mississippi, there is now a steam-boat com- munication between the two cities, by the way of lake Ponchartrain. Of course, except du- ring- the sickly months, it is a place of great activity and business. The public buildings are a court-house and a jail, four churches, one for Roman Catholics, one for Episcopalians, one for Presbyterians, and one for Methodists. A Roman Catholic college is erecting at Spring Hill, six miles from the city. It exported, in 1831, 110,000 bags of cotton. It has the dis- advantage of a shallow harbor, which is more- over growing shallower by the sand deposited by the rivers. The most fatal impediment to the advancement of this town is its acknow- ledged character for sickness. MOBILE, r. Alabama, is formed by the union of the Alabama and Tombigbee, 40 m. above Mobile. After a course of 3 m. it di- vides and enters Mobile bay in several chan- nels. The main western channel is called the Mobile ; the main eastern channel is the deep- est and widest, and is called the Tensaw. The eastern channel passes by Blakely. MOBILE, co. Al. bounded by the Gulf of Mexico S. Mississippi W. Baldwin and Mon- roe cos. in Al. N. and West Florida E. Length 58 m. mean width 45. Chief towns, Mobile and Blakely. Pop. in 1820, 2,672 ; in 1830, 3,071. MOBILE BAY, a bay at the mouth of Mo- bile river, 30 m. long, and, on an average, 12 broad. It communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by two straits, one on each side of Dauphin island. The strait on the W. side will not admit the passage of vessels drawing more than five feet of water ; that on the E. eide, between the island and Mobile point, has 18 feet of water, and the channel passes with- in a few yards of the point. There is a bar however across the bay, near its upper end, over which there is only 11 feet water. MOBILE POINT, is a long, low, sandy, and narrow peninsula, which bounds Mobile bay on the S. extending from the bay of Bon Secours, the south-eastern extremity of the for- mer, towards Dauphin island, to which it ap- proaches within 3 m. This point has been rendered remarkable, by the erection of a mili- tary post on its extreme W. extension, called Fort Bowyer. This fort was attacked Sept. 15th, 1814, by a British squadron, consisting of two vessels of 28 guns each, and one of 18 guns, with a land force of 200 Indians, and 110 ma- rines. The British were repulsed, with the loss of the Hermes, and about 100 men killed and wounded. After their defeat at, and re- treat from New Orleans, the British attacked and took Fort Bowyer, on the 15th of Feb. 1815. MOBILE ISLAND, isl. formed by the di- vided stream of the river Mobile, about 26 m. long, and 5 wide. Lon. 87° 55' W. ; lat. 31° N. MOBJACK, bay, Va. which sets up from Chesapeake bay, N. of the mouth of York r. MOCXSVXLLE, v. Rowan co. N. C. 2S MODERS, t. Clinton co. N. Y. MODESTTOWN, v. Accomack co. Va. MOFFIT'S STORE, v. Columbia co. N. Y. MOHAWK, r. N. H. which runs W. into the Connecticut, in Colebrook. MOHAWK, r. N. Y. which rises about 20 m. N, from Rome. It flows into the Hudson by 3 mouths between Waterford and Troy. Its length from Rome to the Hudson is about 117 m, It is connected with Wood creek, by a canal 1| miles long. There are also canals at German Flats and Herkimer. A boat naviga- tion has been opened for several years from Schenectady through the Mohawk, Wood creek, Oneida lake, and Oswego river, to the Lake Ontario. This river, about 2 m. west of the Hudson, has remarkable falls, "called Ca- hoes, or Cohoes. The river just above the falls, is between 300 and 400 feet wide, and de- scends at high water in one sheet near 70 feet. About | m. below, a bridge is erected across the river, from which there is a most sublime and beautiful view of the cataract. MOHAWK, r. in Del. co. N. Y. which unites with the Popachton and forms the Delaware. MOHAWK, v. on the Grand River, or Ouse, U. C. is the principal village of the Six Nations. This is the residence of their prin- cipal chief. The village is beautifully situated, has a neat church with a steeple, a school- house, and a council-house ; and not far from it is a grist and sawmill. MOHAWKS, t. Hastings co. U. C. on Lake Ontario. MOHAWK BAY, in Fredericksburg, U. C. bay of Quinte, lies opposite to the Mohawk settlement, and close to the mouth of the river Appannee. MOHAWK SETTLEMENT, bay of Quinte, U. C. is W. of Richmond, and com- prehended between the river Shannon and Bowen's Creek. MOHEGAN, v. of U. C. on the right bank of the Thames, 5 m. below Norwich. Here reside the remnant of the Mohegans. MOHEGAN, Indian v. New London co. Ct. on W. side of the Thames, 4 m. S. from Norwich. Here are the remains of the Mo- hegan tribe. MOHICCON, r. Ohio, N. branch of the Muskingum. MOHICCON, t. Wayne co. Ohio. Fop. 1,316. MOHICCONS, Indians, inhabiting between the rivers Scioto and Muskingum. MOIRA, r. U. C. which falls into the bay of Quinte, in Lake Ontario. MOIRA, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 791. MOLE, The, a port in the NW. part of the island of St. Domingo, 2 leagues E. of Cape St. Nicholas. Though inferior to Cape Francois and Port au Prince, it is the first port in the island for safety in time of war, being strongly fortified both by nature and art. It is 14 m. S. by W. from Jean Rabel, 69 W. from Cape Francois. Lon. 73° 26' W. ; lat. 19° 51' N. MOMAPANE LAKE, lake, Canada, 160 m N. from Quebec. Lon. 71° W. ; lat 49° 40' N MONA and MONITA, i. e, The Morjuy 338 MON— MON end Ms Cub, 2 islands of the West Indies, in the middle of the great passage between His- paniola and Porto Rico. MONACASY, r. Md. which runs S. into the Potomac, 50 m. above Georgetown. MONACKS, v. Monroe co. Al. MONADNOCK, a lofty mountain in the SW. corner of N. H. between Jaffrey and Dublin. Its base is 5 m. from N. to S. and 3 from E. to W. and its height is 3,254 feet above the level of the sea. It may be seen at the distance of 60 m. in almost every direction. MONADNOCK, mt. in the NE. part of Vt. MONISTIC, r. N. America, which runs into Lake Michigan. MONITOU, two islands in Lake Michigan. Lon. 85° 35' W. ; lat. 44° 55' N. MONKEY ISLAND, small isl. in Curri- tuck Sound, near the coast of North Carolina. Lon. 76° 4' W. ; lat. 36° 22' N. MONKTON, t. Addison co. Vt. 23 m. S. from Burlington. Pop. 1,384. Here are found Tast quantities of porcelain earth, from which attempts have been made to manufacture por- celain, but without success. MONMOUTH, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 17 m. WS W. from Augusta, 156 NNE. from Bos- ton. Pop. 1,882. Here is an academy. MONMOUTH, co. N. J. bounded NW. by Middlesex co. N. by Raritan bay, E. by the Atlantic, and SW. by Burlington co. Pop. 29,233. Chief town, Freehold. MONMOUTH, v. Monmouth co. N.J. 63 m. ENE. from Philadelphia. The British troops under Gen. Clinton were defeated here on the 17th of June 1777, by the Americans under Gen. Washington. MONODY CREEK, r. Pa. which joins the Swetara, 12 m. W. from Lebanon. MONOKA, r. Md. runs into the Chesapeake. Lon. 76° 53' W. ; lat. 38° 10' N. MONOMIES CASTLE, fort, NW. Terri- tory, on the Winebago river. Lon. 87° 34' W.; lat. 44P 18' N. MONOMIES RIVER, r. NW. Territory, which gives name to a tribe of Indians, and which runs into Green Bay. Lon. 87° 21' W. ; lat. 44° 46' N. MONOMONIL, t. NW. Territory, on W. side of Green Bay. Lon. 87° 28' W.; lat. 44° 32' N. MONONGAHELA, r. which rises from the Laurel mountains in Va. runs N. into Pa. and unites with the Alleghany at Pittsburg, to form the Ohio. It is navigable for light steam-boats to Brownsville, Pa. and bateaux and barges ascend as far as Morgantown in Va. Length nearly 300 miles. MONONGALIA, co. NW. part of Virginia, bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Maryland, S. by Randolph co. W. by Harrison co. and NW. by Ohio co. Pop. 14,056, of whom 362 are slaves. Chief town, Morgantown. MONROE, t. Waldo co. Me. Pop. 108. MONROE, t. Orange co. N. Y. 19 m. S. from Newburgh, 50 N. from New York. Pop. 3,671. It contains 2 churches, 1 for Quakers, and 1 for Presbyterians. Here are extensive iron works. MONROE, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Lafcn Ontario, E. by Ontario co. S. by Livingstom co. W. by Genesee co. Pop. 49,862. Chief town, Rochester. MONROE, co. Al. on the river Alabama. Pop. 8,781. Chief town, Claiborne. MONROE, co. E. part of Mis. Pop. 3,853. Chief town, Hamilton. MONROE, v. Sussex co. N. J. 84 m. N. from Trenton. MONROE, v. Bradford co. Pa. 190 m. N. from Harrisburg. MONROE, co. Va. bounded SE. by Bote- tourt and Giles, SW. by Kenhawa r. or Giles, NW. by Greenbrier, N. by Nicholas, and NE by Bath and Botetourt. Length 35 m. mean width 13. Pop. in 1820, 6,620 ; in 1830, 7,798. Chief town, Uniontown. MONROE, v. Warren co, N.C. 70 m. SE. from Raleigh. MONROE, v. Walton co. Geo. 66 m.NNW. from Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 46' N. MONROE, co. Ohio, bounded E. by Ohio river, S. by Washington, W. by Morgan, NW. by G uernsey, and N. by Belmont. Length 38 m. breadth 18. Pop. in 1820, 4,641 ; in 1830, 8,770. Chief town, Woodsfield. MONROE, co. In. bounded by Lawrence S» Martin W. Delaware NE. and Jackson E. Length 24 m. breadth 18. Pop. 6,578. Chief town, Bloomington. MONROE, co. Ken. bounded by Ten. S. by Allen co. Ken. W. Barren N. Adair NE. and Cumberland E. It oceupies the dividing ground between Cumberland and Big Barren rivers. Length 28 m. breadth 25. Chief town, Tompkinsville. MONROE, v. and seat of justice, Overton co. Ten. on a small branch of Obies river, 100 m. NE. by E. from Nashville. Lat. 36° 25' N.; lon. from W. 8° 11' W. MONROE, co. E. Ten. bounded by N.Car- olina E. the Cherokee lands S. M'Minn W. and Tennessee river, or Elount and Sevier N. Chief town, Madisonville. MONROE, t. Adams co. Ohio, Pop. 807. MONROE, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, 10 m. NE. from Jefferson. Pop. 862. MONROE, t. Butler co. Ohio, 12 m. NE. from Hamilton. Pop. 119. MONROE, t. Guernsey co. Ohio, 6 m. NE. from Cambridge. Pop. 615 MONROE, v. Highland co. Ohio. Pop. 24. MONROE, t. Licking co. Ohio. Pop. 1,054. MONROE, t. Madison co. Ohio. Pop. 308 MONROE, t. Muskingum co.Ohio. Pop.486. MONROE, t. Miami co. Ohio. Pop. 1,076, MONROE, t. Preble co. Ohio. Pop. 696. MONROE, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 1,070. MONROE, t. Pickaway eo. Ohio, 10 m. W. from Circleville. Pop. 767. MONROE, co. in the S. part of In. Pop. 6,578. Chief town, Bloomington. MONROE, co. II. on the Mississippi. Pop. 2,119. Chief town, Waterloo. MONROE, t. II. on the first high ground above the junction of the Illinois with the Mis- sissippi, 28 m. above St. Louis, and 10 from St. Charles, on the Missouri. MON—MON 339 MONROE, co. Michigan Territory. Pop. 3,187. Chief town, Monroe. MONROE, t and cap, Monroe co. Michigan Territory, on the river Raisin, 35 m. S. from Detroit. MONROE, t. Lincoln co. Missouri. MONROE, t. Hempstead co. Arkansas. MONSON, t Hampden co. Mass. on the line of Connecticut, 17 m. E. from Springfield, 72 WSW from Boston. Pop. 2,264. It contains 2 churches, 1 for Congregationalists, and 1 for Baptists ; a flourishing academy, with which is connected a large boarding-house. Here are also manufactories of cotton and wool. MONTAGUE, t Greenville co. U. C. MONTAGUE, t. Franklin co. Mass. on the E. side of Connecticut river, opposite Green- field, with which it is connected by a bridge. It is 18 m. N. from Northampton, and 90 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,151. MONTAGUE, v. Essex co. Va. MONTAGUE, Cape, cape in Hudson's Bay. Lon. 88° W. ■ lat 66° N. MONTAGUE ISLAND, isl. near the NW. coast of America, at the W. side of the en- trance into Prince William's Sound. Lon. 147° to 148 3 W. ; lat. 59 3 50' to 60° 30' N. MONTAUK POINT, E. end of Long Island, in Southampton. The light-house is at lon. from W. 5° 6' E. ; lat. 41° 4' N. MONTEZUMA, v. in Mentz, N. Y. 12 m. N. from Auburn. Here is an extensive man- ufactory of salt. MONTGOMERY, t. Franklin co. Vt. 40 m. NE. from Burlington. Pop. 460. MONTGOMERY, t. Hampden co. Mass. 12 m. NW. from Springfield. Pop. 579. MONTGOMERY, co. N. Y. bounded by Schenectady SE. Schoharie S. Otsego SW. Herkimer W. Hamilton N. Saratoga E. The surface is pleasantly diversified, and the soil generally good. Pop. in 1820, 37,569 ; in 1830, 43,595. Chief town, Johnstown. MONTGOMERY, t. Orange co. N. Y. 12 m. W. from Newburgh, 10N. from Goshen, 70 from New York. Pop. 3,887. It contains an academy and 8 churches. MONTGOMERY, co. Pa. bounded by Phil- adelphia and Delaware cos. SE. Chester SW. Berks NW. Lehigh N. and Bucks NE. : length 30 m. width 15. The surface of this county is delightfully variegated by sloping hills and fertile valleys. The Schuylkill washes its S. border from its extreme W. angle to the mouth of the Perkiomen ; it then enters the county, and runs through its S. corner. The Perkio- men also traverses this county, entering it at the N. angle, and emptying it into the Schuyl- kill, a little above where the latter enters the county. The soil is generally productive, and the county is noted for its quarries of fine marble. Pop. 1820, 35,793 ; in 1830, 39,404. Chief town, Norristown. MONTGOMERY, co. Va. bounded by the Blue Ridge, or Franklin and Patrick cos. SE. Grayson and Wythe SW. Walker's mountain, or Giles co. NW. and Botetourt NE. Length 42 m. mean width 22J. Pop. in 1820, 8,733 ; in 1830, 12,304 Chief town, Christiansburg. MONTGOMERY, co. Md. bounded byPo. tomac river, or by Fairfax and Loudon cos. Va. SW. Frederick co. Md. NW. Patuxent r. or Ann-Arundel NE. and Prince George and D. C. SE. Length 28 m. mean width 18 Pop. in 1820, 16,400 ; in 1830, 19,816. Chief town, Rockville. MONTGOMERY, co. N. C. bounded by Richmond and Anson S. Cabarras W. Rowan and Randolph N. and Moore E. Length 42 m. mean width 18. It produces cotton, gram, and tobacco. Pop. in 1820, 8,693; in 1830, 10,918. Chief town, Tindalsville. MONTGOMERY, co. Geo. bounded by Oakmulgee river S. by Little Oconee river SW. Laurens W. and NW, and Emanuel or Great Ohoope river NE. Length 40 m. mean width 24. The Oconee and Oakmulgee, which meet at the southern extremity of this county, form the Alatamaha. Chief town, Mount Ver- non. Pop. in 1820, 1,869 ; in 1830, 1,269. MONTGOMERY, co. Ohio, bounded by Warren and Butler S. Preble W. Miami N. Clarke NE. and Greene E. ; length 24 m. width 23. Chief town, Dayton. Pop. in 1820, 15,999 ; in 1830, 24,252. MONTGOMERY, t. near the eastern bor der of Richland co. Ohio. MONTGOMERY, t. Franklin co. Ohio. Pop. 2,915. MONTGOMERY, v. Franklin co. Ohio, 14 m. NE. from Cincinnati. MONTGOMERY, co. Ken. bounded SE. and S. by Estil, W. by Clarke, NW. by Bour- bon, NE. by Bath, and E. by Pike ; length 38 m. mean width 12. Surface rather uneven than hilly; soil productive. Chief town, Mount Sterling. Pop. in 1820, 9,587 ; in 1830, 10,221. MONTGOMERY, co. Ten. bounded by Christian and Todd counties in Kentucky N. by Robertson co. in Ten, SE. Dickson S. and Stewart SW ; length 40 m. mean width 17£. Chief town, ClarkesviUe. Pop. in 1820, 12,219 ; in 1830, 14,365. MONTGOMERY, co. Al. bounded by Piko SE. Butler S. Wilcox and Dallas W. Alabama river, or Autaga NW. and N. and the Musco- gee or Creek lands NE ; length 50 m. mean width 30. Chief town, Montgomerv. Pop. in 1820, 6,604; in 1830, 12,694. MONTGOMERY, v. and seat of justice, Montgomery co. Al. on Alabama river, 70 m. by land from Cahawba. Lat. 32° 20' N. MONTGOMERY, co. Miso. bounded by Missouri river S. Howard co. W. Cuivre river, or Lincoln N. and St. Charles E.; length 50 m. mean width 35. Pop. in 1820, 3,074 ; in 1830, 3,900. MONTICELLO, t. and cap. Sullivan co. N. Y. 4 m. W. from Nevesink river, and about 40 a little N. of W. from Newburgh. ' MONTICELLO, t. Fairfield district, S. C. 35 m. N. from Columbia. MONTICELLO, v. and seat of justice, Jas- per co. Geo. 32 m. NW. from Milledgeville. Lat. 33 3 19' N. MONTICELLO, v. and cap. Lawrence co, Mis. on Pearl river, 90 m. E. from Natehei Lat. 31 o 32' N. ; lon. from W. 12° 53 W. 340 MON— MOO MONTICELLO, t. and cap. Wayne co. Ken. 100 m. S. from Frankfort, and about 4 SE. from Cumberland river. Lat. 36° 50' N.; Ion. from W. 7° 40' W. MONTICELLO, v. Lawrence co. Arkansas. MONTICELLO, the seat of the late Hon. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the U. States, in Albemarle co. Va. 2 m. SE. from Charlottesville. Lon. 78° 48' W. ; lat. 38° 8' N. MONTPELIER, t. and cap. Washington co. Vt. and seat of government of the state, on the N. side of Onion river, at the confluence of two of its head waters ; 36 m. SEi from Bur- lington, 140 NW. from Boston, 524 from Wash- ington. The river is here bordered by rude, unsightly hills, which scarce allow room for the village. Its central situation in the state makes Montpelier a great thoroughfare, the travel going through it in all directions; Lon. 71° 33' W.; lat. 44° 16' N. MONTPELIER, the seat of the Hon. James Madison, the fourth President of the U. States, in Orange co. Va. 20 m. NE. from Monticello. MONTPELIER, v. Hanover co; Va. 24 m. from Richmond. MONTPELIER, v. Richmond co. N. C. 105 m. SW. from Raleigh. MONTREAL, isl. in St. Lawrence river, at the confluence of that stream and the Ottawa. It forms a county of the same name, 32 m. long, but very irregular in width. MONTREAL, city, L. C. It is built upon an island of the same name in the St. Law- rence, 32 m. long, and at its centre 2 m. wide, at a point in the river just below the junction of the Ottawa. The river is here two miles wide, and capable of being ascended by vessels of any burden, although 500 miles from the sea. It is 180 miles SW. of Quebec, and 300 N k of New York. The town has a beautiful position, and shows to great advantage. The mountain, from which it has its name, rises on the left of the city, and seems placed there, like a ram- part, to defend it from the blasts of winter. A thick forest covers the greater part of it ; though a few neatly built houses show their roofs from the midst of the mountain groves. The new cathedral is, probably, the largest church in America. Its front is 255 feet, and its width 134. There are five public entrances, and the interior will conveniently contain 10,000 persons. There are seven altars, and the eastern window over the high altar is 64 by 32 feet. The circuit of this vast edifice is 1,125 feet. It is built of hewn stone from the mountain. The college is the next most con- spicuous building, extending in front with the wings 220 feet. It contains on an average 300 students. This is a Catholic institution. There are 18 or 20 public buildings. The French style of building, the number of lofty spires and towers, and the glittering tin covering of the roofs, give the city a majestic and impos- ing appearance at a distance. The population, by a census in 1825, was 24,000, and is now supposed to amount to 30,000. The chief ar- ticle of its commerce is furs. It is the empo- rium of the North-West Company ; and of the trade between Canada and the United State* The only interruption to the navigation of the St. Lawrence up to this city, is the Rapids, about two miles below, which often occasion delay to inbound vessels, as they can be stem- med only by a strong wind. MONTREAL, a district of L. C. bounded NE. by the district of Three Rivers, S. by the States of New York and Vermont, SW. by Upper Canada and the Grand or Ottawa riven It contains the counties of York, Effingham* Leinster, Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey, Bedford, Richelieu, and Montreal. MONTREAL BAY, bay, Canada, on the E. side of Lake Superior. Lon. 84° 50' W. ; lat. 47° 10' N. MONTREAL, r. NW. Ter. which flows into Lake Superior, 63 m. W. of the mouth of the Ontanagon. About 800 yards from its mouth it has falls, where the whole descent is 80 or 90 feet, and the descent at the last fall is 40 feet perpendicular. The South- West Fur Company have a post at Lake Flambeau near the source of this river. MONTROSE, t. and cap. Susquehannah co. Pa. 163 m. from Harrisburg, 271 from W. Pop* 415. MONTROSE, t. Cumberland co. N.C. MONTROUIS, t. St. Domingo, at the head of the Bight of Leogane, 5 leagues SE. from St. Mark, 15 NW. from Port au Prince. MONTVILLE, t. Waldo co. Me. 30 m. NE. from Wiscasset. Pop. 1,743. MONTVILLE, t. New London co. Ct. It is situated about 9 m. NW. of New London* Pop. 1967* MOORE, co. N. C. bounded by Cumberland SE. Richmond SW. Montgomery W. Ran- dolph NW. and Chatham N. ; length 38 m* width 28. Chief town, Alfordstown. Pop. in 1820, 7,128 ; in 1830, 7,753. MOORESBOROUGH, v. Rutherford co. N. C. by postroad 226 m. SW. by W. from Raleigh. MOORESBURG, v. Columbia co. Pa. MOORESFIELD, or Moorestown, t. Bm> lington co. N. J. 13 m. E. from Philadelphia. MOORFIELD, v. Nicholas co. Ken. MOORFIELD, v. Harrison co. Ohio, 11£ m. SW. from Cadiz. MOORFIELD, t. Clarke co. Ohio. Pop* 915. MOORFIELDS, t. and cap. Hardy co. Va* on the S. branch of the Potomac, 25 m. SSWs from Romney, 180 NW. from Richmond. MOORSBURG, v. Hawkins co. Ken. MOOSE, isl. Me. in Passamaquoddy Bay on which is the town of Eastport. MOOSE, smaU r. L. C. It is one of the head waters of the St. Francis. MOOSE, r. N. H. which joins the Andros* coggin, in Durand. MOOSE, r. N. Y. which runs into the E* side of Black river. MOOSEHEAD, lake, Me. the source of the E. branch of Kennebeck river. It is said to be 60 m. long. MOOSEHILLOCK, mt. N. H. in Coventry. MOO— MOS 341 According to the measurement made by Capt. Partridge, the N. Peak is 4,G36 above the level of the sea. MOOSERS, v. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. MOOSUP, r. which rises in R. I. and joins the Quinebaug, in Plainfield, Connecticut. MORANT BAY, on the S. coast of Ja- maica. Lon. 76° W. ; lat. 17° 54' N. MORANT POINT, or East Point, cape, on the E. coast of Jamaica. Lon. 75° 52' W. ; lat. 17° 56' N. MORANT KEYS, or Ranas, small islands in the Caribbean sea, 36 m. SE. from Jamaica. Lon. 75° 40' W. ; lat. 17° 35' N. MOREAU, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on the Hud- son, 16 m. NE. from Balston Spa, 50 N. from Albany. Pop. 1,690. It is at the great bend of the Hudson, and here are two falls in the river, Baker's Falls and Glenn's Falls. MOREAU, r. Miso. which runs into the SW. side of the Missouri. MORETOWN, t. Washington co. Vt. on Onion river, 7 m. W. from Montpelier. Pop. 816. MORGAN, co. Va. bounded by Berkshire SE. Hampshire SW. and on all other sides by the Potomac river or Maryland. Length 30 m. mean width 15. Chief town, Frankfort. Pop. in 1820, 2,500; in 1830, 2,692. MORGAN, co. Geo. bounded by Putnam SE. Jasper SW. Walton NW. and the Oconee river, or Clarke and Greene NE. Length 22 m. mean width 20 m. Chief town, Madi- son. Pop. in 1820, 13,520 ; in 1830, 12,023, of whom 6,877 are colored. MORGAN, co. Ohio, bounded N, by Musk- ingum arid Guernsey, E. by Monroe, and S. by Washington and Athens. Length 32 m. breadth 18. Surface broken and hilly, though much of the soil is excellent. Chief town, M'Connelsville. Pop. in 1820, 5,297 ; in 1830, 11,796. MORGAN, t. Morgan co. Ohio, including M'Connelsville, the county seat. MORGAN, SW. t. Butler co. Ohio. Pop. 1,965. MORGAN, t. Knox co. Ohio. Pop. 652. MORGAN, t. Gallia co. Ohio. Pop. 371 . MORGAN, v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, 262 m. NE. from Columbus. MORGAN, co. E. Ten. bounded by Cum- berland and Wayne cos. Ken. N. Campbell E. Anderson SE. Roane and Bledsoe S. and Over- ton W. Length 40 m. mean width 19. Chief town, Montgomery. Pop. in 1820, 1,626; in 1830,2,582. MORGAN, co. Al. on the S. side of the Tennessee, Pop. 9,053. Chief town, Somer- ville. MORGANFIELD, t. and seat of justice, Union co. Ken. 12 m. SE. from the mouth of Wabash, and 15 SW. from Henderson on Ohio. Lat. 37° 41' N. Pop. 292. MORGAN'S STORE, Montgomery co.N.C. by postroad 113 m. SW. from Raleigh. MORGANSVILLE, v. Nottaway co. Va. 18 m. SW. by W. from Petersburg. MORGANTOWN, v. Berks co. Pa. 7 m. from Reading. MORGANTOWN, v. and seat of justice* Monongalia co. Va. on the right bank of Mo- nongahela river, 20 m. SSW. Irom Uniontown } and 30 by land above Brownsville, Pa. It is situated on high ground, and contains the usual county buildings, and about 100 houses» Lat. 39° 33' N. ; lon. 3° 50' W. from W. MORGANTOWN, v. and seat of justice, Burke co* N. C. on the right bank of Catawba river, 30 m. NW. from Lincolnton. Lat. 35° 40' N. ; lon. 4° 42 W. from W. MORGANTOWN, v. Blount co. Tenn. on Tennessee river, 30 m. SW. from Knoxville. MORGANTOWN, v. Butler co. Ken. MORRICHES, v. Brookhaveh, Suffolk co, N. Y. on the S. side of Long Island, 72 m. E* from New York. MORRIS, co. N. J. bounded by Essex SE. Somerset S. Hunterdon SW. Sussex NW. and Bergen NE. Length 26 m. mean width 19. The Pompton and Rockaway rivers unite and form the Passaic, on the eastern border of this co. 6 m. above the celebrated Falls of Passaic, at the village of Patterson. Soil productive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Chief town, Morristown. Pop. in 1820, 21,368 ; in 1830> 23,580. MORRIS, t. Knox co. Ohio. MORRIS FLATS, Madison co. N. Y. be* tween Morrison and Cazenovia. MORRISON, the north-westernmost t. of Jackson co. Ohio. MORRISTOWN, t. Orleans co. Vt. 19 m. N. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,315. MORRISTOWN, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on the river St. Lawrence, 2 m. below Brock- ville. Pop. 1,600. MORRISTOWN, t. and cap. Morris co. N. J. 19 m. NW. from Newark, 28 WNW. from New York, 55 from Trenton, 221 from W. Pop. 3,536. It contains the usual county buildings, a bank, a printing-press, an academy* and 2 churches, 1 for Presbyterins and 1 fot Baptists. MORRISTOWN, t. Westmoreland co. Pa, 19 m. W. from Mount Pleasant. MORRISTOWN, t. and cap. Buncombe co. N.C. MORRISTOWN, t. Belmont co, Ohio, 27 m. from Warren. MORRISVILLE, v. in Eaton, Madison co. N.Y. containing the court-house. MORRISVILLE, bor. and t. Bucks co. Pa. on the Delaware, 1 m. below Trenton, 29 above Philadelphia. Pop. 531. MORRISVILLE, v. Greene co. Pa. MORRISVILLE, v. Fauquier co. Va. MOSCOW, v. Genesee co. N. Y. 4 m. SW. from Genesee. It is a very flourishing village. A newspaper is published here. MOSCOW, t. Wayne co. Ohio, on Sugar creek, 10 m. E. from Wooster. MOSCOW, t. Somerset co. Me. 28 m. N. from Norridgewock. Pop. 405. MOSCOW, t. Livingston co. N. Y. near the W. side of Genesee river, 30 m. above Ro- chester. MOSCOW, small village in the southern limits of Clermont co. Ohio. It is situated on 342 MOT— MOU the N. bank of the Ohio river, 22 m. southerly from Williamsburg, and 120 south-westerly from Columbus. MOTTLE ISLE, island of Vermont, Grand Isle co. It is to the NW. from Grand Isle, and is 8 m. long and 2 wide. MOULTON, v. Lawrence co. Al. MOULTONBOROUGH, t. Strafford co. N. EL, N. of Lake Winnipiseogee, 65 m. NW. from Portsmouth, 48 N. from Concord. Pop. 1,422. MOULTRIEVILLE, v. S. C. on Sullivan's Island, 8 m. from Charleston. MOUNTAIN, t. Dundas co. U. C. MOUNTAIN ISLAND, v. Scott co. Ken. MOUNTAIN SHOALS, v. Laurens co. S.C. MOUNT AIRY, v. Surrey co. N. C. MOUNT BETHEL, t. Somerset co. N. J. MOUNT CARMEL, t. Edwards co. II. on the Wabash, opposite the entrance of White river and Patoka, 24 m. by land below Vin- cennes, 25 above Harmony. MOUNT CLEMENS, t. and cap. Macomb co. Michigan Territory, on the river Huron of St. Clair, 4 m. from its mouth, 25 N. from Detroit, and 552 from W. MOUNT CLIO, v. Sumpter district, S. C. 52 m. E. from Columbia. MOUNT DEFIANCE, mt. m S. part of Ticonderoga, N. Y. W. of Lake Champlain. MOUNT DESERT, isl. and t. on the coast of Maine, in Hancock co. 40 m. E. from Cas- tine, 295 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,603. The island is 15 m. long, and 12 broad. MOUNT DISCOVERY, mt. Essex co. N. Y. in the S. part of Lewis. It is one of the highest mountains in the co. of Essex. MOUNT EPHRAIM, v. Hancock co. Me. MOUNT HOLLY, t. Rutland co. Vt. 25 m. W. from Windsor. Pop. 1,318. MOUNT HOLLY, t. and cap. Burlington co. N. J. near Ancocus creek, 23 m. ENE. from Philadelphia, 21 from Trenton, 156 from W. It is a flourishing town, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, a bank, 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 lor Friends, valuable mills, and 200 dwelling-houses. MOUNT HOPE, v. Orange co. N. Y. MOUNT HOPE, v. Shenandoah co. Va. MOUNT HOPE, v. Morris co. N, J. about 4 m. N. of Rockaway. Here is a furnace for casting hollow ware. MOUNT HOPE, hill, R. I. on the W. «hore of Mount Hope Bay, in the township of Bristol, 2 m. NE. of the town. It is of a coni- cal form, with an acute and nearly pointed apex; and though of inconsiderable height, {less than 300 feet above full tide,) the pros- pect from the summit is peculiarly interesting. It is famous for being the former residence of king Philip. MOUNT HOPE BAY, NE. part of Nar- raganset Bay, extending up between Tiverton and Bristol, and a short distance into Massa- chusetts. Taunton river flows into the NE. part of it. MOUNT HOREB, t. Nelson co. Va. MOUNT INDEPENDENCE, mt. Orwell, Vt. on E. side of Lake Champlain, opposite the old fort of Ticonderoga. MOUNT JOY, t. Lancaster co. Pa. MOUNT LAUREL, t. Halifax co. Va. MOUNT MAGOLIA, v. Rapides co. La. MOUNT PISGAH, v. Iredell co. N. C. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. Westchester co. N. Y. on E. side of the Hudson, 36 m. N. from New York, 265 from W. Pop. 4,932. This town possesses considerable trade. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. Westmoreland co. Pa. 10 m. NW. from Washington. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Lancaster co. Pa. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Halifax co. Va MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Shenandoah co. Va. 13 m. SW. from Woodstock. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Jefferson co. Ohio, 10 m. NE. from St. Clairsville, 20 SW. from Steubenville. It is a flourishing town, and contains a market-house, a bank, and a Friends' meeting-house. In the vicinity there are a woollen manufactory, a paper-mill, and other valuable mills. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Martin co. In. 142 m. SSW. from Indianapolis. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Maury co. Ten. 50 m. SW. from Murfreesborough. MOUNT PLEASANT, P.O., E. Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, 106 m. NW. from New Orleans. MOUNT PLEASANT, mills and t. Union co. Pa. 46 m. N. from Harrisburg. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Rockingham co. N. C. 135 m. NW. from Raleigh. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Fairfield co. S.C. 44 m. N. from Columbia. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. Columbia co. Pa. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. Wayne co. Pa. Pop. 874. MOUNT PLEASANT, v. Md. in Caroline and Queen Anne cos. 11 m. E. from Churchill. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. Jefferson co. Ken. It contains a society of Friends. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. Hamilton co. Ohio, 10 m. from Cincinnati, 12 from Hamil- ton. Pop. 219. MOUNT PROSPECT, v. Edgecombe co. N. Carolina. MOUNT RICHARDSON, t. Jackson co. MOUNT SOLUS, v. Hinds co. Mis. 70 m. S. from Jackson. MOUNT STEPHEN'S, v. Rockingham co. Virginia. MOUNT STERLING, v. Switzerland co. In. 103 m. SE. from Indianapolis. MOUNT STERLING, t. and cap. Mont- gomery co. Ken. 60 m. from Frankfort, and 501 from W. Pop. 561. It contains a court- house, -jail, bank, and academy. MOUNT TABOR, t. Rutland co. Vt. 26 m. W. from Windsor. Pop. 210. MOUNT TIRZAH, v. Person co. N. C MOUNT TOM, mt. Mass. on the W. side of Connecticut river, near Northampton. MOUNT UPTON, v. on Unadilla river, op. posite the mouth of Butternut creek, Chenango co. N. Y. 10 m. SE. from Norwich. MOUNT VERNON, v. Chester co. Pa. 343 MOUNT VERNON. MOUNT VERNON, seat of Gen. Washing- ton, pleasantly situated on the W. bank of Po- tomac river, 18 m. below the city of Washing- ton, and 9 m. below Alexandria. MOUNT VERNON, t. Boone co. Ken. on the Ohio, 24 m. from Cincinnati. MOUNT VERNON, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 14 m. NW. from Augusta, or Kennebeck river. Pop. 1,439. MOUNT VERNON, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 92 m. S. from Concord. Pop. 763. MOUNT VERNON, v. and seat of justice, Montgomery co Geo. lat. 32° 13' N. MOUNT VERNON, t. and seat of justice, Knox co. Ohio, on the N. bank of Owl creek, 20 m. from its mouth. The town contains a printing-office, a brick court-house and jail, a merchant-mill, and a saw-mill, and within 6 m. there are 9 grist ana saw-mills, 3 carding- machines, one of which is for cotton. Dis- tance 40 m. W. from Coshocton, 54 NW. from Zanesville, and 44 NE. from Columbus. Lat. 40° 24' N. ; Ion. from W. 5° 32' W. MOUNT VERNON, v. and seat of justice, Rockcastle co. Ken. 75 m. SE. from Frankfort. Lat. 37° 24' N. MOUNT VERNON, v. Bullit co. Ken. 25 m. SSE. from Louisville. MOUNT VERNON, v. on the right bank of Ohio river, Posey co. In. 5 m. above the mouth of Wabash river. MOUNT VERNON, v. Jefferson co. II. 69 m. S. from Vandalia. MOUNTVILLE, v. Loudon co. Va. MOUNT VINTAGE, v. Edgefield district, S. Carolina. MOUNT WASHINGTON, the highest of the White mountains, N. H. According to the measurement of Capt. Partridge, it is 6,634 feet above the level of the sea. MOUNT WASHINGTON, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 20 m. SSE. from Lenox. Pop. 345. MOUNT ZION, v. Union co. Ken. 236 m. SW. by W. from Frankfort. MOUNT ZION, v. Hancock co. Geo. 26 m. NE. from Milledgeville. MOUNT ZION, v. Monroe co. Miso. 176 m. from St. Charles. MOXAHALA, or Jonathan's Creek, rising ji the N. part of Perry co. Ohio, flows. E. across Muskingum co. into Muskingum river, which it enters, 3 m. below Zanesville. MUD CREEK, N. Y. joins Canandaigua creek in Phelps. MUDDY RIVER, II. runs into the Missis- sippi. It is navigable 40 m. MUDGE, Point, cape on an island in the Gulf of Georgia, on the NW. coast of America Lon. 235° 9' E. ; lat. 50° N. MUD ISLAND, fortified isl. Pa. in Dela- ware river, 7 m. below Philadelphia. MUHLENBURG, co. Ken. Pop. 5,341. Chief town, Greenville. MULBERRY, r. runs into the N. side of the Arkansas, below Fort Smith. MULLEN'S ISLAND, isl. Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. Lon. 82° 55' W. ; lat. 28° 1' N. MULLICO HILL, v. Gloucester co. N. J. MULLICUS, r. N. J. runs into Little Egg- harbor, 4 m. E. from Leeds. It is navigable 20 m. for vessels of 60 tons. MULTNOMAH, or Wallaumut, r. falls into the Columbia from the S. about 100 m. from the Pacific. It is 500 yards wide near its mouth, and very deep. MUNCEY, t. Lycoming co. Pa. Pop. 1,564. MUNCEY CREEK, Pa. runs into the E. side of the Susquehannah, 23 m. above North umberland. MUNDFORDVILLE, t. Hardin co. Ken on Green river, 30 m. below Greensburg, and 30 from Litchfield. MUNSTER, v. Cambria co. Pa. MURFREESBOROUGH, t. Hertford co. N. C. at the head of navigation on Meherrin river, 50 m. NW. from Edenton. It is a place of considerable trade. The public buildings are an academy and a Methodist church. MURFREESBOROUGH, t. Rutherford co. Ten. and former capital of the state, 32 m. SE. from Nashville, 160 W. from Knoxville. Lat. 35° 52' N. ; lon. 86° 35' W. The surround- ing country is level and very fertile, abounding with wheat, cotton, and tobacco. The town was made the seat of government in 1817, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, bank, meeting-house, and about two hundred nouses; and, in 1818, more than 1,000 inhabitants. The seat of government has since been remov- ed to Nashville. 344 MUR — NAN MURPHY'S SETTLEMENT, v. St. Gene- vieve co. Missouri, on the road from St. Louis to Arkansas and Red rivers. MURR ISLANDS, small islands near the S. coast of Labrador. Lon. 59° 8' W. ; lat. 50° 32' N. MURRAY, t. Northumberland co. U. C. on the bay of Quinte, at the mouth of the river Trent. MURRAY, t. Orleans co. N Y. on Lake Ontario, 18 m. NE. from Batavia. Pop, 3,138. MURRAY BAY, or Malbay, Seigniory of Northumberland co. L. C. on the N. side of the St, Lawrence, 66 m. NE. from Quebec. MURRAY HARBOR, harbor on the E. coast of the island of St John, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lon. 62° 2C W. • lat. 46° N. MURRAY'S FERRY, v. Williamsburg co. S. Carolina. MUSCLE CANAL, strait on the NW. coast of America, leading into Carter's bay. MUSCLE SHOALS, in Tennessee river, 250 m. above its mouth, and the same distance below the Suck. They extend about 25 m. ; the river spreads to the width of 3 m. and is full of islands. The passage of the shoals is difficult, except when the river is high. MLS HAN AN, r. Pa. which forms the bound- ary between Centre and Huntingdon cos. and falls into a branch of the Susquehannah. MUSKINGUM, co. Ohio, on the Muskin- gum r. bounded on the N. by Coshocton, E. by Guernsey, S. by Morgan, and W. by Perry and Licking cos. It is 28 by 27 m. in extent. Pop. in 1820, 17,824; in 1830, 29,325. Chief town, Zanesville. MUSKINGUM, t. Muskingum co. Ohio. MUSKINGUM, r. Ohio, rises in Portage co. and running S. 200 m. joins the Ohio at Marietta. At its mouth, it is 250 yards wide. It is navigable 100 m. to Coshocton for large boats, and for small boats, to its source; whence there is a portage of only one mile to the Cuy- ahoga, which runs into Lake Erie. At Zanes- ville there are considerable rapids in the river. MUSKONGUS, r. Lincoln co. Maine, which flows through Waldoborough into a bay of the same name. Muskongus island, in this bay, contains 1,000 acres. MYERSTOWN, t. Dauphin co. Pa. 32 m. E. from Harrisburg. MYSTIC, r. Mass. which flows into Boston harbor. It is navigable for sloops to Medford, 4 m. MYSTIC RIVER, v. New London co. Ct. N. NAAMAN'S CREEK, r. Delaware, which runs into the river Delaware, near the line of Pa. NACOGDOCHES, formerly Assinaye, t. Texas, near the head waters of the Netches. Lon. 94° 17' W.; lat. 31° 27' N. It is a small town, having a few farms in its vicinity. NAGRACA, r. Missouri territory, which joins the Arkansas about lon. 99° 20 W. It is navigable 150 m. NAHANT, a peninsula, Mass. in the town- ehip of Lynn, 9 m. S. from Salem, 14 m. NE. from Boston. It is connected with the main land by a narrow isthmus, more than a mile and a half in length. It is divided into Great Nahant, Little Nahant, and Bass Neck. On Great Nahant, the eastern division, containing 305 acres of highly cultivated and fertile land, there are several dwelling-houses. At the east end, at low water, in the pools among the large rocks, is found the Animal Flower, or Rose Fish, adhering to small stones in water 4 or 5 feet deep. There is a chasm 30 feet in depth on the northern shore, called the Spouting Horn, into which, at about half-tide, the water rushes with great violence and a tremendous sound. N AH ANTIC K, bay, Ct. 3 m. W. of the mouth of the Thames. NAIN, Moravian settlement in Pennsyl vania, on Lehigh river, established in 1763; 50 m. N. from Philadelphia. NAMASKET, r. Mass. which joins Bridge, water river, N. of Middleborough, to form the river Taunton. NANCEVILLE, v. Harrison co. In. NANGIRA, or Neongee, r. southerly branch of the Osage. About 20 m. from its mouth there is a cascade of 90 feet perpendicular, and near it are two smaller ones. NANJEMOY, t. and port of entry, Charles co. Md. near the river Nanjemoy, which flows into the Potomac, SW. from Port Tobacco. It is a place of some trade. NANSEMOND, co. SE. part of Va. bound- ed NW. by Isle of Wight co. E. by Norfolk co. S. by N. C. and W. by Southampton co. Pop. 11,784. Chief town, Suffolk. NANSEMOND, r. Va. which runs into the Hampton Road. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Suffolk, and for those of 250 to Sleepy-Hole. NANTASKET ROAD, the entrance into Boston harbor, Mass. S. of the light-house. NANTICOKE, v. Broome co. N. Y. _ NANTICOKE, creek of Broome co. N. Y. rises between Chenango and Owego rivers, and falls into the Susquehannah about midway be- tween Chenango Point and Owego. NANTICOKE, r. Md. which rises in Dela- ware, and runs SW. into Fishing Bay in the Chesapeake. NANTICOKE FALLS, in Pa. on the Sus- quehannah, 7J m. below Wilkesbarre. NANTUCKET, isl. Mass. 10 m. E. from Martha's Vineyard, about 8 leagues S. from Cape Cod. Lon. 69° 56' to 70° 13' W. ; lat. 41° 13' to 41° 22' N, It is of triangular form, about 15 m. long, and 11 broad in the widest place, containing 29,380 acres. The land is held in common by the inhabitants, and though of a good quality, is little cultivated by them,, as they are generally occupied in the whale fishery, in which employment their enterprise, and success have gained them great celebrity. Nantucket, with several small islands near it,, forms a county, and contains but one town which is of the same name with the island. Pop. in 1820, 7,266 ; in 1830, 7,202. NANTUCKET, t. and s-p. on the abo\e island, 40 m. SE. from Falmouth 60 SE" f* NAN— NAT 345 New Bedford, 123 SSE. from Boston. Lon. 70° 8' W.; lat. 41° 16' N. It is situated on an Micm of a small bay in the NW. side of the island. This bay is formed by two projecting points, the longer of which, extending in a NW. direction, is called Sandy Point, on which is a light-house. The town contains between 700 and 800 dwelling-houses, several houses of public worship, 2 banks, two insurance offi- ces, a woollen manufactory, and 30 spermaceti works, which employ a capital of $600,000. The harbor is well land-locked, and safe from all winds. There is a large amount of ship- ping belonging to this port employed in whaling. NANTUXET CREEK, r. N. J. which runs into Delaware Bay. Lon. 75° 16' W. ; lat. 39° 21' N. NAPLES, t. Ontario co. N. Y. 18 m, S. from Canandaigua, 216 m. W. from Albany. Pop. 1,943. NAPLES BAY, or Henderson Bay, extends from Hungry Bay, SW. into Henderson, N. Y. NARRAGANSET, a beautiful bay which opens into the southern coast of R. I. between Seaconnet rocks on the E, and Point Judith on the W. extending N. 28 m. to the city of Providence, where it terminates. It has an average width of about 10 m. varying from 1 to 15. It has been suggested by the navy commissioners, that this bay would afford the most eligible site for a naval depot that could be found NE. of the Chesapeake. NARRAGUAGUS, v. Washington co. Me. on the Narraguagus, 37 m, W. from Machias. NARRAGUAGUS, r. Me. which runs into Narraguagus Bay, at Harrington. NARROWS, The, channel between Long Island and Staten Island, connecting New York Bay with the Atlantic, 9 m. S. from N. York, The channel is a little more than a mile wide, and is well defended by forts and batteries. NARROWS, The, in Lake George, N. Y. opposite Bolton, 14 m. N. from Caldwell. NASH, co. central part of N. C. Pop. 8,492. Chief town, Nashville. NASHUA, r. which rises in Worcester co. Mass. and runs NE. into the Merrimack at Nashua Village, in Dunstable, N. H. 1£ m. above the meeting-house. Length 40 m. NASHAUN, one of the Elizabeth islands, Mass. E. of Buzzard's Bay, NW. of Martha's 'Vineyard. NASHVILLE, t. and cap. Davidson co. and capital of the state of Tennessee, on S. side of the Cumberland, 110 m. N. from Huntsville., 190 W. from Knoxville, 250 SW. from Lex- ington, 430 NE. by N. from Natchez, 714 SW. from Washington, 594 NE. from New Orleans, 294 SW. from Cincinnati, 288 S. from Indian- apolis, and 937 SW. from N. Y. A branch of the U. S. bank has been fixed here, and has greatly favored the growth of the place. The town is adorned with one of the largest and handsomest market-houses in the western coun- try, It is the seat of the university of Nash- ville, which, in regard to its professorships, library, chemical and philosophical apparatus, 2 T the estimation of its president, and the actual fruits of its utility, has taken a high place among western institutions of the kind. It was founded in 1806, and the number of stu- dents ranges from 70 to 100. Number of vol- umes in the libraries, 2,500. The commence- ment is on the first Wednesday in October. There are two vacations in a year ; the first, from commencement 5J weeks ; the second, from first Wednesday in April 5| weeks. This town contains, also, a number of churches, a lyceum, and many handsome private dwellings. It issues four or five gazettes, which rank among the most respectable in the West. The citizens in general evince an encouraging in- terest in the advancement of science, litera- ture, and taste. Few towns impart more pleasant impressions of general hospitality and urbanity to strangers. It contains 5,566 in- habitants. There is a steam-boat navigation from Nashville to New Orleans. The Cumber- land is navigable to this place for vessels of 30 or 40 tons, 9 months in the year, and at certain times, for ships of 400 tons. NASHVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Nash co. N.C. 50 m. NE, by E. from Raleigh, 273 from W. NASSAU, cap. of the island of New Provi- dence, one of the West Indies. Lon. from W 0° 50' W. ; lat. 24° 55' N. NASSAU, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 15 m SE from Albany. Pop. 3.254. NASSAU, r. Florida, rising between St. John's and St. Mary's rivers, and flowing pa- rallel to each, falls into the Atlantic Ocean be- tween Talbot ana Amelia islands, after a com- parative course of about 70 m. Lat. 30° 44' N,j lon. 81° 42' W. NASSAU ROAD, sailing passage, on the coast of Mississippi, W. of Mobile Bay. NAT A, or Santiago de los Cabarehos, city of N, America, in Veragua. Lon. from W. 3° 17' W, ; lat. 8° 22' N. NATCHAUG, r. Ct. which joins the She- tucket, in Windham. NATCHEZ, city and port of entry, Adams co. Mississippi, on E. bank of the Mississippi, 322 m. above New Orleans by the course of the river, 156 by land, 90 W. from Monticello, 430 SW. by S. from Nashville, and 1,146 from W. The site of the town is very irregular, the principal part being built on a high bluff, and the remainder at its foot on the bank of the river. The streets of the upper town are regular, crossing at right angles. It contains a court-house, jail, a bank, an academy, several churches, and issues 3 or 4 weekly newspapers. Pop. 2,790. NATCHITOCHES, t. and cap. Natchito- ches co. La. on the SW. bank of Red river, about 200 m. above its junction with the Mis- sissippi, 200 in a right line NW. from New Orleans, and 1,448 from W. Lon. 93° 10' W.; lat. 31° 46' N. This town was settled before New Orleans, but continued until lately an in- considerable village. It is now flourishing, and contains a Roman Catholic church, a jail, a U, S. factory, and about 800 inhabitants. '—NET NATURAL BRIDGE. NATURAL BRIDGE, in Rockbridge co. Va. This bridge, which is over Cedar creek, is one of the greatest natural curiosities in the world. See page 95. NAUGATUCK, r. Ct. which flows S. and joins the Housatonnuc, at Derby. Length 50 miles. NAVESINK, harbor on the coast of Mon- mouth co. N. J. 5 m. NW. from Shrewsbury. The Navesink Hills, 282 feet high, are the first land seen in approaching the coast. NAVY, t. Orleans co. Vt. 60 m. NE. from Montpelier. NAVY ISLAND, in the Niagara, between Grand Isle and the Falls ; 1 m. long, and 1 broad ; 15 m. NNE. from Navy Hall. NAZARETH, t. Northampton co. Pa. 7 m. NW. from Easton, 10 NNE. from Bethlehem, 62 N. from Philadelphia. This is a pleasant and handsome town, regularly built of stone, and contains a celebrated Moravian academy. NEEDHAM, t. Norfolk co. Mass. on the river Charles, opposite Newton, 6 m. WNW. from Dedham, 12 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,420. Between this town and Newton the river has 2 falls ; one of 20 feet. These afford many excellent mill-seats ; and on Needham side there are 3 paper-mills, besides other mills. NEHOG ATOO ANN AH, r. America, which runs into the Mississippi, Ion. 93° 5' W. ; lat. 44° 24' N. NEHUMIKEAG, isl. in the Kennebeck, 14 m. above the Merrymeeting Bay. NELSON, formerly Packersfield, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 8 m. NE. from Keene, 40 WSW. from Concord. Pop. 875. Here is a cotton and woollen manufactory. NELSON, t. Madison co. N. Y. 35 m. SW. from Utica. Pop. 2,445. NELSON, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, NELSON, t. Portage co. Ohio. NELSON, English settlement in N. Ameri- ca, on the W. side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of the river Nelson, 250 in. SE. of Churchhill Fort. It belongs to the Hudson's Bay Company, who carry on a great trade in beaver and other skins. Lon. 92° 35' W. ; lat. 57° 7' N. NELSON, co. Va. bounded by James river or Buckingham SE. Amherst SW. the Blue Ridge or Rockbridge and Augusta NW. and Albemarle NE. Length 23 m, mean width 15, Besides being washed by James river, it is drained by Rock Fish and Tye rivers. War- minster, the chief town, is about 60 m. a little N. of W. from Richmond. Pop. in 1820, 10,137 ; in 1830, 11,251, of whom 5,308 are colored. NELSON, co. Ken. bounded E. and SE. by Washington, S. and SW. by the Rolling fork of Salt river, or Hardin, NW. by Bullit, and N. by Salt river or Shelby. Length 30 miles, mean width 17. Chief town, Bairdstown. Pop. in 1820, 16,273 ; in 1830, 14,916. NELSON'S FORT, a British factory at the mouth of Nelson's river. Lon. from W. 15° 42' W. • lat. 57° 12' N. NELSON'S RIVER, large r. of N. Ameri- ca, in Cabotia, or British America. It rises in Lake Winnipeg, and flowing about 350 nr. in a NE. direction, empties into Hudson's Bay, in lat. 57° 30' N. ; lon. 93° W. NELSON'S FERRY, v. S.C. 50 m.N. from Charleston. NEMAHA, r. La. which runs into the Mis- souri, 380 m. from the Mississippi. NEN. r. U. C. empties itself into Lake On. tario, in the t. of Pickering. NEOPSCO CREEK, r. Va. which runs int» the Potomac. NEPANOSE, t. Lycoming co. Pa. on W. branch of the Susquehannah. Near this town is a remarkable valley. NEPONSET, a handsome village, partly in Milton and partly in Dorchester, Norfolk co. Mass. on both sides of Neponset river, 6 m, S. from Boston. It has a number of establish- ments, where paper, chocolate, cards, and other articles, are manufactured ; also fulling-mills, corn-mills, and various others. NEPONSET, creek of Boston harbor, navi- gable four miles to Milton, for vessels of 150 tons. NESCOPECK, r. Luzerne co. Pa. which runs into the Susquehannah, at Nescopeck Falls. NESCOPECK, t. Luzeme co. Pa, at the junction of the Nescopeck with the Susque- hannah, about 38 m. ENE. from Northumber- land. NESCOPECK, mt. Pa. on the borders of the Susquehannah. NESHAMINY, r. Bucks co. Pa. which runs SE. into the Delaware, 5 or 6 m. below Bristol. NESHNABATONA, r. La. which runs into the Missouri, 508 m. from the Mississippi. NETCHEZ, r. Louisiana, which runs south* NES — NEW 347 erly, west of the state of Louisiana, and flows into the Sabine Lake. NEUS, river of N. C. which enters Pamlico Sound, below Newbern, where it is a mile and a half broad. It rises in Person co. interlock- ing sources with Dan river, branch of Roan- oke, and flowing through Granville, Orange, Wake, Johnson, Wayne, Lenoir, and Craven cos. empties into Pamlico Sound. It is navi- gable for boats to Raleigh. NEVERSINK, or Navesink, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. Pop. 946. It lies on E. side of Rock- land. NEVERSINK, r. Ulster co. N. Y. It lies on E. side of Rockland, and runs into the Delaware. NEVERSINK HILLS. See Navesink. NEVILLA, t. Clermont co. Ohio. NEVILLSVILLE, v. Clermont co. Ohio, containing about 200 inhabitants, 30 m. above Cincinnati. NEVIS, one of the leeward Caribbee islands in the West Indies, divided from the E. end of St Christopher's by a narrow channel. It ftas but one mountain, which is in the middle, very high, and covered with large trees to the summit. Here are springs of fresh water and a hot bath, of a nature similar to those of Bath, in Eng. It is a small island, but very fruitful, and subject to the English. Charles- ton is the capital. NEW ALBANY, v. Bradford co. Pa. NEW ALBANY, handsomely situated t. and seat of justice for Floyd co. In. It is situ- ated on the right bank of Ohio river, 4 m. be- low Louisville, and 2 below Shippingport in Ken. It contains about 1,500 inhabitants, a steam, saw and grist mill, and a ship-yard. NEW ALEXANDRIA, v. Westmoreland co. Pa. on Loyalhanna river, 11 m. NE. from Greensburg. NEW ALEXANDRIA, small town of Co- lumbiana co. Ohio. NEW ANTRIM, t Orange co. N. Y. situ- ated on the post and stage-road, from N. Y. to Albany, 34 m. N. by W. of the former, and 33 SE. of Goshen. NEWARK, U. C. is situated on the W. side, at the entrance of Niagara river, opposite the fortress of Niagara, on Lake Ontario. This town was laid out in the year 1794. It now contains about 150 persons, 2 churches, a jail, and academy. The first provincial parliament met at this place, and the public offices of gov- ernment have been held pro tempore here. NEWARK, v. and seat of justice, Essex co. N. J. situated on the W. side of Passaic river, on a plain ; the streets are wide and generally straight Here are two banks, and several ex- tensive tanneries, and other manufacturing es- tablishments. There are extensive quarries of valuable building stone in its vicinity. It is 9 m. W. of N. Y. and 6 NNE. from Elizabeth- town. NEWARK, v. Tioga co. N. Y. NEWARK, v. Ontario co. N. Y. NEWARK, t. Newcastle co. Del. 14 m. SW. from Wilmington. NEWARK, v. Worcester co. Md. NEWARK, v. Louisa co. Va. 25 m. NW. from Richmond. NEWARK, t. and seat of justice, Licking co. Ohio. It is situated near the confluence of the principal branches of Licking river, 26 m. W, by N. from Zanesville, 26 N. by E. from Lancaster, and 33 E. by N. from Columbus. It contains a Presbyterian meeting-house, and a court-house of brick. Pop. 511. NEWARK BAY, sheet of water extending from State n Island Sound to the mouth of Pas- saic and Hackensack rivers, in a direction of NNE. 2 m. wide and 6 long". NEW ASHFORD, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 25 m. N. from Lenox. Pop. 285. NEW ATHENS, v. in the southern part of Harrison co. Ohio, 6 m. S. from Cadiz. It is seated on both sides of the lme, dividing Cadiz from Short creek, lying, therefore, partly in both of those two towns. NEW ATHENS, or Tiogatovcn, v. Bradford co. Pa. It is situated near the confluence of the Tioga river, and the E. branch of the Sus- quehannah ; a situation very convenient to intercept the trade of both rivers. NEW BALTIMORE, v. and t. Greene co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 18 m. below Albany. Pop. 2,370. NEW BALTIMORE, v. Fauquier co. Va. 45 m. from W. NEW BARBADOES, t. Bergen co. N. J. Pop. 1,693. NEW BEDFORD, v. and seaport of Mass. in Bristol co. on a small arm of Buzzard bay. It has a secure harbor. The principal occu- pation of the inhabitants is fishing, preparing whale oil, spermaceti, and candles, which arti- cles they export in considerable quantities. NEW BEDFORD, p. Mahoning t. Mercer co. Pa. 15 m. SW. from Mercer. NEW BERLIN, t Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 2,643. NEW BERLIN, v. and seat of justice, Union co. Pa. on Penn's creek, 11 m. W. from Sun- bury, and 168 from W. NEWBERN, v. Montgomery co. Va. NEWBERN, capital of Craven co. N. C. situated on the S. bank of the river Neuse, at its junction with the Trent, 33 m. S. of Wash- ington, on Pamlico river, and 81 S. by W. of Edenton, on Albemarle Sound. This is a vil- lage and port of entry, the most populous in the state, and was the seat of government be- fore the revolution. NEWBERNVILLE, v. Oneida co. N. Y 25 m. from Utica. NEWBERRY, district of S. C. bounded by Lexington SE. Saluda river or Edgefield SW. Laurens NW. Ennoree river or Union N. and Broad river or Fairfield NE. Length 25, mean width 20 m. The soil is productive in cotton, which is the principal staple. Chief town, Newberry. Pop. in 1820, 16,104; in 1830, 17,441. NEWBERRY, v. Burlington co. N. J. NEWBERRY, v. Christian co. Ken. NEWBERRY, v. Lycoming co. Pa. on the 348 NEW— NEW W. bank of Lycoming creek, opposite Wil- li amsport. NEWBERRY, t. and seat of justice, New- berry district, S. C. 40 m; NW. from Colum- bia. NEW BLOOMFIELD, v. Perry co. Pa. 25 m. SW. from Harrisburg. NEW BOSTON, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. Pop. 1,680* It is situated on a branch of the Merrimack fiver, 50 m. westward from Ports- mouth. NEW BOSTON, v, Berkshire co. Mass. 119 m. westerly from Boston. NEW BOSTON, v. Madison co. N. Y. 30 m. from TJtlca. NEW BOSTON, v. Clarke co. Ohio, on the western side of Mad river, 4 m. SW. from Springfield. NEW BOURBON, v. St. Genevieve co. Miso. containing about 70 houses and 350 in- habitants. It stands 2 m. below St. Genevieve. NEW BOWLING GREEN, v. Washing- ton co. Miso. 99 m. SSW. from St. Louis. NEWBORN, v. Jasper co. Geo. 63 m. NW. from Milledgeville. NEW BRAINTREE, t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 m. WNW. from Worcester. NEW BROWNSVILLE, Wayne co. Ohio, on Jerome's fork. NEW BRUNSWICK. See BrUnswick, New. NEW BRUNSWICK, In British America. See page 167. NEWBURGH, t. Penobscot co. Me. NEWBURGH, t. and half-shire Orange co. N. Y. on the W. bank of the Hudson, 95 m. S. of Albany, and 70 on the stage-road N. of N. Y. Pop. of the whole town, 6,424. The village is pleasantly situated on the Hudson. Its trade employs 50 vessels or more. It is increasing rapidly in wealth and population. It contains a bank, court-house, academy, and several houses of public worship, for Presby- terians, Episcopalians, and Methodists. On Chambers^ Creek is an extensive cannon foun- dery. NEWBURGH, t. Cuyahoga co. Ohio, SE. of Cleveland. Pop. 869. NEWBURY, t. Orange co. Vt. on Connecti- cut river, opposite Haverhill, 34 m. ESE. from Montpellef, 47 above Windsor. Pop. 2,252. NEWBURY, t. Essex co. Mass. on the S. bank of Merrimack river, opposite to Salisbury, with which it is connected by a bridge, 24 m. N. from Salem, 32 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 3,803. It contains 2 academies, and 5 Con- gregational churches. NEWBURY, district, S. C. See Newberry. NEWBURY, t. Geauga co. Ohio. Pop. 594. NEWBURYPORT, t. and port of entry, Essex co. Mass. on the S. bank of the Merri- mack, 3 m. from its mouth, 24 N. from Salem, 24 SSW. from Portsmouth, 33 NNE. from Boston. Lon. 70° 47' W.; lat. 42° 49' N. Pop. 6,388. NEWBY'S CROSS-ROADS, v. Culpeper co. Va NEWCASTLE, t Lincoln co. Me. 1 ffi NNE. from Wiscasset, 165 NE. from Boston,- Pop. 1,544. Here is an academy. NEWCASTLE, or Great Island, isl. and V Rockingham co. N. H. in the mouth of the Piscataqua, 2 m. E. from Portsmouth. Pop. 592. On the NE. point are a light-house and a fort. NEWCASTLE, t. Westchester co. N. Y. G m. W. from Bedford, 37 N. from New York Pop. 1,336. NEWCASTLE, co. Delaware, bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware river and bay, S. by Kent c6j and W. by Maryland. The Chesapeake and Delaware eanal crosses this co. Length 36 m. mean width 12 ; area 432 sq. ms. Pop. m 1820, 27,«99 j in 1830, 29,710. Chief towns, Newcastle and Wil- mington. NEWCASTLE, t. and cap. Newcastle co. Delaware, on W. bank of the river Delaware, 5 m. SSW. from Wilmington, 33 SW. from Philadelphia, 103 from W. Lon. 75° 35' W. ; lat. 39° 43' N. It contains 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Episcopalians and 1 for Presby- terians, a court-house, a jail, an academy, and about 150 houses, and has some trade. A rail-road passes from this place to French town, Md. NEWCASTLE, t. Mercer co. Va. NEWCASTLE, t. Hanover co. Virginia on the Pamunky, 24 miles NE. from Rich- mond. NEWCASTLE, t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. NEWCASTLE, t, and cap. Henry co. Ken. on the river Kentucky, 18 m. S< from West* port. 556 from W» It contains the county buildings, a bank, and about 150 houses. NEW CHESTER, t. Grafton co. N. H. on the Merrimack, Pop. 1,090. NEWCOME, v. Preble co. Ohio, 103 m. SW. by W, from Columbus. NEWCOMERSTOWN, settlement, in the SW. quarter of Tuscarawas co. Ohio, 18 m. SW. by W. from New Philadelphia, and 4 E. from Coshocton. NEW CONCORD, v. Columbia co. N. Y. 48 m. frOm Albany. NEW DURHAM, t. Strafford co. N. H. 40 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,162. NEW EGYPT, v. Monmouth co. N. J. 35 m. NE. by E. from Philadelphia. NEW ENGLAND, name given at an early period to all the country that lies between Canada and New York, and which at present comprises New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, and Maine. NEWENHAM, Cape, rocky point of con- siderable height^ on the W. coast of N. Ameri- ca. It was discovered by Capt. Cook, in 1778. Lon. 162° 24' W. ; lat. 58° 42' N. NEW FAIRFIELD, t. Fairfield co. Ct. Pop. 958. It is situated between Brookfield and the state of N. York. NEW FANE, t. Windham co. Vt. Pop. 1,441. It is situated on the E. side of West river, 8 m. NW. from Fulham. NEW — NEW NEW FELICIANA, parish, La. bounded N. by Mississippi, E. by Amite river, or parish St Helena, S. by East Baton Rouge, and SW. by the Mississippi river. St. Francisville is the only town worthy of notice. Pop. in 1820, 12,732 > in 1830, 16,876. NEWFIELD, v. Tompkins co. N. Y. 210 m. W. from Albany, 9 from Ithaca. Pop. 2,664. NEWFIELD, t. York co. Me. 40 m. NNW. from York. Pop. 1,289. NEWFOUND LAKE, lake, N. H. in He- bron, New Chester, Alexandria, and Bridge- Water, 6 rri. long from N. to S. and 2\ broad. NEWFOUNDLAND, isl. on the E. coast of N. America, between 47° and 52 3 N. lat. It was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496, fcad, after many disputes with the French, it was ceded to the English in 1713. It is of a triangular form, from 300 to 350 m. on a side. It has several harbors, and there are about 5 or 600 English families settled here, beside the garrison of St. John, Placentia, and other forts. In the fishing season, which begins in May and ends in September, it is resorted to by at least 10,000 people, on account of the cod fisheries on the banks near it. NEWFOUND RIVER, r. N. H. which flows from Newfound Lake, and after a south- erly course of 4 or 5 m. runs into the Merri- mack near Bristol. NEWFOUND MILLS, v. Hanover co. Va. NEW GARDEN, t. Chester co. Pa. NEW GARDEN, v. Robinson co. N. C. NEW GARDEN, v. Columbiana co. Ohio. NEW GENEVA, v. Fayette co. Pa. NEW GEORGIA, islands, 12 in number, in the Polar sea-, discovered in 1819, by Lieut. Parry. The largest is Melville Island. NEW GE RM ANTO WN, V. Huntingdon co. N. J. NEW GLASGOW, v. Amherst co. Va. Here is an academy for young ladies. NEW HAMPSHIRE, one of the U. S. See p. 48. NEW HAMPTON, t. Strafford co. N. H. on the Merrimack, 30 m. above Concord. Pop> 1,904. NEW HAMPTON, v. Hunterdon N. J. 21 m. N. by W. from Flemington, 40 NW. from New Brunswick. NEW HANOVER, co. N. C. bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE. Cape Fear river, or Brunswick SW. Bladen W. Sampson NW. Duplin N. and Orslon E. Length 50 m. mean width 25. Surface mostly flat, and in part marshy. Staples, cotton and tobacco. Chief town, Wilmington. Pop. in 1820, 10,866 ; in 1830, 10,759. NEW HARTFORD, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 22 m. W. by N. of the city of Hartford, and 12 m. NE. of Litchfield, the shire town. Pop. 1,766. NEW HARTFORD, v. Oneida co. N.Y. 4 m. W. from Utica. NEW HAVEN, t. Addison co. Vt. on Ot- tcr crcck« NEW 'HAVEN, co. Ct. bounded by Long Island Sound S. Housatonnuc river, or Fairfield SW. Litchfield NW. Hartford N. and Middle- sex NE. Length 27 m, mean breadth 22. This county is one of the most pleasingly di- versified of any in the United States. A chain of mountains of moderate elevation, pervades it from SSW. to NNE. and the surface is in general undulating, except near the Sound. Chief town, New Haven. Pop. in 1820, 39,616 ; in 1830, 43,848. NEW HAVEN, city, seaport, and cap. of New Haven co. Ct. and semi-capital of the state, stands at the head of a bay which opens 4 m. into the land, from Long Island Sound. It is surrounded by a beautiful and extensive plain, bounded on all sides, except towards the water, by lofty hills, which rise in some places to the height of 300 or 400 feet. It is laid out with great regularity and neatness ; the streets are 64 feet in width, and their intersections rectangular. A square in the centre is laid out as a public ground. It is adorned with ' rows of handsome shade trees and spacious walks. On this square stand the public build- ings, the college edifices, and 4 churches. For beauty, there are few squares in the Union to compare with this. Two of the churches are for Congregationalists, and are very elegant structures. Another is for Episcopalians, and is a most superb Gothic edifice of stone. The state-house, which stands in front of this square, is one of the handsomest buildings of the kind in the United States. This city con- tains also a Methodist meeting-house, a jail, an alms-house, a museum, an observatory, 2 banks, a large gun factory, and manufactories of pa- per and cotton. Yale College, at this place, was founded in 1700, and ranks as the second literary institution in the Union. The college library contains 8,500 volumes, and the stu- dents', 9,000. The philosophical and chemi- cal apparatus is excellent and complete. Tho faculty consists of a president, 10 professors, and 5 tutors. The whole number of stu- dents in 1829, divided among the departments of law, medicine, theology, and the academic course, was 496. Of this number, the college students made 269. The requisites for admis- sion into the freshman class, are, a good know- ledge of Cicero's Select Orations, Virgil, Sal- lust, Graeca Minora, the Greek Testament, and common Arithmetic. The candidate must alsa be 14 years of age. The following is the course of study : 1st year, Livy, five first books, Homer, 5 or 6 books, Geography, Webber's Arithmetic, Day's Algebra, Adams' Roman Antiquities ; 2d year, Horace, Grseca Majora, Murray's English Grammar, Elements of His- tory and Chronology, Euclid, Plain Trigonom- etry, Mensuration, Surveying, Navigation, Cc* nic Sections, Spherical Geometry and Trigo- nometry, and Rhetoric ; 3d year, Cicero de Or- atore, and de Officiis, Tacitus' History, 5 books, de Vita Agricola, and de Moribus Germanorum, Graeca Majora, 1st vol. finished, Vince's Flux- ions, Enfield's Natural Philosophy and Astron- omy, Ferguson's History of Civil Society, and Chemistry ; 4th year, Hebrew, Natural Philo- sophy, and Chemistry continued, Locke on the I Human Understanding, Hedge's Logic, Blair's 350 NEW— NEW Rhetoric, Paley's Moral Philosophy, Natural Theology, and Evidences of Christianity. The students attend the lectures of the several pro- fessors on their respective branches, and have frequent exercises in speaking and composi- tion. Commencement is held on the 2d Wed- nesday in September. There are 3 vacations ; the 1st from commencement, 6 weeks ; the 2d from the 2d Wednesday in January, 3 weeks; the 3d from the W ednesday immediately pre- ceding the 2d Thursday in May, 3 weeks. The whole number of graduates up to 1830, was 4,355, of whom 1,257 had devoted them- selves to the ministry. There is connected with the college, a Medical Institution, which was established in 1813, and has 4 professors, one of materia medica and botany, one of the theory and practice of physic, surgery, and ob- stetrics, one of Chemistry and pharmacy, and one of anatomy and physiology. The Medical College is an elegant edifice of stone. There are belonging to this department a valuable anatomical museum, and a medical library. The lectures commence on the 1st of Novem- ber. The course of each professor includes about 100 lectures. New Haven is the largest seaport in the state. A large amount of ship- ping is owned here. Steam-boats run daily between it and New York. Pop. 10,180. NEW HAVEN, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 1,410. 8 P NEW HAVEN, v. Huron co. Ohio. NEW HAVEN, t. New Haven co. Ct. and containing New Haven city. Pop. in 1820, 8,326; in 1830, 10,678. NEW HAVEN, t. in the S. borders of Hu- ron co. Ohio. NEW HAVEN, v. Hamilton co. Ohio, 129 m. SW. from Columbus. NEW HAVEN, v. Gallatin co. II. 74 m. SSE. from Vandalia. NEW HOLLAND, t. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 m. NE. from Lancaster. NEW HOPE, v. Spartansburg district, S. C. NEW HOPE, v. Hancock co. Geo. 20 m. from Milledgeville. NEW IBERIA, v. Louisiana, parish of St. Martin's, on the right bank of Teche, 48 rn. above its mouth, consisting of one street along the river, containing about 40 houses, and 200 inhabitants. The bank is here something higher than it is either above or below ; schoon- ers drawing 4 or 5 feet water come up to New Iberia at all seasons. Lat. 30° N. NEWINGTON, t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the E. side of Great Bay, 5 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 549. NEW INLET, coast of N. J. See Little Eggharbor. NEW INLET, one of the mouths of Cape Fear river, N. C. NEW IPSWICH, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 52 m. N. from Boston. It contains an academy and a number of mills. Pop. 1,673. NEW JERSEY, one of the states of the U.S. See page 74. NEW KENT, co. Va. bounded N. by Pa- munky river, E. by James City co. S. by Charles City and Henrico cos. and W. by Hanover co. Pop. 6,457. Chief town, New Kent C. H. NEW LEBANON, v. Columbia co. N. Y. on the road from Pittsfield to Albany, 24 m. from the latter place. This town is remarka- ble for a tepid spring which has become a watering place of much resort. The Shakers own 3,000 acres of land in this town, and have a very flourishing settlement near Lebanon village. NEW LEBANON, v. Camden co. N. C. 220 m. NE. from Raleigh. NEW LEXINGTON, v. Richland co. Ohio, on the W. bank of Mohican creek, 10 m. from Belleville. NEW LEXINGTON, v. Knox co. Ohio, 13 m. E. from Mount Vernon. NEW LEXINGTON, t. in the eastern part of Preble co. Ohio, on Twin creek, upon the road from Dayton to Eaton, 6 m. E. from Eaton, 19 W. from Dayton, and 85 W. by S. from Columbus. NEW LEXINGTON, v. Scott co. In. 17 m. W. from Madison. Salt wells have been dug here to the great depth of 700 feet. It contains about 60 houses, 300 inhabitants, and one printing-office. NEW LIBERTY, v. Owen co. Ken. 40 m. by postroad from Frankfort. NEW LISBON, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 10 m. SW. from Cooper's-town. Pop. 2,232. NEW LISBON, v. Montgomery co. Md. near the E. side of Cattail creek, branch of the Patuxent, and on Frederick turnpike, 22 m. W. from Baltimore. NEW LISBON, flourishing v. and seat of justice, Columbiana co. Ohio, 35 rn. S. from Warren in Trumbull co. 56 m. NE. from Pitts- burg, 160 NE. from Columbus. It contains some elegant county, buildings, a bank, and 2 brick meeting-houses. In the vicinity are a furnace, glass factory, paper-mill, and other valuable mills and manufacturing establish- ments. NEW LONDON, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 30 m. NW. from Concord. NEW LONDON, SE. co. of Ct. bounded by Rhode Island E. by Long Island Sound S. by Middlesex co. Ct. W .Hartford and Tolland NW. and Windham N. Length 30 m. mean width 20. Connecticut river forms part of its W. boundary; but beside this stream, New London co. is in a remarkable manner in- dented with bays and rivers. The soil is pro- ductive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Sta- ples, grain, flour, live-stock, lumber, fish, &c. Chief town, New London. Pop. 1820, 35,943 ; in 1830, 42,295. NEW LONDON, city, sea-port, and, alter- nately with Norwich, seat of justice for New London co. Ct. is situated on the W. side of the Thames, 3 m. above its mouth, 14 m. be- low Norwich, and 42 SE. from Hartford. Lon. 4° E. ; lat. 41° N. from W. Beside the ordi- nary county buildings, it contains 2 banks, a marine insurance office, several churches, and 2 or 3 printing-offices. Having a depth of 5 fathoms water, the harbor is the best between NEW— NEW 351 New York and Newport, and is very seldom obstructed by ice. The city is defended by forts Griswold and Trumbull, the former on Groton side opposite the city, and the latter on the New London side of the harbor. Dis- tance from W. 354 m. NEW LONDON, Ann-Arundel co. Md. 5 m. SSW. from Annapolis. NEW LONDON, v. Campbell co. Va. 18 in. SW. from Lynchburg. NEW LONDON, t. in the SE. quarter of Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 407 NEW LONDON, v. Jefferson co. In. on 'Ohio river, 30 m. above Louisville. NEW LONDON, v. and seat of justice, Ralls co. Miso. on Salt river, about 100 m. NW. from St. Louis. Lat. 39° 32' N. NEW LONDON, t. Campbell co. Va. 123 m. WSW. from Richmond. It contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and about 130 houses. NEW LONDON, t. Chester co. Pa. NEW LONDON CROSS-ROADS, v. Ches- ter co. Pa. NEW MADISON, v. Darke co. Ohio, 81 m. a little N. of W. from Columbus. NEW MADRID, v. and seat of justice, New Madrid co. Miso. 70 m. below the mouth of the Ohio. It contains about 60 houses and 300 inhabitants. Lat. 36° 36' N. ; Ion. 12° 24' W. from W. NEW MADRID, co. Miso. bounded by Mississippi river SE. Arkansas Territory S. St. Francis river NW. and Cape Girardeau N. Length 60 m. mean width 25. Staples, In- dian corn, pork, cotton, and other articles. Chief town, New Madrid. Pop. in 1820, 2,296 ; in 1830, 2,351. NEWMARKET, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 11m. W. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,013. Lam- prey river falls into Great Bay, near the NE. corner of this town, where there is a consider- able village, and about 2 m. distant from this there is another pleasant village, containing an academy. Here is a bridge crossing a branch of the Piscataqua, which connects this town with Stratham. NEWMARKET, t. Dorchester co. Md. 9 m. E. from Cambridge. NEWMARKET, t. Frederick co. Md. 13 m. WSW. from Fredericktown. NEWMARKET, t. Shenandoah co. Va. 22 m. SSW. from Woodstock, 50 NE. from Staun- ton. It contains a handsome Episcopal church, and 80 or 100 houses. NEWMARKET, t. King and Queen co. Va. NEWMARKET, t. Spottsylvania co. Va. NEWMARKET, t. Prince William co. Va. NEWMARKET, t. Amherst co. Va. on James river, 100 m. above Richmond. NEWMARKET, t. Bertie co. N. C. NEWMARKET, t. Highland co. Ohio, 42 m. W. from Chillicothe, 51 E. from Cincinnati. Pop. 1,259. NEWMARKET, t. Geauga co. Ohio, about 25 m. E. from Cleveland. NEW MILFORD, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 16 m. N. of Danbury, and 18 SW. of Litchfield, on the NE. side of Housatonnuc river. Pop. 3,979. NEW MILLS, v. in Danvers, Mass. 2 m NW. from Salem. NEW MILLS, v. Burlington co. N.J. 8 m. E. from Mount Holly. NEWNSTOWN, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on Miff Creek, 14 m. ENE. from Harrisburg. NEW ORLEANS. NEW ORLEANS, city, port of entry, and capital of Louisiana, stands on the left bank of the Mississippi river, 105 m. above its mouth. The city proper contains six complete squares, each having a front of 319 feet in length. Each square is divided into 12 lots. Many of the streets do not exceed 40 feet in width. The public buildings are a town-house, hospital, the Cathedral church of St. Louis, the barracks, custom-house, market-house, 5 banks, and two theatres, one for French, and the other for American actors. There is also a convent of Ursuline nuns. The Spanish and French modes of building prevail, and most of the houses are finished outside with stucco, which gives the city rather a fantastic appearance to a stranger. The ground on which it stands, is lower than the surface of the river, which 352 NEW — NEW is confined within its channel by an artificial bank called the levee, which was raised at great expense, and extends 50 m. The land is so spongy that the houses are necessarily without cellars. It is very advantageously sit- uated for commerce, the Mississippi and its numerous branches wafting to it the produc- tions of a fertile country of more than 2,000 miles in extent. It is already one of the most important commercial ports in America, and is probably destined to become, at no distant period, the rival of the first in Europe. The harbor presents an area of many acres, cover- ed with all the grotesque variety of flat-boats, keel-boats, and water craft of every descrip- tion, that have floated from all points of the valley above. Sloops, schooners, brigs, and ships occupy the wharves, arranged below each other, in the order of their size, showing a for- est of masts. The foreign aspect of the stuc- coed houses in the city proper, the massive buildings of the Fauxbourg St. Mary, the bus- tle and movement on every side, all seen at one view in the bright coloring of the brilliant sun and sky of the climate, present a splendid spec- tacle. There have been counted in the harbor, 1,500 flat-boats at a time. Steam-boats are coming and departing every hour ; and 50 are frequently seen lying in the harbor at a time. There are often 5 or 6,000 boatmen from the upper country here ; and it is not uncommon to see 40 vessels advertised for Liverpool and Havre. No place in the United States has so much activity and bustle of commerce, crowd- ed into so small a space, in the months of Feb- ruary and March. During the season of bring- ing in the cotton crop, whole streets are barri- caded with cotton bales. The amount of do- mestic exports from this city exceeds 12 mil- lions of dollars a year, being greater than that of any other city of the Union, except New York, and nearly equalling that. The great- est items that make this amount, are sugar and cotton. Its advantages of communication with the country, immediately adjacent to it, have been overlooked, in comparison with those of its relation to the upper country. But even in these respects it is unrivalled. By the basin of the canal, and the Bayou St. John, it com- municates with Lake Ponchartrain, and the connected lakes; with the opposite Florida shore, with Mobile, Pensacola, and the whole Gulf shore, east and west. Not a few vessels clear from the basin for the Atlantic and Mex- ican ports. The basin is scarcely distant a quarter of a mile from the ship landing on the Mississippi. A person on the basin wharf can see the masts of the vessels, lying on the shore of the levee, and yet a vessel sailing from the basin, would have to sail through the lakes along the Gulf shore, and up the Missis- sippi, some hundreds of miles, to arrive at so little distance from her former position. Even the commerce and shipping of the basin would be sufficient for the support of a considerable city. There is an incorporation, to connect the lake with the Mississippi by a canal, di- rectly from the one to the other. A most ne- cessary and important canal is also contem- plated, for connecting Attakapas with the city A rail-road 4£ m. in length, from the city to Lake Ponchartrain, has been recently finished It is perfectly straight, and varies only 16 inches from a dead level from end to end. No city in the United States contains such a vari- ety of inhabitants from every state in the Union, and from every nation in Europe ; and there are not a few from the Spanish country, and the islands. There is an astonishing con- trast of manners, language, and complexion. One half the population is black or colored. The French population probably as yet pre- dominates over the American. Among the Americans, the inhabitants of the city of New York seem to have the greater number, and New Orleans has more intercourse with New York, than any other American city. The intercourse with Havana and Vera Cruz is great, and constantly increasing. The college is a respectable building, and has ample en- dowments, but has, as yet, done little for the literature of the country. There are a num- ber of charitable institutions in this city, of respectable character ; and when the epidemic yellow fever visits it, the manner in which the inhabitants bestow charity, nursing, shelter, and medical aid to the sick, is worthy of all praise. A library, for the use of the poorer reading young men of the city, has been in- stituted, and in the extent of her efficient and useful charities, New Orleans is not far behind her Atlantic sisters. There are fewer churches in the city, than in any other town of the same size in the United States. There are but three Catholic places of worship, one Presbyterian, one Episcopalian, a Mariners' church, a Baptist and a Methodist place of worship. Very little observance of the Sabbath, as northern people estimate it, is seen in this city. It is well known, that the forms of the Catholic worship do not forbid amusements on the Sabbath. The city and Fauxbourgs (suburbs) contain- ed, in 1830, 46,310 inhabitants. It is about 1,000 m. below the mouth of the Ohio, and 1,203 m. from Washington. NEW ORLEANS, parish, La. including the city of New Orleans, bounded by the Gulf of Mexico S. the interior of Lafourche and German coast W. Lake Ponchartrain N. the Rigolets and Lake Borgne NE. and Plaque- mine E. Length 80 m. mean width 16. It lies between lat. 29° 14' and 30° 12' N. Pop, exclusive of the city, 3,793. Chief town, New Orleans. NEW PALTZ, t. Ulster co. N. Y. 15 m, below Kingston landing, and 7 m. S. from Poughkeepsie. Pop. 5,105. NEW PALTZ LANDING, v. Ulster co. N. Y. on Hudson river, opposite Poughkeepsie. NEW PARIS, v. Preble co. Ohio, 92 m. a little S, of W. from Columbus. NEW PHILADELPHIA, v. and seat of justice, Tuscarawas eo. Ohio. It is situatec 1 on the left bank of Muskingum river, on a beautiful plain, opposite the mouth of Sugar creek. It contains the county buildings, seve- ral stores, and 410 inhabitants. It is 50 m. NE. from ZanesvilJe, and 314 from W. V HEW- NEW PHILADELPHIA, v. Hardin co. Ken. 5 m. from Ohio river, 30 above Louisville. NEWPORT, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 8 m. E. •of Claremont, 42 WN W. of Concord. Here is f a cotton manufactory. NEWPORT, t. Kennebeck co. Me. NEWPORT, co. R. I. Pop. 16,534. NEWPORT, t. s-p. and cap. Newport co. ©n SW. end of the island of Rhode Island, 5 m. from the sea, 15 S. from Bristol, 30 S. by E. from Providence, 55 E. by N. from New Lon- don, 71 S. by W from Boston. Lon. 71° 19' W.; lat. 41° 25' N. Pop. 8,010. Among the public and other principal buildings are, a state-house, a jail, an academy, 2 banks, 2 in- surance-offices, a public library containing 1,600 volumes, and 11 houses .of public wor- ship, 2 for Congregationalists,. 3 for Baptists, 1 for Sabbatarians or Seventh-day Baptists, 1 for Episcopalians, 1 for Friends, 1 for Metho- dists, 1 for Moravians, and a Jews' Synagogue. It has a very spacious and safe harbor, where a large fleet may ride at anchor, defended by three forts. Newport was once the greatest commercial seaport in the state, but its pros- perity has of late years greatly declined. NEWPORT, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 20 m. N. from Herkimer, 95 NW. from Albany. NEWPORT, t. Cumberland co. N. J. NEWPORT, t. Newcastle co. Delaware, on Christiana creek, 3 m. SW. from Wilmington, 31 SW. from Philadelphia. It contains about 30 houses. NEWPORT, t. Charles co. Md. 11 m. SE from Port Tobacco. NEWPORT, t. Wood co. Va. on the Ohio, ■at the junction of the Little Kenhawa, opposite Belpre. NEWPORT, t. Washington co. Ohio, on the Ohio, 11 m. ENE. from Marietta. NEWPORT, t. and cap. Campbell co. Ken. on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, and just above the entrance of the Licking, which separates it from Covington, 498 m. from W. It is situ- ated on an elevated and beautiful plain, com- manding a fine prospect of Cincinnati and •Covington, and contains a court-house, a jail, ■a bank, a market-house, an academy, and a U. S. arsenal. NEWPORT, t. and cap. Cocke co. Ten. NEWPORT, t. Liberty co. Geo. 34 m. S. from Savannah. NEWPORT, r. N. C. which runs into the NEW PRESTON, v. Litchfield co. Ct. 10 m. SW. by W. from Litchfield, and 43 a little S. of W. from Hartford. NEW PROSPECT, v. Bergen cq. N. J. 88 m. NE. from Trenton. NEW PROVIDENCE, t. Essex co. N. J. 12 m. W. from Newark. Pop. 910. NEW RICHMOND, v. Clermont co. Ohio, containing 600 inhabitants. It stands on Ohio -river, 15 m. SW. from Williamsburg. NEW RIVER, small stream of Onslow co. N. C. entering the Atlantic Ocean by New In- let, 45 m. WSW. from Cape Lookout. NEW RIVER, small r. of Beaufort district, 2U -NEW 353 S.C falling into the estuary of Savannah river, 18 m. E. from Savannah. NEW RIVER, r. of La. draining the angle between the Mississippi and Amite riversj flows E. and falls into the western extremity of Lake Maurepas. NEW ROCHELLE, v. Westchester co. N. Y. planted originally by French Huguenots. It lies 20 m. NE. of the city of New York. NEW ROWLEY, v. Essex co. Mass. 35 NNE. from Boston. NEW RUMLEY, v. Harrison co. Ohio, 11 m. northerly from Cadiz, and 130 NE. from Columbus. NEWRY 5 1. Oxford co. Me. 24 m. NW. of Paris. Pop. 345. NEWRY, v. Huntingdon co. Pa. NEW SWITZERLAND, v. Switzerland co. Ohio, on the right bank of Ohio river, 65 m. below Cincinnati. The inhabitants are mostly Swiss emigrants, who have made some not unsuccessful attempts to cultivate the vine. NEWTON, t. Middlesex co. Mass. on the river Charles, opposite Needham, 9 m. W. of Boston. Pop. 2,377. The falls on the river between Newton and Needham afford many excellent mill-seats ; and on the Newton side there are five paper-mills, iron manufactories, several snuff-mills, &c. NEWTON, t.and cap. Sussex co. N. J. 106 m. NNE. from Philadelphia, 76 N. from Tren- ton, 288 from. W. It is a pleasant and flour- ishing town, and contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, a bank, a printing-office, a Pres- byterian church, about 50 compact houses, and has a manufactory of iron carried on in a fur- nace and 4 forges. Here is a remarkable cave called the Devil's Hole. NEWTON, t. Delaware co. Pa. NEWTON, t. Cumberland co. Pa. NEWTON, t. Licking co. Ohio. Pop. 879 NEWTON, t. Miami co. Ohio. Pop. 715. NEWTON, t. Muskingum co. Ohio. Pop. 2,361. NEWTON, t. Trumbull co. Ohio. NEWTOWN, t Rockingham co. N. H. 10 m. NNW. from Newburyport, 26 SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 665. NEWTOWN, t. Fairfield co. Ct. 9 m. E. by N. from Danbury, 25 WNW. from New Ha- ven. Pop. 3,099. It is a pleasant town, and contains an academy. NEWTOWN, t. Queens co. N.Y. on Long Island, 8 m. E. from New York. Pop. 2,610. Near the centre of the township there is a pleasant village containing 3 houses of public worship. From this place come those well- known apples, called " Newtown Pippins." NEWTOWN, t. Bucks co. Pa. 10 m. W. from Trenton, 22 NNE. from Philadelphia. It is situated on a branch of the Nashiminy, and contains a Presbyterian church, an academy, &c. and was formerly the seat of justice for the county. NEWTOWN, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 3,298. NEWTOWN, t Frederick co. Md. NEWTOWN, v, Worcester co. Mq\ 854 NEW — NEW NEWTOWN, v. King and Queen co. Va. 41 m. NE. from Richmond. NEWTOWN, v. Loudon co. Va. 55 m.fr. W. NEWTOWN, v. Hamilton co. Ohio, on Lit- tle Miami, 6 m. above its mouth. NEWVTLLE, v. Herkimer co. N. Y. 79 m. NW. by W. from Albany. NEWVILLE, v. Cumberland co. Pa. 12 m. nearly W. from Carlisle. NEWVTLLE, v. Barnwell district, S. C 110 m. SW. from Columbia. NEW WASHINGTON, v. Clarke co. In. 105 m. SSE. from Indianapolis. NEW WINDSOR, t. Orange co. N. Y. on the W. side of Hudson river, 60 m. N. of New- York, and 95 S. of Albany. Pop. 2,310. NEW WOODSTOCK, v. Madison co. N. Y. NEW YORK, one of the U. S. See p. 66. NEW YORK, AND ITS ENVIRONS. NEW YORK, city and co. of New York, situated on Manhattan Island, between Hud- son river, East river, New York Bay, and Haerlem river. Lat. 40° 42' N. and Ion. 74° W. from London, and 3° E. from W. 143 m. below Albany, 90 NE. from Philadelphia, and 210 SW. from Boston. Manhattan Island, which forms the county of New York, is about 12 m. long, and has an average width of 1|, containing about 18 sq. ms. The city of New York is the grand commercial emporium of the United States. The harbor is deep, safe, and not subject to be frozen, and so spacious as to accommodate any number of vessels of any size. The shipping belonging to this port exceeds 350,000 tons. In its exterior, New York has a more imposing appearance than any other city in the V States. Its principal street, Broadway, which nearly bisects the city, is 80 feet wide, and more than 3 m. in length, and generally built up with noble and elegant buildings. The Battery is a place of great public resort in the southern part of the island. Castle Garden is also much frequented. The Park is a beautiful common, finely shaded with trees, and contains 6 acres of ground. In this square stands the City Hall, a superb and massive structure of white marble, 216 ft. in length by 105 in breadth. It contains the Police Office, the Municipal Court rooms, and the Common Council chamber, ornamented with portraits of distinguished revolutionary heroes. The New York Institution is of brick, 260 feet by 44, and is appropriated to associations of literature and the fine arts, such as the Lit- erary and Philosophical Society, the Historical Society with its library, the American Acade- my of Fine Arts with its paintings, and the New York Lyceum of Natural History with its collections. The University is in a central point. The building is of stone, 200 feet in length, and 3 stories high. The state prison, in the eastern part of the city, is 204 feet in length, by 200 in depth, and is built of free- stone. The Alms House is still further east, It is an inclosure, containing the work-house and penitentiary. The dimensions of the first are 320 by 50 feet, the next 200 by 25, and the third 250 by 50. The Park Theatre and the Bowery Theatre are conspicuous build- ings. St. Paul's church, containing the monu- ment and remains of Gen. Montgomery, and Trinity church, are spacious Episcopalian churches, both in conspicuous points on Broad- way. St. John's church in Hudson Square, one of the finest in the city, has the tallest spire in New York. The Medical College is a large and conspicuous edifice. The estab lishment is amply endowed, and generally contains from 2 to 300 medical students. The following are all spacious public buildings: Clinton Hall, the Bible Society's Depository, the American Tract Society's buildings, both in Nassau-street, the Arcade, and the Arcade Baths, the New York Baths, the Public Ma- NEW— NEW 355 tine Bath, the Manhattan Water Works, the Exhibition Room of the National Academy of the Arts of Design, Rutgers' Medical College and Public School, Masonic Hall, Orphan Asy- lum, Fever Hospital, House of Refuge for ju- venile delinquents, Lunatic Asylum, the City Hotel, the Mansion House, the National Hotel, the Franklin House, Tammany Hall, and many other spacious hotels. The city has 10 market-houses, 14 or 15 banks, between 20 and 30 insurance offices, over 100 houses of public EXCHANGE, The New York Exchange fronting upon Wall-street, is also of white marble, and adorn- ed with columns in front. It contains the Ex- change, Post Office, Commercial Reading Rooms, insurance offices, and offices of several daily papers. The cupola commands a fine view of the city, and is surmounted with a tel- egraph, by which ship-arrivals are announced when at the distance of more than 30 m. from the city. Columbia College was founded in 1754; it has a president, five professors, and the num- ber of students ranges from 120 to 150. The libraries contain 14,000 volumes. Commence- ment is on the first Tuesday in August ; vaca- tion from commencement to the first Monday in October. A proposal has lately been made in the city, to erect a university which should be suited to the demands of all classes. This has called forth from Columbia college a new and improved plan, intended to meet the de- mands. 1. The course of instruction now ex- isting, is to be maintained and denominated the full course. Another course is established, called the literary and scientific course; the whole, or any part of which, matriculated stu- dents may attend. 2. Those in the scientific and literary course shall study the modern languages, instead of the Latin and Greek. In other studies, the two courses are similar, ex- cept that the literary and scientific has some additional studies. 3. Persons not matricu- lated, may attend the literary and scientific course. 4. Matriculated students, who shall pass through the new course, shall receive tes- timonials of the same. 5. The fees in the new course shall not exceed $15 per annum for each professor. 6. Enlarged instruction shall be given in Greek and Roman literature. worship, of which those of Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Dutch Reformed, and Metho- dists are the most numerous. There are 8 spacious buildings appropriated to public schools, valued with their furniture at $150,000. The High School of this city is an interesting institution, and the largest establishment of the kind in the U. States. There are a num- ber of public libraries. The Sunday Schools and Infmt Schools are efficient and useful establishments. j H 1 ': j . ■ , NEW YORK. 7. The two courses may be united at the lec- tures. 8. Various public bodies in New York are entitled to have two students always in the college, free of all charges of tuition ; every school from which, in any one year, 4 students shall be admitted into college, shall have the privilege of sending one free of expense ; every religious denomination in the city may edu- cate one who is designed for the ministry, free of expense. The above course embraces lyce- ura, high school, and college instruction. The number of graduates, since the establishment of the college, to and including the year 1831, is about 1,100. There are now in the college about 100. The College of Physicians and Surgeons was founded in the year 1807, by an act of the legislature of New York, at the recommenda- tion of the Regents of the University, by whose immediate government it is controlled. Lec- tures commence on the first Monday of No- vember annually, and continue four months. Degrees conferred by the Regents of the Uni- versity at the recommendation of the board of trustees. The college building is situated in Barclay street, New York. The whole ex pense of all the courses is $1 00. The government of the city of New York is composed of a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 10 assistants. This city has been constantly and rapidly increasing for the last 30 or 40 years. It more than doubled its population within the last 20 years. Packets sail from New York to Liverpool and London every week ; to Havre every 10 days, and to Hull, Greenwich, Bel- fast, Vera Cruz, Carthagena, and all the chief ports of the United States at different times. It is the second commercial city in the world, as the amount of shipping owned here is equal 356 NEW— NIC to more than half that of London. During the year 1830, there arrived 1,489 vessels from foreign ports; sailed for foreign ports 1,138; entered coastwise 1,332, cleared coastwise 3,474 ; total arrived and departed 7,433. The revenue collected at the custom-house in 1829 was 13,052,676 dollars ; being more than half the whole revenue of the United States from foreign commerce. CITY EXPENSES AND REVENUE FOR 1832. Expenses. The Comptroller estimates the expenses of the city, for 1832, (including interest on debt $50,000) at $600,475 00 Revenue. From rents, auction duties, licenses, &.c $159,000 00 The amount to be raised by taxes in 1832 ...... 550,000 00 ■ 709,000 00 Leaving an amount to apply i to contingencies and deficien- V . . . 108,525 00 cies of former years of . . ) Licenses in 1831. 45 Licensed Lottery Offices which pay $250 each — one-half to the Public Schools of the city, and one-half to the New-York Deaf and Dumb Institution. 2997 Grocery and Tavern Licenses, were issued in 1831. 2350 Cartmen's Licenses, do. 130 Porters' Licenses, do. 200 Hackney Coach Licenses, do. 67 Stage Licenses, do. 25 Licenses for Dealers in second hand articles. 12 Pawnbrokers' Licenses. 40 Master Chimney Sweeps, with an average of 2 boys to each. 1 General Patentee for Patent Sweeps. The number of watchmen at present employed in the city, including their officers, is 546. Annual ex- pense to the city, $90,000. CENSUS OF NEW YORK FOR 1830, Taken from the Marshal's Returns. White. Males. Females. Under 5 years ..... . 13,644 .... .... 13,265 5 to 10 .... . 10,357 .... .... 10,665 10 to 15 .... 8,656 9,802 15 to 20 .... 9,918 . . . . 11,556 21,409 .... 22,556 30 to 40 .... 13,659 .... . . . . 12,916 40 to 50 .... 6,625 .... .... 6,694 .... 3,702 60 to 70 . . * . . 1,468 .... 1,793 70 to 80 .... 479 .... , , , 666 80 .... 178 90 to 100 .... 14 ... . , , , 31 100 and upwards 7 . . . . . . . . 2 89,523 .... 93,826 Colored. Males. Females. 1,261 1,431 10 to 20 ... 1,358 2,135 20 to 36 ... 36 to 55 ... 55 to 100 371 449 100 and upwards 5 5 .... 5,525 For further statistical information, see page 71. NEW YORK, t Albemarle co. Va. 23 m. W. from Charlotte. NEW YORK, t. Champaign co. Ohio. NEXAPA, t. Mexico, 15 m. W. from Oax- aca. NIAGARA, f. in N. America, which car.* ries the surplus waters of lakes Superior, Mich ' igan, Huron, and Erie into lake Ontario. Its' general course from lake Erie to lake Ontario^ is N. For the first 2 miles its current is rapid ! — it then becomes smooth and gentle, with a width varying from half a mile to a mile and a half, and flows 7 m. to Grand Isle, where it divides into two large branches,* which unite again at the foot of this island (which is 18 m, long) three miles above the Great Falls. Its width here is upwards of a mile ; but now its breadth gradually diminishing as its velocity increases* it becomes reduced to § of a mile in width, when its waters are poured down a precipice of 160 feet perpendicular, accompa- nied with a tremendous roar, which is heard at the distance of 15 miles. There is a small island in the river just above the brink of the falls, which divides the stream in two parts, but they unite long before they reach the bed of the river below. This river, which is the boundary line between N. Y.and Upper Canada, is 35 m. in length. This stupendous cataract is justly regarded as one of the most sublime and imposing spectacles exhibited in nature. It may well be supposed that so magnificent a spectacle should attract thousands of visitors. It has become a place of great fashionable re- sort; and during the summer months, it is thronged with visitors from every quarter of the civilized world. It may appear singular, yet it is affirmed to be true, that some persons have lived and grown old within hearing of the roar of these falls without ever having seen them, while many have made journeys of thousands of miles for the purpose, and thought themselves richly rewarded for their curiosity NIAGARA, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Genesee co. S. by Tonnewanta creek which separates it from Erie Co. and W. by Niagara river. Pop. 18,485. Chief town. Lockport. NIAGARA, t. Niagara co. N. Y. on Niaga- ra river, just above the falls. NIAGARA, t. and fort, Niagara co. N. Y. on the Niagara, at its entrance into Lake On- tario, 15 m. below the great falls. It was taken by the British in 1813, and the town was de- stroyed, but has since been rebuilt in a better style than before. Pop. 1,401. NICHOLAS, co. of Western Va. formed in 1818, of a part of Greenbrier co. Pop. 3,349, of whom 120 are colored. Seat of justice, Nicholas C H. NICHOLAS, co, Ken. Pop. 8,832. Chief town, Carlisle. NICHOLAS ISLAND, small island on the N. coast of Cuba. Lon. 79° 40' W. ; lat. 23° 15' N. NICHOLASVILLEj t. and Cap. Jessamine co. Ken. 20 m. SW. from Lexington, and 546 fromW. Pop. 409. NICOLET, L. C. rises in Buckingham co. by two sources, which flow N W. between Becancour and St. Francis rivers, unite about 60 m. and fall into the lower ehd of Lake St. Peter, 10 miles above Three Rivers. NIL — NOR 357 ' NILE, t. Scioto co. Ohio. NIMISHILLEN CREEK, considerable Btream, rising in the northern part of Stark co. Ohio, and running from thence a S. direc- tion above 40 m. into the NE. quarter of Tus- carawas Co. where it unites with Sandy creek, when the joint stream flows W. 5 m. into the E. side of Tuscarawas river. NIMISHILLEN, t> Stark co. Ohio, situated on the above described creek, north-easterly from Canton. Pop. 1,336. NIMMONS MILLS, v. Wayne co. Ohio, 92 m. NE. from Columbus. NINE BRIDGES, v. Queen Anne's co. Md. NINE PARTNERS, N. Y. a tract of land, granted to 9 partners, or proprietors, now com- prised within the towns of Amenia, Clinton, Stanford^ and Washington. NINEVEH, v. Frederick co. Va. NIPEGON LAKE, U. C. lies to the north- Ward of Lake Superior, about half-way between it and Albany river, James' Bay. NIPISSING LAKE, lies NE. of Lake Hu- ron, and is connected with it by the river Francois. NITTANY, mt. Pa. which commences in Centre co. and extends between Lycoming and Northumberland cos. almost to the W. branch of the Susquehannah. NIXON^S, v. Maury co. Ten. 50 m. SE. from Murfreesborough. NIXONTON, t. Pasquotank co. N. C. on Little river, 28 m. ENE. from Edenton. NOBLE, NE. t. of Morgan co. Ohio. Pop. 859. NOBLEBOROUGH, t. Lincoln co. Maine. Pop. 1,876. Situated on the E. side of Ken- Iictacck river* NOBLESVILLE, v. Hamilton co. In. 25 m. N. from Indianapolis. NODDLE'S ISLAND, isl. Mass. in Boston harbor, f of a mile from Long Wharf, Boston. A strong fortress, called Fort Strong, is built on this island. NOLACHUCKY, r. Ten. and N. C. rises in the northern part of Buncombe co. of the latter, and flowing W. enters Carter co. in the for- mer, and crossing Carter, Washington, and Greene, joins the French Broad r. 40 m. above its junction with the Holston at Knoxville. NOLIN'S CREEK, r. Hardin co. Ken. which runs WSW. into Green river. NOMISNY BAY, bay in the river Potomac, on the coast of Virginia. Lon. 76° 50' W. ; lat. 38° 11' N. NONESUCH, r. Me. which runs through Scarborough into the sea. It received its name on account of its extraordinary freshets. NOQUETO BAY, bay in NW. Territory, on NW. coast of i a ] r p Michigan. It is north of Green Bay; 45 i long* and 18 wide. Lon. 86° 20' W. ; lat. 45° 25' N. NORFOLK, ?o. Mass. bounded NW. and W. by Middlesex co. E. by Boston harbor, S. by Plymouth and Bristol cos. and W. by Rhode Island and Worcester co. Pop. 41,993. Chief town, Dedham. NORFOLK, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 18 m. N. from Litchfield, 35 WNW. from Hartford, 42 ESE. from Hudson. Pop. 1,485. It contains various mills and manufacturing establish- ments, among which are 2 forges and a wool- len manufactory. NORFOLK, v. Litchfield co. Ct. 35 m. NW. by W. of Hartford, and 20 m. N. of Litchfield. NORFOLK, co. SE. part of Va, bounded N. by Hampton Road and Chesapeake Bay, E. by Princess Anne co. S. by North Carolina, and W. by Nansemond co. Pop. 14,998, of whom 5,842 are slaves. Chief towns, Norfolk and Portsmouth. NORFOLK, bor. and port of entry Norfolk co. Va. on NE. bank of Elizabeth river, 8 m. above its entrance into Hampton Road, and 32 from the sea, 110 m. by water below City Point, 112 ESE. from Richmond. Lon. 76° 42' W. ; lat. 37° 12.' N. Pop. 9,816. The Farmers' Bank, the orphan asylum, and the Lancas- terian school, are among the most conspicuous buildings. The position of the town is not pleasant, being low, and in some places marshy; but it affords agreeable society, and the citi- zens are distinguished for their hospitality. It has a spacious and commodious harbor, strong- ly defended by 3 forts. It has more maritime commerce and shipping than any other town in the state. The handsome marine hospital is on Washington Point, one mile distant, and a short distance up the river is a large U. S. navy-yard. It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, a theatre, 2 insurance-offices, 3 banks, including a branch of the U. S. Bank, an academy, an orphan asylum, an athenaeum containing about 1,000 volumes, and 6 houses of public worship, 1 for Episcopalians, 1 for Presbyterians, 2 for Baptists, 1 for Roman Catholics, and 1 for Methodists. NORFOLK, co. U. C. is bounded on the N. and E. by the co. of Lincoln and the river Thames, on the S. by Lake Erie until it meets the Orwell river, thence by a line running N. 16° W. until it intersects the river Thames, and thence up the said river until it meets the NW. boundary of the co. of York. It sends, in conjunction with the fourth riding of the co. of Lincoln, one representative to the provincial parliament. NORFOLK, v. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 251 m. NNW. from Albany. NORMAN'S KILL, or Creek, r. Albany co. N. Y. which falls into the Hudson, 2 J m. S. of Albany. NORRIDGEWOCK, t. and cap. Somerset co. Me. on the Kennebeck, 94 m NNE from Portland, 205 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,710. It is finely situated on both sides of the river r is a very pleasant town, and contains a court- house, a jail, a meeting-house, and has con- siderable trade. Here is an elegant bridge across the river. NORRISTOWN, t. and cap. Montgomery co. Pa. on the N. side of the Schuylkill, 17 m* NW. from Philadelphia, 143 from W. Lon. 75° 23' W.; lat. 40° 10' N. Pop. 1,826. It con- tains a court-house, a bank, and an academy, and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. NORTE, Del, or Rio Bravo del Norte, river, Mexico, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, 358 NOR— NOR near the sources of the Arkansas, about 41° N. lat. runs SSE. and empties itself into the Gulf of Mexico, Ion. 96^ 40' W. ; lat. 26° N. Length, about 2,000 m. NORTH BEND, v. Hamilton co. Ohio, on the Ohio r. 16 m. below Cincinnati, and 520 from VV. NORTH CAROLINA, one of the U. S. See page 100. NORTH CASTLE, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 33 m. NE. from New York. Pop. 1,653. NORTH EAST, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 24 m. NE. from Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1,689. NORTH EAST, t. Cecil co. Md. NORTH EDISTO INLET, inlet, S.C. 11 m. SW. from Stone Inlet. NORTH END, v. Matthews co. Va. NORTH HAVEN, t. New Haven co. Ct. 7 m. NNE. from New Haven. Pop. 1,282. NORTH HEMPSTEAD, t. and capital, Queens co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 9 m. E. from Jamaica, 22 E. from New York. Pop. 3,062. The township is indented by 3 large bays, and between two of them, on a headland, called Cow Neck, there is a light-house, 10 m. N. from the C. H. NORTH HERO, t. and cap. Grand Isle co. Vt. on an island of the same name, in Lake Cham plain, 32 m. N. from Burlington, and 545 from W. Pop. 638. NORTH ISLAND, isl. in the Atlantic, at the mouth of the Great Pedee River, near the coast of South Carolina. Lon. 79° 3' W. ; lat. 33° 20' N. NORTH MOUNTAIN, a ridge which ex- tends NE. through Franklin and Cumberland counties, Pa. NORTH MOUNTAIN CREEK, r. N. A. which runs into the Missouri, 239 m. below the Falls. NORTH POINT, cape, on N. side of the entrance of the Patapsco into Chesapeake Bay. NORTH RIVER, r. N. H. which joins the Lamprey r» in the N. part of Epping. NORTH RIVER, r. N. C. runs into Albe- marle Sound. Lon. 76° 10' W. ; lat. 36° 6' N. NORTH RIVER, r. Mass. which runs E. into the sea, S. of Scituate. NORTH RIVER. See Hudson River. NORTH RIVER, branch of Fluvanna river, in Virginia. NORTH YARMOUTH, t. Cumberland co. Me. on Casco Bay, 12 m. NNE. from Portland, 127 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 2,664. It is a large township, and contains 5 houses of pub- lic worship, 3 for Congregation alists, 1 for Bap- tists, and 1 for Methodists ; an academy, a so- cial library, a paper-mill, and has some trade in the fisheries. NORTHAMPTON, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 10 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Pod. 767. NORTHAMPTON, t. and cap. Hampshire •co. Mass. on W. bank of Connecticut river, op- posite Hadley, with which it is connected by a bridge, 1,060 feet long; 18 m. N. from Spring- field, 21 S. from Greenfield, 40 E. from Pitts- field, 42 N. from Hartford, 95 W. from Boston. Lat. 42° 16' N. The compact part of the town is delightfully situated, and contains a very elegant brick court-house, a stone jail, and several houses for public worship. Pop. 3,613. It is 376 m. from W. NORTHAMPTON, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 18 m. NW. from Ballston-Spa, 50 NW. from Albany. Pop. 4,392. NORTHAMPTON, t. Burlington co. N.J. 7 m. SE. from Burlington. Mount Holly is within this township. NORTH AxMPTON, co. E. side of Pa. bound- ed N. by Wayne co. E. by the Delaware, ESE. by Bucks co SW. by Berks co. and NW. by Luzerne co. It is watered by the Delaware and Lehigh. Pop. 30,267. Chief town, Easton. NORTHAMPTON, co. E. side of Va. bound- ed N. by Accomack co. E. by the Atlantic, S. by the entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Chesapeake bay. Pop. 8,644. Chief town, Eastville. NORTHAMPTON, co. N. part of N. C Pop. 13,103. NORTHAMPTON, C. H. Northampton co. N. C. 80 m. SW. from Norfolk, Va. and about 90 NE. from Raleigh. Lat. 36° 21' N. ; lon. from W. 0° 30' W. NORTHAMPTON, v. in the W. borders of Portage co. Ohio, 15 m. W. from Ravenna. Pop. 293. NORTH ATTLEBOROUGH, v. Bristol co. Mass. 29 m. SSW. from Boston, and 12 NNE. from Providence. NORTH BLENHEIM, v. Schoharie co. N. Y. 55 m. SW. by W. from Albany, and about 45 SW. from Schenectady. NORTHBOROUGH, t. Worcester co. Mass. 11 m. from Worcester. Pop. 994. NORTH BROOKFIELD, t. Worcester co. Mass. Pop. 1,241. NORTH BRANCH, v. N. part of Somerset co. N. J. 46 m. from Trenton. NORTH BRIDGE, t. on Pawtucket river, in the S. part of Worcester co. Mass. 46 m. SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,053. NORTH BRIDGETOWN, v. in the NW. part of Cumberland co. Me. 43 m. NW. from Portland. NORTH CASTLE, t. Westchester co. N. Y. on the E. side of Hudson river, about 16 m. from King's-bridge. Pop. 1,653. NORTH EAST, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on the E. side of Hudson river, about 90 m. N. of New York. Pop. 1,689. NORTH EAST, v. Erie co. Pa. in the NE. angle of the county, 15 m. NE. from the vil- lage of Erie. NORTH EAST, v. Cecil co. Md.46 m. NE. from Baltimore. NORTH EAST, r. Cecil co. Md. flows into the Chesapeake, 5 m. S 1 ^ .Charlestown. NORTHFIELD, t. ^hington co. Vt. 9 m. SSW. from Montpeliei Pop. 1,412. Here is a woollen manufactory. NORTHFIELD, t. Fran, lin co. Mass. E. of the Connecticut r. 8 m. NE. from Green- field, 94 WNW. from Boston. Pop. 1,757. Here is a handsome village situated near the E. bank of the river. NOR— OAK 359 NORTHFIELD, t. Richmond co. N.Y. on the NW. part of Staten Island, 5 m. W. from Southfield. Pop. 2,171. NORTHUMBERLAND, t. Coos co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 7 m. ]N. from Lancaster. Pop. 34-2. NORTHUMBERLAND, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 11 m. NE. from Balls- ton-Soa, 44 N". from Albany. Pop. 1,606. NORTHUMBERLAND, co. central part of Pa. bounded N. by Lycoming co. E. by Co- lumbia, S. by Dauphin, and W. by the Sus- quehannah r. It is watered by both branches of the Susquehannah. Pop. 18,168. Chief town, Sunbury. NORTHUMBERLAND, t. Northumber- land co. Pa. on a point of land in the forks of the Susquehannah, 2 m. N. from Sunbury, 124 NW. from Philadelphia. Pop. of the borough, 1,090. The town is regularly laid out, pleas- ant, and flourishing, and contains an academy. Here is a covered bridge across the N. branch of the Susquehannah. NORTHUMBERLAND, co. Va. bounded NE. by the Potomac, E. by Chesapeake Bay, SW. by Lancaster and Richmond cos. and W. by Westmoreland co. ; 151 m. from W. Pop. 7,953. At the court-house there is a village of about 40 houses. NORTHWOOD, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 m. E. from Concord, 27 WNW. from Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,342. Crystals, crystalline spars, and black lead, are found in this town. NORTON, t. Essex co. Vt. 75 m. NE. from Montpelier. NORTON, t. Bristol co. Mass. 8 m. NNW. from Taunton, 36 SSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,484. Here are manufactories of iron and cotton. NORTON, t. Delaware co. Ohio. 34 m. N. from Columbus. NORWALK, t. Fairfield co. Ct. near the mouth of a small river of the same name, on Long Island Sound, 31 m. WSW. from New Haven, 45 NE. from New York. Pop. 3,793. It is a pleasant town, and has an academy, iron works, and some trade to New York and the West Indies. NORWALK, t. and seat of justice, Huron co. Ohio, 14 m. from Lake Erie, and 100 NE. from Columbus. Lon. from W. 5° 33' W. ; lat. 41° 16' N. NORWALK ISLANDS, cluster of small islands in Long Island Sound, near the coast of Connecticut. Lon. 72° 22' W. ; lat. 41° 4' N. NORWAY, t. Oxford co. Me. 5 rn. SW. of Paris, 152 NNE. of Boston. Pop. 1,712. NORWAY, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 20 m. N. of Herkimer, 90 NW. of Albany NORWICH, t. Windsor co. Vt. on'the Con- necticut, opposite Hanover, 21 m. N. of Wind- sor. Pop. 2,316. Here is an academy. NORWICH, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 7 m. WSW. of Northampton, 150 W. of Boston. Pop. 787. NORWICH, city, New London co. Ct. on the Thames, at the head of navigation, 14 m. N. from New London, 38 SE. from Hartford, 45 WSW. from Providence, 362 from W. Lon. 72 3 29' W.; lat. 4P 34' N. Pop. 5,169. It contains a court-house, a jail, 2 banks, and several houses of public worship. It compre- hends three villages, the town, Chelsea Land- ing, and Bean Hill. In the last there is an academy, and in the town is an endowed school. Norwich is a pleasant town, and considerable both for trade and manufactures. It is fa- vorably situated, at the head of navigation, and has an extensive back country. The falls of the river afford seats for various mills and I manufacturing establishments. The courts for the comity are held alternately at this city and New London. NORWICH, t. and cap. Chenango co. N.Y. on the Chenango, 8 m. N. from Oxford, 100 W. from Albany, 332 from W. It is a pleasant and flourishing village, containing a court- house, jail, and bank. NORWICH, t. Franklin co. Ohio, on the Scioto, above Montgomery. NOTAHACKY, or Notahucky, r. Ten. which rises in N. C. and joins the French Broad a little above Dandridge. NOTTAWAY, co. S. part of Va. bounded N. by Amelia co. E. by Dinwiddle co. S. by Lunenburg co. and W. by Prince Edward co. Pop. 10,141. NOTTAWAY, r. Va. which unites with the Meherrin in N. C. to form the Chowan. NOTTINGHAM, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 m. NW. of Portsmouth. Pop. 1.157. NOTTINGHAM, West, v. Hillsborough co. N. H. on the E. side of Merrimack river, 45 m. N. by W. of Boston. NOTTINGHAM, t. Eurlington co. N.J. Pop. 3,900. NOTTINGHAM, East and West, the two SW. and contiguous towns, Chester co. Pa. They are situated on the E. side of Octararo creek, and join Marvland. NOTTINGHAM", t. Prince George co. Md. on the W. side of Patuxent river, 27 m. SE. from W. NOTTINGHAM, a hilly t. Harrison co. Ohio, 7 in. W. from Cadiz. This t. contains the village of Moorfield. Pop. 1,227. NOVA IBERIA, t. Attakapas co. La. on the Teche, about 10 m. from St. Martinsville. NOVA SCOTIA. See page 167. NOWLAND'S FERRY, v. Loudon co. Va. NOXONTON, v. Newcastle co. Del. 22 m. SSW. from Wilmington. NULHEGEN, r. Vt which is formed in Averill, and flows into the Connecticut, between Minehead and Brunswick. NUNDA, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. on the Genesee, 14 m. N. from Angelica. Pop. 1,291 NUNICK MOUNTAINS, mountains of S. C. Lon. 83° W. ; lat. 35° N. O. OAK CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs into the Ohio, a few. miles above Augusta, Ken. OAK GROVE, t. Lunenburg co. Va. OAK HILL, v. Greenville district, S. C. OAK HILL, v. Laurens district, S. C. OAK HILL, v. Greene co. N.Y. OAK HILL, t. Fauquier co. Va. S60 OAK— OHI OAK HILL, v. Mecklenburg co. Va. OAK'S CREEK, r. Otsego co. N. Y. which runs S. 10 miles, and unites with the Susque- hannah. OAK ISLAND, small isl. on the coast of N. C. at the mouth of Cape Fear river. OAKHAM, t. Worcester co. Mass. 15 m. WIN W. from Worcester, 55 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,010. OAK I NGHAM, v. Laurens district, S. C. 92 m. NW. from Columbia. OAKLAND, co. Michigan ter. on Huron of Lake St. Clair, lying NW. from Wayne, and W. from Macomb cos. and about 40 m. NW. from Detroit. OAKMULGEE, r. Geo. which joins the Oconee to form the Alatamaha. Lon. 83° W.; lat. 32° 24' N. OAKS, v. Hanover co. Va. OAXACA, state of Mexico, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S. Puebla W. and NW. Vera Cruz N. and NE. and Guatemala E. Length from E. to W. 240 m. mean width 180. Be- tween lat. 15° 40' and 18° N. This state is one of the most delightful countries on this part of the globe. The beauty and salubrity of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and the richness and variety of its productions, all com- bine to minister to the prosperity of its in- habitants; and this province has, accordingly, from the remotest periods been the centre of an advanced civilization. OAXACA, city of Mexico, and capital of the state of the same name, stands on one of the confluents of the Chicometepec river, 240 m. SSE. from the city of Mexico. Lat. 16° 55' N. It enjoys an atmosphere of peculiar serenity, but the country is subject to earth- quakes. Pop. 25,200. OBED'S RIVER, r. Ten. which rises in Overton co. and runs into the Cumberland, in Jackson co. a few miles below the Kentucky line. OBIAN, r. Tennessee, which runs into the Mississippi. Lat. 35° 48' N. OCATAHOOLA, r. Louisiana, which runs SSE. through the greatest part of its course, then turns to the E. passes through a lake of the same name, and joins the Ouachitta, at the junction of the Tensaw. OCCACHAPPO, r. Al. which runs N. into the Muscle Shoals. OCCONEACHEA ISLANDS, three small islands on the river Roanoke, belonging to Vir- ginia. Lat. 36° 35' N. OCCOHAPP Y, or Bear Creek, r. Ten, which runs into the Tennessee river. OCCOQUAN, v. Prince William co, Va. 23 m. from W. OCCOQUAN CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Potomac, 7 m. SW from Mount Ver- non. OCONEE, r. Geo. which rises in the Oconee mountains, flows by Milledgeville, and unites with the Oakmulgee, and forms the Alatamaha. OCTARARO CREEK, r. Pa. which divides Lancaster and Chester cos. and runs into the Susquehannah, in Md. about 5 m. below Penn- sylvania line. OCTARARO, t. Lancaster co. Pa. OGDENSBURG, v. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. at the confluence of the Oswegatchie with the St. Lawrence, 116 m.N. from Utica, 212 NW. from Albany. Here are numerous manufac- tures, and the harbor is safe and spacious, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. of the township, 3,934. OGEECHEE, r. Geo. which rises near the Apalachian mountains, flows SE. nearly par- allel with the Alatamaha, into Ossabaw Sound, at Hardwick. Length 200 m. OGLETHORPE, co. NW. part of Georgia. Pop. 13,558, of whom 8,004 are colored. Chief town, Lexington. OHIO, r. U. S. formed by the union of the Alleghany and Monongahela, at Pittsburg, Pa. It separates Virginia and Kentucky on the S. from the states of Ohio and Indiana, and the Illinois territory on the N. and after a VVSW. course of 949 m. joins the Mississippi, 193 m. below the Missouri, in lon. 88° 58' W. ; lat. 37' N. The Ohio, from its commencement, affords most delightful prospects. Rivers of romantic and beautiful character come in, al- most at equal distances, as lateral canals. Its bottoms are of extraordinary depth and fer T . tility; generally high and dry, and for the most part healthy ; while the configuration of the country on the banks has all that grandeur, softness, or variety, still changing and recur- ring in such combinations as are requisite to destroy a monotonous effect. For thirty miles below Pittsburg its course is NW. It then slowly turns to the WSW. and pursues that general direction 500 m. Thence SW. 170 ra. Thence W. 280 miles. Thence. SW. 170 miles, through that low and swampy country, i$ which it finds the Mississippi. Between Pitts- burg and the mouth, it is diversified with 100 considerable islands, besides a greater number of tow-heads and sand-bars, which in low stages of the water greatly impede navigation. Some of these islands are of exquisite beauty, and afford most lovely situations for retired farms. The passages between them, and the sand-bars at their head, are among the difficult ties of the navigation of this river. The Ohio at Pittsburg is 600 yards wide,. At Cincin- nati, which may be considered its mean width, it is not much more. Below the Cumberland, its average width is 1,000 yards. Its valley is deep, and heavily timbered, and has nowhere the slightest indication of prairie, It varies from 2 to 10 m. in width. It is bounded in its whole course by bluffs, sometimes towering sublimely from the shores of the river, and sometimes receding 2 or 3 miles. Beyond thq immediate verge of the bottom is a singular line of hills, more or less precipitous, stretch- ing from 5 to 10 m. from the banks. They are known on the Ohio by the familiar appel- lation of the ' Ohio hills.' Different estimates have been made of the rapidity of its current. This rapidity being continually varying, it would be difficult to assign any very exact es- timate. It is found, according to the different stages of the water, to vary between 1 and 3 miles. In the lowest stages of the water in the autumn, a floating substance would proJbtu OHI— OHI 861 bly not advance a mile an hour. It is"subject to extreme elevations and depressions. The average range between high and low water, is fifty feet. Its lowest stage is in September ; and its highest in March. But it is subject to sudden and very considerable rises through the year. It has been known to rise 12 feet in a night. When these sudden elevations take place, at the breaking up of the ice, a scene of desolation sometimes occurs ; and boats and every thing in its course are carried away by the accumulated power of the ice and the wa- ter. Its average descent in a mile, is not far from six inches. At Cincinnati, the surface of the river at low water, is supposed to be 130 feet below the level of Lake Erie, and 430 above that of the tide-water of the Atlantic. Between Pittsburg and the mouth, it makes three and a half degrees of southing in lati- tude. The average time of the suspension of its navigation by ice, is five weeks. One-half of the remainder of the year, on an average, it is navigable by large steam-boats in its whole course. The other half, it can be navigated easily only by steam-boats of a small draft of water. Since the Louisville and Portland canal has been completed, steam-boats of small draft can descend at all times from Pittsburg to the Mississippi. Flat and keel-boats descend the river at all seasons ; but in periods of low water, with frequent groundings on the sand- bars, and the necessity of often unloading to get the boat off. It would be difficult to de- cide when the Ohio has the most beautiful ap- pearance — in the spring, when it rolls along between full banks, or in the autumn, when between the ripples it is calm and still, with broad and clean sand-bars ; or in the ripples, where its transparent waters glide rapidly over the pebbly and shelly bottom, showing every thing, as through the transparency of air. The Ohio, and all its tributaries, cannot have less than 5,000 miles of boatable waters ; and ta- king all circumstances into consideration, few rivers in the world can vie with it either in utility or beauty. The following table of distances is taken from Dr. Drake ; the distances are founded on the surveys made by the U. S. on the north bank : From Pittsburgh to miles, whole dist. Big Beaver river 30 30 Little Beaver river 13 43 Steubenville 26 69 Wheeling 26 95 Marietta 83 178 Great Kenhawa river ... .87 265 Big Sandy river 47 312 Scioto river 40 352 Maysville 50 402 Little Miami river 56 458 Cincinnati 7 465 Great Miami river 20 485 Kentucky river 48. 533 Louisville 54 587 Salt river ..23.. 610 Anderson's river 98 708 Green river 52 760 Wabash river 61 821 2 V ...911 .. ..38... . . .949 WHOLE NUMBER OF STEAM-BOATS BUILT ON THIS WESTERN WATERS. When Whole Now Lost or built. No. running. worn out. 1811 1 1 1814 4 4 1815 3 3 1816 2 2 1817 9 9 lOJ o 93 1819 27 27 1820 7 1 6 1821 6 1 5 1822 7 7 1823 13 1 12 1824 13 1 12 1825 31 19 12 1826 52 36 16 1827 25 19 6 1828 31 28 3 1829 53 53 1830 30 30 1831 9 9 348 198 150 Of the boats now running, 68 were built at Cincinnati, 68 Pittsburg, 2 Louisville, 12 New Albany, 7 Marietta, 2 Zanesville, 1 Fredericksburg, 1 ■ Westport, 1 Silver Creek, 1 Brush Creek, 2 Wheeling, 1 Nashville, 2 Frankfort, 1 Smithland, 1 Economy, 6 Brownsville, 3 Portsmouth, 2 Steubenville, 2 Beaver, 1 St. Louis, 3 New York, 1 Philadelphia, 10 Not known where. 198 Of this whole number, 111 were built at Cincinnati, 68 of which were running in 183L Of the 150 lost or worn out, there were 63 of the latter, 36 lost by snags, 14 burnt, 3 lost by collision, and 34 by other accidents not ascertained. Total 150. OHIO, one of the U. States. See p. 134. OHIO, co. NW. part of Va. bounded NW, and W. by the Ohio, N. by Brooke co. and Pennsylvania, E. by Pennsylvania, SE. by Monongalia and Harrison cos. and SW. by 362 01 IT— OPS Wood co. Pop. 15,590. Chief town, Wheel- OHIO, t. Clermont co. Ohio. Pop. 2,681. OHIO, t. Gallia co. Ohio. Pop. 313. OHIO, co. Ken. bounded by Butler SE. Green river, or Muhlenburg S. and SW. Da- vies NW. Breckenridge N. and Grayson NE. Length 32 m. mean width 20. Chief town, Hartford. Pop. in 1820, 3,879 ; in 1830, 4,913. OHIOPYLE FALLS, cataract in the river Youghiogeny, 20 feet perpendicular, about 30 m. from its union with the Monongahela. OHOOPEE, r. of Geo. which runs into the Alatamaha, Ion. 82° 10' W.; lat. 31° 31' N. OIL CREEK, t. Crawford co. Pa. OIL CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Alleghany, 6 m. E. from Franklin. See Franklin. OIL SPRING, v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. OKEFONOCO. See Ouaquaphenogaw. OKETIBBEHA, r. Al. which joins the Tombigbee, at the dividing line of the Chicka- saws and Choctaws. OK-LOCK-ONE, r. U. S. rises in Geo. and flowing- SSW. falls into Ok-lock-one Bay, 40 m. E. from the mouth of the Apalachicola river. OK-LOCK-ONE BAY, is the extreme in- land extension of the Apalache Bay, and re- ceives the Ok-lock-one and St. Mark's rivers. Lat. 30° 8' N. OLD BRIDGE, v. Middlesex co. N. J. OLDTOWN, t. Jefferson co. Geo. on the Ogeechee, 12 m. SE. from Louisville. OLDTOWN, or Skipton, t. Alleghany co. Md. on N. branch of the Potomac, 142 m. W. from Baltimore. OLDTOWN, t. Alleghany co. Md. on the N. side of Potomac river, near the mouth of the SW. branch, 14 m. SE. of Cumberland, and 134 NW. of W. OLDTOWN, v. Ross co. Ohio, 12 m. NW. from Chillicothe, and 54 a little S. of E. from Columbus. Pop. 248. OLDTOWN CREEK, r. N. C. which runs into Cape Fear river, Ion. 78° 9' W. ; lat. 34° 8'N. OLEAN, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. on the Alleghany, 173 m. NNE.from Pittsburg. Pop. 561. OLEAN, or Oil Creek, r. Cataraugus co. N. Y. which runs into the Alleghany, 25 m. long. OLIVERIAN, r. N. H. which runs into the Connecticut, in Haverhill. OLYMPIAN SPRINGS, v. Bath co. Ken. OMPOMPONOOSUC, r. Vt. which runs into the Connecticut, 3 m. N. from Dartmouth College. ONEIDA, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Lewis co. E. by Herkimer co. SW. by Madison co. and W. by Oswego co. Pop. 71,326. Chief towns, Whitesborough, Utica, and Rome. ONEIDA, lake, chiefly in Oneida co. N. Y. 20 m. long, and 4 broad. It receives Wood creek on the E. end, and communicates with Lake Ontario by the Oswego. It is a beauti- ful lake, abounding in fish. ONEIDA CASTLE, v. Oneida co. N. Y. ONEIDA CREEK, r. N. Y. which mm N. into E. end of Oneida Lake. Length 25 m, ONE LEG, an eastern t. of Tuscarawas co* Ohio. ONION RIVER, r. Vt. which runs W. into Lake Champlain, 4 m. NW. from Burlington village. It is one of the principal rivers of Vermont. Between Colchester and Burling- ton it has worn through a solid rock of lime- stone, forming a chasm of 70 or 80 feet deep, and at Bolton there is another similar chasm Length 70 m. ONONDAGA, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Oswego co. E. by Madison co. S. by Cort- landt co. and W. by Cayuga co. Pop. 58,97& Chief town, Syracuse. ONONDAGA, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 50 m, W. from Utica, 145 W. from Albany. It is a large and flourishing town, and has two vil- lages, Onondaga-Hollow and West Hill. The latter is 2 m. W. of the former, and contains several churches and a printing-office. ONONDAGA, or Salt Lake, lake in Onon- daga co. N. Y. 7 m. N. from Onondaga. It is 7 m. long, and 2 broad. It discharges its waters from N. end into Seneca river. On its borders are celebrated salt-springs. ONONDAGA-HOLLOW, v. Onondaga co-, N. Y. 6 m. S. from Salina. It contains a state-arsenal, an academy, a meeting-house, a printing-office, and considerable manufactures. ONSLOW, co. SE. part of N. C. on the coast. Pop. 7,814. ONTARIO, lake, N. A. between New York and Upper Canada. Lat. 43° 15' to 44° N. It is 190 m. long, and 55, where widest, broad; about 600 m. in circumference. It discharges its waters through the St. Lawrence into the Atlantic, from NE. end, and communicates with Lake Erie at SW. part, by the river Ni- agara. It is a very deep lake, with sufficient water in every part, but has few good harbors. It furnishes a variety of excellent fish. ONTARIO, co. in U. C. consists of the fol- lowing islands ; Amherst Island, Wolfe Island, Gage Island, and all the islands between the mouth of the Gananoqui, to the easternmost extremity of Point Pleasant. ONTARIO, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Mon- roe and Wayne cos. E. by Seneca, S. by Steu- ben and Yates, and W. by Livingston. Pop, 40,167. Chief towns, Canandaigua and Geneva. ONTARIO, t. Wayne co. N. Y. on S. side of Lake Ontario, 20 m. W. from Canandaigua, Pop. 1,587. OOLENOY MOUNTAIN, S.C. m the vi. cinity of Table Mountain. It is remarkable for a cataract, the descent of which is from 600 to 700 feet. OOSTANAULEE, r. Geo. in the country of the Cherokees. It flows SW. and unites with the Etowee to form the Coosa. OOTAGAMIS, Upper, t. NW. Territory, on the river Ouisconsin, about 40 m. from the Mis- sissippi. Lat. 42° 42' N. OOTAGAMIS, Lower, t. NW. Territory, at the conflux of the Ouisconsin and Mississippi. OPELOUSAS, t and cap. of St. Landry dis- trict, La. about 60 m. W. tram Baton Rottgfc. OPI— osw 363 I«at 30° 32' N. It contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and a Roman Catholic church. OPICKON, r. Berkeley co. Va. which runs into the Potomac, E. of Bath. OPPENHEIM, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on N. side of the Mohawk, 15 m. W. from Johns- town, 56 WNW. from Albany. Pop. 3,650. OQUAGO, v. Broome co. N, Y. on the Sus- quehanna, 16 m. E. from Chenango-Point, ORAN, v. Onondaga co. N. Y. ORANGE, co. E. side of Vt. bounded N. by Caledonia and Washington cos. E. by Connec- ticut river, S. by Windsor co. W. by Addison eo. and NW. by Washington co. Pop. 27,285. Chief towns, Chelsea, Newbury, and Randolph. ORANGE, t Orange co. Vt. 13 m. SE. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,016. ORANGE, t. Grafton co. N. H. 14 m. SW. -from Plymouth, and 40 NNW. from Concord. Pop. 405, ORANGE, t. Franklin co. Mass. 14 m. E. from Greenfield, and 75 WNW. from Boston. Pop. 880. ORANGE, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Sulli- van and Ulster cos E. by the Hudson, SE. by Rockland co. SW. by New Jersey and Penn- sylvania. Pop. in 1820, 41,213 ; in 1830, 45,372. Chief towns, Newburgh and Goshen. ORANGE, t. Essex co. N. J. 4 m. W. from Newark. Pop. 3,887. It adjoins to Newark, on the W. Here is an academy. The excel- lent cider, known by the name of Newark ci- der, is chiefly made in this township. ORANGE, co. In. bounded by Crawford S. Dubois S W. Owen W. Lawrence N. and W ash- ington E. Length 22 m. mean width 18. Pop. in 1820, 5,368 ; in 1830, 7,909. Chief town, Paoli. ORANGE, co. central part of Va. bounded N. by Madison and Culpeper cos. SE. by Spott- sylvania co. S. by Louisa and Albemarle cos. and WNW. by Rockingham. Pop. 14,637, of whom 7,983 are slaves. Chief town, Orange. ORANGE, co. N. part of N.C. Pop. 23,875. Chief town, Hillsborough. ORANGE, t Delaware co. Ohio, watered by Alum Creek. Pop. 369. ORANGE, t Grafton co. N. H. Pop. 405. ORANGEBURG, district, central part of S. C. Pop. 18,455. ORANGEBURG, t. and cap. Orangeburg district, S.'C. on N. branch of the Edisto, 40 m. SSW. from Columbia, and 77 NNW. from Charleston. It contains a court-house, a jail, about 20 houses, and an academy. ORANGE SPRINGS, or Gum Springs, v. Orange co. Va. ORANGETOWN, t Rockland co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, 28 m. N. from New York. Pop. 1,947, This town lies on the S. part of Tappan Bay, an expansion of the Hud- son. Major Andre was hanged here as a spy. ORANGEVILLE, t. between Sheldon and Warsaw, Genesee co. N. Y. on the head of Tonne wanto creek, 20 m. S. from Batavia. Pop. 1,525. ORANGEVILLE, v. Columbia co. Pa. ORFORD, t Grafton co. N. H. on the Con- necticut, opposite Fairlee, with which it is con- nected by a bridge, 10 m. S. from Haverhill, 64 NNW. from Concord. Pop. 1,829. Here is a pleasant village, and the town contains a valuable quarry of soapstone. ORFORD, v. Hartford co. Ct. ORLAND, t. Hancock co. Me. on E. side of the Penobscot, opposite Prospect, 14 m. N. from Castine, 238 NE. from Boston. Pop. 975. ORLEAN, v. Fauquier co. Va. ORLEANS, co. N. part of Vt. bounded N. by Canada, E. by Essex co. SE. by Caledonia co. S. by Washington co and W. by Franklin co. Pop. in 1820, 6,976 ; in 1830, 13,980. Chief towns, Irasburg, Craftsbury, and Brown- ington. ORLEANS, t. Barnstable co. Mass. 20 m. E. from Barnstable, and 85 SE. from Boston. Pop. 1,799. ORONO, t. Penobscot co. Me. on W. side of the Penobscot above Bangor, 43 m. N. from Castine, 246 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,473. ORPHAN ISLAND, isl.Me.near the mouth of the Penobscot, between Prospect and Or- land, containing about 10,000 acres. ORRESKANNY, v. Oneida co. N. Y. ORRINGTON, t, Penobscot co. Me. on E. side of the Penobscot, opposite Hampden, 33 m. N. from Castine. Pop. 1,234. ORRSVILLE, v. Pendleton district, S. C. ORVILLE, v. Onondaga co. N. Y. ORWELL, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio. Pop. 106. ORWELL, t. Rutland co. Vt. on Lake Cham- plain, 58 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,5.98. ORWELL, t Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 501. ORWELL, v. Bradford co. Pa. ORWICKSBURG, t. bor. and seat of justice, Schuylkill co. Pa. It stands on a rising ground, 7 m. above the Schuylkill Water-gap, and 10 E from the coal-mines near Mount Carbon, 26 m. NW. from Reading. It contains a court-house and jail, a number of stores, and an academy. OSAGE, r. La. which joins the Missouri, 133 rn. from the Mississippi. It is a very crooked river, and is navigable for boats about 600 miles. OSNABURG, v. and t. Stark co. Ohio, 5 m. E. from Canton, on the road leading to New Lisbon. Pop. 1,620. •OSSIAN, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 812. OSSIPEE, t. Strafford co. N. H. 55 m. NNW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,935. OSSIPEE, lake, N. H. chiefly in NE. part of the township of Ossipee, about 1,000 rods long from N. to S. and 600 broad. OSSIPEE, r. which flows from Ossipee Lake into the Saco, N. of Cornish, in Maine, 15 m. E. from Lake Ossipee. OSSIPEE, Little, r. Me. which runs into the Saco, 12 m. below Great Ossipee. OSWEGATCHIE, t. St. Lawrence co. on the St. Lawrence, at N. end of Black Lake ; 116 m. N. from Utica, 212 NW. from Albany. Pop. 3,934. It contains the village of Ogdens- burg. OSWEGATCHIE, r. St Lawrence co. N. Y. which runs into the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg. Length 120 miles. OSWEGO, r. N. Y. which runs from Onei. da Lake into Lake Ontario. After a very 364 OSW—OWL crooked course of 18 m. it meeta Seneca river at Three River Point, whence to its mouth it is 24 miles. The principal fall is in Volney, 12 m. from Oswego. Its navigation is im- proved by locks and canals. OSWEGO, co. N. Y. bounded NW. by Lake Ontario, N. by Jefferson co. E. by Lewis and Oneida cos. S. by Oneida Lake, Onondaga and Cayuga cos. and W. by Cayuga. Pop. 27,104. Chief towns, Oswego and Richland. OSWEGO, v. Oswego co. N. Y. at the mouth of the Oswego; 114 m. W. from Utica, 379 from W. Lat. 43° 28' N. Pop. 2,703. This is a flourishing, commercial village. Great quantities of salt are brought here from the Bait-works at Liverpool and Salina, and ex- ported. It is well situated for manufacturing, the Oswego river forming convenient water- power, conducted to this place from the falls in a canal. It has some shipping. OSWEGO FALLS, v. Oneida co. N. Y. OTEGO, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 20 m. SW. of Cooperstown. Pop. 1,148. OTEGO CREEK, r. Otsego co. N. Y. which runs into the Susquehannah, in the township of Otego. Length 28 miles. OTIS, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 28 m. SE. of Lenox, 34 W. of Springfield, 116 W. of Boston. Pop. 1,014. OTISCO, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 7 m. S. of Onondaga, 50 W. of Utica. Pop. 1,938. OTISCO CREEK, r. in Onondaga co. N.Y. which runs into Onondaga Lake. OTSEGO, co. central part of N. Y. bounded N. by Herkimer and Montgomery cos. E. by Schoharie co. S. by Delaware co. and W. by Chenango and Madison cos. Pop. in 1820, 44,856 ; in 1830, 51,372. Chief town, Coopers- town. OTSEGO, t. and cap. Otsego co. N. Y. 66 m. W. of Albany. Pop. 4,363, including Coop- erstown. See Cooperstoicn. OTSEGO, lake, in Otsego co. N. Y. 66 m. W. from Albany ; 9 m. long, and 3 broad. OTSELIC, t. Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 1,238. OTSQUAGA CREEK, r. N.Y. which runs into the Mohawk, E. of Minden. Length 25 m. OTTAWA, large river of British America, rises N. from Lake Huron, and flowing SE. falls into the St. Lawrence, 25 m. NW. from Montreal. It forms part of the boundary be- tween Upper and Lower Canada. Its volume of water is very great, for its length of course. Though much obstructed by rapids, it is one of the channels of inland trade from Montreal to the NW. OTTER BRIDGE, v. Bedford co. Pa. OTTER CREEK, r. Vt. which rises near Dorset, and running W. of N. flows into Lake Champlain, at Basin Harbor, in Ferrisburg. It is navigable for sloops to Vergennes, 6 m. Length 85 miles. OTTER CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio. OTTER CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Staunton. OTTSVTLLE, v. Bucks co. Pa. OUJSCONSIN, r. of the U. S. in the NW. Territory, rises at lat. 46° N. and between Im* 12° and 13 W. from W. interlocking with the. Menomonie of Green Bay, and with the south* ern rivers of Lake Superior. It thence flows S. to about lat. 43° 45', where it approaches so very near Fox river of Green Bay, as to leave only a portage of one mile and a half. Below the portage the Ouisconsin turns to SW. by W. and falls into Mississippi, about 5 m. below Prairie du Chien, at lat. 43° N. This stream forms one of the great natural channels of communication between the St. Lawrence and Mississippi basins. Though generally rapid in its current, it is unimpeded by cataracts, or even dangerous choals. The entire length by comparative courses is 350 miles, nearly one half of which distance is below the portage. OUIATAN, or Ouatinon, v. and fort, In. on the Wabash, about 400 m. above its mouth ; 130 m. S. from Fort St. Joseph. Lat. 40° 30' N. The Wabash is navigable to this place with keel-boats. OVERTON, co. Ten. bounded by Cumber- land co. in Ken. N. Morgan co. Ten. E. Bled- soe S. White SW. and Jackson W. Length 40 m. mean width 15. Chief town, Monroe. Pop. in 1820, 7,128; in 1830, 7,188. OVERTON, t. Perry co. Ten. 153 m. W. from Murfreesborough. OVID, t. and cap. Seneca co. N. Y. 20 m. S. by E. from Geneva, 41 N. from Elvira, 205 W. from Albany, 317 from W. Pop. 2,756. It is situated between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and is a large and excellent agricultural town. It contains the county buildings, a printing- office, and 4 houses of public worship. O WASCO, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 3 m. SE. of Auburn, 160 W. of Albany. Pop. 1,350. O WASCO, lake, in Cayuga co. N Y. 11 m. long, and 1£ broad. Owasco creek runs from this lake and joins the Seneca. Length 15 m. OWEGO, v. in Tioga, Broome co. N.Y. on the Susquehannah, near the mouth of Owego creek, 10 m. S. from Spencer, 170 SW. from Albany. It is a considerable and flourishing village, and has a printing-office. OWEGO CREEK, r. N. Y. which runs into the Susquehannah, near the village of Owego ; 25 miles long. OWEN, co. Ken. bounded by Kentucky r. W. Gallatin NW. Garrat N. Harrison E. and Scott and Franklin S. Length 20 m. mean width 12. Chief town, Owentown. Pop. m 1820, 2,031 ; in 1830, 5,793. OWEN, co. In. bounded by Dubois S. Da. vies W. Martin N. and Lawrence and Orange E. Length 24 m. width 18 Chief town, Green- wich. Pop. in 1820, 838 ; in 1830, 4,060. OWENTON, t. and seat of justice, Owen co. Ken. on a branch of Eagle creek, 20 m. NNE. of Frankfort. Lat. 38° 31' N. Pop. 143. OWENVILLE, v. Gibson co. In. 190 m. SW. from Indianapolis. OWINGSVILLE, v. Bath co. Ken. 70 m. E. from Frankfort. Pop. 241. OWENBOROUGH, v. Davies co. Ken. Pop. 229. OWL CREEK, r. Ohio, which joins the Mohiccon, on the borders of Coshocton ca OWL— PAL 365 OWL'S HEAD, cape of Me. on W. side of She entrance of Penobscot Bay, on E. side of Thorn astown. OXBOW, Great, remarkable bend of the river Connecticut, in the township of Newbury, Vt. containing 450 acres of the finest meadow land. OXFORD, co. W. part of Me. bounded E. by Somerset and Kennebeck cos. S. by Cum- berland and Oxford cos. and W, and NW. by N. H, Pop. in 1820, 27,104; in 1830, 35,217. Chief town, Paris. OXFORD, t. Worcester co. Mass. 11 m. S. from Worcester, 50 SW. from Boston. Pop. 2,034. OXFORD, t. New Haven co. Ct 16 m. NW. from New Haven. Pop. 1,762. OXFORD, t. Chenango co. N.Y. 8 m. S. from Norwich, 110 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,947. It has an academy, and a considerable village. A weekly newspaper is published here. OXFORD, t. Warren co. N. J. on E. side of the Delaware, 17 m. NNE. from Easton. Pop. 5,665. OXFORD FURNACE, v. Sussex co. N. J. OXFORD, t. Chester co. Pa. OXFORD, t. Philadelphia co. Pa. on the Delaware, 8 m. NE. from Philadelphia. OXFORD, t. Adams co. Pa. OXFORD, t. and port of entry, Talbot co. Md. on the Treadhaven, 8 m. above its mouth, 13 SSW. from Easton, 48 SE. from Baltimore, it is a place of considerable trade. OXFORD, t. Caroline co. Va. OXFORD, t. Granville co. N. C. 30 m. N. by W. from Raleigh. Here are a church and 2 ciCtLclcmics OXFORD, t. Butler co. Ohio, 35 m. NW. from Cincinnati, 110 SW. from Columbus. The land of this township belongs to the Miami University. Pop. 2,928, OXFORD, t. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. Pop. 218. OXFORD, t Guernsey co. Ohio, 4 m. E. of Cambridge. Pop. 1,798. OXFORD, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. Pop. 741. OXFORD, t. Delaware co. Ohio. OXFORD, t. Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 46a OXFORD, Upper, t. Chester co. Pa. Pop. 1,433. OYSTER BAY, t. Queen's co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 25 m E. from New York. Pop. 5,193. Here is an academy, and several houses of public worship. OYSTER BAY, South, v. Queen's co. N.Y. OYSTER RIVER, r. N. H. which rises in Lee, and flows throup-h Durham into Great Bay, OZAMA, r. Hispaniola, which runs into the sea below the town of St. Domingo. OZAN, t. Hempstead co. Arkansas. OZARK MOUNTAINS, U. S. an elevated and mountainous tract, commencing near the confluence of the rivers Missouri and Missis- lippi, and extending in a SW. direction across Arkansas territory into the province of Texas. It attains its greatest elevation in the NE. diminishing in height and increasing in breadth as you advance to the SW. It is traversed by the Arkansas and Red rivers ; its western base is washed by the Illinois and the Osage, and on the E. it gives rise to the St. Francis, White river, and the Wachitta. P. PACHUCA, t. Mexico, famous for its silver mines. Some authors say, that in the space of six leagues, there are not less than a thou- sand. One of which, called Trinity, is sup- posed to be as rich as any in the Spanish do- minions, forty millions of silver having been taken from it in 10 years. It is 45 m. NNE. from Mexico. PACOLET, r. which rises in N. C. and unites with Broad river, at Pinckneyville, in S. C. Pacolet Springs are upon it, 17 m above Pinckneyville. PAGAN CREEK, r. Va. which runs into James river. PAGE, Le, r. N. America, which runs NW. into the Columbia, above the Falls. PAGESVILLE, v. Newberry district, S. C. 58 m. NW. from Columbia. PAINESVILLE, t. Geauga co. Ohio, on Grand river, near its mouth, about 30 m. E. from Cleveland. It is a very flourishing town, the largest in the county, and has considera- ble trade. Pop. 1,499. PAINESVILLE, t. Amelia co. Va. PAINT, t. Highland co. Ohio. Pop. 2,162. PAINT, t. Fayette co. Ohio. Pop. 963. PAINT CREEK, r. Ohio. It is a western branch of the Scioto, which it joins 5 m. below Chillicothe. PAINT CREEK, v. Floyd co. Ken. 221 m. SSE. from Frankfort. PAINTED-POST, t. Steuben co. N. Y. on the Tioga, 20 m. SE. from Bath, 234 WSW. from Albany. Pop. 974. It takes its name from a painted post near the Coshocton, sup- posed to be an Indian monument of great antiquity. PAINTER CREEK, western brook of Still- water rivulet, emptying into said rivulet in Miami co. Ohio. It rises in Darke co. PAINTLICK CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the river Kentucky. PAINTVILLE, t. Wayne co. Ohio, 15 m. SE. from Wooster. PALATINE, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on N. side of the Mohawk, 10 m. W. from Johnstown, 51 WNW. from Albany. Pop. 2,745. PALATINE BRIDGE, v. Montgomery co. N.Y. PALESTINE, t. Lawrence co. In. PALESTINE, v. Crawford co. IL 80 m. eastward from Vandalia. PALMER, t. Hampden co. Mass. 16 m. E. Springfield, 71 WSW. from Boston Pop. 1,237. PALMERSTOWN, v. Saratoga co. N.Y. 46 m. from Albany. PALMYRA, t. Somerset co. Me. 28 m. E. from Norridgewock, 215 NNE. from Boston, Pop. 912. S66 PAL — PAR PALMYRA, t. Dauphin co. Pa. 128 m. W. from W. PALMYRA, t. Wayne co. Pa. PALMYRA, t. Portage co. Ohio, 8 m. ESE. from Ravenna. Pop. 839. PALMYRA, t. Martin co. N.C. PALMYRA, t. Montgomery co. Tennessee, on the Cumberland, 15 m. below Clarkesville, 65 NW. from Nashville. PALMYRA, v. Wayne co. N. Y. near Mud creek, and on the Erie canal, 12 m. nearly N. from Canandaigua. Pop. 3,427. PALMYRA, t. Pike co. Pa. 6 m. SE. from Bethany. PALMYRA, v. Lebanon co. Pa. 15 m. E. from Harrisburg. PALMYRA, t. Halifax co. N> C PALMYRA, v, at Palmyra Bend, Warren co. Mis. 25 m. below Walnut Hill. PALMYRA, t. and cap. Edwards co. II. on the Great Wabash, 20 m. below Vincennes, 40 NE* from Carmi. It is situated in a fine country PALMYRA, t. Mississippi, at Palmyra- Bend, about 25 m. below Walnut Hills. PALMYRA, t. Edwards co. II. on the Wa- bash, 40 m. by water below Vincennes. PALMYRA, v. Pike co. Missouri, 192 m. NW. from St. Louis. PALOURDE, Grassy, Jean, and Verret form a chain of small lakes between Teche and the Fourche river, La. It is through this chain of lakes that a ferry has been established from the mouth of Teche to the Fourche and Mississippi rivers. The intermediate ground is so low and marshy, as to render the forma- tion of a road at any season impracticable. A small canal and creek unite the Fourche, 16 m. from its efflux from the Mississippi, with Lake Verret, from which the lakes mentioned in this article, and their connecting channels, complete the communication between the east- ern and western part of the state. PAMELIA, t. Jefferson co. N.Y. Pop. 2,263. PAMLICO SOUND, a large bay on the coast of N. Carolina, 86 m. long, and from 10 to 20 broad. It is separated from the sea by a sandy beach hardly a mile wide, which is covered with bushes. It communicates with Albemarle Sound. Ocreeock is its principal outlet. PAMUNKY, r. Va. formed by the N. and S. Anna. It runs SE. and unites with the Mattapony to form York river. PANAMA, v. Chatauque co. N. Y. PANSE, r. In. which flows NW. into the Wabash, a little above the junction of the Tip- pecanoe. PANUCO, river of Mexico, rises near San Luis Potosi, and flowing E. over the state of San Luis Potosi, falls into the Moctezuema. PANUCO, city of Mexico, in the state of Vera Cruz, on the river Panuco, near the Gulf of Mexico, and 170 m. N. by E. of the city of Mexico. Lon. 21° 30' W.; lat. 23° 13' N. from W. PANTHER CREEK, r. Ken. which runs Into the Green river. PANTON, t. Addison co. Vt. on Lake Champlain, 33 in. S. from Burlington. Pop. 605. PAOLI, t. and cap. Orange co. In. 27 N. from Levenworthville, 40 E. from Vincennes. PAOLI, v. Orange co. N. Y. PAOLI, v. Orange co. In. PAPANTLA, t. of Mexico, in the state of Puebla, about 130 m. NE. from the city of Mexico. Lon. 20° 40' W.; lat. 20° 30' N. from W. This place is very remarkable for the magnitude and extent of antiquities found within its vicinity* PAPASQUIARO, v, of Mexico, in the SW. part of the state of Durango. Lat. 24° 58' N» It is about 70 m. NW. by W. from Durango. PAPER VILLE, v. Sullivan co. Ten. 278 m. NE. by E. from Murfreesborough. PARADISE, v. Lancaster co. Pa. PARADISE, t. York co. Pa. PARIS, t. and cap. Oxford co. Me. 48 m. NNW. from Portland, 160 NNE.from Boston. Pop. 2,307. It contains a court-house, a jail, 2 houses of public worship, 1 for Congregation- alists, and 1 for Baptists. PARIS, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 m. SW. from Utica, 101 N. of W. from Albany. Pop. 2,765. This is a large and valuable township, and is the most populous in the county, and, next to Whitestown, the most wealthy. It contains 7 houses of public worship, 3 for Congrega- tionalists, 2 for Methodists, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Baptists ; several flourishing villages, and considerable manufactures. PARIS, t. Fauquier co. Va. PARIS, central t. of Union co. Ohio. Pop 436. PARIS, small village, Preble co. Ohio. PARIS, t. Portage co. Ohio. Pop. 250. PARIS, eastern t. of Stark co. Ohio. Pop. 1,513. PARIS, v. Jefferson co. In. about 60 m. W. from Cincinnati. PARIS, or Bourbonton, t. and cap. Bourbon co. Ken. near the junction of the Houston and Stoner creeks, 13 m. ENE. from Lexington, 80 S. from Cincinnati. It is a pleasant town, situated in a fertile country, and contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, an academy, a Pres- byterian and a Methodist meeting-house, and several cotton and woollen manufactories. A great part of the buildings are of brick. The surrounding country is pleasant and fertile. Pop. 1,219. PARIS, v. and seat of justice, Henry co. Ten. on the dividing ground between the sources of Obiou and Sandy rivers, about 100 m. a little N. of W. from Nashville. PARIS FURNACE, v. Oneida co. N. Y. PARISHVILLE, v. of St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 35 m. SE. by E. from Ogdensburg. PARKE, co. In. on both sides of Wabash river, bounded E. by Putnam, and S. by Vigo. Length and breadth 24 tn. each. This co. lies about 60 m. W. from Indianapolis. PARKER, r. Mass. which falls into the sound opposite Plum Island, NE. of Rowlev- PARKER'S CREEK, r. Md. which runs into the Chesapeake. PAR — PAT 367 PARKER'S ISLAND, isl. at the mouth of the Kennebeck, forming a part of the town- ship of Georgetown. PARKER'S ISLAND, isl. in the Chesa- peake, near the coast of Maryland, 15 m. S. from Annapolis. Lon. 76° 41' W.; lat. 38° 53' N. PARKERSBURG, t. and cap. Wood co. Va. PARKERSTOWN, t. Rutland co. Vt. 32 m. WNW. from Windsor. PARKINSON'S FERRY, v. Washington co. Pa. PARKMAN, t. Somerset co. Me. 38 m. NE. from Norridgewock. Pop. 803. PARKMAN, t. Geauga co. Ohio. PARSIPPANY, v. Morris co. N. J. 25 m. NW. from Newark. PARSON'S, t. Essex co. Mass. PARSONSFIELD, t. York co. Me. 50 m. NNW. from York co. Me. 118 m. NNE. from Boston. Pop. 2,465. PARSON'S ISLAND, small isl. near the coast of Maine. Lon. 67° 25' W ; lat. 44° 36' N. PASCAGOULA, t. Miss. PASCAGOULA, r. Miss, which runs S. into the gulf of Mexico, 38 m. W. from Mobile Bay. It is navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water about 50 m. Length about 300 m. PASCATAQUAS, r. Me. runs E. into the Penobscot, 9 m. above the Passadunky. PASCUARO, city of Mexico, in the state of Michoacan, on Lake Pascuaro. It is ele- vated 7,217 feet above the level of the Pacific Ocean, 135 m. W. from Mexico. PASO, del Norte, town of Mexico, in New Mexico, on the Rio Grande del Norte. Lon. from W. 26- 3' W. ; lat. 30° 40' N. PASQUIARO, town of Mexico, in Durango, near the Rio Nasos. PASQUOTANK, r. N. C. which rises in Dismal Swamp, and runs into Albemarle Sound. It is connected with Elizabeth river by a canal, which forms a communication be- tween James river and Albemarle Sound. PASQUOTANK, co. NE. part of N. C. Pop. 8,616. Chief town, Elizabeth city PASSADUNKY, or Passadumkeag, r. Me. which runs SE. and joins the Penobscot, 19 m. above Bangor. PASSAIC FALLS. PASSAIC, r. N. J. which flows S. into New- ark Bay. It is navigable 10 m. for small ves- sels. At Patterson, which is situated on this stream, are the Passaic Falls : here the river has a fall of 72 feet perpendicular, presenting a scene of singular beauty and grandeur. It is much visited as an interesting natural curiosity. PASSAMAQUODDY, bay, which forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. It is about 6 m. in extent from N. to S. and 12 from E. to W. PATAPSCO, r. Md. rises in the NW. cor- ner of Baltimore co. runs SE. and empties into the Chesapeake Bay, between North Point and Bodkin Point. It is navigable to Baltimore city, which is situated on it, 14 m. from its mouth, for vessels of the largest class. PATCHOGNE, t. on the S. side of Long Island, Suffolk co, N. Y. 50 m. E. from the city of N. Y. PATCHOGUE, v. in Brookhaven, N. Y. PATESVILLE, v. Breckenridge co. Ken. PATIENCE, isl. in Narraganset Bay, R. I. NW. of Prudence Island^ 2 miles long and 1 broad. I PATOKA, r. U. S. in In. rising in Orange and Crawford cos. and flowing thence in a western direction, about 80 m. over Dubois, Pike, and Gibson cos. empties into the Wabash, 3 m. below the mouth of White river. PATRICK, co. S. side of Va. bounded N. by Franklin co. E. by Henry co. S. by N. C. and NW. by Grayson and Montgomery cos. Pop. 7,3.93. P ATR ICKS VILLE, v. Guilford co. N. C. PATRICKSVILLE, v. Craven co. N. C. near Newbern. PATRICKTOWN, t. Lincoln co. Me. Pop. 382. PATRICK, C. H. Patrick co. Va. 45 m. SE. by E. from Evansville, and 270 SW. by W. from Richmond. PATRICK'S SALT WORKS, Perry co. Ken. 87 m. SE. from Frankfort. PATTEN'S CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio. Lon. 85° 50' W.; lat. 38° 22' N. PATTERSON, t. Essex co. N. J. on the Passaic, 15 m. N. from Newark, 97 in. NNE. from Philadelphia. Patterson is one of the 368 PAT — PEE largest and most flourishing manufacturing villages W. of Massachusetts. It is situated just below the romantic falls of the Passaic, which supplies water-power to any extent. The numerous establishments have recently created a very considerable town. It contains 17 cotton factories, a clock factory, an iron fac- tory, manufacturing 900,000 lbs. iron, and 850,000 lbs. nails. The cotton factories annu- ally manufacture 2,000,000 lbs. The flax fac- tory 600,000 lbs. of flax. There is one machine shop employing 150 hands. Connected with it is an iron and brass foundery, working an- nually 600,000 lbs of iron, and 16,500 of brass. It contains 5 or 6 houses of public worship. PATTERSON, t. Putnam co. N. Y. 23 m. SE. from Poughkeepsie, 107 SSE. from Al- bany. Pop. 1,536. PATTISON'S CREEK, r. Va. runs into the Potomac. Lon. 78° 46' W. ; lat. 39° 32' N. PATTONSBURG, v. Botetourt co. Va. PATUCKET FALLS, on the Merrimack, between Chelmsford and Dracut, a little above the mouth of Concord river, 1^ m. below the head of Middlesex canal, 10 m. W. from An- dover. The perpendicular descent is 28 feet. A canal 1^ m. long is constructed around the falls, and a bridge is built across the river at the principal descent. Here is a small village in the township of Chelmsford, with a post- office and several cotton manufactories. PATUXENT, r. Md. which runs SE. into Chesapeake Bay, 18 m. N. of the Potomac. It is navigable for vessels of 250 tons to Notting- ham, 50 m. PAULDING, co. Ohio, bounded by In. W. Williams N. Henry and Putnam E. and Van- wert S. Length 24 m. mean width 18. Mau- mee river crosses its northern side. PAULINGS, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on the Hudson. PAULIN'S KILL, r. N. J. which runs into the Delaware. Lon. 75° 9' W.; lat. 40° 54' N. PAWCATUCK, r. which runs between Rhode Island and Connecticut, and falls into Stonington Harbor. PAWLET, r. which rises in Vt. and runs NW. into Wood Creek, in New York. PAWLET, t. Rutland co. Vt. 33 m. N. from Bennington. Pop. 1,965. This is a consider- able agricultural township, and has a village containing some manufactures and trade. PAWLING, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 20 m. SE. from Poughkeepsie, 105 S. from Albany. Pop. 1,705. PAWTUCKET, v. partly in North Provi- dence, R. I. and partly in Seekhonk, Mass. on the Pawtucket r. 4 m. NE. from Providence. Pop. about 4,000. It is noted for the number and extent of its manufactures, and the thri- ving village that has sprung up about them. These factories are at the charming cascade of Pawtucket river. Five or six public build- ings, two banks, ten or twelve cotton factories, and as many other factories, have here been the growth of a few years. The whirling of the mills, the dashing of the water, and the activity of the village, altogether constitute a spectacle of great interest. ! PAWTUCKET, r. R. I. which rises in Mass, where it is called the Blackstone, passes through, NE. part of Rhode Island, and flows into Nar- raganset Bay, just below Providence. Below the falls it is called the Seekhonk. The de- scent at the falls is about 50 feet. PAWTUXET, v. in Cranston, R. I. at the mouth of the Pawtuxet, 4 m. S. from Provi- dence. It contains a bank and an academy. It is a flourishing village, and has consider- able trade. PAXTON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 8 m. W. Worcester, 48 W. from Boston. Pop. 597. PAXTON, t. Ross co. Ohio. Pop. 791. PAYNESVILLE, v. Rockingham co. N.C. PEABODY, r. N. H. which joins the An droscoggin, in Shelburne. PEACE RIVER. See Mackenzie's River. PEACHAM, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 6 m. S. from Danville, 27 E. from Montpelier, 51 N from Dartmouth College. Pop. 1,351. This is a pleasant and valuable agricultural town, and it has a small village containing an academy and a Congregational meeting-house. PEACH BOTTOM, v. York co. Pa. PEACH TOWN, v. Tompkins co. N. Y. PEAKS, mts. extending from Strafford in N. H. to the White Mountains; 2,500 feet high. PEAKS OF OTTER, in Bedford co. Va. 30 m. W. by N. from Lynchburg. Lat. 37° 33' N. They are summits of the Blue Ridge> and are considered the most elevated points of land in Virginia. The altitude of the eastern peak, is 3,104 feet ; that of the western, 2,946. According to another statement, the elevation is 3,955 feet. The summits are composed of granite. PEARLINGTON, v. Hancock co. Mis. 56 m. SE. from Jackson. PEARL RIVER, r. Mis. which runs S. and joins the Rigolets, which forms a communica- tion between Lakes Ponchartrain and Borgnc In the S. part of its course, Pearl River sepa- rates the state of Mississippi from Louisiana* It is the largest river between the Mississippi and Mobile. PEASE, t. Belmont co. Ohio. Pop. 2,271. PEDEE, Great, r. S.C. which rises in N.C. where it is called Yadkin, and runs SSE. into. Winyaw Bay, near Georgetown, and commu- nicates with the Atlantic, 12 m. below George- town. It is navigable for boats of 60 or 70 tons, about 200 m. PEDEE, Little, r. S.C. which rises in N.C. and unites with the Great Pedee,. 32 m.. above its mouth. PEDLAR'S MILLS, v. Amhezst co. Va. 150 m. W. from Richmond. PEDRICKSBURG, v. Salem co. N.J. 10 m. N. from Salem. PEEKSKILL, v. in Cortlaadt, Westches- ter co. N. Y. on E. bank of the Hudson, near the mouth of Peekskill creek,, 40 m. N. from New York. It has a printing-office, and con- siderable trade. PEELED OAK, v. Bath co. Ken. 73 m. E. from Frankfort. PEELING, t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 m. N. from Plymouth, and 557 from W. Pop 203. PEE— PER 8G9 There are 3 considerable mountains in this township, viz. Cushman's, Blue, and Black mountains. PEEPEE, t. Ross co. Ohio, on the Scioto, J 8 m. S. from Chillicothe. PEGUNNOCK, r. N.J. which joins the Passaic, at Horseneck. PEJEPSCOT, or Pegypscot, t. Cumberland co. Me. on the Androscoggin, 30 m. NNE. from Portland, 140 NNE. from Boston. PELAGIE, r. La. which runs into the Mis- souri. Lon. 91° 30' W. ; lat. 38° 30' N. PELHAM, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 40 m. SSE. from Concord, 45 SW. from Portsmouth. PELHAM, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 14 m. ENE. from Northampton, 85 W. from Boston. Pop. 904. PELHAM, t. Westchester co. N.Y. on Long Island Sound, 18 m. NE. from New York. Pop. 334. PELICAN ISLAND, small isl. near the S. coast of Mississippi. PELICAN ISLANDS, cluster of small isls. near the coast of Mississippi. PEMAQUID, bay on the coast of Maine, containing several small islands. Lon. 69° 30' W. ; lat. 43° 50' N. PEMBROKE, t. Merrimack co. N.H. on E. side of the Merrimack, 6 m. SE. from Con- cord. Pop. 1,312. It is a pleasant town, and contains several paper-mills and other manu- facturing establishments. PEMBROKE, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 12 m. NW. from Plymouth, 23 SSE. from Boston. Pop. 1,324. PEMBROKE, v. Genesee co. N. Y. PEMIGEW ASSET, name applied to the main branch of the Merrimack, till it is joined by the Winnipiseogee, at Sanborntown. Its sources are from the White Mountains, and Moosehillock, and its length, to its junction with the Winnipiseogee, about 70 m. PENDLETON, co. central part of Va. bounded NE. by Hardy co. ESE. by Rocking- ham and Augusta cos. S. by Bath, and WNW. by Randolph. Pop. 6,271. Chief town, Franklin. PENDLETON, co. N. part of Ken. Pop. 3,866. Chief town, Falmouth. PENFIELD, t. Ontario co. N. Y. on the S. side of Lake Ontario, 23 m. NNW. from Ca- nandaigua. Here are valuable salt-springs, and abundance of bog iron-ore. PENNFIELD, NE. t. Monroe co N.Y. on Irondequot Bay, 6 m. E. from Rochester. PENNINGTON, v. Hunterdon co. N.J. 9 m. W. from Princeton. It is pleasant and nourishing, and contains 40 or 50 houses. PENNSBOROUGH, v. Lycoming co. Pa. on E. side of the Susquehannah, about 18 m, ESE. from Williamsport. PENN'S CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Susquehannah, 4 m. below Sunbury. PENN'S NECK, Upper, t. Salem co. N.J. PENN'S NECK, Lower, t. Salem co. N. J. PENN'S VALLEY, in the SE. part of Centre co. Pa. between the Brush and Path Falley mountains. PENN YAN, t. and seat of justice, Yates 2 W co. N. Y. is situated on the E, and W. line be tween the townships of Benton and Milo, and a small distance N. of the outlet of Crooked Lake, 13 m. nearly S. from Geneva. PENNSYLVANIA, one of the U. S. Sea page 77. PENNYTOWN, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 m. NNW. from Trenton. PENO, t. Pike co, Miso. PENOBSCOT, co. Maine, bounded E. by Washington and Hancock cos. S. by Hancock and Waldo cos. and W. by Somerset co. It is watered by the Penobscot, formed from N. part of Hancock co. Chief town, Bangor. Pop, 31,530. PENOBSCOT, s-p. Hancock co. Me. on E. side of Penobscot Bay ; 4 m. N. from Castine, 240 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,271. It is & place of considerable trade. PENOBSCOT, the largest river in Maine. The western and principal branch rises in the western part of the state, some of its sources being near the head-waters of the Chaudiere, and others near those of the St. John's. It flows E. by S. through Chcsuncook and Pem- midumpkok lakes, and unites with the eastern branch, 54 miles in a right line N. by E. from Bangor. PENOBSCOT BAY, large bay of the At- lantic, on S. coast of Maine. It embosoms Long Island, on which is the town of Islesbc rough, the Fox Islands, containing the town of Vinalhaven, and several smaller islands. It is a very fine bay, affords great advantages of navigation, and its islands present a variety of beautiful landscapes. Its entrance, between the Isle of Holt and Owl's Head, is 18 miles wide, and its length from N. to S. is about 30. Lon. 68° 40' to 68° 56' W.; lat. 44° to 44® 30' N. PENOBSCOT HILLS, mountains, Me. on the W. coast of Penobscot Bay. PENSACOLA, t. Escambia co. W. Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest town in West Florida, and has a capacious harbor, but the town can be approached only by small vessels. It is a naval station of the U. States. The situation is comparatively healthy, and the town is somewhat thriving. The town was founded at an early period by the Spaniards. It is 50 m. ESE. from Mobile, 900 SW. from W. Lat. 30° 25' N. ; lon. 87° W. Pop. 2,000. PEPPERELL, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 6 m. NW. from Groton, 39 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,440. PEQUANNACK, t. Morris co. N. J. bor dering on Bergen co. Pop. 4,451. PEQUANOCK, small r. N. J. in Bergen and Morris cos. It joins Long Pond and Ram- pough rivers, at Pompton, to form Pompton river. PEQUEA CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Susquehannah, 2 or 3 miles below the Conestoga. PEQUEST, r. N. J. which runs into the Delaware, lon. 75° 10' W. ; lat 40° 47' N. PER AMES, v. Bergen co. N.J. 10 m. NNW. from Hackinsack, 21 NNW. from New York. 370 PER — PER PERCHE RIVER, v. n a small creek, so called, in Jefferson co. N. Y. The creek rises by a small lake, 18 or 20 m. NE. from Sack- et's Harbor, and falls into Black River Bay, 4 miles below Brownsville. PERCHES AND CAVE, Rapids de, on the south-westerly branch of the Ottawa river, im- mediately above le Portages des Paresseux. PERCIVAL'S, v. Brunswick co. Va. 68 m. a little W. of S. from Richmond. PERCY, t. Northumberland co. L. C. PERCY, t. Northumberland co. U. C. in the rear and N. of Cramahe. PERDIDO, r. which runs S. separating West Florida from Alabama, and flows into the Gulf of Mexico 12 m. W. of Pensacola, and 32 E. of Mobile Point. It forms a con- siderable bay at its mouth. PERINTON, t. Monroe co. N. Y. between Pittsford and Macedon. The t. lies on both sides of the Erie canal, 10 m. SE. of Rochester. Pop. 2,155. PERKINS, t. Huron co. Ohio, in which is situated the town called Sandusky City. Pop. 335. PERKINSONVILLE, v. Amelia co. Va. PERKIOMEN, r. Montgomery co. Pa. which runs into the Schuylkill, about 10 miles above Nor ri stow n. PEROTE, t. of Mexico, in the state of Vera Cruz, about 75 m. NW. from the city of Vera Cruz, and 110 nearly E. from Mexico. Lat. 19° 30' N. Near this city rises the vast moun- tain called by the Spaniards Coffre de Perote, the Naughcampatepetl, of the Aztecs, 13,414 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico. PERQUIMANS, r. N. C. which runs into the Atlantic, lat. 36° 5' N. PERQUIMANS, co. N. C. bounded by Al- bemarle Sound S. Chowan co. W. Gates NVV. and Pasquotank NE. and E. Length 20 m. mean width 10. Chief town, Hertford, Pop. 7,417. PERRY, t. Washington co. Me. 25 m. NE. from Machias. Poo. 735. PERRY, t. Genesee co. N. Y. Pop. 2,792. PERRY, co. Pa. bounded by Cumberland S. Franklin SW. Mifflin NW. and the Susque- hannah river, or Dauphin SE. Length 38 m. mean width 14. Chief town, New Bioomfield. Pop. 14,257. PERRY, eo. Ken. bounded by Harlan S. Clay W. Estill NW. Pike N. and Floyd E. Length 50 m. mean width 20. Pop. 3,331. PERRY, interior co. of Ohio, bounded on the N. by Licking co. E. by Muskingum and Morgan, S. by Athens and Hocking, W. by Fairfield co. Length 24 m. width 18. Chief town, Somerset. Pop. 14,018. PERRY, t. Wayne co. Ohio. PERRY, t. Shelby co. Ohio. Pop. 349. PERRY, t. Geauga co. Ohio. Pop. 1,148. PERRY, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 1,082. PERRY, t. Brown co. Ohio. Pop. 1,018. PERRY, t. Coshocton co. Ohio. Pop. 1,055. PERRY, t. Fairfield co. Ohio, 14 m. S. of Lancaster. Pop. 814. PERRY, t. Gallia co. Ohio, 10 m. W. from Gallipolis. Pop. 622. PERRY, t. Franklin co. Ohio. Pop. 634'. PERRY, co. In. bounded by Ohio river SE' and S. Spencer W. Dubois NW. and Crawford N. and NE. Length 28 m. mean width 15. Surface broken, and soil fertile. Pop. in 1820, 2,330 ; in 1830, 3,378. PERRY, co. Ten. bounded by Wayne S. Hardin SW. Henderson W. Carroll NW. Hum- phries N. and Hickman E. Length 33 m« mean width 26. Pop. in 1820, 2,384 ; in 1830, 7,038. Shannonsville is the chief town. PERRY, central co. of Al. bounded by Dal- las S. Greene W. Tuscaloosa NW. Bibb NE. and Autauga SE. Cahawba river flows across this co. from N. to S. dividing it into almos equal sections. Pop. 11,509. PERRY, co. Mis. bounded by Jackson and Hancock S. Marion W. Covington N. and Greene E. Length 30 m. breadth 30. Pop. in 1820, 2,037 ; in 1830, 2,285. Chief town, Au- gusta. PERRY, C. H. Perry co. Ken. PERRY, C. H. Perry co. Al. on Cahawba r. 50 m. SE. from Tuscaloosa. PERRY, t. Licking co. Ohio. PERRY, t. Muskingum co. Ohio, 6 m. E. from Zanesville. PERRY, t. Stark co. Ohio. PERRY, t. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. PERRYOPOLIS, v. in the lower, or north- ern part of Fayette co. Pa. 16 m. a little W. of N. from Uniontown, and 8 m. NE. from Brownsville. PERRYSBURG, t. Ohio, at the Lower Rapids of the Maumee, 36 m. W. by N. from Croghansville, 140 NW. from Columbus. PERRYSBURG, NW. t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. on Cataraugus creek, 30 m. S. from Buffalo. Pop. 2,440. PERRYSBURG, t. Wood co. Ohio, at the Lower Rapids of Maumee river, and on the right bank of that stream, 135 m. NNW.from Columbus, 80 SW. from Detroit, and 50 SW. by W. from the Bass Islands in Lake Erie. PERRY'S MILLS, v. Tatnall co. Geo. 115 m. SE. from Milledgeville. PERRYSVILLE, v. Alleghany co. Pa. 7 m. N. from Pittsburg. PERRYSVILLE, v. Bond co. H. on the Kaskaskia, 50 m. E. by N. from St. Louis, 30 from Edwardsville. PERRYSVILLE, t. Mercer co. Ken. PERRYSVILLE, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. PERRYSVILLE, t. Richland co. Ohio, on an eastern fork of the Mohiccon creek. PERRYVILLE, v. Perry co. Miso. about 80 m. a little E. of S. from St. Louis. PERRYVILLE, v. Perry co. Ten, 112 m. SW. by W. from Murfreesborough. PERSON, co. N. C. bounded by Virginia N. Granville E. Orange S. and Caswell W. It is a square of 20 m. each side. Pop. in 1820, 9,029; in 1830, 10,027. Chief town, Roxborough. PERTH AMBOY. See Amboy. PERU, t. Bennington co. Vt. 38 m. NNE. from Bennington. Pop. 455. PERU, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 16 m. NNE from Lenox, 125 W. from Boston. Pop. 729 PER— PHI 371 PERU, t. Clinton co. N. Y. on Lake Cham- plain, 140 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 4,949. PERU, v. Huron co. Ohio, 130 m. N. from Columbus. PERUVIAN MOUNTAINS, in N. York, W. of Lake Champlain. PESQUEMANSET, r. Bristol co, Mass. which runs into the sea, at Dartmouth. PETERBOROUGH, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. watered by the Contoocook, 18 m. W. from Amherst, 38 SW. from Concord, 64 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,984. This is one of the most considerable manufacturing towns in the state, and contains an oil-mill, a paper- mill, a woollen manufactory, and five cotton manufactories. PETERBOROUGH, v. Smithfield, Madison co. N. Y. 29 m. SW. from Utica. Lon. 75° 38' W. ; lat. 42° 57' N. It is pleasantly situat- ed on Oneida creek, and on the turnpike, and contains a printing-office, an arsenal, and considerable manufactures and trade. PETERSBURG, v. Lancaster co. Pa. 47 m. from Harrisburg. PETERSBURG, v. 8 m. SE. from Gettys- burg, Adams co. Pa. PETERSBURG, v. Perry co. Pa, on the right bank of Susquehannah river, 15 m. above Harrisburg. PETERSBURG, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 18 m. E. from Troy. Pop. 2,011. PETERSBURG, v. Adams co. Pa. 25 m. SW. from York. PETERSBURG, t. Cumberland co. Pa. on W. side of the Susquehannah, 15 m. above Harrisburg. PETERSBURG, port of entry, Dinwiddie co. Va. on S. bank of the Appomatox, just be- low the Falls, 12 m. above its junction with the James river, at City Point, 25 m. S. by E. from Richmond. It contains an academy, 2 banks, a Masonic Hall, and several houses of public worship. It has considerable commerce in tobacco and flour, owns considerable ship- ping, and is one of the handsomest and most flourishing towns in the state. Its situation at the head of navigation, and in the vicinity of the Falls, is highly advantageous, as the water-power afforded by the Falls is turned to good account in several extensive and valuable mills. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of 100 tons. The town contains 8,322 inhabitants. PETERSBURG, t. Columbiana co. Ohio, 14 m. ENE. from New Lisbon. PETERSBURG, t. Woodford co. Ken. on the river Kentucky, 15 m. SSE. from Frankfort. PETERSBURG, t. Elbert co. Geo. on the Savannah, 53 m. above Augusta. It is a pleasant and flourishing town. PETERSBURG, v. Boone co. Ken. PETERSBURG, v. Pike co. In. 156 m. SSE. from Indianapolis. PETERSHAM, t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 m. NW. from Worcester, 30 ENE. from North- ampton, 67 W. by N. from Boston. It has a pleasant and elevated situation, and is one of the best agricultural towns in the state. It is well watered by several streams which supply a number of factories and forges. Here arc also considerable manufactories of straw hats and bonnets. Pop. 1,695. PETERSTOWN, v. Monroe co. Va. PETERSVILLE, v. Frederick co. Md. PEYTONSBURG, v. Pittsylvania co. Va. 18 m. NW. from South Boston. PHARSALIA, t. Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 987. PHELPS, t Ontario co. N. Y. 12 m. E. from Canandaigua. Pop. 4,798. PHILADELPHIA, New, t. and cap. Tus- carawas co. Ohio, 50 m. NE. from Zanesville, 314 from W. It is situated on the east branch of the Muskingum, on a large and handsome plain, and contains the county buildings. Pop. 410. PHILADELPHIA, v. Jefferson co. N.Y. 173 m. NW. from Albany. PHILADELPHIA, v. on the northern bor der of Monroe co. Ten. and on Sweet-water creek, about 35 m. SW. from Knoxville. PHILADELPHIA, co. Pa. bounded N. by Bucks co. E. and SE. by Delaware river, SW. by Delaware co. and W. by Montgomery co. Its greatest length from NE. to SW. is 18 m. average width 7 m. area about 120 sq. ms. The population of this county, exclusive of the city (proper) of Philadelphia, but including the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Gar- den, and Southwark, is 108,509. PHILADELPHIA, city, port of entry, and the second city in the Union, is situated in the SE. corner of Pennsylvania, in a county of the same name. It occupies the narrowest part of the isthmus between the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, about 5 m. above their conflu- ence, and about 100 m. from the sea. It is 300 m. SW. of Boston, 90 SW. of New York, 137 NE. of Washington, and 100 NE. of Balti- more. Lon. 75° 10' W. ; lat. 39° 57' N. Pop. of the city and liberties, in 1802, 62,000 ; in 1810, 92,247; in 1820, 108,116; in 1830, 161,437. There is a sufficient depth of water in the Schuylkill to admit large merchant ves- sels up to the wharves on the W. side of the city, and ships of any size can ascend to it by the Delaware. It is the most regularly built city in the United States. Its principal streets are 100 feet wide, and the others not less than 50. They are perfectly straight, and intersect each other at right angles. Many of them are beautifully shaded, all are well paved, and kept remarkably clean. The houses are of brick, and generally of three stories. It is un- questionably among the most manufacturing cities, all things taken into view, in the United States. Among all the extensive branches for which it is famous, paper, printing, and pub- lishing are important items. A great number of gazettes, periodicals, and monthlies are is- sued ; and one quarterly critical, and another quarterly medical journal. This city vies with Boston in the number and extent of its school and classical books. It has a reputation also for the extent and excellence of its breweries. Its literary, philosophical, and humane institutions are worthy of all praise. The Philadelphia Library owes its origin to the illustrious Frank 378 PHI—PHI PHILADELPHIA, AND ITS ENVIRONS. lin. It contains a museum, a philosophical apparatus, the Philadelphia Library, and the Loganian Library, amounting in all to 42,000 volumes. The American Philosophical Society, the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agri- culture, the Athenssum, and the Academy of Natural Sciences, are all important institutions, and have libraries and collections. The Friends' Library contains a respectable collec- tion, and the Friends' Common School Insti- tution is an important and efficient one. There are among the literary institutions great num- bers of Lancasterian, Sunday, and infant schools. Among the humane institutions is one for the deaf and dumb. One of the noblest establishments in this or any other state is the Pennsylvania Hospital. It extends a front of 273 feet, and has a large building connected with it, sufficient to contain 50 or 60 patients, Appended to it is a beautiful garden. There are admirable arrangements for every thing appertaining to the comfort and restoration of the diseased, both in body and mind. West's splendid picture of Christ Healing the Sick is properly kept in this institution, and for a trifling gratuity shown to strangers. There are over 40 public buildings and 85 houses of public worship. The names, uses, and dimen- sions of some of the public buildings follow. — The First Presbyterian Church is a noble building, as are the Episcopal churches in Eighth and Tenth streets. The new Roman Catholic Church of St. John's, in Thirteenth street, is considered an admirable specimen of UNITED STATES BANK, PHILADELPHIA. the Gothic style, and its interior is splendidly decorated with stained glass, &c. The Market is a low range of buildings in the middle of Market street, extending from the Delaware to JEighth street The Bank of the United States in Chesnut street, is considered the most fin- ished specimen of pure Grecian architecture in the Union. It is of white marble, with Doric columns in front. The Bank of Penn- sylvania fronts two streets with Ionic columns. PHI-PHI fcnd is of white marble. The State House is a large brick building in Chesnut street. Gi- rard's Bank is a beautiful marble building with Corinthian columns. The Arcade is an imposing structure, leading from Chesnut to Carpenter street. It is fitted up with shops, and in the second story with piazzas, and con- tains Peale's Museum. The Theatre in Ches- nut street has a marble front. The Masonic Hall, a little further on, is in the Gothic style. The Academy of Arts is in Chesnut street, between Tenth and Eleventh. Among the statues are the Three Graces of Canova, and a gallery of pictures principally the works of American artists. The Mint of the United States is in Philadelphia, and the building forms an important addition to the public edi- fices : it fronts on Chesnut near Broad street, and is built entirely of white marble. The amount coined annually varies from two and a half to three million dollars. The Schuyl- kill Water- Works are a splendid establish- ment, and noted especially for the rich and varied prospect enjoyed from them. The build- ing in which the machinery is contained is a handsome one, and the machinery is capable of raising 7 million gallons of water in 24 hours. The wheels are driven by a current from a dam above. The reservoirs are on a hill, higher than any part of the city. The pipes extend 34 or 35 m. This grand work abundantly repays the inspection. Pratt's Garden, in full view of the Water- Works, is a charming place, and well worthy to be visited. The Penitentiary has the aspect of a fortress. The wall is of granite, 40 feet high, and in- closes a square 650 feet each way. The Navy Hospital, 2 m. SW. of the centre of the city, has a front of 386 feet, and is 3 stories high. It is built partly of granite and partly of mar- ble. The Navy Yard is of great extent, and fitted up with first-rate appurtenances for building frigates and ships of the line. The Pennsylvania, building here, it is said, will be the largest ship in the world, and is to carry 160 guns. The new Alms- House, upon the western bank of the Schuylkill, is a very ex- tensive structure, having a front upon the river of about 1,000 feet. The House of Refuge is near the city, upon the Ridge Road, and is a substantial and commodious edifice. The University of Pennsylvania was incorporated in 1791. The number annually admitted to degrees is usually about 30. The Medical Institution belonging to the University has 8 professors, and has the reputation of being the first institution of the kind in the Union. It has about 500 students from various parts of the U. States. Its buildings are two large and elegant edifices in Ninth street, between Ches- nut and Market. The Jefferson Medical Col- lege, situated in Tenth street, is another insti- tution of this kind : it has, at present, a smaller number of students. The Philadelphia Prison is a more interesting object to humanity than the most gorgeous palaces. It presents the practi- cal application of principles which worldly men have derided, and philosophy has upheld without daring to hope for their adoption. The convicts are all employed in various kinds of mechanical labor, the proceeds of which, when they exceed the expenses of their prosecution and support during their confinement, are di- vided, one-half being paid to the prisoner at his discharge, and the balance retained by the state. The humane and rational system of discipline established, and so successfully maintained in this prison, has become a model for those of the other states. Though separated by justice from society, and condemned to years of toil, the prisoners are not supposed to have lost the distinctive attributes of human nature : they are treated as rational beings, operated on by rational motives, and repay this treatment by improved habits of industry and submission. The public squares of this city, from their frequency, verdure, and the num- ber of people promenading them, give it an appearance of rural beauty, which few large and commercial cities possess. No city in the Union can show such long ranges of uniform and magnificent houses as this. Uniformity, neatness, and utility are its standing charac- teristics. Two men, whose names will be co- eval with time, differing in a thousand re- spects from each other, have been enabled to stamp a blended impress of their own peculiar intellectual character upon the aspect and in- stitutions of Philadelphia. The one is Frank- lin, the simple and sagacious expounder of the doctrine of utility ; the other, William Penn, the memorable patriarch, the immortal as- serter of toleration, a doctrine in his time little known, but now as universally admitted and lauded in theory, as it is generally disregarded in practice. Another celebrated individual, Stephen Girard, who closed his life within the present year, by his great exertions and unex- ampled success in commerce and banking, contributed largely during his life to the pros, perity of this city. By perseverance and good fortune, he accumulated possessions in real estate and money, to the amount of more than ten millions of dollars ; and at his death, ho bequeathed more than three- fourths of this im- mense sum to the corporation of Philadelphia* and to various charitable and benevolent insti- tutions in the city. By his will, two million dollars are to be appropriated to the building and endowment of a college for the gratuitous support and education of orphans. This col- lege is to be 110 by 160 feet, 3 stories high* and sufficiently spacious to accommodate 300 scholars. It is to be built entirely of white marble, and, together with the Exchange (which is now in a course of erection, and to be formed of the same material) will add to the noble edifices which adorn and beautify the city of Philadelphia. PHILANTHROPY, v. Butler co. Ohio, 122 m. SW. from Columbus. PHILLIPS, t. Somerset co. Me. 40 m. NW. from Norridgewock. Pop. 954. PHILLIP'S POINT, cape in Lynn, Mass. Lon. 70° 54' W. ; lat. 42° 30' N. PHILLIP'S RIVER, r. N. H. which unites with the Upper Amoonoosuc, in Piercy. PHILIPS, co. of Ark. lying along the Mia. 374 PHI— PIQ sissippi and St. Francis rivers. Chief town, St. Helena, on the Mississippi. Pop. 1,152. PHILLIPSBURG, v. Jefferson co. Ohio, 70 m. below Steubenville, and on the Ohio river. PHILLIPSBURG, v. Orange co. N. Y. PHILLIPSBURG, t. Centre co. Pa. about 24 m. W. from Bellefonte. PHILLIPSBURG, v. Sussex co. N. J. on the Delaware, opposite Easton, 41 m. above Trenton. PHILLIPSBURG, t. Lincoln co Me. on the Kennebeck, 17 m. SW. from Wiscasset. Pop. 1,311. PHILLIPSTON, v. Worcester co. Mass. PHILLIPSTOWN, t. Putnam co. N. Y. on the E. side of the Hudson, opposite West Point. Pop. 4,816. PHILLIPSVILLE, v. Feliciana co. Lou. PIANKATANK, r. Va. which runs into the Chesapeake. Lon. 76° 25' W. ; lat. 37° 32' N. PICKAWAY, co. Ohio, bounded by Ross 'S. Fayette W. Madison NW. Delaware N. Fairfield E. and Hocking SE. Length 22, width 21 m. Pop. in 1820, 13,149 ; in 1830, 15,935. Chief town, Circleville. PICKAWAY, t. Pickaway co. Ohio, 3 m. from Circleville. Pop. 1,766. PICKENSVILLE, t. Pendleton co. S. C. on the Saluda, 15 m. SE. from Greenville, 110 m. WNW. from Columbia. It contains but a few houses. PICKERING, t. of York co. U.C. on Lake Ontario, E. from York. PIERCE'S ISLAND, small isl. in Piscata- qua harbor N. H. PIERCY, t. Coos co. N. H. 9 NE. from Lancaster. Pop. 236. PIER MONT, t. Grafton co. N. H. on the Connecticut, opposite Bradford, 5 m. S. from Haverhill. Pop. 1,042. PIERPONT, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. 749. PIG POINT, v. Ann-Arundel co. Md. PIGEON RIVER, r. Ten. which runs into the French Broad river. Little Pigeon joins the same river 9 m. below, in Jefferson co. PIGWACKET, or Pequocket, the Indian name of a tract of country on the borders of N. H. and Maine, including Conway, Frye- burg, and the adjacent towns. PIKE, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 2,016. PIKE, co. in the NE. part of Pa. on the Delaware river. Length 40, breadth about 25 m. Pop. 4,843. Chief town, Milford. PIKE, v. Bradford co. Pa. PIKE, co. Ohio, bounded S. by Scioto, SW. by Adams, W. by Highland, N. by Ross, and E. by Hocking and Jackson. Length 32, breadth 15 m, Chief town, Piketon. Pop. in 1820, 4,253 ; in 1830, 6,024. PIKE, co. of In. bounded by Warwick S. Gibson W. White river or Knox and Davies N. and Dubois E. Length 24, breadth 17 m. Patoka, branch of Wabash, passes through the middle of this co. Pop. in 1820, 1,472; in 1830, 2,464. Chief town, Petersburg. PIKE, t. Knox co. Ohio. Pop. 996. PIKE, t. Perry co. Ohio. Pop. 1,119. PIKE, NW. t. Madison co. Ohio. Pop. 339. PIKE, one of the extreme eastern cos. of Ken. bounded by Harland and Perry SW. by Perry W. by Floyd N. and by Cumberland mountain or Russell and Tazewell cos. Va. SE. Length 50, and mean width 15 m. Pop. 2,677. Chief town, Pikeville. PIKE, co. Miso. bounded by Lincoln and Montgomery S. by Ralls W. and NW. and by Mississippi river E. This co. would average about 20 m. square, or 400 sq. m. Pop. k; 1820, 3,747, but including then a large space N. of Missouri river, now included in other cos. ; in 1830, 6,122. Chief town, Bowling Green, PIKE, co. Miss, bounded by Lou. S. Amite W. Lawrence N. and Marion E. Length 27, width 30 m. Pop. in 1820, 4,438 ; in 1830, 5,402. Chief town, Holmesville. PIKE, t. Wayne co. Ohio. PIKE, t. in the southern part of Stark co. Ohio. Pop. 1,273. PIKE, NW. t. of Clarke co. Ohio. Pop. 1,115. PIKE, C. H. Pike co. Ken. PIKE, r. Lou. which runs into the Missis- sippi, 70 m. below Sable Lake. PIKETON, t. and seat of justice, Pike co. Ohio, 19 m. S. from Chillicothe. PIKEVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Bled- soe co. Ten. on Sequachee river, 80 m. a little S. of E. from Murfreesborough, and 608 from W. PIKEVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Marion co. Al. about 70 m. NW. from Tuscaloosa. PIKESVILLE, v. Baltimore co. Md. PILESGROVE, t. Salem co.N.J. Pop. 2,150. PINCKNEY, v. Montgomery co. Miso. on the Missouri river, about 60 m. W. from St. Louis. PINCKNEY, t. Lewis co. N. Y. Pop. 783. PINCKNEYVILLE, t. Union district, S. C. on Broad river, 75 m. NNW. from Columbia. It contains but a few houses. PINCKNEYVILLE, t. Wilkinson co. Miss. 5 m. E. of the Mississippi, and about 16 m. SE. from Fort Adams. It is situated in a very pleasant and fertile country. PINE CREEK, r. Pa. which runs S. into the W. branch of the Susquehannah, 2 or 3 m. W. of Jersey shore. PINE GROVE, v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 8 m. from Womelsdorf. PINE GROVE MILLS, v. Centre co. Pa. PINE HILL, v. York district, S.C. PINE RIVER, r. N. H. which flows into Ossipee Lake. PINE RIVER, r. In. which runs into the Wabash. PINEVILLE, v. Charleston district, S. C. about 40 miles from Charleston. Here is an academy. PINEY GROVE, v. Southampton co. Va. PIPEMAKER'S CREEK, r. Geo. which runs into the Savannah. PIQUA, or Piquatown, t. Miami co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 130 m. from its mouth, 8 m. N. from Troy, 30 S. from Wapaghkanetta, 67 WNW. from Columbus, and 125 S. from Fort Meigs. It is delightfully situated, and is a flourishing town. Pop. 488. PIS — PIT 375 PISCASICK, r. N. H. which joins the Lam- prey, in Durham. PISCATAQUA, r. N. H. which rises in Wakefield, separates N. H. from Maine, and pursuing- a SSE. course of about 40 m. flows into the Atlantic, below Portsmouth. From its source to Berwick lower falls, it is called Salmon Fall river; thence to the junction of the Chocheco, it takes the name of Newicha- wannock, and afterwards that of Piscataqua. This river affords a sloop navigation to the towns of Dover, Newmarket, Durham, and Exeter. Piscataqua Harbor, formed by the mouth, is one of the finest on the continent. PISCATAQUIS, r. Me. which runs E. into the Penobscot, 25 m. below the junction of the Metawamkeak. Length 100 m. PISCATAQUOG, r. N. H. which rises in Deerfield and Francestown, and runs ESE. into the Merrimack, in NE. corner of Bedford. PISCATAWAY, t. Middlesex co. N. J. on the Raritan, 3^ m. NE. from New Brunswick, 14 SW. from Elizabethtown. Pop. 2,664. PISCATAWAY, t. Prince George co. Md. on the Piscataway, 16 m. N. from Port To- PISCATAWAY, r. Md. which runs into the Potomac, 8 m. below Alexandria. PITCH LANDING, v. Hertford co. N. C. PITT, co. N. C. Pop. 12,174. Greenville is the chief town. PITT, Cape, cape on NW. coast of Amer- ica, in Dixon's Entrance. Lon. 132° 10' W. ; lat. 54° 50' N. PITT, Cape, cape on the S. coast of New Georgia. Lon. 158° 29' E. ; lat. 8° 55' S. PITTSBOROUGH, t. and cap. Chatham co. N. C. 30 m. SW. from Raleigh, 54 NNW. from Fayetteville, and 319 from W. It is situated on an eminence, in a very fertile and well cul- tivated country, and contains a court-house, a jail, and an academy. PITTSBURG, AND ITS ENVIRONS. PITTSBURG, city, and cap. Alleghany co. Pa. 230 m. WNW. from Baltimore, 297 W.by N. from Philadelphia, 335 from Lexington, Ken. 1,100 from New Orleans by land and 2,000 by water, and 223 from W. Lat. 40° 40' N. ; lon. 80° W. It is situated on a beau- tiful plain, on a broad point of land, where the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela forms the Ohio, The suburbs of Pittsburg are Alleghanytown, Northern Liberties, Birming- ham on the south bank of the Monongahela, Lawrenceville-East Liberty, and remainder of Pitt township. Population of the city proper 12,540, and of the suburbs 9,983. Total, 22,433. The town is compactly, and in some streets handsomely built ; although the universal use of pit coal for culinary and manufacturing purposes has carried such quantities of fine black matter, driven off in the smoke into the air, and deposited it on the walls of the houses, and every thing, that can be blackened with coal smoke, as to have given the town a gloomy aspect. Its position and advantages, as a man- ufacturing town, and its acknowledged health- fulness, will continue, however, to render it a place of attraction for builders, manufacturers, and capitalists. At the present time the fol mowing articles are manufactured on a great scale : iron-mongery of every description, steam engines, and enginery, and iron work in gen- eral ; cutlery of all descriptions ; glass and pa per, cotton, and woollens, pottery, chemicals, tin, and copper ware are manufactured, and exported to a great extent. Boat and steam- boat building have been pursued here on a greater scale, than in any other town in the western country. So long ago as 1814, 4,055 wagons of four and six horses, employed as transport w T agons, passed between this place and Philadelphia. Boats of the smaller kinds are continually departing down the river at all seasons, when the waters will admit In mod- 376 PIT— PLA crate stages of the river, great numbers of steam-boats arrive, and depart. Large con- tracts are continually ordered from all the towns on the waters of the Ohio and Missis- sippi, for machinery, steam-boat castings, and the various manufactures it produces. It is supplied with water by a high-pressure steam- engine of 84 horse power, which raises the water 116 feet above the Alleghany river. A million and a half gallons of water can be rais- ed in 24 hours. These works went into ope- ration in 1828. The churches in this city are a Baptist, Roman Catholic, Covenanters', Se- ceders', a Methodist church, German Lutheran church, Union church, Episcopal church, first and second Presbyterian churches, Unitarian church, second Methodist church, and an Af- rican church, making a total of 13. The other public buildings are the Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg High School, Pitts- burg Exchange, Mansion House, and Hotel, Lambdin's Museum, the U. S. Bank, and the Pittsburg Bank. There are 11 large establish- ments of iron founderies, in which were man- ufactured from pigs, in 1830, 5,339 tons. There are six rolling mills and iron works with nail factories attached, in which were manufactur- ed in the same year 7,950 tons of pigs into blooms, and 2,805 tons into nails. There are four large cotton factories, in the largest of which are 10,000 spindles, spinning 1,400 pounds of yarn weekly. There are two large establishments of glass works, and 270 other large manufacturing establishments of a mis- cellaneous character. This city has immense advantages of artificial as well as natural water communications. The great Pennsylvania ca- nal, over 500 miles in length, terminates here. Another canal is laid out to connect it with Lake Erie through Meadville ; and still a third is proposed to the mouth of Mahoning, where it will connect with a branch of the Ohio and Erie canal from its summit head. PITTSFIELD, t. Rutland co. Vt. 40 m. NW. from Windsor. Pop. 505. PITTSFIELD, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 6 m. N. from Lenox, 36 ESE. from Albany, 40 W. from Northampton, and 136 W. from Boston. Pop. 3,570. It is watered by the Housatonnuc, is a pleasant and flourishing town, and a place of considerable trade and manufactures. It contains 3 houses of public worship, 2 for Con- gregationalists and 1 for Methodists, a bank, a town-house, an excellent female academy, a printing-office from which is issued a weekly newspaper, several woollen manufactories, a marble manufactory, a manufactory of small- arms, and a drum manufactory. Large num- bers of chaises, coaches, and wagons are made here. Good marble is found here. The U. S. have barracks here sufficient to accommodate 2,000 men, and a hospital. Pittsfield is situ- ated in a very fertile tract of country, and is one of the best agricultural towns in the state. PITTSFIELD, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 15 m. WSW. from Cooperstown. Pop. 1,005. PITTSFIELD, v. Somerset co. Me. 98 m. N. from Portland. PITTSFORD, t Rutland co. Vt. on the Ot- ter Creek, 34 m. NW. from Windsor. Pop, 2,005. Here is a valuable quarry of marble. PITTSGROVE, t. Salem co. N.J. 28 m. S. from Philadelphia. PITTSTON, t. Kennebeck co. Me. on E. side of the Kennebeck, opposite Gardiner, 7 m. S. from Augusta, and 160 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,804. PITTSTON, t. Hunterdon co. N.J. 58 m. NNE. from Philadelphia. PITTSTON, t. Luzerne co. Pa. PITTSTO WN, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. NE. from Lansingburg. Pop. 3,702. PITTSYLVANIA, C. H. Pittsylvania ro Va. on Bannister river, 176 m. SW. from Richmond. PITTSYLVANIA, co. Va. bounded by N. Carolina S. Henry and Franklin cos. W. Roan- oke river, or Bedford and Campbell N. and Hal- ifax E. Length 36 m. mean width 28. Pop. in 1820, 21,313 ; in 1830, 26,023. Chief town, Danville. PLACENTIA, spacious bay on the E. coast of Newfoundland. PLAIN, t. Wayne co. Ohio, W. from Woos- ter. Pop. 1,263. PLAIN, t. Franklin co. Ohio. Pop. 842. PLAINFIELD, t. Washington co. Vt. wa- tered by the Onion river, 9 m. E. from Mont- pelier. Pop. 874. PLAINFIELD, t. Sullivan co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 11 m. S. from Dartmouth College, 14 N. from Claremont, 55 NW. from Concord. Pop. 1,581. Union Academy, a well endowed seminary, is in this town. It has a principal, an assistant, and about 100 students. There are falls in the Connecticut at this place. PLAINFIELD, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 21 m. NW. from Northampton, and 110 W. from Boston. Pop. 983. PLAINFIELD, t. Windham co. Ct on E. side of the Quinebaug, 4 m. E. from Canter, bury, and 15 NE. from Norwich. Pop. 2,289, This is a pleasant and valuable town, and con- tains a respectable academy. PLAINFIELD, t. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 m. NW. from Cooperstown, 81 W. from Albany. Pop. 1,626. PLAINFIELD, t. Essex co. N. J. PLAINFIELD, v. Coshocton co. Ohio, 76 m. NE. from Columbus. PLAISTOW, t. Rockingham co. N.H. 12 m. W. from Newburyport, and 28 SW. from Portsmouth. PLANE, t. Stark co. Ohio. Pop. 1,469. PLAQUEMINE, outlet of the Mississippi, 117 m. above New Orleans, 36 above the efflux of Lafourche, and 96 below that of Atchafalaya. PLAQUEMINE BEND, remarkable bend of the Mississippi, 70 m. below New Orleans. PLAQUEMINES, parish, La. on both sides of the Mississippi, near its mouth. Pop. 4,489. PLAQUEMINES, fort, La. on the Missis- sippi, 43 m. below New Orleans. A small gar- rison is kept here for the purpose of examin- ing all vessels that pass. PLATTE, La, r. Vt. which runs into Lake Champlain, at Shelburne. PLATTE, Za, r. La. which rises in the PLA— PLY 377 Rocky Mountains, and after an E. course of [ about 1,600 rn. joins the Missouri, 600 m.from the Mississippi. PLATTE, Little, r. La. which runs into the Missouri, 349 m. from the Mississippi. PLATTEKILL, t. Ulster co. N. Y. 22 m. S. from Kingston. Pop. 1,936. PLATTSBURG, t. and cap. Clinton co.N.Y r . on W. side of Lake Champlain, at the mouth of the Saranac, 160 m. N. from Albany, 60 S. from Montreal Lon. 73° 25' W. ; lat. 44 3 42' N. Pop. 4,913. The U. S. barracks are 4 m. above the village, on the Saranac. Plattsburg village is handsomely laid out; it contains a court-house, a jail, a Presbyterian church, an academy, a bank, and a printing-office, and is a place of considerable trade. This place is memorable for the effectual resistance, on the 11th of Sept. 1814, of 2,500 Americans, under Gen. Macomb, to the British force of 14,000 men, under Sir George Prevost ; and in the bay before this town, Commodore M'Donough obtained a signal victory over the British fleet. PLEASANT, t Fairfield co. Ohio. Pop. 1,763. PLEASANT, t. in the SW. corner of Frank- lin co. Ohio. Pop. 164. PLEASANT, t. in the SE. corner of Madi- son co. Ohio. Pop. 857. PLEASANT, t. in the north-eastern part of Clarke co. Ohio. Pop. 821. PLEASANT, t. Brown co. Ohio, in which is situated the town of Ripley. Pop. 1,917. PLEASANT GROVE, v. Lunenburg co. Va. PLEASANT GROVE, v. Orange co. N.C. PLEASANT GROVE, v. Greenville dis- trict, S. C. PLEASANT PLAINS, v. Franklin co. Ten. PLEASANT RIVER, r. Me. which runs into the sea, between Columbia and Addison, and forms a bay at its mouth, to which it gives name, lon. 67° 40' W. ; lat. 44° 35' N. PLEASANT VALLEY, v. in Clinton, Dutchess co. N. Y. 7 m. E. of Poughkeepsie. This is a flourishing village, and has consider- able manufactories. PLEASANT VALLEY, v. in Elizabeth- town, N. Y. PLEASANT VALLEY, t. Fairfax co. Va. PLEIN, r. which rises in the NW. Terri- tory, flows into Indiana, and unites with the Theakiki, to form the Illinois. PLESIS, v. Jefferson co. N. Y. 184 m. NW. from Albany. PLUCKEMIN, v. Somerset co. N.J. PLUIE, La, lake, N. America. Lon. 93° 40' W. ; lat. 48° 50' N. PLUIE, La, r. which forms a communica- tion between Lake la Pluie and the Lake of the Woods. PLUM ISLAND, isl. in the Atlantic, near the coast of Massachusetts, between Newbury - port and Ipswich, 9 m. long and 1 broad. Its south end is on the north side of the entrance of Ipswich harbor, and its north end on the south side of the entrance of Newburyport har- bor. Near the north end there are two lights. Several houses have been erected on this island by the Marine and Humane Society, for the 2X relief of distressed mariners. This island Is a place of much resort in the summer. PLUM ISLAND, small isl. near the NE. coast of Long Island, in the state of N. Y. It is annexed to Southold. PLUYE, r. In. which runs into the The- akiki. PLYMOUTH, t. Windsor co. Vt. 18 m. W. from Windsor. Pop. 1,237. A remarkable cavern was discovered in tins town in 1818. It is situated at the foot of a mountain, near the head of Black river, and has 5 apartments, the largest of which is 30 feet long, 20 broad, and 20 high. Two of the others are nearly as large. The rocks which form the cavern are wholly of limestone. Numerous petrifactions are found here, most of which resemble icicles hanging from the rocks. PLYMOUTH, t. Grafton co. N.H. on W. side of the Merrimack, 31 m. SSE. from Haver, hill, 43 N. from Concord, 70 NW. from Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,175. In the north part of the town there is a pleasant village, containing a court-house and a Congregational meeting- house. The courts of the county are held al- ternately here and at Haverhill PLYMOUTH, co. Mass. bounded by Cape Cod and Boston Bays NE. Barnstable co. and Buzzard's Bay SE. Bristol co. SW. and Nor- folk co. NW. Length 30 m. mean width 20. Pop. in 1820, 38,136 ; in 1830, 42,993. It is the original seat of the colonization of New England. Chief town, Plymouth. PLYMOUTH, s-p. and cap. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 m. SSE. from Boston. Lon. 70° 30" W.; lat. 41° 58' N. Pop. 4,751. It contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, and 4 houses of public worship — 3 for Congregationalists, and 1 for Baptists. The harbor is spacious, but shallow. Vessels drawing more than 10 or 11 feet of water cannot approach the wharves without being lightened at some distance from them. A small stream which passes through the town, furnishes valuable water-power, where have been erected several important manufactories of cotton and woollen goods, and extensive iron works. Plymouth is the oldest town in New England. The first settlers land ed here on the 22d of December 1620; this anniversary is still observed. The rock on which they landed was conveyed, in 1774, to the centre of the town. PLYMOUTH, t Litchfield co. Ct. 10 m. SE. from Litchfield. Pop. 2,064. PLYMOUTH, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 7 m, NW. from Norwich, 107 W. from Albany Pop. 1,591. PLYMOUTH, t. Luzerne co. Pa. on tho Susquehannah, nearly opposite Wilkesbarre. PLYMOUTH, t. Montgomery co. Pa. PLYMOUTH, s-p. and cap. Washington co. N. C. near the mouth of the Roanoke, 20 m. S. from Edenton. PLYMOUTH, t. the northern limits of Richland co. Ohio. PLYMOUTH, v. Windsor co. Vt 15 ra. SE. by E. from Rutland. PLYMPTON, t. Plymouth co. Mass, 10 m, NW. from Plymouth, 32 S. from Boston. Pop, 378 POC— POP 920. It contains a cotton, a woollen manufac- tory, and a forge. rOCAHONTAS, t. Chesterfield co. Va. on N. side of the Appomatox, opposite Petersburg, and included within the borough of Petersburg. POCATALIGO, v. Beaufort district, S. C. 64 m. WSW. from Charleston. POKOMOKE, r. in SE, part of Md. which runs SW. into the Chesapeake, forming a con- siderable bay at its mouth. Length 40 m. POESTON KILL, r. N. Y. which runs into the Hudson, S. of Troy. Length 20 m. POINT ADAMS, cape, on W. coast of N. America, S. of the entrance into the river Co- lumbia. Lon. 124° 57' W. ; lat. 46° 15' N. POINT ALDERTON, SW. point of Boston Harbor, on the coast of Massachusetts. POINT AU FER, headland in N. part of Lake Champlain, given by the British to the United States, in 1769. POINT BAGADUCE, cape in Penobscot Bay, on the coast of Maine. POINT CHICOT, v. of Arkansas, on the bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Arkansas river. POINT COMFORT, cape on the coast of Va. at the mouth of James river. POINT COUPEE, co. La. Pop. 5,936. Chief town, Point Coupee. POINT COUPEE, t. and cap. Point Coupee co. La. on W. bank of the Mississippi, 30 m. N. from Baton Rogue, 1,210 from W. POINT HARMER, v. in the township of Marietta, Ohio, on the Muskingum. It is very pleasantly situated, and contains a steam-mill of stone, 4 stories high, and about 50 hand- some dwelling-houses. POINT JUDITH, cape on the SE. corner of South Kingston, Rhode Island, on W. side of Narraganset Bay, 9 m. SSW. from Newport. Lon. 71° 35' W. ; lat. 41° 24' N. POINT LABADDIE, v. on Missouri river, in Franklin co. Miso. 30 m. above St. Charles. POINT LOOKOUT, cape on the coast of Md. on N. side of the mouth of the Potomac. POINT MARYLAND, headland in the river Potomac, W. of Port Tobacco. POINTOPOLIS, v. Clermont co. Ohio, 190 m. SW. from Columbus. POINT PLEASANT, t. Mason co. Va. just above the confluence of Kenhawa with the Ohio, 5 m. NE. from Gallipolis. POINT PLEASANT, v. Clermont co. Ohio, on the N. bank of the Ohio river. It contains about 25 houses, immediately below the mouth of Indian creek, 21 m. SW. from Williams- burg. Pop. 116. POINT PLEASANT, y. Martin co. In. 126 m. SSW. from Indianapolis. POINT REMOVE, v. Pulaski co. Arkansas, 60 m. from Little Rock. POINT SALISBURY, cape, on the coast of Massachusetts, at the entrance of the Mer- rimack river, N. of the entrance of Newbury- port harbor. POINT SHERIFF, cape in Columbia river, on W. coast of N. America. POINT TOBACCO, cape on the coast of Maryland, In the Potomac, 37 m. SSW. from Annapolis. POKETALICO, r. Va. runs into the Ken hawa. Lon. 81° 51' W. ; lat. 38° 16' N. POLAND, t. Cumberland co. Me. on the S. side of the entrance of the Little Androscog- gin, 30 m. N. from Portland, 140 m. NNE. from Boston. POLAND, t. Trumbull co. Ohio, on the Ma- honing, 18 m. SE. from Warren, 62 NW. from Pittsburg. Pop. 1,186, It contains a furnace, a forge, and other mills. POLLARDSVILLE, v. Greenville district, S. Carolina. POMFRET, t. Windsor co. Vt 22 m. N from Windsor. Pop. 1,867. POMFRET, t. Windham co. Ct. 40 m. E. from Hartford, 57 SW. from Boston. It is an excellent agricultural town, and has a very large cotton manufactory. Near the centre of the town there is a pleasant village, where several turnpikes meet. POMFRET, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. on Lake Erie, containing the villages of Dunkirk and Fredonia. Pop. 3,386. POMME, r. La. runs into the Mississippi. Lon. 90° 15' W. ; lat. 37° 18' N. POMPEY, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 11 m. SE. from Onondaga, 146 W. from Albany. Pop. 4,812. This is a valuable agricultural town, and has an academy. POMPTON, t. Morris co. N. J. POMUNKY CREEK, r. Maryland, which runs into the Potomac. PONDICHERRY, mt. N. H. in Breton Woods, and Jefferson. PONCHARTRAIN, lake, La. about 35 m. long from E. to W. and 25 broad, and gener- ally from 12 to 20 feet deep. It communicates with Lake Borgne on the SE. with Lake Mau- repas on the NW. and with the city of New Orleans by Bayou St. John, on the S. PONTIAC, v. and seat of justice, Oakland co. Mich, on Huron river of Lake St. Clair. It stands in a very fertile district POOL, r. Mississippi, which runs into the Gulf of Mexico. POOL'S ISLAND, small isl. in the Chesa- peake. Lon. 76° 23' W. ; lat. 39° 22' N. POOLESVILLE, v. Spartanburg district, S. Carolina. POOLS VILLE, t. NW. part of Montgomery co. Md. 33 m. NW. from W. POOSHAW, lake, in Hancock co. Me. It is 9 m. long, and 4 broad. It communicates with the Penobscot by Pooshaw river, which, after a course of 15 m. flows into the Penob- scot, on W. side, opposite Marsh Island. POPACHTON, r. one of the higher conflu- ents of Delaware river, rises in Greene co. N. Y. and thence flowing into Delaware co. continues a SW. course of 50 m. into the Del aware river. POPE, co. II. bounded SE. and S. by Ohio river, W. by Johnson, and N. and NE. by Gal- latin. Length 30 m. mean width 20. Pop. in 1820, 2,610; in 1830, 3,323. Chief town, Golconda. POP— POR 379 POPLAR CREEK, r Ten. which runs into the Clinch. POPLAR CREEK, r. Md. which runs into the Potomac. POPLAR GROVE, v. Newbury district, S. Carolina. POPLAR ISLAND, isl. in Chesapeake Bay, about 10 m. in circumference. Lat. 38° 45' N. POPLAR PLAINS, v. Fleming co. Ken. a little N. of E. 106 m. from Frankfort POPLAR SPRINGS, v. Ann-Arundel co. Maryland. POPLAR TOWN, or Trap, t. Worcester co. Maryland. POPLIN, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 m. WSW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 429. POPOCATEPETL, volcanic mountain of Mexico, in Puebla, rising to the great elevation of 17,716 feet above the level of the ocean. PORCUPINE, r. N. America, runs into the Missouri, 110 m. above the Yellow-stone. PORCUPINE RIVER, r. NW. Territory, runs into Lake Superior. Lat. 46° 14' N. PORTAGE, co. Ohio, bounded by Columbi- ana SE. Stark S. Medina W. Cuyahoga NW. Geauga N. and Trumbull E. Length 30 m. breadth 24. Pop. in 1820, 10,095 ; in 1830, 18,827. Chief town, Ravenna. The land is gen- erally high, elevated and considerably broken. PORTAGE DESSIEUX, v. St. Charles co. Miso. 25 m. from St. Charles. PORT AU PRINCE, seaport of St. Domin- go, seated on a bay on the W. side of the island, of which part it is the capital. It was taken by the English and royalists in 1794, but the whole island has been since evacuated by the English. Lon. 72° 10' W. ; lat. 18° 45' X. PORT BYRON, v. Cayuga co. N. Y. PORT CONWAY, v. King George's co. Va. 65 m. S. from W. PORTER, t. Oxford co. Me. 34 m. SW. from Paris. Pop. 841. PORTER, t Niagara co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario. PORTER, t on the Ohio river, in Scioto co. Ohio. Pop. 917. PORTER BRIDGE, v. Oxford co. Me. 45 m. NW. from Portland. PORT GIBSON, seat of justice for Clai- borne co. Miss, on the w T aters of the Bayou Pierre, 45 m. NE. of Natchez, and 12 m. E. of the Mississippi river, contains a branch of the State Bank, a handsome court-house, a printing-office, which issues a large weekly paper, and about 1,000 inhabitants. Distance from W. 1,101 m. PORT PENN, a small village in Newcastle co. Del. on the bank of the Delaware river, 50 m below Philadelphia. PORT REPUBLIC, t. Rockingham co. Va. on S. branch of the Shenandoah, 22 m. NE. from Staunton. PORT ROYAL, t. Caroline co. Va. on the Rappahannock, 20 m. SE. from Fredericks- burg. PORT ROYAL, t. Montgomery co. Ten. at the union of the Sulphur Fork and Red River, 12 m. E. from Clarkesville. PORT ROYAL ISLAND, isl. in Port Royal Entrance, near the coast of S. Carolina, about 12 m. long and 5 wide. Beaufort is the principal town. Lat. 32° 12' N. PORT TOBACCO, t. and cap. Charles co. Md. on a small river of the same name, which runs into the Potomac a little below the town, 45 m. SSW. from Annapolis. It contains an Episcopal church, a ware-house for the inspec- tion of tobacco, and about 80 houses. In the vicinity are the celebrated cold waters of Mount Misery, 32 m. from W. PORT WATSON, v. Cortlandt co. N. Y. on the Tioughnioga, 3 m. from the court- house. See Homer. PORT WILLIAM, t. and cap. Gallatin co. Ken. at the conflux of Kentucky river with the Ohio, 37 m. N. from Frankfort, and 565 from W. Pop. 324. PORTAGE, t. in SW. corner of Portage co. Ohio, on the Tuscarawas. Pop. 475. PORTAGE, or Carrying river, r. Ohio, which runs into Lake Erie, 15 m. W. of the Sandusky. PORTAGE DES SIOUX, v. Missouri, on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 6 m. above the Missouri, 24 m. N. from St. Louis. PORTER, t. Oxford co. Me. 34 m. SW. from Paris. Pop. 841. PORTLAND, t. and port of entry, Cum- berland co. Me. 54 m. NNE. from Portsmouth, 115 NNE. from Boston, and 542 from W. Lon. 70° 20' W. ; lat. 43° 39' W. It is a very pleasant town, finely situated on a peninsula in Casco bay. It is the shire-town of the co. and till this year (1832) it has been the capi- tal of the state. The harbor is large, safe, easy of access, and is frozen but for a very short time each winter. It is the largest town in Maine, and has a very active commerce. The shipping of the port in 1829 amounted to 56,949 tons. It has many handsome buildings, among which are 8 houses of public worship, a custom-house and court-house. It has 6 banks, including a branch of the U. S. bank, an insurance office, academy, public library, and several flourishing schools. On opposite sides of the ship-channel are forts Preble and Scammel. The entrance of the harbor is marked by a light-house, and on the pinnacle of Mount Joy is a conspicuous observatory. In 1820 it contained 8,520 inhabitants ; in 1830, 12,601. PORTLAND, New, t. Somerset co. Me. 22 m. NW. from Norridgewock. Pop. 1,215. PORTLAND, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. on Lake Erie, 9 m. from the head of Chatauque Lake. Pop. 1,771. PORTLAND, v. Jefferson co. Ken. below Louisville. PORTLAND, v. Dallas co. Al. 16 m. from Cahawba. PORTO BELLO, seaport of N. America, on the N. coast of the isthmus of Darien, hav- ing a large commodious harbor, with good an- chorage and shelter for ships ; its entrance is narrow, and defended by several forts. It is 70 m. N. of Panama, and 300 W. of Cartha^ gena. Lon. 80° 45' W. ; lat. 9° 33' N. PORTSMOUTH, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 380 PGR — POU at the mouth of the Piscataqua, with an excel- lent harbor. It is the only seaport in the state, and has considerable commerce. Here is a navy-yard of the U. States. The town has 7 churches, a branch of the United States bank, 2 insurance-offices, and an athenaeum. Two bridges cross the river to Kittery, in Maine. In Dec. 1813 a fire destroyed 397 buildings here. It is 24 m. NNE. from Newburyport, 56 N. by E. from Boston, and 54 SSW. from Portland. Pop. 8,082. Lat. 43° 5' N.; Ion. 70° 45' W. PORTSMOUTH, t. Newport co. R. I. on N. end of the island of R. I. 7 m. N. from Newport. Pop. 1,727. It is connected with Tiverton by a bridge, and with Bristol by a ferry. In the NW. part of the township there is a coal mine. PORTSMOUTH, t. and cap. Scioto co.Ohio, on the E. bank of the Scioto, just above its junction with the Ohio, 45 m. S. from Chilli- cothe, 44 W. from Gallipolis, 421 m. from W. It is advantageously situated, and contains a court-house, a jail, and has some trade. Pop. 1,064. PORTSMOUTH, t. Norfolk co. Va. on the SW. side of Elizabeth river, opposite Norfolk, one mile distant from it, both of which consti- tute one port of entry, 110 m. E. by S. from Petersburg, 219 m. from W. It is pleasantly situated, and regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a jail, a sugar refinery, and 4 houses of public worship, 1 for Episcopalians, 1 for Baptists, 1 for Methodists, and 1 for Ro- man Catholics. The courts for the county of Norfolk are held here. PORTSMOUTH, s-p. Carteret co. N. C. on N. end of Core bank, near Ocrecock inlet, chiefly inhabited by fishermen and pilots. PORT LOUIS, French fortress, on the SW. coast of Hispaniola. Lon. 73° 16' W. ; lat. 18° 18' N. PORT ROYAL, s-p. of Jamaica, 6 m. E. of Spanish Town, and as much by water SE. of Kingston. Lon. 76° 45' W. ; lat. 18° N. PORT ROYAL, town and fort of the island of Martinico, 21 m. SE. of St. Pierre. Lon. 61° 9' W. ; lat. 14° 3' N. PORT ROYAL, isl. of S. C lies between Broad river on the W. Whale Sound N. PORT ROYAL, v. and port of Caroline co. Va. on the left bank of Rappahannock, 30 m. below Fredericksburg, and 65 m. NNE. from Richmond. Pop. about 1,700. PORT ROYAL, v. Morgan co. In. about 40 m. SW. from Indianapolis. PORT ROYAL, v. on Red River, Montgo- mery co. Ten. 45 m. WNW. from Nashville. POSEY, co. In. bordering on the Ohio and Wabash. Pop. 6,883. Chief town, Mount Vernon. POST HILL, v. Morgan co. Geo. POST MILL, v. Orange co. Va. 54 m. N. from Montpelier. POTOKA, r. In. which is formed in Orange Co. and flows W. through Pike and Gibson «os. and joins the Wabash about 12 m. W. from Princeton. POTOMAC, r. U. S. which rises in two branches, the north and south, originating in and near the Alleghany mountains, and forms', through its whole course, part of the boundary between Virginia and Maryland, and flows into Chesapeake Bay, between Point Lookout and Smith's Point. It is 7£ miles wide at its mouth. This is a fine navigable river for ships of al- most any burden for nearly 300 miles, as the tide ebbs and flows in it nearly that distance. Above the tide-water the river has three con- siderable falls, those above Georgetown are now passable in boats. Its length above the tide is upwards of 300 miles through an in. habited country. Its junction with the She- nandoah at Harper's Ferry is regarded as a great curiosity. See Harper's Ferry. POTOMAC CREEK, r. Va. which rune into the Potomac. POTOSI, t. and cap. Washington co. Mis- souri, 45 W. from St. Genevieve, 60 SSW. from St. Louis, 915 m.from W. POTOSI, San Luis, a state of Mexico, bounded S. by Queretaro and Guanaxuato, W. by Zacatecas, N. by New Leon, E. by Tauma- lipas and the Gulf of Mexico, and SE. by Vera Cruz. Length from N. to S. 200 miles, mean width about 95. POTOSI, San Luis, city of Mexico, and seat of government for the state of San Louis Potosi. It is situated on the high table-land of Anahuac, near the source of the river Panu- co, 264 m. NNW. from the city of Mexico. Lat. 22° 3' N. ; lon. from W. 23° 25' W. Pop. 15,000. POTSDAM, t. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 90 m. W. from Plattsburg, 150 NNW. from Al- bany. Pop. 3,650. POTTER, co. N. side of Pa. bounded N. by New York, E. by Tioga co. S. by Lycoming co. and W. by M'Kean co. Chief town, Cou- dersport POTTER STOWN, v. Hunterdon co. N.J. 5 m. E. from Lebanon. POTTIESVILLE, v. Louisa co. Va. POTTSGROVE, v. Montgomery co. Pa. POTTSVILLE, a flourishing t. in Schuyl- kill co. Pa. which has, within a few years, grown from a solitary house to a very con- siderable borough. It is situated on one of the head branches of the Schuylkill river, near the termination of the canal. The sudden rise, and rapid increase, of this place, have been owing to the immense quantities of coal found in the vicinity, and to the location of the canal, which terminates here, and renders this place a considerable depot for merchandise destined for the north and west. Pop. 2,464. POUGHKEEPSIE, t. and cap. Dutchess co. N.Y. on E. bank of the Hudson, 75 m. N. of New York, 85 S. of Albany, 301 from W. The town- ship is 10 m. in length from N.toS. and about 3| from E. to W. and has 5 landings with exten- sive store-houses, wharves, &c. The village of Poughkeepsie is situated on a plain about a mile E. of the Hudson, and contains a court- house, a jail, a bank, an academy, several houses of public worship, and 7,222 inhab- itants. POULTNEY, t. Rutland co. Vt. 56 m. N. POU from Bennington. Pop. 1,909. It is a con- siderable town, is watered by Poultney river, and borders on Hampton, N. Y. POUNDRIDGE, t. Westchester co. N.Y. 5 m. SE. from Bedford. Pop. 1,437. POWELL'S CREEK, r. Va. which runs into James river, Ion. 77° 21' W. ; lat. 37° 13' N. POWELL'S CREEK, r. Pa. which runs into the Susquehannah, 20 m. above Harrisburg. POWELL'S POINT, cape, Va. in James river. Lon. 86° 24' W. ; lat. 37° 2' N. POWELL'S RIVER, r. which rises from Powell's mountain in Virginia, passes into Tennessee, and joins Clinch river 38 m. NE. from Knoxville. It is said to be navigable for boats nearly 100 miles. POWELLTON, v. Hancock co. Geo. 14 m. N. from Sparta. It contains a flourishing academy, and 3 churches. POWHATAN, co. Va. bounded N. by James river, E. by Chesterfield co. S. by the Appoma- tox, and W. by Cumberland co. Pop. 8,517. Chief town, Scottsville. POWNAL, t. Bennington co. Vt. 8 m. S. from Bennington. Pop. 1,835. It is a valuable agricultural town, watered by Hoosac river, and borders on Hoosac, N. Y. and Williams- town, Mass. Mount Anthony is partly in this town, and partly in Bennington. POWNAL, t. Cumberland co. Me. 18 m. NE. from Portland, 133 NNE. from Boston. POWOW, r. which rises in Kingston, N. H. and runs into the Merrimack, W. of Salisbury in Mass. PRAIRIE, t. in the western limits of Frank- lin co. Ohio. Pop. 193. PRAIRIE CREEK, v. Vigo co. In. 95 m. SW. by W. from Indianapolis. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, v. on the left bank of the Mississippi river, cap. of Crawford co. Michigan, above the mouth of Ouisconsin river. It is an ancient settlement made by French traders. The U. S. Fort Crawford stands in this settlement. PRAIRIE DU ROCHE, v. Randolph co. II. It is the same village named often Prairie du Rocher. PRAIRIE MOUND, v. Lillard co. Miso. PRATTSBURG, t. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 2,399. PRALLSVILLE, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. PRATTSVILLE, v. Alleghany co. Md. on the road from Hancockstown to Cumberland, and nearly midway between those two places, and by postroad 115 m. NW. from W. PREBLE, t. Cortlandt co. N.Y. 8 m. N. from Homer, 150 W. from Albany. Pop. 1,435. PREBLE, co. W. part of Ohio. Pop. 16,291. Chief town, Eaton. PRESCOTT, v. U. C. on the St. Lawrence, nearly opposite Ogdensburg. PRESCOTT, v. Hampshire co. Mass. 76 m. westerly from Boston. PRESQUE ISLE, a peninsula, on S. side of Lake Erie. It is 7 m. long, and from J to 1£ broad. It is a heap of desert sand, thrown up by the surf of the lake. PRESSLEY'S, v. Abbeville district, S.C. -PRI 381 PRESSLEY'S CREEK, r. Va. which runs into the Potomac. PRESTON, t. New London co. Ct. on the E. side of the river Thames, 15 m. above New London. Pop. 1,935. PRESTON, t. New London co. Ct. on E. side of the Quinebaug, 6 m. E. from Norwich. PRESTON, t. Chenango co. N.Y. 5 m. N. from Norwich, 115 W. from Albany. Pop. 1,213. PRESTON, co. Va. bounded by Monongalia co. N. Alleghany co. Md. E. Randolph co. Va. S. and Harrison co. W. Length 26 m. mean width 16. Pop. in 1820, 3,428 ; in 1830, 5099 ; blacks, 152. Chief town, Kingwood. PRESTON HILLS, in N. H. extending from Cockburn to the White Mountains. PRESTONSBURG, v. and seat of justice, Floyd co. Ken, on the west branch of Big Sandy river, 209 m. SE. by E. from Frankfort. Pop. 81. PRESTON'S CREEK, or Wood Creek, r. Ken. which runs into the Ohio. PRESTONVILLE, v. Rhea co. Ten. 140 m. a little S. of E. from Murfreesborough. PRESTONVILLE, t. Gallatin co. Ken PRESUMSCUT, r. Me. which flows from Sebacook Lake into Casco Bay, NE. of Port- land. PREWITT'S KNOB, v. Barren co. Ken 144 m. SSW. from Frankfort. PRICE'S TAVERN, t. Louisa co. Va. 60 m. NW. from Richmond. PRICIS, t. St. Charles district, Miso. PRIESTFORD, v. Harford co. Md. PRINCE'S BAY, on the S. coast of Staten Island, N. Y. PRINCE EDWARD, co. of U. C. occupy- ing a peninsula between Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte. PRINCE EDWARD, co. Va. bounded by Lunenburg SE. Charlotte S. and SW. Buck- ingham NW. Cumberland, or Appomatox river N. Amelia NE. and Nottaway E. Length 25 m. mean width 10. Pop. in 1820, 12,577 ; in 1830, 14,107; slaves, 8,593. PRINCE EDWARD, C. H. and t. Prince Edward co. Va. PRINCE FREDERICK, t. Culvert co. Md. 40 m. SW. from Annapolis. PRINCE FREDERICK^ parish of George- town district, S. C. PRINCE GEORGE, co. Md. bounded NE by Ann-Arundel co. E. by Calvert co. S. by Charles co. W. by the Potomac, and NW. by the District of Columbia and Montgomery co. Pop. 20,473. Chief town, Upper Marlborough. PRINCE GEORGE, co. Va. bounded Nl by James river, SSE. by Surrey and Sussex cos. W. by Dinwiddie co. and NW. by Chester- field co. Pop. 8,368. Chief town, City Point. PRINCE ROYAL ISLANDS, a group of islands on the W. side of N. America, E. of Queen Charlotte's Islands, with a navigable channel between. PRINCESS ANNE, co. SE. corner of Va. bounded N. by Chesapeake Bay, E. by the At- lantic, S. by N. Carolina, and W. by Norfolk co. Pop. 9,102. Chief town, Kempsville. 882 PRI— PRO PRINCESS ANNE, t. and cap. Somerset co. Md. at the head of the Manokin, 20 m. W. from Snowhill, 153 m. SE. from W. It con- tains a court-house, a jail, a hank, an academy, and Episcopal church, and has some manufac- tures and trade. PRINCETON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 14 m. NNW. from Worcester, 52 W. by N. from Boston. Pop. 1,345. It is a valuable town- ship. Wachusett mountain is situated 2 m. N. of the meeting-house. It may be seen at the distance of 67 m. and according to the ad- measurement of Dr. Winthrop it is 3,012 feet above the level of the sea. PRINCETON, t. N. J. partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset cos. 10 m. NE. from Trenton, 16 SW. from New Brunswick, 40 NE. from Philadelphia, 49 SW. from N. York. Lon. 74° 35' W. ; lat. 40° 22' N. It is a pleas- ant town, and contains a College, a Theologi- cal Seminary, a brick Presbyterian church, and upwards of 200 dwelling-houses. The College at this place was founded in 1746, at Elizabethtown ; the next year it was removed to Newark, and a royal charter was granted to it in 1748, by the title of the College of New Jersey, which is its corporate name at present. It remained at Newark 10 years, and in 1757 was permanently established at Princeton. Its situation is pleasant and peculiarly healthful, and it has long been one of the most respecta- ble seminaries in the U. States. The college edifice is called Nassau Hall. It is 1 75 feet in length by 50 deep, and 4 stories high. Beside a chapel 40 feet square, there are 2 other large buildings attached to the College, which con- tain philosophical apparatus, museum, recita- tion rooms, &c. These buildings are all of stone. The number of students ranges from 75 to 150. The total number of those who have graduated at this college from its com- mencement to 1830 was 1,913. Commence- ment is held on the last Wednesday in Sep- tember. There are 2 vacations: the 1st, from commencement, 6 weeks; the 2d, from the first Thursday after the second Tuesday in April, 4 weeks. The Theological Seminary was established at this place in 1812. It is under the direction of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church in the U. States, and has 2 professors, one of didactic and polemic theology, and one of ecclesiastical history and church government. PRINCETON, t. Schenectady co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Schenectady. Pop. 819. PRINCETON, t. Caldwell co. Ken. PRINCETON, v. Butler co. Ohio, 6 m. E. from Hamilton. Pop. 33. PRINCETON, t. Gibson co. In. 35 m. S. from Vincennes. It is a flourishing town. PRINCE OF WALES, Cape, the NW. ex- tremity of the American continent, opposite East Cape, on the shore of Asia. Lon. 191° 45' E. ; lat. 65° 46' N. PRINCE OF WALES' FORT, N. Ameri- ca, on Churchill river, belonging to the Hud- son Bay Company. Lon. 94° 7' W. ; lat. 58° 47' N. PRINCE WILLIAM, co. NE. part of Va. bounded NNE. by Loudon and Fairfax coa, E. by the Potomac, S. by Stafford co. and SW. by Fauquier co. Pop. 9,330. Chief town, Brents vi lie. PRINCE WILLIAM, t. York co. New Brunswick, on the W. side of the river St, John. PRINCE WILLIAM'S SOUND, a great inlet of the Pacific ocean, on the N. American coast, which occupies a degree and a half of latitude, and two of longitude. It requires the greatest circumspection to navigate it, on ac- count of the rocks and shoals. Lon. 147° W. ' lat. 59° 30' ,o 61° N. PROCTOR'S CREEK, r. Va. which runs into James river. PROSPECT, t. Waldo co. Me. on W. side of the Penobscot, at its entrance into Penob- scot Bay, 15 m. NNW. from Castine, 227 NE. from Boston. Pop. 2,381. It has an excellent harbor, with water sufficiently deep for the largest ships of war. PROSPECT, t. Prince Edward co. Va. PROSPECT, Neio, v. Bergen co. N. J. PROSPECT HILL, v. Fairfax co. Va. 15 m. W. from W. PROSPECT HILL, v. Renssellaer co. N. Y. 23 m. from Albany. PROSPECT HILL, v. Caswell co. N. C. 88 m. NW. from Raleigh. PROVIDENCE, one of the least of the Ba- hama Islands, but the best of those planted by the English. It lies 200 m. E. of Florida. Lon. 77° 1' W. ; lat. 24° 50' N. PROVIDENCE, North, t. Providence co. R. I. on the W. side of the Pawtucket. Pop. 3,503. It lies on N. side of Providence, and contains several cotton manufactories, 2 banks, and an air-furnace. Pawtucket village is in this township. PROVIDENCE, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 20 m. N. from Schenectady, 34£ NNW. from Alba- ny. Pop. 1,579. PROVIDENCE, t. Mecklenburg co. N. C. PROVIDENCE, New, t. Essex co. N. J. Pop. 910. PROVIDENCE, co. R. I. bounded N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by Kent co. and W. by Connecticut. Pop. 47,014. PROVIDENCE, t. port of entry, and me- tropolis of R. Island, in a eounty of the same name, 15 m. NNW. from Bristol, 30 N. by W from Newport, 40 SSW. from Boston, 59 NE. from New London, 65 E. from Hartford, 394 from W. Lon. 71° 10' W.; lat. 41° 51' N. Pop. 1 6,832. It is situated on both sides of Providence river, just above the mouth of the Pawtucket, and 35 m. from the ocean. It is a pleasant, well-built, and very thriving town, well situated for trade, and has a flourishing commerce, and extensive manufactures. It possesses a fine harbor for ships of almost any burden, and its commerce is rapidly increas- ing, its shipping amounting to 25,000 tons. It contains 15 or 16 public buildings, among which the buildings of Brown University, and the Arcade, a magnificent structure, are the most conspicuous. It has 12 churches for the different denominations. Two of the Congre- PRO— PUT 383 Rational churches, and a Baptist and Episco- palian church, are remarkable for their beauty. Here are 11 banks, including an office of dis- count and deposit of the U. S. bank. The nu- merous and respectable manufactories of the city and Pawtucket are what has given this city its impulse towards prosperity. Few towns have increased more rapidly within the last ten years. Another element of this in- crease has been its connexion with the inte- rior of Massachusetts by the Blackstone canal. Brown University is a respectable and flour- ishing institution: its libraries contain 12,100 volumes. There are 2 college edifices, one 150 by 46 feet, and 4 stories high, with wings ; and the other 120 by 40 feet. The position of these buildings, on a noble elevation, is charming. The government of the University is composed of 36 trustees, of whom the presi- dent and 21 others must be Baptists. The other members of the board are shared among the different denominations, of whom 5 must be Friends. The Friends' Boarding School in this city is a most excellent institution. Every aspect of this handsome and thriving town indicates active and successful enterprise. PROVIDENCE RIVER, r. R. I. formed by Wanasquiatucket and Moshasick, which unite just above Providence. It flows into Narraganset Bay, at Bullock's Point, 5 or 6 m. below Providence. PROVINCE, t. Clarke co. In. 7 m. from the Ohio, and 23 above the rapids. PROVINCE ISLAND, fertile island in the river Delaware, 6 m. below Philadelphia. PROVINCETOWN,t. Barnstable co. Mass. near Cape Cod, 44 m. NE. from Barnstable, 116 SE. from Boston. Pop. 1,710. It is situ- ated on the hook of Cape Cod, 3 m. SE. from Race Point. The harbor, which is one of the best in the state, opens to the southward, and has sufficient depth of water for ships of any size. The houses are of one story, and in order to prevent their being buried in the sand, they are set on piles, that the driving sands may pass under them. PROWELLSVILLE, v. York co. Pa. 7 m. S. from Harrisburg. PRUDENCE, isl. in Narraganset Bay, be- longing to Portsmouth, R. I. 6 m. long ; 2 m. SW. from Bristol. PRUNTYTOWN, t. Harrison co. Va. PUEBLA, a state of Mexico, bounded by the Pacific Ocean S. Mexico W. QueretaroNW. Vera Cruz NE. and Oaxaca E. and SE. ; length 350 m. breadth 53. A great portion of Puebla is a lofty plain and highly productive in grain and fruits. In this region is concentrated the principal part of the population, which is com- puted to be 1,300,000, one million of which exist upon 10,000 sq. ras. PUEBLA, city of Mexico, and capital of the state of the same name. It is the 4th city of Spanish America, and is only exceeded by Mexico, Guanaxuato, and Havana. Pop. about 100,000. Lat. 19° N.; Ion. 21° W. It is 87 m. SE. by E. from Mexico, and 160 m. WNW. from Vera Cruz. PUGET'S ISLAND, narrow isl. about 5 m. in length, in Columbia river, about 24 m. from its mouth. PUGHTOWN, v. Chester co. Pa. PUGHTOWN, v. Frederick co. Va. 79 m from W. PULASKI, co. Geo. bounded by Telfair SE. Houston SW. Monroe N W. Twiggs N. and Laurens NE. Length 35 m. mean width 14. Little Oakmulgee river rises in the NE. angle, and traverses the entire length of this county Pop. in 1820, 5,223; in 1830, 4,899. Chief town, Hartford. PULASKI, co. Ken. bounded by Cumber land river, or Wayne S. Adair W. Casey and Lincoln NW. Rockcastle NE. and Rockcastle river, or White E. Length 35 m. mean width 23. Pop. in 1820, 7,597; in 1830, 9,522. Chief town, Somerset. PULASKI, v. and seat of justice, Giles co. Ten. on Richland branch of Elk river, 45 m. NW. from Huntsville, 80 S. from Nashville. PULASKI, co. Ark. on the Cadron, about 300 m. above Arkiopolis. Pop. 2,395. Chief town, Little Rock. PULTA WAT AMIES, Indians, on the river St. Joseph, S. of Lake Michigan. No. 1,200. PULTNEY, t Steuben co. N. Y. on the W. side of Crooked Lake, 11 m. N. from Bath, 230 W. from Albany. Pop. 1,730. PULTNEY, t. Belmont co. Ohio. Pop. 1,548. PULTNEYVILLE, v. in Williamson, N.Y PUNCH HALL, v. Caroline co. Md. PUNGOTEAGUE, v. Accomac co. Va. PUNXETAWNY, v. Jefferson co. Pa. on Mahoning creek, 70 m. NE. from Pittsburg, and 35 NE. by E. from Kittanning. PUT-IN-BAY, bay, formed by the island of Edwards in SW. part of Lake Erie, 10 m. WNW. from Sandusky Bay. It affords the best harbor on the lake. PUTNAM, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Dutch- ess co. E. by Connecticut, S. by Westchester co. and W. by the Hudson river. Pop. 12,701. Chief town, Carmel. PUTNAM, v. Muskingum co. Ohio, oppo- site Zanesville, with which it is connected by a handsome bridge. Pop. 758. It is a flour- ishing town, and contains an academy, and some mills. A number of the dwelling-houses are handsomely built of brick. The academy is a brick building of two stories. PUTNAM, t. Washington co. N. Y. 28 m. N. from Sandy Hill. Pop. 718. It lies on Lake Champlain. PUTNAM, co. Ohio, bounded by Henry N. Hancock E. Allen S. and Vanwert and Paul- ding W. It is 24 m. square. Pop. 230. Chief town, Sugar Grove. It is watered by the Hog and Blanchard's rivers. Surface, generally level. PUTNAM, co. Geo. bounded by the Oconee river, or Hancock SE. Baldwin and Jones S. Jasper W. Morgan N. and Oconee river, or Greene NE. Length 20 m. mean width 18. Pop. in 1820, 15,475 ; in 1830, 13,656. Chief town, Eatonton. PUTNEY, t. Windham co. Vt. on the Con- 384 PYA— RAC necticut, 33 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 1,510. It is a pleasant and flourishing town. PYAMATUNING, t. Mercer co. Pa. Q. QUACHA, lake, Louisiana, 7 m. W. from New Orleans. QUAKAKE, creek in Northampton co. Pa. one of the branches of the Lehigh river. QUAKER HILL, v. in Pawling, N. Y. QUAKERTOWN, t. Bucks co. Pa. 33 m. NNW. from Philadelphia. QUANTICO, r. Prince William co. Va. runs into the Potomac, 4 m. below Dumfries. QUANTICO MILLS, v. Somerset co. Md. QUARLESVILLE, v. Brunswick co. Va. QUEBEC, city, and cap. of British America, on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence, near the mouth of the St. Charles, 350 m. from the sea. Pop. about 21,000. It is naturally divided into the upper and lower town. The upper town is built on a high rock, 340 feet above the lower. Its position, with its fortifications, ren- ders it the strongest military fortress in the country. The French parish church, college, barracks, castle of St. Louis, and Ursuline con- vent, are among the principal buildings that arrest the attention of the stranger. The basin or harbor is very spacious, with a depth of 28 fathoms. The commercial relations are ex- tensive and increasing. QUEECHY, r. Vt. rises in Sherburne, and runs into the Connecticut, N. of Hartland. QUEEN ANN, co. Md. bounded N. by Kent co. E. by Delaware, SE. by Caroline co. S. by Talbot co. and W. by Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 14,396. Chief town, Centreville. QUEEN ANN, t. Prince George co. Md. on the Patuxent, 10 m. SW. from Annapolis. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, group of islands in the N. Pacific, explored by captain Carteret in 1767. The most considerable he named Egmont, but the Spaniards call it Santa Cruz. It is 60 m. long, and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and mountainous, with many valleys intermixed. The inhabitants are very nimble, vigorous, and active, and their weapons are bows and arrows pointed with flint. On the N. side is a harbor named Swallow Bay. Lon. 164° 26' E. ; lat. 10° 42' S. QUEENS, co. Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy. QUEENS, co. New Brunswick, on both sides of St. John's river. Chief town, Gagetown. QUEENSBOROUGH, v. Pendleton district, 130 m. NW. from Columbia. QUEENSBOROUGH, small village in Tus- carawas co. Ohio, 13 m. E. by N. from New Philadelphia. Pop. 20. QUEENSBUR Y, t. Warren co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 56 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 3,080. QUEEN'S COUNTY, co. N. Y. in W. part of Long Island, bounded N. by Long Island Sound, E. by Suffolk co. S. by the Atlantic, and W. by King's co. Pop. 22,276. Chief town, North Hempstead. QUEEN'S CREEK, r. N.C. runs into the Atlantic. Lon. 77° 28' W. ; lat. 34° 37' N. QUEENSDALE, v. Robeson co. N.C. QUEENSTOWN, U.C. situated upon tne Niagara river, about 7 m. above Newark. Pop. 400. It is at the head of the navigation for ships, and the portage, occasioned by the Falls of Niagara, which commences here. Here is a large number of huts, sufficient to quarter a regiment. QUEENSTOWN, t. Queen Ann's co. Md. E. from Chesapeake Bay, and 24 m. NNW. from Easton. QUEMAHONING, t. Somerset co. Pa. QUERETARO, city of Mexico, and capital of the state of the same name, 95 m. NW. from the city of Mexico. Lat. 20° 36' N. ; lon. from W. 23° 11' W. Pop. 45,000. It is the most extensive manufacturing city of Spanish America QUERETARO, state of Mexico, bounded S. by Mexico, W. by Guanaxuato, N. by San Luis Potosi, NE. by Vera Cruz, and SE. by Puebla. Length from E. to W. 160 m. mean breadth about 56 ; area 13,482 sq. ms. Pop. nearly 800,000. Queretaro lies between lat 20° and 21° 50' N. QUIBLETOWN, v. Middlesex co. N.J. 6 m. N. from New Brunswick. QUICKSAND, r. N. A. runs N. into the Columbia, nearly opposite to Seal river. QUICOURRE, r. La. which runs into the Missouri, 1,000 m. from the Mississippi. QUINCEY, v. Morgan co. II, QUINCEY, v. Adams co. II. QUINCY, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 9 m. SE. from Boston. Pop. 2,192. Here is a quarry of excellent granite, much used for building in Boston and the neighborhood. The Quincy Rail-road extends from this place to Neponset river. It is 3 m. in length, with a single track. It was constructed in 1826, and was the first undertaking of the kind in America This is a pleasant town, and is remarkable for having been the birth-place of two Presidents of the U. States, John Adams, and John Quincy Ad- ams. It is at present (1832) the residence of the latter. QUINSIGAMOND, or Long Pond, lake, Mass. between Worcester and Shrewsbury. It is a beautiful sheet of water, about 5 m. in length, and from 60 to 100 rods in breadth, and contains a number of small islands. QUINTE, a bay and harbor in the NE. part of Lake Ontario, a little to the W. of Kings- ton, 50 m. long, and from 6 to 12 broad. R. RABUN, NW. co. Geo. between Chessatee and Catahooche rivers, having Habersham E. and Hall SE. This is the NW. co. of only that part of Georgia, reclaimed from the In- dians, but is situated near 100 m. E. from the actual NW. angle of Georgia, on Tennessee r. Pop. 2,175. Chief town, Clayton. RACCOON, t. Gallia co. Ohio. RACCOON, id. in the Atlantic, near the coast of S. Carolina, 9 m. long, and 1 wide. Lon. 79° 22' W. ; lat. 33° 3' N. RACCOON CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs into the Ohio, 6 m. below Gallipolis. Along the borders of this stream, in Athens co. are RAC— RAN 385 extensive quarries of stsne, from which burr jnill-stones of excellent quality are manufac- tured. Length 50 m. RACCOON CREEK, r. Pa. runs into the Ohio. Lon. 80° 25' W. ; lat. 40° 38' N. RACCOON ISLAND, small isl. in Ossabaw Sound, belonging to Georgia. Lon. 81° 12' W. ; lat. 31° 47' N. RACCOON KEYS, cluster of small islands •near the coast of S. C Lon. 79° 15' W. ; lat. •24° 8' N. RACE POINT, cape, on the coast of Mass. W. of Cape Cod. Lon. 70° 12' W. ; lat. 42° 4' N. RACK, Lower, small isl. near the coast of Va. Lon. 75° 50' W. ; lat. 37° 20' N. RACK, Upper, small isl. near the coast of Va. Lon. 75° 45' W. ; lat. 37° 26' N. RACKET, r. N. Y. rises near the sources <>f the Hudson, and flows N. into the St. Law- rence, 2 m. above St. Regis. RACKETON, v. in Louisville, N. Y. at the head of batteau navigation on Racket river, 20 m. from its confluence with the St. Lawrence, 25 m. E. from Ogdensburg. RAHWAY, t. Essex co. N.J. 5 m. SW. fr,om Elizabethtown. Pop. 1,983. RAHWAY, small river or creek of Essex and Middlesex cos. N. J. falls into Staten Island Sound, 4 m. from Newark Bay. RAINY LAKE, lake, N. America, divided by an isthmus near the middle, into two parts. The W. part is called the Great Rainy Lake, the E. the Little Rainy Lake, being the least division. The broadest part of it is not more than 20 m. ; its length, including both, about 300 m. In the W. part the water is very clear md good, and some excellent fish are taken in t. A great many fowls resort here in the fall, lyjoose deer are to be found in great plenty, md likewise the Carraboo, whose skin is high- y valued as a material for the fabrication of oreeches and gloves. RAINY RIVER, r. II. which rises near the W. border of Indiana, flows WNW. and joins the Illinois. RAISIN, r. Michigan Territory, flows into the W. end of Lake Erie. RAISIN, r. Michigan Territory, flows into Lake Michigan, 16 m. N. from Barbice. It lerives its name from the great quantities of crapes found on its banks. RAISIN ISLES, in Lake St. Francis, U. C. ?e between the mouth of the river aux Raisins ;nd the point of that name ; they are small - Mississiniwa branch of Wa- bash, and White river branch of Miami, rise in this co. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. in L820, 1,808 ; in 1830, 3,012. RANDOLPH, co. II. bounded by the Mis- sissippi river SW. Monroe co- W. St. Clair and Washington N. Jefferson and Franklin E. and Tackson SE. Length 54 m. mean width 16. Kaskaskias river passes through, and enters the Mississippi in, this co. Chief town, Kas- kaskias. Pop. in 1820, 3,492 ; in 1830, 4,436. RANDOM, t. Essex co. Vt.58 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pep. 105. RANSOM'S BRIDGE, v. Halifax co. N. C. RAPID ANN, r. Va. rises in the Blue Ridge, in Madison and Orange cos. between which, the main branch by the name of Con- way river, flows SE. to the SE. Mountain; turns thence NE. between Madison and Or- ange, and between Orange and Culpeper, and afterwards between Culpeper and Spottsylva- nia, and joins the Rappahannock 10 m. above Fredericksburg. RAPIDES, parish, La. bounded by Opelou- sas S. Natchitoches W. and NW. Washita and Ocatahoola N. Concordia E. and Avoyelles SE. Length 55 m. mean width 43. The surface considerably varied. Chief town, Alexandria. Pop. in 1820, 6,065 ; in 1630, 7,559. RAPID PLAT, in the river St. Lawrence, in front of the t. of Matilda, containing about 200 acres. The soil is good, and lies partly in front of the t. of Williamsburg, U. C. RAPPAHANNOCK, navigable river, Va. which rises in the Blue Ridge, and runs ESE. about 130 m. and flows into the Chesapeake 25 m. S. of the Potomac. It is navigable for vessels of 130 or 140 tons to Fredericksburg, 110 m. from its mouth. RARITAN, r. N. J. formed by 2 branches, which unite about 20 m. above New Bruns- wick. Its general course is S. of E. It is a remarkably crooked stream, as well as nar- row, but so deep that it is navigable for heavy sloops and steam-boats to New Brunswick, 17 m. from Raritan Bay, through which it com- municates with the Atlantic, south of Staten Island. RARITAN, bay of N. Y. and N. J. opens in a triangular form between the mouths of Raritan and Hudson rivers. RATTLESNAKE ISLANDS, cluster of small islands at W. extremity of Lake Erie. RATTLESNAKE MOUNTAIN, mt. Mass. in N. part of Stockbridge, about 1,000 feet high. RATTLESNAKE FORK, a branch of Paint Creek, Ohio. RAVENNA, t. and cap. Portage co. Ohio, on the Cuyahoga, 25 m. N. from Canton, 35 SE. from Cleveland, 320 from W. Lat. 41° 11' N. It contains the county buildings, and a wool- ten manufactory, which is situated on the wa- ters of the Cuyahoga. Pop. 806. RAYMOND, t. Rockingham co. N. H. Pot* 1,000. RAYNHAM, t. Bristol co. Mass. on Taun- ton river, 3 m E. from Taunton, 32 S. from Boston. Pop. 1,209. Large quantities of ex- cellent iron ore are found in this town ; and considerable quantities of bar iron, hollow ware, nails, shovels, &c. are manufactured here. The first forge in America was set up in this town by James and Henry Leonard, natives of England, in 1652. READFIELD, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 12 m. W. from Augusta, 165 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,884. READING, t. Windsor co. Vt. 12 m. W from Windsor. Pop. 1,409. READING, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 11 m. WSW. from Salem, 12 N. from Boston. Pop. 1,806. This town is noted for its extensive manufactories of shoes. READING, South, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 11 m. N. from Boston. It was formed from a part of Reading in 1812, and contains 1,310 inhabitants. READING, t. Fairfield co. Ct. 15 m. NNW. from Fairfield. Pop. 1,709. READING, t. Steuben co. N. Y. 23 m. NE. from Bath. Pop, 1,568. It lies on W. side of Seneca Lake. READING, bor. and cap. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill, 54 m. NW. from Philadelphia, 143 from W. Pop. 5,859. It is a very pleas ant and flourishing town, and contains a court- house, a jail, 2 banks, a large edifice for the public offices, and 5 or 6 churches, for Luther- ans, Calvinists, Roman Catholics, and Friends It contains many eJegant houses, is surround- ed by fine scenery, and has, in its vicinity many valuable mill-seats. Its inhabitants are principally Germans, and their descendants. It is remarkable for the manufacture of hats. Near the town there is a large and remarka- ble spring of pure water. READING, t. Butler co. Ohio. READING, t. Hamilton co. Ohio, 8 m. N. from Cincinnati. Pop. 200. READING, t. Perry co. Ohio. READINGTON, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. 11 m. SE. from Lebanon. Pop. 2,102. READSBOROUGH, t. Clearfield co. Pa. READYVILLE, t. Rutherford co. Ten. REAMSTO WN, t. Lancaster co. Pa. 16 m. NE. from Lancaster. RED BANK, fort, Gloucester co. N. J. on the Delaware, 9 m. S. from Philadelphia. RED BANK, v. Colleton district, S. C. REDBANK, t. Armstrong co. Pa. RED BLUFF, v. Claiborne co. Miss. REDFIELD, t. Oswego co. N.Y. 35 m. NNW. from Rome, 148 NW. from Albany. Pop. 341. RED HOOK, v. in Rhinebeck, N. Y. on E. bank of the Hudson, 47 m. S. from Albany. RED HOUSE, v. Caswell co. N. C. RED LAKE, lake, N. America. This is comparatively a small lake, at the head of a branch of the Red river; its form is nearly round, and about 60 miles in circumference, RED— RHI 387 On one side of it is a tolerably large island, close by which a- small river enters. It is al- most SE. from Lake Winnipeg, and SW. from the Lake of the Woods. Lon. 95° 10' W. ; lat. 47 3 40' N. RED LICK, salt spring in the state of Ken. 32 m. E. from Stamford. RED SHOAL, v. Stokes co. N. C. REDSTONE, t. Fayette co. Pa. RED RIVER, r. which rises in Kentucky, and runs into the Cumberland in Tennessee, a little below Clarkesville. RED RIVER, r. Kentucky, which runs W. into the Kentucky, 9 miles above Boonsbo- rough. RED RIVER, one of the most considerable tributaries of the Mississippi, and the first from its mouth of any importance, which it receives on the W. about 400 miles above New Orleans. It takes its rise in a chain of hills near Santa Fe, in New Mexico, called, we know not by what authority, the Caous Mountains. In its upper courses it receives Blue river, and False Washita. It winds through a region of prai- ries, on which feed droves of buffaloes, cattle, and wild horses. In these regions it receives a great many considerable tributaries, the names of which have not yet been given. Through the greater part of its course, Red river winds through immense prairies of a red soil covered with grass, and vines that bear de- licious grapes. On its banks is the favorite range jf the buffalo, and other game, peculiar to the vast western ocean of prairies. About thirty leagues above Natchitoches, commences the Raft, which is nothing more than a broad swampy expansion of the alluvion of the river to the width of 20 or 30 miles. The river, spreading here into a vast number of channels, frequently shallow, of course, has been for ages clogging with a compact mass of timber, and fallen trees, wafted from the upper regions. Between these masses the river has a channel, sometimes lost in a lake, and found by follow- ing the outlet of that lake back to the parent channel. There is no stage of the water, in which a keel-boat, with an experienced pilot, may not make its way through the raft. We have seen a considerable steam-boat, which was built above the raft, and floated through it in an unfinished state. The river is blocked up by this immense mass of timber for a length, by its meanders, of between 60 and 70 miles. There are places where the water can be seen in motion under the logs. In other places, the whole width of the river may be crossed on horseback, and boats only make their way, in passing these places, by following the inlet of a lake, and coasting it to its outlet, and thus finding the channel again. Weeds, flowering shrubs, and small willows, have taken root upon the surface of this timber, and flourish above the waters. But in all these places the courses of the river, its outline, and its bends, are distinctly marked by a margin of forest trees, which grow here on the banks in the same manner as they do where the channel is open. It is an impediment of incalculable in- jury to the navigation of this noble river, and the immense extent of fine country above it. There is, probably, no part of the United States where the unoccupied lands have higher claims, from soil, climate, intermixture of prairies and timbered lands, position, and every inducement to population, than the country between the Raft and Kimichie. This country would be settled with greater rapidity, were it not for the obstruction which this raft opposes to the navigation of the river. The state has made an effort to have it removed. Accurate sur- veys of it have been made, and the general government has made an appropriation for this purpose. The river above the raft becomes broad, deep, and navigable for steam-boats in moderate stages of the water, 1,000 miles to- wards the mountains. Below the raft, as we have remarked, the river divides itself into many channels, and fills such a number of bayous and lakes, that lie parallel to the river, that the bare enumeration of their names would carry us beyond our limits. REEDSBOROUGH, t. Bennington co. Vt. 15 m. SE. from Bennington. REEDY CREEK, r. N. J. which runs into the Atlantic, lon. 74° 16' W. : lat. 39° 55' N. REEDY ISLAND, isl. in the river Dela- ware, 20 m. from Bombay Hook, and 50 below Philadelphia ; 3 m. long, and \ broad. REEL FOOT, r. Ten. which runs into the Mississippi, about 35 m. S. of the Ohio. REESVILLE, v. Montgomery co. Pa. 3 m. a little W. of S. and on the opposite side of Schuylkill river from Norristown, and 1 6 NW. from Philadelphia. REHOBOTH, t. Bristol co. Mass. on E. side of the Seekhonk, 15 m. WSW. from Taun- ton, 37 SW. from Boston. Pop. 2,468. REHOBOTH BAY, of the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Sussex co. Del. It has the same inlet with Indian river. REHRERSBURG, or Rehrerstown, v. in the NW. part of Berks co. Pa. 46 m. a little N of E. from Harrisburg, 15 NE. from Lebanon- REIDSVILLE, v. Pendleton district, S.C, REISTERSTOWN, v. Baltimore co. Md 15 m. NW. from Baltimore. REMBERTSTON, t. Sumpter district, S. C REMSEN, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 107 m- NW from Albany. Pop. 1,400. RENSSELAER, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Washington co. E. by Vermont and Massachu- setts, S. by Columbia co. and W. by the Hud- son. Pop. 49,472. Chief town, Troy. RENSSELAER, v. in Berlin, N. Y. 12 m. E. from Albany. Here is an extensive manu- factory of glass. RENSSELAERVILLE, t. Albany co. N.Y. 24 m. SW. from Albany. Pop. 3,689. REPUBLICVILLE, v. Clarke co. Al. REYNOLDSBURG, v. Humphrey co. Ten. RHEA, co. Ten. bounded by M'Minn SE. the Cherokee lands and Hamilton co. SW. Bledsoe W. and NW. and Rowan NE. Length 30 m. mean width 20. Pop. in 1820, 4,215; in 1830, 8,182. Chief town, Washington. RHEATOWN, v. Greene co. Ten. E. from Nashville. RHINEBECK, t. Dutchess co. N Y. on E 388 RHI — RIC aide of the Hudson, 18 m. N. from Poughkeep- sie, 67 S. from Albany. Pop. 2,938. There are 4 landings on the Hudson in this town, and the trade is considerable. Here is a remark- able cavern. RHINESTOWN, t. Cumberland co. Pa. 20 m. W. from Petersburg. RHODE ISLAND, one of the U. S. See page 59. RHODE ISLAND, isl. of the U. S. a part of R. I. state, and from which that small mem- ber of our confederacy takes its name. It is 15 m. long, mean width of 2|, and is included in Newport co. This island received its name from the Dutch, and, contrary to common opinion, means Red Isldnd. RHODE RIVER, r. S. C. which runs into the NW. branch of Cape Fear river. RIAPA CREEK, r. Miss, which runs into the Mississippi, 52 m. below Natchez. RICEBOROUGH, t and cap. Liberty co. Geo. on Newport river ; 32 m. SW. from Sa- vannah, 692 from Wj It contains about 40 houses. RICEVILLE, v. Rowan co. Tern RICHARDSONVILLE, v. Edgefield dis- trict, S. C. 74 m. W- from Columbia. RICHELIEU, co. L. C. on St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, and extending SE. from the former, to the N. boundary of Vermont. RICHFIELD, NE. t. Medina co. Ohio. Pop. 653. RICHFIELD, t. Otsego co. N. Y. 13 m. NW. from Cooperstown, 72 W. from Albany. Pop. 1,752. RICHFORD, t. Franklin co. Vt. 48 m. N. from Montpelier. Pop. 704. RICHFORD, v. Tioga co. N. Y. RICH HILL, t. in the eastern part of Mus- kingum co. Ohio. Pop. 1,263. RICHHILL, t. Greene co. Pa. RICHLAND, central district of S. C. on the peninsula between the Wateree and Congaree rivers, with Fairfield and Kershaw districts N. Length 40 m. mean width 12. Chief town, Columbia. RICHLAND, co. Ohio, bounded N. by Hu- ron, E. by Wayne, S. by Knox, and W. by Marion and Crawford cos. It is 30 m. square. Chief town, Mansfield. Pop. in 1820, 9,169 ; in 1830, 24,007. RICHLAND, v. Onslow co. N. C. RICHLAND, t. Oswego co. N. Y. on E. end of Lake Ontario, 55 m. N W. from Utica. Pop. 2,733. RICHLAND, t. Belmont co. Ohio. Pop. 3,747. RICHLAND, t. Clinton co. Ohio. Pop. 1,664. RICHLAND, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. Pop. 1,537. RICHLAND, t. Guernsey co. Ohio. Pop. 1,824. RICHLAND, district, central part of S. C. Pop. 11,465, Chief town, Columbia. RICHLAND, r. Ten. It passes by Pulaski, and is navigable from that town to its junction with Elk river, 12 m. Length 70 m. RICHLAND, v. Giles co. Ten. RICH MAN'S ISLAND, small island on the coast of Maine, 3 m. N. from Portland. RICHMOND, t. Chittenden co. Vt. 28 m, WNW. from Montpelier, 499 from W. Pop, 1,109 RICHMOND, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio. Pop. 181. RICHMOND, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 12 m. S. from Keene, 88 WSW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,301. RICHMOND, t, Berkshire co. Mass. 7 m. W. from Lenox, 10 WSW. from Pittsfield, 130 W. from Boston. Pop. 844, RICHMOND, f. Washington co. R. I. 18 m. W. from Newport. Pop. 1,362. RICHMOND, v. and seat of justice, Rich-, mond co. N. Y. near the centre of Staten Isl- and, 6 m. SW. from the Lazaretto. RICHMOND, ii situate on the head of a small stream, to which it gives name, about 2 m. W. of Delaware river, in Northampton co, Pa. RICHMOND, t. Jefferson co. Ohio. Pop. 231 . RICHMOND, co. N. Y. occupying all Staten Island; Pop. 7,084. Chief town, Rich* mond. RICHMOND, co. Va. bounded N. by West> moreland co. NE. by Westmoreland and North- umberland cos. SE; by Lancaster co. and SW. by the Rappahannock. Pop. 6,056. RICHMOND, t. Ontario co. N. Y. on Hem- lock and Honeoye Lakes, 15 m. SW. from Canandaigua. Pop. 1,876. RICHMOND, city, port of entry, and me- tropolis of Virginia, in Henrico co. on the N.> side Of James river, between 50 and 60 m. by the course of the river, above City Point, and 150 m. from its mouth, immediately below the Falls, at the head of tide-water, and opposite Manchester, with which it is connected by 2 bridges; 25 m. N. from Petersburg, 123 m. W. of S. from W. Lon. 77° 31' W. ; lat. 37° 30' N. The situation is alike picturesque, salu- brious, and beautiful. The position is favora- ble for commerce, it being the natural depot of tobacco, wheat, and hemp, raised in the popu- lous country watered by the river. An abun- dance of mineral coal is cheaply conveyed to it. It contains 13 public buildings, and 8 churches, together with a number of respecta- ble manufactories. The Capitol, the Peniten- tiary, and the beautiful church raised on the ruins of the theatre, in the conflagration of which 70 citizens perished, are beautiful and: conspicuous erections. The new Court-House is also a spacious and elegant building. The Virginia Armory is an extensive establish- ment. The river has been rendered boatable 220 m. above the city. This town owns a re- spectable amount of shipping, and is one of the most flourishing places in the state. Pop. in 1820, 12,046 ; in 1830, 16,085. RICHMOND, co. N. C. bounded by S. Carolina SW. Yadkin river W. Montgomery and Moore N. Cumberland E. and Robeson SE. Length 45 m. Chief town, Rocking- ham. Pop. in 1820, 7,537 ; in 1830, 9,326. RICHMOND, co. Geo. Chief town, Au- gusta. Pop. 11,644. RIC — ROC 389 RICHMOND, v. Wayne co. In. 63 m. E. from Indianapolis. RICHMOND, v. and seat of justice, Madi- son co. Ken. 30 m. SSE. from Lexington^ 53 SE. from Frankfort, and 537 from W. Pop. 947. RICHMOND, C. tt. Richmond co. Va; 62 m. NE. from Richmond. RICHMOND, v. Henry co. AI. RICHMOND, t. Ross co. Ohio, on Salt creek, 14 m. SE. from Chillicothe. Pop. 221. RICHMONDVILLE} v. Schoharie co. N. Y. 36 m. westerly from Albany. RICHWOODS, v. Morgan co. Va. 98 m. NW. from W. RIDEAU, river of Canada, a southern branch of the Ottawa. RIDGE, v. St. Mary's co. Md. RIDGE, v. Edgefield district, S. C. RIDGEFIELD, t. Fairfield co. Ct. 13 m. N. from Norwalk. Pop. 2,322i It has an ele- vated situation, and affords a good view of Long Island Sound, which is 14 m. distant. RIDGEFIELD, t. Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 842. RIDGEVILLE, t. Warren co. Ohio. Pop. 67. RIGA, t. Monroe co. N. Y. on W. side of the Genesee, 20 m. NE. from Batavia. Pop. 1*908. RIGOLET, r. La. which is formed by the junction of the Sabine and Black Lake rivers, and unites with the Red river, about 25 m. NW. from Alexandria. RIGOLETS, r. or channel, which forms a communication between Lakes Ponchartrain and Borp-ne. Length 8 or 10 m. RILEY, t. Oxford co. Me. 30 m. NW. from Paris. Pop. 57. RlNDGE, t. Cheshire co. N. H. on W. side of New Ipswich, 18 m. SE. from Keene, 55 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,269. There are in this town 13 ponds, the largest of which Contains 200 acres. RING ISLAND, small island, near the coast of Mass. a little to the E. of Newbury- port. RINGO'S TOWN, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 15 m. NW. from Trenton. RIPLEY, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 1,647, RIPLEY, t. Brown co. Ohio, on the Ohio, at the mouth of White Oak creek, 12 m. below Maysville. Pop. 572. RIPLEY, t. Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 176. RIPLEY, t. Bond co. II. on Shoal creek, 10 m. from Perrysville, 20 from Edwardsville. Here are valuable mills. Near the town there is a salt spring, and a coal mine 7 miles dis- tant. RIPLEY, t Somerset co. Me. Pop. 644. RIPLEY, co. In. bounded by Fayette NW. Franklin N. Dearborn E. Switzerland SE. Jefferson S. and Jennings W. Length 27 m. mean width 16. It is an elevated tract, from which the streams flow in various directions into Ohio and Wabash rivers. Chief town, Versailles. Pop. in 1820, 1,822; in 1830, 3,957. RIPTON, t. Addison co. Vt. 34 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 278. RISING SUN, v. Cecil co. Md. RISING SUN, t. Dearborn co. In. finely situated on the second bank of the Ohio, with a gradual descent to the river. It is half-way between Vevay and Lawrenceburg, and con- tains about 500 inhabitants. RIVANNA, r. Va. which runs SE. into the river James, at Columbia. It is navigable for bateaux upwards of 20 m. RIVERHEAD, t. and cap. Suffolk co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 90 m. E. from N. York. Pop. 2,016. It contains several villages, which are distinguished by local names, the county buildings, some manufactures, and 4 or 5 houses of public worship, for Congregational ists and Presbyterians. RIVERHEAD, v. New London co. Ct. 50 m. from Hartford. RIXEYVILLE, v. Culpeper co. Va. 67 m< SW. from W. and 117 NNW. from Richmond. ROANE, co. Ten. bounded by Blount E. M'Minn SE. Rhea SW. Morgan NW. Ander, son N. and Knox NE. Length 30 m. mean width 20. The two great branches of Ten- nessee river, the Tennessee proper, and Hol- ston, unite in this county. Pop. in 1820, 7,895 ; in 1830, 11,340. ROAN'S CREEK, v. Carter co. Ten. ROANOKE, isl. in the Atlantic, near the coast of N. Carolina, at the entrance into Albe- marle Sound, Adth a town of the same name Lon. 76° W. ; lat. 35° 50' N. ROANOKE, r. N. C. which is formed by the union of the Staunton and the Dan, the former of which rises in Virginia, and the lat- ter in N. Carolina, and flows into Albemarle Sound. Lat. 35° 58' N. It is navigable for vessels of considerable burden 30 or 40 m. and for boats of 30 or 40 tons to the Falls, 70 m, and for boats of 5 tons for the distance of 200 m. above the Falls. ROANOKE, Little, r. Va. which runs into the Staunton. ROANOKE, v. Mecklenburg co. Va. 150 m. SW. from Richmond. ROANOKE INLET, channel on the coast of N. Carolina, which leads into Albemarle Sound. ROARING RIVER, r. Ten. which runs into the Cumberland, below Obeds. ROBBINSTON, t. Washington co. Me. 490 m. NE. from Boston. Pop. 616. ROBERTSON, co. Ten. bounded by Ken- tucky N. Sumner E. Davidson S. Dickson SW. and Montgomery W. Length 40 m. mean width 15. Chief town, Springfield. Pop. in 1820, 9,938; in 1830, 13,302. ROBESON, co. N. C. bounded by S. Caro- lina SW. Richland co. W. Cumberland N Bladen E. Columbus SE. Length 33 m. mean width 25. Chief town, Lumberton. Pop. in 1820, 8,204 ; in 1830, 9,355. ROCHELLE, New, t. Westchester co, N.Y. on Long Island Sound, 21 m. NNE* from New York. Pop. 1,274. Here is an academy. ROCHESTER, t. Strafford co. N. H. on W* 390 ROC— ROC side of Salmon Fall river, 22 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,155. Near the centre of the town, there is a village called Norway Plains, containing 1 a meeting-house, a court- house, 50 or 60 dwelling-houses, and several stores. There is also a cotton manufactory in the town. ROCHESTER, t. Ulster co. N. Y. Pop. 2,420, ROCHESTER, t. Windsor co. Vt. 44 m. NW. from Windsor. Pop. 1,392. . ROCHESTER, v. Monroe co. N. Y. at the Falls of Genesee, 7 m. from Lake Ontario, is the third town in point of population in this state, and has had the most sudden growth of any town in America. In 1812 it was one wide and deep forest. In 1818, it contained 1,049 inhabitants; in 1820, 1,502; in 1825, 5,271 ; in 1830, 9,269. Parts of the town are very handsomely built. There are 7 respecta- ble public buildings, and 12 churches. Thir- teen large flour-mills, with 52 run of stones, can annually make 342,000 barrels of flour. Some of these mills are on a scale of magni- tude not equalled elsewhere in the world. One of them covers more than 4 acres, and all are considered unrivalled in the perfection of their machinery. Fifteen million feet of lumber are sawed or rafted here annually. There are a number of factories and mechanical estab- lishments, some on a large scale. The water- power is almost inexhaustible. The aqueduct over the Genesee at this place is one of the most gigantic works on the canal line. At the northern extremity of the town, the Genesee falls .90 feet. At Carthage, two miles distant, it falls 70 feet. Still another noble cascade of the Genesee, close by this town, will be long remembered as the place where the famous Patch made his last leap, Merchandise to and from Lake Ontario, forwarded from this town, is raised or lowered down this great and steep descent of the Genesee, by means of an in- clined plane, the descending weight raising a lighter one. It has 2 banks, a Museum, an Arcade? an Athenceum, and several literary in- stitutions, 2 daily and several weekly newspa- pers. From the observatory at the summit of the Arcade, may be seen, in a clear day, the waters of Lake Ontario, like a strip of blue cloud on the verge of the horizon. Rochester is 236 m. W. from Albany, and 361 N. from W. The following statement of the manufac- turing and mechanical operations at this vil- lage, is from a late Rochester paper* Factories, &c. Investment. An. Amount, Flouring Mills $281,000 $1,331,000 Cotton do 50,000 30,000 Woollen do 70,000 112,000 Leather, &c 25,000 166,000 Ironworks 24,000 46,000 Rifles, &c 3,000 5,000 Soap and candles, 6,000 45,000 Groceries, &c 21,000 32,800 Tobacco 4,500 18,000 Pail, Sash, &c 2,500 12,000 Boat building, 1 1,000 40,200 Linseed Oil 3,000 4,000 Globe building factories, 10,000 15,000 $511,000 $1,857,000 ROCHESTER, t. Plymouth co. Mass: on Buzzard's Bay, 20 m. SW. from Plymouth, 48' S. from Boston. Pop. 3,556. ROCK, northern t. Harrison co. Ohio. Pop. 708. ROCKAWAY, v. Queen's co. Long Island, 8 m. S. from Jamaica, on the Atlantic coast. It is a watering place, and seat of summer recreation. ROCKAWAY, t. Morris co. N. J. on Roik- away river, which runs into the Passaic,, 7 NNW. from Morristown. It contains a Pres- byterian church, 2 forges, and a rolling-mill. The Morris canal passes through the village. ROCKBRIDGE, co. Va. bounded by ^ the Blue Ridge, or Nelson and Amherst cos. SE. Bedford S. Botetourt SW. and W. Bath NW. and Augusta NE. Length 33 m, mean width 23. It is drained by the North river, branch of James river, which unites at the foot of the Blue Ridge, in the southern angle of the co. Pop. in 1820, 11,945 ; in 1830, 14,244. Chief town, Lexington. ROCK CASTLE, co. Ken. bounded by Knox SE. Pulaski SW. Lincoln and Garrard NW. Madison NE. and Clay E. Length 25 m. mean width 15. Chief town, Mount Ver- non. Pop. in 1820, 2.249 ; in 1830, 2,875. ROCK CASTLE, r. Ken. which runs SW. into the Cumberland, near the Long Shoals. ROCKFORD, v. Surrey co. N. C. ROCKFORD, v. Tuscarawas co. Ohio, 7 m. E. from New Philadelphia, on the road from thence to Steubenville. ROCKFISILr. Va. forms part of the bound- ary between Albemarle and Nelson cos. Va. and falls into James river from the north. ROCK HALL, t. Kent co. Md. on the E. side of Chesapeake Bay, directly opposite the mouth of Patapsco river. ROCKINGHAM, t. Windham co. Vt. on the Connecticut, 18 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 2,272. ROCKINGHAM, co. SE. part of N. Hamp- shire, bounded NE. by Strafford co. E. by the Atlantic, S. by Massachusetts, and W. by Hills- borough co. Pop. 44,452. Chief towns, Ports- mouth, Exeter, and Concord. » ROCKINGHAM, co. central part of Va. bounded NE, by Hardy and Shenandoah cos. SE. by Orange and Albemarle cos. SW. by Augusta co. and WNW. by Pendleton co Pop. 20,693. Chief town, Harrisonburg. ROCKINGHAM, co. N. side of N.C Pop. 12,920, It lies W. of Caswell co. and is wa- tered by the Dan. There is a mineral spring in this county, which is much resorted to. Chief town, Wentworth. ROCKINGHAM, t. and cap. Richmond co. N. C. 6 m. E. from the Yadkin, 55 WSW. from Fayetteville, 399 from W. It contains about 30 houses. ROCKLAND, co. N. Y. bounded NW. by Orange co. E. by the Hudson, and SW. by N.- Jersey. Pop. 9,388. Chief town, Clarks town. ROCKLAND, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. W. of Kingston. Pop. 547. ROCK LANDING, v. Halifax co. N C. at ROC— ROU 391 the head of the Great Falls of the Roanoke, 12 m. above Halifax. ROCKPORT, v. on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Rocky river, Cuyahoga co. Ohio. Pop. 361. ROCKPORT, v.. Spencer eo. In. on Ohio river, 40 m. by water above the mouth of Green river, and 189 m. SSW. from Indian- apolis. ROCK RIVER, r. which rises in the NW. Territory, runs through NW. part of Illinois, and flows into the Mississippi, 16U m. above the Illinois. Length about 200 miles. ROCK RIVER, r. America, which runs into Lake Michigan. ROCK SPRING, v. Nelson co. Va. ROCKVILLE, v. Parke co. In. 80 m. W. from Indianapolis. ROCKVILLE, v. Montgomery co. Md. ROCKVILLE, v. Frederick co. Va. ROCKY BRIDGE, Christian co. Ken. ROCKY HILL, v. in Wethersfield, Ct. 4 m. ;S. from Wethersfield. The business of ship- building is carried on here to some extent. ROCKY IHLL MILLS, v. Fauquier co. Virginia. ROCKY ISLAND, large rock in the river Detroit, composed of lime-stone. ROCKY MOUNT, t. and eap. Franklin co. Va. 25 m. N. from Martinsville, 375 from W. ROCKY MOUNT, v. Nash,eo. N.C. ROCKY MOUNTAINS, or Stony Moun- tains, long and broad range of mountains, N. America. Lon. 112° W. They -divide the waters which flow E. into the Missouri and Mississippi, from those which flow W. into the Pacific Ocean. ROCKY RIVER, r. Ohio, which runs into Lake Erie, 9 m. W. of the Cuyahoga. ROCKY RIVER, r, N.C. which runs into .the Yadkin. ROCKY RIVER, v. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. ROCKY SPRINGS, v. Rockingham co. N. C. RODMAN, t. Jefferson -eo. N. Y. 160 m. NW. from Albany. Pop. 1,901. ROEBUCK ISLAND, small isl. at E. ex- tremity of Lake Ontario. ROG ERSMILLS, v. Saratoga co. N. Y. ROGER'S POINT, cape on W. side of Lake Huron. Lon. 82° 45' W.; lat. 44° 19' N. ROGERSVILLE, t. and cap. Hawkins co. Ten. on the Holston, 65 m. ENE. from Knox- ville, 451 from W. It is pleasantly situated in Carter's Valley, and contains a court-house, a bank, an academy, and a printing-office. Nine miles SW..of the /town there are extensive salt- works. ROGERSVILLE, t. Pendleton district, S. C. ROGERSVILLE, v. Person co. N. C. 96 m. N"NW. from Raleigh. ROME, v. Ashtabula co. Ohio. ROME, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 22 m. NNW. fom Augusta. Pop. 883. ROME, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 108 m. WNW. from Albany. Pop. 4,360. It is situated on the Erie Canal, 16 m. W. from Utica. It is a oleasant and flourishing town, contains a court- house, a jail, several churches, and an arsenal, some manufactories, and has considerable trade. The courts of the county are held alternately here and at Whitesborough. ROMNEY, t. and cap. Hampshire co. Va. on E. side of the S. branch of the Potomac, 45 m. W. by N. from Winchester, 190 NW. from Richmond, 112 from W. It is a handsome village, -containing 2 churches, an academy, a bank, and about 600 inhabitants. A weekly newspaper is also published here. ROMULUS, t. Seneca co. N. Y. on W. side of Cayuga Lake, 10 m. N. from Ovid, 200 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,089. It is a valuable agricultural town^ and has some manufac- tories, RONKONKAMA, small lake in the central part of Long Island, between Brookhaven and Islip ; 55 m. E. from New York ; about 3 m. in circumference, and very deep. It is remark- able for being subject to a regular rise and fall, each of which continues 7 years. It abounds in fish. ROOT, v. Montgomery co. N. Y. 46 m. NW from Albany. Pop. 2,750. ROOTSTOWN, t. Portage co. Ohio. Pop 684. ROSCOxMMON, v. Steuben co. N, Y. ROSE, t. Stark eo. Ohio. Pop. 978. ROSEAU, or Charlottetown, capital of the island of Martinico, on the SW. side of the island. ROSE ISLAND, isl. stretching from Pen- sacola eastward along the coast of Florida, about 60 miles. It is generally less than half a mile wide, sandy, and barren. ROSE MILLS, v. Amherst oo. Va. ROSEVILLE, v. Delaware co. N. Y. ROSEVILLE, v. Loudon co. Va. 158 m. N. from Richmond, and 35 NW. by W. from W. ROSEVILLE, v. Parke co. In. 109 m. west- erly from Indianapolis. ROSS, t. Greene co. Ohio, 51 m, SW. by W. from Columbus. Pop. l,-258. ROSS, t. Butler co. Ohio. Pop. 1,845. ROSS, oo. Ohio, watered 'by the Soioto. Pop. 24,053. Chief town, Chillkothe. ROSSIE, t. St. Lawrence co, N. Y. Pop. 650. ROSSVILLE, v. Orange co. N. Y. ROSSVILLE, v. Butler co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, opposite Hamilton. Pop. 629. ROSSVILLE, t. New Madrid district, Miso. _ ROSSVILLE, v. Cherokee Nation, on the S- side of Tennessee river, 4 or 5 miles below the mouth of Chickamaugah creek, 50 SSW. from Washington, Ten. ROUGE RIVER, r. Michigan Ter. which runs into Detroit river, 5 m. below Detroit. It is navigable for vessels drawing 16 feet water 4 miles, to the dock-yard, thence for boats drawing 3 feet water 8 miles. ROUGH CREEK, r. Ken. which runs into Green river. ROULAND8VILLE, v. Cecil co. Md. ROUND TOP, a peak of the Catskill Moun- tains, N. Y., W. of Catskill. Height 3,804 feet. ROUND KEY, small isl. near the coast of Mississippi. Lon. 88° 28' W. ; lat. 30° 15' N» ROUMD LICK, v. Smith co. Ten. 392 ROU— RUT ROUSE'S POINT, v. Clinton co. N.Y. on the W. cape at the outlet of Lake Champlain, 186 m. N. from Albany. ROWAN, co. N. C, bounded S. by Mont- gomery and Cabarras, VV. by Iredell, N. by Surrey and Stokes, and E. by Guilford and Randolph. Length 40 m. mean width 36. Chief town, Lexington. Pop. in 1 820, 26,009 ; in 1830, 20,796. ROWE, t. Franklin co. Mass. 17 m. NW. from Springfield, 103 VVNW. from Boston. Pop. 716. ROWLETT, v. Potter co. Pa. 181 m. NNW. from Harrisburg. ROWLEY, t. Essex co. Mass. 4 m. N. from Ipswich, 15 m. N. from Salem, 28 NE. from Boston. Pop. 2,044. It contains 2 parishes. The principal employment is agriculture ; but leather and shoes are manufactured to some extent. ROXBOROUGH, t. and cap. Person co. N. C. 271 m. from W. ROXBURY, t. Washington co. Vt 45 m. N. from Windsor. Pop. 737. ROXBURY, t. Cheshire co. N.H. 37 m. SW. from Concord. Pop. 332. ROXBURY, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 2 m. SW. from Boston, of which it is in reality a suburb. Pop. 5,249. ROXBURY, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 35 m.NW. from New Haven. Pop. 1,122. ROXBURY, t. Delaware co. N.Y. 56 m. SW. from Albany. Pop. 3,214. ROXBURY, t. Morris co. N. J. 45 m. N. from Trenton. Pop. 2,262. ROXBURY, t. Washington co. Ohio. Pop, 707. ROXBURY, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 4 m. NE. from Keene. Pop. 322. ROXBURY, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 16 m. W. of S. from Litchfield. Pop. 1,122. ROYAL, v. Sampson co. N. C. ROYAL, isl. of Lake Superior. ROYAL OAK, v. Oakland co. Mich. ROYALTON, t. Windsor co. Vt. on White river, 33 m. S. from Montpelier, 29 m. NNW. from Windsor. Pop. 1,893. Here is a pleasant village, containing an academy. ROYALTON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 36 m. NNW. from Worcester, 70 WNW. from Bos- ton. Pop. 1,494. ROYALTON, t. Niagara co. N. Y. Pop. 3,138. ROYALTON, v. Fairfield co. Ohio, 10 m. W. from Lancaster. RUCKERSVILLE, v. Elbert co. Geo. 80 m. NE. from Milledgeville. RUMFORD, t. Oxford co. Me. 20 m. N. from Paris, 215 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,126. RUMFORD, r. Mass. which runs SSE. into Taunton river, S. of Taunton. RUMFORD ACADEMY, v. King William co. Va. RUMNEY, t Grafton co, N. H. 7 m. NW. from Plymouth, 50 N. from Concord. Pop. 993. RUPERT, t. Bennington co. Vt. 32 m. N. from Bennington. Pop. 1,318. RUPERT, Fort, in N. America, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, seated on the S. end of Hudson's* Bay. Lon. 80° W. ; lat. 51° 3' N. RUSH, co. In. bounded S. by Decatur, W. by Shelby, NW. by Madison, N. by Henry, E. by Fayette, and SE. by Franklin. Length 24 m, breadth 18. Chief town, Rushville. Pop. 9,918. RUSH, t. Monroe co. N. Y. Pop. 2,109. RUSH CREEK, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. RUSH CREEK, r. Ohio, which joins the Hockhocking, 7 m. below Lancaster. RUSHFORD, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 1,115. RUSHVILLE, v. in Middlesex t. on the road from Bath to Canandaigua, Ontario co. N. Y. RUSHVILLE, v. on Rush creek, in the eastern part of Fairfield co. Ohio, 10 m. NE, by E. from Lancaster. Pop. 234. RUSHVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Rush co. In. on Flat Rock creek, 43 m. SE. by E. from Indianapolis, 553 from W. RUSSELL, t. Hampden co. Mass. 14 m. W. from Springfield, 102 WSW. from Boston, Pop. 509. RUSSELL, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 25 m, SE. from Ogdensburg. Pop. 659. RUSSELL, co. SW. part of Va. bounded N. by Kentucky, ENE. by Tazewell co. SSE. by Washington co. and W. by Lee co. Pop, 6,717. Chief town, Lebanon. RUSSELL VILLE, t. and cap. Logan co- Ken. 55 m. NNE. from Nashville, 200 SW from Lexington, 711 from W. Pop. 1,358. It contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, an acade- my, several churches, and 2 printing-offices. RUSSELLVILLE, v. Brown co. Ohio. RUSSELL VILLE, v. and seat of justice, Franklin co. Al. on Cedar creek, branch of Bear creek, 25 m. S. from Florence, 90 N. from Tuscaloosa, and 804 from W. RUSSIA IRON WORKS, v. Clinton co, N.Y. RUSSIA, t. Herkimer co. N.Y. 26 m, N, from Herkimer. Pop. 2,448. RUTHERFORD, co. of N. C. bounded by S. C. S. Buncombe W. Burke N. and Lincoln E. Length 40 m. width 25. Pop. 17,557 r Chief town, Rutherfordton. RUTHERFORD, co. Ten. bounded by Bed- ford S. Williamson SW. Davidson NW. Wil- son NE. and Warren E. Length 30 m. width 22. Chief town, Murfreesborough. Pop. in 1820, 19,552 ; in 1830, 26,133. RUTHERFORDTON, t. and cap. Ruther- ford co. N. C. 45 m. S. from Morgantown, 220 W. from Raleigh, and 484 from W. RUTLAND, t. and cap. Rutland co. Vt on the Otter Creek, 55 m. from its mouth, 45 W. by N. from Windsor, 57 N. from Bennington, 60 SSW. from Montpelier, and 462 from W. Pop. 2,753. In the central part of the town there is a pleasant village, situated on a com- manding eminence. It contains a court-house, a meeting-house, and an academy, and has some trade. RUTLAND, v. and t. Meigs co. Ohio. Pop. 971. RUT — SA1 393 RUTLAND, co. W. side of Vt. bounded N. by Addison co. E. by Windsor co. S. by Ben- nington co. and W. by New York and Lake Champlain. Pop. 31,295. Chief town, Rut- land. RUTLAND, t. Worcester co. Mass. 14 m. NW. from Worcester, 52 W. from Boston. Fop. l,27fi RUTLAND, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. on Black -lver, 170 m. NW. from Albany. Pop. 2,339. RUTLEDGE, t. and cap. Granger co. Ten. 30 m. NE. from Knoxville, 483 from W. RYE, t Rockingham co. N. H. 7 m. S. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,172. RYE, t. Westchester co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 28 m. NE. from New York. Pop. 1,602. RYEGATE, t. Caledonia co. Vt. on the Connecticut, 15 m. S. from Danville, 28 E. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,119. S. SABA, isl. of the West Indies, 12 m. in •circumference, inhabited by a few Dutch fami- lies. Lon. 63° 17' W.; lat. 17° 39' N. SABINE, r. which forms the western bound- ary of the state of Louisiana, and flows into the gulf of Mexico. Lon. 93° 37' W. ; lat. 29° 23' N. It is navigable about 280 miles. Near its mouth it passes through a lake of the same name, which is about 25 m. long, and 12 wide. SABINE LAKE, is the estuary of the Sa- bine and Natchez rivers; it is about 30 m. tong, and 8 or 10 wide, communicating with ihe gulf of Mexico by a narrow channel of 4 or 5 m. in length, and about 400 yards wide. This lake is very shallow, generally about 5 or 6 feet in depth ; and near the shores, it is still shallower. SABLE, r. N. Y. which rises in Essex co. and runs NE. into Lake Champlain, forming for 20 m. the boundary between Clinton and Essex cos. Length 35 m. Adgate's Falls on this river, in Chesterfield, are a beautiful cas- cade, and are visited by numerous travellers. SABLE, Cape, most S. point of Nova Scotia, near which is a fine cod fishery. Lon. 65° 39' W. ; lat. 43° 23' N. SABLE ISLE, isle nearly adjoining to Sa- ble Cape ; the coasts of both are most commo- diously situated for fisheries. SABLE MOUNTAIN, mt. Essex co. N. Y. between Jay, Chesterfield, Lewis, and Wills- borough. SABOIS, v. Penobscot co. Maine, 142 m. N. from Portland. SACANDAGA, r. N. Y. runs K into the Hudson, in Hadley. Length 80 m. SACARAPPA, v. in Westbrook, Cumber- land co. Maine. SACKET'S HARBOR, v. and port of entry, Jefferson co. N. Y. at the mouth of* Black river, on Hungry Bay, and E. end of Lake Ontario, 176 m. NW. from Albany. It is one of the best harbors on the lake, and is rapidly in- creasing in population and commerce; con- siderable shipping is owned here. There are 2Z U. S. barracks here sufficient for 3,000 troops. Distance from W. 470 m. SACO, t. and port of entry, York co. Me. on NE. side of the river Saco, opposite Bidde- ford, with which it is connected by 3 bridges, 15 m. SW. from Portland, 28 NE. from York, 100 NNE. from Boston, 530 from W. Pop. 3,219. It is a considerable town, favorably situated for trade and manufactures. It con- tains a bank and an academy, and has con- siderable trade. There is a fall in the Saco r. here of 42 feet, which affords a handsome view, as well as valuable water-power for mills and manufacturing establishments, of which sev- eral have been erected. SACO, r. rises W. of the White Mountains, in N. H. and runs SE. into the sea, below Saco. It is 160 m. in length, and has falls of 72 feet in Hiram, of 20 feet in Lymirgton, 30 in Bux- ton, and 42 in Saco. To the last 6 m. from its mouth, it is navigable for ships. SACONDAGA, v. in the NE. part of Mont- gomery co. N. Y. 45 m. NW. from Albany. SACONDAGO, r. of N. Y. rises in Hamil- ton, flows SE. into the NE. corner of Mont- gomery, reaches the boundary between Mont- gomery and Saratoga, turns abruptly NE. and crossing Saratoga co. falls into the Hudson at Jessup's falls, after a course of about 50 m. SACONDAGO, mountains of N. Y. in Ham- ilton co. from which flow the Sacondago, Hud- son, Black, and Grass rivers. SADDLEBACK, mt in Williamstown and Adams, Mass. The peaks of this mountain are in Adams ; the northern one being about 2,400 feet above the valley, and the southern, or the summit of the saddle, about 3,000 feet above the valley, and nearly 4,000 above the sea. It is the highest land in Massachusetts. SADDLE RIVER, t. Bergen co. N. J. Pop. 2,174. SAGADAHOC, r. Me. which joins the An- droscoggin, in Rumford. SAGANAUM BAY, bay of Lake Huron, situated about the centre of the NW. side. Length 20 m. SAGANAUM RIVER, r America, which runs into the Saganaum Bay. Lon. 83° 35' W. ; lat. 44° N. Length 30 m. SAGATUK, r. Ct. which runs into Long Island Sound, between Fairfield and Norwalk, forming a bay at its mouth. SAG HARBOR, v. and port of entry, in Southampton, Suffolk co. N. Y. on E. end of Long Island, and on the Atlantic, 100 m. E. from New York, and 340 from W. This vil- lage contains about 100 houses, and a printing- office. There is some shipping owned here, employed chiefly in the whale and cod fisheries. It has a good harbor. SAGUENAI, large branch of St. Lawrence river, rising in the recesses of Labrador, and falling into St. Lawrence, about 120 m. below Quebec. The Saguenai, according to Bou- chette, is a very considerable river, affording a good harbor for every kind of shipping, at its mouth. ST. ALBAN'S, t. and gap, Franklin co. VL 394 SAI— SAI on Lai*e Champlain, 27 m. N from Burling- ton, 70 NW. from Montpelier. Lon. 73° 11' W. ; lat. 44° 49' N. Pop. 2,395. Here is a pleasant village, which contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and has considerable trade. ST. AL BAN'S, t. Licking co.Ohio. Pop. 935. ST. ALBAN'S, t. Claiborne co. Mis. ? ST. ALBAN'S, t. Somerset co. Me. 30 m. ENE. from Norridgewock. Pop. 911. ST. ANDREW, parish, Charleston district, S. C. It is watered by the river Ashley, and lies just above Charleston. Pop. 3,727. St. ANDREWS, settlement, Missouri, 25 m, SW. from St. Louis. ST. ANDREWS, t. and port of entry, Char- lotte co. New Brunswick, on a peninsula form- ed by the confluence of the St. Croix r. with Passamaquoddy Bay, opposite Robbinston, Me. Pop. about 1,500. It is a thriving town, and there is a brisk business done in shipping. ST. ANDREWS, small bay, Florida, which sets up from the Gulf of Mexico and approaches within 8 m. of St. Rosa Sound. ST. ANN, t. Guadaloupe, on the S. coast. Lon. 61° 27' W. ; lat. 16° 21' N. ST. ANN, or Annimpig Lake, a lake of Can- ada. It empties into James bay through Albany river. Lon. 88° 15' W. ; lat. 49° 30' N. ST. ANN'S, port on E. coast of the island of Cape Breton. Lon. 60° W. ; lat. 47° N. ST. ANN'S, t. New Brunswick, on St. John's river, 3 m. S. from Fredericktown. Lon. 66° 46' W., lat. 46° 2' N. ST. ANN'S ' BAY, bay of the island of Ja- maica. Lon. 77° 3' W. ; lat. 18° 58' N. ST. ANN'S BAY, bay of Mexico, in the bay of Campeachy. Lon. 94° 46' W. ; lat. 18 c 10' N. ST. ANTONIO, t. Mexico, cap. of Texas. Lon. 101°. ST. AUGUSTINE, seaport of Florida. The harbor is good, but there is a bar at its mouth which at the lowest tides will not admit ves- sels drawing more than 6 feet of water ; there is however a roadstead outside of the bar which affords anchorage for larger vessels. The town and the entrance to the harbor are well defended by a strong fort, built entirely of hewn stone, and mounting 60 cannon. In the rear of the city are erected six redoubts. Lat. 29° 45' N. ; lon. 81° 30' W. ST. AUGUSTINE'S RIVER, r. Labrador, which runs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lon. 59° 59' W. ; lat. 51° 15' N. ST. BERNARDO, a settlement of Louisi- ana, 15 m. SE. from New Orleans, and W. of Lake Borgne. ST. BERNARD'S BAY, bay in the Gulf of Mexico, on the coast of Texas. Lon. 96° 50' W. ; lat. 28° 30' N. ST. CATHERINE'S FORK, r. Mississippi, which runs into the Mississippi river. Lat. 31° 36' N. ST. CATHERINE'S SOUND, bay of the Atlantic, on the coast of Georgia, between the islands of St. Catherine and Ossabaw. Lat. 31° 38' N. ST. CHARLES, co. Miso. bounded by the Mississippi and Cuivre rivers N. and NE. Mis- souri river SE. and Montgomery co. W. It occupies the peninsula between the Mississippi and Missouri, above their junction, being about 35 m. long, with a mean width of 12 m. Pop. in 1820, 3,970 ; in 1830, 4,322. Chief town, St. Charles. ST. CHARLES, t. and cap. St. Charles co. Miso. on the Missouri river, 21 m. from its mouth, 18 NW. from St. Louis by land, and 1 ,001 from W. It is a handsome and flour- ishing village. ST. CHARLES, parish of La. bounded by St. John Baptist W. by Lake Mauripas, Pass of Manchac, and Lake Ponchartrain N. parish of St. Bernard E. Length 30 m. mean width 10. Pop. in 1820, 3,862 ; in 1830, 5,107. ST. CHARLES, parish, on the Mississippi river, about 50 m. above New Orleans. ST. CHARLES, r. Canada, which runs into the St. Lawrence, a little below Quebec. ST. CLAIR, lake, N. America, about 90 m. in circumference, between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, with both of which it communi- cates. Lon. 82° 25' W. ; lat. 42° 52' N. ST. CLAIR, r. N. America, which runs S. from Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. It is 40 m. long, and nearly 1 m. wide. ST. CLAIR, co. II. bounded by Mississippi river NW. Madison N. Washington E. Ran- dolph SE. and Monroe SW. Length 30, width 24 m. Chief town, Belleville. Pop. in 1820. 5,253 ; in 1830, 7,092. ST. CLAIR, co. Al. bounded by Shelby S Jefferson SW. Blount N W. Cherokee lands N. and Coosa river E. It is about 35 m. square. Surface hilly and broken, drained by the Coosa and Cahawba rivers. Chief town, Ashville. Pop. in 1820, 4,166; in 1830, 5,975. ST. CLAIR, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop. 1,814. ST. CLAIR, t. Butler co. Ohio. Pop. 1,834. ST. CLAIR'S CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs into the Great Miami, opposite Hamilton. ST. CLAIRSVILLE, t. and cap. Belmont co. Ohio, on the Wheeling, 7 m. from the Ohio, 10 W. from Wheeling, 70 E. from Zanesville, 275 from W. It is pleasant and flourishing, containing a court-house, a jail, a market- house, a bank, 2 printing-offices, 4 or 5 houses of public worship, for Presbyterians, Friends, and Methodists. Pop. 789. ST. CLAIRSVILLE, v. Chatauque co. N. Y. ST. CLAIRSVILLE, v. St. Clair co. Al. on Canoe creek of Coosa river, about 65 m. SSF*. from Huntsville. ST. CROIX, r. N. America, which divides Maine from New Brunswick, and flows into Passamaquoddy bay. It is navigable for ships 25 miles. ST. CROIX, r. N. America, which runs into the Mississippi, 90 m. below St. Anthony's Falls. It is navigable for boats about 100 m. ST. FERDINAND, t. St. Louis district, Miso. 14 m. NW. from St. Louis. ST. FRANCIS, r. Louisiana, which runs into the Mississippi, 107 m. above the Arkan- sas, in lat. 34° 45' N. It is navigable upwards of 200 m. SAI— SAI 395 ST. FRANCIS, r. of L. C. and Vt. rises in the latter, in Orleans and Essex cos. Its main sources are the confluents of lake Memphre- magog and lake St. Francis ; the latter in the recesses of Buckingham co. L. C. Below the junction of its two great branches, the united stream flows NNW. into St. Lawrence river, at the head of Lake St. Peter. ST. FRANCISVILLE, t. and cap. New Feliciana parish, Louisiana, on E. bank of the Mississippi, about 30 m. above Baton Rouge, and 1,205 from W. ST. GENEVIEVE, co Miso. bounded by the Mississippi NE. cape Girardeau co. S. Washington SW. and Jefferson NW. Length 60, mean width 18 m. Its extreme western parts embrace a portion of the mine tract. Chief town, St. Genevieve. Pop. 2,182. ST. GENEVIEVE, t. and cap. St. Gene- vieve district, Miso. nearly opposite Kaskaskia, 1 m. W. of the Mississippi, 64 below St. Louis, and 874 from W. Pop. 2,000. This town was formerly built on the river bank, and is said to have contained once 7,000 inhabitants. The ground on which it stands is somewhat higher than the river bottom, and it begins to extend itself back upon ground considerably more elevated. ST. GEORGE, t. Chittenden co. Vt. 10 m. SE. from Burlington. Pop. 135. ST. GEORGE, t. Lincoln co. Me. 38 m. ESE. from Wiscasset, 200 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,652. ST. GEORGE, r. Lincoln co. Me. which flows into the sea between the towns of St. George and Cushing. It is navigable to Thom- astown, which lies on N. side of the town of St. George. ST. GEORGE, r. Md. which runs into the Potomac, NW. of St. George's island. ST. GEORGE'S, t. Newcastle co. Del. ST. GEORGE'S, parish, Colleton district, S. C. ' ST. GEORGE'S ISLAND, small id. in the mouth of the river Potomac. Lat. 18° 13' N. ST. GEORGE'S ISLAND, some small isl- ands in the Atlantic, near the coast of Maine. Lat. 43° 50' N. ST. HELENA, isl. on the coast of S. C. in a bay called St. Helena's Sound. Lat. 32° 25' N. It is 13 m. long, and 3 broad. The soil is well adapted to the growth of cotton, which is largely cultivated. ST. HELENA, t. St. Helena parish, La. ST. HELENA, parish, Beaufort district, S. C. containing the islands of Port Royal, St. Helena, Hunting, Ladies, Paris, &c. Pop. 8,799. ST. HELENA, parish of La. bounded by lakes Ponchartrain and Maurepas, and Amite river S. East Baton Rouge and New Feliciana W. state of Mississippi N. and Washington and St. Tamany E. Length 46, mean width 28 m. Chief town, St. Helena. Pop. 4,027. ST. HELENA SOUND, bay on the coast of S. C. Lon. 80° 30' W. ; lat. 32° 3' N. ST. HELENS, isl. on the coast of Georgia, S of the entrance of Ogeechee river. ST. ILLA, Great, r. of Georgia, rises in Tatnall, Telfair, and Irwin cos. by a number of branches which enter Appling. ST. INIGOE'S, v. St. Mary's co. Md. ST. JAMES, parish, Charleston district, S. C. on S. side of the Santee, 40 m. NNE. from Charleston. Pop. 3,743. ST. JOHN'S, lake of La. in Concordia, once a bend of the Mississippi. ST. JOHN BAPTISTE; parish, La. on both sides of the Mississippi river, above St. Charles, and between St. James. Area about 150 sq. ms. Pop. in 1820, 3,854; in 1830, 5,700. Chief town, Bonnet Carre. ST. JOHN, or Prince Edward's Island, isl. in the gulf of St. Lawrence, to the W. of the island of Cape Breton, and N. of Nova Scotia, about 100 m. long, and 30 in its mean breadth. Charlotte's Town is the capital. Lon. 63° W. ; lat. 46° 20' N. Pop. 6,000i ST. JOHN, t. and fort, Canada, on the W. side of the river Chamblee, 20 m. SE. from Montreal, Lat. 45° 19' N. The British naval force on Lake Champlain had its principal sta- tion here during the late war. ST. JOHN'S, the capital of Newfoundland, is on the SE. coast of the isl. It contains about 13,000 inhabitants. In Feb. 1816, a dreadful fire destroyed 117 houses. In Nov. 1817, two still more dreadful conflagrations iaid waste nearly the whole of the town. Not less than half a million sterling of property was de- stroyed in a few hours. Lat. 47° 35' N. ST. JOHN'S, r. the principal river of East Florida. Its sources have not been exactly ascertained, but it is supposed to issue from Lake Mayaco, between lat. 26° and 27° N. It runs N. parallel with the Atlantic coast, ex- panding into several lakes, particularly Lake George, which is 20 miles long and 15 wide, and embosoms several islands. Within 20 m. of its mouth the river turns to the E. and falls into the Atlantic, near lat. 30° N. 36 m. S. St. Mary's. Its whole length is about 300 m. and it is navigable for vessels which can pass the ; bar at its mouth, for 150 m. to Lake George, j The bar has 10 feet of water at low tide, and ' 13 feet at high water, and there is good an- l chorage outside of the bar for large vessels. ST. JOHN'S, r. Miso. which flows into the S. side of the Missouri, E. of Gasconade river. ST. JOHN'S, r. N. America, which rises from several sources in the northern part of the state of Maine, flows through New Brunswick, and empties itself into the Bay of Fundy. It is 350 miles long, and navigable for sloops 60 ! miles, and for boats 200. ST. JOHNSBUR Y, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 7 iji NE. from Danville, 35 NE. from Montpelier ; Pop. 1,592. Here is a pleasant village, situ- j ated on the Pasumsuc, containing valuable ' mills, together with some manufactories, and | trade. ST. JOSEF, t. Cuba, 125 m. WSW from Havana. ST. JOSEF, t. New Mexico, on the Bravo, 27 m. NW. from Santa Fe. ST. JOSEPH, t. Florida, in a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, to which it gives name. Lon. 85° 34' W. ; lat. 29° 48' N. 396 SAL-SAl ST. JOSEPH'S, small bay, Florida, to the W. of Apalachicola Bay, within 4 miles of which its waters approach. ST. JOSEPH'S, isl. U. C. in the straits of St. Mary's, which connect Lake Superior with Lake Huron. It is about 75 miles in circum- ference, and is separated by a channel from Drummond's Island at the mouth of the river. On the S. point of the island is the site of a British fort destroyed during- the last war, and near it an establishment of the NW. Fur Company. ST. JOSEPH'S, r. In. and Michigan, which runs NW. into SE. part of Lake P*lichigan. It is upwards of 200 miles long, and navigable for boats nearly its whole length. Fort St. Joseph is built upon it, 170 m. WSW. from Detroit. ST. JOSEPH'S RIVER, r. In. which runs S. and unites with the St. Mary's, at Fort Wayne, to form the Maumee. ST. JUAN DE BUENAVISTA, t. Cuba, on the N. coast. Lon. 77° 57' W. ; lat. 22° 2' N. ST. LANDRE^ or Opelousas, t. La. ST. LAWRENCE, one of the largest rivers of N. America, which rises near the sources of the Mississippi, and passing through the great lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Onta- rio, falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence by a mouth 90 miles wide. That part of it only between its mouth and Montreal, is commonly called St. Lawrence. Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, it is called Niagara river, and the parts between the other lakes have other names. It forms a communication of more than 2,000 miles in extent. It is navigable for ships of the line 400 miles to Quebec, and for ships drawing 14 feet water to Montreal, 580 miles. ST. LAWRENCE, Gulf of a gulf at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, inclosed be- tween Newfoundland, Labrador, Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Island of Cape Breton. It is 350 miles long, and 150 broad. Lon, 57° to 65° W. ; lat. 47° 51' N. ST. LAWRENCE, northern co. of N. Y. on St. Lawrence river ; bounded by St. Lawrence NW. Franklin co. E. Hamilton and Herkimer cos. S. and Herkimer Lewis, and Jefferson SW. Length 60 m. mean width 44. The sur- face is rather uneven, and the soil generally very good. Chief town, Potsdam. Pop. in 1820, 16,037 ; in 1830, 36,351. ST. LEONARD'S, t. Calvert co. Md. on the W. side of the Chesapeake Bay, about 10 m. NW. of Drumpoint, 12 NE. of the town of Benedict on the Potomac, and 58 from W. ST. LOUIS, co. Miso. bounded by Missouri river NW. Mississippi E. Marameck river S. and Franklin co. W. Length 40 m. mean width 15. Pop. in 1820, 10,049 ; in 1830, 14,907. Chief town, St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, t. St. Louis co. and the largest town in Missouri, on W. bank of the Missis- sippi, 18 m. by water below the junction of the Missouri, 14 above that of the Marameck, and 856 from W. Lon. 89° 36' W. ; lat. 38° 36' N. The situation of the town is elevated, pleasant, and healthy. The grotmd on which it standi rises gradually from the first to the second 1 bank. Three streets run parallel with the river, and are intersected by a number of others at right angles. The town extends along the river about 2 miles. Most of the houses that have been added within the last ten years, have been of brick or stone. Some of the public buildings are handsome. There are two re- spectable Protestant churches. The Catholic cathedral was intended to be a magnificent structure ; it is not yet completed. A spacious town-house is a great ornament to the city. The town has extended itself along the hill, and some of the best houses are on that de- lightful elevation. The houses, in 1820, were reckoned at more than 600. By the census of 1830, it contained 2,503 free males ; 1,889 free females ; 1 ,668 slaves ; 287 free persons of color. Total, 6,694. The town was then stationary, or perhaps retrograde. . But since that time the lead business has been reanimated by a protecting duty upon foreign lead. The fur trade has received a new impulse. The town has recovered from the shock caused by the failure of its banks. It has at present a branch of the United States bank. A healthy circu- lation has been restored, and the town is now rapidly increasing in business and population* In the year 1818, 100 houses were added to the place. Three or four gazettes are printed here. The passage to New Orleans is 1,200 miles by the river, and there are 6 steam-boats constant^ plying between these two places. There are also the same number constantly running between this place and Louisville, be- sides others to different places. See page 148. ST. LOUIS, r. NW. Territory, which flows into W. end of Lake Superior, lon. 91° 52' W.; lat. 46° 44' N. ST. LOUIS' BAY, bay on S. coast of Miss, in the Gulf of Mexico. Lon. 89° 17' W. ; lat. 30° 17' N. ST. MARKS, r. Florida, rising near the- mouth of St. John's river, and running thence nearly S. and parallel to the sea-coast. The course of this little but curious stream is about 30 miles, falling into the bay or harbor of St. Augustine, its banks mostly swampy. ST. MARTIN, one of the Leeward Carib- bean Islands, in the West Indies, lying to the NW. of St. Bartholomew, and to the SW. of Anguilla. It is 42 miles in circumference, hai* neither harbor nor river, but several salt-pits. It was long jointly possessed by the French and Dutch ; but at the commencement of the late war, the former were expelled by the latter. Lon. 63° W. ; lat. 8° 14' N. ST. MARTIN'S, parish of La. in Attakapas, bounded by Opelousas NW. and W. Gulf of Mexico SW. St. Mary's parish in Attakapas SE. and the Atchafalaya river NE. and E. Length 80 m. breadth 40. Pop. 7,204. Chief town, St. Martinsville. This parish is, through- out its whole extent, an unbroken plain, and the soil is highly fertile in cotton and sugar- cane. ST. MARTIN'S, v. Worcester co. Md. ST. MARTINSVILLE, t. and cap. St Mar- SAI— =SAL 397 tin's parish, La. on the Teche, 9 m. by land and 32 by water above New Iberia, 1,366 from W. Lat. 30° 10' N. It is pleasantly situated, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market- house, an academy, a Roman Catholic church, and about 100 dwelling-houses. It is situated in a well-cultivated and productive country. ST. MARY'S, co. Md. bounded NE. by Cal- vert co. E. by Chesapeake Bay, SW. by the Potomac, and W. by Charles co. Chief town, Leonardstown. ST. MARY'S, v formerly Fort St. Mary's, Mercer co. Ohio, about 74 m. N VV. by W. from Columbus, and 120 N. from Cincinnati. ST. MARY'S, t. and s-p. Camden co. Geo. at the mouth of St. Mary's river, 131 m. SSW. from Savannah. Lon. 81° 43' W.; lat. 30° 43' N. This was a place of considerable trade during the late war, but has since considerably declined. ST. MARY'S, r. which rises in Ohio, and runs NNW. and unites with the river St. Jo- seph's at Fort Wayne, to form the Maumee. ST. MARY'S, r. which divides the state of Georgia from East Florida, and runs into the sea, lon. 81° 40' W. ; lat. 30° 43' N. ST. MARY'S FALLS, cataract in St. Ma- ry's river, between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. The Falls of St. Mary do not descend perpendicularly, as those of Niagara and St. Anthony do, but consist of a rapid, which 'Con- tinues near f of a mile, over which, canoes, well piloted, may pass. ST. MARY'S BAY, bay on the S. coast of Newfoundland. Lon. 54° 20' W. ; lat. 57° N. ST. MARY'S ISLANDS, cluster of small islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the S. coast of Labrador. Lon. 60° W. ; lat. 50° 20' N. ST. MARY'S KEYS, rocks on the S. coast of Newfoundland. Lon. 53° 55' W. ; lat. 46° 47' N. ST. MARY'S KEY, isl. in the Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of Florida. Lon. 89° 12' W. ; lat. 30° 11' N. ST. MARY'S RIVER, or St. Mary's Straits, r. America, runs from Lake Superior to Lake Huron. On this river are 2 forts. Lon. 84° 24' W. ; lat. 46° 22' N. It isjiearly 70 miles long. ST. MARY'S RIVER, r. Nova Scotia, runs into the sea, in lon. 61° W. ; lat. 45° 5' N. ST. MAURICE, r. L. C. flows into the N. side of the St. Lawrence, by three channels, which gave name to the town of Three Rivers, on its west bank. ST. MAURICE, co. L. C. on the N. side of the St Lawrence, between Warwick and Hampshire cos. Chief town, Three Rivers. ST. MICHAEL'S, v. Madison co. Miso. on a branch of St. Francis river, about 35 m. SW. from St. Genevieve. ST. MICHAEL'S, v. Talbot co. Md. ST. MICHAEL'S, v. Washington district, Missouri. ST. PAUL'S, parish, Charleston district, S. C, E. of the Edisto, 18 m. W. from Charles- ton. ST. PETER'S, parish, Beaufort district, S. C. on the Savannah. Pop. 3,834. ST. PETER'S, r. N. America, which rises a considerable way to the NW. and after a SE. course of 4 or 500 m. joins the Missis- sippi about 12 m. below St. Anthony's Falls, lat. 44° 40' N. At its junction with the Mis- sissippi it is about 100 yards broad. It has a great depth of water, and in some places runs very briskly. About 50 m. from its mouth are some rapids, and much higher up are many others. ST. PHILIP'S, Fort, strong fortress of the island of Minorca, which defends the harbor of Port Mahon. Lat. 39° 50' N. ; lon. 3° 48' E. ST. REGIS, r. N. Y. which runs into the St. Lawrence, at the town of St. Regis, in Canada. Length SO m. ST. SALVADOR, one of the Bahama Isl- ands. ST. STEPHEN'S, parish, S. C. in Charles- ton district. Pop. 2,416. ST. TAMANY, parish, La. bounded by Pearl river E. Lake Borgne, the Rigolets, and Lake Ponchartrain S. the river St. Helena W. and the parish of Washington N. Length 50 m. mean width 20. Chief town, Covington. Pop. in 1820, 1,723 ; in 1830, 2,864. ST. THOMAS, parish, Charleston district, S. C. ST. THOMAS, one of the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, with a harbor, a town, and a fort, 15 m. in circumference, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 64° 51' W. ; lat. 18° 21' N. ST. THOMAS, t. Cuba, 30 m. WSW. from Havana. ST. THOMAS, isl. in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Mexico. Lat. 20° 10' N. ST. THOMAS, t. Mexico, in Vera Paz, at the mouth of the river Guanacos, 50 m. E. from Vera Paz. Lon. 90° 26' W.; lat. 15° 46' N. ST. VINCENT, isl. in the West Indies, about 40 m. long and 10 broad, containing about 84,000 acres, or 131 sq. ms. It is rug- ged and mountainous. Of the 84,000 acres in the island, about 47,000 are cultivated. Sugar is the principal production. SAINTES, three of the Leeward Caribbee Islands, in the West Indies, between Guada- loupe and Dominica. SALEM, co. S. C, W. of Williamsburg. SALEM, t. Salem co. S. C. SALEM, t. Columbiana co. Ohio, 9 m, NNW. from New Lisbon, 64 NW. from Pitts- burg. Pop. 1,723. SALEM, t. Livingston co. Ken. Pop 254. SALEM, t. Orleans co. Vt. at S. end of Lake Memphremagog, 60 m. NNE. from Montpe- lier. Pop. 258. SALEM, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 35 m. N. from Boston, 35 SW. from Portsmouth, 36 SSE. from Concord. Pop. 1,310. Here is a woollen manufactory. SALEM, s-p. and cap. Essex co. Mass. 4J m. NW. from Marblehead, 14 NNE. from Bos- ton, 24 S. from Newburyport. Pop. 13,886. It is chiefly built on a neck of land formed by 398 SAL — SAL two inlets from the sea, called North and South rivers ; over the former of which is a bridge, upwards of 1,500 feet long, connecting Salem with Beverly, and the latter forms the harbor. The harbor has good anchorage, but the water is so shallow, that vessels drawing more than 12 or 14 feet must be lightened at a distance from the wharves. The situation of Salem is low, but pleasant and healthy. It is well built, and with regard to population, wealth, and commerce, is among the first in N. England. It contains a court-house, a jail, an alms-house, a market-house, 6 banks, an Athenaeum con- taining 5,000 volumes, a valuable Museum, belonging to the East India Marine Society, and 11 churches. It has a flourishing com- merce, and it was one of the first towns in the U. States to enter into the East India trade. Though the town is not very regularly laid out, and has narrow streets, the neat and com- fortable style of the buildings gives it a very cheerful aspect. It is beautified with many splendid private mansions, and the centre of* the town is adorned with a handsome, inclosed common, elegantly planted with shade-trees. Salem is the oldest town in the state, except Plymouth. The shipping belonging to this port in 1828, was 48,210 tons. Lat. 42 3 34' N. ; Ion. 70° 54' W. SALEM, New, t. Franklin co. Mass. 18 m. ESE. from Greenfield, 80 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,889. Here is a respectable academy. SALEM, t. Washington co. N.Y. 18 m. SE. from Sandy Hill, 29 S.from Whitehall, 46 NE. from Albany. Pop. 2,972. The courts for the county are held alternately here and at Sandy Hill. Here is a handsome village, situ- ated on an extensive plain, containing a court- house, a jail, an academy, several churches, and two or three printing-offices. SALEM, North, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 53 m. NNE. from New York. Pop. 1,276. Here is an academy. SALEM, South, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 50 m. NNE. from New York. Pop. 1,557. SALEM, co. N. j. bounded N. by Glouces- ter co. E. by Cumberland co. SW. and W. by the Delaware. Pop. 14,155. Chief town, Salem. SALEM, t. and cap. Salem co. N. J. on Sa- lem creek, 3i m. from Delaware Bay, 37 SSW. from Philadelphia. It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, an academy, a printing- office, which issues a weekly paper, and 4 houses of public worship, for Episcopalians, Baptists, Friends, and Methodists. Pop. 1,570. It is a pleasant town, and a place of some trade. SALEM, v. Botetourt co. Va. 20 m. SSW. from Fincastle, 190 W. by S. from Richmond. SALEM, t Fauquier co. Va. SALEM, t. Stokes co. N. C. watered by a small branch of the Yadkin, 34 m. NE. from Salisbury, 100 W. from Raleigh, 355 from W. It is a handsome Moravian town, built of brick, and chiefly on one street, about a mile and a half long, paved and planted with rows of trees on each side. It contains a church, and has manufactures of potters' ware, sad- dlery, gloves, hosiery, &c. The Moravian Academy for females, at this place, is an ex- cellent and popular institution. Its buildings are 4 in number, each 4 stories high, and of brick. It is located on a handsome square in the centre of the town, planted with trees, and ornamented with fine gravel-walks. It is at- tended by young ladies from various parts of the U. States. SALEM, t. Champaign co. Ohio. Pop. 1,237. SALEM, t. Tuscarawas co. Ohio, on the Muskingum. Pop. 257. SALEM, t. Jefferson co. Ohio. Pop. 1,960. SALEM, t. Washington co. Ohio. Pop. 573. SALEM, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, in the NE corner of the state. Here are iron-works Pop. 1,660. SALEM, t. New London co. Ct. Pop. 974. SALEM, t. and cap. Washington co. In. 24 m. NW. from Jeffersonville, 34 N. from Cory- don, 613 from W. SALEM, v. New Haven co. Ct. in Water- bury, 16 m. NNW. from New Haven. It stands on the E. bank of Naugatuck, or Wa- terbury river, on the main turnpike road from New Haven to Litchfield. A fine wooden bridge here crosses the Naugatuck. SALEM, v. Sumpter district, S. C. 12 m. E. from Sumpter. SALEM, v. Baldwin co. Geo. on the left bank of Oconee river, nearly opposite Mil- ledgeville. SALEM, v. Clarke co. Geo. 53 m. N. from Milledgeville. SALEM CENTRE, v. in the eastern part of Westchester co. N.Y. 50 m. NNE. from the city of New York. SALEM CREEK, Salem co. N. J. rises in, the centre of the county, and flowing nearly W. passes Salem, and falls into Delaware Bay, 3^ m. below. It is navigable for vessels of 50 tons to Salem. SALINA, t. Onondago co. N. Y. 5£ m. N. from Onondaga, 36 SSE. from Oswego, 130 W. from Albany. Pop. 6,929. Onondaga Lake, and the principal salt-springs and salt- works of the state, a*re in this town. Salt is made here by solar evaporation, as well as by boiling. The vats erected for this purpose cover 5 or 600 acres of ground. The salt made by this process is coarse, and equal in purity to any in the world. Quantity of salt inspected in 1831, 1,514,037 bushels. The neat revenue derived from salt-duties by the state, from 1817 to 1831 inclusive, is about $1,400,000. This township contains a village of the same name, and three others, viz. Liver- pool, Syracuse, and Geddes. SALINA, t. Randolph eo. II. SALINE, southern t. of Columbiana co. Ohio, so called on account of salt-springs found within its limits, along the banks of Yellow creek. Pop. 666. SALINE, v. Randolph co. II. SALINE, r. Arkansas, rises about 20 m. NE. from the warm-springs of Ouachitta, and flowing nearly S. falls into Ouachitta at N. lat. 33° 40'. SALINE, r. Arkansas, a branch of the Lit- tle river of the North. i SAL — SAM 399 SALINE, r. II. flows into the Ohio, 26 m. below the Wabash. It is navigable for boats 30 ra. The U. States have extensive salt- works on this river, 20 m. from its mouth. SALINE, r. NW. part of the state of Lou- isiana, which flows S. and unites with Black Lake river, 8 m. NE. from Natchitoches. There are salt-works on this river, about 25 m. NNE. from Natchitoches. SALINE, r. Missouri, which runs into the Ouachitta, lat. 33 3 10'' N. SALINE, or Salt, r. La. which runs into the Missouri, 173 m. W of the Mississippi. SALINE, r. La. runs into the Kansas. SALINE, v. at the U. States' Salt-Works, near Saline river, Gallatin co. II. about 12 m. above its mouth, and 115 m. SSW. from Van- dalia. SALINES, v. Miso. on W. bank of the Mis- sissippi, 4 m. below St. Genevieve. It is noted for salt-works. SALISBURY, t. Addison co. Vt. 44 m. SW. Montpelier. Pop. 907. Here is a manufac- tory of glass. SALISBURY, t. Merrimack co. N. H. on W. side of the Merrimack river, 14 m. NNW. from Concord, 38 SE. from Dartmouth Col- lege, 59 WNW. from Portsmouth, 77 NNW. from Boston. Pop. 1,379. The 4th N. Hamp- shire turnpike passes through this town ; and upon this road, in the south part of the town, there is a pleasant village, containing a Con- gregational meeting-house, and an academy. SALISBURY, t. Essex co. Mass. on the N. bank of the Merrimack, 4 m. NW. from New- buryport, 36 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 2,519. It contains 2 parishes, and has a pleasant and considerable village, on the N. bank of the Merrimack, below the junction of Powow river. Considerable business is done at this village at ship-building, and it has some trade in the fisheries. SALISBURY, t. Litchfield co. Ct. in NW. corner of the state, 24 m. NW. from Litch- field. Pop. 2,580. It is a considerable town, and contains large quantities of excellent iron ore, and has several forges, iron-works, and a paper-mill. SALISBURY, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence. Pop. 1,999. SALISBURY, v. Blooming Grove, Orange co. N.Y. SALISBURY, t. and port of entry, Somer- set co. Md. between the two principal branch- es of the Wicomico, 15 m. ESE. from Vienna. It contains an Episcopal church, a Methodist meeting-house, and about 100 houses, and has considerable trade in lumber. SALISBURY, t. and cap. Rowan co. N. C. 5 m. SW. of the Yadkin, 34 SW. from Salem, 119 WNW. from Fayetteville. Pop. about 800. It contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, an academy, and a church. It is a flourishing town, and situated in a very fertile country. Near this town there has been discovered un- der ground, a remarkable wall of stone, laid in cement, plastered on both sides, from 12 to 14 feet in height, and 22 inches thick. The length of what has been discovered is about 300 feet. The top of the wall approaches within one foot of the surface of the ground. When built, by whom, and for what purpose, is unknown. A similar wall has since been discovered, about 6 m. from the first, from 4 to 5 feet high, and 7 inches thick. SALISBURY, t. Meigs co. Ohio. Pop. 603. Through this town runs Leading creek. SALISBURY, t. Wayne co. In. 4 or 5 m. E. from Centreville, 35 N. from Brookville. SALMON, r. Ct. which runs into the river Connecticut, in East Haddam. SALMON, r. N.Y. flows into Lake Ontario, 4 m. N. from Mexico Point. Length 60 or 70 m. There is on this river, about 10 m. from the lake, a tremendous cataract, which has a descent of 110 feet perpendicular. SALMON CREEK, r. Cayuga co.N.Y. runs into S. end of Lake Cayuga ; 19 m. long. SALMON CREEK, r. Franklin co. N. Y. which runs into the St. Lawrence, 7 m. N. from French Mills. SALMON CREEK, stream of St. Lawrence co. flows NNW. about 70 m. enters L.C. at French Mills, and falls into St. Lawrence river at the head of Lake St. Francis. SALMON FALL, local name of that part of Piscataqua river, below Berwick falls. SALT CREEK, r. Ohio, which runs SE. into the Scioto, about 15 m. below Chillicothe. Near this river are salt-springs, from which salt is manufactured in large quantities. The salt-works are about 80 m. NW. fromGallipolis. SALT CREEK, t. Muskingum co. Ohio Pop. 1,190. SALT CREEK, t. Pickaway co. Ohio. Pop 1,656. SALTILLO, city of Mexico, in the state ot Coahuilla y Texas, on the confines of Coahu ilia and New Leon. Pop. 6,500. It is sur rounded by arid plains, upon which fresh watei is scarce ; the site is an elevated part of the great table-land of Anahuac, sloping towards the Gulf of Mexico, and the Rio Grande del Norte. Lat. 25° 20' N. SALTPETRE CREEK, r. Maryland, which runs into Gunpowder river, 12 m. ENE. from Baltimore. SALT RIVER, r. La. runs into the Missis- sippi, 60 m. above the Illinois r. SALT RIVER, r. of Miso. entering the Mississippi from the NW. about 100 m. above St. Louis. SALT RIVER, r. Ken. which runs NW. into the Ohio, 20 m. below the Rapids. It is navigable for boats 60 m. SALT SPRING RIVER, r. Indiana, which runs into the Ohio. SALUDA, r. S.C. which runs SE. and unite? with Broad river just above Columbia, to form the Congaree. SALUTER, r. of La. in Natchitoches and Ouachitta. The source of this stream is on the line between La. and Arkansas, and it flows into Ouachitta, 3 m. below the mouth of Barthelony river. SAMPSON, co. N. C. bounded by New Han- over SE. Bladen SW. Cumberland W. Johnson N. Wayne NE. and Dauphin E. Length 35 400 SAM— SAN m, mean width 20, Pop. in 1820, 8,903 ; in 1830, 11,768. It is drained by Black river branch of Cape Fear river. Clinton, the chief town, is about 55 m. NNW. from Wilmington. SAMPTOWN, v, Middlesex co. N. J. 14 m. WSW. from Elizabethtown. SAN ANTONIO, city of Mexico, in the state of Oaxaca, 130 m. SE. from the city of Mexico, and about 80 N. from that of Oaxaca. SAN BL AS, city and seaport of Mexico, in the former Guadalaxara, now Jalisco, at the mouth of the river Santiago. SANBORNTOWN, t. Strafford co. N.H. 25 m. NW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,866. SANDERSVILLE, t. and cap. Washington co. Geo. 26 m. E. from Milledgeville. It con- tains a court-house and a jail. SANDFORD, t. and v. York co. Me. 22 m. N. from York. Pop. 2,327. SAN DC ATE, t. Bennington co. Vt. 25 m. N. from Bennington. Pop. 933. SANDISFIELD, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 20 m. SE. from Lenox, 112 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,655. SANDISTON, t. Sussex co. N.J. on the Delaware river, 11 m. NW. from Newton. Pop. 1,097. SAN DOWN, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 29 m. WSW. from Portsmouth, and 30 SE. from Concord. Pop. 553. SANDTOWN, v. Gloucester co. N. J. 13 m. SSE. from Philadelphia. SANDUSKY, r. Ohio, runs NE. into San- dusky Bay, at the town of Sandusky. Length 70 m. This river is navigable, and is con- nected with the Great Miami by a portage of 9 m. and with the Scioto by one of 4 m. The river has rapids, below which there is a very valuable fishery. SANDUSKY, co. Ohio, bounded N. by Lake Erie, E. by Huron co. S. by Seneca, and W. by Wood co. It is 30 m. long, and 25 broad. Pop. in 1820, 852 ; in 1830, 2,851. It contains Lower Sandusky. SANDUSKY, one of the western towns of Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 588. SANDUSKY, t. Huron co. Ohio, on the S. shore of Sandusky Bay, 3 m. from its entrance, 25 NE. from Fort Stephenson, about 100 m. N. from Columbus, 250 W. from Buffalo. Pop. 593. It is handsomely laid out on a beautiful site, and a steam-boat wharf has been erected. SANDUSKY, Lower, t. and cap. of Sandus- ky co. Ohio, on the river Sandusky, a few miles from its mouth, 115 N. from Columbus. SANDUSKY, Upper, t. Delaware co. Ohio, on Sandusky r. 40 m. S. from Lower Sandusky. SANDUSKY BAY, bay, Ohio, on S W. part of Lake Erie, 20 m. long, and 24 broad. SANDWICH, t. and cap. of Essex co. U.C. on Detroit river, 2 m. below Detroit. It is a considerable village, built chiefly on a single long street. SANDWICH, t. Strafford co. N. H., N. of Squam Lake, 50 m. N. from Concord, and 72 NNW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,743. In the N. part of this town, there is a mountain near 3,000 feet high. SANDWICH, t. Barnstable co. Mass. on Barnstable Bay, 12 m. NNW. from Barnstable 54 SSE. from Boston. Pop. 3,367. Here is an academy. Sandwick river runs through the town into Barnstable Bay. SANDY, a N. t. of Tuscarawas co. Ohio. Pop. 765. SANDY, t. Stark co. Ohio. Pop. 909. SANDY BAY, or Cove, bay, on the coast of Mass. N. of Cape Ann. Lon. 70° 38' W. ; lat. 42° 41' N. SANDY CREEK, r. S.C. runs into the Con- garee. Lon. 81° 40' W. ; lat. 34° 37' N. SANDY FORK, v. Mecklenburg co. Va. 273 m. from W. SANDY HILL, v. in Kingsbury, N. Y. on E. side of the Hudson, 50 m.N. from Albany. It is delightfully situated, just above Baker's Falls, and is a regularly laid out, well built, and very flourishing village. It contains a woollen and a cotton factory, several iron works, and also a manufactory of cotton bagging from hemp. This village, with the township, contains 2,606 inhabitants. SANDY HOOK, small isl. on the coast of N. J. in the township of Middleton, 7 m. S. from Long Island, 25 S. from New York. It was formerly a peninsula. Sandy Hook, or Point, forms a capacious harbor. Here is a light-house, on the N. point of the Hook, in lon. 72° 2' W. ; lat. 40° 26' N. SANDY HOOK, v. Culpeper co. Va. SANDY INLET, channel, between two small islands near the coast of N. C. Lon. 77° 50' W. ; lat. 34° 19' N. SANDY LAKE, lake of the NW. territory of the U. S. forming one of the links in the chain of intercommunication between Lake Superior and Mississippi river. SANDY LAKE RIVER, r. of the NW. territory of the U. S. flows from Sandy Lake, and enters Mississippi river at lat. 47° N. At its outlet from Sandy Lake, the U. S. SW. Company have an establishment. SANDY LICK, r. Pa. runs into the Alle- ghany, about 15 m. below Toby's Creek. SANDY MOUNT, v. Greenville t. Va. 77 m. S. from Richmond. SANDY POINT, cape, on N. point of Nan- tucket island. Lon. 69° W. ; lat. 41° 22' N. SANDY RIVER, Big, rises in the Laurel Mountains, and forms a part of the boundary between Virginia and Kentucky, and runs NNW. into the Ohio, 40 m. above the Scioto. SANDY RIVER, Little, Ken. runs into the Ohio, 20 m. below Big Sandy. SANDY RIVER, r. Me. runs into the Ken nebeck, 6 m. above Norridgewock. SANDY SPRING, v. Montgomery co Md. SANDY SPRING, v. Adams co. Ohio, 110 m. SSW. from Columbus. SANDYTOWN, p. Sussex co. N.J. 85 m. N. from Trenton. SANDYVILLE, v. Tuscarawas co. Ohio, 136 m. NE. from Columbus. SANGAMOIN, r. II. unites with the Illi- nois. It is navigable for boats 150 m. SANGAMOIN, co.Il. on Sangamoin r .bound- ed S. by Montgomery and Morgan, and W. by Fulton. Chief town, Springfield. Pop. 12,960 v SAN-^SAV 401 SANGERFIELD, v. Oneida co. N. Y. 15 tn. So by W. from Utica. It is a considerable town, and contains a printing-office, from which is issued a weekly newspaper. SANGER VILLE, t. Penobscot co. Me. 38 m. NW. from Bangor. Pop. 776. SANTA CRUZ, one of the Caribbee islands. Lon. 64° 35' W. ; lat. 17° 45' N. SANTA FE, capital of New Mexico, in N. America, seated among mountains, near the Rio del Norte, 950 m. N. of Mexico. Lon. 106 3 35' W. ; lat. 35° 32' N. SANTEE, r. S. C. formed by the union of the Congaree and Wateree. It runs into the sea by two mouths, N. and S. from Santee, 20 m. below Georgetown. Lat. 33° 12' N. This river affords a navigation at some seasons nearly 300 miles, as high up as Morgantown, N. C. It is connected with Cooper river by a canal. The main branch in North Carolina is called Catawba. SANTIAGO, r. of Mexico, rising about 23 m. NW. from the city of Mexico, on the table- land of Anahuac, flows through the intenden- cies of Mexico, Guanaxuato, Guadalaxara, and Valladolid, and after an entire course of about 370 m. falls into the Pacific Ocean, at the city of San Bias. Santiago is by far the largest stream of Mexico : it is navigable for some distance from its mouth, but the adjacent country is thickly wooded, uncultivated, and unhealthy. SARA, creek, La. in New Feliciana, rises in the state of Mississippi, near Woodville, and flowing S. crosses lat. 31° N. and falls into the Mississippi at St. Francisville, after an entire course of 25 m. SARANAC, r. N. Y. after a NE. course of 65 miles, flows into Lake Champlain, at Platts- burg. SARATOGA, co, N. Y. bounded N. by War- ren co. E. by the Hudson, which separates it from Washington and Rensselaer cos. S. by Albany co. SW. by Schenectady co. and W. by Hamilton and Montgomery cos. Pop. 36,616. Chief town, Ballston. SARATOGA, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, 12 m. NE. from Ballston, 31 N. from Albany, 360 from W. Pop. 2,204. This town gives name to several celebrated mineral springs, which are spread over a tract of country about 12 m. in extent, in Saratoga county, and are known by different local names. The most noted are those of Saratoga and Ballston, which are the most celebrated mine- ral waters in the United States. They are strongly impregnated with carbonic acid, and contain also carbonate of soda, muriate of soda, super-carbonated lime, and a carbonate of iron. These springs have long been a favorite resort during the summer months, not only for in- valids, but for people of gaiety and fashion, who flock thither by thousands from every quarter of the Union. Here is a flourishing village, with a post-office, church, and a great number of excellent boarding-houses. Sara- toga is memorable as the place where general Burgoyne surrendered the British army to general Gates, Oct. 17th, 1777. SASKACHAWAINE, great river of North 3 A America, is formed by two large branches, both rising in the Chippewan mountains, and flowing generally to the E. After a course of 600 m. they unite and flow 200 m. into the NW. bay of lake Winnipeg. The Severn, flowing from the eastern side of lake Winni- peg, is the continuation of the Saskatchawaine and Assiniboine rivers. SASSAFRAS, r, of Md. rises on the con- fines of Del. and flowing W, between Kent and Cecil cos, falls into Chesapeake bay 11 m. S. from the mouth of the Susquehannah. SASSAFRAS, v. Kent co. Md. near the head of the Sassafras, 17 m. S. from Elkton. SATAUKET, v. in the township of Brook- haven, on N. side of Long Island, 65 m. E. from New York. It contains an elegant Pres- byterian, and an Episcopal church. It is pleas- ant and healthy, and is the principal harbor for wood-vessels on N. side of the island. SATILLA, Great, r. Georgia, runs ESE. into the sea, N. of Cumberland island. SATILLA, Little, r. Georgia, runs into the sea, N. of the Great Satilla. SAUGATUCK, v. Fairfield co. Ct on the Saugatuck, 3 m. NE. from Norwalk. SAUGERTIES, t. Ulster co. N. Y. on the W. bank of the Hudson, 13 m. N. from Kings- ton, 52 S. from Albany. SAUGUS, t. Essex co. Mass. 2 J m. W. from Lynn, 8 SW. from Salem. Pop. 3,750. SAUQUOIT, v. Oneida co. N. Y. SAVAGE MOUNTAINS, mts. in Pennsyl. vania, 110 m. NW. from Philadelphia. SAVAGE RIVER, r. Maryland, runs into the Potomac. SAVANNAH, r. U. S. which is formed by the union of the Tugeloo and Keowee. It separates S. Carolina from Georgia, and runs SE. into the Atlantic. It is navigable for large vessels to the town of Savannah 17 m. and for boats of 100 feet keel to Augusta, which, by the course of the river, is 340 m. above Savan- nah. Just above Augusta there are falls; be- yond these the river is navigable for boats to the junction of the Tugeloo and Keowee. SAVANNAH, city and port of entry, Chat- ham co. Geo. on SW. bank of the Savannah r. 17 m. from its mouth, 118 SW. from Charles- ton, 123 SE. from Augusta, 160 ESE. from Milledgeville. Lon. 81° 10' W. ; lat. 32° 8' N Pop. 7,303. Its position is a low sandy plain. It was formerly built of wood, and insalubri- ous from its marshy surface and contiguity to rice swamps. It has suffered severely from fires, but the parts destroyed have been hand- somely rebuilt. The rice swamps in the im- mediate vicinity are no longer inundated, and the health of the city is since much improved. It contains 12 public buildings, among which is the United States brancli bank, and 8 churches. The Presbyterian church is an elegant and spacious edifice of stone. The Exchange is a large building, 5 stories high. The Academy is partly of brick and partly of stone, 180 feet front, 60 feet wide, and 3 stories high. There are 10 public squares planted with trees, among which the beautiful China trees are conspicu- ous. It is a place of very great crad, and there has the name of Roanoke, but after its passage through the Blue Ridge, it takes the name of Staunton, which it retains to its junction with the Dan, on the W. border of Mecklenburg 6o. STEDMANSVILLE, v. Meigs co. Ohio. STEPHENTOWN, t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 22 m. SE. from Albany. Pop. 2,716. STERLING, t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 m. NNW. from Montpelier. Pop. 183. STERLING, t. Worcester co. Mass. 5 m. W. by S. from Lancaster, 12 N. from Worces- ter, 44 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,789. It is a valuable agricultural town, and has a consid- erable village. STERLING, t. Windham co. Ct. 4 m. E. from Plainfield, and 18 NE. from Norwich. Pop. 1,240. STERLING, NW. t. Cayuga co. N.Y. Pop. 1,436. STERLING, v. Wayne co. Pa. 156 m. NE. from Harrisburg. STERLING VILLE, t. Granville co. N.C. STEUBEN, t. Washington co. Me. on the Naraguagus river, 311 m. NE. from Boston, fop. 695. STEUBEN, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Onta- rio co. E. by Seneca Lake, and Tioga co. S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by Alleghany co. Pop. 33,975. Chief town, Bath. STEUBEN, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 20 m. N. from Utica. Pop. 2,094. Baron Steuben died in this town in 1796, and here his ashes repose, without a stone to direct the passenger to the spot. STEUBENVILLE, t. and cap. Jefferson co. Ohio, on the Ohio, 69 m. by the river, Delow Pittsburg, 38 by land, 109 above Marietta, 25 NE. from St. Clairsville, 150 E. by N. from Columbus. Lon. 8° 40' W. ; lat. 40° 25' N. Pop. 2,937. It is a very nourishing town, with many fine buildings, ibur handsome churches, and a large number of manufactur- ing establishments, such as woollen and cot- ton factories, furnaces, paper-mills, &c. mostly propelled by steam. Also an academy, two banks, and a printing-office. STEWART, NW. co. Ten. E. on Tennes- see river, bounded by Ken. NE. Montgomery co. Ten. E. Dickson co. SE. Humphreys S. and Tennessee river, or Henry co. W. Length 22 m. mean width 20. Pop. in 1820, 8,388 ; m 1830, 6,988. Chief town, Dover. STEWARTSTOWN, t. Coos co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 40 m. N. from Lancaster, and 460 from W. Pop. 529. STEWARTSVILLE, v. Sussex co. N. J. 60 m. N. from Trenton. STEWARTSVILLE, v. in the W. part of Westmoreland co. Pa. on the road from Greens- burg to Pittsburg, 12 m. from the former, and 14 from the latter place. STILL VALLEY, v. Sussex co. N. J. STILLWATER, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, 22 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 2,601. Bemas's Heights are in this town- ship, 3 m. N. of the village. This place is memorable for a battle fought on the 19th of September, 1777, between the Americans and British. STILLWATER, r. Ohio, runs SE. into the Great Miami, above Dayton, and opposite the mouth of Mad river. STOCK, t. Harrison co. Ohio. Pop. 1,066- STOCKBRIDGE, t. Windsor co. Vt. 32 m. NW. from Windsor. Pop. 1,333. STOCKBRIDGE, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 6 m. S. from Lenox, 12 S. from Pittsfield, 130 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,580. It is watered by the Housatonnuc, is a pleasant town, and contains a printing-office and several cotton and woollen manufactories. There is a quarry of marble in this town. STOCKBRIDGE, West, t. Berkshire co, Mass. 10 m. SSW. from Lenox, 135 W. from Boston. Pop. 1,208. Here are very valuable quarries of white and blue marble, and an iron mine. STOCKHOLM, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 30 m. E. from Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,944. STOCKTON, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 10 m. a little W. of S. from Fredonia, and 60 m. SW. from Buffalo. Pop. 1,604. STODDARD, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 14 m. NE. from Keene, 44 WSW. from Concord. Pop. 1,159. STODDERTSVILLE, v. Luzerne co. Pa. STOKES, co. N. C. bounded by Virginia N. Rockingham and Guilford cos. N. C. E. Row- an S. and Surrey W. Length 40 m. width 24. Chief town, Salem. Pop. 16,196. STOKES, t Montgomery co. N. C. neai the Yadkin. STOKES, t. Madison co. Ohio. Pop. 560 414 STO— S(JF STOKESBURY, v. Stokes co. N. C. 140 m. NW. from Raleigh. STONE CREEK, r. Mississippi, runs into the Mississippi, lat. 32° 8' N. STONEHAM, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 9 m. N. from Boston. Pop. 732. STONE'S RIVER, r. Ten. runs NW. into the Cumberland, 6 m. above Nashville. STONE FORT, v. Franklin co. Ten. STONESBOROUGH, v. Greene co. Ken. STONEWALL CREEK, r. N. America, runs into the Missouri, just above the natural stone-walls, 95 m. below the Great Falls. STONINGTON, s-p. New London co. Ct. 12 m. E. from New London. Pop. of the township, 3,401. The harbor sets up from the Sound, opposite Fisher's Island. It borders on Rhode Island, and is a place of some trade. This town was bombarded by the British, without effect, Aug-. 8, 1814. It is a place of some resort for sea-bathing, during- the sum- mer. STONINGTON, North, t. New London co. Ct. 9 m. N. from Stonington. Pop. 2,840. STONO INLET, r. or channel, S. C. which separates the islands of James and John, and runs into the Atlantic, Ion. 80° 3' W. ; lat. 38° 41' N. STONY BROOK, v. Brookhaven, N. Y. 3 m. E. from Sautucket. STONY ISLAND, id. in E. end of Lake Ontario, SW. from Sacket's Harbor. STONY POINT, v. Albemarle co. Va. STONY POINT, v. Abbeville district, S. C. m STONY POINT, on the W. bank of the river Hudson, 40 m. above New York. For- merly a military post; was taken by storm from the British by Gen. Anthony Wayne, in the war of the Revolution, July 16, 1779. STORMVILLE, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. STOUGHTON, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 15 m. S. from Boston. STOUGSTOWN, v. Cumberland co. Pa. 45 m. westerly from Harrisburg. STOUTS, v. Washington co. Miso. STO W, t. Washington co. Vt. 22 m. NNW. 'from Montpelier. Pop. 1,570. ' STOW, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 m. W. from Boston. Poo. 1,221. STOW, t. Portage co. Ohio. STOW CREEK, r. N. J. runa into the Delaware. STOW CREEK, t. Cumberland co. N. J. on Stow creek. Pop. 791. STOWSVILLE, v. Lincoln co. N. C. 185 m westerlv from Raleigh. STRAFFORD, co. E. part of N. H. bounded N by Coos co. E. by Maine, SW. by Rocking- ham co. and W. by Grafton co. Pop. 58,916. Chief towns, Dover, Gilmanton, Rochester, and Durham. STRAFFORD, t. Orange co. Vt. 35 m. N. from Windsor. Pop. 1,935. Here is an ex- tensive copperas manufactory. STRAFFORD, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 15 m. NW. from Johnstown. Pop. 552. STRAIGHT CREEK, r. N. America, runs into the Ohio, Ion. 84° 2' W. ; lat. 38° 38' N. STRASBURG, t. Franklin co. Pa. E. of North Mountain, 9 m. NNW. from Chambers- burg, 145 m. W. from Philadelphia. STRASBURG, t. Lancaster co. Pa. 8 m, SE. from Lancaster, 58 W. from Philadelphia^ 116 from W r . Pop. 4,036. It is a pleasant and considerable town. The village is built chiefly of brick and stone. STRASBURG, v. Shenandoah co. Va. 12 m. NNE. from Woodstock, 88 from W. It contains about 60 houses. STRATFORD, t. Coos co. N H., E. of the Connecticut, 18 m. N. from Lancaster. Pop. 443. _ STRATFORD, t. Fairfield co. Ct. on W. side of Stratford river, near its mouth, 14 m. SW. from New Haven. Pop. 1,807. It is a pleasant town, and has an academy and some trade. STRATHAM, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 8 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Pop. 838. STRATTON, t. Windham co. Vt. 23 m. NE. from Bennington. Pop. 312. STRAWBERRY RIVER, r. NW. Territo- ry, runs into Lake Superior, W. of Goddard's river. STRONG, t. Somerset co. Me. 24 m. NW. from Norridgewock, 308 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 985. STUARTSBURG, v. Westmoreland co. Pa. STUART'S LAKE, N. America, W. of the Chippewan mountains. It is but imperfectly known, but represented as 300 m. in circum- ference. The NW. Company have a fort on its banks, at lat. 54° 30' N. and Ion. 48° W. from W. STUMPSTOWN, t. Dauphin co. Pa. on a branch of the little Swatara, 24 m. ENE. from Harrisburg. STURBRIDGE, t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 m. SW. from Worcester, 58 SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,688. It is watered by the Quinebaug, and the turnpike from Worcester to Hartford passes through the town. STURGEON, bay of Green Bay, setting up SE. towards Lake Michigan, opposite the mouth of Menomonie river, and 45 m. NNE. from the mouth of Fox river. SUCCESS, t. Coos co. N. Hampshire, E. of the Androscoggin, 23 m. E. from Lancaster Pop. 14. SUCK CREEK, r. Ten. runs into the Ten, nessee, at the Whirl. SUCKASUNNY, v. Morris co. N. J. It is a pleasant village, and contains a Presbyterian meeting-house, and an academy. SUDBURY, t. Rutland co. Vt. 53 m. SW from Montpelier. Pop. 812. SUDBURY, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 m. W. from Boston. Pop. 1,424. SUDBURY, East, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 18 m. W. from Boston. Pop. 944. SUFFIELD, t. Hartford co. Ct. on W. bank of the Connecticut, 11 m. S. from Springfield, 17 N. from Hartford. Pop. 2,690. It is a pleasant and considerable town, and contains several churches for Presbyterians and Bap- tists. Here is a mineral spring considerably resorted to. SUFFIELD, southern t. Portage co. Ohio. SUF— SUR 415 SUFFOLK, co. Mass. comprising only the towns of Boston and Chelsea, which see. This county comprises only a very small spot on the continent, Boston peninsula, and the islands in the harbor. Pop. in 1820, 43,941 ; in 1830, 62,162. SUFFOLK, co. N.Y. comprising the E. part of Long Island, bounded by Queen's W. Long Island Sound N. and the Atlantic Ocean NE., E. and S. Length 80 m. mean width 8. Soil of the whole county rather sterile. Chief towns, River-head, Sag Harbor, and South- ampton. Pop. in 1820, 24,272; in 1830, 26,980. SUFFOLK, C. H. Suffolk co. N. Y. SUFFOLK, t. and cap. Nansemond co. Va. on the river Nansemond, 30 SW. from Hamp- ton, 85 SE. from Richmond, 220 from W. It contains a court-house and a jail. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of 250 tons. SUGAR CREEK, r. Pa. runs E. into the E. branch of the Susquehannah, about 6 m. above Towanda creek. SUGAR CREEK, SW. t. of Stark co.Ohio. Pop. 1,261. SUGAR CREEK, t. Tuscarawas co. Ohio, in which is the town of Shanesville. Pop. 982. SUGAR CREEK, t. Green co. Ohio. Pop. 2,177. SUGAR CREEK, t. Wayne co. Ohio. Pop. 948. SUGAR CREEK, r. Ohio, joins the Little Miami, above Waynesville. SUGAR RIVER, r. Michigan, runs into Saganaum Bay. SUGAR RIVER, r. N. H. runs from the Sunapee Lake into the Connecticut, in Clare- mont. SUGGSVILLE, v. Clarke co. Al. 12 m. from Claiborne. SULLIVAN, t. Hancock co. Me. at the head of Frenchman's Bay, 30 m. E. from Cas- tine, 280 NE. from Boston. Pop. 538. SULLIVAN, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 6 m. NNE. from Keene, 48 WSW. from Concord. Pop. 555. SULLIVAN, co. N. Y. bounded NW. by Delaware co. NE. by Ulster co. S. by Orange co. and SW. by the Delaware, which separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. 12,372. Chief town, Monticello. SULLIVAN, t. Madison co. N.Y. on S. side of Oneida Lake. Pop. 4,077. Gypsum and iron ore are found here. SULLIVAN, co. NE. part of East Tennes- see. Pop. 10,073. Chief town, Blountsville. SULLIVAN ISLAND, isl. at the mouth of Ashley and Cooper rivers, 6 m. below Charles- ton, S. C. This island is much resorted to by the people of Charleston during the summer months. SULLIVAN'S MOUNTAINS, in N. H. extending from Cockburne to the White Moun- tains, about 2,000 feet high. SULPHUR CREEK, branch of Green r. in Kentucky. SUMANYSTOWN, v. Montgomery co. Pa. 33 m. NNW. from Philadelphia. SUMMER FIELD, v. Guilford co. N. C. SUMMIT BRIDGE, v. Newcastle co. Del. • SUMMITSVILLE, v. Sullivan co. N. Y. SUMNER, t. Oxford co. Me. 6 m. NE. from Paris, 170 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,099. SUMNER, co. on N. side of West Tennes- see. Pop. 20,606. Chief town, Gallatin. SUMPTER, district of S. C. bounded by Santee river or Charleston district S. Santee river or Orangeburg SW. Wateree river or Richland W. Kershaw NW. Lynch's creek, river, or Darlington NE. and Williamsburg N. Length 50, mean width 30 m. Black river, branch of Great Pedee, takes its rise in this district. The canal connecting Santee river with Charleston harbor leaves the Santee, nearly opposite to the SE. angle of Sumner. Chief town, Sumpterville. Pop. in 1820, 25,369 ; in 1830, 28,278. SUMPTERVILLE, v. and seat of justice, Sumpter district, S. C. on the dividing ground between the two main branches of Black river, about 100 m. a little W. of N. from Charleston. SUMTERSVILLE, v. Claremont co. S. C. SUNAPEE, lake, N. H. in Fishersfield, Wendell, and New London. It is 11 m. long, and 1^ broad. Little Sunapee, 2 m. long, lies NE. of it, in New London. SUNAPEE, mt. N. H., S. of Sunapee Lake. SUNBURY, bor. and cap. Northumberland co. Pa. on the Susquehannah, 1 m. below the junction of the E. and W. branches, 2 m. S. from Northumberland, 56 N. from Harrisburg, 122 NW. by W. from Philadelphia, 162 from W. Pop. 1,057. It is regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a jail, and a Presbyte- rian and a Lutheran church, which are all handsome and spacious structures. SUNBURY, t. Gates co. N.C. SUNBURY, t. Delaware co. Ohio. Pop. 828. SUNBURY, s-p. Liberty co. Geo. at the head of St. Catherine's Sound, 42 m. SSW. from Savannah. The harbor is safe and com- modious, and the situation of the town is pleasant and healthy. Planters from the coun- try resort here in the sickly season. SUNCOOK, r. N. H. runs SW. into the Merrimack, 7 m. below Concord. SUNDERLAND, t. Bennington co. Vt. 20 m. NNE. from Bennington. Pop. 463. SUNDERLAND, t. Franklin co. Mass. E. of the Connecticut, 8 m. S. from Greenfield, 90 W. from Boston. Pop. 666. SUNFISH CREEK, r. Ohio, runs into the Ohio, 22 m. below Indian Wheeling. SUNFISH, t. Pike co. Ohio. Pop. 568. SURREY, N. C. bounded by Va. N. Stokes co. in N. C. E. Rowan and Iredell S. and Wilkes and Ashe W. It is drained by the ex- treme northern sources of the Yadkin. Sur- face hilly, and in part mountainous. Chief town, Rockford. Pop. in 1820, 12,320; in 1830, 14.501. SURREY, t. Cheshire co.N. H. 8 m. NNW. from Keene, 62 WSW. from Concord. Pop. 539 4 16 SUR — TAB SURREY, t. Hancock co. Me. 18 m. NE. from Castine, 257 NE. from Boston. Pop. 561. SURREY, co. Va. bounded N. by Prince George co. and James river, SE. by Isle of Wight and Southampton cos. and SW. by Sus- sex co. Pop. 7,108. SURREY, C. H. Surrey co. Va. 64 m. SE. by E. from Richmond. SUSQUEHANNAH, v. Broome co. N. Y. SUSQUEHANNAH, the largest r. of Pa. which is formed by the E. and W. branches. The E. rises in Otsego Lake, N. Y. and the W. in Huntingdon co. Pa. They unite at Northumberland. The river then runs SE. into the head of the Chesapeake in Md, It is 1^ m. wide at its mouth, but is navigable only 5 m. for sloops. Although this river carries considerably more water than either the Hud- son or Connecticut, it is of no advantage at all for the purposes of navigation, except at high water, and then only down stream. At its floods, immense quantities of lumber and pro- duce are conveyed down in rafts, arks, &c. the most of them from the state of N. Y. It is a remarkably rough stream, and never navigated without considerable hazard. Most of the pro- duce finds a market in Baltimore, or is taken through the Delaware and Chesapeake canal to Philadelphia. SUSQUEHANNAH, co. N. side of Pa. bounded N. by N. Y. E. by Wayne co. S. by Luzerne co. and W. by Bradford co. Chief town, Montrose. Pop. 16,777. SUSSEX, co. N. J. bounded NNE. by N. Y. SE. by Bergen and Morris cos. SW. by War ren co. W. and NW. by the Delaware, whicn separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. 20,349. Chief town, Newton. SUSSEX, co. Del. bounded N. by Kent co. E. by Delaware bay and the Atlantic, S. and W. by Maryland. Pop. 27,118. Chief towns, Georgetown and Lewistown. SUSSEX, co. Va. bounded NE. by Surrey co. SSE. by Southampton co. SW. by Greensville co. and NW. by Dinwiddie and Prince George cos. Pop. 12,720. SUSSEX, C. H. v. Sussex co. Va. on a small branch of Nottaway river, 64 m. SSE. from Richmond. SUTTON, t. Merrimack co. N. H. 20 m. NW. from Concord. Pop. 1,424. SUTTON VILLAGE, v. in Sutton t. Mer- rimack co. N. H. SUTTON, t. Caledonia co. Vt 15 m. from Danville. Pop. 1,005. SUTTON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 9 m. S. from Worcester, 46 SW. from Boston. Pop. 2.186. SWAN ISLAND, isL on the coast of Me. 4 m. SW. from Mount Desert. It contains about 6,000 acres. SWAN RIVER, r. N.America, runs into the Mississippi, Ion. 93° 15' W. ; lat. 44° 34' N. SWAN POINT, cape on the coast of Md. in the Chesapeake. Lon. 76° 22' W. ; lat. 38° 11' N. SWANSBOROUGH, t. and cap. Onslow co. N.C. on White Oak river, 40 m. SSW. from Newborn, 405 from W. SW ANTON, t. Franklin co. Vt. on Lake Champlain, and bordering cjii Canada, 32 m. N. from Burlington. Pop. 2,158. SWANTOWN, v. Kent co. Md. 3 m. from Georgetown. SWANVILLE, t. Waldo co. Me. Pop. 633. SWANZEY, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 6 m. S. from Keene, 58 WSW. from Concord. Pop. 1,816. Here is a cotton manufactory. SWANZEY, t. Bristol co. Mass. 16 m. SSW. from Taunton, 38 S. from Boston. Pop. 1,677. SWATARA, r. Pa. runs SW. into the Sus- quehannah, at Middletown. SWEASY'S VILLE, v. Adams co. Miss. SWEDEN, one of the western towns of Mon- roe co. N. Y. 15 m. W. from Rochester. Pop 2,938. The Erie Canal crosses the northern part of this town. SWEDESBOROUGH, t. Gloucester co. N.J. on Raccoon creek, 20 m. SSW. from Philadel- phia. It contains an Episcopal church, a wool- len manufactory, and is a place of some trade. Raccoon creek is navigable to this place for boats. SWEET SPRINGS, v. Monroe co. Va. 28 m. SE. from Lewisburg, 42 SW. from Warm Springs. This place is celebrated for its mine- ral waters, which are much resorted to. SWEET WATER CREEK, r. Ken. runs into the Bear creek. SWIFT, r. N. H. runs E. into the Saco, in Conway. SWIFT'S CREEK, r. Va. runs into the Appomatox, lat. 37° 20' N. SWITZERLAND, co. In. bordering on the Ohio. Chief town, Vevay. Pop. 7,111. SYCAMORE, t. in the NE. quarter of Ham- ilton co. Ohio. Montgomery, Reading, and Sharon villages, are laid out in this t. Pop, 2,779. S YMMES, t. Lawrence co. Ohio, on Symmes creek. Pop. 246. SYLVANIA, v. Bradford co. Pa. 197 m. a little E. of N. from Harrisburg. SYRACUSE, t. and cap. Onondaga co. N. Y. 25 m. NE. by E. from Auburn, 133 W. from Albany, 342 from W. Pop. about 2,000. It is a flourishing village, and stands on the Erie canal at the point where a side-canal branches off to Salina, The buildings are mostly of brick, and many of them large and splendid. The " Syracuse House" is a most noble brick structure, 4 stories high, and one of the most splendid hotels in the state. From a cupola on the top, there is a fine view of Onondaga lake, and the village of Salina, a mile and a half distant. In 1828, the building of an ele- gant court-house was commenced, at a point midway between these two villages ; and the whole intermediate space will probably be built over within a few years. In point of locality, few inland towns have advantages equal with this. The line of communication is continued by the Salina side-canal, the Onondaga lake, and the Oswego canal, to Lake Ontario. T. TABERG, v. Oneida co. N. Y. 9 m. NW. of Rome. TAB— TAR 417 TABLE MOUNTAIN, mt. Pendleton dis- trict, S.C. near NW. border of the state, 3,168 .feet higher than the surrounding country, and about 4,000 above the level of the sea. It pre- sents on one side a tremendous precipice of solid rock, which rises nearly perpendicular, to the height of 890 feet. At the bottom is a deep and dismal valley, sunk apparently as much below, as the mountain is above, the general level. The precipice, viewed from the valley, appears like an immense wall rising up to heaven ; and the awe which it inspires is con- siderably increased by the quantities of bones which lie whitening at its base, the remains of various animals which had incautiously ap- proached too near its edge. The summit of this mountain is frequently enveloped -in clouds. TABLE RIVER, r. La, runs into the Mis- sissippi, lat. 37° 12' N. TABLE ROCK, v. Pendleton district, S. C. TADOUSAC,t. L.C. a place of great resort for trading with the Indians, who bring thither furs to exchange for cloth and other European .goods. It is situated at the mouth of the Sa- guenay, 98 m. NE. from Quebec. TAKONNACK, mt. Mass. S. of Great Bar- rington. Its height is estimated at 3,000 feet above the ocean. TALBERT'S ISLAND, small isl. in the Atlantic, on the coast of Geo. Lat. 30° 44' N. TALBOT, co. Md« bounded N. by Queen Anne co. E. by Caroline and Dorchester cos. S. by Dorchester co. and W. by Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 12,947. Chief town, Easton. TALLAHASSE, city, and seat of govern- ment for Florida, is situated on Tugabona or Wackahulla river. Lat. 30° 27' N. ; Ion. from W. 7° 13' W. The reasons which determined the governor and commissioners to fix on this place as the metropolis, were its central posi- tion, fertility of soil, and the reputation it had acquired among the Spanish and Indians, of being uncommonly salubrious. The position was fixed upon for the seat of government in 1824. It was divided into lots, and sold in 1825. Five squares have been reserved for the purpose of public buildings. The precincts of the town encircle a beautifully undulating country. It was immediately incorporated as a city. In two years from the first building, the number of whites and blacks was sup- posed to amount to 800. Some respectable houses were built, but the principal part of the habitations are temporary log buildings. The forest is falling on all sides, and it is daily ac- quiring more and more the appearance of a town. The amount of the sales of the lots was $24,000. That sum was appropriated for the erection of a territorial capitol. The materials for building are good and abundant. There are already a number of stores, taverns, and shops of all the customary mechanics, with a full proportion of lawyers and doctors, and 200 houses. A printing-press has been establish- ed, from which issues the " Florida Intelli- gencer." TALLAPOOSA, r. rises in Georgia, enters Alabama, flows SW. and unites with the Coosa , 3C 3 m. SW. from Fort Jackson, to form the Al- abama. It is navigable, except in dry seasons, to the Great Falls, about 35 miles. This river is subject to great periodical elevations and depressions. Much of the country watered by it is very fertile. TALLMADGE, t. Portage co. Ohio, 15 m. WSW from Ravenna, 35 SSE. from Cleve- land. Pop. 1,218. It has an academy and a furnace. TAMPICO, bay and s-p. of Mexico, near the mouth of the Moctezuema river. Lon. from W. 11° 36' W.i lat. 22° 45' N. TAMWORTH, t. Strafford co. N. H. 60 m. NNE. from Concord, 63 NNW. from Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,554. TANEYTOWN, t. Frederick co. Md. 22 m. NNE. from Fredericktown, 40 NW. from Baltimore, 67 from W. It is a pleasant and handsome town, and contains several hand- some churches, mostly of brick. TANGIPAO, r. rises in Mississippi, crosses E. part of Louisiana, and flows into Lake Pon- chartrain, 10 m. NE. of the pass of Manchac TANNER'S CREEK, r. In. runs into the Ohio, 2 m. below Lawrenceburg. TANNER'S HILL, v. Newbury district, S. C. TANSEY. r. N. America, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and runs into Maria's river. TAOS, t. of New Mexico, on the E. side of Rio Grande del Norte, above Santa Fe. Lon. from W. 29 3 45' W. ; lat. 37° 20' N. TAOUS MOUNTAINS, N. America, the southern part of the chain of the Chippewan, or Rocky Mountains, where the del Norte, Red river, Arkansas, and Colorado, have their rise. TAPPAHANNOCK, port of entry and cap. Essex co. Va. on SW. bank of the Rappahan- nock, 55 m. ESE. from Fredericksburg, 50 NE. from Richmond, 115 from W. Lon. 76° 57- W. ; lat. 38 3 2' N. Pop. about 700. Its situ- ation is low and unhealthy. It contains a court-house, a jail, and an Episcopal church. All the shipping belonging to the towns on the Rappahannock is entered at the custom-house of this place. TAPPAN, v. Rockland co. N. Y. TAPPAN SEA, an expansion of the Hud- son, opposite to Orangetown, from 25 to 35 m. above the city of New York, 10 m. long, and 4 in breadth at the widest place. TAR, or Pamlico, r. N. C. rises in Casw T ell co. flow T s through Granville, Franklin, Nash, and Edgecombe cos. and passing by Tarbor- ough, Greenville, and Washington, runs SE, into Pamlico Sound, lat. 35° 22' N. It is nav igable for vessels drawing 9 feet water to Washington, 40 m. and for boats carrying 15 or 20 tons to Tarborough, 90 m. TARBOROUGH, t. and cap. Edgecombe co. N.C. on the Tar river, 38 m. S. from Hali- fax, 60 ESE. from Raleigh, and 200 from W. Lon. 77° 44' W. ; lat. 35° 50' N. It contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, and an academy. Beef, pork, corn, tobacco, &c. are exported from this place in considerable quantities. 418 TAR — THE TARIFFVILLE, v. Hartford co. Ct. TARKIO CREEK, r. La. runs into the Missouri, 483 m. from the Mississippi. TARLETON, v. Pickaway co. Ohio, 17 m. NE. from Chillicothe. Pop. 257. TARRY-TOWN, v. and landing, Greens- burg, N. Y. TATE, t. Clermont co. Ohio. Pop. 3,232. TATE'S CREEK, v. in N. part of Madison co. Ken. about 49 m. SE. from Frankfort. TATNALL, co. Geo. bounded by Appling S. Telfair and Montgomery W. Emanuel NW. Camchee river, or Bullock co. NE. and Lib- erty and Wayne SE. Length 60 m. mean width 30. Pop. 2,039. Chief town, Perry's Mills. TAUNTON", t. and cap. Bristol co. Mass. on the river Taunton, 21 m. E. from Provi- dence, 24 N. from Bristol, 27 N. by W. from New Bedford, 32 1 S. from Boston, 431 from W. Pop. 6,045. It is a pleasant and hand- some town, and contains a court-house, a jail, a town-house, a bank, an academy, a printing- office, a paper-mill, and large and thriving manufactories of cotton, iron, copper, lead, and Britannia ware. 7,500,000 yards of calico are made here yearly. TAUNTON, r. Mass. is formed by Bridge- water and Namasket rivers, and runs SW. into Narraganset Bay. It is navigable for sloops of 50 tons to Taunton, 20 m. TAYLORSVILLE, v. Hanover co. Va. 30 m. from Richmond. TAYLORSVILLE, v. Fairfield district, S.C. 18 m. from Columbia. TAYLORSVILLE, t. Shelby co. Ken. on N. fork of Salt river, 30 m. SE. from Louisville. TAZEWELL, C. H. Tazewell co. Va. 302 m. a little S. of W. from Richmond. TAZEWELL, co. SW. part of Va. bounded NW. by Kentucky and Kenhawa cos. NE. by Giles and Montgomery cos. SSE. by Wythe and Washington cos. and SW. by Russell co. Pop. 4,104. TAZEWELL, t. and cap. Claiborne co. Ten. about 35 m. N. from Knoxville, 491 from W. TEACHES, island, on the coast of Va. in Northampton co. TECHE, r. La. flows SE. and joins the At- chafalaya, about 15 m. above its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable to New Iberia, about 45 m. TECOANTEPEC, seaport of Mexico, in TEHUANTEPEC, the Gulf of is a semi- elliptical indenting of that part of the Pacific Ocean, stretching between Guatemala and the state of Oaxaca. TEKETANOAH, or Cyprus Creek, r. Ala- bama, flows into the Tennessee river, a mile below Florence. TELFAIR, co. Geo. bounded by Appling S. Doolen SW. Pulaski NW. Little Oakmulgee river, or Montgomery co. NE. and Tatnall E. Length 50 m. mean width 25. Pop. in 1820, 2,104; in 1830, 2,136. Chief town, Jackson- ville. TELLICO, r. Ten. flows N. by W. into the Tennessee, just below Tellico. TELLICO, t. Blount co. Ten. on N. side of the river Tennessee, 50 m. SW. from Knox- ville. Here is a fort, blockhouse, and stores for supplying the Cherokee Indians. TEMPLE, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 40 m. NW. from Aup-usta. Pop. 798. TEMPLE, t. Hillsborough co. N.H. 13 m. WSW. from Amherst, 54 SSW. from Concord. Pop. 647. TEMPLETON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 27 m. NW. from Worcester, and 60 WNW. from Boston. Poo. 1,551. TENNESSEE, one of the U. S. See page 123. TENNESSEE RIDGE, mountains in the state of Tennessee, between the rivers Ten- nessee and Cumberland. TENS AW, r. the E. outlet of the Mobile. It branches off 6 or 7 m. below Fort Stoddert, and flows into Mobile Bay, 5 or 6 m. E. of the W. branch. Its channel is deeper and wider than that of the W. branch. TENSAW, r. La. flows SSW. a few miles from the Mississippi, and unites with the Oua- chitta at the junction of the Ocatahoola. TENSAW, v. Washington co. Alabama, near Mobile Bay. TEPIC, t. of Mexico, in the intendency of Guadalaxara, 500 m. NW. from the city of Mexico. TERRE HAUTE, v. Vigo co. Indiana, on the Wabash, 2 m. below Fort Harrison. TERRYVILLE, v. Mecklenburg co. Va. TETON, r. La. runs into the Missouri river, 1,263 m. from the Mississippi. TEWKSBURY, t. Middlesex co. Mass. S. of the Merrimack, 7 m. SW. from Andover. 23 N. from Boston. Pop. 1,527. TEWKSBURY, t. Hunterdon co. N.J. Pop. 1,659. TEXAS, province of Mexico, in the former Provincias Internas, bounded SW. by the Rio Grande del Norte, on the NE. by the United States, from the sources of Rio Grande, to the mouth of the Sabine, and SE. by the Gulf of Mexico. TEZCUCO, city of Mexico, in the inten- dency of Mexico, formerly remarkable for its extensive cotton factories, which, from the rivalry of Queretara, have greatly declined. It stands on the E. side of Lake Tezcuco, 20 m. NE. from Mexico. Lon. from W. 21° 51' W. ; lat. 19° 30' N. Pop. 6,200. THAMES, r. U. C. rises in the Chippewa country, and running SW. washes the cos. of York, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Kent, and empties into Lake St. Clair, above Detroit ; it is a river of considerable extent, without falls. A com- munication is continued, by means of small portages, between its upper branches and Lake Huron, and the Grand river. THAMES, r. Ct. is formed by the Shetucket and Yantic, at Norwich, and flows S. into Long Island Sound, 2 m. below New London. It is navigable through its whole course. THATCHER'S ISLAND, small isl. on the coast of Mass. about 1 m. E. from Cape Ann. THERESA, v. Jefferson co. N. Y. on Black river branch of Oswegatchie, on the road from TIIE— TIP 419 Sacket's Harbor to Ogdensburg, 25 m. NE. from the former, and 40 SW. from the latter place. THESSALON, r. U.C. runs into lake Hu- ron, a little to the eastward of Muddy Lake, on the N. shore. THETFORD, v. Orange co. Vt. cn Connec- ticut river, 12 m. N. from Dartmouth in N. H. Pop. 2,183. THIMBLE ISLANDS, small islands near the coast of Connecticut. Lon. 72° 42' W. ; iat. 41° 11' N. THIRTY MILE, or Dead River, r. Maine, joins the Androscoggin, in Livermore. THOMAS'S CREEK, r. S. C. runs into the Great Pedee. THOMAS, St. one of the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, with a harbor, a town, and a fort, 15 m. in circumference, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 64° 51' W. ; lat. 18° 21' N. THOMASTOWN, t. Lincoln co. Me. on E. side of the river St. George, and on W. side of Penobscot Bay, 7 m. S. from Camden, 7 E. from Warren, 37 E. from Wiscasset, 190 NE. from Boston. Pop. 4,221. It is a flourishing town, and contains 2 churches, 1 for Congre- gationalists, and 1 for Baptists. The river is navigable to this town, for vessels of 200 tons. Great quantities of lime are burnt here, and exported. Nearly all the lime exported from Maine is shipped at this port. THOMPSON, t. Windham co. Ct. in NE. corner of the state, 46 m. ENE. from Hart- ford, 51 SW. from Boston. Pop. 3,388. THOMPSON, t Sullivan co. N. Y. 38 m. W. from Newburgh. Pop. 2,459. It is wa- tered by the Neversink, and contains the vil- lages of Thompson, Monticello, and Bridge- ville. The county buildings are at Monti- cello. THOMPSON, t. Delaware co. Ohio, W. from Scioto river. Pop. 324. THOMPSON, one of the eastern towns of Geauga co. Ohio. Pop. 737. THOMPSON'S CREEK, r. N. America, runs into the Missouri, 148 m. below the Great Falls. THOMPSON'S CREEK, r. S. C. runs SE. into the Great Pedee, below Chatham. THOMPSON'S CREEK, r. Mississippi, runs into the Mississippi, lat. 30° 59' N. THOMPSONSVILLE, v. Culpeper co. Va. 90 m. SW. from W. THOMPSONVILLE, v. Chesterfield dis- trict, S. C. 57 m. NE. from Columbia. THORNDIKE, t. Waldo co. Me. Pop. 653. THORNSBURG, t. Spotsylvania co. Va. on the Mattapony, 18 m. S. from Fredericksburg. THORNTON, t. Grafton co. N. H. 11 m. N. from Plymouth, 54 N. from Concord. Pop. 1,049. THORNTON'S GAP, v. Culpeper co. Va. THORNTON'S RIVER, SW. branch of the Rappahannock, rising in the Blue Ridge near Thornton's Gap, and flowing nearly E. through Culpeper co. Va. into the Rappahan- nock. THORNVILLE, v. in the NW. angle of Perry co. Ohio, 35 m. a little S. of E. from Columbus. THREE CREEK RUN, r. Va. runs into the Nottaway. THREE RUNS, Lower, v. Barnwell dis- trict, S. C. THREE SISTERS, three small islands, on W. side of Chesapeake Bay, N. of Parker's Island. THUNDER BAY, 9 m. broad, at the NW. corner of Lake Huron, in N. America. It j receives this name from the supposed contin- ual thunder that is heard there. TICKFAH, r. rises in Mississippi, enters Louisiana, and flows into Lake Maurepas, 4 m. NE. of the mouth of the Amite. TICONDEROGA, t. Essex co. N.Y. o j W. side of the S. end of Lake Champlain, and ! at the N. end of Lake George, 12 m. S. from j Crown Point, 95 N. from Albany. Pop. 1,996. ] A valuable mine of iron ore is found in this (township. Ticonderoga Fort, famous in the 'history of American wars, is situated on an j eminence in this township, on W. shore of Lake Champlain, just north of the entrance of j the outlet from Lake George into Lake Cham- ; plain, 15 m. S. from Crown Point, 24 N. from Whitehall. It is now in ruins. TIFFIN, t. Adams co. Ohio. Pop. 1,570. TIGER'S VALLEY, v. Harrison co. Ohio, 16 m. from Clarksburg. TILGHMAN'S ISLAND, in the Chesa- peake, Md. at the mouth of the Choptank, con- taining about 1,720 acres. TIMBALIER, bay at the mouth of La- fourche, in Louisiana. This bay is about 30 m. in length, and from 3 to 8 wide. The ad- jacent island and shores are low grassy or sandy flats. TINKER'S CREEK, r. Ohio, runs into the Cuyahoga, 12 m. above Cleveland. TINKER'S ISLAND, one of the Eliza- beth Islands, near the coast of Massachusetts, 3 m. long, 1^ broad. TINLEYSVILLE, v. Goochland co. Va. 45 m. WNW. from Richmond. TINMOUTH, t. Rutland co. Vt. watered by the Otter creek, 10 m. S. from Rutland, 40 m W. from Windsor. Pop. 1,049. TIOGA, r. rises in Pennsylvania, runs N. enters New York, turns to the E. and joins the Susquehannah in Pa. 3 m. S. of N. Y. lino. It is navigable for boats 50 m. TIOGA, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Tomp- kins co. E. by Broome co. S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by Steuben co. Pod 27,704. Chief towns, Elmira and Owego. TIOGA, co. N. side of Pa. bounded N. by New York, E. by Ontario co. S. by Lycoming co. and W. by Potter co. Pop. 9,062. Chief town, Wellsborough. TIPPECANOE, r. In. joins the Wabash, about 420 m. from its mouth Length about 170 m. It is rendered famous for a battle be- tween the Americans and Indians, in Novem ber, 1811. TIPTON, co. Ten, Pop. 5,317. Chief town, Covington. 420 TIP— TRA TIPTON, C. H. and t. Tipton co. Ten. 240 m. from Murfreesborough. TISBURY, t. Duke's co. Mass. on N. side of Martha's Vineyard, 8 m. W. from Edgars- town, 85 S. from Boston. Pop. including the Elizabeth Islands, 1,318. TIVERTON, t. Newport co. R. I. 8 m. NNE. from Newport, 54 S. from Boston. Pop. 2,905. It is on the main land, opposite to Portsmouth, with which it is connected by a bridge. TOBAGO, the most southward of the isl- ands of the West Indies, and the most east- ward, except Barbadoes. It is 32 m. long, and 9 broad; 120 m. S. of Barbadoes. Lon. 59° W.; lat. 11° 10' N. TOBAGO LITTLE, island near the NE. extremity of Tobago, in the West Indies, 2 m. long, and 1 broad. TOBY'S CREEK, r. Pa. runs into the Al- leghany, 20 m. below Franklin. It is about 55 m. long, and is navigable for bateaux through a great part of its course. It is con- nected with the western branch of the Susque- hannah by a short portage. TOCKOA FALLS, Franklin co. Geo. It is in a branch of the Tugaloo river. The fall near 200 feet. TODD, co. Ken. bounded by Robertson co. Ten. S. Christian W. Muhlenburg N. and Logan E. Length 30 m. mean width 15. Chief town, Elkton. Pop. in 1820, 5,089 ; in 1830, 8,801. TODD'S FORK, r. Ohio, joins the Little Miami, 5 m. above Deerfield. TOGOSOHATCHIE CREEK, branch of the Oakmulgee river, in Georgia. TOLLAND, t. Hampden co. Mass. 20 m. WSW. from Springfield, 110 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 724. TOLLAND, co. Ct. bounded N. by Massa- chusetts, E. and SE. by Windham co. SW. by Middlesex co. and W. by Hartford co. Pop. 18,700. Chief town, Tolland. TOLLAND, t. and cap. Tolland co. Ct. 17 m. NE. from Hartford, 83 WSW. from Boston, 352 from W. Pop. 1,698. It contains a court- house, a jail, an academy, and a Congregation- al meeting-house. TOMBIGBEE, r. Alabama, rises within a few miles of the Muscle Shoals, flows souther- ly near the line between the states of Missis- sippi and Alabama, joins the Alabama 45 m. above the head of Mobile Bay, and 75 above the Gulf of Mexico, to form the river Mobile. It is navigable for large vessels to Fort Stod- dert, 44 m. and at some seasons to St. Stephens. It is about 450 rn. long, and navigable for boats the greater part of its course. TOMBSTONE, v. Bertie co. N. C. 291 m. from W. TOMHANNOCK, v. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 19 m. from Albany. TOMPKINS, co. N. Y. from a part of the cos. of Seneca and Cayuga, bounded N. by Seneca and Cayuga cos. E. by Cortlandt co. S. by Tioga co. and W. by Seneca Lake. Chief town, Ithaca. Pop. 36,545. TOMPKINS, t. Del. co. N. Y. on the Del- aware, 27 m. SW. from Delhi, 100 SW. from Albany. Pop. 1,774. TOMPKIN'S HILL, on Staten Island, in N. Y. 307 feet high. TOM'S CREEK, r. N. J. runs between Do- ver and Shrewsbury. TONGUE, r. N. America, runs N. into the Yellow-stone. TONNEWANTA, r. N. Y. runs into the Niagara, opposite Grand Isle, 10 m. N. from Black Rock. Length 90 m. It is navigable for boats 30 m. TOPSFIELD, t. Essex co. Mass. 8 m.NNW. from Salem, 20 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,011. TOPSHAM, t. Orange co. Vt. 12 rn. W. from Newbury, 25 ENE. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,384. TOPSHAM, t. Lincoln co. Me. on N. side of the Androscoggin, opposite Brunswick, 19 m. W. from Wiscasset, 140 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,564. It is a considerable town. Mag- netic oxide of iron and crystallized quartz arc found here. TORRINGFORD, v. Litchfield co. Ct. TORRINGTON, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 7 m. N. from Litchfield, 339 from W. Pop. 1,654. TORTOLA, principal of the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, 18 m. long, and 7 broad, In this island almost all the trade is carried on ; it is near 5 rn. long, and 2 broad, but badly watered, and reckoned unhealthy. They cul- tivate cotton here, which is much esteemed by the manufacturers, likewise rum and sugar; it has of late years undergone great improve- ments. The entrance into the harbor is at the E. end of the island. Lon. 63° W. ; lat. 18° 33' N. TORTUE, r. N. America, runs into the Wabash. Lon. 87° 55' W. ; lat. 39° 30' N. TORTUES, r. La. runs into the Missouri. Lon. 94° 24' W. ; lat. 38° 26' N. TORTUGA, isl. of the West Indies, near the N. coast of the island of Hispaniola. It' is about 80 m. in circumference, and has a safe harbor, but difficult of access. Lon. 75° 10' W.; lat. 20° 10' N. TOSQUIATOSSY CREEK, one of the head branches of the Alleghany river. TOWAHNAHIOOKS, r. N. America, runs NW. into the Columbia, 275 miles from its mouth. TOWAMENSING, v. Northampton co.Pa. on the Lehigh, 7 m. from Berlinsville. TOWANDA, t. and cap. Bradford co. Pa. on the W. bank of the N. branch of Susquehan nah river. The borough is called Meansvill© on all the maps. The township of Towanda contains 986 inhabitants. TOWER HILL, name of a hill and village in S. Kingston, R. I. TOWNSEND, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 44 m. NW. from Boston, 480 from W. Pop. 1,506. TOWNSEND, t. Huron co. Ohio. Pop. 202. TOWNSEND, t. Sandusky co. Ohio. Pop. 196. TOWNSHEND, t. Windham co. Vt. 40 m. SSW. from Windsor. Pop. 1,386. TRACY'S LANDING, v. Ann-Arundel oo. Md. TRA— TRO 421 TRANSYLVANIA, v. Jefferson co. Ken. on Ohio river, on the point above the mouth of Harod's creek, 8 m. above Louisville. TRAP, v. Montgomery co. Pa. 27 m. NW. from Philadelphia. TRAP, v. Frederick co. Md. 7 m. SW. from Frederickstown. TRAPPE, t. Talbot co. Md. 6 m. ESE. from Oxford. TRAVELLER'S REPOSE, v. Greenbrier co. Va. TRAVELLER'S REST, v. Greenville dis- trict, S. C. TRAVERSE BAY, bay on E. side of Lake Michigan. Lon. 85° W. ; lat. 44° 45' N. TRAVERSE ISLANDS, chain of islands at E. end of Noquet's Ba} T , in Lake Michigan, on one of the largest of which is a town of Ot- tovvay Indians. TREADHAVEN, r. Md. passes by Easton, flows SW. and runs into the Choptank, E. of Benoni's Point. TREMAIN, v. in Ulysses, N. Y. 11 m. NW. from Ithaca. TRENCHE'S ISLAND, or Hilton Head, isl. near the coast of S. Carolina, 25 m. long. Lon. 80° 68' W. ; lat. 32 3 13' N. TRENT, r. N. C. runs into the Neuse, at Newbern. TRENTON, t. Hancock co. Me. at the mouth of the Union river, 30 m. NE. from Castine, 275 NE. from Boston. Pop. 795. TRENTON, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 12 m. N. from Utica, 406 from W. Pop. 3,221. TRENTON, the metropolis of N. J. in Hunterdon co. on E. bank of the Delaware, opposite the falls, 10 m. SW. from Princeton, 26 SW. from New Brunswick, 30 NE. from Philadelphia, 60 SW. from N. Y. 166 from W. Lon. 75° 48' W. ; lat. 40 3 13' N. Pop. 3,925. It is a handsome and flourishing town, pleas- antly situated, and incorporated with city privileges. It contains a handsome state-house, a jail, a bank, an academy, and several exten- sive cotton manufactories. In the town, and Lamberton, which joins it on the S. there are 6 churches. Many of the buildings are very spacious in size, and of splendid workmanship. The river is navigable as far as here for sloops. Above the falls, it is navigated by boats car- rying from 20 to 25 tons. At the foot of the falls theie is an elegant covered bridge across the river. TRENTON, t. and cap. Jones co. N. C. on the Trent, 20 m. W. from Newbern, 81 NNE. from Wilmington, 357 from W. It contains a court-house and a jail. TRENTON, Neio, t. Franklin co. In. TRENTON, v. Todd co. Ken. 209 m. SW. from Frankfort. Pop. 178. TRENTON, v. Butler co. Ohio. 98 m. SW. by W. from Columbus. TRENTON FALLS, m the West Canada creek, Oneida co. N. Y. in the vicinity of the village of Trenton. The creek, which is about 40 yards in width, has several beautiful cas- cades within the distance of half a mile. The greatest is about 46 feet perpendicular, and the scenery around is of the most sublime and im- posing character. Visitors resort here in great numbers, and tourists from the south com monly take these falls in their route. TRIADELPJJIA, v. Montgomery co. Md. TRIANA, v. Madison co. Al. on Tennessee river, at the mouth of Indian Creek, 18 m. SW. from Huntsville. TRIGG, co. Ken. bounded by Tennessee SE. Tennessee river SW. Livingston co. NW. and Caldwell and Christian NE. Length 45 m. mean width 10. Cumberland river runs through this co. Pop. in 1620, 3,874 ; in 1830, 5,88.9. Chief town, Cadiz. TRINITY, r. Texas, has a southerly course of about 300 m. and flows into the bay of Gal- veston. TROIS RIVIERES, t. of U. C. on the r, St. Lawrence, 35 m. SW. of Quebec. TROUPSBURG, t. in the SW. angle of Steu- ben co. N. Y. 30 m. SE. from Angelica, 35 m. SSW. from Bath, and 305 SW. by W. from Albany. Pop. 666. TROUPSVILLE, v. Sodus, N. York, 30 m. NE. from Canandaigua, 212 W. from Albany. It is eligibly situated on Great Sodus Bay, and is a place of some trade. TROUT RUN, branch of Lycoming creek, Pa. 15 m. N. from Williamsport, and 117 m. a little W. of N. from Harrisburg. TROY, t. Orleans co. Vt. 60 m. N. from Montpelier. Pop. 608. TROY, Bristol co. Mass. on E. side of Taun- ton river, 16 m. S. from Taunton 48 S. from Boston. Pop. 4,159. TROY, city and cap. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on E. bank of the Hudson, 3 m. S. from Lan- singburg, 6 N. from Albany, 166 N. from N. Y. 383 from W. Pop. in 1820, 5,230 ; in 1830, 11,405. It is finely situated, and is a well- built and flourishing town. It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, 3 banks, a public library, a Lancasterian school, and 6 houses of public worship, for Presbyterian s,Epis- copalians, Baptists, Methodists, and Friends. Troy is favorably situated for a great manu- facturing town. In point of wealth and trade, it ranks the fourth town in New York. The Hudson is navigable for sloops to this place. The state of Massachusetts has surveyed a canal route to this place. A rail-road over the same route has also been in contemplation- The Van Rensselaer school in this city has ac- quired a high reputation. The students deliver mutual lectures, and make extensive excur- sions, with a view to personal inspection of the objects of their studies in the natural sciences. Any person over 18, certifying that his acqui- sitions are of a certain extent, and that he is of good moral character, can obtain a gratui- tous education. An academy for young ladies, conducted by Mrs. Willard, has also obtained great reputation, and has more than 200 pupils. In the vicinity are many fine mill-seats. On Poesten's Kill, which flows into the Hudson at the lower end of the city, there are several flour-mills, an oil-mill, and a distillery ; and on Wynant's Kill, which runs into the Hudson 2 m. lower down, there are also several flour-mills, a paper-mill, 2 cotton manufactories, 1 woollen 422 TRO— TWI manufactory, a gun manufactory, a shovel manufactory, and 2 nail manufactories. These streams afford some of the finest mill-scats in the country. TROY, v. and seat of justice, Obion co. Ten. 147 m. NW. by W. from Murireesbo- rough, 8G3 from W. TROY, v. Athens co. Ohio, on the Ohio, at the junction of the Hocking - , 25 miles below Marietta. TROY, t. and cap. Miami co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 21 tn. N. from Dayton, 66 W. from Columbus, 72 N. from Cincinnati, 474 from W. Pop. 504. TROY, t. Delaware co. Ohio. Pop. 368. TROY, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 987. TROY, t. Perry co. In. on the Ohio, about 55 m. WSW. from Corydon. TRUMANSBURG, v. Seneca co. N. Y. TRUMBULL, t. Fairfield co. Ct. 6 m. NW. from Stratford, 17 VV. from New Haven. Pop. 1,238. TRUMBULL, co. Ohio, bounded by Mercer co. Pa. E. Columbiana S. Portage and Geauga W. and N. by Ashtabula. Length 35 m. mean width 25. Chief town, Warren. Pop. in 1820, 15,546 ; in 1830, 28,154. TRURO, t. Barnstable co. Mass. 40 m. NE. from Barnstable, 107 SE. from Boston. Pop. 1,549. It extends across the peninsula of Cape Cod, and lies between Provincetown and Well- fleet. TRURO, t. Franklin co. Ohio. Pop. 688. TRUXTON, t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. 14 m. NE. from Homer, 142 W. from Albany. Pop. 3,888. TRYON MOUNTAINS, mts. N. C, W. of Salisbury, bordering on Tennessee. TUCKER'S ISLAND, small isl. near the Coast cf S> C. Lon. 80° 16' W. ; lat. 32° 36' N. TUCKERSVILLE, v. Wayne co. Geo. TUCKERSVILLE, v. Crawford co. In. 126 m. a little W. of S. from Indianapolis. TUCKERTON, v. Burlington co. N. J. near S. end of Little Egghavbor Bay. TUFTONBOROUGH, t. Strafford co. N.H. i m. from W. UNION MILLS, v. Frederick co. Md 74 ni. from W. UNION MILLS, v. Fluvanna co. Va. on the Rivanna. UNION SPRINGS, v. in Aurelius, N. Y. UNIONTOWN, t. Frederick co. Md. 66 m. from W. UNIONTOWN, t. Muskingum co. Ohio. UNIONVILLE, t. and cap. Union district, S. C. 75 m. N. from Columbia, 467 from W. UNITIA, v. Blount co. Ten. 190 m. east- ward from Murfreesborough. UNITY, t. Waldo co. Me. 30 m. NNE. from Augusta, 196 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1 299. ' UNITY, t. Sullivan co. N. H. 9 m. NE. from Charlestown, 93 NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,258. UNITY, t. Montgomery co. Md. 30 m. N. from W. UNITY, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop. 1,757. UPPER, t. Scioto co. Ohio. Pop. 674. UPPER SANDUSKY, v. Crawford co. Ohio, on Sandusky river, about 80 m. a little W. of N. from Columbus. Lat. 40° 49' N. UPPER THREE RUNS, v. Barnwell dis- trict, S. C. UPPERVILLE, v. Loudon co. Va. 52 m. from W. UPSON, co. Geo. in the NW. part of the state. Pop. 7,013. UPTON, Worcester co. Mass. 14 m. SE. from Worcester, 38 SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,157. URBANNA,t. and cap. Champaign co.Ohio, 34 m. NE. from Dayton, 44 W. by N. from Columbus, 447 from W. Lon. 83° 43' W. ; lat. 40° 3' N. It is a flourishing town, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, a bank, a Methodist meeting-house, and a printing-office. It is situated in a fertile tract of country. Pop. 2,354. URBANNA, t. Middlesex co. Va. on SW. side of the Rappahannock, 60 m. ENE. from Richmond. URBANNA, v, Steuben co. N.Y. 225 m. W. from Albany. USTAYANTHQ, lake, N. Y. from which the river Delaware takes its rise. UTICA, v. Clarke co. In. on Ohio river, opposite Transylvania, in Jefferson co. Ken. UTICA, city, Oneida co. N. Y. on S. bank of the Mohawk, 4 m. SE. from Whitesborough, 14 ESE. from Rome, 93 W. by N. from Alba- ny, 392 from W. Lon. 75° 13' W. ; lat. 43° 6' N. It is pleasantly situated, handsomely laid out, and well built, and contains 8 houses of public worship, for Presbyterians, Episcopa- lians, Scotch Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists ; an academy, a free-school, a court- house, a bank, an insurance office, several manufactories, and has an extensive trade. It is situated in a fertile country, is a wealthy and flourishing town, and the commercial capi- tal of the western part of the state. It is a noted point of union for arriving and depart- ing stages. This town has gained its import- ance by being favorably situated in regard to commerce and agricultural wealth. Pop. in 1820, 2,972; in 1830, 8,323, having almost tripled its population since the last census. The U. States district court is held here. UTRECHT, or New Utrecht, t. Kings co. N. Y. on W. end of Long Island, on E. side of the Narrows, 9 m. S. from New York. Pop. 1,217. UXBRIDGE, t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 m. SSE. from Worcester, 40 SW. from Boston. Pop. 2,086. It borders on Rhode Island, and is watered by Blackstone, Mumford, and West rivers. It is a pleasant and considerable agri- cultural town, and contains valuable mills, and some manufacturing establishments. VALLEY CREEK, r. Pa. runs into the Schuylkill. Lat. 40° 7' N. VALLEY FORGE, place in Pa. near the union of Valley Creek with the Schuylkill, 15 m. NW. from Philadelphia. VALONI A, t. Jackson co. Indiana, 64 m. S. from Indianapolis. VANCEBURG, v. Lewis co. Ken. 99 m. from Frankfort. Pop. 93. VANCOUVER'S FORT, Ken. at the union of the two branches of Sandy river. VANDALIA, t. Fayette co. II. 55 m. from St. Louis. Vandalia has been selected as the political metropolis of this state. It is pleas- antly situated on a high bank of the Kaskas- kia river, in the centre of a rich and thriving country. It was founded but a few years since. But respectable houses for the accommodation of the government and the courts have already been erected. Many handsome brick build- ings have arisen. A weekly gazette is issued, and it exhibits the aspect of a respectable vil- lage, having from 80 to 100 houses. Lon. from W. 12° 1' W. ; lat. 39° 5' N. VANDERBURGH, co. In. bounded by the Ohio river S. Posey W. and N. and Warrick E. Length 20 m. mean width 12. It is drained by Big Pigeon creek. Pop. 2,610. Chief town, Evansville. VANGEVILLE, t. Ken. on the Ohio river, at the mouth of Salt Lick creek, 36 m. above Maysville. It has some salt-works. VANSVILLE, t. Prince George co. Md. 14 m. from W. Lat. 39° 2' N. VANWERT, co. in the NW. part of Ohio, bounded by Paulding N. Putnam and Allen E. Mercer S. and state of Indiana W. Length 24 m. width 18. Pop. 432. VARENNES, v. Pendleton co. S. C. 143 m. NW. from Columbia. VARIETY, v. Nelson co. Va. VASSALBOROUGH, t. Kennebeck co. Me VEA— VEV 425 on E. side of the Kennebeck river, opposite Sidney, 8 m. N. from Augusta, 180 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 2,761. This is a large and val- uable agricultural town. VEAL TOWN, t. N.J. 14 m. NNW. from New Brunswick. VENANGO, co. NW. part of Pa. bounded N. by Crawford and Warren cos. E. by Jeffer- son, S. by Armstrong and Butler, and W. by Mercer. Pop. 9,128. Chief town, Franklin. VENANGO, t. Crawford co. Pa. Pop. 544. VENICE, t. Huron co. Ohio, on S. side of Sandusky Bay, 4 m. W. from the new town of Sandusky. This town has a good harbor, and is flourishing. VENICE, v. Cayuga co. N. Y. 20 m, N. from Ithaca, and 15 S. from Auburn. VENUS, t. and cap. Hancock co. II. 133 m. from Vandalia, and 914 from W. VERA CRUZ, formerly an intendency, now a state of the republic of Mexico. It is a long narrow slip, extending on the Gulf of Mexico 450 m. with a mean width of 60 m. lying be- tween lat. 17° and 22° 20' N. In all its great line of sea-coast, not one really good harbor exists. There are few, if any other regions of the world where transition of soil, eleva- tion, and vegetable life are more rapid and striking. The western part rises on the de- clivity of Anahuac. In one day the traveller ascends from the parched plains near the Mex- ican Gulf, to the region of perpetual snow. Staples, vanilla, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice. This intendency contains the two great volcanic summits of Orizaba, and Coffre de Perote. In it, near Papantla, are found very well preserved remains of ancient monu- ments. Its cities are Vera Cruz, Xalapa, Pe- rote, Cordoba, Orizaba, and Tlacotlalpan. VERA CRUZ, city of Mexico, and capital of the state of the same name. This city, beautiful and wealthy from art, owes nothing to nature. It stands on the low, sandy, and insalubrious coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The harbor, if it ought to be so called, is in some measure protected by the small island of St. Jean d'Uloa, but is in reality very insecure. The winter population of Vera Cruz is about 17,000, but in summer the yellow fever drives the wealthy to Xalapa, and other places of the interior. Arid sands environ this city, which depends on foreign commerce for its very exist- ence. Lat. 1 9° 11' N. ; Ion. from W, 19° 9' W. VERA PAZ, province of Guatemala, bound- ed on the N. by Jucatan, E. by the bay and province of Honduras, S. by Guatemala proper, and W. by Chiapa. It is full of mountains and forests ; but there are many fertile val- leys, which feed a great number of horses and mules. There are also many towns and vil- lages of the native Americans. The capital, of the same name, or Coban, is a bishop's see, but is inconsiderable. It is 120 m, NE. from Guatemala. Lon. 90° 55' W. ; lat. 15° 30' N. VERDIGRIS, r. Miso. joins the Arkansas, 15 or 20 m. above Canadian river. It is nav- igable 150 m. VERGENNES, t. Addison co. Vt, on Otter ereek, 11 m. below Middlebury, and 20 S, from 3D Burlington. Pop. 999. It is situated on both sides of the Otter creek, at the head of navi- gation, 6 m. above Basin Harbor at the mouth of the river. It is pleasantly situated, and contains a woollen manufactory, extensive clothiers' works, iron works, 2 large grist- mills, and several saw*mills, and has consider- able trade. VERMILLION, t. Huron co. Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Vermillion r. about 40 rn, W. from Cleveland. VERMILLION, r. Ohio, runs into Lake Erie, 9 m. E. from Huron river. VERMILLION, r. II. runs into the Illinois river, 150 m. from the Mississippi. It is rocky and not navigable. VERMILLION, r. In. flows into the Wa, bash, about 40 m. below Ouiatan. VERMILLION, r, La. flows into the Gulf of Mexico, W. of a bay of the same name. VERMILLION, r. La. joins the Arkansas. VERMILLION BRIDGE, v. Attakapas dis- trict, La. VERMILLION POINT, or Cape Towns- end, a peninsula in Lake Michigan, which separates Green Bay from the other part of the lake. It is 23 leagues long, and from 1 to 3 broad, VERMILLION, co, II. on Vermillion of Wabash, and N. from Edgar co. It is travers- ed by lat. 40° N. VERMILLION, C. H. Vermillion co. II. about 120 m. NE. from Vandalia, and 100 a little N. of W. from Indianapolis, in In. VERMILLION, t. Huron co. Ohio, on Ver- million river. Pop, 505. VERMILLION, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. 1,451. VERMONT, one of the U. S. See page 52 VERNON, t. and seat of justice, Hickman co. Ten. on the left bank of Duck river. VERNON, t. Tolland co. Ct. 6 m. WSW. from Tolland. Pop, 1,164. VERNON, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 17 m, W from Utica. Pop. 3,045. VERNON, t. Sussex co. N. J. VERNON, or Smithfield, t. Trumbull co. Ohio, 20 m. NE. from Warren. VERNON, t. Clinton co. Ohio. Pop. 1,043. VERNON, New, v. Morris co. N.J. VERNON, t. Jennings co. In. 25 m. NW. from Madison. VERONA, t. Oneida co. N. Y. on Wood creek, and E. of Oneida Lake, 20 m. W. from Utica. Pop. 3,739. Great quantities of iron ore, and sand suitable for making glass, are found in this town, VERSAILLES, t. and cap. Woodford co. Ken. on the river Kentucky, 12 in. SW. from Lexington, 547 from W. Pop. 904. It is a handsome and flourishing town, containing a bank, and an academy. VERSHIRE, t. Orange co. Vt. on E. side of Chelsea, 32 m. N. from Windsor. Pop. 1,260 VESSEL BAY, on E. shore of Lake Cham- plain, extending NE. into the township of Charlotte. VEV AY, t. and cap. Switzerland co, Indiana, on the Ohio, 8 m. above the mouth of the Ken, 426 VIC— WAB tucky river, nearly equidistant from Cincin- nati, Louisville, and Lexington, about 45 m. from each, and 556 from W. It is pleasantly situated, and contains between 2 and 300 houses, a court-house, jail, academy, printing- office, from which issues a weekly journal, a branch of the bank of Indiana, and some other public buildings. This interesting town was commenced in 1804, by 30 Swiss families, to whom the United States made a grant, under favorable stipulations, of a considerable tract of land, to patronize the cultivation of the vine. The patriarch of this colony was a Swiss gen- tleman, of the name of J. J. Dufour, who con- tinued an intelligent friend to the town. The colony soon received considerable accessions from the mountains of Switzerland. In grate- ful remembrance of their native hills, and to create in the bosom of their adopted country tender associations with their ancient country, they named their stream Venoge, and their town Vevay. Messrs. Dufour, Morerod, Bet- tens, Siebentbal, and others, commenced the cultivation of the grape on a large scale. This cultivation has gone on steadily increasing. A hundred experiments have been since com- menced in different points of the west. But this still remains the largest vineyard in the United States. We have witnessed nothing in our country, in the department of garden- ing and cultivation, which can compare with the richness of this vineyard, in the autumn, when the clusters are in maturity. Words feebly paint such a spectacle. The horn of plenty seems to have been emptied in the pro- Juction of this rich fruit. VICKSBURGH, v. Fairfield co. Ohio. VICKSBURGH, v. Warren co. Mis. about 60 m. NNE. from Natchez. VICTORY, t. N W. part of Cayuga co. N. Y. 12 m. a little N. of E. from Montezuma. VICTORY, t. Essex co. Vt. 55 m. ENE. from Montpelier. Pop. 53. VIDALIA, v. parish of Concordia, La. on the right bank of the Mississippi, directly op- posite Natchez. It is a small village in a single street, parallel to the river, and within the levee. VIELLEBOROUGH, v. Caroline co. Va. 71 m. from W. VIENNA, t Kennebeck co. Me. 26 m. NW. from Augusta, 661 from W. Pop. 417. VIENNA, t. and port of entry, Dorchester co. Md. on the Nanticoke, 19 m. SE. from Cam- bridge. It contains only about 20 houses. The shipping belonging to this port, in 1816, amounted to 19,214 tons. VIENNA, t. and seat of justice, Johnson co. II. 40 m. NE. from the mouth of Ohio r. 167 from Vandalia, and 817 from W. VIENNA, t. Trumbull co. Ohio. Pop. 910. VIENNA, t. Abbeville district, S.C. on the Savannah r. 52 m. above Augusta. VIENNA, t. Ohio co. Ken. on Green river, 20 m. WNW. from Hartford. VIGO, co. In. bounded by the state of Illi- nois W. Parke N. Putnam E. and Sullivan S. Length 20 m. mean width 18. Pop. 5,737. The chief town, Terre Haute, is situated on the left bank of the Wabash, 60 m. by land above Vincennes. VILLAGE GREEN, v. Delaware co. Pa. 5 m. W. from Chester, and 20 SW. from Phila- delphia. VILLAGE HILL, v. Nottaway co. Va. VILLAGE SPRINGS, v, Blount co. Al. 181 m. N. from Cahawba. yiLLEPUCHE, v. Miso. on W. side of the Mississippi, 19 m. below St. Louis. VINALHAVEN, t. Hancock co. Me. 13 m. S. from Castine, 210 NE. from Boston. Pop. 1,794. It is situated on the Fox Islands, in Penobscot Bay. VINCENNES, t. and cap. Knox co. In. on E. bank of the Wabash, 100 m„ from its junc- tion with the Ohio, in a direct line, and nearly 200 m. by the course of the river, 120 W. from Louisville, 150 m. NE. from Kaskaskia, and 693 from W. Lon. 88° 23' W. ; lat. 40° 39' N. It has improved rapidly of late, and contains 300 houses, a brick court-house and hotel, a jail, a respectable building for an academy, a Roman Catholic and a Presbyterian church, land-office, post-office, two printing offices, from one of which is issued a respectable gazette, a bank, and some other public buildings, and 1,500 inhabitants. It is situated contiguou3 to a beautiful prairie, 5,000 acres of which are cultivated as a common field, after the ancient French custom. It was for a long time the seat of the territorial government, and still has as much trade as any other place in the state. The plat of the town is level, and laid off with regularity. The houses have extensive gardens, crowded after the French fashion with fruit trees. It is accessible, for the greater part of the year, by steam-boats, and is a place of ex- tensive supply of merchandise to the interior of the state. VINCENT, t. Chester co. Pa. on SW. side of the Schuylkill. Pop. 2,147. VINEYARD, t. Grand Isle co. Vt. 34 m. N. from Burlington. Pop. 459. VINEYARD, New, t. Somerset co. Me. 15 m. WNW. from Norridgewoek. Pop. 869. VINEYARD, v. Mecklenburg co. Va. VIRGIL, t. Cortlandt co. N.Y. 10 m. S. from Homer, and 155 W. from Albany. Pop. 3,912. VIRGINIA, state of the U. S. See page 91. VIRGIN ISLANDS, about 30 islands and keys in the West Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico and the Leeward Caribbee Islands. They are possessed by the English and Danes. VOLNEY, t. Oswego co. N.Y. on the Os- wego, 50 m. W. from Rome. Pop. 3,629. A valuable quarry of stone, of which grind-stones, &c. are made, is found at Oswego falls in this town. VOLUNTOWN, t. Windham co. Ct. 16 m. E. from Norwich. Pop. 1,304. W. WABASH, r. In. waters the middle and western part of the state, and flows into the Ohio, 30 m. above Cumberland river. It is WAB— WAR 4S7 upwards of 500 m. long", and is navigable for keel-boats 400 m. to Ouiatan, and also for small boats to within 8 m. of the Maumee. WABASH, Little, r. In. runs SE. into the Wabash, a few miles above the Ohio. WABISAPENCUN, r. La. runs into the Mississippi. Lat. 41° 40' N. WACHUSETT, mt. in Princeton, Mass. The height of this mountain was measured by a barometer, and found to be 2,020 feet above the level of the sea. WADESBOROUGH, t. and cap. Anson co. N. C. 70 m. SSE. from Salisbury, 76 W. from Fayetteville. WADE'S POINT, cape, on the coast of N. 0. Lon. 76° 20' W. ; lat. 36° 7' N. WADING RIVER, v. in Riverhead, N. Y. WADMELAW, r. S. C. separates the island of St. John from the continent. WADMELAW, small isl. on the coast of S. C. which communicates with St. John's Isl- and by means of a bridge. WAHNAACHA, r. N. America, runs SE. into the Columbia, below Clarke's river. WAITSFIELD, t. Washington co. Vt. 18 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 958. This is a valuable agricultural township. WAIT'S RIVER, r. Vt runs into the Con- necticut, 12 m. below Well's river. WAKATOMIKA, r. Ohio, runs SE. and joins the Muskingum, 13 m. above Zanesville. WAKAYGAGH, or Fort, r. NW. territory, runs into Lake Michigan. Lon. 87° 9' W. ; lat. 42° 58' N. WAKE, co. central part of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,417. Chief town, Raleigh. WAKEFIELD, t. Strafford co. N. H. 25 m. ENE. from Gilmanton, 42 NNW. from Ports- mouth. Pop. 1,470. It contains a cotton manufactory and an academy. WALDEN, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 7 m. NW. from Danville, 22 NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 827. WALDOBOROUGH, s-p. Lincoln co. Me. 22 m. ENE. from Wiscasset, 180 NE. from Boston. Pop. 3,113. It is a considerable town. The shipping belonging to this port, in 1816, amounted to 19,743 tons. WALES, t. Lincoln co. Me. Pop. 612. WALKERSVILLE, v. Centre co. Pa. WALKERSVILLE, v. Lincoln co. Geo. WALKERTOWN, t. King and Queen co. Va. on the Mattapony, 45 m. NE. from Rich- mond. WALLABOUT, part of Brooklyn, N. Y. in which is a U. S. navy-yard. It lies NE. of the village. WALLACE, small isl. near the coast of S. Carolina. Lon. 78° 35' W. ; lat. 33° 54' N. WALLINGFORD, t. Rutland co. Vt. 32 m. W. from Windsor. Pop. 1,740. WALLINGFORD, t. New Haven co. Ct. 12 m. NNE. from New Haven. Pop. 2,419. WALLKILL, r. rises in New Jersey, runs NE. and flows into the Hudson, near Kingston, N. Y. It passes through the Drowned Lands. Length 80 m. WALLKILL, t. Orange co. N. Y. 20 m. W. from Newburgh. Pop. 4,056. WALNUT, t. Pickaway co. Ohio. Pop. 1,592. WALNUT, t. Fairfield co. Ohio. Pop. 2,200 WALNUT BRANCH, v. Fauquier co. Va. WALNUT, Big, r. Ohio, rises in Delaware co. and joins the Scioto, about 10 m. below Co- lumbus. WALNUT COVE, v. Campbell co. Ten. WALNUT CREEK, r. Ohio, runs into the Scioto, 6 m. above Circleville. WALNUT CREEK, r. Ohio, runs into the Scioto, 10 m. below Chillicothe. WALNUT GROVE, v. St. Clair co. II. WALNUT GROVE, v. Mercer co. Ken. WALNUT HILL, v. Greenville district, S.C. WALNUT HILLS, v. and fort, Warren co. Miss, on the Mississippi, 12 m. S. of the mouth of the Yazoo, 134 m. above Natchez. WALPOLE, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 m. SW. from Boston. Pop. 1,442. WALPOLE, t. Cheshire co. N. H. on the Connecticut, opposite Westminster, with which it is connected by a bridge, 12 m. S. from Charlestown, 13 NW. from Keene, 20 N. by E. from Brattleborou^h, 60 W. by S. from Con- cord, 90 WNW. from Boston. Pop. 1,979. WALTHAM, t. Addison co. Vt. 30 m. S. from Burling-ton. Pop. 330. _ WALTHAM, t. Middlesex co. Mass. on N. side of Charles river, which separates it from Newton, 10 m. W. from Boston, 34 E. by N. from Worcester. Pop. 1,859. It is a pleasant town, and contains manufactories of woollen, cotton, and paper, which are among the best and most extensive establishments of the kind in the country. WALTON, t. Delaware co. N. Y. on the Delaware, 15 m. SW. from Delhi, 85 SW. from Albany. Pop. 1,672. WALTON, co. West Florida. Pop. 6,092. Chief town, Alaqua. WALTON, co. Geo. bounded SW. by New- ton, W. by Gwinnet, NW. by Hall, NE. by Oconee river, or by Jackson and Clarke, and SE. by Morgan and Jasper. Length 25, mean width 22 m. Chief town, Monroe. Pop. in 1820, 4,192 ; in 1830, 10,931. W ANA SQUI ATUCKET, r. R. I. unites with the Moshasick, just above Providence, to form Providence river. WAPPINGER'S CREEK, v. in Pough- WAPPINGER'S CREEK, r. N.Y. runs into the Hudson, 8 m. S. from Poughkeepsie. Length 33 m. WAPPOCOMO, r. Va. runs into the Poto- mac, 9 m. ESE. from Fort Cumberland. WARD, t. Worcester co. Mass. 5 m. SSW. from Worcester, 45 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 690. WARD'S CREEK, r. Md. runs into the Chesapeake. Lon. 76° 52' W. ; lat. 38° 8' N. WARD'S CREEK, r. Va. runs into James river. Lon. 77° 11' W. ; lat. 37° 10' N. WARDSBOROUGH, t. Windham co. Vt. 20 m. NE. from Bennington. Pop. 1,148. WARDSBRIDGE, v. Montgomery, Orange co. N.Y. WARDWELL, v. Jefferson co. N. Y. 428 WAR— WAR WARE, t. Hampshire co. Mass. 21 m. ESE. from Northampton, 70 W. from Boston. Pop. 2,045. WARE, r. Worcester co. Mass. runs SW. and unites with the Chicapee, W. fr. Palmef . WARE, r. Va. runs into the Chesapeake. Lon. 76° 26' W. ; lat. 37° 25' N. WAREHAM, t. Plymouth co. Mass. at the head of Buzzard's Bay, 17 m. S. from Ply- mouth, 54 S. from Boston. Pop. 1,885. It contains a cotton manufactory, and a furnace. WARMINSTER, t. Amherst co. Va. on James river, 90 m. above Richmond. WARM SPRING, in Bath co. Va. issues in a large stream, sufficient to work a grist- mill, and to keep its basin, which is 30 feet in diameter, at the vital warmth, viz. 96° of Fah- renheit. The waters afford the finest natural bath known in America, and are efficacious in rheumatism, and some other complaints. Here is a post-office. WARM SPRING MOUNTAINS, ridge of the Alleghany mountains, in Bath and Pendle- ton cos. Va. remarkable for warm springs. WARM SPRINGS, v. York co. Pa. WARM SPRINGS, v. Buncombe co. N. C. WARNER, t. Merrimack co. N. H. 17 m. WNW. from Concord, 505 from W. Pop. 2,221. WARNER, r. N. H. runs into the Contoo- cook, in Hopkinton. WARREN, t. Lincoln co. Me. on St. George's river, on west side of Thomastown, 30 m. E. by N. from Wiscasset, 145 NE. from Boston. Pop. 2,030. WARREN, t. Washington co. Vt. 20 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 766. WARREN, t. Grafton co. N. H. 11 m. SE. from Haverhill. Pop. 702. WARREN, t. Bristol co. R. I. on NE. part of Narraganset Bay, 4 m. N. from Bristol, 10 S. from Providence, 52 SSW. from Boston. Pop. 1,800. It is a pleasant town, and con- tains a bank, an insurance-office, an academy, a printing-office, and 3 houses of public wor- ship. It carries on considerable trade with the West Indies, and is remarkable for ship- building. WARREN, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 9 m. W. Litchfield. Pop. 985. WARREN, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Essex co. E. by Washington co. S. by Saratoga co. and W. by Hamilton co. It is watered by the Hudson and Lake George. Pop. 11,795. Chief town, Caldwell. WARREN, t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 m. S. from Herkimer, 70 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,084. Iron ore is found here. WARREN, t. Somerset co. N.J. Pop. 1,561. WARREN, co. NW. part of Pa. bounded N. by New York, E. by M'Kean co. S. by Jef- ferson and Venango cos. and W. by Crawford and Erie cos. Pop. 9,128. Chief town, Warren. It is watered by the Alleghany. WARREN, t. and cap. Warren co. Pa. on N. side of the Alleghany, and at the junction of the Conewango, about 70 m. ESE. from Erie, 313 from W. WARREN, t. Albemarle co. Va. oil James river, 10 m. NE. from Warminster. WARREN, co. SW. part of Ohio. Pop, 21,493. Chief town, Lebanon. WARREN, t. and cap. Trumbull co. Ohio, on the Mahoning, 40 m. SE. from Painesville, 77 NW; from Pittsburg, 306 from W. It is a flourishing town, and contains the county builds ings, a bank, and a printing-office. Pop. 510. WARREN, t. Belmont co. Ohio. Pop* 2,295. WARREN, t. Jefferson co. Ohio, on the Ohio. Pop. 1,576. WARREN, v. Jefferson co. Ohio. Pop. 130. WARREN, t. Washington co. Ohio. Pop. 649. WARREN, co. N. part of N. C. Pop. 10,916. Chief town, Warrenton. WARREN, co. Ken. bounded by Allen SE. Simpson S. Logan SW. Butler NW. Green r. or Grayson and Hart N. and Barren E. Length 35 m. mean width 20. Big Barren river passes through this co. Chief town, Bowling Green. Pop. in 1820, 11,776 ; in 1830, 10,947. WARREN, co. Ten. bounded by Franklin S. Rutherford W. Wilson and Smith NW. Caney fork river or White NE. and Bledsoe SE. Length 40 m. width 20. Chief town, M'Min- ville. Pop. in 1820, 10,348 ; in 1830, 15,351. WARREN, co. Mis. bounded by Missis- sippi river W. Yazoo river N. Newpurchase E. and Big Black river or Claiborne co. S. Length 30 m. width 11. Pop. in 1820, 2,693 ; in 1830, 7,861. Chief town, Vicksburg. WARREN, co. central part of Geo. Pop. 10,846. Chief town, Warrenton. WARRENBURG, t. Warren co. N.Y. on Scroon river, 7 m. NW. from Caldwell. WARRENBURG, t. Greene co. Ten. WARRENTON, t. and cap. Fauquier co. Va. 40 m. NNW. from Fredericksburg. It is a pleasant and handsome village, and contains a court-house, a jail, and 2 houses of public worship. WARRENTON, t. and cap. Warren co. N. C. 16 m. E. by N. from Hillsborough, 56 NNE. from Raleigh, 84 S. from Petersburg, 230 from W. It has an elevated, pleasant, and healthy situation, and contains a court-house, a jail, a Methodist meeting-house, and two academies. WARRENTON, t. Warren co. Mis. on E bank of the Mississippi, about 18 m. below Walnut Hills. WARRENTON, t. Warren co. Geo. about 55 m. NNE. from Milledgeville. WARRICK, co. In. bounded by Ohio river S. Vanderburg and Posey W. Pike and Dubois N. and Spencer E. and SE. Length 30 m. width 13, area 410 sq. ms. It is drained by Big and Little Pigeon, and some other creeks. Chief town, Evansville. Lat. 38° 5' N. ; lon. from W. 10° 10' W. WARSAW, t. Genesee co. N. Y. 20 m. S. from Batavia, 260 W. from Albany. Pop. 2,474. WARWICK, v. Cecil co. Md. 9 m. NE. from Georgetown. WAR — WAS 429 WARWICK, t. Franklin co. Mass. 12 m. ENE. from Greenfield, 80 WNW. from Bos- ton. Pop. 1,150. Glass is manufactured in this town. WARWICK, t. Kent co. R, I. on west side of Providence river, 10 m. S> from Providence. Pop. 5,229. WARWICK, t. Orange co. N. Y. 10 m. S. from Goshen, 54 NW. from New York. Pop. 5,013. The township is large, and contains 5 houses for public worship, and an academy, and has extensive iron works, WARWICK, co. E. part of Va. bounded N. by York co. E. by Elizabeth City co. SSW. by James river, and W. by James City co. Pop. 1,570. WARWICK, t. Chesterfield co. Va. on SW. side of James river, 5 m. below Richmond, 17 N. from Petersburg. The river is navigable to this place for vessels drawing 12 feet of water. WASHINGTON, co. E. side of Me. bound- ed E. by New Brunswick, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by Hancock and Penobscot cos. Pop. SI, 295. Chief towns, Machias and Eastport. WASHINGTON, co. Vt in the central part of the state, bounded NE. by Orange and Cal- edonia cos. E. by Caledonia co. SE. by Orange co. S. by Addison co. and W. by Chittenden co. Pop. 21,394. Chief town, Montpelier. WASHINGTON, t. Orange co. Vt. 20 m. SE. from Montpelier. Pop, 1,374. WASHINGTON, t. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 W. from Concord. Pop. 1,135. WASHINGTON, Mount, the highest sum- mit of the White Mountains, N. H. See White Mountains. WASHINGTON, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 8 m. E. from Lenox, 120 W. from Boston. Pop. 701. WASHINGTON, co. R. I. bounded N. by Kent co. E. by Narraganset Bay, S. by the At- lantic, and W. by Connecticut. Pop. 15,414. Chief town, South Kingston. WASHINGTON, t. Litchfield co. Ct. 10 m. SW. from Litchfield, 25 N. by E. from Dan- bury, 32 NNW. from New Haven. Pop. 1,621. It is a considerable town, and contains exten- sive iron-works, with slittling-mills, nail facto- ries, and various other mills and machinery. There are in this town several quarries of ex- cellent marble, and 2 mills constantly emplo}'- ed in sawing it. A mineral spring, iron ore. limestone, ochre, fuller's earth, and white clay, are found in this town. WASHINGTON, co. N. Y. bounded N. by Essex co. E. by Vermont, S. by Rensselaer co. and W. by Saratoga and Warren cos. Pop. 42,615. Chief towns, Sandy Hill and Salem. WASHINGTON, t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 15 m. ENE. from Poughkeepsie. Pop. 3,036. Here is a respectable Quaker boarding-school. The building is 3 stories high, and accommodates 100 students. WASHINGTON, v. in Watervliet, N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, nearly opposite Troy, 5 m. N. from Albany. Here is a large CJ. S. arsenal. WASHINGTON, t. Morris co. N. J. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. WASHINGTON, co. SW. part of Pa. bound- ed N. by Beaver co. NE. by Alleghany co. E. by Westmoreland and Fayette cos. S. by Greene co. and W. by Virginia. Pop. 42,784. Chief town, Washington. WASHINGTON, t. bor. and cap. Washing- ton co. Pa. on the head brandies of Chartier's creek, 25 m. SW. from Pittsburg, 25 WNW. from Brownsville, 32 ENE. from Wheeling. Pop. 1,816. It is a flourishing town, and con- tains a court-house, a jail, 2 printing-offices, a college, and various public buildings and man- ufacturing establishments. It is situated in a fertile, well cultivated, but broken countrv. Washington College, at this place, was founded in 1806. It has a large stone edifice of 3 sto- ries, for the accommodation of students. The library and philosophical apparatus are valua- ble. The officers are a president and 2 profes- sors, one of languages and one of mathemati- cal and natural philosophy. Commencement is on the last Thursday in September, after which there is a vacation till the first of No- vember. The course of collegiate education is completed here in 3 years. WASHINGTON, t. York co. Pa. 1,037. WASHINGTON, t. Franklin co. Pa. 5,181. WASHINGTON, t. Indiana co. Pa. 1,125. WASHINGTON, t. Fayette co. Pa. 2,919. ' WASHINGTON, t. Westmoreland co. Pa. on E. side of the Alleghany. Pop. 2,153. WASHINGTON, v. Lancaster co. Pa. on E. bank of the Susquehannah, 3 m. below Co- lumbia. Pop. 607. WASHINGTON, co. SE. part of Ohio. Pop. 1,207. Chief town, Marietta. WASHINGTON, t. and cap. Fayette co. Ohio, 30 m. NW. from Chillicothe, 40 SW. from Columbus, 422 from W. Pop. 300. WASHINGTON, t. Miami co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 4 m. N. from Troy. WASHINGTON, t. Guernsey co. Ohio, 10 m. E. from Cambridge. WASHINGTON, t. Montgomery co. Pop. 2,282. WASHINGTON, t. Preble co. Ohio. 2,015. WASHINGTON, t. Clermont co. Ohio. Pop. 2,085. WASHINGTON, Pop. 351. WASHINGTON, Pop. 1,338. WASHINGTON, co. Va. bounded S. by N. Carolina, W. by Scott co. Va. NW. by Russell, N. by Tazewell, NE. by Wythe, and SE. by Grayson. Length 50 m. mean width 17. Pop. 15,614. Chief town, Abin^ton. WASHINGTON, NW. co. of the^ District of Columbia, bounded SE. by the city of Wash- ington and Georgetown, SW. by Potomac river, W. and N. by Maryland, and E. by East Branch, or Anacostia river. Surface hilly, and soil of middling quality. Pop. in 1820, 2,729 ; in 1830, 30,858. Ohio. Pop. t. Franklin co. Ohio, t. Richland co. Ohio. 430 WAS— WAS WASHINGTON, t. Burlington oo. N. J. WASHINGTON, I. Union co. Pa. Pop. 1,107. WASHINGTON CITY, capital of the United States, situated on the left bank of the Potomac, and the right bank of the Anacostia, in lat. 38° 54' ; Ion. 0°, being intended for a first meridian. The Tyber runs through the middle of the city, and may be conveyed to the high ground on which the Capitol stands j and the water of the Tyber and the Reedy Branch may be conveyed to the Capitol and the President's House. The avenues, and such streets as lead immediately to public places, are from 130 to 160 feet wide, divided into foot-ways, and walks of trees, and carriage- ways. The others are of various widths, from 70 to 110 feet : the avenues and streets of 100 WASHINGTON, AND ITS ENVIRONS. feet and upwards, have foot- ways of 20 feet wide ; those under 100 and over 80, have foot- ways 17 feet wide ; and under 80 feet, 12 feet foot-ways. The ground on which the city stands, was ceded by the state of Maryland to the U. States in full sovereignty, and the pro- prietors of the soil surrendered their lands to be laid out as a city, gave up one-half to the U. S. und subjected other parts to be sold to raise ■money as a donation to be employed and consti- jute a fund for the public buildings. The build- Tigs belonging to the U. States, are, 1. The Capitol : This is a magnificent structure of the Corinthian order. It is situated on the west- ern extremity of Capitol Square, 73 feet above the tide-water of the Potomac. The eminence commands a fine view of the city, the river, and the surrounding country : (1^ m. W. is the President's House and other public edifices.) The Capitol is of white freestone, composed of a central edifice and two wings, and is of the following dimensions : Length of front 350 feet, depth of wings 121, east projection 65, west do. 83, height of wings to top of balustrade 70, do. to top of centre dome 120, length of Representa- tives' Hall 95, height do. 60, length of Senate Chamber 74, height do. 42, diameter of Ro- tunda 90, height do. 90. The Representatives' U J ITOL, AT WASHINGTON. Chamber is a magnificent semicircular apart- ment, supported by bluish polished stone col- umns, lighted from above. In the centre of the building is the Rotunda, 90 feet in diameter, and the same number of feet in height. It is ornamented with national paintings, represent- ing the surrender at Saratoga and Yorktown, the Declaration of Independence, and Wash- ington Resigning his Commission. Each of these paintings is 12 feet by 18. There are also relievos in marble representing Pocahon- tas rescuing Capt. Smith from death, the land- ing of the pilgrims at Plymouth, one of Penn'a treaties with the Indians, and a battle between WAS — WAS 431 Boon and two Indians. This noble and mag- nificent apartment is of white marble, and lighted from the dome. Men on the pediment seem dwindled to atoms, and the slightest noise creates echoes, which reverberate upon the ear with a grand and surprising effect. The foundation of the north wing was laid in the presence of Gen. Washington in 1738, and that of the centre in 1818, on the anniversary of its destruction by the British in 1814. The building covers nearly 2 acres, and the square in front contains 22£ acres, compre- hending a circumference of over f of a mile ; inclosed by an iron railing, with neat gate- ways and gravel-walks, bordered with shrubs and flowers, forming a delightful promenade. Pennsylvania Avenue is the principal street in Washington, extending from the west front of the Capitol to the President's House. The cost of the Capitol was $2,596,500. 2. The PRESIDENT'S HOUSE, AT WASHINGTON. President's House, built of freestone, 2 stories high, of the Ionic order, and distant from the Capitol about 1^ m. 3. Four buildings, erect- ed in a line E. and W. of the President's House, for the accommodation of the principal departments of government, and subordinate offices : the whole are of brick, 2 stories high, with freestone basements, and covered with slate ; the 2 new ones are handsome edifices, with freestone porticoes on the N. front, in the Ionic order. 4. The General Post-Office is a large brick edifice, nearly a mile north-west of the Capitol, in which are kept the offices of the post-office establishment, the General Land- Office, and the Patent Office, in which more than 2,000 patents are shown, among which are a great many useful and useless inventions. The Navy Yard is situated on the Eastern Branch, and has all the appurtenances for building ships of the largest size. The City Hall is 251 feet long by 50 in breadth. Con- gress' Library is now kept in the Capitol, and contains from 8 to 10,000 volumes. The Co- lumbian College has an extent of 117 feet by 47, is situated on elevated ground, and is a lofty building, calculated to accommodate 100 students. There are a number of other public buildings, and 14 houses of public worship. There are also a City Library, Medical, Bo- tanical, Clerks', Benevolent, Masonic, Orphan, Bible, Dorcas, Missionary, and Tract Socie- ties, Columbian Institute, and other institu- tions. Education is not overlooked, as is evinced by the numerous academies and schools which are established. Beside the Columbian College, adjoining the city, there is a large Catholic Theological Seminary in the city, connected with which is a school for the general education of youth. An extensive window-glass manufactory, which supplies the market, and exports to a considerable amount ; five very extensive taverns, with accommoda- tions equal to any of a similar nature ; three banks, a branch of the U. S. bank, a fire in- surance company, ten printing-offices, three daily, and several tri-weekly, semi-weekly, and weekly newspapers. The seat of government was removed here in the year 1800, during the presidency of John Adams. The city was incorporated by an act of congress, passed on the 3d of May, 1802, by which act, the ap- pointment of the mayor was vested in the president yearly, and the two branches of the council, elected by the people, in a general ticket. In a supplementary act, passed May 4, 1812, the corporation was made to consist of a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a board of common council : the board of aldermen to consist of eight members, elected for two years, two to be residents of, and chosen from, each ward ; the board of common council to consist of twelve, three from each ward ; the mayor, by the joint ballot of the two boards, to serve for one year. By a new. charter, granted by congress on the 15th May, 1820, it is provided that the mayor shall be elected by the people, to serve two years, from the second Monday in June ; the board of aldermen to consist of two members from each ward, elected for two years, and are, ex-officio, justices of the peace for the whole county. Population. — Washing, ton contained in 1810, 8,208 inhabitants; in 1820, 13,247; in 1830, 18,827. WASHINGTON, v. Culpeper co. Va. WASHINGTON, co. central part of Ken- tucky. Pop. 19,017. Chief town, Springfield. WASHINGTON, t. and cap. Mason co. Ken. 3 m. SW. from Maysville, 60 NE. from Lexington, 482 from W. Pop. 868. It con- tains a court-house, a jail, an academy, and a printing-office. WASHINGTON, v. and seat of justice, Davies co. In. between the two main branches of White river, 20 m. SE. by E. from Vincen 432 WAS— WAT nes, and 103 SSW. from Indianapolis. Lat. 38° 40' N. WASHINGTON, co. II. bounded by Ran- dolph S. St. Clair W. Madison and Bond N. and Jefferson E. It is 30 in. square. Kas- kaskias river passes obliquely through it. Chief town, Covington. Pop. in 1820, 1,517 ; in 1830, 1,674. WASHINGTON, co. Miso. S. from Frank- lin, and S W. from Jefferson and St. Genevieve. It lies on the heads of Big Black, Gasconade, Marameck, and St. Francis rivers. Pop. 6,797. Chief town, Potosi. WASHINGTON, co. central part of Geor- gia. Pop. 9,820. Chief town, Sandersville. WASHINGTON, t. and cap. Wilkes co. Geo. on Kettle creek, a branch of Little river, 50 m. WNW. from Augusta, 58 N. by W. from Louisville. Lat. 32° 12' N. It is a flourishing town, regularly laid out, handsome- ly built, and contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, and a flourishing academy. A newspa- per is published here. WASHINGTON, co. in E. end of East Tennessee. Pop. in 1820, 9,557 ; in 1830, 10,995. Chief town, Jonesborough. A semi- nary, styled Washington College, has been established in this county, 8 m. SW. from Jonesborough. WASHINGTON, t. and cap. Rhea co. Ten. near the Tennessee, about 35 m. W. from Tel- lico, 75 SW. from Knoxville, 593 from W. WASHINGTON, t. Adams co. Mis. on St. Catherine's creek, 20 m. from its mouth, 6 E. from Natchez. It contains a court-house and jail, and was for 15 years the seat of govern- ment for Mississippi. It has a healthy and pleasant situation in the most wealthy and populous part of the state. It has excellent water, and unites many advantages as a sum- mer residence. St. Catherine's creek is navi- gable for boats at high-water. Jefferson Col- lege, in this town, was incorporated in 1802. A large edifice, 170 feet by 40, was erected for the accommodation of students. The institu- tion has not as yet taken a higher rank than a respectable academy. WASHINGTON, co. In. bounded by Floyd SE. Harrison S. Orange and Lawrence W. White river or Jackson N. and Scott E. Length 24 m. width 20. Chief town, Salem. Pop. in 1820, 9,039 ; in 1830, 13,072. WASHINGTON, co. Al. bounded by Mis- sissippi W. Choctaw country N. Tombigbee river E. and Baldwin co. in Al. S. Length 50 m. 20 mean width. Surface moderately hilly, and soil, except in a few places near the streams, sterile, and covered generally with pine. Chief town, St. Stephens. Pop. 3,478. WASHINGTON, C. H. and t. on the small river Sinta Bogue, Washington co. Ah 12 m. NW. from Fort St. Stephens, and 75 N. from Mobile. WASHINGTON, v. and seat of justice, Autauga co. Al. on the right bank of Alabama river, at the mouth of Autauga creek, 23 m. above Cahawba. Lat. 32° 24' N. WASHINGTON, parish of La. bounded by Mississippi N. Pearl river E. parish of St Tarn any S. and Tangipao river or St. Hele na W. Length 45 m. mean width 22. Sur- face moderately hilly, and soil generally ste- rile, and covered with pine timber. Pop. in 1820, 2,517; in 1830, 2,286. Chief town, Franklin ton. WASHINGTON HOLLOW, v. Dutchess co. N. Y. on Wappinger's creek, 12 m. NE. from Poughkeepsie. WASSAW ISLAND, Great, isl. in the Atlantic, near the coast of Georgia, 16 in. in circumference. Lat. 32° 52' N. WASSAW ISLAND, Little, isl. in the At- lantic, near the coast of Georgia, SW. of Great Wassaw. WASSAW SOUND, bay on the coast of Georgia, between Great Wassaw Island and Tybee Island. WATAUGA, r. which rises in N. C. and! runs into the Holston in Tennessee. WATCH POINT, cape on E. coast of R. Island. Lat. 41° 13' N. WATERBOROUGH, t. York co. Me. 25 m. from New York, 110 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 1,816. WATERBURY, t. Washington co. Vt. on Onion river, 12 m. NW. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,650. Waterbury river flows through this town into Onion river. WATERBURY, t. New Haven co. Ct. 20 m. NNW. from New Haven, 325 from W Pop. 3,070. WATEREE, r. which rises in N. C. where it is called the Catawba. It passes into S. C. and unites with the Congaree, to form the Santee. WATERFORD, t. Oxford co. Me. 12 m. SW. from Paris. Pop. 1,123. WATERFORD, formerly Littleton, t. Cal- edonia co. Vt. on the Connecticut, 14 m. E. from Danville, 40 E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,358. WATERFORD, t. New London co. Ct. 4 m. NW. from New London. Pop. 2,475. WATERFORD, t. Saratoga co. N.Y. on the W. bank of the Hudson, 4 m. N. from Troy, 10 N. from Albany. It contains a bank,, and 2 houses for public worship, is a flourish- ing village, regularly laid out, and has an ex- tensive trade. Pop. 1,473. WATERFORD, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 3,088. WATERFORD, t. Mifflin co. Pa. It is situated on Tuscarora creek, in the SW. part of the county. WATERFORD, or Le Bceuf, t. Erie co. Pa. on French creek, 15 m. SSE. from Erie. It is a flourishing town, contains an academy,, and has considerable trade. Pop. 554. WATERFORD, t. Loudon co. Va. 42 rru from W. WATERFORD, t. Washington co. Ohio, on the Muskingum, 22 m. above Marietta. WATERLOO, v. and seat of justice, Sene- ca co. N. Y. on Seneca river at its falls, 5 m. NE. and below Geneva. It is a thriving vil- lage, containing the county buildings, a news- paper printing-office, and 1,837. inhabitants. Lat. 42°. WATERLOO, t. Monroe co. IL WAT— WAY 433 WATERTOWN, t. Middlesex co. Mass. on Charles river, 7 m. W. by N. from Boston. Pop. 1,641. It is a pleasant town, and con- tains a paper-mill, and cotton and woollen .manufactories, and a U. S. arsenal. WATERTOWN, t. Litchfield co.Ct. 12 m. .SSE. from Litchfield. Pop. 1,500. WATERTOWN, t. and cap. Jefferson -co. JN". Y. at the mouth of Black river, 12 m. from Sacket's Harbor, 80 NW. from Utica, 412 m. from W. Pop. 4,768. It contains a court- house, a jail, a paper-mill, and other valuable mills. It is a flourishing town, and a place of .deposit for the military stores of N. Y. A weekly newspaper is published here. WATERVILLE, t. Kennebeck co. Me. on W. side of the Kennebeck, opposite Winslow, 18 m. N. from Augusta, 185 NNE. from Bos- ton. Pop. 2,216. It is a pleasant and flourish- ing town ; the principal village is finely situa- ted at the head of boat navigation, opposite Teconic Falls, which present a beautiful cas- cade. It contains a bank, and has a considera- ble trade, and is very favorably situated for ship-building. It is an excellent agricultural ttown, and is situated in a very fertile tract of .country. WATERVILLE, flourishing village in San- gerfield, N. Y. WATERVILLE, v. Stamford, N. Y. WATERVLIET, t. Albany co. N. Y. on W. side of the Hudson, and on S, side of the JMohawk, '6 m. N. from Albany. Pop. 4,965. W ATKINS POINT, cape on SW. coast of Md. in the Chesapeake. Lat. 37° 59' N. WATKINSVILLE, v. Ann-Arundel co. Md. 37 m. from W. WATKINSVILLE, v. Centre co. Pa. WATKINSVILLE, t. and cap. Clarke co. •Georgia, 7 m. S. from Athens, 90 WNW. from Augusta, 623 from W. It contains a court- house and jail. WATTSBOROUGH, v. Lunenburg co. Va. WATTS ISLAND, small isl. on the Chesa- peake. Lon. 76° 3' W. ; lat. 37° 54' N. WAUGHSBURGH, v. Stokes co. N. C. WAYNE, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 20 m. W. from Augusta, 294 NNE. from Boston, 650 irom W. Pop. 1,153. WAYNE, t. Steuben co. M. Y. 15 m. E. from Bath. WAYNE, co. NE. corner of Pa. bounded N. by N. Y., E. by the Delaware, which sepa- rates it from New Jersey, S. by Northampton co. and W. by Luzerne and .Susquehannah cos. Pop. in 1820, 4,127-; in 1830, 7,663. Chief town, Bethany. WAYNE, t. Crawford co. Pa. Pop. 250. WAYNE, co. in the interior part of Ohio. •Chief town, Wooster. Pop. 23,344. WAYNE, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop. 1,060. WAYNE, t. Jefferson co. Ohio. Pop. 1,893. WAYNE, t. Knox co. Ohio. Pop. 1,046. WAYNE, t Montgomery co. Ohio. Pop. Ml. WAYNE, t. Pickaway co. Ohio. Pop. 959. WAYNE, t. Scioto co. Ohio. Pop. 1,157. 3E WAYNE, i. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. Pop. 1,072. WAYNE, eo. on E. side of the Indiana r. Chief towns, Salisbury and Centreville. Pop 2,562. WAYNE, co. central part of N. C. Pop. 10,9.02. Chief town, Waynesborough. WAYNE, co. S. side of Kentucky. Pop. 8,731. Chief town, Monticello. WAYNE, t. Wayne co. Ken. WAYNE, t. Wayne co. Ten. WAYNE, co. Ten. bounded by Lauderdale co. in Al. S. Hardin co. Ten. W. Perry N. and Lawrence E. Length 24 m. width 21. Chief town, Waynesborough. Pop. in 1820, 2,459 ; in 1830, 6,013. WAYNE, co. Mis. bounded by Al. E. Greene co. in Mis. S. Covington W. and the Choctaw country N. Length 32 m. width 30. It is drained by the Chickasawhay, and other branches of Pascagoula river. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. in 1820, 3,323; in 1S30, 2,778. WAYNE, co. Geo. bounded by Glynn SE. Camden and Appling S. Appling and Tatnall W. and Altamaha NE. Length 40 m. mean width 25. Pop. 962. Chief town, Waynes- ville. WAYNE, co. II. bounded by Johnson and Union S. Jackson and Randolph W. Jefferson N. and White and Gallatin E. Length 36 m. width 24. Pop. in 1820, 111 ; in 1830, 2,562. WAYNE, co. Miso. W. from Washington and Franklin, and on the sources of Gascon- ade river. Pop. in 1820, 1,443 ; in 1830, 3,254. WAYNE, co. Mich, bounded by Detroit river and St. Clair lake SE. M'Comb co. NE. Oakland NW. and Monroe SW. and S. It is principally drained by the Riviere Rouge. Chief town, Detroit. Pop. in 1820, 3,574 ; in 1830, 4,565. WAYNESBOROUGH, i. and cap. Greene co. Pa. 22 m. S. from Washington, 51 SSW. from Pittsburg, Pop. 1,130. WAYNESBOROUGH, t. Augusta co. Va. 12 m. ESE. from Staunton. It is a pleasant and thriving town. WAYNESBOROUGH, t. and cap. Wayne co. N. C. on the Neuse, 50 m. SE. from Ra- leigh, 337 from W. WAYNESBOROUGH, t. and cap. Burke co. Geo. 24 m. ENE. from Louisville, 28 SSW. from Augusta, about 100 NW. from Savan- nah, 689 from W. It is situated on Brier Creek, about 14 m. from the Savannah, and contains a court-house, a jail, an academy, 2 houses of public worship, J for Presbyterians, and 1 for Methodists, and 50 dwelling-houses. WAYNESBURG, t. Franklin co. Pa. situ- ated 9 m. E, of Gr.eencastle, SE. part of the co. WAYNESVILLE, v. Warren co. Ohio, on the Little Miami, 40 m. NE, from Cincinnati. It is inhabited chiefly by Friends, who have a large brick meeting-house, 80 feet by 40. Pop. 439, WAYNESVILLE, t. Lycoming co. Pa. on W. branch of the Susquehannah, 2 rn. below Pine Creek, 434 WAY— WES WAYNESVILLE, v. Haywood co. N. C. WEARE, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 15 m. NNW. from Amherst, 55 W. from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,430. It is a large and valuable agri- cultural town, and contains 3 houses of public worship, and a cotton manufactory. WEATHERSFIELD, t. Windsor co. Vt. on W. bank of Connecticut river, opposite Claremont, 9 m. S. by W. from Windsor. Pop. 2,213. It is a considerable town. WEATHERSFIELD. See Wethersfield. WEATHERSFIELD, t. Trumbull co.Ohio, on the Mahoning. It contains a forge and furnace, where bar-iron and hollow-ware are made to considerable extent. Pop. 1,066. WEBHAMET, r. Me. runs into the Atlan- tic, in Wells. WEEBOTUCK, r. branch of the Housa- tonnuc. It rises in NE. part of N. Y. and joins the Housatonnuc in Connecticut. WELBY, v. Prince George co. Md. 8 m. from W. WELD, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 766. WELLFLEET, t. and s-p. Barnstable co. Mass. on a bay of the same name, 31 m. ENE. from Barnstable, 97 SE. from Boston. Pop. 2,044. WELLINGTON, t. Bristol co. Mass. on W. side of Taunton river, 2 m. N. from Digh- ton, 3 S. from Taunton, 35 S. from Boston. It contains a paper-mill, and several woollen and cotton manufactories. WELLS, t. York co. Me. 12 m. NNE. from York, 30 SW. from Portland, 88 NNE. from Boston. Pop. 2,977. It is separated from Arundel by the river Kennebunk, at the mouth of which is the village and seaport of Kenne- bunk. WELLS, t. Hamilton co. N. Y. Pop. 340. WELLS, v. Beaufort co. S. C. WELLS, t. Rutland co. Vt. 50 m. N. from Bennington. Pop. 880. WELLS, v. Beaufort district, S. C. WELLS, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 40 m. N. from Johnstown. WELLS, r. Vt. rises in Groton, and runs into the Connecticut, N. of Newbury. WELLSBOROUGH, v. and seat of justice, Tioga co. Pa. on the height of land between the sources of Pine creek and the W. Branch of Susquehannah, about 50 m. a little W. of N. from Williamsport. WELLSBURG, t. and seat of justice, Brooke co. Va. on the bank of Ohio river, above the mouth of Buffalo creek, 15 m. above Wheel- ing, and 280 from W. It contains about 1,200 inhabitants, and some manufactories. WELLS' CREEK, r. Ken. runs into the Ohio river. WELLS FALLS, cataract in the river Del- aware, 13 m. NW. from Trenton. WELLS' PASSAGE, inlet on the NW. coast of America, branching off from Brough- ton's archipelago. WELLS RIVER, v. Orange co. Vt. 48 m. NE. from Montpelier. WELLSVILLE, v. Columbiana co. Ohio, 171 m. NE. from Columbus. WENDELL, formerly Saville, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 22 m. NE. from Charleston, and 38 WNW. from Concord. WENDELL, t. Franklin co. Mass. 13 m. E. from Greenfield, and 80 W. from Boston. WENDOVER, t. Buckingham co. L.C. on the St. Francis, 25 m. S. from Three Rivers. WENDHAM, t. Essex co. Mass. 6 m. N. from Salem, 21 NE. from Boston. Pop. 612. WENLOCK, t. Essex co. Vt. 65 m. NE. from Montpelier. WENTWORTH, t. Grafton co. N. H. 15 m. NW. from Plymouth, 58 NNW. from Concord. Pop. 924. WENTWORTH, t. York co. L. C. 43 m. W. from Montreal. WENTWORTH, v. Rockingham c». N.C. 10 m. E. from Danbury, and 126 m. NW. from Raleigh. WENTWORTH MOUNTAINS, range in N. H. extending from Bethlehem on the Con- necticut to the White Mountains. Height about 3,000 feet. WESLEY, western t. Washington co. Ohio. Pop. 495. WEST, t. Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop. 1,491 WEST ALEXANDRIA, small v. on the U. S. road, Washington co. Pa. 16 m. W. from Washington, and 14 a little N. of E. from Wheeling. WEST ALMOND, v. Alleghany co. N. Y. WEST BARNSTABLE, v. Barnstable co, Mass. 68 m. SSE. from Boston. WEST BAY, bay at W. extremity of Lake Superior. Lon. 91° 45' W. ; lat. 46° 45' N. WEST BECKET, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 30 m. W. from Northampton, and 153 W. from Boston. WEST BEDFORD, v. Coshocton co. Ohio, 84 m. NE. from Columbus. WEST BLOOMFIELD, v. Ontario co. N.Y. 12 m. W. from Canandaigua. WESTBOROUGH, t. Worcester co. Mass. 13 m. E. from Worcester. Pop. 1,438. WEST BOYLESTON, t. on Nashau river, Worcester co. Mass. 49 m. W. from Boston. Pop. 1.053. WEST BRADFORD, t. Essex co. Mass. 29 m. N. from Boston. WEST BREWSTER, t. Barnstable co. Mass. 20 m. SE. from Plymouth, and 60 from Boston. WEST BRIDGEWATER, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 34 m. S. from Boston. WEST BROOK, v. Middlesex co.Ct. 43 m. SSE. from Hartford. WEST BROOK, v. Bladen co. N.C. 135 m S. from Raleigh. WEST BROOKFIELD, t. Worcester co. Mass. between the two main branches of Chic- apee river, 68 m. W. from Boston. WESTBURY, t. Buckingham co. L.C. 80 m. SSE. from Three Rivers. WEST CARLISLE, v. Coshocton co. Ohio, 87 m. NE. from Columbus. WEST-CASTLE, v. Caswell co. N.C. WEST CAYUGA, small v. Seneca co. N.Y. on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, connected with East Cayuga by a bridge 316 rods long. WEST-CHESTER, co. SE. corner N Y WES-WES 435 bounded N. by Putnam co. E. by Connecticut, SE. and S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York Island and the Hudson. Pop. in 1820, 32,638; in 1S30, 36,456. Chief town, Bedibrd. WEST-CHESTER, v. Middlesex co. Ct. 6 m. from Middle Haddam. WEST-CHESTER, t. Westchester co. N.Y. on East River, 12 m. NE. from New York. Pop 2,362. It is watered by the Westchester creek and Bronx creek, and has manufactures of paper, snuff, paint, &c. Marble is found here. WEST-CHESTER, bor. and cap. Chester co. Pa. 24 m. W. from Philadelphia, 115 from W. This is a very flourishing town, and has had a very rapid increase within the last few years. The population in 1820, was 552 ; in 1830, 1,252; and in 1831, estimated at 1,500. It is handsomely laid out in four squares, with streets intersecting in the centre, which are neatly Macadamized. It has 4 houses for pub- lic worship ; one is a Roman Catholic Chapel, one for Methodists, and two for Friends. The public buildings are a court-house and jail, witli the clerks' offices, academy, and market- house. Here are also a bank, a public library, athenaeum, cabinet of natural science, and an excellent boarding-school for girls, all of which are in a flourishing condition. There are published in this place 5 weekly, and one semi- monthly newspaper. A rail-road from this place communicates with the Columbia rail- road. WEST-CHESTER, v. Tuscarawas co.Ohio. Pop. 52. WEST-CREEK, r. N.J. which runs into the Delaware Bay. Lon. 74° 57' W. ; lat. 39° 14' N. WESTERLO, t. Albany co. N.Y. Pop. 3,220. WESTERLY, v. Merrimack co. N. H. WESTERLY, t. Washington co. R.I. on Ihe E. side of Pawcatuck river, opposite to Ptonington, in Con. 13 m. W. of Charleston, 34 from Newport, and 20 E. of New London. Pop. 1,903. In Packatuck village, in this t are two banks, two academies, and a woollen cloth factory. WESTERN, t. Worcester co. Mass. 22 m. SW. from Worcester. Pop. 1,189. WESTERN, t. Oneida co. N. Y. on the Mo- hawk, 5 m. above Rome. Pop. 2,419. WESTERNPORT, or Westport, v. Alle- ghany co. Md. on the left bank of Potomac r. between George's creek and Savage river, 20 m. by land above Cumberland. WESTERN STAR, v. Medina co. Ohio, 168 m. NE. from Columbus. WEST FAIRLEE, t. Orange co. Vt. 36 m. SR from Montpelier. Pop. 841. WEST FARMS, v. Westchester co. N. Y. on Bronx r. 10 m. NE. from New York. WESTFIELD, t. King's co. New Bruns- wick, on Kennebecasis Bay. WESTFIELD, t. Orleans co. Vt. 52 m. N. from Montpelier. Pop. 353. WESTFIELD, t. Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten Island, 3£ SW. Richmond. Pop. 1,734. WESTFIELD, r. Mass. rises in Berkshire co. and runs through Middlefield, Westfield, and West Springfield, where it flows into the Connecticut. WESTFIELD, t. Hampden co. Mass. 7 m. W. from Springfield, 93 WSW. from Boston. Pop. 2,941. This is a pleasant and excellent agricultural town, and has a handsome village, containing a Congregational meeting-house, a respectable and flourishing academy, and some manufactures. WESTFIELD, v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 358 m. SW. by W. from Albany. WESTFIELD, t. Essex co. N. J. 8 m. W. from Eliza bethtown. Pop. 2,492. WESTFIELD, one of the S. towns of Me- dina co. Ohio. Pop. 577. WESTFIELD, v. Delaware co. Ohio, 37 m. N. from Columbus. WESTFORD, t. Middlesex co. Mass. on the E. side of Stony river, 28 m. NW. from Boston. Pop. 1,329. WESTFORD, t. on Brown's river, in the northern part of Chittenden co. Vt 35 m. NW. from Montpelier. Pop. 1,290. WESTFORD, t. Otsego co. N.Y. 10 m. SE. from Cooperstown. Pop. 1.645. WEST FRIENDSHIP, v. Ann- Arundel co. Md. 50 m. from Annapolis, and 58 from W. WEST GREENWICH, SW. t. Kent co. R. I. 18 m. SW. from Providence. Pop. 1,817. WESTHAM, t. Henrico co. Va. on the N. side of James river, 6 m. above Richmond. WESTHAMPTON, t. Hampshire co. Mass 10 m. W. from Northampton. Pop. 907. WEST HAMPTON, v. on the S. side of Long Island, Suffolk co. N. Y. 80 m. a little N. of E. from New York. WEST HANOVER, t. on Swatara river, Dauphin co. Pa. 15 m. NE. by E. from Harris- burg, and 15 W. from Lebanon. WEST HARBOR, bay on the S. coast of Jamaica, formed by a peninsula, called Port land Ridge. Lon. 77° W. ; lat. 17° 48' N. WEST HARTFORD, t. Hartford co. Ct- 5 m. from Hartford. WEST HARTLAND, v. in the NW. part of Hartford co. Ct. 25 m. NW. from Hartford. WEST HAVEN, t. Rutland co. Vt. 50 m. W. from Windsor. Pop. 724. WEST HEBRON, t. between Moses' Kill and Fort Edward, Washington co. N. Y. 48 m. W. from Albany. WEST HILL, v. Suffolk co. N. Y. WEST INDIES. See Indies, West. WEST ISLES, t. Charlotte co. New Bruns- wick, on the coast, including Campo Bello, Grand Menan, and other islands. WESTLAND, v. Mecklenburg co. Va 137 m. SW. from Richmond. WESTLAND, t. Guernsey co. Ohio. Pop. 802. WEST LIBERTY, v. on the head of Short creek, Ohio co. Va. 14 m. NE. from Wheeling, and 20 W. from Washington in Pa. _ WEST LIBERTY, v. Henry co. In. 40 m. NE. by E. from Indianapolis. WEST LIBERTY, v. Morgan co. Ken. 75 m. SE. by E. from Frankfort. 436 WES—WES WEST LIBERTY, v. Logan co. Ohio. WEST LOWVILLE, v. Lewis co. N.Y. 30 m. NE. from Sacket's Harbor, and 55 NNW. from Utica. WEST MARTINSBURG, t. Lewis co. N. Y. 35 m. NE. from Sacket's Harbor, and 50 NNW. from Utica. WEST MENDON, t. Monroe co. N. Y. 12 m. S. from Rochester. WEST MEREDITH, t. on Olean creek, Delaware co. N. Y. 30 m. S. from Cooperstown, and 104 SW. by W. from Albany. WEST MIDDLEBURG, t. Schoharie co. N.Y. 35 m. W, from Albany. WEST MIDDLETOWN, v. Washington co. Pa. 20 m. NNW. from Washington, and 35 a little S. of W. from Pittsburg. WEST MINOT, t. in the north-west angle of Cumberland co. Me. 46 m. N. from Port- land. WESTMINSTER, t. Middlesex co. U. C. WESTMINSTER, t. Windham co. Vt. on the Connecticut, opposite Walpole, with which it is connected by a bridge ; 28 m. S. from Montpelier, 445 from W. Pop. 1,737. It is a pleasant and considerable town. WESTMINSTER, t. Worcester co. Mass. 21 m. NNW. from Worcester, 54 WNW. from Boston. Pop. 1,695. WESTMINSTER, t. Frederick co. Md. 30 m. NW. from Baltimore, 66 from W. It Con- tains a bank and a printing-office. WESTMORE, t. Orleans co. Vt. 53 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 32. WESTMORELAND, co. New Brunswick, bordering on Nova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. WESTMORELAND, t. Cheshire co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 9 m. W. from Keene, 65 WSW. from Concord. Pop. 1,647. It is a considerable agricultural town, and contains meeting-houses for Baptists and Congregation- alists. WESTMORELAND, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 10 m. W. from Utica. Pop. 3,303. WESTMORELAND, co. south-west part of Pa. bounded NE. by Armstrong and Indiana cos. ESE. by Cambria and Somerset cos. S. by Fayette co. and W. by Washington and Alle- ghany cos. Pop. in 1820, 30,540; in 1830, 38,400. Chief town, Greensburg. WESTMORELAND, co. NE. part of Va. bounded N. and NE. by the Potomac, E. by Northumberland co. S. by Richmond co. and the Rappahannock, and W. by King George co. Pop. 8,411. WEST NEWBURY, t. Essex co. Mass. Pop. 1,586. WESTON, t. Windsor co. Vt. 30 m. WSW. from Windsor. Pop. 972. WESTON, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 m. W. from Boston. Pop. 1,091. WESTON, t. Fairfield co. Ct. 9 m. N. from Fairfield. Pop. 2,997. Here is an academy. WEST POINT, t. Orange co. N. Y. on the west bank of the Hudson, 58 m. above New York. The United States Military Academy at this place was established by Congress in 1802, for the instruction of young men des- tined for the army. The number of cadet's i# limited to 250, and in choosing among the ap- plicants, the sons of revolutionary officers are allowed the first claim, and the children of the deceased officers of the last war, the second.' The age of the pupils on admission must be between 14 and 22. The professors and in- structors are 30 in number ; each of the cadets- costs the government 336 dollars annually^ They are required to encamp 6 or 8 weeks : during the year. The course of study is com- pleted in 4 years, and includes French, draw-*- ing,natural and experimental philosophy, chem- istry, mineralogy, geography, history, ethics,, national law, mathematics, and the whole sci- ence of strategy, tactics, artillery, and engineer- ing. The annual expense of the institution is : 115,000 dollars. There are 5 large stone builds ings, and 6 of brick. The site they occupy is : very beautiful and commanding, being a level 188 feet above the river. Close to the shore stands a white marble monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko. In another part is arc obelisk to the memory of Col. Wood, one of the- pupils, who fell at Fort Erie. WESTPORT, t. and s-p. Bristol co. Mass. on Buzzard's Bay, 24 m. S. from Taunton, 60" S. from Boston. Pop. 2,773. It is a consider- able town, and has some trade. WESTPORT, v. Essex co. N.Y. WESTPORT, t. Henry co. Ken. on the Ohio, 17 m. above Louisville. It contained, in 1818, about 50 houses, and is watered by Little Kentucky river, which affords seats for mills. WEST QUODDY HEAD, in Lubec, Me, the SW. point of the entrance into Passama- quoddy Bay. Here is a light-house. W ESTR A Y VILLE, v. Nash co. N. C, WEST RIVER, r. Me. runs into Machias Bay, Ion. 67° 19' W. ; lat. 44° 45' N, WEST RIVER, r. Vt. runs into the Con- necticut, 10 m. from the S. boundary of the WEST RIVER, v. Ontario co. N. Y. WEST RIVER, v. Ann-Arundel co. Md, WEST RIVER, r. Md. runs into the Che*, apeake, Ion. 76° 42' W. ; lat. 38° 54' N. WEST RIVER, r. Va. runs into Black Bay, Ion. 76° 17' W. ; lat. 36° 30' N. WEST RIVER MOUNTAIN, mt. N.H. in Chesterfield and Hinsdale, near the Connec- ticut, opposite the mouth of West river. It has discovered volcanic appearances. Considera-- ble search has been made in this mountain for valuable ores, but without success. WEST-SPRINGFIELD, t. Hampden co Mass. on the west side of the Connecticut river, opposite Springfield. Pop. 3,272. WEST-STOCKBRIDGE, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 10 m. SW. from Lenox. Pop. 1,208. WEST TOWN, t. Delaware co. Pa. 4 m, ESE. from Westchester, 19 W. by S. from Philadelphia. Here is a large and respectable Friends' boarding-school, containing 150 pu- pils. The building is of brick, 140 feet by 50. of 3 stories, and is finely situated. WEST TOWN, v. Orange co. N.Y. WEST UNION, t. and cap. Adams co. Ohio, 52 SW from Chillicothe, 470 from W WES— WHI 437 It contains the county buildings, a bank, and a printing-office. Pop. 429. WESTVILLE, v. Simpson co. Mis. WESTVILLE, v. in Berkshire, N. Y. 14 m. N. from Owego. WESTWARD MILLS, v. Brunswick co. Virginia. WETARHOO, r. La. runs into the Missou- ri, 1422 m. from the Mississippi. WETATIC, mt. Ashburnham, Mass. The elevation of the summit of this mountain above the level of the sea, was found by barometrical measurement, in 1817, to be 1,900 feet. WETHERSFIELD, t. Hartford co. Ct. on west bank of the Connecticut, 4 m. S. from Hartford. Pop. 3,862. It contains 3 parishes,, in each of which is a Congregational meeting- house ; it has also a Baptist meeting-house, and an academy. It is a very pleasant and hand- some town, situated in a fertile tract of country, and is famous for raising great quantities of onions. WETHERSFIELD. See Weatliersfield. WEYBRIDGE, t, Addison co. Vt. Pop. 850. WEYMOUTH, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 10 m. SE. from Boston, noted for the manufacture of excellent cheese. Pop. 2,839. WEYMOUTH, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 1,270. WEYMOUTH FURNACE, v. Gloucester co. N. J. WHALE BANK, fishing-bank on the coast of Newfoundland, 60 miles long, and 21 wide; 90 miles S. from Cape Mary. Lon 53° 50' W ; lit. 45° N. WHALE ISLAND, small isl. in the North Sea. Lon. 134° W.; lat. 69° 14' N. WHARTON, v. St. Tamany's parish, La. WHARTONVILLE, v. Fauquier co. Va. WHATELEY, t. Franklin co. Mass. on the W. side of Connecticut river, 10 miles above Northampton. Pop. 1,111. WHATLEY'S MILLS, v. Morgan co. Geo. WHEATLAND, t. Monroe co. N. Y. Pop. 2,239. WHEAT PLAINS, v. Pike co. Pa. WHEELER, t. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 1,389, WHEELER'S SPRINGS, Charlotte co. Va. 109 m. SW. from Richmond. WHEELING, r. Va. runs into the Ohio at Wheeling. WHEELING, t. and cap. Ohio co. Va. on Ohio river, at the mouth of Wheeling creek, 140 m. W. by N. from Cumberland, 57 m. SW. from Pittsburg, by the road ; 95 by the river. It stands on a high bank, and the build- ings are chiefly on one street, running parallel with the river. The town contains a court- house, jail, church, nail factory, and 5,221 in- habitants. The great road from Wheeling to Cumberland, on the Potomac, was constructed by the U. S. at an expense of $1,800,000. This road completes the communication between Baltimore and the navigable western waters, and will doubtless cause Wheeling to rise rap- idly in population and commercial importance. WHEELING, t. Belmont co. Ohio, 4 m. N. from St. Clairsville. Pop. 1,669. WHEELING, t. Guernsey co. Ohio, on Wills creek, 6 m. N. from Cambridge. Pop. 277. WHEELING, or Indian Wheeling, r. Ohio, runs into the Ohio, nearly opposite the town of Wheeling. WHEELOCK, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 30 m. NE. from Montpelier. Pop. 834. WHETSTONE, r. Ohio, runs into the Scioto, at Columbus. WHITE, co. of Ten. bounded by Bledsoe SE Warren W. or Caney Fork river SW. Smith NW. Jackson N. and Overton NE. Length 40 m. mean width 19. It is drained by the eastern branches of Caney Fork river. Chief town, Sparta. Pop. in 1820, 8,701 ; in 1830, 9,962. # WHITE, co. of II. bounded by Wabash river E. Gallatin co. S. Franklin and Jefferson W. and Wayne and Edwards N. Length 42 m. width 20, area 800 sq. ms. It is chiefly drained by Little Wabash river. Chief town, Carmi. Pop. in 1820, 4,828 ; in 1830, 6,091. WHITE BAY, bay on the E. coast of New- foundland. Lon. 56° 25' W. ; lat. 50° 10' N. WHITE BEAR LAKE, lake, N. America, one of the most northerly of those lakes which supply the Mississippi. It is about 60 m. in circumference. Lon. 95° 30' W. ; lat. 46° 50' N. WHITE BLUFF, settlement, Chatham co. Geo. 10 m. S. from Savannah. WHITE CAVE, cave, Ken. a mile from Mammoth Cave. It contains many splendid and beautiful petrifactions. WHITE CHIMNEYS, v. Caroline co. Va. 30 m. NNE. from Richmond. WHITE CLAY CREEK, rises in Chester co. Pa. flows SE. into Newcastle co. Del. and joins Red Clay creek near their joint influx into the Christiana. WHITE CREEK, t. Washington co. N. Y. It is the seat of an academy, 36 m. NE. from Albany. Pop. 2,448. WHITE DAY, t. Monongahela co. Va. 320 m. NW. from Richmond. WHITE DEER, v. Lycoming co. Pa. 10 SSE. from Williamsport, and 84 m. N. from Harrisburg. WHITE-EARTH, r. N. America, empties into the Missouri, 1,840 in. from the Missis- sippi. WHITEFACE, mt. N. H., N. of Sandwieb mountain. WHITEFACE, mt. in Jay, N. Y. It com- mands a very extensive prospect. Montreal 80 m. distant, may be seen from its summit. Its height is estimated at 2,600 feet. WHITEFIELD, t. Lincoln co. Me. on both sides of Sheepscot river, 15 m. N. from Wis- casset. Pop. 2,020. WHITEFIELD, t. Coos co. N. H. 4 m. from Connecticut river, 120 m. N. from Con- cord. Pop. 685. WHITE FISH POINT, peninsula, Michi- gan territory, extending into Lake Superior, 33 m. W. St. Mary's river. WHITEHALL, t. Washington co. N. Y. It stands at the mouth of a creek flowing into the S. end of Lake Champlain. The northern 438 Will— WITT canal from the Hudson here passes into the lake. Sloops, steam-boats, and other lake craft come up to the town, and the trade of the place :s very active. A steam-boat plies regularly between Whitehall and St. Johns, L. C. 70 m. N. from Albany, 170 NW. from Boston. Pop. 2,888. WHITEHALL, v. Columbia co. Pa. 2 m. N from Danville, and 81 m. a little E. of N. from Harrisburg. WHITE HALL, v. Frederick co. Va. 92 m. westerly from W. WHITE HALL, v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 169 m. SW. from Raleigh. WHITE HALL, v. Abbeville district, S. C. 100 m. W. from Columbia. WHITEHAVEN, v. Somerset co. Md. WHITEHEAD, isl. in the Atlantic, near the coast of Maine. Lon. 67° 40' W. ; lat. 44° 43' N. WHITE HOUSE, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 9 m. NW. by W. from Summerville, and 39 m. N. from Trenton. WHITE LAKE, v. on the Nevvburgh turn- pike road, Sullivan co. N. Y. 50 m. NW. by W. from Nevvburgh, and 122 m. NW. from Al- bany. WHITELEY, co. Ken. bounded by Ten. S. Wayne co. Ken. W. Rockcastle river NW. Knox NE. and Harlan E. Length 40 m. mean width 14. Cumberland river traverses it from SE. to NW. Chief town, Williamsburg. Pop. in 1820, 2,340; in 1830,3,807. WHITELEY, C. H. and v. Whiteley co. Ken. 78 m. SSE. from Hartford, 557 from W. WHITELEYSBURG, v. Kent co Del. 22 m. SE. from Dover. WH1TEMARSH, v. Montgomery co. Pa. about 12 m. N. from Philadelphia. The White- marsh has long been noted for its elegant and variegated marble. WHITE MOUNTAINS, or White Hills, range of mountains, N. H. 18 or 20 m. long and 8 or 10 broad. The base of the mountains is about 25 SE. from Lancaster, and Mount Washington, the highest summit, is 70 m. in a right line N. from Concord, 82 N. by W. from Portsmouth. Lon. 71° 20' W. ; lat. 44° 15' N. In the western pass of these moun- tains there is a remarkable gap, called the Notch. These mountains are covered with snow 9 or 10 months in the year, and derive their name from their white appearance. They are seen many miles off at sea, and a person, when on their summit, has a distinct view of the Atlantic Ocean, the nearest part of which is 65 m. distant in a direct line. The limit of forest-trees is at the height of 4,428 feet. The view from the summit of Mount Washington is wonderfully grand and picturesque. Innu- merable mountains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns, and villages meet the delighted eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters along the eastern horizon. To the N. is seen the lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson, and to the E. a little detached from the range stands Mount Madison. Mount Washington is sup- ported on the N. by a high ridge which ex- tends to Mount Jefferson ; on the NE. by a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur extending far away in that direction ; E. by a promontory of no great extent, but which breaks off abruptly ; S. and SE. by a grassy plain, in summer, of more than 40 acres. The more elevated parts of these mountains are occasionally subject to slides of earth, which sweep suddenly down their sides, and occasion great damage. A serious calamity of this kind occurred at the Notch in August, 1826, to a family of the name of Willey, who occupied a dwelling in the narrowest part of the defile many miles from any other human habitation.. At midnight, during a furious storm of rain, the mountain broke loose above them, and poured down in a torrent of earth, rocks, and trees. The family, aroused by the noise, im- mediately fled from the house, but were over- taken by the rushing mass, and swept to de- struction. The roads and bridges along the valley were destroyed, the streams choked up, and heaps of earth, rocks, and trees, exhibited a frightful picture of desolation. The following table exhibits the elevation of the several peaks, according to the measure- ment of capt. A. Partridge. Feet above Feet above the sea. the base. Mount Washington 6,234 4,464 2d peak .5*328 3,554 3d peak. 5,058 3,288 4th peak 4,866 3,096 5th peak .... 4,711 2,941 6th peak 4,356 2,586 Base of the mountains,. .1,770 WHITE OAK, v. Rutherford co. N. C. 524 m. from W. WHITE OAK CREEK, r. N. C. runs into the Atlantic. Lon. 77° 26' W. ; lat. 34° 39' N. WHITE OAK MOUNTAINS, in W. part of N. C. Lon. 82° 30' W. ; lat. 36° 10' N. WHITE OAK SPRING, v. Gibson co. In WHITE PLAINS, v. Orange co. Va. WHITE PLAINS, v. Granville co. N. C. WHITE PLAINS, v. White co. Ten. WHITE PLAINS, v. Westchester co. N. Y. 15 m. N. of Kingsbridge, and 30 of the city of New York. Pop. 759. WHITE PLAINS, v Jackson co. Ten. 56 m. NE. from Murfreesborough. WHITE POST, v. Frederick co. Va. 10 m. SSE. from Winchester, and 78 a little N. of W. from W. WHITE RIVER, v. Lawrence co. Arkan- sas, 125 m. from Little Rock. WHITE RIVER, r. In. is the great south eastern branch of the Wabash. It is formed by two branches, both rising about lat. 40° N. and lon. from W. 8° W. and near the western boundary of the state of Ohio. Flowing by a general course SW. about 70 miles, the two branches unite, and continuing below their junction 30 miles, join the Wabash, between Knox and Gibson cos. at lat. 30° 27' N. WHITE RIVER, r. of Ark. and Mis. rises in the southern part of the latter, and northern part of the former, by 2 large branches, White river proper, or NW. branch, and Black river, or NE. branch. Both these rivers are naviga- WHI— WIL 439 ble in seasons of high water, far above their junction. They unite in Arkansas, lat. 35° 30' N. and the stream flows thence nearly a S. course about 120 m. S. and falls into Mississippi river 30 in. above the mouth of Arkansas. White river is at all seasons navigable below the mouth of Black river. The length of this stream, following either branch, is about 350 miles. WHITE RIVER, v. Lawrence co. Mis. WHITE RIVER, r. Vt. rises in Kingston, and runs into the Connecticut, at Hartford. Length 50 miles. WHITE RIVER, t. Knox co. In. WHITE RIVER, r. La. runs into the Mis- souri, 1130 m. from the Mississippi. WHITE RIVER, r. N. America, runs into Lake Michigan, Ion. 85° 35' W. ; lat. 43° 40' N. WHITE ROCK, v. Charlotte co. Va. WHITE ROCK, v. Halifax co. Va. WHITESBOROUGH, v. Oneida co. N. Y. 4 m. NW. from Utica. It is principally built on a single street, 1^ m. long, and contains a handsome court-house, a jail, academy, and 2 churches, 1 for Baptists and 1 for Presbyteri- ans. Many of the dwelling-houses are elegant. WHITE'S CREEK, v. Rhea co. Ten. WHITESTOWN, t. Oneida co. N.Y. on the Mohawk, comprising the villages of Whites- borough and New Hartford. Pop. 4,410. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, v. Green- brier co. Va. WHITESVILLE, t. and cap. Columbus co. N. C. WHITEWATER, t. Hamilton co. Ohio. Pop. 1,734. . WHITE WATER, r. rises in In. and re- ceiving numerous tributaries, runs into the Miami, in Ohio, 5 m. above the junction of that river with the Ohio, 20 m. below Brookville. It is a beautiful, transparent stream. It has a rapid current, not easily navigable, but is well adapted to mills, and many are now erected. WHITE WOMAN'S RIVER, r. Ohio, is formed by the union of Mohiccan and Owl creeks, and flows into the Muskingum, at Co- shocton. WHITING, t. Addison co. Vt. on Otter creek, 50 m. SW. from Montpelier. Pop. 653. WHITINGHAM, t. Windham co. Vt. 52 m. S. from Windsor. Pop. 1,477. WHITTEDSVILLE, v. Buncombe co. N.C. WICKFORD, v. in North Kingston, R. I. Pop. 42,658. Chief town, York YORK, bor. and cap. York co. Pa. on Codo- rus creek, 22 m. WSW. from Lancaster, 48 N. from Baltimore, 52 E. from Chambersburg, 85 446 YOR— ZAN W. from Philadelphia, 66 from W. Lon. 76° 40' W. ; lat. 39° 58' N. Pop. 4,216. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a jail, a market- house, an alms-house, a register's office, an Episcopal academy, and 10 houses of public worship, for Episcopalians, English Presbyte- rians, German Presbyterians, German Luther- ans, Roman Catholics, Methodists, Friends, and Moravians. A large number of the houses here are handsome and spacious structures of brick. YORK, co. E. side of Va. bounded N. by York river, E. by Chesapeake Bay, S. by Eliza- beth City, Warwick, and James City cos. and W. by James City co. Pop. 5,354. Chief town, Yorktown. YORK, a short and navigable river, Va. formed by the union of the Pamunky and Mat- tapony. It flows into the Chesapeake, opposite Cape Charles. YORK, t. Athens co. Ohio. Pop. 871. YORK, t. Belmont co. Ohio. Pop. 1,429. YORK, district, N partofS.C. Pop. 17,785. YORK, t. and cap. York district, S. C. 30 m. N. from Columbia, 438 from W. YORK BAY, a bay on the SW. coast of the island of St. Vincent, 2 m. N VV. from Kingston Bay. YORK FORT, fort at the mouth of Nelson's river, in Hudson's Bay. Lon. 92° 46' W. ; lat. 57° 2'N. YORK HAVEN, v. York co. Pa. YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS, v. Adams co. Pa. YORKTOWN, or York, t. port of entry, and cap. York co. Va. on S. side of York river, 12 m. ESE. from Williamsburg, 29 NW. from Norfolk, 70 ESE. from Richmond. Lon. 76° 52' W. ; lat. 37° 22' N. Pop. about 1,000. York river affords at this town the best harbor in Vir- ginia. It is contracted here to the width of a mile, and is inclosed within very high banks, under which the largest vessels may ride with safety. It is a place of some trade. This town is memorable for the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his army by the Americans, un der Gen. Washington, on the 19th of October, 1781. YOUNG POINT, cape on the E. coast r-^CM s ' i-^m cc m i>" G:" r| PJ i> io"cm" CO o 00 I — to to r aj si { - to CO CO o to of CM CM Ifl I — I O H ^ CO o o o ^ OJ_ G0_ i— I CO_ co"i-H"co"of t-r Ht- I— CO co © eo_ CO" O rt C2 CO CO CO rH CO ^ i>- CM co co i-H . CM tO ' CM t-- «0 t~- to rH G2 © to OCT NCO O © COCO .mOOOOOOH © CO CO GO © CM O ©_ ' HCSC35HH i— J_ ' O CO t~- t- CM 1 rH, r-"<7f ©HPfo" co" o"t^T-n" tjT oo" CM 1 CO t- CO O ■ CO CM 1 tO i— I CO CO OO" >o" i-H •om^CTifloco^oijcoiOH^OHCDio 00 © >0 tO CO i— I 1— . 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NAVIGATION. — A Statement of the Tonnage of American and Foreign Ves- sels arriving- from, and departing to, each Foreign Country, during the year ending 30th September, 18-30. NAVIGATION. COUNTRIES. Tonnage. Foreign Tonnage. Entered into the Dt-pa; t d from the Entered into the Departed from the 1 ; lO,D0l q AQO Ofil 40t 264 2 07O 6 14 oqo 404 3 1 K 1 /( /I 10,144 q ^oo 0,004 2 935 2 023 4 i n ac\r 1 Q QfiO iy,yow 965 984 5 877 0/ / j. ,y <£o 6 qo 7R7 52 535 600 849 7 AO QOQ 35 220 793 4 515 8 1 ^01 l,OUl 220 i o n 17 1*2, U4 / 1 1 013 11, vto 248 124 lu 1 OQ 070 1Q0 711 iy*i, / it 61 355 58 589 11 K 781 o, / o^± 6 913 12 ^60 14,OV\J 7,707 1 O 14 ^ IQzl 4 594 6,949 2,570 ^ o 16 3 346 13450 1 A 14 A 80fi ^ouo 4 029 lo 00 108 44,t4o o qQ^ 4,OjO 97^ 4 i O lb 452 1 523 1 7 1 / 130 ^07 117 1 71 11 1 ,1 /I A 009 14,267 1 Q lo oiu 1 Q 19 3QK on 40 1 7 O^Q 1 l,40J 11 708 It, 1 40 8 188 0,^400 10,262 Ol 41 70 /I ^Q /y,4oy 80 c^Ol 04,041 A Ofil 4,U01 6,014 00 1 ^ 10fi 18 967 205 1,074 OQ 46 47 10Q 4/,i^y K Ql^ 4,325 ' OA 4t 1UO * OK 40 1 £ OQS lb,2oo Q q«7 y,oo / 4b Spain on the Mediterranean i n qoa 3 oi 7 07 2 I 1 7fi0 J., / \34 796 08 4o IVIanilla, and Philippine islands .... 2 774 458 122 OQ 07 P. A A 114 054 19 Q^l 14, JOt 11,356 on 19 031 8734 625 489 Q1 Ol 10 087 14,40 1 2 243 184 00 q oi o u,uou in 1 14 66 634 244 1 37 lo 1 137 Of o4 1,253 2 628 q^ Italy 5 062 6 626 418 qfi Sicily 1 697 13=5 lOO 07 Trieste, and other Adriatic ports . . • 4332 4,662 282 Q« OO l^.ag'nsa, and the Seven Islands . * • » 345 qq Til vl*"£>T7 Jv O 3 668 2 887 4U Hayti 18 513 19 395 1 633 l,DOO 1,748 11 41 22 062 27 295 4 362 3,551 AO t4 4 560 3 044 10 4o 13 514 5955 1 076 62 A A tt 68 1 042 tO 38,005 44'450 248 601 46 Argentine Pepobhc . 6584 9 565 99 s ; 440 116 17 4/ 236 1^373 48 Chili 304 2,287 49 3,276 732 50 394 679 155 51 8,598 3,501 52 1,679 3,697 53 2,288 7,417 260 54 424 55 "l,904 911 141 56 2,730 2,560 618 " 290 57 580 58 15,392 28,222 59 522 Total.... 967,227 971,760 131,900 133,436 456 APPENDIX. XVI. — DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INHABITANTS, As ascertained by the Census of the United States for 1830. WHITES. Males. Females. Under 5 years of Age o r ?o dm 596,130 Of 5 and under 10 781,906 9 <£ 1,759 ID 669,617 750,602 " 15 20 573,081 coo r*cc " 20 30 95o,2Wb 918,229 " 30 40 592,4U1 555,419 " 40 50 367,761 355,979 " 50 60 229,248 223^477 " 60 70 135,063 131,284 " 70 80 57,760 58,327 " 80 90 15,802 17,432 " 90 100 2,041 2,522 " 100 and upwards 301 238 Total 5,354,078 5,170,154 Deaf & Blind Dumb.. 5,325 3,968 106,764 The Deaf and Dumb and Blind White per- sons are not divided into Sexes. FREE BLACKS. Under 10 years of Age Of 10 and under 24 « 24 " 36 » 36 " 55 « 55 " 100 " 100 and upwards Total SLAVES. Under 10 years of Age Of 10 and under 24 " 24 " 36 " 36 " 55 " 55 " 100 lt 100 and upwards Total Males. 48,656 43,075 27,659 22,267 11,507 279 153,443 Males. 353,498 312,567 185,585 118,880 41,545 747 Females. 47,324 48,131 32,545 24,323 13,423 387 166,133 Females. 347,668 308,770 185,784 111,889 41,437 680 Deaf & Dumb.. 750 Blind 1,463 1,012,822 The Colored Dumb, and Bl divided into Slaves. 996,228 Deaf and ind are not Free and GENERAL ABSTRACT. Total White Population 10,524,232 Do. Free Blacks 319,576 Do. Slaves 2,009,050 Total Population of the United States 12,852,858 XVII.— LENGTHS OF THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE U. STATES. Miles, Missouri and Mississippi 4490 Do. to its junction with the Mississippi 3181 Mississippi proper, to its junction with the Missouri 1600 Do. to the Gulf of Mexico 2910 Arkansas River, a branch of the Mississippi 2170 St. Lawrence River, including- the Lakes 2075 Platte River, a branch of the Missouri 1600 Red River, a branch of the Mississippi 1500 Ohio River,. . . .Do .Do.. 1372 Columbia River, empties into the Pacific Ocean 1315 Kanzas River, a branch of the Missouri 1200 Yellow-stone, Do Do 1100 Tennessee River, a branch of the Ohio 756 Alabama River, empties into the Gulf of Mexico 575; Cumberland River, a branch of the Ohio 570 Susquehannah River, empties into Chesapeake Bay 460 Illinois River, a branch of the Mississippi 430 Apalachicola River, empties into the Gulf of Mexico 425 St. John's River, New Brunswick, rises in Maine 415 Connecticut River, empties into Long Island Sound. 410 Wabash River, a branch of the Ohio. .'. 360 Delaware River, empties into the Atlantic Ocean. 355 James River, empties into Chesapeake Bay 350 Roanoke River, empties into Albemarle Sound 350 Great Pedee River, empties into the Atlantic Ocean 35Q Santee River, Do Do 340 Potomac River, empties into Chesapeake Bay 335 Hudson River, empties into the Atlantic Ocean 320 Altamaha River, ... .Do Do .., 300 Savannah River, .... Do Do .290. APPENDIX. 457 X¥IIL— HEIGHTS OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS AND HILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. Feet. 1. Long Peak, the highest of the Rocky Mountains, Missouri Territory 12,000 2. James Peak Do Do. 11,500 3. Inferior Peaks of the Rocky Mountains, varying from 10,700 to 7,200 4. Mount Washington, the highest of the White Hills, New Hampshire, 6,234 5. Inferior Peaks of the White Hills, varying from 5,328 to. . 4,356 6. Moosehillock Mountain, Grafton county, New Hampshire. 4,636 7. Mansfield or Chin Mountain, Chittenden county, Vermont 4,279 8. Camel's Rump Do Do 4,188 9. Shrewsbury Peak, Rutland county, Vermont 4,034 10. Saddleback Mountain, Berkshire county, Massachusetts 4,000 11. Table Mountain, Pendleton district, South Carolina „ 4,000 12. Peaks of Otter, Bedford county, Virginia .. . . 3,955 13. Killington Peak, Rutland county, Vermont 3,924 14. Round-Top, the highest of the Catskill Mountains, New York 3,804 15. High Peak, one of the Do Do .3,718 16. Grand Monadnock, Cheshire county, New Hampshire 3,718 '17. Manchester Mountain, Bennington county, Vermont 3,706 18. Ascutney Mountain, Windsor county, Vermont 3,320 19. Ozark Mountains, Arkansas Territory, average height. 3,200 20. Wachusett Mountain, or Mount Adams, Worcester county, Massachusetts. 2,990 21. Whiteface Mountain, Essex county, New York 2,690 ■22. Kearsarge Mountain, Hillsborough county, New Hampshire 2,461 S3. Alleghany Mountains, average height 2,400 24. Porcupine Mountains, Chippeway country, south of Lake Superior 2,400 25. Cumberland Mountains, average height 2,200 26. Moose Mountain, New Hampshire 2.008 27. New Beacon, the highest of the Highlands, New York 1,658 28. Butter Hill, one of the Do. Do 1,529 29. Grigg's Hill, Vermont. 1,507 .'30. Mars Hill, Washington county, Maine 1,504 31. Bull Hill, one of the Highlands, New York \ 1,484 32. Old Beacon. Do.. ...... .Do ..... 1,471 33. Mauch Chunk Mountain, Northampton county, Pennsylvania 1,460 .34. Crows Nest, one of the Highlands, New York 1,418 35. Bare Mountain Do Do 1,350 36. Pocono Mountain, Northampton county, Pennsylvania 1,300 37. Mount Tom, Hampshire county, Massachusetts 1,200 38. Blue Ridge, Pennsylvania. .1,200 39. Breakneck 'Hill, one of the Highlands, New York 1,187 40. Blue Hills, Hartford county, Connecticut 1,000 41. Mount Holyoke, Hampshire county, Massachusetts 990 42. Anthony's Nose, Putnam county, New York 935 XIX. — LENGTHS OF THE PRINCIPAL RAIL-ROADS, (FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS,) IN THE U. STATES. Miles. From Hollidaysburg to Johnstown, Penn- sylvania 37 Ithaca and Owego, New York 28 Hudson and Berkshire, Massachusetts. . . .25 Elizabeth town and Somerville, New Jersey 25 Lackawaxe,n; from Honesdale to Carbon- dale, Pennsylvania 17 Frenchtown and Newcastle 16 Albany and Schenectady 15 Philadelphia and Norristown, Pennsyl- vania .15 Richmond and Chesterfield, Virginia 12 Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania 9 Haerlem 8 Quincy, Massachusetts 6 New Orleans „ . 5 J Miles. Baltimore and Ohio; from Baltimore to Pittsburg. 250 Massachusetts; from Boston to Albany. .200 Catskill to Ithaca, head of Cayuga Lake, New York 167 Charleston to Hamburg, on the Savannah river 135 JBoston to Brattleborough, Vermont 114 Columbia and Philadelphia; from Phila- delphia to York, Pennsylvania 96 Lexington and Ohio; from Lexington, Kentucky, rio Cincinnati, Qhio 75 Camden and Amboy 60 Baltimore and Susquehannah 48 Boston and Providence .43 -Baltimore and Washington 38 3U 458 APPENDIX. XX. — LENGTHS OF THE PRINCIPAL CANALS, (FINISHED OR IN PRO- GRESS,) IN THE U. STATES. Miles. Erie Canal; from Albany to Lake Erie 363 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; from Washington City to Pittsburg- 341 Grand Pennsylvania Canal ; from Columbia, on the Susquehannah river, to Hollidays- burg, 172 miles — thence to Johnstown by a Rail-road of 37 miles, over the Alleghany mountains — from thence by Canal to Pittsburg, 104 miles Total 313 Ohio State Canal; from Portsmouth, on the Ohio river, to Cleveland, on Lake Erie 306 Miami Canal; from Cincinnati to Maumee Bay, Lake Erie 265 Middle Division, Pennsylvania Canal; from the mouth of the Juniatta river, along the North Branch of the Susquehannah river, to the southern boundary of New York. . . .204 Delaware and Hudson Canal ; from the Hudson river to the Delaware river, 60 miles — joins the Lackawaxen Canal of 36 miles in length — at Honesdale connects with a Rail-road of 17 miles, to Carbondale Total 117 Schuylkill Canal and Navigation, from Philadelphia to Port Carbon 110 Morris Canal ; from Jersey City, opposite New York, to Easton, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river 101 New Orleans and Teche River Canal, from opposite New Orleans to Berwicks Bay, Attakapas 100 Union Canal, commences 4 miles below Reading, on the Schuylkill river — thence to Middletown on the Susquehannah river, connecting the Schuylkill Navigation with the Grand Pennsylvania Canal 82 Farmington Canal ; from New Haven to Southwick, 58 miles — joins the Hampshire and Hampden Canal of 20 miles, to Northampton, Massachusetts 78 Champlain Canal ; from Albany to Whitehall, Lake Champlain 72 West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal ; from Northumberland, along the W. Branch of the Susquehannah river, to Bald Eagle creek 68 Savannah and Ogeechee Canal; from Savannah to the Ogeechee river, 16 miles — to be connected with the Ogeechee and Altamaha Canal, from the Ogeechee to the Altamaha river, 50 miles Total 66 Eastern Division of the Pennsylvania Canal; from Bristol to Easton, on the Delaware river, 60 Delaware and Raritan Canal ; from Lamberton, on the Delaware river, to New Bruns- wick, on the Raritan, 38 miles — to be supplied with water by a navigable Feeder of 20 miles, from Eagle Island, on the Delaware, to the main Canal, at Trenton Total 58 Cumberland and Oxford Canal ; from Bridgeton to Portland, Maine — (partly natural and partly artificial) 50 Lehigh Canal; from Easton to Stoddartsville, Pennsylvania. 47 Blackstone Canal; from Providence, Rhode Island, to Worcester, Massachusetts. ...... .45 Oswego Canal, a branch of the Erie Canal ; from Syracuse to Oswego, on Lake Ontario, 38 James River Canal j from Richmond, Virginia, extending upwards along the north bank of James river , . . .30 J Middlesex Canal; from Merrimack river to Boston harbor 27 " Dismal Swamp Canal, connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound 22£ San tee and Cooper River Canal; from Santee river to Charleston, South Carolina 22 Cayuga and Seneca Canal; from Geneva to Montezuma, on the Erie Canal 20 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal; from Delaware City to Chesapeake City — connects Delaware river with Chesapeake bay , 14 Port Deposit Canal ; from Port Deposit, on the Susquehannah river, to the south bound- ary of Pennsylvania - 10 Louisville and Portland Canal, Kentucky . * 3 [For further statistical tables see pages 23, 24, 25, 26, 41, 42, 43, 44, 157, 158,] \PPENDIX. 459 INDEX TO THE STATISTICAL TABLES. Page Population of the different States and Territories, according to five enumerations 23 Total Population, and the number of Slaves in the United States at different periods, with the respective increase 24 The Population of the several States and Territories in 1830 ; the number of square miles; the Population to a square mile, and the number of Slaves in 1830 ib. Colleges in the United States 25 Theological Seminaries in the United States 26 Medical Schools in the United States ib. Principal Officers under the Federal Constitution, &c 41 to 44 Table exhibiting the Seats of Government, the times of holding the Election of State Officers, and the time of the meeting of the Legislature of the several States 157 Table exhibiting the Governor's term and salary, the number of Senators and Repre- sentatives, with their respective terms and pay, and the mode of choosing Electors of President and Vice President, in the several States 158 Imports, Exports, and Tonnage of each State 447 Compensation to Officers of the Army, &c ib. Inspections of Flour, &c « 448 Table showing the whole quantity of Public Land in the different States, &c ib. Table of the Public Debt at different periods 449 Slaves in the United States at five official enumerations ib. Number of persons in the United States 100 years old and upwards 450 Religious denominations ib. Presidential Electors 451 British Slave Colonies in the West Indies, &c ib. British North American Colonies ib. Table of the Tribes of Indians remaining within the United States, and the quantity of Land claimed by them 452 Commerce of the United States, for 1830 453 Commerce of each State and Territory, for 1830 .454 Navigation of the United States, for 1830 455 Classification of the Census for 1830 456 Lengths of the principal Rivers in the United States ib. Heights of the principal Mountains in the United States 457 Lengths of the principal Rail-Roads in the United States ib. Lengths of the principal Canals in the United States 453 460 APPENDIX. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ON THE TABLES. 1. Which state imports the greatest amount of goods'? 2. Which next? 3. Mention the four next in order. 4. Which state exports the greatest quantity of domestic produce ? 5. Which next ? 6. Mention the four next in order. 7. Which state exports the most foreign produce ? 8. Which two next in order 1 9. Which state has the greatest amount of shipping ? 10. Which next! 11. Can you mention the four next in order ? 12. At what place is there the greatest quantity of flour inspected? 13. What city stands next ? 14. Mention the four next in order. 15. What was the quantity of public land belonging to the United States in 1828 ? 16. At what period was the public debt of the United States the greatest? 17. To what was it reduced on the first of January, 1832 ? 18. What was the number of persons 100 years old and upwards, according to the census of 1830? 19. How many of these were people of color ? 20. Which religious denomination is the most populous? 21. Which next ? 22. Can you mention the six next in order ? 23. Which state is entitled to the largest number of representatives in Congress, and how many 1 24. Which next, and how many ? 25. Mention the six next in order, and their number. 26. Mention those states that are entitled to but three representatives. 27. Mention those entitled to two. 28. Which state has but one ? 29. Mention the six states in order that are entitled to the greatest number of electors for President, and their respective numbers. 30. Can you mention the six next, in the same order? 31. What is the total number of representatives in Congress 1 32. What is the total number of electors for President? 33. In which states are the electors chosen by general ticket ? 34. In which states by districts ? 35. In which state are they chosen by the Legislature ? 36. What tribes of Indians reside in Maine 1 — 37. Massachusetts ? — 38. Rhode Island ? —39. Connecticut 7— 40. New York ?— 41. Virginia 1—42. South Carolina ?— 43. Ohio ? — 44. Michigan Territory, and so on ? 45. From what country do the United States import the greatest amount of goods 1 46. Which next? 47. Can you mention the six next in order ? 48. To what country do the United States export the greatest amount of goods, in- cluding domestic and foreign produce ? 49. Which next ? Mention the six next in order. 50. What was the total amount of imports into the United States in 1830 1 51. What was the total value of exports during the same year ? APPENDIX. 461 STEAM-BOAT AND CANAL ROUTES. STEAM-BOAT ROUTES. 1. Boston to Eastport. State. Cape Ann Mass. Portsmouth N. H. Portland Me. Bath Augusta " Hallowell " Gardiner " Boothbay " Owl's Head " Belfast Castine " Eastport " 2. New York to Boston, Via Providence, R. I. Hell, or Hurl-Gate N.Y. Frog Point " Sands' Point " Norwalk Island Ct. Stratford Point " New Haven Light-House ... " Faulkner's Island " Saybrook Light-house, mouth of Connecticut river " Off New London " Fisher's Island, west end .... " Watch Hill Light-House " Point Judith R. I. Brenton's Point " Newport " Prudence Island, south end . . " Canonicut Point " Pawtucket river " Providence " Pawtucket Falls " Attleborough Mass. Foxborough " Walpole " cq Dedham " Boston " Distance. 45 3. New York to Boston Via Norwich, Ct. Connecticut river, as in No. 2. Ct. Mouth of Thames river . New London Gales's Ferry Norwich Landing "Jewitt's City Plainfield Sterling 103 Johnson . . . Providence 4. New York to Boston Via Hartford, Ct. Mouth of Connecticut river, as before Saybrook Lyme Haddara Middletown Wethersfield Hartford Vernon Tolland Ashford Pomfret Thompson T3 81 145 45 190 36 226 231 234 54 288 48 336 30 366 12 378 140 518 16 103 14 117 118 139 148 10 158 160 166 175 180 186 190 198 204 206 11 217 10 227 14 117 4 121 5 126 9 135 it 8 143 7 150 4 154 R.I. 11 165 7 172 8 180 Mass. 41 221 Ct 103 2 105 tt 5 110 10 120 u 12 132 tt 11 143 5 148 11 159 7 166 a 10 176 12 188 8 196 Mass. 11 107 r-3 f Mendon . § j Med way ^ 1 Dedham. pq [Boston .. State. Mass. Distance. 12 219 13 232 12 244 10 254 5. New York to Boston, Via Netc Haven and Hartford, New Haven Light-house, as before Ct New Haven " . fWallingford " 73 I Meriden " £ ^ Berlin " >» Hartford " w [_ Boston, as before Mass. 73 4 12 5 7 10 106 77 89 94 101 111 217 6. New York to New Haven, Via Norwalk, Fairfield, Sec. Hurl-Gate N. Y. 6 Sawpits " 28 Horseneck Ct. 4 Stamford " 6 Norwalk " 11 'Sagatuck " 3 Fairfield " 5 Bridgeport * 4 Stratford * 4 Milford • 4 l^New Haven 10 7. New York to Albany. Manhattan ville N.Y. 8 Fort Lee " 2 Fort Washington " 1 Fort Independence " 2 Phillipstown " 4 Tarrytown " 10 Singsing " 6 Haverstraw " 3 Stony Point " 3^ Fort "Fayette " 1 St. Anthony's Nose " 5 West Point " 7 Cold Spring New Windsor Fishkill Newburg ' New Hamburg Milton Poughkeepsie Hvde Park Pelham " 3| 84* Esopus Landing " 6 90| Rhinebeck Landing « \ 91 Redhook Lower Landing. .. . " 7 98 Do. Upper do " 3 101 Clermont « 2 103 Catskill « 9 112 Hudson " 5| 117A-, Coxsackie " 7J 125" Kinderhook Landing " \\ 126J New Baltimore " 3i 130 Coeymans " 2" 132 Schodac Landing « 3 135 Overslaugh " 7 142 Albany " 3 145 8. Philadelphia to New York, Via Trenton, JV. J. Bridesburg Pa. 6 Burlington N.J. 12 18 Bristol Pa. 1 19 Bordentown N.J 10 29 Trenton " 7 36 10 11 13 17 27 33 36 39i 40i 45A 7 52} 31 56" 4 60 60| 61* 68 m 76 81 462 APPENDIX. ■a t Princeton I < Kingston i& ( New Brunswick Am boy Elizabethtovvn Point The Kills New York State. N.J. N. Y. Distance. 11 47 3 50 12 62 13 75 13 88 5 93 5 98 N. J. 29 10 39 4 43 3 46 9 55 11 66 N. Y. 23 89 Pa. 8 5 13 5 18 4 22 Del. 8 30 5 35 10 45 4 49 « 6 55 Md. 4 59 3 62 8 70 6 76 16 92 8 100 8 108 4 112 6 118 3 121 9. Philadelphia to New York, Via Bordentown, §c. Bordentown , 0 c Centreville 1 < Hi ghts town p? ( Cranberry Washington A'mboy New York N. Y. 10. Philadelphia to Baltimore, Lazaretto Chester Marcus Hook Christiana creek Newcastle Delaware City •5 t St. George's Summit Bridge ..... Chesapeake City Mouth of Back creek . . . Turkey Point Grove Point Pool's Island Miller's Island North Point Sparrow's Point Fort M'Henry Baltimore 11. Philadelphia to Baltimore. Via Newcastle and Frenchtown Rail Road. Newcastle Del. Frenchtown, by the Rail Road Turkey Point Baltimore 12. Baltimore to Norfolk Fort M'Henry Sparrow's Point North Point Bodkin Point Stony Point Sandy Point Thomas Point Three Sisters Herring Bay Sharp's Island Cove Point Drum Point, mouth of Patux- ent river Cedar Point Point Lookout, mouth of the Potomac Smith's Point Windmill Point, mouth of the Rappahannock Gwynn's Island Point No-Point New Point Comfort Back River Point Old Point Comfort Fort Calhoun Craney Island » Norfolk 13. Baltimore to Richmond. To Norfolk, as before Va. 197 Craney Island " 6 203 Newport News " 9 212 Del. 35 Md. 16 51 13 64 51 115 DRFOLK. Md. 3 6 9 4 13 « 4 17 4 21 M 6 27 «< 10 37 6 43 7 50 9 59 20 79 6 85 4 89 Va. 17 106 11 117 21 138 7 145 6 151 9 160 12 172 10 182 « 1 183 it 8 191 6 197 TindrePs Shoals. . Bun-ill's Bay Jamestown Island Dancing Point. .. . Tree Point Windmill Point . . Harrison's Point. . City Point Shurley Ferry Osborn Warwick Richmond State. Va Dlstane& 8 220 7 227 12 239 9 248 14. Washington to Norfolk. Alexandria D. C. Mount Vernon Va. Crane Island " Sandy Point Md. Boyd's Hole Va. Mathias Point " Cedar Point Md. Off Pope's creek, Washing- ton's birth-place Va. Blackstone's Island Md. Piney Point " Roger Point Va. Smith's Point, mouth of the Potomac " Norfolk " 254 263 269 274 276 10 286 20 306 7 313 14 26 34 52 60 67 71 86 98 114 119 206 322 s. c. 5 « 8 13 9 22 if 14 36 10 46 26 72 15 87 Geo. 6 93 15 108 4 15 12 16 5 87 15. Washington to Richmond. To Norfolk, as before Va. 206 Richmond do " 116 16. Charleston to Savannah. Sullivan's Island Coffin Land Light-house Stono river N. Edisto river St. Helena Sound , Port Royal Entrance Calibogue Sound. ...... Tybee Light-house Savannah , 17. Savannah to Augusta. Onslow Island Geo. 7 Purisburg S.C. 11 18 Ebenezer Geo. 10 28 Sisters' Ferry " 12 40 Hudson's Ferry " 13 53 Briar C " 12 65 Burton's Ferry " 14 79 Dog Ferry " 25 104 Grav's Landing S.C. 14 118 Wallicon's Ferry Geo. 18 136 Augusta " 4 140 18. Mobile to Montgomery. Florida AI. 33 Alabama river " 4 37 Fort Mims " 9 46 Little river " 13 59 Claiborne " 38 97 Black's Bluff « 29 126 Blacksville " 14 140 Prairie Bluff " 30 170 Canton " 12 182 Portland " 20 202 Red Bluff " 7 209 Cahawba " 20 229 Selma " 17 246 Vernon " 46 292 Washington " 15 307 Montgomery " 13 320 19. Pittsburg to New Orleans. Middletown Pa. 11 Economy " 8 19 Beaver " 10 APPENDIX. 462 State. Georgetown Pa. Wellsville Ohio Steubenville " Wellsburg Va. Warren Ohio Wheeling Va. Elizabethtown " Sistersville " Newport Ohio Marietta " Vienna Va. Parkersburg " Belpre and Blennerhasset"s I. Ohio Troy Belleville Va. Le tart's Rapids " Point Pleasant Va. Gallipolis Ohio Guyanclot Va. Burlington Ohio Greensburg Ken. Concord Ohio Portsmouth " Alexandria " Vance burg Ken. Manchester Ohio Maysville, Ken. and Aberdeen Ohio Charleston Ken. Ripley . Ohio Augusta. Ken. Neville Ohio Moscow " Point Pleasant " New Richmond " Columbia " Cincinnati, Ohio, and Coving- ton and Newport Ken. North Bend Ohio Lavvrenceburg In. Aurora " Petersburg Ken. Bellevue " Rising Sun In. Fredericksburg Ken. Vevay, In. and Ghent " Port William " Madison In. New London " Bethlehem " Westport Ken. Transylvania " Louisville, Ken. and Jeffer- sonville In. Falls of Ohio, Shippingsport . Ken. Clarksville In. Portland, Ken. and New Al- bany In. Salt river Ken. Northampton In. Leavenworth " Fredonia " Stephensport, Ken. and Rome In. Troy " Rockport Occoquan,Va 16 23 Dumfries 10 33 Aquia 9 Stafford 5 Fredericksburg 11 Vilfcborougli 14 Bowling Green • .8 White Chimnies 13 Hanover C. H 10 Richmond 20 Manchester .--2 125 Petersburg 21 148 Billups 9 155 Harrisville 23 178 Gholson's 21 199 Warrenton, N. C 31 23C* Lewisburg 25 255 Raleigh 32 287 Averysborough 35 30 611 Madison 30 641 M'Mirnville 35 676 Jefferson 40 716 Nashville 25 741 Franklin 18 759 Duck river 34 793 Tennessee river '. (19 412 M'Intoshville, Mis 77 939 Hu-ntston 220 1180 Washington 14 1174 42 Natchez 6 1180 Fayettecille. Winfield, S. Greenville Camden . . Columbia . • Edgefield, C. H 56 Augusta 24 Louisville 40 Saundersville 24 Millcdgeville 24 Fort Hawkins 31 Coweta 45 Point Comfort 56 Alabama river 149 Fort Stoddart 20 1005 .Mobile, by water 40 1045 Shieldsborough 107 1152 New Orleans 66 1218 Washington to Charleston, Savan nah, and St. Mary's. Fayetteville 347 Lumberton 23 380 Pedee river, S. C 60 440 China Grove 20 460 Georgetown 22 482 Santee river 16 498 Charleston 45 543 Jacksonborough 33 576 Pocotaligo 31 60 Coosawtiatchie 6 613 Savannah 44 65 Bryan C. H 15 672 Midway 12 684 Riceborough 5 689 M'Intosh C. H 17 708 Darien 12 718 Jefferson 48 766 St. Mary's 24 790 Point Petre.... = 3 793 Homochitto river 20 1200 Amite river 39 1233 St. Helena C. H 29 1268 ^.Springfield 10 1278 93Madisonville... 29 1307 103 Fort St. John 23 1330 123 St. John's suburb 4 1334 New Orleans 2 1338 Pittsburg to New Orleans, by water Mouth of the Ohio 949 New Madrid 65 1014 First Bluff 70 1080 Fort Pickering 63 111; St. Francis river 60 1203 White river 78 1281 Arkansaw river 14 1295 Louisiana boundary 102 1397 Yazoo river 85 1482 Walnut Hills 14 1496 Natchez 117 1613 Fort Adams 62 1675 Red river 18 1693 Point Coupee 71 1774 Baton Rouge 33 1797 Donaldsonville 57 1854 New Orleans 83 193' English Turn 11 1948 Fort St. Leon 5 195P Gentilly 10 1963 Fort St. Philip 44 20O Balize 33 2040 Wash i ngton to Albany and Montreal Washington to Neio Orleans, Knoxville. by Fredericksburg, Va 58 Gum Springs 32 90 Orange C. H 20 110 Charlottesville 34 144 New York 20 164 Staunton 19 183 Brownsburg 22 205 Lexington 13 218 Natural Bridge 14 232 Fincastle 28 258 Christiansburg 50 Wythe C.H 38 348 Abingdon 58 404 Bl ou n tsvi 1 le, Ten 24 428 Rossville 18 446 Rogersvilie 25 471 Rutledge 34 505 Knoxville 33 538 Kingston 43 581 Avon 5 228 Genesee river 4 232 Caledonia 10 242 Batavia 10 252 Buffalo 40 292 On Lake Erie. Erie 100 392 Grand river 70 462 Cleveland 30 492 Sandusky — 57 549 Maiden... SO 639 Detroit 18 657 Albany to Buffalo by Cherry Valley. Guilderland 9 Duanesburg 11 20 Schoharie 10 30 Carlisle 6 36 Sharon 10 46 herry Valley 6 52 Springfield 6 58 Richfield 10 68 Litchfield 7 75 Bridewater 5 80 Sangerfieid .7 87 Madison .7 94 Morris' Flats 7 101 Cazenovia 11 112 Manlius 8 120 Buffalo, as above 155 275 New York city. Kingsbridge 5 Peekskill 31 Fishkill 20 Poughkeepsie 12 Staatsburg 11 Rhinebeck 6 Hudson 37 Kinderhook 10 Albany 30 Waterford 11 Stillwater 9 Saratoga 15 Fort Edward 12 Whitehall 25 Burlington, Vt. on the lake 70 Plattsburg 20 St. Johns 60 Montreal 21 Albany to Buffalo, Sandusky, Detroit. Schenectady Amsterdam 12 Palatine 24 Manheim 6 Little Falls 11 Herkimer 8 Utica 16 New Hartford 4 Vernon 11 Sullivan 9 Manlius 11 Jamesville 7 Onondaga Hollow 10 Marcellus 10 Skeneateles 6 Auburn 8 Aurelius 4 Cayuga 5 Geneva 13 Canandaigua 16 Bloomfield 12 Lima 5 Buffalo to Pittsburg. Eighteen Mile Creek 18 Canadaway 47 65 Erie 33 98 Waterford 15 113 Meadville 23 136 Martin's Ferry 15 151 Pittsburg 71 222 Washington to Harrisburg, and thence to Buffalo. Georgetown 2 Montgomery, C. H. Md 12 14 Clarkesburg 13 27 Fredericktown 15 42 Crugerstown 12 54 Emmitsburg 11 65 Gettysburg, Pa 9 74 Carlisle 27 101 Harrisburg 18 119 Halifax .19 138 Sunbury 37 175 Northumberland 2 177 Milton 11 188 Muncey 16 204 Williamsport 11 215 Tioga 65 280 Lindleystown, N. Y 10 290 Painted Post 12 302 Bath 18 320 Danville 27 347 Leicester 17 364 Batavia 25 389 Buffalo 40 429 Washington to Pittsburg and Erie. Fredericktown, as above 42 Middletown .9 51 Boonsborough 6 57 Hagerstown 12 69 Messersburg, Pa 16 85 M'Conneisburg 10 95 Crossing Juniatta 14 109 Bloody Run 6 115 Bedford 8 123 Alleghany Mt 23 146 Somerset J6 162 Greensburg 36 198 Pittsburg 30 228 Franklin 70 298 HO' Meadville 25 323 K8 Waterford 25 348 172 Erie 15 363 190 Washington to Detroit. 208! Pittsburg 228 218|Beavertown 30 258 223, New Lisbon.. 30 288 468 APPENDIX. Cuyahoga river Cleveland ,..36 380[Bainbridge 19 .56 AAA\Chillicothe • CO Sandusky 57 Fort Meigs 30 Frenchtovvn 38 Brownstown 18 Detroit 18 .10 Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Buck Tavern Downingstown .21 Gap Hill 9 Lancaster 23 Elizabethtown 18 Micldletown 8 Harrisburg .9 Carlisle 16 Shippensburg 20 Chambersburg 10 Loudon 13 M'Connelsburg. 8 Pittsburg 133 Philadelphia to Baltimore, by Lan caster. Lancaster 6^ Columbia 10 75 York 12 8^ Baltimore 48 132 Baltimore to Pittsburg. Hookstown Reislertown 12 Westminster 11 Taney town 14 Messersburg 43 Pittsburg, as above 142 Ohio river Maysville, or Limestone, Ken 1 By Oallipolis. Marietta . .. Belpre 15 Troy 11 Lading Creek 24 Faii-haven 11 Gallipolis . ... 4 Portsmouth. . 44 Alexandria 2 Preston 21 Maysville, Ken 25 Washington - 4 478 Washington to Chilliccthc, Frank- fort, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, St. Louis, and St. Charles, by Pitts- burg. Pittsburg 229 Canonsburg 18 247 Washington 8 255 Wheeling, Va 32 287 St. Glairsville, 0 11 298 Morris Town 10 308 Washington 24 332 Cambridge 10 342 Zanesville 25 367 New Lancaster 33 403 Tarlton 18 421 Chillicothe 18 437 By Marietta. Fairfax C. H., Va 15 Centreville 9 24 Goshen 11 35 Middleburg 9 44 Paris 12 56 Millwood 8 64 Battletown 8 72 Winchester 6 78 Cacapon River 20 98 Romney 25 123 Western Port, Md 26 149 Greenclad Creek...- 15 164 Youghiogeny river 9 173 Cheat river 27 200 Gandaysville, Va , ..5 205 Clarkesburg - , .,31 236 Marshville .23 259 Ohio river 57 316 Marietta, Ohio - . .1 317 Athens.-....., . ..40 357 ue Licks 20 Paris ..21 Lexington . . . 22 Versailles ..13 Frankfort 12 Shelby vilie ...19 MiddJeton 20 Louisville, falls of Ohio .. .12 Jeffersonville, In 1 Clarkesville 1 Vincennes 135 Kaskaskia, II 146 ?ort Charles 35 St. Louis, Mo 22 St. Charles 21 Washington to St. Louis and St. Charles, by Shawncetown. Lexington, Ken 541 Bairdstown * 67 608 Bealsburg 16 624 Elizabethtown 10 634 Hardensburg 37 671 Yellow Bank 47 718 Green river 14 732 Henderson 21 753 Morganfield 21 774 Shawneetown, II 15 789 Salt Springs 12 801 Big Muddy river 47 848 Little Muddy river 10 858 Beaucoup 11 869 Kaskaskia 49 917 Prairie du Rocher 14 931 Cahokia 47 978 St. Louis, Mo. T 3 981 St. Charles 21 1002 Washington to Nashville, Natchez, and New Orleans. Lexington, Ken 541 Nicholas ville 14 555 Lancaster 15 570 Stanford .19 580 Greensburg 75 665 Crossing Little Barren river 12 667 Blue Spring 10 677 Glasgow 12 689 Cross Great Barren river. . .29 718 Bowling Green 4 722 Cress Gasper river . . 14 736 Russellville 14 750 Springfield, Ten 25 775 Nashville . 30 805 Philadelphia to Charleston, S. C, by the coast. Darby, Pa 7£ Chester H , „..,.., 7| Naaman's creek, Del 5 Wilmington 7 Newcastle 5 St. George's town 10 Cantwell's 9 Duck creek 11 Dover 12 Fredericka 12 Milford 7 Clowes 13 Georgetown 8 Dagsbury 19 Trap, Md 11 Snowhill 20 Horntovvn, Va 16 Accomac C. H ...15 Northampton C. H .25 Norfolk -....60 Portsmouth — 1 Suffolk 28 Constant, N. C 20 Mitchell 6 Parker ..5 Edenton 17 Cross Albemarle Sound to Plymouth 18 Washington ..32 Newbern .35 Trenton 20 Humphreys 24 Wilmington .56 Varennes 80 Georgetown, S. C 48 Charleston 62 106 114 133 144 164 180 195 220 280 281 309 329 335 340 357 375 407 442 462 486 542 622 670 732 Augusta, Oeo. to Lexington, Ken. through the Cherokee nation. Columbia C. H. Geo 22 Ray's Mills 13 35 Washington 15 50 Lexington 23 73 Athens 16 89 Clarkesborough 20 109 Appalache river 22 131 Enter Cherokee nation. . . . Chatahouchee river 10 141 Chestato river 5 146 Elawa river 18 164 Long Swamp 14 178 Tocking Rock river 11 180 Oostanauleeriver,E.Branchl2 201 Vans 17 218 Oostanaulee riv. W. branch 17 235 Amoy river 10 245 Hiwassee river 8 253 Tellico 33 286 Boundary of the Cherokee nation 13 299 Knoxville, Ten 27 326 Rutledge 33 359 Oresville 12 371 Tazewell 13 384 Powelsville 7 391 Cumberland Gap 7 398 Cumberland river, Ken 13 411 Barbersville 14 425 Riceton 23 448 Hazlepatch 8 456 Mount Vernon 17 473 Big Hill .5 478 Richmond 14 492 Kentucky river 10 502 Lexington .........14 51Q ADDITIONS. ACTON, t. York co. Me. Pop. 1,398. c ADDISON, co. in the NE. part of Indiana, f Pop. 1,000. Chief town, Fort Wayne. ALAQUA, t. and cap. Walton co. West r . Florida, 161 m. W. from Tallahassee, and 1,011 from W. r ALBION, t. Kennebec co. Me. Pop. 1,393. ALEXANDER, t. Washington co. Maine. 1 Pop. 334. f AMHERST, t. Hampshire co. Mass. Pop. 2,631. Commencement of the college is on j the fourth Wednesday in August. There are 1 three vacations in a year : the 1st, from com- mencement, 4 weeks ; the 2d, from the 4th i Wednesday in December, 6 weeks ; the 3d, from the 3d Wednesday in May, 3 weeks. ] The number of volumes in the libraries is 7,000. Here are likewise an academy, and a J seminary called the Mount Pleasant Institu- tion for the education of boys : it has 9 in- structors, and is justly celebrated. See this < article in the body of the book. i ANDES, t. Delaware co. N. Y. Pop. 1,859. ANCRAM, t. Columbia co. N. Y. Pop. i 1,533. i ANN ARBOR, t. and cap. of Washtenaw co. Mich. 42 m. from Detroit, on Huron river. < ARKANSAS, co. in the E. part of Arkan- sas Territory. Pop. 1,423. Chief town, Ar- : kansas. ARKANSAS, t. said cap. of Arkansas co. is situated on the N. side of Arkansas river, 114 m. below Little Rock. ATHENS, t. and cap. of M'Minn co. Ten. 153 m. SE. of Nashville, 20 E. of the Ten- nessee river, and 572 from W. ATLAS, t. and cap. of Pike co. II. on the Mississippi river, 148 m. NW. of Vandalia, and 929 from W. ATHENS, t. Athens co. Ohio. Pop. 729. BEDFORD, v. and cap. of Bedford co. Pa. Pop. in 1830, 869. BELLEFONTE, t. and cap. of Jackson co. Al. 172 m. NE. from Tuscaloosa, and 686 m. from W. BELLE FONTAINE, t. and cap. of Lo- gan co. Ohio, 62 m. V/. from Columbus, and 458 from W. Pop. 266. BERRIEN, co. of Michigan. Pop. 323. Chief town, Niles. BLOOMINGTON, t. and cap. of M'Lean co. II. BLOOMFIELD, t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 1,072. BLOOMING GROVE, t. Richland co. Ohio. Pop. in 1830, 573. BLOUNTSVILLE, t. and cap. of Blount co. Al. 110 m. NE. from Tuscaloosa, and 748 from W. BOLIVAR, t. and cap. of Hardiman co. W. Tennessee, 158 m. SW. from Nashville. BOLIVAR, t. Jackson co. in the NE. cor- ner of Alabama, near the boundary of Ten. BLOOMFIELD, t. and cap. of Greene co. In. 76 m. SW. from Indianapolis, and 648 from W. It is situated on White river. BOLIVAR, t. Monroe co. Mis. in the NE. part of the State, a few miles E. of the Tom- beckbe. BENTON, t. and cap. of Yazoo co. Mis. 64 m. NW. of Jackson, on the Yazoo river. BRANDON, t. and cap. of Rankin co. Mis. 16 m. NE. of Jackson, and 1,051 from W. BUCYRUS, t. Crawford co. Ohio, 60 m. N. from Columbus. Pop. 670. BULLET, co. Ken. See Bullitt. BOWLING GREEN, t. and cap. of Clay co. In. 69 m. SW. from Indianapolis, and 641 from W. CALHOUN, co. II. in the W. part of the state, on the Mississippi river. Chief town, Gilead. Pop. 1,090. CARLINEVILLE, t. and cap. Macaupin co. II. 95 m. NW. from Vandalia, 861 from W. CARLYLE, for "v. Washington co. II." read t. and cap. Clinton co. II. CARTHAGE, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 333. CHARLESTOWN, t. and cap. of Clarke co. In. 105 m. SE. from Indianapolis, and 583 from W. It is situated on the Ohio river, 13 m. below Bethlehem, and is a flourishing vil- lage. CHESTER, t. and cap. Meigs co. Ohio, 94 m. SE. from Columbus, 343 from W. Pop. 164. COLUMBIA, t. and cap. of Boone co. Miso. 56 m. from Jefferson city, 24 E. from Frank- lin, and 991 from W. COLUMBUS, t. and cap. of Bartholomew co. In. 41 m. S. from Indianapolis. COLUMBIA, t. and cap. of Marion co. Mis. 120 m. SE. of Jackson, on the E. side of Pearl river, 1,097 m. from W. COLUMBUS, t. and cap. of Lowndes co. Mis. 134 m. NE. of Jackson, on the river Tombeekbe, near the boundary of Alabama. It is 900 m. from W. COVINGTON, t. and cap. of Fountain co. In. 81 m. NW. from Indianapolis, and 654 from W. It is on the E. side of the Wabash. CRA WFORDSVILLE, t. and cap. of Mont- , gomery co. In. 44 m. NW. from Indianapolis, and 617 from W. It is on the direct road ; from Indianapolis to Covington. 470 ADDITIONS. DAM ASCUS, t. and cap. of Henry co. Ohio, 161 m. from Columbus, and 485 from W. DANVILLE, t. and cap. of Vermilion co. II. 150 m. NE. from Vandalia, 683 from W. on Vermilion river, near the boundary of In- diana. DECATUR, t. and cap. of Macon co. II. on the Sangamon river, 70 m. N. of Vandalia, and 771 from W. DEFIANCE, t. and cap. of Williams co. Ohio, in the NW. corner of the state, 175 m. from Columbus, 511 from W. Pop. 52. DELLS, t. and cap. of Alachua co. Florida, 178 m. SE. from Tallahassee. DELPHI, t. and cap. of Carroll co. In. 88 m. from Indianapolis, and 661 from W. EDWARDS.BURG, t. and cap. of Cass co. Michigan, 169 m. from Detroit, and 643 from W. It is in the SW. part of the territory, near the boundary of Indiana. EQUALITY, t. and cap. of Gallatin co. II. 137 m. SE. from Vandalia. FAYETTE, t. and cap. of Howard co. Miso. 65 m. N. from J. C. and 1,017 from W. FARMINGTON, t. and cap. of St. Fran- cois co. Miso. 152 m. SE. from J. C. and 912 from W. FERNANDINA, t. and cap. of Nassau co. Florida, in the NE. corner of the territory, at the mouth of St. Mary's river, 313 m. from Tallahassee, and 841 from W. FINDLAY, t. and cap. of Hancock co. Ohio, 114 m. from Columbus, and 502 from W. Pop. 52. FULTON, t. and cap. of Calloway co. Miso. 32 m. N. from J. C. and 967 from W. GALENA, t. and cap. of Joe Daviess co. II. It is situated in the NW. corner of Illinois, on Fever river, a few miles from its mouth, and was first settled in 1826. It was originated by the extensive and rich lead-mines in its vicinity, and was an outpost of between 3 and 400 miles advance into the wilderness, NW. of St. Louis. The population now amounts to near 1,000 inhabitants. There are 42 stores and ware-houses, and about 250 dwellin houses. There is a weekly journal published here, and it has a court-house and jail. Fifty steam-boat arrivals are the annual average for the two last years ; and about ten million pounds of lead are annually exported from this place. The population in the vicinity is esti- mated at 10,000. It is 326 m. NNW. from Vandalia, about 350 from St. Louis, and 990 from W. GASCONADE, t. and cap. of Gasconade co. Miso. 47 m. E. from J. C. and 939 from W. GILEAD, t. and cap. Calhoun co. II. sit- uated between the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, a few miles above their confluence. GREENE, t. Stark co. Ohio. Pop. 85. GREENE, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 12 m. S. from Norwich, 120 WSW. from Albany. Pop. 2,962. GREENFIELD, t Saratoga co. N. Y. 12 m. N. from Ballston, 36 N"! from Albany. Pop. 3,151. GREENFIELD, v. of Highland co, Ohio, 22 m. W. from Chillicothe, and 74 NE. from Cincinnati. Pop. 390. GREENFIELD, co. In. 21 m. E. from from W. GREENFIELD, t. and cap. of Hancock Indianapolis, and 552 and cap. of Franklin co. Mass. on the W. bank of the Connecticut, 21 m. N. of Northampton, 95 WNW. of Bos- ton, and 396 from W. The village is situated 1J m. from the river, in a pleasant and fertile tract of country. It is handsomely built, and has considerable trade. Pop. 1,540. GREENFIELD, t. of Hillsborough co. N. H. 14 m. N W. from Amherst, 35 SW. from Concord. Pop. 946. GREENLAND, t. of Rockingham co. N. H. S. of Great Bay, 5 m. SW. from Portsmouth. Lon. 70° 51' W. ; lat. 43° 3' N. Pop. 681. GREENOCK, t. and cap. of Crittenden co. Arkansas, 168 m. from Little Rock. It is sit- uated on the Mississippi river, a few miles above Memphis, in Tennessee. GREEN RIVER, rises in Vermont, and joins Deerfield river, in Deerfield, Mass. GREENSBURG, t. and cap. of Decatur co. In. 98 m. SE. from Indianapolis, and 523 from W. Pop. 1,540. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. of Bond co. II. 20 m. SW. from Vandalia, and 801 from W. It is on the great national road. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. of Wayne co. Miso. 200 m. SE. from J. C. and 908 from W. GREENVILLE, t. and cap. of Darke co. Ohio, in the western part of the state, 103 m. from Columbus, and 501 from W. Pop. 160. HARRISBURG, t. and cap. of Conway co. Arkansas, 40 m. NW. from Little Rock, and 1,108 from W. HARDY, t. and cap. of Hardin co. Ohio, 66 m. from Columbus. HENNEPIN, t. and cap. of Putnam co. II. situated on the Illinois river. HILLSBOROUGH, t. and cap. of Mont- gomery co. II. 28 m. NW. from Vandalia, and 809 from W. HOLMESVALLEY, t. and cap. Washing, ton co. Florida, 121 m. W. from Tallahassee, and 971 from W. ILLINOIS STATE. The following coun- ties have been formed since the last census, viz. — Coles, in the E., chief town, Charleston ; Cook, in the NE., chief town, Chicago; La Salle, in the N., chief town, Ottawa. INDIANA STATE. The following coun- ties have been formed since 1830, viz. — La Porte, in the NW., chief town, Michigan ; La Grange, in the NE. ; Huntington, NE. of the middle ; Miami, N. of the middle, chief town Miamisport ; Grant, in the middle, chief town Marion. INDEPENDENCE, t. and cap. of Jack- son co. Miso. 177 m. W. from J. C. and 1,129 from W. JACKSON, or Davidsonville, t. and cap. of Lawrence co. Ark. See Davidsonville. JACKSON APOLIS, t. and cap. of Jackson co. Michigan, 88 m. W. from Detroit, and 563 from W. ADDITIONS. 471 JACKSONVILLE, t. and cap. of Duval co. Florida, 252 m. E. from Tallahassee, on the St. John's river, near its mouth. JACKSONVILLE, t. and cap. of Morgan co. II. It is 115 m. NW. from Vandalia, 837 from W. and about 12 E. of Naples, on the Illinois river, in a beautiful and healthy sec- tion of country. It is the seat of Illinois Col- lege, which was founded in 1829, and has a fund of 13,000 dollars, and has from 20 to 30 students. JEFFERSONTON, t. and cap. of Camden co. Geo. in the SE. part of the state, 212 m. from Milledgeville, and 744 from W. LAFAYETTE, t. and cap. of Tippecanoe co. In. 70 m. NW. from Indianapolis, and 643 from W., on the Wabash. LEWISTOWN, t. and cap. of Montgom- ery co. Miso. 67 m. E. from J. C. and 932 from W. LITCHFIELD, t. and cap. of Jackson co. LOGANSPORT, t. and cap. of Cass co. In. MACKINAC, t. and cap. of Michillimacki- nac co. Michigan, 320 m. NW. from Detroit, and 847 from W. MACKINAW, t. and cap. of Tazewell co. II. 149 m. N. from Vandalia, and 790 from W. on Mackinaw river, which flows into the Illi- nois river. MARIANNA, t. and cap. of Jackson co. West Florida, 77 m. NW. from Tallahassee, 927 from W. MAYSVILLE, t. and cap. of Clay co. II. 46 m. SE. from Vandalia, and 740 from W. M'CONNELSVILLE, t. and cap. of Mor- gan co. Ohio, 70 m. SE. from Columbus, and 340 from W. Pop. 267. MENOMINIE, t. and cap. of Brown co. Michigan, on the W. side of Winnebago Lake. MICHIGAN TERRITORY. There have been formed in this territory, since the census of 1830, 24 counties, viz. — Lapeer, E. of the middle ; Sanilac, in the NE. ; Shiwassee, in the middle ; Saginaw, N. of middle ; Hillsdale, S. of middle ; Jackson, S. of middle ; Ingham, S. of middle ; Branch, S. ; Calhoun, SW. of middle ; Eaton, SW. of middle ; Kalamazoo, W.; Barry, SW. ; Allegan, SW. ; Ottawa, SW. ; Oceana, W. ; Montcalm, W. of middle ; Isabella, NW. ; Gratiot, in the middle ; Mid- land, N. of middle : Gladwin, N. of middle ; Aranac, NE. ; Kent, SW. ; Ionia, in the mid- dle ; and Clinton, in the middle. MICCOTOWN, t. and cap. of Hamilton co. Florida. MIDDLETOWN, t. and cap. of Henry co. Illinois. MILLERSBURG, t. and cap. of Holmes co. Ohio, in the middle part of the state, 80 m. from Columbus, and 341 from W. Pop. 319. MISSOURI STATE. The following coun- ties have been formed since the last census, viz. — Audrain, in the E. ; Clarke, in the NE. ; Lewis, in the NE., chief town, La Grange ; Ripley, in the SW. ; and Stoddard, in the SE. MONTICELLO, t. and cap. of Jefferson co. Florida, 29 m. NE. from Tallahassee. THE MORTONSVILLE, t. Woodford co. Ken, 20 m. S. from Frankfort. MUNCYTOWN, t. and cap. of Delaware co. In. 59 in. NE. from Indianapolis, and 546 from W. It is situated on White river, in the E. part of the state. NASHVILLE, t. and cap. of Washington co. II. a few miles S. of Covington. NEWARK, t. Essex co. N. J. Pop. 10,953. See this article in the body of the work. NEW LISBON, t. and cap. of Columbiana co. Ohio. Pop. 1,138. NEWMARKET, t. Washington co. Ken. 65 m. S. from Frankfort, and 600 from W. Pop. 43. NEWPORT, t. and cap. of Vermillion co. Indiana, 86 m. W. from Indianapolis, and 658 from W. NEW MEXICO, t. Washington co. Mis. on the Mississippi river. NILES, t. and cap. of Berrien co. Michi- gan, 179 m. from Detroit, and 651 from W. It is on St. Joseph's river, near the SW. corner of Michigan. NORTH LIBERTY, t. Jessamine co. Ken. Pop. 62. NORWICH, t. and cap. of Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 3,774. See this article in the body of the book. PADUCAH, t. M'Cracken co. Ken. 279 m. SW. from Frankfort, 817 from W. Pop. 105. PATTERSON, t. Essex co. N. J. Pop. 7,731. See this article in the body of the book. PEORIA, co. and t. N. part of Illinois. PITCHER, t. Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 1,214. PRINCETON, t. and cap. of Washington co. Mis. 119 m. NW. of Jackson, and 1,154 from W. SAL VIS A, t. Mercer co. Ken. 21 m. S. from Frankfort, and 572 from W. Pop. 78. SPRINGFIELD, t. and cap. of Sangamoin co. II. 79 m. NW. from Vandalia, and 867 from W. ST. MARY'S, t. and cap. of Mercer co. Ohio, in the W. part of the state, 1 11 m. from Columbus, and 508 from W. Pop. 92. SYDNEY, t. and cap. of Shelby co. Ohio, 86 m. NW. from Columbus, and 482 from W. Pop. 240. TARECOOPY, t. and cap. of St Joseph co. in the N. part of Indiana. THORNTOWN-, t. and cap. of Boon co. In. 62 m. NW. from Indianapolis, and 620 from W. VERMILLIONVILLE, t. and cap. of La- fayette co. La. 192 m. W. from New Orleans, and 1,351 from W. VILLEMONT, t. and cap. of Chicot co. Arkansas, in the SE. part of the territory, 184 m. from Little Rock, and 1,134 from W. WAPAGHKONETTA, t. and cap. of Al- len co. in the W. part of Ohio, 110 m. from Columbus, and 507 from W. WATERLOO, t. in Canada, on Niagara river, opposite Black Rock. WEBBVILLE, t. Jackson co. Florida. ZOAR, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Pop. 129. END. I