^°-; ,G^ ^ %;W^,^ ^ • O I» • f:jf fi Li „ .. 7i •• v* Q* .0- T>^H^ ^^W^^^^^^^ DREKA 1121 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, For the supply of everything required in fine Stationery. Particular attention given to furnishing t Invitations for Receptions, Weddings, &c, Orders by mail receive prompt and careful attention. Send for our Book on Card Etiquette for this season. No charge. • • o//er A combination of Blotting Case with complete List of Words which writers are liable to spell incorrectly. USEFUL TO EVERY ONE AND MODERATE IN PRICE. FOJi SALE BY BOOKSELLERS AiN'B STATIOXERS. Send for descriptive Price List. LOUIS DREKA, //^/ Chestnut St7'eet, Thitadetpliia. 2 "5 i Pennsylvania Illustrated: GENERAL SKETCH OF THE STATE; ITS Scenery, History and Industries Mitb lunurous ingrabings. PHILADELPHIA : PORTER & COxVTES, 83S CKKSTNUT ST. '^>- COPYRiGHl ' '^A ^ 1SV4 ^ ,[jA sr Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1874, by PORTER & COATES, In tlie Office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Wasliington. F 1 'S \ ? A- \ \Vk.stcott & Thomson, Stereutypers and Etectrotypers, Phitada. Henry B. Ashmead, Printer. PRELIMINARY. "PENNSYLVANIA may be considered as geographically parceled into the three regions drained l)y the tributaries of three great rivers, for within her limits none but insignificant streamlets flow toward Lake Erie. The valley of one of these rivers — the Susquehanna — has aiTorded the natui-al route for the central system of railroads passing through the State, north and south. The coal deposits of the Upper Delaware and its tributaries, the Lehigh and Schuylkill, have caused the north-eastern section of the State to be fairly gridironed with rails. The petroleum region, the north-Avest — about the head waters of the Allegheny, that is, of the Ohio — is similarly accessible. Lastly, the watersheds of these three, with the mountains that sunder them, are all intersected by the great railway that traverses the State throughout its length from east to west. It is manifest that, by following the lines of travel which these considerations indicate, the tourist in Pennsylvania may arrive at whatever is most notable and varied in its natural scenery at the least cost of time and labor. It is also the case that the same scheme includes the scenes of greatest historical interest. The several railroads which lead to these diverse districts have, accordingly, been taken as marking the natural divisions of Pennsylvania Illustrated. 5 Pennsylvania Illustrated. From Philadelphia to Pittsburg. LEAVING the city of Philadelphia for a future and extended notice, we take the Pennsylvania Railroad for Pittsburg, the distance being three hundred and fifty miles, running through every variety of scenery and rising to an altitude of three thousand feet at the highest point on the road. Crossing the Schuylkill at Fairniount Park, the eye Connecting Bridge, Fairnnount Park, Philadelphia. is at once attracted to the beautiful view up the river, with the steamboats plying and the various boat-clubs engaged in their daily practice. The average breadth of the Schuyl- kill is a quarter of a mile, although at many points it is so wide as to present the appearance of a lake. To the right of the traveler, in crossing the bridge, may be seen the ground selected for the new zoological garden, which bids fair to compete favorably with those of Europe. There is much in Fairmount Park to attract attention, and in the future description of Philadelphia more special allusion Avill be made to its many beauties. Leaving the busy streets of the city, we are rapidly carried toward the great point of attraction for 1876— the location selected for the Centennial Exhibition Buildings. A slope of over five hundred acres forms the site selected, and here will I'Eyys YL 1 'AyiA ill ustba ted. be erected a main pavilion of an entirely original style of architecture, in itself cover- ing over thirty acres of ground, the main avenue through its centre being one-third of a mile in length. The design for this building as approved by the Centennial Committee is due to the joint labors of Calvert Yaux, the well-known landscape- gardener, and George K. Radford, civil engineer. The plan of the building is rec- tangular, being 1876 feet long, by G80 feet wide, the principal part of the design being made up of vaulted or domed j)avilions, each 140 feet in diameter, clustered together and connected with arches of 100 feet open- ing, with interior courts of 36 feet diameter. When this immense building is filled with the productions of the whole world, arranged with judgment and taste, it will fairly coni- 5 pare in attraction with the great Exhibitions 2 of London, Paris and Vienna. By an ar- u rangement with the Pennsylvania Railroad, £ special tracks are to be laid, running directly into the building, so that articles intended for exhibition can be brought from any sec- ^ tion of this vast continent and deposited in a their proper location. At the end of this S edifice, and to the right of the railroad, will 2 be erected two large structures, one for a display of machinery, and the other spe- cially adapted for agricultural implements. The horticultural de])artment will occupy, with its various greenhouses, a point near the river. In the distance, and beyond these build- ings, will appear the grand Memorial Build- ing, erected by the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia as a tribute to the memories of those who sacrificed Hie and fortune for the future of our country. This palace of art, as may be seen from the design, will be most creditable to our jK'ople, and in its future use, as a school oi'ait edu- cation, prove of snch practical value as will PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. make it, at the close of another century, not only a memorial of the Revolution, but also of the wise forecast which superintended its erection for the service of the coming generation. The architects to whom is due the design of the Memorial Building are Messrs, Col- lins & Autenreith, of Pliiladelphia, successful competitors in a fair and open trial with members of the profession from all sections of the country. The general outline of the plan of this building is a cross with arms respectively 420 feet and 320 feet long. The long arms are semicircular at the ends, and the principal entrances are at the extremities of the shorter arms. A dome rises from the intersection, and four towers, which appear clear and complete in outline from the ground up, flank the dome on each side. This arrangement results in a group that will pnjduce an equally imposing appearance from Mernorial Building. any point of site or direction in which it may be seen. The principal dimensions are as follows: extreme length, exclusive of steps, 420 feet; extreme width, 320 feet; height of dome inside, 216 feet, and outside to top of figure, 284 feet. Special attention has been paid to the adaptation of this building to all j)urposes connected with art, both in securing light from the proper direction, to present paintings and statuary to the best advantage, and also to afford every facility for the instruction of students in all that relates to art education. The central grand rotunda will probably be left entirely free during the Exhibition, or it may be used for musical purposes. There can be no doubt but that the varied attractions presented in 1876 will draw an immense concourse to the city of Philadelphia, and many experienced judges estimate the total number at not less than twelve millions of people during the progress of the Exhibition. Already caterers for the public taste are turning their attention in this 10 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. direction. Music is to be represented by Strauss, with his magnificent orchestra, and the special celebration on the 4tli of July, 1876, will doubtless be on a grand scale, under the management of Gilmore. International regattas, cricket and base-ball matches are promised. The regiments of the different States will enter into com- petitive drill, and already the firemen are preparing to challenge the world. Every possible facility will be giveji by the city authorities for transportation from one section of the city to another ; and what with railroads, horse-cars, steamboats, etc., Philadelphia will have great advantages over any city yet favored by an Inter- national Exhibition. Leaving the national grounds and rapidly speeding through the spider web of mazy tracks which mingle in almost inextricable confusion on leaving the depots of the rail- roads, we reach the quiet suburb of Heston- ville and George's Hill, which immediately adjoin Fairmount Park. The prospect of the Centennial Exhibition has increased the value of property, and improvements of all kinds are in course of progress. Some of the most noted factories at Hestonville are — Hunter's print-works, Jones' woollen-mills, Chambers' foundry, Patterson's knitting-mills, etc., etc. Until quite lately the sheep-market supply- ing most of the city of Philadelphia was located here, but the progress of building, and consequent rise of property, has led to its removal. One specialty of the Pennsylvania Railroad is to improve its various stations, especially in the vicinity of the city of Philadelphia, thus offering every attraction to build up and in- crease the local traffic of the road. In many instances the property is owned by the road, and special inducements are offered to pur- chasers of land who will at once build and occupy. Not only reduced rates, but in some instances free travel, is granted for a stated period. At Bryn Mawr a foot-bridge is built across the track, and it as well as the station is a pleasant contrast to the prevailing style of railroad architecture. A fine hotel has also been erected, which in the summer season is crowded with visitors from the city. The Centennial fever has spread even here, and the hotel is to be enlarged to meet the wants of the expected millions. At Wayne station we pass through the beautiful estate of Mr. Askin — another instance of the rapid increase of property in the neighborhood of a large city. This gentleman has erected a large number of substan- tial brick houses, which are supplied with water furnished from a private reservoir, and with gas made on the premises. A large hall, library and reading-room add to the Near Hestonville. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 11 attractions of the place, while a fine church and schoolhouse give pleasant indications that morals and education are properly cared for. Bryn Mawr. Passing rapidly through a finely cultivated country with beautiful residences, and pre- senting the appearance of an English park, we reach the valley of the Brandywine, and pass Valley Forge on the north. This section of the route is filled with reminiscences of the early days of our country's history and of the times that tried men's souls. Wayne, the station just left, was so named for Mad Anthony, and at Paoli, which we are now passing, is a monument commemorating the massacre of a detach- ment of his soldiers unex- pectedly surprised. In this section of the State much attention has been paid to improved breeds of cattle, and Devons, Ayrshires and Herefords may be seen quiet- ly grazing as we pass rapid- ly by. Toward Downing- ton the view uj) the valley is very beautiful and pic- turesque, and we wonder why so many travel to dis- tant lands in search of what can be seen to perfection at our very doors. A Scene near ^A^est Chester. 12 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. At Coatesville we strike the west branch of the Brandywine, crowned by a long bridge seventy-five feet above the grade of the Wihnington and Reading Raih-oad, which runs below. The borough of Coatesville, with a jjopulation of some 3000, is a very pleas- ant and growing town. Many branches of manufactures are suc- cessfully carried on, and its attractions in summer lead to its being frequented by visitors from Phila- delphia, who find its convenience of access of great service. The Coatesville Bridge is built of iron and erected upon pil- lars of brick and mason work. The interior view given on next page shows the attention paid to strength and permanence. The next point of interest is Parkes- burg, with its numerous machine-shops and foundries, all indicating the prosperity of Chester county, in which the last station is Penningtonville — a rapidly-growing place, and surrounded by a large and wealthy farming population. Chester county was so named by William Penn as a special compliment to his friend Pearson, a fellow-voyager from Europe, and who was a native of Chester, England. Lancaster county is also well known for its farms, from which a large portion of the food of Philadelphia is drawn. Lancaster county has many interesting reminiscences. Among the early German im- migrants were the Mennonites, who have always been considered valuable additions to the population of the country. The good result of their settlement is now being shown in the approaching immigration of over 50,000 to our Western States and Territories. Among the interesting points connected with Lancaster county is the fact of the establishment of iron-works as early as 1726. This is supposed to be among the first on this continent. On the road to Lancaster is the village of Ephrata, originally a settlement of the seceded Dunkers. The buildings are arranged something after the manner of the Moravians, and comprise a Sisters' house and a Brothers' house, each four stories in height. Chapels are arranged for night meetings, and a cell furnished with a cot, a closet and an "VJ/-5'^' Coatesville Bridge. FENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 13 Interior View of Coatesville Bridge. hour-glass forms the resting-place of each member; m old times only a bench and billet of wood were allowed for the sleeper. These rooms are curiously ornamented with Farm Scene. ink-paintings or specimens of penmanship, which attract much attention from visitors. After the battle of Braudywine many of our wounde'' soldiers were brought to Ephrata, where they received every kindness. Near Ephrata are the Mountain Springs, well 14 PENNS YL VANIA ILL U8TRA TED. known as a pleasant place of summer resort. The next point of interest is the city of Lancaster, with a population of over 20,000, prettily located on the Conestoga Creek, which is crossed by the railroad before arrival. This city was ^s^^^^^_ the seat of State government from 1790 to 1812; in popula- tion it now ranks as the fifth city in the State, and is pleasantly Bridge over the Conestoga. situated in the centre of a rich agricultural region, with many attractions to those retiring from business with a moderate competency. The old Franklin College, in Lancaster, was founded in 1787; it is now known as the Franklin and Marshall Col- lege, and the oldest turnpike road in the United States terminated here, 62 miles from Philadelphia ; this city is specially indebted for its prosperity to the large locomotive- works established some years since, to which additions have been lately made, and to the direct water-communication which is had with Baltimore vid the tidewater canal to Port Deposit. The Conestoga River, crossed in arriving at Lancaster, is specially noted for its early connection with steam navigation ; it was here that William Henry, of Lancaster, tried many experiments, which resulted in the loss of his model boat, and it was doubtless from these experiments of Henry that Robert Fulton, who resided and received his education in Lancaster, first had his attention called to the same subject. President Buchanan resided at Wheatland, in the vicinity, as also did Thaddeus Stevens, the well-known representative from this district in Congress. . Columbia, the population of which is about 7000, and the next place of importance on this road, is prettily located partly on the hillside sloping down to the river, where the business of shipping lumber is largely carried on. A very rich deposit of iron has been found within a short distance of Columbia, which has led to the erection of furnaces and machine-shops. Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania, next attracts the attention of the traveler. A city of 25,000 inhabitants, and the intersecting point for a number of railroads, it has become a place of considerable importance; it was laid out by John Harris in 1785, and in 1812 was made the capital. The State-House occupies a picturesque and com- manding position upon a natural eminence a little north of the centre of the city, and from its dome a beautiful view may be obtained of the river with its numerous islands. The State-House is not remarkable for either grandeur or beauty of architecture, and PENNSYL VA MA ILL USTRA TED. 15 is, in fact, hardly worthy of the second State in the Union, but from its associations it naturally attracts the attention of visitors. The great railroad facilities for travel and freight, together with the canal and river navigation, and the vicinity of large beds of coal and iron, give Harrisburg almost an unequaled position for trade and manufactures, and as the political centre and seat of the State Legislature it is equally important; during the session of the Legislature the hotels are crowded, and the receptions given by the Governor and other officials attract many visitors. Harrisburg ranks high as a manu- facturing city, comprising a large variety of important establishments, of which the most important are the Lochiel Iron- works, situated on the borders of the city limits, and occupying in all forty- seven acres, upon which are erected a blast-furnace and its adjuncts — viz., rolling-mill, gas-house, church, schoolhouse, and, in fact, a complete village. The engine used in these works is the first Corlis's upright engine built for the purpose, and the rolling-mill is a model in itself — 345 feet long and 225 wide ; and immediately adjoining the railroad are 18 single puddling furnaces and 12 heating furnaces, all made available in the produc- tion of railroad and bar iron, of which is daily turned out 100 tons of the former and 15 of the latter; by its connection with the Peimsylvania Railroad the ore and coal are re- ceived on one side of the building, and the bars and rails shipped from the other. The IG PENNSYLVANIA ILLISTRATED. steel-works, also located near Harrisburg, are \vorthy of a visit, oeeupying 97 acres of laud, upon which are two Bessemer mills, with machine-sliops and other accessories. From Harrisburg we cross the iSuvsquehanna on a splendid bridge 3670 feet long, from the centre of which a magniticcnt view is obtained, and from this point to Pittsburg the scenery will be tbund superb, and in places grand beyond description. Lewistown is at the junction of the Penn Central with the Mitllin and Centre county branch, with a population of oOOO; it is the best point from which to visit the Juniata and its scenery. Lewistown Narrows. Leaving Lewistown, we arrive at Hnntingdon, which is 208 miles from Piiila- delphia, and is a dep6t from which large shipments of grain and iron are made; it is the northern terminus of the Huntingdon and Broadtop Railro:id, and travelers to Bedford Springs here take the train for ^lounr Dallas, and thence 6 miles to the Springs, a popular and attractive place of summer resort, well supplied with hotel accommodation, and furnishing Maters containing carbonic acid, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime and muriate of soda. Tyrone City, the next point, is specially noted for its manufacture of iron, and is near Tuckahoe Valley, where may be found the best iron ore ; it is 886 feet above tidewater, and on the line to the summit of the Alleghanics, with a poj)ulation of 2000 ; it is rapidly growing in im})()rtance. Railroads from Tyrone connect at Lock Haven for Williams- port, and also run to Clearfield. The next point of importance is Altoona, at the head of Tuckahoe Valley, and the general resting-place for the tired traveler ; its hotel — the liOgan House — has a world-wide reputation, and can accommodate 500 guests. The iron railway station at Altoona is a model of lightness and elegance, and here are FENNSYL VANIA ILL USTHA TED. 17 Logan House, Altoona. located the most important workshops of the Pennsylvania Railroad, employing over 1000 workmen. From this point is another route to Bedford Springs vid Hollidaysburg. From Altoona commences the real ascent of the Alleghanies. In the course of the Horseshoe Curve. 18 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. next eleven miles may be seen some of the grandest efforts of engineering skill. Within this distance the road mounts to the summit, and the entrance to the tunnel is bj so steep a grade that, while in the ascent double power is required to move the train, the entire eleven miles of descent arc run without steam, the speed of the train being regu- lated by the brakes. At one point there is a curve known as the " Horseshoe Curve," and to which attention is always attracted as a specimen of good railway engineering. The road for the entire distance hugs the sides of the mountains, and from the win- dows next the valley the traveller can look down upon houses and trees apparently liliputian in size, so much are they dwarfed by distance; and it may be well to observe to those visiting this section of the country ior the first time that, going west, the left- hand side of the car should be taken, and on returning east the right; thus a complete view of this renowned and beautiful scenery may be obtained. The summit of the mountain is pierced by a tunnel 3670 feet long, through which the train passes before commencing to descend the western slope. Alleghany Mountain Tunnel. Two hundred and fifty-three miles from Philadelphia, on the summit of the Alleg- hanies, is the village of Cresson Springs, a very popular and ]>leasant resort, 3000 feet above sea-level, and much esteoiiied by invalids for the purity of its air; its hotels and cottages have accommodation for upward of 2000 persons, and the Mountain Plouse at Cresson is well known and deservedly popular. In desc(;nding the mountain from this point, the remains of another railroad are constantly seen, sometimes above and sometimes below the track. This old road was simply a system of inclined planes by which loaded coal-boats were carried over the mountains, the boats being built in sections, which were separated at the foot of the mountain and joined together again PENNS YL VAN I A ILL U8TRA TED. 19 after making the portage. The stream ahnost constantly in sight during the di^scent is the Connemaugh, which is crossed by a stone viaduct near Connemaugh station, the terminus of the mountain division of the raih'oad. Mountain House, Cresson, Pa. At this point, or near it, Ave strike Cambria county, the seat of the great iron interest. There is not a county in the State that excels Cambria in mineral wealth, and the amount of capital already invested in the development of its resources is very large, and steadily on the increase. There are several kinds of iron ore which exist in great quantities throughout the entire county ; the depth of the vein is from 18 to 36 inches, sometimes running horizontally, and sometimes dipping heavily into the hills, and although many of these veins have been wrought for a great number of years, yet the diminution in quantity is scarcely noticeable. The borough of Johnstown is the centre of this great interest of Cambria county, and, with its suburbs, comprises a population of at least 16,000. The rolling-mill of the Cambria Iron-works is one of the largest in the world; its capacity has been fully tested, and it is found able to turn out 75,000 tons of rails annually ; it covers seven acres, while the total area occupied by the entire works is upward of sixty. In the rolling-mill there are seven trains of rolls, each train having five pair; to keep these rolls supplied with heated metal requires twenty-eight heat- ing furnaces, while fort3'-two double puddling furnaces furnish the heaters with the puddled bars. The Bessemer process of making steel has been used here with great success, the Cambria Iron Company having nine blast-furnaces in operation, ])roducing 300 tons of pig iron per day, and a new and much larger furnace nearly completed. 20 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. In atlditiou to the works connected with the production of iron, the company has erected grist-mills, saw-mills, and machinery for the rapid manufacture of brick and the quarrying of stone. Special attention has been paid to the comfort of the working classes, all the food, clothing, carpets, dry goods, etc., being supplied by the company at the lowest possible rates. The president of the company (Hon. Daniel J. Morrell) is known from one end of our country to the other as connected with the inception of the Centennial Exhibition and its international character is largely due to his efforts in Congress. To one who has the time, a visit to Johnstown will amply repay the trouble taken, and he may feel assured of a pleasant reception from those in charge. Traek-Tank near Johnstown, Pa. Between Johnstown and Pittsburg there are not many places of note, with perhaps the exception of Greensburg, thirty-one miles from Pittsburg, the county seat of West- moreland, and a place of much activity. Here General Arthur St. Clair, a British officer of some eminence, was buried in the graveyard attached to the Presbyterian church seen as one enters the town, Manor and Penn stations, a short distance from Greens- burg, are interesting as forming a portion of the land selected for private occupancy by the Penn family. Brinton, within a few miles of Pittsburg, is near Braddock's Field, the battle-ground on which General Braddock was totally defeated by the French and Indians on the 9th of July, 1755, and just after passing Brinton, the point is located where the army crossed the stream. There have been in history few events uniting in a common enterprise such men as William Pitt the orator (then earl of Chatham), Benjamin Franklin the philoso- pher, who furnished the transportation, and George Washington the patriot, Avho accom- panied this expedition. We now leave the train at Pittsburg, the terminus of the road. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 21 The city of Pittsburg is a worthy terminus to the magnificent road over which we have been traveling. It is at the head of the Ohio River, at the confluence of the Alleghany and the Monon- gahela. It is situated in a district extremely rich in mineral wealth, and the en- terprise of the people has been directed to the develop- ment of its resources with an energy and success seldom paralleled. Pittsburg is 357 miles west of Philadelphia, and 223 north of Washing- ton City, and its situation is exceedingly beautiful. The city lies in a plain surround- ed by hills from 400 to 500 feet in height; at the base of these flow the three rivers already named. The hills are very rich in coal, iron and limestone, and the soil is fertile to their very sum- mits, which are covered with picturesque forests, orchards and gardens, thus giving an additional beauty to the land- scape. The city is hand- somely built, brick and stone being the principal material used ; but the dense smoke soon defaces the handsomest structure, and in consequence of this, the place has a black, grimy appearance, which effectually mars the work of taste and wealth. There are many handsome residences in the eastern section, and the suburbs (specially preferred as locations for residences) are very })icturesque and beautifully built up. From its situation the city of Pitts- burg enjoys admirable commercial facilities, and has become the centre of an extensive commerce with the Western States, while its vicinity to inexhaustible iron and coal mines has raised it to great and merited distinction as a manufacturing place, the amount of capital invested being over $200,000,000. It has been estimated by careful examina- tion that in the limits of what is known throughout the country as Pittsburg there are thirty-five miles of manufactories of iron, of glass, of steel, of copper, of oil, of wool, of cotton and of brass, not to include manufactories in other materials, nor including any of less grade than manufactories of chains in iron or plows in wood. A raeasure- Old Portage Road, near Portage Station, Pa. 22 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. >'<»S nu'iit ol'llu' ^Tomul also shows that thosr tliirty-livc inih's oC l:u'tt)rit's aiv so chisi'ly con- tiguous that, wore they plaeed in a single row, eaeh fiu'torv woukl have hut about four hundred toot of front' spaee for its workinu's. The territory over and around whieh tins immense ehain of ma- chinery is strung, thougli all popnlarly known as Pittshurg, is composed of the city of l*ittsl)ni-g and the eity of Allegliany, the boroughs oi' Teniper- ancevilli-, West Pitts- burg, Monongalu>la, Sonth Pittsbnrg, Bir- minghani and East Birmingham. Al- though the name of Pittsburg has b(>en a household word ? throuii'hout the West ■c since the days of the 5 earlier settlements, still •g its growth has been so >> equable with that of ^ the West that but few realize the real magni- tnde of the eomnuniity. At the ])resent time llu> eoal trade of the t'itv amounts to about $10,00(),()00 annually, and there are in the vicinity of Pittsburg 103 collieries, the value of whose lands, houses, improvt'iucnts, ears, etc., amounts to about $11,000,000. Oil is an- other great staple, and there are in Pittsburg 58 refineries, in which is invested a capital (^f nearly $8,000,000 in buildings and machinery, and in the tanks and barges necessary to the carrying on of the business n(>arly $0,000,000 more. The oil trade has amounted to an average of $11, 0(X),000 aiituially, and Pittsburg supplies over sixty per cent, ol" (he whole foreign exportation PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 23 of petroleum. So far as can be ascertained, one-half of the glass-factories of the United States are located here, where tliere are 40 firms engaged in the manufacture of glass, running 60 factories, employing nearly 5000 workmen, and producing between four and five million dollars' worth of window, green, flint and plate glass. In iron and steel Pittsburg also claims pre-eminence. In 1865 the estimate was made that the exj)ortation by rail alone was over 143,000 tons; since then the trade has greatly increased, and is growing more and more every year. The population of Pittsburg, including the towns incorporated Avith it, is not fur from 200,000. It contains many fine buildings, among which may be mentioned the Court-House, Post-Office, Custom- House, Mercantile Library and City Hall. There are fine passenger-boats daily up and down the Ohio in the season. Five excellent bridges cross the Alleghany, and two connect Pittsburg with the left bank of the Monongahela. The principal harbor is furnished by the Monongahela River, which has a greater depth of water than the Alleghany ; the Ohio is navigable to the confluence of these streams for boats of light draught, except at infrequent periods of great dryness. By means of large side-wheel steamboats, which navigate the Ohio during the season of high water, a heavy trade is maintained with the States along the rivers we have mentioned. Pittsburg thus controls about twelve hundred miles of water transportation, and can deliver its products without breaking bulk in over four hundred counties of seventeen States. Towing Flatboats up Oil Creek. The Oil Regions. THE section of Pennsylvania which has attained so large a notoriety since the dis- covery of petroleum is limited almost exclusively to the Alleghany River Valley, and the most productive portion of it consists of an irregular quadrangle, each of its sides being from fifteen to twenty-five miles in length, and its axis line nearly cor- responding with the course of Oil Creek between Titus ville and Oil City. The first use known of this oil was for medicinal purposes by the Indians, and it was then called by the early white settlers Seneca oil. In 1845 the proprietors of the Hope Cotton Factory in Pittsburg used it for lubricating purposes in connection with sperm oil, and found it a great economy. In 1850 its use first commenced for illuminating, and from that its demand steadily increased until its commercial importance was established. The Penn Rock Oil Company was the first company of any importance. Professor Silliman being president; it produced from an artesian well about eight barrels per day. This was the commencement of an era of speculation and excitement, and the production of oil soon became enormous, and has developed itself into an industry of 24 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 25 national importance, not only as an article of home consumption, but of export to other countries. The total product of petroleum in Pennsylvania for the five years ending 1872 is as follows : Barrels. 1868 3,715,000 1869 4,215,000 1870 5,659,000 1871 5,795,000 1872......... 6,539,000 Exports from January 1 to June 1, 1873. Gallons. From New York 46,224,596 " Boston 987,368 " Philadelphia 22A?>1M1 " Baltimore. 1,221,438 Total exports from United States 70,870,819 The difficulty of moving the thousands of barrels of oil which it was neces.sary to transport can be better imagined than described, and for some time the expense and trouble connected with land carriage was submitted to, until some one conceived the idea of conveying the oil down Oil Creek to the Alleghany in flatboats, and the Oil en route to Pittsburg. employment of pond freshets to float the boats when laden with oil. The amount of oil brought down upon one of these pond freshets averaged from 15,000 to 20,000 barrels. The oil was transferred at the oil wharves to a larger and better class of boats, and floated down the Alleghany to Pittsburg. At one time over one thousand boats were employed on the creek, and in addition to these were some thirty steamers, pas- senger and tow-boats engaged in the same traffic. This oil-fleet furnished employment to about 4000 men. With the advent of railroads the mode of doing business was revolutionized. Car-tanks were brought into use, each car being mounted with two wooden tanks having a capacity of about forty barrels each ; these have given way to the iron cylinder-shaped tanks, which hold about as much oil as the two wooden tanks. 26 PENJSS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. • I v.-s^r-ikiy, ^]- Loading Oil-tight Flatboats. There are, on all the railroads engaged in this business, about 2500 iron tank-ears, with a eombined capacity of 212,500 barrels. With the progress of oil developments, cities and towns, with rapidly-increasing population, have sprung up in every direction. Some have passed away with the de- cline in sources of supply, while others remain as instances to mark the industry and good fortune of their founders. Titusville, iu Crawford county, with a population of Teaming on Oil Creek. about 12,000, and Oil City, with a population of 8000, are perhaps among the best known of these oil towns. The Valley of the Susquehanna, "IVTO re£yion of Pennsylvania is at once more picturcsqne and more fertile than that _LM of the Valley of the Susquehanna — the "Crooked Kiver/' as the Indian signifi- cation of the name justly imports. The length of this valley is about 100 miles from north-east to south-west, and its breadth varies from 10 to 20 or even 30 miles, as the boundary mountains approach or recede from the river; but its many and spreading branches drain more than half of the 47,000 square miles which constitute the area of the State. Having been settled early in the pre-Revolutionary days of Pennsylvania, the valley has long been under cultivation through nearly its whole extent, and it is traversed in every direction by roads that are in excellent condition throughout the year, because of the yielding clay slate of which they are made, and which becomes smooth and solid under travel. It is entered by a perfect network of railways from either side; while from end to end, for the most part along the river bank, runs the Northern Central Railroad. The tourist who approaches this region from the south will have ridden along that road a distance of 36 miles from his starting-point, at Baltimore, before he enters the limits of Pennsylva- nia. The famous line of Mason and Dixon — which he passes at a station significantly entitled Freelands — is declared to be distinct- ly defined by the ab- rupt transition from the squalor of the rough and uncleared tracts of Northern Maryland into the prosperity and thrift of the productive coun- ty of York. York was the earliest county settled on the west of the Susquehanna, ranking, indeed, as fifth in the j)oint of age among the C^G counties of the State, having been formed in 1749. The pioneer settlers were English, who established themselves some years before this date in the valley of the Cadorus; but they were soon followed l>y Germans in great numbers who (piickly filled the valley. A York County Barn Yard. 28 PENI^S YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. and undertook its improvement in a spirit of industry and thrift that ensured the pros- perity which has attended their descendants to the present day. Ten miles beyond the State line is Hanover, the point of junction with the branch railway which runs to the town and battle-field of Gettysburg, 30 miles to the west of the main railway. Gettysburg must always have attractions sufficient to divert many tourists from neighboring lines of travel, for the purpose of beholding the scene of the great struggle in 1863 which proved the turning-point in the civil war. Moved chiefly by political considerations — by the belief that a successful invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania would stimulate the Northern well-wishers of the Confederacy to a revolt in its behalf — General Lee accumulated the strongest Confederate army, alike in point of numbers, of Plan of the Battle of Gettysburg. quality and of equipment, that was at any time put into the field. He gave the slip to General Hooker in Virginia, who lay with his Army of the Potomac beyond the Rap- palianock River; gaining a week's start before his intent was disclosed, in the last days of June he crossed the Upper Potomac, traversed Maryland, overran the three border counties of Pennsylvania next west of the Susquehanna, destroying their railroads, bridges and telegraphs ; and Harrisburg and Pittsburg seemed on the point of falling into his grasp, while there were fears for the safety even of Philadelphia. It was at this juncture, on the 1st of July, that the first pursuing columns of General Meade, who had meantime superseded Hooker, came upon the invaders near Gettysburg — a village To the wounded in the battle is due the discovery of the "Katalj'sine Springs," a description of which will be found at the end of the book PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 21) of some 3000 inhabitants, \vhi(;h, iw the ca{)ital of Adams county, is the focus of a con- siderable farming region, and the centre from wliicli radiate a dozen or more excellent and important roads ; yet the immediately surrounding lands are too rugged for cultiva- tion and are largely covered with woods. Gettysburg is situated on the northern slope of the hill that formed the centre of the conflict, and faces another hill upon which stand a college and other edifices. The first corps of Union troo[)s that came up passetl through the town and attacked the enemy behind it; but the latter were in greatly out- numbering strength, and, after the death of General Reynolds, the Union corps com- mander, his followers found themselves threatened on both flanks, and were obliged to fall back, leaving the town in the hands of the rebels, and to establish themselves on the western slope of the hill to the south of it. During the night General Meade came up with the bulk of his army, and by morning both combatants had mustered nearly their full available strength. The position taken by the Union troops curved along the western, northern and eastern crest of the hill on which the cemetery of Gettysburg was situated, while the Confederates occupied the encompassing heights. At three in the afternoon (July 2) the latter moved to the attack, and deli\^ered desperate charges upon both the eastern and western faces of the hill which formed the key of Meade's position. They were repulsed, indeed, in both quarters, and with severe loss, though less than they inflicted ; yet the issue of the day was such as to leave them encouraged and con- fident of success on the morrow. During the morning of the third day (July 3) the action was one of artillery, except for an attack by the rebels on the eastern side of the hill, which was promptly repulsed. In the afternoon, however, began the desperate effort, along Lee's whole line, to carry Cemetery Hill. To this end nearly 120 guns of heavy calibre were directed through an arc of more than half a circumscribing circle, upon the Union troops within. At one o'clock the signal gun was fired, and then at once commenced a can- nonade terrific beyond description — a storm of balls which filled the air with splintered boards from fences, fragments of gravestones, and boughs torn from the trees, and was so destructive that, within five minutes from its commencement, every unsheltered portion of the hill was cleared. For three hours this tremendous cross-fire lasted, the Union gun- ners meantime having been ordered to reserve their ammunition, slackening their fire gradually, in such manner as to cause the belief that their batteries had been silenced. Then, at four o'clock, came the desperate final charge of the Confederates. Along their whole line they swept up the western slope Gettysburg Monument. :Ut PENNSYl I A.\JA JLL L ii'TJxA TKl\ ottlio liill witli tlu> most rosoluif :uiK>v ; Init \\\v\ Wx^vv wwi, t'lrst hy a tlostnu-tivc voUry ot'small arms that liail lun^n NvithlirKl imtil tlu> assailants wt'vi' within poiiit-hhinU rani;t'. thru hv a I'vash oC grapo ami cauistoi' trout tlu' batteries tlu'y lunl bi-lifvctl siK'iirril, ami iimltM" \vln>so entihuling" tirt' thoir liin> actually mclteil iuio tVai^iiu'iiis, Almost in an instant the ivsnlt ot" tlio ilay was ilofi^lt'il — what was \vt\ of tho onrmy was in ivtivat across tho valley. Tims omled tho hist sorii»ns attomj)t of tho Confoiloraoy to oarry tho war into the North — atU^' h>ssos in tho Vnion ranks thirini; tlu« batth's of over 2o,000, of whom 2834 were kUhnl ; in the C'onfedenite, of 28,t)0(.). Upon the grouml whore thov tonght, tho remains of tho gallant men who toll ilnrinsx those hanl-foni;ht oombats have boon a^lloottnl in a National Comotory, atul a moimmont orootod to tlnnr memory. Ivesumins::; tho trnnk lino, a riiK> ot' a ilo/.on ntilos t'rom llanovor .Inmiion — ilnrint;' whioh the roail lies alons;- tho Cailorns Crook ami thron*;h a rioh farming ooimtry — biings lis to tho thriving ami wealthy town of York. AnotluM- do/t'ii miles, ami the Svxsqviehanna, ueui Harrisbury. road eiwsses the Conewago iVeek and strikes tho western hank of tho Snsqnohanna, hoiv a broad stream, broken by tVtx^nont islands, whic'h now rut tho river into rapid eurronts, and now give siioltor to ipiiot pools, the tavorite hannts of in- _^^,_;, nninorjiblo wild ilnoks. Hotwtvn jutting orag-s on the one hand and the river on the other, the railroail follows the bank i'ov some fitKnui n\iles, the smoke and flame of the Loohiol Iron-works meantime etuning into view, and beyond them the capital of the State, ami then is roat'luxl Bridgeport, opjH>sito tho oity of Harrisbnrg. PENNH YL VAMA ILL LUTRA TED. '61 Xot yet jwiHsinj^ tli(! river, liowever, the Xortlicri) Central ntill I«!(!J)h it on the right, and prorccds nortiiward along the ea.stern edge of Cumberland eounty, in its eourne througli wliich the railroad makes its way between the Husquehanna's broad stream and the winding course of the Cono(h)gwinet Creek. The river, along this reach, presents corjslant features of interest. Its breadth and consequent shallowness, together with the rockiness of its bottom, are such as to prohibit anything that can be called navigation, and to necessitate the elaborate system of canals that fblhnv its banks for many miles above the point we have now reached. But throughout its most dilTicult passages, at fcrlain seasons des(;(;nding rafts are frequently to be met; and th('ir struggles with the ra[)if the mountain. During this part of its course the Northern Central road passes the Fair- Dauphin Bridfj'- iM'l ' 'JVC Mourilain. 32 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. Cathedral Mountains. view Nail-works; crosses the track of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, which has hitherto held a parallel course from Harrisburg, thongli on the eastern side of the river, and takes its westward course along what, in days long past, was the favorite Indian trail up the romantic valley of the Juniata ; and then, having reached Marysville, at the foot of Cove Mountain, six miles above Harrisburg, the Northern Central also enters one of these long bridges — from the uncovered central section of which are afforded mag- nificent views up and down the river — and emerges at the town of Dauphin. Hence- forth the road runs along the eastern bank of the river, side by side with a branch of the Pennsylvania Canal, the course of both being in places hewn out of the foot of moun- tains that rise from the river's brink. But at Wicomico Creek, near Millersburg, the canal ends — on the eastern bank of the river, at least ; for on its farther side it is continued even as far as the boundary of New York, to which it formed the travelers' highway in the days before railroads. At Millersburg, too, diverges a short railroad to the coal minea around Lykcnstown. Continuing its way alone, beside the broad and shallow stream. Northumberland, at the Junction of the Branches of the Susquehanna. whose flow is interrupted by many a half-sunken rock and wooded island, and passing the junctions of two lateral lines that link it with the complicated knot of roads to the eastward, in the Lehigh Valley, the Northern Central keeps on its course to its nominal terminus — 102 miles from its entrance into Pennsylvania, 138 from its beginning at Baltimore — at Sunbury, which is the point of junction of half a dozen lines of rail — of PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTEA TED. 33 which those going eastward strike into the very heart of the coal region — and has nearly 35C0 iuhabita,nts. It is, moreover, the northernmost town on the main stream of the Susquehanna ; for two miles beyond it are reached the two great forks of the river — the West Branch, which has run a course of 200 miles from its sources in the declivities of Susquehanna below "Williannsport. the Alleghany Mountains, and the Main, North or East Branch, as it is variously en- titled, which takes its rise in Otsego Lake, New York, 250 miles away. Upon the cape- Cliffs of Montgomery. like point of land formed by the confluence of these two branches, and at the extremity of the long bridge leading from Sunbury, is the village of Northumberland, which is also the point of junction of the two canals that follow the branches of the Susquehanna, and which enjoys one of the most beautiful situations in the State, from its striking com- bination of mountain and river scenery. At Sunburv the tourist may elect between a varietv of routes. Continuing in his 34 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. ^A/■illiamsport Saw-mills. northern progress, he can take the roads that follow the West Branch into the compara- tive wilderness from which it emanates, crossing the river within sight of the bold cliffs of Montgomery, hussiny: the foot of the mountain, around which the river winds in a turn so sharp as to form an acute angle with its former course, and again spanning its channel when approach- ing Williamsport. This West Branch is character- ized by the same shallow- ness that marks the main stream, insomuch that a rise of the waters, sufficient to "bring the logs down" without inflicting undue damage, is watched for by the people with the same solicitude that elsewhere attends the observations of the clouds during harvest-time. Williamsport, the principal point on this branch of the Susquehanna, is a post-Revolutionary town, having been laid out as the county-seat of Lycoming county, when the latter was or- ganized, in 1795. Thanks partly to its healthy situation and the beautiful scenery surrounding it, partly to its location as an important centre of railroad lines and of the lumbering business, its growth of late years has been very rapid, its population having increased from 1615 in 1850 to 5664 in 1860, and nearly quadrupled from that time to this, for its residents claim for it 22,000 inhabitants and upward. Its most prominent industry is that of lumbering, since there are some fifty lumber manufac- tories of one kind and another, thirty of these being saw-mills, with an aggregate capacity of 225,000,000 feet of lumber annually. From Williamsport the traveler may either follow the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad into the o\\ regions, or he may imit of the State. The latter route lies up Dutchman's Run. continue his northward course toward the 1 PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 35 the wild valley of Lycoming Creek, througli a region that was originally colonized, a decade befoie the Revolution, by a band of Scotch-Irish pioneers who plunged boldly into the wilderness, and which has been moie recently the scene of extensive but unsuccessful attempts at mining operations, whose ruinous failure is still attested b} abundant tokens. The Lycoming Valley is ex- tiemel} naiiow, rarely if ever exceeding a width of half a mile, and lb shut in on either hand by mountain ranges, which, how- ever, aie bioken by frequent gorges, the outlets of numerous "runs" that swell the volume of the main creek. Many of these stieams abound in scenery that may fairly be called <-ubliinc — one, for instance, having falls more than fifty feet in height, M hich have worn a bed out of the solid rock ; none of them as yet are defaced by saw-mills, and they still possess a remnant of the abounding supply of trout which once attracted hither many lovers of sport. Two miles or more beyond Alston- ville — a very picturesque but long since de- serted mining village, twenty miles north of AVilliamsport — the valley has its greatest breadth, and the mountains which bound it attain the respectable altitude of some 2200 feet. Here is situated the village of Ralston, which possesses a commodious and well-kept hotel that has become a favorite summer re- sort of Baltimoreans and Philadelphians who affect sporting and mountain air. Within an easy walk of the house is a notable incline railway, which leads by an inconceivably steep ascent, 1000 feet upward, to the mouth of the Mclntyre coal mines. These mines are sunk into the side of the mountain which bears the same name, and were at one time abandoned because of the thinness of the vein; but of late years thicker strata have been discovered, which are now worked profitably. Eighteen miles beyond Ralston is another watering-place, the Minnequa Springs, whose medicinal waters have caused the spot to be thronged during the summer by health-seekers. Some forty miles beyond Minnequa — during which the country changes from a rugged wilderness to a placid alternation Minnequa Springs. of hill and dale— the New York boundary-line is reached, and the road approaches Elmira, the point of junction with the Erie Railway, by which the tourist may take Ralston Incline Railway. oU FENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. Loekport by Moonlight. his way westward ; or continuing his northward progress by the route of the New York Central road, through Canandaigua, Rochester, and Loekport, he may reach Niagara Falls. Instead of diverging at Sunbury into the western or northern routes which have just been indicated, one may make that railroad centre his point of departure either into the coal regions or into a district which is at once among the most picturesque in Penn- sylvania, and the most historically interesting, from the tragic incidents of its early settlement and the celebrity given it by Campbell's once popular poem of Gertrude of Wyoming. Setting out eastwardly from Northampton, the Lackawanna and Blooms- burg Raih'oad runs somewhat back from the canal and the northern bank of the Main Branch of the Susquehanna, tlirough a reach of twelve miles, terminating at Danville, a town of some 10,000 inhabitants, whose location in the midst of unlimited coal and iron makes it an important producer of the latter. Some ten miles farther, at Catawissa — which the magnificent surrounding scenery has made a fivorite stopping-point — is the junction with roads leading to the Lehigh coal mines. Again, following the bank of the river, whose many windings cause it to present the appearance of a succession of lakes, fifteen miles farther on you near the grand and rugged front of Wapwollopen Hill, which PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 37 Catawissa. appears to put a limit to the river, until an abrupt turn again reveals it making its way from the north, receiving numberless tributary creeks and streamlets, and reflecting the vegetation of its banks and the many wooded islets that interrupt its flow. At the end of this stretch, and some fifty miles from kSunbury, stands the village of Shickshinny, the outer portal of Wyoming. Here the road to the valley enters a narrow moun- tain defile, through which the Susquehanna rushes in rapids which bear the name of Nanticoke Falls. Emerging from this defile, the modern traveler will enter the little coal vil- lage of Nanticoke. From the heights at this point mag- nificent vistas of the celebrated plains of Wyoming are dis- closed to the view ; but Nanticoke of- fers few attractions to the tourist, who will do better to continue his ride yet another half dozen miles to Kingston — one of the memorable sj)ots in Wyoming history— and then to cross the river to Wilkesbarre. Wilkesbarre is the largest and most important town in the Valley of Wyoming, its population being upward of 5000, while the unusually thick coal-beds surrounding it on every side, and the ample facilities for transportation both by canal and rail— of which nine or ten large coal mines avail themselves — make it the centre of a consider- able business and the seat of numerous manufactories. It was laid out in 1773 by a Colonel Durkee, who displayed his ingenuity by combining in its title the names of two members of the British Parliament- the notorious Jack Wilkes and Colonel Bm-r^, who were at that time in high esteem throughout this country, from their espousal of American liberty. Wilkesbarre is chiefly interesting from its associations with the Susquehf ir Shickshinny. 38 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. Susquehanna at Nantieoke. famous valley in which it lies. Just back of the town is Prospect Rock — a crag jutting from the mountain that forms the eastern limit of the plain ; and from its summit, stretching far to north and south, the whole extent of Wyoming Valley may be surveyed. Its length from north-east to south-west is about twenty-five miles, while its breadth between the hills that wall it in on either side — the westernmost range being about eight hundred, that on the east a thousand, feet in height — averages no more than three miles. Its southern limit is marked by the mountains between ^ _ which lies the entrance through Nantieoke Gap. On the north it ends at Lackawanna Gap, where the creek of the same name, coming from the north-east, enters the stream of the Susque- hanna, which has hith- erto kept a course from the north-west — strik- ingly parallel, even in its curves, with the course Wyoming Valley. of the Delaware — but now breaks through a narrow defile of rocky mountains, and turns off at a right angle toward the south-west. The height that stands in the fork between the two streams, and marks the head of the valley, is known as Campbell's Crag, in PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 39 commemoration of a Scottish-American hunter who, pursued by Indians, escaped the torture he knew to be prepared for him by precipitating him- self over its brink. The valley within these distinctly-defined limits is seen from Prospect Rock to be, throughout its northern section, an extended plain ; toward the south, a series of hills that undulate higher and higher toward the Nanticoke Moun- tain. Through its centre, though visible only here and there, as glimpses can be caught amid the trees, flows the powerful current of the Susquehanna, througli a series of bottom-lands of extreme fertility that extend for a mile or two back from the stream, and are liable to inundation in time of freshets. The richness of the soil and the beauty of the surroundings made the spot a favorite residence of Indian tribes; and the same attractions, in the last century, rendered Wyoming the scene of desolating wars, first among its Indian inhabitants, then be- tween the rival white claimants of Connecticut and Penn- sylvania, whose protracted struggles for the possession form one of the most singular chapters in our colonial history. Originally the Wyoming Valley was the prop- erty of the Delawares — the Lenni Lenapes of Cooper's Indian romances — who Avere ultimately dispossessed of it by the Six Nations — the Iro- quois or Mingoes. The first white man to visit the valley is said to have been the famous count Zinzendorf, the founder and apostle of the ]Mora- vian missions in the New World, who came to Wyoming in 1742. The first colonization of Wyoming was effected in 1762 by a body of about two hundred settlers from Connecticut, who established themselves upon the Susquehanna, just above the mouth of Mill Creek ; made their clearings and planted their crops, and then Avent back to Connecticut for their families, returning again to Wyoming in the early spring of 1763. They had been sent out by a corporation called the " Susquehanna Company," formed for the purpose of colonizing the western portions of the territory claimed by Connec- ticut, but also claimed by the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. This company liad treated successfully for Wyoming Valley with its Indian possessors, despite the vigorous oppo- sition of the Pennsylvanians, several years before the first actual settlement, and had at the time sent out a band of colonists, agents, and surveyors, who reached their destina- tion just after Braddock's defeat, and on account of the belligerent attitude of the Indians consequent on this and other successes of the French, prudently returned to Connecticut. The settlement of 1762 was not a permanency, for on the 14th of October 1763, the Indians suddenly fell U])on it, massacring some thirty of the people at noonday in the fields. The residue, witnessing the conflagration of their homes as they escaped from Falling Spring, Laeka'wanna Creek. 40 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. Campbell's Crag. the valley, fled to the settlements on the Delaware, sixty miles distant. From the diffi- culty of the route and the inclemency of the weather, many of the hundreds of men, Avoraeu and children who left Wyominsj perished. The Connecticut company made no further efforts for some years, and in 17G8 the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania succeeded in purchasing the disputed territory from the Six Nations at a grand Indian council at Fort Stanwix, and immediately leased it for seven years, upon condition that the lessees should set up a trading-house for the Indians, and should pi'ovide adequate defences against all comers. This they proceeded to do, and in January 1769, took possession of the valley. Meanwhile, the Susquehanna company had sent forward a body of forty pioneers, to be followed by two hundred more in the spring. The "forty" arrived just as the Pennsylvanians had completed their fortifications, which were defended by a little garrison of ten. After various vicissitudes, the Connecticut men got possession and erected " Fort Forty," on the west bank of the Susquehanna, about two miles above the future site of Wilkcsbarre, and by the arrival of strong I'einforccments later in the season -were enabled to supplement it by a regular military defence called "Fort Durkee." The struggle between the two colonies continued with varying success until, by the close of 1771, all Pennsylvania forces were withdrawn, and the Connecticut men, now in strong numbers, held unopposed possession of the valley. In 1775, however, hostilities again broke out, and the governor of Pennsylvania sent a large force against Wyoming, which was defeated and compelled to return. Upon the Declaration of Indcjiendcnce the Wyoming settlements ])atriotically sent off the flower of their male population to the Revolutionary army, lca\'ing the valley almost defenceless against attacks by the Tories and their Indian allies, who began to assume a highly menacing attitude. Against this community — whose defenders were mostly those too young or too old for the regular service, wholly destitute of artillery PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTllA TED. 41 and iil/iiost witlioiit small arms, their only strongholds the slight stockades dignified by the name of forts — (Jolonel John _- Jintler, iji 1778, organized at _ £?^=r«^;Hp#i^^<^^ Niagara an expedition of" about eight hundred British regulars, Tories and Seneea Indians. They , "^ arrived at Wyoming on the 2d of July, and established them- selves at Fort Winternioot, on the land of a rich Tory of that name, a short distance above Wilkes- barre, and on the opposite side of the river. At their aj)[)roaeh the Wyoming militia, numbering less than four hundrexl m(!n, gathered at Foi't Forty, inidway between the village and the British camp. The command was awarded to Colonel Zebulon Butler, an offi- cer in the Continental army who chanced to be at home ; and upon the arrival of five other regular oificers who had hastened to the defence of their homes, it was de- termined to march against the in- vaders rather than to await them within the fortifif rations. C)n the 3d of July, accordingly, the Amer- Wyoming Valley, from the North-east. icans attempted to surprise the enemy ; but their advance being discovered, they were re- ceived by the British drawn up in line. On the right, nevertheless, where the American Butler commanded in person, the enemy were driven back ; but on the left, the line — terminating in a swamp readily penetrated by the Indians — was outflanked. Colonel Dennison, commanding the left wing, ordered his men to fall back ; but the order was mistaken for one to retreat, and produced a confusion which the consequent rush of the savagcrs converted into a rout that soon also involved the originally victorious right wing. In the flight the Indians slaughtered all who came in their way, except such as they reserved for subsequent torture, and al)out three hundred, or three- fourths of the entire force, perished. Of tiie rest some escaped to the mountains, while others swam the river and nniehed Wilkesbarrc Fort, where the women and ^ frhildren were assembled. So fearful seemed the pros- Wyoming Battle-ground. pcct of trusting to tlic slight defences of this stockade .e^"-" '^'- ■^'- OLDEN , \ 8US0UEHAW^ 42 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. that most of them set out for the wilderness, plunging into a swamp which has since been known, from their fate, as " The Shades of Death." The Indians spent the night in torturing their captives, and on the following morning (July 4) the English leader appeared before the fort, demanding its surrender. Colonel Dorrance, the commander, being able to oppose no resistance, (apitulated upon condition that the settlers should retain peaceable possession of their farms ; but no sooner was the fort given up than every house not belonging to a Tory was fired by the Indians, and all the twenty-threo residences of which Wilkesbarre then consisted were burned. Though no further mas- sacre took place, the destruction of the colony was complete, and the remnant of the inhabitants were forced to make their way on foot to the settlements on the Delaware — a jour- ney in which many perished. Thus was thoroughly broken up the painfully established colony of Wyoming; and although some of the fugitives shortly after returned and rebuilt their homes, very little progress was made until the close of the M'ar. Even then renewed hostilities broke out between Connecti- cut and Pennsylvania, forming what was known as the " Pennamite and Yankee War," and it was not until the commencement of the new century that the sujjremacy of Pennsylvania and the establishment of peace was finally accomplished. A monument commemorating the battle and massacre of Wyoming stands near the highway a short distance south of the village of Troy, near the point where the pursuit of the enemy was stayed and upon the spot where the remains Wyoming Monument. ^^^f ^|^g victims wcrc laid in a commou grave. It was erected by the '' Luzerne Monumental Association," formed by the women of Wyoming, and is a granite obelisk upon which are inscribed the circumstances of the battle and the names of those who fell. The Lehigh Valley AM) THE LEHIGH COAL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. AS the bulk of the coal deposits of the State are in the section now treated upon, they will be specially referred to in this connection. The first discovery of anthracite coal dates back to 1768, and the first known use of it as an article of domestic fuel was in 1808. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War it was used for manu- facturing purposes in the Government arsenal at Carlisle, and in 1810 was sold in Columbia at from $8 to $10 per ton. The first discovery in the Lehigh region was in 1791, and in 1793 the Lehigh Coal Mine Company was formed, controlling GOOO acres of land, now the property of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. This com- pany was originally comj)osed of Robert Morris, J. Anthony Morris, Charles Cist, Jacob Weiss and Michael Hillegas. The improvement of the river navigation, and the construction of the Lehigh Canal and the State Canal along the Delaware, and the sub- sequent building of two lines of railroads from this coal-field, gave the miners and manufacturers cheap and rapid transportation for the products of their labor. The southern coal-field, to which attention is now invited, is seventy-three miles in length, and an average of two miles in breadth. It begins on the Lehigh River in a sharp, narrow point, and widens toward the west. Its area is 146 square miles, and the estimated production in 1873 was 4,110,374 tons, including both for foreign and for domestic consumption. Visitors to the Lehigh region from Philadel|)hia will find the shortest route to be by the North Penn Railroad, the depot being corner of Berks and American streets. For some fifteen miles it ])asses within the corporate limits of the city, the first station of importance being Gwynedd, a Welsh settlement with a population of over 2000; near this place the road passes through a fine tunnel, one of the most extensive and costly Avorks on the whole line. Sellersville, thirty-two miles from Philadelphia, and Heller- town, fifty miles, are the only other points of im])ortance before reaching Bethlehem, one of the most beautiful places in this section of the State, and rich in historical memories. It is the principal seat of the United Brethren, or Moravians, and was originally settled under Count Zinzendorf in 1741. The name of Bethlehem was given by Count Zinzendorf in commemoration of the first Christmas-eve service held by the Moravians, in 1741. The old buildings still remain, and are objects of much curiosity to travelers. Tiie Sisters' and Widows' houses, devoted to aged and infirm women, still preserve their primitive interior arrangements — such as broad oaken stairc^ases, flagged pavements, small windows and low ceilings. Additional historical interest attaches to this ])lace from its connection with the Revo- 43 44 FENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. liition. It was here, after the passage of the Dehiware, that General Washington sent his liospital and supplies, and the siek and wounded reeeived every attention from the charitable Moravians. The old Sun tavern, still extant, prides itself on having had for guests Washington, Adams, Franklin, Lafayette, Pulaski, Hancock, Gates and others iiunous in the early history of our country. Count Pulaski received from the Moravian sisters a handsome embroidered bannei-, which was carried at the head of his regiment, and after his death was preserved, and is now treasured in the rooms of the Savannah "SXyXk- '^ *i -, l.-li<*'l»^ \ , ^ lMHrf--^f^,l 1 ^ XJt-^ ''^' ^l'to« Bethlehem. Historical Society. Bethlehem is noted as the location of several large manufacturing establishments well worthy a visit from those intcM'csted in such matters. The Beth- lehem Iron Foundry is the largest of these, having a capacity of 30,000 tons jier aiimim. Its consumption of raw materials is 70,000 tons of Pennsylvania hematite and New Jersey magnetic ore, and 75,000 tons of coal, and it is also capable of turning out 600 tons of steel rails per week. The Lehigh Zinc Company have a very large (establishment, employing some 700 men, the yield of white oxide being .3500 tons per annum. Bethlehem is rapidly increasing in popnlation, and is well built and supplied with water and gas. At South Bethlehem is established the Lehigh University, founded l)y the lion. Asa Packer, of Mauch Chunk — an institution Mdiich oifers more liberal advantages to students than any other in the United States, the tuition being entirely free. Dr. Copp6e, the president, is w(>ll known for his literary ability and scientific attainments. Soon af>er leaving Bethlehem the city of All(Mitown is reached, situated at the junc- tion of the Lehigh River with the I/ittle Lehigh and Jordan Creek. It is a beautiful city, built uj)on an eminence; the streets are well laid out, and many of the houses verv pretty; several mineral springs may be ibund near Allentown. It has many advantages PENNS YL VA MA ILL USTRA TED. 4;") as a iiianufacturinj^ town, and its situation in the midst of a rich agricultural district — its nearness to valuable beds of ii'on ore, ziuc, limestone, cement, etc. — its railroad and canal accommodations — all point it out as the seat of a large city, the present pitpulation being over 15,000, The Allentown Rolling-mill is well known for its manulacturc of rails, of which its capacity will soon equal the production of 30,000 tons, and in addition 4000 tons of bar iron and 4000 tons of bolts, nuts, etc., etc. The Female College occu- ])ies a beautiful and healthful site in the north-eastern part of the city, and among the other public buildings may be mentioned the Oi^era-IIouse, County Jail, Odd- l'\'l lows and Masonic Halls. Leaving Allentown, we pass Catasauqua and Hokendauqua, both manuiacturing towns (^'considerable importance, the latter known as the location of the Thomas Iron- works, said to be the largest and most complete in the United States, the amount of coal consumed being estimated at over 100,000 tons per annum. Slatington, the next [)la('e of importance, is, as its name indicates, located in the most extensive slate region ever discovered, the various quarries employing over 600 men, and shi[)ping in 1872 nearly 100,000 squares of slate for roof- ing, schools and other purposes. At Lehigh Gap the river forces itself through the Blue Moun- tains, which form the dividing line between Carbon county and Northamj)ton and Lehigh coun- ties. The scenery at this point is truly sublime, and there are many points of interest to attract the traveler and compensate! for a few days' delay in this region. Still farther on, and near Mauch Chunk, are the boroughs of Le- highton and Weinport. There is nmcli of historical interest in this section : it was here that the fugitives from Wyoming located, and there are many legends rela- tive to their hardships. Here again the Moravians chose their homes and established the mis- sion among the Indians known as Gnadenhiitten in 1746. After Braddock's defeat, and in 1755, the mission-house was attacked The Lehigh Gap. and burnt by the French and Indians and many of the settlers cruelly murdered, and even as late as 1780 a family was taken away into caj)tivity by the Indians. At Packerton are 46 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. located extensive shops of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, employing over 500 men. Mauch Chunk (Indian for "Bear Mountain"), on the Lehigh, is noted as being in the midst of some of the wildest and most picturesque sceneiy in America. This town was first settled in 1815, and has become the centre of coal operations for the Lehigh region. It is surrounded by mountains ris- ing abruptly from 700 to 1000 feet, and is situated in the midsi% of ex- tensive coal-beds. Coal was prigin- ally discovered in this neighborhood as early as 1791, and in 17 92 a com- pany was formed under the name of the Lehigh Coal Company. This company, without charter or incorporation, took up some 1 0,000 acres of un- located land, in- cludingtheSharpe Mountain, where the first indica- tions of coal were discovered. The celebrity of the Le- high coal is very extensive, from ^°^<=i- the fact that it is the hardest known anthracite in the world. The bed upon the top of the Mauch Chunk Mountain is fifty- three feet in thickness — exceeding in this respect any layer or vein yet discovered. In 1820, three hundred and eighty-five tons completely stocked the market ; now the Lehigh Coal and Naviga- tion Company alone reaches sometimes as much as 18,000 tons per week. With such constantly augmenting wealth seeking shipment and general management at this jwint, Mauch Chunk, despite the natural difficidties in the way, has continued to PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 47 o;ro\v and improve with remarkable rapidity. The town itself is built at the confluence of a creek of the same name with the Lehigh, an(| can now only enlarge itself by ex- cavating sites from the precipitous rocks with which the narrow gorge abounds. About 200 feet above there is a level of several hundred acres, whereon stands a portion of the town called Upper Mauch Chunk. The street scenes in this town are very quaint : it is but one street wide, and the valley is so narrow that the houses are crowded up against the hillside, with outhouses and gardens perched above the roofs. The town is very much resorted to in summer and autumn months by lovers of pleasure and comfort. In every direction the scenery is most picturesque and entertaining, giving deservedly to the place the name of the " Switzerland of America." It is well supplied with gas and pure water. The shipping of the coal from the mines at Summit Hill, and the maintenance? of the general offices of the two railroad companies and of several collieries, make it a place of great business and industry, and it supports tvvo National banks, with an aggre- gate capital of $550,000, and one savings' bank. The population is about 7000. The Mansion House at Mauch Chunk is one of the most extensive and complete hotels in the State. It is located on the bank of the Lehigh, and the traveler may amuse himself for hours in watch- ing the enchanting panorama spread out before him as he sits in the spacious piazza of this hotel; the sparkling, swift, roaring Lehigh, sweeping at this point in a splen- did curve, is crowded into the nar- row foreground of a picture whose solemn background of lofty moun- tains obtains by contrast a more im- pressive silence and majesty. The Mansion House has rooms for 450 guests, and a dining-hall which will seat nearly 500 persons. The healthful surroundings, the airy rooms, the excellent beds, all dis- pose visitors to a sound sleep, whence, rising in the morning, the exhilarating spectacle becomes even more enjoyable to them in its new garb of light and shadow. The attractions of this neighborhood to the trout-fisher are very great, and in the months of May and June the disciples of Izaak Walton may be seen in every direction. The name of Asa Packer is specially connected with all the great enterprises of this section of Pennsylvania. Judge Packer is now a resident of Mauch Chunk, and his spacious mansion, abounding with beautiful walks, terraces and gardens made from the Mansion House, Maueh Chunk. 48 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. Residences of Asa Packer and John Leisenring. "iigged and unpromising mountain-side, is an object that at once attracts the admiration of the stranger. Judge Packer is president of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and also United States Com- missioner for the State of Pennsylvania for the Centennial Inter- national Exhibition of 1876. In both of these official positions Judge Packer exhibits an amount of energy and industry which could be worthily followed by much younger men. In the Lehigh Uni- versity he will leave an imperishable record which will ever keep his name bright in the memories of future generations. To the traveler the scene from the top of Mount Pisgah is most attractive. The view of Mauch Chunk resting beneath the shadows of the mountains, with the Lehigh River winding its way at its base, and alive on either side with the steam-cars and canal-boats; the succession of mountain ridges rising range after range; the distant view of the Delaware Water Gap, with occasional glimpses of intervening fields and hamlets, and tiie much more distant view of Schooley's Mountains, — this and much more that cannot be described combine to make this panorama one of almost matchless beauty and grandeur. A notable feature in connection with Mount Pisgah is the Switchback, or gravity road. Although spe- cially intended for the traffic in coal, yet arrangements have been made for the comfort- able accommodation of travelers, and tiie Switchback excursion is one of the features of summer travel. The empty cars ascend Mount Pisgah by means of an inclined plane with a stationary engine at the top, the ascent being 700 feet in 2340; tlie cars then, over a downward grade, proceed by their own weight to Summit Hill, and thence to the mines in the valley; the loaded cars, by other inclined planes, are lifted to the sunnnit and then run by gravity the entire distance to the river, where they are dis- charged into waiting boats. The distance from the foot of Mount Pisgah to the summit is 2322 feet, find a double track has been constructed with great care and strength. Owing to the large number of excursionists that visit Mauch Chunk and the Switch- back, arrangements have been made to give up this mode of locomotion entirely to the [)lcasurc-seekers. Recently a tunnel has been driven for about a mile through the Ncs(piehoning Mountain, from the Panther Creek Valley, and it is the purpose of the company to ship its coal hereafter to Mauch Chunk by this route, thus leaving the PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 49 Switchback road for passenger travel exclusively. The cars are made very comfortable and will accommodate some twenty persons each, and each car is directed by a conductor, who sits in f r n t and holds a brake or lever with which to re- tard the speed if necessary. The ride is nearly all the way through the woods, with occa- sional views of great beau- ty. On return- ing to Mauch Chunk, the ride of nine miles from Summit Hill is made in nine minutes. There is something very fascinating:: in this mode of locomotion ; and being perfectly safe, the Switchback and its surround- ings are becoming one of the most popular of summer resorts. As already stated, Mauch Chunk is the centre "The Flagstaff of Maueh Chunk. ^f ^j^g Lehigh coal trade, and until the year 1847 the Lehigh company procured all the coal which they sent to market from their cele- brated 0})en quarry on the summit of Sharpe Mountain, being the identical vein or deposit originally discovered by Ginther. This quarry for many years constituted a great curiosity, and in connection with the gravity railway attracted thousands of visitors. The vein of coal, including the accompanying seams of slate, was at one spot nearly seventy feet in thickness, though the average did not probably exceed fifty feet. The excavated portion embraces an area of ten acres, and from this source there were mined and sent away about 850,000 tons of coal. Estimated at the ordinary value of coal as it lies in the ground — viz., thirty cents per ton — the revenue actually derived from these ten acres would be $255,000, or $25,000 per acre. In the process of mining the vein is usually left untouched for a distance of some thirty-five feet on each side of the slope, so as to give it additional strength and permanency, as, in an extensive estab- lishment and a good vein, its use may be required for a long series of years. A pillar of coal, for the like reason, is left standing along the upper side of the gangway, but above and beyond it all the coal to within some twenty feet of the surface is worked out. The arrangement for working is simple; two miners and a laborer generally work in 4 50 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTMA TED. a breast or slope which is usually forty feet in width. They first make an incision through the gangway jjillar, which serves both to give them entrance to the breasts and as a shute for the excavated coal, after which they cut away all the coal to the full width of the breast, and as they pursue it toward the surface it slides down behind them through the shutes and into the cars in the gangway. As fast as the coal is extracted the roof and overhanging rock are supported either by wooden props or by suf- fering small pillars of coal to re- main. Pillars are especially neces- sary when the vein is a large one, and there is consequently a con- siderable waste of coal in working such veins. Those of from eight to ten feet are, upon the whole, most desirable on the score of economy. From ten to fifteen breasts are worked simultaneously in mines of ordinary capacity, while the gangways are always Mount Pisgah Plane, Maueh Chunk. ^gjj^g CXtcnded, SO tliat by the time the first breasts are exhausted another series will be ready. When all the coal of the level is taken out, the slope has to be sunk down to another, whereupon the same arrangements are repeated. And thus the mine sinks down deeper and deeper, until finally, with the increase of friction and the difficulty of ventilation, it is unable to View in the Open Quarry. Outcrop of a Coal Mine. PENNS YL VA NIA ILL USTRA TED. 51 Coal- breaker, and Entrance to the Mine. track. The coal being now safely arrived at the surface, the car is de- tached from the rope, puslied to a sideling track, and an empty one re- turned to its place and hooked to the rope. Another loaded car being by this time again in readiness below, the bell-pull is drawn, and the same movement occurs. This process of hoisting and lowering the cars is always going on during the day and sometimes at night. The time occu- pied for bringing up a car rarely ex- ceeds a minute, which includes the attaching and detaching of the cars from the rope. When from one to two hundred tons are shipped daily maintain its profits, and its abandonment follows as a matter of ne- cessity. Going now to the shutes in the gangway, we find the cars loaded with coal. The mules will draw a train of three or four of them _ to the foot of II the slope, where they are left, H and as many empty ones hauled back. One of the loaded cars is pushed upon a horizontal revolving platform by a person stationed there for the purpose, and then turning it round so as to connect with the rails of the slope-road, the bell-pull is drawn, to give, the engineer above notice that all is ready, when the steam-power is applied, and the loaded car hoisted up, while an ciunty one descends on the other A Coal-breaker. 52 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. St. Mark's Church, Maucli Cliunk. from a mine, it will be perceived that it is neces- sary this part of the work should be done with as much rapidity as possible. The coal-breaker is always an important and conspicuous object in connection with a mine. Here the coal is broken and screened into the various sizes required by the consumer, and the })rocess is performed with wonderful celerity and exactness. The breaker is erected as near to the mouth of the slope as the nature of the ground will admit, and considerable elevation is required to bring the coal to the top of the rollers without resorting to machinery for hoisting it up. In some instances it is erected directly at the mouth of the slope, and the coal hoisted into it ; but as provision has to be made for the disposal of the slate which accumulates in the mine, there is probably little gained by this arrangement. The coal-breaker is of course operated by steam, the capacity of the engines varying from ten to twenty horse-power, and they are constructed on the same plan as those used at the slopes. As the coal falls from the screens, boys are stationed in the shutes to pick out the slate and impure coal, and it is truly astonishing to observe with what activity they wall discover and seize the proscribed intruders. There are usually two sets of screens and shutes at every breaker, ready in case of accident. The shutes will hold from three to five hundred tons, and they are filled at least once a day during the season of navigation. Pennsylvania, of itself, has a greater area of coal than all Eng- land, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Spain, France and Belgium united. It is only exceeded by the British provinces, whose coal is but the terminus of our own formation. While they contain a coal area of 18,000 square miles, Pennsylvania has a surface of not quite 14,000, or nearly one-third of the whole area of the State. Large as this Chameleon Falls, Glen Onoko. body of COal kud SCCmS, SOmC of PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 53 the other States exceed it, thougli none of them have anything like the number of distinct coal veins or affiJ-reo-ate thickness of coal. It is estimated that we have in all the States of the Union upward of 150,000 square miles of coal; but Pennsylvania is the only State which affords all the different va- rieties — as red, gray and white ash, anthracite and semi-bituminous, bituminous and cannel coal. Our anthracite fields are the great de- positories of that description of fossil fuel on the globe; and as they are nowhere surpassed in quality, quantity or accessibility of the coal, they must ultimately be looked to for the supplies of a large portion of the civilized world. We must not leave Mauch Chunk without Terrace FaUs; Glen Onoko. Onoko FaUs, Glen Onoko. calling attention to the picturesque church so well known as St. Mark's, the architecture of which attracts the observation of all visitors, who are made more than welcome to its Sunday services. Glen Onoko is a special object of attraction in the vicinity of Mauch Chunk, and has lately been made so convenient of access that it is now deservedly at- tracting large numbers of visitors throughout the year. It is a striking freak of nature, and re- veals pictures of grandeur and mao;nificence not often excelled. Its course is westerly, and the total ascent over 900 feet. It forms the channel for a pure and limpid stream, whicli follows its eccentric course over innume- rable cascades and rapids until it empties into the Lehigh. 54 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. A short walk on either side of the stream brings us in full view of the Chameleon Falls, some forty or fifty feet in height, and deriving their name from their changing form when viewed from different points. Seen from the rustic bridge just below the falls, they have the appearance of a veil composed of fretted silver. They have been poetically termed the " Veil of Wenonah," and are considered one of the most pleasing features of the glen. The Pulpit Rocks, some twenty feet high, and covered with deli- cate moss and ferns, are worthy objects of attention. There are many beautiful cascades, such as the Crystal, Mossy and Laurel, each having its distinctive elements, and all combined forming a scene worthy the pencil of Richards or Gignoux. In the " Heart of the Glen," and immediately adjoining the stairway cascades, may be found the best and most complete view, including not only the Chameleon Falls, but also the Onoko Falls, some distance beyond ; and this double vista is rich with a diversity of beauty not easy to describe. By an attractive walk we soon arrive at the Falls of Onoko, which are a special object of attraction to the visitor; their height is from 90 to 100 feet, and their attraction to all lovers of natural beauty is universally admitted. The overhanging rocks on each side are covered with moss and fern, with now and then a tree jutting forth from out their apparently sterile embrace, and all forming a beautiful framework to the dashing and sparkling waters which have been for ages striving to find an outlet from their mountain source. Be- fore mounting the declivity which leads to the top of the fall, the tourist will do Avell to pass some time in examining the singular formation of the rock and many other interesting objects clustered together at that particular point. Proceeding to Sunrise Point, we cross the stream above the fall, and soon stand upon an eminence where we gaze upon a scene almost un- rivaled. You look over the dark recesses of the glen through which you have i)assed and gaze upon a view of great beauty, the Lehigh lliver running almost at your feet. The Terrace Falls, or Cascade, also presents many points of beauty to the admiring visitor; it seems to trip daintily from rock to rock till merged in the torrent below. A very ])leasant trip can be made from Mauch Chunk vid the Nes- Nesquehoning Bridge. quehoniug Valley Brauch Railroad PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. bo to Tainanend and return. The scenery is wild and picturesque, and the bridge over which the train passes has great local celebrity as the highest bridge in the country ; it is flung from one mountain to another at an elevation of one hundred and sixty- eight feet above the Little Schuylkill, an insignificant stream flowing through a deep gorge; its length is eleven hundred feet, and the view on each side from its platform is one worth going all the way to see. Although the great height of the bridge w^ould seem to indicate a certain degree of danger in running trains across it, yet it is built with so much care and regard for security that the traveler may give himself up to the enjoyment of the superb spectacle without a thought of solicitude, for his j^ersonal safety. From iSrauch Chunk to White Haven the scenery along the river is magnificently wild and picturesque. The dark waters of the Lehigh, dyed almost to a black by the sap of the hemlock pervad- ^^^^ _ ,^--_ -_^ _ 4 ing them, everywhere enclosed by hills from 300 to 700 feet in height, and confined to a channel scarcely 300 feet wide, rush noisily and rapidly through a most circuitous route — perhaps the most irregular and rugged mountain region in the State. The curves are so constant and so abrupt that there is a continuous change of views, and some of the bends in the river describe nearly complete circles. In looking ahead, at times it seems almost impossible for the river to find its outlet. Hardly a spot of arable ground is to be seen, the hills sinking sheer to the water's edge, interspersed with cloves and gorges and tribu- tary streams, and now and then with beautiful ^vaterfalls, and spotted at intervals with tall, caunt and leafless trunks of view south from the Tresthng, Mount Pisgah. withered pines. The geologist and botanist M^ould feel himself amply repaid by a leisurely examination of the many forms of rocks and plants found here in luxurious abundance. Everywhere traces are to be seen of the devastating freshet of 1862 in the ruins of locks and dams and banks, comprising at one time the upper division of the canal of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, but which has never been rebuilt north of Mauch Chunk, 56 Fl^NNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. Stony Creek, passed soon after leaving Mauch Chunk, is one of the most beautiful and romantic streams in the State, abounding throughout its whole length in scenery of the wildest grandeur. It is a favorite resort for trout-fishers, who, in the appropriate season, find good sport in its waters. It is also much frequented by picnic parties, attracted by the beautiful scenery and the many secluded spots seemingly destined by nature for our enjoyment. A large amount of lumber is turned out annually by the mills on this stream. Rockport is situated on the op- posite side of the river from the station, in a very picturesque ra- vine. Before the freshet of 1862 it was the shipping-point of the Buck Mountain Coal Company, whose extensive mines are situated four miles distant. Mud Run and Hickory Run are depots for the lumber trade of the two streams, and fishermen will find good sport in their waters. The population is confined to such families as are connected with employment in the saw-mills. Tannery is the name A View on Stony Creek of ^ thriving Settlement first made in 1855, and containing the largest and most extensive tannery (with one exception) in the State, the main building being seven hundred feet in length. Its capacity is over fifty thousand hides per annum, and permanent employment is found for nearly one hundred men. There are also large steam saw-mills, with a combined capacity of nearly nine million feet per annum. White Haven, the next point of importance after leaving Mauch Chunk, is specially noted for its large lumber business, it being the chief d^pot on the Lehigh. This town was first settled in 1835, and named after Josiah White, the superintendent of the Le- high Coal and Navigation Company. Until the freshet of 1862 entirely destroyed the canal, it was the head of slackwater navigation, and, as such, was a shipping-point of great activity. Soon after the completion of the canal, a packet-boat was run from White Haven to Mauch Chunk, and another from the latter place to Easton, which mode of traveling continued fi)r several years, and amid such scenery as then abounded along the whole route, in even wilder grandeur than now exists, could not but have been greatly enjoyed. The fatal flood of 1862 has given a painful notoriety to White PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 57 Haven. After heavy rains for several preceding days, the Lehigh, swollen with its many tributaries and reinforced by the giving way of dam after dam, with their vast accumulation of lumber and debris, soon became irre- sistible, and from White Haven to Easton its banks were the scene of total devasta- tion. The water rose, it is computed, thirty feet above low- water mark, and with im- mense rapid- ity, in some places as quickly as nine feet in five minutes. Every bridge across the river, as far as the Delaware, was totally carried away, except those at the Lehigh Gap, Bethlehem and Easton. Dwelling- houses and other buildings were swept off bodily, with all their inmates and ''^i -^^^^^^I^^^^^^^^^S/^^^' contents, until they were safely grounded ^vl;^. '''4^" l^^^^^^^^^^ranSw^^ or wrecked. It has been estimated that The Nescopee Valley, from Prospect Roek. ^.j^^^.^ ^^^^ ^^ J^^^g^ ^^^ hundred and fifty lives lost, in addition to more than thirty million feet of lumber, one hundred and fifty canal boats, etc. The loss in dollars and cents has been set down at $2,500,000. The destruction between Mauch Chunk and Allentown was so great that it involved the labor of between two and three thousand men and five hundred horses and mules for nearly four months before navigation was resumed. In Philadelphia and elsewhere prompt and liberal subscriptions were made for the relief of the surviving sufferers, the funds being judiciously distributed by a committee selected from among gentlemen re- siding along the I^ehigh. Immense quantities of rafts and logs may be seen floating upon the surface of the ponds, formed by two large dams across the river ; and on an average, in the spring, there are from twenty-five to thirty million of feet of lumber in the pool above the town. The present population of White Haven is about 1500. At White Haven, visitors to the Upper Lehigh chauge cars and take the Nescopee 58 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. Railroad, a short run of nine miles, to one of the most beautiful views in this entire region. At the terminus of p, this road is a coal-breaker, one of the best in the anthra- cite region, shipping five thousand tons of coal a week, a good hotel, and a row of miners' houses, which com- prises the population of the station. From this point it is neces- Clou.d. Point. ing on the verge of a precipice with a sheer descent into a tremendous abyss, the first sensation is of fear, but it is soon lost in the sight of the glorious panorama extend- ing on every side as far as the eye can reach. On the other side of the glen may be found another projection, well entitled Cloud Point, for it often hap- pens to the visitor that its top is shrouded in filmy vapor. The view from this point is of equal beauty, although to a certain extent covering the same field of vision. There are, in fact, few finer spectacles than a sharp thunder-storm as seen from hero. The chasm between Prospect Rock and Cloud Point is named Glen T'K^^ : 1 r T\ • 1 mi ,7 • n ^ Amber Cascade, Glen Tliomas. ihomas, ni honor of David Thomas, the pioneer of the iron trade on the Lehigh. It is a beautiful spot, with many picturesque attractions, PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 59 amons: the most noticeable of which is the Amber Cascade, a beautiful fall of water much admired by all visitors. The rays of the sun are so long in reaching this glen that in the month of May miniature glaciers may be found, formed by the water fall- ino- over the rocks, the ice three feet and more in thickness, and so solid that a pistol- ball fired at it point-blank rebounds as from a rock, while not a hundred yards away May flowers are blooming in fragrant abundance. The traveler, after spending a proper time in viewing the beauties of this route, will close his trip on the Lehigh Valley Railroad by retm-ning to Bethlehem, and from there to Easton, the termination of the road. Freemansburg is the first station, and from its heights may be seen one of the most picturesque views on the line of the railroad ; it is entitled the Gem of the Valley, and fairly merits its name. The plateau on the top of the hill is a well-known and favorite The Gem of the Valley. (From Freemansburg, looking nortli.) place of resort for picnic parties. Freemansburg is a pretty and thriving borough, named after Mr. Jacob Freeman; was settled in 1830 and incorporated in 1854. The Northampton Iron Company have lately erected here a furnace sixty-five feet high and sixteen feet back, having a capacity of two hundred tons per week, and employing about one hundred hands. It was at a short distance above Freemansburg that the Indian path crossed the I^e- high, upon which the famous walk was performed in 1727. In the summer of that year the Indians agreed, in pursuance of a former unfulfilled contract with William Penn, to grant as much land north of where Wrightstown, in Bucks county, now stands, as would be included in a walk of a day and a half. The proprietaries, Thomas and John Penn, at once advertised for three expert walkers, one of whom (Edward Marshall) accomplished a distance of seventy-four miles within the given time, ending 60 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. his walk, on a spur of the second, or " Broad," mountain. The Indians were very much dissatisfied and exasperated at the result of the walk, denouncing it as a fraud ; this controversy resulted finally in a war which lasted from 1755 to 1758, during which many cruel murders were committed, but the Indians were at length compelled to yield the territory. Redington is the next station, and here also the scenery is particularly beautiful. The Coleraine Iron Company have recently erected at this point two stacks eighteen by sixty and seventeen by sixty feet respectively, with a capacity of five hundred tons per week, and giving employment to nearly two hundred men. Glendon, known as the location of the extensive works of the Glendon Iron Com- j)any, is the next point of interest. The amount of material consumed annually by this company is as follows: 100,000 tons iron ore, 85,000 tons coal and 50,000 tons limestone, producing about 57,000 tons of pig iron. Easton, the terminus of the Le- high Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania, will be described hereafter. The Reading Railroad Section. hri -if«-(< THE beauties of the Schuylkill River are too well knowu to require any elaborate description ; its picturesque scenery, wrought into verse by the poet Moore, has been made world-wide in its reputation, and the Reading Railroad affords one every opportunity of enjoying these beauties. Immediately on leaving the city of Phila- delphia, we pass through the famous Fairmount Park, with its fountains, statues and l)eautlful groves, and then wind our way along the shores of the river, w^ith glimpses of Laurel Hill Cemetery, and many towns and manufacturing villages interspersed among the forests which still remain to add beauty to the scene. The cottage in which Moore is believed to have re- sided still exists, and is visited by his many admirers, the beauties of its sur- roundings even now bearing evidence to the correctness of taste of its former in- mate. The first town of importance on this line is Norristown, the capital of Montgomery county, with a population of about 11,000; it is neatly and sub- stantially built, its court-house of light- gray marble being a prominent object of attention. The next point of interest is Valley Forge, memorable as the head- quarters of General Washington during the winter of 1777» It was here that our patriot soldiers endured without murmuring the serious discomforts of that terrible winter which has caused their memory to be as highly cherished for their patience under ad- versity as for their bravery in battle. The view at this point is deservedly at- tractive. The German element in the population along the line of the Reading road is very evident, and the many fine farms and gardens indicate a patient and careful system of agriculture. Phcenixville, a place of considerable importance, and specially noted for its rolling-mill and furnaces (supposed to be the largest in the Union), is the Rl VaUey Forge. 02 fi>:nj\s yl va nja ill uhtra ted. next sliition. This town luis :i |)()|nilMli()n of over 7000, largely employed in the iron- works. Mines oi" copixsr and iron are loiiiid within the town limits, and it was from The Sehuylliill no:ir Pottstowii. Iicie the iron was made for the dome ot" the Capitol at Wasiiington. l*ottstown, forty miles from Philadelphia, is the next point of importanee; it is sitnated on the left bank of (he river, tin; railroad passing throngh one of its streets, and crossing a small stream (•idled the Manatawny, <>i» a Iatti(re bridge over one thousand li'et in length. Tiie houses, The Schuylkill below Reading. wliich ai'c huill prin('i|)allv upon one broad street, are surrounded by fine yards and bcautii'ul shade-trees. Tlie seeneiy on the Sehuylkill in the vicinity of Pottstown is very bcnuitil'ul. PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. m From Pottstown the views of the river at different points increase in beauty until, ^ after many croolvs and windings, ;--: we reach the city . of Reading, . T^ from whicli the road takes its name. The traveler mu^t have been im- pressed -^^jz^ ^ thus far on his journey with the admirable management of this road. The president is Mr. Franklin B. Gowen, who It considered one of the ablest I'ailroad men in the country. Mr. David J. Brown, the sec- retary of the company, is also Mell known as an efficient offi- Fioni the Railioacl near Brookside cer. At Reading may be found the great A\orkfchops and car-factories connected with the road, employing hundreds of workmen, and adding no small quota to the population of the city. Reading is pleasantly situated on a plain gradually rising from the river, -^\ and sheltered by three large hills or mountains, V known as Mount Penn, Mount Washington and Mount Neversink. It was founded in 1748 by William and Richard Penn, and is laid out in the regular chess-board fashion of the original Qu-akor towns. The streets are well paved, the houses and stores well built, and indicative of a wealthy population ; the scenery in the vicinity is very picturesque, and many travelers are tem])ted by its beauties to remain for some time. It is the third city in the State in manufactures and the fourth in popuhition, and its immense furnaces, mills, railroad- shops, etc., give employment to more than 1200 men, the cajiital invested being over $3,000,000, and the annual value of the manufactures exceeding $18,000,000. The population of Reading is estimated at 38,000. There are twenty-three churches, several banks and two opera-houses ; the hotels are considered very good. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad might be sup])0sed to end in this city, but in reality it is but the beginning of a career for it and its score of branches; from hence it sends out feeders west to the coal country, north to the Lehigh River at Allentown, and southwardly to Harrisburg. In the western suburb of Reading a very handsome station has been erected as a terminus for these branch roads. Passing up the river from Reading, the farms (M PENNS YL VA NIA ILL USTRA TED. are jijrmliially ovcrpowcroti by ilic inoiiniains, with, of course, an advantage in the way of |)icliir((S(|ueness; presently the railway })ierces Mount Kittatinny and emerges at Port (Minion — a town laid out in 1S2J). At this point is the fork of the Sehnylkill and I^ittlc Schuylkill. J<"'rt)ni (his coullucnce of the Schuylkills over to the opposite site of Cata- wissa, on the Susquehanna, the country is a series of rolling inonntains, presenting a inagniliccnt |)rospect from I'ort Clinton — a j)leasant j)lace situated at the mouth of the Little Schuylkill. Auburn and Schuylkill Haven are the two next towns of import- ance on the Heading road, the latter being most beautifully located on the bank of the river. One of the most magnificent views in this region is from Brooksick' — a station in the coal region where the eye commands a view full of eniihantmcnt. The Susquehnnnn neni- Herndon. Pottsville, ninety-three miles from Philafhlphia — the actual terminus of the Reading Kailroad — is located ni)on the edge of the great coal-basin, in the gap by which the Schuylkill breaks through Sharpe's Mountain. In 1827 John Pott built GreenM'Ood Furnace, a coal veii\ being revealed in digging the foundation. The town which sprang np from this discovery has received the name of Pottsville, and is still jx'opled with descendants of the family, some of whom have grown rich by sim})ly owning land and waiting for its value to rise. The ainnial yield of the coal-field in this vicinity is between three ;uid four million tons, and this enormous product annually reaches mark(>t through PENNSYL VANIA ILL USTIU TED. iio Mineiiill Gap. the lines of the Reading Railway and Schuylkill Navigation Companies. The land in the neigiiborhood is very sterile, and the city of Pottsville is almost entirely de- pendent for its prosperity upon the mineral wealth in its vicinity. I'he streets are very picturesque, rising from the river n[) the steej) mountain. Fine roads for driving, with beantifnl views, wind back among the hills, j)assing through vilhigcs of miners, many of whom are Welsh or Swedish. A fine statue of Jlenry Clay stands on a high pedestal overlooking the town. From Potts- ville extend short lines of railroad in every direction, to facilitate min- ing operations, and as new veins of coal are opened these roads are pushed forward, and small towns and villages spring up, supporting a strong, healthy population, mostly emigrants, who are rapidly be- coming, through the advantages of l free education, valuable members of society. lierndon, one point to ''^ which these iron arms reach in their spider-like embrace, is a spe- cial coal depot on the Susquehanna, from which a most beautiful vi(>w of that river can be obtained. Mount Carbon is a continuation of Pottsville, and is specially renowned for its hotel — a house owned by the railroad company, admirably well kept, and in summer a place of great resort. Not far from the hotel are the waters ol" Tumbling Run, where there is __ _ £=^ -^ ._ - ^~ "- -u^ ^ a pretty lake with ^ = . dams to feed the canal, the waste water escaping over the rocks in such a way as to form a fine cas- cade. The laying out of the rail- roads through these intricate valleys has been a feat of civil engineering of great difficulty, and at the same time a perfect success. It has been found necessary in some points of this coal region to make use of inclined planes, as at Mauch Chunk. The Lower Gordon Plane carries you a distance of 4755 ^oci, in which distance you have risen 404 feet and are 1206 feet above tide, and the neigh- J_urljen y Junction. 66 FEJSJSS YL VAN I A ILL USTJiA TED. boring Upper Plane, somewhat shorter in length, takes you to a still greater altitude, leaving you 1519 feet above tide. The upper waters of the Schuylkill and its tributaries are great resorts for the dis- ciples of Izaak Walton, from the middle of May till the 1st of July ; the streams are followed in every direction, and generally with fair suc- cess. The angler, in his rambles through the lonely wood, or winding his way through cultivated farms or mountain road, is often fa- vored with bits of scenery that would gladden the heart of an artist. The contract- ed gaps in the mountain, through which both river and rail force their way, are specially attractive. The Minehill and East Mahanoy Railroad passes through one of these gaps; at Cressona this road put up monumental buildings in stone when it A\as an independent corporation. Still farther on that line of road mav be found an attractive view from a point kno\^ n as Lorberry Junction — a range of quite hio;h monntauis, forming a most effective background. The Ravino Gap, through which the railroad passes, is another object of great beauty, to which the attention of every traveler is directed. The beauty of the scenery on the line of the Reading road has been but slightly alluded to in this article; it must be seen to be thoroughly enjoyed, and all our readers will, we are sure, feel indebted for the sug- gested trij), Ravino Gap. The Delaware to Philadelphia. THE first point of special interest on the Delaware is the famous Water Gap, visited for so many years by citizens from all sections of the United States. The traveler from Philadelphia by the North Penn road will arrive in Easton, and from there Avill reach the Delaware Water Gap vid Manunka Chunk by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. The Delaware River rises from two sources in the Catskill Mountains, the two branches uniting at Hancock, on the Erie Railway ; there it forms 1',- V\A\.» Delaware Water Gap. the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania, as far as Port Jervis, on the Erie road, where it turns to the south-west and runs along the base of the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, until it finds a passage through this Gap. The Gap is about two miles long, and is a narrow gorge between walls of rocks some 1600 feet in height, and so near to each other at the south-eastern entrance as hardly to leave room for the railroad. From Easton to the Gap the landscape is diversified by broad and fertile fields, valley and hill, by bold and abrupt precipices overhanging the river, by enormous boulders that in some convulsions of nature have been detached from the neighboring hillsides and pre- cipitated to the banks below, and by cosy farmhouses, ample barns, and orchards of 67 (>8 PJi:i\NS YL VANIA JLL USSTRA TED. fruit. The approach to the Water Gap is unexcelled for beauty and grandeur. The bluflP on each side is bold and precipitous, and all the surroundings picturesque in the extreme. The view of the Gap from the lofty summit of Pecon's Mountain, away off to the south-east, is of itself worth the journey, and is unrivaled in scope and magnifi- cence of landscape. Among the numerous places of interest in the vicinity is Moss Cataract, where a small stream of water tumbling down the moss-covered side of the Kittatinny Mountain scat- ters its spray in all directions. Lover's Leap, at a short distance, affords a fine view. Prospect Rock is at the end of a wearisome climb of two miles, but once reached re- pays the visitor with the finest and most extensive view in the immediate vicinity. An object of great curiosity discovered in late years is the Ice Cave, or Nature's refrigerator. The DelaAvare below Easton. This cave was discovered by Mr. Freer, the owner of the adjoining pro|)erty ; the cold in it is so intense that the thermometer falls from 90° to 30° in a few minutes. Leaving the Water Gap, we return to Easton, and thence down the Delaware to the Quaker City. Easton is located at the junction of three rivers — the Delaware, the Lehigh and the Bushkill. It is finely situated in the midst of some of the most beautiful scenery of the State, and is in many respects one of the most picturesque cities in the United States. It is regularly laid out in rectangular blocks, well built and lighted with gas, and su])plied with pure water. Lafayette College, so liberally endowed by Ario Pardee, of Hazleton, is situated in Easton, located on a high eminence, with a most commanding view; the buildings are deservedly attractive to students, and the system of collegiate education has been strongly commended, not only in this country, but by the best PENNSYL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 69 authorities in Europe. The population of Easton is over 10,000, T\w. Delaware is crossed at this point by a fine iron bridge. To reach Philadelphia and at the same time keep in sight of the Delaware we take the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, crossing the bridge to Phillipsburg and running down on the Jersey side of the river. The river changes from Easton down, assuming a more quiet aspect, but still full of picturesque beauty. At certain seasons the Delaware Scene on the Delaware River. is filled with lumber rafts, which form a valuable adjunct to the eye of the artist. The counties of Delaware and Sullivan in New York, and Pike and Wayne in Peimsylvania, comprise what is known as the lumber region. The rafts used in this business require from 75,000 to 100,000 leet of lumber ea(!h, and it has been estimated that over 3,000,000,000 feet have been rafted since the first attemjit in 1746. A trip down th(> 70 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. river on a raft is most delightful iu the summer season ; the scenery can be enjoyed to the best advantage, and as the raft sweeps slowly through the Water Gap, already re- ferred to, one has an opportunity to enjoy the magnificent panorama of nature spread out before him for miles. Shortly before reaching Trenton, the traveler along the line of the Delaware passes the spot made celebrated by Washington's passage of the river and the subsequent sur- prise and defeat of the Hessians. Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is situated on the Delaware, commanding a fine view of the river and vicinity ; the city is regularly laid out, and has many fine stores and handsome dwellings. The Delaware and Raritan Canal passes through Trenton, connecting it with New York and Philadelphia; it was completed in 1834, at a cost of $2,500,000. The population of Trenton is about 30,000. There are many large manufactories here, and special attention has been paid to the making of china-ware and porcelain from the very fine clay of the vicinity, the Glasgow potteries of John Moses having secured quite a reputation in this branch of manufactures. The most important event in the his- tory of this city is the bat- tle of Trenton, which was fought within the present city limits on the 26th of December, 1776. The Americans had lost the battle of Long Island, and had been forced to evacuate the city of New York, which was promptly occu- pied by the British under Sir Henry Clinton. A series of disasters ensued, and at the end of the year 1776 Washington had been driven across the Delaware, and the only troops that re- mained faithful to their colors consisted of less than 4000 half-starved men, destitute of blankets and tents. The people of the country were rapidly coming to the con- clusion that the colonial cause was hopeless, and were beginning to make their peace with the royal authorities. Washington alone was hopeful, and resolved to put an end to the gloom of the situation. Learning that a large force of Hessians had been thrown forward to Trenton, where they held an exposed position, he suddenly faced about, crossed the Delaware in open boats, despite the snow and ice, on the night of December 25, 1776, and at daybreak the next morning made a sharp attack on the Hessian force, surprising them and routing them completely. He took about one thousand prisoners, six brass field-pieces, one thousand stand of arms and four standards, and lost but four of his own men. On the night of the 26th he recrosscd ^=?=rm-ir^y f Tlie Delaware near Trenton. PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. 71 victory was highly we have referred to. inl- and the Delaware to his own camp in Pennsylvania. Tiiis portaiit, as it marks the close of the long series of reverses the beginning of the successful resist- ance of the nation. From this time for- ward the despondent took fresh courage from the example set them by their great commander, and with stout hearts and strong arms fresh attacks were made upon the enemy, resulting finally in the nation's independence. Twelve years later, as Washington was returning from New York to Mount Vernon, he was accorded a most enthusiastic and touch- ing welcome by the citizens of Tren- ton; a section of the triumphal arch used at that time is still treasured by the city for use at the Centennial cele- bration. The State Lunatic Asylum, near Trenton, is widely celebrated for its admirable management and cleanli- ness. From Trenton to Philadelphia the Delaware is navigable for steamboats, and in summer the trip, which is de- lightful, is largely taken advantage of. Ill the season, it is in this section of the river that the famous Delaware shad are found, and for miles the river is spread with nets ; at favorite points near Phila- delphia — Gloucester, for instance — a dish of planked shad may be enjoyed to per- fection. Below the city — a complete })anorama of which we have seen — we come to League Island, the famous rest- ing-place for iron-clads. This is the loca- tion for a United States Navy- Yard, and is most admirably adapted for the pur- pose. Still farther down, we pass Fort Mifflin, and then, some distance beyond. Fort Delaware. This is a very strong forti- fication, admirably located and very pic- turesque in its surroundings, and was largely used during the Rebellion for the incarceration of political prisoners. Forty miles from Philadelphia the Delaware empties into Delaware Bay, and its waters PENJWSYLVAMA ILLUSTRATED. between these points are filled with a fleet of outgoing and incoming steamers and ships, showing the largely-increasing commerce of the city of Philadelphia. The ship-building interest of the Delaware is a prominent feature in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. At Kensington the house of Cramp & Sons have turned out already the four well-known steamers of the American S. S. Co., and at the va- rious yards in that vicinity more than twenty large iron steamers have been constructed during the past year. Farther down the river, at Chester, is the establishment of " The Delaware River Iron Ship- building and Engine Works," of uhich Mr. John lloach is presi- dent, Mr. William Parker, trea- surer, and Mr. John B. Roach, secretary. This establishment is one of the most important in the State, being the largest and most complete of the kind in America, and the only one having within itself the facilities for building all parts of a first-class ship. It is even said not to be excelled by any one of the famous shi])-yards on the Clyde. It occupies twenty-three acres, with a river front of 1200 feet and water enough at the docks to float the largest ship ever built; when working to its full capacity it employs 1800 men, -with a weekly pay-roll of about $20,000. During the past two and a half years it has built — besides the large business it does in wooden ships, machinery, etc. — seventeen iron vessels, two of wdiich are the largest ever built in this country, and second only in size to the Great Eastern. At Chester is also located the well-known Military Academy of Colonel Theodore Hyatt. The buildings occupy an elevated site, and command an extensive view of the PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. ■3 Delaware Kiver and of the surrounding country. The ar( is ()C(mi|)I('(I hy llic wcll-lviiowii Ikmisc <»(" IJailcv & (^o., jewelers, Jind it is iillcd ii|) ill a slylf crcdiliihlc lo (heir (asti! and i-li(! trciioral eliara(itor ol' tli(! Iniil(liii<;' ilscll". \)v. Wliilc makes iis(! ol'llic (!ii(ir(^ halaiiee of space lor his own purposes in dental iiiaiiiiliieliires of \arioiis kinds. Nol only are teelli of all kinds inannliKitiired, hnl. i.iierc^ is a special deparlineiil, I'or dtintal instriiinents, which are inadi^ widi llic! j^reatcst care and pretiision. The salesroom, (^ontainin^ samples of* all ihearlicles lor sale, is a model of ^ood taste 'Awd beauty; in ihis department may be round llie publication ollicc ol" [\\v "Dental Cosmos" — a peiiodical lai'^ely oircu- lalcd not only in (his connlry, but iii JMirope. Dr. VVIii((! has branch houses in New York, Hoston and (*hicaL;'o. \N\\\\.o'h Buildiini, Twoll'ih imd Chosliuit Streets. The nreatly increased business liicilities of Phila(h'l|)liia have attracted to it, in many ilcpartmenis, (he already established houses oCother cities. In this connection attention should be called to a. most j)i'ominent bnihlinjj on (1i(>stnnt street — an areliiteetural ornanient oC which (>v(>ry citi/en may (eel proud ; we reler to tlie new stnieture of The Mutual iiile Iusuranc(> Company of New York, hitely erected at tiie eorner of Tenth and (Mi(>stnut streets, at an expense ol" a million (h)llai-s. Ther(> is perliaps no buildin-;- in the city so admirably adapted for all i(s purposes as this. It, is eomj)letely llrc-prool", no wood havinii; bc(>n used in any part of its construction. The window- sashes and doors arc iron, (he Moors and s(airs eidier iron or ston(>, and even the roof — to make assurance doubly sure — is covered with tiles. It is conlidenlly maintained that PE^JSS YL VAiMA ILL U^TRA TKD. 1\\ I there is no buil(lin<>j in tho United States more tlion)iiL!;li1y cotistriK-ted or eonibinin^^ more beauty ol" :ir(!liite(;ture with eonvenience of urranj^emenl. The j;ig:iutic e()r[)ora,- cion to which it belonjjjs has assets of over seventy millions oi" dollars, belonj^in^ ex- clusively to its policy-holders, as it is om(! ol" the lew purely mutual life insurance companies in the United States, lis payuKHit of death-claims now avora<;es |l(),()()0 per day, or more than three and a half million dollars ])er year. Its lar<>;e mitidx'r of policy-holders in the State of Pennsylvania, now over ten thousand, has led to Phila- The Now York Miilii.d Lil'e InBurance Compnny'H Bi . 1 1. 1 1 1 1; f. delphia's being selected as the location of this maj:;nifi(!ent buildinjjj, offices in which are res(!rve(l for the business of the company, for whom Messrs. Vanuxcm, IJates and Lambert are the general agents. To the stranger visiting Philad(;lphia, one of the special objects of interest is the building occupied by tin; Public Lcnlgi!!-, which, uiuhjr the control and management of its publisher, Georg(; W. Childs, has become the most j)0|)ular and [)romincnt journal in the (!ity. ITis sagacity and tact enabled him to {\i\v. tlu^ |)ii,per ov(!r a jx'rilous ]K»in( in its course, and to make changes in it^ management whic^h, under a less skillful pilot, 80 PENNtiYL VANIA ILL USTliA Ti:i>. woiikl have wrecked it. Mr. Cliilds is one ol'dic most proiuiiicnt men in the city, lore- most ill every charity and ^ood work, and is well known tliron^liont the United States, and, in l;ic(, abroad also. His pnhlic spirit, sMpplemented l>y his j^i'cat wealth and uhility, makes him a most important citizen. The J^edgcr Building is located at the cornel- of Sixth and Chestnut, aiul is a model (or newspaper oflices; not equaled, in its special character, in any jiart ol' the world. I( is built oC brown stone, covers ei<'htv- Ibiir I'eet on ClicslMut street, and out,' hundred and sixty-live ieet on Sixth street and is live stories in height, with a Mansard rool". M a glance one realizes tlu; enormous size of the structure, but the architecture is in such good taste and so <>racelul that the building does not seem at all overgrown or clumsy. 'J'he ])ublicalion olli(!e o(" the Ledger is on the first Moor ol" (his building, in th(( division of which care has been taken not to mar the admirable elVect of its artistic; decoration. Some idea of which may be l()rmed when it is stated that there are nearly four thousand pieces of wood, of various shapes and sizes, in the wains(!oting, all fitted and joined to- gether with the nicety and exactness of the most beautiful article of cabi- net-ware. The press- room, the next import- ant ieatureof this build- ing, is located in the basement, and is with- out an ecpial in all Its adaj)tations to the pur- poses for which it is in- tended. 1 1 forms a room of an L shaj)e, forty-six feet six inches wide, and running east and west one hundred and tw(>nty-six \\\'i. Nearly ten thousand square feet oi space are thus obtained for all tlu> machinery necessary to carry on the immense labor of this department. On (liestnut street are many other biiildings of interest — the Post-Oifiee, now in process of erection, the Continental Motel, the C.irard House, etc.; but the object of special interest to all visitors is (he State-1 louse, or IndeiH'ndenee Hall: it fronts on Chestnut street, and including the wings, which are of modern construction, oceu[)ies the whole block extending from Fil"th to Sixth street. In (he east room of the State- House, known as lndepciidenct> Hall, on duly I, 177(), the Declaration of Independ- ence was adoi)ted by Congress, and [lubliely proclaimed from the steps on the same day. The room presents now^ the same appearance as it did at that time in furni- ture and in(crior decorations. Here also is preserved th{> old " Liberty ]?ell," which was the iirst bell in the United States rung after th{> passage of the Declaration. The Custom-Honse, formerly the United States Bank, and modeled after the l\n-thenon at lijor Builcliiu). PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 81 Athens, is also on Chestnut street. We would invite speeial attention at this point to the new huiklin<^ of the (jruarantec; Trust and Safe Deposit ('Onij)!iny, on Chestnut street, south side, between Third and Fourth. For its purposes of" safety and protection to valuables it is probably the most complete structure ever erected. Tlie building is en- tirely Isolated from all others, with a fronta<^e on Chestnut street of fifty-seven feet, and a depth of (»ne liundnMl and ninety-eight feet. The exterior is ciiielly of pressed brick, into which bands of Ohio stone and tile are in- troduced. The inte- rior walls are of brick ; the floors consist of heavy wi'outj:lit-iron girders, arched be- tween with bricks, and all the roofs are of iron. While tluj en- tire buildinj^ is fire- proof, its most im- portant feature is the treasury department, containing the safe de- posit vaults, situated in the rear end of tlu; building, and sepa- rated from the rest of thebuildingbyaheavy a brick wall and iron -c doors. These vaults are six in number, and are constructed of plates of welded iron and steel, of a com- bined thickness of two and a half inches on every side. Each vault is ten feet wide and eighteen feet deep, exclusive of vestibule, with inner and outer doors of a combined thickness of seven and a half inches of iron and steel, secured by four combination locks. The toj) and sides are covenid with granite two feet thick, in large blocks securely cemented, (iiamped and boUod together, and resting 82 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. upon solid masonry foundations of great depth ; the whole is enclosed in solid brick walls twenty-two inches thick, witii iron roof resting; upon iron beams and brick arches, 'riicse vaults arc probably une(iualcd lor fire and bur<5lar-])roof qualities, and contain safes for rent to depositors. On the same side of the way, just above Eleventh street, is the exten- sive store of Mr. Gottlieb Volhner, manufacturer of line lurniture, which may be taken as a re[)resentative of the many establishments of the kind which form one of the important in- dustries of the city. The building is twenty-four by two hundred and thirty-five feet, five stories high, with an iron front in the Corinthian style on Chestnut street, and six stories — the first iron, the rest brick — on tSan- som street. The basement is two hundred and seventy feet in length ; lh(( i'ront part is used as a drawing and pattern de})artment, and the I'est luostly for fine woods; in the rear, on kSansom street, is the steam hoist- ing and heating a})j)aratus. The ground floor is used as the fine fur- niture and curtain department, and also contains the offices. The second floor i.s devoted exclusively to cham- ber furniture; the third to stull'ed and upli()lst(M'ed furniture ; the fourth for storing and for finishing in var- nish and oil; the fifth as a work- room for upholstery and curtain finishing. The sixth story on San- son! street is used exclusively in finishing the finest work. The ireneral cabinet-work is done at the factory, which occupies five fronts on Fifteenth street, just south of Market; it is a large brick build- ing, ninety-six feet scpiare and four stories high, and the work is all done by hand, no maeliinery being used. The number of workmen em|)loyed here has not at any time witliin the last twenty years been less than eiglity-liv(> nor over one hundred, which shows a remarkable steadiness of business. This is ])r()bably partly due to the fact that Vollmer's Buildinff. PENNSYL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 63 it is ti rule with Mr. VoUmer that the goods lie sells are kept iu order witliout charge. The business is entirely retail. Between Tenth and Eleventh streets the most noticeable building is the store of Messrs. McCallum, Crease & Sloan, doing a large wholesale and retail business in car- pets, of which they are also manufacturers. The building is three stories in height, built of the whitest of marble, with unusually large plate-glass windows, which give it a very brilliant appearance. It has a frontage on Chestnut street of Ibrty-live feet, and is two hundred and forty feet deep, extending through to Sansoni street. The first floor is probably the handsomest carpet show-room in the city, and from its large expanse and excellent light is par- ticularly well adapted to the display of the fine grades of goods — Frencii, Turkey, English and Amer- ican — with which it is always stocked. The edifice was not erect- ed by Messrs. McCallum, Crease & Sloan, but was purchased by them in 1871, and at once occupied, tliey removing from some squares farther down the street, where their warerooms and salesrooms had been located for many years. With the removal to their present location, however, their re- tail business very largely increased and its charac- ter materially changed, necessitating the heavy im- portation of the finer grades of foreign goods. The first floor is given up to the retail business, and the wholesale department is on the second floor, which is reached by a stairway at the rear of the building, and communicates with the basement, where the packing, etc., is carried on, by steam elevators, one of which also reaches to the third floor, where the uphol- stery dej)artment is located. The firm are also proprietors of the Glen Echo Mills, where they are extensively engaged in the manufacture of the best qualities of ingrain carpets, of which Phila- delphia is now the largest manufacturing centre in the Morld, more than two-thirds ot the entire production of the country being made here. The Glen Echo Mills arc MeCaUurii, i„it;;i^t; d; s Store. 84 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. situated at Germantown, a beautiful suburb of the city, containing many cotton and woollen mills, and are one of the representative establishments of the place. They are amono- the oldest carpet factories in this country, and have an excellent reputation for their productions. lOfl f GAR R I AG E R £ P OS 1 1§ flY,lIO0H Rogers Co.'s "Warerooms. On the opposite side of Chestnut street stand the large warerooms of Messrs. W. D. Rogers & Co., makers of carriages and pleasure-wagons, and for nearly thirty years closely identified with the industries of Philadelphia in this particular branch. Their manufactures have a reputation probably the best in this city, and are largely exported, PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 85 sustaining the credit of American workmen in competition with the best European builders. Mr. Rogers, who founded the concern in 1846, is still actively engao-ed in his business, giving his personal superintendence to the factory. The whole building in Chestnut street is occupied as warerooms. One square below, at the south-west corner of Chestnut and Ninth streets, stands the marble block known as the " Burd Buildings," having a frontage of one hundred feet and running two hundred and thirty-five feet back to Sansom street. The middle building is occupied by Messrs. J. E. Caldwell & Co., jewellers, and is one of the most attractive stores in the city. Erected in 1862, it was destroyed by fire in January, The Burd Buildings." 1869 ; was rebuilt at once, Avith many improvements, and was re-occupied in November of the same year. The entire ground floor is thrown into one unbroken show-room, which from its great depth and the showy nature of the wares it contains presents a very imposing and brilliant appearance. The floor, counters and desks arc all of marble; the ceiling tastefully frescoed, as are also the walls, upon which are always a few well- chosen paintings, for works of art are also dealt in by Messrs. Caldwell & Co. In the front of the room are kept the diamonds, watches and articles of jewelry ; further back the silverware, fancy goods, etc. ; and in the extreme rear the bronzes, marble and parian statuettes, etc. In the rear of the second story are the sleeping-rooms of the night- clerks, with a parlor, bath-room and other conveniences. The front of this floor is 86 PENJSS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. devoted to the watchmakers and other workmen of the establislmicnt. Rope ladders are kept always at each end of the buiklinjij to alford ready escape in case of fire. 1'he basement is principally nsed for storage, with the exception of a well-lighted room ai)propriated to the ]x)lishers and to the delivery of parcels, and also contains fire- and biirglnr-]>roof vaults for the safe-keeping of bulky valuables. The establishment will am[)ly rc[)ay a visit. Passing down the street, one is sure to notice on the south side of the Avny below Dreer's Store. Eighth street a store wiiose windows in winter and whose doorway also in summer are made beautii'ul with various rare and sweet-smelling flowers. Philadelphia is celebrated for the extent of floriculture among its citizens — not only in the greenhouses of the wealthy, but also in the habitations of those of more moderate means and in the houses of the working-people. Thus it happens that Mr. Dreer's windows are continually a source of pleasure to the motley crowd of passers-by in this (he busiest part of tlic street. The establishment is an old one, dating back ibr a third of a century, and its increasing years but increase its reputation. It is well known all over the coiuitry, and to those who believe in the refining and culturing power of a I'oiidness for flowers it is surely a cheerful sight to see how widely a house like Dreer's scatters its seeds, bulbs and j)lants. Since these are now sent so readily and cheaply PENNS YL VAN I A ILLVSTRA TED. 87 by mail, the amount of business done in mail orders by catalogue would scarcely be credited. Mr. Dreer's seeds and plants are, with the exception of imported varieties, grown at his nursery in the vicinity of the city, which is one of the best regulated establishments of its kind. Arch street is given up solidly to business as far west as Tenth street, and contains ,[lE ^rr F ' I It r^ij J .^ J ■fiPflttip* "Mt\ isclieiiCK's Buildiny. some fine buildings. The handsomest and most imposing of these is probably the new structure of Dr. J. H. Schenck & Son at the north-oast corner of Sixth and Arch streets. It is built of iron, painted white, and is five stories in height, with a mansard roof in addition, surmounted with towers, the architecture being very effective throughout. The first floor is devoted entirely to the retail business, and is very elaborate in its appoint- ments. On the second floor are the various offices of the establishment, and the rest of PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. the building is given up to the manufacture of the medicines (the well-known Pulmonic Syrup, Seaweed Tonic and Mandrake Pills) which have made the firm prominent. In the basement are the engines, boilers, vats and other heavy apparatus. The building has a frontage of forty-five feet on Arch street and eighty-three on Sixth street. Among the most prominent of the life insurance companies for which Philadelphia is somewhat famous stands the " National Life Insurance Company of the United States A View in Arcli Street. of America," chartered by special act of Congress. It is generally reputed an exceed- ingly strong and well-managed company, having a cash capital of one million dollars, and a surplus over all liabilities of much more than that sum. Being national in its charter and character as well as in name, it has its offices scattered all over the country, but it has always been considered as particularly Philadelphian, since its principal in- corporators were originally from this city, and the most prominent of its officers are PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 89 now Philadelphians. Mr. George H. Stuart is the president of the company, Mr. E. W. Peet the actuary, and Mr. John M. Butler the secretary. INIr. Stuart is one of the most prominent and most respected men in the city, and indeed is well known through- out the United States, principally from his connection with the " Christian Commission" during the war of the Rebellion. He is also prominent in the management of numerous other corporations and in his private business. No one is more respected than Mr. Stuart for his integrity and high-mindedness, and few equal him in ability. The other officers of the company — Mr. Peet and Mr. Butler — are very well and favorably known. The able management of the National Life Insurance Company may be inferred from the fact that in six months its assets increased more than half a million dollars. The principal office for the transaction of business was for years, since the formation of the company in 1868, in Philadelphia, but has within a short time been removed to Chicago, although a large business is still done in this city and an office maintained here. The attention of the visitor in Philadelphia will be attracted to Broad street, where are many of the most prominent buildings in the city — the American Academy of Music, admitted to be the most capacious opera-house in the United States, and also the best adapted for seeing and hearing ; next to it, and connected by a permanent bridge, the hall of the Horticultural Society, where its various exhibitions are held ; still farther on is the well-known building of the Union I^eague, finished at a cost of two hundred thousand dollars : this is occupied by the club, the list of members numbering nearly two thousand. The Reform Club, another prominent institution, and deservedly popu- lar for the good taste shown in its fitting-up and its admirable cuisine, is located in a handsome and commodious building on Chestnut street above Fifteenth. Next above the Union League is the building containing the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. This society dates from the year 1812; its collection comprises sixty-five thousand mineralogical and paleontological specimens, with a very rich collection of fossils. The botanical collection is immense, and that of conchology is only excelled by the cabinet of the British Museum. The collection of birds consists of more than thirty-one thousand specimens, and is probably unequaled by any collection in Europe. A new building is soon to be erected for this valuable institution. At the intersection of Broad and Market we reach the Penn Squares, upon which location the public build- ings for the use of the city are being erected. These buildings, when completed, will compare favorably with those of any other city in the world. Still farther on Broad street stands the Masonic Temple, built of granite ; it is one hundred and fifty feet in breadth, by two hundred and fifty in length, with a side elevation of ninety feet above the pavement, its colossal proportions making it appear low even at this height; a tower of two hundred and thirty feet high rises at one corner; the entire building is devoted to Masonic uses. Market street is devoted entirely to business, and contains many large and handsome establishments, among which the imposing marble front of the establishment of Messrs. J. B. Lippincott & Co., one of the largest publishing houses in the world, is most con- spicuous. This house dates its existence from the close of the last century, and may be regarded as one of the institutions of the city. Its list of publications embraces over 90 PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. twenty-five hundred volumes, representing every department of literature, from a primer to some of the largest and most valuable works published. All of the manufacturing of this house is executed on the premises, their printing-office, bindery and blank-book manufactory, each uncqualed in completeness and extent, occupying the upper stories of their buildings and employing between four and five hundred operatives. Messrs. J. B. Lippincott & Co. unite with that of their own publications the sale of the issues of all other prominent firms at home and abroad, and of miscellaneous stationery, to Front View of J. B. Lippincott & Co.'s Building. such a large extent that their business is probably greater than that of any other house in til is department of trade. Such an enormous business requires an immense estab- lishment, and strangers will find it well worth a visit. In the square above this is the very large and imposing building of Messrs. Hood, Bonbright 6z Co., probably the most extensive dry-goods jobbing-house in Philadelphia. The structure occujiles three fronts on Market street, with a total frontage of sixty-six feet, and runs through to Filbert street, a distance of three hundred and six feet. It PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED. 91 is five stories in height, built of iron, jKiinted a light color, and in very good archi- tectural taste. Lately erected, the internal arrangements are of the most improved style, and there is probably not a store in tlie country of its size as admirably lighted and ventilated, the latter being accomplished by the means of steam fans. Steam eleva- tors are used to transport persons and goods from one story to another, and are the more necessary since all the packing of the establishment is done on the fourth floor to save the noise and confusion which ordinarily attends the practice of packing in the base- ment. The counting-rooms of the firm are on the first floor, and are fitted up with every convenience for business. The annual sales of Messrs, Mood, Jion bright & Co. reach the enormous sum of seven mil- lion dollars, and a very large force of employes is engaged in the various duties of the house. To successfully manipulate this cumbrous machinery, great executive ability and the strictest systematizing is necessitated. To this end the business is divided into various departments, each having its own head, its own buyer and its own set of hands, and governed stringently by a printed code of regulations. In this way tiie machinery of the business runs more smoothly than that of many far smaller houses. It is very interesting to watch its workings in the height of the busy season, when the rooms are crowded with eager buyers and the army of salesmen arc worked to their last capacity. The whole establishment may be taken as a model of its kind, and deserves careful attention from the visitor. Market street is jpar excellence the business street of the city, and by making a tour of it from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill, one can get a tolerable idea of a great many various branches of trade. Indeed, so various are these that an accurate description in detail would fill a volume; but perhaps mention should be made of the several large and excellent market-houses which it contains. These are characteristically Philadelphian, and have long since superseded the now destroyed mar- ket sheds which gave the street its name. Market street runs the entire width of the city, crossing the Schuylkill River by a substantial wooden bridge. Philadelphia, like London, is a city of bridges, there being ten in or near the city. The Girard Avenue Bridge is a splendid model of architecture; in addition, there is the iron and stone bridge at Chestnut street, the Fairmount Bridge and the Columbia Bridge. Hood, Boi^ibriyhl & Co.'s Slore. 92 PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. Girard College, situated on Ridge Avenue, about two miles from the State-House, is an object of special interest to visitors to Philadelphia. It was founded by Stephen Girard, a native of France, who died in 1831, leaving a bequest of $2,000,000 " for the gratuitous instruction and support of destitute orphans." The site of the edifice and the grounds embrace an area of forty-two acres, and crown the summit of a slope at once commanding and attractive; the corner-stone was laid July 4, 1833. The central or college building is two hundred and eighteen feet long, one hundred and sixty broad and ninety-seven feet high, and is a noble structure of the Corinthian order, entirely built of white marble. The University of Pennsylvania is also one of the city's mag- nificent buildings, and well worthy of a visit ; it has an extensive and valuable anatomi- cal collection in its medical department. There are some twenty public libraries in Philadelphia, containing over 300,000 volumes, and all open to strangers when properly Schuylkill from Laurel Hill. introduced. Philadelphia has been justly celebrated for its markets, and many of them are worthy of special notice for their cleanliness and admirable arrangement. The healthy condition of the city is due to the foresight of those who, in planning its arrangement, secured so many breathing-places for the people in the shape of squares and parks. First and foremost among these stands Fairmount Park, containing an ar(>a of over twenty-four hundred acres, inc^luding the beautiful waters of the Schuyl- kill within its boundaries, the grounds lying on both sides of the stream. Uj>on its western side the park extends upward and backward, embracing a wide and varied landscape of great beauty. The Fairmount Park has natural advantages which give it the foremost position over all other parks in the world, and the drives along the Schuylkill and the lovely banks of the Wissahickon are unequaled. The Water- works are also worthy of attention, the reservoirs having a capacity of nearly FENAS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 30,000,000 gallons, and the pumping engines and hydraulic machinery being of supe- rior character. Philadelphia has won the reputation of being the largest manufacturing city in the world, and even a cursory examination will make this fact evident. The capital in- vested in this direction alone is estimated at over one hundred million of dollars. The commerce of the city is large and increasing rapidly ; the foreign trade which a short time since passed through New York has now, by the establishment of the American line of steamships running direct to Liverpool, been transferred to its wharves. There is also an immense internal trade, specially with the West, through the lines of railroads which centre in Philadelphia ; there has been a steady increase of population, it being now esti- mated at about 800,000. As the time approaches for the opening of the United States International Exhibition, attention is turned to the great capacity of this city, which, in ^?J»?N,r^^^sr-^;. - y ^ J' Fairniount Park from the Lansdowne Entrance. its one hundred and twenty square miles, contains thousands of houses in which tempo- rary accommodation maybe had, and the threat that "strangers must sleep in New York" will be found of no avail. In the vicinity of Philadelphia are many pleasant and attractive spots for the visitor. Excursion boats run up and down both the Schuylkill and Delaware, offering hourly opportunities for pleasant trips in either direction, and the drives to Chestnut Hill, Whitemarsh and Germantown will be found very pleasant. Great and varied, to an extent almost unexampled elsewhere, are the natural resources and industrial interests of Pennsylvania, as portrayed on other pages of this volume. In mineral and other deposits none can compare with her ; in tlie mechanism and skill which converts her ores from their crude condition into the ponderous, delicate or minute forms useful to man, her sons are not excelled within or without the Union. 94 PENNS YL VAN I A ILL USTRA TED. The ingenuity of Pennsylvania artisans is, in every branch of industry, almost world- wide ; her locomotives traverse every road in Kuroj)e, and her iron ships, afloat and being built, are destined to spread her iiune wherever American commerce reaches. In view of such well-earned reputation, with such mechanical and artistic record, how fitting it is her tillage, on which commerce, manufactures and industry of every kind repose, should be esteemed noteworthy! It is pleasant to know that her fertile soil, her intelligent husbandmen, her crops and flocks and herds may be referred to as justly entitled to high discriminating praise. It is true wc have not within our borders broad j)rairies like unto those of the far West, nor its unctuous soil which knows no depth, and ever yields without exhaustion of fertility. We glory in the natural wealth of our sister States — their prosperity is ours as well ; but in our mines of coal and iron and other minerals, in our ceaseless flow of oil, nature has dealt kindly by us also. The gold of California, the cotton of the South, the sugar of Louisiana and Texas, the silks and other Hbres of the world, the spices and cottees of the tropics, tne Columbia Bridge, Fairmount Park. liighest mechanism of Europe, its best efforts in the useful and fine arts, are all at our command ; we have only to stretch forth our hands and grasp what has been so bounti- fully placed within our reach ; what has been denied us in nature's })rofuse scattering we have gained by thoughtful, well-directed efforts in the rotation of crops, in the appli- cation of ai)propriate fertilizers, and other means intelligently directed to a desired end, until "Pennsylvania agriculture" has become simplv another term for high-farming and successful tillage, whilst those who, resident at distant points, seek the best, whether it be the fine strains of animals which ^vxag its rich pastures, or the seeds of grasses, cereals or vegetables, bend their steps hitherward and never go empty away. Under such conditions it is no easy task to single out an individual rural estate for special notice; indeed, it must be unhesitatingly admitted, not one alone has claim to so eminent a distinction, but it is impracticable on this occasion, with our limited space, to describe more than one, to be accepted as a tvpe of many. PENNS YL VANIA ILL USTRA TED. 95 On the Delaware, a few miles above Philadelphia, and adjoining that fertile tract known as Penn's Manor, a wise and discriminating reservation of the proprietary governor, is Bloomsdale, which we have selected as illustrative of the rural industry of Pennsylvania. This estate, we do not hesitate to say, has contributeto ilnifotmsi a sperialtj}. BAITIIERS, FLAGS, DECORATIONS AND BADGES. We keep constantly on hand a large and varied assortment of MATERIAI.S AND TRIMMINGS suited to all the above branches. • A LAKGE ASSOETMENT OF SILK, BUNTING AND MUSLIN FLAGS ON HAND AND MADE TO OBDEK. ALSO, Banner Silks, Bunting, Staffs, Eagles, Ornaments, Spears, ^%lh, %nH ^ %M%tl%, §ring$^, %isUn, ^tl%%f AND ALL ARTICLES NEEDED FOR FLAG AND BANNER TRIMMING. THE TRADE SUPPLIED. Mail orders and inquiries shall have prompt attention. HORSTMANN BROTHERS & CO. PHILADELPHIA, PA. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. NEW BOOKS. ♦♦♦ The Wild North Land. The Story of a Winter Journey with Dogs across Northern North America. By Captain W. F. Butler, author of " The Great Lone Land." With 16 handsome full page Engravings. Crown 8vo. Toned paper. Cloth, extra, black and gold, $2.50. " Certainly he seems to have some excellent qualifications for the task. The love of adventure breathes through every page of his book, and gives it a pleasant flavor of originality. * * * * Captain Butler succeeds in infecting us with the spirit of enjoyment, his book carries us along with it." — Saturday Review, London. Celebrities of the Past and Present. Essays, Biographical, Critical and Historical, chiefly adapted from SAft>rTE-BEUVE. By Mal- colm Maceuen. 12mo., cloth, extra, $1.50. THE Sportsman's Olub Among the Trappers. By Harry Castlemon, author of the " Gun- boat Series," "Rocky Mountain Series," etc. Illustrated by Bensell. Cloth, black and gold, $1.25. This is the third and completing volume of the " Sportsman's Club Series," and is the book of the season for boys. Encyclopedia of Rural Sports. Comprising Shooting, Hunting, Coursing, Fishing, Hawking, Athletics, Pedestrianism, Yachting, Boating, Racing, and the various Rural Games and Amusements, Illustrated by 200 Engravings. By Stonehenge (J. W. Walsh, F.R.C.S.). Very thick crown 8vo. Cloth, black and gold, $5.00. This should be in the hands of every one fond of sports or rural life. IN PRESS, The Household Book of Quotations. A Dictionary of Ten Thousand Familiar Quo- tations, with exact references to their, sources, and with parallel passages. Compiled and analytically arranged by Samuel J. Filer. Will he issued in October, THE Stately Homes of Sngland. By Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A., and S. C. Hall, F.S.A. Illustrated with 210 superb En- gravings on wood. Foolscap, 4to. '• Mr. Jewitt's volume is not only an ornament to any table, but is good reading to boot, and in this double quality is entitled to rank as a gift-book of the first order." — London Times. " This volume contains 210 exquisite wood engravings. ... Is a beautifully illustrated and entertaining work." — London Graphic. "A GIFT BOOK OF THE FIRST ORDER." PORTER & COATES, Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. AMERICAN LINE THE AMERICAN STEAMSHIP COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA. Weekly Mail Steamship Service betAveen PHILADELPHIA AND LIVERPOOL, CALLING AT QUEENSTOWN. SailiDi every Tlinrstoy M PMMelpMa aM eTerj feteiai froi Livepl. PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, ABBOTSFORD, OHIO, ILLINOIS, *KKNILWORTH. PRICES OF PASSAGE IN CURRENCY. First Cabin, $75 to $100, according to accommodations. Intermediate and Steerage tickets to and from all points at lowest current rates. Steamers marked with a star do not carry intermediate. Passenger accommodations fOr all classes unsurpassed. Ample attendance is provided. Every steamer carries a surgeon and stewardess. These eteamers are supplied with Life-Rafts, in addition to the usual Life 'Boats and Life-Pre- servers. Through tickets and through bills of lading issued between all prominent points. For passage, rates of freight and other information, apply to PETER WRIGHT & SONS, General Agents, No. 307 Walnut St., Fhiladelphia. EICHARDSON, SPEIICE & CO., Liverpool. Iff. k J. CUMMINS & BROS., Queenstown. RED STAR LZITK APPOINTED TO GARRY THE BELGIAN AND UNITED STATES MAILS. PHILADELPHIA AND ANTWEKP. NEW YOEK AND ANTWERP. VADERLAND, SWITZERLAND, WESTERLAND, NEDERLAND, RHYNLAND, RUSLAND. PRICES OF PASSAGE IN CURRENCY. First Cabin $90 | Second Cabin $60 Intermediate and Steerage tickets to and from all points at lowest current rates. Passenger accommodations for all classes unsurpassed. Ample attendance is provided. Every steamer carries a surgeon and stewardess. Through tickets and through bills of lading issued between all prominent points. For passage, rates of freight and other information, apply to PETER WEIGHT & SOITS, General Agents, No. 30? Walnut Street, Pliiladelphia. B. VONDER BECKE, Qeneral European Agent, Antwerp. 2 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD. 3doxjbxjE t:b^a.oic FAjST EXPRESS TRAINS LBATB ITew York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washin^on, in connection with the North Penn., Cen- tral of N. J. and Morris & Essex Eoads, for Bethlehem, Easton, Allentown, Oatasauqua, Slatington, Mauch Chunk, Glen Onoko, Hazleton, Mahanoy City, Wilkesbarre, Pittston, Towanda, Elmira, Watkins Glen, Ithaca, Auburn, Oswego, Ogdensburg, the Canadas, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Chicago, and all points in the West and North West. PALACE PARLOR COACHES ON THE DAY EXPRESS TRAINS. (A new and popular train), LEAVES NEW TOBK AND PHILADELPHIA DAILY, WITH PULLMAN'S SLEEPING COACHES, Fm MmMml&f @sw§gQ, ^smsMSf mmi iM WesL ONOKO GLEN AND THE SWITCH BACK. Four trains each day (Sundays excepted), Leaye New York and Philadelphia for Manch Chnnli, Giving passengers an opportunity of visiting the beautiful Glen of Onoko and the Switch Back, both of which places have become famous for their rare scenery, and attract many thousand visitors annually. The Bound Trip can be made from either City in a day, if desirei FREIGHT ACCOMMODATION. EXPRESS AND WAT FREIGHT TRAINS RUN NIGHT AND DAY, And draw a very large tonnage, because of the careful and regular manner in which freight is transported and delivered. TZOKIET OIBTFIOES: NEW YORK, Central R. R. of N. J., foot of Liberty Street. Morris & Essex R. JR., foot of Barclay and Christopher Streets* PHILADELPHIA^ 732 Chestnut Street^ 105 South Fifth Street, and the North Penn. Depot. ROBT. K. SATRE^ Superintendent and Engineer. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. THE PHILADELPHIA & SOUTHERN Mail Steamship Company's Lines TO WILMINGTOlSr, N.C., Weekly; SAVANNAH, GEO., Weekly; NEW ORLEANS, LA., Semi-monthly; HAVANA, CUBA, Semi-monthly; FKOM • Pier 22, below Pine Street, Delaware River. lllli m lillRiiDS k SIMliAI 111 TO ALL POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST, INCLUDING LANDINGS ON THE MlSSiSSIPPl RIVER, BETWEEN NEW ORLEANS AND ST. LOUIS ; By nvtORGAN's Line U. S. IVTail Steamers, FROM NEW ORLEANS TO ALL TEXAS PORTS, And with Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Eailroad, Houston Direct Navigation Company, Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad, Houston and Texas Central Railway and branches, International and Great Northern Railroad, and the Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific Railway, TO ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES & TOWNS IN TEXAS, AND BT MW ORLEANS, MOBILE AND TEXAS RAILROAD TO MOBILE. For Rates of Freight, and other information, apply to "WM. L. JAMES, G-eneral Agent, 4:16 South Delaware Ave,, Philadelphia, JLOEI^^TS. WORTH & WOBTH, Wilmington; HITNTBB & GAMMEIiIj, Savannah; E. A. YORKE, New Orleans; WIIililAM NEILSON, Havana. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. THE GEEAT TRUNK LINE AHD UNITED STATES MAIL ROUTE, BETiriB* TBI ATLANTIC SEABOARD AND THE PACIFIC COAST. The best constructed, most splendidly equipped, and thoroughlj organized system of Railroads in the United States. Double track, stone balasted, and laid with heavy steel rails. Bridges of iron or stone, and built upon the most approred plans. THE WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE Is attached to all passenger trains, and the system of safety signals is perfect. Pnllmn DrawiDi-Rooi, Sleepini anil Parlor Cars are mi on all Express Trains, From NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, WASHINGTON and BALTIMORE, To CHICAGO, CINCINNATI, LOUISVILLE, INDIANAPOLIS and ST. LOUIS, ■W-ITHIOTJT Oia:j^I:T<3-E. The scenery on this route, for grandeur, beauty and variety, is unsurpassed in the world. Superior refreshment facilities provided. CONNECTIONS ASSURED TO ALL IMPORTANT POINTS. Tickets for sale, at the Lo-west Rates, at the Ticket Ofllces of the Company in all inaportant cities and tov/^ns. STTMMEH TB.AVEZ.. The Pinmstlvania. Railkoad Company pdrnishbs facilitibs for Plhasubh Travbl superior to any other railroad in America. All the principal places of interest in the EASTERN, MIDDLE, AND SOUTHEEN STATES, AND IN CANADA, Being reached by the lines of Railroad it controls, it is enabled to present annually thi most com- PRSHENBivK and COMPLETE SERIES OF EXCURSION ROUTES '' Offered to Summbr Tbavbllbrs in the world. FRANK THOMSON, D. M. BOYD, Jr., (Jeaer&l ICanageri QenL Fasienger Agent. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. Northern Central Railway. < • » ■ » ONLY DIRECT LINE CONNECTING TEE NORTH AND SOUTH. « • » » » This National Route runs from Baltimore to the cities on the Lakes and the Canada Border, passing through the centre of Pennsylvania, and penetrating the great Coal and Iron Fields of that State. IT CONNECTS AT HiKRISBURG WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, Over which its trains are run direct to Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and all important points, making it the best line between Washington City and the West, South-west, and North-west* IT CONNECTS AT SUNBURY WITH THE PHILADELPHIA AND ERIE RAILROAD, Forming a through line to Erie, Cleveland and Detroit. IT CONNECTS AT ELMIRA WITH THE ERIE RAILWAY, For Buffalo and the East. IT CONNECTS AT CANANDAIGUA WITH THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD, For Rochester, the Canadian Cities, and Syracuse and Albany. The Northern Central Railway has A COIPIEIE Mi OF mWMl A! MLIiOEE AID mwmi Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, Augusta, Atlanta, Jachsonville, Mobile and New Orleans, and all important points in the South, are reached. Tickets for sale, at lowest rates, at ticket offices of the Company in all important towns and cities reached. BAQaAGK CHECKED TO DESTINATION. SUMMER TRAVEL. The Northern Central Railway passes through some of the most beautiful scenery on the Conti- nent, embracing the Valley of the Susquehanna, the Mountains and Forests of Pennsylvania, and reaches the world-famed wonders of WATKIN8 GLEN, SENECA LAKE, AND NIAGARA FALLS. It presents unequalled attractions for pleasure travel, and arrangements are perfected by the Com- pany securing to excursionists and others the highest possible degree of comfort and enjoyment. A. J. CASSATT, D. M. BOYD, Jr., Oenl. Manager. Oenl. Pattenger Agent, PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. ITOHTH PEmSYLVAITIA HAILROAD THE SHORT AND FAVORITE ROUTE FROM PHILADELPHIA TO Easton, Bethlehem, Allentown, Maach Chunk, Mabanoy City, Wilkesbarre, Scranton, Towanda, Waverly, Southern and Western New York, Auburn, Ithaca, Rochester, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and the Canadas. SIX THROUGH TRAINS DAILY for Bethlehem, and the various points on the Lehigh Valley, Lehigh and Susquehanna, and Erie Railways, and their connections. THREE TRAINS DAILY for Doylestown and intermediate points. TWO TRAINS DAILY for Northeast Pennsylvania Railroad. HOURLY TRAINS for the Suburban Districts of the City. PASSENGER DEPOT IN PHILADELPHIA, Comer of Berks and America Streets. City Patsenger Gars of Fifth Street, Third Street, and Union Line run to the Depot. FREIGHT ACCOMMODATION. Daily Fast Freight Trains are run to all points in the Lehigh, Mahanoy, Wyoming, and Susque- hanna Valleys; and in connection with the Erie Railway to Buffalo, Rochester, Western New York, and the West, delivering goods with great regularity and promptness. LOCAL FREIGHT DEPOT, Front and Wlllov 8ts. THROUGH FREIGHT DEPOT, Front and Noble 8t8. To insure dispatch. Freight must be delivered before 5 p. m. ELLIS CLARK, General Agent, Front and Willow Streets, Philadelphia. Jjl^' Tickets Sold and Baggage Checked through to the principal Stations, at Mank's North Pennsyltania Baggage Express Office, No. 105 South Fifth Street. sTiiiiiiiiE k tmimm, N. W. Corner Eighth and Market Streets, PHILADELPHIA, Have on band, at all times, one of the largest stocks of DRY GOODS to be found in Philadelphia, at retail, in SILKS AND DRESS GOODS. They are enabled to offer great advantages in assortment and prices, as also in every variety of MOOSE FORNISHING GOODS, BLANKETS AND QVILTS, SHEETINGS AND SHIRTINGS, LINEN GOODS, &o., &c., Jk.t tlie 3LM w QC A •M ■^ r^ A w^ r* Q p p or? PHILADELPHIA. Having been purchased by " The Girard House Hotel Company," this Hotel has been thoroughly refitted in the most approved style ; the lower halls laid with marble tiles, and the parlor, chambers, and upper halls newly carpeted and refurnished. The Dining Rooms are also replenished with new table furniture. The Hotel will be found Commodions, Comfortable, and Reasonable in Prices. Public Eecord. THE INDEPENDENT MORNING NEWSPAPER OF PHILADELPHIA, Office, S, TV* Corner of Third and Chestnut Streets. The PcBLic Record is the only one cent morning newspaper published in Philadelphia; it reaches mere readers, and a more varied class of readers, than any other paper in the city, and its advertising rates are fifty per cent, lower than any, in proportion to circulation, which is the main element of value to advertisers. The Public Record furnishes to its readers THE LATEST NEWS FROM ALL FARTS OF THE WORLD, By telegraph, through the Associated Press, besides Local and other News, by its own correspondents. Rates of Advertising. Tiftetm cents per line. On first page, and before Marriages and Deaths, ttoenty-fi/oe cents per line. Marriages and Deaths, twenty-five cents each insertion, Th<; Public Record is served in the city and surrounding cities and towns at six cents per week, payable to the carrier. WILLIAM J. SWAIN, Proprietor and Publisher. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTjIATED ADVERTISER. WILL BE PtnSLISS'J) BAELY IN 1875 The New Guide to PHILADELPHIA AND ITS VICINITY. It is designed to make this the best Guide Book which has ever been published, and no pains nor expense will be spared which are necessary to that end. It will be thorough and complete ; well illustrated, and with maps and diagrams, on a new plan, which will add greatly to the practi- cal usefulness of the book. It is believed that it will be very valuable not only to strangers but to citizens as well. PORTER & COATES, Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. A. WElEROre & CO. 132S CHESTNUT ST. (Opposite U. S. Mint), PHILADELPHIA. PHOTOGRAPHS Or every description, Photo- Electrotypes, AND PHOTO-LITHOGMPHS. DAILY AND WEEKLY. 8 I=>A.(3-ES, 56 OOLTJZSdinsrS. A COMPLETE NEWS, BUSINESS AND FAMILY PAPER. THE LAR&EST MWSPAPER PUBLISHEB IN PHILABELPHIA. A Journal for the People — For the Merchant, the Manufacturer, the Mechanic, Working Men and their Families. SUBSCBIPTIOX: DAILY, $8.00; WEEKIT, $1.50 PER ANNUM. PUBLISHED BY 14 & 16 South Seventli Street, Philadelphia. PENNSTLVANJA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. 1873. -VIElSriTJ^. 1S73. JOB PIIBIICATIONS OF T. ELLWOOD ZELiL, 17 and 19 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia, 5 Beekman Street, New York, ZELL'S POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY and GAZETTEER. The most perfect work of the kind ever issued. Over Seven Thousand Columns of Nonpareil Type, consisting of matter on every important subject known. Illustrated by over 3,000 Engravings. ZELL'S SUPPLEMENT TO ENCYCLOPEDIA. Containing late matters of History and Discoveries in Art and Science. ZELL'S DESCRIPTIVE HAND- ATLAS OF THE WORLD. Containing Thirty-five Full-page Maps, beautifully engraved and colored, and about 300 pages of descriptive geographical matter and indexes. ZELL'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY BIBLE. From entirely new electrotype plates, with copious notes, explanatory matter, and devotional commentary. With 50 Illustrations, consisting of Engravings on steel (entirely new plates and mostly new subjects), Maps, Chromo Lithographs, Illustrative Lettar-press and Family Register. THE CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. By E. A. and Gbo. L. Dutohiwck and M. Laird Simons. Containing graphic sketches of the lirea and writings of over 800 of the most illustrious American authors. Illustrated by 54 steel engrav- ings and 500 wood-cuts. 8@" Address as above for terms and territory. Cirenlars and Specimens sent free on application to aboTe address. 10 PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRATED ADVERTISER. WILLIAM W. HARDING, BIBLE PUBLISHER & IMPORTER, 630 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Have now been before the pi;i)lio, for nearly half a century. Their reputation is still maintained, as " the best and cheapest." They are, indeed, unsurpassed by any other editions of American manufac- ture. The great variety of slyh: . in which they are bound, gives a large range for selecting something to suit every taste. The prices ranging from $2.50 to $50.00, provide for every want in that particular. BIBLES in elegant Levant Bindings, put up in fine morocco boxes, satin lined, suitable for Wedding Gifts; and a full line of fine PRESENTATION BIBLES, in a great variety of styles. OXFORD AND BAGSTER BIBLES. Especial attention is invitC'l to our importations of Oxford and Bagster Bibles from these celebrated English houses, ""tv'e import them in large quantities, and are able to offer them at a lower price than they can be bought for elsewhere. The Large Print OXFOXiD TESTAMENT in several styles of binding. A most beautiful edition. Attention is also invited to Harding's Patent Flexible CHAIN BACK ALBUMS, the strongest Photograph Album made. Albums for Carte de Visite and Cabinet Pictures, in every Tariety of bindings. Also, Photograph Albums of foreign manufacture. HARDING'S BIBLES and ALBUMS are sold by nearly all Booksellers and Stationers throughout the country. Vititort to Philadelphia thould call and examine our elegant stock. W. W. HAEDINa, 630 Ohestnut St,, PhiladslpMa. LARGEST PENNY PAPER. THE EVENING HERALD. PUBLISHED EVERY AFTERNOON AT No. 27 SOUTH SEVENTH ST. (corner of Jayne Street). Successive Editions at 11 a.m., 1, 3 and 5 o'clock, p.m., every day, containing the LATEST NEWS FEOM ALL PAETS OF THE WORLD, WITH Full ^ Special Local Repoi^ts, Editorials on all interesting topics. Independent in all things. THE CEEAM OF CURRElirT LITERATURE, Embracing Stories, Poems, Sketches, News of Art, Science, Literature, Music, the Drama, &c., &«. FOR BALE EVERYWHERE. PENNSTL VANIA ^ILL USTP ^ED AD VERTISEB. 11 BOBBIIT'S ELECTRIC SOAP, The "Ne Plus Ultra" of Modern Chemistry. TIME, MONEY, LABOE, CLOTHES, AND WOMEN SAVED. To enumerate all the advantages of using this remarkable Soap, would require a large space. We only ask that every family give it one fair trial, ctCCOVding tO the divec- tiOflSf confident that the result will be highly satisfactory. It can be used as any other soap, with great saving, but to obtain the full benefit of its ingredients, it should be used by cutting into small shavings, and dissolving them in boiling water, then soak the clothes in the suds five or ten minutes, when a little hand-rubbing will make them as clean as hours of hard work with ordinary soap — and by ordinary soap, we mean those soaps most extensively known as good family soaps. A preferable method, when convenient, is, to dissolve a half pound in a pailfull of boiling water for every six or eight dozen pieces, put the clothes into a large tub, nearly covering the clothes with hot water, then pour in the solution, and let the clothes soak over night. Full directions accompany each bar. For cleaning paint it has no equal, as it leaves the paint bright and glossy. It requires no scrubbing-brush — use the warm solution with a sponge or cloth. Its effect is magical. For washing Flannels, Cashmeres, Woollens, German Worsted Goods, it is invaluable, leaving the brightest colors without injury : all such goods should be washed in cold or tepid water. For toilet use the Soap is highly prized. It makes but little lather in cold water, but its cleansing power and great durability make it at once an economical and desirable toilet article. It leaves the skin soft and delicate. It is an excellent Shaving Soap. For cleaning Silver, Jewelry and Glass, the Soap has superior merit. The Soap is made from the purest materials, many of which are unknown to the trade, and these materials are treated by new and original methods, the whole system and machinery of the manufacture being quite unlike others in the same line of business. The history of **Dobbin's Electric Soap" proves it to possess superior merit. Only a few years since, it was first introduced at a price so much higher than other soaps, that the wholesale and retail dealers unanimously predicted its failure ; but all such oppositioa has been overcome, and actual use has proved it the cheapest Soap known. It is puve whitCf and warranted to contain no adulteration or quality injurious to the most delicate fabric. No family will be without it after giving it one trial. Please ask your grocer for it and test its merits, for it tells its own story at once. SOLE PROPRIETORS, 119 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 102 Barclay Street, New York City. 144 State Street, Boston. 12 PENNSYLVANIA P'TJSTRATFD AVVL-^RTISER. OXFORD BIBLES, #x)|ord prajicr iHoohs, Morocco, Calf Skin, Russia, YelTCt, Ivory. Have a World-wide FaiYie for Beaaty of Printing, Correctness of Text, Texture and Quality of Paper, Beauty and Strengtii of Binding, General Superiority Over all other Editions. Be sure to ask for Oxford Editions, and be satisfied with nothing else, because they are acknowledged to be the best. Sole Agents in the United States, THOMAS HELSOK & SONS, 42 Beecker St., New York. NOW READY, m "FifflM 11 JJ The Waverley Novels, By SIR WALTER SCOTT. Complete in 23 vols. 12mo. Illustrated with two Steel Engravings In each volume, and handsomely bound in black and gold. Price, per Vol,, $1,50, This new " Fireside Edition " is printed in the largest type of any edition published, and is the cheapest to be had. It is the 07ily edition with Sir Walter Scott's original Notes complete. PORTER & COATES, Publishers. PHILADELPHIA. *#* When not to be had at the bookstores, ttni by mail post-paid, on receipt of price. FORNEY'S Press. THE GREAT RADICAL NEWSPAPER. GI:T the best AMD CHEAPEST KEWSPAFER IK THE COUNTRY. THE PRESS Is a first-class double sheet, eight-page paper, containing forty-eight columns, published every morning (except Sundays). Terms, Daily Press, $8 per Annum ; $4 for Six Months ; $2 for Three Months. TMI^WEMMTiY FEE MM, Terms, $4 per Annum. $2 for Six Months. $1 for Three Months. TME WEEMLT FEE MM, The most valuable Weekly Newspaper in the World. It contains items of interest to all. One copy, $2 per Annum. Five copies, $9 per Annum. All orders should be addressed to JOHN W. FORNEY, Editor and Proprietor, South West Comer Seventh and Chestnut Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PA. PENNSYLVANIA ILLUSTRJ '^ED irvC!.:ThsE NEW YORK T±x,: VQ'^I FOUNDED BY HORACE GREELEY. ^"^^ J*- "THE LEADING AMCfllCAN NEWSPAPER." ^ "The n«t» TRIBUNE of to-day, like the old TRIBUNE of the pa.it, U to be nmsecrated to the development O 30 CO C7 710 Green Street, Philadelphia. JAMES P. WOOD & CO. 41 South Fourth Street, Steam & Hot-Water Heating, WITH GOLD'S PATENT OAST-IEON APPAKATUS. Architects, builders and others desiring build- ings heated with Steam or Hot Water, should not fail to examine this apparatus, which is superior to all the imitations offered for sale. Our Cast- iron Radiators are adapted to high as well as low pressure steam. STEAM FITTING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES Done at the shortest notice. Particular attention paid to Ventilation. WOOD'S AMERICAN KITCHENER, On the European principle, of neat and durable construction, suitable For Fnbllc Institations, Hotels and PriTate Residences, Having powerful water-backs, and its cooking and baking qualities caunot be surpassed. PENNSYLVANIA ILLV.'^TEATED ADVERTISER. mansfiel & baird, Jewelers & Sij-versmiths, ■No. -416 CHESTITXJT STE-EET, IMPOHTJERS Of t\\nmon^, fflaklies, CbcKs, anil ^rattzc^. STERLING SILVER TEA AND TABLE WARE. The Gorharn and other Best Quality Plated Wares. Fine Cutlery in Pearl and Ivory. 1416 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. THE MODERN METHOD OF LIGHTING OUR HOMES, SCHOOLS, INSTITUTIONS, &c., &c. GASLIGHT ADAPTED TO POPULAR NEEDS. SAFER THAN CANDLES. BRIGHTER THAN COAL GAS. CHEAPER THAN KEROSENE. Perfected by the Keystone Safety Gas Machine Company. J. B. WILSON, President. C. H. BAKER, Sec. and Treas. Officb— No. 717 SANSOM STREET, PHILADELPHIA. Pamphlets and full information furnished on application. Fine Dress Shirts Made to Order, with Palmer's Patent Double Yoke. J. yV. SCOTT & CO ISTo. 814. CHIESTInTUT STi^EE T, PHILADELPHIA, (Four Doors below Continental Hotel.) Men's Furnishing Goods. 1" II E LARGEST & BEST STOCK OF BOOKS IN PHILADELPHIA AT THE LOWEST PRICES. In oin' RETAIL DEPARTMENT will be found always a stock particu- larly rich in rare, scarce and curious Books, handsome illustrated Works, and Books in fine Bindings. Priced Catalogues are issued from time to time, and tvill be sent regularly free to any address. Also, all the neiv and standard Publications, Etiglish and American, are kept always in stock. MAIL ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY; BOOKS IMPORTED TO ORDER; IMPORTATIONS MADE WEEKLY. PORTER & COATES, Publishers, Importers and Booksellers, 822 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. F. A. HOYT & BRO, Men's Fine Clothing MlAde to Order. ALSO, BOYS' CLOTHING A SPECIALTY. Cor. Chestnut & Tenth Sts., (ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS,) PHILADELPHIA. KINGSFOED'S OS'WEGO ; jur^^ lilwi||)Ioss Slart[It FOR THE LAUNDRY, MANUFACTURED BY ¥M. H. OAKFORD, HATTER, 926 Chestnut Street, -Philadelphia. SOJ.E AGENT FOJt AMIDON'S & DUNLAP'S HEW YORK HATS. T. KINGSFORD & SON, Has become a HOUSEHOLD NECESSITY. Its great excellence lias merited the commendation of Europe for American manufacture. Pulverized Corn Starch PREPAEED BY T. KINGSrOED'& SON, Expressly fov food, when it is properly made into Puddings, is a dessert of great excellence. * , FOR SALE BY ALL FIRST-CLASS GROCERS. HENRY B. ASHMEAD, m k Job jgrint^r, 1102 Si, 1104 Sansom Street, Philadelphia. PlI OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, EXECUTED WITH NEATNESS AND DISPATCH. ^^ "o-o- .U 1'* C^ r . I • v^ ** ^L' < V O^ * • « ° '• %../ .'i{»i". ^^,.^* /^fe\ \./ ;>%^-" *- -* ^"^ '^c,- '^o^ 0^ e-^U,*,*^©. ; '^ 0^ V . t • '^ 0^ "oK '^o^ ; "^o^ ^^-n^ '?'. .4 ' , "^H D^ • r\ * J^^ S&> « • ' ^E D^ • rk Deacldlfied using the Bookkeeper | MAY ^- PRESERVATION TECHN LOG 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive ,0^ ^o %.>* /Jl^'v \„./ .'i^^'. ^-..«* /Jl^'v ^„./ .•: