PINE RIDGE 1890 An Eye Witness Account of the Events Surrounding the Fighting at Wounded Knee by William Fitch Kelley Edited and compiled by Alexander Kelley & Pierre Bovis Published by Pierre Bovis P. O. Box 26442 San Francisco, California 94126 ES3 COPYRIGHT © 1971 by Alexander Kelley Pierre Bovis PRINTED IN USA, I97I All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Dedication This volume is dedicated to McClure Kelley, who thoughtfully preserved for the enjoyment of future generations the articles presented herein, which were written by his father, Wilham Fitch Kelley. This is a limited edition of 2000 copies. ^ THE PHOTOS IN THIS BOOK ARE COURTESY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY, NATIONAL ARCHIVES Engraving of Gen. Nelson A. Miles from War Path and Bivouac by John F. Finerty, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1961 Pen and Ink Illustrations of Plains Indian artifacts by Miss Nonie Farr Drawn from the Collections of Alexander Kelley and Pierre Bovis Introduction Recently, the descendants of William Fitch Kelley dis- covered an old bound scrapbook among the Kelley fam- ily memorabilia. This book contained a series of newspaper articles written by William Fitch Kelley when he was briefly a reporter for the Nebraska State Journal. The articles were written in late 1890 and early 1891 about the Sioux Indians, then in a state of high agi- tation, as exemplified by their development of a war-like version of the Ghost Dance religion, which resulted in numerous skirmishes with soldiers and settlers including the massacre at Wounded Knee. The articles were writ- ten in the form of daily newspaper dispatches from the scene of the action — in and around Pine Ridge, South Dakota. The Nebraska State Journal wanted to cover the story taking place in South Dakota because Nebraska is that state's southern neighbor and many Nebraskans were ap- prehensive about an Indian uprising so nearby. Hundreds of people left their homes in northern Nebraska resulting in substantial loss of cattle and crops although no hostile acts were committed nor were hostile Sioux present. All Nebraskans from the Governor down were watching the situation with keen interest. After reviewing the articles, Alexander Kelley, grand- son of William Kelley, consulted with Pierre Bovis, In- dian historian and trader, who agreed that these articles should be returned to public view and further agreed to serve with Alexander Kelley as co-editor and publisher. The editors feel that these articles are interesting, not only for their factual historical content, but also because they provide a relatively faithful recreation of the atmos- phere of both that tense time, and of frontier life gen- erally, with its problems and adjustments resulting from the clash of the civilizations represented by the Sioux and the white settlers. The editors have added some brief commentary to both set the scene prior to the period covered by these articles and to take a retrospective look at the aftermath. No attempt has been made to change in any substantial way the articles themselves and the reader is left to re- turn without distortion or hindrance to the troubled times at Pine Ridge in 1890. Plains Indian moccasin ■q: ■nf.e--tr^^7 William Fitch Kelley William Fitch Kelley William Fitch Kelley was born in December, 1864 in Fremont, Ohio, the son of a prominent physician. He re- ceived a Bachelor's Degree from Hillsdale College in Michigan in 1887. Upon graduation, he decided to be- come an attorney and after some searching, he decided to seek his fortune in Lincoln, Nebraska. After his arrival in Lincoln, he took a job in the business office of the 'Ne- braska State Journal. While in that job, he asked permission to accompany the Nebraska State Militia to the scene of threatened hos- tilities on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota, which was inhabited primarily by Oglala Sioux Indians. He would serve there as the representative of the Journal and be its "on-the-scene" correspondent. Although he was not then a reporter nor a member of the editorial staff, James Mahoney, the Managing Editor of the Ne- braska State Journal, appointed him General Correspon- dent on November 22, 1890. Kelley then went to Pine Ridge from where the reports which follow originated. Of the many correspondents from newspapers and magazines who were present during much of the two- month period covered by these articles written at Pine Ridge, it is interesting to note that only three covered the actual conflict at Wounded Knee. They were Will Cressy, reporter for the Omaha Bee, Charles W. Allen, publisher of the Chadron (Nebraska) Democrat and Kelley. On the morning of December 29, 1890, the con- flict took place and Kelley unexpectedly became a parti- cipant. The conflict began as the Cavalry was attempting to disarm the Indians. The fighting began suddenly and without warning, leaving Kelley, the reporter, right in the middle of the fight. At the outset of the conflict he was about 25 feet from a group of Indians, one of whom charged him with a tomahawk. He picked up a rifle from a fallen soldier and shot the Indian. Thereafter, using the rifle and his own revolver, he is reported to have killed two more Indians as fighting took place at close range. He was quoted in the January 14, 1891 edition of the Nebraska State Journal as saying, "The other two boys ( reporters Cressy and Allen ) were not around and I felt kind of lonesome; and with troops falling all around me, I felt that I ought to do something." Kelley did not indicate in his reports of the battle his part in the fighting but endeavored to cover only the main body of the news of the day. A supplementary letter to his earlier dispatches was quoted in part in the Janu- ary 4, 1891 edition of the Nebraska State Journal as say- ing: "That was an awful battle on Monday morning, twenty miles from here ( Pine Ridge ) . I want to be in no more like it. I was not twenty-five feet from the Indians when they began shooting, having no idea they would do such a thing." Only a few minutes before the shooting began at Wounded Knee, the three correspondents had circulated freely among the Indians. A few minutes later, the plain was covered with the dead and dying. More Indians had been killed there than in any fight for the thirty years preceeding. After the shooting ceased, the three correspondents made a rapid check of the battlefield to get information for their forthcoming dispatches. After approximately half an hour, they retired to Louis Mousseau's trading post near the battlefield, where they wrote their reports. The three men had made previous arrangements with Richard C. Stirk, the owner of a horse ranch in the area, to take their daily dispatches to Rushville, Nebraska, some 30 miles south of Pine Ridge, where the telegraph ofiice was located and from where their stories were usu- ally sent. The dispatches were delivered to Rushville be- fore eight o'clock that evening. There was only one telegraph operator at the ofiice to handle the press dis- patches from all the correspondents at Pine Ridge. In order to establish fair handling of these stories, the cor- respondents rotated the order in which the dispatches were sent out. It happened that December 29 was the day when W. F. Kelley's story was scheduled to be the first one sent from Rushville, and so it was that his report, though rather fragmentary due to lack of preparation time, was the first to tell the world about the day's events at Wounded Knee. Kelley returned to Lincoln in the latter part of Jan- uary, 1891 where he was greeted with much acclaim for his role in and report of Wounded Knee. Thereafter, he returned to his primary interest, the study of law, and then practiced in Lincoln for twenty-two years. In 1913, he went to Washington, D.C. as the private secretary and clerk to his friend, William Jennings Bryan, who had been appointed Secretary of State of the U. S. In 1914, he was made Assistant Solicitor in the Depart- ment of State, and was subsequently appointed Consul- General in Rome. He died at his post in March, 1916. Cheyenne knife sheath and knife CL-^4>^^..^ Biographies In the following few pages are presented the brief biog- raphies and "thumb-nail sketches" of some of the more important characters involved in the drama which un- folded at Pine Ridge in 1890. ^^ Major-General Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A. Courtesy University of Oklahoma Press Nelson A. Miles N. A Miles was born at Westminster, Massachusetts on August 8, 1839. At the beginning of the Civil War, he left his job in a Boston china store and raised a company of volunteers to serve in the Union forces. He was ap- pointed a captain in the 22nd Massachusetts Volunteers but was required to resign that commission when his young age was discovered. He was reappointed a heute- nant and the successful transition from mercantile life to that of an outstanding military leader was begun. He quickly rose through the ranks of the Union Army and commanded an army corps at age 25 and became a major general at the age of 26. After the war, he remained in the military and received an appointment in the Regular Army as a colonel in the 40th U.S. Infantry in 1866. He was employed primarily in Indian service and included among his campaigns the de- feat of the Cheyennes and Commanches on the Staked Plains in 1875, the pushing of Sitting Bull to Canada while dispersing other Sioux bands in 1876-77, the defeat of the Nez Perce with Chief Joseph in 1877 and, in his most difficult assignment, relieved General Crook and captured and interned Geronimo and his Apache follow- ers in 1886. His successes caused him to be called "The Indian Fighter." He became a major-general in April, 1890 and later that year he became involved in the trouble at Pine Ridge. He became Commander-in-Chief, U. S. Army in 1895. He commanded the army in the Spanish- American War and led them to Puerto Rico and Cuba in 1898. He retired in August, 1903 with the rank of Lieutenant-Gen- eral. He wrote two autobiographical works. Personal Re- collections in 1897 and Serving the Republic in 1911. He died on May 15, 1925. ^L^^^yY^^.^ U. S. Signal Corps, The National Archives Brig. General John R. Brooke John Rutter Brooke J. R. Brooke was born in Pennsylvania on July 21, 1838. At the outset of the Civil War, Brooke responded quickly to President Lincohi's call for troops to defend the Union and entered service in April, 1861 as a Captain of the 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. In November, 1861, he became a colonel of the 53rd Pennsylvania Volunteers and commanded them through Rappahannock, Antie- tam, Fredericksburg and other campaigns. As the war progressed, he rose to the rank of Major-General in the Union Army in 1864 and commanded the army of the Shenandoah in 1865. He resigned from volunteer service in 1866 and joined the regular army as a lieutenant-colonel of the 37th U S Infantry. He subsequently served both in the West and South until 1877, when he was sent to Pennsylvania dur- ing the great railroad strikes. During 1877-88 he served in the military district of Montana (from 1885 as Com- mander) and from 1888, when he became a brigadier- general, he commanded first the Department of the Platte and then of the Dakota, with direct control over Pine Ridge. Near the beginning of the Spanish-American War, he was appointed a major-general and led an expeditionary force to Puerto Rico. In October, 1898, he was appointed Military Governor of Puerto Rico and in December of that same year he was made Military Governor of Cuba. He died on September 5, 1926. ^_^9>^^_;^ Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Red Cloud Red Cloud (Makhpia-sha) Red Cloud was a principal chief of the Oglala Teton Sioux of Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota. This was the largest band of the Sioux nation, and he is believed to be probably the most famous and powerful chief in the history of the tribe. He was born on the Platte River in Nebraska in 1822 and was a member of the Snake family, the most distinguished and forceful of his tribe. He rose to prominence by his own force of character, having no claim to hereditary chief ship. Red Cloud led the opposition by his tribe to the influx of whites into their lands in the i86o's. His perserverance necessitated the abandonment of the three Forts Reno, Phil Kearnv and C. F. Smith in 1868. After that time, in accordance with the treaty, he lived in peace with the whites, though he constantly resisted the innovations of white civilization. During the outbreak and/or agitation of 1890-91, he remained quiet, being then old and par- tially blind. He was coerced into joining those Indians practicing the ghost dance religion. As a warrior, general, patriot from the Indian view- point, and as a statesman. Red Cloud was revered and held in the highest esteem among his people. He died at Pine Ridge on December 10, 1909. ^L-^ 11 ])'^^_J^ Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Big Foot Big Foot (Si-tanka) He was also known as Spotted Elk. Big Foot was a chief of the Miniconjou Sioux of the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota. He was one of that tribe's outstanding chiefs. He was considered wise, mild mannered, a peacemaker and considerate of the individual rights of his people. Thus his fame was derived more from diplomacy and political sense rather than from the more customary achievements in battle. He was a compromiser and his negotiating abilities made him much in demand by other Teton Sioux tribes. He also believed in the values of the old life they had known before and thus permitted the Ghost Dance among his people. While he did not practice violence himself when on the reservation, he was considered a formentor of disturbances" by U. S. military authorities because of his involvement with the Ghost Dance. As he was leading his band from the Cheyenne River agency to Pine Ridge, he was arrested along with his peo- ple and taken to camp at Wounded Knee Creek on De- cember 28, 1890. He was killed at Wounded Knee during the fighting that took place there the following day. ^L^^isY"^^ i\ Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Sitting Bull Sitting Bull (Tatanka-Yotanka) Sitting Bull was a famous leader and medicine man of the Hunkpapa Teton Sioux. He was born at Grand River, South Dakota in 1834. While at times he was known as a peacemaker, he spent much of the time after 1868 on the warpath, either with the whites, or the Crow or Shoshoni tribes. He spent most of 1877-1881 in Canada, having lost a major battle to General Miles. He returned to the U. S. to spend his days on a reservation but he continued his hatred of the whites and counseled the Sioux not to sell their land to them. While he was at Standing Rock Reservation, he induced Kicking Bear to introduce the Ghost Dance to his followers. As he was believed to be a trouble-maker and a probable rallying force in the event of forthcoming hostile action, he was slated to be re- moved from that area and interned elsewhere. When a number of Indian police came on December 15, 1890 to apprehend him, Sitting Bull was killed in the ensuing struggle. a_^i5))^^^=^ Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Short BltII Short Bull Short Bull was a Brule Sioux, born on the Niobrara River around 1845. He is remembered for his participa- tion in the 1889-90 visit to Wovoka (the Indian "mes- siah" at Pyramid Lake, Nevada ) to investigate the Ghost Dance and its ramifications. When Short Bull returned home, he represented himself as a special envoy from Wovoka and made a special place for himself in the doc- trine. Later, he improved his own status to the point where he himself was regarded as the "Messiah." He had a strong following among the Sioux, especially the younger braves during the height of the Ghost Dance fever, but fell into disrepute as that period passed. He spent most of his latter years at Pine Ridge. CL_^ 17 >^^_J^ Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Young-Man-Afraid-Of-His-Horses Young-Man- Afraid-of-His-Horses ( Tasunka-Kokipapi ) Young-Man-Afraid-Of-His-Horses was a chief of the Oglala Sioux and one of Chief Red Cloud's leading lieu- tenants during" the i86o's while the Sioux were trying to keep the whites out of their buffalo lands along the Pow- der River. His Sioux name is Tasunka-Kokipapi which is said to be properly translated into English to the effect that this person is such a fearsome warrior that those who merely see his horses become frightened. After Red Cloud's victory, Young-Man-Afraid-Of-His- Horses lived in peace with the whites, and was therefore considered to be a "progressive" in 1890-91. He later died at Pine Ridge. ^i_^ 19 jy^.^^j' Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives Kicking Bear Kicking Bear Kicking Bear was a Sioux medicine man of the Chey- enne River Agency in South Dakota. He was among those visiting Wovoka in Nevada to learn about and bring home the Ghost Dance. He gained considerable notoriety as the leader of a band of hostile Indians in the Badlands and as a priest of the Ghost Dance, which he first introduced into the camp of Sitting Bull at Standing Rock. He was among those removed from Pine Ridge in January, 1891 due to his role in the disturbances. ^^_i> civilization as quickly as possible, the Sioux were faced with other disasters. The passing of the buffalo from their land was quickly followed by the demise of deer and other game which, combined, caused them to lose almost entirely their traditional methods of obtaining food, clothing and shelter. The land they received through the treaties was poor and coupled with the arid environment and short growing seasons; it was not of much agricultural use to anyone, let alone to inexper- ienced farmers Hke the Sioux. The winter of 1889-90 was a long and exhausting one following a crop failure the previous summer (to be du- phcated during the summer of 1890) which, when com- bined with reduced rations from the Government, put the Sioux on the brink of starvation. After the first crop failure and long winter, many recent settlers departed, while other expected newcomers did not arrive. The Sioux, however, could not leave. In 1888, their cattle supply had been diminished by disease and the winter of 1889-90 brought sickness and epidemics of measles, grippe and whooping cough. During that winter the death rate among the Sioux at Pine Ridge rose to 45 per month (with a total population of 5,550). The sum total of these misfortunes made the Sioux at Pine Ridge increasingly bitter and sullen and the con- servatives among them grew restive with their longing for their former way of life. Through the gloom, a rav of hope was emerging. As it has been in other places at other times throughout history, people who are faced with misery and hopeless- ness seek some higher power for help. The ray of hope CL_=^ 29 >^=^-^^ in this case came from Nevada from a Paiute Indian named Wovoka. He brought back to hfe and enriched a religious doctrine called the Ghost Dance, which first appeared in 1870, but whose distribution was then es- sentially limited to the California tribes. In 1888, Wovoka put forth this doctrine after a great revelation which involved, he claimed, a trip to heaven, at which time he saw all those who had died and God told him to return home and teach people to love and to stop fighting and live in peace. The earth was to be re- newed and all dead Indians would return to life. A dance (the Ghost Dance) was to be included in the doctrine that involved five nights of dancing which, if frequently performed, would hasten the great day when the earth would be reborn and the Indians returned to their former and better way of life. While some consid- ered him a Messiah, he claimed to be only a prophet with small powers. Based on this philosophy of regener- ation, each tribe was free to build a structure according to its own religious beliefs and mythology. The doctrine spread rapidly throughout the western United States and the Sioux heard of it in 1889. Religion to the Sioux, as to most other tribes, centered around a great spirit and dancing was an integral part of their religious observance. The Ghost Dance doctrine or religion allowed that these great changes would be effected by a supreme spiritual power and the Ghost Dance itself was the most important facet of the doc- trine, thus being compatible with Sioux beliefs and customs. The Sioux were curious enough to send a dele- 30 gation in 1889 to Wovoka in Nevada to learn more abut the Ghost Dance. Despite the fact that the Ghost Dance doctrine was peaceful, forbade war and included women but no weapons in the dancing, the Sioux delegation which re- turned home in the Spring of 1890 rearranged some of the philosophy to suit their mood of restlessness, un- happiness and physical and spiritual hunger. Delegates, such as Kicking Bear and Short Bull felt that the white man was the cause of their troubles and surely the great spirit while returning the Indians to better days with plenty of buffalo, would bury the whites to complete the restoration. The delegates said the Messiah had re- turned to punish the whites for their misconduct and treachery toward the Indians and would restore the In- dians to supremacy over their original lands. The dele- gates went still further and promised the change would occur the following Spring (1891) and that, with the use of Ghosts Shirts, they would be invunerable to bullets and other weapons. The ghost shirts were purely a fabri- cation of the Sioux as an appendage to war but they re- moved any reason the Sioux might have to fear open con- flict with white troops. It is questionable that all of the Sioux believed whole- heartedly in the new doctrine, but with chiefs such as Red Cloud and Sitting Bull in their desire for a return to the old life professing belief and support, it flour- ished as surely as the crops withered during the summer of 1890. With the decline in their power, prosperity and happiness, the Ghost Dance or Messiah Doctrine pro- mised restoration of the old life through assistance of the great spirit ( since the Sioux were powerless to effect such changes). This hope, with or without foundation, at the least gave them something more or less tangible to concentrate upon and enabled them to feel they had a future. The appearance of the dancers and the resulting agi- tation caused much apprehension bordering on panic among settlers along the frontier in Nebraska, Iowa and the Dakotas. Many abandoned their homes and fled to the larger towns and cities for protection. The agents in charge of the five agencies were each in a difficult spot as the ghost dancing spread and by the fall of 1890, they were officially expected to put a stop to all such Indian actions. Aside from Pine Ridge, the other four tried to stop the dancing and while they were only partially successful, they remained in command of their respective situations. At Pine Ridge, the problem had become more com- plex. In 1890, a new agent, D. F. Royer, was assigned to Pine Ridge. He was without experience in the adminis- tration of Indians or their affairs. More importantly, he was afraid of them and could not control them. The Sioux at Pine Ridge were quick to take advantage of his weakness and all discipline broke down, including the previously effective Indian police. Royer soon declared the situation out of control and requested troops for pro- tection. When asked for the names of Indian "fomentors of disturbances" for possible arrest, Royer sent 64 names while the other four agents sent 15 names between them. As Royer continued to insist upon the arrival of troops, settlers and newspapers echoed the desire and a special agent sent to Pine Ridge confirmed Royer's lack of control. On November 13, President Harrison di- rected the Secretary of War "to assume responsibility for the suppression of any threatened outbreak, and to take such steps as may be necessary to that end." On Novem- ber 15, Royer telegraphed frantically "we need protec- tion and we need it now." On November 17, General Brooke was instructed to send troops to Pine Ridge and Rosebud to restore calm and control. On November 19- 20, troops from Fort Robinson, Nebraska arrived at Pine Ridge and were soon reinforced by others compri- sing a total force in the area of about 3,000 troops. With the arrival of the "bluecoats," a large number (approximately 40% of the whole population) of the Sioux left Pine Ridge for the Badlands to the west of their reservation to continue their dancing. The Indians were afraid of the troops but did manage to burn a num- ber of houses (mostly on the reservation), capture part of the government cattle herd and force a number of "friendly" or "progressive" Indians to accompany them. Brooke embarked at the outset of the troops' arrival at Pine Ridge on a cautious policy of trying to coax the Sioux into reunification at Pine Ridge and the reinstall- ation of a calm reasoned control. To some, this appeared to be a policy of appeasement but Brooke and his com- mander. General Miles (then in Chicago), were deter- mined to prevent bloodshed, if possible. In a word, the tension was great and the situation ex- plosive. That was the environment in which fledgling reporter William Fitch Kelley, of the Nebraska State Journal, found himself on November 24, 1890 at Pine Ridge, South Dakota. Sioux war bonnet Nearly Ready to Act General Brooke Awaits Reinforcements Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville), Nov. 24 — [Special] — Affairs at the agency to-day are more quiet than at any time for the past week. The Indians upon the reservation are dravi^ing their rations and many are com- ing in to-day, and all apparently are desirous of prevent- ing any outbreak. On Wednesday the beef rations are is- sued by the agent and it is expected by that time many more will come than to-day, as the Indians are always more desirous of procuring their beef than anything else. Red Cloud and all under his authority, although en- camped only five miles from here, refuse to come in. They are probably waiting for some of the Indians now outside of the reservation, hoping that they may thus get their share by mixing with the followers of Red Cloud. The anxiety that has disturbed the feelings of all is now passing away upon the arrival of more troops. A troop of colored cavalry, sixty strong, came in to-day from Ft. McKinney at noon, and Companies H and G of the Second Infantry from Omaha, are now marching to this place from Rushville. This troop of cavahy belongs to the famous regiment which has seen much service on the frontier and in Indian fighting, and is one of the crack regiments of the army. The Seventh Cavalry arrived to-day at Valentine and proceeded at once to Rosebud Agency, v^here are Sitting Bull and his warriors. Many of the ghost dancers have ceased dancing or at least prom- ised to do so. To-night, however, the authorities do not give much credence to this. It is clear to all, although not admitted by the officers, that there will be a decided move made soo]i by the sol- diers if the Indians much longer refuse to obey. There are now so many soldiers here and so many more coming that they will again seek to teach the Indians to comply with the orders of the government. Thursday morning is generally fixed upon as the day when the soldiers will be sent against them, first to break up the dances and sec- ondly to disarm them. The Indians without doubt know they will be called on to give up their arms, whether it be peace or war, which thought hinders them from com- ing near the reservation. Many have sought General Brooke to parley with him, but he utterly refuses to par- ley with them and said last night unless they ceased danc- ing of their own accord they would be made to stop. The general spoke in so emphatic a manner that it was im- possible to doubt his meaning. The canard telegraphed an Omaha paper as to a plot duplicating the Custer massacre is severely condemned here as there was not the least foundation for any part of it. Frank Girard, the noted western scout, came in to-day with the troop of cavalry and reported at once to General Brooke for orders. The most intense excitement pervades all stations east of here. On the Elkhorn road, at Cody, people were coming in every hour yesterday and passed the night in churches, school houses and freight houses. A company of seventy-five men has been formed. All have guns and plenty of ammunition. All settlers from the north for forty miles are rapidly congregating in Gordon and are badly scared. Trains going east for the past two days have been crowded with women and children seek- ing a safe retreat in case of an outbreak. One hundred Winchesters were received at Gordon Sunday night and forty rifles and 1,000 rounds of ammunition Saturday eve- ning. There are now 250 men fully armed at this point. The Indians, in case of an outbreak, will not go to the south and the alarm in these towns is wholly causeless. If they break away from here they will plunge into the foot- hills northeast of here, where they can be pursued only with great difficulty. There are also some herds of cattle in that direction which would have weight with them at the present moment and they would have also to move in that direction if they wished to form a junction with Sitting Bull and his band. The whole thing will be known in a few days whether it is to be war or submission. One hundred extra Indian police are being sworn in to-day by Agent Royer and Spe- cial Agent Cooper. They present a curious appearance, as they have their hair cut in civilized style and in many other ways make their manners accord to the fashion of style of their new occupation. W. F. K. Dark is the Outlook Indians Refuse to Submit Actions of General Brooke and the Agents Sufficient to Show Their Anxiety Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 25 — [Special] — All the people at this place to-day are under a considerable feeling of alarm, not that the In- dians will attack this encampment, but on account of cir- cumstances that transpired last night. It is now almost certain that nearly of all of what have been heretofore considered neutral Indians will leave the reservation and consequently join the hostiles under Wounded Knee, forty miles north of here. There was an attempt to picket all the roads and grounds between Red Cloud's band and the other Indians to prevent any communication between each other, but all night there were signals of swinging fire between them. On the hills on every side were signal lights, making a wierd scene. Officers and men spent most of the night in readiness for action and it was well they did, as the light of early morning showed us the Indians had gathered together in the night, with horses, and were making every prepara- tion to move away, and nothing but the firmness of Agents Royer and Cooper prevented the stampede. They at once sent a band of Indian pohce to tell the chief that unless the ponies were at once allowed to go on the hills the troops would move upon them. They held out for a time, parleying, and then permitted a few ponies to go on the hills. Red Cloud's Indians in spite of the precaution, had been among them and informed the chiefs they were to be attacked at once and put under guard by the troops and Indian police. They were greatly excited that such a step should be taken toward them. Yesterday noon all the new and old Indian police were given new Spring- field rifles and forty-five rounds of ammunition. They were then formed into two companies and drilled for nearly three hours. This fact, of course, spread like wild- fire and caused the greatest alarm. They braided the horses' manes and tied up their tails, which was recog- nized at once as a sign that they were preparing for war. There are a thousand rumors in the air and Indian spies of all bands are everywhere. All persons are cautioned about speaking near any Indian. The cavalry all moved to camp a mile and a half from the agency this morning owing to the annoyance of having to send around men with them to water. This move was not looked upon with any great favor by those here. No person is allowed out of the picket line after dark and no Indian near any build- ing or store, or in the soldiers' camp. The guards have been greatly increased so that now a large part of the whole troops are upon duty each night. It is only with the greatest exertion that any news can be obtained from those in command. Agents Royer, Cooper, General Brooke and the three Indian pohce captains held a con- ference this morning lasting three hours, but what move they intend to make is not known and can be best sur- mised. Agent Cooper told me at noon that in three days everything would be settled, or they would make a move which would precipitate a war, as they are determined to make them submit at once. Major Burkes of Buffalo Bill's combination and ex- Agent McGillicuddy held a long conference with old Red Cloud this morning, but could obtain little satisfac- tion. The wily old chief professes friendship, but his late actions denote the opposite. At noon four companies of the Second Infantry arrived, 180 men only of the band now remaining in Omaha. Eight troops of the Seventh Cavalry and three companies of light artillery, which were to have gone to Rosebud Agency, were ordered to come here instead and will arrive to-morrow, the agent tells me. Upon the arrival of the troops here will be fully one thousand men here of the regulars, which force will be sufficient to act on the offensive. Rigorous measures will then be adopted, un- conditional submission will be carried out to the letter and with no gentle hand. General Wheaton and staff and an immense train of supplies are now coming over the hills and Major Burke tells me Buffalo Bill is on the way. It is thought he can best command his late Indians here. Agent Royer having chosen his new police force almost entirely from Cody's Indians. Mr. Agee, a post trader, informed me that Little Wound, the chief of the ghost dancers, were here secretly yesterday. He claims to have seen him, but it is doubtful if he came into the reservation, for he would be at once arrested. The situation is critical but if it can be warded off until the troops all arrive the Indians will undoubtedly be awed into quietness. Old Captain Nelson, the scout, says they will never give up their arms unless forced to do so. He has lived among the Sioux for fourteen years, so I take his opinion for what it is worth. But it is certain the arms will be taken from them, whether they will or no, and at whatever cost it will involve. Hundreds of Indians hung about all day yesterday, but to-day there is hardly a single one to be seen. Now and then a few forlorn squaws are seen huddled together in some half hidden spot, apparently looking at nothing and yet watching all with the closest attention. The out- come will be now known in two or three days. W. F. K. Plains peace pipe Their Mouths Sealed Brooke and Agents Reticent Playing a Waiting Game and Withholding the Beef Supply for Wholesome Effect Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville), Nov. 26 — [Special] — The sun came forth this morning upon as pretty a scene as it had ever shone upon before. All the troops were out early, doing their daily drill work, the cavalry dashing over the hills, sometimes in company troop, oflBcers at the head, suddenly careening about and forming huge squares, with a side nearly a mile in length, advancing, then retreating and doing numerous other military maneuvres with precision and promptitude. The infantry and artillery were also out in full force, co-op- erating with the cavalry in the clear cool air of the morn- ing. They presented a spectacle worth going many miles to behold. There was an object in thus showing them un- der the personal command of General Brooke. To-day was beef issue day, and an order from General Brooke last evening, who has full command here by order of the War Department, was given that no beef should be given out. Thousands of Indians viewed the troops in their drill and then set out over the prairie for the beef pen, but they were quietly told that no beef was to be given out to-day. After many ominous looks fierce words and sullen behavior in general, they gradually dispersed to their encampment, where again it was all talked over in, to say the least, a very animated fashion, and thus the poor Sioux have received the first in what is certain to be a wholesome lesson to all of them before the thing is settled. The cavalry and artillery arrived at Rushville last eve- ning and reached this place about 5 this afternoon. It is said the beef will be issued to-morrow or next day, the delay being due to the general desire that all the troops Jbe here. There will then be some conditions exacted. What they are no one can fortell. It is only surmise, for no one but the two agents and General Brooke know. The most skillful questioning of the newspaper men divulges noth- ing from them. Courteous and accommodating they are in many ways, but their mouths are closed firm. Agent Cooper's spies brought him to-day reliable in- formation that Two Strike and his band were upon Por- cupine Creek, killing cattle and robbing houses. He says about 800 people are with his band. Cooper had doubted the report before and sent his scouts out to confirm it, which they did. Indeed it is most surprising the way that Special Agent Cooper and Royer keep informed of what the Indians are doing within a radius of 200 miles from here. Their vigilance is ceaseless and rewarded by won- derful results. Considering this situation. General Brooke is also ever careful. He did not go to bed at all last night. It is safe to say the government has at no place three more capable and intelligent servants, more trustworthy to deal with the present serious crisis. This morning Agent Cooper issued an order that every person who did not reside upon the reservation should at once leave, and his police are now sending them out. He was kind enough not to include the corps of news- paper men. W. F. K. Sioux quilled mans moccasins ^^^^^44}^^^^.:.^ No Visitors at Pine Ridge They Talk Too Much Each One had a Theory to Advance and Made It Known to the Hostiles Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 27 — [Special] — The orders against coming into the camp will hereafter be strictly enforced. It has been made evi- dent that each and every one has a theory as to how every- thing should be settled and has advanced those ideas quite often to the Indians, so it was deemed best to ban- ish them all, and hereafter no one will be allowed to come, as Indian police will picket all the roads. They have been instructed to go to the towns south of here. Many are seeking permits, but all are peremptorily re- fused. Another very important step has been made show- ing anew the wisdom of the agents in their management. One hundred of the principal Indians were formed into a company of scouts and under the pretext of receiving arms, etc., they will be sent away to Ft. Robinson under command of Charles Taylor of the Ninth Cavalry. They are to be given permanent positions as scouts in the regu- lar army and will be sent away before trouble begins if there is to be trouble. It is understood they will leave to- morrow or the next day. Dr. Royer received word that Little Wound was only thirty miles from here last night and coming alone on horseback. He was ordered to come at once two days ago, but it is as yet entirely speculative whether or not he will come here. He would be the first one punished, as it must not be forgotten that he is the high priest among all the ghost dancers, even ranking old Sitting Bull him- self. General Brooke receives daily offers from young army officers on leaves of absence from their regiment to act as volunteers, but these are kindly declined as the force here is sufficient for all needs. Besides most of the officers are old Indian fighters, who would much prefer to dash into an Indian village than linger here, but of course they refrain from so saying. Your correspondent was present last evening at an in- terview which Big Road had with the agents and General Brooke. Big Road has more than a thousand Indians in his command in Red Cloud's district and was the chief who had command of the Sioux Indians in the Custer massacre. It was the crafty old chieftain's desire to have Brooke inform him of his intentions, but he utterly re- fused to be interviewed and the Indian had to be con- tent with telling the agent what a good Indian he was, always had been, always would be; how he loved the white people, etc. The old chief was destined to go away without accomplishing his end and perhaps for the first time in his life he had to go forth from an officer without impressing him what a great man he (Big Road) was. This time the tables were reversed. Big Road has Hved past the day when the Indians were the greatest of men in deahng and demanding favors from Uncle Sam. His only complaint was that his Indians did not have enough to eat, and there may be some justice in this, as the amount of rations issued to them does seem very small in a country such as this, utterly devoid of all game. Seldom even is a bird seen circling through the air, such is the utter desolation. It is generally supposed at Rosebud and Standing Rock Agencies that the conspiracy of the ghost dance was formed because Sitting Bull, perhaps, was at those points, but such is the not the case. Pine Ridge is where it was formed and is to-day the hot bed of the entire craze and the Indian, Little Wound, of whom I have before spoken, is the originator and promotor of it all. Last evening General Brooke sent for the newspaper correspondents from Omaha, called their attention to the sensational articles that have been sent by them and re- quested a discontinuance. Your correspondent to-day had the honor of taking his dinner yesterday with American Horse and his five squaws. W. F. K. '^-.^ 47 j/^^^^^ Bad Reports Verified Indians Preparing to Fight Ghost Dance Claims a New Lease of Life And Goes on Fast and Furious Pine Ridge Agency,S. D., (via Rushville) — Nov. 28 — [Special] — Nothing has occurred thus far this morning to change the general aspect at this place. The Indians have been treated with kindness during the trouble so far, but a stern reality of something else will now take its place unless there is a change. I have it on good authority that a part of the cavalry will start soon to surround the Indians from Rosebud Agency who are now at Medicine Root committing all kinds of depredations upon the pro- perty of the Indians now here and upon the property of settlers who have left the country. The Indians here are becoming very restless and it is thought that they may break away at any hour to protect the property left there. Agent Cooper speaks of these outrages in very vigorous terms and insists that these acts be punished. It is confi- dently expected that an expedition will be sent out against them, it not being probable they will come here knowing they will be punished for what they have done. As there are 380 tepees and an average of six to every tepee, it will be seen that a considerable force is assembled at that point. The officials held another consultation until far into the night yesterday. Although the newspaper men were on hand they were unable to obtain an inkling of what was to take place or what was talked of. There has been much talk of not enough rations among these Indians in Omaha papers. I have taken some pains to investigate the matter and find such not to be a fact. The rations given are amply sufficient for two weeks, the time of each issue. If they were given five times the amount at present received the result would be the same. After the first two or three days succeeding the issue, it is owing to their peculiar customs and habits of living, a feast and famine, that being the order week after week, and so it will always be. They cannot be taught to the contrary. The last word is that every Indian at Rosebud is away except some few squaws and some old men, some being at Medicine Lodge, some at Porcupine and but a few at this point. W. F. K. Brings Startling News Pine RmcE Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 28 — [Special] — A report has just come to this point, since my morning dispatch. Agent Royer's faithful scout, Plenty Bear, has returned to-day from Porcupine Creek, twenty- five miles northwest of here, and brings in tidings which will cause troops to be sent there. He reports that the ghost dance is in high favor and that it is carried on with more savagery than he had ever before seen. There were, he reports, many dances, as the Indians said they were dancing everywhere up and down the creek and that they were capering around in a circle, all braided and caparisoned in their devilish toggery. The Indians here all say that they mean to fight. When the fact is taken into consideration that the famous Little Wound was there and several of his chiefs, when only a day or so ago he was here, it will be seen that the news is of a very serious character. The Indian scout is one of the best friends of the agent and all he said was taken as thoroughly reliable. He saw the houses that were burned and broken into, went into the ruins himself and witnessed the universal destruction on every hand. He saw hundreds of cattle killed and huge pieces of beef lying all about the camp. He also thinks that Little Wound will not again come into this agency. They have just 364 lodges and are well armed. Reports of this character have come here for several days that these things were being done and it is now verified. All that the agents desire is to go out and stop the dance and depredations, but General Brooke, for some cause, appears unwilling to take any action towards that point. He has waited and telegraphed for troops at all points, but he has not been inclined to go forward, al- though the agents do their utmost to persuade him to move, and they are even willing to go out there with a hundred Indian police, a rash undertaking on their part. ^L..^ 50 jy^^.^j' They are even so willing that they take their chance when there are 1,200 troops in camp, enough to thrash all the Indians on the reservation. The officers and soldiers are all ready and anxious to be away, but the commanding oflBcer is as silent as the grave. As a result of the non- movement of the troops many Indians last night left this place for that. point to protect their own property, which the United States fails to do while they are obeying the United States. This seems a strange piece of consistency to the Indians, who have obeyed so far. It is looked for and hoped that troops will soon be called upon to leave for the scene of action, which they might reach in a few hours of marching. It is expected, when the act is done, that they will depart in the night and be upon the enemy before dawn. This action has been looked for for several days and they will possibly leave to-night, but that, of course, is not definitely known. W. F. K. An Exterior Calm Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., Nov. 27 — (via Rushville) — [Special] — To-day is Thanksgiving day at the agency, as well as elsewhere, and in a modest manner has been celebrated by the few white citizens here. Post Trader Finley exerting himself to make it as pleasant as possible to those for whom he cares. The Indians doubtless have greater cause to be thankful than any one else judging by their appearance at the beef issue depot. Among the troops the officers, as far as possible, have brought little delicacies of different kinds and presented them to their troops with their compliments, making an agreeable change to their usual fare of hard bread and a kind of trashy soup, the ingredients of which I have been unable to determine. Taken all in all, each one is happy, only wishing a speedy determination of the trouble which now appears to be more distant than for the past two days. While all is calm to any ordinary observer, Agent Royer and General Brooke tell me there is a great amount of the most villanous scheming going on in the camps of the Indians, but what it is their police and scouts have utterly failed to discover, notwithstanding every endeavor is made by them to do so. The anxiety displayed by the above named gentlemen tend to make it of the most seri- ous consequences. The beef issue took place this morning at lo o'clock and every Indian, it is needless to say, was there. The pen is situated a few miles from the agency proper, on a level plain extending for some distance. Although warned not to do so, many many ventured to go out and watch this most exciting sight. Hundreds of Indians scampering in all directions after wild Texas cattle, bringing them to earth with the lariat and gun, then doing other acts of barbarity needless to mention. One fact was fully shown, and that was that every Indian was well armed, the guns every now and then protruding from under the long blankets, although efforts were made to conceal them, and the Indians, it must be remembered, profess to be the agent's best friends and to have no arms. The greatest excitement was visible in camp last night when the notorious Little Wound came in with two chiefs, Yellow Bear and Yellow Hair, to find out, as the 1..-^ 52 >^^=^=^ wily chieftain says, the cause of all this trouble. Although the high chief of the Sioux tribe, he would say nothing and had the agents dared to do so, they would have at once thrown him into the guard house. It was noticed he left all his band many miles away and variously com- mented upon. He promised to return this morning, but failed to do so, and it is not known if he is near here now or not. Two chiefs of his tribe came in last night to the Indian camp and pursuaded some Indians to go back with them. When morning dawned Two Strike and Short Bull, with their followers, were far away and all look upon this as very serious. From the known characteris- tics of Little Wound, much anxiety is expressed as to what he will do. He came, as he told the agent, to see his friend. Dr. McGillicuddy, the former agent, some years ago. Dr. Rogers' police were fortunate yesterday, for they succeeded in securing the Indian "Little" near the camp unarmed. He is now in the guard house, awaiting his fate for assaulting the agent a week ago with a knife and thus nearly precipitating an outbreak. The Seventh Cavalry got into the camp this morning and now a speedy ending may be looked for. It has been understood that the non-arrival of these troops only has delayed action. An unconstitutional surrender must now take place, whatever the terms agreed upon may be, or else the Indians must fight. The general says he will allow no delay, but prompt obedience and compliance with what he has to say or else blood will be shed. W. F. K. Troops Weary of Non- Action Anxious to Be Up and Doing Rumors of Depredations FuIIij Confirmed, But the Order to Move Cometh Not Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb. ), Nov. 29, 1890 — [Special] — Nothing has happened since my last dispatch to alter the condition of affairs at this place. The officials are very busy perfecting their plans and one of them informed me last night that they were ready to move from this place and were simply waiting for orders from Washington. The Sixth Cavalry from Albuquerque, N. M., will be at Ft. Morris and Oelrichs to-day or to-mor- row and it is known that then a line of troops will be around the reservation, this last addition forming the con- necting link through which it hardly seems probable the Indians can escape. The government officials are going to make no blunder in their steps and have quietly gone on making all preparations 'ere they take the initial move, and what has seemed delay to some should be named the prudence of those in command. Severe conditions will doubtless be imposed and it only remains to be seen if there be submission on the part of the Indians. The agents received authentic information that the In- dians from Rosebud are threatening to kill all whites and evincing a warlike spirit in general. These plunderers are the followers of Two Strike and Short Bull, who secretly came here night before last and departed with some fol- lowers from this camp. The Indians on Porcupine Creek are robbing and causing destruction in every possible way, defying arrest and orders to report. As they number many hundred warriors they make a formidable band. An Indian who was drunk and raising high carnival was placed in the guard house this morning. At the cavalry drill across the creek one of the colored troops of the Ninth Cavalry was thrown from his horse, the horse also falling on him rendering him unconscious for some time. It was impossible to determine how seri- ously he was hurt. W F. K. Slept on Their Arms Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (Via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 29, 1890 — [Special] — It was rumored over the camp last evening that during the night the cavalry would leave for the Indian camp on Porcupine Creek. There seemed foundation for the rumor, as all the cavalry was ordered to sleep on arms and be ready to move at a mo- ment's notice. The newspaper men were up all night, ready to accompany the troops. After anxious waiting they were destined to be disappointed, as the order came not. Each hour almost brings a confirmation of the outrage thirty miles to the northeast. All see the necessity of im- mediate action. That depredations are being committed is known beyond a doubt, yet the troops do not go to the scene of trouble. As said in the dispatch yesterday, an order is expected any time. Little Wound had a consultation with the agent this morning. He was very non-committed as to the past and future. Try as they would Agents Royer, Cooper or ex- Agent McGillicuddy were not able to fathom the inten- tions of the wily old chief. Although one of the most in- telligent of the Sioux, he pretended not to be able to grasp their meaning. After two hours of useless palaver the agents returned in disgust. The old Indian went his way, doubtless laughing at the way he foiled the white man in an oral combat. W. F. K. Nearly Ready to Act Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 29, 1890 — [Special] — News is coming in all the time from the hostiles on Wounded Knee of such a warlike nature that the troops will move soon. The force of In- dians is estimated at 1,000 fighters. There were many desertions from here to-day. Information comes from many sources of undoubted accuracy to the truth of re- ports. No one can account for the delay of troops. W. F. K. a_^56>^^^.^ Bound to be Trouble Uprising Not Half Ended Reports of a Most Serious Character Arriving Hourly from Wounded Knee Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 30, 1890 — [Special] — Rumors and news of the most excitable nature continue to arrive at the agency every hour. Indian couriers are coming from Porcupine and Wounded Knee relating horrible tales of riot, pillage and desolation. Excitement is at fever heat, as the Indians have said that they would burn this agency. The amount of hay and wood about causes great fear that their threats may result in something. Eagle Speed and Tom Black Bull, two reliable scouts, came in last night from the hostile region, reporting that they had inspected twenty-one houses altogether and that two-thirds of them were completely gutted and des- troyed. From the remainder all eatables and furniture were taken and the redskins were burning hay and kill- ing beeves in every direction. No Belt, an Indian police- man sent out to report the condition of things, also came in last night and said he saw a number of bunches of cat- tle driven to camp near Wounded Knee and slaughtered by the Indians. The horses were all painted and braided, and the warriors were dancing and inciting each to be brave. On Friday night at Wounded Knee there was held an immense ghost dance, at which there is said to have been four or five hundred participants. During the prog- ress of the dance two Indians were shot as a part of the ceremonies. The dancers had arms in their hands, mak- ing warlike movements, saying that the soldiers were afraid to come out and fight them. A companion of Mr. Cook, the native Episcopal minis- ter here, was out at his home near Wounded Knee yes- terday. He reports the camp under Indian military rule. No one is allowed to leave without permission. He also confirms the reports of outrages in that vicinity; that the Indians are all bedecked and prepared for war, having immense quantities of jerked beef and aU necessary sup- plies. Horses are kept in camp readv to move at a mo- ments notice. Many reports have arrived in the last few hours and there is no doubting the fact that they wish to fight. On Thursday there were about 3,500 Indians here now it is estimated that two-thirds of them here left and joined the hos tiles, sHpping away at all times during the night and day. Big Road's entire band of eighty lodges went last night. The Indians who are friends to us are com- plaining of fear from those who desire war. All are get- ing very uneasy and will gradually drop away. They have obeyed the agent and the government, while all their property is being destroyed during their absence from their homes. It is estimated $50,000 worth of prop- erty has aheady been destroyed and friendly Indians will never receive a cent for what is lost. The enemies of Agents Cooper and Royer are bitterly complaining of the delay, and upon the heads of these gentlemen will all the trouble and blame fall in the future. Last night a consultation with the four police captains was held. All have served as such from six to twelve years. They unamiously told the agent that the Indians wanted to fight and they were getting so powerful it was doubtful if there were now sufficient troops to master them. A large part of the troops would have to be left to guard this agency. Spies in squads of six to eight may be seen upon the surrounding hills watching our move- ments. Last night one of the police was successful in cap- turing the horse of one and he was brought into camp, all painted and daubed with colors of every kind. A white man from Wounded Knee came in here yes- terday and reported three half-breeds to be missing for the past two days. As they have many enemies among the Indians and their property is destroyed it is feared they have been murdered and hidden. Their names are Charlie Richard and James and William Twist. A dili- gent search has been made for their bodies, but they are not to be found. General Brooke last evening received a telegram of 700 words from General Ruger of the department of Da- kota, to the effect that a band of Cheyennes, numbering 500 lodges, had left their location on Cheyenne River and were on their way to join the hostiles at Wounded Knee, ci_^ 59 )/^>.._^ about 125 miles distant. Word was received here yester- day from Secretary Noble saying the Interior Depart- ment has instructed the War Department to protect property in this vicinity. It is thought such an order is now practically useless. The Bad Lands begin near Wounded Knee and into that direction the Indians will doubtless flee if the troops are sent after them. These lands cover an area of about 110 miles in length and fifty in width and are said to be impassable to all wagons, gullies, canyons, and steep declivities being these forma- tions. Word has been received here that the Messiah craze has broken out in the Indian Territory, that the Sixth Cavalry, on the way to Ft. Mead, has been ordered back to Ft. Sill, Indian territory, for protection there. The situation cannot be considered other than critical. W. F. K. Scouts Sent to Wounded Knee Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Nov. 30 — [Special] — A party of eighty-five scouts was sent out by General Brooke to ride to Wounded Knee and report to him as soon as possible. They are expected back to- night. The noted Frank Girard leads the scouts. The gen- eral relies and depends upon his judgment greatly. W. F. K. ^i^^^eoy^^.^ Near the Bad Lands Kicking Bear Encamped On White River The Chief Ghost Dancer and His Followers Allow No One to Approach the Camp Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. i, 1890 — [Special] — Another day has dawned and a confirmation of all the rumors of the past few days was fully realized. On yesterday from early morning till late at night, Indian police and scouts came in and reported to the agent the depredations going on at Wounded Knee. The Indians have now crossed the White River and are upon the edge of the Bad Lands. Owing to their refusal to allow any one near their camp, it cannot be de- termined in which direction they will go. It is thought they will make for the government herd corrals, thirty miles west of their present camp, where there are now between 2,000 and 3,000 head of cattle, and then strike north nearly one hundred miles, where there is a high table land upon which there is plenty of wood and wa- ter, the surrounding land forming a splendid grazing country, said to be the best for hundreds of miles around. In this neighborhood are a few ranches containing from 10,000 to 12,000 cattle, and the Indians could pass the winter much more comfortably there than at any of their old homes, fully supplied with all they could wish. Kicking Bear, the Indian who went to Nevada and claims to have seen the messiah and foretold his coming, leads this band in that direction. In fact he is recognized as the chief of all ghost dancers. Frank Girard and his party of scouts returned last evening and reported that they were only allowed to approach within four miles of the camp. Frank White, the interpreter at this agency, sent out to hold a counsel with the Indians, was only allowed to proceed twelve miles with his party when hostiles forced them to turn back. A Rosebud scout from here in getting away from the Indian camp at White River, had his horse shot from un- der him and only with great difficulty succeeded in reaching here. Much anxiety was felt here, for he was two days late in returning. On Saturday night there were thirty horses stolen four miles south of here, be- longing to Iron Crow, a police captain, and subsequently seen to be taken to Wounded Knee. This shows plainly the audacity of the Indians' stealing. William McGea of Porcupine reports that he has also lost seventy-five horses. Twenty lodges of Little Wound's band were re- ported on the way here, but the greater part joined the camp on White River and are proceeding to the Bad Lands. The situation here is unchanged. W. F. K. The Most startling Yet Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. i, 1890 — [Special] — John Grine, the chief government herder, has just reported that the Indians had control of the government herd for two days, killing many. He and his herders abandoned all, fleeing for their lives. The In- dians are all over the country between the White and Cheyenne Rivers and settlers are fleeing to the Black Hills, while the Indians are scouring the whole country to the base of the hills. This is the most alarming news received since the trouble began. W. F. K. The Situation as It Is Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (Via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 1, 1890 — [Special] — Since this Indian trouble has been the cause of so much talk over the country I shall try to give a brief explanation of the relative positions of the Indians, troops and agencies as they are now known to be. Rushville is a small place thirty-five miles east of Chadron, on the Elkhorn railroad. This is the present base of suppHes for all the troops in this section of the country. Just twenty-eight mfles directly north of Rush- vflle is Pine Ridge Agency, so called for being situated on a high ridge of ground, moderately covered by pine trees. The agent in his report gives the number of In- dians as belonging and under the orders of the agent at this place as being 5,600. Beside the agent there are three post traders here which constitute about the only white population. One hundred and twenty miles almost east from this point is the Rosebud Agency, Geo. M. Wright, agent, there not being quite so many Indians at this place as at Pine Ridge. Four hundred miles north of Rosebud is the agency of Standing Rock, where the fam- ous Sitting Bull is situated. The number of Indians at this place is between two and three thousand. Coming back to Rosebud and going northwest are sit- uated the Brule and Cheyenne Agencies, some twenty miles apart. These different bands are under certain lo- cal chiefs, independent of all other chiefs, and all have a definite amount of land assigned to them, to roam over and live upon as they will, but they are not allowed to go upon the domain of Indians under another chief, un- less by permission of their own agent. It is fair to say of them that this rule is usually obeyed, in fact rigidly kept. The serious aspect of the present situation is that the Rosebud Indians are off their agency and refuse to re- turn. But to return. About fifty miles to the northwest from this point is the town of Oelrichs and about the same distance north of that point is Fort Mead. Troops are now on their way to these two points from New Mexico. Three hundred and fifty troops garrison Rosebud Agency, and three companies are at Standing Rock on the north. It may be said that the somewhat noted Indian agent, McLaughlin, is situated at this place. There are also a very few soldiers at Brule and Cheyenne. Thus it will be seen on the south are Pine Ridge and Rosebud; on the east Cheyenne, Brule and Standing Rock; on the west is Fort Mead and Oelrichs, and to the north are the Black Hills, thought to be unpassable by Indians or troops. The ^^.^ idea has been to completely surround the whole reserva- tion with troops, so they can only with diiBculty get through at any place along the line. To be sure they have an immense tract of territory over which to go, but it is accessible for troops, which is of course a great advan- tage. The military idea doubtless is to close up from all points, if it. should become necessary to fight, and it seems they have held off so far to be thoroughly ready when the day of action comes. It should also be remem- bered that there are a few thousand Indians and out- laws of various kinds roaming at large over this whole region that owe allegiance to no agency, and they must certainly be counted in as being a formidable part of the enemy; perhaps it is not too much to say the most dan- gerous in influence. There is now a sufficient number of troops at these places to thoroughly master the Indians at all points, and it is to be hoped that a speedy determination of all these various troubles agitating them will be had. At present it certainly appears that force will be an absolute neces- sity to accomplish that end. W. F. K. ^^^.^ An All Winter Siege Appears to be the Prospect No Particular Change at Pine Ridge, But Troops and Supplies Arrive Daily Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 3, 1890 — [Special] — Nothing farther has transpired to effect a change at Pine Ridge at this writing. All is quiet, but few reports of any kind arriving, and the general routine of camp life is the only variation, if it may be so called, of the monotony of life. Long trains of supplies and ammunition have been daily coming in from Rush- ville to this place. If anything is to be judged by the prep- arations being made one would suppose the army officers expected a long and severe campaign. Orders were received to-day by Agent Royer to ex- amine Ruffalo Bill's Indians, all of which are at this place, about fifty being on the police force and in the company of scouts sent with Lieutenant Taylor to Fort Robinson for duty there. All here were thoroughly ex- amined by Agent Royer and Special Agent Cooper as to their pay, clothing, food and general welfare and all. without exception, spoke of in the highest praise of Mr. Cody and his treatment of them while abroad. Not one had a complaint of any character to make. This is a pretty eflFectual denial of the various charges lodged against Buffalo Bill and his managers. Little, the Indian who assaulted Royer with a knife, had a preliminary trial today and was bound over to the district court. W. F. K. Wrong Impressions Corrected Pine RrocE Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 3, 1890 — [Special] — The World-Herald of Omaha dur- ing the past few days has contained many caustic com- ments upon the management of affairs at this place. A few lines regarding matters at this agency, viewed at a wholly different standpoint, may not be inopportune since so much has been said in relation to the subject. This agency was established in the year 1877, and in 1878 Dr. McGillicuddy resigned from the army medical corps and became agent. The doctor was a man of only limited experience with Indians, previous to his appoint- ment, but a man of undoubted personal bravery. After nearly eight years of a troublesome reign with the treach- erous Indians he was succeeded by Colonel Gallagher, who was appointed by President Cleveland, and gave way two months since to Dr. Royer, the present agent. It has been charged that Royer is responsible for the present trouble by the World-Herald and a few other papers. In refuting this unfounded accusation let it not be forgotten that the ghost dance was instituted here ^^.^ fullv six months before the present agent's appointment. Colonel Gallagher was from all accomits a courageous man, but he certainly lost control over the people here long before he left the agency. While the Indians be- fore his face were nominally obedient to his orders, as soon as thev were out of sight thev did as thev pleased, wandered oflE on hunting trips and from one reservation to another as they desired without pemiission. In saying this there is no desire to cast a reflection on Colonel Gal- lagher; he was simplv and briefl\" not equal in an emer- gencv to the position to which he was called. He did make a feeble attempt upon one occasion to stop the ghost dance with a few of his police, but accomplished nothing. Xo one attempt was ever made bv him to pro- hibit the dance, as told to me by the four police captains, Sword, Fast Horse, Iron Crow and Thunder Bear, and the\' certainlv should be good authoritv, as thev have been good and peaceful Indians for manv vears. It mav be Galladier wished to have the last davs of his reign eas^' and peaceful. Be this as it mav, when the present agent. Dr. Ro\'er arrived here things were in a thoroughlv disorganized state, going from bad to worse each dav. Dr. Rover came here and sought to grasp af- fairs with a firm and determined hand, but matters had gone so far that he was unable to accomplish an\i:hing with, the few police at his command and it was onlv after the repeated demands of the traders and whites in the vicinity that he requested troops to be forwarded. These are facts learned from letters and telegrams I have seen on file in his office. It mav be added that General Brooke and Special Agent Cooper have said repeatedly that troops were justified in being here. It might be well to call attention to other agencies and their condition previous to Rover's advent to Pine Ridge. It is well known at Rosebud that there is scarcely an In- dian at the agency, if some old men, squaws and chil- dren be excepted. They have all been absent many weeks, without leave, and to-day found the bulk of the hostile Indians on the edge of the Bad Lands. At Stand- ing Rock, where Agent McLaughlin had charge, he has wholly lost control of those under him, and they are join- ing the hostiles every dav in small bands; vet McLaugh- lin has been an agent for twelve years, and was reputed to be one of the very best Indian managers in the ser- vice of the department. At the Cheyenne Agency the same condition of affairs exists as described above, and more than one hundred and eighty lodges from this place have joined Two Strike and his band. A great deal has been said of Dr. McGillicuddy. He certainly showed himself to be an able manager of In- dians, but he is not the sole man who has managed In- dians or who can control them successfully. The present agent has had a long acquaintance with the Indian char- acter, having resided for eight years at Alpuma, S. D., bordering on the Coon reservation, and practicing his profession among them to some extent. Dr. McGilHcuddy has been quoted at some length by the voung man who did represent the World-Herald here, but who has since left by request. The present serious trouble mav hardly be chargeable to any one man, but rather is one of those periodical out- breaks, caused by the dissatisfied elements, to be found in all Indian tribes, and only to be wiped out perma- nently, by the advancing step of progress, civilization and education. W. F. K. MAMM4^ Chippewa bandolier hag 1-=^ 70 ))'^^.:^_> Miles to the Front No Longer A Spectator He Will Visit Pine Ridge and Hold a Conference With the Recalcitrant Ones Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville), Dec. 4, 1890 — [Special] — It was learned here this morning that the First Infantry was on its way from San Francisco to Rosebud Agency. The fact was sought to be hidden by General Brooke, but my authority is undoubted. It was also learned that General Miles would be here in a day or two and take personal charge of afiFairs in the field. Yesterday young Jack Red Cloud and Father Jute, the Catholic priest, were sent to the camp of Two Strike and it is thought their errand is to bring in the principal chiefs that they may have a council with Miles upon his arrival here. It is considered doubtful if the errand will do much good. A few old men may come in, but the young men will not. The influence of Miles' name among them is not the power it once was. The old Indians have met Miles in battle and more or less fear him. The only remedy for the ci_^ 71 jy^^^.^j? young men is a sound thrashing. Then they may regard Miles as their elders do. The council will be an interesting affair and action will begin at once for a termination. All will be in readi- ness to move and as the necessary supplies are on hand, no present cause for delay is known. W. F. K. Plains clubs Soldiers at Pine Ridge Growing Weary Even a Skirmish in Prospect Would be a Relief Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (Via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 5, 1890 — [Special] — The situation at Pine Ridge has re- mained unchanged for some days past, and the general desire appears to be that something happen, either that the hostile Indians will come in and give themselves up or that the troops will go out and force them to come in; thus, as it is supposed by all, forcing a fight, conse- quently opening a general warfare. It is a fact that that so far as is known, no man has been killed, and it is re- ported that General Brooke is unwilling to move his troops because of this fact. But when it is taken into con- sideration that there is hardly a white man now in all that region, the delay for that cause falls to the ground. That they are killing great quantities of cattle daily and committing depredations of every character is not de- nied, and it would seem as if some movement upon the part of the troops would be desirable, if only to protect the wanton destruction of property. That the troops could move fifty miles north and prevent to a large ex- tent these outrages is easy to be seen. The very presence of the troops would be a powerful safeguard in the vi- cinity, driving, as it would, the Indians farther north into the Bad Lands, where there is fewer cattle and no prop- erty worthy of mention. All realize to a certain extent that General Brooke is hampered by orders from Washington and General Miles at Chicago. Seemingly they do not wish to have a con- flict, but it would appear that a brigadier-general of the United States army, with 1,200 troops at his back, could be permitted to possess enough discretion to at least al- low part of his troops to protect the property of poor set- tlers who were forced to run for their lives, leaving all they possess on earth behind. General Brooke has been subjected to the severest criticism on the part of the people and a good many other people at this place. It is perhaps not wholly undeserved, making a suitable allow- ance for higher powers in military affairs. There have been many rumors about Indians coming in during the past few days, but they are very unreliable and can be traced to no good sources. On the face of such statements they appear ridiculous and opposed to com- mon sense, and he who thinks the Indian devoid of the latter "commodity" knows but little of his make-up. Ten days ago they were camped only twenty miles from here and since that time they have been gradually getting farther and farther away. Had they wished to report then they could easily have done so, but they had no such wish. In getting farther away and entering upon a reck- less raid the wily red man well knows he is putting up a barrier toward reconcilation that will not soon be for- given or forgotten. Undoubtedly many are in the band of Two Strike against their wish, and the old chiefs were shrewd enough to realize that the more depredations committed, the more would these friendly Indians be compromised and the less likely would they be to desert them, knowing if they were to return, upon what sus- picion they would be looked, notwithstanding anything they might say in their own defense. At the beginning of the present fracas, the day of the assault upon Dr. Royer, young Jack Red Cloud and some others incited their followers to burn the buildings and kill all the whites near the agency and they loudly and boldly proclaimed if they raised a row the government would increase their rations and redress any other fancied grievance they might ask. Yesterday an order was re- ceived from Washington to give out an extra ration to- day and henceforth to increase them to the standard es- tablished in 1877. This would would appear to be a wrong policy to pursue at the present time. It allows the Indians to believe that what these young rascals advised will be fulfilled by our government, and fails to impress them with the proper respect for law and order. They certainly should receive some kind of punishment for what they have done, and then, if it be thought neces- sary by those in authority, their supplies may be in- creased to what amount is thought best, or better still to the quantity agreed upon and named in the treaty made with them in 1877. There can be no question by those who understand the situation that to accede to their demand under the present circumstances is a false step toward good gov- ernment among them. To allow them to accomplish their object by such means as they have undertaken now should not be countenanced by those who have the wel- fare of the Indian at heart. It is understood the Sixth Cavalry will be at Ft. Mead to-morrow. Some of them will leave the cars at Oelrichs and it is then thought the plan of the campaign, so far as at present known, will be complete and that the troops here will move toward the Bad Lands. What may hap- pen between now and then it is difficult to say, but from all present indications the sketched policy planned will be carried out without any interference or compromise on the part of the Indians. Word reached here yesterday that the Indians had dug rifle pits at their camp, that they have since moved farther on to the north. These facts prove nothing spe- cial unless it be that they intend to fight. However, of this intention there has not been much doubt before this, so that it really counts for but little. A new generation of Indians has sprung up since the last Sioux campaign. Hearing tales of valor of their parents, uncles, etc., around the fire in their tepees, they have doubtless be- come imbued with a thirst for war and a desire to dis- tinguish themselves. The war element is largely kept alive by the young men and it is well known that young Jack Red Cloud has for a long time wished an opportun- ity to distinguish himself and obtain a chieftainship, that he might possibly drop into the shoes of his old father. Red Cloud, now an old man of nearly seventy years. However, whenever it has come to war young Jack has quietly remained at home here and let the other noble red men redress all wrongs. Indian consistency some- times equals that of his white brother. W. F. K. Sioux mans leggings cu-^ 77 >^._j> A Spilling of Blood But Not in Warfare Ration Day at Indian Agency How it Soothes the Savage Breast Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., Dec. 4, 1890 — [Special Cor- respondence] — Ration day is, above all else, the joy of Indian existance. On that day may it be said does he unbend from his dignified silence and a smile of plea- sure occasionally crosses his dusky countenance, as he views with satisfaction the good things doled out to him by the agent of the "great father." He thinks with plea- sure of the good things he is to have at his tepees for a day or two, how his good and faithful squaw will fashion the bacon and beans into a dish most palatable for him- self and familv. I sav for a day or two, because the ra- tions issued never last longer than a few days. They eat and eat until it is gone, then fast and beg until the next issue day rolls around. Such is the Indian; he li\-es onlv in the present, apparently ne\er realizing the morrow is to come Ration dav occurs ever\- t^vo weeks at tliis place: on Monday and Tuesda\^ is given bacon, salt, flour and corn, soap and baking powder (it is difficult to see for what purposes the latter two articles are given them, for they immediately trade them for other commodities more practical ) , and on Wednesday the beef issue takes place. Early on Monday morning all the squaws repre- senting the different families appear at the door of the store-house, where the issue clerk and a half score of assistants demand their tickets and send them away with the proper amount of rations. The squaws range them- selves in single file and the line stretches away for a half a mile or more, each patiently awaiting their turn, some destined to stand all day and not get served. These re- turn on the morrow and usually all receive their portion by Tuesday noon. The men never come to receive these articles. Their blood demands the fiercer sport, chasing the Texan cattle. These squaws present a most striking sight as the line bends away over the brow of an adjacent hill, each one dressed in their best attire, the color of red predomin- ating, fancy home made shawls gracefully thrown about their shoulders, red and yellow paint upon their faces and fingers (the paint somewhat more pronounced than that of our stylish city belles of course), fancy leggings and moccasins fringed and beaded with colored porcu- pine skin and cheap beads of many varieties complete their rather pretty attire. Indeed it may be called hand- some by some and certainly picturesque by all. One issue given is what is designated the small issue, that is, just one-half of what is given on the day two weeks following. This applies to the beef as well as the other supplies. The beef issue on last Wednesday, for instance, was eighty-six head; the next beef issue will be 172 head. Beef issue day is, at the present time, the most exciting of all sports to be witnessed on the fron- tier. The requisite number is driven down from the herd- ing ground the day previous and in the morning are placed in the beef pen. The pen is situated about two miles from the agency, upon a level piece of ground per- haps two or three miles square. The issue usually takes place about 10 o'clock but very early in the morning Indian men, women and chil- dren may be seen coming over the surrounding hills from all directions, some in wagons and some on horse- back. As the hour approaches the men who are to run the cattle down arrange themselves in lines on either side of the house, leaving a space of about 100 feet be- tween themselves and the line of men directly opposite. Behind these lines are gathered the women and chil- dren, and others who are not to take the first step in the chase. An Indian crier, comes forward, and it may be added he has a voice many a basso profundo would envy, and as the maddened steer plunges forward be- tween these lines of men out unto the plain, under direc- tion of the agent he cries out the name of the family or families to whom it is given, and their representative immediately rushes forward, lariat or gun in hand to run down the luckless animal. His fate is sealed; never was one known to get away, although many fight bravely for their lives and sometimes cause a serious mishap to their venturesome pursuers. Now takes place the real sport. The Indian drives his animal back and forth over the plain, glorying in the ci_^8o>^^^ excitement, his well trained horse following as close as possible. It is a thrilling spectacle, from one to two hun- dred parties scampering over the plain, Indians letting forth their tremendous whoop, cattle bellowing as they seek to join their fellows and are cut off by the Indian on horseback. After they have played with them as long as they desire; or the poor beasts fall to the earth from exhaustion, they are quickly dispatched, some shot on the dead run from the horse, some encircled with the deadly lariat and thrown to the ground. Usually one or two shots are sufficient to bring the animal to a stand- still, but I have seen five and six shots poured into him at short range before he would drop, so tenacious is he of life. Often even then has he to be pulled off his feet by a lasso thrown over his horns. During all his running and tearing back and forth in the crowd, he is never lost sight of by the squaw part of the household. As soon as he is down she drives the wagon, with which a generous government has provided her, to the spot and then be- gins the task of taking off the hide and dividing the beef. If there be two or more families to whom it is given each separate part of the animal is scrupulously divided among them. The first act is perhaps worthy of mention, viz: the first family that arrives upon the spot at once cuts out the tongue and hangs it dripping with blood to a belt at their waist. The tongue is the dainty of dainties to these savages. As soon as the beef is divided they wend their way to their tepees, and so ends a most ex- citing forenoon, as well to the observer as to he who takes part in the chase. An order was received at Pine Ridge yesterday to re- store the portion of rations back to the standard of the treaty made in 1877 with the Sioux Indians, the treaty made by them with the United States after the out- break which cubninated in the Custer massacre. At the beginning of President Cleveland's administration an order was given to cut down the amount of rations 33^3 per cent. Thus was another promise made to the Indians broken. Little Wound, the principal chief of the Sioux here, testified in my presence, the inception of all the discontent, which has now culminated into an outbreak, was due to the order reducing rations. One grievance after another they had until perhaps the ration question was lost sight of. The final determination was the unit- ing of all the disaffected elements into the ghost dance. He ( Little Wound ) informed the agent that he attached but small importance to the ghost dance as a religious ceremony, but that it was simply a cover under which to unite all parties who considered themselves wronged. This testimony was given by Little Wound in the agent's office a few days since and in the presence of many reputable witnesses. Whether the rations were large or small in amount the government was not justified in breaking its promise to these Indians. From my own ob- servation they seemed to be ample, but if that even be an admitted fact, the original cause of dissatisfaction re- mains to them. Relying upon the honor of the govern- ment they made the stipulated treaty, and its provisions should have been adhered to, unless consent was first given by both parties, for let it not be forgotten no per- son will scrutinize the execution of a contact closer than the wards of our government. This has been the domi- nant known characteristic of the Indian since America was first discovered and a violation has been shown time and time again, sooner or later, to work out its own re- ward, which reward is best known by those who have suffered outrages at their hands. W. F. K. Sioux saddle hag ^L-^83>^^^.^ The Camp of the Hostiles Father Jute Makes His Report The Indians Strongly Entrenched Pine Ridge Agency, S. D, (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 5, 1890 — [Special] — On Wednesday afternoon young Jack Red Cloud and Father Jute, the Catholic priest at this agency, set out for the camp of the hostile Indians under direction of General Brooke. It was thought Dr, Jute was the only white man who could visit this place and come away unharmed. Dr. Jute has been among these Indians for seven years and at this agency for four, so he is well acquainted with all the hostiles and Indian characters. They set out and followed White Clay Creek to the Bad Lands, choosing this unusual route that they might not be molested by the swarm of Indian spies all over the high regions. At nightfall they became lost and an in- tense cold wave, with a snow storm, set in. Dr. Jute and his Indian companion walked back and forth all night to keep from freezing, without food or fire to assist them in passing the cheerless night. At dawn they resumed their journey and about 11 o'clock they reached the camp. At 1 o'clock the council began and lasted until 4 p.m. The chiefs present were Two Strike, Turning Bear, High Hawk, Crow Dog, Kicking Bear, Eagle Pipe, High Pipe and Big Turkey. Then followed stormy scenes. The In- dians made their complaints. They objected to the cen- sus, that it was false and unfair and not giving the full number of families. This being true it would cut down their rations and the Rosebud Indians would not have enough to eat this winter. They objected greatly to Cen- sus Agent Lea and his arbitrary methods when among them, refusing to listen to what they had to say as to their families. They objected to the soldiers being here and reiterated that they would never come in while they remained, that is, the large majority of the council. They repeated that they did not wish to remain at Rosebud; they desired to belong to this agency permanently and since the recent survey they considered themselves as belonging here. Their agent had threatened them and told them if thev did not keep to his agency he would bring soldiers to keep them, and place whoever resisted in prison. That is what they now fear. They also ex- pressed fear for what they have done, for the conse- quences of all their depredations so far committed. At this point Crow Dog, leader of the young bucks, arose and declared they would never come while soldiers were here. This was heartily indorsed by all the young leaders. Father Jute urged them again to come; that the soldiers were not here to harm them, but to protect the agency properly; that the rations had already been in- creased, etc. He promised that General Brooke would telegraph to Washington to request that they be trans- ferred. He further advised them to ruin no more prop- erty or steal any more cattle, that they had better submit; it would be much easier for them if they contin- ued on as they were doing, making preparations for fight- ing. The Doctor thinks some of the old men will come back if guaranteed that they will not be imprisoned or injured in any way for what already has been done. They told how they wished to go, but the young men had kept them back by force. It was finally agreed that some of the old chiefs would come in on horseback to-morrow and say to General Brooke what they had said to the doctor, then return and consult with all the others. This motion was bitterly op- posed by all the young men present, but such an arrange- ment was finally made, they to start to-day and be here to-morrow. They first made Dr. Jute swear, by holding up his two hands toward heaven that what he said was true and he required them to swear in like manner that they would keep their promise and come. Jute related that he saw from 1,000 to 1,200 well armed young men in camp. Most aU the women and children are absent. It is reported that they are killing cattle everywhere and all through the camp they were drying jerked beef, having already huge quantities stored. He saw many burned ranches on his way from camp. He also says there are many Indians there from all the Sioux agencies aside from Rosebud and Pine Ridge. These Indians are well fortified and have chosen a strong natural position. He thinks the soldiers here can never get to them, as there are only three passes reaching to their present abode. These statements of Dr. Jute corroborate in every par- ticular all that has been reported of them in the last few days. A few old chiefs will doubtless come here, but whatever position they take the young men will never surrender. Surgeon General Bache of the Platte arrived here to- day. The sanitary condition of the camp is splendid, the health of all the men excellent and not one unfit for duty. An extra issue of beef rations was given the In- dians here this afternoon. It is intended to mount the infantry regiment at once upon their arrival at Rosebud. W. F. K. No Lack of Provender Pine Ridge Agency, S. D (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 5, 1890 — [Special] — Day by day is confirmed the im- pression that the War Department expects a long siege before peace again reigns in this region. Indian drivers and army teamsters by the score daily are bringing loaded wagons of supplies from Rushville, until now the yard about the supply shed resembles one huge city warehouse. Under shed and upon the outside platform are piled bags of flour, beans, etc., fully thirty feet high, covered with large pieces of canvas, while in the yard are mountains of hay, baled and unbaled, and oats and such other provender. There are already enough supplies here for a considerable length of time, and still they are com- ing as fast as men and horses can haul them. Daily are notices posted at the little post-ofiice door asking bids for supphes of beef and all other necessities desired for the comfort of officers and men in such quantities as to cause 87 some comment and various expectations as to the future. American Horse, the chief and great friend of the whites, is very anxious about the absence of his son, who went to look for some cattle near the hostile camp. He has now been gone many days and as American Horse has incurred the bitter enmity of most of the Sioux by his open friendship for the white man, his son's long ab- sence worries him. Speaking of American Horse leads me to remark that he is a most pleasant Indian, courte- ous and jovial, very fond of playing jokes and withal pos- sessing much wit and ready repartee in conversation. He delights most in hanging about the agent's office, play- ing his pranks upon the agent and newspaper men, with all of whom he is a great favorite. The old man easily earns his cigars and cigarettes in this manner each day. During the last two days not a word has been heard from the hostile camp. Runners have been sent out, but whether they have been held by the enemy or are wil- fully absent one can only surmise. This fact appears somewhat singular, this dearth of spies back and forth between the camps, for heretofore there were so many that not all of them could be given an audience. It is hard to account for the change of tactics. General Brooke keeps his own counsel, and is very shy when newspaper men are about. It is doubtful whether a single person here knows what his plans are, not even the agents them- selves. He has taken entire charge of everything under the recent order of the department, and no longer holds consultations with the agents, they being apparently as much at sea as to the future as every other person here. W. F. K. 88 Bad Reports Verified Indians Rampage Thousands of Cattle Stampeded Property of Settlers Wantonly Destroyed Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 6, 1890 — [Special] — The dearth of news which has pre- vailed at Pine Ridge for the last two or three days was suddenly dissolved this evening by the arrival of John O'Rourke and William McGas, two half breeds who re- side on White River and have lost everything. That which was not stolen was wantonly destroyed. It has been doubted by some papers and men that these In- dians have destroyed as much property as alleged by the newspapers who have the means of knowing the news, and they looked upon such reports as highly colored. The following account is given by the two men to Agent Royer, General Brooke and Special Agent Cooper: John O'Rourke and William McGas left here on Tues- day to investigate affairs at their ranches on the White River. Although it was a daring feat they successfully ac- complished their purpose, not however without much 89 trouble and adventures with Indian scouts from the hos- tile camp. During their whole trip of investigation they were followed by two Indians who kept close by them and camped with them both nights. They did not so much fear an attack as the stealing of their horses. To avoid the latter calamity they made the Indians sleep between them at night. They describe the whole coun- try as one vast stretch of desolation, not an habitual in- habitant or white man being in the whole country. Ruin and wreck upon every side. Milk cows are running wild over the hill-tops, bellowing with pain at long neglect; horses with ropes about their necks, running here and there, captured once by the Indians, but strayed or broken away from their late captors. It should be re- membered they were accompanied by three friendly In- dians from here, who fully verified the statement made by the two men. The first place visited was the ranch of William Mc- Gas, on White River, at the mouth of Porcupine Creek. He possessed seventy-five head of horses and 225 head of cattle, which are all gone, the Indians having carried them off. He hardly knows what estimate to put upon his loss as some were blooded stock, also one stallion which cost him $500. They entered his stable and cut his harness all to pieces. They also took twelve well- broken work horses from his stable, all corn, grain and oats he had stored upon his premises. They entered his house and tore his children's clothes into bits, also his wife's and his own. His sewing machine they turned upon the floor and knocked it into small pieces. Some of his cattle were killed in the door yard, and there the red ^u_=^ 90 ])^^^.>-j> maurauders held a feast over the ruin they had wrought. McGas was a fairly well-to-do ranchman and the above represented the savings of a lifetime, and as the poor fellow related his tale to the agent tears ran down his rough face at the thought that he was now homeless and penniless. They next went to the house of Mr. O'Rourke, on White River, at the mouth of Wounded Knee. He has lost his whole drove of horses, numbering about the same as McGas, seventy-five or eighty head. He dared not ven- ture oflF to his herding ground, which was toward the camp of the Indians. The presumption is that they are a total loss to him. At the place of Dick Stirk, six horses, all he had, were taken away. The Indians have also taken all the cattle from his place. The ranch house was wrecked the same as the others. At William Valangry's, horses were stolen and trunks broken open, the contents of which were thrown about the yard and some of them burned. A rather ludicrous accident happened at this place. While they were lassoing some of the cattle one Indian threw his lariat into the herd, and instead of its covering the head of the steer, as was intended, it settled over the body of an Indian, who was mixed up in the herd. The rider at once spurred up his horse and before the mistake was discovered the jaw and collar bone of the Indian were broken by his rough slide over the ground at the end of the rope. John Steele had forty head of his cattle killed and about one hundred of his horses were lost and stolen. Char- les Cooney's house was destroyed wholly and he also lost some twenty cattle and seven horses — all he pos- sessed. The Widow Cooney had her house in the path of this red cyclone and of course it did not escape. It ap- pears they were not hungry when they were here, as they scattered all the sugar and coffee in the house in the yard and so left it. They simply desire to destroy and are not raiding for food, as has been claimed. They have not confined their attention to the property of private persons, but have burned the agency ranch on the White River, the headquarters of the government, cattle ranches, also the house of Mr. John Guire, the chief government herder. The men had a conversation with spies met in the neighborhood, and from them learned some things, which although previously reported, their testimony strongly strengthens. The Indians who have left Rose- bud affirm it is for good, never to return. It is known they desire to belong to this agency, but as there are so many here at present it has been thought impracticable to allow them to change. They swear, however, that they will remain on this reservation or die. From all that is learned. Chief Two Strike wishes to come in and report, but he is kept back by Short Bull, Conquering Bear and Kicking Bear, the chief of the ghost dancers. One report this afternoon announced that he was on his way alone on horseback to this place, that he had succeeded in leaving those who have so long acted against his orders, or rather wishes. While he has been undoubtedly the head chief, vet he has been a "prisoner in his castle." The fact that all these troubles could have been nipped in the bud, if action had been taken a week ago, is uni- versally expressed. Owing to the dilatory actions of those in command the situation is so changed and enlarged in scope that no one can predict when and where it will terminate. W. F. K. Arrive in Camp Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 6, 1890 — [Special] — As predicted in the dispatches of yesterday a band of chiefs and warriors made their ap- pearance this morning. They remained at Dr. Jute's house last evening some five miles from here, and at 9 o'clock this morning a singular looking cavalcade was seen making its way over the top of a hill. At the head rode Big Turkey, bearing a large white sheet upon a pole symbolic of peace. Following came Bull Dog, High Pipe and Bad Horse and then followed Dr. Jute and the aged Two Strike in the doctor's cart, warriors and chiefs be- hind to the total number of thirty-one. The appearance of these Indians caused much excitement, but they halted not and made their way direct to General Brooke's headquarters. On the journey in from their camps they feared the whole proceeding was a trap laid by the sol- diers to capture them and they kept scouts and outriders ahead. The most trivial affair was sufficient to throw them into commotion. During the ride of a few miles this morning from the priest's house, they halted four times and refused to come any further so great had become their fear. They finally consented to advance when the <^-^93>^^-^ doctor informed them that they could kill him if any soldiers made their appearance or offered in any manner to molest them. From what they told the doctor last eve- ning they did not believe more than a hundred men would follow their example if they should decide to come here, although they told General Avery a different story. They said they were not afraid of the soldiers at their camp and thought they held an impregnable posi- tion. Many of the chiefs who had given their word to the doctor to come at the last moment changed their minds and refused. The hostiles tried in every manner to keep these friendlies from coming, but did not succeed to the extent they hoped. They say Short Bull is the military leader, the ideal champion of the young men, and that Kicking Bear, at Cheyenne, is the leader of all the ghost dances. Horses and men had on war paint when they ar- rived at the doctor's house, but this morning it was washed off and their entree caused no comment on that score. It may be added that they spent the entire night gambling for cartridges in the Catholic chapel. When the newspaper men applied for permission to be present and hear them make their complaint. General Brooke peremptorily refused, but when it was nearly finished he allowed them to enter the sacred portal in time for the final hand shaking at the breaking up of the council. The complaints made were the same as made to Dr. Jute. It was a striking sight, the council chamber filled with these people and a few military officers. Gen- eral Brooke with Generals Wharton and Forsyth on either side, the Indians in a semi-circle before him. Turn- ing Bear, a magnificently proportioned brave, with his robes of beaded work thrown carelessly about him, stood in the centre declaiming the wrongs of his race. It was plainly seen that the general expected good to emanate from him. The aged, decrepit chief Two Strike, al- though present, resigned much of his speech to young men. The general informed them that he desired them to come in from the Bad Lands near the agency, all those that did not wish trouble. He also tried to suggest a day when they would move to this side of White River, which was finally agreed upon as the place they were to camp for a time, but they replied with the old tale that they had old women, squaws, etc., and it would take them some time to move. The general tried very hard to press them for a more definite time, but it was unavailing. He could get nothing further. He promised to give the young men work to do, which caused their eyes to twinkle with laughter at the idea; to employ some as scouts, etc., at which they grunted signs of approval, but doubtless felt different. No reference was made by either side as to the wholesale butchering of cattle, thieving, devastation and burning of buildings that has transpired. This singular fact was much commented upon by all whites present. To sum up the whole affair it simply amounted to nothing, simply a little patting on the back and saying, "Mr. Indian, if you come in we will feed you well," that is simply the sum and substance of the whole council. W. F. K. ci.-^ 95 j)^*^.^ Moved Into Bad Lands Sioux Go on With War Preparations Reported Collision — Wholesale Depredations Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 8, 1890 — [Special] — Beaver Monta has just reported to the agent that the Indians have moved back five miles into the Bad Lands. Thus, instead of holding a council to-day as they promised and sending a messenger in to report the result, they have renewed their war prepar- ations by moving farther away. This was done imme- diately upon the return of the chiefs from here. W. F. K. Stone axe The Indians Divided War Imminent Among Them Differences of Opinion About Going to Agency Likely to Cause Bloodshed Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 9, 1890 — [Special] — The hostiles camped on White River near the Bad Lands are quarrelHng among them- selves over the question of coming into this agency. Chief Two Strike and his band wish to come, but the young bucks will not listen to such a proposition, so strong is the feeling on both sides that fighting may take place. One faction is apparently as firm as the other. Six government scouts sent out from Pine Ridge Sunday morning having not yet returned. W F. K. The Situation Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (Via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 9, 1890 — [Special] — The main topic of conversation on yesterday was the council held on Saturday with the 97 Indians from the White River. There is no dissent in the opinion as to its value. All hope, of course, that the Indians will come in and submit to the authorities, but the judgment of men com- petent to know is wholly against their doing so. To judge from outward circumstances no reason can be assigned for their coming, as they are in every way possible situ- ated more favorably than they could be upon any Indian reservation in the United States. The true Indian re- quisites for life and happiness are complete in amount in the Bad Lands at their present camp. They have an abundant supply of food, water and wood, enough of all to last them forever if they can maintain their position. and from what scouts and others acquainted with the country say, there are only three entrances or rather nar- row passes leading to the table land where they are en- camped, the table land affording considerable good pasturage for stock. These same scouts say fifty men could easily at each of these passes keep a small army at bay. Shells and cannon balls would not afford anv assistance as the cannons cannot be taken across these exterior portions of the Bad Lands, adjacent on all sides to the table land. That General Brooke realizes the very serious task on hand is shown from his scheme of tr\'ing to withdraw the Indians from this place. He possibh" thinks they will emerge from this place and nimbh^ tumble into a mili- tary trap. Why should they come out and leave their homes and suppHes unprotected? It is well known in In- dian warfare Indians do not usually begin an attack upon their enemy. Certainly not unless they have over- whelming numbers and a superiority of position. They know as well as General Brooke knows that troops are massed all about the edge of the Bad Lands, ready to advance in there if they can do so. Then why should they be tempted to leave them, giving them credit of a small degree of intelligence? If the Indian is ever cun- ning, he certainly is in time of war, and no one is better acquainted with the country, the number of his enemies, etc., than he, and it seems folly to suppose he would abandon such a position as he possesses if fighting is to be done. The Indians have every advantage they could ask in acting upon the defensive. Is it then reasonable to sup- pose he will leave all without consideration and take the field on the offensive? Two Strike and his band left on Sunday morning and expected to hold a council upon their consultation with General Brooke. This will probably take place to-day, if the Indian program is carried out as promised to the General. However according to Indian custom it is more probable it will be several days. An Indian never seems to appreciate "that time is fleeting," therefore the hold- ing of the council is indefinite. There is much complaint made at the interpretation given by Wells to the General at the holding of the council on Saturday. The Indians afterward said he spoke so fast they could not understand half he said; that in the idiomatic way they have of speaking he gave what may be called in one sense a literal meaning, but did not give the expression necessary, and its full meaning. Many gentlemen were present who speak the language, and every one interviewed upon the subject gave it as his opinion tjiat the interpretation was unsatisfactory and not what it should have been. Wells, the interpreter upon the occasion, is not the man who serves here in this capacity, but a man who came from up in Northern Dakotas some days since and claimed to thoroughly understand the Sioux language. This feature of the council is the one most commented upon by the public here. To give a brief synopsis of the situation, not at all my own opinion, but the universal talk of the place, the situ- ation is the most unsatisfactory. The troops have now been here two weeks and not a move of any kind has been made to protect property and stock. The criticism made upon General Brooke is of the severest character, and already newspaper men have inquired and are un- able to find an officer who has ever known of his having any practical experience with the Indian. It is to be hoped he will be able to disprove some of the bitter allegations now being heard in regard to him. Adjutant-General Cole, Golonel Harry Hotchkiss of Lincoln and Captain Finney visited this place on Sun- day and spent a pleasant afternoon looking over the cav- alry camp and meeting the officers of that famous regi- ment. W. F. K. The Redskins Retreat War Cloud Grows Darker Little Prospect that an Encounter With Militia Will be Averted Delay Occasioned by N on- Arrival of Miles Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., Dec. lo, 1890 — [Special] — The report of Monday that the Indians had moved farther into the Bad Lands seems confirmed. If this is founded upon fact there can certainly be no longer any reason for delay. The parley must now end, for the In- dians in returning to their camp, holding a council upon what they had heard and said to the general, returning to their friends, and after holding a consultation, moved farther away, instead of coming at once on this side of the White River as they solemnly promised to do when conferring with General Brooke. This must surely be looked upon as the plainest of answers as to their fu- ture intentions. It was predicted, from their talk and manner of talk- ing when in council, they would never do as promised. Their refusal to amplify any time as to their moving, their evident intention of avoiding the subject, pretend- ing to not understand the subject when alluded to, all these things, small in themselves, perhaps, yet were suflScient to convince those who know the Indian well that his thoughts were in a different direction than indicated by the words he uttered. It is thought Gen- eral Brooke to some extent put confidence in what thev said and was inclined to give them a reasonable time to come this way, upon the strength of that confidence. If the hostiles remained at their old camp, they would have been allowed a week or so to move, but as they have gone farther away, this certainly puts an end to hopes of peace, since no word to the contrary has been received, nor word of explanation. The troops may not move until the arrival of General Miles, who is daily ex- pected here, he having been reported as having left Chicago on Monday morning. Many reports have come here as to when General Miles was to have been here, this one seems authentic and he will arrive here to-day if he does not delay on the road. It is very cold, with prospects of a blizzard any day, and officers and men heartily wish to go after the In- dians or be allowed to return home to their posts for the winter. They do not seem to relish the idea of being in tents during intense cold or a blizzard. Some of them will surely remain here all winter, campaign or no cam- paign, and already speculations are rife as to what regi- ment will escape and what will remain, if the scene should shift from the present prospect. All the troops are anxious to be away after the Indians. They do not ^^_J' dread the hardships to be encountered by a winter cam- paign in the Bad Lands, but rather rejoice in the wel- come rehef it will give them from their tiresome garrison duty. A war comes so seldom in the life of our army officers that they are more pleased even than the privates, are willing to lay aside their pleasant winter quarters and officers' club for the prospect of gaining honor and dis- tinction among their brother officers as well as the out- side world. There is a singular jealousy between all branches of the service. The cavalrymen rather look down upon the foot soldiers, consider them as hardly their equal in dash and valor. These sentiments are reciprocated heartily by the infantrymen toward the horsemen. Although they give vent to their feelings very cau- tiously, fearful of infringing upon military etiquette, it is well known that the Seventh Cavalry is fairly itching, if it may be so expressed, to be away and pursue the poor In- dian. These are the same Indians who mercilessly shot down the gallant Custer and 300 men of the Seventh Ca- valry on that memorable day of June 25, 1876. Many of the present officers were with Reno on that day, only four miles distant, and it is safe to say the Sioux will receive no quarter from this famous regiment should an opportunity occur to wreak out vengeance for the blood taken at the battle of the Little Big Horn. It is touching to notice how the memory and acts of that day are treasured in the hearts of the officers and men. To them they are of the most sacred character never to be forgotten, for they loved their dashing colo- nel, their brother oflBcers, the daily companions of their life in the service for many years. To-day is semi-monthly ration day and it is noticeable that there is not the same number of Indians present that there was two weeks ago. When an Indian comes not for his rations some- thing must be wrong. W. F. K. Sioux mans moccasins ^^.=._^ The Time for Action An Engagement Reported Friendly Indians and Hostiles Meet And Blood is Shed Pine Ridge Agency. S. D., (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 11, 1890 — [Special] — The deadlock in the situation lasting for several days, has at length been broken. Cour- iers have arrived telling stories which have dissolved all doubt as to the position of the hostiles, where they are and what they intend to do. It is now shown that diplo- macy will have to be put aside and the submission of the greater part of the Indians be accomplished by the force of troops. A courier arrived at the agency this evening about dusk. He was surrounded by hundreds of people, all anxious to know the outcome, all eagerly pulling and questioning him as to what he knew about the enemy. After a brief talk he proceeded to the gen- eral's headquarters and related his story, and it rudely dispelled the delusions that have been prevalent about the headquarters for the past two weeks as to the major- ity of the Indians coming in here. His story was con- firmed at 3 o'clock this morning by the arrival of "Yankton Charley" of the six chosen scouts sent out by the general on Sunday and the first one to report. Upon his arrival he at once went to the general's sleeping apartment and told the following story: It appears the party of chiefs got back to their camp on Sunday night and had an informal talk through the camp that night, they (the peace party) strongly urging the remainder to put by their war intentions and come to the agency. On Monday morning the formal council took place, with sacred pipes and in robes of state they proceeded to consider their position and what they should do. The conclave lasted all day and far into the night. Warm and bitter were the words indulged in by those present, according to their convictions. The war party seemed to predominate, yet no decision was reached that night. On Tuesday the talk resumed. Again did it proceed all day, again were all the pros and cons gone over in Indian fashion, yet no result was reached on that evening. On Wednesday morning, seeing the futility of further talking. Two Strike stepped forth before the people, and drawing a long line through the sand with his foot invited all those who were for peace to come upon one side of the line and their opponents to remain upon the other. A hundred or two immediately sur- rounded their old chief. They had no sooner done so than the young men under Short Bull set up a tremen- dous whoop and bore down upon their opponents, with war clubs. Both parties were soon indiscrimately mixed and fighting desperately. ^_^io6>^^=^ Soon were to be seen many dead on both sides, the tops of their heads crushed in with the war clubs. The scout Yankton Charley, thinking this an auspicious mo- ment to leave, took his departure without waiting to see the termination of the melee. He had been closely watched during his stay and made the most of the mo- ment to get away. It should be understood that this camp extends some four miles up and down the creek, or rather line of springs, so but a small part of the whole camp was really engaged in the affray. This simply shows the despera- tion of the fighting party and the means they are willing to resort to, to carry their end. As has been said all along by the newspaper men here the larger part of the In- dians want to fight and it is doubtful if they can be ap- peased in any other way. Their force has been recruited during the past week by men from other agencies until now they have a force of 2,000. The scout relates of them as saying the military are afraid of coming after them in the Bad Lands and quite naturally other Indians hearing and knowing of the luxurious life they are living, are strongly tempted by such attractions to join them. General Brooke became so anxious yesterday as to the fate of his six scouts that at noon he summoned Frank Girard and instructed him to send out at once six men to see what had become of them. The one who returned last evening says he did not see any of his five mates all the time he was at the camp. The first who came in re- ported Little Cat to be killed by the Indians and that the other four were imprisoned and not allowed to leave. Their position is thought to be very dangerous now. Since blood has been spilt, the Indians will demand their lives unless they are strongly protected by friends. It is thought the reason Two Strike fought so strongly for peace is that he realizes the whites will conquer in the end and in that event he will be a greater chief than ever for being on the winning side. Two Strike has the repu- tation of being a politician, if nothing else, and his pre- sent peaceful attitude is a political necessity, rather than any desire he has not to fight the troops. It is to be regretted that all the hostiles are not more politic. The Indians did move farther into the Bad Lands, as before reported, but owing to the scarcity of water they returned to the former position which they have strongly fortified with rifle pits, forming them by digging holes in the sides of the sandy hills into which they have carried their provisions with suflScient space for themselves and families. It was noticed yesterday by the Indian poHce that 300 or 400 Indians were at the beef issue with guns who did not belong at this agency, and who took no part in the killing of cattle. It being a good opportunity for them to come in and look around \\dthout being too con- spicuous, they came straggling in during the night and departed during the following afternoon, doubtless with all the information they wished. It is now thought and heard upon semiofficial author- ity that the troops will move from here on Saturday, and certainly indications lead one to think they will. Dailv now are troops sent out in all directions, apparently for drilling purposes, but really to get the Indians accus- 108 tomed to see them moving in all directions without ex- citing suspicion. Pack mules with provisions upon their backs are moved out on the adjoining hills. Some day or probably night, all these will move out and will forget to move back at the proper time for so doing. It is understood that one oflBcer in each arm of the service has received instructions to have the troops all ready to march Friday. However, it is thought they will not move before Satiu*- day. One Hotchkiss and one Gatling gun and five can- non throwing thirteen pound shells will accompany the troops. These shell guns can be used eflFectively at a dis- tance of four or five miles and will be greatly needed if the Indians remain in their pits on top of an adjoining hiU, out of reach of the enemy's fire. Unless all signs are very deceiving or the outlook com- promised in some way by further tidings, it now looks as if the troops would move forward to the Bad Lands in two or three days at the most. The situation is critical and General Brooke's last hope for a peaceful settlement is thought to be dissipated. W. F. K. / Sioux peace pipe Troops Stay at Home Indian Against Indian Three Hundred of Friendly Disposed Sent to Join the Band of Two Strike Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 12, 1890 — [Special] — Instead of mo\4ng the troops this morning, as was predicted in vesterdav's dispatch, the general last night conceived another scheme to bring the hostiles in from their retreat. After having given or- ders and gotten the ti'oops all readv to leave the aban- doned the idea of sending them and sent out between two and three hundred Indians, well armed, to fight the hostiles and bring them to Pine Ridge. They are sent to join the band under T\^'o Strike, who are coming this way slowly, to reinforce them and force a fight if pos- sible. Although the general was repeatedly urged to send out a company of police and Indian scouts as being a more efficient force, he refused and persisted in send- ing an arrav of old coffee colors, as thev are called. Your correspondent was informed last night bv Dr. Jute, the priest, that on Wednesdav night there had been a large desertion from the peaceful party on White River. They broke away from their comrades and returned to the enemy in the Bad Lands. Various expressions of opinions are to be heard as to the result of this somewhat novel military maneuver of encouraging the enemy to fight the enemy. Some think there will be no force attempted, remembering the old saying, "that blood is thicker than water;" others think if they are forced from their stronghold it will only result in throwing them upon the settlers at the foot of the Black Hills. Murder and pillage then would go hand in hand. The result hoped for may be accomplished by the Indians, but many, many chances are against it being done. If the troops were advanced on all sides and the three avenues of escape blocked the Indians would be largely kept in the Bad Lands until finally conquered. Certainly they could not get to the north to commit murder or any great amount of depredations. Another and the most powerful reason of all why the troops should bring in the Indians is that the Indian must be taught to obey, and if not, to bear the consequences. The moral effect is lost wholly if the Indians sent out prevail, as they will not look upon them as the power of the government. This lesson is needed as the safeguard of the future. Without it the heavy expense of troops being brought here and maintained does not accomplish the effect for good that it was intended to do. Again, the officials are aiding Two Strike and his fel- lows to gain what is virtually political supremacy for them. They have been as guilty as the ones who now remain in the Bad Lands killing cattle and destroying property. In fact, in a strict sense, if such a thing may be said, they are more guilty, for they are the Indians who first defied authority and by cutting loose from all connections gave the signal for outlaw Indians to join them and start on the destructive career they all have pursued for the past three weeks. Will it not be that these Indians who are now willing to suppress their former friends will look for immunity and exoneration for their past offenses? Can this be consistently and con- scientiously borne out by the government in the final settlement? Are they not placing themselves in a precar- ious position for future operations with Two Strike and his followers? That the war department should be left free and untrammelled in the future adjustment of so serious a trouble as this has proved to be cannot be doubted. Whichever way the affair terminates the policy undertaken by the general commanding is sure to make trouble for the future. It will only be a few days before the result of this new move can be known. The conditions of this trouble have been such from the first that troops not diplomacy, should have been employed. The end could have been reached without the loss of a man, but the golden mo- ment passed. What the future will be is as uncertain to- day as it was two weeks ago. W. F. K. 'L..^ 112))^^.=^ Waiting for Tidings Warriors Fail to Report Short Bull and Band Hold Old Position And Make No Move Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.) — Dec. 13, 1890 — [Special] — No word has yet been received from the band of warriors that left for Two Strike's camp on Thursday night and no beneficial results are expected from this action on the part of the general. Black Fox, as Indian courier, reported to the agents last night that the hostiles yesterday were still encamped on White River, not yet crossed and were coming south. The other band is only five miles away and all appear again to be on very intimate terms, the late melee being forgotten. Two Strike further says he will come no further south until provisions are sent to them at White River, pretending to understand that the general promised these conditions at their council one week ago. He only did promise to sup- ply them if they would come here and camp. General Brooke received word yesterday from his sub- ordinate at Rapid City that 250 armed citizens and cow- boys had left that place to fight the Indians and protect the settlements and northern borders of the Bad Lands. That the Indians are committing depredations in that quarter is known, and yet with several companies of cav- alry stationed near Rapid City, under order of General Brooke, no move has been made to protect them. The general seems averse to hear any reports as to the condi- tion of affairs as they exist. In his desire not to over-es- timate the seriousness of the situation, he has made the mistake of not comprehending the real magnitude of the task on hand. This may seem a serious criticism of the person holding the rank of General Brooke, but from his actions and what he says to others about the Indians it can be accounted for in no other way, unless it be he knows nothing of the Indian. As said in yesterday's dispatches the situation has never been so full of danger as at the present time. In fact, the whites here are, to say the least, badly fright- ened. It is known that the Indians are making arrows and sharpening knives within a pistol shot of this agency. This fact has not been revealed as the discovery of a day, but it has been known for a week and reported to General Brooke, who laughs at the idea of an attack on this place in the dead of night. With plenty of soldiers here, 1,200 or more, not a soldier picket is stationed out- side the line of tents, if two who stand guard in the pro- vision yard be excepted. It is not expected the Indians would stop to fight here, but in a dash at night many could be killed and much damage done. Let it be said this is not probable, but still possible, and especially easy under the present military condition at night. The «L-^ 114))'^^* — ^ idea would never have been thought of had not many persons here received word from Indians personally friendly to them that such a scheme was on foot. Know- ing other existing facts it seems plausible. A half dozen of the most reputable and influential white men here have received this warning from different Indians. Com- plaint is made that with such ample means of protection at hand no greater protection is given to Me and prop- erty than exists at present. W. F. K. Sioux mans vest ^^:.^ At the Break of Day Troops Start for Bad Lands General Brooke Gives Orders All Hands Prepared for Action RusHviLLE, Neb., Dec. 14, 1890 — [Special] — Orders have been given by General Brooke to have the Sev- enth, Eighth and Ninth Cavalry ready to march to the Bad Lands at sunrise to-morrow. The Seventh will start from Pine Ridge. Eight troops of the Sixth Cavalry are now at the junction of Cheyenne River and Rapid Creek. They will close in from this place. The Eighth Cavalry is scattered along the line of the Elkhorn Road, at Buffalo Gap, Oelrichs and Smithfield. They will probably con- solidate at some unknown place and advance from the west on the Indians. Yesterday the Indians were burning the range and destroying property with fire, so that last night the il- lumination was plainly seen at Rushville, Chadron and other places. It is now thought the troops will move promptly at break of day to-morrow. No attempt will be made to surprise the hostiles but a steady march will be made forward and a final closing up will be the line of action carried out. The cavalry will be under the command of Colonel Forsythe, a man who has had large experience with In- dians and Indian warfare. The Seventh, no doubt, will add glory to the honorable name they have already won in the impending struggle. W. F. K. May Look for Something Now Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 14, 1890 — [Special] — The Seventh Cavalry leaves to- night or to-morrow morning for the Bad Lands. The Eighth and Sixth have been ordered there from Oelrich, Rapid City and Fort Meade. W. F. K. Not Yet Started Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 15, 1890 — [Special] — The troops will not leave to- night, but will to-morrow. All indications induce that belief. General Brooke will not be interviewed. The Sev- enth Cavalry, a Hotchkiss and Catling guns accompany the infantry and the heavy artillery will guard Pine Ridge. Colonel Forsythe, who commands the field force, will not move to-day for fear of stampeding Two Strike's band, six miles from here, who came that far yesterday. W. F. K. Death Causes Delay Troops Remain in Camp Killing of Sitting Bull, General Miles Thinks May Cause Undue Commotion Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 16, 1890 — [Special] — Last night at 9:30 an order was received from General Miles delaying the day of march- ing, which was to have been at 8 o'clock this morning. The death of Sitting Bull at Standing Rock at this mo- ment, it was thought, would greatly complicate matters with the friendly Indians six miles from this place. The troops were all ready to move at dawn this morning, packs for mules and wagon trains to go with the com- mand as far as White River, on the edge of the Bad Lands. The troops will only be delayed a few days at most, it is thought, by the death of Sitting Bull. It was doubtless thought by General Miles that his death while being arrested would have a strong tendency to stam- pede the friendly chiefs with Two Strike and also those who have been connected with this trouble in the past, but supposedly not at the present. They would forsee in Bull's death their own future fate. ^^«..:^ii8>^=^^ Standing Rock is 300 miles from here. The Indians do not yet know of his death, but will hear of it to-day. Sit- ting Bull has a few warm friends here, prominent among whom is the old chief Red Cloud, their past connection being cemented by mutual life-long hatred of the white man. The full particulars of his death are not yet known here. That Bull was a greatly overestimated Indian chief is well known at all Sioux agencies, as well as at his own home. He had but little influence of late and his follow- ing has only consisted of about sixty men, making their homes on the Grand River south of the agency proper. Bull has never been a warrior, his calling being that of a medicine man in the tribe, but more and above all else he was a modern day politician. While he has been a ghost dancer it may well be doubted if he has been in any manner associated with the other causes in this trouble. That he has not been prominent in the ghost dance is also thought to be a fact. Ever since the day of Custer he has been looked upon as the dangerous Indian of the country. Those who knew him best say he was a congenial, manly companion always. To his friends he admitted that he hated the race of white men, for he considered that they had repeatedly vva*onged his race. Some years ago he went to Europe and travelled in this country with Mr. Cody. At all places he was the recipient of many attentions and much honor. While in Washing- ton he made the remark: "Oh, how different my life would have been if I had seen all these places and things when a boy." Major Burke, manager of the Buffalo Bill show, speaks very feelingly of his death and strongly deprecates the prevalent idea that he was a wild, red desperado, for he had many praiseworthy qualities. Father Jute and Little Bat, the scout, left early this morning to bring all the friendly Indians at once to the agency where they will be kept and fed until the termi- nation of the trouble with the hostiles. Reports are arriv- ing telling of the depredations of the Indians on the Bad Lands. They are running all over the country between the northern edge of the Bad Lands and Cheyenne River and for twenty-five miles beyond up Rapid, French and Battle Creeks. This is a very thickly settled country and of course aflEords a much better country for raiding and plunder than the territory south of the Bad Lands on White River, where it has been confined until recendy. The report that three Indians were killed on French Creek in attempting to run off some cattle is confirmed. They belonged to the Cheyenne Agency. Report says the Indians are verv much excited over the occurrence and liable to participate in an open outbreak of their whole camp and to mingle with Sioux. General Brooke feels keenly the departure of the troops. He is said to have all his plans perfected for a thorough campaign. The general complains that he has been sub- jected to great criticism for his delay by the papers, and now that he desires to act and has the situation in hand he is stopped by a higher authority. He fears all his plans may be disarranged by the events of the next few days. It is reported that General Miles will pass through Rush- ville to-night and go to Rapid City on the north. W. F. K. The Indians Are Angry Outlook at Pine Ridge Anything But Pleasing Two Strike Arrives Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 17, 1890 — [Special] — Yesterday at noon Two Strike and his band came in from the CathoHc mission in obe- dience to the call sent out to them by General Brooke. They pitched their tents on the west side of Red Cloud's village, numbering 184 lodges, very few young men be- ing seen among them. According to the best reports there are 218 lodges of the hostiles, or about 1,000 men. Should the troops move out to attack them it is not doubted but what most of the Indians here would se- cretly slip out and join them. In wandering about the camp one can see that they regard the whites with no kindly eye, the squaws being especially vindictive in their expression and all begin to hiss upon the appearance of a white man and continue so to do until he is out of hearing. Rather amusing than disagreeable in this instance is such behavior. Inspector Reynolds is here adjusting a claim of some $28,000 held by the old chief, Red Cloud and his band ^^=^J^ against the government. Inspector Cooper of the Indian department received an order yesterday directing him to proceed, when he could safely do so, to investigate the depredations committed on Porcupine and Wounded Knee Creeks, make a list of all property destroyed and return the same and claims to the department for settle- ment. The inspector jocosely remarks that he is in no haste to go into that section at present. Captain Taylor's company of Indian scouts returned last night. They were sent out on Monday evening in ex- pectancy of the troops advancing Tuesday morning and had advanced thirty-five miles before they were over- taken and ordered to come back. This company makes a splendid appearance with their new showy uniforms, their graceful horsemanship, etc. They are relied upon with confidence by General Brooke when the conflict begins. To-day was beef issue again. It was noticed that at the camp of Two Strike yesterday they had their last issue of cattle from Rosebud with them and large quan- tities of dried beef. Although this band has long been called the friendly Indians, no confidence is placed in them by the officials and it is as certain as anything can be certain in the future that they will join the hostiles when hostilities begin. General Miles has at last come to the seat of war. He passed through Rushville last night with his staff in a special car and will go at once to Rapid City. The gen- eral expects to make this place his headquarters and it is understood he will take command of the troops in the field in person on the northern border of the Bad Lands. General Miles reports that 150 lodges have left Stand- ing Rock agency to go south and join the hostiles. This makes a large addition to their number. The Indian police report that the Indians who have so far remained here in the trouble are gradually deserting and joining their warlike comrades. So far as can be noticed the death of Sitting Bull has produced no change in the feeling of the Indians here. It may be that it is not known among them yet. It is not probable any open demonstrations would be made in any event. Yesterday the army established a field hospital near the agency, piling up wood six feet high around the space as a protection in case of an emergency. The hos- pital consists of about a dozen large field tents, fitted out in the best manner possible for the reception of injured persons. The camp at large is in splendid condition, hardly a man out of 1,000 being unfit for duty= It is thought the troops will move in a couple of days or so, as soon as General Miles arrives at Rapid City and gets the situation thoroughly in hand. As I write this dispatch one of Taylor's scouts has just come in from White River and reports that he heard firing of cannon over to the north early this morning from where he was. He at once rode to this point to report the occurrence to his captain. Every one is disappointed that troops did not leave yesterday. They had orders to march to the head of Bad Creek, some distance in the Bad Lands. As said before, the force at this place will probably constitute the troops used for fighting and the troops on the north will be used to prevent any escape ^>-^ 123 >^.^ of the Indians to the north and west. This is presumed, for all the troops in that direction are stationed about the country by companies at the various points, while a force of 800 men will march together from this place. Something definite may be known by to-morrow. W. F. K. Cheyenne dress ^^=^.^ The Omaha Bee man, out prowHng for news the other evening, was gathered in a similar manner. His escapade formed the butt of many a joke by his brother scribes, who affected to see in it a punishment for his past sins in some of his reports to his paper. Last night a gun was fired off about ii o'clock near the camp and at once there was the greatest excitment. People came rushing forth from the houses and the sol- diers appeared with guns in hand from their tents, all expecting, from recent rumors, an attack upon the camp. Men rushed here and there at this unusual occurrence. In an hour the innocent cause was traced down and it was found that a poor ragged Indian picket named Walking Post had accidently fired off his gun. The poor feUow was about as much frightened at what he had done as those who had supposed their time had come an hour before. This fright may be easily accounted for. People here for some time have been wrought up to the highest notch, a sort of a nervous strain, an indefinable feeling that something not agreeable may happen, so numerous have been the reports about this place as to our Indian attack. Fires are still raging to the west day and night. At night, looking westward, the scene is a brilliant one, the heavens lit up with a dull red color, clouds of smoke slowly rising, swaying to and fro in the night wind. This has been going on for some days, but it is not thought the fire will come in this direction. So long as it keeps in the surrounding hills no danger can come to the agency and property. Lieutenant Benham of the Second Infantry has re- cently been placed in charge of the two companies of Indian police for drilling purposes. They drill one hour each morning on foot and one hour in the afternon on horseback. Lieutenant Benham has had considerable ex- perience in work of the kind, having had charge of the scouts in the Nez Perces campaign. The manner and ra- pidity with which they grasp the movement and its pur- poses, does credit to the Indians, as well as to the lieutenant. Work of this kind is usually liked by the In- dian. He possesses a certain fondness, with all his ob- stinacy, to do as white men do. Ever since the troops arrived they have watched with the utmost closeness the morning drill of the troops, commenting or signify- ing their approval at each maneuver. Forty-six Cheyennes of Lieutenant Taylor's command of scouts formed two weeks ago yesterday and received orders to go to Rapid City. They will be put in the field from that place. The remainder of the company, com- posed of Sioux, will remain here. The Cheyennes are intended to be operated against their own tribe, which is stationed near the Cheyenne River, and are in open sympathy with the hostiles. An order was sent by General Miles to General Brooke this morning to move the troops at once, but that gentleman, with his usual facility for delaying, re- ponded saying he wished to send out another peace party, asking them to please come in to Pine Ridge. Bright and early he set to work to get as many Indians together as he could to go. It is unknown at this hour how many he can get, but it is thought the party will set out to-day. Brooke wants four or five hundred men to go, but it is doubtful if more than one hundred will ac- tually set out. When he sought to send out 300 two weeks ago by persistent labor and teasing he finally got together forty-six and what did they do? They went out there, had a good friendly visit when they did not at- tempt to talk about peace, plenty to eat and brought home under their saddle all as much beef as they could hide and carry well. This is what they did and this in all probability is what they will do again. A month ago yes- terday, the troops were all here. Never a soldier has been five miles from camp. The Indians today are in every way more hostile, more insolent, than they were then, their depredations daily increasing, while it is well known that it has got to be such an old story that the newspaper men now rarely mention them. All this and yet not one move has been made to stop them or punish them, with ample means on all sides to do so. General Brooke is naturally a man who hesitates to act. With no previous experience in the field against Indians, he seems always undecided. From inside sources it begins to look as if this whole campaign was more a political jugglery than the skill of mihtary science. However it would hardly do to print all that is known here by newspaper men. It would not be politic. W. F. K. ^L-^128>^^^ Hum Drum Camp Life Becomes Wearisome Impression Growing that Brooke Carries His Peace Methods Too Far Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., Dec. 20, 1890 — [Special Cor- respondence] — Pine Ridge was honored yesterday by the appearance of the Chadron Board of Trade. Fourteen gentlemen of that body were desirous of seeing the situa- tion at Pine Ridge, spending the day in looking over the camps, agency buildings, and talking with the officials. They presented to General Brooke and Agents Royer and Cooper a petition asking that Chadron should be made the base of supplies, rather than Rushville. They claimed they were able to furnish goods on contract cheaper than at Rushville; that they had greater side track facili- ties for the handhng of freight; that they could sell arti- cles much cheaper to the Indians in the future than the same could be purchased at Rushville, if the line of trade could be directed that way. It is not thought any change is probable, as present arrangements are very satisfac- tory so far at least as the army is concerned. The gentle- men returned to Chadron this morning, having passed the night, I beheve, in a very unsatisfactory manner, owing to the hmited accommodations available here. Mr. Finley, a post trader, has been kind enough to give all the newspaper men here his house for their headquarters. Aside from this place there is no house that can be had for love or money in which visitors can pass the night. They may endure the days by purchas- ing hard tack and cheese at the stores. For a week or so, each day has seen many visitors com- ing here for the day. Dr. Royer issued an order yester- day morning instructing his Indian police to arrest every white person here not possessing a pass. In conse- quence his small police station was soon crowded with persons who, unless they could show they had business here, were ordered to leave at once, not to return. The Indian is the greatest policeman I have ever seen. The manner in which they gathered in the people yesterday was a most comical scene. As soon as a wagon was seen coming over a hill a policeman ran toward it and at once hauled the unfortunate farmer to the station, where he was to take his turn in making his apology for coming onto the reservation without permission. Dr. Royer issued such an order several weeks ago, but in the future he intends to be most strict in enforcing this United States law. It may not be generally known that there is a regular established police court at this place. On each evening at about 6:30 o'clock the culprits are brought before the agent by his police captain, the affair being conducted in much the same manner as our petty courts in cities, ^._j> judgment being passed by the agent on the offense. Last evening the following incident took place as one of the trials on the docket: An Indian named "Walk-Under-the-Ground" was caught asleep on his post the night before by another picket, who left his post to look for the first. Finding him asleep he at once arrested him and placed him in the guard house over night, an example of vigilance for any modern policeman to follow. The striking part of the scene was when the poor fellow told his story of how he sat down to light his cigarette, then fell asleep, being so tired with his day's labor. He thought he was now disgraced, and tears came into his eyes as he said it, showing a depth of feeling seldom, if ever, to be seen in an Indian. He wished to resign his position, so much did he feel he had violated his trust, but the doctor talked with him gently and it is safe to say the fellow went forth a better man. The whole scene was said to be by the interpreter one of the most remarkable he has ever witnessed among Indians. The hitherto marked fi- delity of this fellow, the manner in which he valued his reputation, how he had successfully sought all his life to keep from the guard house, regarding it as a stain upon his name; all this he said, and his now apparent disgrace seemed to nearly overcome him. Two prominent business men of Chadron arrived here this forenoon and at once sought General Brooke. They told him of the outrages that were being committed north of Chadron, property of all kinds plundered and destroyed, settlers frightened, etc., the old story General Brooke has been told so long and to which no heed has 1-^ 131 >^^=^ been given. They respectfully requested that a com- pany of troops be sent to protect these settlers, but were given no assurance that they would be sent. The general, with an habitual smile, bade them good day. It is getting to be a conundrum here what the United States armv is kept for. With 1,500 troops here during the past month, such charges as the above being reported every day, yet not a troop being permitted or ordered to be so stationed as to afford some protection to those who re- quire it. He who can answer the "why" to the above question is a wiser man than any civilian at Pine Ridge. That abominable army jealousy has shown its face in high quarters on more than one occasion, but even this is far from being the principal reason. It is to be hoped this whole campaign will be investigated and ventilated at some future day when he who is responsible for this worse than shameful condition of affairs will be brought forth and shown up as such to the world. There is not a newspaper man here but what deprecates emphatically the conduct so far, and I may add some of them are west- ern men, and have served in similar capacities with Miles, Crook, Brisbin, Forsythe and others during the past twenty years. Yesterday General Brooke again ordered some Indians to get ready to go to the Bad Lands. He wishes to send from four to five hundred. When all was ready and all present who wished to go they numbered exactly ninety- six Indians, which was not suflScient in his opinion. He then gave orders that all Indians who wished to go should draw rations from the store house, then proceed to the Catholic mission and remain over night. At this ^^^^.^ hour he has not mustered half the force he yesterday emphatically declared he would have. This force of about a hundred may set off this afternoon. It is not known whether or not they can persuade the hostiles to come in. If successful, which is not probable, judging from all the peace parties sent out in the past and their treatment, the step will be unfortunate in respect to their conduct in the future. Their obedience to their agent not being shown to be insisted upon, their thus being brought in by all sorts of promises is very detrimental. I would not say it was necessary to fight them, not at alL if it could be avoided, but United States troops should be the force employed to bring them, considering the circumstances, from first to last in this trouble. This course has been insisted upon in vain by the two special agents of the Indian department, who have been here. Many other prominent names could be given of persons here who have insisted upon this course and this course only in this emergency. Thus, day after day goes by and nothing is accom- plished, till one is ready to give up in disgust. The con- fidence most prominent now is that General Miles is here, or rather at Rapid City. All have an impHcit trust in him and what he will promptly do. Last night two recruits of the Seventh Cavalry de- serted. They have not yet been captured, but are almost certain to be, in a day or two, as the Indian police have been sent after them, with the promise of $30 before their eyes for their capture. W. F. K. •1.-=^ 133 >^^^ side of the line, but that was the most that could be hoped for. It is to be noted that this in accord with all the previ- ous reports of scouts for a month past. It is a fact that there has never been a report from the hostiles other than that they wished to fight. While they have varied upon occasions as to minor details upon this point, no dissenting opinion has ever been heard from persons that have visited their camp. What the peace party will ac- complish can only be a surmise. Their number may be sufficient to disrupt the hostile party if they can mingle with them to a certain extent. On the other hand, judg- ing from what has been heard of them in the past as to their intentions, it will be an impossibility to draw or persuade them to leave. If I were to say what most people think around here, the inward convictions of old settlers and plainsmen, I would say the latter is the more probable solution of the trouble. Many old white men who have lived here among the Indians for years are firm in saying that this trouble will not be without a war. Submission may be made for a time, they say, but a more disastrous outbreak will be the result before the spirit is permanently quelled. It is certain General Brooke has now exhausted his last hope for peace should his peace party of 146 return unsuccessful, which will be known in a few days. W. F. K. A Brand New Messiah Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 22, 1890 — [Special] — There is great excitement among ^^^^ the Indians. A white person caHing himself the Messiah has appeared among them. He is a man named Hopkins and he hails from Iowa. He seems to have created an impression before he was noticed going through the camp with a long white robe. The police arrested him and the agent sent him off the reservation, but he threat- ens to return. He is a refined gentleman and scholar but a crank on the Indian question. W. F. K. Woodland cluhs CL_^ 138 >^..^ Camp Life Diversions But Sand Storm Not One Pine Ridge Agency Victim of a Periodical Visitation Peculiar to Region Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., Dec. 22, 1890 — [Special Cor- respondence] — The heretofore pleasant life at Pine Ridge was varied yesterday by a terrific sand storm, con- tinuing all day. So blinding and disagreeable was it that but few ventured outdoors until evening, when the wind abated in its vigor and consequently the sand did not rise. The country about here is very sandy and a sand storm is quite a frequent occurrence at various times of the year, but fortunately this has been the first in a month, or since the army has been here. The camp now presents a novel sight, that is, the in- fantry camp. The soldiers, in anticipation of spending the winter have banked each tent on all sides with pine boughs, firmly interwoven to keep off the force of wind, making a capital shelter and wind-break in case of bad weather. This pine grows upon ridges running through the country in parallel lines usually. It is not large in ci_^ 139 )r^.=.^ quantity by any means, and already the troops have to go a considerable distance to get the wood necessary for their fires. The commander, in order to give them plenty of exercise in the open air to handle them for the cam- paign, has had them cut an enormous pile of wood and place it in the agency yard. Daily half of the troops are sent out to collect wood, the other half occupying the time in drilling and attending to the other camp duties. The following day the parties are reversed, thus treating all the same. One daily pleasure in camp life is the music of the buglers of the Seventh Cavalry. There is no regimental here with the troops. A person ordinarily would not call the bugle a very musical instrument, with no keys to sound different intonations, but to hear the Seventh buglers, the dullest musical ear would recognize there was "music in the air." On Sunday evening, upon invita- tion of some officers, a few newspaper men were invited down to the Seventh's camp to hear some music at the daily inspection at 4 o'clock. Two men are selected from each troop to act as buglers under the command of Chief Bugler Hardy, who is a veteran in this branch of the service. Under his direction these sixteen men did ad- mirably. For nearly an hour did they discourse sweet music from the shrill bugle while the inspection was tak- ing place. However, to enjoy the best effect of the music on a still evening, climb one of the surrounding hills, one, two or three miles away. Then one is deeply impressed with the scene below hini. The soft tones of the bugle, at this distance, increases the effectiveness of the whole scene greatly. During the past two days Pine Ridge has sought to imitate the ways of more civiHzed communities some- what. On Saturday Agent Royer spent the afternoon in hearing testimony in a divorce case brought before him. The agent makes a very good judicial officer as a whole and he accomphshes the end without the delay, at least, incident to courts of law in Nebraska. Although he does not hold strictly to the law, in a legal sense, in forbid- ding "leading questions" asked, and although he is some- times doubtful as to what is "incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial," yet I think he reaches the goal with admir- able ease in most cases before him. He certainly im- presses one favorably in these delicate duties he is called upon to perform through his position as agent. Then again on Sunday evening we were permitted to witness a wedding in high life at Pine Ridge. The bride, a comely young woman, the groom not an unpleasant featured Indian youth, feeling the dignity of his position somewhat, marched down the aisle of the small Episco- pal chapel, arm in arm, and were made one, etc., at the altar by the Rev. Cook, the pastor, according to the ritual of this church. The parties endured the ordeal well, their responses being made lowly, but firmly, in the Indian tongue. After the ceremony congratulations of course were in order and a brief reception was given the wed- ded pair by friends present and the happy little event in their lives was of the past. Such pleasant little occurrences as these divert our minds for the moment from savage Indians and red- handed war, so we are correspondingly thankful for the same and trust they may be more frequent in the future. «L_^ 141 Jy^^^j' The dread that the death of Sitting Bull would have a bad influence for peace here has now passed away. His death has not changed the existing condition one iota, neither will it do so. He was without influence and re- spected by but few^ Indians among the whole Sioux na- tion. Lieutenant Taylor has begun to get new recruits for his Indian scout company. All the Cheyennes of his com- mand being set to General Carr, he will now fill his company with Sioux scouts only. The strength of the full company will be about one hundred men. A former somewhat noted Indian arrived here Friday, Crow Dog, by name. He perhaps was never as well known as the man he killed. Spotted Tail. Ten years ago Spotted Tail and old Red Cloud were the great Indian leaders of the Sioux, both natural leaders of men, but in a quarrel one day Crow Dog and Spotted Tail resorted to the knife as the mode of settlement, and soon Mr. Spotted Tail rose above the things of this earth in spirit, his journey being hastened by the knife of Mr. Crow Dog being thrust through his heart. Crow Dog was sen- tenced to be hanged, but finally evaded this punishment, was set free, and to-day is a fairly respected Indian, as the term goes as applied to Indian respectability. Rev. Cook is making arrangements to give all his In- dian children a merry Christmas. He will have two large Christmas trees full of little things to gladden the heart of his charges. Mr. Cook is doing a splendid work here among these people. Most of the prominent Indians are members of his church, regular attendants, and a large number communicants. His services are always well at- tended, in fact, too well for the limited chapel he has. The Indians not only attend, but take a real active part in the service and all that pertains to the church work. Mr. Cook is an Indian gentleman himself, an accom- plished scholar, but better than all, he possesses the knowledge and tact necessary to interest these people in the work of his life. W. F. K. Pawnee clnh and Crow parfeche bag 'L^^ I43>^^^^j^ Spurn Their Proffer Hostiles Aggressive as Ever Rifle Pits Scattered About the Camp And Other Warlike Preparations Going On Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb), Dec. 24, 1890 — [Special] — To-day a supply of beef is being issued by the agent to the Indians for their Christmas dinner. Many good movements are going on here to make those who have been friendly to the whites from the first remember with pleasure the Christmas of 1890. The children will all be well taken care of at the differ- ent missions. Interesting exercises during the day of a happy nature will be given for their benefit by some of the kind hearted gentlemen interested in their welfare. Christmas trees, candy and other things appreciated by all children will be had in abundance. OflBcers, also, have not forgotten their men. Each company's officers have bought all the delicacies obtainable that the poor private may spend a happy hour over a good dinner on the mor- row. It will be quite refreshing from their daily diet of hard tack, tough beef and soup unmentionable. Last ^^_J^ and best the proprietor of the Hotel De Finley has prom- ised his guests, the newspaper men, a repast that has never been equalled west of the Missouri River. The first event of the day will be the shooting of four sorry-look- ing turkeys that have been grazing upon the hills during the summer, the turkeys to be placed twenty-five feet distant, 5 cents a shot and $1 to the man that hits the turkey, Winchesters to be the weapons of war. It is feared no turkeys will be had for dinner if some other mode of killing is not resorted to. At midnight last night the shouting of the Indian po- lice attracted a large crowd to a cabin near the agency, where a mixed dance was in progress. A colored trooper, offended at the conduct of an Indian belle, became quar- relsome, drew his gun and bloodshed was narrowly averted. Upon the arrival of the police the fellow was quickly hustled away and the dance broken up. Such incidents as these have been most carefully guarded against by the general as the starting of a possible war. Orders were long ago given that under no circumstances was a firearm to be discharged near the agency. So nerv- ous have been the people that such an act, it was feared, might further peril the critical situation, especially if any Indian was hurt. Turning Hawk, a man who left with the peace party Sunday morning, returned yesterday at noon. He left the party at White River, pushed on to the hostile camp, saw what he could and at once returned to General Brooke. He reported rifle pits all about the camp. Outside of these a trench has been dug out as a fortification. It was ^;.=^ his opinion that the party following would not be al- lowed in the camp at all. At sunrise this morning a son of American Horse sent by courier a letter to the agent stating that the party had arrived at the camp and after much parley were per- mited to advance as far, as the rifle pits, where they were halted, the Indians running out, shouting: "You are not worthy of our bullets" and shooting oJBF their weapons at the side of their heads, such and other demonstrations continuing for some time. The courier set out on his re- turn and thought but few would be admitted. He bore another letter to Frank Girard, chief of the scouts, which confirms these proceedings. What the outcome would be was not stated. It is thought here that the force will be large enough to allow the Indians to return with them who are now kept in the hostile camp against their will and wishes. It is considered doubtful if the others can be persuaded by persons here outside of the official headquarters. The latter are very positive the hostiles will be overcome and all will end peacefully. Further dispatches are anxiously looked for. They will be of defi- nite character and it is thought will be an index of what is to come, peace or war. Negotiations are now under way at Washington as to what to do with the hostiles. Steps of a radical and surprising nature are in view, it is known. Agent Cooper will soon begin his work of making an itemized account of all the property lost and destroyed in this trouble. He will have assistance, and Mr. Cooper estimates it will take all winter to accomplish the task. It is getting cold and a blizzard may be expected any *i_^ 146 >^^^.^ day. The suflFering among the poor camped about here will be dreadful when it comes. They are kept in here by the order of the general from going to their homes, are without wood or much food, and only the shelter of their poor tepees for protection on the open plain against the cold blasts. Their condition is indeed pitiful. Many In- dian children have been dying lately from exposure. The Indian doctor reports the fatalities fast increasing in number. This is wrong, these Indians being thus pun- ished and, made to suffer because the hostiles do not come in, the latter living in comfort and plenty. A great deal is now heard and discussed regarding the impend- ing investigation ordered by the senate as to the cause of trouble and conduct of this campaign. It is realized here that some surprising things will be made known when the committee meets. W. F. K. Trade tomahawk ^L^^ 147 >^^^ Troops Move at Last Ninth Cavalry from Pine Ridge Starts for the Bad Lands Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (Via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 24, 1890 — [Special] — The long looked for day at Pine Ridge has at last come. To-day at 2 o'clock the Ninth Cavalry, Colonel Henry in command, moved out toward the Bad Lands. General Brooke to-day at noon received a telegram from General Miles that the Indians, one hundred and fifty strong, had broken away from Colonel Sumner's command and were making for the Bad Lands. These are the Standing Rock Indians that broke away from that agency on the death of Sitting Bull. They sub- sequently surrendered to Colonel Sumner of the Sixth Cavalry at a place called Smith ville. Colonel Sumner was ordered to take these Indians to Pierre and was on his way hither when those under Big Foot broke away and are making, as stated, for the Bad Lands. It is unknown how far they had progressed on their journey of 200 miles to Pierre when they escaped, but it is altogether improbable that they will be overtaken by the Ninth ci_^ 148 >^^=^ Cavalry. They have too much start, as near as it can be figured. Colonel Henry received orders to march forty miles before morning. The command will push through as fast as horse and man can endure it. Those acquainted with Colonel Henry know what that signifies, for he is known as a tireless man on the march and a hurricane in the fight. The command consists of four troops, 219 men and nine oflBcers — D, F, I and K being the companies. The mounted howitzer and three Hotchkiss guns strapped to the backs of mules accompanied them. As the command moved oflF, headed by twenty of Captain Taylor's Indian scouts, a shout from 1,000 throats shook the air, while the gallant colored boys moved by, bidding farewell to their soldier friends. As they approached the newspaper headquarters they were given a royal welcome for Colonel Henry and the ofii- cers of the Ninth are great favorites with the boys. A smile of satisfaction was upon the grim countenance of Colonel Henry as he rode along, and many were the pre- dictions made that if he found the Indians they could expect no leniency at his hands, for his opinion of what has transpired the past month is well known. Besides, he has good cause to remember the Sioux Indians, bear- ing as he does painful life wounds. Should the Indians get into the Bad Lands this will doubtless open at once the war which has been so long delayed and events are likely to occur rapidly. As soon as it known by the hos- tiles in the Bad Lands that troops are on the move peace negotiations will be broken up and it is considered more than probable that the friendly Indians will experience ^^^ much diflBculty in getting away. As soon as the troops had moved out Indians to the number of at least lOO were seen for an hour dashing over the hill north, in all probability carrying the news to the enemy. One company guards the wagon train, consisting of about thirty wagons, which left an hour afterward. A troop of some fifty pack mules followed the troops. They will not be able to keep up with the troops, but are ordered to be pushed as hard as possible to the front. The troops carry five day's provisions with them. No correspondents left with this command, as it is expected the Seventh Cavalry will leave in a day or two for an attack or round up in the Bad Lands. W. F. K. Sioux baby cradle ^^.^ Hopkins, The Messiah Little Stock Taken in Him Reticent Concerning the Past, bat Firm in the Belief That He is the Son of God Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., Dec. 23, 1890 — [Special Correspondence] — The monotony that has prevailed at Pine Ridge for sometime was rudely disturbed Mon- day by an unlooked for occurrence. An individual sud- denly made his appearance, from whence no one knew, and furnished an entertainment to whites and Indians as striking as it was unexpected. He claimed to be noth- ing more or less than the Messiah, long awaited by the Indians. The gentleman gave his name as A. C. Hopkins and said that his former home was at Nassua, la. How long since he had left that place he would not say. He arrived here, it is thought, some time on Sunday, just what hour is not known. Certain it is he proceeded at once to the joint camp of old Red Cloud and Two Strike, a mile north of the agency. He remained at this place all night, seeking to convince the above named chiefs that he was the Messiah. It is thought from what he ^=^ the Indians who saw him, they following him in crowds, significantly touching their finger to their foreheads in token of weakness. It is well known an Indian always treats a demented person with respect and sometimes even homage. So did they with Mr. Hopkins. Their countenances, one and all, expressed pity for his condi- tion, a lesson in propriety their white brothers might well have followed with advantage. The danger, if there be any, lies in the report when carried to the Indians that have not seen him. He appearing with the new moon confirms the tradition, yet he was unable to speak a word of the Sioux tongue. When asked as to this he replied that he could proceed with his eyes and hands sufficiently for them to understand him. He pretended to have been appointed by God in a dream to do this work, and at once set about to do his task. He informed the agent that he would go to General Miles and seek his permission to visit the Indians in the Bad Lands, and it is thought here that he has proceeded in that di- rection. This has certainly been an eventful day, all discussing the Messiah and his appearance. What will be the next? Surely nothing was farther from the minds of all this morning. The Seventh Infantry has arrived from Pierre, S. D., and is posted in detachments all along the Bad River. The Sixth and Eighth Cavalries are now almost entirely upon the Gheyenne River and its principal branches. Gol- onel Garr of the Sixth Gavalry has been given command of all these troops by General Miles, and on Saturday was given discretionary power to march, acting in con- junction with General Brooke. The inhabitants of Cheyenne City, situated at the mouth of Cherry Creek and Cheyenne River, have fled to Fort Bennett for protection. It became no longer safe for them to remain at their homes. General Miles on Saturday issued an order prohibiting the state militia from crossing the Cheyenne River onto the Indian reservation. He gave them authority to pro- tect the property of their own state, but not to trespass upon the government land under any circumstances, without his express permission. Colonel Carr reports here that the Indians are not less than 1,000 in number. Carr is now situated only twenty miles from their camp and has better facilities for knowing their number than General Brooke at Pine Ridge. W. F. K. Sioux peace pipe ^:^=.^ CD O a C/3 B 4-" o S CD > 2 S-S l^-4 m "5 2 W^ *'■* « I ' G OS r^- ■ ^ ^- U t:*" ■ neral Jc den, L >eated, ipple. P '' ^ r, -^ "1 S^ i 53;5l » ^ en >^ o ^ i 1 g <^ CD i 1 I 1 ■ 1 E3^]«» v' rt ^-v. , Oi ft S '■/; ! OJ O f < G ,"/•* 2 ■^ fl . V '. .■" l-H .V* * / \i •5 . ^' ." • Il 4ML 00 o c < O ■£ C 4 a o on bJD T3 2 CD a; o •*r .^ ' ■ .Mr- ' 1 4< k I a T3 a 6 o 03 tuO O S o c OS 03 B OS O O O s Sioux warrior The Same Results The Peace Party in the Bad Lands Accomplishes Nothing Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb. ), Dec. 25, 1890 — [Special] — As predicted yesterday events are now likely to take place swiftly and suddenly. During the night parties of Indians, portions of the peace party sent out last Sunday, were constantly arriving and re- porting to General Brooke the result of their errand to the Bad Lands. What they reported was somewhat sur- prising to all, as it was thought they would certainly be accompanied by some of the Indians from the hostile camp, but such was not the case. Their efforts toward peace were absolutely in vain; the hos tiles would neither surrender nor return with the friendlies. The remainder of the body will return to this place during the day. Vari- ous rumors are circulating as to the disaffection prevail- ing among the Indians here at the agency. They are be- coming very restless and many are moving northward, but with what intention it is not positively known at present. The hostile Indians realize fully the position they have taken. Appeals availed nothing and they were ^i^^ 173 ))'^^^ listened to with utter indifference. They are determined to fight and die rather than surrender, be disarmed and receive the punishment for what crimes they have al- ready committed. They well realize these steps will be taken notwithstanding the endeavors made to conceal these facts at the present time. Colonel Henry and the Ninth Cavalry will have reached a position this morning if they were unable to intercept Big Foot's band. It is understood the colonel will take a position, establish a temporary camp north- east of the Bad Lands and await further orders or until a general advance is made by all the troops on all sides. W. F. K. Plains Indian pouch ^-^ 174 >^^^^ Troops on the Move Four Companies Leave Pine Ridge One Day's Marching on the Trail of the Hostiles and the Tale That It Tells Camp Upon Wounded Knee, S. D., Dec. 26, 1890 (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 27, 1890 — [SpecialJ — At 1 o'clock to-day four companies of the Seventh Cavalry left Pine Ridge Agency, Companies A, I, K and G forming the bat- talion, under the command of Major Whitside, an old and experienced officer of the Seventh Regiment. After a march of eighteen miles in four hours the command came to the night camp upon Wounded Knee Creek. The battalion had orders to march to the mouth of Wounded Knee and White River, but several Indians being encoun- tered at this point it was deemed best to camp and send scouts to overtake the hostiles and gain information if possible. The troops moved farther north early in the morning to assist the Ninth Cavalry in rounding up the band of Standing Rock Indians that escaped from Colonel Sum- ner a few days since, east of Smith ville. It will be remem- bered that these Indians are the ones that broke away at the death of Sitting Bull and have since been roving over the country, destroying property, killing stock and work- ing their way toward the Bad Lands. En route to this point much was seen by the column of the depredations that were committed some days ago before their entry into the Bad Lands. At this point is kept a small store by one Louis Masseau. They raided his store, rifled his small stock of goods and maliciously destroyed every article in his home. Mr. Masseau esti- mate his loss at $800. It was a total destruction of every- thing he possessed. This is but one of many instances passed in a short half day's ride. The troops left Pine Ridge in a terrific sand storm, so dense that it was impossible to see but a few feet ahead. Men and horses were in about the most disagreeable po- sition that could be imagined. It is now very cold and a Storm is expected, which will cause much suffering to both animals and men out in the open plain, without tent or cover in an unprotected region. W. F. K. Woodland cluh <^-^i76>^^.^ Peace Soon to Reign Indian Trouble Nearly Ended Big Foot Submits and He and His Brethren Wend Their Way Toward the Agency Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb. ), Dec. 28, 1890 — [Special] — It now seems that the Indian scare and trouble for this year is over. Kicking Bear and his band, which have so long defied the government, have finally yielded. They are reported to be on their way to this place, with troops about them and the Seventh Ca- valry taking a position on Wounded Knee, to complete the surrounding circle of troops. The hostiles have reluc- tantly heeded the voice of their friends. That they have made a long and stubborn resistance is well known, but they were obliged to succumb to the inevitable or be killed. The movement of the Seventh Cavalry in pursuit of Big Foot and his band, failing to find them to take their military station in the complement of troops about the Bad Lands was the final long delayed movement. Last evening at 8 o'clock Major Whitside of the Seventh Cavalry had been unable to obtain the slightest knowl- edge of the location of Big Foot. Scouting parties were sent far to the east and west, from his position on Wounded Knee Creek, while to the north more than twenty Indian scouts were sent in small parties to the White River and beyond, but failing to find any traces of those they sought. It is the major's opinion that these Indians discovering the futility of their plans some days since of breaking through the country between Porcu- pine and Wounded Knee Creeks, have broken up into small bands and are seeking secretly to return to the Cheyenne Agency on the north, or the Rosebud Agency on the east, more probably the former. This supposition is most plausible, and in case of its truth, the Indian bloodless war is over. Not a white person, so far as known, has been killed and less than half a dozen Indians have found their eter- nal rest. For so little shedding of blood it has very eflFec- tually frightened the half of three states; has caused the United States Government much alarm and the massing together of 5,000 of the United States Army. Rumors have been sometimes of peace, more often declarations of a warlike character. Excitement has ebbed and flowed as constant as the ocean waves them- velves. As a whole it has been a most remarkable cam- paign in many respects. I have heard a dozen ofiicers of twenty to thirty years' experience in the army say that never had there been such a one before to their knowl- edge. Politics has had a greater or less influence with jealousy unbounded between the two departments of our government, the high ofiicials and those in the field, and will, it be believed, even among the various Indian ^i_^ 178 >^=^=^ chieftains, so well do they imitate their white instructors. In fact, to the latter cause may be ascribed the peaceful ending of the trouble. While the hostiles are not yet at the agency there is good reason to hope that in the course of a week they will be. Scouts report that they are on the way, but an Indian moves slowly on an unwilling tour. The first pun- ishment to be meted out will be disarmament when they have arrived at the agency, on the south of their present position. Colonel Henry, with the Ninth Cavalry, will close up from the north and northwest and Major Whit- side, with his battalion of the Seventh Cavalry, will close in simultaneously with Henry from the northeast. Then Mr. Indian will be completely in the power of the troops without a hope of escape. What further steps will be taken by the War Department as a punishment is not now known to the officials here, who are mysteriously un- communicative. It is safe to surmise from official expres- sions heard, that the lesson decided upon will be com- mensurate with the wrongs committed, the expense and anxiety concerned and a lesson the Sioux tribe will not be likely to forget for some years to come. W. F. K. Made No Resistance Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 28, 1890 — [Special] — Major Whitside reports to General Brooke that this afternoon his command captured Big Foot's band, consisting of 20 bucks, and 250 women and children. The cavalry took them by surprise near Porcu- ^_^ 179 >^.^ pine Creek. No resistance was made. The Second Bat- talion of the Seventh Cavahy left here at 5 o'clock to assist in bringing them here. The whole trouble is now prac- tically ended. W. F. K. Apache cradle 180 Full Fifty Slain Big Foots Braves Turn on Their Captors And Fight With Savage Fury Camp on Wounded Knee Creek (via Rushville), Dec. 29, 1890 — [Special] — Sunday morning the sun shone forth bright and clear upon the camp of the Seventh Cavalry on Wounded Knee Creek. Nothing was there to indicate to troops or commander the important develop- ment awaiting them later in the day. The First Battalion of the Seventh Cavalry arrived here on Friday night and established a camp, from which scouting parties were sent exploring the country surrounding in hopes of find- ing the band of Big Foot, which had broken away from the Cheyenne Agency and more recently escaped from the command of Colonel Sumner Friday night. All day Saturday and Saturday night fifty Indian scouts were out, but were unable to locate them or hear any tidings of them. The commander had well nigh despaired of success, when this morning he again dispatched the scouts. Little Bat, Yankton Charley and three others, on a final search. Their success was beyond the most sanguine anticipations, for at half after eleven one plucky little half breed was seen galloping furiously over the slope of a hill two miles away. THE ENEMY LOCATED The oflBcers gathered together in groups and eagerly watched him through their field glasses from a small knoll as over swell and hollow he came. A feeHng that something was to occur took possession of all from the scout's actions. News of an exciting nature was to be ex- pected. He made his report to Major Whitside, com- manding, in the presence of a group of oflBcers, that Big Foot's band were but eight miles away to the east, near Porcupine Creek; that they were marching, and had been during the night, rapidly across the country, evidently unaware of the troops on Wounded Knee. Not a moment was wasted the bugle sounded the call of "boots and saddles" and in exactly eleven minutes, with a light pack train following. Companies A, B, I and K, Captains Moylan, Varnum, Nowlan and Wallace, left camp on a hard gallop. The troops formed in double columns of four and rapidly sped over the space between them and the foe. A mile distant from the Indians they halted beneath the crest of a high hill. At this place the two light Hotchkiss guns, under command of Lieutenant Hawthorne, were ordered forward and placed between the two front troops at the head of the column — guns loaded with their terrible death-dealing shells, ready to fire. PREPARED FOR ACTION The command was also ordered to dismount and throw out into single rank, forming a half circle, directed toward the hos tiles. The troops then proceeded slowly forward on foot, horses behind them, over the brow of the hill and up to the crest of another, awaiting the nearer approach of the Indians now five hundred yards away, slowly coming on, unaware of the troops. When half the distance had been covered Major Whitside, wishing to avoid bloodshed if possible, sent forward Little Bat and two others, requesting the In- dians to surrender at once and not to fire a gun or take the consequences. This news, from appearances, pro- duced great consternation in their midst from the howl- ing and wailing heard. Almost sooner than it takes to re- late they formed into line opposite the fine of troops, gun in hand each man protected by his horse. It was folly to run, encumbered as they were with women and children, so they slowly came forward within fifty or sixty yards, the troops in the meantime being half hidden from view waiting orders impatiently. At this point three Indians came forward, two mounted, one on foot between them, bearing what may be called a white flag. Major Whit- side at once arose and went toward them, declining to treat with them. He demanded the chieftains. Big Foot and Spotted Eagle. BIG FOOT SURRENDERS They explained that he was sick, but the major insisted that he come forward in person. The chief was found to be really very sick, but was carried forward on a litter, when a demand was made that he surrender himself and band as prisoners of war, which, after some attempted parleying, he did. 183 The Indians in line while the talk was progressing sought to flank the troops and to gather in squads about the two Hotchkiss guns, but the major sternly ordered them back, or they would be fired upon by the troopers. The band of women, children, etc., were scattered back a quarter of a mile. These were rapidly collected by the troops and the march to the camp on Wounded Knee began. Big Foot being placed in the ambulance wagon. Not a doubt is expressed but that the Indians would have fought had they possessed half a chance. The surprise, the troops perfecting in military movements, the major permitting no delay, all speak more forcibly than words of the credit due to Major S. M. Whitside in thus con- quering by strategy and promptness what would other- wise have cost many lives before the surrender was ac- complished. Another laurel is added to the wreath of the famous old Seventh Regiment of cavalry; every man among them a veteran; scarce one that has not distinguished himself by some signal act of valor, some deed of daring in the Indian campaigns of the last twenty years, nearly, if not all of them, having been a participant. Custer's men they were once and like him will they ever be. HOSTILES BROUGHT TO CAMP The march to camp was quickly made and in the fol- lowing order: two troops in advance, ambulance, In- dians and property and two troops in the rear, the whole thing being over and the troops back to camp in four hours. cu.-^ 184 >^^^.=^ It was Major Whitside's intention to at once disarm them upon surrender, but rather than precipitate a con- flict or take such a chance, he decided to wait and sent to Pine Ridge for the Second Battahon which arrived here at 8 o'clock in the evening. Colonel Forsythe in command. The two battalions number 500 men and it is now understood they will be disarmed at reveille in the morning, when an interesting scene may be expected. The Indians were brought into camp and at once sur- rounded by two troops of cavalry, forming a military cordon which remained stationed all night. SUNDAY night's PROSPECTS Major Whitside does not intend that they shall es- cape from the Seventh as they did from Sumner and has placed Lieutenant Taylor's forty Indian scouts on all sides about the tepees, in addition to the two Hotchkiss guns hardly fifty yards distant on a slight knoll, are loaded and trained upon their camp. All the artillery men are to remain upon duty at the guns all night. Every pos- sible precaution has been made to insure safety and pre- vent another breakaway from the military. The troops were ordered not to remove any clothing and have a double guard in each tent. Three hundred soldier's rations were distributed among the captives upon their arrival, for they appeared des- titute and were poorly clad, the region about here not affording much in the way of plunder. From all accounts their more fortunate brothers in the Bad Lands are fat and hearty, even quite fashionably attired. The following is a correct list of the outfit captured: one hundred and twenty bucks, all armed with guns and with plenty of ammunition; 280 women and children; over 300 horses; twenty-two wagons; eighteen travois, numerous tepees and the requisite camp necessaries. THEm JOY TOO SOON Quite naturally the boys and officers feel jubilant over their victory and the success of to-day. Every one is happy and many are the expressions of good fellowship passed around the camp fire this evening. In it is dis- played no more enmity to the captured Indian. They see the campaign almost ended, when they can return to their comfortable winter quarters not relishing the thought of remaining to fight, seeing the cold of a win- ter's campaign in the Dakotas. Gallant soldiers of the south, may you not be subjected to such a cheerless duty. W. F. K. Sioux brave ^^^=^ A Hand to Hand Conflict Brave Captain Wallace One of the First Victims Wounded Knee Creek, Neb. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 29, 1890 — [Special] — Bright and early were the troops up this morning. Little they thought as they ate their hard tack, that ere two hours had passed away many of their comrades would be dead, the victims of the treach- erous Indians. At 8 o'clock they were ordered to be in readiness to move. Precisely at that hour the cavalry and dismounted troops were massed about the Indian vil- lage, the Hotchkiss guns overlooking the camp not fifty yards away. Colonel Forsythe ordered all the Indians to come forward away from the tents. They came and sat in a half circle until counted. The dismounted troops were then thrown around them. Company K, Captain Wallace, and Company B, Capt. Varnum. The order was then given to twenty Indians to go and get their guns. Upon returning it was seen that only two guns was had. A detachment at once began to search the village, resulting in thirty-eight guns being found. 187 As this task was about completed the Indians, sur- rounded by Companies K and B, began to move. All of a sudden they threw their hands to the ground and began firing rapidly at the troops, not twenty feet away. The troops were at a great disadvantage, fearing the shooting of their own comrades. The Indian men, women and children then ran to the south, the battery firing rapidly as they ran. Soon the mounted troops were after them, shooting them down on every hand. The engagement lasted fully an hour and a half. To the south many took refuge in a ravine, from which it was difficult to dislodge them. I should estimate the killed and wounded, from what I saw on the field and vicinity, at fifty. Just now it is impossible to state the exact number of dead Indians. There are many more than that number killed outright. The soldiers are shooting them down wherever found, no quarter given by anyone. The field was one of great confusion, horses running in every direction and men well-nigh frantic during the engagement, owing to the unfortunate way they were placed. Among the killed is: Captain Wallace, K Troop, Seventh Cavalry. Lieutenant Garlington, of Artie fame, was shot through the arm at the elbow. The troops are still firing from the camp and pursuing the enemy in every direction. To say that it was a most daring feat, 120 Indians attacking 500 cavalry, expresses the situation but faintly. It could only have been insanity which prompted such a deed. 188 Before night I doubt if either a buck or squaw out of all Big Foot's band will be left to tell the tale of this day's treachery. The members of the Seventh Cavalry have once more shown themselves to be heroes in deeds of daring. Single handed conflicts were seen all over the field. The death of Captain Wallace causes much regret. He was beloved by all for his gentlemanly qualities and manly bearing. The poor fellow met his death by a blow on the head from a war club. Full particulars cannot be given until to-morrow. W. F. K. Plains roach headdress ci_^ 189 jy^.::^ Another Battle Betv\^een Indians and the Military Further Particulars of Monday's Battle With Indians on Wounded Knee Creek Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 30, 1890 — [Special] — The Seventh and Ninth Cavalry returned at 4 o'clock from a point one mile beyond the Catholic mission and seven miles from this place where they had been engaged fighting about four hundred In- dians since 10 o'clock this morning. The fighting was desperate on the part of the Indians. Choosing a narrow pass through the high hills they opened a heavy fire upon the advancing troops. The situation was such that the troops could not fire to any advantage upon the Indians at this time, but after flanking and throwing out lines of troops to cover the hills, the Indians began retreating from one hill and ravine to another, all the time keeping up a rapid fire. This was the manner in which the fight proceeded for some hours until the arrival of the cavalry at 12:30. The Indians had succeeded in surrounding the Seventh Cavalry just before the Ninth reached the hill, ^_^ i90>^^._j^ when the Indians seeing they were fired upon by. both regiments gradually retired to the eastward and keeping on the high hills and across the gulleys laying between, so that it was impossible for the troops to get at them. After two hours more firing the troops returned to the agency, abandoning the field for the reason above given. If they move on northward they are almost certain to meet Colonel Carr with one battalion of the Sixth and one of the Eighth coming this way. It is thought they cannot be more than twenty miles off at this hour and certainly they will meet the Indians on the way hither. In the hilly position they had to-day chosen it was im- possible to do anything with them to any advantage without risking the lives of too many men. One colored private, name unknown, of Company D Ninth Cavalry, was killed, and the following persons of the Seventh Cavalry: First Sergeant Raynor, K Troop, Private Closson, C Troop, Kirkpatrick, private B Troop, R. J. Nolan, private I Troop, W. Kern, private D Troop, First Lieutenant Mann of K Troop being shot through the hip. K Troop of the Seventh Cavalry has lost fully thirty men in to-day and yesterday's engagements, not a commissioned officer being on duty. First Lieutenant Mann was wounded to- day. Captain Wallace killed yesterday, and only three days ago Second Lieutenant Squire was ordered to Lea- venworth for examination for promotion, thus the com- pany is without an officer. It is now thought that Lieu- tenant Hawthorne, who was wounded yesterday, will die, the doctors looking very dubious and non-committal when asked in regard to him. The famous chief Red ci_:^ 191 ))^^^^ Cloud is out with the hostiles. It is reported that he was carried off by force, but that he is gone is a fact, whe- ther in this mode or not may be well doubted, knowing his life-long enmity to the white man. The particulars of the attack upon the wagon train are these: The Ninth Cavalry coming in from an all night march to the north, left their train a few miles out from here with the escort, Lieutenant Bettins having command of the train and Captain Land of the escort. When only five miles from the agency a body of fifty Indians attacked the train. Lieutenant Bettins at once threw the wagons into a circle while the small escort succeeded in repulsing the Indians until the arrival of the Seventh and Ninth to succor them, when the Indians took to flight, and it is not known how many were killed. Chas. Haywood, a trooper of Com- pany D, and his horse, were killed, with no other loss. In the engagement later of the Seventh and Ninth it was impossible to ascertain how many Indians were killed, but many were seen lying on the hillside, and as to the number killed nothing is yet known. Many horses on both sides were killed. A man named Elliott is reported dying in the hospital this afternoon from the effects of his wounds of yesterday. The whole place will be heavily guarded to-night as it is thought an attack may be made upon the agency. Cavalry and infantry will be thrown out in all directions. W. F. K. Av(^f ul Suspense at Pine Ridge One Night of Terror Plans of Hostiles Brought to Camp An Attack Momentarily Expected Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 31, 1890 — [Special] — Last night was a night of terror at Pine Ridge. Lieutenant Benham, commanding the In- dian pohce, received word through his scouts that an attack was to be made upon the place about 9 o'clock, before the moon came up. It was the intention of the hostiles to make a dash, shoot fire arrows and burn all they could and then flee back into the darkness where it would be impossible to overtake them by any of the troops. The inhabitants were simply crazy with excite- ment, all the women and children being brought from the houses and placed in cellars or inside the guard lines of the troops. Troops of cavalry and infantry squads were upon all the surrounding hills all night, Taylor's scouts being thrown out in all directions for two miles. Fortu- nately the attack was not made, although just as the moon was coming up a body of one hundred or more ^^^^ Indians were seen on a high hill to the west. After firing a few shots they disappeared over the hill and were seen no more. Pandemonium reigned supreme for two hours. Every living thing seemed infected with the excitement about this place — women and children wailing, a hundred mules braying, horses neighing and dog fights galore. It is enough to say that never was such a night before passed in Pine Ridge and if a few more were had, it is feared the already long list of dead would be increased. The wounded list was increased yesterday by eight, making a total of forty-one. Francis Shetter, a private of G Troop, Seventh Cavalry, was killed out near the mission yesterday. His name was not given in yesterday's dis- patches. Private Herman Vranburg, Troop A, died last night in the field hospital from wounds received in the fight at Wounded Knee on Monday. He was shot in the side and his left arm torn away. The list now stands forty-one wounded and thirty-five dead in the two days' fight. Several more of the wounded will die, among them being two corporals. All the wounded ofiicers are in a very critical state. Hawthorne's wound in the groin has not yet been probed. Lieutenant Mann was shot through the thigh, shattering the bone all to pieces, but the brave fellow keeps up a cheerful spirit in spite of his terrible wound. Father Craft is kept at the Catholic church and is being tenderly cared for by his fellow priests. It is thought the knife penetrated his lung and inflammation is feared. The fight of Monday was a most desperate one, about six hundred being engaged upon both sides and a little over two hundred being wounded or killed. The terrible character of the wounds and the large number of killed is accounted for easily. Most of the troops that did the firing when the Indians broke were within twenty-five feet of them. It was expected the Indians would run, but they stood their ground, never flinching until at least fifty of their number lay upon the ground. Their courage continues to be the one topic discussed. Not since 1859 has such an Indian fight been known, fighting when it was certain death to do so. This closeness accounts for the gaping and awful wounds. These shots had almost the effect of a cannon ball. Too much praise cannot be given the gallant soldier boys and admiration unbounded is expressed toward them by those who saw them Mon- day morning and in their fight yesterday at the Cathofic mission. Although taken at a serious disadvantage in their position they fought gallantly and well, with In- dians all about them. A party of eighteen bucks and their families were cap- tured yesterday by ten Indian scouts and brought here at 10 o'clock last night. What disposition will be made with them is not yet known. They belong to the band of Standing Elk of the Standing Rock Agency. The few wounded Indian women and children are quartered at the Episcopal mission here. They number thirty-eight in all, and are being cared for by General Brooke and given good medical attention by the gentlemanly surgeon pres- ent. Walking through the soldiers' field hospital, as your correspondent does twice a day on his rounds, one wit- nesses a spectacle that shakes the stoutest heart, causing tears to run down the faces of hardened men as they wit- ^^^^ ness the terrible suffering going on. All are anxious for the news. The three correspondents that were present on that bloody day are always recognized at once, and in mute whispers are asked to tell the whole story over once again. One poor fellow, with his chin shot away, unable to talk, feebly reached for my pencil and wrote, "what about the fight?" When I had finished the whole tale, telling him scarcely an Indian buck was left alive, and how his comrades had revenged his sufferings, the poor fellow, unable to talk, feebly slapped his hands together and fell back on his coat, with a peaceful and thankful expression on his face. Words cannot describe. So it is with all of them, to know their suffering is not in vain is greater than any- thing else. The hospital is now getting along nicely. Things are in good shape for work and attention. A man by the name of George Elliott had his leg am- putated yesterday. He belonged to K Troop, who had more than half of their troop killed and wounded. Sev- eral more amputations will be made to-day, including a few of the Indian invalids. GENERAL MILES COMING General Miles will arrive here to-day from Rapid Gity and take command. His arrival will be welcomed by all. The Seventeenth Infantry and a battalion of cavalry will arrive here to-day from Rosebud as a reinforcement at this point. The first infantry will march across from Gha- dron, getting here to-day or to-morrow. One company from this regiment will be left to guard Beaver Grossing. A report came in this morning that Little Wound and ^L^^ 196 >^^^^ his band would get here to-day from their peace mission to the Bad Lands ten days ago. He is a very influential chief and a noted warrior. The report does not come from a wholly reliable source. As a whole affairs are in as cheerful a condition as could be expected under the cir- cumstances. Everything, it is hoped, will move along cheerfully, though easily and just what movements will take place it is hard to say. Colonel Carr will doubtless have a skirmish with the Indians to-day, as he is only twenty miles away. W. F. K. Full Particulars of the Battle On Wounded Knee Creek Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Dec. 31, 1890 — [Special] — Monday after the battle on Wounded Knee, Colonel Forsythe ordered all troops and wagons to get ready at once preparatory to moving to Pine Ridge. The haste was due to the large number of wounded, with no facilities for their comfort, also the precarious condition of affairs at Pine Ridge agency dur- ing the day. In giving the hasty estimate Monday of the killed and wounded it was found to be considerably under esti- mated. One hundred and sixteen Indian bucks were found dead upon the field and surrounding hills. In the confusion the squaws and children mingled with the men and forty or fifty of them were killed. Among the troops thirty-three were wounded, three dying last night, and twenty-four were killed on the field, including Captain Wallace, the only commissioned officer killed. Three or four men are missing and cannot be accounted for. That it was a bloody fight need not be told. More In- dians were killed than in any one Indian fight for the past twenty-five years. At the beginning of the battle the opponents were not over thirty feet apart and fired for some time at this short range before the Indians gradu- ally retreated. Both sides fought with the greatest brav- ery and determination throughout, but the Indians were out-numbered four to one. It cannot be doubted that they were practically insane or they never would have attacked four times their number massed about them with drawn guns in their hands. This band is extermi- nated wholly and another lesson has the Indian received as the reward of treachery. Big Foot fell, pierced by at least twenty bullets. His squaw rushing to his assistance, received a similar fate, falling in death across her hus- band's body. No quarter was given by either troops or Indians, and I believe but two Indian prisoners were captured, they both being severely wounded during the battle. A supposedly friendly Indian turned traitor, rushed in among the tents and was instantly shot down. During the battle many thrilling fetes were witnessed, the In- dians fighting with knives and tomahawks when their ammunition gave out. Father Crafts, a Catholic priest, was stabbed twice in the breast and once in the back. It is believed he will recover if no worse symptoms appear. He was connected with the Catholic Bureau of the Indian Department at Washington. Lieutenant Garlington had his arm shattered at the elbow earlv in the fight and bore himself like a hero the remainder of the day. It is unde- cided as yet whether he will lose his arm, the bone being shattered. Lieutenant Hawthorne of the artillery was shot in the groin when the fight was nearly done. He would have been instantly killed had not the bullets struck and shattered a watch in his vest pocket. As it is, he is now in a critical condition. The Indians were left upon the field where they fell when the troops returned to Pine Ridge. A sorry looking field it was, covered with horses, wreckage of every kind and half destroyed tepees. Many soldier's tents caught fire and the bodies of men were consumed after death. All in all it was a ghastly field and a day of blood. There was not a soldier but who proved himself a hero, and all well deserve the position they have gained for courage and valor. Yesterday at Pine Ridge confusion reigned supreme, painted Indians charging over the high hill half a mile to the north and shooting into the agency. During the day they succeeded in wounding two of the infantry men. Although they kept firing for hours General Brooke would not allow his men to return the fire, doubtless yet hoping for peace. It is doubtful if the fire would have been effective, as the Indians kept concealed while shoot- ing over the crest of the hill. The return of the Seventh Cavalry at 9 o'clock some- what restored order and confidence. Still, few there were who sought repose in slumber. Colonel Henry, with his Ninth Cavalry, came in early this morning, after having marched eighty miles in twenty hours. Leaving his wagon train a few miles from here he came on to the ^.._p camp. No sooner had he arrived when word came that the Indians had attacked the wagon train and guard only three miles out. The Ninth wheeled at once, joined by the Seventh, to the rescue. On coming up the Indians fled, leaving their wounded. Two colored troopers and a teamster were killed in the skirmish. Word came in an hour later that the Indians were burning the large Catholic mission, six miles from here. Two Strike and his band, the famous Little Wound and band have now declared for war and left this place with all their people. These are the friendlies of whom Gen- eral Brook has so often and urgently been warned. These are the ones who attacked the wagon train and last eve- ning set the prairie on fire in every direction. Huge flames rose up to the heavens from the long dry grass in the gullies between the hills. It was a weird scene, a blaze of light extending for many miles to the north, east and west. Colonel Forsythe left here with the Seventh Cavalry at 10 o'clock to pursue these Indians, the Ninth being com- pletely exhausted after their long march. It is thought that the Indians will make at once for the Bad Lands, and being several thousand in number, it may be stated that the call of war has surely not opened with greater force than it would a month ago. Twice the number of Indians are now out that would have been at that time. Yesterday morning Captain Mills of the Second In- fantry was found dead in his tent. It is supposed he died of heart disease during the night. Some arrangements are being made to send the body of Captain Wallace to his home at Ft. Riley, Kas. The captain was struck in the head with a tomahawk as he was entering a tepee looking for an Indian he saw enter- ing. He leaves a wife and one child. The following is a correct list of killed and wounded as far as known, obtained from the hospital headquarters at this place: George D. Wallace, captain Company K. Johnson private Company A. Frey, private Company A. Dyer, first sergeant Company A. Kelly, private Company I. Cane, private Company I. Coffey, first sergeant Company B. Cook, private Company B. James Murphy, private Company K. Kelliner, private Company E. Mottles, first sergeant Company E, all of the Seventh Cavalry. Oscar Pollock, hospital steward U.S.A. Hodges, private Company K. Bone, corporal Company I. Forrest, private Company B. Nemtell, private Company B. McCuE, private Company K. Logan, private Company A. CosTELLO, private Company B. Ragan, private Company A. Christensen, private Company K. Raneka, private Company D. Defrey, private Company C. William Adams, private Company K — twenty-four men. The wounded are : Thomas Hanon, private Company B, Second Infantry. Rob Grunner, private Company B, Second Infantry. John Coffy, private Hght battery First Artillery. Harry S. Clifton, corporal Company K, Seventh Cav- alry. Jas. Ward, sergeant Company B, Seventh Cavalry. William Toohey, sergeant Company B, Seventh Cav- alry. Jno. McKenzie, private Company B, Seventh Cavalry. Harvey H. Thomas, private Company I, Seventh Cav- alry. Christopher Martin, private Company K, Seventh Cav- alry. Jno. F. Frittle, first sergeant Company E, Seventh Cav- alry. Danl. McMahon, private Company A. Adam Nottle, private Company A. Harry Stone, private Company B. Fred Wader, private Company K. Hugh McCinnis, private Company K. Wm. Davis, private Company K. Ed A. Sullivan, private Company K. Samuel T. Smith, private Company K. Henry Howard, private Company K. Chas. Campbell, private Company K. Quartermaster Sergeant Gottleib. Heipp, private Company I. Frank Louis, private Company B. Miles Issues Orders Much Activity at Pine Ridge General Brooke Starts at Head of 500 Men On His March to the Bad Lands Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. i, 1891 — [Special] — The storm cleared away this morn- ing, leaving a heavy fall of snow on the ground. At 10 o'clock the Second Infantry, artillery and the Ninth Cav- alry broke camp and started northward, followed by an immense wagon train, containing all their camp equip- age, infantry and artillery numbering 500 men, 200 cav- alry men, all under the command of General Brooke. Already General Miles, who arrived yesterday noon, has shown his energy in beginning active operations. All about the camp is seen bustle and activity for the cam- paign. Everything is done in a systematic manner. The cavalry, two Hotchkiss guns, one Gatling and three companies of the First Infantry remain to guard the place for the present. The Seventh Cavalry will doubtless take the field later and assist the infantry. Colonels Carr and Sumner are thought to be on White River, this side of the Bad Lands, with two battaUons of cavalry, comprising five hundred men. It is their purpose to pre- vent the hostiles from again reaching this place, allow- ing the infantry to come up from behind them if they can be fortunate enough to do so on this side of the river. The command of Brooke will camp on Beaver Creek to- night, about sixteen miles from here. Three companies and the band of the First Infantry from San Francisco are stationed at the crossing of Beaver Creek to protect the settlers. It is reported that the Indians are gaining strength very fast, their number now being throught to be not far from 2,000. A determined effort will be made to surround them and disarm them under General Miles' direction . W. F. Kelley. Remains of Fallen Soldiers Laid at Rest Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 1, 1891 — [Special] — A blizzard was blowing, the wind swept over the plain in fearful gusts, with all strength and violence, and snow filled the air so dense that ob- jects fifty feet away were not visible. It is a terrible day. The long delayed storm is upon us and over the hills the army wagons wended their way, followed by the army in mournful silence. Amid this blinding roar they go to place the bodies of those who, but two days ago were their comrades, in the frozen ground, daily companions some for many a year, sharing the pleasures and hard- ^.^j> ships of many a rough march of a soldier's life. Fifteen ambulances were there bearing the bodies of thirty men, escorted by Troops A, B, D and E and the little body that remains of K Troop of the Seventh Cavalry. These were followed by the Second Regiment of infantry. The little cemetery lies on the top of a hill, one mile to the south, and hither the soldier boys slowly took their way, plod- ding through the heavy snow. The bell upon the Episco- pal chapel rang out dismally as the troops marched by. Many an eye was filled with tears, many a voice choked with a sob as the rough pine boxes were lowered into the cold ground. Trumpeter Hardy of the Seventh pealed forth a last farewell upon his cornet as he sounded the "taps call." The old veteran bugler deeply affected all by the pathetic tones he sounded to the brave comrades who, alas, would never more answer any earthly calls. Rev. Cook of the Episcopal chapel and his assist- ant conducted the services according to the ritual of that church. They were surrounded by Colonel Forsythe and all the regimental officers. The Seventh then gradually dispersed, allowing the infantry men to fulfill the last sad rites. Gallant soldiers, you fought the foe most nobly; you wavered not in the hour of danger, when the treacherous Indian, without warning, shot you down upon Wounded Knee; you fought better than the world can ever know. Those alone who saw you know best how, like heroes, you stood and fell. Although great monuments may not be erected to your memories, although you were not entombed in banks of ffowers, your deeds on that bloody day will live long in the hearts of many whom fortime Q_:^ 206 |r^^^.^ destined should look on and sing of your deeds and cour- age. W. F. Kelley Disposition of the Dead Pine Redge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb., Jan. i, 1891 — [Special] — The remains of Captain Wallace were taken to Ft. Riley, Kas., to-day for interment. He was stationed at this point before being sent to Pine Ridge. The body of Captain Mills, Second Infantry was sent to Elmira, N. Y., the home of his wife. General Miles arrived from Chadron at noon yesterday, and he has been in consultation with General Brooke since. It is understood that General Miles is very much dissatisfied with the management of the campaign so far and has so expressed himself in forcible terms. The campaign thus far has been entirely in the hands of General Brooke. Three companies of the First Infantry arrived here shortly after noon yesterday. Other reinforcements in considerable number will be here at once. The hostiles drove away a large herd of ponies from the Cheyenne camp, two miles from here, about noon. No movement has been made to recover them. Lieutenant Pettit of the Eighth Infantry died at Ft. Robinson early this morn- ing from an overdose of choral. A terrible blizzard is raging and increasing in fury each hour. It began before noon. Large quantities of snow have fallen and the wind pours forth upon all like an Indian typhoon. It will cause much suffering among CL_^^ 207 jy^^^.^j' the unprotected and is certain to kill many cavalry horses that are accustomed to shelter. Up to this hour no new military movement is known of, nor is there likely to be any made while this weather lasts. W. F. Kelley Crow parfleche pouch with Sioux skullcracker ^=.=.^ Once More They Meet But Result Not Disastrous Rumors of Carfs Engagement Confirmed Troops Suffering But Slightly Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 2, 1891 — [Special] — Black Elk and Home Dog, two scouts, came in to-night and reported to Agent Cooper that they had passed the previous night in the hostile camp, then fourteen miles from this place. They reported a large council being held, with so many Indians present that they were unable to get within a hundred feet of the circle of chiefs. While the old chief Red Cloud and his followers wished to come back, the overwhelming majority was against them, openly pronouncing for war and to kill the peacefully inclined should they attempt to leave the camp. The famous chiefs Big Road and Little Wound are with them, but which side they will espouse is yet doubtful. Until the fight on Monday they were ap- parently friendly to the whites, but under the powerful excitement at that time they left the agency. Their posi- tion is of the greatest importance, as together they have ^_^^ 209 )^^^j> control of fully 2,000 men and are the skillful war chiefs of ability among the Sioux. These scouts reported great destitution in the camp and much suffering during the awful storm of Wednes- day night. Many could not even be sheltered by their miserable teepees. All were poorly clad, having left their effects at this place when they hurridly fled on Monday. The bands of Kicking Bear and Short Bull, which re- mained so long in the Bad Lands in defiance of General Brooke, have succeeded in getting around the military and joining the others. These are the most desperate In- dians and their junction is much to be regretted on ac- count of those who do not wish to go to war. Every opportunity will be used by these desperate Indians to force them into a position from which they cannot ex- tricate themselves peacefully and without fighting. The fact is much to be deplored. A party of friendly Indians set out from this place yesterday morning to bring in the dead and wounded from the battle field on Wounded Knee. One hundred and eight dead bucks were counted by them and they had collected eight wounded persons in their wagons when they were attacked by a body of Indians and obliged to return without completing their task. These wounded had laid out on the ground three days and were yet alive, among them being two children, one a babe less than three months old, found lying in the snow and not dead. They were brought to this place and will be tenderly cared for, yet it seems hardly possible that any of them will live. The baby found alive is a most remarkable incident living through the dreadful ^.^ storm. It has been adopted by Yellow Hair and his squaw but is so badly frozen that it cannot live. Dr. Emery reports all the soldiers in the hospital do- ing as well as could be expected and he has now hopes that he can save the lives of all. It will take some days yet to determine that fully, as in every instance bones have been fractured and suffocation may take place. The wounded Indians lying in the Episcopal chapel are not faring so well, they being mostly women and children. While they receive the best of attention, for some reason they do not seem to get on as well as the soldiers, and one or two die each day. Their wounds were made largely by the explosive shells of the Hotchkiss guns, wholly unavoidable at the time, as men, women and children ran in a mob, the men keeping up a constant firing upon the troops behind. Another party will set out to-day with an escort and attempt to bring in the dead on the fields. Many of them had been carried off before the party arrived yesterday, as there were many more than 108 bucks killed and fully forty women and children. It was an awful lesson, but no man who saw the whole affair will say that it could, by any possibility, terminate differently. The Indians unexpectedly began the shooting on the soldiers not twenty feet distant. They fought and died on the spot in large numbers. The articles to be seen in some newspaper claiming the affair to be a slaughter and without provacation is utterly untrue and without foundation. The Journal reports have been exact in every particular and it can be best judged from them whether or not suflBcient cause was given. General Brooke and his command are marching to the northwest to block the Indians, should they proceed in that direction. Sumner, with his battalion, is on the north, and Carr, with his cavalry, in the northeast. It is supposed when the time comes to move, General Miles, with the old Seventh Cavahy, will march forward and drive them against one or the other of these columns. There was a small detachment of infantry and also cavalry that marched from Rosebud and arrived at this place yesterday morning. Major Gardner, a special agent of the Indian depart- ment, is here with instructions to investigate the causes of this trouble and assist the agents. Cooper and Royer, in any way possible. The inhabitants of this place were again visited with an alarm last evening, fearing the Indians would make a dash in upon them, since the infantry has departed and the cavalry being camped fully a mile away to the south. A few families of Indian policemen came in this morn- ing, being carried away by force on Monday. A report has just came in from a reliable Indian that Carr's command had an engagement with the Indians yesterday near the White River. It is reported the In- dians had the best of the battle, driving Carr back to the river, killing many of his men and capturing a dozen or so of his cavalry horses. The Indian claims to have seen the latter brought into the camp. The engagement without doubt has taken place, as Carr was known to be in that vicinity, the Indians being vastly in excess in number of the men in his command. Further particulars will be given later if brought here. W. F. Kelley Woodland club <^-^ 213 >^^i^^^ The Latest from the Front Carrs Command Has a Skirmish, But Without Disastrous Results Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (Via Riishville, Neb.), Jan. 3, 1891 — [Special] — Preparations for an active winter campaign are rapidly being pushed forward. Wagon loads of supplies for horses and men are being hurried in from every direction. The report of Carr's engage- ment is confirmed. A few Indians were wounded and many shot and two soldiers of his command were wounded, but not seriously. Black Foot, a friendly, was the bearer of a message from the hostiles yesterday. They demanded the with- drawal of the soldiers, and further said that they would treat with no one for peace except the Vice-President of the United States or the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. This message was sent directly from the hostiles to sup- posed friendly Chief Red Cloud. Yesterday the large boarding school for Indians caught fire and was only subdued by the Indian police after much damage was done to the building, the contents having been gotten out. A man named Miller, formerly a government herder, was found a few miles from this place riddled with bul- lets,, killed by the Indians. He was seeking to get into the agency. Many other men have had narrow escapes during the past week while trying to get here, the In- dians swarming all around the country on the lookout for stragglers. General Miles has radically changed the system of guarding this place since his arrival. He has now placed guard tents out one mile in every direction so the place is thoroughly guarded by picket beats night and day, the relief guards being quartered in the tents near by to act as a support in case of need. All Indians from Sun- day on will be prevented from going in and out of this place at pleasure. They will have to present tickets to the guards, stating their business. This is done to pre- vent, if possible, the numerous bands of spies continu- ally going back and forth and to prevent the hostiles from returning secretly at midnight back to this place after fighting the soldiers. Lieutenants Mann, Hawthorne and Garlington and eighteen men leave here to-morrow for Rushville, where they will be placed in a special car attached to the reg- ular train and taken to their homes at Ft. Riley, Kas., until they recover. It will be a long tedious journey for them from here to Rushville, the road being very rough and hilly. The car, I believe, will pass through Lincoln. Three companies of the First Infantry and the band arrived here last night. The band boys have laid aside their instruments and are placed in the ranks. Two com- panies of the Eighth Infantry and two companies of the Ninth Cavalry are now encamped on the battlefield at Wounded Knee, they being from Rosebud Agency. W. F. Kelley. Sioux quilled hairpiece <^^^ 216 >^^=^ Can Whip the Indians General Miles Asserts Some Doubt Expressed as to the Advisability of Closing in on Redskins Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb., Jan. 4, 1891 — [Special] — Lieutenant H. C. Squires has ar- rived from Leavenworth, and will have charge of the ill- fated troops of the Seventh Cavalry, he being absent from his company during the fight on Wounded Knee. He was at Leavenworth attending an examination for pro- motion. In estimating the strength of the hostiles yes- terday the Indian agents gave the number as being about 4,000, 2,200 belonging to this agency, about 1,200 from Rosebud, and the remainder gathered from every agency in both the Dakotas. This is considered a very reliable statment, as the count is made up by the ab- sence of issue checks due on ration-day. Some Brule Indians were in the Indian camp here last night, seeking to stir up dissension and have them join the hostiles. Considerable anxiety is felt regarding these so-called friendly Indians. In the hour of danger it is almost cer- tain they would turn and fight the soldiers or bum the agency. The latter is the thing most feared, and as every night passes the apprehension increases, the Indians being camped only thirteen miles from this place on White Clay Creek. General Miles expressed himself last evening as not doubting his ability to whip the Indians in a fight with all the troops, but what he most feared was his inability to capture them all by moving the troops in upon them from all sides. They would break through the lines in small bands and would ravage and plunder the whole country. Orders from Washington are to seek any means to avoid a war, or rather to get them in here peacefully, as they are in a hostile attitude now. Doctors of the army are coming here daily from all parts of the country to give the wounded the very best of care, which they certainly do receive. The following is a list of those now present at Pine Ridge. Dr. Rache, Omaha, medical director; Dr. Hartstaff, Omaha; Dr. Huff, Omaha; Dr. Ewing, St. Louis; Dr. E. F. Gardiner, Buffalo, Ft. Porter; Dr. Ives, Dr. W. H. Gardinar, Angets Island, Cal.; Dr. Everetts, Davids Island, N. Y.; Dr. Landergate, Oswego, N. Y.; Dr. Cylburn, West Point, N. Y.; Dr. Gibson, New Haven; Dr. Bradley, Omaha; Dr. Glennan, Ft. Riley, a total of thirteen. In compliance with an order issued by General Miles on yesterday the following wounded were this morning sent to Rushville in ambulances for transportation to their various destinations, all being sent under the care of Dr. Glennan, U.S.A., assisted by Privates Goodwin and Kuhn, of the hospital corps, Seventh Cavalry. The «i_=^ 218 >^^=.^ following were sent to Ft. Riley, Kas.: H. L. Hawthorne, lieutenant Second Artillery; J. B. Mann, lieutenant K Troop, Seventh Cavalry; Ernest Gastington, lieutenant A. Troop, Seventh Cavalry; Quartermaster-sergeant Campbell, Seventh Cavalry; Private Duncan McMahan, Troop D, Seventh Cavalry; Private Neder, A Troop, Sev- enth Cavalry; Sergeants Ward and Twohey, B Troop, Seventh Cavalry. Privates Louis and McKinzie, B Troop; Claussen, Green, Schiever and Kern, D Troop; Sergeant Trittle, E Troop; Howard, I Troop; Rayner, Corporal Chifton, to Ft. Omaha: John Kinzie, lieutenant Second Infantry, Privates Hahin, Horen, Greener, Company B, Corporal Boyle and Private Cowley, Company G, Sec- ond Infantry. Sent to Ft. Robinson: Private Jackson, Com- pany I, Ninth Cavalry, Private Irving, Company K, Ninth Cavalry. The ambulances were guarded to Rushville by Lieutenant Rice and a detachment of the Seventh Cav- alry. Frederic Remington, the artist for various maga- zines, arrived yesterday and is busily engaged in his work. W. F. Kelley. Blackfeet knife in knife sheath was the unscientific placing of troops at Wounded Knee last Monday while disarming Big Foot's band. It is dif- ficult to see any foundation for such a charge. Two dis- mounted troops of cavalry were placed at right angles about the Indian semi-circle, these troops being sup- ported behind by troops of mounted and dismounted men. Troops were not placed around the Indians as has been stated in many papers, and when the Indians took to flight they ran in the opposite direction from the right angles of troops. In front of the small hill 200 feet away, upon which were placed the two Hotchkiss guns, the Indians mixed with the women and children in run- ning, all the time keeping up an incessant firing at the troops on the hill. Then it was the Hotchkiss guns began firing and not until then. The party sent out to bury the dead Indians returned yesterday and the ofiicial report gives eighty-four war- riors and sixty-three women and children found and buried. Big Foot and many others were not found and have doubtless been carried off and interred. About seventy-five places were found where bodies had lain and been since removed. Tracks can be seen in the snow which fell the night following the battle. Two hundred Indians may safely be said to be the number killed in that bloody fray, aside from nine which have died from their wounds at this place. There are thirty-three wounded Indians here at present, many of whom will die. It is impossible to estimate the wounded that were not brought here. Even before the troops left the battle- field on that day friends were carrying them from the field in Indian wagons. I myself saw at least twenty-five what few troops that remain and spent the night watch- ing and waiting. Nothing can express the muttered prayer of thankfulness as the darkness cleared away and the sunlight gradually rose over the eastern hills. W. F. Kelley. Sioux bow and arrow ^^*.^ Preparing for Peace War Department Official on the Scene To Separate the Good From the Bad Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 7, 1891 — [Special] — Captain E. P. Ewers of the Fifth Infantry has been ordered by the War Department to take charge of the surrendered Indians here and all those who may hereafter surrender, his duty being to keep account of the hostiles and their families that they may be distinguished from the friendlies and dealt with ac- cordingly when the war is over and terms of settlement are made. That this is a wise move is needless to say to those who have had experience in former Indian wars. Heretofore it has been customary in war for Indians when so inclined to run off and fight the soldiers and then when the war was nearly at an end to secretly re- turn and evade the punishment meted out to others. For some time past the ofiicials here have been urgently requested to take this step and the receipt of this order gives much satisfaction and is but justice to those who have remained from the first friends to the whites. Cap- i_.^ 226 >^^..^ tain Ewers will draw supplies and rations from Agent Royer for those in his charge. Census Agent Lee has made a count of the Indians at present in Pine Ridge. He finds they number nearly 3,500, nine- tenths of whom are women and children. This gives an idea of how many warriors are absent in the hostile camp from this place, the total number of Indians reporting to this agency being 5,600 and over. Another unfortunate victim of the mission fight with the Indians was found yesterday afternoon, his name being Dom Franschettie, of Troop G, Seventh Cavalry. Franschettie was missed upon the return of the cavalry that day. No one had seen him fall in the fight, but he was at once given up for lost. Lost Horse, one of Tay- lor's Indian scouts, came across his body yesterday and brought it to this place. He had been scalped, his head crushed in, hands cut off and in other ways horribly mu- tilated. The unfortunate man was interred with military honors as soon as possible in the little cemetery on the hill, officers and comrades of his regiment attending in a body. The Indians having learned yesterday of the talk of placing a military agent over them, held a council and then proceeded in a body to call upon Special Agent Cooper and lay their protest before him to such a change. They first stated they did this entirely of their own accord and expressed the opinion of all the friendly Indians unanimously. Their spokesman was old Amer- ican Horse, a powerful chief, formerly a desperate war- rior, but now a devoted adherent of the whites, uphold- ing the policy of education and progress among his race. He stated that if the change was made the Indians would be kept in perpetual fear and perform their du- ties through this motive rather than inculcating in themselves reliance for itself. He stated what has so often proven true, that he feared the friendlies would suffer in the end for that in which they took no part. They were satisfied with Agent Royer; all liked him; while he was firm and demanded obedience from them, yet he was kind and would always listen to any com- plaints they had to make, so they had come to look upon him as a father and arbitrator in all their disputes. He feared a military agent would not heed such things and therefore would not be as satisfactory. They ended by requesting Mr. Cooper to forward to Washington their unanimous disapproval of any change. A few ludicrous incidents are related here of the ac- tions of the militia at the towns along the railroad, their doings forming the heart of many a joke among the peo- ple here. It is hard to apprehend any cause for the fright and uproar now prevalent in these towns. It is hoped the presence of troops will give a feeling of se- curity to the people. If the Indians succeed in getting away from General Miles in their present position there is no place for them to go but to flee northwest into the mountains of Wyoming. They must go this way if they wish to avoid the military. Again the Indians do not wish to run into the arms of the enemy, and if they ran south they would be placing themselves between the troops and the towns, for the troops are spread across the country to the north of these towns, not at all with the purpose of protecting them, but to surround the Indians. It is with much regret that the people here view Colo- nel Forsythe's suspension from his command in the midst of this trouble. The charges against him are, im- proper placing of the troops, improper handling of the troops and unnecessary killing of non-combatants. There is hardly a doubt but what Colonel Forsythe will be able to disprove all these charges with honor to himself. He feels the stigma greatly, just at this moment. Colonel Forsythe was a prominent cavalry leader under Sheri- dan during the war, accompanying the latter to Europe during the Franco-German campaign, remaining his chief of staff until his death. Since then he has had com- mand of the famous regiment of the Seventh Cavalry. W. F. Kelley. Late News from Yellow Hair Pine RmcE Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 7, 1891 — [Special] — The body of Issac Miller, the gov- ernment herder, was brought in this afternoon by the In- dian Red Eagle. The body was horribly mutilated. He was killed several days ago. Chief Yellow Hair and a few others came in this afternoon and surrendered, the chief being badly wounded in the arm. W. F. Kelley. ^L_=^ 229 ))^^.=^ Moving on the Camp Troops Press the Hostiles from Rear Will Drive Them to the Agency Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 8, 1891 — [Special] — Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses, the most powerful chief in the great Sioux nation, ar- rived here to-day in the charge of Captain O'Connell. The chief has never opposed the government. An effort will be made to have him go to the hostile camp with a last plea for the savages to surrender, but it is probable that his coming is too late, for Colonel Corbin today an- nounced the movement of the troops upon the hostile Indian village. The soldiers are pressing upon the sav- ages from the rear and flanks. The mouth of the funnel is Pine Ridge, and it is here that the redskins will be driven and crushed. The hostiles are nearly 1,000 strong, and to-day they sent word that they will not surrender until the soldiers were taken to the railroad. Preparations for receiving the hostiles in their rush through the funnel are now com- pleted. A trench has been dug west of the school house, •u-.^ 230 Jy^.^^j' with bags of dirt piled up for breastworks. A Hotchkiss gun masked with sapUngs, has been planted in such a position that it can sweep the valley in all directions. Fortifications on the hillsides to the north and east are also finished and rifle pits have been dug everywhere. The soldiers who were wounded are still here and are doing nicely, although all of them are desperately hurt. Agent Roger is Displaced by Army Officer The General Outlook Pine Ridge, Jan. 8, 1891 — Agent Royer was removed to-day by the Department of the Interior and Captain Pierce, of the First Infantry, succeeds him. Royer says his removal was brought about by political influences and that no charges could be brought against him. General Miles' view of the situation is about as fol- lows: There are 300 or 400 Indians who are in the hos- tile camp who are trying every way to influence the remainder not only to remain out, but to fight the matter to the end. General Miles hopes the better element will prevail and destroy the influence of these wicked Brules. On this account he is exercising patience. General Brooke, from the camp on White Clay Creek, advises General Miles that many of the principal men and chiefs will visit Miles to-morrow. The position of the various forces in the field was changed somewhat to-day. It was reported that General Miles would hold a conference to-day with Red Cloud, but he has decided to hold no more talks with the aged chief, having given him his ultimatum several days ago — to aban- don the hostiles or suffer the consequences. The arrival of the old man is considered evidence of his good faith, as is also the effort he made yesterday to save Lieute- nant Casey's life, warning him of his danger. Red Cloud tells of the fight between the Oglalas and Brules shortly succeeding the killing of Casey. The for- mer made an attempt to return to the agency. The Brules objected, firing a number of shots at the Oglalas. No- body, however, was injured. This morning about 200 of the Oglalas succeeded in getting away and came to the agency. Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses, with several mem- bers of his band, returned to-day from their friendly visit to the Crows and were granted an audience by General Miles. Buffalo Bill arrived from Rushville at noon and had a talk with General Miles. He was warmly greeted by several hundred Indians. He informed Gen- eral Miles that the Nebraska militia have extended their hnes toward Pine Ridge several miles, and that mounted men patrol between the several companies, so that no Indians may pass through the line. General Miles ap- proved the arrangements. Old Red Cloud determined to leave the hostile camp last night, and with his wife walked sixteen miles to the agency, getting here this morning. He used every endeavor to prevent the mur- der of Casey yesterday and even sent a scout to warn him. Casey turned and was returning toward the camp when a cowardly Brule shot him in the back of the head. One of the wounded squaws died to-day. She was shot in seven places. The chief surgeon directed the am- putation of one limb, but when the bucks outside heard ^^^^=^ known that he could not have stolen away in the night from the hostiles had the latter desired to retain him. No one can tell what the cover of darkness may bring from the hostiles. That they have contemplated (and do still) an attack upon the agency is believed by all well informed people; that they are now awaiting an opportunity is almost an established fact. Red Cloud is living in his house among the "friendlies." At a signal from the hostiles it is believed he will communicate the same to the friendlies. The agency could then be at- tacked from all sides. There are now less than 1,000 soldiers within a mile of headquarters. Before those sta- tioned in the field could reach here great damage could be done. General Miles to-day, as if impressed with this fact, is extending breastworks around the school which will command a larger extent of the friendlies' camps. He believes every word of the message from Brooke that a number of hostiles last night tried to break through his lines and escape to Rosebud. They found the line too strong, however, and retired. Colonel Kent and Captain Baldwin, who are collecting facts regard- ing the battle at Wounded Knee Creek, have examined a number of eye-witnesses. The information is being gathered in a formal manner. Troop A, Seventh Cavalry, Captain Mayhan, left as an escort to-day with Paymas- ter, First Infantry, in command of the troops at the field. Red Cloud says there are 100 wounded Indians among the hostiles, whom Little Wound wants to send to the agency. General Miles has placed Colonel Shaf- ter, First Infantry, in command of the troops at the agency. Sitting Bear and Long Bull have written Gen- a_^ 235 j)^^..^ eral Miles that they propose to come in with their fol- lowers and be good Indians. It is learned that General Miles' reason for ordering the extension of the breastworks about the school grounds was due to the discovery of the fact that one of the plans of the hostiles, with the assistance of the al- leged friendlies, was to attack the school. The attack would not be made till after the children had left. This evacuation was to be accomplished at a given signal and immediately preceding it the scholars were to over- power the teacher and the work of destruction was to begin. The story is well authenticated and was brought to General Miles' attention. He has taken due precau- tion. Colonel Shafter has issued orders to the officers in command of the several detachments to take every pre- caution to repel a night attack. In the event of such a surprise the troops are to repair to a designated position, which they are to hold to the last. While the post could be satisfactorily defended during the day by the breast works, Hotchkiss guns and Gatling guns and four pieces of Artillery, it could not be so well protected in the event of a surprise at night. This order has doubtless been sug- gested for the purpose of allaying the fear of a night at- tack which exists among the whites. Late this afternoon the Seventh Cavalry was moved from the bottoms in which it had been stationed to a hill east which commands a view of the agency. From this position they can easily respond to a call from any part of the agency, day or night. Shortly after the change three fires were noticed from the school house. It is thought the houses of Mexican, Young-Man-Afraid-of- ^==.=^ His-Horses, and Standing Soldier were fired by settlers. He Dog and Jack Red Cloud and about lOO others have returned to the camp. Still more have promised, but have failed to keep their word. General Miles says: "At last accounts the Indians were fighting among themselves. Their camp was pandemon- ium. There was no head to the hostiles.The desperadoes were destroying their own people." If those Indians who belong to this agency come in, the others, the general thinks, will endeavor to get back to their reservation. The hostile element, he says, is composed of Indians from Standing Rock, Cheyenne River and Rosebud Res- ervations. The troops on the other side are frequently skirmishing with them and will follow them if they come in. Should such be the case the general thinks the military problem will be solved. The control of the In- dians in peace, he holds, will still be a matter for serious consideration, because they will have to be so cared for as not to be a terror to the people of these states and not go to war in the spring, even if they should desire to. General Miles to-day received a note in Indian, couched in terms of angelic sweetness and innocence. It came from Sitting Bear and Short Bull. They had stopped their ghost dance, they said, because the gen- eral bade them. They would come in and be good In- dians. It is unnecessary to say the word of these wily chiefs was not respected from the first. They have been credited before with asserting that they would never come in, even if only fifty remained out. The letter was intended for a purpose and General Miles seems to un- derstand what that purpose was. This afternoon a ^_^ 237 >^^=^^ detachment of the Ninth Cavalry arrived, escorting twenty-four Indians who had succeeded in breaking away from the hos tiles. Young- Man- Afraid-of-His- Horses reported to General Miles this afternoon that he visited the Oglalas and they would start for the agency to-day, camping to-night near the school house at Wounded Knee. W. F. K. Sioux Sundance baton ^^.=^ Bound to be a Battle Peace May Prevail for a Time, But Spring Will Witness the End of Its Sway Pine Ridge Agency, (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. lo, 1891 — [Special] — The situation here is about this: if the Pine Ridge Indians, those belonging here, come in, the others will secretly endeavor to get away, go through the lines of troops and scatter over the country, as the really hostile body is composed of outlaw Indians and the disturbing element of Standing Rock, Cheyenne and Rosebud Agencies. The troops during the past few days have had frequent skirmishes with the hostiles, with no serious results, but they will keep close to the camp, and yesterday all the circle moved up nearer five miles in compliance with General Miles' order. It is the object of the military and war department to restore authority and confidence among the Indians and to place them in such a condition that there can be no possible out- break in the spring. It is hardly possible this result can be reached with- out a bloody battle. Old frontiersmen say freely they ex- 239 pect it to be the largest and fiercest ever seen in Indian history and they have good reason for such a conclusion. They are absolutely without fear and many of them would positively welcome death if they could sacrifice a white man by doing so. The battle at Wounded Knee should have been plain illustration of how desperate they have become and should another attempt be made to disarm them trouble will surely be seen. It may be added that orders are already here to disarm all these Indians. The suspense and anxiety so long endured will be soon at an end. Two or three day's time will surely show if it is fight or surrender. If it is war never were troops more admirably placed in the field, nor handled by a more capable man than at present controls the sit- uation. The officers who have been investigating Colonel For- sythe and the battle of Wounded Knee, have finished their examination of the troops and ofiicers here and proceeded to Captain Illsley's camp. Illsley, with one battalion of the Seventh Cavalry, is situated ten miles to the west of here and they will be thoroughly examined. It is understood every officer's testimony was in favor of Forsythe, that the troops were in perfect formation and were managed with skill such as reflects great credit upon Colonel Forsythe. Of course this is the only testi- mony so far given and further investigation will only confirm what has so far been given. Army officers think a serious mistake has been made in thus removing Colo- nel Forsythe and that great injustice has been done him. Captain Pierce, the newly appointed agent, will ar- rive here to-morrow from Minneapolis. Troop A left this ci_^ 240 jy^^^.-j^ place yesterday morning, escorting Major Comegys, the paymaster, to Captain Illsley's camp on Beaver Creek. W. K. Kelley. To-Day Will Witness Either a Complete Surrender or a Battle Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. lo, 1891 — [Special] — People upon awakening this morn- ing were most pleasantly surprised by hearing music of an army band sounding from the camp of the First In- fantry. The instruments had arrived during the night from Hermosa and were first used at guard mount this morning. The agreeable change may be imagined when it is known that the only music heard here for two months has been occasionally "Annie Rooney," rendered on a half -cracked harmonica by a half breed. From all present indications it is expected the hostiles will start for this place to-day, camping at the Catholic mission, six miles from here, this evening and being in here to-morrow. If they were so inclined the Indians could easily march into this place in half a day. It is presumed they wish to march slowly and deliberate over the matter further as they move. They have so often promised in the past to come in that not much credence was at first placed in the report, but it seems now as if their intention was to do so, and if no unfortu- nate accident occurs to again stampede them I believe they will be found at this place in a day or two. The slightest incident, any malicious false report, however, is sufficient to cause them to run and take any desperate chance to break through the hnes of surrounding troops. Never was more diplomacy needed; never had a gen- eral a more difficult position to sustain than has General Miles at this moment. Firmness and conciliation must be used to pacify all factions and all jealous chiefs at this moment about him. If he succeeds he will save this country a bloody war. His task is one of such magnitude that few men could accomplish it, but all have confi- dence in Miles and hope for the best. All the outstanding troops have orders to come for- ward again to-day, keeping their proportionate and rel- ative distance from the Indians and the other commands. General Brooke, with his army, has been ordered to keep close behind them, perhaps four or five miles distant, and retain this position until they arrive at the agency. General Brooke reported that yesterday a party of In- dians sought to break through his lines. The guard at once summoned assistance and they were foiled and turned back. This undoubtedly hastened their decision to come this way. Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses, the noted chief was the person that brought the news to Miles yesterday that most of them wanted to get to Pine Ridge soon. He is a friendly chief and the hostiles showed their spite against him by burning his house and the houses of two others eight miles from here. Young-Man- Afraid-of-His Horses and the whole agency saw the smoke from his dwelling rise over the hills to the north. The hostiles sent word in that they wished to camp with the friendly Indians to the south of the agency, but General Miles will not allow them to do so and has decided that they shall camp on the north side, on the ^^^.=^ Colonel Schafter rode about this morning designating such posts as he also wished soldiers to guard in con- nection with the police. The place this morning presents a striking picture. Single squaws from some lonely point will begin howling and calling upon the men to be brave, to remember they are Indians and warriors. As soon as possible this is suppressed, but soon another one is heard from an opposite direction, and so it goes. They are seeking to incite the men, to agitate them as much as possible — a bad sign, as illustrating their feel- ing, but it is hardly possible to cause any effect at pre- sent. The following is the bulletin issued by General Miles to-day to the members of the press: "There is little change in the state of affairs. It was decided in the In- dian camp to move in this direction to-day, with a view of surrendering." Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses returned to the agency yesterday and stated that they would move this morning, camping to-night on White Clay Creek, about five miles from this place, the troops forming a crescent- shaped line. They will move simultaneously south from White River and act as circumstances may dictate. Should the Indians continue in this direction and show a purpose to surrender the troops will not attack them. They will, however, attack anyone endeavoring to es- cape or pursue any that may succeed in getting through the lines. Every measure is being taken to force these Indians to submission and avoid serious trouble in the settlements. Colonel Bob McReynolds, from Lincoln, came up to this place this afternoon. The colonel holds a special commission from Governor Thayer. W. F. Kelley. Encamped a Few Miles From Agency and Listening to Rabid Harrangues Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. ii, 1891 — [Special] — General Miles received word at midnight that the hostiles would not reach this place to- day as anticipated, they sending in the old excuse that a broken down bridge prevented them from moving as fast as they desired. They did not move yesterday to ex- ceed three miles and doubtless they will not much ex- ceed that distance in to-day's march. Girard, chief of the scouts, said this morning they would camp to-night at the mission, where it was supposed they were camp- ing last night until word to the contrary was received here at midnight by General Miles. The command of General Brooke camped last night at the spot the In- dians had vacated in the morning. Thus it will be seen the troops are not to exceed three miles behind them. It is the intention of Miles not to crowd them, but permit them to come right along, so long as they move at all, at their own speed. It was learned yesterday that they have thirty-six wounded with them as the result of their fight with the cavalry near the mission. This num- ber exceeds by about ten the number that has heretofore been given of the wounded. The Indians in marching moved along in military form, with their scouts on each side of the column and ^^^ 245 }^^^ a large advance guard about one mile ahead. They are very much afraid of some scheme of surprise or attack on the part of the whites. One thing much feared by General Miles is that they may hide their guns in the canyons, etc., and not bring them into this place. If this be done, a vigorous search will be made for them by In- dian scouts. They will be sent out for that purpose. As to what means or mode General Miles will employ in order to disarm them is not known, but he will seek to do so in some manner wholly unostentatious if it is pos- sible to do so. As a witty newspaper man put it last night, it was General Miles versus Short Bull now in scheming for the advantage. This morning the Second Battalion of the Seventh Cavalry arrived in camp from Beaver Greek. It is now thought a sufficient number of troops are present here to protect the agency property and life if an outbreak of any kind should occur. Gertainly the arrival of Gaptain Illsley is welcomed by the people as giving a sense of security that has for some time been absent. Last night shots were again exchanged out on the picket lines about ii o'clock, but no damage was done, the Indians fleeing at once. General Miles still keeps en- gaged in fortifying this place to the best possible ad- vantage. Bodies of soldiers were at work on all sides, throwing up works yesterday. A line of rifle pits are dug on the slope and crest of every hill about the agency. Every possible precaution is being taken for the worst, if it shall come. The trouble is not feared until thev are called upon to lay down their arms. a_^ 246 >^^^.^ Not withstanding the hostiles are on the march there is still a crowd of Brules haranguing them not to do so and advising them against doing so, but the crescent of 1,600 troops behind them constitutes an argument not so easily overcome. The command of Colonel Schafter at Pine Ridge consists of seven hundred men, all told. Captain Pierce, the newly appointed military agent arrived here at noon to-day, and will take immediate charge. W. F. Kelley. Still a Short Distance From Agency, But Miles Is Master of the Situation Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 12, 1891 — [Special] — The Indians are in camp two miles from this place. No trouble has occurred up to this hour, 7 o'clock, and all is quiet. The Indians number about 3,500. None are allowed in the agency. W. F. Kelley. General Miles Makes Known His Ultimatum Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 12, 1891 — [Special] — Early this morning General Miles sent out Frank Girard and four Indian scouts to the hos- tiles camp, near the mission. They were directed to in- form the hostiles they could choose their camp near Red Cloud's house on Wolfe Creek, one mile to the east of the gency, but they were not to come into the agency limits under any circumstances, except a few chiefs and by special order of General Miles. ^^^=^' One of the requirements when they surrender will be the immediate surrender of the murderers of Lieutenant Casey and the poor herder Miller, both being murdered in cold blood. General Miles sent a wagon load of to- bacco out to them yesterday as a present to put them in good humor, if possible. All the friendly Indians yesterday at this place held a council as to how they should proceed in the present crisis. They resolved to gather up their tepees in as com- pact a circle as possible, dig rifle pits about them and if any hostiles came into their camp to at once disarm and arrest them. If the hostiles fired a gun they would kill them on the spot. They fear they may attempt to come among them, incite them by shooting guns and thus drawing the fire of the cannons of the soldiers that are so placed as to overlook their camp. They are deter- mined to avert any possible cause for sending shells among them, which would cause dreadful havoc in the closely huddled tepees. It is not thought the hostiles will be disarmed for a day or two at least. The Indians behind the advance guard are keeping up a rapid fire shooting their own horses and dogs and venting their spleen toward the friendlies among them by the firing of guns over their heads. The Brules and other young men are haranguing about the affair at Wounded Knee and the fate of Big Foot's band, which has the effect of terrifying the women and children and making the men suspicious and very excitable. All this may be seen from the hill tops. Half-breeds are coming in from the camp and re- «^_^ 248 >^^ porting to Miles that these Indians will all fight to the death if any attempt is made to disarm them now, or at any time. They are very defiant and trouble may be ex- pected. It is not yet known in what way this result will be brought about, as General Miles is very reticent whenever approached upon this subject. W. F. Kelley. Remaining at the Outer Gates While Preparations for Their Reception Continue Pine Ridge Agency, S. D. (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 13, 1891 — [Special] — The hostiles all arrived in their camp late last evening. There was no ghost dancing and everything was as quiet as could be expected. As soon as it was known at the agency yesterday that the hos- tiles were approaching General Miles took all precau- tions to prevent anything unfortunate taking place. Dismounted cavalrymen and bodies of infantry were sent out to the fortifications on the hills, cavalry horses were all saddled and the men stood in readiness to mount. Lines of wagons were placed across the bluffs inside the agency, cannons were directed in the several places and covers removed. In fact all was ready to move at a moment's notice, but happily no such neces- sity was required. After the Indians came close to the picket hnes they ceased the incessant firing that had been going on during their approach. Farther away pickets in large numbers were thrown out in all directions, and yesterday and for several days to come no person will be allowed to pass the line for ^^.=^' With Very Bad Grace Indians Obey Miles Big Road Essays to Disarm Members of His Band, But With Only Partial Success Pine Ridge Agency (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 15, 1891 — [Special] — At 11 o'clock this morning the hostiles again moved their camp, according to General Miles' or- der, and are now camped about one mile to the west of the agency, at the foot of the hill. On the Oglalas ask- ing permission of Miles the Brules were allowed to ac- company them and all remain together at the camp. There were 473 tepees by actual count, or between 5,000 and 6,000 Indians and 1,800 were armed warriors and young men capable of fighting. It was a grand sight to see them slowly marching along for three hours up and down the hills, and as General Miles said, a sight never again to be witnessed in Indian warfare on this conti- nent. Wagons driven by squaws and filled with domestic effects occupied the trail. On the hilltops above were lines of horsemen in single file, followed by lines of men on foot, in order, guarding their property in case of any attack upon them by the soldiers, as they half feared. They had out small bodies of scouts on every hill top for miles around, who have remained in their position all this morning and who doubtless will remain there for days to come. Thousands of ponies cover the hillsides, closely herded, in anticipation of need. Kicking Bear and other chiefs are now holding a council with Miles and that they have agreed to deliver up their arms is certain, but much doubt is expressed of its taking place. Big Road, chief over a large band, this morning brought in eleven old guns, including two wretched shotguns, and one broken Winchester. It is doubtful if half of them can be made to shoot. However, they are something, as every gun counts. It is understood the chiefs are to bring them in here, each chief bringing in those of his band. Colonel Corbin says this morning it will occupy several days to get them all, each gun re- ceiving a tag with the owner's name thereupon, by which it can be identified when wanted. A store house is being fitted up for their reception as fast as possible. What steps will be taken to search the camp is not yet known. After the chiefs have done all they can some plan will have to be devised by General Miles. Yesterday a soldier of General Wharton's command found a cave in which he discovered fifty guns and a quantity of ammunition for the same. They were at once brought to this place by an officer. This is one mode of disposing of the guns, of which they have many. Never- theless General Miles will succeed in getting the larger part of them ere his task is completed. After the guns are gotten, if no accident occurs in so doing, General Miles will demand the murderers of Miller and Casey to be given up. He also knows many of the principal in- stigators of this trouble, and as the last punishment they will be separated from their tribe and be transplanted to some other part of the country, as the Apaches were in 1886. This will bring about the desired result and will be an effectual check to any warlike tendencies among the Sioux for some time in the future. It is sincerely hoped no circumstance will prevent the enforcement of these plans. There has been a change of the position of the differ- ent troops during the past twenty-four hours. Colonel Carr and the Sixth Cavalry arrived this morning and are now stationed at the beef corral, two miles to the east; Colonel Sanford, with his cavalry, are yet at the mission on the north; Colonel Wheaton and his command on Cream Creek, about eight miles to the west, the troops at Pine Ridge forming the south side of the military square. The Indians in holding a council with Miles yesterday stated that they wanted no military agent, but a citizen who could and would teach them the white man's ways and modes of living. They were asked to consider among themselves who they would like and it is understood they have decided upon a well known citizen of West- ern Nebraska as the man whom they would prefer. What action will be taken by Miles in this respect is not known, but it is thought he will recommend their choice to the President for his approval. Word was received here yesterday that Lieutenant James D. Mann of K Troop, Seventh Cavahy, had died from the effects of his wound received in the fight near the Mission the day after the Wounded Knee afiFair. Lieutenant Mann is another victim of the ill-fated troop to which the brave Captain Wallace belonged and was engaged at the time of his death in writing a magazine article upon the battle. Mann was a brave and popular officer, making many friends during his short residence here. General Colby and a few officers visited this place yesterday, the guests of Colonel Cody. It is understood Colby has applied for permission to adopt the little babe found upon the Wounded Knee battle field. He desires to raise it as his child. Many applications are received for the adoption of small Indian children whose parents were killed upon that day. Word was received last night that the citizens of Northern Nebraska were raising a fund to purchase a diamond hiked sabre to be given Colonel Forsythe, the colonel of the Seventh Cavalry, for his conduct at Wounded Knee. This shows in what estimation this gal- lant soldier is held by the citizens in this vicinity and in what way his behavior at Wounded Knee is appreciated by all who know the facts. It is understood the board of inquiry has wholly exonerated him and submitted their report to the President for his approval. W. F. Kelley. ^_^ 256 >^^=.^ Hostile Brules Make a Bluff Which Oglalas Quickly Call Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 15, 1891 — [Special] — What came near precipitating the outbreak so much feared, it appears, took place Tuesday as the train of wagons was returning to the camp of Colonel Wheaton. In passing the hostile camp a number of young Brules ran forward, threw them- selves into a favorable position and levelled their guns to fire, when some Oglalas ran up and threatened to kill the first person that fired a gun. Upon this demonstra- tion the Brules reluctlantly withdrew and gave up their project of starting a row at that time. It was certainly a narrow escape, as it would have led to the troops upon the hill firing and would have ended in another stampede. This would have been a serious disaster after all the pains and expense incurred in bringing in these Indians peacefully. No one doubts if but a single gun is fired all that has been done so far will be undone, as these young men are very excitable and only await a favorable chance to start the war and break away. The influence and persuasion of greater numbers have succeeded in getting them to this place. It is not their own wish, but if General Miles can keep them quiet until the terms of peace can be agreed upon the whole problem will be solved. The rumor that 400 Indians had secretly left their camp night before last has been found to be only partly correct. A number did steal away, but how many cannot ^i^^ 257 >^^.^' be found out. No apprehension is felt from these, as they will work their way to their reservation as soon as pos- sible, in the hopes of avoiding detection. W. F. Kelley. Sioux medicine mans Buffalo headdress ^.-^ 258 >^^=^' A Peaceful Pow-avo^w Chiefs Tell of their Wishes And in Turn Are Given Good Advice Concerning Their Actions in the Future Pine Ridge Agency, (via Rushville, Neb.), Jan. 16, 1891 — [Special] — Yesterday afternoon General Brooke, with his staff, escorted by one troop of the Ninth Cav- alry, arrived at this place after three weeks' absence and reported to General Miles for further orders. He was ordered to take the place on Craken Creek mentioned in the dispatch of yesterday. General Brooke was also ac- companied by the lamented Casey's Cheyenne scouts, now commanded by Lieutenant Getty. Two large grey hounds of Casey still follow his old command upon all their journeys. The hostile chiefs are holding another council with General Miles this morning, but the mat- ters being discussed are the subject of government be- tween themselves. No further trouble is expected by any one and all signs of hostility have practically ceased, the Indians turning in their guns as fast as could be ex- pected. About twenty-five were given up yesterday and twenty early this morning. About lo o'clock the chiefs Crow Dog and Two Strike and forty warriors came up and gave up their guns to Captain Pierce, the agent. The guns turned in are very fair quality and not at all the old broken pieces expected to be delivered. This process will go on slowly for a week or more. Little Chief and his band of Cheyennes, who have long resided here, some time since applied for permis- sion to join the rest of the tribe on Tongue River, in Mon- tana. Yesterday word was received from Washington granting this request, and General Miles has designated a part of the Sixth Cavalry to escort them beyond any possibility of their mixing with the hostiles or any of their friends who may be to the north of here. James A. Cooper, special agent of the Indian Depart- ment, who has been here for two months, has been or- dered to Black River Falls, Wis., to adjust some diflB- culty with the Chippewas. This may be a fair indication that no further trouble will be seen here and what was expected to develop into a serious war has practically blown over. W. F. Kelley. <^-^ 260 >^^^^=^ Epilogue After writing his last on-the-scene report to the Isle- braska State Journal on January 16, 1891, William Fitch Kelley returned home to Nebraska. General Miles left Pine Ridge on January 26, having removed 25 leaders of the Ghost Dance ( including Kick- ing Bear and Short Bull) by sending them either to Ft. Sheridan, Illinois or to Buffalo Bill Cody for his forth- coming European tour. Miles also ordered the return to their home reservations of the numerous Indians who had gathered at Pine Ridge — the Brules went home to Rosebud, the Miniconjous returned to the Gheyenne River, etc. The five hundred Northern Gheyennes who had been assigned to Pine Ridge were permitted to join their brethren at the Tongue River Reservation in Mon- tana. In the next few weeks, Gongress sought to correct other problems by appropriating funds to restore the previously reduced rations, education, and some com- pensation for property lost by friendly Indians in the turmoil. In early February, a delegation of Sioux chiefs went to <^_^262>^=^ Washington to express their grievances to government officials but they were cut short as the officials claimed they were too busy. During the first half of 1891, the civilian agents who were subject to constant turnover due to the "political spoils'' system, were replaced by experienced military men. Captain F. E. Pierce was assigned to that post at Pine Ridge, but due to his subsequent illness, Captain Charles G. Penny became the permanent agent there. The primary duties of these agents were then to check on the adequacy of food supplies for the Indians, engage them in some form of meaningful work and to promote peace. Along the lines of meaningful work, Miles suc- cessfully promoted the growth of cattle raising in place of farming poor land and thus the Sioux were able to find an imitation of sorts of the kinship they had known with the buffalo previously. In July, 1891, military divisions were abolished result- ing in the reappointment of civilian agents, except at Pine Ridge. Looking back at the casualty figures for the Pine Ridge area (including Wounded Knee) for the two- month period, November 1890 to January, 1891, it is apparent that this was an especially brutal epoch in In- dian-U. S. Government relations. The total figures seem to vary slightly, depending upon the source, but in round numbers, troops and settlers suffered about 65 cas- ualties of which 50% were killed while the Indian cas- ualties were around 350, of which about 300 were killed. Most of these casualties occured at Wounded Knee, a fight nobody wanted, especially not the Indians who are a_^ 263 >^^^.^ estimated to have lost approximately 90 warriors and over 200 women and children there. Without delving into a lengthy dissertation on the many views on the massacre at Wounded Knee, suffice it to use the cam- paign commander's words as General Miles wrote in March, 1917: "In my opinion, the least the government can do is to make a suitable recompense to the survivors (of Wounded Knee) for the great injustice which was done them and the serious loss of their relatives and pro- perty. The action of the commanding officer ( Col. James Forsyth ) , in my judgment at the time, and I so reported, was most reprehensible. The disposition of the troops was such that in firing upon the warriors they fired di- rectly into their own lines and also into the camp of the women and children, and I have regarded the whole af- fair as most unjustifiable and worth of the severest con- demnation." Not included in the above figures were the casualities sustained in the arrest and subsequent death of Sitting Bull at Standing Rock Reservation on December 15, 1890. On that date, a group of Indian police came to ar- rest the old chief as he was at the head of the list of "formentors of disturbances." In the ensuing melee, as the Hunkpapas sought to protect their chief, eight In- dians, including Sitting Bull, were killed as were six Indian police. Of all Indian leaders living in the U. S. at the time, Sitting Bull most personified an unyielding op- position to the white man and his civilization. His death seemed to strike down one of the last signfficant figure- heads of this resistance and when other Sioux learned of his fall, a great fear and despair came over them. CL_^ 264 >^^.=^ With their surrender at Pine Ridge in January, 1891, the organized resistance of the Sioux to white civiUza- tion crumbled. The mihtary campaign by the "blue- coats" was not as devastating to the Sioux as the psychological effect of defeat and the loss of confidence in their last hope of a way out, the Ghost Dance doc- trine. For the ever-increasing number of white settlers, the western frontier was broken and their way of life would dominate the West henceforth. For the Indians, the time had come when old ties and old customs must give way due to the sheer might of their opposition re- presenting "white progress." Memories of the old life diminished rapidly as education in government run schools held sway with the newer generations. As for the Ghost Dance, its vulnerability had been es- tablished. The ghost shirts were no more effective against troopers' bullets than the unfulfilled promise of rebirth in the Spring of 1891 (a date universally recog- nized by most tribes, including the Sioux). Skepticism grew among all tribes. Finally, back in Nevada, Wovoka, the originator of the current Ghost Dance religion, despaired as he felt that the Sioux had ruined the whole idea by transform- ing it into a belligerent attitude toward Iffe. He is be- lieved to have said: "My children, my children. In days behind many times I called you to travel the hunting trail or to follow your father's trail. Now those trails are choked with sand; they are covered with grass, the young men cannot find them. My children, today I call upon you to travel a new trail, the only trail now open — the White Man's trail. . . ." a_^ 265 >^=^' Bibliography For more information on the events mentioned in this book, we suggest the following books: Andrist, Ralph K. The Long Death and the Last Days of The Plains Indians, 1964. Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 1970. BuRDiCK, Usher L. The Last Days of Sitting Bull, Sioux Medicine Chief, 1941. Downey, Fairfax. Indian Fighting Army, 1941. Johnson, Dorothy M. Ghost Dance: Last Hope of the Sioux. McGregor, James H. The Wounded Knee Massacre from the Viewpoint of the Sioux, 1940. MooNEY, James. The Ghost Dance Religion and the Out- break of 1890. 1896 ( 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology ) . Schmitt, M. F. & Brown, Dee. Fighting Indians of the West, 1948. Teffeland, John & Jennison, Keith, The American In- dian Wars, i960. Utley, Robert M. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation, 1963- Vestal, Stanley, Sitting Bull, Champion of the Sioux, 1932. ^i_^ 267 >^^=^^.^