A SHORT LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN PRESIDENT LINi < >int he hopefully reported his situation to Grant at dark. Grant, more disturbed than Sheridan himself, 5o8 ABRAHAM LINCOLN rained orders and suggestions all night to effect a concentration at daylight on that portion of the enemy in front of Sheridan; but Pickett, finding himself out of position, silently withdrew during the night, and re- sumed his strongly intrenched post at Five Forks. Here Sheridan followed him on April i, and repeated the successful tactics of his Shenandoah valley exploits so brilliantly that Lee's right was entirely shattered. This battle of Five Forks should have ended the war. Lee's right was routed ; his line had been stretched west- ward until it broke; there was no longer any hope of saving Richmond, or even of materially delaying its fall. But Lee apparently thought that even the gain of a day was of value to the Richmond government, and what was left of his Army of Northern Virginia was still so perfect in discipline that it answered with unabated spirit every demand made upon it. Grant, who feared Lee might get away from Petersburg and overwhelm Sheridan on the White Oak road, directed that an assault be made all along the line at four o'clock on the morning of the second. His officers responded with enthusiasm; and Lee, far from dreaming of at- tacking any one after the stunning blow he had re- ceived the day before, made what hasty preparations he could to resist them. It is painful to record the hard fighting which fol- lowed. Wright, in his assault in front of Forts Fisher and Walsh, lost eleven hundred men in fifteen minutes of murderous conflict that made them his own; and other commands fared scarcely better, Union and Con- federate troops alike displaying a gallantry distress- ing to contemplate when one reflects that, the war being already decided, all this heroic blood was shed in vain. The Confederates, from the Appomattox to the Weldon road, fell slowly back to their inner line of LEE ORDERS EVACUATION 509 works ; and Lee, watching the formidable advance be- fore which his weakened troops gave way, sent a mes- sage to Richmond announcing his purpose of concen- trating on the Danville road, and made preparations for the evacuation which was now the only resort left him. Some Confederate writers express surprise that Gen- eral Grant did not attack and destroy Lee's army on April 2 ; but this is a view, after the fact, easy to express. The troops on the Union left had been on foot for eighteen hours, had fought an important battle, marched and countermarched many miles, and were now confronted by Longstreet's fresh corps behind formidable works, while the attitude of the force under Gordon on the south side of the town was such as to require the close attention of Parke. Grant, anticipat- ing an early retirement of Lee from his citadel, wisely resolved to avoid the waste and bloodshed of an imme- diate assault on the inner lines of Petersburg. Pie ordered Sheridan to get upon Lee's line of retreat ; sent 1 lumphreys to strengthen him ; then, directing a general bombardment for five o'clock next morning, and an as- sault at six, gave himself and his soldiers a little of the rest they had so richly earned and so seriously needed. He had telegraphed during the day to President Lin- coln, who was still at City Point, the news as it devel- oped from hour to hour. Prisoners he regarded as so much net gain : he was weary of slaughter, and wanted the war ended with as little bloodshed as possible; and it was with delight that he summed up on Sunday afternoon: ''The whole captures since the army started out gunning will not amount to less than twelve thou- sand men, and probably fifty pieces of artillery." Lee bent all his energies to saving his army and lead- ing it out of its untenable position on the James to a 5io ABRAHAM LINCOLN point from which he could effect a junction with John- ston in North Carolina. The place selected for this purpose was Burkeville, at the crossing of the South Side and Danville roads, fifty miles southwest from Richmond, whence a short distance would bring him to Danville, where the desired junction could be made. Even yet he was able to cradle himself in the illusion that it was only a campaign that had failed, and that he might continue the war indefinitely in another field. At nightfall all his preparations were completed, and dismounting at the mouth of the road leading to Amelia Court House, the first point of rendezvous, where he had directed supplies to be sent, he watched his troops file noiselessly by in the darkness. By three o'clock the town was abandoned; at half-past four it was formally surrendered. Meade, reporting the news to Grant, received orders to march his army immedi- ately up the Appomattox; and divining Lee's inten- tions, Grant also sent word to Sheridan to push with all speed to the Danville road. Thus flight and pursuit began almost at the same moment. The swift-footed Army of Northern Vir- ginia was racing for its life, and Grant, inspired with more than his habitual tenacity and energy, not only pressed his enemy in the rear, but hung upon his flank, and strained every nerve to get in his front. He did not even allow himself the pleasure of entering Rich- mond, which surrendered to Weitzel early on the morn- ing of the third. All that day Lee pushed forward -toward Amelia Court House. There was little fighting except among the cavalry. A terrible disappointment awaited Lee on his arrival at Amelia Court House on the fourth. He had ordered supplies to be forwarded there, but his half-starved troops found no food awaiting them, PURSUIT OF LEE 511 and nearly twenty-four hours were lost in collecting subsistence for men and horses. When he started again on the night of the fifth, the whole pursuing force was south and stretching out to the west of him. Burkeville was in Grant's possession ; the way to Dan- ville was barred; the supply of provisions to the south cut off. He was compelled to change his route to the west, and started for Lynchburg, which he was des- tined never to reach. It had been the intention to attack Lee at Amelia Court House on the morning of April 6, but learning of his turn to the west, Meade, who was immediately in pursuit, quickly faced his army about and followed. A running fight ensued for fourteen miles, the enemy, with remarkable quickness and dexterity, halting and partly intrenching themselves from time to time, and the national forces driving them out of every position ; the Union cavalry, meanwhile, harassing the moving left flank of the Confederates, and working havoc on the trains. They also caused a grievous loss to his- tory by burning Lee's headquarters baggage, with all its wealth of returns and reports. At Sailor's Creek, a rivulet running north into the Appomattox, Ewell's corps was brought to bay, and important fighting oc- curred ; the day's loss to Lee, there and elsewhere, amounting to eight thousand in all, with several of his generals among the prisoners. This day's work was of incalculable value to the national arms. Sheridan's unerring eye appreciated the full importance of it, his hasty report ending with the words: "If the thing is pressed, I think that Lee will surrender." Grant sent the despatch to President Lincoln, who instantly replied : "Let the thing be pressed." In fact, after nightfall of the sixth, Lee's army 512 ABRAHAM LINCOLN could only flutter like a wounded bird with one wing shattered. There was no longer any possibility of es- cape ; but Lee found it hard to relinquish the illusion of years, and as soon as night came down he again began his weary march westward. A slight success on the next day once more raised his hopes ; but his optimism was not shared by his subordinates, and a number of his principal officers, selecting General Pendleton as their spokesman, made known to him on the seventh their belief that further resistance was useless, and advised surrender. Lee told them that they had yet too many men to think of laying down their arms, but in answer to a courteous summons from Grant sent that same day, inquired what terms he would be willing to offer. Without waiting for a reply, he again put his men in motion, and during all of the eighth the chase and pursuit continued through a part of Virginia green with spring, and until then unvisited by hostile armies. Sheridan, by unheard-of exertions, at last accom- plished the important task of placing himself squarely on Lee's line of retreat. About sunset of the eighth, his advance captured Appomattox Station and four trains of provisions. Shortly after, a reconnaissance revealed the fact that Lee's entire army was coming up the road. Though he had nothing but cavalry, Sheridan resolved to hold the inestimable advantage he had gained, and sent a request to Grant to hurry up the required infantry support; saying that if it reached him that night, they "might perhaps finish the job in the morning." He added, with singular pre- science, referring to the negotiations which had been opened : 'T do not think Lee means to surrender until compelled to do so." This was strictly true. When Grant replied to Lee's question about terms, saying that the only condition SURRENDER OF LEE 513 he insisted upon was that the officers and men surren- dered should be disqualified from taking up arms again until properly exchanged, Lee disclaimed any inten- tion to surrender his army, but proposed to meet Grant to discuss the restoration of peace. It appears from his own report that even on the night of the eighth he had no intention of giving up the fight. He expected to find only cavalry before him next morning, and thought his remnant of infantry could break through while he himself was amusing Grant with platonic dis- cussions in the rear. But on arriving at the rendezvous he had suggested, he received Grant's courteous but decided refusal to enter into a political negotiation, and also the news that a formidable force of infantry barred the way and covered the adjacent hills and val- ley. The marching of the Confederate army was over forever, and Lee, suddenly brought to a sense of his real situation, sent orders to cease hostilities, and wrote another note to Grant, asking an interview for the pur- pose of surrendering his army. The meeting took place at the house of Wilmer McLean, in the edge of the village of Appomattox, on April 9, 1865. Lee met Grant at the threshold, and ushered him into a small and barely furnished parlor, where were soon assembled the leading officers of the national army. General Lee was accompanied only by his secretary, Colonel Charles Marshall. A short conversation led up to a request from Lee for the terms on which the surrender of his army would be received. Grant briefly stated them, and then wrote them out. Men and officers were to be paroled, and the arms, artillery, and public property turned over to the offi- cer appointed to receive them. "This." he added, "will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. 514 ABRAHAM LINCOLN This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their parole and the laws in force where they may reside." General Grant says in his "Memoirs" that up to the moment when he put pen to paper he had not thought of a word that he should write. The terms he had verbally proposed were soon put in writing, and there he might have stopped. But as he wrote a feeling of sympathy for his gallant antagonist came over him, and he added the extremely liberal terms with which his letter closed. The sight of Lee's fine sword suggested the paragraph allowing officers to retain their side- arms ; and he ended with a phrase he evidently had not thought of, and for which he had no authority, which practically pardoned and amnestied every man in Lee's army — a thing he had refused to consider the day before, and which had been expressly forbidden him in the President's order of March 3. Yet so great was the joy over the crowning victory, and so deep the gratitude of the government and people to Grant and his heroic army, that his terms were accepted as he wrote them, and his exercise of the Executive preroga- tive of pardon entirely overlooked. It must be noticed here, however, that a few days later it led the greatest of Grant's generals into a serious error. Lee must have read the memorandum with as much surprise as gratification. He suggested and gained another important concession — that those of the cav- alry and artillery who owned their own horses should be allowed to take them home to put in their crops ; and wrote a brief reply accepting the terms. He then remarked that his army was in a starving condition, and asked Grant to provide them with subsistence and forage; to which he at once assented, inquiring for BURNING OF RICHMOND 515 how many men the rations would be wanted. Lee an- swered, "About twenty-five thousand"; and orders were given to issue them. The number turned out to be even greater, the paroles signed amounting to twenty-eight thousand two hundred and thirty-one. If we add to this the captures made during the preced- ing week, and the thousands who deserted the failing cause at every by-road leading to their homes, we see how considerable an army Lee commanded when Grant "started out gunning." With these brief and simple formalities, one of the most momentous transactions of modern times was concluded. The Union gunners prepared to fire a national salute, but Grant forbade any rejoicing over a fallen enemy, who, he hoped, would be an enemy no longer. The next day he rode to the Confederate lines to make a visit of farewell to General Lee. They parted with courteous good wishes, and Grant, with- out pausing to look at the city he had taken, or the enormous system of works which had so long held him at bay, hurried away to Washington, intent only upon putting an end to the waste and burden of war. A very carnival of fire and destruction had attended the flight of the Confederate authorities from Rich- mond. On Sunday night, April 2, Jefferson Davis, with his cabinet and their more important papers, hur- riedly left the doomed city on one of the crowded and overloaded railroad trains. The legislature of Vir- ginia and the governor of the State departed in a canal-boat toward Lynchburg; and every available vehicle was pressed into service by the frantic inhab- itants, all anxious to get away before their capital was desecrated by the presence of "Yankee invaders." By the time the military left, early next morning, a con- flagration was already under way. The rebel Congress 516 ABRAHAM LINCOLN had passed a law ordering government tobacco and other public property to be burned. General Ewell, the military commander, asserts that he took the re- sponsibility of disobeying the law, and that they were not fired by his orders. However that may be, flames broke out in various parts of the city, while a miscel- laneous mob, inflamed by excitement and by the alcohol which had run freely in the gutters the night before, rushed from store to store, smashing in the doors and indulging all the wantonness of pillage and greed. Pub- lic spirit was paralyzed, and the whole fabric of society seemed crumbling to pieces, when the convicts from the penitentiary, a shouting, leaping crowd of party-colored demons, overcoming their guard, and drunk with lib- erty, appeared upon the streets, adding their final dramatic horror to the pandemonium. It is quite probable that the very magnitude and ra- pidity of the disaster served in a measure to mitigate its evil results. The burning of seven hundred build- ings, comprising the entire business portion of Rich- mond, warehouses, manufactories, mills, depots, and stores, all within the brief space of a day, was a visita- tion so sudden, so unexpected, so stupefying, as to over- awe and terrorize even wrong-doers, and made the harvest of plunder so abundant as to serve to scatter the mob and satisfy its rapacity to quick repletion. Before a new hunger could arise, assistance was at hand. General Weitzel, to whom the city was sur- rendered, taking up his headquarters in the house lately occupied by Jefferson Davis, promptly set about the work of relief; organizing efficient resistance to the fire, which, up to this time, seems scarcely to have been attempted; issuing rations to the poor, who had been relentlessly exposed to starvation by the action of the rebel Congress; and restoring order and personal LINCOLN IN RICHMOND 5*7 authority. That a regiment of black soldiers assisted in this noble work must have seemed to the white inhabitants of Richmond the final drop in their cup of misery. Into the capital, thus stricken and laid waste, came President Lincoln on the morning of April 4. Never in the history of the world did the head of a mighty nation and the conqueror of a great rebellion enter the captured chief city of the insurgents in such humble- ness and simplicity. He had gone two weeks before to City Point for a visit to General Grant, and to his son, Captain Robert Lincoln, who was serving on Grant's staff. Making his home on the steamer which brought him, and enjoying what was probably the most satisfactory relaxation in which he had been able to indulge during his whole presidential service, he had visited the various camps of the great army in com- pany with the general, cheered everywhere by the lov- ing greetings of the soldiers. He had met Sherman when that commander hurried up fresh from his victo- rious march, and after Grant started on his final pur- suit of Lee the President still lingered ; and it was at City Point that he received the news of the fall of Richmond. Between the receipt of this news and the following forenoon, but before any information of the great fire had reached them, a visit was arranged for the Presi- dent and Rear-Admiral Porter. Ample precautions were taken at the start. The President went in his own steamer, the River Queen, with her escort, the Bat, and a tug used at City Point in landing from the steamer. Admiral Porter went in his flag-ship, the Malvern, and a transport carried a small cavalry escort and ambu- lances for the party. But the obstructions in the river soon made it impossible to proceed in this fashion. 518 ABRAHAM LINCOLN One unforeseen accident after another rendered it nec- essary to leave behind even the smaller boats, until finally the party went on in Admiral Porter's barge, rowed by twelve sailors, and without escort of any kind. In this manner the President made his advent into Richmond, landing near Libby Prison. As the party stepped ashore they found a guide among the contrabands who quickly crowded the streets, for the possible coming of the President had been circulated through the city. Ten of the sailors, armed with car- bines, were formed as a guard, six in front and four in rear, and between them the President, Admiral Porter, and the three officers who accompanied them walked the long distance, perhaps a mile and a half, to the center of the town. The imagination can easily fill up the picture of a gradually increasing crowd, principally of negroes, following the little group of marines and officers, with the tall form of the President in its center ; and, having learned that it was indeed Mr. Lincoln, giving ex- pression to joy and gratitude in the picturesque emo- tional ejaculations of the colored race. It is easy also to imagine the sharp anxiety of those who had the President's safety in charge during this tiresome and even foolhardy march through a city still in flames, whose white inhabitants were sullenly resentful at best, and whose grief and anger might at any moment culmi- nate against the man they looked upon as the incarna- tion of their misfortunes. But no accident befell him. Reaching General Weitzel's headquarters, Mr. Lincoln rested in the mansion Jefferson Davis had occupied as President of the Confederacy, and after a day of sight- seeing returned to his steamer and to Washington, to be stricken down by an assassin's bullet, literally "in the house of his friends." XXXVI Lincoln's Interviews with Campbell — Withdraws Author- ity for Meeting of Virginia Legislature — Conference of Davis and Johnston at Greensboro — Johnston Asks for an Armistice — Meeting of Sherman and Johnston — Their Agreement — Rejected at Washington — Sur- render of Johnston — Surrender of other Confederate Forces — End of the Rebel Navy — Capture of Jefferson Davis — Surrender of E. Kirby Smith — Number of Confederates Surrendered and Exchanged — Reduction of Federal Army to a Peace Footing — Grand Review of the Army "Y^THILE in Richmond, Mr. Lincoln had two inter- NY views with John A. Campbell, rebel Secretary of War, who had not accompanied the other fleeing offi- cials, preferring instead to submit to Federal authority. Mr. Campbell had been one of the commissioners at the Hampton Roads conference, and Mr. Lincoln now gave him a written memorandum repeating in substance the terms he had then offered the Confederates. On Camp- bell's suggestion that the Virginia legislature, if al- lowed to come together, would at once repeal its ordi- nance of secession and withdraw all Virginia troops from the field, he also gave permission for its members to assemble for that purpose. But this, being distorted into authority to sit in judgment on the political con- sequences of the war, was soon withdrawn. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet proceeded to Dan- ville, where, two days after his arrival, the rebel Presi- dent made still another effort to fire the Southern heart, 5i9 520 ABRAHAM LINCOLN announcing, "We have now entered upon a new phase of the struggle. Relieved from the necessity of guarding particular points, our army will be free to move from point to point to strike the enemy in detail far from his base. Let us but will it and we are free" ; and declaring in sonorous periods his purpose never to abandon one foot of ground to the invader. The ink was hardly dry on the document when news came of the surrender of Lee's army, and that the Federal cavalry was pushing southward west of Dan- ville. So the Confederate government again hastily packed its archives and moved to Greensboro, North Carolina, where its headquarters were prudently kept on the train at the depot. Here Mr. Davis sent for Generals Johnston and Beauregard, and a conference took place between them and the members of the fleeing government — a conference not unmixed with em- barrassment, since Mr. Davis still "willed" the success of the Confederacy too strongly to see the true hope- lessness of the situation, while the generals and most of his cabinet were agreed that their cause was lost. The council of war over, General Johnston returned to his army to begin negotiations with Sherman; and on the following day, April 14, Davis and his party left Greensboro to continue their journey southward. Sherman had returned to Goldsboro from his visit to City Point, and set himself at once to the reorgan- ization of his army and the replenishment of his stores. He still thought there was a hard campaign with des- perate fighting ahead of him. Even on April 6, when he received news of the fall of Richmond and the flight of Lee and the Confederate government, he was unable to understand the full extent of the national triumph. He admired Grant so far as a man might, short of idolatry, yet the long habit of respect for Lee led him to think he would somehow get away and join JOHNSTON ASKS ARMISTICE 521 Johnston in his front with at least a portion of the Army of Northern Virginia. He had already begun his march upon Johnston when he learned of Lee's sur- render at Appomattox. Definitely relieved from apprehension of a junction of the two Confederate armies, he now had no fear ex- cept of a flight and dispersal of Johnston's forces into guerrilla bands. If they ran away, he felt he could not catch them; the country was too open. They could scatter and meet again, and so continue a partizan warfare indefinitely. He could not be expected to know that this resolute enemy was sick to the heart of war, and that the desire for more fighting survived only in a group of fugitive politicians flying through the pine forests of the Carolinas from a danger which did not exist. Entering Raleigh on the morning of the thirteenth, he turned his heads of column southwest, hoping to cut off Johnston's southward march, but made no great haste, thinking Johnston's cavalry superior to his own, and desiring Sheridan to join him before he pushed the Confederates to extremities. While here, however, he received a communication from General Johnston, dated the thirteenth, proposing an armistice to enable the National and Confederate governments to negotiate on equal terms. It had been dictated by Jefferson Davis during the conference at Greensboro, written down by S. R. Mallory, and merely signed by Johnston, and was inadmissible and even offensive in its terms; but Sherman, anxious for peace, and him- self incapable of discourtesy to a brave enemy, took no notice of its language, and answered so cordially that the Confederates were probably encouraged to ask for better conditions of surrender than they had expected to receive. The two great antagonists met on April 17, when 522 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Sherman offered Johnston the same terms that had been accorded Lee, and also communicated the news he had that morning received of the murder of Mr. Lincoln. The Confederate general expressed his unfeigned sor- row at this calamity, which smote the South, he said, as deeply as the North ; and in this mood of sympathy the discussion began. Johnston asserted that he would not be justified in such a capitulation as Sherman pro- posed, but suggested that together they might arrange the terms of a permanent peace. This idea pleased Sherman, to whom the prospect of ending the war with- out shedding another drop of blood was so tempting that he did not sufficiently consider the limits of his authority in the matter. It can be said, moreover, in extenuation of his course, that President Lincoln's despatch to Grant of March 3, which expressly for- bade Grant to "decide, discuss, or to confer upon any political question," had never been communicated to Sherman; while the very liberality of Grant's terms led him to believe that he was acting in accordance with the views of the administration. But the wisdom of Lincoln's peremptory order was completely vindicated. With the best intentions in the world, Sherman, beginning very properly by offering his antagonist the same terms accorded Lee, ended, after two days' negotiation, by making a treaty of peace with the Confederate States, including a preliminary armistice, the disbandment of the Confederate armies, recognition by the United States Executive of the several State governments, reestablishment of the Fed- eral courts, and a general amnesty. "Not being fully empowered by our respective principals to fulfil these terms," the agreement truthfully concluded, "we indi- vidually and officially pledge ourselves to promptly obtain the necessary authority." AGREEMENT REJECTED 523 The rebel President, with unnecessary formality, re- quired a report from General Breckinridge, his Secre- tary of War, on the desirability of ratifying this most favorable convention. Scarcely had he given it his indorsement when news came that it had been disap- proved at Washington, and that Sherman had been directed to continue his military operations; and the peripatetic government once more took up its south- ward flight. The moment General Grant read the agreement he saw it was entirely inadmissible. The new President called his cabinet together, and Mr. Lincoln's instruc- tions of March 3 to Grant were repeated to Sherman — somewhat tardily, it must be confessed — as his rule of action. All this was a matter of course, and General Sherman could not properly, and perhaps would not, have objected to it. But the calm spirit of Lincoln was now absent from the councils of the government; and it was not in Andrew Johnson and Mr. Stanton to pass over a mistake like this, even in the case of one of the most illustrious captains of the age. They ordered Grant to proceed at once to Sherman's headquarters, and to direct operations against the enemy ; and, what was worse, Mr. Stanton printed in the newspapers the reasons of the government for disapproving the agree- ment, in terms of sharpest censure of General Sherman. This, when it came to his notice some weeks later, filled him with hot indignation, and, coupled with some or- ders Halleck, who had been made commander of the armies of the Potomac and the James, issued to Meade, to disregard Sherman's truce and push forward against Johnston, roused him to open defiance of the authorities he thought were persecuting him, and made him de- clare, in a report to Grant, that he would have main- tained his truce at any cost of life. Halleck's order, 524 ABRAHAM LINCOLN however, had been nullified by Johnston's surrender, and Grant, suggesting that this outburst was uncalled for, offered Sherman the opportunity to correct the statement. This he refused, insisting that his record stand as written, although avowing his readiness to obey all future orders of Grant and the President. So far as Johnston was concerned, the war was in- deed over. He was unable longer to hold his men together. Eight thousand of them left their camps and went home in the week of the truce, many riding away on the artillery horses and train mules. On notice of Federal disapproval of his negotiations with Sherman, he disregarded Jefferson Davis's instructions to dis- band the infantry and try to escape with the cavalry and light guns, and answered Sherman's summons by inviting another conference, at which, on April 26, he surrendered all the forces in his command on the same terms granted Lee at Appomattox ; Sherman supplying, as did Grant, rations for the beaten army. Thirty- seven thousand men and officers were paroled in North Carolina — exclusive, of course, of the thousands who had slipped away to their homes during the suspension of hostilities. After Appomattox the rebellion fell to pieces all at once. Lee surrendered less than one sixth of the Con- federates in arms on April 9. The armies that still remained, though inconsiderable when compared with the mighty host under the national colors, were yet infi- nitely larger than any Washington ever commanded, and capable of strenuous resistance and of incalculable mischief. But the march of Sherman from Atlanta to the sea, and his northward progress through the Caro- linas, had predisposed the great interior region to make an end of strife: a tendency which was greatly pro- moted by the masterly raid of General J. H. Wilson's END OF THE REBEL NAVY 525 cavalry through Alabama, and his defeat of Forrest at Selma. An officer of Taylor's staff came to Canby's headquarters on April 19 to make arrangements for the surrender of all the Confederate forces east of the Mississippi not already paroled by Sherman and Wil- son, embracing some forty-two thousand men. The terms were agreed upon and signed on May 4, at the village of Citronelle in Alabama. At the same time and place the Confederate Commodore Farrand sur- rendered to Rear-Admiral Thatcher all the naval forces of the Confederacy in the neighborhood of Mobile — a dozen vessels and some hundreds of officers. The rebel navy had practically ceased to exist some months before. The splendid fight in Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, between Farragut's fleet and the rebel ram Tennessee, with her three attendant gunboats, and Cushing's daring destruction of the powerful Albe- marle in Albemarle Sound on October 2J, marked its end in Confederate waters. The duel between the Kearsarge and the Alabama off Cherbourg had already taken place ; a few more encounters, at or near foreign ports, furnished occasion for personal bravery and sub- sequent lively diplomatic correspondence; and rebel vessels, fitted out under the unduly lenient "neutrality" of France and England, continued for a time to work havoc with American shipping in various parts of the world. But these two Union successes, and the final capture of Fort Fisher and of Wilmington early in 1865, which closed the last haven for daring blockade- runners, practically silenced the Confederate navy. General E. Kirby Smith commanded all the insur- gent forces west of the Mississippi. On him the des- perate hopes of Mr. Davis and his flying cabinet were fixed, after the successive surrenders of Lee and John- ston had left them no prospect in the east. They im- 526 ABRAHAM LINCOLN agined they could move westward, gathering up strag- glers as they fled, and, crossing the river, join Smith's forces, and there continue the war. But after a time even this hope failed them. Their escort melted away ; members of the cabinet dropped off on various pretexts, and Mr. Davis, abandoning the attempt to reach the Mississippi River, turned again toward the east in an effort to gain the Florida coast and escape by means of a sailing vessel to Texas. The two expeditions sent in pursuit of him by Gen- eral Wilson did not allow this consummation, which the government at Washington might possibly have viewed with equanimity. His camp near Irwinville, Georgia, was surrounded by Lieutenant-Colonel Prit- chard's command at dawn on May 10, and he was captured as he was about to mount horse with a few companions and ride for the coast, leaving his fam- ily to follow more slowly. The tradition that he was captured in disguise, having donned female dress in a last desperate attempt to escape, has only this foun- dation, that Mrs. Davis threw a cloak over her hus- band's shoulders, and a shawl over his head, on the approach of the Federal soldiers. He was taken to Fortress Monroe, and there kept in confinement for about two years; was arraigned before the United States Circuit Court for the District of Virginia for the crime of treason, and released on bail ; and was finally restored to all the duties and privileges of citizen- ship, except the right to hold office, by President John- son's proclamation of amnesty of December 25, 1868. General E. Kirby Smith, on whom Davis's last hopes of success had centered, kept up so threatening an at- titude that Sherman was sent from Washington to bring him to reason. But he did not long hold his position of solitary defiance. One more needless GRAND REVIEW OF THE ARMY 527 skirmish took place near Brazos, Texas, and then Smith followed the example of Taylor and surrendered his entire force, some eighteen thousand, to General Canby, on May 26. One hundred and seventy-five thousand men in all were surrendered by the different Confederate commanders, and there were, in addition to these, about ninety-nine thousand prisoners in na- tional custody during the year. One third of these were exchanged, and two thirds released. This was done as rapidly as possible by successive orders of the War Department, beginning on May 9 and continu- ing through the summer. The first object of the government was to stop the waste of war. Recruiting ceased immediately after Lee's surrender, and measures were taken to reduce as promptly as possible the vast military establishment. Every chief of bureau was ordered, on April 28, to proceed at once to the reduction of expenses in his department to a peace footing; and this before Taylor or Smith had surrendered, and while Jefferson Davis was still at large. The army of a million men was brought down, with incredible ease and celerity, to one of twenty-five thousand. Before the great army melted away into the greater body of citizens, the soldiers enjoyed one final triumph, a march through the capital, undisturbed by death or danger, under the eyes of their highest commanders, military and civilian, and the representatives of the people whose nationality they had saved. Those who witnessed this solemn yet joyous pageant will never for- get it, and will pray that their children may never wit- ness anything like it. For two days this formidable host marched the long stretch of Pennsylvania Avenue, starting from the shadow of the dome of the Capitol, and filling that wide thoroughfare to Georgetown with 528 ABRAHAM LINCOLN a serried mass, moving with the easy yet rapid pace of veterans in cadence step. As a mere spectacle this march of the mightiest host the continent has ever seen gathered together was grand and imposing; but it was not as a spectacle alone that it affected the beholder most deeply. It was not a mere holiday parade ; it was an army of citizens on their way home after a long and terrible war. Their clothes were worn and pierced with bullets ; their banners had been torn with shot and shell, and lashed in the winds of a thousand battles ; the very drums and fifes had called out the troops to number- less night alarms, and sounded the onset on historic fields. The whole country claimed these heroes as a part of themselves. And now, done with fighting, they were going joyously and peaceably to their homes, to take up again the tasks they had willingly laid down in the hour of their country's peril. The world had many lessons to learn from this great conflict, which liberated a subject people and changed the tactics of modern warfare; but the greatest lesson it taught the nations of waiting Europe was the con- servative power of democracy — that a million men, flushed with victory, and with arms in their hands, could be trusted to disband the moment the need for their services was over, and take up again the soberer labors of peace. Friends loaded these veterans with flowers as they swung down the Avenue, both men and officers, until some were fairly hidden under their fragrant burden. There was laughter and applause; grotesque figures were not absent as Sherman's legions passed, with their "bummers" and their regimental pets ; but with all the shouting and the laughter and the joy of this unprece- dented ceremony, there was one sad and dominant thought which could not be driven from the minds of GRAND REVIEW OF THE ARMY 529 those who saw it — that of the men who were absent, and who had, nevertheless, richly earned the right to be there. The soldiers in their shrunken companies were conscious of the ever-present memories of the brave comrades who had fallen by the way ; and in the whole army there was the passionate and unavailing regret for their wise, gentle, and powerful friend, Abraham Lincoln, gone forever from the house by the Avenue, who had called the great host into being, directed the course of the nation during the four years they had been fighting for its preservation, and for whom, more than for any other, this crowning peaceful pageant would have been fraught with deep and happy meaning. XXXVII The 14th of April — Celebration at Fort Sumter — Last Cabinet Meeting — Lincoln's Attitude toward Threats of Assassination — Booth's Plot — Ford's Theater — Fate of the Assassins — The Mourning Pageant MR. LINCOLN had returned to Washington, re- freshed by his visit to City Point, and cheered by the unmistakable signs that the war was almost over. With that ever-present sense of responsibility which distinguished him, he gave his thoughts to the momen- tous question of the restoration of the Union and of harmony between the lately warring sections. His whole heart was now enlisted in the work of "binding up the nation's wounds," and of doing all which might "achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace." April 14 was a day of deep and tranquil happiness throughout the United States. It was Good Friday, ob- served by a portion of the people as an occasion of fasting and religious meditation ; though even among the most devout the great tidings of the preceding week exerted their joyous influence, and changed this period of traditional mourning into an occasion of general thanksgiving. But though the Misereres turned of themselves to Te Deums, the date was not to lose its awful significance in the calendar: at night it was claimed once more by a world-wide sorrow. The thanksgiving of the nation found its principal expression at Charleston Harbor, where the flag of the Union received that day a conspicuous reparation on 530 LAST CABINET MEETING 53i the spot where it had first been outraged. At noon General Robert Anderson raised over Fort Sumter the indentical flag lowered and saluted by him four years before; the surrender of Lee giving a more tran- scendent importance to this ceremony, made stately with orations, music, and military display. In Washington it was a day of deep peace and thankfulness. Grant had arrived that morning, and, going to the Executive Mansion, had met the cabinet, Friday being their regular day for assembling. He ex- pressed some anxiety as to the news from Sherman which he was expecting hourly. The President an- swered him in that singular vein of poetic mysticism which, though constantly held in check by his strong common sense, formed such a remarkable element in his character. He assured Grant that the news would come soon and come favorably, for he had last night had his usual dream which preceded great events. He seemed to be, he said, in a singular and indescribable vessel, but always the same, moving with great rapidity toward a dark and indefinite shore; he had had this dream before Antietam, Murfreesboro, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg. The cabinet were greatly impressed by this story ; but Grant, most matter-of-fact of created beings, made the characteristic response that "Murfreesboro was no victory, and had no important results." The President did not argue this point with him, but re- peated that Sherman would beat or had beaten John- ston ; that his dream must relate to that, since he knew of no other important event likely at present to occur. Questions of trade between the States, and of vari- ous phases of reconstruction, occupied the cabinet on this last day of Lincoln's firm and tolerant rule. The President spoke at some length, disclosing his hope that much could be done to reanimate the States 532 ABRAHAM LINCOLN and get their governments in successful operation be- fore Congress came together. He was anxious to close the period of strife without over-much discussion. Particularly did he desire to avoid the shedding of blood, or any vindictiveness of punishment. "No one need expect that he would take any part in hanging or killing these men, even the worst of them." "Enough lives have been sacrificed," he exclaimed; "we must extinguish our resentments if we expect har- mony and union." He did not wish the autonomy nor the individuality of the States disturbed; and he closed the session by commending the whole subject to the most careful consideration of his advisers. It was, he said, the great question pending — they must now begin to act in the interest of peace. Such were the last words that Lincoln spoke to his cabinet. They dispersed with these sentences of clemency and good will in their ears, never again to meet under his wise and benignant chairmanship. He had told them that morning a strange story, which made some demand upon their faith, but the circumstances under which they were next to come together were beyond the scope of the wildest fancy. The day was one of unusual enjoyment to Mr. Lin- coln. His son Robert had returned from the field with General Grant, and the President spent an hour with the young captain in delighted conversation over the campaign. He denied himself generally to the throng of visitors, admitting only a few friends. In the afternoon he went for a long drive with Mrs. Lincoln. His mood, as it had been all day, was singularly happy and tender. He talked much of the past and future; after four years of trouble and tumult he looked for- ward to four years of comparative quiet and normal work ; after that he expected to go back to Illinois and THREATS OF ASSASSINATION 533 practise law again. He was never simpler or gentler than on this day of unprecedented triumph; his heart overflowed with sentiments of gratitude to Heaven, which took the shape, usual to generous natures, of love and kindness to all men. From the very beginning of his presidency, Mr. Lin- coln had been constantly subject to the threats of his enemies. His mail was infested with brutal and vulgar menace, and warnings of all sorts came to him from zealous or nervous friends. Most of these communica- tions received no notice. In cases where there seemed a ground for inquiry, it was made, as carefully as pos- sible, by the President's private secretary, or by the War Department; but always without substantial re- sult. Warnings that appeared most definite, when ex- amined, proved too vague and confused for further attention. The President was too intelligent not to know that he was in some danger. Madmen frequently made their way to the very door of the executive office, and sometimes into Mr. Lincoln's presence. But he had himself so sane a mind, and a heart so kindly, even to his enemies, that it was hard for him to be- lieve in political hatred so deadly as to lead to murder. lie knew, indeed, that incitements to murder him were not uncommon in the South, but as is the habit of men constitutionally brave, he considered the pos- sibilities of danger remote, and positively refused to torment himself with precautions for his own safety; summing the matter up by saying that both friends and strangers must have daily access to him; that his life was therefore in reach of any one, sane or mad, who was ready to murder and be hanged for it ; and that he could not possibly guard against all danger unless he shut himself up in an iron box, in which condition he could scarcely perform the duties of a President. He 534 ABRAHAM LINCOLN therefore went in and out before the people, always unarmed, generally unattended. He received hun- dreds of visitors in a day, his breast bare to pistol or knife. He walked at midnight, with a single secretary, or alone, from the Executive Mansion to the War De- partment and back. He rode through the lonely roads of an uninhabited suburb from the White House to the Soldiers' Home in the dusk of the evening, and re- turned to his work in the morning before the town was astir. He was greatly annoyed when it was decided that there must be a guard at the Executive Mansion, and that a squad of cavalry must accompany him on his daily drive ; but he was always reasonable, and yielded to the best judgment of others. Four years of threats and boastings that were un- founded, and of plots that came to nothing, thus passed away; but precisely at the time when the triumph of the nation seemed assured, and a feeling of peace and security was diffused over the country, one of the conspiracies, apparently no more important than the others, ripened in the sudden heat of hatred and despair. A little band of malignant secessionists, consisting of John Wilkes Booth, an actor of a family of famous players; Lewis Powell, alias Payne, a disbanded rebel soldier from Florida; George Atzerodt, formerly a coachmaker, but more recently a spy and blockade- runner of the Potomac; David E. Herold, a young druggist's clerk; Samuel Arnold and Michael O'Laughlin, Maryland secessionists and Confederate soldiers ; and John H. Surratt, had their ordinary ren- dezvous at the house of Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, the widowed mother of the last named, formerly a woman of some property in Maryland, but reduced by reverses to keeping a small boarding-house in Washington. Booth was the leader of the little coterie. He was a JOHN WILKES BOOTH 535 young man of twenty-six, strikingly handsome, with that ease and grace of manner which came to him of right from his theatrical ancestors. He had played for several seasons with only indifferent success, his value as an actor lying rather in his romantic beauty of person than in any talent or industry he possessed. He was a fanatical secessionist, and had imbibed at Richmond and other Southern cities where he played a furious spirit of partizanship against Lincoln and the Union party. After the reelection of Mr. Lincoln, he visited Canada, consorted with the rebel emissaries there, and — whether or not at their instigation cannot certainly be said — conceived a scheme to capture the President and take him to Richmond. He passed a great part of the autumn and winter pursuing this fan- tastic enterprise, seeming to be always well supplied with money; but the winter wore away, and nothing was accomplished. On March 4 he was at the Capitol, and created a disturbance by trying to force his way through the line of policemen who guarded the pas- sage through which the President walked to the east front of the building. His intentions at this time are not known; he afterward said he lost an excellent chance of killing the President that day. His ascendancy over his fellow-conspirators seems to have been complete. After the surrender of Lee, in an access of malice and rage akin to madness he called them together and assigned each his part in the new crime which had risen in his mind out of the abandoned abduction scheme. This plan was as brief and simple as it was horrible. Powell, alias Payne, the stalwart, brutal, simple-minded boy from Florida, was to murder Seward ; Atzerodt, the comic villain of the drama, was assigned to remove Andrew Johnson; Booth reserved for himself the most conspicuous role of the tragedy. 536 ABRAHAM LINCOLN It was Herold's duty to attend him as page and aid him in his escape. Minor parts were given to stage-car- penters and other hangers-on, who probably did not understand what it all meant. Herold, Atzerodt, and Surratt had previously deposited at a tavern at Sur- rattsville, Maryland, owned by Mrs. Surratt, but kept by a man named Lloyd, a quantity of arms and materi- als to be used in the abduction scheme. Mrs. Surratt, being at the tavern on the eleventh, warned Lloyd to have the "shooting-irons" in readiness, and, visiting the place again on the fourteenth, told him they would probably be called for that night. The preparations for the final blow were made with feverish haste. It was only about noon of the four- teenth that Booth learned that the President was to go to Ford's Theater that night to see the play "Our American Cousin." It has always been a matter of surprise in Europe that he should have been at a place of amusement on Good Friday; but the day was not kept sacred in America, except by the members of cer- tain churches. The President was fond of the theater. It was one of his few means of recreation. Besides, the town was thronged with soldiers and officers, all eager to see him; by appearing in public he would gratify many people whom he could not otherwise meet. Mrs. Lincoln had asked General and Mrs. Grant to accom- pany her; they had accepted, and the announcement that they would be present had been made in the even- ing papers; but they changed their plans, and went north by an afternoon train. Mrs. Lincoln then in- vited in their stead Miss Harris and Major Rathbone, the daughter and the stepson of Senator Ira Harris. Being detained by visitors, the play had made some progress when the President appeared. The band struck up "Hail to the Chief," the actors ceased play- FORD'S THEATER 537 ing, the audience rose, cheering tumultuously, the President bowed in acknowledgment, and the play went on. From the moment he learned of the President's in- tention, Booth's every action was alert and energetic. He and his confederates were seen on horseback in every part of the city. He had a hurried conference with Mrs. Surratt before she started for Lloyd's tavern. He intrusted to an actor named Matthews a carefully prepared statement of his reasons for committing the murder, which he charged him to give to the publisher of the "National Intelligencer," but which Matthews, in the terror and dismay of the night, burned without showing to any one. Booth was perfectly at home in Ford's Theater. Either by himself, or with the aid of friends, he arranged his whole plan of attack and escape during the afternoon. He counted upon address and audacity to gain access to the small passage behind the President's box. Once there, he guarded against interference by an arrangement of a wooden bar to be fastened by a simple mortise in the angle of the wall and the door by which he had entered, so that the door could not be opened from without. He even provided for the contingency of not gaining entrance to the box by boring a hole in its door, through which he might either observe the occupants, or take aim and shoot. He hired at a livery-stable a small, fleet horse. A few minutes before ten o'clock, leaving his horse at the rear of the theater in charge of a call-boy, he went into a neighboring saloon, took a drink of brandy, and. entering the theater, passed rapidly to the little hallway leading to the President's box. Showing a card to the servant in attendance, he was allowed to enter, closed the door noiselessly, and secured it with the wooden bar he had previously made ready, without 538 ABRAHAM LINCOLN disturbing any of the occupants of the box, between whom and himself yet remained the partition and the door through which he had made the hole. No one, not even the comedian who uttered them, could ever remember the last words of the piece that were spoken that night — the last Abraham Lincoln heard upon earth. The tragedy in the box turned play and players to the most unsubstantial of phan- toms. Here were five human beings in a narrow space — the greatest man of his time, in the glory of the most stupendous success of our history ; his wife, proud and happy; a pair of betrothed lovers, with all the prom- ise of felicity that youth, social position, and wealth could give them; and this handsome young actor, the pet of his little world. The glitter of fame, happiness, and ease was upon the entire group; yet in an instant everything was to be changed. Quick death was to come to the central figure — the central figure of the century's great and famous men. Over the rest hov- ered fates from which a mother might pray kindly death to save her children in their infancy. One was to wander with the stain of murder upon his soul, in frightful physical pain, with a price upon his head and the curse of a world upon his name, until he died a dog's death in a burning barn ; the wife was to pass the rest of her days in melancholy and madness; and one of the lovers was to slay the other, and end his life a raving maniac. The murderer seemed to himself to be taking part in a play. Hate and brandy had for weeks kept his brain in a morbid state. Holding a pistol in one hand and a knife in the other, he opened the box door, put the pistol to the President's head, and fired. Major Rath- bone sprang to grapple with him, and received a savage knife wound in the arm. Then, rushing forward, THE PRESIDENT'S DEATH 539 Booth placed his hand on the railing of the box and vaulted to the stage. It was a high leap, but nothing to such an athlete. He would have got safely away but for his spur catching in the flag that draped the front of the box. He fell, the torn flag trailing on his spur ; but, though the fall had broken his leg, he rose in- stantly, and brandishing his knife and shouting, "Sic Semper Tyrannis !" fled rapidly across the stage and out of sight. Major Rathbone called, "Stop him!" The cry rang out, "He has shot the President!" and from the audience, stupid at first with surprise, and wild afterward with excitement and horror, two or three men jumped upon the stage in pursuit of the assassin. But he ran through the familiar passages, leaped upon his horse, rewarding with a kick and a curse the boy who held him, and escaped into the night. The President scarcely moved; his head drooped forward slightly, his eyes closed. Major Rathbone, not regarding his own grievous hurt, rushed to the door of the box to summon aid. He found it barred, and some one on the outside beating and clamoring for ad- mittance. It was at once seen that the President's wound was mortal. A large derringer bullet had en- tered the back of the head, on the left side, and, passing through the brain, lodged just behind the left eye. He was carried to a house across the street, and laid upon a bed in a small room at the rear of the hall on the ground floor. Mrs. Lincoln followed, tenderly cared for by Miss Harris. Rathbone, exhausted by loss of blood, fainted, and was taken home. Messengers were sent for the cabinet, for the surgeon-general, for Dr. Stone, Mr. Lincoln's family physician, and for others whose official or private relations to the President gave them the right to be there. A crowd of people rushed instinctively to the White House, and, burst- 54Q ABRAHAM LINCOLN ing through the doors, shouted the dreadful news to Robert Lincoln and Major Hay, who sat together in an upper room. They ran down-stairs, and as they were entering a carriage to drive to Tenth Street, a friend came up and told them that Mr. Seward and most of the cabinet had been murdered. The news seemed so improbable that they hoped it was all un- true; but, on reaching Tenth Street, the excitement and the gathering crowds prepared them for the worst. In a few moments those who had been sent for and many others were assembled in the little chamber where the chief of the state lay in his agony. His son was met at the door by Dr. Stone, who with grave tender- ness informed him that there was no hope. The President had been shot a few minutes after ten. The wound would have brought instant death to most men, but his vital tenacity was remarkable. He was, of course, unconscious from the first moment; but he breathed with slow and regular respiration throughout the night. As the dawn came and the lamplight grew pale, his pulse began to fail ; but his face, even then, was scarcely more haggard than those of the sorrowing men around him. His automatic moaning ceased, a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features, and at twenty-two minutes after seven he died. Stan- ton broke the silence by saying : "Now he belongs to the ages." Booth had done his work efficiently. His principal subordinate, Payne, had acted with equal audacity and cruelty, but not with equally fatal result. Going to the home of the Secretary of State, who lay ill in bed, he had forced his way to Mr. Seward's room, on the pre- text of being a messenger from the physician with a packet of medicine to deliver. The servant at the door tried to prevent him from going up-stairs; the ATTACK ON SEWARD 541 Secretary's son, Frederick W. Seward, hearing the noise, stepped out into the hall to check the intruders. Payne rushed upon him with a pistol which missed fire, then rained blows with it upon his head, and, grappling and struggling, the two came to the Secretary's room and fell together through the door. Frederick Seward soon became unconscious, and remained so for several weeks, being, perhaps, the last man in the civilized world to learn the strange story of the night. The Secretary's daughter and a soldier nurse were in the room. Payne struck them right and left, wounding the nurse with his knife, and then, rushing to the bed, began striking at the throat of the crippled statesman, inflicting three terrible wounds on his neck and cheek. The nurse recovered himself and seized the assassin from behind, while another son, roused by his sister's screams, came into the room and managed at last to force him outside the door — not, however, until he and the nurse had been stabbed repeatedly. Payne broke away at last, and ran down-stairs, seriously wounding an attendant on the way, reached the door unhurt, sprang upon his horse, and rode leisurely away. When surgical aid arrived, the Secretary's house looked like a field hospital. Five of its inmates were bleeding from ghastly wounds, and two of them, among the highest officials of the nation, it was thought might never see the light of another day; though all providentially recovered. The assassin left behind him his hat, which appar- ently trivial loss cost him and one of his fellow con- spirators their lives. Fearing that the lack of it would arouse suspicion, he abandoned his horse, instead of making good his escape, and hid himself in the woods east of Washington for two days. Driven at last by hunger, he returned to the city and presented himself at 542 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Mrs. Surratt's house at the very moment when all its inmates had been arrested and were about to be taken to the office of the provost-marshal. Payne thus fell into the hands of justice, and the utterance of half a dozen words by him and the unhappy woman whose shelter he sought proved the death-warrant of them both. Booth had been recognized by dozens of people as he stood before the footlights and brandished his dag- ger; but his swift horse quickly carried him beyond any haphazard pursuit. He crossed the Navy-Yard bridge and rode into Maryland, being joined very soon by Herold. The assassin and his wretched acolyte came at midnight to Mrs. Surratt's tavern, and afterward pushed on through the moonlight to the house of an acquaintance of Booth, a surgeon named Mudd, who set Booth's leg and gave him a room, where he rested until evening, when Mudd sent them on their desolate way south. After parting with him they went to the residence of Samuel Cox near Port Tobacco, and were by him given into the charge of Thomas Jones, a con- traband trader between Maryland and Richmond, a man so devoted to the interests of the Confederacy that treason and murder seemed every-day incidents to be accepted as natural and necessary. He kept Booth and Herold in hiding at the peril of his life for a week, feeding and caring for them in the woods near his house, watching for an opportunity to ferry them across the Potomac ; doing this while every wood-path was haunted by government detectives, well knowing that death would promptly follow his detection, and that a reward was offered for the capture of his help- less charge that would make a rich man of any one who gave him up. With such devoted aid Booth might have wandered FATE OF THE ASSASSINS 543 a long way ; but there is no final escape but suicide for an assassin with a broken leg. At each painful move the chances of discovery increased. Jones was able, after repeated failures, to row his fated guests across the Potomac. Arriving on the Virginia side, they lived the lives of hunted animals for two or three days longer, finding to their horror that they were received by the strongest Confederates with more of annoyance than enthusiasm, though none, indeed, offered to be- tray them. Booth had by this time seen the comments of the newspapers on his work, and bitterer than death or bodily suffering was the blow to his vanity. He con- fided his feelings of wrong to his diary, comparing himself favorably with Brutus and Tell, and complain- ing: "I am abandoned, with the curse of Cain upon me, when, if the world knew my heart, that one blow would have made me great." On the night of April 25, he and Herold were sur- rounded by a party under Lieutenant E. P. Doherty, as they lay sleeping in a barn belonging to one Garrett, in Caroline County, Virginia, on the road to Bowling Green. When called upon to surrender, Booth re- fused. A parley took place, after which Doherty told him he would fire the barn. At this Herold came out and surrendered. The barn was fired, and while it was burning, Booth, clearly visible through the cracks in the building, was shot by Boston Corbett, a sergeant of cavalry. He was hit in the back of the neck, not far from the place where he had shot the President, lingered about three hours in great pain, and died at seven in the morning. The surviving conspirators, with the exception of John H. Surratt, were tried by military commission sitting in Washington in the months of May and June. The charges against them specified that they were 544 ABRAHAM LINCOLN "incited and encouraged" to treason and murder by Jefferson Davis and the Confederate emissaries in Canada. This was not proved on the trial ; though the evidence bearing on the case showed frequent commu- nications between Canada and Richmond and the Booth coterie in Washington, and some transactions in drafts at the Montreal Bank, where Jacob Thomp- son and Booth both kept accounts. Mrs. Surratt, Payne, Herold, and Atzerodt were hanged on July 7; Mudd, Arnold, and O'Laughlin were imprisoned for life at the Tortugas, the term being afterward short- ened; and Spangler, the scene-shifter at the theater, was sentenced to six years in jail. John H. Surratt escaped to Canada, and from there to England. He wandered over Europe, and finally was detected in Egypt and brought back to Washington in 1867, where his trial lasted two months, and ended in a disagreement of the jury. Upon the hearts of a people glowing with the joy of victory, the news of the President's assassination fell as a great shock. It was the first time the tele- graph had been called upon to spread over the world tidings of such deep and mournful significance. In the stunning effect of the unspeakable calamity the coun- try lost sight of the national success of the past week, and it thus came to pass that there was never any or- ganized expression of the general exultation or rejoic- ing in the North over the downfall of the rebellion. It was unquestionably best that it should be so ; and Lin- coln himself would not have had it otherwise. He hated the arrogance of triumph ; and even in his cruel death he would have been glad to know that his passage to eternity would prevent too loud an exultation over the vanquished. As it was, the South could take no umbrage at a grief so genuine and so legitimate; the PUBLIC GRIEF 545 people of that section even shared, to a certain degree, in the lamentations over the bier of one whom in their inmost hearts they knew to have wished them well. There was one exception to the general grief too remarkable to be passed over in silence. Among the extreme radicals in Congress, Mr. Lincoln's determined clemency and liberality toward the Southern people had made an impression so unfavorable that, though they were naturally shocked at his murder, they did not, among themselves, conceal their gratification that he was no longer in the way. In a political caucus, held a few hours after the President's death, "the feeling was nearly universal," to quote the language of one of their most prominent representatives, "that the ac- cession of Johnson to the presidency would prove a godsend to the country." In Washington, with this singular exception, the manifestation of public grief was immediate and de- monstrative. Within an hour after the body was taken to the White House, the town was shrouded in black. Not only the public buildings, the shops, and the better residences were draped in funeral decorations, but still more touching proof of affection was seen in the poor- est class of houses, where laboring men of both colors found means in their penury to afford some scanty show of mourning. The interest and veneration of the people still centered in the White House, where, under a tall catafalque in the East Room, the late chief lay in the majesty of death, and not at the modest tavern on Pennsylvania Avenue, where the new Presi- dent had his lodging, and where Chief-Justice Chase administered the oath of office to him at eleven o'clock on the morning of April 15. It was determined that the funeral ceremonies in Washington should be celebrated on Wednesday, April 546 ABRAHAM LINCOLN 19, and all the churches throughout the country were invited to join at the same time in appropriate obser- vances. The ceremonies in the East Room were brief and simple — the burial service, a prayer, and a short address; while all the pomp and circumstance which the government could command was employed to give a fitting escort from the White House to the Capitol, where the body of the President was to lie in state. The vast procession moved amid the booming of min- ute-guns, and the tolling of all the bells in Washing- ton, Georgetown, and Alexandria ; and to associate the pomp of the day with the greatest work of Lincoln's life, a detachment of colored troops marched at the head of the line. As soon as it was announced that Mr. Lincoln was to be buried at Springfield, Illinois, every town and city on the route begged that the train might halt within its limits and give its people the opportunity of testify- ing their grief and reverence. It was finally arranged that the funeral cortege should follow substantially the same route over which he had come in 1861 to take possession of the office to which he had given a new dignity and value for all time. On April 21, accom- panied by a guard of honor, and in a train decked with somber trappings, the journey was begun. At Balti- more, through which, four years before, it was a question whether the President-elect could pass with safety to his life, the coffin was taken with reverent care to the great dome of the Exchange, where, sur- rounded with evergreens and lilies, it lay for several hours, the people passing by in mournful throngs. The same demonstration was repeated, gaining con- tinually in intensity of feeling and solemn splendor of display, in every city through which the procession passed. The reception in New York was worthy alike THE MOURNING PAGEANT 547 of the great city and of the memory of the man they honored. The body lay in state in the City Hall, and a half-million people passed in deep silence before it. Here General Scott came, pale and feeble, but resolute, to pay his tribute of respect to his departed friend and commander. The train went up the Hudson River by night, and at every town and village on the way vast waiting crowds were revealed by the fitful glare of torches, and dirges and hymns were sung. As the train passed into Ohio, the crowds increased in density, and the public grief seemed intensified at every step westward. The people of the great central basin were claiming their own. The day spent at Cleveland was unexampled in the depth of emotion it brought to life. Some of the guard of honor have said that it was at this point they began to appreciate the place which Lincoln was to hold in history. The last stage of this extraordinary progress was completed, and Springfield reached at nine o'clock on the morning of May 3. Nothing had been done or thought of for two weeks in Springfield but the prep- arations for this day, and they had been made with a thoroughness which surprised the visitors from the East. The body lay in state in the Capitol, which was richly draped from roof to basement in black velvet and silver fringe. Within it was a bower of bloom and fragrance. For twenty-four hours an unbroken stream of people passed through, bidding their friend and neighbor welcome home and farewell ; and at ten o'clock on May 4, the coffin lid was closed, and a vast procession moved out to Oak Ridge, where the town had set apart a lovely spot for his grave, and where the dead President was committed to the soil of the State which had so loved and honored him. The cere- 548 ABRAHAM LINCOLN monies at the grave were simple and touching. Bishop Simpson delivered a pathetic oration; prayers were offered and hymns were sung; but the weightiest and most eloquent words uttered anywhere that day were those of the second inaugural, which the committee had wisely ordained to be read over his grave, as the friends of Raphael chose the incomparable canvas of the Transfiguration to be the chief ornament of his funeral. XXXVIII Lincoln's Early Environment — Its Effect on his Charac- ter — His Attitude toward Slavery and the Slaveholder — His Schooling in Disappointment — His Seeming Failures — His Real Successes — The Final Trial — His Achievements — His Place in History A CHILD born to an inheritance of want; a boy- growing into a narrow world of ignorance; a youth taking up the burden of coarse manual labor; a man entering on the doubtful struggle of a local backwoods career — these were the beginnings of Abra- ham Lincoln, if we analyze them under the hard prac- tical cynical philosophy which takes for its motto that "nothing succeeds but success." If, however, we adopt a broader philosophy, and apply the more generous and more universal principle that "everything succeeds which attacks favorable opportunity with fitting endea- vor," then we see that it was the strong vitality, the active intelligence, and the indefinable psychological law of moral growth that assimilates the good and re- jects the bad, which Nature gave this obscure child, that carried him to the service of mankind and to the admiration of the centuries with the same certainty with which the acorn grows to be the oak. We see how even the limitations of his environment helped the end. Self-reliance, that most vital charac- teristic of the pioneer, was his by blood and birth and training; and developed through the privations of his lot and the genius that was in him to the mighty 549 55o ABRAHAM LINCOLN strength needed to guide our great country through the titanic struggle of the Civil War. The sense of equality was his, also by virtue of his pioneer training — a consciousness fostered by life from childhood to manhood in a state of society where there were neither rich to envy nor poor to despise, where the gifts and hardships of the forest were distrib- uted impartially to each, and where men stood indeed equal before the forces of unsubdued nature. The same great forces taught liberality, modesty, charity, sympathy — in a word, neighborliness. In that hard life, far removed from the artificial aids and com- forts of civilization, where all the wealth of Crcesus, had a man possessed it, would not have sufficed to pur- chase relief from danger, or help in time of need, neigh- borliness became of prime importance. A good neigh- bor doubled his safety and his resources, a group of good neighbors increased his comfort and his pros- pects in a ratio that grew like the cube root. Here was opportunity to practise that virtue that Christ declared to be next to the love of God — the fruitful injunction to "love thy neighbor as thyself." Here, too, in communities far from the customary restraints of organized law, the common native intel- ligence of the pioneer was brought face to face with primary and practical questions of natural right. These men not only understood but appreciated the American doctrine of self-government. It was this understanding, this feeling, which taught Lincoln to write: "When the white man governs himself, that is self-government ; but when he governs himself and also governs another man, that is more than self-govern- ment — that is despotism"; and its philosophic corol- lary: "He who would be no slave must consent to have no slave." EARLY ENVIRONMENT 551 Abraham Lincoln sprang from exceptional condi- tions — was in truth, in the language of Lowell, a "new birth of our new soil." But this distinction was not due alone to mere environment. The ordinary man, with ordinary natural gifts, found in Western pioneer communities a development essentially the same as he would have found under colonial Virginia or Puritan New England : a commonplace life, varying only with the changing ideas and customs of time and locality. But for the man with extraordinary powers of body and mind ; for the individual gifted by nature with the genius which Abraham Lincoln possessed; the pioneer condition, with its severe training in self- denial, patience, and industry, was favorable to a de- velopment of character that helped in a preeminent degree to qualify him for the duties and responsibilities of leadership and government. He escaped the formal conventionalities which beget insincerity and dissim- ulation. He grew up without being warped by erro- neous ideas or false principles ; without being dwarfed by vanity, or tempted by self-interest. Some pioneer communities carried with them the institution of slavery; and in the slave State of Ken- tucky Lincoln was born. He remained there only a short time, and we have every reason to suppose that wherever he might have grown to maturity his very mental and moral fiber would have spurned the doctrine and practice of human slavery. And yet so subtle is the influence of birth and custom, that we can trace one lasting effect of this early and brief environment. Though he ever hated slavery, he never hated the slave- holder. This ineradicable feeling of pardon and sym- pathy for Kentucky and the South played no insig- nificant part in his dealings with grave problems of statesmanship. He struck slavery its death-blow with 552 ABRAHAM LINCOLN the hand of war, But he tendered the slaveholder a golden equivalent with the hand of friendship and peace. His advancement in the astonishing career which carried him from obscurity to world-wide fame; from postmaster of New Salem village to President of the United States; from captain of a backwoods volunteer company to commander-in-chief of the army and navy, was neither sudden, nor accidental, nor easy. He was both ambitious and successful, but his ambition was moderate and his success was slow. And because his success was slow, his ambition never outgrew either his judgment or his powers. From the day when he left the paternal roof and launched his canoe on the head waters of the Sangamon River to begin life on his own account, to the day of his first inauguration, there intervened full thirty years of toil, of study, self- denial, patience; often of effort baffled, of hope de- ferred ; sometimes of bitter disappointment. Given the natural gift of great genius, given the condition of favorable environment, it yet required an average life- time and faithful unrelaxing effort to transform the raw country stripling into a competent ruler for this great nation. Almost every success was balanced — sometimes over- balanced by a seeming failure. Reversing the usual promotion, he went into the Black Hawk War a cap- tain, and, through no fault of his own, came out a pri- vate. He rode to the hostile frontier on horseback, and trudged home on foot. His store "winked out." His surveyor's compass and chain, with which he was earn- ing a scanty living, were sold for debt. He was de- feated in his first campaign for the legislature ; defeated in his first attempt to be nominated for Congress ; de- feated in his application to be appointed commissioner HIS REAL SUCCESSES 553 of the General Land Office ; defeated for the Senate in the Illinois legislature of 1854, when he had forty- five votes to begin with, by Trumbull, who had only five votes to begin with ; defeated in the legislature of 1858, by an antiquated apportionment, when his joint debates with Douglas had won him a popular plural- ity of nearly four thousand in a Democratic State; defeated in the nomination for Vice-President on the Fremont ticket in 1856, when a favorable nod from half a dozen wire- workers would have brought him success. Failures? Not so. Every seeming defeat was a slow success. His was the growth of the oak, and not of Jonah's gourd. Every scaffolding of temporary elevation he pulled down, every ladder of transient ex- pectation which broke under his feet accumulated his strength, and piled up a solid mound which raised him to wider usefulness and clearer vision. He could not become a master workman until he had served a tedious apprenticeship. It was the quarter of a century of read- ing, thinking, speech-making and legislating which qualified him for selection as the chosen champion of the Illinois Republicans in the great Lincoln-Douglas joint debates of 1858. It was the great intellectual vic- tory won in these debates, plus the title "Honest old Abe," won by truth and manhood among his neighbors during a whole generation, that led the people of the United States to confide to his hands the duties and powers of President. And when, after thirty years of endeavor, success had beaten down defeat; when Lincoln had been nom- inated, elected, and inaugurated, came the crowning trial of his faith and constancy. When the people, by free and lawful choice, had placed honor and power in his hands ; when his signature could convene Congress, 554 ABRAHAM LINCOLN approve laws, make ministers, cause ships to sail and armies to move; when he could speak with potential voice to other rulers of other lands, there suddenly came upon the government and the nation the symp- toms of a fatal paralysis ; honor seemed to dwindle and power to vanish. Was he then, after all, not to be President? Was patriotism dead? Was the Consti- tution waste paper? Was the Union gone? The indications were, indeed, ominous. Seven States were in rebellion. There was treason in Congress, treason in the Supreme Court, treason in the army and navy. Confusion and discord rent public opinion. To use Lincoln's own forcible simile, sinners were calling the righteous to repentance. Finally, the flag, insulted on the Star of the West, trailed in capitulation at Sum- ter; and then came the humiliation of the Baltimore riot, and the President practically for a few days a prisoner in the capital of the nation. But his apprenticeship had been served, and there was no more failure. With faith and justice and gen- erosity he conducted for four long years a civil war whose frontiers stretched from the Potomac to the Rio Grande; whose soldiers numbered a million men on each side; in which, counting skirmishes and battles small and great, was fought an average of two en- gagements every day ; and during which every twenty- four hours saw an expenditure of two millions of money. The labor, the thought, the responsibility, the strain of intellect and anguish of soul that he gave to this great task, who can measure? The sincerity of the fathers of the Republic was im- pugned; he justified them. The Declaration of Inde- pendence was called a "string of glittering generali- ties" and a "self-evident lie" ; he refuted the aspersion. The Constitution was perverted ; he corrected the error. The flag was insulted ; he redressed the offense. The HIS PLACE IN HISTORY 555 government was assailed; he restored its authority. Slavery thrust the sword of civil war at the heart of the nation; he crushed slavery, and cemented the purified Union in new and stronger bonds. And all the while conciliation was as active as vin- dication was stern. He reasoned and pleaded with the anger of the South; he gave insurrection time to repent; he forbore to execute retaliation; he offered recompense to slaveholders; he pardoned treason. What but lifetime schooling in disappointment; what but the pioneer's self-reliance and freedom from prejudice; what but the patient faith, the clear percep- tions of natural right, the unwarped sympathy and un- bounding charity of this man with spirit so humble and soul so great, could have carried him through the labors he wrought to the victory he attained ? As the territory may be said to be its body, and its material activities its blood, so patriotism may be said to be the vital breath of a nation. When patriotism dies, the nation dies, and its resources as well as its territory go to other peoples with stronger vitality. Patriotism can in no way be more effectively cul- tivated than by studying and commemorating the achievements and virtues of our great men — the men who have lived and died for the nation, who have ad- vanced its prosperity, increased its power, added to its glory. In our brief history the United States can boast of many great men, and the achievement by its sons of many great deeds; and if we accord the first rank to Washington as founder, so we must unhesitat- ingly give to Lincoln the second place as preserver and regenerator of American liberty. So far, how- ever, from being opposed or subordinated either to the other, the popular heart has already canonized these two as twin heroes in our national pantheon, as twin stars in the firmament of our national fame. INDEX INDEX Able, Mrs., sister of Mary Owens, 55, Adams, Charles Francis, member of Congress, United States minister to Eng- land, sent to England, 211 Alabama, State of, admitted as State, 1819, T 9 Alabama, the, Confederate cruiser, sunk by the Kearsarge, 525 Albemarle, the, Confederate ironclad, destruction of, October 27, 1864, 525 Albert, Prince Consort, drafts note to Lord Russell about Trent affair, 247 Alexander II, Czar of Russia, emanci- pates Russian serf-., 101 Alexandria, Virginia, occupation of, 214 American Party, principles of, 101, 102 ; nominates Millard Fillmore for Presi- dent, 1856, 102 Anderson, Robert, brevet major-general United States army, transfers his com- mand to Fort Sumter, 177, 178; reports condition of Fort Sumter, 182; notified of coming relief, 188 ; defense and sur- render of Fort Sumter, 189, 190; telegram about Fremont's proclamation, 240; sends Sherman to Nashville, 254 ; turns over command to Sherman, 254 ; raises flag over Fort Sumter, 531 Antietam, Maryland, battle of, September 17, 1862, 315 Arkansas, State of, joins Confederacy, 200, 204; military governor appointed for, 419; reconstruction 111,426,427; slavery abolished in, 427 ; slavery in, throttled by public opinion, 473 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 475 Armies of the United States, enlistment in, since beginning of the war, 353, 354; numbers under Grant's command, March, 1865, 507; reduction of, to peace footing, 527; grand review of, 527-520 Armstrong, Jack, wrestles with Lincoln, 25 Arnold, Samuel, in conspiracy to assas- sinate Lincoln, 5t4 : imprisoned, 544 Atlanta, Georgia, siege of, July 22 to Sep- tember 1, 1864, 407 Atzerodt, George, in conspiracy to assas- sinate Lincoln, 534; assigned to murder Andrew Johnson, 535 ; deposits arms in tavern at Surrattsville, 536; execution of, Bailey, Theodorus, rear-admiral United States navy, in expedition against New Orleans, 284 Bailhache, William H., prints Lincoln's first inaugural. 168 Baker, Edward D., member of Congress, United States senator, brevet major-gen- eral United States Volunteers, at Spring- field, Illinois, 52; nominated for Congress, 73 ; in Mexican War, 75 Ball's Bluff, Virginia, battle of, October, 21, 1861, 262 Baltimore, Maryland, Massachusetts Sixth mobbed in, 193 ; occupied by General Butler, 199 ; threatened by Early, 403 ; funeral honors to Lincoln in, 546 Bancroft, George, Secretary of the Navy, historian, minister to Prussia, letter to Lincoln, 321 Banks, Nathaniel P., Speaker of the House of Representatives, major-general United States Volunteers, in Army of Virginia, 310; forces under, for defense of Washington, 317; operations against Port Hudson, 382; captures Port Hudson, 383,384; reply to Lincoln, 425; causes election of State officers in Louisiana, 425, 426 ; opinion of new Louisiana con- stitution, 426 Barton, William, governor of Delaware, reply to Lincoln's call for volunteers, ' '93 Bates, Edward, member of Congress, Attorney-General, candidate for presiden- tial nomination, i860, 144; vote for, in Chicago convention, 149; tendered cab- inet appointment, 163; appointed Attor- ney-General, 182; signs cabinet protest, 311; rewrites cabinet protest, 312; re- signs from cabinet, 491 Beauregard, G. T., Confederate general, reduces Fort Sumter, 188-190; in com- mand at Manassas Junction, 215; under- standing with Johnston, 216; battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 226-229; coun- cil with Johnston and Hardee, 267 ; suc- ceeds to command at Pittsburg Landing, 273; losses at Pittsburg Landing, 274; evacuates Corinth, 275 ; united with Hood, 409 ; orders Hood to assume offen- sive, 410; interview with Davis and Johnston, 520 Bell, John, member of Congress, Secretary ol War, United States senator, nominated for President, i860, 143; vote for, 160 Benjamin, Judah P., United States sen- ator, Confederate Secretary of State, sug- gestions about instructions to peace commissioners, 482; last instructions to Slidell, 501, 502 559 560 INDEX Berry, William F., partner of Lincoln in a store, 35; death of, 36 Big Bethel, V :, 214 Blackburn's Ford, Virginia, ei . at, July 18, 1861, 226 Black riawk, . bief 1 I I Black, Jeremiah S., Attornej Douglas, 114 Blair, Francis P., Sr., quarrel with I re- 178; wterviewi with Davis, 470^483 . Blair, Francis P., Jr.. untccr^ iniaircl with I 488 Blair, Montgot:' rcl with ! . 1 I Bogue, Captain Vincent, I Boonville. M ttfc of, June 17. Booth, John Wilkes. ; I ■ ' I Breckinridge, John C ■ ■ ment, Breckinridge, Robert J.. 1> ! man Republican national convent Brown, Albert G., member of I United State senator, question 129: demands congressional slave c .de, 141 Brown, John, \ Ferry, trial am! 1 Brown, Joseph E., governor 1 I I ■!. 48 obey Browning, Orville H . 11,151 Browning, Mrs. O. H., Lincoln's letter William Cullcn Buchanan, Franklin. Buchanan, Jnn ■ ■ Bucknei Buell, Don Car! M .■ ; lutler, BenjaiT : I to, a!» n and , 151 : efficiency , pnx Linijiinn -Herman's . < 'ilr of col- Iwnr of « • ikes l.ee mber of toldien in fin/ Sigh) "f, from rendered, Congreia of the United Statr- .; territory of Illinois, 19- 562 INDEX fixes number of stars and stripes in the flag, 19 ; admits as States Illinois, Ala- bama, Maine, and Missouri, 10; nullifi- cation debate in, 38; Lincoln's service in, 75-90; Missouri Compromise, 94-96; Democratic majorities chosen in, in 1856, 108; agitation over Kansas in, 113; Senator Brown's resolutions, 141 ; official count of electoral votes, 160; appoints compromise committees, 167; Buchanan's annual message to, December, i860, 176, 177 ; convened in special session by Presi- dent Lincoln, 192; Lincoln's message to, May 26, 1862, 195; legalizes Lincoln's war measures, 206 ; meeting and mea- sures of special session of Thirty-seventh Congress, 217-220; Southern unionists in, 217; Lincoln's message to, July 4, 1861, 218-220; action on slavery, 223; special session adjourns, 223 : House passes resolution of thanks to Captain Wilkes, 246; friendly to McClellan, 250; Lincoln's message of Decembers, 1861, 2 57. 3 2 !> 3 22 '• interview of border State delegations with Lincoln, 257, 25S, 324, 325 ; Lincoln's special message, March 6, 1862, 323, 324 ; passes joint resolution favoring compensated emancipation, 325 ; passes bill for compensated emancipation in District of Columbia, 325, 326; House bill to aid emancipation in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennes- see, and Missouri, 326 ; slavery measures of 1862, 329; President's second inter- view with border slave State delegations, £•9-331 ; President's annual message, December 1, 1862, 341, 342; passes na- tional conscription law, 354, 355 ; act au- thorizing the President to suspend writ of habeas corpus, 359, 360 ; confers rank of lieutenant-general on Grant, 303; admits representatives and senators from States with provisional governments, 419; Presi- dent's annual message, December 8. 1863, 424 ; reverses former action about seating members from " ten-per-cent. States," 424; bills to aid compensated abolishment in Missouri, 432 ; opposition to Lincoln in, 454 ; action on bill of Henry Winter Davis, 454 ; repeals fugitive-slave law, 457 ; confirms Fessenden's nomination, 458; Lincoln's message of December 5, 1864, 470-472 ; joint resolution proposing constitutional amendment to prohibit slavery throughout United States, 471- 476; the two constitutional amendments submitted to the States during Lincoln's term, 475, 476; Senate confirms Chase's nomination as chief justice, 491 Congress, the, Union sailing frigate, burned by Merrimac, 280 Constitutional Union Party, candidates in i860, 153 Conventions : first national convention of Whig party, 28; President Jackson gives impetus to system of, 52 ; Illinois State convention nominates Lincoln for Con- gress, 74, 75; convention of "Know- Nothing" party, 1856, 102; Bloomington convention, May, 1856, 103; first national convention of Republican party, June 17, 1856, 103 ; Democratic national conven- tion, June 2, 1856, 104; Democratic na- tional convention, Charleston, April 23, i860, 142 ; it adjourns to reassemble at Baltimore, June 18, i860, 143; Constitu- tional Union Convention, Baltimore, May 9, i860, 143; Republican national con- vention, Chicago, May 16, i860, 144, 147- 151; Decatur, Illinois, State convention, 154; Cleveland convention, May 31, 1864, 441, 442 ; meeting in New York to nominate Grant, 442,443: New Hamp- shire State convention, January 6, 1864, 443; Republican national convention, June 7, 1864, 446-449; Democratic na- tional convention, 1864, postponed, 463 ; Democratic national convention meets, 466-468 ; resolution of Baltimore conven- tion hostile to Montgomery Blair, 487 Cook, B. C, member of Congress, nomi- nates Lincoln in Baltimore convention, 447 ; seeks to learn Lincoln's wishes about Vice- Presidency, 448 Cooper, Samuel, Confederate adjutant- general, joins the Confederacy, 208 Corbett, Boston, sergeant United States army, shoots Booth, 543 Corinth, Mississippi, captured by Halleck, 275 Couch, Darius N., major-general United States Volunteers, militia force under, in Pennsylvania, 372 Cox, Samuel, assists Booth and Herold, 542 Crawford, Andrew, teacher of President Lincoln, 12 Crittenden, John J., Attorney-General, United States senator, advocates reelec- iton of Douglas to United States Senate, 126; in Thirty-seventh Congress, 217; presents resolution, 223 Cumberland, the, Union frigate, sunk by Merrimac, 280 Curtis, Samuel R., member of Congress, major-general United States Volunteers, sends order of removal to Fremont, 242, 243; campaign in Missouri, 269; victory at Pea Ridge, 271 Cushing, William B., commander United States navy, destruction of the Albemarle, 525 Dahlgren, John A., rear-admiral United States navy, at gathering of officials to discuss fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 296 Davis, Henry Winter, member of Con- gress, bill prescribing method of recon- struction, 454 ; signs Wade-Davis mani- festo, 456 Davis, Jefferson, Secretary of War, United States senator, Confederate Presi- dent, orders that "rebellion must be crushed " in Kansas, 113; Senate resolu- tions of, 141 ; signs address commending Charleston disruption, 143; statement in INDEX 563 Senate, 143: elected President of Con- federate States of America, 179; telegram to Governor Letcher, 197 ; proclamation offering letters of marque to privateers, 205; camp of instruction at Harper's Ferry, 209 ; proclamation of outlawry, 350; message on emancipation proclamation, 35°> 35 1 : appoints Hood to succeed Johnston, 407; visits Hood, and unites commands of Beauregard and Hood, 409 ; interview with Jaquess and Gilmore, 462 ; interviews with F. P. Blair, Sr., 479-4S1 ; gives Blair a letter to show Lincoln, 481 ; appoints peace commission, 482; in- structions to peace commissioners, 482: reports Hampton Roads conference to rebel Congress, 485 ; speech at public meeting, 485, 486; Confederate Congress shows hostility to, 500, 501 ; reappoints J. E. Johnston to resist Sherman, 501; recommendations concerning slaves in rebel army, 301 ; sanctions Lee's letter to Grant, 503 ; conference with Lee, 504 ; flight from Richmond, 515; proclamation from, Danville, 519, 520; retreat to Greens- boro, North Carolina, 520; interview with Johnston and Beauregard, 520; con- tinues southward, 520; dictates proposi- tion of armistice presented by Johnston to Sherman, 521: requires report from Breckinridge about Johnston-SheTman agreement, 523; instructions to John- ston, 524 : attempt to reach E. Kirby Smith, 525, 526 ; effort to gain Florida coast, 526; capture, imprisonment, and release of, 526 Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, captured with her husband, 526 Dawson, John, defeated for Illinois legis- lature, 1832, 34 ; elected in 1834, 43 Dayton, William L., United States sen- ator, minister to France, nominated for Vice-President, 104; vote for, in Chicago convention, 149 Delano, Columbus, member of Congress, Secretary of the Interior, in Baltimore convention, 447 Delaware, State of, secession feeling in, 201; rejects compensated abolishment, 3". 323 Democratic Party, party of slavery ex- tension, 102; nominates Buchanan and Breckinridge in 1856, 104; disturbed by Buchanan's attitude on slavery, 116; pro- slavery demands of, 140, 141 : national conventions of, 1860, 142-144; candidates in i860, 152, 153; opposition to emanci- pation measures and conscription law, 354. 355: adopts McClellan for presiden- tial candidate, 355 ; interest in Vallandig- ham, 358 ; attitude on slavery, 437, 438, 47 2 > 473 '• convention postponed, 463 ; national convention, 1864, 466-468 Dennison, William, governor of Ohio, Postmaster-General, permanent chairman of Republican national convention, 1864, 446 ; succeeds Blair as Postmaster-Gen- eral, 489, 490 Dickinson, Daniel S., United States sen- ator, candidate for vice-presidential nom- ination, 1864, 448, 449 Doherty, E. P., lieutenant United States army, captures Booth and Herold, 543 Donelson, Andrew J., nominated for Vice-President, 102 Dorsey, Azel W., teacher of President Lincoln, 12 Douglas, Stephen A., member of Con- gress, United States senator, at Spring- field, Illinois, 52; challenges young Whigs of Springfield to debate, 62 ; elected to United States Senate, 75 ; champions re- peal of Missouri Compromise, 95 ; speech at Illinois State fair, 9O ; at Peoria, 96; agreement with Lincoln, 99 ; on Dred Scott case, 109, no; denounces Lecomp- ton Constitution, 116, 117; hostility of Buchanan administration toward, 117; Lincoln-Douglas joint debate, 121-125; speeches in the South, 128, 129; answer to Senator Brown, 129; references to Lin- coln, 130; Ohio speeches, 133; "Harper's Magazine" essay, 134 ; fight over nomi- nation of, for President, i860, 142-144 ; nominated for President, 143 ; speeches during campaign of i860, 156; vote for, 160 Douglass, Frederick, conversation with Lincoln, 352 Draft, Congress passes national conscrip- tion law, 354 ; opposition of Governor Seymour to, 355-357 ; riots in New York, 356, 357. dissatisfaction in other places, 357> opposition of Vallandigham to, 358 Dred Scott case, decision of Supreme Court in, 108, 109; protest of North against, 109 ; Senator Douglas on, 109, no Dresser, Rev. Charles, marries Abra- ham Lincoln and Mary Todd, 68, 69 DuPont, Samuel F., rear-admiral United States navy, commands fleet in Port Royal expedition, 245 Durant, Thomas J., mentioned in letter of Lincoln's, 334, 335 Early, Jubal A., Confederate lieutenant- general, threatens Washington, 403 ; in- flicts damage on Blair's estate, 488 Eckert, Thomas T., brevet brigadier- general L T nited States Volunteers, sent to meet peace commissioners at Hampton Roads, 482 ; refuses to allow peace com- missioners to proceed, 483 Edwards, Cyrus, desires commissioner- ship of General Land Office, 92 Edwards, Ninian W., one of "Long Nine," 63 Edwards, Mrs. Ninian W., sister of Mrs. Lincoln, 63 Ellsworth, E. E., colonel United States Volunteers, assassination of, 214 Emancipation, Lincoln-Stone protest, 47; Lincoln's bill for, in District of Columbia, 86, 87: Missouri Compromise, 94, 05; Fremont's proclamation of, 236-238 ; dis- 5^4 INDEX cussed in President's message of December 3, 1861, 321, 323; Lincoln offers Delaware compensated abolishment, 322, 323 ; spe- cial message of March 6, 1862, 323, 324 ; Congress passes bill for, in District of Columbia, 325, 326 ; bill to aid it in border slave States, 326 ; Hunter's order of, 327 ; measures in Congress relating to, 328, 320; Lincoln's second interview with delegations from border slave States, 329- 331 ; Lincoln's conversation with Carpen- ter about, 331, 332; first draft of emanci- pation proclamation read to cabinet, 331, 332; President's interview with Chicago clergymen, 337-339/ Lincoln issues pre- liminary emancipation proclamation, 339- 341 ; annual message of December 1, 1862, 341, 342; President issues final emancipa- tion proclamation, 342-346; President's views on, 346, 347 ; arming of negro sol- diers, 348, 350; Lincoln's letters to Banks about emancipation in Louisiana, 423-425!; slavery abolished in Louisiana, 426; sla- very abolished in Arkansas, 427 ; slavery abolished in Tennessee, 429; slavery abolished in Missouri, 43 2 ~434 '■ Maryland refuses offer of compensated abolishment, 434 ; slavery abolished in Maryland, 435, 436 ; Republican national platform favors Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, 446; Constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery in United States, 471- 476; two Constitutional amendments af- fecting slavery offered during Lincoln's term, 475,476; Lincoln's draft of joint resolution offering the South $400,000,000, 493 ; Jefferson Davis recommends em- ployment of negroes in army, with eman- cipation to follow, 501. See Slavery England, public opinion in, favorable to the South, 211 ; excitement in, over Trent affair, 246; joint expedition to Mexico, 451; "neutrality" of, 525 Ericsson, John, inventor of the Monitor, 2 79 Evarts, William M., Secretary of State, United States senator, nominates Seward for President, 149 ; moves to make Lin- Everett, Edward, member of Congress, minister to England, Secretary of State, United States senator, candidate for Vice- President, i860, 153 Ewell, Richard S., Confederate lieuten- ant-general, in retreat to' Appomattox, 511 ; statement about burning of Richmond, 516 Ewing, Thomas, Secretary of the Inte- rior, defended by Lincoln against political attack, 92 Fair Oaks, Virginia, battle of, 302 Farragut, David G., admiral United States navy, captures New Orleans and ascends the Mississippi, 282-287 : ascends Mississippi a second time, 287 ; men- tioned, 328, 329, 381 ; operations against Port Hudson, 382 ; Mobile Bay, 468, 525 Farrand, Ebenezer, captain Confederate navy, surrender of, 525 Fessenden, William P., United States senator, Secretary of the Treasury, be- comes Secretary of the Treasury, 4 s8 ; agrees with President against making proffers of peace to Davis, 463 ; resigns from cabinet, 491, 492 Field, David Dudley, escorts Lincoln to platform at Cooper Institute, 138 Fillmore, Millard, thirteenth President of the United States, nominated by Know- Nothing party for President, 1856, 102 Five Forks, Virginia, battle of, April 1, 1865, 507-509 Floyd, John B., Secretary of War, Con- federate brigadier-general, escapes from Fort Donelson, 268 Foote, Andrew H., rear-admiral United States navy, capture of Island No. 10, 274 ; proceeds to Fort Pillow, 274 Forrest, Nathan B., Confederate lieuten- ant-general, with Hood's army, 410; defeat of, 525 Fort Donelson, Tennessee, capture of, 266-268 Fort Fisher, North Carolina, capture of, 414, 481. 525 Fort Harrison, Virginia, capture of, 500 Fort Henry, Tennessee, capture of, 266 Fort Jackson, Louisiana, capture of, 282- 28 5 Fort McAllister, Georgia, stormed by Sherman, 412 Fort Pillow, Tennessee, evacuation of, 286; massacre of negro troops at, 351 Fort Pulaski. Georgia, capture of, 278 Fort Randolph, Tennessee, evacuation of, 286 Fort Stedman, Virginia, assault of, 505, 506 Fort St. Philip, Louisiana, capture of, 282-285 Fort Sumter, South Carolina, occupied by Anderson, 177, 178; attempt to rein- force, 178; cabinet consultations about, 182-184; defense and capture of, 189, 190 Fortress Monroe, Virginia, importance of, 209 Fox, Gustavus V., Assistant Secretary of the Navy, ordered to aid Sumter, 184; sends the President additional news about fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 296, 297 France, public opinion in, favorable to the South, 211; joint expedition to Mexico, 451 ; "neutrality" of, 525 Franklin, Benjamin, on American for- ests, and the spirit of independence they fostered, 17 Franklin, Tennessee, battle of, November 30, 1864, 410 Franklin, W. B., brevet major-general United States army, advises movement on Manassas, 289 Fredericksburg, Virginia, battle of, De- cember 13, 1862, 364 Fremont, John C, United States senator, INDEX 565 major-general United States army, nomi- nated for President, 1856, 103 ; made major-general, 233; opportunities and limi- tations of, 233-235 ; criticism of, 235 ; quar- rel with Blair family, 236, 487; proclama- tion freeing slaves, 236, 237, 432; refuses to revoke proclamation, 238; removed from command of Western Department, 241-243; commands Mountain Depart- ment, 299; ordered to form junction with McDowell and Shields, 306 ; in Army of Virginia, 310; nominated for President, 1864, 442; withdraws from the contest, 442 Fusion, attempts at, in campaign of i860, 157. 158 Gamble, Hamilton R., provisional gov- ernor of Missouri, calls State convention together, 433 ; death of, 434 Garnett, Robert S., Confederate briga- adier-general, killed at Carrick's Ford, 22s Gentry, Allen, makes flatboat trip with Lincoln, 16 Gentry, James, enters land at Gentry- ville, 9; sends Lincoln to New Orleans, 16 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, battle of, July 1-3, 1863,372-375; address of Mr. Lincoln at » 3?6» 377 Giddings, Joshua R., member of Con- gress, approves Lincoln's bill abolishing slavery in District of Columbia, 87; amendment to Chicago platform, 148, 149 Gillmore, Quincy A., brevet major-gen- eral United States army, siege of Fort Pulaski, 278 Gilmer, John A., member of Congress, tendered cabinet appointment, 164 Gilmore, J. R., visits Jefferson Davis with Jaquess, 462 Gist, William H., governor of South Carolina, inaugurates secession, 175 Goldsborough, L. M., rear-admiral United States navy, commands fleet in Roanoke Island expedition, 277, 278 Gordon, John B., Confederate lieutenant- general, United States senator, in assault of Fort Stedman, 504, 505 ; in defense of Petersburg, 509 Graham, Mentor, makes Lincoln election clerk, 23, 24 ; advises Lincoln to study grammar, 25; aids Lincoln to study sur- veying, 40 Grant, Ulysses S., eighteenth President of the United States, general, and general-in- chief United States army, early life, 264; letter offering services to War Depart- ment, 264, 265; commissioned by Gov- ernor Yates, 265 ; reconnaissance toward Columbus, 265 ; urges movement on Fort Henry, 265, 266; capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 266-268; ordered forward to Savannah, 271 ; Pittsburg Landing, 272-274 ; asks to be relieved, 275 ; co- operates with adjutant-general of the army in arming negroes, 350; repulses rebels at Iuka and Corinth, 380; Vicks- 37 burg campaign, 380-383 ; ordered to Chattanooga, 389 ; battle of Chattanooga, 390, 391 ; pursuit of Bragg, 391, 392 ; speech on accepting commission of lieuten- ant-general, 394 ; visits Army of the Poto- mac and starts west, 394 ; placed in com- mand of all the armies, 394 ; conference with Sherman, 395; plan ot campaign, 395, 397 : returns to Culpepper, 395 ; fear of presidential interference, 395, 396; let- ter to Lincoln, 396; strength and position of his army, 396, 397; instructions to Meade, 397 ; battle of the Wilderness, 398 ; Spottsylvania Court House, 398, 399 ; re- port to Washington, 399; Cold Harbor, 399; letter to Washington, 399, 400; siege of Petersburg, 400-402 ; sends Wright to Washington, 403 ; withholds consent to Sherman's plan, 410; gives his consent, 411 ; orders to Sherman, 413; adopts Sherman's plan, 414 ; attempt to nominate him for President, 1864, 442, 443 ; depressing influence on political sit- uation of his heavy fighting, 463; admits peace commissioners to his headquarters, 483; despatch to Stanton, 484; pushing forward, 502; telegraphs Lee's letter to Washington, 503; reply to Lee, 504; orders to General Parke, 505 ; issues orders for the final movement of the war, 506; number of men under his command in final struggle, 507 ; his plan, 507 ; battle of Five Forks, 507-509; orders Sheridan to get on Lee's line of retreat, 509, 510 ; sends Humphreys to Sheridan's assistance, 509; telegram to Lincoln, 509 ; pursuit of Lee, 510-513; sends Sheridan's despatch to Lincoln, 511; correspondence with Lee, 512, 513; receives Lee's surrender, 513- 515; forbids salute in honor of Lee's sur- render, 515; visit to Lee, 515; goes to Washington, 515: learns terms of agree- ment between Sherman and Johnson, 523 ; ordered to Sherman's headquarters, 523 ; gives Sherman opportunity to mod- ify his report, 523, 524 ; at Lincoln's last cabinet meeting, 531 ; invited by Mrs. Lincoln to Ford's Theater, 536 Grant, Mrs. U. S., invited by Mrs. Lin- coln to Ford's Theater, 536 Greeley, Horace, hears Lincoln's Cooper Institute speech, 138; "open letter" to Lincoln, 335; Niagara Falls conference, 458-461 ; effect of his mission on political situation, 464 Halleck, Henry Wager, major-general and general-in-chief United States army, succeeds Fremont, 260; reluctance to cooperate with Buell, 263, 264; answers to Lincoln, 263, 264 ; instructions to ('.rant, 264; orders Grant to take Fort Henry, 266; sends reinforcements to Grant, 567; asks for command in the West, 269 ; plans expedition under Pope, 270; message to Buell, 270; telegrams to McClellan, 270; appeal to McClellan, 271 ; commands Department of the Mis- 566 INDEX sissippi, 37i ; orders Pope to join him, 274; march on Corinth, 275; capture of Corinth, 275; sends Buell to East Ten- nessee, 275 ; ordered to reinforce McClel- lan, 307; general-in-chief, 309; visit to McClellan, 309 ; orders Army of Potomac back to Acquia Creek, 309 ; letter to Mc- Clellan, 309, 310; orders McClellan to support Pope, 311; telegram to McClel- lan, 317; mentioned, 328, 320; asks to be relieved, 365; quarrel with Hooker, 372; urges Meade to active pursuit of Lee, 375; plans for Western campaign, 379; urges Buell to move into East Tennessee, 380; orders Rosecrans to advance, 385, 386; at council to consider news of Chat- tanooga, 388; President's chief of staff, 394 ; conduct during Early's raid, 403 ; note to War Department about Blair, 488; orders to Meade, 523 Hamlin, Hannibal, United Statessenator, Vice-President, nominated for Vice-Presi- dent, 151 ; Cameron moves his renomina- tion, 447 ; candidate for vice-presidential nomination in 1864, 448, 449 Hanks, John, tells of Lincoln's frontier labors, 15; flatboat voyage with Lincoln, 22, 23; at Decatur convention, 154^ Hanks, Joseph, teaches Thomas Lincoln carpenter's trade, 5 Hanks, Nancy. See Lincoln, Nancy Hanks Hardee, William J., lieutenant-colonel United States army, Confederate lieuten- ant-general, council with Johnston and Beauregard, 267 ; evacuates Savannah and Charleston, 415; joins Johnston, 416 Hardin, John J., member of Congress, colonel United States Volunteers, at Springfield, Illinois, 52; elected to Con- gress, 73; killed in Mexican War, 75 Harper's Ferry, Virginia, John Brown raid at, 134; burning of armory, 209: cap- tured by Lee, September 15, 1862, 315 Harris, Miss Clara W., attends Ford's Theater with Mrs. Lincoln, 536; assists Mrs. Lincoln, 539 Harrison, George M., Lincoln's mess- mate in Black Hawk War, 33 Hartford, the, Union cruiser, Farragut's flagship, 284, 285 Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, capture of forts at, August 29, 1861, 245 Hay, John, assistant private secretary to Lincoln, brevet colonel and assistant adjutant-general United States Volun- teers, ambassador to England, Secretary of State, accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Wash- ington, 168 ; shows Lincoln letter of in- quiry about Vice-Presidency, 448 ; mission to Canada, 460; at Lincoln's death-bed, 540 Hazel, Caleb, teacher of President Lin- coln, 6 Herndon, A. G., defeated for Illinois legislature, 1832, 34 Herndon, "Jim" and "Row," sell Lincoln and Berry their store, 35 Herndon, William H., Lincoln's law partner, 158; assumes Lincoln's law business during campaign, 158 Herold, David E., in conspiracy to assas- sinate Lincoln, 534 ; chosen to assist Booth, 536; deposits arms in tavern at Surrattsville, 536 ; accompanies Booth in his flight, 542, 543 ; capture of, 543 ; exe- cution of, 544 Hicks, Thomas H., governor of Mary- land, United States senator, reply to Lin- coln's call foi volunteers, 193; speech at mass-meeting, 193; protest against land- ing of troops at Annapolis, 198; calls meeting of Maryland legislature, 198 Holcomb, James P., Confederate agent in Canada, correspondence with Horace Greeley, 459 Holt, Joseph, PostL .aster-General, Sec- retary of War, judge-advocate general United States army, calls Scott to Wash- ington, 172 ; report on Knights of the Golden Circle, 361 ; favored by Swett for Vice-President, 448; declines attorney- generalship, 491 Hood, John B., Confederate general, suc- ceeds Johnston, 407; evacuates Atlanta, 407, 468 ; truce with Sherman, 408 ; placed under command of Beauregard, 409; moves to Tuscumbia, 410; Frank- lin and Nashville, 410; his movements delay reconstruction in Tennessee, 429 Hooker, Joseph, brevet major-general United States army, succeeds Burnside in command of Army of the Potomac, 366 ; submits plan of campaign to Lincoln, 368 ; battle of Chancellorsville, 369, 370; criti- cism of, 370; foresees Lee's northward campaign, 370; proposes quick march to capture Richmond, 371 ; follows Lee, 372 ; asks to be relieved, 372 ; ordered to reinforce Rosecrans, 388 ; reaches Chat- tanooga, 389 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 390-391 Hume, John F., moves that Lincoln's nomination be made unanimous, 447 Humphreys, Andrew A., brevet major- general United States army, in recapture of Fort Stedman, 505, 506; ordered to assist Sheridan, 509 Hunt, Randall, tendered cabinet appoint- ment, 164 Hunter, David, brevet major-general, United States army, asked to assist Fre- mont, 235, 236; ordered to relieve Fre- mont, 243 ; order of emancipation, 327 ; experiment with negro soldiers, 348 ; de- clared an outlaw by Confederate War Department, 350 Hunter, R. M. T., United States senator, Confederate Secretary of State, appointed peace commissioner, 482 ; at Hampton Roads conference, 482-485 lies, Elijah, captain Illinois Volunteers, commands company in Black Hawk War, 33 Illinois, State of, organized as Territory, 1809, 19; admitted as State, 1818, 19; INDEX 567 legislative schemes of internal improve- ment, 44, 45 ; capital removed to Spring- field, 45; political struggles over slavery,45, 46 ; Lincoln-Douglas senatorial campaign in, 118-125; ratifies Thirteenth Amend- 269, 270 ; surrender of, 274 Jackson, Andrew, seventh President of the United States, gives impetus to sys- tem of party caucuses and conventions, 5 2 Jackson, Claiborne F., governor of Mis- souri, attempts to force Missouri secession, 202-204 ; flight to Springfield, Missouri, 234 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (" Stone- wall "), Confederate lieutenant-general, Shenandoah valley campaign, 305, 306; mentioned, 328 ; killed at Chancellors- ville, 369 Jaquess, James F.,D.D., colonel United States Volunteers, visits to the South, 461, 462 ; interview with Jefferson Davis, 462 Jewett, William Cornell, letter to Greeley, 458 Johnson, Andrew, seventeenth President of the United States, in thirty-seventh Congress, 217; telegram about East Ten- nessee, 259; retains seat in Senate, 419; appointed military governor of Tennessee, 420; begins work of reconstruction, 428; nominated for Vice-President, 448, 449; popular and electoral votes for, 470; dis- approves Sherman's agreement with Johnston, 523 ; proclamation of amnesty, 526 ; plot to murder, 535 ; rejoicing of radicals on his accession to the Presi- dency, 545; takes oath of office, 545 Johnson, Herschel V., candidate for Vice- President, i860, 152 Johnston, Albert Sidney, Confederate general, council with Hardee and Beaure- gard, 267 ; killed at Pittsburg Landing, 273 Johnston, John D., step-brother of Presi- dent Lincoln, flatboat voyage with Lin- coln, 22, 23 Johnston, Joseph E., quartermaster- general United States army, Confederate general, member of Congress, joins Con- federacy, 196, 208 ; understanding with Beauregard, 215, 216; joins Beauregard at Bull Run, 228 ; opinion of battle of Bull Run, 228 ; retrograde movement, 297; defeats McClellan at Fair Oaks, 302; succeeds Bragg, 395 ; strength of, in spring of 1864, 405 ; superseded by Hood, 407; again placed in command, 416, 501 ; interview with Davis, 520; begins nego- tiations with Sherman, 520 ; meetings with Sherman, 521, 522; agreement be- tween them, 522 ; agreement disapproved at Washington, 523 ; surrender of, 524 Johnston, Sarah Bush, marries Thomas Lincoln, 10 ; improves the condition of his household, 10; tells of Lincoln's stu- dious habits, 13 Jones, Thomas, assists Booth and Herold, 542. 543 Judd,. Norman B , minister to Prussia, member of Congress, nominates Lincoln for President, i860, 149 ; member of Lin- coln's suite, 173 Kansas, State of, slavery struggle in, 113- 115; Lecompton Bill defeated in Con- gress, 117 Kearsarge, the, Union cruiser, battle with the A labama, 525 Kelly, Benjamin F., brevet major-gen- eral United States Volunteers, dash upon Philippi, 225 Kentucky, State of, action concerning secession, 201, 204 ; legislature asks An- derson for help, 254 ; public opinion in, regarding slavery, 473 Kilpatrick, Judson, brevet major-general United States army, minister to Chili, with Sherman on march to the sea, 411 Kirkpatrick, defeated for Illinois legisla- ture, 1832, 34 Knights of Golden Circle, extensive organization of, 360, 361; plans and fail- ures of, 360-362 ; projected revolution in Northwestern States, 466 Know-Nothing Party, principles of, 101, 102; nominates Millard Fillmore for President, 1856, 102 Lamon, 'Ward H., accompanies Lincoln on night journey to Washington, 174 Lane, Joseph, brevet major-general United States army, governor, United States sen- ator, candidate for Vice-President in i860, 153; attempt to arm negroes, 348 Leavitt, Humphrey H., member of Congress, judge United States Circuit Court, denies motion for habeas corpus for Vallandigham, 358 Lecompton Constitution, adopted in Kansas, 115; defeated in Congress, 117 Lee, Robert E., colonel United States army, Confederate general, captures John Brown, 134; enters service of Confed- eracy, 196, 197, 208; concentrates troops at Manassas Junctionals; sends troops into West Virginia, 224 ; attacks Mc- Clellan near Richmond, 302; campaign into Maryland, 314 ; captures Harper's Ferry, 315; battle of Antietam, 315; re- treats across the Potomac, 316 ; battle of Chancellorsville, 369; resolves on invasion of the North, 370; crosses the Potomac, 371, 372; battle of Gettysburg, 372-374; retreats across the Potomac, 375, 377; strength and position of his army, 397; battle of the Wilderness, 398 ; Spottsyl- vania Court House, 398, 399; Cold Har- bor, 390 ; defense of Petersburg, 400-402 ; sends Early up the Shenandoah valley, 403 ; despatch about rations for his army, 481 ; made general-in-chief, 500 ; assumes command of all the Confederate armies, 568 INDEX 502 ; attempt to negotiate with Grant, 502, 503 ; conference with Davis, 504 ; attempt to break through Grant's lines, 504-506 ; number of men under his command in final struggle, 507; takes command in person, 507 ; attacks Warren, 507 ; battle of Five Forks, 507-509; makes prepara- tions to evacuate Petersburg and Rich- mond, 509 ; begins retreat, 510; surrender of Richmond, 510; reaches Amelia Court House, 510; starts toward Lynchburg, 511; reply to generals advising him to surrender, 512; correspondence with Grant, 512, 513; surrender of, 513-515; size of army surrendered by, 524 Letcher, John, member of Congress, gov- ernor of Virginia, orders seizure of gov- ernment property, 194 Lincoln, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, born February 12, 1800, 3, 6; goes to A B C schools, 6 ; early schooling in Indiana, 10-13 ; home studies and youthful habits, 13-19; man- ages ferry-boat, 15; flatboat trip to New Orleans, 15, 16; employed in Gentryville store, 16; no hunter, 17; kills wild turkey, 17, 18; emigrates to Illinois, March 1, 1830, 20; leaves his father's cabin, 21 ; engaged by Denton Offutt, 21 ; builds flatboat and takes it to New Orleans, 22, 23 ; incident at Rutledge's Mill, 22 ; re- turns to New Salem, 23; election clerk, 23, 24 ; clerk in Offutt's store, 24 ; wrestles with Jack Armstrong, 25; candidate for legislature, 1832, 29; address "To the Voters of Sangamon County," 29, 30; volunteers for Black Hawk War, 32 ; elected captain of volunteer company, 32; mustered out and reenlists as private, 32, 33 ; finally mustered out, 33 ; returns to New Salem, 33; defeated for legisla- ture, 33; enters into partnership with Berry, 35 ; sells out to the Trent brothers, 36 ; fails, but promises to pay his debts, 36; surveying instruments sold for debt, 36; "Honest old Abe," 37; appointed postmaster of New Salem, 37; made deputy surveyor, 39, 40 ; candidate for legislature, 1834, 41, 42; elected to legis- lature, 43 ; begins study of law, 44 ; ad- mitted to practice, 44 ; removes to Spring- field and forms law partnership with J. T. Stuart, 44 ; reelected to legislature, 44 ; services in legislature, 44-48 ; manages removal of State capital to Springfield, 45; Lincoln-Stone protest, 47; vote for, for Speaker of Illinois House, 48 ; his methods in law practice, 49 ; notes for law lecture, 49-51 ; his growing influence, 52; guest of William Butler, 53; intimacy with Joshua F. Speed, 53 ; engaged to Anne Rutledge, 54; her death, 54; his grief, 55 ; courtship of Mary Owens, 55- 60 ; member of " Long Nine," 61, 62 ; de- bate with Douglas and others, 1839, 62, 63 ; meets and becomes engaged to Mary Todd, 63; engagement broken, 64; his deep melancholy, 64 ; letter to Stuart, 64 ; visit to Kentucky, 64 ; letters to Speed, 64, 65; "Lost Townships" letters, 66; challenged by Shields, 66; prescribes terms of the duel, 67 ; duel prevented, 68 ; letter to Speed, 68 ; marriage to Mary Todd, November 4, 1842, 68, 69 ; children of, 69 ; partnership with Stuart dissolved, 69, 70; law partnership with S. T. Logan, 70 ; declines reelection to legislature, 70 ; letter to Speed, 71 ; letter to Martin Morris, 71-73 ; letter to Speed, 73 ; presidential elector, 1844, 73 ; letters to B. F. James, 74 ; elected to Congress, 1846, 75 ; service and speeches inCongress, 76-90 ; votes for Wilmot Proviso, 79 ; presidential elector in 1840 and 1844, 80; favors General Tay- lor for President, 80-83 ! letters about Taylor's nomination, 80-82 ; letters to Herndon, 81-83; speeches for Taylor, 83; bill to prohibit slavery in District of Col- umbia, 86 ; letters recommending office- seekers, 87-89 ; letter to W. H. Herndon, 00, 91 ; letter to Speed, 91, 92; letter to DuffGreen, 92 ; applies for commissioner- ship of General Land Office, 92 ; defends Butterfield against political attack, 92 ; re- fuses governorship of Oregon, 93; indig- nation at repeal of Missouri Compromise, 94, 95 ; advocates reelection of Richard Yates to Congress, 96 ; speech at Illinois State Fair, 96; debate with Douglas at Peoria, 96-99 ; agreement with Douglas, 99; candidate for United States Senate before Illinois legislature, 1855, 99; with- draws in favor of Trumbull, 100 ; letter to Robertson, 100, 101; speech at Bloom- ington convention, 1856, 103; vote for, for Vice-President, 1856, 104 ; presidential elector, 1856, 105; speeches in campaign of 1856, 105 ; speech at Republican banquet in Chicago, 106, 107; speech on Dred Scott case, 110-112; nominated for senator, 118, 119; "House divided against itself" speech, 119, 120, 127, 128; Lincoln-Douglas joint debate, 121-125; defeated for United States Senate, 125; analysis of causes which led to his defeat, 126, 127; letters to H. Asbury and A. G. Henry, 127; letter to A. L. Pierce and others, 130, 131 ; speech in Chicago, 131, 132 ; letter to M. W. Delahay, 132 ; let- ter to Colfax, 132, 133 ; letter to S. Gallo- way, 133; Ohio speeches, 133, 134; criticism of John Brown raid, 134, 135; speeches in Kansas, 136, 137 ; Cooper Institute speech, 137-140; speeches in New England, 140; letter to T. J. Pickett, 145; candidate for presidential nomina- tion, i860, 145; letters to N. B. Judd, 145, 146 ; nominated for President, i860, 149-151 ; speech at Decatur convention, 1 53> J 54 ! daily routine during campaign, 158, 159; letters during campaign, 159; elected President, 160; his cabinet pro- gram, 161-163 ; letter to Seward offering cabinet appointment, 163; offers Bates and Cameron cabinet appointments, 163 ; summons Chase to Springfield, 163 ; with- INDEX 569 draws offer to Cameron, 163 ; editorial in Springfield "Journal," 164; offers cabi- net appointments to Gilmer, Hunt, and Scott, 164 ; letters to W. S. Speer and G. D. Prentiss, 164, 165; correspondence with Alexander H. Stephens, 165, 166; letter to Gilmer, 166 ; letter to Washburne, 166, 167; writes his inaugural, 167, 168; journey to Washington, 168-174; fare- well address at Springfield, 169 ; speeches on journey to Washington, 169-171 ; con- sultation with Judd, 173; night journey to Washington, 173, 174; visits of cere- mony, 179, 180; first inauguration of, 180-182; inaugural address, 180-182; calls council to consider question of Sumter, 182, 183; signs order for relief of Sum- ter, 184 ; answer to Seward's memoran- dum of April i, 1861,187; instructions to Seward, 1865, 187; notice to Governor Pickens, 188 ; issues call for 75,000 volun- teers, 192 ; assumes responsibility for war measures, 195 ; opinion against dispersing Maryland legislature, 198, 199 ; author- izes Scott to suspend writ of habeas corpus, 199 ; action in Merryman case, 200; institutes blockade, 205; calls for three years' volunteers, 206 ; appoints Charles Francis Adams minister to Eng- land, 2ii ; modifies Seward's despatch of May 21, 2r2; his immense duties, 212, 213; calls council of war, 215; message to Congress, July 4, 1861, 218-220; post- pones decision about slaves, 222, 223; receives news of defeat at Bull Run, 229 ; letter to Hunter, 235 ; letter to Fremont, 237, 238; letter to Browning, 238-240 ;sends Cameron to visit Fremont, 242 ; letter to General Curtis about Fremont, 242, 243 ; draft of despatch about Trent affair, 247, 248; welcomes McClellan to Washington, 250 ; orders retirement of General Scott, 253; memorandum to McClellan, 253; his grasp of military problems, 255, 256 ; memorandum after battle of Bull Run, 256; interest in East Tennessee, 256, 257 ; personally urges on Congress the construction of railroad in East Tennessee, 257,258; letterto Buell, 258,259; telegrams and letters to Buell and Halleck, 262-264, 268, 269 ; places Halleck in command of Department of the Mississippi, 271 ; calls councils of war, 288, 289 ; General War Or- der No. 1, 290; Special War Order No. 1, 291 ; letter to McClellan about plan of campaign, 291 ; interview with Stanton, 293, 294 ; interview with McClellan, 295 ; President's General War Orders No. 2 and No. 3, 295 ; receives news of fight between Monitor and Mtrrimac, 296; relieves McClellan from command of all troops except Army of the Potomac, 298 ; orders McDowell to protect Washington, 299 ; letter to McClellan, 299, 300 ; letter to McClellan, 303, 304 ; visit to General Scott, 306 ; assigns General Pope to com- mand of Army of Virginia, 306; orders Bumside and Halleck to reinforce Mc- Clellan, 307 ; letter to governors of free States, 307, 308; accepts 300,000 new troops, 308; letters to McClellan, 308; visit to Harrison's Landing, 308 ; appoints Halleck general-in-chief, 309; his dis- passionate calmness in considering Mc- Clellan's conduct, 311; asks McClellan to use his influence with Pope's officers, 313; places McClellan in command of defenses of Washington, 313; orders re- inforcements to McClellan, 316; tele- gram to McClellan, 316 ; visit to Antietam, 3'6, 317; directions and letter to Mc- Clellan, 317-319; removes him from command, 319; letter to Bancroft, 321; reference to slavery in message to Con- gress, December 3, 1861, 321, 322 ; offers Delaware compensated abolishment, 322, 323 ; special message of March 6, 1862, proposing joint resolution favoring grad- ual abolishment, 323, 324 ; letter to Mc- Dougall, 324 ; interview with delegations from border slave States, 324, 325 ; signs bill for compensated emancipation in Dis- trict of Columbia, 326; letter to Chase about Hunter's order of emancipation, 327 ; proclamation revoking Hunter's order, 327, 328 ; second interview with border State delegations in Congress, 329- 331 ; conversation with Carpenter about emancipation, 331, 332; reads draft of first emancipation proclamation to cabinet, 331, 332; tells Seward and Welles of his purpose to issue emancipation proclama- tion, 332 ; letter to Reverdy Johnson, 334; letter to Cuthbert Bullitt, 334, 335; letter to Horace Greeley, 335-337 ; inter- view with Chicago clergymen, 337-339 ; issues preliminary emancipation proclama- tion, 339-341 ; annual message of De- cember 1, 1862, 341, 342 ; issues final emancipation proclamation, January 1, 1863, 342-346; letter to A. G. Hodges, 346, 347 ; letters about arming negroes, 350; speech about Fort Pillow massacre, 35 1 . 35 2 ! interview with Frederick Doug- lass, 352 ; letter to Governor Seymour, 356; action in case of Vallandigham, 358, 359 ; suspends privilege of writ of habeas corpus, 360; attitude toward Knights of the Golden Circle, 361 ; appoints Burn- side to command Army of the Potomac, 363 ; telegram to Burnside, and letter to Halleck about Burnside, 365 ; letter to Burnside, 366 ; relieves Burnside and ap- points Hooker to succeed him, 366 ; letter to Hooker, 366-368; criticism on Hooker's plan of campaign, 368 ; continued belief in Hooker, 370 ; instructions to Hooker, 37°> 37 1 ! telegrams to Hooker, 371 ; ap- points Meade to command Army of the Potomac, 372 ; urges Meade to active pur- suit of Lee, 375 ; letter to Meade, 375, 376 ; Gettysburg address, 376, 377 ; letter to Grant, 384, 385 ; orders Rosecrans to advance, 385, 386; note to Halleck, 388; telegram to Rosecrans, 388 ; orders re- inforcements to Rosecrans, 388 ; signs 57© INDEX bill making Grant lieutenant-general, 393 ; address on presenting his commis- sion, 393, 394 ; letter to Grant, 396 ; under fire, 403; letter to Sherman, 412, 413; appoints military governors for Ten- nessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, and North Carolina, 419 ; his theory of " reconstruc- tion," 419 ; message to Congress, July 4, 1861, 419; letter to Cuthbert Bullitt, 420, 421 ; circular letter to military governors, 421, 422 ; letter to Governor Shepley, 422 ; letter to General Banks, 423; references to reconstruction in message to Congress, December 8, 1863, 424 ; amnesty procla- mation, December 8, 1863, 424 ; letter to General Banks, 424, 425 ; letters to Gen- eral Steele, 427, 428 ; letters to Johnson, 428, 429 ; letter to Drake and others, 430-432 ; revokes Fremont's proclama- tion freeing slaves, 432 ; letter to General Schofield, 433 ; directs Stanton to issue order regulating raising of colored troops, 434. 435! letter to H. W. Hoffman, 435, 436; Democratsand Fremont Republicans criticize his action on slavery, 437, 438 ; relations with his cabinet, 438, 439 ; atti- tude toward Chase, 439-441, 444 ; letter to Chase, 441 ; letter to F. A. Cunkling and others, 443; sentiment in favor of his reelection, 443, 444; letter to Washburne about second term, 444 ; letters to Gen- eral Schurz, 444, 445 ; instructions tooffice- holders, 445; speeches during campaign, 445 ; renominated for President, 447, 44S; refuses to intimate his preference for Vice- President, 448, 449 ; indorsement on Nicolay's letter, 448, 449; reply to com- mittee of notification, 450 ; letter accept- ing nomination, 450, 451 ; his attitude toward the French in Mexico, 451, 452; opposition to, in Congress, 454 ; on Davis's reconstruction bill, 454-456; proclamation of July 8, 1864, 456; ac- cepts Chase's resignation, 457 ; nominates David Tod to succeed him, 457 ; substi- tutes name of W. P. Fessenden, 457, 458 ; correspondence with Greeley, 458- 460; criticized because of Niagara con- ference, 460, 461 ; draft of letter to C. D. Robinson, 461 ; indorsement on Jaquess's application to go South, 462 ; answer to Raymond's proposition, 463 ; interview with John T. Mills, 464, 465 ; memoran- dum, August 23, 1864, 466; speech on morning after election, 469, 470; popular and electoral votes for, 470; summing up of results of the election, 470 ; suggests key-note of Morgan's opening speech be- fore Baltimore convention, 471 ; message to Congress, December 6, 1864, 471, 472, 476-478; answer to serenade, 474, 475; opinion on ratification of Thirteenth Amendment, 475; two constitutional amendments offered to the people during his administration, 476; gives Blair per- mission to go South, 478; letter to Blair in reply to Jefferson Davis, 481 ; sends Major Eckert to meet peace commission- ers, 482 ; instructions to Seward, 483 ; instructions to Grant, 483 ; goes to Fortress Monroe, 484 ; conference with peace commissioners, 484, 485 ; pressure upon him to dismiss Montgomery Blair, 487, 489 ; personal regard Tor the Blairs, 488 ; letter to Stanton, 488 ; lecture to cabinet, 489; requests resignation of Blair, 489; nominates Chase for chief justice, 490, 491 ; opinion of Chase, 490, 491 ; offers attor- ney-generalship to Holt and Speed, 491 ; offers cabinet appointment to Governor Morgan, 492 ; appoints Hugh McCulloch Secretary of the Treasury, 492; indorse- mentsonUsher's resignation, 402; his plans for the future, 492, 493 ; submits to cabi- net draft of joint resolution offering the South $400,000,000, 493; his second in- auguration, 493-496 ; the second inaugu- ral, 494-496 ; letter to Weed, 497 ; his literary rank, 497 ; last public address, 498; despatch to Grant, March 3, 1865, 503, 504 ; at City Point, 506 ; telegraphs Grant, " Let the thing be pressed," 511 ; visit to Richmond, 517, 518 ; interviews with John A. Campbell, 519; gives per- mission for meeting of Virginia legislature, 519; regret of army for, 529; return to Washington, 530 ; last cabinet meeting, S3i, 532; 14th of April, 532, 533, 536-540; danger from assassination, 533, 534 ; interest in the theater, 536 ; attends Ford's Theater, 536, 537 ; death of, 538- 540 ; his death prevents organized re- joicing at downfall of rebellion, 544 ; mourning for, 544-548 ; feeling of radi- cals at death of, 545 ; funeral ceremonies of, in Washington, 545, 546; funeral journey to Springfield, Illinois, 546, 547; burial at Springfield, 547, 548; his char- acter and career, 549-555; his place in history, 555 Lincoln, Abraham, grandfather of the President, emigrates from Virginia to Ken- tucky, 3, 4 ; killed by Indians, 4 Lincoln, Edward Baker, son of Presi- dent Lincoln, birth of, 69 ; death of, 69 Lincoln, Isaac, settles on Holston River, 5 Lincoln, Josiah, uncle of the President, goes to fort for assistance against In- dians, 4 Lincoln, Mary, aunt of the President, 4 Lincoln, Mary Todd, wife of the Presi- dent, engagement to Lincoln, 63, 64 ; writes "Lost Townships" letters, 66; marriage to Lincoln, November 4, 1842, 68, 69 ; children of, 69 ; death of, 69 ; accom- panies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168 ; drive with her husband, April, 14, 1865, 532; invites friends to attend Ford's Theater, 536 ; attends theater with her husband, 538 ; at Lincoln's death-bed, 539 Lincoln, Mordecai, uncle of the Presi- dent, defends homestead against Indians, 4 ; inherits his father's lands, 4 Lincoln, Nancy, aunt of the President, 4 Lincoln, Nancy Hanks, mother of the President, marries Thomas Lincoln, June INDEX 57i 19, 1806, J ; teaches her husband to sign his name, 5 ; birth of daughter, 5 ; birth of Abraham, son of, 6; death of, 9 Lincoln, Robert Todd, son of the Presi- dent, Secretary of War, minister to Eng- land, birth of, 69; public services, 69; accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168; on Grant's staff, 517; with his fa- ther, April 14, 1865, 532; at Lincoln's death-bed, 540 . Lincoln, Samuel, ancestor of the Presi- dent, emigrates to America, 3 Lincoln, Sarah, sister of the President, bom, 5 ; goes to school, 6 Lincoln, Sarah Bush Johnston. See Johnston, Sarah Bush Lincoln, Thomas, father of the President, 3 ; narrowly escapes capture by Indians, 4 ; learns carpenter's trade, 5 ; marries Nancy Hanks, June 12, 1806, 5 ; daugh- ter of, bom, 5 ; removes to Rock Spring Farm, 5, 6 ; Abraham, son of, bom, 6; buys farm on Knob Creek, 6; emigrates to Indiana, 7, 8; death of his wife, 9; mar- ries Sally Bush Johnston, 10; emigrates to Illinois, 20 Lincoln, Thomas, son of President Lin- coln, birth of, 69; death of, 69; accom- panies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168 Lincoln, William Wallace, son of Presi- dent Lincoln, birth of, 69; death of, 60, 293 ; accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Wash- ington, 168 Lloyd, John M., keeps tavern at Sur- rattsville, Maryland, 536 Logan, Stephen T., at Springfield, Illi- nois, 52: law partnership with Lincoln, 70; defeated for Congress, qi " Long Nine," a power in Illinois legisla- ture, 61 Longstreet, James, Confederate lieu- tenant-general, besieges Burnside atKnox- ville, 391; retreats toward Virginia, 391; reports conversation with Ord, 503 ; in final defense of Richmond, 509 Louisiana, State of, military governor ap- pointed for, 419; election for members of Congress, 422 ; contest over slavery clause in new constitution, 422, 423 ; election of State officers in, 425, 426; adopts new constitution abolishing slavery, 426 ; sla- very in, throttled by public opinion, 473 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 475 Lovejoy, Elijah P., murder of, 46 Lovell, Mansfield, Confederate major- general, evacuates New Orleans, 285; sends men and guns to Vicksburg, 286 Lyon, Nathaniel, brigadier-general United States Volunteers, service in Mis- souri, 202-204 ; killed at Wilson's Creek, Lyons, ^Richard Bickerton Pemell, barnn, afterward earl, British minister at Washington, instructed to demand apol- ogy for Trent affair, 246 McClellan, George B., major-general, general-in-chief, United States army, orders concerning slaves, 221 ; commis- sioned by Governor Dennison, 224 ; his previous career, 224 ; quick promotion of, 224 ; successes in western Virginia, 224, 225; ordered to Washington, 229; his ambition, 249-251 ; organizes Army of the Potomac, 250, 251 ; his hallucinations, 251, 252; quarrel with General Scott, 251, 252 ; expresses contempt for the Presi- dent, 252 ; answer to President's inquiry, 253 ; illness of, 253 ; instructions to Buell, 258-260; unwilling to promote Halleck, 270; attends council of war, 289; ex- plains plan of campaign to Stanton, 290; letter to Stanton, 292 ; revokes Hooker's authority to cross lower Potomac, 294 ; council of his officers votes in favor of water route, 295 ; at gathering of officials to discuss news of fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 296 ; occupies abandoned rebel position, 297 ; calls council of corps commanders, 298 ; relieved from command of all troops save Army of the Potomac, 298; arrives at Fortress Monroe, 299; siege of Yorktown, 301 ; his incapacity and hallucination, 302-304; retreat to James River, 302; letter to Stanton, 303; protests against withdrawal of Army of the Potomac, 309 ; reaches Alexandria, 311; suggests leaving Pope to his fate, 311 ; telegram to Pope's officers, 313 ; in command of defenses of Washington, 313 ; follows Lee into Maryland, 314; learns Lee's plans, 315; battleof Antietam, 315 ; forces under his command, 317, 318; re- moved from command, 319 ; mentioned, 328, 329 ; adopted by Democrats for presi- dential candidate, 355, 43 8 *» nominated for President, 467 ; letter of acceptance, 468 ; electoral votes for, 470 ; resigns from the army, 470 McClernand, John A., member of Con- gress, major-general United States Vol- unteers, at Springfield, Illinois, 52 McCulloch, Ben, Confederate brigadier- general, defeat at Pea Ridge, 271 McCulloch, Hugh, Secretary of the Treasury, enters Lincoln's cabinet, 492 McDougall, James A., member of Con- gress, United Stades senator, at Spring- field, Illinois, 52 McDowell, Irvin, brevet major-general United States army, fears junction 01 Johnston and Beauregard, 216; advances against Beauregard, 226; battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 226-229; advises movement on Manassas, 289; ordered by Lincoln to protect Washington, 299, 305 ; ordered to form junction with Shields and Fremont, 306; in Army of Virginia, 310 McLean, John, justice United States Supreme Court, vote for, in Chicago con- vention, 149 McNamar, John, engaged to Anne Rut- Magbffin, Beriah, governor of Kentucky, efforts in behalf of secession, 201 Magruder, John B., brevet lieutenant- 572 INDEX colonel United States army, Confederate major-general, joins the Confederacy, 196; opposes McClellan with inferior numbers, 301 Maine, State of, admitted as State, 1820, Mallory, S. R., United States senator, Confederate Secretary of the Navy, writes proposition of armistice dictated by Davis and signed by Johnston, 521 Malvern Hill, Virginia, battle of, July 1, 1862, 302 Marcy, R. B., brevet major-general United States army, McClellan's chief of staff, 294 Marshall, Charles, Confederate colonel, present at Lee's surrender, 513 Maryland, State of, secession feeling in, 193 ; arrest and dispersion of its legisla- ture, 199; refuses offer of compensated abolishment, 434; emancipation party in, 434; abolishes slavery, 435, 436; slavery in, throtded by public opinion, 473; rati- fies Thirteenth Amendment, 474 Mason, James M., United States senator, Confederate commissioner to Europe, in- terview with John Brown, 134; goes to Baltimore, 197 ; capture of, 246-249 Matthews, J., burns Booth's letter, 537 Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), Archduke of Austria and Em- peror of Mexico, established by Napo- leon III texico, 451 Maynard, Horace, member of Congress, minister to Turkey, telegram about East Tennessee, 259; elected to Congress, 419 Meade, George G., major-general United States army, succeeds Hooker in com- mand of Army of the Potomac, 372; battle of Gettysburg, 372-374 ; pur- suit of Lee, 375, 377 ; offers to give up command of Army of the Potomac, 394 ; continued in command, 395; reports sur- render of Richmond, 510 ; ordered to pur- sue Lee, 510; pursuit of Lee, 511 ; or- dered to disregard Sherman's truce, 523 Meigs, Montgomery C, brevet major- general and quartermaster-general United States army, at gathering of officials to discuss news of battle between Monitor and Merrimac, 296 Memphis, Tennessee, river battle at, 286 Merrimac, the, Confederate ironclad, bat- tle with Monitor, 278-2S2 Merryman, John, arrest of, 199 Minnesota, the, Union steam frigate, in fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 280 Missouri, State of, admitted as State, 1821, 19; action concerning secession, 201-204; provisional State government established, 418; struggle over slavery, 430-434; adopts ordinance of emancipation, 434; resolution in Assembly favoring Lincoln's renomination, 444; votes for Grant in Baltimore convention, 447 ; slavery in, throttled by public opinion, 473 Missouri Compromise, repeal of, 94, 95, Mobile Bay, Alabama, battle of, August 5, 1S64, 468, 525 _ Monitor, the, Union ironclad, battle with Merrimac, 279-282 Montgomery, Alabama, capital of Con- federacy removed from, to Richmond, 207 Moore, Thomas O., governor of Louisi- ana, arms free colored men, 348, 349 Morgan, Edwin D., governor of New York, United States senator, opens Re- publican national convention, 1864, 446 ; declines cabinet appointment, 492 Morris, Achilles, elected to Illinois Iegis- ture in 1832, 34 Morrison, James L. D., desires commis- sionership of General Land Office, 92 Mudd, Samuel, assists Booth and Herold, 542; imprisoned, 544 Mulligan, James A., brevet brigadier- general United States Volunteers, cap- tured by Price, 241 Murfreesboro, Tennessee, battle of, De- cember 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863, 380 Napoleon III colonial ambitions of, 211; establishes Maximilian in Mexico, 451 Nashville, Tennessee, battle of, Decem- cember 15, 16, T864, 410 Neale, T. M., commands troops in Black Hawk War, 31, 32; defeated for Illinois legislature 1832, 34 Negro soldiers, experiments with, early in the war, 348 ; governor of Louisiana arms free blacks, 348, 349; reference to, in emancipation proclamation, 349, 350; Lincoln's interest in, 350 ; attitude of Con- federates toward, 350, 351 ; massacre of, at Fort Pillow, 35T ; President's conver- sation with Frederick Douglass about re- taliation, 352 ; Stanton's order regulating raising of, 435 ; Republican national platform claims protection of laws of war for, 446 ; take part in second inauguration of Lincoln, 493, 494 ; Jefferson Davis's recommendation concerning slaves in rebel army, 501 ; assist in restoring order in Richmond, 517; in Lincoln's funeral procession, 546. See Slavery and Emancipation Nelson, William, lieutenant-commander United States navy, major-general United States Volunteers, occupies Nashville, 270 New Orleans, Louisiana, capture of, 283- 285 ; Confederate negro regiment in, 348, 349; Union sentiment in, 420 New Salem, Illinois, town of, 22-26 New York City, draft riots in, 356, 357; funeral honors to Lincoln in, 546, 547 Nicolay, John G., Lincoln's private sec- retary, 158; accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168; in attendance at Balti- more convention, 448, 449 ; letter to Hay, 448 North Carolina, State of, joins Confed- eracy, 200, 204 ; military governor ap- pointed for, 419 INDEX 573 Offutt, Denton, engages Lincoln to take flatboat to New Orleans, 21 ; disappears from New Salem, 35 O'Laughlin, Michael, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534 ; imprisoned, 544 Ord, Edward O. C., brevet major-gen- eral United States army, conversation with Longstreet, 503 Owens, Mary S., Lincoln's attentions to, correspondence with and proposal o! marriage to, 55-60 Palfrey, F. W., Confederate brigadier- general, statement about strength of Army of the Potomac, 315 Parke, John G., brevet major-general United States army, in recapture of Fort Stedman, 505, 506; in assault at Peters- burg, 509 Patterson, Robert, major-general Penn- sylvania militia, turns troops toward Harper's Ferry, 209 ; part in campaign against Manassas, 216; orders concern- ing slaves, 220, 221 ; failure at Harper's Ferry, 228 Paulding, Hiram, rear-admiral United States navy, burns Norfolk navy-yard, 278 Pea Ridge, Arkansas battle of, 271 Pemberton, John C, Confederate lieu- tenant-general, surrenders Vicksburg, 383 Pendleton, George H., member of Con- gress, minister to Prussia, nominated for Vice-President, 467 Pendleton, William N., Confederate brigadier-general, advises Lee to sur- render, 512 Perryville, Kentucky, battle of, October 8, 1862, 379 Peter, Z., defeated for Illinois legislature, 1832, 34 Petersburg, Virginia, operations against, 400-402, 507-510; evacuation of, April 2, 1865, 510 Phelps, John S., member of Congress, appointed military governor of Arkansas, Phelps, J. W., brigadier-general United Stales Volunteers, mentioned in letter of Lincoln, 334 ; declared an outlaw by Confederate War Department, 350 Philippi, West Virginia, battle of, June 3, 1861, 214, 225 Phillips, Wendell, letter to Cleveland convention, 442 Pickens, Francis W., member of Con- gress, minister to Russia, governor of South Carolina, fires on StaroftliL- \V,-st, 178 Pickett, George E., Confederate major- general, in battle of Five Forks, 507, 508 Pierce, Franklin, fourteenth President of the United States, recognizes bogus laws in Kansas, 113; appoints governors for Kjns.is, 113, 114 Pillow, Gideon J., Confederate major- general, stationed at Columbus, 254; es- capes from Fort Donelson, 268 Pinkerton, Allen, detective work of, 173 Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, battle of, April 6, 7, 1S62, 272-274 Polk, James K., eleventh President of the United States, sends treaty of peace with Mexico to Senate, 79 Pomeroy, Samuel C, United Slates senator, secret circular of, 440 Pope, John, brevet major-general United States army, sent to New Madrid, 270; capture of Island No. 10, 274 ; proceeds to Fort Pillow, 274 ; joins Halleck, 274 ; assigned to command Army of Virginia, 306 ; assumes command of Army of Vir- ginia, 310; second battle of Bull Run, 310, 311 ; despatch announcing his defeat, 312; relieved from command of Army of the Potomac, 314 Porter, David D, admiral United States navy, commands mortar flotilla in expe- dition with Farragut, 282-287 ; in second expedition to Vicksburg, 287 ; in opera- tions about Vicksburg, 382, 383 ; visits Richmond with Lincoln, 517, 518 Porterfield, G. A., Confederate colonel, routed at Philippi, 225 Port Hudson, Louisiana, siege and sur- render of, 383, 384 Port Royal, South Carolina, expedition against, 245, 246 Powell, Lewis, alias Lewis Payne, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534 ; assigned to murder Seward, 535 ; attack upon Seward, 540, 541 ; escape and cap- ture of, 541, 542; execution of, 544 Price, Sterling, Confederate major-gen- eral, retreat to Springfield, Missouri, 234 ; captures Mulligan, 241 ; retreats toward Arkansas, 269; defeat at Pea Ridge, 271 Pritchard, Benjamin D., brevet briga- dier-general United States Volunteers, captures Jefferson Davis, 526 Quinton, R., defeated for Illinois legisla- ture, 1832, 34 Rathbone, Henry R., brevet colonel United States army, attends Ford's The- ater with Mrs. Lincoln and Miss Harris, 536; wounded by Booth, 538, 539 Raymond, Henry J., member of Con- gress, letter to Lincoln, 462, 463 ; visits Washington, 463 Reconstruction, in West Virginia and Missouri, 418, 419; Lincoln's theory of, 419; in Louisiana, 420-426; in Arkansas, 426, 427; in Tennessee, 428, 420; oppo- sition in Congress to Lincoln s action concerning, 454 ; Henry Winter Davis's bill prescribing method of, 454 ; Lincoln's proclamation of, July 8, 1864,456; Wade- Davis manifesto, 456, 457 Republican Party, formation of, 102, 103 ; nominates Fremont and Dayton, 1856, 103, 104 ; national convention of, i860, 144-151 ; candidates in i860, 152; cam- paign of, i860, 153-160; Fremont faction denounces Lincoln.' s attitude on slavery. 574 INDEX 438 ; the Chase faction, 439-44 1 '> national convention of, 1864, 446-449 ; gloomy prospects of, 462-466 ; success in elec- tions of, 1864, 469, 470 Retaliation, rebel threats of, 350, 351 ; cabinet action on Fort Pillow massacre, 352 ; conversation between Lincoln and Frederick Douglass about, 352 Reynolds, John, governor of Illinois, issues call for volunteers for Black Hawk War, 31, 32 Richmond, Virginia, becomes capital of Confederate States, 207 ; panic in, at ru- mors of evacuation, 481 ; high prices in, 481 ; excitement created by Blair's visits, 481, 482 ; alarm at Grant's advance, 500; surrender of, April 3, 1865, 510; burning ' of, 515, 516 Rich Mountain, Virginia, battle of, July n, 1861, 225 Riney, Zachariah, teacher of President Lincoln, 6 Roanoke, the, Union steam frigate, in fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 280 Robinson, E., defeated for Illinois legisla- ture, 1832, 34 Rodgers, John, rear-admiral United States navy, takes part in Port Royal expedition, 245, 246 Romine, Gideon, merchant at Gentry- ville, 9 Rosecrans, William S., brevet major- general United States army, success at Rich Mountain, 225 ; succeeds Buell in Kentucky, 380; battle of Murfreesboro, 380; Iuka and Corinth, 380; drives Bragg to Chattanooga, 385 ; Chattanooga and Chickamauga, 386-388; relieved from command, 388, 389 ; dilatory movements delay reconstruction in Tennessee, 428 Russell, Lord John, British minister for foreign affairs, interview with Charles Francis Adams, 211 Rutledge, Anne, engagement to Lincoln, 54 ; death of, 54 Savannah, Georgia, occupied by Sherman, December 21, 1864, 412 Schofield, J. M., brevet major-general, general-in-chief, United States army, ordered to join Sherman, 414 ; joins Sher- man, 417 Schurz, Carl, major-general United States Volunteers, United States senator, Secre- tary of the Interior, asks permission to take part in presidental campaign, 444 Scott, Dred, case of, 108, 109 Scott, Robert E., tendered cabinet ap- pointment, 164 Scott, Winfield, lieutenant-general United States army, warning to Lincoln about plot in Baltimore, 172; charged with safety of Washington, 172; attempt to reinforce Anderson, 178: advises evacu- ation of Sumter, 183; orders Washington prepared for a siege, 194 ; report to Presi- dent Lincoln, 194, 195; offers Lee com- mand of seventy-five regiments, 196; orders Lyon to St. Louis, 202 ; loyalty of, 208; occupies Cairo, Illinois, 210: mili- tary problem before, 210; plan of cam- paign, 215, 216, 231, 232; refuses to credit news of defeat at Bull Run, 228, 229 ;' welcomes McClellan to Washington, 250; quarrel with McClellan, 251, 252; retirement of, 251-253; rank as lieutenant- general, 393 ; attends Lincoln's funeral in New York, 547 Seaton, William W., mayor of Wash- ington, approves Lincoln's bill abolishing slavery in District of Columbia, 87 Secession, South Carolina, Florida, Mis- sissippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas join the movement, 175, 176; action of central cabal, 177; sentiment in Maryland, 193, 194; Virginia passes ordi- nance of, 194 ; Tennessee, North Caro- lina, and Arkansas join the movement, 200; sentiment in Delaware, 201; in Kentucky, 201; in Missouri, 201-204: numerical strength of, 204. See Confed- erate States of A merica Seddon, James A., member of Congress, Confederate Secretary of War, resigna- tion of, 501 Sedgwick, John, major-general United States Volunteers, crosses Rappahannock and takes Fredericksburg, 368, 369 Seven Days' Battles, 302, 306, 307 Seward, Augustus H., brevet colonel United States army, stabbed by Powell, alias Payne, 541 Seward, Frederick W., Assistant Secre- tary of State, visits Lincoln in Philadel- phia, 172; wounded by Powell, alias Payne, 540, 541 Seward, William H., United States sena- tor, Secretary of State, desires reelection of Douglas to United States Senate, 125; candidate for presidential nomination, i860, 144 ; votes for, in Chicago conven- tion, 149-151; accepts cabinet appoint- ment, 163 ; transmits offers of cabinet appointments, 164; suggestions to Lin- coln about journey to Washington, 168; warning to Lincoln about plot in Balti- more, 172, 173; meets Lincoln at railway station in Washington, 174; appointed Secretary of State, 182; reply to Confed- erate commissioners, 183; reply to Judge Campbell, 183; memorandum of April 1, 1861, 184-187; opinion of Lincoln, 187; despatch of May 21, 211; friendship for Lord Lyons, 247 ; despatch in Trent affair, 249 ; at gathering of officials to discuss news of Monitor and Merrimac, 296; goes to New York with President's letter, 307; Lincoln tells him of coming emanci- pation proclamation, 332 ; suggests post- ponement of emancipation proclamation, 332 ; attitude toward the French in Mexico, 451, 452 ; agrees with President against making proffers of peace to Davis, 463 ; proclaims ratification ofThirteenth Amend- ment, 475 ; goes to Hampton Roads. 483 ; INDEX 575 relations with Montgomery Blair, 488 ; plot to murder, 535 ; attacked by Powell, alias Payne, 540, 541 Seymour, Horatio, governor of New York, opposition to the draft, 355-357 ; correspondence with Lincoln, 356 ; noti- fies McClellan of his nomination, 468 Shepley, G. F., brigadier-general United States Volunteers, military governor of Louisiana, orders election lor members of Congress, 422 ; orders registration of loyal voters, 422, 423 Sheridan, Philip H., lieutenant-general, general-in-chief, United States army, operations in Shenandoah valley, 403, 404; succeeds McClellan, 470; in Shen- andoah valley, 502 ; reaches City Point, 506 ; advance to Five Forks, 507 ; reports situation to Grant, 507 ; battle of Five Forks, 508 ; ordered to get on Lee's line of retreat, 509, 510; despatch to Grant, 511; captures Appomattox Station, 512; despatch to Grant, 512 Sherman, John, member of Congress, Secretary of the Treasury, United States senator, candidate for Speaker of the House of Representatives, 141 Sherman, William Tecumseh, lieuten- ant-general, general -in-chief United States army.sentto Nashville, 254 ; succeeds An- derson, 254 ; interview with Cameron,255; asks to be relieved, 255 ; in operations about Vicksburg, 38r. 382 ; reaches Chat- tanooga, 389 ; in battle of Chattanooga, 390, 391; conference with Grant, 395; master in the West, 395 ; Meridian cam- paign, 405, 406 ; concentrates troops at Chattanooga, 406 ; march on Atlanta, 408, 468 ; truce with Hood, 408 ; divides his army, 409 ; march to the sea, 410- 412; telegram to President Lincoln, 412;. proposes to march through the Carolinas, 414; from Savannah to Goldsboro, 414- 417; visit to Grant, 417; march north- ward, 502 ; visit to Lincoln and Grant, 506 ; admiration for Grant and respect for Lee, 520; enters Raleigh, 521; re- ceives communication from Johnston, 521; meetings with Johnston, 521, 522; agreement between them, 522 ; agree- ment disapproved at Washington, 523 ; report to Grant, 523, 524 ; receives John- ston's surrender, 524 ; effect of his march through the South, 524 ; sent against E. Kirby Smith, 526; soldiers of, in grand review, 528 Shields, James, United States senator, brigadier-genera] United States Volun- teers, at Springfield, Illinois, 52; auditor of Illinois, 65; challenges Lincoln to a duel, 66-68 ; ordered to form junction with McDowell and Fremont, 306 Short, James, buys Lincoln's surveying instruments and restores them to him, 36 Simpson, M., Bishop of the Methodist Church, oration at Lincoln's funeral, 548 Slavery, agitation in Illinois, 45, 46; Lin- coln-Stone protest, 47 ; Lincoln's bill to abolish, in District of Columbia, 85-87 ; repeal of Missouri Compromise, 94, 95 ; Peoria debate of LincoLn and Douglas, 96-98 ; Lincoln's Chicago banquet speech, 106, 107; Dred Scott case, 108-112 ; pro- slavery reaction, 113; slavery agitation in Kansas, 113-117; Lincoln's "House divided against itself" speech, 119, 120, 127, 128 ; Lincoln-Douglas joint debate, r2i-i25; John Brown raid, 134, 135; Lincoln's speeches in Kansas and the East, 136-140; pro-slavery demands of Democratic leaders, 141, 142; attitude of political parties upon, in 1860, 152, 153; " corner-stone " theory of the Confederate States, 179; dream of the conspirators, 197, 204 ; dread of slave insurrections in the South, 220, 221 ; action of Union commanders about, 220-223 ; Fremont's vVashl mat ' orl > 236-238 ; Lincoln to Brown- ing about Fremont's proclamation, 238- 240; President's interview with border State delegations, 257, 258, 324, 325 ; refer- ences to, in Cameron's report, 320; in Lincoln's message of December 3, 1861, 321, 322 ; Delaware offered compensated abolishment, 322, 323; Lincoln's special message to Congress, March 6, 1862, 323, 324; President's letter to McDougall, 324; Congress passes bill for compensated emancipation in District of Columbia, 325, 326; bill in Congress to aid emanci- pation in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, 326; Lincoln revokes Hunter's order, 327, 328 ; measures relating to, in Con- gress, 1862, 329 ; President's second in- terview with border State delegations, 329-331 ; Lincoln reads first draft of emancipation proclamation to cabinet, 33 J > 33 2 ! President's interview with Chicago clergymen, 337-339; President issues preliminary emancipation procla- mation, 339-341 ; annual message of De- cember 1, 1862, on, 34T, 342; President issues final emancipation proclamation, 342-346 ; President's views on, 346, 347 ; arming of negro soldiers, 348-350; in- structions from War Department about slaves, 349; contest over slavery clause in new Louisiana constitution, 423 ; slavery abolished in Louisiana, 426 ; abolished in Arkansas, 427; abolished in Tennessee, 429 ; abolished in Missouri, 434 ; abol- ished in Maryland, 435, 436 ; attitude of Democratic party on, 437, 438; Republi- can national platform favors constitutional amendment abolishing, 446 ; fugitive- slave law repealed, 457; constitutional amendment prohibiting, in United States, 471-476; public opinion on, in certain States, 473; two constitutional amend- ments offered during Lincoln's term, 475, 476 ; Lincoln's draft of joint resolution offering South $400,000,000, 493; decline in value of slave property in the South, 5or; effect on Lincoln's character, 551. See Emancipation and Negro soldiers 576 INDEX Slidell, John, minister to Mexico, United States senator, Confederate commissioner to Europe, capture of, 246-249; last in- structions from Confederate Secretary di State to, 501, 502 Smith, Caleb B., member of Congress, Secretary of the Interior, judge United States District Court, appointed Secretary of the Interior, 182 ; signs cabinet protest, 311, 312 Smith, E. Kirby, Confederate general, commands forces west ot the Mississippi, 525 ; surrender of, 526, 527 Smith, Melancton, rear-admiral United States navy, at gathering of officials to discuss fight between Monitor and Mer- ritnac, 296 Smith, William F., brevet major-general United States army, service at Chatta- nooga, 389 x \ . , Spain, joint expedition to Mexico, 451 Spangler, Edward, imprisoned for com- plicity in Booth's plot, 544 Speed, James, Attorney-General, ap- pointed Attorney-General, 491 Speed, Joshua F., intimacy with Lincoln, 53 ; Lincoln's letters to, 64, 65, 68 ; mar- riage, 65 Spottsylvania, Virginia, battle of, May 8- 19, 1864, 398» 399 Springfield, Illinois, its ambition, 26; first newspaper, 26 ; becomes capital of Illinois, 45, 52 ; in 1837-39,53; revival of business in, 61 ; society in, 62 ; Lin- coln's speech of farewell at, 169; funeral honors to Lincoln in, 547, 548 Stanley, Edward, member of Congress, appointed militarygovernorof North Caro- lina, 420 Stanton, Edwin M., Attorney-General, Secretary of War, succeeds Cameron as Secretary of War, 289; his efficiency, 289, 290; interview with the President, 2 93. 294; at gathering of officials to dis- cuss news of Monitor and Merrimac, 296; conveys President's reply to McClellan's plan of campaign, 298 ; indignation at McClellan, 311; draws up and signs memorandum of protest against continu- ing McClellan in command, 311; instruc- tion about slaves, 349 ; faith in Hooker, 370; anxiety for Lincoln during Early's raid, 403; order regulating raising of colored troops, 435 ; orders suppression of two New York newspapers and arrest of their editors, 453, 454; agrees with President against making proffers of peace to Davis, 463 ; relations with Mont- gomery Blair, 488; sends Halleck's letter to President, 488 ; shows Lincoln Grant's despatch transmitting Lee's overtures, 503; disapproves Sherman's agreement with Johnston, 523 ; at Lincoln's death-bed, 540 Star of the West, merchant vessel, un- successful attempt to reinforce Fort Sum- ter, 178 Steele, Frederick, brevet major-general United States army, marches from Helena to Little Rock, Arkansas, 427 ; assists re- construction in Arkansas, 427 Stephens, Alexander H., member of Congress, Confederate Vice-President, correspondence with Lincoln, 165, 166; elected Vice-President Confederate States of America, 179; "corner-stone" theory, 179 ; signs military league, 197 ; appointed peace commissioner, 482 ; at Hampton Roads conference, 482-485 Stevens, Thaddeus, member of Congress, criticism of joint resolution offering com- pensated emancipation, 325 St. Lawrence, the, in fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 280 Stone, Charles P., brigadier-general United States Volunteers, report about danger to Lincoln in Baltimore, 172, 173 Stone, Dan, member of Illinois legislature, protest with Lincoln against resolutions on slavery, 47 Stone, Dr. Robert K., at Lincoln's death- bed, 539, 540 Stringham, Silas H. rear-admiral United States navy, commands Hatteras expe- dition, 245 Stuart, John T., major Illinois Volunteers, member of Congress, reenlists as private in Black Hawk War, 33 ; elected to Illi- nois, legislature in 1832, 34 ; reelected in '834. 43! encourages Lincoln to study law, 44 ; at Springfield, Illinois, 52; elected to Congress, 69, 70 Surratt, John H., in conspiracy to assas- sinate Lincoln, 534 ; deposits arms in tavern at Surrattsville, 536; escape to Canada, subsequent capture and trial, 544 Surratt, Mrs. Mary E., in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534 ; visits tavern at Surrattsville, 536; fate of, 541, 542, 544 Swaney, teacher of President Lincoln, 12 Swett, Leonard, favors Holt for Vice- President, 448 Taney, Roger B., chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, opin- ion in Dred Scott case, 109; action in Merryman case, 199, 200; death of, 490 Taylor, E. D., elected to Illinois legisla- ture in 1832, 34 Taylor, Richard, Confederate lieutenant- general, surrenders to Canby, 525, 527 Taylor, Zachary, twelfth President of the United States, nominated for President, 80, 81 ; elected President, 87 Tennessee, the, Confederate ram, in bat- tle of Mobile Bay, 525 Tennessee, State of, joins Confederacy, 200, 204 ; military governor appointed for, 419; secession usurpation in, 420; delay of reconstruction in, 428; organization of State government and abolishment of sla- very, 429 ; public opinion in, regarding slavery, 473 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amend- ment, 475 Terry, Alfred H., brevet major-general United States army, communicates with Sherman, 416 INDEX 577 Texas, State of, ratifies Thirteenth Amend- ment, 475 Thatcher, Henry K., rear-admiral United States navy, receives surrender of Far- rand, 525 Thirteenth Amendment, joint resolu- tion proposing, 471-475; ratification of, Thomas, George H., major-general United States army, ordered to oppose Zollicoffer, 254; victory over Zollicoffer, 265 ; at battle of Chickamauga, 387 ; suc- ceeds Rosecrans at Chattanooga, 3S9; in battle of Chattanooga, 390, 391 ; sent by Sherman to defend Tennessee, 409; Franklin and Nashville, 410; threatens Confederate communications from Ten- nessee, 502 Thompson, Jacob, member of Congress, Secretary of the Interior, agent of Con- federate government in Canada, 361 ; his visionary plans, 361, 362 ; account at Montreal Bank, 544 Thompson, Samuel, colonel Illinois Vol- unteers, commands regiment in Black Hawk War, 32 Tod, David, minister to Brazil, governor of Ohio, declines nomination for Secretary of the Treasury, 457 Todd, Mary, see Lincoln, Mary Todd Totten, Joseph G., brevet major-general United States army, at gathering of offi- cials to discuss news of fight of Monitor and Merrimac, 296 Treat, Samuel H., United States district judge, at Springfield, Illinois, 52 Trent Brothers, buy store of Lincoln and Berry, 36 Trent, the, British mail-steamer, overhauled by the San Jacinto, 246 Trumbull, Lyman, member of Congress, United States senator, at Springfield, Illinois, 52; elected to United States Senate, 1855, 100 Turnham, David, lends Lincoln "Re- vised Statutes of Indiana," 14 Usher, John P., Secretary of the Trea- sury, resigns from cabinet, 492 Vallandigham, Clement L., member of Congress, interview with John Brown, 134; arrest and banishment of, 358 ; head 01 Knights of Golden Circle, etc., 360, 361 ; at Democratic national convention, 467,468 Van Bergen, sues Lincoln for debt, 36, 41 Vandalia, Illinois, removal of State capital from, to Springfield, 45, 52 Van Dorn, Earl, Confederate major- »( rteral, defeat at Pea Ridge, 271 Varuna, the, sunk in expedition against New Orleans, 285 Vicksburg, Mississippi, fortifications of, 287; surrender of, July 4, 1863, 376, 383; situation of 381 ; operations against, 381- Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ire- land, proclamation of neutrality, 211 ; kindly feelings toward United States, 247 Vienna Station, ambush at, 214 Virginia, State of, passes ordinance of secession, 194 ; in the Confederacy, 204 ; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 475 Wade, Benjamin F., United States sena- tor, signs Wade-Davis manifesto, 456 Walker, Leroy Pope, Confederate Sec- retary of War and brigadier-general, speech at Montgomery, 197 Walker, Robert J., United States sena- tor, Secretary of the Treasury, appointed governor of Kansas, 114 ; letter to Bu- chanan, 114, 115; resigns, 117 Warren, Gouverneur K., brevet major- general United States army, attacked by Lee, 507 Washburne, Elihu B., member of Con- gress, minister to France, meets Lincoln at railway station in Washington, 174 Washington City, cutoff from the North, 194-197 ; communication restored, 197 ; fortifications of, 208, 209 ; threatened by Early, 403 ; grand review of Union army >n. 527-529 Washington, George, first President of the United States, rank of lieutenant- general, 393 ; size of his armies compared with Lee's, 524 ; his place in United States history, 555 Weitzel, Godfrey, brevet major-general United Slates army, receives surrender of Richmond, 510; sets about work of relief, 516 Welles, Gideon, Secretary of the Navy, appointed Secretary of the Navy, 182; approves course of Captain Wilkes, 246; at gathering of officials to discuss news of fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 296; refuses to sign cabinet protest, 311, 312 ; Lincoln tells him of coming emanci- pation proclamation, 332 West Virginia, State of, formation of, 200, 201 ; true to the Union, 204 ; effect on, of McCIellan's campaign, 225 ; admission to the Union, 418 ; slavery in throttled by ublic opinion, 473 hig Party, first national convention of, 28 ; nominates Henry Clay, 28 ; conven- tion of 1S60, 143, 144 White, Albert S., member of Congress, United States senator, judge of District Court of Indiana, reports bill to aid eman- cipation in Delaware.Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, 126 . . Whitesides, Samuel, general Illinois Volunteers, reenlists as private in Black Hawk War, 33 Wide Awakes, origin and campaign work of, 155, 1^6 Wilderness, Virginia, battle of, May 5, 6, 1S64, 398 Wilkes, Charles, rear-admiral United States navy, capture of the Trent, 246- 249 P Wl 578 INDEX Wilmington, North Carolina, occupation of, February 22, 1865, 525 Wilson, James H., brevet major-general United States army, cavalry raid, and defeat of Forrest, 524, 525 Wilson's Creek, Missouri, battle of, Au- gust 10, 1861, 235 Wise, Henry A., minister to Brazil; governor of Virginia, Confederate briga- dier-general, desires Douglas's reelection to United States Senate, 126; interview with John Brown, 134 Worden, John L., rear-admiral United States navy, commands the Monitor, 282 Wright, Horatio G., brevet major-gen- eral United States army, sent to Wash- ington, 403 ; in recapture of Fort Sted- man, 505, 506 ; in assault at Petersburg, 508, 309 Yates, Richard, member of Congress, governor of Illinois, United States sena- tor, Lincoln advocates his reelection, 96; commissions Grant, 265 ; appoints J. F. Jaquess colonel of volunteer regiment, 461 Yorktown, Virginia, siege of, April 5 to May 3, 1862, 301 Zollicoffer, Felix K., member of Con- gress, Confederate brigadier-general, in eastern Kentucky, 254; defeated by Thomas, 265