V \ « \ / J Senate Judiciary Committee r ■L/OXiO Amnesty and Pardon for Political Prisoners / HEARINGS BEFORE A a SW^.MMIlTEE OF THE ''COMMITTEE Oft THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE SIXTY-SIXTH CONGRESS THIRD SESSION S. J. RES. 171 A JOINT RESOLUTION PROVIDING FOR THE RECOMMENDATION OF AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES »»' 34773 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY. KNUTE NELSON. Minnesota. Chairman. WILLIAM P. DILLINGHAM, Vermont. FRANK B. BRANDEGEE, Connecticut. WILLIAM E. BORAH, Idaho. ALBERT B. CUMMINS, Iowa. LeBARON B. COLT, Rhode Island. THOMAS B. STERLING, South Dakota. ALBERT B. FALL, New Mexico. GEORGE W. NORRIS, Nebraska. FRANK B. KELLOGG, Minnesota. Simon CHARLES A. CULBERSON, Texas. LEE S. OVERMAN, North Carolina. JAMES A. REED, Missouri. HENRY F. ASHURST, Arizona. JOHN K. SHIELDS, Tennessee. THOMAS J. WALSH, Montana. HOKE SMITH, Georgia. WILLIAM H. KING, Utah. Michelet, Clerk. Members of the Subcommittee. THOMAS STERLING, South Dakota. THOMAS J. W T ALSH, Montana. WILLIAM E. BORAH, Idaho. WILLIAM H. KING, Utah. LeBARON B. COLT, Rhode Island. George L. Treat, Assistant Clerk. Carl W. Bordsen, Assistant Clerk. 2 CONTENTS. Page. Senator Joseph I. France, of Maryland. 6 Mr. Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, Wash¬ ington, D. C. 7 Mr. Richard L. Tolman, of Washington, D. C. 19 Mrs. Lucy Robbins, secretary of the amnesty committee of the American Federation of Labor.. 20 Mr. John P. Sullivan, president of the Central Trades and Labor Council of New York. 36 Rev. L. N. Powers. 39 Mrs. Helen Hoy Greeley, of New York City. 41 Mr. Benjamin C. Marsh, secretary and director of the legislation of the Farm¬ ers’ National Council, Washington, D. C. 44 Mr. Marvin Gates Sperry, national president of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Legion, Washington, D. C. 46 Mr. Algernon Lee, teacher, of New York City. 49 Miss Frances Witherspoon, secretary of a committee of the Socialist Party- 60 Hon. Jacob Panken, judge of municipal court, New York City. 63 Hon. A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General of the United States; Mr. Richard P. Stewart, Assistant Attorney General in charge of criminal matters; Mr. Hugh A. Fisher, attorney, Department of Justice; Mr. Arthur Robb, in charge of the Division of Mails and Files, Department of Justice, Washing¬ ton, D. C. 69 Tables of cases filed by Attorney General: Trading with the enemy cases, convictions. 86 Sabotage cases, convictions. 86 Espionage cases, convictions.‘. 87 Passport case, convictions. 102 Explosives act cases, convictions. 105 Draft cases, convictions. 107 Pardons or commutations granted by the President in espionage cases and other so-called political offenses. 175 Communications and petitions filed by Senator Sterling. 197 3 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. TUESDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1920. United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10.30 o’clock a. m., in the committee room, Capitol, Senator Thomas Sterling presiding. Present: Senators Sterling (chairman), Walsh of Montana, and King. The subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, had under consideration Senate joint resolution 171, providing for the recommendation of amnesty and pardon for political prisoners in the United States. Senator Sterling. The committee will be in order. Senator France. Mr. Chairman, I would suggest that the clerk of the committee read the resolution. I think it is quite important that we bear in mind that we are discussing this resolution, and I think it is, in view of that fact, quite important that the resolution be read. (The clerk of the committee here read aloud the resolution under consideration by the subcommittee, which is as follows:) JOINT RESOLUTION Providing for the recommendation of amnesty and pardon for political prisoners in the United States. Whereas there are in military prisons or under bail pending trial or appeal large num¬ bers of men and women whose offenses or alleged offenses are of a political nature, consisting only of opinions expressed, in words spoken or written, as distinguished from direct incitation to violence, violence, or overt acts against the Government, all such being held for such alleged offenses under the provisions of the espionage act; and Whereas the first amendment of the Constitution of the United States provides— “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit¬ ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances”— in view of which provision there is grave doubt as to the constitutionality of the said espionage act and the act amendatory thereof; and Whereas the sole justification for such prosecution and imprisonment, that of war¬ time necessity, no longer exists; and Whereas in the democratic countries of Europe full amnesty and pardon has been granted to political prisoners: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That it is the sense of the Congress that the further prosecution and imprisonment in the United States of such a body of political offenders is contrary to the democratic idealism and traditions of freedom to which our country is com¬ mitted; and Sec. 2. That we recommend to the President of the United States, the Attorney General of the United States, and the Secretary of War a careful consideration of the propriety, advisability, and wisdom of granting immediate pardon and amnesty to all prisoners whose religious, politcal. or economic beliefs only, as expressed in words spoken or written, formed the basis of their prosecution, trial, or imprisonment under the said espionage act and the act amendatory thereof. Senator Sterling. Senator France, whom have you to speak first to the committee ? 5 6 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. STATEMENT OF SENATOR JOSEPH I. FRANCE, OF MARYLAND. Senator France. Mr. Chairman, I will say only a word about this resolution. Careful attention to the wording of it will show that it applies to those political prisoners who have been in prison for words spoken or written, expressing opinions, and this resolution was intro¬ duced by me at the request of the representatives of the American Federation of Labor, the members of the American Federation, I believe, taking the view that it was the duty of the American Federa¬ tion, wherever possible, to come out in defense of the principles enunciated in the Constitution of the United States; that the members of that great organization, the greatest labor organization in the his¬ tory of the world, realized very fully that the welfare of the working¬ man is bound up in this question of the preservation of civil liberty. The workingmen of America realize that if they may be deprived of the right freely and fearlessly to express their opinions on govern¬ mental questions, if they may be deprived of that liberty in con¬ travention of the principles of the Constitution of the United States, it will be useless for them to attempt to struggle for a betterment of their condition. Of course, I do not care to discuss the constitutionality of the act amendatory to the espionage act. I could refer to the debates upon that act amendatory to the espionage act, and I think I could prove quite conclusively to the committee that the purport of that amend¬ ment to the espionage act was such that those entertaining the minority opinion would be deprived of the right of expressing that minority opinion. In other words, the act amendatory to the espionage act which was adopted in June, 1918, was designed to prevent the expression by spoken or written word of the minority opinion. That shows very clearly in the debate; it shows very clearly in the communications from the Department of Justice; and it shows very clearly in the rejection by the Senate, at the urgent request of the Department of Justice, of my amendment to the amendatory act, which provided that “ nothing in this act shall be construed as limit¬ ing the right of the individual to speak what is true, with good motives and for justifiable ends.” The rejection of that amendment served notice upon the country that men would be prosecuted for the expression of opinions, that they would be prosecuted for the speaking of words, even though those words might be uttered in conformity with the truth, from good motives and for justifiable ends. It may be, of course, that the argument of expediency can be ad¬ vanced in a time such as that through which we have been passing, but so far as I am concerned, and so far as those are concerned who are supporting this resolution, we feel that where a question of expediency arises, and where the adoption of motives of expediency would violate great principles, expediency should give way to prin¬ ciple rather than principle to expediency; and, in that doctrine, of course, we have the support of the founders of the Government. In a word, I feel, and I think those who support this resolution feel, that it is absolutely necessary for us to maintain the principles of our constitutional Government, realizing that the preservation of those principles will in the end prove to be the expedient and the wise thing. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 7 It was said that we could not win the war unless we violated the Constitution of the United States hy suppressing minority opinion. I never shared that view. I feel that it was a mistaken idea, and I feel that it was unwise for us to enter upon the policy of attempting to preserve our constitutional Government by a flagrant violation of a constitutional principle. This resolution calls for a recommendation of amnesty for those who have been imprisoned for opinions held or words expressed. All of those in prison for words spoken or an opinion expressed are, in our judgment, in prison in violation of the first amendment of the Constitution of the United States, which prohibits Congress from enacting any statute abridging the right of freedom of speech. Senator Sterling. Senator France, may I not ask you there whether or not, without raising any question as to the constitu¬ tionality of the espionage act or any part of it, you might not now base a claim for amnesty and pardon of these prisoners on the ground of expediency? Senator France. Yes, Senator; there is a very strong argument in favor of granting amnesty without regard to the constitutional question involved. Personally, I think it would he expedient to release these prisoners, and in fact the department has already seen the advisability of remitting sentences, and of in some cases granting pardons. It would he very interesting to have incorporated in the record the history of some of the cases, and the reasons which were given for the granting of pardon or the remission of sentence; but that would take us too far afield. Senator Sterling. Yes. Senator France. And I will not enter upon that. This hearing to-day is really at the request of the American Federation of Labor, the representatives of which great organization are here, and we should be very glad to have them speak in the order which they prefer to adopt. Senator Sterling. Very well. Who of the representatives of the Federation of Labor will be heard now? Senator France. Mr. Gompers, will you go on now ? Mr. Gompers, the president of the American Federation of Labor, is here. STATEMENT OF MR. SAMUEL GOMPERS, PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Mr. Gompers. Mr. Chairman, the American Federation of Labor, at its convention last June, hy unanimous vote adopted a series of preambles and a resolution bearing upon this subject of amnesty and pardon for the political prisoners, the men and the women now incar¬ cerated in the prisons of our country upon the charge of some poli¬ tical offense. The offense to which we directed our attention was the spoken or the written word. May I say this, that the American Federation of Labor from its very inception, in 1881, and the elements of the organized workers making up and forming the constituent parts of the American Federa¬ tion of Labor, have from the beginning been as staunch advocates and defenders of the principles upon which the institutions of the Republic of our country are founded, as any body of men in all 8 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. America. Never for one moment has there been any deviation from that consistent course. Perhaps, during its entire existence, no better opportunity was ever afforded to the Federation to have its position known by the people generally than during the period of the Great War and just immediately preceding it. I think it is but just to say that even be¬ fore we entered the war—or were dragged into it—the feeling with the great majority of the members of the unions composing the American Federation of Labor was one of outrage at the war having broken out and the causes which brought it about. But as time went on, the overt and the brutal acts of the Imperial German Government so impressed themselves upon our minds that the executive council of our American Federation of Labor called a conference of the repre¬ sentatives and officers of the labor organizations of the United States, and asked them to meet and to consider what course we should outline as to any war which we might be forced into or which we might enter. The conference was held on March 12, 1917, in the American Federa¬ tion of Labor Building, and there and then, after deliberate discussion, a statement was adopted declaratory of the purpose which the men of the labor unions of America had in mind as to what our conduct and course should be. That conference declared, or we expressed the hope, that we might be safeguarded against war, and that we might be kept out of this maelstrom; but if for any reason it was found necessary for the United States to enter into the war, we pledged our honor and our lives in behalf of the Republic of the United States; and to defend i-t from enemies, no matter from which quarter they appeared. We called upon our fellow workers and our fellow citizens to give like loyal support to the principles, the entity and the integrity and the safety of the Republic of the United States of America. That was a conference called, out of the regular order in which the business of the American Federation of Labor is transacted. Senator Sterling. May I suggest, Mr. Gompers, that there is no question made concerning the loyalty of the American Federation of Labor, under this resolution. Mr. Gompers. Mr. Chairman, I am sure that that is quite true; but the proceedings of this meeting are being recorded, and it seemed to me that there are some other people who do not know as to the loyalty of the conduct of the American Federation of Labor, and who may hereafter read the proceedings of this meeting, and who may be aided by this- Senator Sterling. I do not believe that the loyalty of the American Federation of Labor, as such, will be brought in question during the course of these hearings. Mr. Gompers. More than likely; I quite agree with you, sir. But I do not think that every Senator of the United States agrees with you and me. Senator Sterling. Yes. Mr. Gompers. However, I shall then occupy a half a minute further on this line of thought, if I may. Senator Sterling. Proceed, sir. Mr. Gompers. That declaration was unanimously adopted, and a conference was held and the declaration made more'than three weeks, before the President of the United States appeared before the Con- AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 9 gress and laid the indictment against Germany before the House and the Senate. I will say that the declaration in all its sections was indorsed by unanimous vote at the succeeding convention. I am proud of being associated with a movement of men in our country who made good their plighted faith and declared loyalty. The only reason, Mr. Chairman, that I have made any reference to this matter is to say that whether the Constitution of the United States was violated in intent and purpose, it is not necessary for me to discuss. The fact is that the men of labor, the great mass of the people of the United States, including nearly every other citizen of our country, were willing to surrender anything, to make any sacrifice, so that we should win the war—anything, any sacrifice, was none too great; life itself, and that which is to many men more than life, an idea and an ideal; the hope of being of service to our fellows, and to safeguard the fundamental principles of self- overn^ ent—of freedom; in order that the people might go on, unafraid of attempt to destroy their freedom, for all time. Now, I want to submit that a people such as the people of the United States having arisen to a degree of enthusiasm and self- sacrifice which I have never known equaled in the history of the world, and which amounted to a paroxysm of sacrifice, of intense feeling to do or to die, when a time had arisen in the world where men had to make their choice of being willing to submit to the dic¬ tation of an overlord in principle and in fact, or to live their own lives and to work out their own destinies: a people wrought up with a feel¬ ing of that character, with a willingness to submit to any deprivation of their fundamental and normal rights, willing to sacrifice the con¬ veniences of their homes; when they are willing to do that to attain a specific object, they are entitled to consideration after the objective has been gained. The espionage law was one of those things that grated. No one, no real American—not merely one who can mouth his claims to nativity, but the people who are American as a matter of principle and who understand what America means, its idealism—would have consented willingly, without a protest, to the enactment of a law which in its very title, or the common name by which it is known, is offensive in the extreme to men who have some knowledge of what freedom means and what the law is destined to be—espionage. Senator Sterling. Well, Mr. Gompers, the term “espionage” may be said, I think, to apply properly to the first three sections of that act only. All the balance of the so-called espionage act probably would pertain to a state of peace as well as to a state of war—very much of it, anyhow. You take, for example, the chapter of the act relating to search warrants; we have never had a general Federal search-warrant law, and we adopted that law; and it would apply to times of peace as well as to times of war. And so with many other provisions of the act. I think the first three sections of the act may be said to come properly under the title “espionage”; but beyond that I hardly think it will apply. Mr. Gompers. Of course I did not give any attention this morning to any provisions of the law. I have not applied myself to any par¬ ticular sections of the hill. I have the three sections to which the Senator referred a minute ago. You can take a whole glass of water 10 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. and just one drop of liquid may enter it and poison the whole glass of water, and poison the person who drinks it. I referred to the law, to the title of it, the commonly accepted title of the law, “the espionage law,” which is in itself offensive to the concept of Americanism—of American freedom. I have a copy of the resolution to which I referred a while ago, which was adopted by the American Federation of Labor convention upon the subject of the amnesty and pardon for political prisoners, and asking for the repeal of the espionage law. Before I proceed further I hope I may have the opportunity of having those resolu¬ tions read and made a part of the record. (The resolutions referred to were here read aloud by the secretary of Mr. Gompers, as follows:) Whereas the signing of the peace treaty finds in American civil and military prisons, or under bail pending trial or appeal, numbers of men and women whose offense is of a purely political nature; and Whereas the sole justification for such prosecution and imprisonment, that of war¬ time necessity, no longer exists; and Whereas in all democratic countries of Europe which have been associated ■with us in the prosecution of the war, full amnesty has been granted: Therefore be it Resolved , That it is the sense of the American Federation of Labor, in fortieth con¬ vention assembled, that the further prosecution and imprisonment in the United States of political offenders is contrary to the democratic idealism and the tradi¬ tions of freedom to which our country is committed; and be it further Resolved , That we accordingly urge upon the President of the. United States, upon the Attorney General of the United States, and the Secretary of War, to make all efforts possible to secure the granting of amnesty to all prisoners whose political beliefs formed the basis of their prosecution, trial, and imprisonment; and be it further Resolved , That we accordingly urge upon the United States Senators and Repre¬ sentatives to support Senator France’s joint resolution (S. J. Res. 171) for amnesty and S. 1233, to repeal the espionage law. Mr. Gompers. That resolution, as I sav, Mr. Chairman and gentle¬ men of the committee, was adopted by unanimous vote. Now, if the citizenship of the United States rendered a willing obedience and assistance in every way to this espionage law because they felt with the Congress that such a law was necessary in order to prosecute the war and to protect the United States against its enemies internally, if they believed that even those who were mistaken in their zeal might be prosecuted because it was safest for the Republic and for its cause that they should be apprehended, I submit that that situation has now passed. There is now no danger to the Republic from the cause for which this law was enacted. Senator King. Mr. Chairman, might I ask a question? Would it disconcert you, Mr. Gompers? Mr. Gompers. Certainly not. Senator King. Mr. Gompers, do you distinguish between those who negatively opposed the war and those who affirmatively opposed it and sought opportunity to give active aid and comfort to our enemies ? Mr. Gompers. Well, that depends, Senator. I do not know what that might be construed to mean, “giving active aid and comfort to the enemy.” For instance, I take second position to no man in the world as being more of a pacifist than I was before the war. Now, when the war broke out—when we entered the war—I was trans¬ formed into a pretty good, decent sort of fighting man. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 11 Senator King. I think we all recognize that. Mr. Gompers. But now, permit me: If I had not seen this new light, if I had still directly believed in this pacifism—antimilitarism, if you please, this antiwar—at one time in my life I was willing to light for peace; that is, I was willing to resent any attempt on the part of anybody to force our people into war. Now, I did not retain that view. Oh the contrary, as I say, I gave what there was in me to my country, to trying to help it win that war. Now, supposing I had still been a pacifist, and believing so thor¬ oughly in this antiwar theory and policy, I had gone out and spoken in criticism of the Government in entering the war, or for any reason and in spite of the tremendous causes that brought us into the struggle—and as I have often said, we were dragged into the war— now, supposing I had still had that notion of being a pacifist and against war, and had said so publicly; if for the safety of the United States they had taken me and put me in some place of detention where I could not utter that silly nonsense during a state of war, well, I do imagine that when that danger had passed I ought to be given my freedom. And that is the thing to which I refer; that which the American Federation of Labor and its men had in mind when they adopted that resolution. Pacifism and the declaration of pacifism in the United States must of necessity have aided the enemy, but whether it was the aiding of the enemy in that sense in which that term is usually applied and understood I very much question. So that, pardon me if I can not answer the question any more definitely than I have tried to. Senator King. Take a case of this character—and there are a number of this kind, and I apprehend that your resolution just read does embrace that—there were a number of individuals who, dur¬ ing the war, were not merely negative, not merely pacifists as we usually use the term, but who actually advocated armed revolution against our own Government, and urged men to acts of violence for the avowed purpose of overthrowing the Government. Would they be embraced within the resolution as you interpret it? Mr. Gompers. No, sir; emphatically, no. We have as much to contend with in our American labor movement as is implied by your question, Senator, so far as the United States is concerned. They do not love us a bit more. Senator King. I understand that, and I was reasonably sure that the American Federation of Labor would not stand for acts of the character to which I have just referred. Mr. Gompers. No; not by any means. I would like to see this Republic of ours as soon as possible return to the normal conditions of life and labor and relations and govern¬ ment, and the relation of the people to the Government and the Government to the people; that normal condition which is implied in the charter of American rights, the Constitution of the United States. Senator King. I share that view. Mr. Gompers. The feeling of our people at this time is something that should receive the earnest consideration of the men in the service of the Government, and the Congress of the United States particularly. Here we are in a country as rich in every quality which goes to make up a country as any in the whole world, fertile 12 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. beyond understanding, and here we have more than 100,000.000 people in the United States, and just now every man willing and able to work; and living in a country such as I have indicated, rich and fertile, yielding up its wealth at the touch of the hand, and myriads of men willing to work, unemployed and in want, in a country such as this. If that in itself is not enough to make people restless and make them question themselves and place an interrogation point behind every question of civilization, even, in our country, it is something for us to think over. And with all that has transpired throughout the war, the sacrifices which the people were called upon to make and did make, and gladly made, with all the nervous tension, the loss of sons, brothers and sweethearts, the wounded, the maimed, the financial burdens ; then after the war had been won perhaps nothing could give better evidence of the feelings of the people of the United States than the demonstration upon the day when the armistice was signed; or, more so, in the days a few days before, when the rumors were flashed across the world that the armistice had been signed. It was a delirium. The people were really delirious with jov and excitement and nervous tension. Now, no relief has come in one way or another; and now this industrial situation has come; unemployment. And then, upon the statute books we have the law, such as this one, so absolutely un-American. Even if it was essential to the safety of the Republic in the war, that time has passed. It is not necessary now. I think that the sooner we get back to that condition of internal tranquillity and international peace with honor, the better, and the sooner will we get upon the road of that destiny' for which America, in m hope and in my conception, is to lead the world. Senator King. Under your resolution, I apprehend that those who have evaded the draft, who have been denominated slackers, many of whom escaped from the United States and fled from the United States during the war, would be immune from prosecution or relieved from prosecution? Mr. Gompers. The political prisoners? Would the;' be political prisoners or would their case be the case of an infraction or violation of the military law of the Government ? Senator King. They are not prisoners, really. They have not been apprehended, many of them. Mr. Gompers. But I mean those who have been in prison. They are in prison, mam' of them, those who evaded the draft law. Senator King. Yes. Mr. Gompers. I am not sure, but I am under the impression that the^ would not be, except the conscientious objectors. Senator King. Those have already been freed. Mr. Gompers. Yes; those have been freed. Senator King. I did not have those in mind, but those who willfully evaded the draft, fleeing the draft, man;,' of whom have not been apprehended; and some who have been, and are serving terms in prison, I do not know whether in a pententiary or whether in military confinement. Mr. Gompers. I am free to confess that I have not given that the consideration which it deserves; and either way might be compre¬ hended in the resolution. Senator King. Yes. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 13 Mr. Gompers. But for those men who have committed anv act which involves moral turpitude, why, to them the ordinary course; and the process of the courts will deal and ought to deal with them, and for them we have not anything to say—that is, not as a rule. There may be a particular case of which I am not aware, and do not know anything at all about. But we want to get out of the war. Senator Walsh of Montana. Have you any information, Mr. Gompers, as to how many persons now convicted of offenses and serving terms in prison would be affected by this resolution, and as to how many are now awaiting trial who would be affected ? Mr. Gompers. To the first question, I can say that there are about 650. Senator Walsh of Montana. Actually tried and convicted? Mr. Gompers. Yes; about that many. I may be 20 or 30 out, more or less. Senator Walsh of Montana. And the number awaiting trial? Mr. Gompers. I could not tell you, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana, Your remarks have been chiefly directed against prosecutions under the espionage act; but I conceive that two acts are involved, not only the so-called espionage act, but also the draft act. The draft evaders would come under the draft act; and so the conscientious objectors would come under the draft act and not under the espionage act ? Mr. Gompers. My understanding is that the resolution which the committee permitted me to have read and entered into the minutes does not cover the question of evaders of the draft. Senator France. They would not be included, Senator, as I understand. Mr. Gompers. They would not be, as I understand this resolution of Senator France. Senator Walsh of Montana. As you understand it, this was intended to cover only violations of the espionage act ? Mr. Gompers. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. Let me call your attention, inasmuch as you ask a repeal of that act- Senator France. This is not for the repeal of the espionage act. Senator Walsh of Montana. Well, it refers to the espionage act. Here is the language: All such being held for such alleged offenses under the provisions of the espionage act. Let me call your attention to the fact that the espionage act, so-called, consists of 13 different titles dealing with many different provisions. The first, from which it gets its name, deals with espionage. The second deals with vessels in ports of the United States, giving the President authority to dispose of vessels in the ports of the United States as he sees fit in time of war. The third title refers to injuring vessels engaged in foreign com¬ merce. which you will recall was enacted in view of the danger we were in that German vessels interned in our ports might be injured while they were there. Mr. Gompers. Senator, just a moment. As to that second section to which you have referred, even without that law would not the President have the same power to distribute the men in the service of the United States wherever he in his judgment might see fit? 14 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes; but this refers to vessels in the merchant service, over the men upon which he would not have control. Mr. Gompers. Would we require that in time of peace? Senator Walsh of Montana. I do not know. I should imagine not. I should imagine that would be taken care of by the local harbor authorities. Mr. Gompers. Yes. Senator Wal«h of Montana. Title IV of the act refers to interfer¬ ence with foreign commerce by violent means. I will read Title IV. [Reading:] Title IV.—Interference with Foreign Commerce by Violent Means. Section 1 . Whoever, with intent to prevent, interfere with, or obstruct or attempt to prevent, interfere with, or obstruct the exportation to foreign countries of articles from the United States shall injure or destroy, by fire or explosives, such articles or the places where they may be while in such foreign commerce, shall be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. You will remember that that was occasioned by the tremendous explosion up there across from New York, in New Jersey. Mr. Gompers. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. The fifth title of the act refers to the enforcement of neutrality. Of course we ought to have some law to enforce neutrality. Title VI is on the seizure of arms and other articles intended for export. The seventh title is on certain exports in time of war unlawful. Title VIII is on disturbance of foreign relations. Title IX is on passports. Title X is counterfeiting Government seal. Title XI is search warrants. Title XII is on use of the mails. I apprehend that really what you want is the repeal of Title I. Senator Sterling. Much of that act is a reenactment of previous legislation—statutes we have had. Mr. Gompers. There are many of those provisions of the act which are already covered by laws upon the statute books. But even if the}^ are not, could they not be enacted or retained as they may be found to be necessary? Senator Walsh of Montana. That is what I have indicated, that I take it that what you really want is a repeal of Title I. These other sections have not particularly addressed themselves to you, have they? Mr. Gompers. They have not. Senator Walsh of Montana. It is the provisions of Title I, I dare **av Since you have made some comment in relation to that, Mr. Gompers, which was at least I will say in criticism of the Congress that passed it, I want to read that title to you and get your view about the matter as we go along, considering that it was passed like a great many of these others to which I called your attention. Prac¬ tically every one of these 13 titles of this espionage act was enacted to meet some condition of things which then arose respecting foreign commerce. Transfers of materials important for war were being AMN.ESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 15 made from this country over to Canada and from Canada to other countries, and the agents of the public enemy in this country en¬ deavored to obstruct the passage of this commerce. Large quantities of goods were stored in these great warehouses which suddenly blew up, killing numberless people and destroying materials very essential for the prosecution of the war. That dealt with that subject; and so on. So that, bear in mind that this Title I of the espionage act was enacted to meet conditions which then existed or were supposed to exist. It provides as follows: Section 1 . That (a) whoever, for the purpose of obtaining information respecting the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the information to be obtained is to be used to the injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign nation, goes upon, enters, flies over, or otherwise obtains information concerning any vessel, aircraft, work of defense, navy yard, naval station, submarine base, coaling station, fort, battery, torpedo station, dockyard, canal, railroad, arsenal, camp, factory, mine, telegraph, telephone, wireless, or signal station, building, office, or other place con¬ nected with the national defense, owned or constructed, or in progress of construction by the United States or under the control of the United States, or of any of its officers or agents, or within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, or any place in which any vessel, aircraft, arms, munitions, or other materials or instruments for use in time of war are being made, prepared, repaired or stored, under any contract or agreement with the United States, or with any person on behalf of the United States, or otherwise on behalf of the United States, or any prohibited place within the mean¬ ing of section 6 of this title; Now, that is section (a). It provides that anybody who does that shall be punished. I dare say you did not intend to criticize Congress for passing that kind of an act ? Mr. Gompers. I did not intend to criticize Congress at all, Senator. Senator Walsh of Montana. You told us that the act was in violation of the very concept of the American Government. Mr. Gompers. I said that it was violative of the constitutional provisions guaranteed as the first amendment. I am speaking of the entire law as it refers to the subject with which we are dealing. Senator Walsh of Montana. No, Mr. Gompers; I think, if you will pardon me, you were referring only to one specific paragraph of the law, to which I shall invite your attention a little later. Mr. Gompers. Yes, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. I was just simply calling your atten¬ tion to the fact that you do not want a sweeping repeal of the espionage act. Your criticism is all directed, I think, to a couple of brief paragraphs, and I suggest to you that you do not even want that provision to which I have referred repealed. Mr. Gompers. No, that refers- Senator Walsh of Montana. That particularly refers to enemy spies who go about the country. Even at the present time, in time of peace, we hear every now and then of them, and much of it is true, I have no doubt; of foreign countries that have representatives spying around this country to get information that would be of possible value in case we should get at war with them some time or other. Mr. Gompers. I will say to you, sir, that the proposition with which our resolution deals was not that which the United States found it necessary to protect itself against, the aggression of the common enemy, and aided in the manner stated by the section read by you just now, by those who are in the United States. 16 AMNESTY AND PARDON POR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Walsh of Montana. I feel sure of that, Mr. Gompers, and I feel sure that your resolution demanding the repeal 01 the entire espionage act is very much more comprehensive than you intended that it should he; that it does not even extend to Title I of the act, but to only a few brief paragraphs of Title I. The whole espionage act has been condemned because of objections to certain specific provisions of Title I of the act. Mr. Gompers. Yes; that may be. Senator Walsh of Montana. Let me go on. [Continuing reading:] ( b ) Whoever for the purpose aforesaid, and with like intent or reason to believe, copies, takes, makes, or obtains, or attempts, or induces, or aids another to copy, take, make, or obtain, any sketch, photograph, photographic negative, blue print, plan, map, model, instrument, appliance, document, writing, or note of anything connected with the national defense. That fellow we dealt with. Senator Sterling. You h&ve no objection to that, have you? Mr. Gompers. No, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. Now let us go on. Mr. Gompers. Senator, mav I interrupt? Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes. Mr. Gompers. In the resolution you will find that it urges the repeal of the espionage law in so far as is contained in Senate resolu¬ tion 1233, the resolution as presented by Senator France in the Senate of the United States. Senator Sterling. The resolution does not demand the repeal of the espionage act. Senator Walsh of Montana. I understand that. I had no idea that it did. I understand the purpose of the resolution is something entirely different, and I concede that; but I was directing my inquiries, Mr. Gompers, to the resolution read into the record, passed by the American Federation of Labor, and I was referring to your own denunciation of the espionage act as being violative of our con¬ cept of American liberty. Mr. Gompers. I had in mind those particular features of it to which I referred, and having for its basis the indorsement of the resolution introduced by Senator France. Senator Walsh of Montana. Well, I do not care to discuss this matter any further. I will say this, very frankly. I am quite in sympathy with the purpose of the resolution, and unless my mind changes about it, I shall, although I do not like the resolution as it stands, give the principle of it my support. Mr. Gompers. That is all we ask. Senator Walsh of Montana. But much has been said in a general way, Mr. Gompers, in the way of general denunciation of the so- called espionage act—inconsiderately said. Both of the members of the committee who are present were earnest supporters of that act, and I think that the Congress did its simple duty at the time of the enactment of that law. That the time has gone by, happily, when some of its provisions are important, I think must be conceded. Mr. Gompers. I should say this, Senator, that—I think it was before you entered—I spoke of the need on the part of the United States to protect itself against its enemies in our country during that awful period; but I did urge that in my judgment the provisions of which we asked the repeal had filled a need the time for which is AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 17 past, and I am very glad to have heard von say, sir, that at least in principle you are with the resolution of Senator France. Senator Sterling. Now, since it is a mooted question, Mr. Gompers, as to whether any part at all of the espionage act should be repealed, might you not well leave out this second provision in the resolution which quotes the constitutional provision, and which then proceeds to say: In view of which provision there is grave doubt as to the constitutionality of the said espionage act and the act amendatory thereof, And base your claim to the enactment of this resolution upon the ground of expediency, without reference to the constitutionality of any part of the espionage act, the war now being over? Mr. Gompers. Of course, Mr. Chairman, the part you have quoted of the resolution, to which you make reference, is not the resolution of the American Federation of Labor. It is the resolution of Senator France, and I do not know how far he would he willing to go. But, speaking now for myself, and so far as I may for the constituency which has made me president, I would say, sir. if the desired result can be obtained by the elimination of that language of the resolution, I should join in a petition to Senator France to eliminate it. Senator France. Which would be immediately granted, Mr. Gompers, because the principle is the essential thing. Senator Walsh of Montana. Mr. Gompers, the Senator wanted to reach the objective. We do not want a resolution solemnly adopted by the Senate of the United States which attacks in itself the con¬ stitutionality of an act passed during the war by Congress. Senator Sterling. Yes; and I might say that section 1 from and after the preamble might be omitted, and it would not prevent the enactment of section 2 of the resolution, which would accomplish the purpose you desire to attain. Mr. Gompers. Yes, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. Permit me to say that in my judg¬ ment, so far as a demand for the repeal of the espionage act is con¬ cerned, there is in mind only section 3 of Title I. I am perfectly certain that none of the agitation has contemplated any other pro¬ vision of this very extensive act. As to section 3, there is misunder¬ standing and much misrepresentation concerning its import. It is quite plain. It reads as follows: Sec. 3. Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall wilfully make or convey false reports or false statements— bear in mind, he must do it wilfully; the reports or statements must be false— with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies and whoever, when the United States is at war, shall wilfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall wilfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, to the injury of the service or of the United States, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both. Now let me remark that I have no doubt at all that, in the hysteria in which the people were, quite naturally and quite reasonably, during the war, some people were actually tried and convicted who, 34773—21-2 18 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. upon a calm consideration of the case, never should have come within the provisions of the act; and that is one consideration which induces me now to support the claim for a general amnesty, because you can not tell—that is, accurately tell—which of them were prop¬ erly convicted and which were not properly convicted. 1 think, though, that those who demand the repeal of the law have in mind the cases of those who were improperly convicted, and not the cases,of those who were very justly convicted. You see, Mr. Gompers, even in time of peace men are often con¬ victed, you know, who never ought to have been convicted; and it has been afterwards disclosed that men had been hung who were not guilty of the crimes for which they were executed. But that is no reason why we should wipe the murder statute off the book. The best we can do in this country, you know, or in any other country,, is to give a man a trial by jury, when he is charged with the com¬ mission of an offense. Many times, and particularly in times of great stress, jurors make a mistake and convict a man that they ought not to convict. Mr. Gompers. Not only jurors, but even some well-intentioned judges. Senator Walsh of Montana. No doubt about that, sir. They are human, just the same as jurors are human. Mr. Gompers. Yes. Senator Sterling. Take section 3, now, as read by Senator Walsh. I am quite sure that there is nothing in that section 3 that you would repeal. It applies to a state of war, and applies to certain acts while in a state of war. Mr. Gompers. And when we are still at war. Senator Sterling. Yes. Mr. Gompers. And we are still at war. Senator Sterling. Oh, no. Mr. Gompers. Yes. Senator Sterling. In a technical sense. Mr. Gompers. Not in a technical sense, but in an actual sense. In so far as the men who labor are concerned, we are still at war; that is, the war law is applied to us. Senator Walsh of Montana. While that is undoubtedly true, you will bear in mind that this goes on in section 3: Shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to inter¬ fere with the operation or sucess of the military or naval forces of the United States— We are not conducting any military operations against any enemy now, except that we have an army of occupation over in Germany— or to promote the success of its enemies. That is an essential part of the crime. Mr. Gompers. And the action of men engaged in coal mining and in machinery trades, and others, who are engaged in the effort to protect themselves against the imposition of worse conditions it is not difficult to have the law so interpreted, or that it be so inter¬ preted, as to apply to these men. And not that they are attempting to protect themselves and each other, but that the intent is to delay or interfere with the passage of vessels and other means of transpor¬ tation. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 19 Senator Walsh of Montana. Mr. Gompers, as a law}^er, I should say that it was not only difficult, but impossible. Mr. Gompers. Well, that is very well. That is the same old thing of the poor devil who was put in the stocks, and his lawyer advised him that they could not do it, but he was there. And all the lawyers are not of the caliber and character of Senator Walsh. Senator France. We are sorry they are not. Senator Sterling. Is there anything further you wish to say, Mr. Gompers ? Mr. Gompers. Not now, sir; on this subject. Senator France. In that connection, Mr. Chairman, I think it should be indicated that the act amendatory of the espionage act has language much broader than that which the Senator has just read. STATEMENT OF MR. RICHARD C. TOLMAN, OF WASHINGTON, D. C. Senator Sterling. Please give your name and occupation. Mr. Tolman. Richard C. Tolman; chemist; Washington, D. C. Senator Sterling. Are you in the Government service? Mr. Tolman. Yes; in the Ordnance Department. Mr. Chairman, I merely wish to say that I am in favor of a general amnesty for political prisoners such as is recommended by Senator France's resolution. During the war I had the privilege of serving for a short time as major in the chemical warfare service, and I wish to state my be¬ lief that there are a great many men who served in the Army in posi¬ tions of much greater responsibility and danger than mine who are also in favor of the general amnesty for these political prisoners. These political prisoners are many of them in jail because they did not believe that it was wise for the United States to go into the war, and they had the courage to say so. Now that the war is over, we see that the issues were much more complicated and confused than we thought. I think we should no longer continue to punish these men because they did not agree with us. I thank you very much. Senator Walsh of Montana. Wait a moment ; let us see about that, Maj. Tolman. You say there are many people in prison now? Mr. Tolman. I did not sa}^ there were many. 1 said there were many men who had been in the Army who agreed that- there should be this amnesty. Senator Walsii of Montana. Yes; but you said that there were men in prison now who were of the opinion that the war was not jus¬ tifiable and who had had the courage to say so. Mr. Tolman. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. Can you give us one single instance of that? Mr. Tolman. Yes, sir: Eugene V. Debs. Senator Walsh of Montana. You think Debs is in prison just simply because he was opposed to the war and said so ? Mr. Tolman. Yes, sir. Senator Walsii of Montana. Did he not do more than simply say that he was opposed to the war ? Did he not do something or say something for the purpose of preventing enlistment ? 20 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Mr. Tolman. Not that I have any knowledge of. Senator Sterling. Do you know the exact charge against him, Major? Do you know the exact charge against Eugene V. Debs— the offense with which he was charged ? Mr. Tolman. I have seen no charge made that he did anything except state that he did not believe we should go into the war. If there has been any other charge made I would be very glad to know about it. Senator Sterling. I think there has been a more serious charge than that against Eugene V. Debs. Senator Walsh of Montana. You have heard section 3 of the espionage act read ? Mr. Tolman. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. Would you not think that one who did those things was guilty of a crime ? Mr. Tolman. No, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. You would not? Mr. Tolman. No, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. If the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the charge against Debs, they must have found that he did something more than say that, because that would not be a crime under section 3; is not that the case ? Mr. Tolman. Was that a unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States ? Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes; a unanimous opinion, with no dissent at all, in the Debs case. Senator France. I think the point was that it was held that those words were spoken under such circumstances that they tended to interfere with the enlistment of men in the military or naval forces of the United States. Senator Sterling. We will get the opinion of the court and see what the Supreme Court of the United States said about it. Who is the next witness to be heard ? Senator France. Mrs. Lucy Robbins, secretary of the amnesty committee of the American Federation of Labor, wants to be heard. STATEMENT OF MRS. LUCY ROBBINS, SECRETARY OF THE AMNESTY COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Mrs. Robbins. I will not attempt to make any speech or to argue the resolution before you, but 1 feel that as secretary of the amnesty committee of the American Federation of Labor, knowing exactly the opinions and the feelings of actually millions of people, the best I can do is simply to bring the reports to you which are not just personal opinions, and simply to tell you all the reasons why there is a demand and a request made for general amnesty for political prisoners, and how it was that we found out who they were, and who they are, and what we expect. It was not until the war laws began to be used against organized labor, as Mr. Gompers has stated, during the time of the miners* and several other strikes, it was not until then that the rank and file of organized labor began to realize that there was such a thing as the labor act and the espionage law. I do not know that they AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 21 knew just exactly what the laws were, but they did know that during the strike, as free American citizens they were hampered in their strike, they were arrested at times at meeting places during the strike, they were prohibited to have meeting places, and they were convicted under the espionage law. That happened during the steel strike and the miners’ strike. Senator Sterling. Now, Mrs. Robbins, can you give any concrete instance of where men engaged in mining were convicted under the espionage law and are now in prison ? Mrs. Robbins. I will come to that point, sir. Senator Sterling. Very well. Mrs. Robbins. I am only relating to you the feeling that it created. As I told you before, they did not know exactly what the laws were, or just how the laws were formed, but merely they felt that, during the time when their speakers were taken off the platform and brought into court, and they were convicted; and they were told they were convicted under the espionage law, and they were fined, and put in prison for 30 or 60 days or more. Those are the cases. I have not got the concrete particulars, as I was not interested in that part of it; that is, I did not take an active interest in it myself. It is only the feeling that was created throughout the country; and thousands of letters and resolutions came into the office of the American Federa¬ tion of Labor asking Mr. Gompers and the officers to investigate this operation, in time of peace, of laws passed in time of war, and who are the political prisoners, or the men are who were convicted under those laws, realizing that they were not guilty of crimes of any kind when they were taken and convicted under these laws. It was only then, after Mr. Gompers had arranged this first council at the War Department, that we began to find out, there, who the political prisoners were. We found that they had them classified in three classifications. They had them classified as military of¬ fenders, as Col. Penn termed them; and according to the specifica¬ tions he had at that time, he said that during the war, or rather in 1917, there were about 15,000 of what he called these military of¬ fenders. Those were soldiers who either volunteered or were drafted— most of them volunteers—who had been across on the firing line but because of various offenses they had committed had been court- martialed and sentenced to 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 years of imprisonment. Senator Sterling. Now, that class of offenders would not come within the provisions of this resolution, would they? Mrs. Robbins. I doubt whether they would. I spoke to Senator France a few minutes ago, because our resolution did read that way, that is, the one that was adopted by the American Federation of Labor originally. Senator Walsh of Montana. I suppose they were sentenced for all kinds of crimes ? Mrs. Robbins. I suppose they were. We do not know just what they have done. Senator Walsh of Montana (continuing). Murder, arson, and burglary included. Mrs. Robbins. But there is a question whether they should have been convicted or should have been sentenced to 25 years of im¬ prisonment. You must consider the fact that you had taken these men that were always free men and felt that they had their rights 22 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. in their country, and placed them in an environment that was en¬ tirely abnormal; and the question is whether they would commit these crimes or offenses in times of peace and in our own country, that they committed out there; and the answer to that is that out of 15,000 prisoners we found that about six or seven months ago there were only 1,700 left. They had remitted the sentences of the others and had released them and pardoned them; and they were reviewing the cases of those men constantly; and you will find these men, convicted and sentenced to serve 15 years, served one year and got out. Senator Walsh of Montana. You will bear in mind that that was the subject of very earnest discussion in the Senate. Mrs. Robbins. Yes; I do. Senator Walsh of Montana. Senator Chamberlain made a very vigorous assault upon that, and we had information of a very differ¬ ent character there. Two members of the corps of the Judge Advo¬ cate General's office who were from my State denounced very vigor¬ ously and bitterly to me many of the judgments made by these military courts. Mrs. Robbins. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. But the War Department organized a board of review, and that board of review reversed many of these sentences. Mrs. Robbins. Yes; we know that. Senator Walsii of Montana. And Senator Chamberlain, as you will recall, was attacking the system under which they were reviewed. Mrs. Robbins. That is true; and we are interested in that part of the bill. Our resolution reads for the three classes. Senator Sterling. These of whom you speak are merely in for military offenses ? Mrs. Robbins. Yes. Senator Sterling. How many do you say there are? Mrs. Robbins. About seven months ago there were 1,700. There might have been others released since. I did not get the latest report from the War Department, there. Senator Walsh of Montana. Is it not quite likely that in view of the liberal action of this reviewing board, and the evident disposition to let them off, those who remain are those who were convicted of very serious crimes ? Mrs. Robbins. Col. Penn claims that there were a small number that committed serious crimes. Now, he felt that a few of those should be confined, those that have committed serious crimes that are serving their sentences; but that they should not hold 15,000 of those men for long sentences, and deprive their families, some of them, of bread winners. In the second class we found there were conscientious objectors. There were originally about 600 of those, and according to the record of the War Department, which gives first their name and then the reasons why they objected to war, and who they are, we found that it was not at all as we have read in the newspapers of who they are. We found most of those men were splendid fellows, some of them from colleges, some of them from organized labor, some of them from the very best of professions and trades, and their objection to war, AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 23 according to the record, was that either they objected to war because they did not believe in war at all, claiming that it is uncivilized and inhuman, and that if anyone prefers to go and fight and kill his broth¬ ers, they will not, under any considerations; and others that they have there, that they did not believe in this particular war; they did not believe that it was fought for the betterment of the human kind, and they felt they would rather die on American soil, knowing that they did not participate in it, than to go over and die or be killed on the other side. Senator Walsh of Montana. Those were men that came under the military authority because they were drafted, I suppose? Mrs. Robbins. Some of them were drafted and some of them were not. They were just arrested and tried through the military courts and imprisoned. Some of them also had received sentences of fifteen to twenty years. Senator Walsh of Montana. I apprehend that the military court would not be able to get jurisdiction of anyone except those who were drafted. Mrs. Robbins. I do not know how they got some of them. They were not drafted. They' did not serve and did not come into the draft law. But they found in the War Department that it was an injustice done to them to keep these splendid men, about 600 in number, under such a penalty. They began to review those cases as fast as possible. The last letter that I had written in relation to them was about November 20 or November 15—about that date—and the final answer I got from the Department of War was on the 22d of November, telling me that they have now finally remitted all unex¬ pired sentences, and by the 30th of November every person impris¬ oned as a conscientious objector would have been released; and since then we have found that it was the case. So that the War Depart¬ ment, so far as we are concerned, has released the conscientious objectors; and those who had criminal trials, they are reviewing those cases as quickly as they can, to release those that are confined there. The third class that was before the Department of Justice was those convicted under the espionage law. Senator Walsh of Montana. Has the War Department a record of those? Mrs. Robbins. Of which? Senator Walsh of Montana. Of those convictions under the De¬ partment of Justice ? Mrs. Robbins. No; I got them from Mr. Palmer. Senator Walsh of Montana. Exactly. Mrs. Robbins. And I do wish with all my heart that your com¬ mittee could visit some of the jails, as I have done, to see some of these nrisone' s convicted under the espionage law. We did not know of them ou'selves, and in older to know them, we got the record as nearly as possible from the Department of Justice and visited these jails to find out who they were,'and what type of men they are. For instance, if you will go to Atlanta, Ga.—I do not care to bring in any individual names; we did not start to ask for amnesty because of any particular individuals, but because of the principle at large that each man has a right to express his opinion according to his convictions— 24 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. we found that for instance there is in Atlanta, Ga., an old man by the name of Rear. He is there with three sons. He is over 60 years of age, entirely white; sick, and deaf. When he whispered into my ear—because he can not hear his own voice and he does not know how low he talks—he said, “All I ask is that you will get us out. That is all I ask.” I asked him what did he do. He said he felt during the time of the draft that his county was overdrawn, in equity, and as an American man he said he thought that he had a right to protest against what was wrong; and the draft board took that against him, and arrested him and his three sons, and they were imprisoned and sentenced to from three to five years. Senator Walsh of Montana. Did you learn the specific charge against him ? Mrs. Robbins. That is what he told me. I do not know. Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes. Mrs. Robbins. Because it is very hard to get these cases before the War Department. It took us three years to get some kind of statement out of there at all. Senator Sterling. As secretary of the amnesty committee of the American Federation of Labor, you have not gone far enough to ascertain what the specific charges were against certain individuals ? Mrs. Robbins. It was impossible to do that, because there have been so many appeals and so many releases on bail, and so many pardons, that I do not believe that the Department of Justice, themselves, know exactly the charges that go into each case sepa¬ rately; and to verify them you would have to go to the records of the supreme courts where they were convicted. That is the way they explained to me—that they had to bring the records from the supreme courts; and with all the work they have it is impossible. We have a report of these cases- Senator Walsh of Montana. How many cases were there ? Mrs. Robbins. That is something we can not tell definitely. You see, we got the first report of Mr. Palmer; but you can not tell who is in and who is out, because there have been so many pardons and so many expirations of cases, so many that went out, that you can not make head nor tail of the thing. But the thing I can state is, we have the report of this week from the Department of Justice. There was a conference held with Mr. Palmer and Mr. Gompers, and about 25 international presidents and prominent people, with reference to this proposition, and Mr. Palmer claimed there were then about 180 that he released entirely under the espionage act- pardoned them. He claimed there were about 174 left. Senator Sterling. When was that ? Mrs. Robbins. That was in September, the 15th of September. Those were actually in prison then. You see, there were about that many, if not more, out on bail or on appeal, but he did not consider those at the time. He only considered those that are in jail. Since then he claims that he has released 19—that is, within the last few weeks—and he has now on hand those on this list, which includes 168, for whom we ask for relief as quickly as possible. Senator Sterling. That would include nearly all ? Mrs. Robbins. That are in jail. But that does not include those who are out on appeal or on bail. Senator Walsh of Montana. How many are there in jail? AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 25 Mrs. Robbins. One hundred and four. Senator Walsh of Montana. How many are convicted and out on bail? Mrs. Robbins. That I could not get exactly. But the next thing I wanted to impress upon the committee is not so much the tech¬ nicalities of the law, but that if you would come and find these men and see them face to face as we have found them, you could not under any circumstances be willing to sit quietly without releasing these men. I sat here listening to you talk of the proposition of the accusa¬ tions against Debs. I had never met Debs before I went to Atlanta, Ga., but when I went there I have always visited with him, several times, and I would only say that if you would ask of the warden to tell you who is Debs and what is Debs you would find that no one could give a better recommendation for any human being in the world than the warden or the guards or any Government official would give for Eugene V. Debs. The fact is that ever since he came there he is a man that is con¬ sidered actually a saint or a Jesus Christ, because when the night comes and work is over, he goes out into the yard where all the men, the criminals, come around him, and for each one he has a word to tell them. For each he has a word to awaken in them the human spirit, the feeling that has been lost for years and years, of those murderers. It is since then that the warden claims that in the penitentiary at Atlanta there is a feeling that has never been there before; and I am sure that a man of that kind could never be accused in any way that he could be harmful to any country or to any man existing in the world. He surely could never propagate crime, he could not propagate violence. It is not in his nature. Even if he would attempt to say it, he never could say it. He can only say good things: and he can bring out the best that is in the worst kind of a criminal. There has been a man there that has been convicted—I do not know whether it is proper to tell all these things, but I can not help doing so when it is brought before this committee—there is a colored man there convicted of murder. He has been in that penitentiary for years. They could never break that man's spirit. There was murder in his eyes and murder in his heart. The only means they used against him was a club; knocked him down and threw him into solitary confinement. One time Debs found him swooning in blood. He picks him up and takes George over to the hospital ward, and he takes care of him. To-day that boy is like a lamb. He will obey any rules in the prison. He will do anything that is asked of him, because he has become a man, a human being. It is that spirit that prevails wherever Debs is, and I am sure that it is actually a crime to keep a man of that type behind iron bars. They themselves feel it much less than those people that know them. Debs will prefer any time to stay in jail and to see the younger man go out. That is his plea at all* times. He will say, “Never mind me. I can do my work right here just as well as in any other place." And that is Debs. To keep a man of that sort there is a crime. He is there now about 15 months; not too strong in health, and yet he will not receive or accept any privileges for 26 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. himself, even with regard to food, because he will not permit that any of the other criminals, any of the other prisoners who are there, should feel that he is an exception and that he is treated better than they are; and he suffers with his stomach, suffers with his health, but will not accept an}^ privileges of any kind, even with regard to food. And to feel that there have been lies and accusa¬ tions against him, statements against him of trouble because he lias been against this country, it is hard to believe. I am absolutely sure it is not so, because there is not a country in the world that Debs loves more than the I nited States, and I am sure that a man of that kind has a right to express his opinion at all times, and particular^ now, when the war is over and that emergency is past, he surely ought to be released at once; and according to these names that I have, it seems that he is down on here under “D,” for consideration for release. You take it, there are four people in Atlanta, Ga., a fellow by the name of Lakanskey, and then there is a little girl, Mollie Steimer. These people are Austrians. Mollie Steimer is only 20 years old. They came over from Russia, and they had not been here very long, and when the Czar was overthrown and they felt that more or less their relatives, their parents and sisters, could not be safe there as they felt safe here, this little girl, Mollie Steimer, only 20 years old, not knowing whom to appeal to, whom to talk to, she only felt one thing, that her folks, her parents and her relatives, her sisters, were in danger, and they tried to appeal to different people to see whom they could appeal to, that there should be no intervention in Russia. They forgot everything except that their parents were over in Russia, and it is a feeling that you and I would be moved in the same manner. They distributed, as planned, a circular, and in that they asked that there should be no intervention in Russia, having in mind their old mother; thousands of those people having been murdered during the war. Now, they have received 20 years, and the other three young boys in Atlanta, Ga., received 15 years’ imprisonment. I am quite sure that if the committee would only make the investigation on these things and from the human point of view, feel that those dangers of the war are over, and that consideration for these people ought to be given-- Senator King. May I interrupt you ? My recollection of the Steimer case is very distinct, and I know it attracted a great deal of attention. It was charged, and I think the evidence conclusively established, that she was engaged in a very extensive propaganda for a considerable time, the propaganda being to overthrow the Govern¬ ment of the United States by violence and by force. She belonged to the Communist Party, and they were following the Third Interna¬ tional, and they had direct relations with Mr. Martens. Mrs. Robbins. May I answer just a couple of the questions of that, that I knew about it ? Senator King. Yes. Mrs. Robbins. You see, I do not know of the entire trial, but to show how extensive a propaganda movement she carried on or could carry on, there was this message to be circulated, and to show you how dangerous an animal she was, she tried to distribute the circulars on the street and found that people would not take them and did not pick them up or read them, and then she used to get up on the roof AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 27 and distribute them from there, and the janitor drove her away from there several times because of the circulars being around, and he told her that if she did not stop that, because he did not want the cir¬ culars hung around on his roof, he would have her arrested. That shows how much influence she had. And as far as belonging to the Communist Party, I doubt it. Senator King. Of course the record will show. Mrs. Robbins. They were just mere children, that was the truth of the matter. Senator King. Does your plea extend to Mr. Haywood or the I. W. W. ? Mrs. Robbins. We have not selected any individuals at all. Senator King. Does it embrace them? Mrs. Robbins. I do not know. If they are in prison now because of the spoken or written word and not because of violence, they are supposed to be included in the case. Senator King. Suppose they advocated the overthrow of our Government by force and violence ? Mrs. Robbins. That depends on how that should be shown. If they organized for that, we are not for them. On the contrary, if they are imprisoned on account of the written or spoken word alone, if they have done that they are entitled to their freedom. We feel that it is time, anyway, that the millions of people who feel actually oppressed, and rebel against this wartime animosity—and that it finally ought to be done away with, and to have peace established at home first. Senator Sterling. Is not this to be taken into consideration, Mrs. Robbins? I can not help but admire the spirit of which you speak; but take the case of Mr. Debs, for example. Remember that the country was at war, and the life of the nation was in a very large sense at stake; and yet Mr. Debs was charged with and convicted of this offense “of causing and inciting and attempting to cause and incite insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, and refusal of duty in the military and naval forces of the United States, and with intent so to do delivered, to an assembly of people, a public speech, set forth.” This was at Canton, Ohio. Then a second count of the indictment on which he was convicted charges that he “obstructed and attempted to obstruct the recruit¬ ing and enlistment service of the United States and to that end and with that intent delivered the same speech, again set forth.” Those were the charges against Mr. Debs. He did not simply say he was opposed to the war, but he actively tried to prevent enlist¬ ment; actively tried to bring about insubordination. Mrs. Robbins. Yes; but that was only from the point of view that he is opposed to any kind of violence, no matter where it is or what it is. That is the nature of Eugene V. Debs. You can not take that away from him. He will die, rather. Senator Sterling. Yes, that may be true; but how can a country allow a thing of that kind to go on in time of war, and as I say, when the nation’s life is at stake ? Mrs. Robbins. But it is now two years since the armistice was signed, and why should Debs be in jail still ? Senator France. Mr. Chairman, I hardly think that that is the view we should hold. 28 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Sterling. I am not expressing a view, I will say to Senator France, but I am calling attention to the other phase of the matter. Senator France. Mr. Chairman, I do not think it was ever contem¬ plated by the fathers that there should be a unanimous agreement by all the people of the United States on any policy. I think it was always contemplated that there would be and that there should be a minority, and the writings of the fathers very clearly show that. The writings of Hamilton, the writings of Jefferson, the writings of Adams, all clearly show that it was anticipated that there would be a minority and that the right of the majority to prevail implied the right of the minority to protest; not to the extent of disobeying the law, but to the extent of expressing freely and fearlessly the minority opinion. Senator Sterling. That is just the distinction, Senator France; that he resisted or opposed to the extent of violating the law. If it were simply opposition to the war, and he had expressed himself as opposed to this war, and that there was no just cause for going into the war, and had stopped there, possibly there would have been no prosecution, or we might have said that he was unjustly convicted; or, having been in prison as long as he has, since he did not go further than that, that it is now time that amnesty or pardon should be granted him. Mrs. Robbins. Well, whatever the case is, we do not feel now that they should prolong that or keep that man behind iron bars, and it is absolutely unfair and unjust, and the quicker they take steps toward releasing him the better it will be for the Government; the better faith we can have from our own people toward our own Government. Senator Sterling. I am simply pointing out, now, the actual charges made against Mr. Debs, and the charges on which he was convicted, and what I believe to be the gravity of the offense. Senator France. Mr. Chairman, I have not in mind, of course, all of the evidence in the Debs case, but I think that the evidence was all to the effect that Mr. Debs made the same kind of a speech on that particular occasion which he had made on many other occasions, and before the war, before the war ever was thought of, when he was a candidate for the presidency of the United States. Mrs. Robbins. Yes. Senator France. But it was held that the mere delivery of that kind of a speech under those circumstances, and when eligibles under the draft law were present, constituted an active effort on his part to prevent enlistment. But I do not think that there was any evidence that he carried on any propaganda to prevent enlistment, other than the mere making of that speech, which was in line with his whole political philosophy. The charge against him was to the effect that the making of that speech at that time and under those circumstances, with eligibles under the draft law present, constituted a crime. I do not think there is any evidence that he carried on any other propa¬ ganda. Senator Sterling. The court in the case of U. S. v. Debs, which is reported in 249 United States, page 211, said as follows: The main theme of the speech was socialism, its growth, and a prophecy of its ulti¬ mate success. With that we have nothing to do, but if a part or the manifest intent of AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 29 the more general utterances was to encourage those present to obstruct the recruiting service, and if in passages such encouragement was directly given, the immunity of the general theme may not be enough to protect the speech. The speaker began by saying that he had just returned from a visit to the workhouse in the neighborhood, where three of their most loyal comrades were paying the penalty for their devotion to the working class—these being Wagenknecht, Baker, ana Ruthenberg, who had been con¬ victed of aidingandabettinganotherin failirgtoregisterfcrthedraft. (Euthenbergv. United States, 245 U. S., 480.) He said that he had to be prudent and might not be able to say all that he thought, thus intimating to his hearers that they might infer that he meant more, but he did say that those persons were paying the penalty for standing erect and for seeking to pave the way to better conditions for all mankind. Later he added further eulogies and said that he was proud of them. Proud of those who had been convicted for aiding and abetting another in evading the draft! Proud of them! He then expressed opposition to Prussian militarism in a way that naturally might have been thought to be intended to include the mode of proceeding in the United States. Then further on the opinion says: The defendant spoke of other cases, and then, after dealing with Russia, said that the master class has always declared the war and the subject class has always fought the battles—that the subject class has had nothing to gain and all to lose, including their lives; that the working class, who furnish the corpses, have never yet had a voice in declaring war and have never yet had a voice in declaring peace. ‘‘You have your lives to lose; you certainly ought to have the right to declare war if you consider a war necessary.” The defendant next mentioned Rose Pastor Stokes, con¬ victed of attempting to cause insubordination and refusal of duty in the military forces of the United States and obstructing the recruiting service. He said that she went out to render her service to the cause in this day of crises, and they sent her to the penitentiary for 10 years; that she had said no more than the speaker had said that afternoon; that if she was guilty so was he, and that he would not be cowardly enough to plead his innocence; but that her message that opened the eyes of the people must be suppressed, and so, after a mock trial before a packed jury and a corporation tool on the bench, she was sent to the penitentiary for 10 years. Now, she had been convicted of attempting to cause insubordi¬ nation and refusal of duty, and he was praising her. Mrs. Robbins. Yes; but she never served. Senator Sterling. That is immaterial. That is what she had been convicted of. Now, Mrs. Robbins, please excuse the interrup¬ tion. Mrs. Robbins. That is all right; I am very glad to get all the information I can, at all times. I would just like to get permission to read these copies into the record. I have only brought a few of these communications, and I do not intend to read all of these. We have over 30,000 letters and resolutions, copies of which were sent to President Wilson and to the Attorney General and to Secretary of War Baker, and to Senators and Congressmen. I just picked out a few in each large group of organizations, and I would like to have them read into the record. Senator Sterling. Do you care to read them now, or do you want to just leave them for printing in the record ? Mr. Robbins. I will just leave them; but I would like to read the titles. Here is a letter of Mr. Gompers to President Wilson asking for a proclamation of general amnesty for all political prisoners. Then here are the names of the entire delegation that were in conference with Mr. Palmer, giving the organizations that they represented, so that when you go over these cases you will have an idea of just who was there and who asked for it. 30 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Then there are here just a few that I have brought along, of the letters and telegrams from international unions. Those were sent to President Wilson. Senator France. You can put all those in without reading them if you like. Senator Sterling. As I understood, Mrs. Robbins said she would like to call attention to the titles of these organizations, and I think it is proper that she should. Mrs. Robbins. These letters and telegrams are from the officers of these organizations. Letters from the following leaders of labor organizations, similar in purport to those I shall ask to be printed at length, were sent to Government officials: Samuel Gompers, president American Federation of Labor. George Hampton, president Farmers’ National Council. Mrs. Champ Clark, Robert Morse Lovett, Belle C. La Follette, Elizabeth Glen- dower Evans, Jackson H. Rowstone, Richard Chase Tolman, Basil M. Manley, citizens’ amnesty committee. Capt. George Mellon; Carl Calvin, national chairman World War Veterans. D. J. Tobin, grand president International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Chauf¬ feurs. Edward H. Fitzgerald, grand president Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express, and Station Employees. William Green, United Mine Workers of America. Dennis Lane, secretary Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen. Edward A. Bates, secretary-treasurer New York State Federation of Labor. C. L. Quinn, secretary Pennsylvania State Federation of Labor. E. N. Nockels, secretary Chicago Federation of Labor. J. P. Coglan, president Central Labor Union, Brooklyn, N. Y. Ernest Bohn, secretary Central Federated Union, New York. H. B. Hope, secretary-treasurer International Association Oil Field, Gas, and Re¬ finery Workers of America. John P. Burke, president Brotherhood Pulp, Sulphur, and Paper Makers. Joseph Burebstle, financial secretary International Union of the United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, and Soft Drink Workers. E. F. Grable, president United Brotherhood Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers. J. P. Newnan, president International Electrical Workers. S E. Eberling, president Switchmen’s Union of North America. Charles H. Moyer, president International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers. Charles Ifland, international corresponding secretary Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ International Union. Max Pine, secretary United Hebrew Trades. William H. Johnstone, international president, International Association of Machinists. A. Barroff, secretary-treasurer International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. James H. Hatch, president Upholsterers and Trimmers International Union. Max Zuckerman, general secretary-treasurer United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers' Union. Mattie Wooll, president International Photo-Engravers’ Union. Frank Detlef, general secretary Central Committee of the International Wood- Carvers’ Association. William J. Kerngood, secretary American Federation of Musicians. Henry Jenkins, secretary Glass Bottle Blowers’ Association. Edward I. Hamilton, international secretary Rammerman Pavers, Flag Layers, Inter¬ national Union. G. W. Perkins, president International Cigars Makers’ Union. Brotherhood Locomotive Firemen Engineers. T. Pacelli, secretary-treasurer Tunnel and Subway Constructors’ International Union. William P. Clark, president American Flint Glass Workers International Union. Timothy Healy, international president, Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 31 Senator Sterling. Do j t ou desire all of those letters and telegrams to be printed in the record, or do you want just these names to go in ? Mrs. Robbins. You can just put in the names of the organizations and the officers who have signed them. I just brought along some of those from the central bodies, State and National. These letters were left with President Wilson. I would like some of those to go in the record. Senator Sterling. To be printed in the record, you mean ? Mrs. Robbins. If you can. Senator Sterling. Will you not select out a few that you think it would be desirable to have printed in the record ? Mrs. Robbins. Yes; just a few of these; that is all. Senator Sterling. Yes; if you can just pick out a few of those you want to go in. Mrs. Robbins. All right. (The letters and documents submitted for the record by Mrs. Rob¬ bins are here printed in full, as follows:) Indianapolis, Ind., October 22 , 1920. Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President United States , Washington, D. C.: In addition to the other labor men and men of public character throughout the country that have requested you to liberate all political prisoners, might I add my humble plea that in your wise judgment you consider seriously this request? It seems to me there is no further need of holding men in prison who committed offenses of a political nature against our Government during the war. With voice and pen I helped our Government, as much as any one man could help, to win the war. The general membership of our internaticnal union kept at work during all the days of the war. We did everything w T e could to help our Government and support you in that great struggle. As the representative of our membership. I now ask you to give con¬ sideration to the request made, that all political prisoners be liberated immediately. D. J. Tobin, Grand President International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Chauffeurs. Cincinnati, Ohio, October 13, 1920. Woodrow Wilson, President, White House, Washington, D. C.: Speaking for 400,000 railway clerks in the United States, I urge upon you procla¬ mation of amnesty for political prisoners now held in confinement in the various prisons of our great country. This is more than a perfunctory request; it represents our deep-seated convictions on this question. We do not boast of our loyalty and patriotism but stand upon our record of whole-hearted cooperation with an absolute support of the Government of the United States when such support meant most. Edward H. Fitzgerald, Grand President Brotherhood of Railivay and Steamship Clerics, Freight Handlers, Express, and Station Employees. Indianapolis, Ind., August 27, 1920. Mr. A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General, United States, Washington, D. C.: I join with President Gompers and Secretary Morrison in a request that general amnesty be extended to political prisoners. I am confident that such action would go a long way to allay much of the unrest and dissatisfaction prevailing among the jnasses of the Nation. William Green, United Mine Workers. 32 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Chicago, III., October 16, 1920. Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President United States of America, The White House, Washington, D. C. The Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, an organization of 100,000 workers in the meat industry, went on record at a convention held at St. Louis, Mo., during July and August of this year to request of the Government general amnesty for all political prisoners whose offense was a violation of war legislation. Now that the war is over, we beseech you as the Chief Executive of the Nation to use your good offices in granting freedom to those who may have been at odds with us owing to their political views. Dennis Lane, Secretary. Utica, N. Y., October 14, 1920. Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President, Washington, D. C. New York State Federation of Labor, representing the organized workers of New York State, respectfully requgst that you give favorable consideration to the petition for general amnesty for political prisoners. Edward A. Bates, Secretary-Treasurer . Harrisburg, Pa., October 14, 1920. Woodrow Wilson, President, White House, Washington, D. C. Behalf of Pennsylvania Federation of Labor, respectfully urge you to proclaim amnesty for the political prisoners. C. L. Quinn, Secretary. Hon. A. Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General, Washington, D. C. On behalf of the Chicago Federation of Labor and its affiliated organizations, repre¬ senting over 250,000 workers, we wish to join with President Gompers and Secretary Morrison of the American Federation of Labor in the request for a general amnesty for political prisoners and the repeal of war-time laws. Respectfully submitted. John Fitzpatrick, President. E. N. Nockels, Secretary. Hon. A. Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: The Central Labor Union of Brooklyn was one of the first to make request for a general amnesty for political prisoners. We are anxious to have all war-time laws and war-time animosities wiped out. Therefore we urge upon you that after you receive our spokesman, Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, with his committee, upon the subject of amnesty for political prisoners, that you should recommend to our President to grant general amnesty. We remain, cordially, yours, J. P. Coughlin, President. Hon. A. Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: I am instructed by the delegates in regular meeting assembled at the Central Federated Union to urge you that after you meet with President Gompers and his committee requesting general amnesty for political prisoners that you give that matter full consideration and recommend to the President our request. * With cordial greetings, Ernest Bohm, Recording Secretary Central Federated Union of New York. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 33 Washington, D. C., October 15, 1920. Sir: The last annual convention of the American Federation of Labor, June, 1920, adopted resolutions that the President of the United States, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of War should be urged to grant amnesty to the political prisoners of the war with Germany and Austria. No doubt the Attorney General has advised you of the conference which I, together with a number of representatives of organized labor, recently had with him regard¬ ing the matter. The object of my addressing this communication to you now is to convey to you the earnest belief entertained by my associates and myself that if you should issue a proclamation granting amnesty to the political prisoners it would have a most beneficial effect upon a large part of our people, help to allay feelings that have been aroused, and, indeed, have a general tranquillizing effect. And in the event of the issuance of such a proclamation by you it would devolve upon the Department of Justice to scrutinize each case before the freedom of the political prisoner could be effected. May I express the hope that the matter as above submitted may commend itself to your favorable consideration and action? Yours, respectfully, Samuel Gompers, President American Federation of Labor , Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, The white House, Washington, D. C. DELEGATION THAT WENT TO PALMER. Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor: Frank Morrison, secretary of the American Federation of Labor; Matthew Woll, vice president of the American Federation of Labor; William J. Spencer, secretary-treasurer building trades department, American Federation of Labor; William H. Johnston, president International Association of Machinists; Joseph Valentine, vice president American Federation of Labor; John Donlin, president building trades department, American Federation of Labor; James Egan, editor, American Federation of Labor Weekly News Letter; Henry A. McAnarney, Victor H. Arnheim, Edgar Wallace, national nonpartisan political campaign committee, American Federation of Labor; W. W. Keeler, president Central Labor Union, Washington, D. C.; Thomas F. Flaherty, secretary National Federation of Postal Clerks, James P. Noonan, president Inter¬ national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; H. Wander, vice president Inter¬ nationa] Ladies’ Garment Workers; Max Line, secretary United Hebrew Trades, New York; Meyer London, counsel United Hebrew Trades, New York; Mrs. Lucy Robins, secretary Central Labor Bodies Conference, New York. FARMERS NATIONAL COUNCIL. We, the Farmers National Council in conference assembled, in Washington, D. 0. January, 1919, by duly elected delegates from leading national and State farmer* organizations, having a total membership of over three-quarters of a million, declare for general amnesty tor all political prisoners. In view of the fact that in order to provide food for the Army, the people, and the American Allies during the war the farmers of America had worked from early morning until night. The farmers bear no malice and no grudge toward those whose opinions differ from their own, and feel that no advantage is to be gained by keeping in prison men and women who were not guilty of any actual help to the enemy, and conscien¬ tious objectors who in the opinion of the farmers mistakenly construed or misunder¬ stood the purpose of the war to bring about economic and industrial injustice. We therefore most respectfully add our request to that of millions of other loyal American citizens that you grant a general amnesty to political prisoners including the conscientious objectors, as we have described them and commute the sentences or discharge the soldiers upon whom severe court-martial sentences have been imposed. George Hampton, President Farmers National Council. 34773—21-3 34 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Washington, I). C., December 15, 1920. Woodrow Wilson, The White House: Your petitioners, the undersigned committee, representing the World War Vet¬ erans, an organization of those who served actively in the Army and Navy of the United States during the late w r ar in Europe, in pursuance of a resolution adopted last summer at our western divisional conference favoring the release from prison of all those persons convicted of violations of the espionage law and now serving sen¬ tence, most respectfully submit for consideration the following: That freedom of opinion is the cornerstone of American democracy, guaranteed under our Constitution, abrogated hitherto but seldom for brief periods under stress of what seemed supreme public necessity. That the present espionage law, as in the case of similar war laws of earlier periods, in many cases has been enforced arbitrarily and irresponsibly by officials unnerved under war tension, so securing scant justice to some individuals. . That even where the evidence fully warranted conviction under the law in question sentences frequently were harsh and justifiable only, if at all, as deterrents to those who might, by word or deed, do something to endanger the war morale thought neces¬ sary to maintain by those charged with the administration of the Government. That, finally, every imaginable danger, the effect of their expressions of opinion, is long past and continued confinement of political prisoners in time of peace must be purely punitive, a conception utterly abhorrent to the native American spirit of justice and fair play as it is repugnant to our more divine attribute of charity and foreign to every scientific formulation of humanitarian reform. Wherefore, speaking for our organization *of hundreds of thousands of those who saw their war duties differently, we most respectfully petition the President to exer¬ cise a clemency so fitted to the approaching Christmas season and proclaim a general amnesty for all those suffering in prison for the expressions of opinion which, erro¬ neous though they may have been, have, it seems to us, been fully expiated. Carl Calvin, Capt. George Melton, World War Veterans. [Memorial to Presidenc presented by deputhtion from citizens' amnesty committees at White House. Apr. 19,11 a. m.] To the President, The White House , Washington, D. C. Sir : In view of the power vested in your high office to proclaim amnesty for political offenses committed in time of war, we, the undersigned citizens representing, as we believe, the sober sense of the Nation, present this memorial in behalf of the men and women imprisoned or under indictment for expressing opinions (as distinguished from those convicted fo overt acts) deemed inimical to the Republic during our late war with the Imperial German and Austria Governments and their allies. We find that your distinguished predecessors, Presidents Washington, John Adams, Madison, Lincoln, Johnson, and Grant, have not hesitated to exercise the sovereign power of amnesty, including within its scope even those found guilty of treason against the United States, with restoration of all rights, privileges, and immunities under the Constitution, and the laws made in pursuance thereof. Especially during the Civil War, and after it ended, the Presidents of the United States by proclamations, at first limited and conditioned, but later broad and unquali¬ fied, established sound precedents through acts of grace which relieved those on whom they were bestowed from the punishment which the law inflicts for political offenses. We find that even within the first quarter of a century after the formation of this Government, the President in three separate instances granted general pardons. In the first of these instances President Washington, on the 10th July, 1794, in respect to persons who participated in the “whisky insurrection” in Pennsylvania, granted a full, free, and entire pardon of treasons, misprisons of treason, and other indictable offenses against the United States. Again, on the 21st May. 1800, President John Adams proclaimed a general pardon to all persons engaged in the so-called house- tax insurrection in Pennsylvania in 1798, and in February, 1815, President Madison proclaimed a general pardon to certain persons known as the “Barataria pirates.” we find that when President Lincoln issued his first proclamation of amnesty on December 8, 1863, he invoked no special law but the power to grant reprieves and pardons conferred by the Constitution of the United States. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 35 Therefore, and in view, also, of the clear opinion of those legal authorities who have discussed this subject, that the constitutional grant to the President was intended to con¬ vey the largest power implied in the word “pardon”, we the more confidential petition you to follow this unbroken series of American precedents in proclaiming amnesty to the imprisoned men and women who did not oppose this Nation at war by force and arms or by overt act, but who expressed only by written or spoken word opinions which would have been deemed harmless during ordinary times but were judged dangerous to the public safety only while this Nation was opposed by powerful enemy peoples, or who refused because of conscience to obey the commands of military authorities. In presenting this petition, moreover, we are further assured by the temper of your utterances as Chief Executive, especially your declaration upon our entry into the late war that we were pledged to “conduct our operations as belligerents without passion and ourselves observe with proud punctilio the principles of right and of fair play we profess to be fighting for.” Since the armistice of November 11, 1918, a year and a half has elapsed, during which the Governments of the chief belligerent nations have granted amnesty to prisoners held for political and other crimes. Our own prisoners convicted for expres¬ sions of opinion still languish in jail, while the public danger that prompted the imposition of penalties upon such offenders is long past. In regard to the policy of severity which may still be advocated in certain quarters, we conclude by citing the words of M. Clemenceau in his speech before the French Chamber of Deputies on May 17, 1876, urging amnesty for those who participated in the Commune of 1871. M. Clemenceau said: “The necessity of punishment ceases with its utility * * * it is ‘the necessity of punishment that saves a State.’ I f we (who govern') are wise and able, we shall know when we have punished enough; if we are not, we shall never consider that we have punished enough * * *. It is not only by repression that subversive elements are brought to reason. The develop¬ ment of social justice will be more potent against the malcontent than the most pitiless punishment.” It is for these reasons that we respectfully urge the act of amnesty and of mercy that lies within your power. Mrs. Champ Clark. Robert* Morse Lovett. Elizabeth Glendower Evans. Jackson H. Ralston. Belle C La Follette. Richard Chase Tolman. Basil M. Manly. women’s trade-union league. Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President United States of America, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: Whereas the signing of the peace treaty finds in American civil and military prisons, or under bail pending trial or appeal, large numbers of men and women whose offense or alleged offense is of a political nature; and Whereas the sole justification for such prosecution and imprisonment, that of war¬ time necessity, no longer exists; Whereas in all democratic countries of Europe which have been associated with us in the prosecution of the war full amnesty has been granted to the political, indus¬ trial, and religious war opponents; Be it Resolved , That it is the sense of the Women’s Trade-Union League, with an affiliated membership of 75,000 to 80,000 working women, that the further prosecution and imprisonment in the United States of a body of political offenders is contrary to the democratic idealism and the traditions of freedom to which our country is commit¬ ted: and be it further Resolved, That we accordingly urge upon the President of the United States, upon the Attorney General of the United States, the Secretary of W T ar, and the president of the American Federation of Labor, with all earnestness at our command the necessity of granting an immediate amnesty to all prisoners whose religious, political, or econo¬ mic beliefs formed the basis of their prosecution, trial, and imprisonment. 36 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLLTICAL, PRISONERS. STATEMENT OF MR. JOHN P. SULLIVAN. Senator Sterling. Will you state your name and whom you represent. Mr. Sullivan. Mr. Chairman, I do not want to detain you very long. I am president of the Central Trades and Labor Council of New York; vice president of the New York State Federation; mem¬ ber of the general executive board of the Brewery, Cereal, and Flour Organization; and treasurer of the central labor bodies conference of the amnesty committee of the American Federation of Labor, of which Mrs. Robbins is the executive secretary. I am here to ask you gentlemen for a favorable recommendation on Senator France’s resolution along the lines agreed upon between him and President Gompers. I want to say that during the war I gave all my time to the United States Government. I was chairman of one of the draft boards, division 15c, in New York City; and I also, in the year 1918, organ¬ ized one of the greatest demonstrations that ever took place in the city of New York, what was known as labor’s loyalty parade, and I had the honor of being grand marshal of that parade; and these very same people here who participated in that parade sent me here in advocacy of the cause of amnesty and pardon for these prisoners. Now, I want to say that during my experience as chairman of the draft board there were some men who evaded the draft law through mere sheer dread, fright; not intentionally. There were others, of course, who were deliberate. But I believe there should be a little judgment and leniency used in the case of men like several who came before me, shivering, shaking, fearing, cowardly, you might say. There were quite a number of those in my experience. Then there were a number of others who did it intentionally, and I would not be very much in favor of those who intentionally evaded service to the country. Senator King. If you know, you know there are a large number who not only deliberately evaded the draft and sought refuge in Canada and Mexico, particularly in Mexico, but are there now, cow¬ ardly, skulking in that country because they are afraid to come home. Speaking for myself, I have nothing but supreme contempt for that class of men. So far as I am concerned, I would never consent to an abatement of prosecution of men of that character. Mr. Sullivan. I have not much sympathy with them either, because my sons were there; and one of them was too young, but I had the Army put him in class A, over my own signature, and if the war had continued he would have been there long before this; so that you can see where I stand. That is my position. But there are some, Senator, who through sheer cowardice and fear evaded it. Senator Sterling. That is, they did not intend to be disloyal, but it was through fear ? Mr. Sullivan. Yes, sir; it was through fear. Senator Sterling. But this resolution is wholesale. It pertains to all so-called political prisoners, and makes no exceptions whatever. Mr. Sullivan. Yes. Well, in order to answer your question, I am of the same opinion as the agreement reached between yourself and Mr. Gompers. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 37 Senator King. Perhaps you were not here, Senator, when I asked Mr. Gompers whether the resolution of the American Federation of Labor, which he caused to be read to the committee, embraced those who were slackers and escaped from the United States and evaded in that way, and he said that he was not sure whether it embraced those, and indeed he doubted it, and he did not favor any amnesty being extended to them, if I interpreted his remarks correctly. Senator Sterling. You can see the difficulty of making an excep¬ tion, under the circumstances. Mr. Sullivan. Yes, sir. Senator Sterling. If we pass any resolution at all. Mr. Sullivan. Well, there are quite a number. Of course, you will agree that some are confined, possibly through no fault of their own, many of them having offended through ignorance, and more through fear, as I said. Senator Sterling. Yes. Now, I would like to ask this: What is the peculiar interest of the Federation of Labor in this, over and above that of citizens generally? Mr. Sullivan. Because we believe that the war is over, and that the United States of America should be no less tolerant than our allies in the war. They have all liberated their political prisoners. Senator Sterling. You are certain of that, are you, that all of them have been ? Mr. Sullivan. I am so informed. I do not know as to its cor¬ rectness, but I believe it is correct. Senator Sterling. How about Canada ? Do you understand that Canada has passed an amnesty act ? Mr. Sullivan. That I do not know, Senator. My time is very largely taken up in labor affairs. I am frank to tell you that I did not give this any particular study, as to what was going on. Senator France. Mr. Sullivan is correct in his observation. I myself am not informed about Canada, but the European countries have passed such acts. Senator King. I do not think, Senator, if you will pardon me, that any of the European countries have extended amnesty to any of those who were guilty of what is denominated treason, and overt acts against the Government. Senator France. But the American Federation of Labor is not asking for that. Senator King. No; I understand. Senator France. There is a very grave distinction made here. Senator Sterling. Who is your next witness? Mrs. Bobbins. I would like to ask one question. Senator Sterling. Yes. Mrs. Robbins. Being out a great deal and meeting not only thousands but millions of workers and representatives and members of organizations generally, I know there is a feeling generally, although I do not know of any specific cases where that applies--but there is a feeling and understanding throughout the country—on the ques¬ tion of those draft evaders, as to what is going to be done about it. Will Congress or the Department of Justice or the President make any definite statement of what is going to be done with them if they surrender ? There is a feeling that there are thousands of crooks being made out of perfectly good men because they have to 38 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. live under assumed names. They are in hiding. They can not work at a place permanently because they are asked who they are and where they come from. There are parents who have come to our office, old women and old men, sick; they have not anyone to make a living for them; their only boy or two have run away. They would like to have them surrender—the boys. I do not know where they are; but they come to us, knowing that we are working on a request for amnesty, and they appeal to us to know what they shall do, and what punish¬ ment their boys would receive, in order that they should come back, and they could be looked after. They do not know where these boys are or what they do. Senator Sterling. You are referring now to those who have never been apprehended or prosecuted ? Mrs. Robbins. Yes; and there are something like 100,000; and something ought to be done about it and some statement ought to be given out as to what is going to be done about it, because I be¬ lieve that many of the crime waves and other things being done are being done by men who are perfectly good and had a good char¬ acter, but in the environment they are living in, always in hiding, it changes them almost entirely; and we surely do not want that our Government should be the cause of such things; and something ought to be planned and figured to help these men out; and if not promptly, they are- Senator King. You may have observed the fact that in many instances where draft evaders have surrendered to the military authorities and have explained the conditions, they have been treated in a very lenient manner. Of course some who deliberately evaded the draft and fled to other countries, and do not come within the category referred to by Mr. Sullivan, have been dealt with a little more severely. Mrs. Robbins. Yes. Senator King. But I think that the disposition of the War De¬ partment is to deal with each specific case upon its merits, and it seems to me that is the only way to deal with them. A case of the character that Mr. Sullivan has spoken of ought to be dealt with in a very generous and humane way. Mrs. Robbins. Ye s Senator King. But as for those who deliberately violated the draft and had no excuse for it, but who were rather inimical and hostile to our own country, and who fled; speaking for myself, I think they ought to be punished. 1 do not see how this committee and how Congress could make any general recommendation and pass any general statute dealing with those cases. Mrs. Robbins. 1 do not know anything about it; only as I was here I thought I would speak of it. Senator King. Supposing the matter were left to you and the whole responsibility rested upon you to pass upon these cases, keeping in mind the fact that there were millions of brave boys who did go and did their duty and that those same brave boys are not now in favor of the whitewashing of those who escaped and ran away like cowards, what would you do? Mrs. Robbins. I could only answer you as 1 answered Attorney General Palmer, that I am not in a position to tell what I would do AMNESTY AND PARDON EOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 39 if I was the officer in that position; hut I do think that something ought to be done to stop that. It is two years since, and we are not making good citizens out of tho n e men. This country is not gaining anything by it, and if from the War Department they would make a statement what the punishment would he—these men do not know; they do not know whether they will be lenient with them or not—if they would know just what it is, if they would give them a chance to come back, don’t you see, give them a chance to surrender and do something for themselves- Senator Sterling. Is there not something in the force of example and are we not to look to the end a little ? And now if the Govern¬ ment condones t le^e offenses, serious as they were during the war, will there not be the temptation at some future time ? Suppose we get into war again, will not the evaders and conscientious objectors and men of that kind find a precedent for leniency on the part of the Government ? Mrs. Robbins. , The way I feel about it is that by the release of conscientious objectors, as many as I have talked to, I do not think you will make less loyal citizens of them by showing them consid¬ eration, in spite of everything, than by punching them. I believe that through the better acts you always get the best there is in a person. I believe that with an appeal to the conscience of the person we can do a whole lot more than by showing that we are just as strict in our punr hment as they are in refu 1 ing to obey. Senator Sterling. One reason for punishment is that the punish¬ ment may be a deterrent and prevent future offenses of the same kind. Mrs. Robbins. Well, that may hold true, Senator Sterling; but I do hope that something will be done, whichever way you think is possible, to work that out through the War Department or through anybody else, in order to help that along. Senator Sterling. We are glad to have heard you, Mrs. Robbins. Senator King. Is there anybody else to be heard? Senator France. Rev. Levi Powers. STATEMENT OF REV. L. N. POWERS. Mr. Powers. I can not answer your question concerning Canada, but I noticed something that happened in Canada recently. In one of the Provinces there was an election of 41 people, and the one that led the poll was one of the political prisoners, and the third on the poll was a political prisoner who had been released. Senator Sterling. Had he been released under a general amnesty act? Mr. Powers. I do not knowv I could not answer that question. Now, what I have to say is so entirely obvious, it seems to me, that I would not venture to say anything if I had not read a little while ago that a distinguished Member of the Senate had said that he made no distinction between criminals; that all criminals looked alike to him. Now, he is not a legal mind, and perhaps he may not have been quite correctly reported, but I think it must be apparent to everyone who thinks about these matters at all that there are two classes, very different, who are necessarily criminals. 40 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Law is simply the expression of the temporary ideas of what is right and wrong, expedient or necessary. Now, those who fall behind and lag behind, the antisocial, the real criminal type, of course must be punished to be held up to a decent standard. On the other hand, those who trouble us because they are a little in advance, who are antisocial because they think they see things that are right that we do not, also have to be punished, in self-pro¬ tection. I do not find any fault with the requirements of society; it is probably as necessary as the law of gravitation. But I some¬ times think "that we almost owe a debt of gratitude to the people who break the laws and who go almost to the point of preaching anarchy. Senator Sterling. You would hardly say that the law ought to be broken or violated. Mr. Powers. I think all the advance of society is due to the fact that there are some people who are ready to pay the penalty of making a protest against things that ought not to be. Senator Sterling. Let us obey the law while it is law, and seek its repeal if it is an injustice. Senator King. I am afraid your attitude will induce our boot¬ legging friends to continue their operations. Mr. Powers. I will not argue that matter of law, but I think from what you have said that we are pretty closely agreed that there is a difference. Now, I am not so greatly interested in these men who are in prison, although I do feel that we have to recognize that the man who stands for his principle is always a man that counts. The people that shout with the mob in a loud voice are only shouting, and they disappear. The only thing we can give to the world is what we are. Our wealth and the position we occupy are accidental; but our bearing witness to the things that are deepest in us is our contribu¬ tion to the world. I think more of those persons because they did. They are not of the ordinary type. I recognize the necessity that society was under during the stress of war, but that is past. Any further punishment, it seems to me, is not deterrent; it is simply vin¬ dictive, and that is something that the nation ought not to lend itself to, because, as has already been said, the other Governments have long ago released their prisoners, and they are supposed to be less responsive to the popular will than ours. Thank you. Senator King. May I make one inquiry? In your generalization did you mean to include those who deliberately evaded the draft and fled our country ? Mr. Powers. Well, I should say that I have no wisdom to give on that point any more than has already been given. I do think there is a lot in what- has been said in regard to the fact that whether or not it is the punishment that they fear that is keeping them out of the country, it is making bad citizens. I think there is much in that. Senator Ktng. Did jmu intend to include within your statement those persons who advocated the overthrow and destruction of this Government by force and violence; who were not satisfied by merely registering their opposition to war and preaching pacificaism, but actively advocated force and viobnee and the blowing up of munition plants and railroads, and such as that, and practicing sabotage f AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 41 Mr. Powers. I say I have no sympathy with that sort of thing. But I think that as the matter was brought before the courts, with the intensity of feeling that existed at that time, many people were accused of that and convicted and punished who were not really guilty of that. Senator Ktng. But supposing that that was not the case, and that some are guilty, and that some belong to an organization that not only in war hut’ also in peace preaches the destruction of this Govern¬ ment by violence, and preaches sabotage and the destruction of prop¬ erty bv violence, etc., would you release those? Mr. Powers. I think the distinction is clearly recognized between those and the political prisoners that are contemplated under this act. My plea is simply for the political prisoners. Senator France. The distinction is quite carefully made. Senator Sterling. Who is next? Is this all, Senator France? Senator France. Mrs. Helen Hoy Greeley, of the New York City bar. STATEMENT OF MRS. HELEN HOY GREELEY. Mrs. Greeley. I have come as an American who is interested in the attitude of these persons to our country. I am not able to answer such questions as Senator Walsh asked about the numbers involved; I am not familiar with large numbers; but I have a rather intimate connection with a case under the es¬ pionage act, about which I think, from the questions you, sir, asked of Mrs. Robbins, you may be interested to hear a little bit. The person who became my client after her case had gone to the Supreme Court of the United States, and after her conviction and sentence to imprisonment of three years and a fine of $500 was obtained, and a writ of certiorari refused, appealed to me, since I was here in Washington a good deal of the time, for help in securing a pardon, and I interested myself, without fee, in that case; and for four months I studied the case, and produced a brief which went to the Department of Justice and was practically a retrial of the case in the Department of Justice. The counts on which this client was convicted were the same, practically, as those under which Eugene Debs was convicted, and which the chairman read here; and yet the analysis that I made of that case showed that, far from having com¬ mitted any of the crimes upon which she was really convicted, she had not even said the things which she w&s charged to have said. I was able to prove to the satisfaction of the men in the pardon department of the Department of Justice that there was at least very grave doubt as to her utterance of the things with which she had been charged. Senator King. She ought not to have been convicted, then? Mrs. Greeley. She ought not to have been convicted. Senator King. It must have been beyond all reasonable doubt. If there was a shadow of a reasonable doubt, it was wrong to have convicted her. Mrs. Greeley. I believe that it was; but I believe that her case is typical; I will not say of all of the cases of convictions under this act, but of a very large number. I feel that our juries were swayed, as they thought by justice and by patriotic considerations, but in 42 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. reality by a feeling that was inevitable. I believe that passions were very high, and that discrimination was at a low ebb, and that in the temper of the times injustices were quite possible. Senator King. Madam, do you not think that, considering all the facts and all the circumstances, and the magnitude of this country and the great population, the marvel is that there were so few ar¬ rested ? Mrs. Greeley. No- Senator King (continuing). Because my recollection is that the aggregate number of those prosecuted under what is called the espionage bill was less than 500. Now, I may be in error, but that information has been conveyed to me. Mrs. Greeley. I am not sure about that number, but I can not agree with the Senator altogether. I feel that we went from one extreme to the other in our public temper, and that we did a very great many things that 100 years from now we shall be really very much ashamed of—our children and our grandchildren will be—and I feel that a conviction such as this is a blot, really, on our legal processes. I believe it was quite impossible for the Supreme Court, under the extensions that were taken and the appeals, to go back of what appeared to be the records, and I believe that the Supreme Court could really not have done otherwise on the exceptions being taken than to deny the petition for the writ of certiorari. Senator King. That came before the Circuit Court of Appeals for review ? Mrs. Greeley. Yes. Senator King. Which court was that? What district was it in? Mrs. Greeley. It was an Oregon case, and it was before the Court of Appeals in San Francisco. Senator King. I would like to have the name, if you will permit me. I want to look into the opinions. Mrs. Greeley. I will be glad to give you a copy of this brief, if you like. [Handing brief to Senator King.l Senator King. That is very kind of you. Mrs. Greeley. It came up to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of certiorari. Senator Sterling. And the petition was denied ? Mrs. Greeley. And the petition was denied; so that the only remedy was an application for pardon. I was informed quite inadvertently, I am sure, by the Department of Justice, that the application for full pardon was granted and was sent up to the Attorney General in September with a recommendation for a full pardon, on the strength of that brief. The Attorney Gen¬ eral, however, had been very much impressed in the case by two groups of persons concerned, and a telegram was sent from a high official here in Washington to a public man in New York, from whom I learned this, that because a concession had to be made to a certain opinion in the West, the full pardon was not goin<* to be granted, but a commutation only; so that, although a full pardon in this case was recommended, as I was informed inadvertently by the clerk in the Department of Justice who did not know me and who I think had no business to give me the information, the sentence was not remitted in full, and a pardon granted, but my client received a commutation AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 43 from three years to one year and a day, which the Attorney General himself informed me entitled her to be released at the end of the four months if she behaved while in prison. So that in this case my client was brought to trial a few days after the signing of the armistice, the sentence being pronounced on New Year’s eve after the armistice, my client having been kept out of prison throughout the time of the appeal and throughout all of the time during which I was working for her pardon, a stay of execution having been granted by the President; that lasted from the 1st of February of this year until the 16th day of October, and my client was on that day apprehended and taken into custody and taken to San Quentin, where she is now in prison and must stay for at least four months; and her release at the end of the four months, which will expire in February, is not certain, but it will depend upon whether the department sees fit to put her on parole. Now that is a case which may be or may not be typical of large numbers. This woman is a physician of Portland, who is known to have befriended countless numbers of the poor. Her practice is largely among them. She is a professional woman, but she is the only person outside of the labor organizations that labor itself has rallied to the support of, and the unions, federated labor, and the Industrial Workers of the World together contributed to her support, so dear had she been to the labor people of the whole Northwest. Senator Sterling. What is her nationality, may I ask ? Mrs. Greeley. Her father was an Italian, and her mother was an Irish woman; and she is of a temperament that is not of a balanced kind—I mean the judicial temperament that was able to preserve its calm during the war and keep out of difficulties. I was interested in the reference made to the Steimer case. Senator King. Pardon me, but about this, was it your contention, and was it her contention, that she did not utter the sentiments attributed to her? Mrs. Greeley. Yes; the statements are garbled statements, as is clearly shown. Senator King. Was it your contention that if she had uttered the statements changed in the indictment as set out in hac verba, that it would not constitute an offense? M' s. Greeley. I did not make any such contention, and I am not making any such contention. Under the law you could not, of course, hold otherwise. Senator Sterling. Were the statements made in a public speech? Mrs. Greeley. Yes; they wc v e made in a public speech; and these statements were reported by two men who we^e quite unqualified for the assignment and work that was involved. Senator Sterling. Where was the speech made? M s. Greeley. In Portland, Oreg.; and it was exactly like speeches that she had been making for seven years; and she had been listened to frequently; she had been reported; but nothing that she had ever said had been considered actionable. Senator King. May I inquire about this, whether she conceded that she marched at the head of a procession and carried- Mis. Greeley. Now, may I say that I do not wish, Mr. Senator, to go into that at this particular moment? That particular point is 44 AMNESTY AND PARDON EOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. not relevant at this hearing, and if you will read the brief a little further you r self- Senator King. I thought you were extenuating her acts and said that she was not guilty of the offense with which she was charged; but if she did those things, I differ from you. Mrs. Greeley. You see, the court did convict her; and you have to make a careful analysis of all of the facts before you can get back of the trial, and the court conviction, especially one that has gone through the United States Supreme Court. The only thing I wish to say right here is that I would not dream of going into any detail about this case if, as I said to you in the first place, the pardon department of the Department of Justice, on the strength of the analysis, had not recommended pardon; do you see? That is the only justification for my mentioning the case at all. Senator King. Has she been pardoned? Mrs. Greeley. No; she has not been pardoned. As I . say, the pardon was refused because of the feeling that there had to be a concession made to the feeling in the West—do you see? But there w r as a case of conviction after the armistice, in which the client does not go to prison until nearly two years after the armistice was declared. Senator Sterling. And you say she did not go to prison because of the stays granted to her from time to time ? Mrs. Greeley. Yes. Senator Sterling. On your application ? Mrs. Greeley. Yes. The effect is only cumulative. The occa¬ sion for the proscribed act has ceased, and you can not deter any longer from the commission of a proscribed act after its possibility has ceased. Since the purpose of this section of the act was only deterrent and not essentially punitive, as many of our penal laws are, it does seem to me that that particular section covering this particu¬ lar kind of an offense ought to be interpreted differently now that the temper of the people is changing. We are not vindictive as we were. Those passions have subsided, and mercy and tolerance have been slowly rekindling, I think, in the sentiments of men; and at this particular time when our thought turns to the birth of the spiritual idea which ought to dominate, it seems to me that it is peculiarly a season for mercy on the part of those who have authority. Senator King. Do you recall the volume of the reports of the Cir¬ cuit Court of Appeals where I can get that case ? Mrs. Greeley. I have not the reference to it, but I will be very glad to give it to you. 1 have a copy r of the decision of the Circuit Court. Senator King. I can find it in the Library, here. STATEMENT OF ME. BENJAMIN C. MARSH, SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR OF LEGISLATION OF THE FARMERS’ NATIONAL COUNCIL. Senator Sterling. Please state your name. Mr. Marsh. Benjamin C. Marsh. I am secretary and director of legislation of the Farmers' National Council, with headquarters in the Bliss Building. amnp:sty and pardon for political prisoners. 45 Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, in November— armistice November—1918, representatives of leading farm organ¬ izations met here in Washington and drafted a tentative program for economic reconstruction and international reconstruction. In January of 1919, two months after the armistice was signed, there was a delegates’ reconstruction conference here which adopted a program in which the following was included: We declare for general amnesty for all political prisoners. I am sure, Mr. Chairman, that you will appreciate that these farmer representatives were not in any way sentimental or disloyal, when I tell you that one of the representatives of your own State, South Dakota, was Hon. Mark T. Bates, whom you know of in your State ? Senator Sterling. I know of him, yes; very well. Mr. Marsh. A man who may be regarded as a radical, but who is a bona fide farmer, and who, as you know, has the confidence and respect of the farmers, and who has done a great deal for farmers. They urged it and we urge it now, not on sentimental grounds, by any manner of means. I wish that all of the members of the com¬ mittee could have been here in this connection. The American people, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, realize that the poor man who opposed the war was punished, but that Congress in its infinite wisdom let the profiteers get off practically scot-free, created millionaires and multimillionaires; that there were men in the Shipping Board and in the Railroad Administration doing more to defeat the orderly progress of the war—those rich men—than any man in jail to-day, as we understand it, and it is a question where we want a little uniform justice. The Attorney General has not yet put behind the bars, if I am cor¬ rectly informed, a single wealthy would-be sabotager during the war. Senator Sterling. Do you think he entered into agreements not to prosecute ? Mr. Marsh. Yes; he entered into agreements not to prosecute, in the court decrees. Now, this is not sentimental. If you are going to send those rich men who sabotaged, who tried to make money and blocked the operation of the railroads which was essential to winning the war—if you are going to send them to jail, I personally can not lift my voice about these other political prisoners. But this un-American, wicked discrimination against the other Americans is a thing that galls and stings the American citizenship, and they want to know who owns this Government, and why is the Congress disloyal to the boys that helped to win the war. Senator Sterling. I want to say that you are quite extreme in some of these statements, and that you assume a great deal when you make the charge that you do in regard to the Government and its toleration of offenses committed by what you term the rich people. Mr. Marsh. Why, Mr. Chairman, you folks even forgot to tax yourselves; until you were reminded, you forgot it. Senator Sterling. Now, I want to deny that right here, so far as that is concerned. If you have anything to say concerning this par¬ ticular bill, I would like to have you say it; but we can not spend time in going over the record of Congress during the war. 46 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Mr. Marsh. I think it bears directly on this resolution. The Chairman. I know all about what you are alluding to when you say we forgot to tax ourselves until we were reminded of it; but you are mistaken, because it was the understanding, I know, of the Senate, that both Senators and Congressmen were taxed on their salaries. Mr. Marsh. My wife and I, working hard, WTote, and I went before a committee, urging that we be taxed double the rate we were taxed during the war, and we certainly do not want to exonerate anybody who was responsible for attempting to defeat us in the war; but it is a question of equality of treatment, it seems to us, that is involved in this resolution, and we hope very much that you will vote for it; and I think it is the overwhelming sentiment of the people who sacrificed during the war. Senator Sterling. Yes. You said the representative on your council from South Dakota was Mr. Bates ? Mr. Marsh. Yes. Senator Sterling. You know, of course, what his political career has been during the last four years ? Mr. Marsh. I know that it has been fighting the predatory interests on behalf of the people. Senator Sterling. You know on what ticket he has run? Mr. Marsh. Yes. Senator Sterling. I just want that to go in the record here, since you have mentioned that yourself. Mr. Marsh. Yes; I will be glad to. He has run on the ticket that has scared the predatory interests more than all the acts of Congress or anything else, the Nonpartisan League. Senator Sterling. Yes; that is what I wanted to know; the Non¬ partisan League. Mr. Marsh. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. STATEMENT OF MR. MARVIN GATES SPERRY, NATIONAL PRESI¬ DENT OF THE PRIVATE SOLDIERS’ AND SAILORS’ LEGION, NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 810 F STREET NW., WASHING¬ TON, D. C. Senator Sterling. The legion you represent is different from the American Legion ? Mr. Sperry. Yes, sir; different. We are strictly privates. We do not take any officers in our organization that held a commission. Senator France. I will say for President Sperry that he volun¬ teered as a soldier in the war, although he would not have been subject to the draft. He went to France and fought bravely in the defense of his country, so bravely that he was decorated by the British Government for gallantry in action under fire. Mr. Sperry. That is very kind of you to say that, Senator. Mr. Chairman and Senators of the committee, I am sure I voice the sentiments of all the members of the Private Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Legion and all the hosts of their friends when I say we most earnestly hope and wish for the freeing of the political prisoners without further delay, and I most heartily join in the support of the broad and humane AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 47 bill of that great-hearted friend of humanity, Senator France of Maryland. The United States is the most powerful country in the world, and we think that they could extend an act of generosity and mercy to the political prisoners on this Christmas. I thank the committee. Senator Sterling. That is all you have to say ? Mr. Sperry. Yes, sir. Senator Sterling. Are there any others to be heard, Senator France ? If there are no other witnesses to be heard, the committee will stand adjourned to meet again on the call of the chairman. Senator France. Mr. Chairman, before we adjourn—I may not have an opportunity of saying this to the committee another time— I would be very glad to have this resolution amended by the com¬ mittee any way it sees fit as long as there is the principle involved in it. Senator Sterling. We can consider that in executive session, Senator France. (Thereupon, at 1.30 o’clock p. m., the subcommittee adjourned, subject to the call of the chairman.) AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. THURSDAY, JANUARY 6, 1921. United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, ’ Washington , D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to the call of the chairman, at 10.30 o’clock a. m., Senator Thomas Sterling presiding. Present: Senators Sterling (chairman) and Walsh of Montana. Also present: Mr. Algernon Lee, Hon. Jacob Panken, and Miss Frances Witherspoon, all of New York City, appearing for the Socialist Party of America. Senator Sterling. This is a continuation of the hearing on S. J. Res. 171, providing for the recommendation of amnesty and pardon for political prisoners in the United States. This particular hearing is at the request of representatives of the Socialist Party. Are there any persons present who desire to make statements ? Mr. Lee. Yes. STATEMENT OF MR. ALGERNON LEE, OF NEW YORK CITY. Senator Sterling. Please give your name, residence, and occupa¬ tion. Mr. Lee. Algernon Lee, New York City, teacher. Appearing with me are Judge Jacob Panken, of the city of New York, and Miss Frances Witherspoon, of the city of New York, appearing for the national executive committee of the Socialist Party. 1 appreciate the opportunity of appearing before this committee in support of S. J. Res. 171, to lay before you the reasons why in our judgment this resolution should be acted upon and passed. I desire to say, in the first place, Mr. Chairman, that we appear in the fullest sense for the resolution as a whole, not only for any members of the Socialist Party or otherwise who may be suffering under conviction under the espionage act or any other war-time act or subject to prosecution under those acts, but for all of those who are characterized as political prisoners, which would include very many who are not Socialists. The nature of the cases in question is defined in the resolution itself, where the political prisoners are described as persons whose alleged offenses are of a political nature, consisting only of opinions expressed, in words spoken or written, etc. I' It would perhaps be impossible to state the exact number of per¬ sons who are at the present time serving sentences of this nature or who have been convicted and are at present out on bond pending 49 34773—21-4 50 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. appeal in their cases, and the number of those who have been in¬ dicted, against whom proceedings have been begun and who have not been brought to trial, or their trials not completed. The number, however, would certainly run up to several hundred. About 400 or 500 of them have been convicted, and probably there are something like 300 whose cases are now pending. The sentences pronounced in cases which involve only expres¬ sions of opinion, criticisms of governmental policies, have in many cases been extremely severe, amounting to 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, and not infrequently 10 years, and in certain cases even 20 years’ imprisonment, accompanied by heavy fines. From all the in¬ formation that it has been possible for us to obtain, these sentences are in general heavier than those which have been imposed under laws more or less similar and for a similar character of offenses in the various countries of western Europe, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Italy. I should say they are far more severe than the sentences which have been imposed in Great Britain, where in general the sentences under the defense of the realm act were for three months, six months, or a year—very rarely more. There is a feeling which I believe to be justified by observation of the facts that in the whole execution of the espionage law and of the other special wartime acts, more particularly the espionage law, that which has come to the front has not been the allegation of any overt act, or adhering to the enemies of the United States, or any inclination on the part of those accused to sympathize with the Imperial German Government or with the other Governments with which the United States was at war. In the cases to which we here refer, at any rate in a very large proportion of these cases, that which came to the front in the trial was the social economic opinions expressed by the men who were accused. The evidence and the argument Turned very largely, not upon any claim or suspicion that any of these men, from Eugene V. Debs down to the most obscure, was in any way desirous of aiding the Imperial German Government. Such a suspicion in these cases would have been too ridiculous to entertain for a moment; but what was brought very strongly to the front in the trials them¬ selves and also in the public discussion, in news columns and the editorial columns of the newspapers, which exercised a very great influence upon public opinion, and through the general influence upon public opinion must have exercised a ver}^ great influence upon the verdicts that were rendered, by creating a certain tone or atmos¬ phere—I say in all those discussions what came to the front was the fact that these were men who are dissatisfied with the existing social economic order in the United States, and in other countries as well, who are and had been advocating, long before the war, very far- reaching changes in our social economic order, involving no doubt in certain cases changes in political institutions or methods to corre¬ spond to those economic changes. It is this that gives a very peculiar character to these cases, distinguishing them from those "in which there was allegation and proof satisfactory to the jury and the court that the persons accused were acting in the service of the Imperial German Government or of some other enemy of the United States. Mr. Chairman, let me say that in a sense the very concept of political offenses and political prisoners is a new idea in the United States. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 51 Within the last four years we have become regrettably familiar with it, but up to that time in the history of this country we have had very little to call our attention to the fact of political offenses as distin¬ guished from ordinary crimes. It is a well-established distinction in Europe, and my friend, Judge Panken, will perhaps add some words bringing out that point more clearly. Senator Sterling. Mr. Lee, 1 want to ask you this one question: Suppose the party accused under the espionage law, for example, had not indicated any sympathy for the German Government or the cause of the German Government in this war, had never said, for example, that he hoped the German cause would triumph, and yet did some¬ thing or said something to discourage enlistments in the Army of the United States when we were at war. Would not that aid the German Government ? Mr. Lee. Mr. Chairman, of course it is not my purpose here to attempt to argue the individual cases, to take up the question of whether this or that man was lawfully and justly convicted under the law, any more than it is my intention to take up for instance the question of the constitutionality of the law. Those are questions that belong to the courts. I believe the resolution is before you for consideration rather as a matter of public policy, and it is upon the general grounds of public policy that I would desire to argue it. Senator Sterling. That is what I rather insisted on at a former hearing, to those who were talking about the constitutionality of the espionage act, etc. Mr. Lee. I suppose that is not in question here. vSenator Sterling. I thought that was hardly the question here, and that the main question was one of policy. Mr. Lee. Public policy. Senator Sterling. Wise Government policy or expediency. Mr. Lee. In direct response to the question which you addressed to me, Mr. Chairman, I suppose it would be impossible to make any general answer better than this, that at any rate in a very large number of those cases to which I have paid such attention as it was possible for me to pay, there was a very long logical process between the alleged or admitted words of the defendant and the conclusion that the utterance of those words might perhaps have influenced some person not to enlist, or that might possibly have influenced some person not to register for the draft. This is very forcibly brought out in a case with which I was closely connected, the case against Scott Nearing, and against the American Socialist Society in the city of New York. In that case Scott Nearing had written and the American Socialist Society had published a certain pamphlet discussing the war, discussing the causes as Mr. Nearing understood and believed them to be, and the probable consequences of the war, in which case it was alleged that this pamphlet was written and published with the intent to interfere with recruiting, obstructing the recruiting service of the United States, discouraging enlistments, etc. The very curious result of that case was the acquittal of Mr. Nearing who wrote the pamphlet, who frankly avowed its authorship, and the conviction of the society which published the same pamphlet. I think such cases as that very well illustrate the far from close connection between the expression in that pamphlet of the opinion, 52 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. which, by the way, President Wilson later expressed in public, that this war as well as most other wars grew out of and was the result of commercial and business rivalry between capitalists of different countries. The opinion was expressed in that pamphlet that this war, like other wars, would give opportunity for profiteering and perhaps for profiteering on a greater scale than had ever been accom¬ plished in the past, a conclusion which I am inclined to think most people now believe to be quite well justified by the facts. There was an economic social discussion of war in general and of this war in particular. I say I think the connection between that and the conclusion that somebody reading that pamphlet might be influenced not to enlist, when otherwise he would have enlisted, was at least not a very close connection. I understand perfectly well that the argument for all such legisla¬ tion is that when the Nation is involved in war, any criticism of the policies of the Government is that any expression of disapproval of the decision of the Government to dac? vr. war, any advocacy by persons not speaking for the Government an earlier conclusion of the war, may very well be conjectured to have an influence upon some men’s minds against enlistment, against complying with the con¬ scription act, against other support of the war policies of the Govern¬ ment. The point I desire to emphasize is that legislation of this character is highly dangerous to that which is most fundamental in all that we have been glad of and proud of in American history. We have had wars before this. We have had at least one war which was for the United States more disastrous, more costly in life, more prolonged, more dangerous to the existence of the Nation; a civil war which, for some time, seemed very definitely and dangerously to threaten the existence of the Nation. Yet not even in the time of that war did we have legislation going by any means as far as that which we have had within these last three years or a little more. Nor did we have prosecutions as numerous, not did we have sentences approaching in severity the sentences of the present time. Further¬ more, the prosecutions and the convictions and sentences in the time of the Civil War were principally for overt acts of communication with the armed enemies of the United States, giving them actual aid and comfort, or, at the least, were for advocating their cause and definitely giving them moral aid and comfort within the Northern States. I do not know of a single prosecution in connection with that great Civil War in which the burden of the accusation was that the man who was on trial was an enemy of the existing order of society, that he was attacking existing institutions of property, that he was advocating a radically new social economic system, and that he was advocating proposed changes in the form and structure of the Govern¬ ment of the United States. I do not know of a single case among those which grew out of that much more disastrous war, where opinions upon social economic questions, or the expression of opinions with regard to the causes of the war, or the expression of criticism of the policies of the Government, either its political policies in dealing with secession or its militaiy policies in conducting the war—I do not know of one case where such criticism was treated as an offense against the laws of the United States. AMNESTY AND PAEDON FOE POLITICAL PEISONEES. 53 From the beginning of this country we have been proud and glad that we have had a Government by free discussion. At least I am sure that it is true of everyone whose fortune it was to be born in this country, or to have his opinions formed by American sentiment, that he has been trained to feel that it was a particularly happy thing that the institutions of this country were such as to favor the free expression of opinions; not only of those opinions which the Government for the time being deemed to be right and true opinions, but equally the expression of those opinions which were deemed to be false and erroneous; that it was only through the freedom of ex¬ pression for all kinds of opinion that the truth is to be arrived at; that it is only through such freedom of expression that an intelligent public opinion is to be formed and developed; that it is only through such opportunities for the utmost freedom of expression that a public opinion is created which cultivates in the minds of the people a con¬ fidence that wrongs can be righted, that abuses can be done away with, that institutions and laws can be changed to meet new needs through peaceful, orderly, lawful methods. And on the whole I be¬ lieve the history of the United States has justified that institution. Now, until the present war there have been only two notable ex¬ ceptions. There was one at the end of the eighteenth century, when during the administration of John Adams the party in power enacted legislation not unlike that of the last four years, although perhaps not quite so drastic. Senator Sterling. I would disagree with you there if you say that the legislation enacted during the Adams administration was not so drastic as the espionage act. The act passed during the Adams ad¬ ministration prevented, or could easily be construed to prevent, crit- cisms of the President, or criticisms of Congress, and so forth. Mr. Lee. I think it was false and malicious criticism. Senator Sterling. Yes; I think you are right in saying that. Mr. Lee. It was quite a material qualification; beside which the penalties provided in the alien and sedition acts did not in general approach in severity those which have been imposed under the es¬ pionage act. Senator Sterling. Let me read section 3 of the espionage act, under which these prosecutions have been carried on: Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operations or success of the military or naval forces of the United States, or to promote the success of its enemies, and whoever when the United States is at war shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military of naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, to the injury of the service of the United States, shall be pun¬ ished—• And so forth. Mr. Lee. Yes; I am quite familiar with that. My reference to the u false and malicious’’ in the sedition act of the Adams administra¬ tion was to show that those words occur in both acts. The general nature of that is very closely similar. Senator Sterling. That act related to time of peace as well as to time of war. It did not make any discrimination. Mr. Lee. Nevertheless it was enacted as a war measure in con¬ nection with the state of war which actually existed with France, 54 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. and in anticipation of a formal declaration of war with France, and was justified by the Adams administration on the ground that the criticisms which the anti-Federalists or Democrats were making of the American Government were giving aid and comfort to the French Government with which we were actually at war. The sentences which were imposed, and which were not finally served under that act, did not approach in severity a large number of the sentences that have been imposed under the espionage act. Under the espionage act there have been after all some astonishing cases. I have in mind the case of William Powell, of Lansing, Mich., who, in private conversation in the home of a relative, expressed his opinion that certain published reports about German atrocities were untrue; that those stories were to some extent war propaganda. He expressed his own dissatisfaction with the policy of the United States and his lack of confidence in the President. He expressed the opinion that this was a rich man’s war. This is the substance of the acts that were charged against him, for which he was convicted, sentenced to pay a fine of $5,000, and to serve 20 years in prison. He paid his fine and went to prison. His prison term was very materially reduced. Senator Sterling. Is he yet in prison ? Mr. Lee. No; he is not in prison. His sentence, which was obviously an atrocious sentence, was reduced and he is now out of prison. Senator Sterling. Do you recall how long he actually served ? Mr. Lee. I think it was approximately two years, which I con¬ sider in itself a pretty high, and I should be tempted to say an atrocious, sentence for such an offense. Senator Sterling. Was he pardoned? Mr. Lee. The sentence was commuted, and I believe at the time it was commuted the term to which it was commuted had been served. I have in mind the case of a certain Robert Goldstein, of Los Angeles, whose offense was the production of a motion-picture play, entitled “The Spirit of ’76.” This play depicted or purported to depict certain events in the history of the American Revolution as that history and as those events have been described in books of American history and in textbooks which were actually used when I went to school. Among other things British officers were depicted upon the film as committing atrocities, committing massacres, shoot¬ ing civilians, shooting women. The court held that the effect and purpose of the presentation of such a film was to incite hatred against English soldiers, that the film “tended to arouse our revenge, and to make us question the good faith of our ally, Great Britain, and to make us a little bit slack in our loyalty to Great Britain in the war.” I am quoting the words of the court. Goldstein was sentenced to pay a fine of $5,000, and to 10 years in prison. By Executive clemency his term of imprisonment was reduced to three years. Senator Sterling. Where was this trial and conviction? Mr. Lee. In Los Angeles, Calif. The case is no doubt a somewhat extreme one, and yet I think very many to match it could be produced. In a very considerable number of the cases the matter fell under two heads, one a discussion of the cause of the war, an exposition of AMNESTY AND PAEDON FOR POLITtCAL PRISONERS. 55 the theory that this war and other wars grow out of a certain eco¬ nomic system, what we call the profit-making capitalist system, and setting forth the proposition that so long as this system exists it will tend to breed war, and that the end of war must come through a fundamental change in this economic system, and so forth; and on the other hand, the developing of certain of the consequences of war, both its human consequences in deaths and cripples, and so forth, and its consequences in giving the opportunity, which oppor¬ tunity does not fail to be used, for the making of gigantic fortunes through profiteering of every sort. These two things have taken a leading part in far the greater number of these cases with which we are concerned. Now to return. Of course I do not need to remind you, or any one skilled in American history, that the American people very definitely rejected the policy of the Adams administration, and that the Demo¬ cratic Party had its birth in that rejection of the sedition and alien laws; that President Jefferson immediately pardoned all who were in prison at that time under those laws, and that he caused the discon¬ tinuance of prosecutions in all cases where prosecutions had been begun under them, and that Congress subsequently passed acts refunding the fines which had been paid under those laws. From that time down until the time of the Civil W ar I think it may be said that in this country there was no such thing as prosecution under the laws of the United States for the expiession of opinion, for the criti¬ cism of policies of government, whether in time of peace or in time of war, either in the time of the second war with England or in the time of the Mexican War. We did have our political cases in the time of the Civil War, but as I remarked a moment ago those were prosecu¬ tions, not for expressions of opinion, not for criticism of Government policies, but prosecutions for the giving of actual aid and comfort to an armed enemy within the territory of the United States. And e?en so, as soon as the Civdl War was at an end, amnesty was granted to all with the exception of a very small number of leaders of the armed rebellion who were prosecuted, and none of whom served anything like the length of the sentences that have been imposed under the present act. Considering the question as one of public policy, I wish to urge that the committee report favorably upon this resolution, and I hope that the resolution will be acted upon and passed; because it seems to me to be a very vital thing that we should avoid the errors of various countries of the Old World, that we should keep to the his¬ toric track of American history from which we have only once or twice to a certain extent deviated, the track which appears to be a wise and safe one, of giving the utmost freedom of expression to mistaken opinions as well as to correct ones, to false opinions as well as to true ones, trusting that truth will be able to prevail if there is free opportunity for its expression. I do not think that the experience of those countries of Europe from whose history the policy of the alien and sedition act of 120 years ago, and the policy of the espionage and other similar acts of the last four years have been drawn, and wdiere the precedents were found for legislation of this sort—I do not think the history of those countries and the result of such policies have been such as to 56 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. encourage us to insist on their imitation with the hope of securing wise government, orderly social progress, the enjoyment of liberty, and the prizing of liberty among the people. Senator Sterling. Just this one question, Mr. Lee. Suppose it is the expression of an opinion, but it is made under such circumstances and at such a time that the effect of that expression is to obstruct the enlistment or recruiting of the Army, the Nation being at war at the time. Mr. Lee. My answer, which is again based on American history as well as on general considerations, is that we can much more safely for the public interest take the chance that occasionally an individual might, through the expression of such an opinion, be deterred from en¬ listing, or even be influenced not to comply with the draft act or with some other law—we can much more safely take that chance than to take the certainty of a suppression of discussion or the bringing about of a one-sided discussion, or giving the opportunity not only for suppressing such opinions as do definitely lead to any violation of the law, but for the suppression of unpopular opinion in general. We got through the War of 1812, although in the War of 1812 there was, in various parts of the country, and particularly in New England and the North, very open, bitter, insistent opposition to that war, very determined and severe criticism of the policy of the Government in connection with that war. We got through the War with Mexico without any great disaster from a military point of view as a result of any criticism having prevented enlistment or otherwise interfered with the conduct of the war, although very many public men at that time, including such men as Charles Sumner, James Russell Lowell, and Abraham Lincoln, during the period of the war, publicly and very emphatically condemned the policy of the Government in beginning and conducting the war, going so far as to urge that it was a slaveholders war, that the purpose of the war was to strengthen the slaveholding class and to increase the area of slavery, going so far as to accuse President Polk of having taken action which was in effect an invasion of Mexican territory for the purpose of precipitating a war. I do not say that that accusation was correct, but I say that the accusation was made, and in effect made by no less a man than Abraham Lincoln; and I think it was much better for the United States that Lincoln and Lowell and Sumner were free to speak their minds than that they should be muzzled, lest perchance some one might be influenced by their speaking their minds, not to enlist, or might be influenced in any other way. Senator Sterling. It is not the expression of an opinion before the war. Mr. Lee. No; I am speaking of expressions of opinion during the war. Senator Sterling. It is the expression of opinion during the war, granting that they were the expressions which you represent. Mr. Lee. Yes; absolutely. Senator Sterling. But as I say, it is at a time and under such circumstances that the expression of the opinion will have the natural and logical effect of preventing enlistment, and perhaps at such a time that the liberties of the Nation and the very life of the AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 57 Nation are at stake. Do you not regard it as a very serious question as to whether a man should be allowed freely to express his opinion under those circumstances and conditions ? Mr. Lee. My answer is that I do not. In the years 1813 and 1814 this Government was at war with Great Britain, and at one time the land territory of the United States was invaded, and this very city of Washington was invaded by British troops. During that period Daniel Webster very emphatically condemned the con¬ duct of the Government in declaring war, and very emphatically advocated the speediest possible ending of the war and declared, “For us/ 7 meaning himself and those who agreed with him, “we will not voluntarily give one cent to the support of the war. We will not in any way of our own act help in conducting this war. Taxes which are imposed upon us we will pay punctually. Although there are some who go further and may refuse payment of taxes, we will pay the taxes. If we are duly called upon to give our services, we will give them to the exact extent which the law requires.” I am quoting him from memory, but that is substantially his state¬ ment. Now I should say that such utterances as that were very definitely intended to influence other men not to volunteer, not to lend money to the Government, and not to do one thing more than the letter of the law required of them. Senator Sterling. I think you are going a little too far when you say that the words were intended to prevent enlistment. Mr. Lee. I do not think that Daniel Webster would have made any concealment of his intent. From my reading of Webster’s life and of his speeches I do not think he would have made any conceal¬ ment of his intent, but at any rate it was intent in the sense in which intent is determined. In these prosecutions intent is determined, not by the statement of the defendant as to what his intent was, but by the judgment of the jury and the court as to what he ought to have considered would be the probable effect of his utterances. He is then supposed to intend the probable effect of his utterances, but I think that in the case of Daniel Webster he would have definitely said it was his intent to influence others to take the same line that he did; and what I said of the utterances of Sumner and Lowell and Lincoln and many others equally prominent, during the period of the Mexican War, holds equally good. Whatever their intent in their own minds may have been, they were utterances such as under the present law would assuredly, if we may judge from the hundreds of cases that have taken place, have been adjudged to be of such a nature as to lead to obstructing the recruiting service, and so on, and so forth, and it would have been held that they should have antici¬ pated that result, and that they intended that consequence. Now, I was answering the Senator’s question, and I hope I may practically close here, unless there be other questions. I say I consider that it is the great glory of the United States and the great good fortune of the American people up to this time that even in time of war with England and war with Mexico, and the Civil War which was threatening the very life of the nation, this nation was strong enough in its conception of liberty, this Nation had enough confidence in itself, to maintain freedom of speech. Even though it 58 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. might take some chance of evil, it avoided a very much greater one by maintaining that liberty. To-day, Mr. Chairman, the war is over in every practical sense. Legally it is not over, I understand, although the President himself more than two years ago used the expression “Thus the war comes to an end.” In every ordinary sense of the word, from the point of view of any justification that can be urged for legislation against the expression of opinion, against criticism of the Government, and so forth, from every such point of view the war is over and has been over for more than two years. Men are still serving, and have years of penal servitude hanging over them. Men are still under sentence and appealing. Men are still under indictment and likely to be brought to trial under these laws. The principal countries of Europe, countries with which this Government was associated in conducting the war, have long ago begun and have by this time almost completely if not finally com¬ pleted the process of amnesty. Italy, Belgium, France, and Great Britain, almost as soon and in some cases as soon as the actual hos¬ tilities came to an end, proceeded to stop those prosecutions and to liberate those who had been sentenced under them. Those countries enforced these laws less drastically than the United States has enforced them, and from our point of view the reason for those prosecutions has passed away, and we believe it is time to stop the prosecutions and to liberate those who have been sentenced under these laws. I am sorry—and I speak for the whole socialist movement in say¬ ing I am sorry that the United States has ever taken this leaf of re¬ pressive legislation out of the book of Europe. I hope that at any rate now, at the time when those nations of Europe are turning in the other direction, are granting amnesty, are coming back to fuller freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of expression in general, the United States will not longer lag behind them. Senator Sterling. Mr. Lee, let me ask you a question right there. Mr. Lee. Certainly. Senator Sterling. Do you criticize section 3 of Title I of the espionage act? Do you not think that describes conduct or lan¬ guage that should not be permitted during time of war? I call youi attention again to the very wording of the act: Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States. Should not that be made an offense ? Mr. Lee. Of course, it depends on what is meant by the word “intent” there. The courts have held, and I think as a matter of law held properly, that the intent is not to be judged by the defendant’s own consciousness; that it does not matter what he consciously intended or did if the things which he said probably would cause an obstruc¬ tion of the recruiting service. It has been held that it was not neces¬ sary to prove in a single case that any person refrained from enlisting, or refrained from buying Liberty- bonds, or* failed to register, or in anv other way was influenced by the utterances. Senator Sterling. Of course, in interpreting this language I sup¬ pose the courts would adhere to the principle that a man is presumed to intend the probable consequences of his act. AMNESTY ANI) PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 59 Mr. Lee. That is my point. Senator Sterling. Certainly. Mr. Lee. What it means is not the intent of the person in tlie- ordinary sense, but the intent in a legal sense. Senator Sterling. Now, a jury or a court may have gone to an extreme in their interpretation of the law. But what do vou sav as to the law itself ? Mr. Lee. I am not speaking of individual cases. I am speaking of the law itself in those two respects. In the first place, there is the expression “false reports” and “false statements,” and so on. Senator Sterling. Certainly. Mr. Lee. The statement may be a statement that a state of war gives the opportunity for landlords, manufacturers, mine owners, contractors, etc., to profiteer, to get extortionate profits at the ex¬ pense of the public interest. Now, that is a statement which has oeen made, and it has been held that such statements as that made in time of war may probably, mav naturally, lead to the obstruction of the recruiting service, etc., and the court and the jury are to con¬ sider whether that general statement is true and whether it might lead to such an effect. Senator Sterling. Yes. Mr. Lee. I am not speaking of individual cases where the court and jury may have gone too far. I am speaking of the general admin¬ istration of these laws. The law therefore itself does very effectively prohibit and penalize the utterance of such a statement as that. Senator Sterling. The statement must be false. The report must be false. Mr. Lee. But the jury are the judge of its falsity. Senator Sterling. It must be false. Of course the jury must de¬ termine that like any other question of fact. They must determine whether it is false or not. It must be made with tne intent to inter¬ fere with the operation or success of the recruiting service, and it must be a willful act. The accused is safeguarded by all those things. Mr. Lee. The jury judges whether or not it is true that war gives an opportunity for profiteering; and if the jury in a particular case is of the opinion that war does not give the opportunity for profiteer¬ ing, then the statement becomes, in the meaning of the law, a false statement. Senator Sterling. I think you suppose there a rather extreme case. Mr. Lee. Not at all. I am supposing a case which has happened. Or again the statement—and this is just the statement made by Debs and others, in one set of words or another—that this war, like other wars, was the result of the capitalist system, was the result of the private control of the production and exchange of wealth, and was the result of commercial rivalry between the business interests of different nations; and the making of such a statement as that has been held within the meaning of this section to be the willful making of a false statement with intent to obstruct the recruiting service, etc. Now my answer to your question, therefore, Mr. Chairman, is that in my opinion and in my judgement such a law as that is not justified, if for no other reason because it involves an injury to the public interest in the way of the expression of opinion, because these are 60 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOK POLITICAL PRISONERS. among the statements that have been held unlawful, and that is a suppression of the freedom of speech which is far more disastrous than any result which has not only been definitely proved in any case, but which has even been seriously alleged in any case in the way of interfering with enlistment and recruiting. However, Mr. Chairman, the question before us after all is not whether this law ought to have been passed in 1917. I and my friends here and those whom we represent have a very definite opin¬ ion upon that act, which I believe it may have been very seriously unlawful for us to express, and which it may be unlawful for us to express at the present time; but the question before your committee is not the question of whether it was wise and right to enact those laws in 1917. The question immediately before your committee is, Will the interest of the people of the United States be better served by holding in prison for another 5, 10, or 20 years in some cases, men and women whose offense did consist in the expression of opinions, or will the interest of the people of the United States be better served, now that the war is over, by wiping out those sentences, by the stop¬ ping of such further prosecutions, by the releasing of those men and by restoring the legal freedom of opinion ? Senator Sterling. I think you are right in stating that that is the question rather than that the law itself should be repealed. I think you are right in that. Mr. Lee. I think I have taken more time than I should have taken. I am sorry if I have trespassed upon the time of the committee, but I should be glad if the opportunity could be given to the other mem¬ bers of the delegation to add what they may wish to say. STATEMENT OF MISS FRANCES WITHERSPOON, OF NEW YORK CITY. Miss Witherspoon. Mr. Chairman, I am not here to add anything to the facts regarding the cases of the four or five hundred men and women who are still in jail to-day, more than two years after the practical cessation of the war, nor to add anything to the argument ior their release. That has been done by one of my colleagues here, and will be completed by the other gentleman. I am not here to make any appeal for mercy for these men and women. They are strong in the conviction that they were right in what they did apparently, and there is no appeal for clemency coming from them. I agree with you entirely that it is a question of policy, of what is the best thing for the country to do, and as soon as you yourself grant that point, I think it is of some concern to the members of this com¬ mittee possibly to try to mirror to you how this whole thing strikes a person of my mind. I am not a European agitator. I am an American, with a long line of American-born ancestry. Here in the city of Washington there is a statue of an old Scotch, dominie, John Witherspoon, who was called from the kirk of Scotland to the first presidency of Princeton University. He was not content, like some gentlemen, to stay in academic halls, but he answered to the revolutionery spirit of his country. He was a member of the Continental Congress. I am AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 61 proud to say that my family name is among the 44 signers of the Declaration of Independence. Then I may say how this whole thing strikes me. Senator Sterling. Miss Witherspoon, 1 do not think you have stated your present place of residence. Miss Witherspoon. I am southern horn, but am at present a resident of the city of New York. Senator Sterling. And what is your vocation ? Miss WiTiierspoon. Secretary. Senator Sterling. Of what? Miss Witherspoon. Right now for a committee of the Socialist Party. My father was a member of the Sixty-third and Sixty-lourth Congresses from the State of Mississippi, and was elected to the Sixty- fifth Congress, and died during his term. Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that the thing we have always encouraged in America is thought, and not only thought but social thought. We have always given our meed of praise and respect to the men and women who tried to speak out in a better way for human beings, to make this a better world for human beings to live in. I wonder if it ever occurred to you gentlemen here that you were sent to Washington for precisely the same thing that these 400 men and women were sent to jail for, because you showed some capacity and some tendency to want to think out a better regime, a better world for people to live in? These people have done precisely the same thing, and I believe have been actuated by motives just as high as yours. The only difference was that you had a big majority of men and women acquiescing in your kind of thought, while they had a very small and humble minority acquiescing in their ideas. You landed in different places. Some landed in Washington and some landed in jail. Senator Sterling. Suppose, however, instead of being in the minority, they had been in the majority. What might have hap¬ pened so far as American freedom and resistance to Germany is concerned ? Miss Witherspoon. I think that question answers itself. Senator Sterling. Do you think there would have been no war? Is that your idea? Miss Witherspoon. That might have been. I am not sure. Senator Sterling. We would not have resisted German aggres¬ sion, however cruel it was and however far reaching it was, and what¬ ever it meant to America and to American liberty. We would not have done that. Miss Witherspoon. We might have found some other way out of the difficulty. But that is going pretty far afield. I think I ought to make the point that it has always been the American way to discuss things, to bring together the best thought of the times, and to let the truth come out after free and full discussion; and we social¬ ists have the feeling, if you do not continue to fulfill that American policy, if that traditional policy of this country is not preserved—some of usTeel—that we do not know just how we are going to work out the future of this country. I for one am a firm believer in the political method. I wanted the vote for myself and I wanted it for other women. I want the enfranchisement of all disfranchised classes, 62 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. negroes and others, because I think the only way in which we can settle our big problems is by allowing all the people not only to think, but to think publicly, in writing and in speech. Now there is one thing I should like to say. It seems to me there is a feeling in your mind that on the whole we are appealing for the release of people whose acts you and others may construe as having in some way been detrimental to the prosecution of the war. I think that is really an error. We feel that these people are kept in prison at this time, two years after the armistice, not because of any¬ thing that they did which might have tended to hinder the successful prosecution of the war. Most of these people continue to be kept in prison because of their social, political, and economic views. Some of these people have been prosecuted for offenses committed long after the war was over, and for offenses which had nothing whatever to do with the war. I want to cite one case, that just on its bare face seems to me one of the most extreme things that ever occurred. That is the prosecution of three men from Syracuse, N. Y., who, two years after the armistice, circulated handbills, not relating to the war or the causes of the war or its prosecution or in any way touching the war, but circulated at a mass meeting circulars asking for the release of political prisoners. These men and women were doing precisely the same thing in a public hall that we in this room are doing to-day. Senator Sterling. You say they were prosecuted ? Miss Witherspoon. They were prosecuted and convicted last Januar}^ under the espionage act, and their offense consisted in circulating a handbill which contained quotations from the Con¬ stitution and quotations from President Wilson’s utterances regard¬ ing freedom ol speech. According to that, those who are here to¬ day, if we had not in a sense been invited here and were not there¬ fore in a sense your guests, might also be prosecuted, since the espio¬ nage act is still in force, and we might be convicted under that act. Senator Sterling. Was the purpose of these handbills to create a sentiment in favor of the release of political prisoners ? Miss Witherspoon. Precisely that. In spite of the promises of the Attorney General, the espionage act is still enforced, persons are still being convicted, and while this is a very extreme case, there are other cases which can be matched up with it. As Mr. Lee has said, it is not a question here whether the war emergency justified the passage of this law and similar laws or not. The question before us is, Is it the proper policy for the American Nation to pursue, to continue to convict under this espionage act, to continue to hold in prison men and women whose offenses date back more than two years ago ? Senator Sterling. Let me ask you tms question: Is not nearly all the discussion relating to the espionage act, and convictions and prose¬ cutions under the espionage act ? Miss Witherspoon. Yes. Senator Sterling. Some of these prosecutions and convictions have been under the selective service act. What do you say as to that ? Miss Witherspoon. You probably know that all the conscientious objectors have been now freed. The men whose consciences would not permit them to take part in the war have been freed. The men who are not freed are men whose opinions are known to be at variance AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 63 with the opinions of the majority in this country on social and political questions. I will not take any further time of the committee, because Judge Panken wants to develop the question of the status of political pris¬ oners. But I do just want to ask you to bear in mind that some of us who are not in Congress, who are just Americans outside, who hold no political office in Washington, are very seriously concerned about the future of this country if we continue this era of suppression. And far from growing less, it seems to some of us that it is growing more intense all the time. STATEMENT OF HON. JACOB PANKEN, OF NEW YORK CITY. Mr. Panken. Mr. Chairman, I am a justice of the municipal court of the city of New York. I want to address myself to one phase of the question concerning political prisoners. A great many people in our country believe that we make no distinction in this country between political prisoners and other prisoners, political offenders and other offenders. As a matter of fact, the tradition and history of the coun¬ try prove conclusively that we have at all times made a distinction between those who were guilty of political offenses and those who were guilty of the commission of crimes. All through the history of the country we have recognized a difference between the immigrant who was a political offender and the immigrant who was a criminal. Our treaties with other nations have had provisions which eliminated the right of the foreign nation to obtain the person of a man guilty of a political offense in their own country. Senator Sterling. I think our immigration law makes some dis¬ tinction, does it not, between political offenders and ordinary criminals ? Mr. Panken. Yes; the immigration law as well as the treaties make that distinction. By treaty nations can not require the person of a political offender; and that applies not only to those who have been in disagreement with the government and by expres¬ sion of opinion have made known their disagreement, but even to such as have taken up arms against their government, and they have been exempted from extradition processes under our immigration laws and in the treaties. Not long ago an immigrant came to this country whose name was Forang. The Russian Government instituted extradition pro¬ ceedings and a long trial was had, and finally it was determined that although a charge of taking up arms against the then existing Rus¬ sian Government had been proved against Forang, yet in view of the fact that that was a political act the court held that the Russian Government was not entitled to extradite him. So we find ourselves in this position in this country, that we must recognize the fact that by law, by usage, and by tradition we have made a distinction between political and other offenders. The reason I point that out to you, Mr. Ghairman, is because the resolution which is under consideration is one for amnesty for a group of men, and the reason amnesty is asked for that group of men is because they have been indicted, convicted, and imprisoned because of a political act, which consisted in the fact that they dis¬ agreed with the administration in the conduct of the government; 64 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. disagreed with the administration, for instance, in the method of prosecuting the war. There are those who believe that the army- should have been raised by a call for volunteers. There are those who believe, for instance, that the war should have been financed by direct taxation instead of by Liberty loans—by bonds. There are those who believe that America had no right and had no cause to participate in this war, and they have given expression to that opinion, not as men who have violated the Constitution, but as men wno have simply given expression to an opinion that they had. They are not men who have violated the law on the statute book, but merely in pursuance of the right guaranteed to them gave expression to their opinions, acts which in their nature are purely political. If the Democratic Party is in power, those of the citizenry who believe in the Republican principles and the Republican Party form of government disagree with the administration by the Demo¬ cratic Party, and vice versa. Their disagreement and the expression of that disagreement is nothing more than a political act. By virtue of laws passed during the war, emergency laws temporary in their character, intended for the time being, these men were indicted, tried, and convicted. You asked Mr. Lee as to his opinion of section 3 of the espionage act so called. Before I went to the bench I was counsel in a case which was tried in Auburn, N. Y., before one of our district judges in the north¬ ern part of our State. The indictment charged the circulation of a circular or handbill which contained opinions. I think the handbill was called “The Price We Pay,” and these men were convicted because they circulated the handbill. They had nothing to do with the writing of it; they had nothing to do with the publication of the handbill. It was published in Chicago. Senator Sterling. What was the exact charge against them? Mr. Panken. The exact charge against them was under section 3 of the espionage act, in that the circulation of that handbill tended to discourage recruiting or enlistment. It was in the regular form as these indictments have been handed down. These men were convicted. I went then to the bench. The appeal was not perfected, for one reason or another, and the men served some eight months. I think one served a year. There were four men, all told, who were convicted for the circulation of that hand¬ bill. So the statute and the purpose of the statute was perverted, in a condition of hysteria. You will find that a jury will render a verdict that an opinion contained in a handbill, arrived at after a discussion of certain facts, is a false conclusion, and under that statute it would be a violation of the law. Senator Sterling. Could it be said that the natural or probable effect of the circulation of the handbills would have been to obstruct recruiting or enlistment in the Army ? Mr. Panken. I think, Mr. Chairman, that the circulation of the Bible could be interpreted to mean that it would obstruct enlistment. “Love thy neighbor,” for instance, would certainly lead some people to believe that that would inhibit fighting and war. Senator Sterling. That is a rather remote and far-fetched illus¬ tration. Mr. Panken. You have just asked a question whether the circu¬ lation of that handbill could be so construed. I make you this AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 65 answer, that the circulation of the Bible, if taken literally by some people, might be taken as an instruction from the Most High not to engage in war. As a matter of fact, there were men by the hundreds who came from South Dakota, which I think is your State, Senator, who re¬ refused to don the uniform or to take up arms, because of their religious belief, because of their religious teaching, and a great many of them were sent to Fort Leavenworth. Fortunately these men have all been discharged since the armistice. I am quite sure that you, Mr. Chairman, are familiar with the Mennonites in South Da¬ kota. Senator Sterling. I am very familiar with them. And now my question is this: It relates to the circulation of the handbills, the overt act of these men who were prosecuted. My question is whether, considering the time and the circumstances, the circulation of those handbills could have had the natural or probable effect of obstruct¬ ing either the enlistment of men or the recruiting of men for the war. Mr. Panken. That becomes a question of opinion. If there is no proof that they influenced any person to refuse service under the selective draft act, or to refuse to volunteer into the service of the United States, it becomes conjectural as to whether that would have had that influence or not. You can not reduce it to a mathematical proposition. Senator Sterling. Our conjecture or opinion must be reached from the facts surrounding us, from the environment. Mr. Panken. For that reason I say that a great many of these men who have been indicted and convicted have been convicted un¬ justly. There was no intent on their part to violate the law. There was no intent on their part to commit any crime. They merely followed what they believed their right to express their opinions. Some people believe that the opinion as they expressed it would tend to discourage enlistment, and hence these men received sentences, some of them, as high as 20 years. There is one point to which I desire to direct the attention of the committee particularly. Not one of the men for whom we appear has been charged, even by implication, with having been in the employ of the German Government or of any enemy of the United States. Not one of these men or women has been charged with having knowingly attempted to give aid or succor to the Imperial German Government, or to any of the enemies of the United States with whom we were at war. It was a technical violation of the statute with which all these men were charged. There was a man in the United States who was a spy of the German Government. He was apprehended, indicted, tried, and found guilty of being a spy of the German Government. Not only was he guilty of being a spy of the German Government, but he was found guilty of committing an overt act, placing explosives in an outgoing steamer. I refer to Fritz von Rintelen. When Fritz von Rintelen came up for sentence, the court imposed upon him a sentence of five years’ imprisonment. He had served about two years or thereabouts, I believe, and the President then pardoned von Rintelen, and to-day he is on the high seas, going back home to Germany. This man who 34773—21-5 66 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. was a spy, an enemy of the country, convicted not of the expression of an opinion, but of an overt act, convicted of the commission of a crime, not the technical violation of a statute, yet he received only five years’ sentence, and after he had served two years he was pardoned. Senator Sterling. A great many people think he did not get his just deserts. Mr. Panken. Yes; I think so myself; and I think that the men who are now in jail and who were sent to prison under the espionage act, who were not enemies of the country, not in the employ of ene¬ mies of the country, did not get their just deserts either. Three weeks ago to-morrow I went to see Eugene V. Debs in the prison where he is confined. I do not know whether you are or any other member of this committee is personally acquainted with Eugene V. Debs. It has been my privilege to have been acquainted with him for more than 20 years. He was brought down into the counsel room to meet me. If there ever was a man who was Christlike in his spirit and his attitude, that man stood before me as I sat there in the counsel room. Debs received from the court a sentence of 10 years. He has been in jail almost two years now. The President has not seen fit as yet to release him. When you compare Debs with Fritz von Rintelen you compare every other man for whom we appear with Fritz von Rintelen. The others may not be as prominent as Mr. Debs, may not be as well known, but what they did was done by them under the same feeling, under the same belief, actuated by the same motive as that which actuated Mr. Debs. I hold in my hand a little book with the expressions of some of the noblest men that America has produced, expressions which they have written concerning Mr. Debs. I want to read into the record, Mr. Chairman, what Mr. Edwin Markham, the great American poet, has to say about Debs. Eugene V. Debs. This is one of the greatest names of the great names of the coun¬ try. No one—not even a political enemy—has ever said that Debs is not sincere to the core of his heart. It is an event to meet this courageous friend of man. The grasp of his hand is comforting; the look at his lighted face is an inspiration. In that one look you are taken into the door of his home, seated at his table, warmed at his chimney fire. Here is what Eugene Field has to say about him: ’Gene Debs is the most lovable man I ever knew. His heart is as gentle as a woman’s and as fresh as a mountain brook. If Debs were a priest, the world would listen to his eloquence, and that gentle, musical voice and sad, sweet smile of his would soften the hardest heart. Here is what the great American poet, James Whitcomb Riley, had to say in four lines: And ther’s ’Gene Debs—a man ’at stands And jest holds out his two hands, As warm a heart as ever beat Betwixt here and the Jedgment Seat. These are some of the great men that America has produced. This is the opinion that they have of Eugene V. Debs. I have singled him out because I feel that he is a representative of all the other men who have been convicted under the espionage act. As I said before, they were actuated by the same motive that he was. Is Eugene Y. Debs a criminal in the accepted sense of the word? Can any man conceive that Eugene V. Debs would ever hurt any AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 67 human being; would ever run counter to the established law of the land? The jury found that he had violated the espionage act, that his speech at Canton, Ohio, tended to discourage enlistment, but that was the opinion of the jury. No proof was submitted to that jury wherein one person appeared and said that he was discouraged by this statement of Mr. Debs or the statement of any other man who was imprisoned from enlistment. And finally, Mr. Chairman, I want to say one other word. I would not come before your committee, and the Socialist Party would not send a delegation to this committee, and ask you to report favorably the resolution introduced by Senator France of Maryland unless we felt that these men and these women were actuated by the highest motives when they gave expression to the opinions that they did express on these various occasions. And it is not in the spirit of repentance that we present to you the names of these men and these women and ask you for favorable consideration of this resolution, because if they did repent it would naturally amount to an admission on their part that they did intend to violate the law. Unrepentant they appear before the bar of American public opinion, and they say to the American people, “What we have said we have said because we believed it, because we were honest, because we desired to express those opinions in accordance with our rights as American citizens.’’ Senator Sterling. The committee appreciate the attendance of these representatives of the Socialist Party. The committee will want to hear from the Attorney General, and a meeting of the com¬ mittee will be called in order that he may furnish us with data in regard to the number of persons who have been convicted, and the offenses for which they have been convicted, the number who have been indicted and who are not in prison, the charges against them, etc. We must do that before taking final action. Mr. Panken. Just one word. I understand that the Attorney General has within the last six or eight weeks recommended the release of some, so that the figures that have been supplied by Mr. Lee and Miss Witherspoon probably are not entirely accurate as to the present number. Mr. Lee. The figures are only approximate. Senator Sterling. The Attorney General may know about that, and will be questioned about it. The subcommittee will stand adjourned subject to the call of the chairman. (Thereupon, at 12 o’clock and 5 minutes p. m., the subcommittee adjourned, subject to the call of the chairman.) AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 19, 1921. United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D. C. The subcommittee met pursuant to the call of the chairman at 10.30 o’clock a. m., Senator Thomas Sterling presiding. Present, Senators Sterling (chairman), Borah, and Walsh of Mon¬ tana. There were also present Mr. A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General; Air. Robert P. Stewart, Assistant Attorney General in charge of criminal matters; Mr. Hugh A. Fisher, Mr. Arthur Robb, of the De¬ partment of Justice. STATEMENT OF MR. A. MITCHELL PALMER, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES. Senator Sterling. Attorney General Palmer, you were requested to be present at this hearing to make a statement relative to certain matters of fact connected with the amnesty resolution, so called, in¬ troduced by Senator France, and now before the committee. I think you have read the resolution and are acquainted with its contents, and know probably from the letter sent you as to the facts in regard to which we wish to hear from you. We desire to have a list of the persons convicted under the so-called war acts, including the espionage act, the selective service act, so far as you can give them, and a brief statement of the charges upon which the convictions were had, the date of the convictions, and the facts concerning the execution of the sentences, the date and circumstances of the release in cases where the parties have been discharged; the number of persons arrested under any of these acts, the number released without indictment, the number indicted and released without trial, and the number indicted but not arrested. We would be pleased to hear from you in regard to any or all of these facts. Attorney General Palmer. Mr. Chairman, when your letter was received I was impressed with the thought that it was a pretty large order; but I very promptly put to work the officers of the Depart¬ ment of Justice who had these matters in charge, and I am able to give you the information now, so far as it appears from the records of the Department of Justice. I have not circularized the district attorneys of the country to verify and complete this information, but what I give you is taken from the dockets kept by the Depart¬ ment of Justice, which are made up from reports submitted to us by district attorneys in various parts of the country. 69 70 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. In giving the numbers of the cases and the action taken thereon, it is barely possible that some inaccuracies may appear by reason of the failure of some district attorneys to make final reports. It is quite possible that some cases have been disposed of which we carry on the dockets of the Department of Justice as pending. We can not keep up to date with those reports. Senator Sterling. Are those reports of the district attorneys made periodically ? Attorney General Palmer. I think they are. Mr. Robb. Reports are made monthly and in between. Senator Sterling. Do they report on their own initiative between those times, or as reports are called for ? Attorney General Palmer. They report under general instructions from the Department of Justice to make periodical reports of all cases handled by them of every kind in their offices, and of course included in them are these offenses under the war-time statutes, and these have been culled from the reports and taken from our dockets, which are kept from information furnished by these reports to the Department of Justice at Washington. Senator Walsh of Montana. Does that include arrests made and complaints filed before committing magistrates, as well as indictments returned by grand juries ? Attorney General Palmer. I think it covers all cases, but I do not understand that reports are made when arrests are made and hearings had before committing magistrates, but only when they get into the district attorney’s office in the way of indictments. Senator Walsh of Montana. So that those reports would not in¬ clude complaints made before committing magistrates and the dis¬ charges of persons so charged ? Mr. Robb. No, sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. The court commissioners are obliged to make reports, are they not ? Mr. Robb. Not to my division. Senator Walsh of Montana. The district attorney submits the ac¬ count of the court commissioner monthly, does he not ? Mr. Robb. I presume so. That is a matter for the accounting division. I have nothing to do with that. Senator Walsh of Montana. The commissioner makes a report, does he not, in substantiation of his account, telling exactly what he did ? Mr. Fisher. He returns his account quarterly, but that is the only report I know of that he makes. ¥ Attorney General Palmer. He does not give any list of cases that he handles. Senator Walsh of Montana. He charges fees in the matter of so-and-so. Mr. Fisher. Yes; that appears in his account. Senator Walsh of Montana. And the district attorney is called upon to pass on that, and then it goes to the court. Mr. Fisher. And the court approves it. Senator Walsh of Montana. The court approves it on the report of the district attorney ordinarily. Mr. Fisher. Yes. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 71 Senator Walsh of Montana. That is the usual course, is it not ? Mr. Fisher. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. In some way your office learns of these complaints filed before a court commissioner. Mr. Fisher. They could, probably, by examining all the commis¬ sioner’s accounts. Senator Walsh of Montana. Does not the district attorney report in respect to all of those cases concerning which he acts ? Mr. Fisher. As I understand it, he only reports on cases under indictment. Is that correct, Mr. Robb ? Mr. Robb. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. Then is it correct, Mr. Attorney General, that your office does not know anything about the proceed¬ ings conducted by the district attorney except those that result in indictments ? Attorney General Palmer. I think all the cases handled by the district attorney’s office are reported. Senator Walsh of Montana. I am speaking of proceedings anterior to the filing of an information or indictment. Attorney General Palmer. Which do not result in proceedings in court ? Senator Walsh of Montana. Which do not result in indictment or information. Mr. Fisher. They would be on the dockets in the district attor¬ ney’s office. The only record that the department here would have would be the account that finally comes here for the collection of the commissioner’s fees, and that would be in the accounting department. Senator Sterling. Suppose the district attorney has appeared be¬ fore the commissioner acting as an examining magistrate, and that there has been no indictment found and no information. Does not the district attorney report that case at all ? Mr. Fisher. He has a docket in which those data are available at any time, but it is not the character of report required under the regulations. Senator Walsh of Montana. He is obliged to keep such a docket, of course, in order that he may check up the commissioner’s proceedings. Mr. Fisher. Yes; and the examiners of the department go around about every two years and check those up. Senator Walsh of Montana. Let me ask you further then, suppose that the proceeding before the commissioner does result in an indict¬ ment or information. You then, of course, have a report of that? Attorney General Palmer. Yes. Senator Sterling. You may proceed. Attorney General Palmer. The total number of cases handled by the Department of Justice under war-time statutes, as shown by the dockets kept by the department in Washington, based upon the reports which I have mentioned, has been 17,900. Of these 2,924 have been disposed of otherwise than by convictions. Five thousand seven hundred and twenty have resulted in convictions and 9,259 are pending. As for the details of those cases, the largest number, of course, are the cases arising under the selective service act, under sections 5 and 6, of which 2,144"have been disposed of otherwise than by conviction, 4,812 have resulted in conviction, and 8,846 are still pending. 72 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. These cases do not include those arising under sections 12 and 13 of the selective service act, which relate to the selling of liquor and the keeping of bawdy houses within the restricted zone, and those are not reported to us, because they are misdemeanors, punishable by fine or jail sentence, and do not ordinarily reach the stage which results in a report to the Department of Justice. Senator Walsh of Montana. Sections 5 and 6 cover what? Attorney General Palmer. Failure to register, and so forth. Under the espionage act 736 cases have been disposed of otherwise than by conviction and 581 have resulted in conviction, while 315 cases are pending. Under the passport act 25 cases have been disposed of otherwise than by conviction, 218 have resulted in conviction, and 59 are pending. Under the sabotage act, 1 has been disposed of otherwise than by conviction- Senator Walsh of Montana. That is a separate act? Attorney General Palmer. Yes; the act of April 20, 1918. One has been disposed of otherwise than by conviction, 7 have resulted in conviction, and 4 are pending. Under the explosives act 4 have been disposed of otherwise than by conviction, 96 have resulted in conviction, and 9 are pending. Under the trading with the enemy act 14 have been disposed of otherwise than by conviction, 6 have resulted in conviction, and 26 cases are pending. As I have explained, these figures do not include the number of persons arrested under these acts and released without indictment. We do not have this information on our dockets in the Department of Justice. The figures do include persons indicted and cases disposed of other than by conviction, whether by acquittal, nolle pros, or otherwise, and the persons indicted though not arrested. You asked me also for the names of those persons convicted, the nature of the case, the judgment, and the circumstances of the exe¬ cution of sentence. I have you this information tabulated. Here is a list of all con¬ victions, district by district, which should number 4,812, giving the name of the defendant, the nature of the case, the date of sentence, the judgment of sentence, and where we have any information thereon the circumstances of the execution of the sentence, under the draft act. Senator Sterling. Those are all under the draft act? Attorney General Palmer. All under the draft act. I gave you the figures before. Senator Walsh of Montana. Something over 4,000. Attorney General Palmer. Four thousand eight hundred and twelve. Senator Walsh of Montana. Can you give us the figures upon the way those have been executed, how many have served out their sentences and how many have been released otherwise ? Attorney General Palmer. I can give you all the penitentiary cases. I will get to that. But, Senator, you will see the difficulty of giving you that information with respect to every one of these cases. Take the first page under the draft act, one case 6 months, another 12 days, another 1 hour in custody of the marshal, another 1 hour in AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 73 custody of the marshal, another 1 hour in custody of the marshal, another 15 days, another 10 days, another 15 days, another 1 hour in the custody of the marshal, another a fine of $200 and costs, another of 3 months, another of 10 days, another 1 hour in the custody of the marshal, another of 1 day in the custody of the marshal. We do not have any record of when those persons were released or whether they served their sentences. Those are usually jail sentences and not reported to the department. We have no report of those cases from the jails. Senator Walsh of Montana. Then you can not tell us how many of these four thousand and odd cases would fall under the operation of this resolution of amnesty ? Attorney General Palmer. I can not tell you, except this, that before I finish I will give the name of every person, whether convicted under this or any other war-time statute, who is in the penitentiary; but I think it is a pretty safe statement to say that all of these people have served their jail sentences and are done and are out. They are all small cases. Now I hand you a statement covering 581 cases of persons convicted under the espionage act, giving the name of the defendant, the nature of the case, the date of the sentence, and the judgment; and where the sentence has been commuted or changed, that fact appears under the heading, “Circumstances of execution of sentence.” For instance, here is a page on the third division of Alaska. In the first case the fine was remitted. It gives the date. In the third case the fine was remitted and it gives the date. Senator Walsh of Montana. Can you give us the figures on the cases-covered in this statement? Attorney General Palmer. Yes; I gave you the figures—581 cases of persons convicted under the espionage act. Senator Walsh of Montana. And the number in which sentence is still running? Attorney General Palmer. I will give you that when I come to the report of the pardons. Senator Sterling. Can you state under what provisions of the espionage act these convictions have been had, the most of them? Attorney General Palmer. They are all under Title I. Mr. Fisher. They are under sections 3 and 4. Senator Sterling. Have there been any convictions under the act amending section 3 of the espionage act ? Attorney General Palmer. Oh, yes, a few. I now hand you a similar list-- Senator Walsii of Montana. Will you pardon me in this con¬ nection ? Attorney General Palmer. Certainly. Senator Walsh of Montana. The chairman asked if there had been any convictions under the amendment to section 3 of the espionage act, and you answered that there had been a few. Were those indictments under the provisions of section 3 as it first appeared in the amendment or would they have been subject to indictment under the original section 3 ? Mr. Stewart. Under the act as amended there are only a very few. Senator Borah. When you say a few, what are we to understand by a few ? 74 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Mr. Stewart. Simply a small number as compared with the total number. Attorney General Palmer. A small proportion of the whole. Senator Borah. I supposed it was small in proportion to the entire number. Mr. Stewart. Yes. Senator Walsii of Montana. Are they listed ? Mr. Stewart. Yes. Attorney General Palmer. The section under which each case was brought appears in the record. I file a similar list of the convictions under the passport act in 218 cases, giving the name of the defendant, the nature of the case, the date of the sentence, and the judgment in each case. Senator Walsh of Montana. Please tell us generally what was the nature of the offense under that act ? Attorney General Palmer. Entering without a passport, the forging of passports, leaving without a passport, etc. Senator Sterling. Referring to the convictions under section 3 of the espionage act, if your memorandum simply shows convic¬ tions under section 3, it might be under section 3 as amended, be¬ cause under the terms of the amendment section 3 is to be “amended to read as follows,” and then a great many things are included in the amendatory act beyond what were included in the original section 3. Attorney General Palmer. I do not see how I could give you the details without filing a copy of the indictment in every case. I sup¬ pose we can do that by sending for them. I file the same list of convictions under the explosives act, number¬ ing 96 cases, containing the name, the nature of the case, the date of the sentence and the judgment in each case. Senator Walsh of Montana. The chairman and I have been follow¬ ing that inquiry, because we have before us now a bill to repeal the war statutes, and it was a question as to how far we should go in the repeal of section 3 and the amended section 3, whether we should content ourselves with repealing the amendment, or whether we should endeavor to secure the repeal of the entire section. We were desirous of ascertaining, if possible, to what extent con¬ victions had been had under those provisions of the amended section which are new. Probably the Assistant Attorney General can give us that information by an examination of the reports. Attorney General Palmer. These are nearly all under section 3, so reported, and some under section 2, without saying whether as amended or not. Can we work that out, Mr. Stewart ? Mr. Stewart. It would be very difficult without circularizing all the district attorneys. Attorney General Palmer. I do not believe it appears in the re¬ ports that we get. We could send a circular to every district attorney. Senator Walsh of Montana. That will not be necessary. Attorney General Palmer. I file a similar list of sabotage cases, covering seven cases, giving the name of the defendant, the nature of the case, the date of sentence, and the judgment. Senator Sterling. You refer to the sabotage cases. Are those cases under the act passed to prevent the destruction of property, machinery, etc., used in the production of war materials during the war? AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 75 Attorney General Palmer. Yes; the act of April 20, 1918, which is contained on page 533 of volume 40 of the Statutes at Large. I file a similar list of convictions under the trading with the enemy act, giving the name of the defendant, the nature of each case, the date of the sentence, and the judgment, in each of 46 cases. Senator Walsh of Montana. Will you tell us generally what is the charge in those cases ? Attorney General Palmer. The criminal provisions of the trading with the enemy act cover failure to report enemy property to the alien property custodian, the making of false reports, and communi¬ cating with the enemy by means of letters. I do not know what these cases were—most of them under section 19. Section 19 cases are communication cases. Sections 5 and 6 cover failures to report. Senator Sterling. How many cases all told under the trading with the enemy act ? Do you recall ? Attorney General Palmer. All told, there were 46, of which 14 were disposed of otherwise than by conviction, 6 resulted in convic¬ tions, and 26 are pending. Probably the most important of the trading with the enemy act cases are pending. There have been recent convictions in some cases. Now, Mr. Chairman, I hand you a list of persons convicted of viola¬ tion of the espionage act, giving the name, the offense, the peniten¬ tiary in which confined, the district in which convicted, the date of sentence, the term and the date of expiration of sentence. You will note that these are all penitentiary cases, and are all the cases as far as our records show where violators of the espionage act have gone to the penitentiary. They number 237, of whom 133 are still in the penitentiary and 104 have been released. Senator Borah. Released, how? Attorney General Palmer. Either by expiration of sentence, commutation of sentence, or pardon. Senator Borah. This shows that, does it ? Attorney General Palmer. Yes. There may be some who have been released on bond after they went to the penitentiary. Senator Sterling. That is, pending appeal? Attorney General Palmer. Yes. Mr. Stewart. There are three appeals. One was settled yester¬ day, the California case. Attorney General Palmer. I file also a table showing the espionage act cases acted upon by the President up to and including January 15, 1921. Of these espionage cases the first was acted on by the President on July 2, 1918; and from that time down to the present, cases have been in due course of business referred by the Department of Justice to the President for action. One hundred and ninety-nine have been pardoned or commuted by the President and there are still pending in the department 130. These figures,*you will see, are different from the figures I just gave on the list of convictions under the espionage act. On that list there appear to be 133 persons still in the penitentiary. Our pardon docket shows 130 cases pending. That means that we consider as pending all these penitentiary cases. One hundred and four on this list are out, while 199 have been pardoned or commuted by the 76 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. President. The difference between 104 and 199 represents the cases of men who never got to the penitentiary, who were pardoned or commuted before they went there, or who received jail sentences or lines, so that those cases are not in the list of the penitentiary cases, but swell the number acted on by the President. Now I hand you a list of the 199 cases which the President has acted upon, where pardons or commutations of sentence have been granted by the President in espionage cases, or possibly under some other war-time statutes, but mostly espionage cases, showing the name of the applicant as he is called here—that is the name of the defendant. Most of these cases are acted upon without a formal petition for pardon. This list shows the district where tried, the offense for which tried, the sentence, the recommendation of the Attorney General, and the action of the President. I will say, Mr. Chairman, that when I came to the Department of Justice on March 4, 1919,1 found this work of reviewing the sentences of persons convicted under war-time statutes proceeding and pretty far advanced. My predecessor, Mr. Gregory, had given instructions that the Assistant Attorney General then in office in charge of the war-time statutes, Mr. O’Brian, should review all of the sentences imposed under these war-time acts and make recommendations to him with a view to his making recommendations to the President. Whether an application for pardon had been filed o£ not made no difference. He had issued, under date of February 1, 1919, a circular letter addressed to all United States attorneys, which circular letter is as follows: Department of Justice, Washington , D. C., February 1, I9l9. CIRCULAR NO. 931. To all United States attorneys: You are undoubtedly aware of an agitation now current demanding a “general amnesty for all political prisoners. ” In the view of this department, section 3, Title I. of the espionage act was enacted to prevent willful obstruction of the prosecution of the war and was not directed against individual beliefs and opinions as such, and the department has sought to conduct its prosecutions on this basis. It therefore recognizes no such class of persons as “political offenders,” and it is not in favor of any general amnesty. , Nevertheless it may be that during the war some individuals in close cases have been convicted upon inadequate evidence of their willful intent to interfere with the war program, and others have undoubtedly received sentences unduly severe. In the interest of justice these mistakes, if any, should be corrected. With this consideration in mind, I some time since directed that my department make a study of all cases which have arisen under said section, with a view to presenting to the President for executive clemency, by way of commutation or reduction of sentence, any cases which clearly merit such treatment. In making this study I desire your personal opinion and advice. Will you, therefore, immediately send the department a frank and informal expression of your views upon the justice of the verdict and sentence in each case of conviction under this section where the term of the sentence remains unexpired, together with your recommenda¬ tions, if any, concerning commutation, pardon, or reduction of sentence? In re¬ viewing the justice of the verdict, you will please apply the test of sufficiency of evi¬ dence to prove a willful intent and not any such tests as the general disloyalty or dan¬ gerousness of the defendant. In connection with your report and recommendations upon each of these cases, will you please confer with the trial judge and transmit any suggestions or recommendations as the trial judge may be willing to make. Also please fill out and return for each such case the attached docket entries, one to be made out for each defendant. If more than one defendant is involved in a case, and your recommendations are identical for all, one docket entry will be sufficient for such case. Respectfully, T. W. Gregory, Attorney General. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 77 Senator Borah. What is the date of that ? Attorney General Palmer. February 1, 1919. I came into office on the 5th of March, 1919; and as I say, I found that these reports were coming in, and before Mr. O’Brian left the service, which was some months later, he had completed the reports on a considerable number of cases; I would guess possibly 100. I am not certain about the number. The modus operandi was this: He got a report from the district attorney, and the opinion of the judge, and submitted it to one of his assistants, who had been supervising possibly the conduct of that case, for an opinion. An opinion was written. He reviewed it, and after conference with the Attorney General, his recommenda¬ tion was either sustained or changed, and a letter drafted containing all the facts and making a recommendation to the President, who acted upon that recommendation. In some districts the sentences imposed during the war were more severe than in others. In some districts the judges felt that it was a splendid way to sustain the morale of the people to impose very heavy sentences, and in some of the industrial districts particularly the sentences were unduly severe. There were 20-year sentences in some cases for violations of the espionage act. There were many 10-year sentences. These were nearly all reduced. I think that all that reached the stage of consideration by the Attorney General during that period were largely reduced, not by any arithmetical rule which reduced a 10-year sentence to any particular time, but according to the facts of each case. Senator Sterling. Did you carry on the policy inaugurated by your predecessor ? Attorney General Palmer. Yes; we continued that, and have con¬ tinued it up to the present time. There have been many cases where applications for pardon in due form have been filed. You know, of course, that the Department of Justice, acting for the President in the matter—he being the sole pardoning power—has framed certain rules and regulations which have long been in force in the Depart¬ ment of Justice. For instance, a pardon will not be considered unless an application, either in the form prescribed by the regula¬ tions or one similar to it, is received. Upon the receipt of such an application the regular procedure is to request the district attorney and the trial judge for their opinion. The President does not con¬ sider any application for pardon unless either the district attorney or the judge makes a favorable recommendation. Neither does he consider an application for pardon unless innocence be alleged as a reason, until the parole period has been reached, that is to say, one- third of the sentence. Senator Sterling. Unless either the judge or the district attorney recommends it, it is not submitted to the President by the Depart¬ ment of Justice at all? Attorney General Palmer. No; I say the President will not con¬ sider it, so that we do not submit a case unless there is a favorable recommendation, either by the district attorney or the judge. Those are the rules and the regulations. Of course, exceptions have been made to them in cases where the facts seem to warrant them. But we broke these rules completely in the consideration of these war-time cases. We did not require a formal application for pardon. We 78 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. did get a report from the district attorney and the judge, but regard¬ less of what those reports were, a recommendation was made to the President in these cases. Senator Sterling. In many cases was the action of the Depart¬ ment of Justice contrary to that recommended by the judge or the district attorney ? ^ ... Attorney General Palmer. Well, that is a pretty hard question to answer. Undoubtedly there were cases where we differed with the judge and the district attorney. I would say, if this is a correct answer to your question, that the attitude of the department and the President lias been much more lenient than that of the judges and district attorneys. Some of the judges who imposed heavy sentences felt that those sentences should still remain heavy. Others freely agreed that they were too heavy because imposed during the war, and now that war conditions were over, that they ought to be reduced. Some judges took the position that the time had not yet come for the consideration of these cases, and refused to make any recommenda¬ tion. I think it is a fair statement, however, to say that we went further than the judges and district attorneys went. Senator Borah. There would not be much hope for the prisoner unless you did. Attorney General Palmer. In many cases I guess that is so, Senator. Senator Sterling. Your predecessor, in the letter which you read expressed an opinion as to the policy of granting general amnesty. Do you care to express your own view in that same connection ? Attorney General Palmer. Mr. Chairman, my view of it is this, that these cases are receiving precisely the same consideration that it would be necessary to give them if there were a proclamation of gen¬ eral amnesty. That is to say, the only kind of a proclamation that could be at all effective, or which those who have been agitating for this legislation have asked for, is a general proclamation granting amnesty or pardon to all persons convicted of violations of the espionage act. Now, in a large proportion of the cases persons con¬ victed of violations of the espionage act were also convicted of some other offense, and beyond question it would be necessary to examine every case upon its facts to determine whether it came within the terms of the general proclamation. We would have to do exactly what we are doing now. Of course, if there were such a general proclama¬ tion, and the President was granting pardon to all persons convicted under the espionage act, I assume that he would put into the procla¬ mation a provision that it should apply to persons convicted only under the espionage act. In that case it would be comparatively a simple matter for us to pick out all the cases remaining of violations of that law alone and grant the pardon, but we would have to exam¬ ine all the cases to see whether each case was that kind of a case, and we are doing that now. Senator Walsh of Montana. What other offenses can be joined in the indictment ? Attorney General Palmer. Well, sabotage and conspiracy, under the general conspiracy statute frequently. Senator Walsh of Montana. You couid not join a charge under the sabotage act with a charge under the espionage act, could you ? AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 79 Attorney General Palmer. There might be a conspiracy charge that would cover the whole thing. Overt action under the sabotage act might be in the same indictment. Senator Walsh of Montana. There might be a conspiracy charge to violate the espionage act and a charge of violation. Attorney General Palmer. There may be cases where men have been arrested and tried upon several indictments and are serving more than one sentence. Every case would have to be examined. That is my point about it. Senator Walsh of Montana. If a man is serving a sentence under two convictions, I apprehend that a pardon granted him under one indictment would not avail him under the other. Attorney General Palmer. I think you find that the people who are agitating for the general amnesty would contend that all persons convicted under those laws should be released. Senator Walsh of Montana. Of course, what I am trying to apply is your argument that a proclamation of general amnesty, for instance, to all of those convicted under the espionage act would involve the same line of inquiry that you are now prosecuting in each individual case. I do not understand exactly that that means. If there was a conviction under the espionage act, it would seem to follow without any further investigation that under the terms of the general procla¬ mation of amnesty all those convicted of offenses under that act were pardoned. Attorney General Palmer. If a person was convicted under the espionage act and nothing else. "Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes; and if amnesty were extended to a conviction under that act, and he were also incarcerated upon a conviction under some other act, of course, the warden of the peni¬ tentiary would not release him. Senator Borah. He would not be released from his conviction un¬ der the other act. Senator Walsh of Montana. The warden would hold him under the other conviction. Attorney General Palmer. Still he would be a person convicted under the espionage act. Senator Walsh of Montana. True, if he was convicted under the espionage act and he was convicted under a charge of murder, and he was pardoned for the crime committed under the espionage act, he would still be held, of course, under the conviction for murder. Attorney General Palmer,. My point is simply this, Senator, that in any case under any sort of a proclamation, no warden of a peni¬ tentiary would feel free to act without some instruction from the Department of Justice, or from the President, in every particular case, so that every single case would have to be examined upon the facts to determine whether it came within the provisions of the President’s proclamation. It might be simpler in some cases than in others, but it would require just the same kind of examination that is required in these cases now. Senator Walsh of Montana. I understand that the examination you give to it now is an examination of the charge made and of the facts under which the conviction was had, and the circumstances under which it was had, whether there was a state of hysteria in the com- 80 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. munity, or whether there was calm and deliberate judgment and free- dom from prejudice on the part of the jury, or whether questionable instructions were given by the court, and so on. Upon those circum¬ stances, quite complicated often, you determine whether it is a case lor executive clemency or not; but under a general proclamation ol amnesty you would just examine the indictment to find out whether it tell under the provisions of the amnesty proclamation or not. it does not seem to me that is a work which involves any great labor at all or any difficulty of any character. Certainly it would be along quite different lines. , Senator Sterling. General amnesty would extend not only to those convicted but to those indicted as well, and what would have to be determined would be whether it was under the espionage act. Mr. Stewart. There might be a count under sections 3 or 4 ol the espionage act. There might be various counts. That would be the difficulty. , . ’ Senator Walsh of Montana. Of course if a man was convicted under all of them I suppose the pardon would extend to all the charges made in the indictment. Mr. Stewart. There might be a conviction under one count, under section 3, and possibly a conspiracy charge, to violate section 19. Attorney General Palmer. I should like to add one further list later in the day, because it is contained in a larger list which I doubt if you would want me to read into the record. These are cases where the defendants have been released on parole by action of the parole board, approved by the Attorney General. Senator Sterling. Does your memorandum show where the alleged offense was committed ? Attorney General Palmer. No. I should like to file this list with you during the day. There is no need of reading it through. It contains quite a number of pending cases. I do not think I ought to file the circumstances relating to these pending cases. All you want is cases in which action has been had, I take it ? Senator Sterling. Yes. Attorney General Palmer. We will make a list of these parole cases during the day. Senator Borah. You speak of pending cases. How many pending cases are there under the espionage act ? Attorney General Palmer. One hundred and thirty. Senator Borah. Still in the way of prosecution ? Attorney General Palmer. No. Senator Borah. How many are pending which have not been tried ? Attorney General Palmer. There are 315 pending cases. That does not mean they have not been tried. It means they have not been disposed of. I gave those figures before you came in. Under the espionage act we have disposed otherwise than by conviction of 736 cases. We have 581 convictions and we have 315 pending in various stages of procedure. The number of pending cases I was referring to a moment ago as 130 are the clemency cases. Senator Walsh of Montana. General, I do not quite understand what you have just referred to, that obviously for some reason you do not care to make public the circumstances attending the pending applications for parole. Attorney General Palmer. No; not for parole. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 81 Senator Walsh of Montana. You gave us a list of those who were actually paroled. Attorney General Palmer. I am going to give you a list of those who are actually paroled. What I said was that I could not give you that list at this moment because it is contained in a larger list which covers cases where the Attorney General has taken action but the President has not, or where there is action pending before the Attorney General. It seems to me that since the President is the sole pardon¬ ing power and the Attorney General is simply his adviser, I ought not to file anywhere the record of my advice to him until he acts, and I do not think you would want it. Senator Walsh of Montana. That suits me quite well; but what I thought was this, that we are appealed to now with request for general amnesty. I thought possibly there might be in your judgment some reasons of public interest why these cases should not be included in the list of those to whom amnesty should be granted, if amnesty is granted. Attorney General Palmer. No; I am not withholding the list for that reason. I am withholding it simply because these cases are pending before the President. Senator Walsh of Montana. That is, there are no questions in¬ volving the public interest, any more than in the rest of them. Attorney General Palmer. No. I think that completes the information which you asked me to give you with respect to this matter. I should like to say just one thing further about this resolution, that I should hardly think the committee or the Senate could seriously consider it in its present form, at least. Its whereas clauses are rather startling misstatements of fact, it seems to me. Senator Sterling. It was contemplated that the committee in executive session would give careful consideration to the form of the resolution. Attorney General Palmer. I supposed so. Senator Sterling. But we would be glad to hear anything you may have to say in regard to it. Senator Walsh of Montana. Some expression of opinion. Attorney General Palmer. I do not know that you would care to hear me on that, but my suggestions about it are very brief. The first whereas clause declares that there are in military prisons, or under bail pending appeal, a large number of persons convicted under the espionage act. There are no persons in military prisons that I know of convicted under the espionage act. So, of course, that is not in accordance with the fact. The second whereas clause recites the first amendment to the Con¬ stitution, about which, of course, there can be no doubt, but it declares that in view of that provision there is grave doubt as to the con¬ stitutionality of the espionage act. Well, the Supreme Court has settled that question, and while a long time ago there used to be doubt remaining as to the constitutionality of a law after the Supreme Court had said that it was constitutional, still I think that nowadays we have come to recognize that that is the end of that question. 34773—21-6 82 AMNESTY AND PARDON EOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Sterling. It was suggested to one of the witnesses who appeared before us the other day that probably the sole question here was not as to the constitutionality of the espionage act, or anything else recited in the preamble of the resolution, but a ques¬ tion of expediency in granting this general amnesty. Attorney General Palmer. Yes. The resolution itself provides that it is the sense of Congress that the further prosecution and imprisonment of such persons is contrary to “the democratic idealism and traditions of freedom to which our country is committed.” Of course if such a resolution were passed, it would put the De¬ partment of Justice in a rather peculiar and difficult position, to have the Congress of the United States pass a law and then have one body of that Congress declare that it was its sense that there should be no prosecutions under it. Senator Borah. As this is a joint resolution, it would have to be signed by the President, and then it would itself become a law. Attorney General Palmer. Yes; it is a joint resolution. Senator Borah. That was not the suggestion of your answer. Attorney General Palmer. If you do not want any prosecutions to be had under war-time statutes, the easiest way to do it would be to repeal the statutes, which would be the end of that. Senator Borah. That is what ought to be done if anything is done. Attorney General Palmer. That is the short cut to it. Of course the last paragraph of the resolution, which recommends to the President, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of War a care¬ ful consideration of the propriety, advisability, and wisdom of grant¬ ing immediate pardon and amnesty to all prisoners, etc., I can only comment upon by saying that without this resolution the President and the Attorney General at least have given the most careful con¬ sideration not only to the propriety of issuing such pardons, but to actual cases, resulting in the issuance of such pardons and com¬ mutations of sentences in many, many cases. Every case before us has been carefully considered upon its own facts. We have not completed the job yet. There are cases on my table almost every day, and I hope to be able to act, as far as I am concerned, on the larger proportion of the remainder of these cases before the 4th of March. Senator Sterling. I should like to ask you this: What do you know, if anything, concerning the course of legislation or other pro¬ cedure in other countries engaged in the war, Great Britain, France, and Italy, in regard to granting amnesty for offenses against their war time legislation ? Attorney General Palmer. I have no first-hand information. Senator Stetling. I have seen the statement somewhere that they had granted amnesty. Attorney General Palmer. It has been represented to me. Senator Borah. Of course Ambassador Bryce, at the head of a committee, made a report only a short time after the close of the war, in favor of general amnesty to the political prisoners, so called, but I do not know what action was taken. Attorney General Palmer. Of course political prisoners in Euro¬ pean countries are a much more numerous company than they are AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 83 in the United States of America. They clap people into jail on very much less provocation there than we do in the United States, an cl there are a great many more of them. Senator Borah. I do not think that is true in England. Attorney General Palmer. I have not got the figures. Senator Borah. I think it is true across the channel. Senator Walsh of Montana. It was so stated in the preamble to this resolution, General. Can you give the committee any informa¬ tion on that subject at all? Attorney General Palmer. I am not in a position to do so. Senator Walsh of Montana. Do you know about Canada? Attorney General Palmer. No. sir. Senator Walsh of Montana. The suggestion that you make as to the right of arrest you do not intend, of course, to apply to Canada ? Attorney General Palmer. No; 1 think it is true of certain coun¬ tries of continental Europe. Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes. Attorney General Palmer. The number of prisoners there arrested in war time for political offenses was infinitely greater than it has ever been in this country. Senator Walsh of Montana. There is no doubt about that. Attorney General Palmer. And the matter of the release of those prisoners after the war is almost a matter of self-preservation and defense. But the number in this country is so very .mall that it has always seemed to me to be a most striking evidence of the great care with which the rights of individuals have been protected here during the war. Take this number of espionage cases, Mr. Chairman, 581 persons convicted out of a population of over 100,000,000; and even so, two or three released without conviction for every one that was convicted; and many more, doubtless, released without indict¬ ment or anything more than a hearing before a magistrate; all of which shows the care with which this law was administered by the courts of this country, the conviction of only 580 persons out of a hundred millions, in all the heat and worry of war times. It has always seemed to me a very striking evidence of the manner in which we have protected the rights of the people during the war; and -with the small number now remaining in the penitentiary, there can hardly be said to be any political prisoner problem in America. Senator Borah. I want to ask you, in connection with that sug¬ gestion of yours, to what extent are arrests being made now under the espionage act ? Attorney General Palmer. Well, Senator, I have not heard of any. Senator Borah. 1 have not heard of any either, but I did not know. Attorney General Palmer. Of course, we have not given any in¬ structions not to make any arrests under the espionage act, because obviously it is a law on the statute books and I can not say that a man shall not be arrested for the violation of a law; but I went on record, I think within 30 days after I became Attorney General, in favor of the repeal of the espionage act, and it is generally under¬ stood that so far as we can have a policy with respect to the enforce¬ ment of a criminal statute, our policy is a very lenient one. Have you heard of any arrests lately ? Mr. Stewart. In the last six months there have been probably three or four, in aggravated cases. 84 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Attorney General Palmer. Of course, we have some hang-over cases, you know, Senator. Senator Borah. I simply had no information with regard to that, and I wondered whether or not there were any considerable viola¬ tions of it at the present time. Attorney General Palmer. Oh, no; it has all petered out. I would like to give instructions not to arrest under it, but I can not do that. Senator Borah. Would you agree with some of the rest of us, then, that it ought to be repealed ? Attorney General Palmer. I have been in favor of that for a long time. Senator Sterling. Just what do you mean? Do you mean that you would repeal the whole of it, generally, what is known as the espionage act, which includes, under Title II, for instance-- Senator Walsii of Montana. I am sure Attorney General Palmer refers only to section 3 of article 1 and the amended act. Attorney General Palmer. Yes. Senator Sterling. And Title IV, just taking them at random, which is Interference with foreign commerce by violent means, or Title V, Enforcement of neutrality ? Attorney General Palmer. I am not talking about that. I am talking about these sections under which we have brought cases. Senator Walsh of Montana. May I call your attention to section 3 of Title I ? Attorney General Palmer. Excuse me a minute, Senator. Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes. Attorney General Palmer. May I say this ? Every time I have said anything about the wisdom of repealing the espionage act I have tried to call attention to the necessity for some legislation, particu¬ larly against the attempt or threat to injure or destroy the Govern¬ ment of the United States by force or violence. Senator Borah. May I ask, does your report here show how many convictions have been had under section 3 of Title XII; that is, in regard to the use of the mails, etc. ? Attorney General Palmer. I suppose that every one of those cases will show- Senator Borah. This [indicating document] ? Attorney General Palmer. No, not that; I mean the big list. Those are the draft cases there. Each case will show what it is brought under. I can not give you the number. Senator Walsh of Montana. Are you trying any of these pending cases ? Attorney General Palmer. Some of them are on appeal. Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes; but you have not tried any cases in the trial courts ? Attorney General Palmer. We have recently tried a case under the trading with the enemy act. We have secured a conviction under the trading with the enemy act within a month in New York. I do not think we are trying any espionage act cases, are we ? Mr. Stewart. Not in the last five months, that I can recall, off¬ hand; but there was one argued, involving two defendants, at St. Louis. Attorney General Palmer. That was on appeal. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 85 Mr. Stewart. That was on appeal. Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes. Attorney General Palmer. That was from southern California ? Mr. Stewart. That was one in southern California, involving two defendants. Senator Walsh of Montana. You spoke about the repeal of the espionage act. By that I suppose you referred to section 3 of Title I of the act, and the act amending that section ? Attorney General Palmer. Yes. Senator Walsh of Montana. If the act should be repealed—and the Judiciary Committee now has a bill under consideration to this effect—would you think it advisable to save the prosecutions now pending, or to let those fall with the act ? Attorney General Palmer. Oh, I should think they ought to be saved, Senator. It never seemed to me entirely fair that persons who are able to delay trial by one means or another should not have punish¬ ment, while those who are not able to delay trial would be punished. If the crime was committed during the pendency of the act, I think clemency is the only way to reach it. It would operate very decidedly to the advantage of the man who was able to fight his battle through all the courts. It has been our policy with respect to all these cases where there has been doubt to resolve that doubt in favor of the defendant, to be merciful in respect to all of them; because, after all, pardon is a matter of mercy—is a matter of grace. Where defendants upon appeal have secured a new trial a long time after the war, only in the rarest cases ought we to proceed to a new trial. Senator Walsh of Montana. Is it not a fair presumption, after a lapse of more than two years since the war closed, that a case not yet tried is one probably of not very grave character ? Attorney General Palmer. I think so. We are not talking so much about cases not tried as cases pending. Senator Walsh of Montana. Probably on appeal. Attorney General Palmer, Yes. Those are apt to be the very important cases. Senator Borah. I have felt inclined to a general amnesty policy for all prisoners convicted under section 3 of the amended act to the espionage act. Two years have passed and those who were convicted have been punished. Ordinarily, punishments which were assessed during the war have in them the ingredients which come from the moods and passions of war. But as I understand, you think that policy would necessitate the same kind of action that the department is now taking, and nothing would be gained by it ? Attorney Geneial Palmer. I think that policy has been largely carried out, and under this plan which we have been working upon will soon be carried to the end. Senator Borah. But such a man as Debs would not get out under that policy at all, would he? Attorney General Palmer. I would not say that he would not. Senator Sterling. You would not say that he would not? Attorney General Palmer. No. 86 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Walsh of Montana. Has his case been disposed of ? Senator Borah. Yes; I understood that it had been passed upon. Attorney General Palmer. No, sir. Senator Sterling. It has been passed upon by the Supreme Court of the United States. . , Senator Walsh of Montana. Yes; but that was not the question ot pardon. , Senator Borah. His application for pardon I thought has been refused ? Attorney General Palmer. No. Senator Borah. Then, I misunderstood. Senator Sterling. Have you anything further to ask Mr. Palmer s Senator Borah. No. . (Thereupon the subcommittee proceeded to the consideration ot other matters.) (The documents and statistics mentioned by the Attorney General in his testimony with reference to convictions and pardons and offered by him for the record, are here printed in full, as follows:) Trading with the enemy cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. California, northern district: Currlin, A..,. Minnesota: Kintzie, R. N. Wisconsin, eastern district: Mueller, Jacob. Oklahoma, eastern district: Brewer, A. L. Martin, R. L. Whitten, T. Sec. 19 Sec. 19 Sec. 19 Sec. 6. Sec. 5. -do May 15,1919 Apr. 8,1918 Mar. 7,1919 July 22,1918 Oct. 9,1918 Oct. 10,1918 Fine, $300... 60 days, $100 Fine, $75.... 90 days. $100 fine. Sabotage cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Connecticut: Ball, Arthur. Brown, Albert R. Sabotage. .do. Nov. 12,1918 .do. 68 days. 91 days. Denied parole Sept. 17, 1920; still in peniten¬ tiary. Released on parole Mar 10, 1920; term out Aug. 9,1921. Wainer, Edward P. .do. .do. 98 days. Michigan, eastern district: Basor, Joseph. .do. July 12,1918 .do. 5 years. Sterick, Steve. .do. 4 years West Virginia, northern dis¬ trict: Hall, Harry. Sept. 19,1918 5 days Hall, Delbert. .do. AMNESTY AND 1’AllDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 87 Espionage cases. January 15, 1921. Memorandum for Attorney General. The following table shows the number of espionage cases acted upon by the President up to and including the present date, as well as the number of cases now pending before the department: Pardoned or commuted by the President. 199 Pending in the department. 130 The first espionage case acted on by the President was July 2, 1918. The last case was acted on by the President December 6, 1920. Respectfully, , J Acting Pardon Attorney. Espionage, cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Alaska, first division: Eines, C. M. O. Holmberg, K. Johnson, T. Alaska, second division: Mielke, F. J. Nashenwing, L_ Alaska, third division: Carlson, S. R. Svartberg, A. Windmueller, D. Alabama, southern district: Corbin, J. Hadley, D. Alabama, middle district: Hamilton, D. Morgan, B. Morgan, T. Alabama, northern district: Menke, C. E.. Pilato, J. Arizona: Burns, P. J. Fadler, W. A.. Fierro, Daniel.. Galaraza, Luis. Houston, Wm. Knapp, Frank. McNalley, Ed.... Martinez, Tomas. Nichols, Andy E. Nichols, Joseph.. Pacheta, John... Nature of case. Sec. 3, Title 1.. .do. .do. Sec. 3, Title I, and chap. 60. _do.. Sec. 3, Title I.. .do. .do. Sec. 1.. Sec. 3, Title I.. Sec. 3, Title I.. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Date of sen¬ tence. Nov. 28,1917 Feb. Apr. Apr. Apr. May Oct. May Dec. Jan. 3,1919 12.1918 5.1918 6.1918 31.1918 17.1919 31,1918 9.1918 6.1919 June 14,1918 Apr. 14,1919 .do. Aug. 9,1918 Mar. 4,1919 Oct. 19,1918 Apr. 27,1918 Oct. 19,1918 Feb. 23,1918 June 1,1918 Apr. 27,1918 .do. June 1,1918 Mar. 27,1918 June 6,1918 .do. Judgment. 6 months,$450, and costs. $500 and costs_ $950 and costs_ $300 fine.. .do.. 1 year, $250. $500 and costs- 1 year and $250... Fine $25 and costs Fine $50 and costs 2 years. .do. .do. 15 months. 30 days and fine of $ioo. 2 years. 5 years; $5,000 fine l year. 1 year and 1 day. 3 months in jail.. 1 year and 1 day. .do. 2 years; $500 fine. 13 months. 18 months. 2 years. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Fine remitted Mar. 4, 1919. Do. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. No action; memoran¬ dum to Attorney General. 1 Do. 1 Pardon granted Apr. 4, 1919. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day, Apr. 22, 1919. Out; expira¬ tion, Aug. 8,1919. Commuted to expire at once, Apr. 22, 1919. Commuted to 9 months Apr. 22, 1919. Out; expiration De¬ cember 13, 1918. Out; expiration Feb. 14, 1919. Do. Out; expiration Feb. 7, 1920. Out; expiration Feb. 7, 1919. Commuted to 1 year Apr. 22, 1919. June 9, 1919, trans¬ ferred to St. Eliza¬ beths. * 1 Both men served sentence and were discharged from prison Nov. 23, 1920. 88 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Espionage cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Arizona—Continued. Perruchon, Peter. Robbins, John... Sandberg, August Simpson, George., Strode, G. M.. Voneinem, Curt... Sec. 3, Title I. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. June 1,1918 June 6,1918 June 1,1918 Oct. 19,1918 June 1,1918 July 9,1918 Arkansas, east district: Davis, W. King, A. Arkansas, west district: Miller, J. R. California, northern district: Ammer, Chris. .do. Sec. 6, title ... Sec. 3, title 1... Sec. 3 Apr. 10,1918 May 8,1918 Sept. 2,1918 July 17,1918 Bergeman, Fred Bockman, Fred. Carhoie, Joseph. Dunton, Myra.. Sec. 3, Title 1 (2 cases). Sec. 3, Title I Sec. 3. June 26,1918 Dec. 9,1918 June 28,1918 June 27,1918 Eimer, William. Fleming, George Geibel, John L.. do. do. do. Sept. 24,1918 June 19,1918 Oct. 8,1918 Geibel, Mrs. Minnie Guggolz, John C.... Hamberg, Joseph E do. do. do. -do. Sept. 30,1918 Aug. 7,1918 Hamilton, S... Hood, William -do. Sec. 23 Sept. 30,1918 June 21,1918 Jansen, Otto Sec. 3 May 10,1918 Jerkins, L. do. Sept. 13,1918 Maier, Frederick Wm Morales, J. E. O’Connell, Jack. do. do. do. June 19,1918 Sept. 10,1918 Sept. 18,1918 Peterson, George.. Ritter, Carl Henry Schreider, Curt.... -do.... -do. Sec. 3, Title I June 29,1918 Aug. 8,1918 Sept. 6,1918 Silver, Patricia. Stemler, Mrs. C. E. Thrap, Ira. Shah, Walait. Sec. 3. —do. —do. -do. June 19,1918 — ..do. Sept. 17,1918 Aug. 7,1918 Wallschlcger, Otto.do Weider. Alfred.do. June 19,1918 Sept. 30,1918 Judgment. 2 years; $500 fine.. 2 years. 2 years; $500 fine.. 1 year. 2 years. 2years; $500fine.. 3 months. 1 year. 12 days. 5 years. 3 months in jail. .. Fined $25. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Out; expiration Feb. 7, 1920. Out; expiration Jan. 13, 1920. Commuted to 9 months Apr. 22, 1919. Commuted to expireAt once, Apr. 22, 1919" No action, term about to expire. Out; ex¬ piration Mar. 16,1920. Commuted to 2 years Mar. 3, 1919. Mar. 14, 1920, out; expira¬ tion. 1 year in jail. 40 days in jail; fined $150. 5 years. 30 days in jail. 5 years; fined $2,500 1 year; fined $1,000. 1 yearinjail; fined $3,000. 1 year and 1 day... 6 months in jail... 12 months in jail; fined $600. 5 years. 2 years 30 days in jail 1 year in jail.. 5 years. 60 days; fined $100. 12 months in jail.. 5 years. 30 days in jail. Pay fine of$150... 8 months in jail... 2 years; fined $ 2 , 000 . 3 months in jail_ 9 months in jail. .. Pending. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day Apr. 22, 1919. July 28, 1919, out; expiration. Commuted to expire at once. Apr. 22, 1919. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. Apr. 1, 1919 out; expiration. Pending. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to 2 years. Re¬ leased on parole July 21, 1919. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. July 19, 1919, out, expiration. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to 2 years. Re¬ leased on parole Dec. 29, 1919. Term out May IS, 1920. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to 1 year and 1 day. June 30, 1919, out; expiration. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to 1 year and 1 day. June 10, 1919, out; expiration. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 89 Espionage cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. California, southern district: Lahnemann, R. F. Broneer, Carl K. (see Hopkins et al.). Corcoran, Demetrios G.. Cook, Mollie P. (see ■ Hopkins et al.). De Schell, Carl. Gage, B. Marie Hopkins et al.). Goldstein, Robert. (see Greenfield, Geo. H. (see Hopkins et al.). Hamm, Edward. Harder (Von), Arnnie.. Sec. 3,Title I.. Secs. 3 and 4, Title I. Hardin, Floyd (see Hopkins et al.). Hogan, George (Hog- land). Hopkins, Prince, et al... Ingram, Wm. Legendre, L. N. Secs. 3 and 4, Title I. Sec. 3, Title I.. Secs. 3 and 4, Title I. Sec. 3, Title I (also viola¬ tion draft. Articles of War, P. C.). Secs. 3 and 4, Title I. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. Aug. 18,1918 Aug. 30,1918 May 13,1918 Aug. 3,1918 July 8,1918 5 years. Fined $502. 3 months in jail... Fined $100. 3 years each 2 counts, concur¬ rently. Secs. 3 and 4, Title I. Sec. 3, Title I. Secs. 3 and 4, Title I. Sec. 3, Title I. _do. Magon, Ricardo Flores 2 . Martin, J. Emma. Melton, Jas. Franklin... Monge, Jesus. Rivera, Librado *. Sonnenburg, E. J. Stephens, E. A. Colorado: Doe, Perley B. (3105)... Doe, Perley B. (3106). Miller, J. A. Connecticut: Buckingham, H. S. Buessel, T. Sec.3, TitleI.. Sec. 3, Title XII. Other viola¬ tions. Sec. 3, Title I.. Sec. 3, Title I. Presidential proclama¬ tion. Sec. 3, TitleI.. Title XII (vio¬ lating other statutes). Sec.3, TitleI.. Apr. 29,1918 Aug. 30,1918 July 31,1918 Oct. 16,1918 Aug. 30,1918 Sept. 7,1918 Aug. 30,1918 Sept. 24,1918 July 20,1918 July 19,1918 10 years, 2 years concurrently; fined $5,000. Fined $5,002. 3 years. 5 years. Fined $5,002. 3 years. Fined $25,000. 30 days in jail. 2 years. 20 years; $5,000.... 1 day in jail. July 31,1918 Dec. 10,1918 Jan. 13,1920 July 19,1918 1 year and 1 day; $ 1 , 000 . 3 years.. .do. Violation of sec. 3, Title .do. .do Sec. 3, Title I.. .do. July 31,1918 July 30,1918 Mar. 19,1918 .do. May 31,1918 Aug. 20,1918 July 19,1918 1 year and 1 day... 30 days in jail; $100 fine. 15 years; $5,000.... 1 day in jail. 2 years each 2 counts, concur¬ rently. 3 years.. 18 months; $100 fine and costs. 18 months, to run concurrently. 2 years. 3 months. 10 years. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to expire Apr 1,1919. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day Mar. 3, 1919. Commuted to 3 years Mar. 3, 1919. Do. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day Apr. 22, 1919. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. June 21, 1920, com¬ muted to expire at once. Review ed but not sub¬ mitted to the Presi¬ dent. June 21, 1920, com¬ muted to expire at once. Do. Commuted to expire at once, Apr. 22,1919. Do. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to 1 year; out, expi¬ ration, Mar. 21, 1919. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. 2 July 19, Magon sentenced on first count, 2 years, McNeil, fined $5,000; third count, 20 years, McNeil, fined $500; fourth count, 5 years, McNeil, fined $5,000; sixth count, 5 years, McNeil, fined $5,000; fifth count, 1 day Los Angeles County jail. Ordered that on payment of $5,000 imposed on first count it shall operate in full satisfaction of fines imposed on third, fourth, and sixth counts. Defendant tostand committed until paid. Sentences imposed to begin and run concurrently. Ordered that terms of imprisonment on counts 1, 3, 4, and 6 shall commence and run from and after expiration term of imprisonment of 1 year 1 day and fine’of $1,000 heretofore imposed in No. 1071. , „„„ ,, XT .. - , . r ... 3 Rivera sentenced on first count, 2 years, McNeil, fined $5,000; third count, lo years, McNeil, fined $5,000; fourth count, 5 years, McNeil, fined $5,000; sixth count, 5 years, McNeil, fined $5,000; fifth count 1 day Los Angeles County jail. Ordered that on payment of $5,000 of fine imposed on first count it shall operate in full satisfaction of fine imposed on third, fourth, and sixth counts. Sentences to begin and run concurrently. 90 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Espionage cases —Continued. CON VICTIONS—Continued. Name. Connecticut—Continued. Butler, W. H. Cronan,J. Douglass, E. Evanicki, L. Johnson, A.. Keller, H... Kowalski, G. Manna, L. Pumerantz, B. Pumerantz, N. Sahrbacher, C. District of Columbia: Olsen, Charles E. Florida, northern district: Mathews, Allen. Sigwalt, Gustav. Young, M. V. Florida, southern district: Beaumont, J. A. Frost, A.. Murray, J. W. Georgia, northern district: Vaughn, W. J . Mize, Fleming. Georgia, southern district: Easman, W. A. .Sciaba, Jose. Hawaii: Johnson, V. A Spillner, C.A. Idaho: Brown, H.... Lloyd, L. McNichols, J. Moes, J. Nuergard, F. Woods, G. Illinois, eastern district: Hanaman, J. Michaels, C. E. Shape, P. Illinois, northern district: Gerdes, D. Hahn, G.... Manus, J. D. Nature of case. Sec. 3, Title I.. _do. _do. _do. Date of sen¬ tence. Scarpelli, E.do. Young, C. O.do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. July 9,1918 Dec. 10,1918 May 10,1918 Sept. 24,1918 Oct. 1,1918 Sept. 24,1918 May 23,1918 Sept. 24,1918 May 28,1918 -do. Sept. 24,1918 Judgment. 15 days. 30 days. $10 and costs. 1 year, 1 day. Making false report as to sinking of schooner by submarine. Obstructing recruiting. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. .do. .do. Sec. 2, VII. Title Sec. 3, Title I. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Dec. 3,1918 Oct. 1,1918 Dec. 13,1918 Nov. 13,1917 June 12,1918 May 5,1919 Jan. 24,1919 Nov. 5,1918 Jan. 24,1919 Dec. 9,1919 Apr. 16,1919 June 18,1918 Sept. 15,1920 Apr. 20,1918 June 16,1918 May 20,1918 Feb. 25,1918 June 11,1918 4 months. 1 year, 1 day. _do. 30 days. $5 and costs... $100 and costs. 1 year, 1 day.. $25 and costs. 1 year, 1 day. 8 months in jail.. Fine, $50. 2 years... Fine, $25. 5 years... 6 months. 2 years... 60 days. 10 days. 1 year 1 day. .do. .do. .do. .do. Nov. 27,1918 -do. Fine, $100. 1 year 1 day. 4 years each on counts 1, 2, 3, 5. 12 months. 6 months.. 12 months. 18 months. Oct. 9,1918 Dec. 3,1918 Oct. 22,1918 Nov. 20,1918 -do. June 5,1918 •do. Dec. 16,191S 4 months. 3 months. 3 years, $5,000 and costs. $500 and costs. -do. 10 years. 4 No record in superintendent of prison’s office. 4 months. 45 days... Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to expire at once. Apr. 4, 1919, out, ex¬ piration. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to expire at once. Feb. 14,1918, execution of remainder of sen- tence suspended. Defendant placed on probation. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to expire Apr. 1,1919. Reviewed by Attorney General; released on parole Nov. 23, 1920. Released on parole Jan. 9, 1920. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. Commuted to 3 years, Apr. 22, 1919. Commuted to expire at- once, Apr. 22, 1919. Commuted Mar. 3, 1919, to expire Apr. 1, 1919. Commuted Mar. 3, 191§, to expire July 1, 1919. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day, Apr. 22, 1919; out, expiration, Sept. 9, 1919. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 91 Espionage cases —Continued CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Illinois, northern district— Continued. Mast, L., sr. Sec. 3, Title I Nov. 13,1918 Mar. 21,1919 Apr. 21,1919 Nov. 1,1918 10 months Paolicchi, A. $50 Roth, L.”. 1 dav Wessenensel, A. 10 years Commuted to 1 year and 1 day, Apr* 22, 1919; out,' commuta¬ tion, Aug. 21, 1919. Holzmacher, Peter 5 . .do. Oct. 17, 1919 5 years_ Janssen, Poppo ■> . .do. Nov. 13,1918 Sept. 3,1918 Aug. 0,1918 Aug. 7,1918 Aug. 10,1918 .do. .do. Illinois, southern district: Altenheim, W. F. .do. 1 year, 1 day. Andrich, Henry. .do. 120 days Balogh, Jos... .do. 2 years Out; expiration, Mar. 15,1920. Braucher, A. C. .do. $100 fine and costs. .do. Braucher, Dan. .do. Brunner, Wm. .do. Aug. 8,1918 May 7, 1918 Aug. 15,1918 Aug. 10,1918 Nov. 25,1918 May 8,1918 Sept. 4,1918 Nov. 25,1918 Aug. 16,1918 Aug. 0,1918 May 8,1918 Aug. 13,1918 July 23,1918 Aug. 14,1918 Aug. 8,1918 May 8,1918 Aug. 10,1918 Jan. 30,1919 May 9,1918 Dec. 26,1918 Jan. 8,1919 $300 fine and costs. 3 months. George, John. .do. German, J. L. .do. $500 fine and costs. $100 and costs Gibson, C. P. .do. Johnson, Martin. .do. 1 year, 1 day_ Out; commutation, Apr. 1, 1919. Kammann, C. H. .do. $5,000 and costs... Karrall, John. .do. i35 days. Keegan, Thomas. .do. 7 months. Kochendorfer, Karl. .do. $500 and costs. Lowe, Henry. .do. $100 and costs. Mahoney, Daniel . .do. 18 months. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day, Mar. 3, 1919. Out, Mar. 11, 1919. Moehle, Henry. .do. $500 and costs. Murphy, B. M. .do. 90 days. Mver, C. .do. $.500 and costs. Roberts, Lee. .do. .do. Weers, J. C. .do. .do. Willard, Troy. .do. .do. Drewiuss, S.1. .do. 138 days. Ernest, G. N. .do. $50 and costs. Gutsshalk, P. .do. 129 days. Hildebrand, A. .do. $100 and costs. Purcell, Henry 6 . .do. May 3, 1920 Aug. 13,1918 June 12,1918 l year, 1 day. Speckman, Edmund .do. $500 fine..... Iowa," northern district: Schultz, A. .do. 2 years. Out; expiration, Jan. 25, 1920. Reviewed by Attorney General; not sub¬ mitted to the Presi¬ dent. Schuman still in prison. Schumann, W. .do. 5 years; $250 and costs. 18 months; $300 Stenzel, B. .do. May 1,1918 and costs. Iowa, southern district: Boehner, L. W. .do. Nov. 25,1918 July 2,1920 Apr. 9,1919 Mar. 29,1918 Jan. 5,1918 Feb. 13,1918 3 years and $5,000 fine. $5,000 and costs... N o record. Pending. Dickson, E. G. .do. Odell, Ury J .do. Beal, F . .do. 3 years. Commuted to 18months Blodgett, D. T. .do. 20 years. Apr. 22, 1919; out; expiration, June 14, 1919. Commuted to 8 years Dec. 7, 1920; trans¬ ferred St. Elizabeths Jan. 4,1919. Moore, A. .do. $2,500 and costs... Indiana: Barnett, L.. Sec. 3, Title 1, June 22,1918 30 days; $300 and Bornstein, L.. 1 5 No re and sec. 37 criminal code .do. .do. costs. 60 days: $500, and costs. dll in the penitentiar cord. 6 SI y. 92 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Espionage cases —Continued CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. I ndiana—Continued. Cross, F. Dobrowitz, M... Handlon, A. Levy, R.... Lichterman, B. McCord, F. J... McCord, J. W. Pence, C. F... Pope, B. A. Sacks, M... Schur, A. J. Shakin, I.do Shakin, J.. Shepper, M. Snitkin, A. L. Snitkin, M. L. Stevenson, S. Kansas: Boutwell, I. T. Kentucky, eastern district: Breiner, Pete. Brewer, G. E. Cecil, Francis M. Dixon, Clark. Dyer, Kellie. Hamlin, Will. Lyons, Geo. Mann, J ohn Edgar. Monds, Doc. Mussman, Henry. Nelson, C. M. O’Connell, Wm. Perry, Geo. A... Saylor, Silas. Watkins, Elizabeth. Wimmer, Peter. Kentucky, western district: Elcho, John J. Vaananan, August.. Vincent. Ester.. Nature of case. Sec. 3, Title I. Sec. 3, Title I, and sec. 37 criminal code -do. .do. .do. Date of sen¬ tence. Nov. 27,1918 June 22,1918 Jan. 11,1918 June 22,1918 .do. do. Feb. 26,1918 -do.do .do. Jan. 11,1918 .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Feb. 26,1918 June 22,1918 .do. .do. See. 3, Title I. Sec. 3.. _do. _do. _do. _do. -do. _do. -do. _do. _do. _do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Judgment. 1 day. 90 days and costs. 5 years.. 1 year 6 months. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 90 days and costs. 3 years. 1 day... 2 years. 1 day. 6 months; $500, and costs. 6 years. 1 year 6 months... .do. .do. Jan. Jan. Jan. May Sept. Sept. Mar. Sept. Dec. Apr. Sept. Apr. Sept. 11.1918 19.1918 21.1919 17.1919 24.1918 13.1918 6.1919 25.1918 9.1919 24.1918 19.1918 18.1919 13,1918 5 years. 6 years. 1 year 1 day. 5 months, $500... 10 days in jail.... 30 days in jail.... Fined $500. 1 year and 1 day. 2 months in jail.. 6 months in jail.. 10 days in jail.... 60 days in jail_ 6 months in jail.. 30 days in jail.... 2 years. Sharon, Hugh..do Slem, Charlie. Sturm, L. H.. Louisiana, eastern district: 't barhengoches, C. Calvera, Amados. Escamillia, Dario. Arguna, Vincenti.... *! Ramirez, Eliveo. Coats, T. C. Hoerskovitz, L.’ ’ ” .do. Oct. 12,1918 May 16,1918 Sept. 13,1918 53 (lavs in jail -do. 3 years.. ■ do. ■ do. 30 days in jail, $500 fine. 1 year and 1 day.. 3 years . do. May 16,1918 Sept. 13,1918 do. do. 1 year and 1 day.. 6 months in jail; $500 fine. 6 months in jail.... 30 days in jail. 1 year and 1 day.. Fine $50. 30 days do. do. 3, Title I.. .3, Title I.. do. Oct. 19,1918 Oct. 21,1918 May 24,1918 Dec. 27, 1919 Mar. 14,1918 do. do. do. * ’ * j U ’ ...*S5 do do. Dec. 14,1918 do. Feb. 21,1918 2 years...?. Commuted to expire at once, Apr. 5, 1920. Out; expiration, Sept. 10, 1919. Commuted to expire at once, Apr. 30, 1919; out; May 2, 1919. Out; expiration, Aug. 26, 1919. Reviewed—reports ad¬ verse. Released.; on parole Aug. 22, 1920. Released on parole Apr. 7,1919. Released on parole June 20,1919. Released on parole Aug. 25, 1920. Commuted to 1 year and 1 day, Mar. 3, 1919. Commuted to 1 year and 1 dav, Mar. 3, 1919; Mar. 10, 1919, out, expiration. Commuted to one year. Mar. 3, 1919; Mar. 17, 1919, out; expira¬ tion. Mar. 14, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Time served. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 93 Espionage cases —Continued CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of Date of sen- case. I tenee. Louisiana, western district: Gour, J. M. Humble, H. C. Northern, E. D. Williamson, N. W. Maryland: Dorsey, E. C. Tyeryar, H. W. Massachusetts: Ballam, J. J. Michigan, eastern district: Bernal, C. Sec. 3. Title I _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Jan. 25,1919 Oct. 11,1918 June 26,1918 -do. Aug. 22,1918 Jan. 13,1919 June 6,1918 Oct. 11,1918 Judgment. 60 days.. 90 days.. 2 years.. 4 months.. _do. $25 and costs.. 1 year 1 day. 20 years and $10,- 000 . Fieron,M do July 7,1918 do Momparler, F do Stopa, A do Woychiechowski, S Powell, Wm. do do Seeger, Christ do July 16,1918 July 7,1918 Nov. 12,1918 July 23,1918 Oct. 31,1918 18 months. 20 years and $10,- 000 . 13 months. 20 years, fine $10,- 000 . 5 years, fine $2,000. Johnson, Michael. Jo.ing, John. Lange, Max. Mclure, C. E. Thomson, Ben. Minnesota district: Carney, J. Eden, H. Engeiin. E. G. Sec. 3. Sec. 3, Title I.. Sec. 3. Sec. 1, Title 2.. Sec. 3. Sec. 3. Title 1.. .do. .do. Sept. 19,1918 Mar. 9,1918 Oct. 24,1918 Jan. 15,1919 Oct. 31,1919 Mar. 6,1920 Apr. 26,1919 May 4,1918 6 months, $500 fine. $250 fine. $1,000 fine. $100 fine. 6 months in jail... 3 years. 3 months. 5 years. Hanson, H... Neuman, C. S do. do, Dec. 11,1917 60 days. July 11,1919 1 year 1 day Peterson, J. A... Stein bach, J. Uhl, J. Seebach, John C do. do. do. do. Mississippi, southern district: Carney, J. Sabroski, B. Young, R. Missouri, eastern district: Albrecht, E. Bowen, T. Brackett, W. A. Briegleb, E. Bunyard, C. D. Dalton, G. C. Deane, E. J. .do. .do. .do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Apr. 13,1918 Nov. 26,1918 Nov. 21,1918 June 20,1918 4 years. 60 days; $250. 3 months: 81,000.. 18 months and fine $1,000. Aug. 31,1918 Aug. 29,1918 July 9,1918 2 months 3 months- $25 and costs Nov. 30,1917 June 29,1918 Nov. 19,1918 Mar. 4,1918 Nov. 19,1918 Mar. 9,1918 Mar. 11,1918 1 year.. 60 days. $150. $200 and costs $200. $100 and costs 1 year 1 day.., De Leoningk, L Fleischer, L.... Grabenstein, W Hertel,W. H... Mahler, F. Meyer, F. C. .do. .do. do. do. do. do. May 18,1918 3 months 5 days.. May 20,1918 $100. Apr. 26,1918 j.do. June 3,1918 I 60 days; $200. May 20,1918 $200 and costs.... May 29,1919 I $10. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Commuted to 2 years and remit fine; May 18, 1920, out; expira¬ tion. Commuted to 5 years Mar. 3, 1919; denied parole May 13, 1920; still in penitentiary. Commuted to expire at once Apr. 22, 1919; May 8, 1919, out; commutation. Commuted to 5 years May 24, 1919; denied parole May 13, 1920; still in penitentiaty. Sept. 24, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Commuted to 2 years Apr. 22,1919; released on parole July 7,1919; . term expired Feb.29, 1920. Commuted to 2 years Apr. 22,1919; released on parole Nov. 17, 1919; term expired June 8,1920. Commuted to 2 years Mar. 3, 1919; Mar. 14, 1920, out; expiration. Released on parole Oct. 23, 1920; term out; Jan. 11, 1921. No record. Jan. 27, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. 94 AMNESTY AND PADDON POD POLITICAL PRISONERS Espionage cases —Continued CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Missouri, eastern district— Continued. Russell, G. W. Sec. 3, Title I.. .. .do. May 4,1918 Mar. 11,1918 $100. Scheuring, A. .do. 1 year 1 day. Jan. 27, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Schmook, F. .do. Feb. 2,1918 45 days. Schubert, W. H. .do. Mar. 11,1918 $250 and costs. Steinbeck, A. H. .. .do. Mar. 8,1918 $200 and costs. Stephenson, W. .. .do. Feb. 13,1918 $250 and costs. Strnad, W.. .do. Mar. 7,1918 $50 and costs. Von Austin, W. .do... June 29,1918 60 days. Wehmeyer, W. F. .. .do. Nov. 19' 1918 $1,000. Missouri, western district: Kinslow, W. . ..do. Nov. 1.191S 3 months. Misch, F. .. .do. Apr. 16,1919 Oct. 22,1918 $25 and costs. Myers, J. .. .do... 5 years. Aug. 22,1919, out; com¬ mutation. Apr. 6, 1919, out; expi¬ ration. Nov. 17, 1920, out; ex- Patton, S. T. .do. June 11, 1918 1 year 1 day and costs. 2 years. Saxe, A. H. Apr. 8,1919 July 22,1919 Mar. 4,1919 Sept. 23, 1918 June 26,1918 Apr. 27,1918 Nov. 15,1918 Montana: Meeks, W. L. .do... piration. Wallgren, C. E. .. .do. $500. Nebraska: Carr, D. H. $250. Davis, G. W. .do... 30 days. Frerichs, H. $300.‘.. Gehrk, C. 60 days. Handschiegel, J. .do. Dec. 19! 1918 $250.:. Hockbarttf, F. .do. Sept. 17,1918 Dec. 14,1918 Dec. 13,1918 June 27, 1918 20 days. Humiker, S. .do. $200.1. Kerl, T. T.. . $2,000. Loibl, M. 90 days.... McKee, C. .do. June 24,1918 12 months... Olnesorge, E. H. .do. Nov. 15,1918 4 months 10 days.. $200. ' Pundt.GL. Apr. 27', 1918 July 15,1918 Mar. 8,1919 Apr. 27,1918 Mar. 3,1919 Redick, J. 5 months.... Smidt, G. H. .do. $400. Strieker, G. $100... Nevada: Denatei, Tony. .do. 100 days.... New Hampshire: Inglenliardt, Otto. Steadman, F. .do. Oct. 4,1918 .do. 1 year 1 day. 2 years.... July 27,1919, out; expi¬ ration. July 31, 1919, out; com¬ mutation. Aug. 19, 1919, out: expi- ak-on. Taubert, G. H. June 6,1918 3 yea?s_ New Jersey: Gustafsaon, E. G. Sec. 2, Title Sept. 3,1918 .do. 60 days. Magnusson, Nils. VII. .do. Felldin, Einor O. .do. .do. .do... Bischotf, F. W. Sec. 3, Title I. Oct. 4,1918 .do. 10 years. Reviewed; not sub¬ mitted to President. In Maryland^ Peni¬ tentiary. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to 1 year and 1 day. July 24, 1919, out; expiration. Reichelt, 0. B. 8 years.. Igoe, Michael. .do. Nov. 9,1918 2 months Mink, Valentine. Sept. 18 '1918 Nov. 13,1918 2 vears Released on parole Mar. 24, 1919; term out, July 9, 1919. Olsen, Henry. 30 days Steideal, Hugo. Oct. 21,1918 Oct. 15,1918 3 months Wenccler, Stephen. $100 fine New Mexico: Strickland, E. R. Walker, W. T. Williams, G. .do.i Apr. 15,1918 Jan. 17,1919 Nov. 26,1918 Apr. 24,1919 Jan. 17,1919 8 months and costs 2 years and costs.. do Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to 1 year and 1 day. Nov. 6,1919, out; expiration. July 4, 1920, out; ex¬ piration. Calkins, W. P. 6 months Pendergrass, T. E. .do. .do. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 95 Espionage cases —Continued CONVICTION S—Con tin ued. Name. Nature of case. New York, northern district: Aigner, P. Bouton, A. Buzak, A. Franklin, J. Luspay, J. Machner, M. Marrs, E. Miller, A. Newman, L. Randolph, P. Sec. 3, Title I. _do. ....do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Steene, C. W do. Woodley, W. K do. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Apr. 22,1918 May 17,1918 Nov. 12,1918 June 29,1918 30 days. $500 fine. $75 fine. 1 day. June 15,1918 $250 fine. Dec. 10,1918 7 months. July 1,1918 Aug. 6,1918 May 16,1918 Nov. 19,1918 Jan. 16,1920 July 29,1918 10 days. 8 days. $10 fine. $.500 fine and 10 years. 1 year and 6 months. $50 fine. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Draft cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. New York, northern trict: Aranio, A. Arms, Laura. Bendetta, A. Benson, E. J. Brown, E. F. Burke, W. W. E.. Collins, Emily D.. Curtis, H. J. Darling, F. Dennerio, M. Elia, M. Franezra, A. Hamer, M. R. Hayes, C. C. Hendricks, F. Herb, J. Hutchinson, Ruth. Hill, C. Johnson, Mary.... McCarthy, J. McConnell, Anna.. Monaco, A.. Paul, H. Seeley, Mabel.. Small, S.. Suiter, H. Smith, T. Vinning, J. Werle, J. Wetek, W. A. Wiedeman, S. Wojcicki, I. Wright, A. Nature of case. dis- Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. _do. Secs. 6 and 37, Penal Code. Sec. 5. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Secs. 6 and 37, Penal Code. _do. _do. Feb. 20,1919 Dec. 10,1918 Oct. 20,1917 May 22,1918 June 21,1917 Nov. 20,1918 Apr. 24,1918 June 21,1917 June 29,1917 Oct. 2,1918 Nov. 19,1918 Oct. 29,1917 Apr. 25,1918 Apr. 24,1918 $50. $50. $100. 1 day. 10 days. 60 days. 10 days. 1 year... 1 day. 40 days. $125. 10 days. 8 months. 1 year, 1 day. 10 days. 1 year, 1 month... Sec. 6. Sec. 5. Secs. 6 and 37, Penal Code. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. _do. Sec. 5. Secs. 6 and 37, Penal Code. Sec. 5. _do. Sec. 6.. Secs. 6 and 37, Penal Code. _do.. July 18,1918 Feb. 18,1919 July 7,1918 Oct. 18,1917 June 3,1918 Dec. 10,1918 June 27,1917 Oct. 18,1917 Dec. 10,1917 June 3,1918 Apr. 25,1918 July 7,1918 1 day. $25. 7 months. $10. 1 day. $50. 6 months. 1 year, 1 day. $5. 30 days. 2 years. 1 year, 1 month... 1 year, 1 day. Sec. 5. Se:s. 6 and 37, Penal Code. Sec. 5. _do. June 29,1917 July 7,1918 June 21,1917 June 26.1917 1 day. 1 year, 1 day 6 months.... 1 day. Jan. 8, 1919, out; expi¬ ration. Mar. 14,1919, out; expi¬ ration. Jan. 13, 1919, died. May 26, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Do. 96 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Espionage cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Nature of case. Date of sentence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. New York, northern district: Wagar, David. New York, southern district: Lubarsky, H. Ne w York, eastern district: Binder, Stephen. New York, western district: t Barberry, C. P Endzuck, A. C 3 Lampa, J. L. North Carolina, eastern dis¬ trict: Bowers, J. L. Sec. 3, Title I.. Sec. 1, Title I.. Sec. 3, Title I.. -do. _do. _do. -do. Nov. 19,1918 Apr. 9,1918 July 8,1918 Jan. 23,1917 May 15,1918 June 17,1919 May 8,1918 $100 fine. 30 days.. 10 years. 4 years.. $500. Jan. 14,1919, died. 1 day. 1 year and 1 day, and $100 fine and costs. North Carolina, western dis¬ trict: Dressier, Argus. Grubb, Will.do. Trzeciakie wicz, I.do. .do. Bowman, C. F. Jones, W. A. Leonard, A. Sizemore, W. North Dakota: Carlson, John. Ebbens, John. Graham, Edward.. Gunderson, Claus.. Hoover, Edgar. Kretchmar, T. C... Overcott, Arthur... Simmons, E. E_ Thomas, Fred. Cox, T. W. Ohio, northern district: Debs, E. V. Goodman, Edward.. Jobblonsky, Martin. Ohio, southern district: Bago, William. Sec. 42. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. June 6,1918 June June 6.1917 5.1918 Dec. 3,1919 Dec. 5,1919 Dec. 3,1919 .do. Oct. Mar. May Mar. Mar. May Eeb. Aug. May Jan. 1.1918 6.1918 18.1919 9.1917 26.1919 3.1918 19.1919 6.1918 31,1918 14.1920 18 months. $20 fine and costs. 3 years. $25. $25 and costs. -do. $50 and costs. .do. Sept. 14,1918 Dec. 19,1918 Jan. 17,1919 July 6,1918 60 days. 3 months. $50 fine. 90 days.. 3 years.. 6 months and $300. 15 days.. $100 . 30 days and $200... $10 fine.. 10 years. $100 fine... 21 months. 15 years. Benzin, A. F. W Bisdorf, Fred... do do July 9,1918 July 30,1918 4£ years 20 years Mamaux, Jacques Bayer, Ant. Benner, Jacob. Douglass, John Oklahoma, eastern district: Baker, F. Bates, G. Benson, J. Bonner, W.... Dahler, H. H. Dockum, H. B Fanning, G. A Gross, S. .do. July 26,1919 2 \ years. -do. June 14,1918 5 years and costs.. .do. Dec. 5,1917 30 days. .do. June 27,1919 3 years and costs.. .do. Jan. 25,1918 90 days. .do. Mar. 8,1919 10 months and $100 fine. .do. Mar. 18,1919 1 year and 1 day... .do. May 19,1919 10 davs.. .do. July 22,1918 2 years.. .do. Apr. 16,1919 1 day and $100.... .do. Mar. 4,1919 18 months and $500. .do. June 20,1918 60 days. Aug. 19, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Sept. 25, 1920, out; ex¬ piration. Still in penitentiary. Pending; still in peni¬ tentiary. Released on parole Jan. 9, 1920; Mar. 8, 1920, parole violator. Commuted to 1 year, Mar. 3, 1919; May 11, 1919, out; commuta¬ tion. Feb. 8, 1919, died. Commuted to 2 years, Mar. 3, 1919; Mar. 12, 1920, out; expiration. Pending; still in peni¬ tentiary. Commuted to expire Apr. 1, 1919, Mar. 3, 1919; Apr. 1, 1919, out; expiration. Commuted to expire at once, Apr. 22,1919; May 18, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Exceptions, 60 days; Jan. 6, 1920, out; ex¬ piration. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Espionage cases —Continued CONVICTIONS—Continued. 97 Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Oklahoma, eastern district— Continued. Hicks, I. Sec. 3, Title I. Apr. 17,1919 1 day Johnson, M. June 11,1918 6 months Knight, J. W. .do. Apr. 17,1919 1 day . Martin, W. N. Jan. 3,1918 2 years , Nix, A. .do. Feb. 15 1918 1 vear and 1 dav Privat, V.. Jan. 2,1918 2 years Sailings, E. C. Feb. 15,1918 30 davs Sandifer, W. R. .do. Mar. 30^ 1918 0 months approxi- mately. Herren, F. P. .do. Apr. 16,1919 24 hours and fined $100. Vowells, H. .do. Aug. 28,1918 5 years. ■Oklahoma, western district: Hicks, W. M. Oct. 2,1918 20 years and $10,000 Budcene, W. P. .do. Oct. 2,1919 90 days, fine $100 Darby F. M. .do. Oct. 3' 1918 90 days; $300 and costs. Kruse, E. .do. Oct. 2,1918 90 days and costs O’Brien, L. G. .do. Jan. ll' 1919 151 days... Oregon: Cast row, E. F. .do. July 25,1918 Fined $500... Equie, Marie. .do. Dec. 3li 1918 3 years; $500 fine Jones, Henry. .do. June 18,1918 4 years. Olsen, Theodore. .do. Sept. 25,1918 2 years. Rhuberg, Julius. .do. June 24,1918 15 months and fined $2,000. Albers, H. .do. Mar. 17,1919 3years; $10,000.... Exline, Anna. .do. July 11,1918 $100. France, G. .do. 13 months. Jacobinson, A_ .do. Nov. 4,1918 2 years. Kumpula, E.... .do. Dec. 30,1919 10 months. Lilja/V. .do. Nov. 11,1918 6 months. Parton, A. J... .do. May 6', 1919 2 years. Ramp, F. .do. Feb. 19,1918 2 years; $1,000. Reivo, W. M_ .do. May 6,1919 2 years. Smith, H .... .do. Nov. 27,1918 30 days. Windsor, F. M .do. Nov. 25,1918 6 months. Pennsylvania, eastern dis- trict: frfllindo, T.ncio Secs. 1 and 3 A Sept. 16,1918 3 months. Pennsylvania, western dis- trict: Rrnwn, F Section. Sept. 21,1918 1 day. T?iir > lrinP r C,. F. H Section 3. Sept. 20,1918 10 days. Pa vis .1 .do. Sept. 21,1918 .do. Edwards, R. .do. Sept. 18,1918 1 year and 6 months. Top lri n s T .. .do. Mar. 19,1919 1 day. Petri ni, J .do. June 21,1919 $50 and 30 days.... 'T'illntsnn R. W _do. July 7;1919 60 days. Wellman .1 . .do. July 2,1918 $100. TToi hprirpr .1 Sec. 3 Title 1. Mar. 27,1918 $25 fine. TCnt.h]in. Sec. 3, Title I. Apr. 17,1918 4 years and 8500 Commuted Apr. 22, Romero P. M. .do. Mar. 28,1918 and costs. 4 vears and 8200 1919, to 24 vears. May 10, 1920, out; expiration. Commuted Mar. 3, Sanchez M _.do. July 25,1918 Dec. 17,1917 fine. 4 vears. 1919, to expire Apr. 1,1919. Out; expira¬ tion. Commuted Apr. 22, Capo, V. B. .do. 8 years and 84,000 fine. $25 fine. 1919, to 2 years. Apr. 15, 1920, out; expiration. No record. Rhode Island: Ca.rri 4 rf .do. Oct. 4,1918 Da. vis Jennie . .do. Feb. 4,1919 .do. Moreas, .Tos .. .do. Oct. 2,1918 10 days. Yaivyar F.mil .do. Sept. 27; 1918 Nol pros. Draft cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. South Carolina, eastern dis¬ trict: Alford, F. Sec. 5. Aug. 8,1918 .do. 15 days. Blackwell, M. C. .do. 6 months. Brockington, F. .do. Dec. 5,1918 60 days.... Cooke, H. C. .do. Mar. 8,1918 20 davs . Davis, L. .do. Mar. 6,1918 3 months Davis, R. .do. June 4,1918 .do. Denkins, W. .do. Nov. 6,1917 30 days_ Fanning, B. F. .do. Jan. 23,1919 1 year James, W. .do. Dec. 4,1918 3 months.... Johnson, D. Dec. 7'1918 10 days_ Magill, J. .do. June 5,1919 3 months Magill, S. .do. .do. . .do Murphy, W. A. .do. .do. 15 davs_ Nelson, G . .do. June 14,1918 4 months Pierson, W. June 5,1918 3 months Reed, L. .do. Nov. 16,1918 . do Renken, W. .do. Feb. 15,1919 30 days Simmons, T. .do. Aug. 16,1918 Mar. 6,1918 1 month Stowers, S. .do. 30 da vs Strickland, W. P. .do. Aug. 1 ,1918 Aug. 8,1918 . .do Walker, W. .do. do Espionage cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. South Carolina, eastern dis¬ trict: Reck, J. Sec. 3, Title I.. Dec. 12,1918 Oct. 2,1918 1 year Roberts, W. .do. 3 years, $1,000, and Commuted Oct. 25, Turnbull, W. C. R. Aug. 9,1918 June 7,1918 costs. 3 months 1920, to expire at once. Williams, J. .do. 1 year and 1 day.. Apr. 22, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 99 Espionage cases—Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. South Carolina, western dis¬ trict: Batchelor, H. B.. Beard, W. P. Hall, J. K. Do. Herring, Geo. Hickson, F. C. Starnes. S. E.. Wertz, R. M.. Young, E. South Dakota: Heynacher, W. Jacobs, S. Piepgrcs, J. Sauer, C. Wolf, J. H.... Anderson, O. Fairchild, F. Grubl, F. Homan, H. A. Kleemans, F. Clouse, A. S. Reitz, E. Nature of case. Sec. 3, Title I;. ....do. _do. .do. Date of sen¬ tence. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sec. 3. _do. .do. Sec. 3, Title I.. _do. _do. June 3,1918 Nov. 13,1917 Sept. 13,1918 June 3.1920 Nov. 12,1917 Sept. Sept. May June 19.1918 13.1918 28.1918 3,1918 Judgment. May 15,1918 .do. .do. May 21,1918 May 4,1918 Oct. 5,1918 _do. Oct. 4.1918 Apr. 13,1918 Oct. 5,1918 Oct. 9,1919 May 15,1918 2 months. 1 year and $500 fine 12 months... 1 year and 1 dav.. _do. 6 months. $50 fine.. 6 months.... 1 year and 1 day 5 years.. 2 years 6 months. .1 year 1 day. $500. 5 years, $1,000.... $i,000 and 4 years. $500 and l'year, 1 day. $1,000 and 2 years. $ 1,000 . $100. 1 dav, $100. 5 years, $1,000.... Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Commuted Nov. 13, 1920, to expire at once; Nov. 15, 1920, out; expiration. Sept. 3, 191$, out; ex¬ piration. Mar. 25, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Commuted May 24, 1919, to 1 year and 1 day; Oct. 9, 1920, out; expiration. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to expire on discharge from St. Elizabeths. Mar. 6, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Still in penitentiary No record. Do. Mar. 29,1920, out; com¬ mutation. Tennessee, eastern district: Karl, W. J.do Lockhart, A. P.do Feb. 24,1919 Feb. 27,1919 Moree, Claud. Norman, W. C. Sowden, H. E. Toth, Louis. Tennessee, middle district: Dickson, J. do do do do Mar. 24,1919 Feb. 5,1919 Feb. 14,1919 Feb. 19,1919 Fee. 13,1918 Williams, R. Texas, eastern district: MeNairy, D. Me, Doctor. Texas, western district: Adame, E. Dietrich, Emil. L'erris, R. E. do. Fee. 4,1918 3, Title I.. Oct. 9,1918 do. .do. do. Jan. 3,1918 do. Nov. 29,1918 Julv 5,1918 Drehner, ('has Heilman, F... do do Nov. 29,1918 June 14,1918 Jorovich, John Poth, E. W... do do Fee. 11,1918 May 31.1918 Rockey, W. H do, Nov. 29,1918 Wessels, G do June 7,1918 Winter, Aug. Wuthrioh, J. R. Texas, southern district: Garcia, M. J. Morales, Juan. Quintanilla, Jesus... Vega, Jose. _do. _do. _do..*. Secs. 1 and 2, Title VII. Secs. 3 and 6.. _do. Oct. 12,1917 Aug. 5,1918 Mav 15,1918 May 16,1918 Fee. 17,1917 _do. 6 months. 1 vear 1 day: fine, $ 1 , 000 . 4 months. 30 days. 1 day. 8 months. Still in penitential\. 18 months and cost 6 months and cost. Oct. 2, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. 4 months 30 days.. 8 months 30 days.. 3 years.. $500 fine. 1 year, 1 day 6 months.... 18 months... 2 years... 3 years... 60 da vs... $1,000 fine $5,000 fine $50 fine... Released on parole Sept. 2, 1919; term expired Nov. 3, 1919. Apr. 15, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Released on parole Mar. 4, 1919; term expired Sept. 18, 1919. Oct. 19, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Sept. 24,1920, out; com¬ mutation. 1 day.. _do 100 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Espionage cases —Continued. C ONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Texas, southern district— Continued. Zamora, Jose. Wand, Maurice. Utah: Brooker, E. W. De Mott, Geo.. Fogh, M. P_ Larson, Carl. .. .do. Youngren, E. J.do. Rookhuzen, Paul..do. Vermont: Nature of case. Secs. 1 and 2, Title VTT. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. .do. .do. Date of sen¬ tence. May 17,1918 Nov. 2,1918 Judgment. ' 30 days_ 15 months. Nov. 23,1918 I $500 fine. Mar. 29,1919 j 60 days.. May 4,1918 5 years.. Feb. 15,1919 Feb. 4,1919 Sept. 26,1918 Mackley, H. G. Virgininia, eastern district: Lagow, Jas_-. Ray, T. R. Tremiloff, Wastoi. Virginia, western district: Godfrey, Aubrey. Morris, C. W. May, C. Washington, eastern dis¬ trict: Koch, Peter. Peterson, R. Torres, Placido. Washington, western dis¬ trict: Barrett, W. Cole, J. Finnie, E. G. Herman, Emil. Knoll, Rob. Montgomery, T. A. Zittell, Joe. Gross, A. Randall, W. Shaffer, Frank. .do. Mar. 21,1918 Secs. 2 and 3.. Sec. 3, Title I.. Secs. 2 and 3.. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. Sec. 3. Sec. 3, Title I. _do.. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. West Virginia, northern district: Benner, R. W. Heatwole, L. J. Lange, P. W. Sandy, J. A. West Virginia, southern district: Basin, II. T. Gordon, B. Keener, G. B. Schoene, G. S. Twining, P. E. Cloxton, Howard. Plate, J. B. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sec. 37. .do. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. Sec. 3.. _do. .do. .do. _do. Sec. 3, Title I. _do. Apr. 22,1919 Nov. 19,1918 Apr. 22,1919 Aug. 5,1918 Aug. 8,1918 Apr. 28,1919 Oct. 14,1918 Nov. 22,1918 Apr. 24,1919 Sept. 16,1918 Sept. 7,1918 Sept. 24,1918 June 3,1918 June 18,1918 Sept. 17,1918 May 14,1918 Jan. 26,1919 _do. 1 year 1 day. 45 days. 9 months.... 15 years. 5 days; previously confined 40 days 8100 fine. 5 days: previously confined 40 days S25 fine... 3 months. 825. $200 fine. 3 years.. 2 years. Sept. 18, _do.. Sept. 19, Sept. 20, Sept. 17, Sept. 24, Dec. 6, Dec. 5, Sept. 6, June 15, June 6, 1918 1918 1918 6 months and $250 and costs. 4 months.. 17 years.. 10 years. 6 months.. 1 year. 6 months.. 28 months. 3 years $1,000 and cost.... _do. $2,500 and cost 6 months. 1918 $20 and cost. 1918 $100 and cost and 1 year and 1 month. 1918 I Cost. 1918 $100 and cost and j 2 years. 1918 $100 and cost and 1 year. 1918 J 1 year and $100 i fine, with costs. 1918 5 days and $25 I fine, with costs. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Nov. 3,1919, out; expi¬ ration. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to expire Sept. 1, 1919; out; expiration. Dec. 17, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to 3 years; July 22, 1920, out; expiration. Commuted Apr. 22, 1919, to 1 year and 1 day; Sept. 11, 1919, out; expiration. Commuted Oct. 28, 1920, to expire at once; Oct. 29, 1920, out. Oct. 29, 1919, out; com¬ mutation. June 12, 1918, out; ap¬ peal bond. Still in penitentiary. Commuted Mar. 3,1919, to 1 year; Jan. 23, 1920, out. No record. Do. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 101 Espionage cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Wisconsin, eastern district: Brinkman, Henry. Dreger, Wm. Sec. 3, Title I. .do. May 7,1918 Dec. 4,1918 1 year 1 day. $200 fine. Gessert, Wm. .do. Feb. 15,1918 5 years. Harmon, Frank. .do. Dec. 4,1918 $200 fine. Wisconsin, western district: Albinger, H.... . .do. Jan. 23,1919 3 months. Auer, J. J. . .do. Aug. 9,1918 1 year 1 day.i Do. .do. .do. 18 months. Balcer, F... Aug. 8,1918 Dec. 20,1918 15 months. Biederman, E. .do. $500 fine. Crevite, F. .do. Jan. 18,1919 $100 fine. Deaehman, Joseph. .do. Aug. 8; 1918 Dec. 23,1918 Omonths, and $500 fine. $100 fine. Dipple, C... .do. Janick, S. J... . .do. July 26,1918 Mar. 12,1919 15 months. Kenyon, Bud. .do. 1 year 1 day. Keysow, Frank.. . do. Dec. 16,1918 $500 fine. Knipschield, J... .do. Dec. 30,1918 .do. Koss, Fred. .do. Jan. 25,1919 $200 fine. Rarson, .Tames .. . .do. July 20,1918 .do. 15 months. Larson, Ed. .do. 1 year 1 day. Johnson, Ed do. .do. .do. Molberg, Oscar . .do. .do. .do. Larson, Cris . . .do. .do. 6 months. Larson, Louis . .do. .do. .do. Fredericks, C .... .do. .do. $250 fine or 3 Wedlund, P .do. .do. months. 3 months. Pinrud, Hans. ... .do. .do. $500 or 6 months.. Lueck, W .do. June 14,1919 $1,250 fine. Lnnardi, L . .do. Jan. 10,1918 3 months. Meyer, R .do. Dec. 20,1918 $500 fine. Mcypr Mrs J .do... .do. .do. Nah'z C F . .do. Aug. 16,1918 Dec. 21,1918 $2,000. Noae.k, F . .do. $500. Olson, W .do... Jan. 18,1919 $150. Ppt.rv, M W do... .do. $600. Reck, A .do. Jan. 7,1919 $150. Ropprs, E .. .do. Dec. 23,1918 Jan. 25.1919 $300. ftchpufflpr, E .do... $500. Schillpr, E . .do... Aug. 8,1918 Sept. 19,1918 2 years. Schilling, F. X. .do. 18 months, $3,500.. Schui'rinp 4 R do. . Dec. 30,1918 $500. Sternberg. G. .do. Aug. 9,1918 1 year 1 day, $500.. Tnrnpr, R TJ .do. Jan. 11,1919 $1,000. Yearons, C . .do. Aug. 8,1918 Mar. 13,1919 lyear 1 day, $1,000. TTnprner August. .. .do. Fine, $100. Wyoming: ” Lei.jig, John. .do.. July 1,1918 1 year 6 months... Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Feb. 24, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Sept. 24, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Released on parole July 21, 1919: term ex¬ pired Oct. 23, 1919. Do. Aug. 9, 1919, out; ex piration. May 29, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Jan. 23, 1920, out; ex¬ piration. Released on parole May 19, 1919: term ex¬ pired July 21, 1919. May 19, 1919, out; expiration. Jan. 2,1919, transferred to St. Elizabeths. May 9, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Released on parole Aug. 25, 1919; term expired July 5, 1920. Feb. 17, 1920^ out; ex¬ piration. June 28, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. May 28, 1919, out; ex¬ piration. Commuted Mai. 3,1919, to 1 year; May 1,1919, out; commutation. 102 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Passport cases. CONVICTIONS. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. California, southern district: 10 davs. Entering . .. Oct. 3,1919 do.. Oct. 26,1918 30 days. do. Apr. 26,1919 Oct. 21,1919 1 dav. Leaving 90 davs. Entering Apr. 26,1919 .do. $50..!. do. 10 days. do June 7,1919 .do. Leaving.. Mar. 24,1919 30 days. Davila P Entering .... Apr. 26,1919 ... .do. $50 fine. do 30 days. Dvnrkin, A .do. Mar. 15,1920 .do. I .paving Apr. 13.1920 Sept. 30, 1919 Mar. 13,1919 1 year, 1 day. Still in penitentiary. Esr*nhftr AT .do. 10' days_’. Esquivel A Entering. 60 days. Fabris ^ .do. Apr. 9,1919 Apr. 26,1919 $100. Frejd O \ .do.. 60 days. Harcia do.. Mar. 13,1919 Apr. 26,1919 Apr. 28,1920 Sept. 7,1920 Apr. 26,1919 .do. .do. finmnip E R .do. 30 days. Hamapuebi, ppichiro .do. 13 months. Do. Ha raid H P do.. 2 years. Do. Hart-wig "R-iebard Leaving... 60' days. Hernando \f Entering 30 days. 44 prriftnrfpz, S .do. Sept. 30,1919 10 days... 1 lred a, V .do. July 19,1920 Oct. 26,1918 6 months. Tnnmntn T .do. 60 days. Jones, J. F.. Feb. 6,1919 1 year, 1 dav. Dec. 7, 1919, out; expi- .Tn.sne, F. Entering. Nov. 15,1919 $200 fine. ration. Katnb j F. f1. Bogdenoff, Isy. .do Botiff, John. . Bushnoff, W. .do Butchinev, Mike. ....do Byrnes, Joe. .do Carreno, Diego. .do Carrigan, Dan. Sec. 6. Castarena, E. Sec. 5. Conolavoff, Jake. .do Contreras, L. .do Contreras^ M. .do Contreras^ R. .do Cordova, Benj. Coronell, F...".. .do Cramer, Ross. .do Damerbill, A. .do. Delmatoff, John. .do. Duarte, R. .do. Evinoff, Alex. .do. Facio, Louis. .do. Falcon, Jose. .do. Farr, Charles D. .do. Felix, L. .do. Fernandez, R. .do. Flores, F... .do. Franco, F. .do. Frazier, G. W. Sec. 6. Fromback, John. Sec. 5. ^Gallardo, Frank. .do. Garcia, Benito. .do. •Garcia, P. .do. Gardumio, F. .do. Goldberg, Edw. Sec. 3. Gomez, Andres. Sec. 5. Gomez, Atilano. Sec. 6. Gonzales, Fred. Sec. 5. Gorgoff, Mike. .do. Gregorifl, Leon. .do. Guzman, R. .do. Hahn, August. Sec. 6. Hech, Stephen. .do. Hein ecke/Albert. Sec. 5. Hing, Yee Suey. .do. Hinojo, Jesus. .do. Hinojo, Martini. .do. Hummel, L. C. .do. Huxley, Walter. Sec. 3. Johns, Charles. Sec. 5. Kashirsky, W. .do. Kero, Jacob. .do. Kulikoff, Alex. .do. Kulikofi, Joe. .do. Knlliknff, John_ .. .do. Lea, Waldo C. .do. Lopez, A. Sec. 6. Aug. 8,1917 Jan. 15,1919 June 25,1998 June 3,1919 Nov. 5,1919 Aug. 8,1917 Dec. 13,1919 Nov. 25,1919 Nov. 29,1919 Oct. 24,1917 Apr. 1,1918 Aug. 8,1917 _do. _do.. _do.. June 20,1918 Jan. 28,1919 June 20,1918 Aug. 8,1917 Jan. 8,1918 Jan. 1,1917 .do. Jan. 31,1919 May 24,1919 Apr. 27,1918 Aug. 8,1917 .do. Aug. 18,1917 Aug. 8,1917 Feb. 8,1918 Aug. 23,1917 Nov. 15,1918 Apr. 17,1918 Apr. 12,1920 Aug. 8,1917 Oct. 19,1918 Oct. 17,1918 Aug. 19,1918 Aug. 8,1917 Aug. 23,1917 Dec. 12,1919 Nov. 19,1918 Jan. 6,1919 Aug. 20,1919 Aug. 23,1917 Aug. 8,1917 .do. July 9,1918 Jan. 31,1919 Aug. 3,1918 June 20,1918 Oct. 19,1918 Aug. 8,1917 .do. Mar. 30,1918 Jan. 6,1919 Jan. 28,1920 Aug. 8,1917 Jan. 9,1919 Aug. 8,1917 ,....do.. ..:.do.. Feb. 18,1919 Dec. 12,1919 15 days. 30 days. 2 months. 10 days. 4 months, 2 days.. 60 days. 30 days. 90 days. 4 months. 1 year. 30 days. .do. 1 year. .do. .do. .do. 3 months. 1 year. 60 days. 1 year. .do. 30 days. .do. .do. 1 year. 60 days. 10 days. 60 days. 1 year. 10 days. 1 year. 1 day. 45 days. 6 months. 1 day. 11 months. 60 days. 3 months. 30 days and fined. 6 months. 60 days. 30 days. 6 months. 30 days. 1 year. 1 day. 4 months. 5 days. 1 year. .do. 10 days. 1 year. 90 4ays. 1 year. 30* days. 10 days. _do. Inducted intoserv- ice. 1 year. Fined $250. 1 year. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. 30 days. Circumstances of exe cution of sentence 110 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Conti lined. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. rizonia—Continued. Lopez, Ensavio. Sec. 5. June 6,1918 3 months. Lopez, Florencio_ .do. June 9' 1918 June 20,1918 1 hour. Lopez, Miguel. .do. 3 months. Do..... .do. 9 months_ Lopez, Ramon P.. . .do. Feb. 7,1919 4 months.. . Lopez, Severo. .do. Jan. 3l' 1919 0 months.... Madrid, Dick. .do. Oct. 24' 1917 1 year. Marquiz, Pablo. .do. Apr. 8,1918 30 days. Martinez, Antonio. .do. Jan. 28,1919 60 days. Martinez, Braulia. .do. Aug. 8^ 1917 July 9,1918 Aug. 11,1918 Dec. 3,1918 30 days. Martinez, Miguel. .do. 10 days. Martinez, Ramon. .do. 14 days.... Mason, Donald. .do. 30 days. Mason j Samuel. . do . ...do. . . 0 months Michael, Wm. F . Sec. 6 . Feb. 7,1919 1 year. . Miloseroff, D . Sec. 5 .... Aug. 8,1917 June 27,1918 . do. Miranda, Angel. .do. 0 months Miranda, Manuel. . do . Oct. 24,1917 J une 9,1920 20 days .... Miranda, Ramon . . do . 1 year. Molino, Cleofas . . do . Aug. 18'1917 45 days Morales, J. E . Sec. 3 ___ Apr. 8,' 1920 Aug. 8,1917 . do . 11 months Moreno, Fete . bee. o . 00 days.. . . Morolloque, Y . . do . 30 da vs Murietta, b' . . no . J une 20,1918 -dO . Nides, Mariana. . do . July 9' 1918 iNO>\ 2ij, i9i9 1 day. Nunez, B . 1 year Ochoa, Ricardo . reo. s' j 918 1 day Orloll, Mike . Aug. 8,'1917 Oct. 2i, 1917 1 year. Orosco, Juan . . do . 30 days Ortiz, S . bee. 3 . llec. 12' 1919 .CIO . Pagaiii, Frank C . bee. 5 . •jan. 7,1919 0 months . Papan, Alex . Aug. 8, L917 1 year Papan' N . _ Tdo.' . Parknam, Henry O . June 30 ,1917 30 days Parra, Alejo. .. .' . IN OV. 2o'1919 0 monr.hs Pavlotf, W illie . . do . Aug. s' 1917 Apr. 2/, 1918 Aug. 8,1917 Nov. 25, 1919 1 vea.r Perez, J ose . . 30 days Perez' Juan . 00 days Perez’ Patricio . Sec. 6 . ti months Plummer, Michel .. Sec. 5 . J uly 9' 1919 Oct. 19,19i8 10 days Ponce, Jesus . 4 months Popoli, Jack . Aug. s' 1917 i year Popoli' John . Popoli' Poel . . do . Popoli' William... . Prohoroff, Ternty . . do . Quihuis, j uan .. I . Apr. 20,1919 July 24,1918 Mar. 2s, 1918 4 months Quintario, Antonio . 30 days Reitf, ueo. D. Sec. 6. 90 days Rios, Jesus . Sec. 5 . Aug. S' 1917 mo days Rios, John . an days Robfces, Antonio . June 20,1918 1 vear Rodriguez, Lucas. Sec. 3 . Dec. 6 , 1918 Nov. 25,1919 5 days Romero, J. M . Sec. 5 . no days Rules, Manuel . Aug. 23,1917 do Sakeilarion, M . 30 days Salazar. Carlos . 1 2 mini 1 Salazar, Fidal . an days Salinas, F . Feb. 8,1918 Sanchez, Juan . May 24,1919 Mav 13,1918 Aug. 8,1917 00 days Sanchez, Victor . . do . 1 day . Sekaloff, Willie . Shuben, A . . do . l year. .. do Shubin, Moris . SlefkofI, John . do SlifkolT, Wm .. Soto, Manuel . Staub, Joseph . June 29,1917 Mar. 10,1918 do Barbou, F . Sec.13 . $ days Steele, Frank . Mar. 15' 1918 June 4,1919 Stepp, Wm. Henry . Sec. 5 . 9 months Stupen, John . Aug. 8,1917 1 year Suseof, Ivan . do TaknolT, Joe . do TalmachofT, Peter . do Taylor, Geo. G . Aug. 23 1917 Dec. 13,1919 4.^ Teinargo, S . Sec. 6 ..| 30 days . Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Ill AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Arizona—Continued. Torres, P. Sec. 5. June 20,1918 Apr. 26,1919 Aug. 8,19D Jan. 7,1919 Aug. 23,1917 Oct. 24,1917 Nov. 25,1919 Oct. 26, 1918 Jan. 31,1919 May 4,1918 Dec. 10,1919 mnnthe - Urbano, F. Sec. 3. 4 month <2 Uren, Fred. Sec. 5... 1 year Vadis, Jack. months Valdez, Jose. 90 dfiys Valenzuela, F. ho dfty^ Verdugo, Ramon. Sec. 6 . 1 10 months Villa, Antonio. Sec. 5. 1 day Voss, Carl. 1 year Waer, Martin. 40 days Wood, J. F. Sec. 6 . 30 days Zadic, Mike. Sec.13. Mar. 15,1918 June 3,1919 June 4.1920 Fined $900 Zaleski, J. Sec. 5. Fined $5 Contreras, R. 60 days Escandon, J. Jan. 24,1920 Mar. 8,1920 1 year Garcia, B. Sec. 6 . 2 months Moreno, A. Sec. 5. July 7,1920 June 2,1920 Oct. 29, 1920 Feb. 6,1920 Mar. 12, 1920 Nov. 13,1919 1 year Ochoa, M. 10 months Olivas, T. do Ortiz, F. 1 year Quiroz, I. 35 days Rodriquez, M. 10 days Ruiz, M.... Jan. 24,1920 1 year Arkansas, eastern district: Bankhead, John. Mar. 13,1918 Nov. 8,1918 .do_ . ...do. Bates, Cleveland. .do. 6 months.. Bates, Monroe. do . Bates, Nick. 3 months. Bounds, J. A. Apr. 24,1919 Jan. 7,1919 Apr. 21,1919 .do_ 20 days Campbell, Bill. .do. 3 months . Garland, P. B. .. .do. Hefley, H. T. .do. Fine $50 .. Jones', Ned. .do. Mar. 13, 1918 6 months Keller, Charles. .do. Apr. 10,1918 Jan. 7,1919 Fine $5. . Ivukeridall, L. A. .do. 3 months.... Spain, Eddie. .do. Dec. 7,1917 Jan. 7,1919 Fine $10 and costs. 3 months.. Stocker, R. L. .do. Walters, A. L. .do. Apr. 7,1919 Nov. 8,1918 30 days. Webster, Edward. .do. 6 months. Arkansas, western district: Lewis, Lawrence. .do. Nov. 12,1918 Sept. 23,1918 Oct. 10,1917 30 days in jail. McGlown, Homer. Sec. 6. 32 days in jail.... Totten, Jim. Sec. 5. 63 days in jail. California, northern district: Adams, Belie. Sec.13. Mar. 17,1919 Apr. 12,1919 Mar. 5,1918 2 months. Addington, Ada. .do. Fined $10. Andrews, Manuel. Sec. 5. 5 days. Austin, Benj. Bornstein, Sam. .do. Sec. 6. Feb. 28,1918 Aug. 8.1917 May 14,1919 Mar. 6,1918 Custody of marshal 2 hours. 6 months. Couch, Frank. .do. Fined $25. Crawford, Gladys.. Sec. 37. Fined $1. Garaventa, Marco.. Sec. 6. Oct. 3,1918 Jan. 4,1918 1 year. Granneman, M. Sec. 5 . 2 months. Grant, Emma. Sec. 13. Dec. 24,'1918 .do. Hackman, John. . Sec. 6. Nov. 26,1918 Mar. 6,1918 Nov. 26,1918 1 year. Helmuth, George. Sec. 37. Fined $1,000. Hockman, Wm .. Sec. 5. 1 year. Hoffman, Wilbur. .do. Jan. 22, 1918 15 days. Hudd, Walter. .do. Mar. 11,1918 2 hours in custody of marshal. Kuhn, Charles A.... Sec. 6. Apr. 5,1918 Nov. 13,1917 June 25,1917 1 year.. Lamon, Lewis. ... Sec. 5. 3 months. Larson, Eno Robert. . . .do. 10 days. Le Tund, Francis. Sec.13. June 18' 1919 Feb. 7,1919 Fined $25. Naredo, Alex... Sec. 5. 3 months. Rober, George. .do. Feb. 26' 1919 .do. Saren, Edwin .do. Jan. 18,1919 Feb. 1,1919 6 months. Springer, Alvin .do. 1 year. California, southern district: Anderson, George. Bennetch, Harry C. Rennett, Alhie R .do. .do. .do. June 13,1917 Apr. 2,1918 Jan. 16,1919 .do. 90daysand register. 6 months and reg¬ ister. 12 months. Bennett, John H .. .do. .do. Brotchie, Ralph TT .. .do. Mar. 12,1919 June 27,1917 9 months. Carrillo, Vincente. .do. 12 months and reg¬ ister. i Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 112 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. California, southern trict—Continued. Cohen, Harry. Decker, Charles.... Devlin, Raymond.. Eagan, Clinton E.. Eagan, Perry. Erdei, Nick. Fleming, Ira. Gerlach, Paul. Glitsos, George. Granger, W. F. Holzer, Otto. Johnson, A. M. Johnson, Fred. Johnson, Victor M. Jones, Garrett. Kelly, James. Kieffl, Albert. Maher, Lawrence... Obritz, Jacob. Olsen, Richard H.. Pfister, Ernest. Phelan, Edward H. Richards, Wm. P.. Rincon, Jesus. Schultz, John. Sharpe, Claude B.. Sperle, Louis. Stancliff, J. O. Walker, Robt. L... Wargowsky, John.. Wellbaum, Delta E Wilson, Chas. G— Coe, Wm. A Colorado: Agich, M. Babcock, M.... Barbarich. Barbarich, T... Berry. Blaich, D. Bodich, J. Chulish, S. Cikko, E. Covey, W. M... Cox, R. L. DeHerrera, T.. Dominovich, M. Eaton, R. Gardner, J. E.. Gardner, V. F.. Gavrich, J. Gunjaca, S. Hamilton, R. B Hedburg, E.... Ingraham, A... Istok, T. King, T. E. Kruutari, O.... Kurbas, J. Lovrich, T. Matich, J. Meining, L. Nature of case. Date of sen' tence. Judgment. dis- Sec. 5. _do ....do ... .do ....do ....do ....do _do _do ... .do _do _do _do _do _do _do _do _do -do. _do _do. _do _do _do _do Sec. 6. Sec. 5. . ...do . ...do ....do ....do _do do Dec. 5,1919 Juno 13,1917 Aug. 30,1917 Dec. 24,1917 Aug. 26,1918 July 7,1917 Dec. 31,1918 July 10,1917 Dec. 18,1918 July 10,1917 Dec. 19,1918 Sept. 24,1917 Dec. 24,1917 Nov. 29,1918 July 8,1918 Dec. 2,1919 Dec. 19, 1917 Febr. 26,1919 Mar. 31,1919 Oct. 22,1917 July 15,1918 July 17,1917 July 8,1918 Jan. 16,1919 Nov. 29,1918 Jan. 18,1917 Jan. 16,1919 Dec. 19,1918 Jan. 16,1919 July 12,1918 Aug. 23,1917 Aug. 28,1917 30 days. 1 day... 7 days. 12 months and reg¬ ister. .do. 8 months and reg¬ ister. .do..... 12 months and reg¬ ister. 9 months. 5 days and register. 6 months. 30daysand register. 60 days. 30 days. 11 months and register 11 months. 12 months. 11 months. 12 months and register. 30 days. 11 months. 12 months and register. 30 days. 12 months and register. 2 hours and in¬ ducted. 12 months. 11 months. 1 week and register. 12 months. 10 months. 12 months. 6 months, 90 days, and turned over to Canadian au¬ thorities. 6 months. Enlisted; order va¬ cated, own recog¬ nizance. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do .do do .do .do do .do do Oct. 11,1917 Sept. 25,1917 Nov. 12,1917 -do. Nov. 26,1917 Nov. 12,1917 _do. _do. Nov 3,1917 Nov. 21,1917 Nov. 26,1917 Apr. 5,1918 Nov. 2,1918 Nov. 16,1917 Mar. 4,1919 -do.. Nov. 12,1917 _do.. Feb. 19,1918 Aug. 25,1917 Dec. 27,1917 Nov. 12,1917 Nov. 16,1917 Aug. 25,1917 Nov. 12,1917 .do. _do. July 9.1918 10 days. 5 days. 8 months.... _do. 1 day. 8 months.... _do.. -do. _do. 10 days. 5 days. 10 days. 8 months.... 1 day. 10 days. _do.. 8 months.... -do.. 6 days... 10 days.. 5 days ..... 8 months... 5 days. 10 days- 8 months... .do. .do. $1 and costs Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 113 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence Colorado—Continued. Mertgen, F. W. Sec. 5. Oct. 2,1918 1 day. Myers, F. J. .do. Aug. 26. 1918 $1 and costs. Nevestich, P. .do. Nov. 12! 1917 8 months. Pearson, B. H. .do. Mar. 22,1918 5 davs. Pearson, D. M. . .do.. Oct. ll' 1917 30 days. Peso, T.. .do. Nov. 12' 1917 8 months. Prelez, J. .do. .do. .do. Protudzar, M. .do. .do. .do. Raich, J...... .do. .do. Robinson, W. .do. Sept. 14,1917 30 days. Romero, J. .do. June 19,1918 1 day. Sarich, M. .do. Nov. 12,1917 8 months. Sarich, N .do. .do. .do. Serzich, T. .do. .do. .do. Sliskovich, M .. .do. .do. .do. Smith, J. K .do. Mar. 12,1919 10 months. Snow, V. G.. .do. Nov. 16,1917 30 days. Stewart, F. L .do. June 8,1918 1 day. Torrez, J .do. Dec. 12' 1918 10 days. Vandergraft, H. G. .do. Apr. 5', 1918 20 days. Van Vnast, R. .do. .do. 3 days. Velagich, O. .do. Nov. 12,1917 8 months. Vescovi, M .do. Dec. 7,1917 3 days. Williams, T) .. .do. Dec. 2,1918 3 months. Williams H .do. Sept. 20,1918 5 days. Connecticut: *■ Abraham C .do. Jan. 25,1917 1 day. Agnirps, FT Sec. 6. Sept. 25,1917 .do. Allie, M Sec. 5. Oct. 4,1917 .do. Antenncei D .do. May 23; 1918 10 days. Antnrmlr M ,..do. 10 months. Bnhwnoda., F ...do. Sept. 25,1920 1 week. Rand amir TT .do. Sept. 25,1917 1 dav. Rnrkp, .T .do. Aug. 20.1918 2 weeks. Rntlp.r, S Sec. 6. May 28; 1918 3 months. B 71771, P F ...do. Sept. 24,1918 10 days. Ryrnn, I) .T _do. Mav 28,1918 4 months. Clarlr O Sec. 5. Aue. 6,1917 2 months. E Sec. 6. May 29,1918 1 dav. r’rmarlrm F! O .do. Aug. 24,1918 5 days. .do. May 28,1918 1 day. Goulard, ,T_.. Sec. 5. May 10,1918 Fine $50 and costs. .do. Aug. 6,1917 6 months. Sec. 6 .. 10 days. Eullcn P Sec. 5. May 10,1918 1 dav. Feb. 4,1919 2 months. .do. Aug. 24,1918 3 months. Diltv .r Sec. 5. Aug. 20,1918 6 months. bnlnman, S .do. Dec. 4,1917 15 days. Gnwd St .. .do. Aug. 6,1917 1 dav in jail. .do. Feb. 4,1917 .do. .do. .do. Fein B Sec. 6. Nov. 12,1918 .do. Sec. 5. Jan. 25,1918 .do. Ga.ldpsia.rij T _ Aug. 20,1918 3 months in jail... Galdo C . .do. Aug. 6,1917 1 day in jail. . .do. .do. 1 month in jail.... George TT _. Sec. 6. May 24,1918 $5 fine and costs... George^ R. Sec. 5. $22.38 fine paid- .do. May io, 1918 1 dav in jail. GnmR7 I. Sept. 25,1917 10 days in jail. .do. Aug. 6,1917 1 day in jail. do. . . .do. .clo. Hanawald TT _do. Dec. 4,1917 15 days in jail. Worhprt W \ Sec. 6 . May 20,1918 1 day in jail. Ffopke \ Sec. 5. Aug. 6,1917 2 weeks in jail. .do.. _do. _.do. TTntohins W. H _do. Aug. 20,1918 .do. .do. Oct. 4,1917 1 day in jail. _do. Oct. 8,1918 3 months in jail... See. 6. Sept. 24,1918 $5 and costs. Sec. o. Aug. 20,1918 2 weeks. Sec. 6. Oct. 1,1918 1 day. .do. Sept. 24,1918 1 year. Knablin, F. May 10,1918 30 days. 34773—21 - 8 114 AMNESTY AND PARDON EOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Connecticut—Continued. 1 month. TC nzi nl T Sec. 5... Aug. 6,1917 July 18,1918 Nov. 12,1918 Koznia, P .. . .do. 60 days. Knlpnoo, W .do.. . 50 days. TTnndrnt.fi, .T May 28,1918 .do. 5 days. Kunz, ,T. .do. 1 year and 1 day.. 2 weeks. Labuity, A Sec. 5. Aug. 20,1918 Oct. 8,1917 Laskev, J .do. 2 days. Lavender, E .do... Jan. 2,1918 1 day. Lavsky, A .do. Dec. lo; 1918 5 days. Lengavanoi M .do... 6 months. Lutzen, P. ..do... . Fel}. 4,1917 Dec. ’ 14,1917 1 day. McArdle J .do.. 30 days. MrQniegan, .T ..do.... Oct. 23,1917 1 day". Mack, J. .do... . 60 days. Mancuso, S... Sec. 6. Oct. 1,1918 10 months. Martin,,) . J Sec. 5... Aug. 20,1918 Aug. 6,1917 .do....... 2 weeks. Melnik, J. .do. 2 months. Mensto, H .do. 1 day. Montgomery, F. F. Sec. 6. May 29,1918 .So. Morgan, F _do.. .do. .do. Morin, M. Sec. 5. Oct. 8,1918 Fine $50.50 and Nicoletti, J.. Sec. 6. Sept. 24,1918 May 28,1918 Sept. 2.5,1918 Dec. 10,1918 May 28,1918 costs. 6 months. NormanS, J. F. Sec. 5. 5 days. Obreicki, M. Sec. 6. 3 days. Painter, A. R .do. 10 days. Parker^ R. .do. Fine $25 and costs. Pelangian, P. Sec. 5. 1 day. Pelosa, P.... Sec. 6. Mar. 21,1918 3 months. Piczemento, C. .do. Nov. 12,1918 1 year. Redd, H... Sec. 5..... Sept. 24,1918 May 28,1918 5 Says. Rose, J.... Sec. 6. 10 days. Rumzis, P_ Sec. 5. 3 days. Sanders, T.. .do. 3 months. Sazikkis, J... .do. Dec. 22,1917 1 day. Scaioli, M.. .do. 5 days. Selivonschik, P. D_ .do. Aug. 20,1918 Sept. 25,1917 2 weeks. Septzonana, A. .do. 1 day. Shack, E..... Sec. 6. 30 days. Smith', T. Sec. 5. 1 day.. Sosick, E.... Sec. 6. Sept. 25,1917 Aug. 6,1917 Aug. 20,1918 Sept. 25,1917 .do. Stoneck, J. Sec. 5. 3 months. Tacilauskas, J. .do. 2 weeks. Taras, J.. .do. 1 day. Thacker, F. W... Sec. 6. 10 days.. Tobish, S.... .do. Sept. 24,1918 Sept. 25,1917 Oct. 4,1917 Fine $100and costs. Turner, W. Sec. 5. 1 day. Uska, I. .do. .So. Velaski, M. .do. Oct. 8,1917 1 year 1 day. Velaski, Mary... .do. .do. Fine of $250 and Velaski, W. .do. .do. costs. .do. Vernoesi, C. .do. 1 dav. Vhip, H.. .do. Sept. 25,1917 .do. Ward, W. W. .do. 10 days. Warren, C. Sec. 6. May 28,1918 Aug. 20,1918 Aug. 6,1917 Aug. 16,1917 Aug. 6,1917 Sept. 28,1920 Sept. 27,1917 July 24,1918 Sept. 27,1917 3 months. Wolski, W. Sec. 5. 1 day. Woodson, G. .do... 10 days. Yakubonski, F. .do. 1 day. Zadrickis, W. .do. 2 months.. Cohen, L.. .do. 30 days. Delaware: Lusby, Warren. Stephens, Donald. .do. 6 months and costs. 9 months and costs Williams, James. .do. 6 months and costs. District of Columbia: Miles, John W. Making false July 17,1919 8 months in jail.. Ying, Jung. statements in question¬ naire. Failure to re- Nov. 29,1919 1 year in jail ... spond for physical ex¬ amination. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Out Apr. 4, 1919; expi¬ ration. Out Aug. 19, 1918, ex¬ piration. ' •’ • • AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 115 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Florida, northern district: Bisbee, L. Sec. 6. Nov. 25,1918 137 days. Brewton, A_ Sec. 5. Nov. 21,1918 $100 fine. Holland, E. .do. Nov. 2d, 1918 $5 fine. Howard, P... .do. June 19,1917 1 week. Jackson, E. .do. Apr. 4 ,1919 Nov. 12,1917 6 months 2 days... 30 days. Kelley, D.... .do. Kelley, W. .do. .do. .do. McQueen, L. .do. Feb. 16,1918 1 day. Mills, S. . ...do. Apr. 12,1918 Nov. 22,1918 60 days. Morrell, J. S_ .do. 70 days. Welch, W.... .do. Dec. 11,1917 3 davs. West, II... . .do. Apr. 4,1919 Nov. 21,1918 106 days. Williams, G.. . ...do. $25 fine. Wright, W.. . ...do.... Dec. 11,1917 Aug. 22,1918 Feb. 11,1919 Dec. 16,1918 Sept. 10,1918 Aug. 29,1918 Aug. 28,1918 Feb. 22,1919 1 day. Florida, southern district: Anderson, J. Delivered to mili- Criss, W... .do. tary authorities. 1 day. Davis, H.... .do. 6 months. Davis, W. .do. Delivered to mili- Guyton, S. .do. tary authorities. .do. Harris, McK .do. .do. Hcalmar, J . . .do. 1 day. Johnson, W... .do. July 26,1918 Dec. 16,1918 Delivered to mili- Jones, F. .do. tary authorities. 6 months. King, E.. .do_ 5 days. Miller, 0. S .do. May 20,1918 Dec. 16,1918 Feb. 22,1919 10 days. Milton, H. .do. 5 days. Modrich, F. F . . .do... 1 day. Moseley, J . .do. June 17,1918 6 months. Olsen, A. A .. .do. Dec. 16,1918 4 months. Parrish, H. L . ...do... Feb. 22,1918 Feb. 25,1920 To enlist. Perry, W. H . . ...do. 2 months. Sanders, L... .do. Aug. 28,1918 .do. Delivered to mili- Stokes, E _do.... tary authorities. .do. Woody, T ...do.... Aug. 29,1918 Dec. 16.1918 .do. Williams, R _do... 8 days. Georgia, northern district: 1 month. Beasley, C .do. Nov. 9,1917 June 18,1918 Bell, Z' ' .. .do. 3 months. Blunt., .T .. .do. May 7,1918 Apr. 10,1918 Mav 8,1918 Mar. 19,1918 10 days. Booth. W Sec. 6. 1 dav. Rnwfiii S Sec. 5. 6 months. Boyd, S . _do. 20 days. Bowman N Sec. 6... Apr. 9,1918 Apr. 10,1918 May 22,1918 July 5.1918 May 28; 1918 .do. 10 davs—. Braswell N See. ft. 30 days. Brown .T . .do. 10 davs. Bryant W F do .... .do. Clark G .do. .do. do _ 84 days. Cunningham "W .do. Apr. 2,1918 Apr. 10,1918 Dec. 5,1917 1 day. Davis "R .do. 10 days. .do. 30 days. Earl G .do. July 17,1918 July 6,1917 Apr. 18,1918 May 1,1918 Mar. 28,1918 24 days. .do... 5 days. do.!. 10 days. TT] pm in? W do. 20 days. "FnQfpr P do_ 49 days. Fuller W S do Oct. 14; 1918 55 days. p.i n F .. .do. Julv 9,1918 6 months. . .do. May 22,1918 July 20,1918 Apr. 23,1918 June 17,1918 1 month. . .do. 4 months. do. . 1 day. .do. 1 month. Hill B Sec. 6. Apr. 10; 1918 Dec. 6,1918 10 days. Sec. 5. 2 months. .do Apr. 1,1918 May 20,1918 Apr. 1,1918 Sept. 5,1917 May 28,1918 May 7,1918 May 8,1918 Mav 20,1918 Oct. 9,1917 1 day. .do. 1 month. do. 1 dav. do . 12 days. do 5 davs. do. do. .do. .do. 1 month. Jones, A. .do.... 10 days. 116 AMNESTY AND PAD DON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Georgia, northern district— Continued. Jones, L. Jones, T. Kirk, E.. Kitchens, E. W. Ledbetter, W. I!. Lenard, J'. Mairholtz, A. Mayfield, S. Montfort, H. Nash, S. Partan, M. J. Perry, W. Pickhorn, C. 1. Rice, C. Robinson, L. B. Schumpert, W. Shields, N. Shirley, H. Smith, T. Starnes, D. Stokes, C. Swineford, R. D. Vanznat, W. Walton, L. Wells, C. White, J.. Williams, C. Williams, J. Wisdom, E. Woodson, J. Wright, P. A. Wynn E. Armstrong, C. H. Bailev, W. Blassingame, B. Bostwick, C. H. Bowers, S. Brown, W. J. Davis, D. Dillard, B. Dunlap, W. F. Erwin, L. Evens, E. T. Finley, L. Fowler, W. T_"'..." Gilbreath, A. Griffin, J. Henry. B. Jolly,' E. O. Malcom, J. Manning, D. Manning, W. I.* Moon, G.’ Rogers, W.’ * Sanders, E. Sims, w.!!"”!!!!! Smith, H.’ * ’' ’ Trawick, P. A.”. ] ’ Walton, E. Watts, J. Watts, W. V... White, W. Georgia, southern district: Bonner, S. Brown, D. Burke, E. Demmons, J. De Wilkins. Franklin, R. Freeman, B. Johnson, A. Johnson, L. Johnson, O. Jones, H. Kelly, W. Moody, G. Odom, M. L. Sec. 6. Apr. 9,1918 Sec. 5. June 20,1917 _do. July 5,1917 May 16,1918 Mar. 25,1918 May 7,1918 Apr. 10,1918 Oct. 12,1918 May 1,1918 Apr. 2,1918 Apr. 9,1918 Nov. 8,1917 Mar. 19,1818 July 9,1918 May 28,1918 i May 7,1918 Apr. 9,1918 May 22,1918 Oct. 8,1917 July 17,1918 Nov. 18,1918 Mar. 20,1918 Apr. 10,1918 _do. Oct. 10,1917 _do. Jan. 3i, 1918 _do. July 2.1918 _do. Julv 3,1918 _do. May 1,1918 _do. Dec. 6,1918 _do. Nov. 20.1917 _do. Feb. 2; 1918 _do. Mar. 4,1919 _do. Dec. 8,1919 _do. Nov. 3,1919 _do. Mar. 21,1919 _do. Nov. 3,1919 _do. Apr. 12,1919 _do. July 17,1918 _do. Apr. 17,1919 _do. Apr. 9,1919 _do. May 19,1919 _do. Dec. 5,1919 _do. Feb. 5,1919 _do. Oct. 30,1919 _do. Apr 18,1919 Apr. 10,1919 Oct. 29,1919 _do. Apr. 10,1919 _do. Nov. 14,1919 _do. Feb. 11,1919 .. .do. .. .do. Apr. 18,1919 .. .do. Feb. 11,1919 .. .do. Dec. 5, 1919 .. .do. Apr. 18,1919 Apr. 9,1919 .. .do. Dec. 5,1919 Feb. 4,1919 .. .do. Apr. 18,1919 .. .do. Oct. 27,1919 .. .do. July 17,1918 Jan. 31,1918 Feb. 13,1918 Apr. 23,1918 Feb. 1,1918 Nov. 22,1917 July 3,1917 Nov. 22,1917 July 3,1917 May 6,1918 July 3,1917 Nov. 20,1917 Jan. 21,1918 May 21,1918 Judgment. 3 months. 6 months. 15 days. 60 days. 4 months. 10 days. .do. .do. .do..... I month. 3 months. 10 days. 1 day.. 6 months. 30 days.. . 1 month.. .do.... 3 months. j 10 days. ! 1 month. | 30 days. j 1 month. 2 months. 1 day. | 5 days. i 8 months. 30 days. 1 month. 20 days. 2 months. 10 days. j 40 days. j $500 or 6 months.. | 60 days. } 10 days. 30 days. 3 months. 2 months. 19 days. 24 hours. 3 months. 10 days. .do. 2 months. 30 days. 24 hours... 60 days. 1 day. 60 days. 30 days. 60 days. 3 months. 4 months. 30 days. 5 days. 30 days. 1 day*.. 30 da\\s. 60 days. 3 months. 30 days. $100 fine. $50 fine. 2 months in jail.... 10 days. $100 fine. 3 months in jail... 5 months in jail... 3 months in jail... 4 months in jail... 10 days. 4 months in jail... 3 months in jail... 1 month in jail.... ....do. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 117 Draft cases —Continued. CON VICTIO NS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Georgia, southern district— Continued. Owens. J. Samuels, J. Sandiford, C. Smith, J. J. Smith, R. Snead, J. Thomas, J. Tillman, W. Walker, C. Walker, W. Warren, T. Williams, C. Williams, E. Wright, Judge. Bennett, A. Kemp, A. Hawaii: Agabayni, Simeon. Alageriio, Mamerto. Bautista, Lorenzo. Belasio, Jesus. Cainglit, Emil. Costando, Cres. Daco, Christ. Rosa, Juana. Delator, Alfred. Gabriel, G. Galan, S. Gamier, S. Hall, K. Lasaro, Pedro. Medeiros, Joe. Orong, B. Pascua, A. Pugarin, S. Samanpan, G. Siegel, Sam. Tomas, Andres. Yacap, Pio. Do. Sec. 5. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Sec. 6. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do Sec. 5. Sec. 6.. _do. _do. _do _do. _do. _do. _do, _do. _do. _do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. _do. _do. Feb. Nov. Jan. Nov. Apr. Jan. Nov. July Nov. May July Feb. July Nov. Dec. Apr. 1.1918 20.1917 28.1918 22, 1917 2.1918 21.1918 22.1917 5.1917 11, 1917 7.1918 3.1917 25.1918 2.1917 15,1917 15.1919 28.1920 10 days. 3 months in jail... 60 days. 3 months in jail... 6 months in jail... 1 month in jail.... 3 months in jail... .do. _do. 6 months in jail... _do. 4 months in jail... _do. 3 months 13 days.. $25. 30 days. Apr. 5,1918 Mar. 26,1918 Apr. 4,1918 Apr. 4,1918 _do. Mar. 21,1918 Apr. 20,1918 Apr. 5,1918 Aug. 1,1918 20 days. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. 9 months. 1 day. 20 days. 1 day. _do. $10 and $40 costs... 20 days. _do. _do. _do. _do. .do. 1 hour. 20 days. _do. _do. Idaho: Berg, I. Elksne, P... Evans, W... Hofstedo, E. Joki, A. Maki, J. Moers, K.... Moers, L.... Omelka, S.. Schwartz, G Sec. 5. ... .do ....do ....do ... -do ... -do ....do ....do ....do Sec. 6. Buchan, M. Dinson, D. Harris, W F. Sangiovannie, F. Wiborg, G. Illinois, northern district: Accetura, A. Adamson, D. Anderson, A. Do. Do. Anderson, E. Anderson, G. Do. Do. Andrews, J. Arendt, P. J. Baises, J. Baltrionaonis, C. Benjamin, H. N. Benson, C. Berglund, A. Bjorkman, S. Book os, G. Broquist, A. Brown, G. Sec. 5. ....do ... -do Sec. 6. ....do Sec. 5. ....do ....do ... -do ....do ....do ... .do ....do ... .do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do _do _do _do _do. _do Nov. 12,1917 Nov. 20,1917 Nov. 24,1917 Nov. 13,1917 Nov. 24,1917 ....do Nov. 12,1917 ... .do Nov. 28,1917 Mar. 20,1918 Dec. 10,1919 Dec. 10,1918 Oct. 31,1919 Feb. 25,1919 June 13,1919 60 days.... 30 days.... _do- 4 months.. 30 days... do.... 60 days.... do.... 30 days.... 12 months 4 months.. 6 months.. 4 months.. 60 days.... 1 year. Feb. 27,1918 Oct. 12,1917 July 5,1917 _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Oct. 12,1917 Nov. 1,1918 May 8,1918 July 5,1917 _do. Nov. 8,1917 July 5,1917 _do. _do. Dec. 17,1918 July 5,1917 | Apr. 20,1918 1 .do. 5 days. 1 year. .....do. _do. .do. .do. _do. 90 days. 1 year. 6 months and $300. 1 year. _do. 6 months. 1 year. _do. _do. 7 days. 1 year. .. .do. 118 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Illinois, northern district— Continued. Burg, I. Sec. 5. Oct. 14, 1018 4 months. Oarlbcrg. W.. .do. July 0,1917 July 5,1917 .do. 1 vear. Carlson, C. .do. .... do. Do .do. .do. Carlson, E .do. .do. .do. Carlson, O . .do. Oct. 12.1917 5 davs. Carlson, H . .do. July 5,1917 .do. 1 year. Carlson, S. .do. .... .do. Conrad, W. .do. Mar. 17,1919 1 dav. Cullv, J. .do. Oct. 18,1917 July 5,1917 _.do. 2 years. Pahllof, I. .do. 00 davs. Darginz, S. .do. 1 vear. Davis, D. W. .do. Nov. 29,1918 1 dav. Dempsey, R. .do. July 5,1917 Nov. 29,1918 June 5,1918 July 5,1917 .do. 1 vear . Develera, J. C. .do. 00 davs. Dreshny, J. .do. 90 davs. Dunherg. C. .do. 1 year . Ed lund, S. .do. Eliason, W. .do. Aug. 29,1918 30 days. Enger, J. .do. July 5,1917 .do. 1 vear. Engstrom, M. .do. .do. Erickson, K. .do. .do. .do. Erickson. 0. .do. .do. 30 days. Essoni, H. I. .do. June 19,1918 10 months. Evans, W. R. Sec. 6. June 5,' 1919 Feb. 9,1918 .do. Fenska. C. Sec. 5. 1 vear . Finch, E. H. .do. Apr. 21'1919 0 months. Forsell, W. .do. July 5 ,1917 .....do... 1 year . Forsman, A. .do. __ do . Francen, E. .do. .do. _do . Freeman, J. N. Sec. 6. Dec. 19,1918 Feb. 7,1919 Nov. 9,1918 Jan. 3,1917 Nov. 18,1918 Nov. 6,1918 Mar. 7,1918 Oct. 12,1917 8 days. Fricano, A. .do. 1 dav . Furrere, F. Sec. 5. _do. Gancarz, S. 1 hour. Goldhagen, J. 1 year . Goldenstein, L. 1 week . Goulding, W. E. .do . 1 year . Gransell, E. 5 days. Greer, G. Oct. 9,'1918 1 week . Greenwald, J. Apr. 20' 1918 July 5,1917 Nov. 8,1917 Oct. 9,1918 1 year . Griness, M. .. . do Gudebski, J. F. 3 months . Guhr, T... 30 days Gusick, G. Jan. 10,1917 Mav 17,1918 July 5,1917 _do. 8 months Gusman, H. W. 1 vear Gustafson, A. do Gustafson, W. . do . Halberg, V. .do. .do . Hanson, A. .. . .do. do Hartman, F. Oct. 25,1918 do. Hartman, W. Sec. 6. .do. do Heinzelman, G. Sec. 5. Oct. 17,1918 July 5,1917 .do. do Hendrickson, C. P. do.. Hertig, J. do Hjerpe, G. A. July 6,1917 July 5,1917 Oct. 22,1918 do Hough ' C. do Huffman, F. L. Sec. 6. do.. Indrinnas, S. Sec.5. July 5,1917 Mav 8,1918 Arp. 5,1918 July 5,1917 Oct. 9,1918 .do Jabubovski, J. Sec. 6. .do. .do. Jaehnke, W. C. Sec. 5. Janusevec, .T. do Joetton, J. A..... Sec.6. 10 days Johnson, A. Sec. 5. July 5,1917 1 vr>a r Johnson’ A. . do.. Johnson, A. .do. do Johnson, C. July 6,1917 July 5,1917 .do. do Johnson, C. do Johnson, E. do Johnson, E. .do. do Johnson, E. .do. do Johnson, E. do Johnson,I. .do. do Johnson, L. J. Oct. 12,1917 5 days Johnson, L. July 5,1917 do Johnson, L. do Johnson, 0. do Johnson, 0. do Johnson, R. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON EOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 119 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Illinois, northern district— Continued. Johnson, R. Sec. 5.... July 6,1917 5 days. Johnson, T . .do. July 5,1917 .do. .Tosp.phson, C. .do. .do. .. ..do. Kable, A. E . .do. Nov. 18,1917 6 months. Kane, W. .do. Nov. 29,1918 1 dav. Killen, 0. .do. July 5,1917 1 year. Kinroth, E. .do. Oct. 12,1917 5 days. Klpst.ow, S. .do. July 5,1917 1 year. Knllar, R . .do. Nov. 8,1917 6 months. Knrslrv, A. .do. July 6,1917 1 year. Kn;v»]ski .TP. Sec. 6. Jan. 20,1919 10 days. TCiilac]cj ; M T Sec. 5... Aug. 5,1918 1 year. TTii Ballner, S. Sec. 6. Nov. 18,1919 10 days .. Barcala, H. Sec. 5. June 25,1917 21 days... Baumer, F. J. Sec. 6. Feb. 12,'1919 4 months. Behring’ J. Sec. 5. Dec. 5' 1917 1 day... Bistrowitz, L. Dec. 12,1917 .do. Bonepart, J. Apr. 19,1918 Oct. 5,1917 30 days . Bonner, W. 57 days Brookins, B. Sec. 6. Mav 9,1918 6 months.. Brown, J.. Sec. 5. Oct. 5 ,1917 37 days .. Bryant, C. .do. May 18'1918 Apr. 11,1918 Oct. 10 1917 29 days.... Caldwell, J. .do. 23 days .. Capley, C. .do. 52 days Carroll’ F. W. Sec. 6. Nov. 19,1918 3 months. Clark, J. A. .do. Feb. 19,1919 7 days... Conley, J. Connors, W. Sec. 5. Feb. 15'. 1919 Oct. 5,1917 Dec. 5,1917 Dec. 13,1917 May 19,1919 .do. 1 month 27 days... 51 days . Culpen,'T. 1 day. Dahl, II. .do. 90 days. Dammer, H. G. Sec. 6. $50 fine and costs.„ .do. Dammeri W. H. Sec. 5. Davis, C '. . .do. Apr. 11,1918 Oct. 5,1917 Jan. 6,1919 14 days. Davisi E. .do. 6 months.. Davis, W. E. Sec. 6. 10 days.. De Palmata, B. .do. Nov. 18,'1918 5 days. Dukes, C...!. .do. Nov. 19,1918 4 months. Everson, R. Sec. 5. June 21,1917 7 days. Farr, V. .do. Oct. 1()' 1917 62 days. Feldman, F. A. .do. Oct. 5', 1917 Jan. 26,1918 3 months. Fisher, F.. .do. 10 days. Flaig, C. .do. Oct. 5,1917 59 da vs. Gardner, 0. T. .do. Dec. 13' 1917 20 days... Handel, G. .. ..do. Dec. ll' 1918 8 days, $100 fine ana costs. 10 days. Hearn, J. .do. Oct. 5,1917 Hennicke, J. T. Sec. 6. Nov. 19' 1918 4 months. Hodge, U. Sec. 5. Apr. 11,1918 Mar. 3,1919 1 month 9 days.... $100 fine and costs. Hoffman, W. Sec. 6. Huffman, W. Sec. 5. Dec. 4,'1918 $100 fine. Jackson, A. .do. Oct. 11,1917 21 days. Jimerson, R. .do. Mar. 4' 1918 5 days. J ohnson, B.... Sec. 6. Nov. 19' 1918 1 day. Kenowsky, P. Sec. 5. Jan. 26'1918 40 days. Klostermeyer, F. .. .do. Jan. 14,1919 $25 fine. Langham, K. .. .do. Oct. 10,'1917 16 days. Laurent, C. .. .do. Oct. 5,1917 .do. 20 days. Lautner, G. .. .do. 3 days. Lewis, J. ...do. Nov. 30,1917 2 months. Looby, W... . . .do. Nov. 6,1917 3 months. Lyons, J. .. .do. Mar. 4,1918 5 days. McGuire, E... . .. .do. .do. .cio. McLaughlin, J. .do. Dec. 20,1917 Oct. 5,1917 $100 fine and costs. Mahr, J... . .. .do. 10 days. Martin, G.. Sec. 6. Nov. 13' 1918 Dec. 5,1917 3 months. Mason, G. H. Sec. 5. 5 days. Matthews, R.. . . . .do. Oct. 12'1918 30 days. Meidel, G... . .do.... Feb. 11,1919 .do. Modelewski, F.. . .do. June 25,1917 3 days. Moore, S. E. . .do. May 18'1918 June 21,1917 1 day. N orris, J.. . .do. 7 days. O’Neal, R . Apr. 11,1918 Oct. 5,1917 14 days. Parish, W.. .do. 1 day. Patterson, W__ . .do. Oct. 27,1917 Oct. 12,1918 Feb. 1,1919 8 days. Papers, T. . .do. 30 days. Reynolds, C. L._ .. .do. $10 fine. R i n d fl ei seh, E. ,. .do. Nov. 30', 1917 May 18,1918 Oct. 5,1917 4 months. Seona, J. .do. 25 days. Sharkey, J. H. .do. 1 day. Shaw, B .do. .do... 20 days. Sim eon e, F . .do. Nov. 19,1918 Oct. 5,1917 1 day. Smith, W .do. 21 days. Som as, A .. .do. Feb. 19' 1918 133 days. Speneer, C. .do. Feb. 10', 1919 1 month 5days.... 2 months 9 days... $100 fine. Stone, K. D. .do. Apr. 11,1918 Mar. 17,1920 Storbeck, A. E. .do. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS IU Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Missouri, eastern district— Continued. Stricklin C Ren. 5 . Oct. 10,1917 63 days. Taplin, A .do. Oct. 5,1917 45 davs. Tarleton, C... .do .... Oct. 16,1918 5 months. Tenncll, D .do Oct. 5,1917 Apr. 11,1918 Dec. 5,1918 30 days. Tucker, R. .do. 3 months, 22 davs. Ward, G .do $100 fine. Wheeling, A .do Apr. 15.1919 Apr. 11,1918 Jan. 10,1918 Apr. 11,1918 Dec. 5,1917 6 months. White, W. .do. 1 month, 9 days... Wilkinson, G .do __ 60 days. Williamson, W .do 29 days. Wilson, J .do 1 day. Wooslev, R. 0. .do. Apr. llj 1918 1 month, 9 days... Barnhard, Anita Sec. 6.. issouri, western district: Ahrens, C Sec. 5 Nov. 20,1918 1 year. Amend, C... .do. Nov. 5 .1917 $100 and costs. Anderson, W.. .do ... Jan. 26.1919 1 day. Anderson, W. .do. Oct. 15,1913 $100 and costs and Boose, J. H. . .do .... Oct. 18,1918 Nov. 5.1917 30 days. Browder, W. E... ...do . 12 months. Brown, G. .do. .do. $100 and costs. Canine, S Mar. 17,1919 30 days. Carey, M. .1 .. .do. Jan. 16,'1919 Nov. 14,1917 Oct. 21,1919 Jan. 16,1918 $200.'. Cook, T. .do. 30 days and costs.. $50 and costs. Curry, C. C. .do. Curry, J. E. .do. 6 months and costs Doll, C. A. .do _ Apr. 1,1918 Nov. 5.1918 Jan. 15,1918 30 days. Ellsworth, P. .do. 60 da Vs and costs.. Essary, E. _do. 12 months. Cates, W. .do . May 6; 1918 Jan. 7,1919 Mar. 18,1918 60 days. Green, W. E. .do. 6 months and costs Hale, Y. _do. 1 day. Ledbetter, L. .do. Jan. 15,1918 3 months. Little, J. E. Nov. 6; 1918 Apr. 9,1919 Apr. 16,1919 .do. $25 and costs. McCulley, C. McGuire, A. .do. 1 year and 1 day.. 10 days. McGuire, G. C. .do. .do. McKendry, C. .do. Nov. 7,1918 3 months and costs. McMannis, K. .do. Jan. 15,1918 12 months and McMannis, M. .do. .do. costs. .do. Markley, B. .do. June 11,1918 Mar. 28,1918 Dec. 14,1917 Nov. 8,1917 4 months and costs Miller, R. V. .do. 1 day and costs.... 4 months. Mitchell, P. S. .do. Napier, W. .do. 6 months and costs Pitts, J. W. .do. Nov. 12,1917 .do. Richardson, 0. .do. Nov. 6,1917 30 days and costs.. 6 months and costs Robertson, L. J. .do. Nov. 7,1918 Sanning, P. A. .do. Oct. 22,1918 10 days. Shankland, C. .do. Dec. 23,1918 30 days and costs.. 12 months and Sullivan, T. R. .do. Nov. 5' 1917 Tuttle, R. Nov. 5,1918 costs. 60 days and costs.. 6 months. Updike, I. D. .do. Apr. 28' 1919 Sept. 18,1917 Mar. 3,1919 Williams. 30 days. Workman, E. .do. 10 days. Wuori, A.. July 10,1918 Jan. 21,1919 1 year. Cur bow, Tom. .do. 3 months and fine ontana: Adams, John. .do. Dec. 11,1917 $100. 1 day. Aho, Felix. .do. June 30,1917 .do. Aho, Vic. .do. .do.... .do. Antila, Raimo. .do. .do. .do. Antili, Fred. .do. .do. .do. Astrino, George. .do. Sept. 27,1917 June 30,1917 July 9,1917 Apr. 17,1918 June 30,1917 May 20,1918 June 30,1917 Nov. 19,1917 July 9,1917 Oct. 25,1917 .do. Aumi, Andi.V.. .do. .do. Baker, Thomas. .do. 6 months. Barringer, John. .do. To register.. Bartomen, Pete. .do. 1 day. Bender, Geo. H. Sec. 6. 30 days.... Bera, Isaac. Sec. 5. 1 day Birbetta, Henry. .do. To file brief.. Bishop, C. E..'. .do. 30 days. Brown, Fred. .do. 1 day. Carlson, Simon. Oct. 4,1917 .do. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITIC 1 AL PRISONERS 135 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. 1 Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. ontana—'Continued. Carrow, W. A. Sec. 5. Sept. 14,1917 Oct. 12,1917 Dec. 1,1917 Nov. 19 1917 60 davs Church, Noah J... 30 days Clark, Eugene. .do. do_ Collins, James. 35 day's Conway, Anthony. Apr. 11,1918 Sept. 7,1917 Oct. 5,1917 20 days_ Copenliaver, Floyd. 30 days.... Devine, John F .".. 1 day Dickinson, Verne K. Nov. 5,1917 .do... DimitrolT, Steve. June 30,1917 _.do. Ekola, Herman. .do. Oct. 18'1917 Apr. 10,1918 June 30,1917 .do... Erick, Arthur. 30 days_ Erickson, Matt. 1 day.... Erkklia, August. .do. May 29,1918 Mar. 5,1918 30 days.... Farrell, Patrick. _.do. Feasters, Grover F. .do. Julv 19'1917 Nov. 13,1917 1 day. Flecham, Hiram. .do. 30 days... Forster, William... .do. Oct. 3,1917 Nov. 5,1917 3 months . Fox, Mitchell. 1 day.... Frandila, Ed. June 30'1917 Jan. 11,1918 .. ..do_ Caspar, Bill. .do. .do... Gaylor, C. E. .do. Mar. 26,1918 .do... Gerviske, Stanley. .do. Sept. 15'1917 June 30,1917 .do. Gordon, Samuel.. .do. .do. Guay, Louis J. .do. May 25' 1918 Mar. 18,1918 30 days. Gustke, Julius. .do. .do. Haak, Benno. .do. Oct. 13'1917 . .do. Hagen, Carl. .do. Oct. 18’ 1917 1 day.. Hakeromen, Nandda.... .do. June 30' 1917 .do. Hansen, Arthur. .do. Sept. 14,1919 Apr. 9,1918 Oct. 4,1917 Sept. 28,1917 June 30,1917 May 27,1918 Apr. 9,1918 June 30,1917 Mar. 20,1918 June 30,1917 July 6,1917 Feb. 12,1918 Oct. 4,1917 60 days. Hassan, Tom. 30 days. Hayes, Mike. .do. .do. Heikkella, Matt. .do. 7 days. Heikkenen, Adam. .do. 1 day. Heikklia, August. .do. 5 days. Hess, Wilkie T. .do. 30 days. Homininen, John. .do. 1 day.. Howell, W. B. .do. 30 days. Iskala, Walter. .do. 1 day.. Javi, Carl. .do. .do. Johanson, Erick. .do. .do. Johnson, Axel. .do. .do. Johnson' Joe L. .do. May 28,1918 Jan. 21,1918 Sept. 13,1917 Oct. 3,1917 .do. Johnson' Oscar. .do. 30 days. Juhola, Ardua. .do. 60 days. Jussila, Otto. .do. 1 day".. Kangas, Einar. .do. June 30,1917 Jan. 21,1918 .do. Kangas' Kusti. .do. 30 days. Kankas, Charles. .do. May 27,1918 July 13,1917 June 30,1917 Oct. 31,1917 1 day".. Kantola, Onnie.... .do. .do. Kaukonen, Selam. .do. .do. Kelly, Dan. .do. 30 days. Kikkonen, Matt.... .do. June 30,1917 Sept. 26,1917 July 9,1917 June 30,1917 Oct. 3,1917 1 day.. Kinkuness, Alex. .do. 60 days. Kinsel, Chris. .do. 6 months. Koski, Arvid. .do. 1 day. Ivullonen, Emil.. . .do. Kumandos, Steve.. .do. Sept. 27,1917 June 30,1917 .do. Laine, John. .do.. .do. Laitinen, Wm. .do. .do. Larson, Karl.... .do. Oct. 5,1917 July 19,1917 Mar. 11,1918 Sept. 11,1917 June 30,1917 Mar 18,1918 Oct. 24,1917 July 9,1917 Nov. 20,1917 Mar. 7,1918 Jan. 3,1918 Oct. 9,1917 Apr. 9,1918 Oct. 25, 1917 .do. Lennon,John. .do. .do. Lewis, D. E. .do. 30 days. Liveseed, Robt.... _do. 60 days. Lunkkonen, Eino. _do. 1 day".. McGee, Hugh. _do. 30 days. McNeil, Alex. _do. 1 days. Madson, Earl. _do. 6 months. Magee, Paddy. _do. 30 days. Maki, Albert, _do. .do. Martinis, Joe .. .do. .do. Michel, Mose _do. .do. Mitchell, Mike. .. .do. .do. Moore, Paddy .. .do. 1 day. Moranta, Emil _do. Sept. 26,1917 Oct. 18,1917 15 days. Morrison, David PI .. .do. 30 days. Ne.ve.lle Henry . .do. Mar. 16,1918 June 30,1917 _do_ 1 day. Oja, Alex .. .do. Ojala, Gust. _do. .do. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 136 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Dra ft casts —Continued. COXYICTIO x S—Continued. Name. Nature of Date of sen- case. trace. Judgment. Grannstances o ' exe¬ cution of sen: eooe. Montana—eon tinned. Ojala. John. Olson, John. Oriskovkh. Mike. Peijits Hueo. Persoj. Peter. Pentn. Emil .. See. 5. .do. .do. .do. .do. .. .do. ... Sent. 36.1917 ... Julv 6.191" ... Mar. 9.191S _ June 30.1917 .... Sent- 35.191" Sent. 2v 1917 50 days.. 1 dav. 30 dav?. 1 dav. .do. 7 dsvs. Peterson. O. N. .do. _ Julv 9.1917 6 months. Pietala. Otto. .do. _ June 30.1917 1 dav. Rekonen,J. .do. .do. Ren. Elmer. ... Mav 17.191' Casts. $12. Robinson. Thos. R_ ..do. .... June 39.1917 : ' da vs. Rodeers. Dan. ..do. _ Nov. 5.1917 1 dav. Rrwue. Rebecca See. 6 . Mar. 3X1915 6 davs. Saari. Joseph. ... See. 5. .... June 3X1917 1 dav. Salaris. Joe. ..do_ _ Nov. 9.191" .do. Silva. N. .do. .... Jnlv 10.1917 .do. Sippi, Peter.... .do. Mav 17.191 5 30 davs. Smith. John. ..do_ _ Julv 9.1917 6 months. Smith. Vera. ..do- .... Julv 1X1917 30 davs. Smoker. Fred.. .do_ .... Dec. 1.1917 1 dav. Strom. Oscar. ..do_ _ Julv 16.191" .do. Sturk. Isaac. .... June 3X1917 .do. Sullivan. Michael_ .do_ .... Feb. 7.1915 30 davs. Tardix. Frank. .do_ _ Julv 9.191" 6 months. Todorovich. Nick. .do_ .... Nov. 14.1917 33 davs. Tursro. John.. .do_ .... Oet. 3.1917 1 dav. Tvnkalla, Otto.. .do_ .... Nov. 22.1917 .do.. Villa. F. .do_ _ Set-:. 19.191" .do. Vincent. Jas. M.. . Apr. 10. MIS 33 davs. Wasarsb. Joe.. ... Sec. 5.. .... Sept. 1X1917 1 dav. Watts. Joe. ... See. 6.. _ Mar. 3X1916 30 davs. Wiitalo. Jalo__ ... Sec. 5.. _ Nov. 14.1917 10 davs. Wvman. Dan_ .do_ _ Sent. Is. 191" 60 davs. Zielinski. Bemd.. .do- _ Julv 9.1917 6 months. Ashworth. K. _ Sent. 5.391' 30 davs. Bo-nd”5ch, H.. ..do. ... Aag. 1X1916 7 30 davs.. Brown H.. .do_ . . Mav 5.1919 Clark. J. .do. . .. Fob. 3x191' 33 davs. Erederiekson. A.. .do. ... ... Dec. -31.191' 1 dav.. Hanrahan. M.. .do_ .... Mav 2. 1919 .do- Olson, E. A.. .... June 37.19:* 1 -dsv and c-r?:?_ OttGsen, C.. .do_ .... Oct. 19.1916 1 dev... Prrich, A. .do_ 1 isv ani sasic... Relevant, D. .... Dfe. 21,1919 1 -lav.. Reinhart. B. .... Oet. 2X19}' 30 davs_ Sacsmano. L. ... Oct. 2L 1916 30 davs and cost*-. SO voites, Y... .... Sept. M1917 30 davs.. ..dc. - - . Sweenev. H. S. .do.. . Mar. 1.1919 *59.. Vaughn. W. .d'X. 1X1919 1 dav. ora ska: Adams. 1. .do.. . Julv 1X1917 109 dsvs. .41 berth. H. ..... Mar. 4.191' 2 3 da vx.. Allen. G. .do.. _ Jan. tL 1919 90 dav._ Alncr. A. 6.1917 6" davs.. . Anderson, E_ .do.. . Jan. 5.1916 5 davs.... Becker. H. T. . Oet. 5.1917 1 dav. Bernard. V. .do.. 1-. 191“ 5 dsvs.. Blchina, J. H... 1.do.. . Oet. X 1517 *2?. B obe. F. X 191' 63 davs.. BriKT'. C. T. .do.. . Oet. 2 1917 90 davs.. Brothers. W. T.. .do.. .. Oet. X 1917 1' iavi. Burkett. R. |_d«.. . Sept. IT. 1927 4 davs. Canoenur. H. C. _do.. . Jan. 21.191' 1 dav.. Carper. J. x ms 39 davs.. Clark. H. _do.. . Oet. X 1917 .do.. Clements, B. .do.. . Jan. 13.1919 10 dsvs.. Colombo. M. _do.. . >ept. 21.1916 1 dav. Conn. A. S.do.. . Sept. 12.1 r -»I7 77 . Cook. O. ., 1917 June 28,1917 12 months. Burand, E. H. . ...do. $5 and costs. Byer, C. J. Jan. 22,1918 Sept. 30,1918 Jan. 2,1918 1 vear. Cervantes, F. Sec. 6_ 3 days. Chadar, J.. .do. 1 year. Collins, H. Sec. 5_ June 28'1917 $10 and costs. Corvi, L. .do. July 25,1917 June 28,1917 12 months. Cramer, H. H_ .do. 3 months. Devine, D. Apr. 4,'1918 Jan. 22,1918 1 vear. Devo, M. J. . ...do.... .do. Ellen, K. Dec. 19’, 1917 .do. Gerber, A. A. Feb. 12,1919 8 months. Gerding, C. .do. Dec. 20,1917 June 10 1918 1 vear. Gillette, A. J . .do. 30 days. Gvosevieh, J. July 3,1917 .do. 3 months. Ilaapanen, V. .do. 6 months. Hassan, S.. .do. Nov. 3,1917 1 year. Heiberg, J. .do. Apr. 15’1918 Nov. 11,1918 6 months. Hershberger, L. .1_ Sec. 6. 1 year and costs... 6 months.. . Hill, J. Sec. 5... Dec. 1 ,1917 Hippie, H. O. .do. July 30,1918 Dec. 19,1917 1 year. Horvath, G. .do. 1 year and costs... 1 year. Howard, F. .do. Apr. 4 ,1918 July 3,1917 Dec. 1,1917 Janie, M. .. .do. 30 days. Junno, S. 6 months. Kanko, J. . ...do.. .. .do. .do. Kurt, G. July 30,1918 May 28,1918 July 25,1917 Dec. 19,1917 June 26,1917 1 year. Lesco, S. .do. Lindberg, P. 6 months. Lowrv, J . 1 vear. Mayer, G. $1 and costs. Murphy, W. E. .do. July 30,1918 Dec. 1,1917 90 days. Peterson, O. 8 months. Petrueelli, N. .do. Dec. 10,1917 90 days and costs.. 1 vear. Pohm, G. Jan. 22.1918 Pusa. V. Dec. 1,1917 6 months. Rautio, K. July 25,1917 Nov. 23,1918 Dec. 1,1917 .do. Raymond, C. M..... .. .do. 1 vear. Ronkainen, O. 6 months. Salmi, H. ...do.’. .. . .do. Schrock, A. E. Sec. 6. Nov. 11,1918 July 3,1917 Nov. 3,1917 July 25,1917 Dec. 1,1917 1 year and costs... 30 days. Schulin, J. Sec. 5. Serwo, J. F. 1 year. Shapiro, L. 12 months... Simula, W. 6 months. Smith, H.. July 25,1917 July 3,1917 .. .do. 12 months .. Sudeta, G. 30 days. Sudeta, V. Sundberg, K. Dec. 1,1917 .do. 6 months.. . Tulla, E. do. Wirta, L. .do. Zora, M. Nov. 3,1917 Dec. 19,1918 Jan. 31,1918 Mar. 29,1919 Nov. 3,1917 Sept. 18,1919 Sept. 19,1919 Oct. 23,1918 Mar. 29,1919 1 year Bailey, W. H.... 1 year, 1 day.. Baker, C.. 1 year. Clark, E. R. Sec. 6... . 1 year, 1 day.. Elliott, G. W. Sec. 5. 1 year. Hyberg, 0. Sec. 6. 6 months . Johnson, J. J. 90 days Lonczynski, S. Sec. 5. Long/C.. 2 days Loucks, J. Feb. 9,1920 Apr. 6,1918 Sept. 20,1919 Apr. 7,1919 Apr. 26,1920 Mar. 29,1919 35 days Patten, J. E. Petrinac, L.. Sec.6. 90 days Robinson, E. I... Secs. 5 and 37, C riminal Code. Sec. 5. $15 Seevers, E. $100 and costs Shaw, D. L. Secs. 5 and 37, $500 Unser, D. Criminal Code. Sec. 6. Dec. 13 1918 3 months Unser, H. Secs. 6 and 332, Dec. 16,1918 .do . Criminal Code. Ohio, southern district: Atkins, C. Sec. 5... July 11,1918 May 10,1918 60 days and costs.. 10 months and costs* Burns, W. Sec. 6... Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Drajt cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. 149 Name. Ohio, southern district Continued. Butler, W. Carey, A. Chappell, F. Davis, H. A. Fahlbusch, T. Foertmeyer, R. H_ Gaeke, J. W. Goodman, C. Harrington, L. Hennacy, A. A. Jerger, F. Kraft, W.. Lawrence, R. G. Lawton, R. J. Lawton, L. Lucksinger, G. Meis, F. Meyer, F. S. Miller, B. Moon, E. F. Moorman, H. L. Morrow, O. S. Myers, W. Nigman, C. C. Nigman, L. Nolder, S. Noll, V. Pohl, A. C. Richardson, W. Richcreek, H. Roberts, E. Royse, R. Rucker, J. O. Rush, J. Ryan, J. Schaumloeffel, E. Scherrer, A. J. Schulte, G. B. Schulte, V. E. Shear, J. J. Showalter, M. Smith, P. Strotkamp, H. Stuckey, F. Studrens, J. Taylor, L. Thompson, H. Thompson, R. J. Tidline, J. Tigner, J. E. Tonge, J. W. Tigner, P. Wassen, P. Williams, H. H. W illiams, J.•. Yancey, V. H. Young, W. Oklahoma, eastern district: Adams, L. Arland, A. Attberry, G. A. Azlin, C. Baughman, G. W. Beals, H. Benge, J. Bivins, .1. Burris, N.. Burris, W. Buzzard, D. Cagley, H. Carr, P. Carter, D. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Sec.5. Sec. 6. .do .do Sec. 5. .do .do .do Sec. G. Sec. 5. .do Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. .do .do Sec. 6. .do Sec. 5. .do. Sec. 6. .do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6.. .do. Sec. 5.. Sec 13 Sec. 5.. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sec. 6.. Sec. 5.. .do. .do. .do. Sec. 6.. .do. .do. Sec. 5.. .do. Sec. 6.. Sec. 5.. Sec. 6.. Sec. 5.. Sec.6.. _do. _do. _do. Sec. 5.. _do. Sec. 6.. _do. Dec. 31,1918 June 21,1919 Dec. 2,1918 July 8,1918 Dec. 31,1918 Jan. 11,1919 Dec. 27,1918 May 10,1918 Feb. 15,1919 July G,1917 June 15,1917 July 8,1918 Nov. 29,1918 June 26,1919 .do. Feb. 21,1919 May 10,1918 Dec. 27,1918 June 15,1919 May 3,1918 July 16,1918 May 10,1918 May 3,1918 Dec. 26,1918 .do. May 3,1918 .do. Dec. 30,1918 June 11,1918 Jan. 14,1918 Dec. 27,1918 Dec. 31,1918 Feb. 26,1919 Dec. 17,1917 Dec. 27,1918 Dec. 26,1918 Dec. 2,1918 Mar. 20,1919 .do. May 10,1918 Mar. 28,1919 May 10,1918 Dec. 30,1918 Dec. 20,1917 Dec. 2,1918 May 10,1918 Dec. 2,1918 Dec. 20,1918 Feb. 26,1919 Feb. 27,1919 Nov. 29,1918 Feb. 27,1919 _do. Mar. 6,1919 Dec. 27,1918 May 10,1918 May 15*1918 60 days. 60 days and costs.. 90 days and costs.. 3 months. 24 hours. 3 months. 6 months and costs .do. 6 months. 9 months and costs 8 months and costs 12 months and costs. 1 hour. 75 days and costs.. 45 days and costs.. 4 months.. 30 days and costs.. 24 hours and costs. 10 months and costs. 6 months. 60 days and costs.. 12 months and costs. .do. 24 hours and costs. .do. 12 months and costs. 6 months and cost. 9 months. 12 months; $500 and costs. 60 days and costs.. 1 day. 1 hour. 3 months. 1 week. 24 hours. 24 hours and costs. 6 months and costs 6 months. 1 hour. 30 days and costs.. 1 day. 12 months and costs. 24 hours. 15 days and costs.. .do. 6 months and costs Jail and costs. 1 hour. 3 months. 6 months. 1 hour. 6 months. .do. 90 days. 24 hours. 6 months and costs 30 days and costs.. Sec. 5. ....do ....do ....do ... .do ... .do _do ....do ....do _do _do _do. _do. _do. Nov. 8,1917 Nov. 1,1918 .do. Jan. 3,1918 Nov. 1,1918 July 24,1918 Nov. 8,1917 .do.. Aug. 29,1918 Nov. 8,1917 Mar. 18,1919 Nov. 8,1917 Mar. 30,1918 Nov. 8,1917 26 days. 30 days. .do. 4 months. 30 days. 1 day. 1 month, 20 days.. 4 months. 16 days. 6 months. 5 days. 6 months. _do. 10 days. Circumstances of exe cution of sentence. 150 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases— Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. lahoma, eastern district— ontinued. Cash, L. Sec. 5. Mar. 8,1919 30 days. Clay,' W. C.... .. .do. Jan. 9A918 Apr. 12,1918 Nov. 1,1918 3 days. Colbert, 0. ...do. 4 months. Cooper, S. ,. .do. 30 days. Crawford, B. .do. Aug. 8; 1917 Nov. 8,1917 Nov. 9,1917 Nov. 18,1917 1 year, 22 days... 6 months. DafTerd, D_ .. .do. Dent, W. .. .do. .do. Douglas, F.... .do. 13 days. Dunlap, G.... _do _ Aug. 29,1918 Aug. 13,1918 Mar. 4,1919 30 days. Evans, 0. .. .do. 22 days. Fanning, C. .do. 9 months. Fixico, D. .. .do. Nov. 8,1917 42 days. Friend, H_ ,. .do . .do... 4 months. Harjo, C. .do. Apr. 12,1919 Mar. 17,1919 1 day. Hill', C. .do. 30 days. Houston, J. H. .do. Nov. 8,1917 Nov. 1,1918 Aug. 29,1918 .do. 4 months. Humphries, M. .do. 30 days. James, C.... .do. 16 days. James, L. .do. .do. Johnson, E. .do. Oct. 18,1918 Jan. 3,1918 Apr. 9,1919 Nov. 6,1918 Aug. 29,1918 Aug. 31,1918 Nov. 8,1917 30 days. Kennedy, A. .do. 4 months. Kirk, 0.‘W. .do. 1 day. Lawler, F. .do. 30 days. Lay, L. M. .do. 6 days. Ligdn,A. .do. 4 days. Lirue, S. A. .do. 4 months. Loftis, C. 0. .do. Nov. 6,1917 Nov. 8,1917 Aug. 29,1918 Nov. 8,1917 Oct. 18,1918 .do. McCoy, L. .do. 6 months. Manning, L. .do. 18 days. Micco, E. .do. 42 days. Middleton, E ... .do. 30 days. Montgomery, G. .do. Nov. 8,1917 Mar. 3,1919 Nov. 8,1917 6 months. Montgomery' W. B. .do. 12 months. Mormon, L*.. .do. 6 months. Morrow, J. .do. .do. .do. Parker, C. .do. .do. 90 days. Parish, C. .do. Nov. 1,1918 30 days. Patrick, W. .do. Nov. 8,1917 Apr. 9,1919 .do. 62 days. Patterson, M. .do. 1 day. Patterson' C... .do. .do. Patterson, B. .do. .do. .do. Patterson, J. W. .do. .do. .do. Perkins, J. .do. Nov. 8,1917 42 days. Pittman, B. .do. . do.'. 10 days. Powell, W. .do. Aug. 29,1918 June 15,1918 67 davs. Reader, M. .do. 6 months. Reed, J. .do. Aug. 31,1918 July 24,1918 _.do. 5 days. Reese, H. C. .do. 1 day. Rhine, A. .do. 16 days.... Rhine, J.. .do. .do. .do. Rhodes, A. .do. Nov. 8.1917 4 months. Rich, J.. .do. Aug. 31,1918 Nov. 8,1917 Nov. 1,1918 1 day. Robertson, F. .do. 6 months.... Rote, G.... .do. 30 davs. Russell. H. .do. July 23,1918 Nov. 1,1918 Nov. 8,1917 .do. Sells, W. .do. .do. Sexton, M. .do. 6 months. Simon, M. .do. .do. 42 davs. Smallwood, J. .do. .do. 41 days. Smith, J. .do. Apr. 12,1918 Nov. 8,1917 .do. 60 days. Smith. 0. .do. 4 months.. Stidham, F. .do. 42 davs. stuis, h:. .do. Mar. 4.1919 90 days.... Sullinger, C . .do. Aug. 30,1918 Nov. 8,1917 8 months.... Swanson, P. .do. 90 days.... Thompson, E. .do. Jan. 3'1919 12 months... Totty, A. R. .do. Nov. 8,1917 June 4,1918 Nov. 8,1917 Oct. 9,1918 90 days.... Wagner, E. C . .do. 6 months.. Walker, M. .do. 90 days... Walls, S. .do. 18 davs.... Walters, S. .do. Nov. 8,1917 57 days. Washington, S. C . .do. Aug. 29' 1918 .do. 18 days. Watkins, B. .do. 9 days.... Wiegman, J. .do. July 24,1918 Nov. 8,1917 Nov. 1,1918 1 month White, C.'. . .do. 90 days .. White, V. .do. 30 days.... Wiggins, M. Aug. 29,1918 18 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 151 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Oklahoma, eastern district— Continued. Williams, A. Williams, G. Williams, W. Worthington, T. Wright, F. Wylie, F. Yoder, A. Fuller, A. A. Taylor, J. Oklahoma, western district: Clark,T. J. Gore, C. Gossett, R. T. Horse, L. Jones, A. Liggettl, P. Prussick, A. H. Taylor, G. Thompson, W. Abrams, G. W. Abrams, Mrs. G. W. Babb, C. Beedy, D. Belden, S. D. Burton, Mrs. C. O. Bussee, L. C. Carter, G. C. Easly, J. L. Ellis, R. Feigner, L. Gist. C. S. Hasley.F. Herst, F. S. Hickman, A. Sec.5.. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. Hightower, L.... Humphries, M. E Japo, E. Joiner, D. Koehn, J. W. J... do. do. do. do. do. Krauss, L. Letterman, T... McIntyre, J. Neeley, C. Newell, E. Parson, A. C- Ramage, S. W.. Rice, G. Riggle, A. E.... Roberson, S. Sanders, R. Taves, D. S. Tillman, D. Wade, J. Washington,!.. Young, W. Oregon: Bailer, J. Barnes, E. E— Barz, E. E. Beard, J. F. Bentz, I. Bledig, J. Browne, R. J... Browning, W. A Busch, J. H. Collins, R. Conrad, C. B- _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do _do, Sec. 6. Sec 5. _do. _do, Sec. 6. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. Conrad, Mrs. C B Cullen, C. B. Dees, T. Desmond, H. Dillow, T. R. Donelson, B. I_ Drath, H. J.. do do do do Sec. 6. Sec. 5. ....do Nov. Aug. Nov. Nov. Mar. Nov. Nov. June July 8,1917 26.1918 8.1917 1.1918 22.1918 8.1917 1.1918 3.1918 19.1918 60 days... 1 hour.... 6 months. 30 days... 60 days... 17 days... 30 days... 6 months 2 months. Aug. 20,1918 May 15,1918 Jan. 14,1919 Oct. 30,1917 Nov. 23,1918 Feb. 21,1920 Nov. 23,1918 May 10,1920 Oct. 2,1918 ....do. Jan. 24,1919 _do. Aug. 19,1918 Jan. 7,1919 Feb. 8,1918 July 30,1917 Nov. 23,1918 Jan. 15,1918 May 3,1918 Sept. 30,1918 May 2,1918 May 1,1918 Sept. 7,1917 Jan. 15,1918 Sept. 30,1918 July 23,1918 Aug. 20,1918 Jan. 15,1918 Oct. 30,1917 Sept. 17,1917 Mav 10,1918 Sept. 13,1918 June 13,1918 July 3,1918 Sept. 13,1918 June 29,1918 Feb. 8,1918 Aug. 5,1918 Oct. 1,1918 Nov. 23,1918 Mav 13,1918 1 hour. _do. 2 days and $1,000.. 24 hours. $10 and costs. 5 months and costs 5 months. 1 day. _do. 4 months. 4 months and costs 1 hour. 10 days. 12 months. $100 and costs. 7 days. 1 day. 30 days. 6 months. 15 days. 90 days. 1 hour. 24 hours. 90 days; $250 and costs. 30 days. .do. 4 months. 90 days. 60 days; $100 and costs. 1 hour. 60 days. 90 days. 60 days. .do. 1 hour. $100 and costs. 24 hours. 1 hour. $100 and costs. 1 hour. 30 days. 1 hour. 40 days and costs.. 60 days. 30 days. Mar. Nov. Apr. Oct. Mar. Jan. Feb. Feb. 8.1918 4.1918 30.1918 25.1918 1.1918 5,1920 1.1919 21.1919 Mar. 25,1919 .do.. Nov. 11,1918 5 days.. 60 days.. 9 months.. 11 months.. 30 days.. 15 days. 3 months.. 12 months. $250 fine paid_ 8 months.. 6 months and $1,000 fine. .do. 10 days.. Jail sentence. 60 days. 3 months. 60 days. .....do. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 152 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. O regon—Cont inued. Eekman, V.. Sec. 5 Apr. 3,1918 90 days. Ellswort.n, G_. .. .do. 1 day.. Flmer, R Sec. 6. Mar. 25,1919 9 months. F.st.epp, C Sec. 5. July 2,1917 30 days. Fredericks, .T. C .. .do. Oct. 5' 1918 .do. Cnlhra.it.hj J. R ... _do. 60 davs. Gnmeringer, H_ .do. Feb. 2,1918 Nolle pros. Cord on, J .. .do. Apr. 15^ 1918 10 days. Haines, R. F. .do. May 2 ,1918 12 months. Hansen, E. .do. Nov. 4,1918 10 months. Hedgpath, D. .do. Sept. 17,1918 30 days. Hegdahl, P. L. .do. Nov. 22,1918 1 year. Hipsher, H .do. 15" days. Holden, V. H. .do. Jan. 20,1919 .do. Honchnk, M. .do. Dec. 20,1918 9 months. Hund, W'. .do. July 2 ,1917 60 days. Hnnd, W. .do. Sept. 28 ,1918 30 days. Hyde,H. M... .do. July 2,1917 60 days. Jackson, E. A. .do. 5 days. Jenkins, G. .do. July 2,1917 60 davs. Johnson, B. .do. 10 days. Jones, J. M. .do. Mar. 4,1918 3 months. Kontylant, A. N. .do. July 2 ,1918 1 year. Korenchen, J. .do. Nov. 4,1918 .... .do. Luke, L. H. .do. 60 days. Luke. L. H. .do. .do. McAllister, F. .do. 5 days. McCarty, M. .do. Nov. 10,1917 9 months. McCoy, R.. .do. Oct. 24^ 1918 30 days. Machlenburg, R. .do. Jail sentence. Mahaffey, B. H. .do. 30 days. May, J... .do. 5 days. Miller, M. J. .do. Mar. 13,1918 10 days. Miller', R. .do. July 30' 1917 5 days. Mitchell, J. .do. Sept. 17,1918 10 days. Moltz, H. .do. Dec. 20,1918 9 months. Morgan, P.’.. .do. July 2,1917 60 days. Morgan, G. W. .do. Apr. 18A91S 3 months. Muller, G. .do. Dec. 14,1917 90 days. Nelson, L. 0. .do. Nov. 4 ,1918 10 months... New, J. .do. Oct. 12,1917 60 days. Newton, A. .do. Dec. 15,1917 90 days.... Nyman, J. A. .do. Jail sentence.... Oren, A. .do. Sept. 5,1918 30 days. Osmus, J. R. .do. Jail sentence.. Pavelic, J. .do. 10 days. Penkrininen, P. .do. Apr. 25,1918 1 day ... Richter, A. .do. 30 days . Rivera, R. M. .do. Feb. 20,1919 1 day. Robson, W. D. Sec. 6. Dec. 21,1918 13 months. Rogers, C. Sec. 5. 10 days. Russell, D. .do. Jail sentence. Schneider, H. .do. July 3,1917 60 days.. Schultz, 0. .do. Jan. 19' 1918 1 day. SckofT, M. .do. 15 days.. Smart, 0. T. .do. July 15,1918 5 d ays . Solem, P. .do. 60 days. Stralev, W. E. .do. Mar. 2,1918 3 months Swan, L. J. .do. May 6' 1919 30 days... Tamminon, A. .do. Aug. lo' 1918 10 days... . Terry, F. D. .do. De(T. 5 ,1918 60 days Thompson, D. P. .do. 3 months . Thompson^ W. .do. Apr. 25,1918 90 davs. Tooley, C... .do. Apr. 30' 1918 6 months Travis, A. L. Sec. 6. Dec. 4 ,1918 15 days.... Volton, J. Sec. 5. 60 days Weslowski, J. .do. Nov. 4,1918 10 months West, R. B. 5 days Westersund, E. W. .do. .Tail sentence Y oung, M..!. .do. Sept. 17,1918 30 days Zornes, D. .do. Jail. 20,1919 60 days Zornesi R. Jan. 17^ 1917 30 days. Alanko, T. .do. June 25,1918 10 days Bergsten, A. .do. Aug. 23,1918 24 hours Brandel, Edwin. .do. June 7,1918 10 days Brandel, Elbertina. .do. .do. .do . Caras, G. Aug. 12,1918 30 days Charlie, R. M. Sept. 28,1918 5 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sent ence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 153 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Oregon—Continued. Crittont, J. J. Sec. 5. 5 days_ Davis, J. G. Sec. 6. Sept. 20,1918 Aug. 19,1918 June 18, 1918 60 days De Gian, V. 30 days... Denton, J. W. 10 days Dignman, J. A. Sec. 5. .Tnnp 8, 1918 1 day Donnolly' T. Oct. 5,1918 15 days. Drake, J. S. Sec. 6. July 29,1920 do. 12 months Fattig, A. 9 months . Fields, C. F. Sec. 5. 12 months .. Freeman, R. June 4,1918 1 day. Gafvert, A. Sec. 6. Oct. 12' 1918 60 days.... Gilbert, C. Sec. 5.. June 18,1918 1 day. Gooch, E. .. .do. Hamlin, E. do. Oct. 1,1918 15 days. Harrell, G. W. do. June 8,1918 Oct. 3,1918 30 days. Hoag, G. G. 15 days . Ho wise, P. Oct. 5' 1918 10 days. Johnson,C. A. July 11,1918 Sept. 20,1918 Oct. 21,1918 1 year.„. Kieper, J. do . 15 days . Kildo, G. 30 days. Koehler, K. Oct. 28'. 1918 15 days. La Day, F. Aug. 19,1918 Sept. 21,1918 July 15,1918 Aug. 2,1918 July 9,1918 June 8,1918 30 days. Lamb, G. 15 days. Lindquist, S. 10 days. Look, G. 24 hours. Ludtke, A. .do. do. McDonald, B. D. do. Manninen, K. .do. June 25,1918 June 29 ,1918 10 days. Miller, J.... .do. 24 hours. Nelson, N. C. June 3,1918 15 days. Niemi, M. July 15,1918 Sept. 26,1918 Oct. 24,1918 10 days. O’Malley, T. C. .do. 30 days. Palmer,W. .do. ..do. Pa nos, P. .do. Oot. 1 ,1918 15 days. Peel, Jf. Sec. 6. 10 days. Ragsdale, W. S. .do. Oct. 9,1918 Oct. 3,1918 6 months. Rice, W. V. sp.c. 5_ 15 days. Rogers, C. .do. Nov. 5,1918 1 day. Scheen, G. J. J. . .do. Oct. 31,1918 10 days. Seaver, A. . .do. Oct. 17,1918 1 day. Smartene, A. M. .. .do. Oct. 17’1919 24 hours. Squires, E. A. . .do. Oct. 5' 1918 5 days. Staysiky, M. . .do. Oct. 1,1918 Sept. 24,1918 Sept. 29,1918 June 14,1918 60 davs. Strachan, G. G. .do. 30 days. Suppah, M. Sec. 6... 5 days. Tirpitz, C. Sec. 5... . 10 davs. Watson, J. E. .do. Dec. 9,1919 3 years. White, F. .. .do. Oct. 22,1918 15 days. Williams, E. Rfso. 6..... Oct. 18' 1918 Oct. 22,1918 Oct. 18,1918 1 day. Williams, G. Sec. 5... 10 days. Williams, J. Sec. 6.. 1 day. Winn, W. II.. Sac. 5.. Aug. 6,1918 Sept. 28,1918 June 18,1918 1 hour. Wolff' P. Sec. 6. 5 days. Woo! ery, R. A.. Sec. 5_ 10 days. Worley, S. . .do. 1 day. Pennsylvania, eastern dis¬ trict: Bauman, S. B. .do. Dec. 23,1918 1 vear. Bauman, S. H... .do. . .do... ... .do. Becker, F. J. . .do. June 11,1917 .do. Boler, E. ... do. Mar. 28,'1918 $5. Casev, W. ...do. Nov. 27' 1918 1 month. Cavalier, H. ...do. Oct. 2 ,1918 June 26,1917 2 years. Clevenger, J. R. _do. Jail pending men¬ tal investigation. Cottman, W. . .do. Mar. 19,1918 15 days. Feinstein, S. .do. Jan. 14,'1919 30days. Feitilson, M. .. .do. Jan. 6' 1919 Feb. 16,1918 Dec. 20,1917 Feb. 8,1918 40 days. Fox, R. .do. 15 days. Gaffard, M.. .do. 21 days. Grab ad es, G. _do. 60 days and $2.50... 8 days. Healv. J. H . .do. Feb. 16'1918 Illin, M .do. _do. 11 days. Taspc.r, R. . .. .do. Feb. 3,1919 20 days. Johnson W. H . .do. Jan. is' 1918 30 days. Kolooh, G .. .do. Mar. 17,i919 Sept. 17,1917 Jan. 14,1919 15 days. Lauer, E . .do. 5 days. Levy, A. .do. 40 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 154 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Pennsylvania, eastern dis¬ trict—Continued . Morganstein, B. Sec. 5_ Jan. 6,1919 June 25,1917 Mar. 10,1919 Feb. 3,1919 Feb. 8,1918 June 25,1917 Feb. 23,1918 July 10,1919 Nov. 27,1917 Aug. 7,1917 Nov. 20,1917 Sept. 4,1917 40 days. Otto, F. J. .. .do. 1 year. Place, F. B. .. ..do. 10 days. Smith, E. ..do.. 28 days. Spanakas, M. . .do. 30 days. Stanley, S. .do. 1 year. Svedworth, A. .do. 14 days. Wanner, J. C. .do ... 5 days. Pennsylvania, western dis¬ trict: Baun, J. .do. 1 day and register. 1 day. Bernstein, S. .do. Berse, I. .do. 3 months. Brocato, S. . .do. 1 day. Brown, S. ...do. .do. Caqaka, A. . .do. .do. Carroll, J. I. .. .do. Sept. 12,1917 Nov. 7,1917 May 7,1918 May 6,1918 Sept. 14,1917 May 11,1918 Sept. 18,1917 Apr. 19,1918 .do. Cockley, E. K. .. .do. .do. .do. Costi, S.. . .do. Dednur, A. Sec. 6. .do. Drenner, W. A. Sec. 5.. ...do. Edmunds, L. M. 1 day and register. 10 days and regis¬ ter. 1 day. Fendel, J. .do. Good, R. .do. Gowrick, M. .do. 1 day and register. 1 day. Grabill, L. A. ...do. Apr. 20,1918 Apr. 29,1918 .do. Hoag, C. Sec. 6. 6 months. Hoag, W. .do. .do. Jackson, E. Sec. 5_ 10 days. Kacher, J. .do. Nov. 20,1917 3 months. King, H. .do. Registered and discharged. 1 dav. Krizenanckas, L. Sept. 14,1917 Apr. 29,1918 Nov. 12,1917 .do. Kutrik, T. Sec. 6. .do. Lombardi, D. Sec. 5. . .do.. Lombardi, M. .do. ...do. Lowe, J. .do. Aug. 6,1917 Mav 28,1918 Aug. 7,1917 1 day and register. Register. Mahan, W. V. .do. Maro, A. do.... 1 day and register. 1 day. Mavde, S. Naglich, B. .do. Nov. 20,1917 _. .do_ .do. Obradovich, J. 3 months.. Pierce, II. O. Apr. 20,1918 Nov. 20,1917 Sept. 4,1917 Oct. 9,1917 Mar. 8,1917 /Aug. 14,1918 \May 24,1918 Mar. 27,1918 Aug. 7,1920 Mar. 7,1918 May 6,1918 Nov. 12,1917 Apr. 19,1918 .do. 12 days and register 3 months.. . Pocherek, M. .do. Porters, R. .do. 1 dav. Quillen, G. .do. .. .do. Radocaj, M. .do. Randulick, S. Sec. 6... SI and costs. 3 months. Reck, .1. 1 dav Rodriguey, .1. Sec. 6 1 dav and register. 1 dav_ Romanti,' N. Roskowicz, J. Sec. 6. 30 days Rotunio, C. Sec. 5. 1 day .. Rupp, R. 1 day and register. .do. Rupp, W. Satiditch, M. Aug. 13,1917 Apr. 22,1918 Sept. 15,1917 1 day.... Scoblinski, S. Sec. 6. .do_ Seifert, J... Sec. 5.. 1 day and register, do... Sewaock, J. Shimkus, F. Registered and dis¬ charged. 1 day and register. 1 day Shrader, J. do... Jan. 16,1918 Nov. 20,1917 Oct. 22,1917 May 25,1918 Sipush, C . Smiko, M. do _ Spring, II. .T. Sec. 6. do.. Stanton, W. Sec. 5. Stofi, J. Sec. 6. Nov. 22,1917 Feb. 5,1918 Aug. 7,1917 Mar. 7,1918 60 days Stucely, P. Sec. 5. 5 days and register. 1 day and register. 1 day Tucker, F. Varnega, M. White, T. Registered and dis¬ charged. R.po’istprad Zaions, B. Aaron, A. Sept. 13,1918 Aug. 9,1918 •i TT1 on 1 h s Adampoulos, N. Sec. 6. 1 day. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 155 Draft cases —Continued. . CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Pennsylvania, western dis¬ trict—Continued . Beard, Jessie. Bell, W. F. Bene, L. Brown, II. Catalogna, A. Cerchi, P. Davis, R. DeKelda, F. Domiquez, C. Feaster, W. J. Garber, J. Goldhamer, J. B. Gusmerotti, F.. Jenkins, T., jr.. Kewjawski, S.. Monterestelle, J.. Notter, W. H. Pasi, M.. Petroski, M.. Plowden, R. W.. Popkoy, W.. Richardson, G. Rovaletti, C.. Sheriff, J. D. Swales, J. R. Troutman, G. Unkcevich, M. Vance, L. R. Zollner, F. Pennsylvania, eastern dis¬ trict: Stilson, J. V. (norecord). Sukey. Webster, M. Porto Rico: Acevedo, Domingo. Acevedo, Juan L. Sec. 6 and 37 C. C. Sec. 5. _do. _do. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do.. Sec. 6 and 37 C.C, Sec. 5. _do. _do. _do. ....do. _do. _do. _do. _do. do do do do do Sept. 18,1918 June 6,1918 Oct. 9,1918 July 9,1918 Sept. 26,1918 Oct. 9, 1918 Oct. 30,1918 July 23,1918 Apr. 8,1919 Sept. 19,1918 Oct. 9,1918 Oct. 18,1918 Sept. 20,1918 June 7,1918 Oct. 9,1918 Sept. 20,1918 Oct. 4,1918 Oct. 9,1918 Oct. 29,1918 Sept. 18,1918 July 3,1918 Nov. 25,1918 Sept. 20,1918 June 15,1919 May 21,1920 Aug. 27,1918 June 29,1918 Nov. 25,1918 July 15,1918 Dec. 6,1918 _do. Nov. 27,1918 Feb. 13,1918 Jan. 16,1918 Acosta, Jose C. Alameda, Juan. Aldea, Luciano. Alejandro, Inocencio.... Alicea, Jose. Arce, Austaquio. Arroyo, Juan A. (no rec¬ ord). Baez, Alfonso R. Blanco, Gumersindo.... Bonet, Ramon Lopez... Bonilla, Nicolas. Borrero, Pablo R. _do. ....do. _do. _do. _do. .do _do. Sec. 6.. Sec. 5.. _do. _do. _do. Burgo, Patricio Cy do Cali, Julio. Camacho, Modesto F.... Candelario, Fundador... Carrero, Celedonio. Carrero, Manuel de Jesus ....do ....do ... .do ... .do Sec. 6. L. Cartagena, Fermin. Casiano, Emeliano. Casiano, Epifanio Pach- Sec. 5. ....do Sec. 6. eco y. Castro, Juan. Sec. 5. Cedeno, Jose Rosa.do Dec. 10,1917 Jan. 17,1918 May 8,1918 Feb. 2,1918 Dec. 24,1917 Feb. 25,1918 Apr. 25,1913 Apr. 23,1918 Dec. 24,1917 Mar. 5,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Jan. 17,1918 May 8,1918 Jan. 16,1918 Feb. 2,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 May 13,1917 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Jan. 30,1918 Jan. 17,1918 Cherna, Manuel.. Clas, Ermelindo. Claudio, Marcos.. Clemente, Estanislao. Collazo, Anacleto.... Colon, Casiano. Colon, Leonardo. Colon, Modesto S.... Sec. 6. _do. Sec. 5.. _do. _do. Sec. 6. Sec. 5.. Sec. 6.. Apr. 23,1918 May 8,1918 Mar. 4,1918 Dec. 24,1917 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Judgment. 15 days.. 30 days.. 5 days... 1 day- .do... 5 days.... 1 day_ .do.... _do.... _do.... _do.... _do.... 5 months 10 days... _do_ 5 months. 5 days.... _do.... 1 day. 1 year.... 1 day.... 15 days.. 5 months 4 months. 1 day.... _do... _do... _do... _do... 3 years. 3 months. 1 day. 26 days or $35 fine. 21 days or $21 fine and $5 costs. Register. Jail until registered 21 days. 26 days or $31 fine. Registered. $20 fine. 2 years. 30 days. Registered. 11 days or $16 fine. 5 days and register. 17 days and regis¬ ter. Jail until 1 o’clock and register. 9 days. 30 days or $35 fine. 1 day or $2 fine.... 5 days. 26 days and ex¬ amined. Register. 5 days and register. 29 days. Register. Jail until register¬ ed. Register. 21 days. 7 days or $8 fine... Registered. 5 days. 28 days. 5 days. 28 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 156 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS, Draft cases —Continued. CO N VICTIO NS—Continued. 1 Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Porto Rico—Continued. Colon, Simeon See 6 . May 8,1918 Apr. 23,1918 Mav 23,1918 Feb. 2,1918 Mar. 3,1918 11 days. Concepcion ; F. T do . 28 days. Concepcion, Juan do . 21 davs. Connelly, Augustin. Correa, Santiago. Pec. 5. . .do. $12 fine and $3 costs. 12 days or $17 fine. Crespo, Francisco Re res. .do. Pec. 24,1917 Registered. Cruz, Cruz Melendzy.... ... .do. Pec. 7,1917 3 davs and register. Cruz, Tsidro Soto do Apr. 1,1918 Feb. 2,1918 Dec. 17,1917 Feb. 2 ,1918 1 day. Cruz, Jacinto.. . .do. 2 weeks or $18 fine. Cue! as, Isidoro do . 5 days. Cuefcas Pedro Perez.... .. .do. 25 davs or $30 fine. Diaz, Jose Rosado See fi May 8,1918 May 27,1918 Dec. 7,1917 .do. 11 davs. Pisdier, Paturnino Cruz. Echevarria, F.fidenio See. 5 1 week. do 5 days. Figueroa, Agustin... .do. 5 days and register. 29 davs or $34 fine. Puentes, Juan B. R. .do. Jan. 1R, 1918 Garcia, Dolores.. .do. I ec. 24,1917 Pec. 10,1917 Peb. 2,1918 Aug. 23,1917 Registered. Garcia, Gregorio E. y... .do. 1 day. 25 days or $30 fine. Gomez, Felipe. .. .do. Gonzalez, Antonio do . 33 days. Gonzelez, F.leno Mav 8' 1918 11 days. Gonzales, Jesus E. Pec. 5. 7 ec. 7;1917 5 days and register. Registered. Gonzalez, Juan P. .do. Jan. 33,1918 Jan. 17,1918 .do. Gonzalez, Luciano.... .do. 5 day-: or $10 fine.. Jail until regis- Gonzalez. Primitivo... . .do. Gutierrez, Pedro do. ^ec. 24,1917 t.ered. Registered. Guzman, Juan B. V. .. .do. Jan. 13,1918 Pec. 10,1917 1 dav or $2 fine— Hernandez, Juan Paez... .. .do. . 5 days and register. _do. Hernandez, Fihnreio do .. .do. Irizarrv, E. S .do.. Apr. 23,1918 .do. 28 days. Irizarrv, J. A. M.... .do. 30 days and register 13 days. Jesus, E. de.. Pec. 6. Mav 8,1918 Jesus, J. L. v de ... .do. Apr. 23.1918 Jan. 17,1918 25 davs. Jesus, Vicente. O. de Pec. 5 15 days or $20 fine. 21 davs. Lopez, Antonio. Lopez, Eleuterio. Pec. 6. Mav S, 1918 Pec. 5. ' ee. 10.1917 5 days. Impez, J uan. .do. Jan. 17,1918 Jail until 1 o’clock Lopez, Otilio. .do. Mar. 3,1918 and register. 6 days or $9 fine.. 1 day or $1 fine and $1 costs. 30 days or $35 fine. Lopez, Victor F... .. .do. Jan. 7.1918 Lozada, Manuel de J_ .do. Feb. 11,1918 Lugo, Jacinto S. .do. Apr. 23,1918 Pec. 7,1917 2 > days and register 5 days and register. 30 days. Lugo, Juan S. .do. Magis, Sergio R. Sec. 6.. Apr. 23,1918 Pec. 24,1917 Maldonado, Miguel.. . Pec.5. Registered. Mangual, Juan F. Sec. 6. Apr. 23', 1918 Jan. 1,1918 29 days. Marquez, Angel. Sec. 5. 5 days and $5 fine and $1 costs. 28 days and ex- Martinez, Felix I. y. See. 6. Apr. 23,1918 Martinez, Jesus Sec. 5 Feb. 2,1918 I'ec. 24,1917 amined. 25 days or $30 fine. Registered. Martinez, Juan T.. . .do. Martinez, ^antiam P.. Sec. 6... Mav 13,1918 Apr. 16,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Jan. 16,1918 16 days. Martinez, Segundo M. y. Matias, Demetrio. Sec. 5. 1 day. .do. 5 days. Medina, Manuel M. V... Melendez, M. R. Sec. 6. 28 days. Sec. 5. 1 day"and register. 18 days or $23 fine. 5 days and register. 29 days or $34 fine. 35 days or $35 fine. 5 days and register. 25 days or $35 fine. 24 days or $29 fine. 5 days. Mendez, Alberto L. .do. Mendez^ Flor. .do. Dec. 7,1917 Mendez^ Juan C. y. .do. Jan. 16,1918 Feb. 11,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Mendez, Raimundo H... .do. Mercado, Juan C. .do. Mercado^ Manuel. .do. Feb. 11,1918 Miranda, E. .do. Feb. 2,1918 Molinas, Antonio. .do. Dec. 10,1917 Montes, Francisco. Morales, Alberti. .do. .do. Dec. 7,1917 Aug. 23,1917 Jan. 7,1918 5 days and register. 33 days. Morales, Evaristo. .do. 5 days or $5 fine and $1 costs. 23 days or $33 fine, .do Morales, Francisco. .do. Feb. 11,1918 .do. Moralesj Juan R. J. .do. Morales^ Pedro C. .do. Jan. 16,1918 1 day or $2 fine.... 21 days. Muniz, Juan V. D. y_ Nieves, Martin. .do. May 8,1918 Mar. 5,1918 Apr. 23,1917 .do. 11 days or $16 fine. 21 days and register Nolasco, Ramon. Sec. 6. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 157 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. i Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Porto Rico—Continued. Ojeda, Antonio. Oliver, Domingo. Sec. 5. Sec.6... Dec. 7,1917 May 25,1918 Jan. 30,1918 May 8,1918 Jan. 7,1918 5 days and register. 7 days. Olivero, Juan R. Sec. 5. Registered. Orfila, Basiliso. Sec. 6.. 13 days. Ortega, Cristino. Sec. 5. 1 day or $1 fine Ortega, Francisco.. .do .do. and SI costs. .do. Ortiz, Antonio R... Sec. 6... May 8,1918 Dec. 10,1917 12 days. Ortiz, Daniel.. Sec. 5 5 days. Ortizj Genaro V. .do. Dec. 7,1917 May 8,1918 Jan. 30,1918 5 days and register. 11 days. Ortiz, Gregorio.. Sec. 6. Ortiz, J. Sec. 5. Register and re¬ leased. 29 days and 134 fine. Ortiz, J. A. .do. Jan. 16,1918 Ortiz, V.... ..do . Jan. 7,1918 1 day or $2. Ovola, M.... .. .do. .do. .do. Oyola, P ... ...do. .do. .do. Pabon, J. A. .. .do. Dec. 7,1917 Jan. 7.1918 5 days. Pabon, J. B. . .do. 1 day or $2. Padilla, F. .do. Jan. 17,1918 Jail until regis- Padilla, J. C .do. .do. tered. Padin, J . ...do. Jan. 16,1918 Apr. 23,1918 Jan. 16,1918 23 days or S28. Perez, \. S Sec. 6... 29 days. Perez, E. V. Sec. 5. 5 days or S10. Perez, H. S .. .do. .do. 9 days or $14. Parez, T.. S Sec. 6. Apr. 23,1918 Feb. 2,1918 May 8,1918 Dec. 7,1917 26 days. Quinones P M Sec. 5_ 22 days or $27. Ramirez R. Sec.6. 9 days. Ramos, A. R_ Sec. 5. 5 days and register. Registered. Ramos, F.. R . ..do. Dec. 24,- Apr. 23,1918 .do. Ramos F. M y Sec. 6. 30 days. Ramos J . .do. 0y J C* Sec. a . Dec. 10.1917 May 25,1918 Jan. 16,1918 1 day.1 Reves, R Sec. ft. 7 days.1 Rivera, D M Sec. 5. 2 days or $7. Rivera, F .do. .do. 10 days or $15 fine. Rivera, G .do. Jan. 7,1918 5 days or $5 and Rivera, H .do. Jan. 17,1918 costs. Jail until regis- Rivera, I .do. Jan. 16,1918 tered. 14 days or $19 fine. Rivera, J. M .do. Mar. 27,1918 21 days or $26. Rivera J . .do. Jan. 16,1918 2 days or $7. Rivpra T Cl Sec. ft. May 25,1918 May 8,1918 Mar. 27,1918 May 8,1918 Feb. 13,1918 7 days. do . .do. Riyera \f Sec. 5. $26 or 21 days. Sec 6. 21 days. .Do Sec. 5. 2ft days or $35. Rodrienez B .do. Dec. 7,1917 5 days and register 1 day or $2. do. Jan. 16,1918 Sec 6. Mav 8,1918 Dec. 10,1917 17 davs. Rodriguez J P Sec. 5. 5days and register. See ft. May 8,1918 Jan. 16,1918 21 days. Rodriguez J .T Sec. 5. 21 davs or $26. See ft . Apr. 23,1918 Dec. 1,1917 May 8,1918 .do. 29 davs. Rodriguez, O Sec. 5. Register and $5.... Sec 6 1 day. do . 21davs. do . May 25,1918 Dec. 17,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Dec. 7,1917 7 days. Rodrip'iiez V Sec. 5 . 5 days and register. PrJH»n I Sec 6 . 22 days . 1 Sec. 5 . 5 days . Rondon T G . do . Feb. 2,1918 25 davs or $30 . Rosa, T Sec. ft . Mav 25,1918 Jail till June 14.. .. Rosado J R. Sec. 5 . Feb. 2.1918 14 days or $18 . Do .do . Jan. 16,1918 29 days or $34 . .. .do . .do . 13 days or $18 . Mav 8,1918 Dec. 10, - Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 23,1918 1 day . xviiiz, l. uei v cine. Sec. 5 . 5 davs . do . Ruiz, Miguel A. Velez.. Sec. 0 . 1 17 days, ex. for military. Sales, .1. A . See. Ft . Jan. 16,1918 19 days or $24 . Jan. 17,1918 2 davs or $7 . do .... . do . . . do . Sec 6 Apr. 23,1918 Mar. 5,1918 j 29 days. Sanchez, A. R. Sanchez, D . Sec. 5 . | 28 days or $33 . cution of sentence. 158 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CO NVICTIO NS—Contin ued. Name. Nature of case. Porto Rico—Continued. Sanchez, C. A. Sec. 5. Sanchez, F. .do. Santana, R. Sec. 6. Santiago, A. Sec. 5. .Do. .do_ Santiago, J. F. V. .do. Santiago, J. .do_ Santiago, L. Sec. 6. Santiago, T. M., y. Sec. 5. Santiago, V. .do_ Silva, S.'. Sec. 6... Sosa/S. Sec. 5. Soto, M. .do. . Tirado, A. .do. Toledo, S. J... .do. Torres, J. A. .do... Torres’ J. R. Sec. 6... Torres, R. Sec. 5... Troche, A. Sec. 6. Valentin, A. M.. Sec.5... Vargas, E. Vargas’, P. L. Sec. 6... . Vargas, R. M. y. Sec. 5. Varquez, J. C. V. .do. Vega, J. R. Velez, J. Velez, ,T. P. . do.... Velez' R. Velez, Z. P. Vicerity, D. S. y.. Sec. 6. Villega, F. Sec. 5... Acosta' G. Alvarado, R. M_ Alvarez, A. N. . .do. Baez, B. Calderon, C.... Carodona, J. R. Colon, E. G. Cruz,E . Cruz' F. Dupre, A. Garcia, F. Gonzales, J. A. L. .do. Hermandez, D. Lopez, F. V. Maldonado, E. Martinez, A. Martinez' N. B. Sec. 6... Martinez' T. R. Modesto, C. Sec. 2... Molina, L. . do.... Montal'va, J. .do Ortiz, F. Sec. 5_ Pomales, P. A. . do... Ramirez' H. V. .do. Ramos, E. Ramos' J. J. Reyes, F. Sec. 6.. Rodriguez, C. T. Sec. 5. Rodriguez, J. A. M. Date of sen¬ tence. Feb. 11,1918 Jan. 17,1918 May 1,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Dec. 10,1917 Apr. 23,1918 Feb. 2,1918 May 8,1918 Feb. 18,1918 Dec. 10,1917 Mar 8,1918 Jan. 7,1918 Jan. 16,1918 Jan. 30,1918 Feb. 13,1918 Feb. 11,1918 May 8,1918 Dec. 10,1917 May 8,1918 Jan. 16,1918 Dec. 7,1917 Apr. 28,1918 Jan. 16,1918 _do. _do. Dec. 7,1917 Dec. 10,- Dec. 7,1917 Judgment. 17 days or $27. 17 days or $22 . 28 days. 5 days. .do. 14 days and regis¬ tered. 25 days or 830 (having served, was discharged;. 21 days. 827 and costs. 5 days. 2 days. i 1 day or 82.j 12 days or 817.1 Registered and re- ! leased. 26 daj r s or 835.' 17 days or 827. 9 days. 5 days and regis- I to red. 9 days. 10 days or 815. 5 days. 19 days and ex- j penses for mili¬ tary. '8 or 28 days or 823. 9 days or 814. 24 days or 829. 1 5 days and regis- j tered. 5 days. 5 days and regis- j ered. Jan. 16,1918 Apr. 23,1918 Feb. 2,1918 Aug. 28,1918 _do.. Oct. 10,1918 19 days or $24.j 28 days.| 25 days or $30.j 30 days.j _do. 30 days and regis¬ tered. Sept. 10,1918 Aug. 26,1918 Sept. 12,1918 Oct. 15,1918 July 10,1918 _do. Oct. 24,1918 Oct. 1,1918 Sept. 12,1918 7 days and regis¬ tered. 27, days. 25 days. 30 days. 5 days. _do. 15 days and regis¬ tered. 30 days. 18 days and regis¬ tered. Sept. 24,1918 Oct. 1,1918 July 10,1918 July 6,1918 Jan. 17,1919 Aug. 28,1918 Sept. 12,1918 Oct. 30,1918 Sept. 12,1918 .Tulv 23,1918 July 10,1918 July 19,1918 Aug. 28,1918 Sept. 12; 1918 Aug. 19,1819 June 22,1918 Sept. 12,1918 30 days. .do. 5 days. 7 days. 1 year and cost... 1 day and regis¬ tered. $25 and cost or 30 days. 30 days. 18 days and regis¬ tered. 30 days. 5 days.. 3 months.. 30 days. 18 days and regis¬ tered. 2 days. 8 days and regis¬ tered. 22 days and regis- istered. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 159 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of • case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Porto Rico—Continued. Rodriguez, P. Santiago, J. R.. Torres, R. Valdejuly, P. R. Vasquez, S. R. Sec. 5. ....do ....do ....do ... .do Velasquez, J. Rhode Island: Balsofiore, F. Bassili, P. Boudreau, A. A. Cambrola, A. Champlin, C. F. Cippolone, M. Delvecchio, P. Easconi, A. Kitcbin, W... Lamonthe, J. H. Slavitt, D. H. Swett, J. P. Yanyar, II. Yanyar, O. Laskowski, P. South Carolina, eastern dis- _do.. _do.. _do.. _do.. Sec. 6.. Sec. 5.. _do. ....do.. _do. _do. _do. _do., _do.. _do. _do. _do. Aug 12. 1918 28 da vs. Julv 6, 1918 4 days. Aug. 26, 1918 27 da vs. Nov. 5, 1918 $150 and cost. Aug. 5, 1918 30 davs and re 'is- tered. July 13, 1918 17 days. Oct. 9,1918 June 14,1918 Dec. 17,1917 June 16,1919 Sepc. 27,1917 .do. .do. June 14,1918 _do. Nov. 27,1918 Nov. 18,1918 Sept. 28,1917 Oct. 19,1917 .do. July 10,1918 4 days.... $10 fine.., 6 months 60 days.., 5 days.... _do... _do... $10 fine... $5 fine.... 2 months 30 days... 5 days.... 8 months 7 months 1 day. trict: Alford, F. Blackwell, M. C. Brockington, F. Cooke, H. C. Davis, L. Davis, R. Denkins, W. Fanning, B. F. James, W. Johnson, D. Magill, J. Magill, S. Murphy, W. A. Nelson, G. Pierson, W. Reed, L. Renken, W. Simmons, T. Stowers, S. Strickland, W. P. Walker, W. South Carolina, western dis- ,do do do do do do do do do do do do do .do do do do do do do do Aug. 8,1918 _do.. Dec. 5,1918 Mar. 8,1918 Mar. 6,1918 June 4,1918 Nov. 6,1917 Jan. 23,1919 Dec. 4,1918 Dec. 7,1918 June 5,1919 _do.. _do. June 14,1918 June 5,1918 Nov. 16,1918 Feb. 15,1919 Aug. 16,1918 Mar. 6,1918 Aug. 7,1918 Aug. 8,1918 15 days... 6 months 60 days... 20 days... 3 months _do... 30 days... 1 year.... 3 months 10 days... 3 months, _do... 15 days... 4 months 3 months _do.. • 30 days... 1 month. 30 days... _do... _ do... trict: Adams, N. Atkins, R.. Ballenger, C. Blassingame, E.. Brandon, W. Bryson, I. Bulling ton, W. B Burns, J. Butler, R. Byron, D... Capps, E. Carroll, M. Childres, M. Counts, J. Demetri, H. Duncan, M. Duncan, P. Edwards, T. Galloway, A. M. Glenn, M. Godfrey, G. Greer, A. B. Greer, M. Griffith, F. Gusto, B. Harrell, E. Harris, M. Hinson, Mrs. S. E. Howard, J. Hyde, R. .do. Sec. 6. .do. .do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. .do. .do. Sec. 6. .do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. .do. .do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. .do. .do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. .do. .do. .do. Sec. 5. Sec. 6. Sept. 12,1917 Sept. 17,1918 _do. Dec. 5,1918 Apr. 7,1919 Sept. 14,1918 Nov. 7,1917 Oct. 7,1917 Feb. 5,1919 Dec. 5,1918 Sept. 13,1918 Sept. 12,1917 Dec. 15,1918 Nov. 26,1918 Dec. 5,1918 Oct. 1,1918 Sept. 13,1918 Sept. H, 1918 Nov. 25,1918 _do.. Mar. 11,1919 Sept. 17,1918 Dec. 5,1918 Sept. 12,1917 Oct. 1,1918 Dec. 5,1918 Sept. 18,1918 Dec. 5,1918 _do. _do. 6 months. 12 months. _do. _do. 1 month. 12 months. $50 fine. $150 or 3 months.. $25 fine. 6 months. $200. 6 months. 12 months. 2 months. 12 months. 3 months. 12 months. 2 months. 12 months. 6 months. 3 months. 12 months. _do. 1 year. 12 months. do do do 160 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution ofsentence. South Carolina, western dis- trict—Continued. Ingle, fl See.63. .. Sept. 13,1918 months. Sec. 5_ .do. .do... Kinner, J. .do...._ Feb. 5,1919 3 months or $50 fine. EJsspIberp G Sec. 6... Sept. 16.1918 12 months. AfeDonald N .do Nov. 20,1918 $150. AfeHuph, AT .do ... . Mar. 11,1919 3 months. Manning, O .do ... . Sept. 13,1918 12 months. AT earl nrs S . .do .. . Dec. 5,1918 .do... Merritt B .do __ Sept. 12,1918 .do... Atiller, Af . .do. Dec. 5,1918 .do. Afoore T). .. .do. Nov. 25 ,1918 10 days. Oliphanf C Sec. 5. May 28, ibis 3 months. Owens, AI. Sec. 6. Dec. 5,1918 12 months. Pflpe K .do. Oct. 12,1918 .do. Perri n Ar . .do. Mav 31,1918 2 months. Puckett. N .. .do. Dec. 5,1918 .do. Rice, A „ .do. Oct. 1,1918 3 months. Rogers, L .do. Sept. 13,1918 12 months. Sizemore, Afrs I . .do. Dec. 5,1918 .do. Sm i th Af .do. Tucker, C .do. Mar. 12,1918 6 months. Valentine W H Sec. 5. Nov. 8, 1917 $75. Washington, B .do. Sept. 15,1918 12 months. AVhite, C Sec. 6. Sept. 12, 1918 .do. Wolfe, L .do. .do. .do. South Dakota: A Vir.ahnm A Aug. 28,1917 30 davs. Burns, W. _ .do. June 20,1917 9 months. Cheatle, W .do. Aug. 21,1917 30 davs. Countiss, W .do. .Tulv 20,1917 11 months. Doumi, E. . .do. Sent. 13.1917 30 davs. EvanhofF, F. .do. Julv 20,1917 90 davs. Freitag, F. Sec. 6. Apr. 27,1920 On count 1. 6 months; on count 2, 6 months. Gelzenlight, F Sec. 5. July 20,1917 30 davs. Girbus, .T. Julv 18,1917 .. ..do. Haba, J. .do. Sent. 13, 1917 .do. Haugan, Ole Casper. .do. Nov. 20, 1917 60 davs. Hock, C. .do. Sent. 13,1917 30 davs. Horan, J. .do. Aug. 21,1917 9 months. Jackson, J. M. .do. Anr. 5,1919 30 days. Kacuris, M. .do. Julv 18,1917 .do. Kendrierski, J. .do. July 20,1917 .do. Kennedy, J.. .do. . Aug. 30,1917 8 months. Lahman, F.... ....do. 9 months_ McCarter. R, R. .do. Sent. 20,1917 4 months. Maleva, A. .. .do. Sept. 13,1917 30 davs. Miller, E. .. .do. Aug. 3,1917 .. ..do. Moran, W. H. . . .do. 1 vear. Morgan, H. A. .do. Sept. 13,1917 3 months. Nelson, N. ... do_i_ .do. 30 davs. Neveriski, E. .. .do. July 20,1917 .do. Olson, J... .do. .do. _do. Petroff, K. .do. June 20,1917 90 days. Rouse, H. G. .do. Nov. 20,1917 60 davs. Rublitzk, J. . ...do. Sablowski, T. .do. Nov. 20, 1917 .. .do. Stioich, M. .do. June 25,1917 30 davs. Svilar, P. .do. . .do... .do. Talbert. II. J. Julv 20,1917 3 months. Tachantre, E. .do. Julie 23,1917 30 davs. Tziatcoff, N. .do. Julv 18,1917 8 months. Zetzman, H. .do. Deo. 7,1917 7 months. Zigich, S. .do. Julv 27,1917 30 davs. Drumm, H. H. .do. Dec. 16' 1918 3 months. Moen, K. H. .do. .do. 30 days. Morrison, F. .do. .do. 3 months. O’Donnell, C. W. .do. Dec. 5,1918 8 months. Stonelake, A. .do. Dec. 16,1918 60 days. Ven Huizen, K. .do. Oct. 5; 1918 $1,000. Tennessee, eastern district: Garland, T. L. .do. Sept. 18,1917 18 months. Nov. 13, 1918 , out, ex piration. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 161 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Tennessee, middle district: Abernathy, Wesley. Sec. 5. Oct. 6,1917 .do. 2 months and costs Cooper, Fred... .do. 6 months and costs Partis, Roy. Sec. 6. Nov. 18,1918 3 months and costs Douglas, G\ E. Sec. 5. Oct. 5 ,1918 Nov. 13,1918 6 months and costs Smith, Bud. .do. .do. Harrington, Sam. .do. Mar. 9,1920 4 months. LynchjS.... .do. Mar. 11.1920 8100 fine.... Tennessee/ western district: Harding, Henry. .do. 1 day. . Martin, Marshall . .do. .do. Taylor, F.stel. . .do. Dec. 3,1917 .do. Wyatt, Hogan Sec. 6. 6 months and costs Bevel, Sam... Sec. 5. Dec. 4,1917 1 day. Howard, Win . Sec. 6. Dec. 17,1918 Mav 26,1919 Dec. 5,1918 $1 and costs. Maxwell, Walter .do. .do. Murphy, Fred.... .do. .do. Smith, W. B. . .do. .do.... .do. Texas, northern district: Taylor, N.... Sec. 5. Feb. 21,1920 7 months. Texas, southern district: Abrigo, A. .do. Dec. 5,1919 .do. 30 days. A brigo' E Sec. 6. .do. Abrigo, J... .do. .do. Aguirre, J. Sec. 5. .do. 60 days or 8100.... 30 days. Alanis, P. Sec. 6. .Jan. 5,1920 A lams, S .do. .do. .do. Alomis, F. .do. Feb. 27,1919 Dec. 5,1919 May 27,1919 Jan. 5,1920 .do. Arizmedi, L. . .do. .do. Barrera, M .do. .do. Bazan, P... .do. .do. Benavides, E . .do. .do. .do. Oabazos, V. . do. .do. .do. Cabello, R Sec. 5. Apr. 25,1919 Jan. 15,1919 Apr. 25,1919 Jan. 5,1920 Apr. 25,1919 .do. .do. Cabriales, J Sec. 6. 4 months. Cadena, A . . .do. 30 days. Cadena,I . .do. .do. Cadena, I G . do. .do. Cadena, J do. .do. Campos, T Secs. 5 and 6.. Nov. 13,1919 .do. 60 days. Campos, E .do. Canalas, C Sec. 0. Jan. 5,1920 30 days. Caneles, E. G . .do. May 27i 1919 Jan. 5,1920 .do. Canales, R. . .do. .do. Canas, J... . .do. May 27,1919 May 13,1919 May 27,1919 Jan. 5,1920 .do. Cantu, C. C do. .do. Cantu, I. . .do. .do. Cardinas, C .do. .do. Carillo, J .do. May 27'1919 .do. .do. Carrillo, F. do. Carrillo, T, do. .do. .do. Casfenada, J .do. Dec. 6,1919 1 year. Castillo, J .do. Jan. 5 ,1920 May 27,1919 .do. 30 days. Chapa, A, C .do. .do. Chapa D do. .do. Cisneros, E do. Jan. 5,1920 May 13,1919 Oct. 8,1918 May 17,1919 Jan. 5,1920 Aug. 20,1918 Jan. 5, 1920 .do. Cisneros, P .do. 4 months. Cole, J. W do. .do. Cruz, R .do. 30 days. Tain a, N do. .dc>. Dimas, R Sec. 5. 5 months. TCfniis. \f Sec. 6. 30 days. F.seobar J Sec. 5. May 14,1919 Jan. 6,1919 Jan. 5,1920 Nov. 13.1919 17 days. Farias, A. G.... .do. 90 days or $250.... Fi-meroa A rj Sec. 6. 30 days. Flores, .1 Sec. 5. 60 days. Fniiie A .do. Jan. 5,1920 30 days. Galvez, F. Sec. 6. Dec. 5,1919 .do. do. Jan. 5,1920 .do. Do .do. May 16,1919 May 27,1919 Jan. 5,1920 .do. ftnroin P' do. .do. do. .do. .do. May 13,1919 Jan. 5,1920 Dec. 5, 1919 20 days. Do .do. 30 davs. do. .do. ft n min T? do. Mav 27,1919 May 16,1919 .do. Do. .do. .do. Circumstances of exe¬ cution ofsentence. 34773—21 - 11 162 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of j case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Texas, southern district— Continued. Oarza, A . Sec. 6. Mav 27,1919 Jan. 5,1920 1 30 days. n^r?.», A . .do. .do. Do . 1 .do. Tan. 0,1920 I .do. Garza, F Sec. 5.... Sent. 24! 1918 6 months. Garza., FT Sec. 6.... Jan. 5, 1920 30 days. Garza, M . .do. May 27,1919 Aug. 3,1918 Jan. 5,1920 May 27,1919 Jan. 6,1920 .do. Garza, S. Sec. 5. 4 months. Gomez, P See. 6. 30 days. Gonzales, D. .. .do. .do. Gonzales, I . .do. .do. Gonzales, J. R. .. .do. May 27,1919 Jan. 6,1920 .do. Gonzales, J. . .do. .do. Do. .do. Jan. 5,1920 .do. Gonzales, I. Dec. 5! 1919 Jan. 6,1920 .do.1 Gonzales, N. .do.1 Gonzales, S. 1 Sept. 10,1919 .do. Do. May 27,1919 .do. Guerra,, A . . .do. .do. .do. Guerra, Z. . .do. Ian. 5,1920 .do. Gutierrez, A. Sec. 2. May 31,1920 1 .do. Do. Sec. 5. Apr. 24,1919 May 16,1919 May 13,1919 May 16,1919 May 31,1920 Apr. 23,1919 .do. Guzman, R. See. 6. .do. Hernandez, F. Sec. 5.. .do. Hernandez, L. Sec. 6. .do. Hernandez, N. .do. 3100.. . Hinojosa, A. .do. 30 days. ,1 ohnson, J. .T.. Sec. 5. Oct. S, 1919 6 months. Jos ling, P. Sec. 6.... Jan. 6,1920 30 days. Juarez, F. .do. Jan. 5,1920 .. .do... Longoria, M.. .do. .do... .. .do. Lopez, C. .do. May 27,1919 Jan. 5,1920 . .do. Lunoft, M. D. Sec. 5. .do. Marin, G.. See. 6. .. .do. ...do. Moarroquin, J. .do. .do. .. .do. Martinez. C. Sec. 5... . Dec. 4,1918 60 days or $50. 30 da vs. Martinez, J. M. B. Sec. 6. May 27! 1919 .do. Martinez, L. M. G. .do. .do... Martinez! R. Sec. 5. Apr. 25.1919 .do. Do. Sec.6... . Jan. 6,1920 .do. Martinez, S. May 27,1919 May 13,1919 . .do. Medina, J. Sec. 5 . 20 davs.... Mendez, E. .. .do. Nov. 13! 1919 60 davs. M orales, A. Sec. 6. Jan. 5,19 9 0 30 days. Mueller! H. A. Mav 6! 1919 do . ., Monguia, A. Mav 14,1919 May 27,1919 ... .do. .. .do... Nava, A. . .do. .do. Ochoa, C. .. .do. Olivares, A. .do. . . .do. Olivares, J... .do. . .do. Olivares, T. Sec. 5. May 13,1919 ...do. Ortega, R. Sec. 6. ... .do. .do. Padilla, N. Dec. 5,1919 . .do. Pena, A. .do. Mav 27,1919 Jari. 5,1920 Dec. 6, 1919 .. .do. Pena, B. .do. Pena, D. .do. Pena, J. Jan. 5,1920 . .do. Pena, M. May 27,1919 .Tati. 5,1920 .do. Perez, C. .do. Perez, F. .do. .do. Perez, J. May 31,1920 Jan. 5,1920 ... .do. Do. .do. .. .do. Do. .do. ... .do. Perez, M. .do. .do.. Do. .do.. Perez, N. . Jan. 6,1920 Dec. 5,1919 .do. Perez, P. R. do . Perez, R. Jan. 5,1920 May 27,1919 Anr. 29,1919 Mav 17,1919 do. . Perez, T. do . Do. Sec. 5. .do Perez, V. Sec. 6. Quintanilla, A. Jan. 5,192C .do.. Quintanilla, F. .do . Ramirez, F. C. Sec. 5. May 16,1919 May 27,1919 Jan. 5,1920 do Ramos, A. Sec. 0. . .do.. Ramos! P. .do.. Ramos, T. .do Raeio, Y. May 27,1919 .do. Circumstances of exe cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 163 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Texas, southern district— Continued. Ren suit, P. Sec. G. Dec. o, 1919 39 davs. Raves, S. .do. .do. Rcvna, A. .Tan. .A, 1920 .do. Rios, .1. May 27'1919 do. _do. Rodriguez, C...*.. .do. Rodriguez, G. Sec. 5. Nov. 13,1919 _do. Do. Mav 27,1919 .do. Rodriguez, .T.. Dec. 4'1918 Jan. 5,1920 60 davs.... Rodreguez, T. Sec. 6... 30 days. Rosas, A... .do. May 27,1919 .do. .do. Rosa, A. .do. Ruiz, M. Sec. 5. Jan. G, 1919 60 days. Saens, A. Sec. 6. May 27,1919 .do. 30 davs. Saens^ E. .do.. .. .do. Saens, F. .do. .do. .do. Saenz, A. .do. Jan. 5,1920 .do. Saenz, F. Sec. 5... 90 days. Salas, E. Sec. 6. Dec. 5,'1919 .do. 30 days. Salazar, F. .do. .do. Salazar, L. .do. Feb. 25,1919 2 months, 17 days. 30 davs. Salinas, A. .do. May 27,1919 April 23,1919 Nov. 12,1918 Salinas, H. .do. .do. Salovcv, M. Sec. 5. 80 days. Samano, A. Sec. 6. May 13,1919 Sept. 19,191,8 Jan. 5,1920 90 davs. Sanchez, E. Sec. 5. 2 months. Sanchez, I. Sec.6. 30 days. Santellano, S. .do. Dec. 5,1919 .db. Santos, M. .do. May 17,1919 Jan. 5,1920 90 days. Saucedo, L... .do. 30 days. Segura, M.... .do. .do... .do. Serato,V. .do.. . .do. .do. Silba, R. .do. .do. .do. Skaggs, J. R. .do. May 27,1919 .do... 60 davs. Skaggs, W. N. .do.... 30 days. Smith, J._ Sec 5. April 10,1919 May 13,1919 Jan. 5,1920 75 davs_:. Solia, .1. .do. $25 or 3 days. Soliz, P. .do. 30 days..... Suarez, B. Sec. 6. May 13,1919 .do. .do. Suarez, E. .do. 20 davs. Torres, J.. .do. May 10,1920 Dec. 5,1919 30 days. Torres, S_ .do. .do. Trejo, S_ .do. Jan. 5,1920 .do. Trevino, A . .do.. .. .do. Trevino, C_ .do. May 14,1919 Dec. 4,1918 71 davs. Trevino, Y_ . . .. Sec. 5. $100.1. Turner, E... . . .. Sec. 6. May 13,1919 Jan. 5,1920 20 davs. Ureste, A.... .do. 30 days. Valadez, A . .do.. .. .do... Valadez, E . _do. .do. .do. Valadez, F . ...do. .do. .do. Valderas, N. Sec. 5. Oct. 19,1913 4 months. Valdez, C. Sec. 6. May 13,1919 Dec. 5,1919 30 days. Valdez, R. .do. .do. Vargas, C.. .do. Jan. 5,1920 May 27,1919 .do. Vasqnez, .T. AT . .do. .do. Vela, E... .do. Jan. 5,1920 .do. .do. Vela, G. . .do. . Vela, I. . _do. .do. .do. Vera, G ...do. Mav 27,1919 .do. Villareal, F . ...do. _. do... .do. Villegas, E Sec. 5. Sept. 24,1918 May 14,1919 Dec. 5,1918 Apr. 24,1918 45 days. TToracio, Y . do . 30 days. Zapata, M .do. 4 months. Aguilar, A Sec. 6. 85 days. A pu ilar .T Sec. 5.. 60 davs. \nzalda, G. .do. May 28,1918 Dec. 15,1917 Delivery to draft A rriaga, C .do. board. 3 months. Rasan A .do. 90 days. Rordoan F. P .do. Apr. 24,1918 Apr. 26,1918 Apr. 25,1918 Apr. 24,1918 87 days. Rrarmonm .T. A .do. 43 days. Carmnri A _do. 22 days. Oh a van a, F Sec. 6. 70 days. PI arlr R Sec. 5. 60 days. Comacho F. _do . 30 days. Donovan, F. C. Dec. 18,1917 2 months, 15 days. 164 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS, Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Texas, southern district— Continued. Esqnehel j "D . Sec. 5 Jan. 18,1918 Apr. 23,1918 Dec. 6,1917 3 months. Evans, A. L. .do 4 months. Filippis, S. de. .do 6 months. Flores, C. .do. 60 days. Flores, F. 2 months, 22 days. 30 days. Flynn, F. L. .do Garcia, A. .do. Apr. 26,1918 Apr. 24,1918 35 davs. Gallegos, R. .do . 78 davs. Garcia, C. 5 days. Garciaj E. .do Jan. 18,1918 1 day. Garcia, P. .do 45 days. Garcia’ S. 30 days. Garza, F. .do 60 days. Garza, R. .do. Gonzales, G. .do Jan. 18,1918 1 dav. Gonzales, U. 30 days. Guerra, J . .do Jan. 1,1918 3 months. Guerrero, R. .do.. 30 days. Henke, C. Jan. 23,1918 2 months, 8 days.. 3 months. Herrera, L. .do. Jan. 18,1918 Juarez, I. 60 davs. Kendall, A. Apr. 25,1918 Jan. 23,1918 22 days. Lee, H. A. 6 months, 14 days. 60 days. Leon, G. de. Dec. 5 ,1917 Lopez, R. Dec. 6’ 1917 Apr. 24,1918 May 21,1918 Dec. 6,1917 ,. .do. Maldanado, A. 30 days. Martinez, J. .do.. 4 days. Maslaton, J. T. 60 days. Mendez, T. .do Apr. 24’ 1918 45 days. Mueller \ B. .do_ 5 days. Mungillo, P. .do... Jan. 18,1918 1 day. Nance, E. .do. .. .do. Ortiz, A. Apr. 26,1918 .do. 3 months. Ortiz, F. .do. .. .do. Pena, J. .do. 60 days. Pezzato, S. .do. Apr. 24,1918 Dec. 17,1917 78 days. Pizana, G. .do. 3 months, 8 days.. 2 months. Rendon, A. .do. Jan. 18' 1918 Rodriguez, P. .do. .do... 1 dav. Ruiz, A. .do. ,. .do. Sanchez, J. .do. 30 days. •Sanchez, J. M. Sec. 6. Apr. 23,1918 June 14,1918 43 days. Stager, W. U. .do. 52 days. Sylvester, H. Sec. 5. Apr. 24’ 1918 Jan. 18,1918 78 days._. Valdez, S'. .do. 1 day. Valesquez, M. Sec. 6. Apr. 24’ 1918 Jan. 18,1918 Apr. 9,1918 Jan. 30,1918 June 3,1919 62 days. Vosquez, T. del. Sec. 5. 1 day.. Texas, eastern district: Andrews, C. .do. 3 months.. Bennett, D. .do. 10 days and $10.... 30 days. Cook, J. A. .do. Davis, A. .do. Oct. 17,1917 _do.. Denby, E. .do. Feb. 16' 1918 . .do. Ford, C. .do. Mar. 16' 1918 60 days_ George, C. W. .do. Dec. 16'1918 1 year. Goodlor, F. B. .do. Nov. 19'1918 90 days. Gray, W. .do. Apr. 1,1919 Nov. 26,1917 30 days. Green, N. .do. _do. Green j T. .do. Dec. 16'1918 6 months.. Hagler, L. S. .do. Feb. 22,1918 20 days. Haylor, R. R. .do. Dec. 1, 1917 30 days... Hollman, B. .do. Apr. 25,1918 Nov. 19,1918 .do_ Jenkins, P. .do. 5 months and 19 days. 4 months Johnson, E. .do. Jan. 15,1918 Nov. 19,1918 Johnson, G. .do. 5 months and 13 days. .. .do. Jones, L. Nov. 18,1919 5 months and 4 days. .do. .do. Keys, F. McClure, A. Nov. 19,1918 Nov. 9,1917 2 months and 13 days. 90 days Miller, G. .do. Nov. 26’ 1920 30 days Mitchell, II. .do. Oct. 17'1917 .do... Motley, J . .do. Apr. 15,1919 Dec. 1,1917 60 days Montalvo, S. 30 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 165 Draft cases —-Continued. CONVICTION S—Con tin ued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Texas, eastern district— Continued. Odell, L. V. Sec. 5. Feb. 12,1919 30 days Perkins, D. Feb. 22’ 1918 41 months Ponder, T. C... Nov. 9,1917 1 day Poole, E. Feb. 22,1918 20 days Price, B. Feb. 2,1918 .30 da vs Russell, R.... Oct. 17,1917 .do. Rutherford, J.... Nov. 9' 1917 .do... Silverstone, D.... Nov. 19’ 1918 1 day Spencer, J. Nov. 9 ' 1917 30 days Stevens, H... Feb. 22'1920 20 days... Taylor, H. T.. Feb. 18,1919 30 days... Thompson, S. Apr. 9' 1918 2 months . Tolliver, J. T. Nov. 9,1917 90 days.. Worn ell, E... Feb. 2 ,1918 10 days and $100.. Texas, western district: Abedrop, S. S. Mar. 18,1919 $2 fine paid... Aguilar, J. .do.... 6 months Alexander, M. Nov. 21,1917 50 days... Allen, W. M. Nov. 20'1917 Arguero, F... May 30' 1918 40 days... Aycock, E. Nov. 22' 1918 1 month 17 days Bara, J. Mar. 18' 1919 6 months. Berger, E. Nov. 19,1917 20 days.... Bouldin, G. W... Jan. 17,1919 2 years.... Brooks, D. Nov. 19'1917 1 day. Brooks, J. July 1,1918 .do_ Cortina’s, B. Mar. 20' 1919 $1 fine paid .. Currv, E. H_ Nov. 16,1917 6 months.. Curry, H. A. Nov. 21,1917 17 days. Delgado, A. Apr. 25,1919 2 months.. Demming, A. .do. Nov. 19,1917 56 days. Falcon, L.. July 2,1918 $50 fine paid... Ferguson, J. _do. Nov. 19’ 1917 1 day...t_ Fernandez, M. ...do. Jan. 3,1918 .do. Ferrante, A. .do. Mar. 19,1919 6 months. Foehmer. G.. .do. June 17'1919 $5 fine paid. Galizan, D.. . .do. Nov. 20,1917 1 dav.... Gallo, W. Sec-. 6. Mar. 19,1919 6 months. Garcia, H. Sec. 5. Feb. 2l' 1918 .do. Garcia, R. .do. Oct. 1,1917 10 days. Garner, P. Nov. 20'1917 5 months. Garula’ G. .do.... 1 dav. George, S. Jan. 2,1918 6 months. Glenn, W. .do. June 16,1917 10 days. Gomez, S. .. .do. Jan. 3,1918 1 day. Gonzales, L. .do. July 1,1918 $100"fine paid. Green, C.. .do. Nov. 19,1917 1 day.. .*. Green, J. C. .do_ Nov. 20,1917 4 months. Guabello, S. Secs. 5 and 6 . Mar. 19' 1919 6 months. James, F.. Sec. 5. Nov. 22,1917 4 months. Johnson, C. .do. July 5,1918 30 days. Jones, N. .do. Nov. 15,1919 4 months. Do. Dec. 11,1918 30 days. Juergens, F. .do. Feb. 6', 1918 1 day. Kaesee, I. .do. Nov. 20,1917 45 days. Kegel, J. L_ .do. June 18,1918 1 day". Lara, A. .. .do. Apr. 17,1919 30 days. Lee, S. . .do. Apr. 18^1918 60 days. Lewis, F. .do. Jan. 4 ,1918 6 months. McDowell, S. .do. July 6'1918 16 days. Madrid, M. .do. Nov. 19,1918 60 days. Marrujo, J. .do. Apr. 30'l918 90 days. Middleton, C. .do. Nov. 15i 1919 5 months 8 days... Miller, D. .do. July 1,1918 1 day.I_ Nickson, J. .do. Nov. 20,1917 .do. Parego, F. _do. Apr. 18i 1918 60 days. Pearson, J. _do. June 6^ 1918 30 days. Pridget, R .. Sec. 6, chap. 15. Jan. 3R 1919 .do. Puryear, W Sec. 5. Nov. 16’ 1917 10 days. Ratzlaff, A Sec. 6. Mar. 19' 1919 6 months. Raymond, F. R Sec. 5. T . Oct. 22’ 1917 10 days. Reid, C.. J. _do. Nov. 20,1917 4 months. Richards C _do_ _ _ .do. 1 day. Rins F _do. Jan. 13,1919 30 days. Rnhinsnn G _do. Jan. 3,1918 1 day". Rndripnez, R _do. Apr. 17,1919 3 months. Ross, E. Nov. 20,1917 45 days. 166 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Texas, western district— Continued. Ryan, W. Sec. 5. Sanchez, C. .do. Savage, T. .do. Schimmel, H. E. .do. Schulenberg, H. .do. Shalvan. B. .do. Sheffield, H. .do. Sims, E. .do. Sims, I. .do. Susenberg, J. . ...do. Torres, j".. Sec. 6. Vara. L. Sec. 5. Wenzel, A. .do. Wilkenning, Wm. .do. Williams, C .. .do. Williams. J. D. Sec. 6. Texas, northern district: Adams, E. F. .do. Alexander, W. J. .do. Deason, B. .do. Faha, J. .do. Hess. C. Hines, H. B.... .do. Johns” E. .do. Keils, G. .do. Keils, J. N. .do. Kerlee, W. E. .do. Morgan, L. .do. Peacock, R. .do. Phillips, W. L. .do. Renfro, W. F. .do. Roatcap, E. A. .do. Wade, W. J. .do. Williams, C. .do. Williams, D. M. .do. Texas, western district: Antu, J. .do. Bryan, E. .do. Campos, B. .do. Cano, N”. .do. Castellon, M. .do Cuellar, J. .do Cuellar” P. .do De Leon, C. .do Gonzales, J. .do Gonzales, V.... .do Guillen, P. .do Sandoval, B. .do Sotelo, C.. .do Soteloj M. .do Ybarra, J. .do Ybarra. V. .do Utah: Clinton, Bernice . .do Keltner, N. E. .do Vermont: Blair, Geo. R. .do Hircsh, Arthur. .do Jenne, Howard. .do McGoon, Arthur. .do Massey, Albert. .do Bean, A. T. Sec. 6. Hammel, H. J. .do Langmaid, O. .do Miles, H. F. Sec. 5. O’Brien, T. J. Sec. 6. Steiner, Annie S. .do Virginia, eastern district: Acy, I. Sec. 5. Allen, J. .do Anderson, A. .do Atkins, H. .do Barnes, J. .do Battle, W. .do Berger, W. Oct. 31,1918 Nov. 20,1917 Jan. 23,1919 Nov. 7,1918 June 17,1919 Oct. 31,1918 Nov. 20,1917 .do. Nov. 19,1917 _do. Mar. 20,1919 Jan. 19,1918 June 17,1919 _do. Jan. 16,1918 July 22,1919 90 days. 5 months. 2 months. 6 months. $50 fine paid. 6 months. 1 day. 40 days. 1 day. 15 days. 3 months 8 days... 1 day. Fine $500. Fine $50, paid. 1 day. 5 months 16 days.. Feb. 16,1918 July 20,1917 Dec. 6,1918 _do.. _do.. May 18,1918 Dec. 6,1918 Feb. 3,1919 _do.. Apr. 20,1918 Dec. 1,1917 Apr. 20,1918 July 21,1917 July 1,1918 July 11,1918 June 7,1919 Apr. 18,1918 July 10,1918 1 year. 60 davs. $50..!. $50. $59. $.500. $25. 6 months and days. _do. 1 year. 90 days. 1 year. 6 months. 2 years. 6 months. 5 months. 10 days. 1 week. 5 Mar. 17,1920 Jan. 14,1920 Apr. 17,1919 June 21,1920 June 7,1920 Jan. 22,1920 -do.. Dec. 4,1919 Mar. 17,1920 _do. Dec. 6,1919 Dec. 15,1919 .do. Dec. 6,1919 Feb. 9,1920 .do. 90 days... 4 months. _ do... 2 months 3 months. 4 months. _ do... 6 months. 90 days... _ do... 6 months 2 months 4 months 6 months 4 months . do... July 6,1918 $50... Dec. 22,1917 1 year Oct. 10,1917 Mar. 6,1918 Oct. 10,1917 _do.. _do.. Feb. 26,1920 _do.. June 30,1920 Dec. 5,1918 Feb. 26,1920 Nov. 21,1918 4 months 3 months 1 month. 6 months. 4 months 1 day.... _do... _do... $100. 1 day.... 30 days.. Oct. 8,1918 Sept. 14,1917 May 7,1918 July 18,1917 July 14,1917 1 hour and register 1 day and register.. 1 hour and register. 10 days and reg¬ ister. 1 hour and register 1 day and register.. 1 hour and register. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 167 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Virginia, eastern district— Continued. Best, L. Sec. 5 Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. Sept. 9,1918 60 days, and to be delivered to mil¬ itary authorities at end of sen¬ tence. Blue, F. C. Bohler, H. Boothe, A. P_ Bowles, P. W... Bradley, W. Branch, W. Brazewell, W. H Brinkley, R_ Brown, G. Burrell, R. do do do do do do do do do do Carey, ,T. A. Carr, H. D.. Carv, W.... Cole, W. Copeland, A do do do do do Dash, T. Devine, J.... Dudley, C. H Edran, A.... Elliott, J. M. Faison, T. W ....do ....do Sec. 6. Sec. 5. ....do ....do Farmer, E ... Gary, C. Gayes, I. Golden, W. L Gould, I. Gray, E. Hall, A. Harrison, W. do do do do do do do do Henley, W. Hillton, H. Holcomb, A. Howell, B., alias Hughes .do_ .do_ .do_ .do_ Hughes, J.... James, A. N.. Jasper, R. Jefferson, F... Johnson, E. L Jones, J. S_ do do do do do do Dec. 6,1917 July 15,1918 Sept. 9,1918 Sept. 9,1918 Nov. 21,1917 June 12,1918 June 30,1917 June 25,1917 Sept. 9,1918 July 8,1918 Nov. 9,1917 Sept. 9,1918 Oct. 8,1918 May 16,1918 July 17,1917 Sept. 14,1918 Dec. 5,1918 June 30,1917 Sept. 9,1918 Dec. 3,1917 May 7,1918 June 12,1918 July 17,1917 Dec. 4,1917 Oct. 2,1917 June 29,1918 Jan. 19,1918 Sept. 9,1918 July 15,1918 July 17,1917 Sept. 25,1917 July 14,1917 Fine $50. 1 hour and register. _do.. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. Register and dis¬ missed. 5 days and register. 10 days. 1 hour and register. Fine $.50. 10 days and reg¬ ister. 1 hour and register. .do. 1 day and register.. 1 hour. 1 hour and register. 24 hours and reg¬ ister. 2 days. Register and dis¬ missed. 1 hour and regist er. 5 days and register. 1 hour and register. .do. .do. 24 hours and reg¬ ister. 1 hour and register. .do. Registered. 1 day. turned over to Army author¬ ities. 1 day and register.. 1 hour and register. .do. .do. 1 day and register.. Register and dis¬ missed. Jones, S.. Jordan, C. Jordan, W.... Lacy, A. Lewis, M. McDonald, E.. Maddox, J.... Do. Madison, E... Mason, R. Massey, D.... Mayo, W. Miles, F. Mosby, H. Muller, C. S... Nichols, E.... Onley, J. Pace, J. Peyton, W. W Pitmond, J. E Price, C. J. Randall, J.... do. do July 8,1918 15 days (credit 11 days), fine $50. hours and reg¬ ister. 1 day and register. do . do. Oct. 8,1918 1 hour and register. .do. do . 1 day and register.. do. Oct. 8,1918 1 hour and register. do .do. Dec. 10,1918 1 day.. do. July 15,1918 1 hour and register. Sept. 9,1918 Oct. 2,1917 .do. .do. do. July 17;1917 24 hours and reg¬ ister. do. Sept. 9,1918 1 hour and register. July 17,1917 10 days. do 1 hour and register. Sept. 9,1918 .do. .do. Ho Oct. 18,1918 Nov. 21,1917 .do. 1 hour. d o 1 hour and register. .do. | Oct. 18,1917 .do. 168 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —-Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Virginia, eastern district— Continued. Randolph, H. Sec. 5. 1 hour and regista. .do. Reaves, M. .do. Redd, M. .do. 1 day and register. Registered and dismissed. 1 hour and register. 10 days and register 1 hour and register. .do. Riley, M. .do. Sept. 25,1917 Oct. 2,1917 Sept. 14,1917 Sept. 9,1918 .do. Roane, J. .do. Robertson, P. .do. Sanders, A. L. .do. Sanley, M. .do. Scott, E. R. .do. Sept. 14,1917 Dec. 4,1918 10 days and register 1 day (had served 34 days). 1 hour and register. .do. Sheiffert, H. B. .do. Shelton, E. .do. Smith, J. O. .do. Sept. 9,1918 Oct. 26,1918 Smitlp J- W. .do. .do.'.. Smith, W. .do. .do. Toulson, G. .do. Sept. 25,1917 Oct. 10,1918 July 12,1918 June 30,1917 5 days and register. 1 hour and register. 10 days, fine $50... 10 hours. Turner, C. .do. Tyler, J. .do. Walker, J. .do. Warston, W. .do. 1 hour and register. .do. Westbrook, L. .do_ Nov. 24,1917 Williams, A. .do. 1 day and register. 1 hour and register. .do. Williams’ E. .do. June 22,1918 May 7,1918 Apr. 26,1918 Oct. 8,1918 Dec. 3,1918 May 7,1918 Williams, H. .do... Wilson, H. .do. 1 day. Wilson, R. .do. 1 hour and register. 10 days, fine $25... 1 hour and register. 10 days and register 1 hour. Wingfield, E. .do. W ood, F... .do. Woodley, F. .do. Brown, C. .do. Sept. 9,1918 July 15,1918 Apr. 16,1919 Sept. 11,1917 Nov. 11,1918 Sept. 11,1917 Nov. 26,1918 Sept. 11,1917 Nov. 11,1918 July 2,1917 Jan. 13,1919 Apr. 14,1919 Dec. 13,1917 Aug. 29,1917 Henderson, J. .do_ 1 hour and register. 1 hour. Pringle, C. H. Sec. 6... Virginia,"western district: Akers, Noah. Sec. 5. Until registered... 60 days. Davis, J. A. .do. Kokaska, Andy. .do. Until” registered... 90 days. Marple, Thos.... Ransome, Elmer. .do. 3 months. Shepherd, W. D. .do. 60 days. Shuler, Herbt. .do. 3 months. Smith, Will. .do. 1 day. Bowman, J. .do. 60 days. Washington/ eastern dis¬ trict: Anderson, 0. .do. 10 days. Bargus, S. .do. 5 days. Barton, C. .do. __do. Bates, J. D. .do. June 28,1917 .... do. 7 months. Boneff, S. E. .do. 10 days. Bro wn, C. .do. Dec. 13,1917 June 28,1917 Jan. 7,1918 . ..do. Butler, E. L. .do. 1 month. Carlson, E. H. .do. 2 months. Christensen, C. P. .do. 10 days. Cobbs, J. A. .do. Aug. 29,1917 June 23,1917 Aug. 31,1917 June 28,1917 Aug. 29,1917 Sept. 21,1917 May 4,1918 June 28,1917 Sept. 21,1917 June 28,1917 . ..do. 6 months. Crane, W. J. .do. 1 month. Demas, N. .do. 10 days. Dunning, T. H. .do. 6 months. Ellison, A. .do. .. . .do. Enele. G. .do. 2 months. Fletcher, H. Sec. 6. 1 month. Forlano, C. Sec. 5. 10 days. Foster, J. 1 day. Freeman, G. .do. 3 months . . . Freer, W. 6 months. Georkes, W. .do. June 22,1917 Aug. 29,1917 Sept. 21,1917 June 28,1917 .. ..do. 9 months . Glauzman, L. .do. 6 months . Hankins, E. .do. 1 day. Hebner, P. _do. 1 month. . . Henderson, F. .do. 7 months .. .. Hesc-h, A. .do. 1 day. Iori, J. .do. June 22,1917 . .do. Jacobs, R. N. .do. 2 months .... Jordan, W. Sec. G. Jan. 16,1918 Aug. 29,1917 June 28,1917 Aug. 29 1917 1 month Keys, T. Sec.5. 1 day. Kniglit, E. 10 days. Koluskl, J. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 169 Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Washington, eastern dis- t rict—Con tinued. Lopez, M. Sec. 5.. Maki, C.do. Mantos, F.do. Massoli, H.do. Matson, H.do. Miltenberger, C.do. Mitchell, B.do. Murray, G.do. Olson, J. F. L.do. Orosco, N.do. Papiscn, M.do. Parker, H. F.do. Pohjavirta, W.do. Polouick, S.do. Raines, W. C.do. Reis, W..do. Richeson, E.do. Rude, V.do. Sanders, W. H.do. Sargent, F.do. Scott, A. N.do. Scott, M.do.. Serenchi, A.do. Skinner, E.do. Smith, G.do. Soder, A. B.do. Svedberg, E.do. Sweeny, T.do. Thorsrud, A.do. Tipton, O.do. Tonn, A. W.do. Vondran, F.do. Werrucht, J.do. Wilder, R. A.do. Carella, V.do. Carlson, H.do. Christensen, J.do. DeLofI, V.do. Dietz, W. H. Sec. 6. Duffy, J. Sec. 5. Englund, J. Sec. 5, reg. 57 . Fitzwilliams, M. Sec. 5. Gunderson, P.do. Kirkham, A.do. Liggett, G. T.do. Malakki, M. Sec. 5, reg. 57 . Maki, C. Sec. 5. Matlock, W. C. F.do. Oakley, C.do. Punko, A.do. Ryan, J.do. Smith, A. J.do. Thurman, H.do. Wynkoop, R. M. Sec. 6. Washington, western dis¬ trict: Ackerson, P. A. Sec. 5. Ahe, E.|.do.. Albertson, H..do. Aldano, J..do. Alexander, J..do. Alquist, F. 1 .do. ~ ~ ' ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Amy, S. C. Anderson, A.... Anderson, D .... Anderson, E.... Anderson, F.... Anderson, G.... Anderson, Hans. Anderson, Harvey. Anderson, J. Baca, E. Baliski, G... Barber, S... Barker, J.... Barros, J— Belles, R. J. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Aug. 29,1917 May 3,1918 Aug. 29,1917 June 28,1917 Sept. 21,1917 Sept. 7,1917 June 28,1917 Dec. 13,1917 Aug. 29,1917 Dec. 13,1917 July 24,1917 June 28,1917 Aug. 29,1917 June 28,1917 .do. Sept. 21,1917 June 22,1917 June 23,1917 Dec. 21,1918 Sept. 20,1917 .do. Sept. 21,1917 June 28,1917 Sept. 8,1917 Apr. 17,1918 Aug. 29,1917 May 4,1918 Dec. 13,1917 June 28,1917 Aug. 29,1917 Nov. 27, 1918 Oct 4, 1918 .do. Nov 20,1918 Jan. 8,1920 Nov. 27,1918 Oct. 12,1918 Nov. 20,1918 Jan. 22, lv 19 July 17,1919 Apr. 23,1920 Oct. 12,1918 Nov. 20,1918 July 14,1919 Nov. 8,1918 Oct. 12,1918 Nov. 20,1918 .do. Nov. 26,1918 Nov. 23,1918 Dec. 30,1918 Dec. 24,1917 Apr. 12,1918 Nov. 1,1917 Nov. 12,1917 Mar. 30,1918 Apr. 8,1918 May 16,1918 June 30,1917 Nov. 12,1917 Aug. 27,1917 Sept. 9,1918 Nov. 1,1917 July 23,1918 Mar. Nov. July Mar. Feb. Feb. July 2,1918 12.1917 30.1917 2.1918 11.1918 9.1918 5.1918 5 days. 30 days. 10 days. 7 months. 1 day. 1 hour. 2 months. 10 days. -do. 5 days. 1 day. .do. 1 month. 10 days. -do. 7 months. 10 days. 1 hour. 9 months. 1 month. 12 months. 1 day. 10 days. 1 day. .do. 7 months. 1 day. 4 months. 6 months. 2 months. 30 days. .do. 3 months. 1 day. 1 day. 4 months. 10 months. 5 days. 30 days. 1 day. .do. 5 days. 10 days. 30 days. 4 months. 1 day. 5 days. 30 days. 1 day. .do. 5 days. .do. 10 days. 4 days. 1 hour. 30 days. To register. 1 day. 30 minutes. £ hour and register 6 months. To register. 8 months. 10 days,. 3 days. To register. 5 minutes and reg¬ ister. 6 hours and regis- 30days. 10 days. 1 hour and register 30 days. To register. 20 days. To register. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 170 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft coses—Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Washington, western dis¬ trict—Continued. Birch, N. P. Sec. 5. July 27,1918 July 30,1917 .do. 60 days. Blick, J. .do. 1 hour. Bloom, C. .do. 10 days. Bodsen, B. .do. .do. 1 hour. Bond, B. .do. ' Aug. 6,1918 Nov. 12,1917 Nov. 1,1917 [ To register. Bonomo, A. .do. 1 hour. Borgeson, F. R. .do. 10 months. Boyd, C .. . .do. June 18,1918 To register. Bradley, L F... .do. Apr. 5,1918 Sept. 4,1918 .do. Brandeau, S. M. .do. 12 months. Brooks, J. .do. July 30,1917 Dec. 13,1918 Apr. 18,1918 Oct. 11,1917 Oct. 8,1917 July 9,1917 .do. 5 days. Brown, C. .do. 4 months. Burgdorf, R... Sec. 6. 12 months. Byron, C. Sec. 5. k hour. Calp, C. .do. 60 days. Carlson, C. .do. 3 days. Carlson, E. .do. .do. Carter, W. .do. Aug. 27,1917 Nov. 27,1917 Oct. 11,1917 May 29,1918 .do. Clark, H. .do. 30 minutes. Clutt, B. .do. J hour. Coleman, J. L. .do. To register. Conrad, M. .do. Oct. 11,1917 Mar. 16,1918 If hour. Cook, H. .do. To register.. Corrigan, J. .do. Apr. 8,1918 Dec. 3,1917 90 days. Costello, L. .do. 30 minutes. Cok, J. H. .do. May 3,1918 Apr. 8,1918 Oct. 25,1917 May 27,1918 Mar. 28,1918 8 days. Crawford, U. .do. 30 days. Crisman. E. .do. 1 year. Cross, D. A. 2 hours. Culhane, T. I. .do. To register.. Dahlman. J. H. ... .do. Sept. 9,1918 Nov. 1,1917 .do. Darrich, A. .do. One-half hour. Davies, B. S. .do. July 30j1917 Oct. 10,1917 1 hour. De Graf, H. .do. 6 months_ DeLong^ 0. A. .do. Mar. H. 1918 To register.. Dietsch, A. J. .. . Oct. 1R 1917 Apr. 1,1918 July 30,1917 .do. 1 year Elio, 0. Erickson, E. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. To fill out ques¬ tionnaire. •150.... Erickson, .1. .do. Erickson, S. .do. Mar. 8,1918 To register.. Espinosa, J. Mar. 16,1918 .do. Evan 5, T. .do. Aug. 6,1917 14 days . Eveanoff, T. .do. Oct. 12i 1917 July 23,1918 Nov. 12,1918 5 days .. Faraone/A. .do. 30 days. Farquahson, F. .do. To register Feinberg, flf. .do. Apr. 8,1918 12 months.. Feritas. T. .do. Sent. 13,1918 To register.. Fitzgerald, W. .do. July 30,1917 Nov. 2, 1917 8 months. Forlefer, H. .do. One-half hour Forlefer, R. .do. .do. do Foster, G. M. .do. July 9,1917 Nov. 26.1918 10 months.. Gale, E. .do. To register Gengose, E, A. .do. July 23' 1918 6 hours.. Gia^appizzi, J. Aug. 6' 1917 July 30,1917 Jan. 14,1918 .30 days. Gibson" A... .do. S50. Gillespie, T. .do.. . _ 6 months. Gilman, C. F. .do. June 30,1917 Nov. 19,1917 1 8 months.. Gorman, M. Sec. 6. 10 years... Graham, W. E. Sec. 5. July 2,1917 June 30,1917 8 months.. Gray, C'. .do. .do. Gra\% J. .do. Mar. 30, 1918 ) To register Greenberg E. Nov. 1,1917 One-half hour Griffin, d:. .do. Mar. 25! 1918 To register.. Haaponiemie, H. .do. Oct. 8,1917 6 days HafTer, P. .do. Oct. 24'1917 10 months Hammond, J. .do. Aug. 6; 1917 Dec. 21,1918 30 days.. Hathaway, A.i Henderson, D. .do. Apr. 25'1918 May 16,1918 Apr. 8,1918 Mar. 30,1918 Aug. 27,1917 July 9,1917 Dec. 12,1917 To register Heneman, J. .do. 12 months Herrera, R. .do. To register Hewitt, H. do.. Hill, w . 10 days.. Holms, H. .do. 3 days Hood, J. P. .do. To register Horvli, M. .do. Nov. l',1917 May 10.1918 Mar. 5,1918 10 months Ho vlett, M. .do. 6 months Hunter, S. .do. To register Iverson, I. May 27; 1918 60 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS 171 Draft cases■ —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of Date of sen- case. tence. Sec. 5_ _do- _do- _do_ _do.... _do- _do- _do- _do_ _do- ... do- _do- Washington, western dis¬ trict—Continued. Jensen, G. .Terrels, A. Johnson. C. Johnson (John Doe).... Jones, E. Joseph, P. Kaeorous, G. Kalt, B. Karha, E. Kaylow, W. Keen, H. Khan, A. Kobak, J.|.do KobofT, H..do Korpelo, E. j .do Kressen, A.!.do Kuljis, V.|.do Do..do Kumpula, E..do Lafayette, F. J .do Lake, E..do Lamphier, E..do Langhoff, F..do Laspa, E. H. 1 .do Lawson, A. C..do Lehto, E.j.do LeMay, J. J..do Leonard, J..do Leondes, J.do LeRoy, R. Leshin, Rose. Linden, O. Lopez, W. Lortie, L.! Sec. 6. Lozer, M. Sec. 5. McBride, C. do. McColl, W. M. do. McDonough, M.do. _do. Sec. 6.. Sec. 5.. _do. July 9,1917 Sept. 27,1918 Aug. 27,1917 Apr. 29,1918 Aug. 27,1917 Julv 9,1917 Sept. 21,1918 June 11,1918 Aug. 6, 1917 Nov. 1,1917 Mar. 25.1918 June 3,1918 Mar. 30,1918 Feb. 8,1918 Oct. 8,1917 Nov. 5,1917 Apr. 16,1918 .do. Aug. 6,1917 May 6,1918 Sept. 17,1917 June 11,1918 Sept. 21,1918 Oct. 8,1917 Feb. 26,1918 Sept. 4,1917 May 13,1918 Apr. 9,1918 Julv 23,1918 Sept. 8,1917 Nov. 19,1917 Oct. 8,1917 Oct. 11,1917 Nov. 12,1918 June 11,1918 May 8,1918 Mar. 5,1918 May 16,1918 Judgment. Mo.Gahan, L. R .do. Oct. ll' 1917 MrHngh, J. E . .do. Dec. 10,1917 McHugh, J S .do. McIntosh, R. .do. July 2,1917 Nov. 1,1917 McKnight, J. J .do. McLanahan, 1. .do. Mar. 30,1918 Mackey, J ... . ...do. July 2,1917 Jan. 25,1917 Maki, A. .do. Makq W. .do. Aug. 6,1917 Makitalla, A. .do. Sept. 17,1917 Afart.in, D .. .do. Julv 9,1917 Mar. 8,1918 Masih J .do. Matson, H . .do. Oct. 10,1917 Oct. 8,1917 Apr. 29,1918 Mender A .do. Metcalf, S .do. Millett, F. .do. Mar. 8,1918 Millward F .. .do. May 8,1918 Dec. 17,1917 Mnloveb, T .do. Morrison, W .do. Mar. 30,1918 Mynthi, .T. .do. July 2,1917 Nalanoh, J . .do. Aug. 27,1918 Nelleman, F . ...do. Dec. 5,1917 O’Fallaeban,J.T . ...do. May 31,1918 Oct. 11,1917 O gd pn P .do. O’Hara, H . .do. Sept. 10,1917 Olesnn H .do. Apr. 16,1918 Oliver C .do. Nov. 12,1917 O]son O .. .do. Sept. 21,1918 Olson T* .do. Dec. 17,1917 CVRonrlrp .T .do. June 11,1918 Orre ^ .do. Aug. 27,1917 Ott M .do. June 12,1918 .do. Sept. 17,1917 Pale R . .do. Dec. 8,1917 .do. Mar. 11,1918 .do. Mar. 16,1918 .do. Nov. 2,1917 Parsons, L. .do. Aug. 6,1917 1 hour. 60 days. 3 days. 10 days. 30 days. Registered. 2 hours. To register. 5 days. One-half hour_ To register. To register. 12 months. 30 minutes. 6 days. 15 days. To register. 1 year 1 day. 3 days. To register. 3 days. To register. 1 week. 6 days. To register. 2 hours. To register. .do. 6 hours. 1 hour. 6 months; $300... 6 days. To register. 9 months. 30 days. To fill out ques¬ tionnaire. To register. 12 months. To register. \ hour. §50. 6 months; $500... 8 months. A hour. To register. 10 days. 1 hour. 5 days. 3 days. 90 days. To register. 1 month. 60 days. 12 months. .do. .do. To register. _do. 10 days. 6 hours. 30 minutes. To register. 1 year. 1 (lay. To register. 5 days. 30 days. To register. .do. 1 day. Registered. 3 days. 30 days. To register. _do. \ hour. 3 days. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 172 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases■ —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Washington, western trict—Continued. Peterson, J. H_ Peterson, W. Petrovich, N. Phillips, T. A. Pice, J. Pratt, T. D. Prentiss, L. Pucket, W. Purcell, J. Raingren, F. Rainni, W. Rantalainen, A... Reaume, J. Ronta, N. Roudio, F. Safer, F. Salmon, L. D. Saunders, H. C_ Schmidt, B. Senis, M. Shimponis, G. Shun, M. Simmons, C. Skinner, C. Skomo, MA..:_ Smith, F. Smith, H. G . Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. dis- Sec. 5. _do ....do ....do _do ....do _do ....do _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. _do. ... .do. ....do. _do. _do _do. _do. _do. _do. Dec. 30,1918 July 2,1917 Dec. 10,1917 Aug. 6,1917 May 27,1918 July 9,1917 June 10,1918 Dec. 12,1917 Mar. 30,1918 Aug. 6,1917 Oct. 8,1917 Dec. 8,1917 July 2,1917 Sept. 17,1917 Aug. 6,1917 June 11,1918 Oct. 8,1917 Dec. 12,1917 June 30,1917 May 13,1918 Mar. 28,1918 Mar. 2,1918 July 30,1917 Sept. 9,1918 Sept. 28,1917 May 19,1919 Apr. 29,1918 Judgment. Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. j 1 hour. [ 10 days. |.do. 5 days. 2 hours. 3 days. To register. b hour. To register. ! 3 days. I 6 months. .do. 8 months. ! 3 days. !_Ido. | To register. 6 hours. j \ hour.. | 30 days. ! 1 day. j To register. J 30 days. i 2 weeks.. To register. 60 days. 20 days. To file question¬ naire. Smith, J. G_ Soderlin, J. Sokol, H. Starkovich, G.. Stauffer, G. Stock well, F... Surensky, A... Swanson, A. T. Swanson, O.... Tallman, W. L Taylor, J. Turska, O. Tuson, H. Tylen, S. Vayalono, J.... Venengle, A.... Walker, A. Walsh, P. J.... Walter, L. Ward, F. Wasberg, A.... Watts, J. P_ W auti, W. Webster, C. Weeks, F. Weeks, H. Weinstead, R.. Welch, M. Werts, C. Wesa, F. Whiteside, A... Williams, F.... Williams, J.... Wilson, A. Wold, C. Wright, W. E. Young, H. H.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. .do.. do.. do.. do.. .do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. .do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do... do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. do.. Young, M. A. Zuroff, A. Bjorkman, Conrad. West Virginia, northern dis¬ trict: Henderson, F. Moore, B. F. Ball, A. Dockman, J. Hedrick, A. Kenniebrew. M. W. Kesner, G.... do do do do do do do do do do Sept. 3,1918 Nov. 12,1917 May 14,1918 Mar. 18,1918 Sept. 10,1918 July 2,1917 Dec. 11,1917 July 30,1917 Aug. 20,1917 July 7,1919 Aug. 6,1917 July 23,1918 Apr. 1,1918 Oct. 11,1917 Sept. 4,1917 Oct. 11,1917 _do. May 24,1918 Dec. 8,1917 Apr. 30,1918 Jan. 19,1917 Nov. 26,1918 Oct. 9,1917 July 9,1917 July 30,1917 Aug. 27,1918 June 10,1918 July 22,1918 May 10,1918 July 2,1917 _do. Aug. 27,1918 Oct. 11,1917 July 9,1917 July 2,1917 May 22,1918 Apr. 29,1918 June 14,1918 Dec. 24,1917 Feb. 24,1920 2 hours. 5 days. 8 months. To register. 60 days. 8 months. To register. 1 hour. 10 days. 3 hours. 3 days. 3 months. To register. \ hour. 5 days. b hour. _do. To register. 6 months. To register. 3 days. To register. 6 months. 1 day. 8 months. 6 hours. 6 months.. 6 hours. 1 hour. 10 days.. 8 months. 6 hours. \ hour. 3 days. 8 months.;... To register. To military au¬ thorities. To register. \ hour. 100 days. Jan. 30,1919 Jan. 22,1919 Nov. 15,1918 Sept. 23,1918 Nov. 12,1918 Nov. 15,1918 Sept. 18,1918 $25 fine. 60 days; $10. $25. 15 days. 60 days. 15 days. $25 and costs AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases— Continued. CO N VICTIO NS-Continued. 173 Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. West Virginia, northern dis¬ trict—Continued . Madison, W. H. Spo. 5 Mimble, E. Stewart, G. Thornton, A. West Virginia, southern dis¬ trict: Adkins, F. Adkins’ W. Austin, J. Bragg, H. S. .do Crites, C. .do Evans, W. See. 6 Fast. H. Sec. 5. Gwinn, C. .do Do. .do Hale, H. .do Harpold, F. M. .do Hart, A. F. .do Holley, T. .do Huddleston, A. .do Green, J... .do Lavender, W. .do Lee, V. Sec 6. Limon, C. Sec. 5. Meadows, W. .do Milligan, L. .do Price, A. _do Priddy, H. M. Sec.6. Roby, J. W. .do Scott, R. B. Sec. 5. Snuffer, I. F. Sec. 6. Sterling, H. Sec. 5. Thomas, W. Sec. 6. Vencil, C. E. .do Williams, G. S. Sec. 5. Beer, S.... .do Carter, E. L. .do Gastollni, J. _.do Chambers, J. .do Eades, O... .do Elliott, S. .do Estell, J. Sec. 6.. Foster, Van B. Sec. 5.. Foster, J. .do. Harrah, J. .do KanfT, G. .do. McAlfee, P. .do. McClung, C. .do McClung, G. .do. Morgan, G. D. .do. Morgan, R. .do Rambo, J. .do. Redman, G. .do. Reed, C... .do. Reed, G. .do. Reed, R. .do. Rufus, J. .do. Rutledge, H. G. .do. Snvmoskv. P . .do. Waters, W. H. Sec. 6.. Wilson, G. L. .do. "Wood, H. Sec. 5... Wisconsin, eastern district: A mbrisenkis, .T. .do. Bucke, T .'.. .do. Buecbcl, J. .do. Cerullo, F. .do. Dollar, P. .do. Enrieo, P. O. .do. Glaze, G. .do. Hulanek, A.1 Dec. 14,1918 Sept. 18,1918 _do. Nov. 12,1918 Sept. 20,1917 .do. Sept. 21,1917 Apr. 3,1918 Sept. 21,1917 Apr. 4,1918 .do. June 10,1918 .do. Apr. 5,1918 Nov. 22,1917 Apr. 5,1918 Sept. 20,1917 Sept. 21,1917 Jan. 16,1918 June 20,1919 Apr. 4,1918 Sept. 21,1917 Sept. 20,1917 Sept. 21,1917 Jan. 16,1918 Apr. 4,1916 Apr. 10,1918 Sept. 21,1917 Nov. 19,1914 Apr. 5,1918 Apr. 4,1918 June 15,1918 Apr. 5,1918 Dec. 6,1918 June 5,1919 .do. Nov. 18,1919 Apr. 12,1919 6,1918 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Sept. Dec. .do Sept. 17,1919 .do. 5.1918 6.1918 9.1918 7, 1918 6.1918 4.1918 5.1918 $25 and cost. 10 days. .do. $25. 24 hours and costs .do. 15 days. Costs. 15 days. $5 and costs and 5 days. Costs and 5 days. $5 and costs and 5 ... da Io 3 :. .do. 10 days. $5 and costs and 5 days. 24 hours and costs .do. 30 days. 60 days. $5 and costs and 5 days. 24 hours. 24 hours and costs 15 days. 30 days. $5 and costs and 5 days. $5 and 5 days.. 15 days and costs.. $100 and 30 days... $5, costs, and 5 days. .do. .do. .do. Fined costs (jail until paid). $25 and costs. .do. 60 days and costs. 30 days and costs. 60 days and costs.. 6 months and costs 60 days and costs.. .do. .do. .do. Fined costs. 3 mont hs and costs .do. 60 days and costs.. .do. June 5,1919 Nov. 28,1919 Apr. 8,1919 .do. $25 and costs. 60 days and costs.. 30 days and costs.. .do. .do. .do. Apr. 4,1919 Apr. 10,1919 Nov. 28,1919 Dec. 7,1918 Dec. 6,1918 .do. Fined costs. 30 days and costs.. .do. 60 days and costs.. 3 months and costs 60 days and costs.. 60 days. 5 days. 10 days. 9 months. 30 days. 20 dajs. 3 months. 10 days. Aug. 5,1918 SepL 28,1917 Dec. 4,1918 June 21,1918 Mar. 26,1918 Sept. 28,1917 Sept. 19,1917 Sept. 28,1917 Circumstances of exe¬ cution of sentence. 174 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS Draft cases —Continued. CONVICTIONS—Continued. Name. Nature of case. Date of sen¬ tence. Judgment. Wisconsin, eastern district— Continued. Karpowicz, A. Kirkoff, M. Kovace\ ic, P. Martonich, G. Martonich, L. Miskimen, C. Panian, M. Paun, J. Robertson, M. A. Schroeder, F. Schwaer, E. 1 . Sec. 5. ....do . ...do ....do ....do ... .do ....do ....do ... .do ....do ....do Sept. 28,1917 Feb. 12,1918 Dec. 4,1917 June 28,1917 _do. Apr. 25,1918 June 28,1917 _do.. _do.. Sept. 21,1918 May 2,1918 5 days. 40 days. 20 days. 5 days. _do. 40 days—. 5 days. _do. 4 months. 10 days. 1 year, 6 months.. Schultz, A. O. Sep, N. Stinger, A. Voss, N. Vrabel, J. W isconsiri, western district: BliCkhart, O. Booth, J. R. Carlson, G. Cloud,J.M. Desmond, H. Giese, C. Gore, G. . Hartwike, H. Korte, V.. Marcum, W.... .Marks, J...... Mauser, A. Metti, F. Miller, II. E. Renke, J. Stezaski, J. Symonski, S.. Tonczak, J.. Wandrv, E.. Geisel, F.. Jones, W. Starilsky, K.. Wickland, G ... Wj-oming. Arnst, H. Black, F. C. Boggess, S. Bryant, C. R. Butts, G. E. Dollfe, F. G. Fus, K. Gneincke, A. Gonzales, F. Hernandez, V. Hudson, J. M. Immonen, J. E. Kropin, G. Lodos, J. Means, H. J. Meros, B. Moreno, P. Parsons, R. Peake, C. G. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do_ . ...do. .do. .do. .do. _do. .do. .do. .do. .. ..do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. _do. _do. _do. .do. _do. _do. _do. _do. ...do..... .. .do. _do. _do. _do. _do. See. 6. Sec. 5. ....do. _do. Sec. 6. Provan jo, P.. Ramoz, J_ Randolph, J.. Rochas, B_ Routsatainen, Stevens, B. .. Turcotte, C. S. A Sec. 5. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sec. 6. Sec. 5. June 21,1918 Nov. 19,1917 Sept. 19,1917 Sept. 27,1917 Sept. 28,1917 4 months 8 months 10 days... 60 days... 10 days... Jan. 10,1919 .do. Sept. 29,1917 Dec. 28,1918 Aug. 15,1917 Jan. 10,1919 Oct. 10,1918 July 9,1917 Dec. 8, 1917 Aug. 18,1917 Jan 10,1919 June 11,1917 Dec. 12,1917 Jan. 18,1919 Dec. 6,1917 Jan. 25,1919 Oct. 27,1917 Mar. 12,1918 Oct. 5,1917 Nov. 17,1919 Mar. 18,1919 Mar. 29.1919 Feb. 14, 1919 3 months. 1 year 19 days.. 30 days.. 117 days. 1 day.... 3 mouths. 116 days. 30 days.. 128 days.. 30 day's.. 145 days. 3 months. 6 months. 22 days.. 5 days... 63 days.. 1 year.... 6 months. 90 days.. 3 months. 1 month. 6 months. Jan. 1919 5 days. Apr. 9,191S 30 days _do. May 17,1918 Apr. 20,1918 Apr. 9,1918 _do. Jan. 24,1919 Dec. 20,1917 May 11,1918 Nov. 16,1917 Apr. 9,1918 Dec. 1,1917 Sept. 19,1917 Dec. 5,1919 Dee. 20,1917 _do.. Nov. 16, 1917 Jan. 15,1919 May 11,1918 Jan. 10,1919 May 17,191S Jan. 25,1918 Apr. 9,1918 Julv 7,1919 Feb. 14,1918 .do.. 15 days. 30 days. 15 days. 22 days.. I day. 3 days. 1 week. 1 day. 3 months.. . 1 day. .do. 15 days. 1 day. 3 days. 1 day. 1 year, 1 day, $5 fine. 1 week.. 1 day. ... .do. .do. 30 days. 3 months. 110, 1 year and 1 day. Willing?, E.. Wilson, J. T. Winn, A. G.. Yates, II. Smydth J. Tv ... .do Sec.6.. Sec. 5 ... . © © © © Pa Cl © <*> p c3 O —' 2ft P'©x3 cr.35 p 2 '5 9 P-P^ © ■ * G 33 C3 CP P.R £ O P <— <3 .2 -© *-l • ©^-O “ ~ M H ^ u- p*^ © © «ft 2-0. 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M o s 2-2^.2 d © +j +j lu. G fc. t> 2-1 < $ cjS&i .Tft ii Up ssla^S' gSoS-G® •H h r< ^ X a S§|hS-= gasoil r^^_T3 o >5 ■ . G G 4J> © JJ §■§ I.S g §1 § ,_, T3 f-H CO CO CO Q 03 (-i CO f-H 2 03 O 8 © >» s p 8 © o> o f>> >» >» o H G o o X 9 Eh Eh fl o it Eh 33 H G >» i Eh a A <5 ® & §■« G 3 A A © CO • © G to ®G 5.2 3 ft © O OQ © el i 2 © G «r© itj > C3 ^ © Si eg ©.I Xi o IS G G G5^ O a 1 ®.2 •e a "3 o Sc G5^ o G [ii H B Eh 34773-21- M M •2A I 3 . ^ 4-S • s <13 2 w Eh •3 -13 Total, 199 cases, 194 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Sterling. Since the last hearing I have received the fol¬ lowing communication from Attorney General Palmer relative to testimony in the hearing on the amnesty resolution. With his letter he submits certain data which 1 think should go into the record. I will read the letter \ reading] : Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Washington , D. C., January 20, 1921. Hon. Thomas Sterling, Chairman Judiciary Subcommittee, United States Senate, Washington, D. C. My Dear Senator : Supplementing my report on the number of cases acted upon by the President up to and including this date, and the number of cases now before the department, I have to state that my statement should have included 26 defendants who have been released on parole. Nine of these de¬ fendants were paroled after the President had commuted their sentences to shorter terms of imprisonment. These nine are therefore included in the cases where pardons or commutations of sentence were granted by the President. The President on January 16, 1921, commuted the sentence of L. W. Boehner from three years to one year and one day in the United States Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Ivans. This should have been added to the 199 cases reported, which would make the total number of persons pardoned and commuted by the President 200 instead of 199, and would reduce the cases pending to 129 in¬ stead of 130. I inclose herewith a tabular statement, alphabetically arranged, showing the names of those who have been released on parole. Respectfully, A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General. Lists of persons paroled, convicted under the espionage act. Name. Offense. Term. Where committed. Case res, Antonio, western Texas; released on parole Aug. 9, 1920; parole violated Sept. 25,1920. Beaumont, J. A., southern Florida; released on parole Nov. 23, 1920. Eirner, William, northern Cali¬ fornia; released on parole July 27, Conspiracy, etc.; Feb. 5, 1920. Violation of espionage act; Jan. 24, 1919. Violation of espionage act; Sept. 10, 1918. J 1 year and 1 day.. 5 years. _do. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pired Nov. 25, 1920. Atlanta; term expires Oct. 2, 1922. McNeil Island; term expires May 25, 1922. 1920. Feinler, Franz J., Hawaii; released on parole May 8, 1920. Griffin, C. R., northern Illinois; released on parole July 22. 1920. Isenhouer, Clare, western Okla¬ homa; released on parole Sept. 16, 1920. Isenhouer, Ohe, western Oklahoma; released on parole Nov. 16, 1920. McLester, W. P., eastern Okla¬ homa; released on parole Aug. 15, 1920. Seditious remarks; Apr. 20, 1918. Seditious conspiracy; Aug. 30, 1918. Conspiracy; Oct. 6, 1917. .do. 4 years. 5 years. Commuted from 6 to 4 years July 17, 1920. .do. Conspiracy; June 20, 1918. 6 years McNeil Island; term expires May 18, 1921. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pires May 14, 1922. Leavenworth, Mar. 22, 1922; term expired Nov. 17, 1920. leavenworth; term ex¬ pires Nov. 9, 1923. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pires Nov. 29, 1922. Morris, C W., western Oklahoma; released on parole Sept. 25 1920. Conspiracy; Oct. 6, 1917. Murray, J. W., southern Florida; released on parole Jan. 9, 1920. O’Connell, Jack, northern Califor¬ nia; released on parole Dec. 29, 1919. O’Hare, V. V., northern Illinois; released on parole July 22, 1920. O’Rear, Herman, eastern Texas; released on parole Sept. 16, 1920. O’Rear, John, eastern Texas; re¬ leased on parole Dec. 3, 1920. Phillips, Walter, western Okla¬ homa; parole approved by Attor¬ ney General Jan. 6,1921. Violation of espionage act; Jan. 24,1919. Violation of espionage act; Sept. 18, 1918. Seditious conspiracy; Aug. 30, 1918. Seditious conspiracy; Sept. 20, 1918. _do. Seditious conspiracy; Oct. 6, 1917. Commuted from 6 to 4 years July 17, 1920. 2 years. Commuted from 5 to 2 years Mar. 3, 1919. 5 years. 1 year, 6 months.. 2 years. Commuted from 6 to 4 years July 17, 1920. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pires Sept. 4, 1921. Atlanta; term expired Sept. 3, 1920. McNeil Island; term expired May 18, 1920. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pires May 14, 1922. Atlanta; Term expires April 13, 1921. Atlanta; term expires Sept. 8, 1921. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pires Dec. 2, 1923. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. 195 Lists of persons paroled , convicted under the espionage act —Continued. Name. Pinchon, Edgecomb, southern Cali¬ fornia; released on parole Nov. 29, 1919. Partan, A. J., Oregon; parole ap¬ proved by Attorney General Jan. 6, 1921. Schur, Joseph A., Indiana; released on parole Aug. 22, 1920. Seeger, Christ, eastern Michigan; released on parole Nov. 17, 1919. Shirey, John, western Oklahoma; released on parole Nov. 16, 1920. Sparkman, J. R., western Okla¬ homa: released on parole Sept. 16, 1920. Snitken, Maurice L., Indiana; re¬ leased on parole Aug. 25, 1920. Swindle, Jim, eastern Texas: re¬ leased on parole Sept. 10, 1920. Trumble, E. A., eastern Texas; re¬ leased on parole Dec. 4, 1920. Trumble, John, eastern Texas; re¬ leased on parole Dec. 4, 1920. Whitten, Earl, western Oklahoma; released on parole Sept. 16,1920. Offense. Term. Violation of espionage 2 years. act; Aug. 31, 1918. Violation of espionage .do. act; May 6, 1919. Conspiracy and viola- 6 years. tion of espionage law; June 22, 1918. Violation of espionage Commuted from 5 act; Oct. 31, 1918. to 2 years Apr. Seditious conspiracy; 22, 1919. Commuted from 6 Oct. 6, 1917. to 4 years July Conspiracy; Oct. 6, 17, 1920. Commuted from 6 1917. to 4 years July Conspiracy and viola- 17, 1920. 6 years. tion of espionage act. Seditious conspiracy; 1 year, 6 months.. Sept. 20, 1918. _do. 2 years. _do. .do. Conspiracy; Oct. 6, Commuted from 1917. 6 to 4 vears July 17, 1920. Where committed. McNeil Island; term expired May 23, 1920. McNeil Island; term expires Oct. 16, 1921. Atlanta; term expires Nov. 29, 1922. Leavenworth; term ex¬ pired June 8, 1920. Leavenworth, Dec. 2, 1923; term expired July 19, 1922. Leavenworth, Mar. 22, 1922; term expires Nov. 17, 1920. Atlanta; term expired Nov. 29, 1922. Atlanta; term expires Apr. 13, 1921. Atlanta; term expires Sept. 8, 1921. Do. Leavenworth, Mar. 22, 1922; term expired Nov. 17, 1920. Total, 26. Included in the foregoing total, nine defendants were paroled after the President had commuted their sentences to shorter terms of imprisonment. The names of the defendants are as follows: Clure Isenhouer, Obe Isenhouer, C. W. Morris, Jack O’Connell, Walter Phillips, Christ Seeger, John Shirley, H. R. Sparkman, and Earl Whitten. AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1921. United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington , D. C. The subcommittee met at 2 o’clock p. m., Senator Thomas Sterling presiding. Present,Senators Sterling (chairman), Walsh of Montana, and King. Senator Sterling. I want for the purposes of the record in the amnesty hearings to submit certain papers which I have here. With¬ out reading them I will simply designate them. Here is one from Rev. Walker S. Davison, Arlington Avenue Presbyterian Church, East Orange, N. J. Here is another from the International Photo-Engravers’ Union of North America. This is from the president, Matthew Woll, Chicago, Ill. Next is a letter from the Central Labor Council of Seattle and vicinity. Next is a telegram from Philip Zausner, secretary of the New York District Council, stating that it represents 15,000 organized painters and decorators. Next is a telegram from the president and secretary of the Glass Bottle Blowers’ Association, representing, so it states, 10,000 skilled workers, asking for the passage of the resolution. Also another telegram from D. J. Tobin, general president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Chauffeurs, saying: In behalf of our international, of which I am president, I urge that your committee act favorably on Senator France’s amnesty resolution. Also I have a telegram from the White Goods Workers’ Union Local 62, of the International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union, stated to be with a membership of 5,000 in New York City. Also I have a telegram from L. Langer, secretary of the Joint Board of the Cloak, Skirt, and Reefer Makers’ Union of Greater New York, stated to be an organization with 50,000 members. Also a telegram from W. S. O’Connor, Secretary of the Boston Central Labor Union. Also I have a letter addressed to the chairman of the Judiciary Committee, Senator Nelson, from the American Civil Liberties Union, signed bv Albert D. Silver, director. All these communications favor the passage of the resolution. Senator Walsii of Montana. Mr. Chairman, I take it that there is no occasion for spreading these letters and telegrams at large on the record. The reference made by the chairman seems to me to be sufficient for the purpose. Senator Sterling. Of course they all express the same desire, for the passage of the resolution, and I do not know that there is any need of the telegrams being put in the record in full. I think perhaps this last letter, addressed to the chairman of the Judiciary Committee, should go in the record. 197 198 AMNESTY AND PARDON FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS. Senator Walsh of Montana. Very well. Senator King. I see these telegrams are all practically identical,, and the letters, Mr. Chairman. Senator Sterling. This letter is perhaps of more importance. Let that go in the record in full. The letter referred to is here printed in full in the record, as follows: American Civil Liberties Union, New York City , January 5, 1921. Hon. Knute Nelson, Senate Committee on the Judiciary , The Capitol , Washington, D. C. My Dear Senator: I understand that there will be a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee to-morrow morning upon the resolution introduced by Senator France favoring a general amnesty for political prisoners. On behalf of the American Civil liberties Union, I desire to indicate to your committee our support of the reso¬ lution in question. It has occurred to me that there may be some doubt in the minds of members of the Judiciary Committee as to the power of Congress to declare amnesty by legislative act. In this connection permit me to direct your attention to the words of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Walker (161 U. S., 591), at page 601: “Although the Constitution vests in the President ‘power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment,’ this power has never been held to take from Congress the power to pass acts of general amnesty.” Accordingly, since it is apparent that power is lodged in the legislative branch of the Government to declare a general amnesty, it seems appropriate to state to your committee the reasons which prompt us to support the resolution now before you. In the first place, it should be observed that in spite of statements to the contrary, the persons convicted under the espionage act, although technically found guilty of acts against the Government’s policy, have in fact been convicted for their religious, social, or political opinions expressed in word or print. The fact that the sole evi¬ dence of the commission of the acts with which such persons have been charged has been proof of such opinions, either spoken or written, makes it abundantly clear that they stand convicted of offenses primarily political in their nature. It should also be remembered that in practically every great nation of the western world except the United States, a general amnesty of political offenders has already been declared. Such action has been taken in England, France, Belgium, and Italy. And accordingly, it seems to us to be a source of regret and indeed of humilia¬ tion that our country should be behind our allies in the late war in an act indispensable to political tolerance and national generosity. It would perhaps be fitting at this point to call to your attention the statement issued by the President of the United States on Christmas Day in respect to his reasons for not issuing a pardon to Eugene V. Debs, whose case, we presume, was used by him as typical of the many others which come within the same class. The Presi¬ dent, it will be recalled, stated that he had refused to pardon Debs because the latter was not repentant. The reason why Debs is not repentant is, of course, self-evident. He was convicted for speaking what he believed to be the truth and he has not changed his mind about it. If he would change his mind and so state, it is likely that such action on his part would be dee me d to show a repe ntant spirit and thathe would thus earn a pardon. I am sure we need not point out to the members of your committee that to keep men and women in prison because they are unwilling to retract social, political, or religious opinions expressed by them, is in itself the essence of political persecution. Such conduct is the modern expression of the spirit and philosophy which underlay the religious persecutions of the seventeenth century. It has been until this time the pride of every American that our forefathers once and for all put an end to this spirit of intolerance. The opportunity is now before your committee and before the Congress of the United States, by adopting the resolution before you, again to reaffirm the spirit of political toleration which has thus been suspended. It is our earnest hope that the action which we indicate will be taken, and to this end may we request that this communication be read at the hearing to-morrow. Very sincerely, yours, Albert De Silver, Director. (Thereupon the subcommitte adjourned.) X /

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