r Q' o * V C ’ o< • ■: ^ : • <5 r o ^ D* o .. ,*-.... o * •^0* ° ^°-* o* ^ o ^ •*' <* % *" ▼ * o ■^, .■$. * ° <£ . ^ * ^ \ J - 1 * *» r\^ o*o a * <'° , C Jc^% °o ^ t * > *> *> * r\ j £- rf» *’ ^0° ^ '* ^ V** o H * © °^W\\ST * c~> .* *♦ % *w* ^ i . 1 ’ *, ' <$, * 0 ^ 0 . ol *'Jfr/TTTp?'' ^7 C *° ^ v® - v * *<> « " O V • &/£&*£< /7\ - rv V >° ^ *. * <£+ •* N> sy^ ^• V**--’ ■/ o ••* ^ : r\ V V .** * i\V/k p <5 . y <- * , -v * a 0 V * . .0 ,' • • ', .> ' • \ / :g&\ %S ■:■, * 3 * <(? '"Cc>. • „ • IS & •* <3- v A* * '..S’ /V <* 'O . » * .0' & > ' ^ . *• ' * ^ ^ , 0^ c 0 " O ^ ‘ Q ° ^ v * ■’fev* c' *- ^ 0* 4 O ° ^ <£» * '->^H » <> ^ * O * O ° ^ IsjV% \> V % "cv .0’ * ♦ ^ * A Stereograph Record OF william McKinley AS President of the United States by Bert Underwood STEREOGRAPHS BY Henry A. Strohmeyer i < i 1 Published by UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD New York Ottawa, Kan. London Toronto, Can. E7~i 11 ,£> . U5£ THE - l.:gRA 5 'v «F CC NGRF' ?, T wo Oot'itd l -CE've» APfl, ?t 1902 OO^KICMT ENPH i (ZfiA.%?, tqc^ Cl ASS ^XXa K other way. Moreover, the stereograph record has surpassing merit in other im¬ portant respects, such as being under¬ stood and enjoyed by those of a greater diversity of ages, and by fastening, as all good object-teaching does, its lessons upon the mind as no word-descriptions can do. No one could ever forget after looking at such a stereograph as “ Wil¬ liam McKinley greeting the children of his old neighbors at Canton ” that he I was the very opposite from the stiff and formal official who is anxious to impress ' upon others his importance and dignity. Throughout the centuries these stereo¬ graphs will be absolute proof that Wil¬ liam McKinley was so great a man that after the Nation had bestowed its highest honors upon him he still remained the genial, kind-hearted, approachable gen¬ tleman. If in the coming centuries the Nation’s President should unhappily become, by choice or necessity, a personage in a measure separated from the “ common ” people, in those unfortunate days they would know from this stereograph record that back in the beginning of the twentieth century, even the illustrious William McKinley, the most distin¬ guished ruler of his time, was content to go about among his fellow country¬ men with no outside show of being other than a private citizen of the Republic. How frequently the related details of some past incident in the life of a famous of William McKinley. 13 man are doubted. In time people become skeptical of even the incident and come to look upon it as a myth, first told only to illustrate and exaggerate some popu¬ lar idea of the hero’s character or dispo¬ sition. But one cannot doubt the ve¬ racity of a story told by the stereograph. Our aim has been to bring out the varied characteristics of William Mc¬ Kinley, to give a closer insight into his life, not only as President, but as citizen, I husband, neighbor and friend, and there¬ fore to give a most impressive object-les¬ son of an almost ideal American charac¬ ter. But we hope these stereographs will do more than bring us closer to the late President, that they will help us to feel familiar with the life and duties of all our Presidents, and thus we shall be more able to sympathize with their ef- j forts in the service of the ^American people. How far, by President McKinley’s kind favor, we have accomplished our de¬ sires, we must leave those to decide who thoughtfully peruse these stereographs. Each one of these views should become to us like a chapter in a book. We be¬ lieve there is inspiration to be obtained from some of these stereographs which cannot be found in many chapters of most books, and earnestly request any doubter to study them deliberately and thoughtfully through the stereoscope and to take careful note of the mental im¬ pressions he obtains. First let us take up the stereograph I 4 A Stereograph Record i. President McKinley at His Desk in the White House. This was the first time the President ever posed for our operator, or, for that matter, it is the first time any stereo- grapher ever photographed any Presi¬ dent in the White House. And what makes this, our first close stereograph of the President, more im¬ portant is that it was made on that fateful February 15th, 1898. Only a few hours later the noble battleship Maine with two hundred and sixty of our brave officers and sailors went down in Havana har¬ bor, all victims of as dastardly treachery as history records. The President had already served over eleven months at the time we see him sitting here. During these months fate had thrust upon him perhaps more per¬ plexing questions and graver responsi¬ bilities than any other President (except¬ ing Lincoln) had had to deal with. Looking through the stereoscope we seem veritably with the President; and may we not by frequent use of the present tense , here and in future places, invite your attention to the unfading NOW of realities, historic, yet embalmed in the stereoscopic treasury of truth? We are standing by the side of his desk. Look of William McKinley. 15 at the strong, firm, calm face; study the features carefully, the large nose, square jaw, firm but kindly mouth, thoughtful eyes, overhung by the heavy and high brow. There is purpose in this face. After seeing the President here so close to us, we realize as never before how false those are who call him weak. The yellow journals, in their persistent at¬ tempts to misrepresent as much as possi¬ ble, have already called him weakling and coward. Later, when the terrible event of this very day shall have justified him in taking the steps which his detractors have before this recklessly advised, in¬ consistent as usual, they will as unjustly call him bloodthirsty. Those kindly eyes seem as though they might be looking into the future. Is there some premonition of the awful ca¬ lamity that is to come in a few hours ? You notice we are in the President’s workroom. This old, worn table has been used by many Presidents. That fine, old- fashioned marble mantle reminds us that the White House is a comfortable, though not over-elegant home for our chief magistrates. That package of docu¬ ments on the desk (which the President will open as soon as this sitting is fin¬ ished) probably contains matter concern- 16 A Stereograph Record ing the Cuban-Spanish trouble, for this is the all-absorbing question of the time. How much more interesting to meet the President here at his working desk than in a formal way at some state re¬ ception. Now let us see the President two years later, this time in the Cabinet room. 2. President McKinley at the Head ot the Council Table. Those steady, calm eyes are not look¬ ing this time into the future, but into the present, in fact, right into our eyes; and one can see delineated in his face that these two years of weighty responsi¬ bilities have made him even more stable and safe than at first, have broadened and ennobled his character, as happens indeed to every man who meets difficult duties bravely and conscientiously per¬ forms them. As we see him here he is not greater in renown simply, he is greater in fact than he was two years ago. His policies have been seriously, exhaustively, prayerfully thought out and then fearlessly put into execution. Under his guiding supervision our Army and Navy have won victories at every point; and not only his fellow country¬ men, but the whole world, realize at this moment that William McKinley has of William McKinley. 17 proved himself both a strong and safe man. Another exciting political cam¬ paign is just before him, but his com¬ posed countenance seems to indicate a confidence that by their ballots the Amer¬ ican people will show their approval of his achievements. Over in that glass case hangs the private presidential flag. That globe re¬ minds us that since William McKinley became President, we can no longer confine our interests and policies to one hemisphere, that we have become indeed a world power. Our destiny is onward. Expanding as we had from the very first, we were not to stop simply because we had reached the shores of the Pacific. We may know that the Cabinet meets to-day, for a bouquet similar to the beau¬ tiful one we see on this table is sent up by the chief gardener every morning be¬ fore such a meeting. And think of the momentous affairs of state that in the past hundred years have been discussed around this table! Some were never heard of outside this confidential room, some widely advocated policies have for¬ tunately received their death knell here. Even though the President were not be¬ fore us, an opportunity to look into this room with all its associations would be 18 A Stereograph Record a rare treat; but of course it is vastly more so when the chief executive sits in his place. Evidently some papers are thrown into the waste basket in the Cab¬ inet room. The President has already consigned a few there this morning. He has come early to look over and get in touch with a few documents before the members of his Cabinet assemble. As it is now time for their arrival, let us step back a little and make way for them to enter. While we do so some one comes in and hands the President a beautiful carnation. It has been sent up by Mrs. McKinley, who, it seems, has gone down to the conservatory. Before the Cabinet are all seated, we will take a look at 3 . President McKinley and His Eight Chosen Advisors. Commencing at our right, in the order named, we have before us, besides the President, Hon. John Hay, of Ohio, Sec¬ retary of State; Hon. Elihu Root, of New York, Secretary of War; Hon. Charles Emory Smith, of Pennsylvania, Postmaster General; Hon. Nathan A. Hitchcock, of Missouri, Secretary of In¬ terior ; Hon. James Wilson, of Iowa, Sec¬ retary of Agriculture; Hon. John D. Long, of Massachusetts, Secretary of the of William McKinley. 19 Navy; Han. John W. Griggs, of New Jersey, Attorney General; Hon. Lyman J. Gage, of Illinois, Secretary of the Treasury. We are looking upon a cabinet here which has had to face questions more difficult, which has rendered decisions more important in influencing the future of our nation than those of any cabinet since that other famous one of Lincoln’s. We know somewhat of how ably these great men have performed their tasks under the guidance of their gifted leader. Their careers are not finished, and it will pay us to study closely the distinguished faces, each different, yet each a splendid type of the new American race. See if by doing so we do not conclude that we have obtained a more vivid acquaintance with each one (of the characteristics of each) than we could have obtained from any written description. It is an ex¬ ceptional privilege to be able to study at our leisure these men as they are as¬ sembled in this room, hallowed by so many associations. Visitors at the White House of course are not allowed even to glance in here during a session of the Cabinet, yet we, with no fear of offend¬ ing, may scan these faces until we have noted every similarity and every differ- 20 A Stereograph Record ence. The President has moved his chair back a little, while the Cabinet members have been coming in, and we can see the documents he has been looking over on the table; and we notice, too, that he has placed Mrs. McKinley’s sweet little token carefully in the lapel of his coat. Let us look in, down stairs, where this carnation came from, and see 4. Mrs. McKinley in the White House Conservatory. Mrs. McKinley especially loves flow¬ ers, and this is her frequent resting place. Too frail to walk much among them, she has this chair (it is her favorite chair) brought down stairs from her room, and she sits here enjoying the flowers and the glow of the warm sunlight. Now and then she walks among them to look closer at some new bud or blossom and enjoy its fragrance and beauty, but she soon returns to this seat to rest. What could be a more appropriate surrounding for this frail, sweet woman than these delicate, sweet blossoms! Here is the very perfume of the President’s life. Rest assured he is in Mrs. McKinley’s thoughts as she sits before us, and as he pores over his papers up stairs he can see her in his mind just as we see her now; for he often looks in to greet her in this of IVilliam McKinley. 21 favored bower. But after the Cabinet has adjourned, and after the President has reviewed alone the weightier mat¬ ters of state, then come 5 . President McKinley's Happiest Hours with Mrs. McKinley in Their Home Apartments. He is the most tender of husbands. We, his countrymen, have learned to love the great, strong man so full of health more than we ever could have done simply from his masterly handling of great questions of state, because we know that he is gentle and true to his frail, invalid wife. He never takes up the business of the day without first spending a few minutes in her room; and he takes his luncheon with her, if nec¬ essary, by her bedside. He never leaves the White House without first bidding her good-by. “ Sentimental,” does some one say? Yes, beautifully sentimental. This world would be a terribly cold place for an invalid if it were not for sentiment. Mr. McKinley here is a noble and strik¬ ing example of the ideal American hus¬ band. No other people show their wives such respect and love, and they are re¬ warded by having wives famous the world over as worthy of love and rever¬ ence. This look into the home life of our 22 A Stereograph Record President ought to make us more careful to have the same gentle consideration pre¬ vail in our own homes. Look again at these features. All trace of business care has vanished from the President’s face when in her presence, and instead it wears a gentle look of love; and Mrs. McKinley’s delicate face is lighted up with happiness, as it always is when her husband is with her. We have other prized stereographs of Mrs. McKinley, and many of the President; but we are glad of this one with its lesson. Now let us go back and witness the great ceremony when William McKinley firsc became President of these United States, March 4, 1897. 6 . President McKinley Delivering His Inaugural Address. We have chosen a position on the out¬ skirts of this throng so as to obtain a better idea of its vastness. The people extend far beyond our vision both to the right and the left. See how they swarm the great steps and balconies of the Capi¬ tol. To our right, so far away that we can not recognize his features, on that portion of the draped platform that is raised above the rest, stands the new President. Close to his right (our left) sits a man wearing a tall silk hat. That 2 3 of William McKinley. is Grover Cleveland, the retiring Presi¬ dent. As Mr. McKinley tells this great multitude what his policy and purposes will be during the coming four years, he little realizes that his term will be the most eventful, barring one, that this country has ever experienced. While this multitude of his supporters is full of loyal enthusiasm, as indeed from his distinguished service in the past they have reason to be; yet for this vastly greater position he must be proved. We to-day know how he bore the test, and what an unexpectedly severe test it was. Now, before seeing the President dur¬ ing some of the most thrilling moments of his first term, let us jump over just four years to his second inauguration, March 4th, 1901. And as we before chose to look from a distance, let us now stand upon the scaffolding which has been erected by the architect of the Capitol exclusively for Mr. Strohmeyer and the stereoscopic camera. It is many feet nearer than any other stand erected for any purpose ; therefore our view should be a good one. We are here at 7 . The Supreme Moment—Chief Justice Fuller with Uplifted Hand Admin¬ istering the Oath of Office for a Second Time to William McKinley . The President’s hand rests reverently 24 A Stereograph Record on the open Bible as he repeats after the Chief Justice the solemn words of the oath, “ I, William McKinley, do solemn¬ ly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and will, to the best of my ability, pre¬ serve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States.” Instead of retir¬ ing at the end of his term he has been elected to succeed himself, a testimony of approval that has not been extended to any President since Grant, and but seven times before in the Country’s his¬ tory; and this time he has been elected by a plurality of 832,280 votes, which is much larger than any President has ever before received. It takes a strong char¬ acter not to be endangered by such ap¬ proval, but William McKinley is such a character. This year we see they have built up a temporary balcony over the President’s stand, and of course this year the retir¬ ing and the incoming President are both personified in one. Behind the President and to the right stands probably the most noteworthy type of American vigor that can be found in vigorous America to-day. It is McKinley’s running mate, Theodore Roosevelt, who, just a few moments ago 2 5 of William McKinley. in the Senate Chamber, took the Vice- Presidential oath. As he stands here how little is it thought that so soon, through the most terrible crime of the age, he is to become the Chief Magistrate of the Nation. Truly man proposes, God disposes. The official who stands farther to the right, next to these pillars, is the Ser- geant-at-Arms of the U. S. Senate, Hon. D. M. Ramsdel. The one holding the Bible is the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Hon. James H. McKenney. We are in¬ deed fortunate to obtain such a position from which to observe this the most im¬ portant ceremony of the Nation. We have now seen the President in his home and during his regular and usual duties, and also have been at both his inaugurations. Let us next look at a scene which will recall to our minds the stirring events that were transpiring dur¬ ing his first term. 8 . President McKinley Visiting Major General Wheeler in his Tent, Camp Wikoff, Montank Point, hong Is¬ land. To the left of the President are Secre¬ tary of War Alger, General Wheeler and Colonel Hard of the 8th Ohio, which regiment was recruited in and around 2 6 A Stereograph Record Canton and was known as “ The Presi¬ dent’s Own.” In the summer of 1898 many of our soldiers were ordered back from Cuba to Montauk Point, Long Island. We remember how the severe campaign and trying climate, both of which our volun¬ teer troops were entirely unused to, had weakened even those of the strongest constitution. The average soldier landed at Montauk on the verge of typhoid, while the physically weaker ones were already down with fever of a more or less serious form. The country’s nerves were already strained to a point of ten¬ sion by the generally exaggerated re¬ ports of privation and inefficient treat¬ ment of the soldiers at the hands of the commissary department in the field; others now followed about the conditions in this camp, so that there was a great outcry. This is not the place nor would it be our wish to go into the merits of this vexed question. Undoubtedly yellow journalism, in its endeavor to create a feverish desire for news, inflamed the public by exaggerated reports of the unsatisfactory conditions. It should be remembered that the sol¬ diers, officers and commissary were in¬ experienced, and all had tremendous dif- of William McKinley. 27 ficulties to encounter; therefore, proba¬ bly all were at fault. War at best is stern and terrible. Brave young fellows from comfortable homes all over the land faced death on the battlefield with¬ out complaint, but protested bitterly against the severe hardships of weeks of camp life to which their constitutions had not been hardened. When these protests were numerous, you will remember the President went to Long Island with Sec¬ retary of War Alger to see personally just what the conditions were and to di¬ rect relief as quickly as possible. We see him here as the guest of General Joe Wheeler, who was in command of the camp. In spite of very prompt and efficient efforts to improve the condition of the soldiers, it was months before the effects of the malarious, hot climate of Cuba were out of their systems. For a time even the administration seemed un¬ der a cloud, but we know how the com¬ mon sense and justice of the American people prevailed, and it was recognized that suffering, sickness and death were among the inevitable perils of such a hurried campaign in a tropical climate. Seeing the President here will remind us of how diligently he kept at his duty in dark as well as in sunny times. 28 A Stereograph Record Before witnessing the President with more of our military heroes let us direct our attention to another distinguished feature of Mr. McKinley’s presidential career. No other President ever went out among the people so much or made such extended trips to the farthest ex¬ tremities of the Country, north, south, east, west. At the commencement of his tern, the Country was divided by sectional feeling into three great parts. The West had become in a measure estranged from its old ally the East, and the misunderstanding was growing mare and more; while the South was still dis¬ trustful of the North and expected and received very little consideration from northern statesmen. It became President McKinley’s ambition to bring the coun¬ try together during his term, and the furthering of this purpose was one special reason for which his extended trips were made. A brilliant offhand speaker, thoroughly cultured, with a mar¬ velous tact which made it possible for him at all times to so adapt himself to his surroundings as to win the esteem and friendship of both the greatest and the humblest, Mr. McKinley was re¬ markably fitted to carry out this great work. He was ever clear and frank 29 of William McKinley. in his statements, yet always courteous, and through it all there was conspicuous¬ ly evident the kind-hearted, sincere, Christian gentleman. We will take up here only the three principal tours. First, his trip into the South, made early in the winter of ’98, partly to meet some of the officers and soldiers of his army and partly to get into personal touch with the southern people. We shall look at a few charac¬ teristic scenes on this trip. 9 . President McKinley and Major Gen¬ erals Wheeler, I^awton, Shatter and Kiefer . This stereograph was made on a steamer in Savannah River, near Savan¬ nah, during the review of the Seventh Army Corps. It is certainly an interest¬ ing group: President McKinley, Com¬ mander in Chief of the United States forces, and four of his famous generals. We all admire and love Major General Wheeler, whom we recognize again, nearest us on our right. The famous fighting Joe Wheeler of the Confederate Army has now become even more fa¬ mous, patriotically fighting for the old flag and liberty. Among the heroes of our Spanish War none will stand out more conspicuously than this Christian 30 A Stereograph Record soldier and statesman. Just back of the President stands Major General Law- ton (also a conspicuous Christian officer) tall and straight, every inch a soldier, as brave a fighter even as Joe Wheeler, and with a record as brilliant though not so long. Within less than a year this noble life will be sacrificed on a Philip¬ pine battlefield. His name, too, will stand among the greatest of our war heroes. Next to Lawton stands Major General Shafter, a distinguished veteran of the Civil War, to whom Congress had already voted special honors. He was the Commander in Chief in the trying Cuban Campaign, and justly shares the laurels of victory. The fourth is Major General Kiefer of Ohio, also an officer in the Civil War. He was later a dis¬ tinguished member of Congress for a number of terms, and for one term speaker of the House of Representatives. Looking through the stereoscope we al¬ most forget that we are not standing with these distinguished personages on the steamer’s deck. What could bring back to our minds these events of the Cuban Campaign so quickly and so vividly as does this living group ? Let us next see of William McKinley. 31 to. President McKinley and Cabinet Reviewing the Seventh Army Corps at Savannah, Ga., Decem¬ ber 17th, 1898. This corps is soon to go to Cuba to relieve the army which has been through the trying summer campaign of 1898. Though the war is over, a large army will be necessary for many months to come, for Cuba is in a most restless and disorganized condition. The President is in the act of saluting the colors. Whenever one of the regi¬ mental flags is passing, the President re¬ moves his hat. Every soldier marches with gun at “ present arms ” and every officer with sword lowered as he passes the President’s stand. We recognize Secretary Gage standing just back of the President. The gentleman behind the Secretary, with his face turned away, is Major General Kiefer. He is in com¬ mand of this corps of troops. Looking past and in front of General Kiefer we see the profile of Secretary Long. Look¬ ing back of and beyond General Kiefer, that officer wearing a cap is Major Gen¬ eral Shafter. The tall young man wear¬ ing a silk hat, who stands immediately back of General Kiefer, is Adelbert Hay, the son of the Secretary of State. We remember that a few months later Secre- 32 A Stereograph Record tary Hay sent this son, barely twenty- one years old, to fill the delicate and important position of Consul General to Pretoria, South Africa. After ably rep¬ resenting the United States during the most trying part of the British-Boer War he returned on a vacation and while attending an Alumni reunion at Yale University he was accidently killed by falling from a window of the hotel. It was a sad ending to what promised to be a brilliant career. Before leaving Savannah let us see ii. President McKinley and the Savan¬ nah Committee. We are on the steamer Estelle, Savannah River. Most of these gentle¬ men taking the President on a pleasant excursion are Confederate Army vet¬ erans. While the young man, William McKinley, as private and officer, was braving death to uphold the old flag in Georgia, they were fighting with as grim a determination to tear it down and keep it down forever. Happily the for¬ tunes of war and greater resources gave young McKinley’s side the ultimate vic¬ tory, and here we see Old Glory, the Nation’s sacred emblem of government, still floating in the Georgia breeze; and thank God every one who stands there of William McKinley. 33 under it is a loyal citizen. These two gen¬ tlemen nearest us and to our right are good types of the fine old southern “aris¬ tocrats.” We would know they were southerners even if we had met them in the North. The President especially re¬ quested Mr. Strohmeyer to stereograph him with this committee. It certainly is a reminder of the happy change in the sentiments of the people for a united country. 12. The Mayor of Tuskegee, Ala¬ bama, Welcoming the President. Here again we are in a favored posi- i tion, for we can study the features of both the host and his distinguished guests. Governor Johnston of Alabama i sits next to the President. We notice ! that the Governor and the other gen- ; tlemen along the seat are evidently both- i ered by the sunlight. Possibly the shadow on some of the faces is due to the length of Mayor Cunningham’s speech, consid- ! ering that they know the sun is shining even more directly in the President’s i face; but the President never takes his eyes off the speaker. He realizes that it is the old Mayor’s half hour, and not for one instant does he relax the most interested attention. There shall be no suggestion from his manner that part 34 A Stereograph Record of the carefully prepared welcome might to advantage be omitted. His is a nature that can honestly enjoy giving pleasure even if at considerable sacrifice of com¬ fort. The little girl at this end of the bench is evidently more interested in us than in the Mayor’s speech. But the President has not come to Tuskegee primarily to visit the little town. His principal object is to visit the famous institution of industry and learning, which was founded and is being so successfully carried on by the won¬ derful negro, Booker T. Washington. Probably no other person is doing so much to solve the great negro problem. Passing to the buildings of the institu¬ tion, which are two miles away, we look at the occupants of a stand that the ne¬ groes have erected and decorated in honor of their President. We see be¬ fore us, 13. President McKinley, Governor Joseph E. Johnston and Booker T. Washington . This is indeed a unique scene in the South. A negro in the place of honor along with two such distinguished white men. Probably Governor Johnston, the old Confederate soldier, was never in a similar position before. We see that the of William McKinley. 35 President is looking directly into the camera and it seems to us he is standing especially erect, as though to show he was proud of his company, and it cer¬ tainly would be difficult for him to find two more worthy representatives of the two races in our southern states. All along President McKinley has been treat¬ ing the southerners with a generous jus¬ tice that northerners seldom bestow. He has shown a confidence in the patriotism, valor and judgment of southern citizens by giving into their charge some of the most arduous and honorable positions during the Spanish War; with a broad¬ minded justice he has publicly recog¬ nized the valor and the sincerity of the Confederate soldiers, and advised that hereafter the Union and Confederate graves be decorated together. But while doing his utmost to win the South back to love for the old flag he does not intend that the rights of the negro are to be sacrificed to do it. He desires, it seems to us, that this stereograph shall tell them this. To our left, back of the three most prominent figures, but still on the same platform, we see again the familiar face of the Hon. Joe Wheeler, the one time Confederate but now United States Gen- 36 A Stereograph Record cral. To our extreme right, sitting on this same platform, we recognize the Hon. Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of the Treas¬ ury, who has, during his term of office, seen the great financial institution he presides over become the most prosper¬ ous in the world. Veritably prejudices and “ times ” do change. Let us now take a position on the stand, and from there we shall see the 14. Girls of the Booker T. Washing¬ ton School, Tnskegee. They are passing in review before their President, their Governor and their benefactor. One can hardly realize that the grand¬ parents of these young women were reared in ignorance, absolutely subject to the will of an owner. Surely rank, or wealth, or color does not make the noble¬ man, but a meritorious life. In the car¬ riage just below us we see the refined features of Mrs. McKinley. Her strength will seldom permit her to take part in ceremonies or festivities, but she has come out to-day to see these young women who are trying so bravely to make themselves more capable of being useful in the world. In the fall of 1899 there took place in Washington one of the most interesting 37 of William McKinley. ceremonies resulting from the war. We will now witness on Oct. 3rd, 1899, the President and the people honoring the hero of Manila Bay. 15 . President McKinley Presenting Admiral Dewey to the People. Our position is a near one, that we may study the features of the two princi¬ pal characters. The ceremonies are taking place on the east steps of the Capitol, and the ar¬ rangements, decorations and throngs are very similar to those of a President’s In¬ auguration. We all remember with what tremen¬ dous enthusiasm Admiral Dewey was re¬ ceived by the Nation. This reception at Washington was the greatest honor and the one that was most fitting. Here we have together the Commander in Chief and his first Admiral. The one had been the leader in planning the most uni¬ versally successful war in our history, the other had achieved its most signal victory, one of the most brilliantly suc¬ cessful naval triumphs ever recorded. They are now standing while the vast crowd cheers the President’s introduc¬ tory words which glow with generous, even affectionate praise. See how frankly pleased the President is, and how 3 « A Stereograph Record careful he is to keep the Admiral to the front. Admiral Dewey is the hero of the hour, and President McKinley does not take any of the applause as for himself. From the Admiral’s downcast, modest look we would judge that the mighty shout of welcome, while pleasing, is at the same time a trying ordeal to stand through. Notice he has backed away from the front as far as the President will permit. The Admiral could face shot and shell with a much straighter glance than this bombardment of glory. We will now look at a few scenes of the President’s trip through the Mid¬ dle West during the fall of 1899. 16. President McKinley, Alliance, Ohio. He is never so Happy as when with the Common People. The President is standing at the end of his private car. He meets many thou¬ sands just in this way. At the smaller towns, and where the stops are short, he cannot well leave the train, but he knows the people want to see him, and his is a nature that peculiarly enjoys giv¬ ing pleasure to others. He is always out on the platform in time, ready to grasp the hands of those within reach, even though the stop is but for a moment. His is too great a soul to ever need to of William McKinley. 39 assume dignity. Instinctively a gentle¬ man, he therefore always shows it. We recognize the other gentlemen on the platform of the car, the larger one as Secretary of Agriculture Wilson, the other, Secretary of the In¬ terior Hitchcock. We can readily see the appropriateness of having both these gentlemen with him on this trip into the richest agricultural districts in the in¬ terior of our country. The gentleman in the doorway is President McKinley’s gifted private secretary, George B. Cor- telyou, who accompanies the President wherever he goes. We here obtain a new insight into the President’s character that we can never forget. It is doubtful if the more im¬ posing occasions on which we shall see him later will prove more profitable or interesting; so let us witness one more impromptu reception, then we can better understand the man when we shall see him in the midst of more formal circum¬ stances. We go a few miles west of Al¬ liance, to the President’s home at Can¬ ton, and see him if. Greeting the Children of His Old Neighbors. How they are storming the car to shake hands, and the President of the 40 A Stereograph Record greatest republic the world has ever known is bending way over to reach a lit¬ tle tot’s hand. That little girl will remem¬ ber and be proud of that handshake as long as she lives. We wish our children to be patriotic and to love their country. Where is there another ruler on the face of the globe who would bend him¬ self nearly double in an effort to reach in friendly grasp one little hand? It would have been accomplished more for¬ mally, if at all, in any other country. These children would have been made to “ know their place.” We Americans possibly lack “ dignity,” and we do not always teach our children “ correct form ” perhaps, by doing part of the reaching ourselves, but it does make them love us, and their President too. There is a hundred times more honest heart in that reach, and in this rush of youngsters, than in any European ruler’s formal review. And we would rather have him so. Some carping “ yellow ” journals have called him “ Emperor! ” If they had said “ Father ” it would have come much nearer the mark. Continuing our journey let us see the President addressing the people on Octo¬ ber 6, 1899, at Quincy, Illinois. of William McKinley. 41 18. “ Whenever the Flag is Assailed the only Terms we ever make with the Assailant are Unconditional Surrender.” We remember that the revolt in the Philippines had dragged wearily on and the people had become so tired of war that many thoughtlessly clamored for its end whatever the sacrifice or humilia¬ tion. It was in the speeches of this western trip that the President came out and clearly proclaimed his policy of no compromise. The Secretary to the President, Mr. Cortelyou, informs us that this stereo¬ graph shows Mr. McKinley in his most characteristic speaking attitude. Certain¬ ly one cannot look at this striking and perfectly posed figure without realizing that the President must feel perfectly at ease and a master of his theme. As soon as this address is over, thou¬ sands of the people will want to shake the hand of the President. While this would become very tedious to most men, William McKinley heartily enjoys it. iq. President McKinley Shaking Hands with the People of Quincy. Notice the gentleman this side of Mr. McKinley. The President’s genial words and engaging smiles are so attractive 42 A Stereograph Record that people are tempted to linger too long; so a local committee-man is se¬ lected to keep the people moving in order* that as many as possible may have the satisfaction of clasping the President’s hand. We can see a look of pleased sat¬ isfaction on the face of this first boy that is indeed quite natural. What boy would not be glad to shake hands with President McKinley? The second little fellow is looking squarely into the Presi¬ dent’s face. Apparently the President still retains his hand. But there is a very sad parallel to this pleasant scene. That gentleman in the stand leaning over, with his back toward us, and wearing a derby hat, is the secret service man, Foster. He is carefully watching the on-coming line, to see that no suspicious characters approach the President. Mr. Foster was acting in the same capacity nearly two years later. The same kind of procession was moving by the President, the conditions were very similar excepting that instead of being out of doors the people walked in line into a building to meet the Presi¬ dent. It was also just this same sort of a light-hearted, pleased, holiday throng, young and old, eager to greet their chief magistrate. Alas! not all; there was just 43 of William McKinley. one in all that throng into whose soul Satan had entered and filled it with hate. A young man with his right hand wrapped up, apparently injured, came along the line. He had a boyish, inno¬ cent face, and no one could see the devil that was in his heart. He passed on by detective Foster. The young man held out his uninjured left hand toward the President and Mr. McKinley kindly leaned forward to grasp it: A shot was heard, then quickly another, and the President staggered and fell. The Buffalo Exposition will go down in history as the scene of the most dastardly crime of the age. President McKinley went up and down as Chief Magistrate of the Nation, greet¬ ing the people everywhere just as we see him doing here at Quincy, without any guard, for over four years before he came upon a wretch mean enough to kill him. Considering our “ yellow ” press, and the way we have allowed anarchy to gather from all parts of the globe and make itself nests in different parts of our land, it seems incredible that it did not occur before. In no other land could a ruler have lived so long if ex¬ posed so constantly and freely. Must we in future give up this close, unre- 44 A Stereograph Record stricted intercourse with our chosen chief citizen and surround him with military barriers and pomp; or can we not even now put up the bars and allow only the intelligent, industrious and moral to en¬ ter our dear land, restrict the ballot to those who have been in our Country, if need be, twenty-one years, and enact laws that will forever stop the mouth and pen of the avowed hater of law and govern¬ ment? It is only under such conditions that we can hope to have our Presidents continue to go freely among us as of old. We will next see 20. President McKinley Addressing the People of Galesburg, Ills., on Oc¬ tober 7th, i8qq, the 41st Anniver¬ sary of the Lincoln and Douglass Debate. This is in the Knox College campus, where those renowned orators and states¬ men of a former generation once met in a memorable debate during their con¬ test for a seat in the United States Sen¬ ate. While Douglass by the vote of the Legislature became Senator, Lincoln won the hearts of the people and that fame which ultimately made him Presi¬ dent. This scene will later seem almost pro¬ phetic. Here are our two great war 45 of William McKinley . Presidents. Simply the bust of one, but how full of health and purpose the other is, yet a little less than two years hence he too will be laid low by the bullet of the assassin. How many similarities there are in their careers and characters. Each carried us victorious through a war, each was elected for a second term, but neither lived to serve more than a few months of it. Both these men whose fate it was to carry on war were of an unusually kind and sympathetic nature. Both were exceptionally genial and cor¬ dial ; Lincoln the more jovial perhaps; McKinley possibly the more cultured. Both honest, both conservative, both * lawyers, both orators, both martyrs at last. But the one forced the South back into the Union, the other helped to wipe away the bitterness that this forcing had engendered. The first war was of sec¬ tion against section; the second was of a united country against a foreign enemy. One b !t the country nearly bankrupt, the other left government bonds at a premium. One was assassinated by a misguided political foe, the other by a wretched enemy to all government. If we had a stereograph record of the great debate which took place here, and other famous events in Lincoln’s life, 46 A Stereograph Record how they would be prized to-day! And yet their value would be ever increasing as the years go by. We quote the final sentence of Presi¬ dent McKinley’s Galesburg speech: To Lincoln, who in 1858 was struggling here against the encroachment of slavery, not for its destruction where it existed, but against further extension, was finally given, by the people, under the providence of God, the op¬ portunity and the power to enthrone Liberty in every part of the Republic. About this time many of the soldiers were returning from the Philippines, and on October 12, 1899, the President went to St. Paul and Minneapolis to welcome home the 13th Minnesota Volunteers. Here we see 21. President McKinley and Governor Lind in the Reviewing Stand at Minneapolis . He has already addressed the soldiers and has been escorted here to review them on parade. We see the regimental bands just passing and a line of soldiers farther ahead. Governor Lind is a Swede by birth and landed in America a poor boy. His rise to the governor¬ ship of one of our great states is a proof of the possibilities which this country gives to the intelligent and industrious immigrant. The gentleman leaning 47 of William McKinley . against the railing of the stand we recog¬ nize as Secretary Long. The two great questions of the hour were, perseverance in putting down the Philippine revolt and “expansion;” the latter of course included the former. From President McKinley’s Minneapolis speech we quote the following: I have come from the Capitol of the Nation that I might give the Nation’s welcome to a regiment of the Nation’s defenders. I have come to speak the voice of love and gratitude which comes from every American heart to¬ day that loves the flag. I have come to bid you welcome because you did your duty; and that is the highest tribute that can be paid to any soldier anywhere, and I do not think the members of this regiment or the regiments constituting the Eighth Army Corps in the Philippines realize the importance and heroism of their action after the treaty of peace was signed and ratified. I want to say to you men, and to you Col. Summers—General Summers now, because of his gallantry—that the offi¬ cers and men of the Eighth Army Corps sent to Washington, telling me that they would stay in the Philippines until I could create a new army and send it there to take their place. I come to bid you welcome and give you the honor of the Nation because you thus sus¬ tained the flag of the Nation. 22. President McKinley at West Super - ior, Wisconsin, October 13th, 1899 At every point where the President spoke the people gathered in vast 4 8 A Stereograph Record throngs to hear him. His pleasing per¬ sonality, gifted eloquence and exalted position, and also the thrilling events of the past two years, stirred the patriotism of the people. Our position on the stand gives a bet¬ ter opportunity than we usually have had to realize the size of the audience. There are fifteen thousand people here. We notice that those in front are all school¬ boys. Let us hear a little of what he is saying to the people of this thriving little center of industry: I have been glad to note your progress and your prosperity, and glad to note the difference between your condition when I last was here and your condition now. We have discovered that the best statesmanship for America is that statesmanship which looks to the highest in¬ terests of American labor and the highest de¬ velopment of American resources. The last and greatest journey ever un¬ dertaken by President McKinley was begun on April 30, 1901. As the itin¬ erary was planned, the presidential party was to sweep through the most southerly states from the Atlantic to the Pacific; then through California up into Oregon and east to the Yellowstone, and on through respectively Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio to Buffalo, N. Y.; and later he was to go to 49 of William McKinley. New England. Probably never since Washington has there been a President who could visit every section of the coun¬ try with the perfect assurance of a hearty welcome. It must have been a source of great satisfaction to the President that he had thus succeeded in winning the confidence and sympathy of the whole country, north and south, east and west. The trip was to be in a sense his re¬ ward for all those anxious weeks and months so heavy with responsibilities, but like most human rewards it was fated to be only partial. The election was over, the President was just starting on his second term and the trip could not be interpreted as being intended to promote his political pros¬ pects. The country had already given him the highest honors in its power. The people of those sections which had not seen the great war President whom they had learned to respect and love, wanted to see him, and he wished to visit every section of our great country and knit still closer the ties of patriotism that bind us into a united nation. Elabo¬ rate preparations were made to make the long journey as easy and comfortable for the presidential party as possible; for these presidential journeys are not rest- 5 o A Stereograph Record ful in any sense. The President must make many offhand speeches every day, besides one or two more important ones. Every address is at once telegraphed to the principal newspapers all over the land, so there must not be a noticeable sameness of expression; then the Presi¬ dent as well as the whole party are almost constantly under the eye of the public. It will be our privilege to witness some of the most interesting and impos¬ ing spectacles of this great trip. It proved to be a continuous ovation to the President; and being the greatest and the last occasion on which it shall be our privilege to journey with William McKinley, it may prove acceptable if, so far as carried out, we follow his itinerary more closely than we have done before. Passing over the less important stops of the train after leaving Washington, we shall notice first 23 . Confederate Veterans, Grand Army of the Republic and Loyal Legions, Welcoming President McKinley, Huntsville, Ala., April 30, 1901. Huntsville was once the capital of Ala¬ bama. The entire population of this im¬ portant town has turned out, men, women and children. Quite an attractive dis¬ play of millinery, isn’t it? After being of William McKinley. 51 introduced by Judge Richardson, Gen¬ eral Wheeler’s successor in Congress, the President spoke in part as follows: I very greatly appreciate and return to all of you my thanks for this welcome, so warm and so generous upon the part of the people, of the members of the Grand Army of the Republic, Loyal Legion and Confederate veterans, who speak their greetings to us as we pass through your beautiful city. If I have been in any sense the instrument in the hands of the people to bring together the North and the South, it is the highest distinction that I could covet. I am glad to see the boys in gray uniting in giv¬ ing the reception. Once foes, now friends for¬ ever. [Great applause.] Once with hostile arms in their hands, now with affection in their hearts one for another, and both united in love and loyalty for the Flag and for the Land we love. After the address General Samuel H. Morse, on behalf of Egbert I. Jones, Camp of Confederate Veterans and the Huntsville Post of the Grand Army of the Republic, presented to the President a beautiful floral piece, emblematic, he said, “ of the pleasure it gives us to honor you, who as Chief Magistrate have sought to assuage sectional bitterness, and to weld in the bonds of a common justice and patriotism the destinies of our common Country.” 52 A Stereograph Record Let us next see the crowds that made up 24. President McKinley’s splendid Welcome at General Wheeler’s Home city, Decatur, Ala., April 30, 1901. We have taken a position farther away this time, so as to get a better idea of the throng. We can faintly see a second flag through the bunting of this first. It seems good indeed to see these citizens of the old Confederate state of Alabama standing gladly under the Flag, staunch¬ ly loyal to the Government it represents. Those were patriotic hands which made that arch of flags and bunting over the railway track. The President said in part: The attention of the people of the South, and the warmth of their reception have been so constant since we started from the Capitol city yesterday morning that words seem poor indeed to express our gratitude and apprecia¬ tion. We have just cause to be proud of our Country. It belongs to us all. We know no North, no South, no East, no West, but are all Americans. No solid South and no solid North, save when solid for the flag and the Union. I have been glad to note as I have travelled through this section of our beloved country the great progress and prosperity everywhere evidenced. This country has been signally blessed. We have everything. God has been good to us. He has given to us a 53 of William McKinley. heritage which awaits our development, which we must not neglect, and it is our duty to pre¬ serve this land to Liberty forever and forever. Shortly after leaving Decatur Mr. Strohmeyer expressed a wish to the President that he might photograph some of the principal members of the presi¬ dential party and train at some place where the crowds would not interfere. Mr. McKinley inquired when he would like to do this, to which Mr. Strohmeyer replied, “ Whenever it will be convenient to you, Mr. President, for me the earlier the better.” The President promptly or¬ dered the train stopped and this stereo¬ graph was made: 25. The Presidential Party and Train. On the arrival of the train at Memphis that afternoon the exposed plate, with others previously taken, were expressed to New York, and a day or two later the public were able to witness in a very real sense some of the more important incidents of the commencement of the President’s great journey. The photo¬ graphing was accomplished very hastily so as to avoid delaying the train much; but the station operator down the line at Tuscumbia knew nothing of the stop, and when the train did not appear on schedule time he flashed the news along 54 A Stereograph Record the line, “ President’s train lost.” The report even reached the home office in Washington. For several minutes the wires hummed with messages back and forth, as the officials were becoming alarmed, when the train appeared at Tuscumbia and the operator reported its arrival. But regarding the scene: We have met all these gentlemen before. Com¬ mencing from the President they are Secretaries Hay, Smith, Hitchcock and Wilson; and just back of Secretary Hitchcock, standing on the ties of the track, is Private Secretary Cortelyou. Secretary of Agriculture Wilson was once asked as to his profession. His modest reply was, “All the members of the Cabinet are experts in their line ex¬ cept me, and I am supposed to know a little about things that grow.” It will pay us to become familiar with these faces, as these gentlemen are indeed specialists in their departments. Some of the wives and daughters of the party have come out on the platform. The lady nearest the door is Mrs. Smith, next to her is Mrs. Hay, and standing back of them is Miss Hitchcock and Miss Wilson. Now we are to be very close and fa- of William McKinley. 55 vored observers on the platform with 36. President McKinley at Memphis , Tenn., May ist, 1901. In this enterprising metropolis the President made one of the most notable speeches of the whole journey. The hearty greetings all along the route thus far testified how completely he had cap¬ tured the hearts of the people of Dixie. He was very evidently being more and more deeply touched with these marks of esteem and love, and here at Memphis the party received a wonderfully impres¬ sive welcome. Governor McMillin and Senator Carmack were at the station. A company of grizzled Confederate vet¬ erans in their old uniforms acted as a guard of honor. Not a private or busi¬ ness house seemed to have missed dec¬ oration in honor of the occasion. Through the stereoscope we are within a few feet of the President at this im¬ portant gathering. Let us note a part of his great speech as he stands before us: I reciprocate the sentiments of goodwill and fraternity expressed by your honored Mayor and shown in this cordial reception by the people of Tennessee. I do not misinterpret this demonstration. I do not appropriate it, but accept it in its true spirit, and recognize its true significance to our common country. It is representative of that universal good feeling 56 A Stereograph Record happily existing among the people of the United States, and which is not bounded by state, political and geographical lines. It is co¬ extensive with the Union itself, and exists be¬ cause of our love for the Union. It is not per¬ functory or superficial, but deep and heartfelt. It is the hearty, honest sentiment of honest people, loving their Country and proud of its institutions, and determined that both shall be maintained. It is powerfully influencing our national life and development, and completing that unification so essential to national security and so indispensable to the realization of our national strength and influence. What a mighty, resistless power for good is a united nation of free men. It makes for peace and prestige, for progress and liberty. It conserves the rights of the people and strengthens the pillars of the government, and is a fulfillment of that more perfect union for which our Revolutionary fathers strove, and for which the constitution was made. No citi¬ zen of the Republic rejoices more than I do at this happy state, and none will do more within his sphere to continue and strengthen it. Our past has gone into history. No brighter one adorns the annals of mankind. Our task is for the future. We leave the old century behind us, holding on to its achieve¬ ments and cherishing its memories, and turn with hope to the new, with its opportunities and obligations. These we must meet, men of the South, men of the North, with high purpose and resolu¬ tion. Without internal troubles to distract us or jealousies to disturb our judgment, we will solve the problems which confront us untram- of William McKinley. 57 melled by the past, and wisely and courageous¬ ly pursue a policy of right and justice in all things, making the future under God even more glorious than the past. I am glad to meet the people of Memphis and of the State of Tennessee. Their history is associated with the greatest struggles and sacrifices of our country, and their valor has been conspicuous on every battlefield of the Republic. The commonwealth has lost none of the zeal and patriotism which gave to it in the earlier days the name of the Volunteer State. It shows it is still worthy of that proud designation, for even now its enlistments in the new army, according to population, exceed those of any other State in the Union. [Ap¬ plause.] Her record in the Spanish war was a distinguished one. I shall never forget that during the anxious days of 1899 it was the Tennessee soldiers in the Philippines who, with unfaltering patriotism, led all others in re-enlistments for the new regiments then forming. [Renewed applause.] They encouraged their comrades and cheered the heart of the whole country. Nor can I fail to remember and recall in this pres¬ ence and make heartfelt acknowledgment to the gallant First Tennessee Volunteers, who, having once embarked on the transports, with their faces turned homeward and toward those they loved, voluntarily disembarked, and marching to the relief of their comrades in distress fought a brave fight and with them turned defeat into victory. All honor to the First Tennessee Volunteers, and all the grati¬ tude of which my heart is capable to the noble men and women of this city for this magnifi- 58 A Stereograph Record cent welcome to myself and my associates! [Prolonged applause.] The presidential train moved south, meeting enthusiastic demonstrations at historic Vicksburg and Jackson, then on to New Orleans, which, although the second seaport in America, had never before been privileged to entertain the Chief Magistrate of the nation. It was a royal reception the “ Crescent City ” extended to President McKinley. Gov¬ ernor Heard, Mayor Capdeville and both of Louisiana’s Senators, McEnry and Foster, and the entire Louisiana dele¬ gation in Congress, the City Council and representatives of various commercial exchanges were at the station to welcome him. As we have now had the privilege of observing the President on the occasion of some of his most famous addresses, we will vary the surroundings somewhat and at New Orleans only see him on a Mississippi steamer, the “ Saint Louis,” reviewing the 27. River Parade , May 2d, igoi. What an imposing scene! A mile or more across this broad expanse of the great Mississippi we can outline the city. Look at that line of smoke stretch¬ ing across the sky. It comes from the of William McKinley. 59 smoke stacks of that river steamer of which we can only see the big stern wheel to our right. Full in front of us rests at anchor one of Uncle Sam's trim men of war, gayly decorated and with its sail¬ ors in rigid column of salute to their President. As these sailor boys seem here to form a bulwark to their ship, so they have ever proved themselves to be a mighty bulwark of strength to our nation in times of peril. See how these flags on our steamer snap in the breeze, the force of which is intensified by our movement up the river. The famous everglades of Louisiana have evidently contributed towards the presi¬ dential decorations, for notice the large palm leaves which, extending up from below, show through and above the low railing of this upper deck. One very picturesque feature of the reception in New Orleans was the Continental Guards, a local organization in the uni¬ form of the Revolutionary era. They were the guard of honor for the pres¬ idential party during the entire visit. We see one of these guards close to our right, with his cockade, white, crossed straps, ruffled frills in his coat sleeves, and the figures “ 1776 ” on his leathern cart¬ ridge box. Farther away, standing in 6 o A Stereograph Record line with the President, is Major Cobb of the Governor’s staff. But what inter¬ ests us most are the two men in plain clothes. One, the President of the United States, the other, the Governor of Louis¬ iana. The President has been returning the salute of those sailor boys we have just passed, by waving his handkerchief, and now he has turned, and, placing a friendly hand on Governor Heard’s shoulder, is calling his attention to some¬ thing we are approaching. The Presi¬ dent was always the reverse of stiff in his manners. He had the rare quality of making everyone he met feel that he was interested in him, and this inter¬ est was not affected. His generous warm heart caused him to be naturally consid¬ erate of everyone. This quality made many of his most strenuous political op¬ ponents his warm personal friends. But let us proceed with the President into Texas. The first stopping place inside the great state was the important manufacturing city of Houston, where Governor Sayers and other officials met the President. The reception here was a continuation of the ovation he had re¬ ceived everywhere through the South. In order that we may recall some of the early struggles of the State, let us see of William McKinley. 61 the President carrying another flag than his beloved Stars and Stripes. 28, President McKinley Holding the Flag of the Texas Republic, Hous¬ ton, May 3d, 1901, This will forever be a sacred emblem to the Lone Star State. The President looks pleased, and well he may; a feeble old woman, the widow of Anson Jones, the last President of the Republic of Texas, has surrendered to Mr. McKin¬ ley this token of former days. The Hous¬ ton Light Guards, the crack military company of Texas, who acted as bodyguard for Jefferson Davis in 1875, are now his special escort. It does in¬ deed look as though the historic old state had surrendered, but it is a voluntary and glad surrender this time. Hearts never surrender to force, but only to him who conquers by kindness and love, and he who conquers hearts conquers all. And what a vast empire in extent this flag once represented. In President McKinley’s speech which he has just delivered he said in part: I hesitated to call this State an Empire, and I am glad the Governor set the example and gave you your true designation. [Laughter and applause.] We are sensitive a little on the subject of empire nowadays, but if there is an empire state in the Union it is the State of 62 A Stereograph Record Texas. [Applause.] But it is an empire like all other empires of this great Republic, under the dominion of the sovereign people. [Great applause.] As I have journeyed through the South I have been more and more impressed with the fact that the South is contributing quite its full share in the economic and industrial develop¬ ment that has been going on in our country for the last ten years, and which has given to us the proud rank of first among the manufactur¬ ing nations of the world. Ten years ago you had 1,200,000 spindles in the South; to-day you have over 5,000,000. Your coal, your iron, your forests, are lending their wealth to the gain of your people [a voice—“ and our oil! ”] and your oil, and you will find everything will go smoother [laughter] if this oil is oily, last¬ ing and permanent. But, my fellow citizens, I am not here to make a speech; only to receive your greetings and reciprocate the sentiments of this great people, a part of this noble Union. We are not only a union of hands, but we are a union of hearts that none can sever. I bring you the good-will of the Nation of which you form so large a part. We see the President as he is getting into his carriage to go to the train. Ac¬ companied by Governor Sayers in a few hours Austin is reached. Like the Capi¬ tal of the bordering state of Louisiana, Austin was never before visited by the President. The population of Austin was fully doubled for this, the President’s 63 of William McKinley. day. Confederate veterans and Grand Army of the Republic organizations, marching side by side, escorted the Presi¬ dent to the steps of the splendid capitol building, where, as the sun was setting, he addressed the sea of people in part as follows: My fellow Citizens: To-day it was my pleasure in the city of Houston to experience one of the pleasantest incidents of my long journey. Given into my hands by the widow of the last President of the Republic of Texas was the flag of the Re¬ public. It seemed appropriate that it should have been given in the city bearing the name of the soldier, statesman and hero, General Sam Houston, the first President of the Re¬ public. [Great applause.] No more cordial or generous welcome has greeted me in my journey from the capital of the nation than that which now greets me at the capital of Texas. I am glad to be in this city, named in honor of the pioneer of American colonization in Texas, located in the county of Travis, called in honor of him who fell at the Alamo, from whence came no message of de¬ feat. I am glad to be on this historic ground and to receive the greeting of my countrymen and to rejoice that Texas was not as successful in .getting out of the Union as she was in get¬ ting in. [Great applause.] The people of Texas, like the people of the original thirteen states, fought their way to independence, and, like them, came into the Union without any territorial probation, a per- 6 4 A Stereograph Record fected state. They conquered the right of self- government through the sword, and then sought association with the other states of the Republic. They thought it no sacrifice of their independence to pass from a Republic to a sov¬ ereign state in the Federal Union. What a mighty acquisition, and how rich with benefits for both Nation and State. Texas is no longer a battlefield for contend¬ ing armies. The weapons used are no longer those of war—they have long since given way to the implements of peace and husbandry, em¬ ployed in the development of rich resources in which this commonwealth abounds. She has an historic past, a noble past. Her statesmen are among the ablest, her soldiers among the bravest. Her possibilities are too vast to ad¬ mit of prophecy. God has given her every¬ thing for the comfort and happiness of man and for the employment and use of his high¬ est and best faculties. This State, my fellow-citizens, is larger in area than any of her sister States, greater by fifty per cent, than Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee combined, and al¬ though one of the younger members of our national family, she stands in population the sixth, and belongs no longer to the less popu¬ lous, but to the most populous group of our States. She would continue to be the largest State in the Union after carving out of it four States of the size of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, whose combined popu¬ lation is 15,638,531, while your State has yet but one-fifth of that number. If the oil wells which you have discovered of William McKinley. 65 shall keep up, your State will have rapid immi¬ gration and you will have settled almost the problem of fuel, which will make it one of the great manufacturing States of the Union We can hardly realize what a vast territory it is over which my friend the Governor presides. By the census of 1890 your population was 2,235,000, and about 1,592,000 in 1880, only 212,000 in 1850, and the census of 1900 records a population of more than 3,000,000. More than one-sixth of this population is enrolled in the public schools. Texas, my countrymen, is the highway to the Pan-American movement in industry and in commerce, and is nearest of all our states to the Spanish speaking population of America, with whom there exists a feeling of good-will and amity which time and association and mu¬ tual exchange will promote and strengthen. We live in a wonderful era; our trusteeship is a large and sacred one. We must not be un¬ faithful to our high mission or falter before its high responsibilities nor must we permit pride, or might, or power, to taint our motives and lead us from the plain paths of duty or divert us from the sacred principles of liberty. [Pro¬ longed applause.] But we will go farther on, to the most sacred of all spots to Texans, and on May 4, 1901, we meet 29. President McKinley and Governor Sayers at Plaza Alamo, San An¬ tonio , Texas. These two old friends were, in youth, on opposite sides of a deadly conflict, 66 A Stereograph Record but later were together in Congress for years, and therefore, in spite of opposite political views, became close personal friends. Here, as we have already seen back in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1898, the Presi¬ dent is as good a listener as he is a speaker. The young Mayor of San An¬ tonio, whom we can not see, is greeting his distinguished guests. We are not looking toward the audience, but upon the platform; and those sitting back of the Governor and President are mem¬ bers of the Reception Committee. The vacant chair next to the President is for the Mayor. Notice the gentleman sitting just back and to the right of this vacant chair. We shall see him from our next position and so can better locate our¬ selves. Let us now change our position to one amongst the audience, where we may see $o. President McKinley Speaking near the Scene of the Alamo Massacre. By looking just between the Presi¬ dent’s figure and the post below the rail¬ ing, you will see the gentleman we called your attention to from our previous posi¬ tion. We can only see a portion of the face of the Mayor, who now occupies the 67 of William McKinley . chair that was vacant, and of course as the Governor sits farther along to our left, we cannot see him on account of the decorations on the left side of the platform. Now that we understand our position, our attention is naturally di¬ rected to the speaker. President Mc¬ Kinley is indeed an orator; not simply a fluent, but also a forcible and very con¬ vincing speaker. We see him now at the very instant when his soul is stirred to its depths with the sacredness of his theme. In the intensity of his feelings he has involuntarily raised his heels from the floor as he approaches his climax. Such earnest eloquence is magnetic, it carries its audience. When William Mc¬ Kinley speaks in this way it must be worth taking note of. The following is what he is saying here in “ The cradle of Texas liberty/’ Mr. Mayor, Governor Sayers; My fellow Citizens: I wish I had the voice and the speech to re¬ spond in fitting words to the gracious welcome, the more than gracious welcome, given me by your honored Mayor speaking for you and in your behalf. I am glad to be in this historic city on this historic spot and to receive from you the greeting and the good-will which you feel toward this great Republic and toward the office which for a little while by your suf¬ frages I am permitted to fill. [Applause.] 68 A Stereograph Record Here are centuries of heroic memories. The Texan people have a history of which they can well be proud, but in the glory of which all Americans and all lovers of Liberty the world over want to share. [Applause.] Your an¬ cestors achieved your independence by the sword; and as I stand here near the Alamo, this sacred and historic place, I cannot fail to recall the names of Crockett and Travis and Bowie and their heroic associates who went down after eleven days’ siege, sacrificing their lives for Liberty and Independence. [Ap¬ plause.] They are the sacrificial giants that cleaved the darkness asunder and beaconed us where we are. “ They fell devoted but undying; * * * * * * The meanest rill, the mightiest river, Roll mingling with their fame forever.” I was glad to receive the welcome of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Confed¬ erate Veterans [great applause], once more united and forever [applause], each having respect for the courage of the other, and all of us sharing the valor and the heroism which were shown on both sides of the line. [Great applause.] We know what stuff each other is made of [Applause], the men of the South and the men of the North. But we have but one side now. [Applause.] We are solid only for the Union and the Flag. [Applause.] I can¬ not describe to you my satisfaction at the re¬ sponse the State of Texas made to the call of the Executive for the Spanish War. [Ap¬ plause.] You more than filled your quota and thousands crowded that they might get into of William McKinley. 69 the service to help free an oppressed people and preserve the honor of our common Coun¬ try [Applause]; and the sons of the boys in blue and the sons of the boys in gray fought side by side in Cuba, in Porto Rico and in the Philippines, and are today shoulder to shoulder carrying the flag we love, spotless in its mis¬ sion of liberty and emancipation. [Great ap¬ plause.] It was a pleasure to me to be received by the school children of this historic city. As I marched through the line of more than five thousand and heard them sing, “ My Country, ’tis of thee, sweet land of Liberty,” I knew the future of the Republic was safe forever. [Enthusiastic applause.] I want to return my thanks, in the single moment I shall occupy, to all the people of this great empire state, not alone for their welcome to me, but for the con¬ tribution they are making for the advancement and prosperity of the Republic. [Applause.] No State was ever more blessed by a kind Providence than this. You have everything— strong men, fair women, and your fields are full of products and wealth awaiting the uses and cultivation of man. I congratulate you upon this splendid heritage and join with your hon¬ ored Mayor in saying that we stand today one in hope, one in faith, one in liberty, one in destiny, the freest Republic beneath the sun, a Republic which the living and those who are to come after will pass along to the ages and to civilization. [Enthusiastic applause.] We will now go on, clear to the west¬ ern border of the great State of Texas, eight hundred miles across, and in El 70 A Stereograph Record Paso, the chief gateway of trade between the United States and Mexico, we will look from the President’s stand upon 31. The Safest Guardians of Liberty's Flag—The Public Schools — Wel¬ coming President McKinley, FI Paso, Texas, May 6th, 1901. Whenever and wherever the children appeared during any procession, recep¬ tion or review, the President would grow enthusiastic and clap his hands again and again. He loved children and the children always found it out very soon and loved him in return. But let us go to another street of this western town, where we can obtain a more general view of this most interesting array. 32. “Keep the Flag in their Hands and Patriotism will Stay in their Hearts Can one imagine an American boy waving Old Glory without having a thrill of pride and love for his Countrv entering into his heart? At about the age of the larger of these boys that are passing us what aspira¬ tion we used to have for heroism and bravery. At this period who of us but longed to be an army drummer-boy. It was a pretty healthy symptom too. By this banner close to us, as well as the of William McKinley. 7I ones we saw from our previous position, we judge El Paso appreciates the value of an education. $75,000 is a large sum for a border western town to spend for school buildings. Many of these children are of Mexican parentage. It is only in virtue of our great public school system that we can hope to make creditable American citizens out of the many thousands of foreign children who annually arrive at every port of our country. The President’s train flies on hundreds of miles farther through New Mexico and Arizona. Our next position shows us 33. President McKinley and his Party on the Blue Tank Mountains, near the Congress Gold Mine, May 7th, igoi. This is one of the rich gold-mining sections of the United States. It is lo¬ cated in the central part of Western Ari¬ zona, at an elevation of 4000 feet. At our left we see Secretaries Hitchcock and Hay, then, next to the President, on his left (our right), stands Mr. F. D. Gage, President of the Mine, and next to him Postmaster General Smith. The President, accompanied by Mr. Gage, walked through a half-mile tunnel, 72 A Stereograph Record lighted by candles, to the stamp mills, where eighty stamps were crushing ore. He then inspected the cyanide works, and saw cast a bar of gold worth $25,000. The President was much interested and asked if he could see the bar. “ It is red hot,” said Gage. “ I will show it to you!” shouted one of the smelters named Rich¬ ards. With the protection of only a few rags on his hands he seized the mould and dumped the white-hot bar of glow¬ ing metal on the stone. The rags were set on fire by the heat and the young man’s hands were scorched, but he did not wince. “ That is the true American pluck,” cried the President, advancing towards Richards, “ I want to shake your hand.” He grasped the man’s hand and shook it cordially. A large American flag was draped across the tunnel through which the President passed, and after he emerged he told the little group of miners who congregated about the train that he had seen the Stars and Stripes floating from tower and State house and warship in many different places, but never before in his life had he seen the flag fifteen hundred feet under ground. But let us step over to the entrance and see 73 of William McKinley. 34 • The Presidential Party Descending the 3200-ft. Shaft. Just back of Secretary Cortelyou we see one of the cars of the shaft filled with ladies and gentlemen, about to be low¬ ered into the mine. The President is not to go down. You may at first won¬ der why we have chosen this position. You say, “ Of course there is the Presi¬ dent, close enough, back of that plank covering, but he is so mixed up with the other men one would hardly notice him.” Ah! that’s it, he is simply one of us. Why, he looks as democratic there as dear old Abe Lincoln could have looked. One of the half dozen citizens leaning against those rough planks, jostled by other citizens in the rear, has already won the admiration of the world from England to China. For over four years prior to the time we see him here he has had more real power and influence in di¬ recting the most momentous affairs of a generation than any crowned head of Europe, and we all know how wisely he has used this power. Could we get a better example of how the President of the United States is one of us? How much more we honor and love him than we could one who by mere chance of birth, without special ability, energy or 74 A Stereograph Record character becomes the so-called ruler, but in reality only the figurehead, han¬ dled as it were with gloves in a sort of glass case fashion. Such a “ ruler ” is kept before his subjects, but so that he cannot by any means get in touch with them. We may consider this scene as in a special sense illustrative of the char¬ acter of our noble Citizen President. Well! what have we to say for the next scene, 35 • A Miner’s Little Daughter Photo - graphing the President . We see only the President’s back, and that little girl has such a cheap little snap-shot affair; and see the rest of those “ cheap ” children around him, no one else in sight. Nice company for a President! Well, he might be in worse company; and I hope that little girl, God bless her! did by chance get a nice picture of our kind President on her two-inch film. The President of the United States posing so patiently while the little child fixes her camera just right and makes the exposure, sets an example to many a smaller man. The President noticed this little girl dodging about, vainly trying to get a “ shot ” at him, and he at once stopped and said, “ Let me stand for you ”; and when the shot of William McKinley. 75 had been made our President asked his new little friend, “ are you all finished ? ” and then thanked her for making his picture. Nine chances to ten it was a failure, I mean the photograph, but the act was not a failure, and are we not glad we have here a record of it which can be handed down to all time, in mem¬ ory of this great, gentle heart? These children of the miners don’t seem to be one whit afraid or shy. Instinctively these children have recognized a friend. As Washington was father of no children he could the more appropriately be called the “ Father of his Country.” McKinley’s more gentle nature had been sweetened and softened by two little daughters’ lov¬ ing caresses, until they were laid away in the Canton cemetery. Perhaps this mis¬ fortune helped to fit the big-hearted, kindly man to> be, as he has before been termed, the “ Father of the Nation’s chil¬ dren.” Shall we not cherish this record to remind us of that beautiful quality ? But we must leave these little children among the arid mountains of Arizona. In spite of their precious metals, these barren rocks are not attractive for a longer sojourn. After three days spent by the Pres¬ idential party in the alkali deserts of 7 6 A Stereograph Record Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, their entrance into the semi-tropical luxu¬ riance of San Bernardino Valley, Cali¬ fornia, and their welcome at Redlands, seemed like passing into Fairyland. Gov¬ ernor Gage and the California delega¬ tion met the President at Redlands and welcomed him to the state. Through an avenue lined with palms and Venetian masts, the President drove over beds of roses, beneath a triumphal arch of flow¬ ers and fruits to the Casa Loma Hotel, from the balcony of which we will now see 36. President McKinley Addressing the People of Redlands, May gth, 1901, We see the President above us on our left, at the corner of the balcony. These young men in uniforms and caps just in front of us are original Americans from the Indian School at Perris. Here, as usual, we are favored guests, so can take our choice of positions. The very best point from which to see the President while he is speaking is that window to the left of the balcony. There we shall be close and yet able to see the side of his features. Now from the window we see 37 • President McKinley in the Land of Flowers. 77 of William McKinley. A few moments ago we were down there, among those people below us. These gentlemen and ladies on the bal¬ cony are some of the President’s party with the reception committee. Those marguerites are so near we feel almost tempted to try to reach one; but let us now enjoy part of the President’s speech. Governor Gage; Ladies and Gentlemen; and my Fellow Citizens: I receive with emotions of pleasure and of gratitude California’s greeting voiced by the Chief Executive of your great commonwealth on behalf of the people to the Chief Executive of the Government of the United States. It is your tribute to the great office which for the hour I am permitted to hold, it is your expres¬ sion of love for the Union, for our great civil institutions, and your affection for the Consti¬ tution which shelters us all. California had some trouble in getting into the Union in the early days. That most serious question in the history of the Republic, that of human slavery, deterred for a little while your full connection with the union of the States, but it came be¬ cause the earnest, energetic, enterprising, pa¬ triotic Americans living on the coast demanded the right to share not only in the blessings but the burdens of this great Republic. [Ap¬ plause.] The miner with his pick and the frontiers¬ man with his axe, with the trusty rifle hanging above the cabin door, have wrought greatly for the human race; they pioneered civiliza¬ tion. 7 8 A Stereograph Record This splendid State, rich in its mines, in its fruits and its products, rich in its men and its women, rich in its loyalty to the flag we love, has a mighty destiny before it. [Applause.] California helped to save the Union more than thirty years ago. Her soldiers fought and fell on the battlefields of the Re¬ public and assisted to preserve the Union—the best Republic on the face of the earth [Great applause], representing the best hopes of hu¬ manity everywhere. California in our recent war with Spain was quick to respond to the call of the Executive and California volunteers in the Philippines added new glory to our flag. [Applause.] This Republic never can fail so long as the citizen is vigilant. This Republic can never fail, said Jefferson a hundred years ago, while every citizen is ready to respond to the call of Country. [Applause.] But, my fel¬ low citizens, our triumphs are not the triumphs of war. Our triumphs are those of a free, self- governing people, looking to the development and up-building and extension of liberty to the human race. We have problems on our hands, but the American people never ran away from a difficult question or from a well-defined duty. [Applause.] We will meet these problems in the fear of God and will carry and maintain the blessings of liberty wherever our glorious banner floats. [Enthusiastic applause.] My fellow citizens, no greeting could have been more grateful to me than that which you bring as I enter the State of California, a State of heroic and historic memories, a terri¬ tory that governed itself without law, without courts, without Governors, by the virtue and force of an elevated public sentiment. [Great 79 of William McKinley. applause.] And you came from every State in the Federal Union. There is not a State that has not contributed its share to your splendid population. The best people of the East, of the South and of the North and the West are here [a voice, “ that’s right ”]. And now having said this much, it only remains for me to ex¬ press the gratification which all of us feel, those associated with me in government, to be welcomed here as we have been welcomed everywhere by a united people owning loyalty to but one flag, and that flag the Emblem of Liberty—the glorious Stars and Stripes. [En¬ thusiastic and long-continued applause.] Our next stop will be in the beautiful and flourishing metropolis of Southern California, Los Angeles. The whole city has been beautifully decorated in honor of the President’s coming. We will at once take a splendid position from which to watch both the President and the fine review. 38. The City of “ The Angels” Greets the Nation's Chief, May gth, igoi. Right before us in a bedecked chariot drawn by twelve white horses, are a bevy of the “Angels ” in the very act of greet¬ ing the President. What a beautiful sight, what a study! This platform where the President stands extends beyond the range of our vision, forming a broad canopied pavilion upon which are seated the mem- 8 o A Stereograph Record bers of the Cabinet, besides many other well-known people from many States. The city is packed. The population of Los Angeles is, according to the census of 1900, more than 100,000, but the streets must hold almost twice that num¬ ber to-day. Pasadena, Santa Monica and other neighboring towns are for the moment almost depopulated. This scene on Broadway, Los Angeles, reminds one of Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington on an Inauguration Day. Every fagade flames with bunting. On ahead we can see another throng of "Angels,” they are all brunettes, those that are nearer are all blondes. But we must not linger long over these charming beings. If this was other than a stereo¬ graph tour they would have before this passed out of our sight forever; as it is we can return and enjoy this beauty and grace again and again. Presto! and the changed “ characters ” are 39. Rough Rider Cowboys Saluting President McKinley . Here is the same genial President, on the same stand, in the same streetwith its sidewalks, porticoes and windows packed with people; but these new actors look as if they hardly belonged to this beautiful of William McKinley. 81 City of Angels. They would appear more appropriate in some more dreary and warmer place. I refer, of course, to the scantily verdured plains we lately passed through over in Arizona. Those horses are not exactly family pets, but they evidently fit the men. Notice the fine pose of their tails and legs and what “ open countenances ” they have ! These animals can no more be kept from their antics than their riders can from yelling. Both men and horses have too long had the freedom of the limitless plains to conform circumspectly to any rules of etiquette and fashion other than their own. Any other day these men of the ranch would be considered more or less of a nuisance in orderly and aristocratic Los Angeles. But if the freedom, loneli¬ ness and hardships of the plains do not develop fine manners they do develop honest and brave hearts. No cow- puncher will ever assassinate a President while approaching him as a friend. Cowards and anarchists are not devel¬ oped by sleeping on the lonely graz- ing-ground, under heaven’s blue skies. It is the stifling, foul-smelling at¬ mosphere of our city tenement houses that engenders such creatures. The yell which is being given here for 82 A Stereograph Record “ Prosperity Bill ” means something. It is similar to the one that the same sort of “ Rough Riders ” gave when they rushed San Juan Hill. Then it meant patriotic determination to do or to die for their country. This time it is their loyal greeting to their President. Does not this stirring scene remind us of how universally our Presidents (notably Will¬ iam McKinley) are loved, from the At¬ lantic to the Pacific, from the college president to the cowboy? What action in this scene before us— motion marvelously caught and held for us forever! We will notice just one more section of this great parade. 4 °. The Chinese Join in the Ovation to President McKinley. This City of the Angels harbors, it seems, some strange freaks. This looks as if it might be Eve’s old Tempter him¬ self ; or, is it a veritable sea serpent which has crawled out of the great Pacific? No, it has not come out of the Pacific, but it has come from beyond its vast breadth. This monster is not brought out to terrify or to amuse, but rather to show the greatest respect and venera¬ tion. The dragon is the Chinese royal emblem, denoting power, authority and 83 of William McKinley. honor. Of all men of the Caucasian race probably William McKinley stands first in the estimation of the Chinese race. When all the other powers were in favor of practically annihilating the Chinese government and so ruining a civilization as old as Abraham, our President by his calmness and wise statesmanship in the midst of international crisis and excite¬ ment, and in the face of criticism and bitter opposition both at home and abroad, held back not only his own of¬ ficials, but the governments of Europe; his counsels prevailed and China has been apparently saved from anarchy and ruin, and to-day her doors are open for our trade, and America has her confi¬ dence and gratitude as has no other nation. This is why they greet our Chief Magistrate with their token of greatest esteem. In the afternoon the President will make a visit to the National Soldiers* Home near Santa Monica, some eight¬ een miles distant from Los Angeles. Let us also go and see the 41. Aged Veterans listening to Presi¬ dent McKinley. We can see the President standing on the steps of the building addressing his comrades. There are three thousand of 84 A Stereograph Record the Union’s defenders here, representa¬ tives from nearly every regiment of the Civil War. You could hardly mention an engagement of which some one of these old-timers could not relate thrilling personal experiences. It has been said that “ republics know no gratitude.” Here is an object lesson which proves the fallacy of that statement, at least, so far as the greatest of all republics is con¬ cerned. No monarchical government ever cared for those who fought for it as has the United States. We have many of these beautiful “ Homes ” scattered throughout the different states where our soldiers may come and spend their de¬ clining years in comfort and peace. Forty years ago when other young men were getting an education, a busi¬ ness training, or learning a trade or pro¬ fession, these “boys” here before us spent several years risking health and life to uphold their country’s flag. When, fortunately, they came out alive they found the “ stay-at-homes ” stronger physically and better trained mentally to fight the battles of civil life. Let us not grudgingly give them, but rather freely acknowledge that to them is due an honestly earned liberal portion of our country’s prosperity. of William McKinley. 85 This is a great day for these old sol¬ diers ; instead of their usual stories of battle and skirmish and picket and camp, they will talk now for weeks of the visit of their old comrade in arms who has been exalted to such a lofty position; and to-day while it means much to Will¬ iam McKinley to be President, he is prouder than when his country was in its sorest need for true and brave hearts, he was associated with these men—these brothers—at the front. Can we wonder that those who shoulder to shoulder braved death for four years in the dead¬ liest war of all the ages came out of that common baptism of fire and blood with a respect and love for each other such as the world has seldom seen ? After the speech is over let us see the 42. Civil War Veterans Escorting their Distinguished Comrade. The Governor of the Home is showing the President through the beautiful grounds of the institution, accompanied by some of the “ Old Guard.” These old- timers, we notice, have not forgotten how to keep step. The Governor is evi¬ dently calling the attention of the Presi¬ dent to our operator. There is some¬ thing peculiar about the instrument in his hands that attracts attention. We 86 A Stereograph Record can imagine that he is saying, “ There’s that everlasting photographer again, but what a peculiar double-barreled arrange¬ ment he has. It would be hard to dodge such a gatling gun.” To which the Pres¬ ident smilingly replies, “ Oh, that’s Mr. Strohmeyer, he’s all right, he’s one of our party.” The welcome of the President at Santa Barbara was indeed 43 * A Beautiful Tribute to a Beloved Ruler. We see him as he enters this charming little city, famous both for its old associa¬ tions and its equable climate. The car¬ riage of roses is drawn by four white horses in bedecked white harness. Two of them are beyond the range of our vision to the left. The President’s body¬ guard is also mounted upon white horses. We can see several of them just behind the President’s carriage. Notice that grey moss hanging under the carriage. Everyone who has been to California will remember how gracefully this moss fes¬ toons the great live oaks of the coast. Let us pass on now with the carriage to the Arlington Hotel and see 44 * President McKinley Speaking to the Multitudes who Welcomed him at Santa Barbara, May ro, igoi. of William McKinley. 87 We see Secretary Hay and Secretary Long just behind the President. Let us note what the President is saying: Mr. Mayor; Ladies and Gentlemen: No ordinary words of courtesy and gratitude will suffice for this magnificent welcome. Your hospitality is boundless, your reception is beautiful, and I greatly appreciate both. I have been impressed as I travelled through Southern California, and notably as I have come through the streets of your beautiful city this morning, how cosmopolitan you are, repre¬ senting all nationalities and all races, each worshiping God according to the dictates of his own conscience, differing as you may upon public questions, but all of you having one great political creed—that of Country. [Ap¬ plause.] I suppose I might call the roll of the States of this Union today commencing with the original thirteen and going through the list of thirty-two which have been later added, and I could find in this vast audience a representative of each of them, all dwelling to¬ gether here in the city of Santa Barbara; and I might call the roll of all the wars in which this nation has been engaged, commencing with the Mexican War, and I doubt not I would find ready answers in this great audi¬ ence from some who served in that war and in every subsequent war in which this nation has been involved. I could find here also the men of our own race and of our own country, who were at war with each other from 1861 to 1865; members of the Union Army, members of the Confederate Army, all here in your midst and all united in giving welcome to the President 88 A Stereograph Record of the United States, and each vying with the other in loyalty to the flag and devotion to our common constitution. [Applause.] My fellow citizens, what a splendid civiliza¬ tion comes out from the old States and from the old nationalities that are represented here today, the best civilization in the world, a civil¬ ization based upon liberty, upon equality, upon self-government—a civilization that leads wherever it goes, whether here or in the dis¬ tant seas; and wherever our civilization goes it carries the ark of freedom; no matter where, our liberty, our freedom, our sense of justice, are not extinguished in any clime the globe around [applause]; and here, facing the Pa¬ cific, I am reminded that this ark of liberty has moved out into this great ocean. [Applause.] Your Mayor says that your fellow citizens en¬ listed for the Spanish War. They did; and I shall never forget the quick and ready re¬ sponse that came from the State of California to the call of the President of the United States. [Applause.] I shall never forget how many thousands wanted to go and we could not accept them. Why did they want to go? They wanted to go that they might relieve a people who had lived in oppression for cen¬ turies and sustain the flag and honor of the Republic. [Applause.] As the result of that war we are in the Philippines, and we do not mean to come away, [Great applause and cheering], and we mean to give to these dis¬ tant people what we gave to California more than fifty years ago—the blessings of security and liberty. [Applause.] Now, my friends, others are here; I want you to meet my Cabinet, I want you to meet of William McKinley. 89 the men who assist me in the conduct of the Government. It is a great responsibility to be committed to any man, I care not who he is, and it is only because he has the loyal support of the seventy-five millions of people that he is encouraged in the performance of the trust to him confided. I thank you all for this warm welcome and bid you good morning. [Ap¬ plause and cheering.] While the indisposition of Mrs. Mc¬ Kinley after reaching Del Monte (Mon¬ terey) prevented the President from car¬ rying out some of his appointments and plans, he took special pains to attend the annual encampment of the Depart¬ ment of California and Nevada, Grand Army of the Republic, at Pacific Grove, which is a small town a few miles west of Monterey. He met and spoke to his old comrades in the little church, and we will now see 45. President McKinley Leaving the Church after Addressing the Grand Army . He commenced his address here in a light vein, but soon was visibly moved as he talked of the perils and sacrifices they had endured together. He seems to be still thinking of the old days. What a flood of memories these reunions bring up! The President is a patriot through and through and looks back to his sol- 90 A Stereograph Record dier career with extreme satisfaction. His military record is one that he may well be proud of. Entering the army as a private, an eighteen-year-old boy, with¬ out military training, he was advanced for “ gallant and meritorious service in battle/’ one step after another, as non¬ commissioned and as commissioned offi¬ cer until, in less than four years, at barely 22 years of age he had received his com¬ mission as Major. During this period his Colonel, Rutherford B. Hayes, en¬ tered in his regimental diary—“ The new second lieutenant McKinley returned to¬ day—an exceedingly bright, intelligent and gentlemanly young officer. He promises to be one of the best.” At a later date he added, “ He has kept the promise in every sense of the word.” Young McKinley took active part in every one of the many engagements in which his regiment participated during his more than four years’ service. His horse was shot under him at Barryville in 1865, but he came out of the war with¬ out a scratch. Although the increasing illness of Mrs. McKinley had caused the President to hasten on to San Francisco, where she might receive expert treatment, every comfort and complete rest, he wanted, of William McKinley . 9 « where possible, to meet the desires of the thousands who had been anticipating his coming. Therefore on the 13th he left the bedside of his sick wife for a few hours to lessen the disappointment at San Jose, where a great rose carnival had been inaugurated in his honor. 46. President McKinley Addressing the People of San Jose, May 13th, iqoi . To the Mayor’s address of welcome the President is responding, in part as follows: Mr. Mayor and Fellow Citizens: We have had many warm and generous greetings as we journeyed from the Potomac to the Pacific Slope; but none has been more interesting or more generous and memorable than the one which the people of Santa Clara County and of San Jose accord us today. [Ap¬ plause.] I observe that I face not only this multitude of Americans, but I face the head¬ quarters of a thousand old Ohioans, who, with my other fellow citizens, give us welcome. We are all proud of our States, and well we may be, whether we come from the North or whether we come from the South. We are proud of our birthplace and of our State citi¬ zenship; but above all, we rejoice in this great nation, the glory of its achievements, in the flag which represents liberty and law and the constitution of the nation that shelters us all. [Applause.] We have seen everything in California; we 92 A Stereograph Record have eaten of your fruits and your fishes; we have tasted the perfumes of your flowers; we have visited the ancient mission churches, where the altar of religion was first raised, and whose chimes have sounded through the cen¬ turies their message of hope and benediction; we have heard the dashing waves of your ocean; we have felt the sunshine—and we have been tanned somewhat by its rays [Laughter]—but we have all the time felt the warm touch of your hearts. In peace or in war you have been faithful. We live under a Constitution that was made for 4,000,000 people, and yet it has proved quite adequate for 75,000,000 people. [Ap¬ plause.] It has embraced within it every na¬ tional duty and purpose, and has never stood in the way of our development and expansion. That instrument seems almost to be inspired to carry forward the holy mission of liberty. It seems not to have been made alone for those who framed it and their successors, but for all ages and all mankind. That instrument stands today almost as It left the hands of its framers. Few amend¬ ments have been added, and those have only been to enlarge the priceless blessings of lib¬ erty and free government to the people, and no amendment can ever be made to the con¬ stitution of this country that will curtail the supreme and sovereign power of the people. [Great applause.] We have lived under it for a hundred and twenty-five years, in storm and in sunshine, in war within and without, amid passions and tumult, and after a century and a quarter that great instrument stands unsullied by a single lapse of principle. [Applause.] of William McKinley. 93 To us, my fellow citizens, young and old, the preservation of that constitution is committed. It is a sacred instrument, and it is a sacred trust given to us to see to it that it is pre¬ served in all its virtue and vigor, to be passed along to the generations yet to come. Glorious Constitution, glorious Union, glori¬ ous Flag! Seventy-five millions of people stand together as they never before stood to defend them all! [Enthusiastic applause.] The President remained only for the formal exercises, one hour, and left on the 3.30 P. M. train for San Francisco and the sick room of his loved wife. During the anxious days that followed the President canceled most of his en¬ gagements. Many thousands were, of course, disappointed. But there were two classes which were always of special in¬ terest to the President which he felt bound to meet wherever possible. These were our public school children and our soldiers, and he so appreciated both that he thoroughly enjoyed addressing them. One of the first public appearances of the President after the crisis in Mrs. Mc¬ Kinley’s illness was a review of the pupils of the public schools of San Fran¬ cisco. The children were formed along both sides of Van Ness Avenue from Jackson to Market Streets, leaving room in the center of the street for the car- 94 A Stereograph Record riages of the presidential party to drive up and down the lines. Half way be¬ tween California and Sacramento Streets the President’s carriage stops. “ Speech! speech! speech! ” rings out along the avenue, and the enthusiastic, cheering youngsters break ranks and swarm by thousands about the carriage. The Pres¬ ident at first retains his seat, reaching down and shaking hands for several min¬ utes, but finally rises amid deafening cheers. We are, by the assistance of some policemen, at the very point from which we can obtain the best view. 47. President McKinley Reviewing the 45,000 School Children of San Francisco, May 21st, igoi. Let us note a part of what he says to these young Americans: I desire in a single moment to express the pleasure which has been given me to meet the forty-five thousand school children of the city of San Francisco. It has given me an intro¬ duction into the countless homes of your great city and has permitted me to witness the sun¬ shine which this vast number of young people bring to the firesides of the city. I know of no richer possession than scholarship, no nobler ambition than to obtain it. We cannot all be great scholars, but we can all have good scholarship. I want to assure you young peo¬ ple that there is nothing so essential to your easy advancement and success in after life as of William McKinley. 95 a good education. If those of us who have battled in the rivalries and contentions of a busy world could go back to our youth and school days, we would embrace cheerfully our neglected opportunities and pursue them with industry and delight. If the testimony of the active men of San Francisco and the Coun¬ try could be taken, it would be uniform in the declaration of the embarrassments under which they had suffered from scanty mental training in youth. Nothing has given me more pleasure in my long trip from the Atlantic to the Pacific than the scene which we have witnessed here this morning. Every child waving the flag of our faith and our hope, and every little heart filled with the love of Country! What an army for liberty and union and civilization! Why, we have in the public schools of the United States fourfold more children than there were people when this government was founded, and all of them proud of their country, and all of them revering its institutions, and all of them mean¬ ing that when the time comes for them to take the responsibilities of administration they will be prepared to do their duty and pass along this free government with ever-increasing vir¬ tue, intelligence and patriotism. I thank you and wish for all of you the realization of every worthy ambition. [Great applause.] On May 23d the President went to the Presidio, which is a government reserva¬ tion just outside of San Francisco where the thousands of soldiers going and com- 9 6 A Stereograph Record ing from the Philippines have been tem¬ porarily quartered. 48. President McKinley Speaking to the 46th Volunteers Just Returned from the Philippines. Forty years before this hour President McKinley stood in the ranks, younger than most of these young men, but a private soldier the same as they. To-day he stands here before them, the twice honored President of his country. What an unusual rise this would be in any other land. But what is still more re¬ markable is that in this country it is the usual thing, not the exception, for our greatest leaders to have come up “ from the ranks.” What noble stock our so- called “ common ” people are! When our flag first waved in the breeze over our Revolutionary soldiers, the thirteen stars in its field of blue had quite a different effect from the rows upon rows of closely placed stars in these flags before us. And think what a great commonwealth each represents. Almost any one of our states now contains more wealth than the thirteen of the original Union. The President is addressing the sol¬ diers with much feeling. Let us listen to the closing words: 97 of William McKinley. You were citizens before you were soldiers. And you became soldiers because you were citizens, loving your country, attached to your free institutions, and because of which you were willing to give that which is the best any man can give, his own life’s blood, for the honor of his country. You have done your duty. You have done it nobly, and you come back to enter the walks of citizenship with your other fellow citizens and take the places that you left when you enlisted two years ago. That is one thing about American honor that is a surprise to the world. We have mustered great armies. The greatest army that ever was mustered was from ’61 to ’65; and yet, when the war was over, when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, the nearly two mil¬ lions of men came back to their homes and fell into the quiet of citizenship, sustaining the government for which they fought And so you come back, as youi fathers came back more than thirty years ago, having done your duty; and it is a proud thing to do duty for your country. You came back having done your full duty as soldiers, now to do your full duty as citizens. And I want to express my heartfelt thanks to all of you for the services you have rendered. I wish for all of you and to all belonging to you every kind thing in this life. I thank you. At the close cheer after cheer was given by the soldiers. On May 24th, the morning before leaving San Francisco, the President was prevailed upon to go on a tally-ho drive. 98 A Stereograph Record It will be interesting to go along and see 4Q. The Presidential Tallyho Party in Golden Gate Park. We see the President on the front seat of the coach. But who is that third gen¬ tleman on the second seat—surely we have all seen those features before. It is General Fred Grant, and as he sits there he is an almost startling likeness of his illustrious father who marshaled and directed the movements of a million soldiers. This, the second General Grant, has just returned from the campaign in the Philippines. The other occupants of the coach are also people of note. The driver is Mr. Henry Crocker, a distinguished son of one of the best known families in San Francisco. That gentleman on the other side of Gen. Grant is Mayor Phelan of San Francisco. The two gentlemen this side of General Grant you probably will recognize, they are Secretary Wilson and Secretary to the President Cortelyou. Standing by the third seats are Secretary Smith, Mrs. Crocker and Miss Wilson. (The Presi¬ dent especially requested Mr. Stroh- meyer to make this scene as a souvenir of the drive.) On May 24th the President crossed of William McKinley. 99 over the bay to the superb city of Oak¬ land; and there amid charming scenic surroundings we see 5o. President McKinley Speaking from his Cairiage to the School Chil¬ dren of Oakland, California . The President stands just behind the coachman and footman in that carriage. It is nearly hidden by the children. Look at these costumes. There is no other country on the face of the earth where the children of the free schools would look so prosperous. In democratic America the wealthy do not separate their children and so instill into them the idea that they belong to any exclusive class. In spite of European talk to the contrary there is no country where wealth is made so little of in comparison to merit, and this is first implanted in the young minds in our public schools. Our best citizens realize, too, that in few of our private or sectarian institutions of learning can our children receive so thorough, broad, and practical an ele¬ mentary education as in the public schools. Many of these young ladies near us, and that row of young men on the bank, are from the High School. They will graduate, finally prepared to enter aljj:h^£tsual channels of business or IOO A Stereograph Record social life, or ready, if they can devote more time to school work, to step into the freshman class of any of our great institutions of advanced classical or scientific education. But let us attend to part of what the President is saying: There is nothing that shows the wisdom and foresightedness of the fathers of the Republic so much as the provisions which they made for public education. [Great applause.] They dedicated vast tracts of the public domain for the free education of the people, and they never did a wiser thing. These great schools of the Country, found in every State and ter¬ ritory of the Union, invite the people, and all the people, to partake of their advantages. They have done quite as much, if not more, than any one single thing for our liberty, for our enlightenment and for the safety of our institutions. [Enthusiastic applause.] There is nothing better in the United States than edu¬ cated citizenship. And there is no excuse for any boy or girl anywhere beneath the flag who fails to profit by educational advantages that may fit them not only for good citizenship, but for good, successful business in every walk of life. [Applause.] And, my young friends, there never was a time in all our history when knowledge was so essential to success as now. Everything re¬ quires knowledge—the industries, every science, the great business undertakings—there isn’t a manufacturer anywhere who doesn’t have to employ chemists, and the great electrical plants of the country are drafting thousands of young men every year into their service. What we of William McKinley . ioi want of the young people now is exact knowl¬ edge. You want to know whatever you under¬ take to do a little better than anybody else. And if you will do that, then there isn’t any¬ thing that is not within your reach, I don’t care what it is. And what you want besides education is character. Character! There is nothing that will serve a young man or an old man as well as good character. And did you ever think of it, it is just as easy to form a good habit as it is to form a bad one, and it is just as hard to break a good habit as it is to break a bad one; so get the good ones and keep them, and with education and character you not only achieve individual success, but you will contribute largely to the success of your country, to the glory of its institutions and its flag. I thank you all and wish you all well, and bid you good morning and good bye. [Enthu¬ siastic applause.] We all remember that, while Mrs. Mc¬ Kinley continued to improve, the Presi¬ dent, fearing that there might be some risk of a relapse from the fatigue or ex¬ citement which might come if any part of the arranged program of the return trip were adhered to, decided to return direct to Washington. The ladies of the Pacific Coast had been sorely disap¬ pointed because they were not able to meet Mrs. McKinley, but at several cities as a token of their love and sympathy for the gentle invalid they literally cov- 102 A Stereograph Record ered the train with flowers and bunting. Let us look at the result of some of this affectionate labor. 51. The Engine which Carried the Nation's Pilot—President McKin¬ ley's Train Leaving Oakland, What a beautiful farewell to the hon¬ ored couple who are just starting on the long journey to the Nation’s Capital. We are here at the very moment the train begins to move. See the steam coming out of the piston valve. The whistle blew only an instant ago. We can still see the steam around it. It Is doubtful if this work of fair hands stays in place long, as the throbbing engine speeds swiftly on its eastward way, but it has already served its purpose and in this stereographed scene it will last through the centuries, a memorial of loyalty and love. The President had frequently ex¬ pressed the hope of coming again to this land of flowers and sunshine. We know now that it was never to be realized. We are at the end of this great jour¬ ney, which, though cut off suddenly when no more than half completed, is still the most important tour of visitation to his fellow countrymen ever made by any of our Chief Magistrates. The re- of William McKinley. 103 turn to Washington was made in abso¬ lute quiet. At a few places where it became known that the train would pass, a silent throng stood with uncovered heads as the car which bore the nation’s most honored citizen, and the gentle in¬ valid, his beloved wife, passed on toward their home, the White House. We all remember how we rejoiced with the President as Mrs. McKinley grew stronger, until she was able to go with her husband back to the old home at Canton, and how there, during the summer months, surrounded by old as¬ sociations, she entirely regained her wonted health until the President elated¬ ly declared that Mrs. McKinley had not seemed so well for years. Then, in Sep¬ tember they went to Buffalo. The whole world knows the rest. How on Septem¬ ber 5th he made a great speech, outlin¬ ing his future policy, and how the day following, September 6th, while shaking hands with thousands who passed by him in line (as we saw the people doing in Quincy, Illinois, in 1899), our noble President, William McKinley, was shot by a Judas who shall be nameless here. We know how the nation stood for six long days in an agony of suspense, which gradually changed into hope that was io4 A Stereograph Record so suddenly blighted—as the wires flashed the news of the relapse, and in a few short hours we knew that William McKinley had been called “ up higher/’ We remember too, how after the pre¬ liminary services, the body was brought back to the Capitol, there to receive the more formal honors of the Nation. Let us look upon the casket which contains 52. The Mortal Remains of President McKinley in the White House , September 16th, igoi. We are in the East room where the closed casket was brought directly and without ceremony after the arrival late in the evening. Very appropriately the White House is closed to visitors. Only the dead President and the intimate friends of his household are in the home in which he has spent the four crowning years of his career. To-morrow, many thousands will stand in the rain for hours, and in a fatiguing and dangerous crush will crowd up the Capitol steps to obtain in the uncertain light of the rotunda a hurried glimpse of this bier and of the shrunken face within. How much more impressive it is to be here in the stillness of this beautiful room. Even the shad¬ owy figure of the silent guard adds to of William McKinley. 105 our feeling that we are alone with the illustrious dead. It is indeed fitting that President Mc¬ Kinley's body should be first brought to this great reception room where so many times he has met his fellow citizens. Here before his casket, draped with the flag he loved and served so well, we are im¬ pressed with the truth of these words of Senator Mason of Illinois: Where before in history is that character of gentleness, of strength, of bravery, of purity? I do not know. History has not written the name. Another who had often been called to the President's councils says: Could anything show the character of the man more clearly than his three earliest utter¬ ances after the shots? This statesman, with the secrets of nations in his mind, the conduct of vast diplomatic affairs in his keeping, thought first of his wife and said: “ Don’t tell Mrs. McKinley! ” Then hearing the tumult about the assassin, his next words were: “ Don’t let anybody hurt him.” Then, with the thoughtful courtesy that marked him, he said: “I am so sorry that anything has hap¬ pened to me to throw a cloud over the expo¬ sition.” The beautiful character that has so lofty an unselfishness, so instinctive and deeply ingrained, is the greatest gift to the people. We are content though we may not look upon the changed face. We prefer 106 A Stereograph Record to remember William McKinley as we have so many times seen him, full of the vigor of health. These flowers on the bier are the sim¬ ple though beautiful tributes from loving friends. Let us turn and look at a few more imposing 53. Floral Tributes to Our Martyred President. The nearest design we see comes from Iowa. That great wreath hanging like a triumphal bower over all is from the employees of the great Government Bureau of Printing and Engraving. The farther one is from officers and soldiers of the Philippines. What a marvelous age we live in. Loving hearts, though 8000 miles away, can send instructions flying along the great reach of electric wires and so have their love emblemized to-night by this beautiful design. As we admire these flower tokens from far and near, let us read a tribute of beau¬ tiful words from Senator Hoar: We have just listened to the voice of the civilized world, speaking nearly in one accord as it has almost never spoken before. Modern science has called into life these mighty ser¬ vants, the press and the telegraph, who have created a nerve which joins together all human hearts, and which pulses simultaneously over the globe. of William McKinley. 107 Was the nobleness of humanity, as God created it, ever more vindicated than by what has happened now? What emotion has stirred it? A poor fiend shoots off his little bolt, one human life is stricken down, and a throb of love fills a planet. Could any base or ignoble passion have so moved mankind? Hatred touched a chord from which there comes no response, save that in a few cellars or gar¬ rets, where the enemies of the human race hide themselves as they take counsel together. The victim of the crime utters only an expres¬ sion of pity and care for the safety of his enemy, and there is a thrill of sympathy in the bosom of all mankind. There is another lesson of comfort and good cheer, and good hope. It is in the sincere con¬ fession which comes from every sect, from every creed, from every church, as to what makes up the essence of Christian character and Christian faith. President McKinley stated about a year ago what he thought to be the essence of Christianity. This is what he said: “ The religion which Christ founded has been a mighty influence in the civilization of the human race. If we of to-day owed to it nothing more than this, our debt of apprecia¬ tion would be incalculable. The doctrine of love, purity and right living has step by step won its way into the heart of mankind, has exalted home and family, and has filled the future with hope and promise.” Now, a good deal more has happened than an outburst of love and sympathy moved by a tragic scene. Men of all Christian sects are taking this occasion to declare what it is that 108 A Stereograph Record makes the true Christian, what sort of example men ought to imitate, and what entitles them to the favor of God. We hear nothing of Athanasian creeds, of the Five Points of Calvinism, or Unitarian statements of faith, or church covenants, or de¬ crees of councils. The Catholic and Pro¬ testant, and Calvinist and Presbyterian, and Universalist and Unitarian, and Methodist and Episcopalian, speaking by their most trusted representatives, and their highest authorities, declare that this man’s life was Christian, and this man’s faith was Christianity. On the morning of September 17th (and it is an especial privilege) we stand out on the upper balcony of the Presi¬ dent’s Mansion and witness 54. The Cortege Leaving the White House. Slowly down this driveway, through a fine drizzling rain, the solemn procession is winding its way to that gate which we see at the end of the drive. It leads to Pennsylvania Avenue. The Marine Band stationed out there on the avenue has just played the now doubly sacred hymn, “ Nearer, my God, to Thee.” We see the hearse surrounded by its distin¬ guished guard of honor; that carriage next behind the hearse contains Ex- President Cleveland accompanied by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans and General John M. Wilson. The next of William McKinley. 109 one contains President and Mrs. Roosevelt, with Mrs. Roosevelt’s broth¬ er, Commander W. S. Cowles. These other carriages in the center of the drive contain the members of the Cabinet and a number of ex-Cabinet members. The carriages on the sides of the drive contain members of the Diplomatic Corps; they will take their places behind the carriages of the Cabinet members as the procession moves on. Mrs. McKinley is not with the pro¬ cession and will not take part in the services in the Capitol; she has hoped to be able to do so, but at the last moment her physicians have decided that in her feeble condition it would be running too great a risk; so she is in her room up¬ stairs. How lonely this old house that has been her home for the past four years must seem to-day. It has all been so sudden; only a few days ago he was so strong and full of life! Is it not some awful dream, and will she not waken and find her loving husband standing by her side, ready as always to cheer her invalid life? Or, as she hears the stamping of the horses’ hoofs on the driveway below, can she not step to the window and see him watching for her appearance there, I IO A Stereograph Record to wave a fond adieu before he goes to the Capitol ? Ah ! no, her love, her Pres¬ ident will not go to the Capitol to-day or ever again. He has been promoted to the Capitol of the Universe, and she must patiently wait here a little while, perhaps a few years. It will be lonesome waiting, but, oh, the joy of the reunion. For this frail woman, debarred from many of life’s pleasures, the White House has become a home full of happy associations. They had planned to live here four years longer, but, now how different! In a few hours she too will leave never again to enter as its mistress. In a few days others will occupy these rooms, which are so associated with her beloved that they seem to be sacred to her dead. Let us now leave the White House portico and see 55. President McKinley’s Remains Passing by the United States Treasury on the Way to the Capi¬ tol. Twenty-four years ago William Mc¬ Kinley first went to the Capitol and com¬ menced the fourteen years of his Con¬ gressional career which gave him national renown, and prepared him as few have been prepared to fulfill the presidential duties. of William McKinley. hi To-day seemingly endless lines of sor¬ rowing humanity stand mutely with heads bared to the rain as his funeral cortege moves along this historic Penn¬ sylvania Avenue which has witnessed so many triumphs and afflictions of the Na¬ tion's chosen chiefs. In front of the hearse we can see the last of a guard of honor composed of grizzled veterans of the war which first took their now illustrious comrade from his father’s home and dedicated him to the Nation. On either side of the hearse we see the epauleted officers of our Army and Navy who responded to their President’s call in the last war. Next to the hearse on either side is the artillery bodyguard, or pall bearers. The five on this side are from the Navy, on the other side from the Army. His mortal body rested last night in the President’s mansion, but William McKinley dwells in mansions more splendid than those of earth. He is mov¬ ing onward to-day, along grander ways than this over which we see his country¬ men bearing his wasted frame. Few men, if any, in our history have been so conspicuously faithful in the discharge of duty, wherever placed, as private sol¬ dier, officer, congressman, Governor or I I 2 A Stereograph Record President, and his private life has been equally distinguished. William McKin¬ ley had faithfully used the talents placed in his keeping and when his Master called, he had earned the plaudit “ well done.” But now the hearse with its guards has passed, so let us turn a little that we may see the full side of this massive building. 56. The Funeral Procession Passing the United States Treasury. Noting that colonnade of noble pillars we again remember how depleted were the inner vaults when President McKin¬ ley came into office, while now they are so happily replenished, and at the same time the country at large is experiencing such remarkable prosperity. But the lowered symbol fluttering mid¬ way of its staff above the roof reminds us that at this sad moment every flag o’er this wide continent is half-masted— a Nation’s sign of grief—and not alone in America, but in every capital over the round world every ensign flutters low in sympathy. Although the hearse has passed out of sight, the drenched people still stand, many of them without umbrellas, silently watching the procession, a striking con- of William McKinley. 113 trast to the joyous crowds that lined this street at the last two inaugurations. In the distance, towering dimly in the mist, stands the tallest of all obelisks, that fitting emblem commemorative of recti¬ tude and greatness, the Washington mon¬ ument. And along this same avenue marched in that famous grand review the mighty, triumphal army of the Re¬ public while still mourning at the shrine of our first untimely martyr. Washing¬ ton, Lincoln, McKinley! History does not reveal nobler characters than these three. After the ceremonies at the Capitol, in the dusk of the evening, surrounded by the distinguished guard, the remains were borne to the station and the funeral party started on its long journey to Can¬ ton. Let us now witness, 57. The Arrival of William McKin¬ ley’s Remains at the Court House, Canton, Ohio. It is about noon, September 18th, 1901. Canton is ready for this last “ home-coming.” On other days she welcomed her great son with waving banners and cheers, and with bows and smiles; to-day she is silent, with streets in solemn black. Men are about to remove the casket 114 A Stereograph Record from the hearse and carry it up those steps and into the courthouse rotunda, and there, this afternoon, Canton will see the form of her best beloved citizen for the last time. To-night, too, the President’s body will for the last time be in his old home. To-morrow, after ser¬ vices in the Methodist church, of which he was such a faithful member, they will lay him in the West Lawn Cemetery. In this crowded street somewhere un¬ doubtedly are those children with whom we saw him shaking hands less than two years ago. What a precious memory that handshake will always be to those sons and daughters of the President’s old neighbors. Canton is too small a town to accom¬ modate the hundreds of military organi¬ zations from all parts of the country which have requested the privilege of taking part in the ceremonies, so it has been decided that only neighboring mili¬ tary companies will be in the procession; but there is one significant exception, that of the “ Gate City ” Guards of At¬ lanta, Ga. They sent a touching letter saying that President McKinley had shown so noble a spirit toward the South that the people of Atlanta pleaded to be allowed to show recognition of of William McKinley. 115 it. They would come prepared to take care of themselves, etc. And this is why the Committee have made this one ex¬ ception. The services are over; the last pro¬ cession has passed up the flower-strewn street to the vault. The flowers (sweet pea blossoms) were the offering of the school children of Nashville, Tenn., and no tribute of love more amply fulfilled its mission, or more completely carried its message of affection. Thousands of the marchers and spectators picked up these blossoms and carefully preserved them as reminders of the day, and as tokens of the restored unity of the Nation. Let us visit the quiet, sacred spot where the “ dust ” is laid and see the 58. Floral Tributes around the Dead President's Temporary Resting Place, September 19, 1901 . We stand before the receiving vault of the beautiful Canton Cemetery. Here the beloved form that we have seen so many times, and upon such sublime oc¬ casions, will rest until a fitting recep¬ tacle can be erected by his loving country¬ men, which will testify to future ages their appreciation of his noble life. We see only a small part of the floral dis¬ play. It spreads out many feet to our 116 A Stereograph Record right and left. Never before on this continent has there been such a collec¬ tion of floral tributes. Nearly every country in both hemispheres is repre¬ sented. The number of tokens from the United States is almost past counting. There is scarcely a man in public life whose tribute of respect for the virtues of William McKinley does not lie near his vault to-day. Many beautiful de¬ signs are unmarked, and it will never be known from whom they came. This close urn is beautiful, but let us notice a very significant tribute. Do you see that large wreath immediately over the en¬ trance? It is of Galax leaves, and is the offering of the King of Italy, whose royal father was so recently the victim of a similar fiendish act, by an anarchist sent out from a city in our own country (Pat¬ erson, New Jersey) by an organization which openly met and avowed their ap¬ proval of the deed and their sympathy with the murderer. And such vipers are still allowed to roam at will! On the black ribbon hanging from this wreath is inscribed “Requiem aeternam donaei Do- mine ”. (Eternal rest give unto him, O Lord.) Close to the other side of the vault en¬ trance we see a large design of the offi- of William McKinley. 117 cial badge of the Grand Army of the Republic. Beyond and looking between the floral urn and the nearest wreath we observe a small cradle covered with flowers. Let us step over in front of it and look at some more of these interest¬ ing 59. Tributes of Love from thelNation. Some distance back we may see a guard in this hallowed spot. Soldiers will day and night continuously watch that no ghoul shall ever desecrate the sepulcher of the great dead. Among these rich and varied designs we notice to our right the emblem of Masonry, from some Lodge of brother masons. To our left notice the smaller design that has the floral flag across its front. In the field of white flowers above the flag we may discern the words, “ Nearer, my God, to Thee.” The beautiful hymn was his last prayer; almost his last words. What sublime trust; what a lesson of faith to the Nation! Farther away we see a large design of the flag of the new Republic of Cuba. But possibly the most interesting of all the tributes that sur¬ round the tomb of our martyred Presi¬ dent is this close little flower-filled cradle that we first noticed from our preceding position. It is the cradle in which Wil- ii8 A Stereograph Record liam McKinley was rocked in infancy, and is sent by the little city of Niles, Ohio, where the President was bom. It is to be returned to Niles and carefully preserved by the city. “ From the cradle to the grave.” Somewhere in this coun¬ try to-day a fond mother will rock a slumbering babe that will one day be the President of the most powerful govern¬ ment the world has ever known. The gentle woman who rocked this cradle years ago little dreamed of the noble ca¬ reer her son would have, but she patient¬ ly and diligently instilled into him right sentiments and aspirations, wisely realiz¬ ing that whether his path in life should be among the distinguished or the hum¬ ble, they would prove equally important to him. Shall we here note lessons which ex-President Grover Cleveland draws from the life of William McKinley in his speech to-day (September 19, 1901), be¬ fore the students of Princeton Univer¬ sity ? After an eloquent tribute to Presi¬ dent McKinley’s character and achieve¬ ments, Mr. Cleveland continued as fol¬ lows : First in my thoughts are the lessons to be learned from the career of William Mc¬ Kinley by the young men who make up the student body of our University. These les¬ sons are not obscure or difficult. They teach of William McKinley. ng the value of study and mental training, but they teach more impressively that the road to usefulness and to the only success worth hav¬ ing will be missed or lost except it is sought and kept by the light of those qualities of the heart which it is sometimes supposed may be safely neglected or subordinated in university surroundings. This assumption is a great mistake. Study and study hard; but never let the thought enter your mind that study alone or the greatest possible accu¬ mulation of learning alone will lead you to the heights of usefulness and success. The man who is universally mourned to-day achieved the highest distinction which his great country can confer on any man, and he lived a useful life. He was not deficient in education, but with all you will hear of his grand career and his service to his coun¬ try and to his fellow citizens, you will not hear that the high plane he reached or what he accomplished was due to his education. You will instead constantly hear as account¬ ing for his great success that he was obedient and affectionate as a son, patriotic and faith¬ ful as a soldier, honest and upright as a citizen, tender and devoted as a husband, and truthful, generous, unselfish, moral and clean in every relation of life. He never thought any of these things too weak for his manliness. Make no mistake. Here was a most dis¬ tinguished man, a great man, a useful man— who became distinguished, great and useful because he had, and retained unimpaired, qualities of heart which I fear university students sometimes feel like keeping in the background or abandoning. 120 Tributes to But, let us not have our last impres¬ sions come as from the grave. Let us think of this great man as we have al¬ ways seen him in the full vigor of his manhood. And, in order to best pre¬ serve in mind and heart his kindly soul¬ ful face, let us treasure a close stereo¬ graph portrait of 60. William McKinley, President ol the United States. With these noble features realistically preserved for our perusal we will not for¬ get the lesson. In the preceding pages we have quoted many of the noble utterances of President McKinley, also eloquent words from ex-President Grover Cleveland and other honored statesmen. May we not also appropriately record the great tribute in President Theodore Roose¬ velt’s first message to Congress, Decem¬ ber 3, 1901 : To the Senate and House of Representatives: The Congress assembles this year under the shadow of a great calamity. On the sixth of September President McKinley was shot by an anarchist while attending the Pan- American Exposition at Buffalo, and died in that city on the fourteenth of that month. Of the last seven elected presidents he is the third who has been murdered, and the bare recital of this fact is sufficient to justify William McKinley. 121 grave alarm among all loyal American citizens. Moreover, the circumstances of this, the third assassination of an American President, have a peculiarly sinister significance. Both Presi¬ dent Lincoln and President Garfield were killed by assassins of types unfortunately not uncommon in history, President Lincoln fall¬ ing a victim to the terrible passions aroused by four years of civil war, and President Gar¬ field to the revengeful vanity of a disappointed office-seeker. President McKinley was killed by an utterly depraved criminal, belonging to that body of criminals who object to all gov¬ ernments, good and bad alike; who are against any form of popular liberty if it is guaranteed by even the most just and liberal laws, and who are as hostile to the upright exponent of a free people’s sober will as to the tyran¬ nical and irresponsible despot. It is not too much to say that at the time of President McKinley’s death he was the most widely loved man in all the United States, while we have never had any public man of his position who has been so wholly free from the bitter animosities incident to public life. His political opponents were the first to bear the heartiest and most generous tribute to the broad kindliness of nature, the sweetness and gentleness of character which so endeared him to his close associates. To a standard of lofty integrity in public life he united the tender affections and home virtues which are all-important in the make¬ up of national character. A gallant soldier in the great war for the Union, he also shone as an example to all our people, because of his conduct in the most sacred and intimate of 122 Tributes to home relations. There could be no personal hatred of him, for he never acted with aught but consideration for the welfare of others. No one could fail to respect him who knew him in public or private life. The defenders of those murderous criminals who seek to ex¬ cuse their criminality by asserting that it is exercised for political ends inveigh against wealth and irresponsible power. But for this assassination even this base apology cannot be urged. President McKinley was a man of moderate means, a man whose stock sprung from the sturdy tillers of the soil, who had himself be¬ longed among the wage-workers, who had entered the army as a private soldier. Wealth was not struck at when the President was as¬ sassinated, but the honest toil which is con¬ tent with moderate gains, after a lifetime of unremitting labor, largely in the service of the public. Still less was power struck at in the sense that power is irresponsible or cen¬ tered in the hands of any one individual. The blow was not aimed at tyranny or wealth. It was aimed at one of the strongest cham¬ pions the wage-worker has ever had, at one of the most faithful representatives of the system of public rights and representative government who has ever risen to public office. President McKinley filled that political office for which the entire people vote, and no President—not even Lincoln himself—was ever more earnestly anxious to represent the well-thought-out wishes of the people; his one anxiety in every crisis was to keep in clos¬ est touch with the people—to find out what William McKinley. Ia 3 they thought and to endeavor to give expres¬ sion to their thought, after having endeavored to guide that thought aright. He had just been re-elected to the Presidency because the majority of our citizens, the majority of our farmers and wage-workers, believed that he had faithfully upheld their interests for four years. They felt themselves in close and in¬ timate touch with him. They felt that he represented so well and so honorably all their ideals and aspirations that they wished him to continue for another four years to represent them. And this was the man at whom the assassin struck! That there might be nothing lacking to complete the Judas-like infamy of his act, he took advantage of an occasion when the President was meeting the people generally; and, advancing as if to take the hand out¬ stretched to him in kindly and brotherly fel¬ lowship, he turned the noble and generous confidence of the victim into an opportunity to strike the fatal blow. There is no baser deed in all the annals of crime. The shock, the grief of the country, are bitter in the minds of all who saw the dark days while the President yet hovered between life and death. At last the light was stilled in the kindly eyes and the breath went from the lips that even in mortal agony uttered no words save of forgiveness to his murderer, of love for his friends, and of unfaltering trust in the will of the Most High. Such a death, crowning the glory of such a life, leaves us with infinite sorrow, but with such pride in what he had accomplished and in his own personal character that we feel the blow not 124 Tributes to as struck at him, but as struck at the Nation. We mourn a great and good President who is dead, but while we mourn we are lifted up by the splendid achievements of his life and the grand heroism with which he met his death. When we turn from the man to the Nation the harm done is so great as to excite our gravest apprehensions and to demand our wisest and most resolute action. This crim¬ inal was a professed anarchist, inflamed by the teachings of professed anarchists, and probably also by the reckless utterances of those who, on the stump and in the public press, appeal to the dark and evil spirits of malice and greed, envy and sullen hatred. The wind is sowed by the men who preach such doctrines and they cannot escape their share of responsibility for the whirlwind that is reaped. This applies alike to the deliberate demagogue, to the exploiter of sensationalism and to the crude and foolish visionary who, for whatever reason, apologizes for crime, or excites aimless discontent. Theodore Roosevelt. SENATOR FORAKER’S ELOQUENT SPEECH AT CINCINNATI, SEPT. 19, 1901. In the midst of life we are in death. Never was the truth of these words more strikingly exemplified than by the tragedy that brings us here. In the vigor of robust manhood; at the very height of his powers; in the possession of all his faculties; in the midst of a great work of world-wide importance; in the en- William McKinley. I2 5 joyment of the admiration, love and affection of all classes of our people to a degree never before permitted to any other man; at a time of profound peace, when nothing was occur¬ ring to excite the passions of men; when we were engaged in a celebration of the triumphs of art, science, literature, commerce, civiliza¬ tion, and all that goes to make up the greatest prosperity, advancement and happiness the world has ever known; surrounded by thou¬ sands of his countrymen who were vying with each other in demonstrations of friendship and good-will, the President of the United States, without a moment’s warning, was stricken down by an assassin, who, while greeting him with one hand, shot him to death with the other. History has no precedent for such treachery and wickedness since Joab, stroking his beard as though to kiss him, inquiring, “ Art thou in health, my brother? ” smote unsuspecting Amasa in the fifth rib and “ shed out his bowels to the ground.” We can scarcely realize that such a crime was possible, much less that it has been actually committed, and our sorrow is yet too fresh, our grief too poignant and our indignation too acute for us to contemplate it dispassionately or discuss it considerately. But while we cannot now speak becomingly of the murderer and his awful crime we can fittingly employ this hour to commemorate the virtues of his victim and to recount in part at least his great services to his country. The allotted age of man is threescore years and ten, but William McKinley was not yet fifty-nine when his career ended. In these 126 Tributes to short years he did a wondrous work. In its accomplishment he was unaided by for¬ tuitous circumstances. He was of humble origin and without influential friends, except as he made them. He died proud of his work and in the just expectation that time will vindicate his wis¬ dom, his purpose and his labors—and it will. What he was not permitted to finish will be taken up by other hands, and when the com¬ plete, crowning triumph comes it will rest upon the foundation he has laid. His great loss to the country will not be in connection with policies now in process of solution, but rather in connection with new questions. What he has marked out and put the impress of his great name upon will re¬ ceive the unquestioned support of his own party and the great majority of the American people. He had so gained the confidence of his fol¬ lowers and the whole country in his leadership that practically all differences of opinion on new propositions would have yielded to his judgment. The progress of events will not stop. Unsolved problems have no respect for the repose of nations. New questions will arise—are arising—have arisen. With his calm, clear judgment and fore¬ sight, he saw and appreciated all this. His last speech was a testimonial to this fact. It was in many respects the ablest, the most thoughtful and the most statesmanlike utter¬ ance he ever made. It was the triumphant se¬ quel to his long years of sturdy battle for a William McKinley. 127 protective tariff, a complete vindication of all his predictions in that behalf, and, at the same time, a fitting farewell to the American peo¬ ple whom he had served so well. Who can exaggerate the gratification he must have experienced in pointing out the immeasurable prosperity that has resulted from the energizing effects of the policies he had done so much to sustain? But he no longer belongs to us alone. We long ago gave him to the nation, and the na¬ tion has given him to the world. There is no place in all Christendom where his name is not spoken with admiration and cherished with affection. The whole world mourns with us and pays tribute to his memory, not because of his public services, for they were rendered for America, but for the gentleness of his nature and the nobility of his character. In these respects he is without a rival since Sir Philip Sidney. He was of splendid presence, of pleasing personality and of polished and graceful ad¬ dress. There was no court in Europe where his manner and deportment would not have commanded the highest respect, and yet it was all so natural and free from simulation or af¬ fectation that he was always, without any sacrifice of dignity or change of manner fa¬ miliarly at home with Abraham Lincoln’s common people of America. He loved his countrymen and was never so happy as when in their midst. From them he constantly gathered suggestions and ideas and wisdom. The cares of state were never so exacting that he could not give considera¬ tion to the humblest, and his mind was never 128 Tributes to so troubled that his heart was not full of mercy. As a public speaker he had few equals. He could adapt himself perfectly to any audience or any subject. He was always in tune with the occasion. From one end of the land to the other he was constantly in demand for public addresses. He responded to more such calls probably than any other orator of his time. Most of his speeches were of a political character, yet he made many addresses on other subjects; but no matter when or where or on what subject he spoke, he never dealt in offensive personalities. He drove home his points and routed his antagonist with mer¬ ciless logic, but never in any other way wounded his sensibilities. No language can adequately tell of his de¬ voted love and tender affection for the invalid partner of all his joys and sorrows. Amid his many honors and trying duties, she ever reigned supreme in his affections. The story of this love has gone to the ends of the earth, and is written in the hearts of all mankind everywhere. It is full of tenderness, full of pathos and full of honor. It will be repeated and cherished as long as the name of William McKinley shall live. It was these great qualities of the heart that gave him the place he holds in the affections of other peoples. They claim him for human¬ ity’s sake, because they find in him an expres¬ sion of their highest aspiration. By common consent, he honored the whole human race, and all the race will honor him. But he was more than gentle. He was thor¬ oughly religious, and too religious to be guilty William McKinley. 129 of any bigotry. His broad, comprehensive views of man and his duty in his relations to God enabled him to have charity and respect for all who differed from his belief. His faith solaced him in life, and did not fail him when the supreme test came. When he realized the work of the assassin his first utterance was a prayer that God would forgive the crime. As he surrendered himself to unconsciousness, from which he might never awake, that surgery could do its work, he gently breathed the Lord’s Prayer, “ Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be done.” And when the dread hour of dissolution overtook him and the last touching farewell had been spoken, he sank to rest murmuring “ Nearer, my God, to Thee.” This was his last triumph, and his greatest. His whole life was given to humanity, but in his death we find his most priceless legacy. The touching story of that death-bed scene will rest on generations yet unborn like a soothing benediction. Such Christian fortitude and resignation give us a clearer conception of what was in the apostle’s mind when he exclaimed, “ O death, where is thy sting! O grave, where is thy victory!” EXTRACT FROM CARDINAL GIB¬ BONS’ MEMORIAL SERMON, SEPT. 19, 1901. No court in Europe or in the civilized world was more conspicuous for moral rectitude and purity, or more free from the breath of scandal, than the official home of President McKinley. He would have adorned any court 130 Tributes to in Christendom by his civic virtues. No man can honestly charge him with tyranny or official corruption. The Redeemer of mankind was betrayed by the universal symbol of love. If I may rev¬ erently make the comparison, the President was betrayed by the universal emblem of friendship. Christ said to Judas, “ Friend, be- trayest thou the Son of Man with a kiss?” The President could have said to his slayer, “ Betrayest thou the head of the nation with the grasp of the hand? ” As President, Mr. McKinley was thorough¬ ly conversant with the duties of his office, and could enter into its most minute details. His characteristic virtues were courtesy and po¬ liteness, patience and forbearance and master¬ ly self-control under very trying circum¬ stances. When unable to grant a favor, he had the rare and happy talent to disappoint the applicant withdttt offending him. The domestic virtues of Mr. McKinley were worthy of all praise. He was a model hus¬ band. Amid the pressing and engrossing duties of his official life, he would from time to time snatch a few moments to devote to the invalid and loving partner of his joys and sorrows. We prayed for the President’s life, but it did not please God to grant our petition. Let no one infer from this that our prayers were in vain. No fervent prayer ascending to the throne of heaven remains unanswered. Let no one say what a lady remarked to me on the occasion of President Garfield’s death. “ I have prayed,” she said, “ for the President’s life. My family have prayed for him, our William McKinley. 131 congregation prayed for him, the city prayed for him, the State prayed for him, the Nation prayed for him, and yet he died. What, then, is the use of prayer?” God answers our pe¬ titions either directly or indirectly. If he does not grant us what we ask, He gives us some¬ thing equivalent or better. If He has not saved the life of the President, He preserves the life of the Nation, which is of more im¬ portance than the life of an individual. He has infused into the hearts of the American people a greater reverence for the Head of the Nation and a greater abhorrence of assassina¬ tion. He has intensified and energized our love of country and our devotion to our po¬ litical institutions. What a beautiful spectacle to behold prayers ascending from tens of thousands of temples throughout the land to the Throne of Mercy! Is not this universal uplifting of minds and hearts to God a sub¬ lime profession of our faith and trust in him? Is not thfcs national appeal to Heaven a most eloquent recognition of God’s superintending Providence over us? And such earnest and united prayers will not fail to draw down upon us the blessings of the Almighty. EXTRACT FROM DR. ROBERT STEW¬ ART Mac ARTHUR’S SERMON, SEPT. 19, 1901. Never before in history was any man so widely and sincerely mourned. President McKinley was one of the noblest men whose name is recorded on the historic page. He had a worthy ancestry. His edu¬ cation began hundreds of years before he was born. The blood of various nationalities min- 13 2 Tributes to gled in his veins, but the dominant element in those commingled nationalities was Scotch. Some historians trace the line of his ancestry back to names immortal in Scottish song and story. His parents were godly. The light of heaven flooded his cradle in his humble home. American patriotism beautifully blended with Christian consecration in the lives of his parents. His academic and colle¬ giate training, though not prolonged, laid the foundations of his symmetrical education. When but seventeen we see him at Poland, Ohio, stepping out from the crowd to offer himself a volunteer in the war for the Union. At Antietam we see him crowned with honor for signal bravery. At thirty-three we find him a member of Congress. He immediately raised all the ideals of political life. To him the words of Pope may be literally applied:— “Statesman, yet friend to Truth; of soul sin¬ cere; In action faithful and in honor clear; Who broke no promise, served no private end, Who gained no title, and who lost no friend.” His hand was unstained, his life was pure. No foe could smirch his name or successfully charge him with dishonesty in act or falsity in word. His name was the synonym of honor in politics, of ability in statesmanship, and of nobility in manhood. During his Presidency no throne of Kaiser, Czar or King was higher than the presiden¬ tial chair at Washington. No voice issued from the palaces in Europe or Asia more po- William McKinley. *33 tent in the parliaments of the world than the one that issued from the White House. It may be said without fear of intelligent con¬ tradiction that during his Presidency the fore¬ most man in all the world was the President of the United States. His Presidency, like that of Lincoln, was marked by crises in national history. Lincoln wrote pages glorious and immortal in the his¬ tory of America, and McKinley has written pages worthy to be bound side by side with those written by Lincoln. President McKin¬ ley met every responsibility with heroic cour¬ age, practical wisdom, ripe statesmanship and superb American patriotism. President McKinley died as truly a martyr as was Lincoln. His place in history and in the hearts of the people will ever be beside that of our first martyred President. To many in this audience President McKin¬ ley was beloved as a brother in Masonry. He wrought well with the tools of this ancient and world-wide craft. He lived according to the symbolic teaching of the plumb, the square and the level. He illustrated the teachings of this ancient fraternity in all the relations he sustained in life, showing that law is of God, and that government is a necessary fact in any stage of human history. He broadened with the passing years. Beginning his public career as an apostle of protection, he ended it as an advocate of reciprocity. His last speech was worthy of his great fame. Its closing sentences were an echo of the song which the angels sang over the Plains of Bethlehem on the night the Christ was born— 134 Tributes to “ Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.” There is an unspeakably tender benediction in the serene spirit in which he passed away. His last words fall upon our stricken hearts like strains of celestial music. The peaceful end was in harmony with the beautiful life. His death was strangely like that of his divine Lord and Master. Christ on the Cross prayed for his murderers; so President McKinley pleaded that no harm come to his assassin. REV. DR. ROBERT MORRIS KEMP, AT ST. PAUL’S CHAPEL, TRINITY, NEW YORK, SEPT. 19, 1901. A prince has fallen in Israel. A man by the force of his example and life has grown from humble origin and small beginnings to a posi¬ tion and a prominence that stands almost without an equal in the history of mankind. A true product of the priceless possibilities this country of ours affords. His God, his country and his own ideal; these won his heart; these owned his life. Let each patriotic citizen lay his wreath of tribute on his untimely grave. Our Presi¬ dent has gone from us—in history—to eter¬ nity with “ Life’s duty well done, Life’s honors richly won, Life’s hope now begun, May God grant him rest.” William McKinley. i35 EXTRACT FROM THE SERMON OF RABBI DR. RUDOLPH GROSSMAN IN THE JEWISH TEMPLE RO- DEPH SHOLOM, NEW YORK, SEPT. 19, 1901. What words falling from mortal lips can do justice to any righteous life, for righteous¬ ness is a term too deep, too high for human speech? What words, even the most eloquent and heartfelt, can do justice to a life so pure, to a career so truth-illumined, to a character so spotless, to a soul so godly as was that of William McKinley? It is not the President only, righteously wielding the power of high office, it is the man whose heart was aglow with the power of virtue; it is the husband, whose love was as pure and unselfish as that of a mother for her child; it is the God-fearing citizen, whose patriotism was as firm and un¬ shaken as a rock; it is the brother, whose very presence was a benediction, whom we mourn and before whose lifeless body we stand to¬ day in tears. Yes, America is the poorer now that he who so enriched it with his goodness is no more. Humanity is the weaker now that he who was a very pillar of sturdy manhood has fallen. Religion weeps now that he who was its reverent champion has been laid low. Do¬ mestic love is bereaved now that he who was its brightest exemplar sleeps in the dust. But why strike only a minor key? Let weeping give way to thanksgiving. Let hymns of gratitude mingle with our dirges of woe. If we are the poorer by his death, have we not also been made the richer through his life? McKinley is no more. But the story 136 Tributes to of his life is ours. Our President is dead, yet his deeds have not died with him. The record of his life, the inspiration of his ex¬ ample, the moving power of his manhood, these are not effaced. They are still ours, triumphant over death, ours to cherish, ours to be uplifted by them, ours to enshrine in our hearts. Citizens of this land, draw closer unto each other in common love of country, if you would be worthy of him who gave his strength, his devotion, his life to patriotic duty. Men and women, be truer to the noblest commands of virtue and justice, if you would honor him who was a very pattern of manli¬ ness. Husbands and wives, consecrate to loftier ideals the sanctuary of your homes if you would cherish him whose fireside was an altar and whose sacrifices were deeds of love. William McKinley, our friend, our brother, our comrade, our honored dead, fallen, thou hast risen. Gone from earth, thou livest in our hearts. Thou livest in lives made purer by thy presence. Thou livest in the White Mansion where thy Master ruleth. Peace, peace to thine immortal soul. EXTRACT FROM SERMON OF RABBI JOSEPH SILVERMAN, TEMPLE EMANUEL, NEW YORK, SEPT. 19, 1901. “ Nearer, My God, to Thee!” In these words of the famous hymn which has now be¬ come national and non-sectarian, William Mc¬ Kinley has pronounced his most fitting William McKinley. i 37 epitaph. These words expressed his deepest thought, the vibrating impulses of his life; they breathed through all his utterances, touched his sentiments and emotions, gave a sublimity to his ideals and aspirations. His life, as it is reviewed in the light of objective and sympathetic appreciation, seems to have been an exemplification of those winged words, “ Nearer, My God, to Thee.” His life was the music to those words. Every step of his long and useful career seems to have brought him closer to the Great Ruler of the world. This should not be a day merely of weep¬ ing. His soul lives—his spirit has not died. The example that he has set cannot be effaced from the hearts of men. Let us dedicate our¬ selves to those great principles of truth and righteousness without which no nation can maintain its honor, its liberty and its inde¬ pendence. Let us, each day, exemplify in our own lives the now immortal refrain—“ Nearer, My God, to Thee.” Biography of 138 BY COURTESY OF THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE. A BIOGRAPHY -OP- william McKinley. CIVILIAN, SOLDIER, LEADER AND STATESMAN. I. CHARACTER AND ACHIEVEMENTS. In him we find the best representative of the possibilities of American life. Boy and man, he typifies American youth and manhood, and illustrates the benefits and glory of our free institutions. He did not flash forth as a meteor; he rose with measured and stately step over rough paths and through years of rugged work. He earned his passage to every preferment. He was tried and tested at every step in his pathway of progress. He pro¬ duced his passport to every gateway to oppor¬ tunity and glory. . . . His State sustained him, and at last the nation rewarded his cour¬ age and consistency with the highest honors it could bestow.” Such was the tribute paid by William McKinley to James Abram Gar¬ field. With scarcely a change of word it may now serve to picture the career and qualities of Garfield’s own eulogist and successor in the Presidency. William McKinley. i39 II. ANCESTRY. William McKinley’s ancestry has been traced back by genealogists through Highland history into the dim era of Macbeth and Mac¬ duff. It is clearly demonstrated, however, that the McKinley family originated in the western part of Scotland, were identified with the Cov¬ enanter party in religious and civil affairs, and shared its indomitable resistance to the perse¬ cution and tyranny of the Stuart kings. In the time of Charles II. the family emigrated to the north of Ireland, and joined their clansmen who in Cromwell’s day had colonized the province of Ulster. Thence, about the middle of the last century, they came to America, worthy members of that army of Scotch- Irish colonists which contributed so largely to the settlement and civilization of this con¬ tinent. Two brothers McKinley, James and Will¬ iam, reached this country some twenty-five years before the battle of Bunker Hill. James settled in what is now the ancient town of York, in Southern Pennsylvania, married, and sent his son David to fight under Washing¬ ton’s flag in the War of the Revolution. When peace was restored and independence gained, David McKinley returned to the Pennsyl¬ vania homestead, and there lived until after the War of 1812. Then, joining the great tide that began to move westward, he removed to the country beyond the Ohio River, and settled in what is now Columbiana County, Ohio. There he founded the “ Buckeye Branch ” of the McKinley clan. 1 4 ° Biography of While the McKinleys were thus making their way from Scotland to Ireland, and thence to Pennsylvania and Ohio, a family named Rose, also persecuted for conscience’ sake, was seeking liberty in another direction. An¬ drew Rose was a leader among the English Puritans, and was among those who migrated to Holland for refuge from English tyranny; thence, attracted by the enterprise of Penn, he came to America and settled at Doylestown, Penn. There he prospered, became a leader in politics and a member of the legislative council of the colony. His son, Andrew Rose, Jr., was not only a gallant soldier in the Rev¬ olutionary army, but also an iron manufac¬ turer whose work supplied the patriots with many cannon and other implements of war. In time David McKinley and Mary, the daugh¬ ter of Andrew Rose, Jr., became acquaintances and friends, then lovers, and then husband and wife. Thus were allied the two sturdy stocks of Scotch-Irish and English Puritans, and fully blended in the first offspring of this mar¬ riage—a boy, to whom was given the name of William. This first William McKinley re¬ moved to Eastern Ohio, and was one of the pioneers of the iron business in that region, with foundries at Fairfield, New-Wilmington and elsewhere. His wife was Nancy Allison, a descendant, like himself, of Scotch stock. To them were born eight children, one of whom, a boy born at Niles, in Trumbull County, Ohio—the second county north of Columbiana—on January 29, 1843, inherited his father’s name of William. The house in which the future President was born is still standing on one of the streets of Niles. It is William McKinley. 141 a frame structure, two stories high, and what was once the parlor is now a grocery store. At the front is a vine-covered porch, on which McKinley the child used to play, and from which McKinley the statesman has made many an address to the citizens of his native town. III. SCHOOLING. As a boy young William McKinley went for a few years to the village school at Niles. Then the family removed to Poland, in Ma¬ honing, the county between Trumbull and Columbiana, in order that he and the other children might enjoy the advantages of a high school in that town. In both institutions William showed himself a solid and thorough rather than a showy student. He already had a leaning toward argument and oratory, and was a prominent figure in all schoolboy de¬ bates. At Poland there was a literary society and debating club, and of it he was for some time president. The story is told that the boys and girls saved up their spending money until they had enough to buy a carpet for the meet¬ ing room of the club. They purchased at a neighboring carpet store what they deemed an exceedingly handsome fabric. Its ground¬ work was green and its ornamentation gorgeous golden wreaths. The society unani¬ mously decided that no boots should ever profane that sacred carpet, and the girl mem¬ bers, therefore, volunteered to knit slippers for all the members to wear. Unfortunately, the slippers were not ready for the first meet¬ ing, and so all the members who attended, 142 Biography of and the visitors, too, were required to put off their shoes from their feet, and listen to the debate shod only in stockings. The debaters themselves did likewise, and young McKinley presided over the meeting in his stocking feet. At the Poland Academy McKinley was pre¬ pared to enter college, and at the age of six¬ teen he was matriculated at Allegheny Col¬ lege. Scarcely was he well started in his studies there, however, when he fell ill and was compelled to return home. When his health was restored he found himself thrown largely on his own resources. The hard times of the Buchanan Administration had caused his father some embarrassment in business, and justice to the rest of the family made it necessary for William to support himself. He therefore took to school teaching in a district school near Poland. He got $25 a month salary, and “boarded around.” Much of the time, however, he lived at home, walking to and from school every day, a distance of sev¬ eral miles. His intention was to save up a little money and return to college in a year or two. But that was not to be. IV. A BRAVE SOLDIER. Like most of the men of his generation who were to rise to leadership and power in nation¬ al politics, the future President’s first lessons in patriotic duty were to be learned in camp and battlefield. He was but eighteen while still engaged in teaching when Fort Sumter was fired upon. At Lincoln’s summons the whole loyal North sprang to arms; no part William McKinley. 143 of it with more patriotic ardor than the West¬ ern Reserve. From every county and town volunteers were soon marching toward the front. Every village and hamlet sent its quota. Poland was not behind the rest. In June, 1861, a mass meeting was held, at which some stirring speeches were made, and at its close a company was enlisted. General Fre¬ mont inspected and mustered in the recruits. He examined young McKinley, pounded his chest, looked into his eyes, and said “ You’ll do.” That was perhaps the proudest moment the boy had yet known, to be thus treated by the famous " Pathfinder,” of whose adventures he had read with so much zest. The company was made Company E of the 23d Ohio Regi¬ ment, of which William S. Rosecrans was colonel, Stanley Matthews lieutenant-colonel and Rutherford B. Hayes major. For fourteen months McKinley carried a musket in the ranks. He was a good soldier, intelligently obedient to his superior officers and genial and generous to his comrades. There was no more popular man in the regi¬ ment, and no harder fighter. Nor was there any lack of fighting to do. Six weeks after it left Columbus the regiment had its baptism of fire at Carnifex Ferry. Then it had to chase the rebel raiders back and forth across the mountain ranges, was drenched by in¬ cessant rains and was almost famished at times for lack of food. The young men from Poland thus had their fighting qualities put to a hard test. But they stood it admirably. The regiment was soon ordered to Washing¬ ton, and was there made part of the Army of the Potomac, of which McClellan was com- 144 Biography of mander. Then came Antietam, in which con¬ flict the soldier boy bore himself with a vet¬ eran’s valor, and at the end left the ranks with a lieutenant’s commission. Never was there a more popular promotion in the “ Fighting Twenty-third,” and never one more fully deserved or more modestly borne. “ I always look back with pleasure on those four¬ teen months I served in the ranks,” said Mr. McKinley not very long ago. “ They taught me a great deal. I was but a schoolboy when I went into the army, and that year was a formative period in my life, during which I learned much of men and affairs. I have al¬ ways been glad that I entered the service as a private.” After Antietam came active and rapid work in the West Virginia mountains, and then a quick march into Pennsylvania and back again. One day the regiment had breakfast in Pennsylvania, dinner in Maryland and supper in Virginia. A period of rest followed, from November, 1862, to July, 1863. Indeed, there is no record of a serious engagement until April, 1864, when General Crook made a raid upon the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Battles were fought and victories won at Clyde Mountain and at New Bridge. In June the regiment joined General Hunter’s com¬ mand and suffered a repulse at Lynchburg. In July came the battle of Kernstown, near Winchester, in which the Union forces were also repulsed after a hard struggle. During this battle McKinley made himself conspicu¬ ous by his daring execution of an order. One of the regiments was posted in an orchard, far in front. When the rest of the army was William McKinley. 145 compelled to fall back it was left there un¬ supported, apparently forgotten by the com¬ manding officer. Finally General Hayes, dis¬ covering the oversight, directed McKinley to carry an order to the unfortunate regiment to retreat. It seemed certain death to go, but the young soldier started on his errand with¬ out a moment’s hesitation. His comrades never expected to see him alive again, but in a short time he returned safe and sound with his errand accomplished. Another striking incident occurred in the battle at Opequan, near Winchester, in Sep¬ tember, 1864, when McKinley was a member of General Sheridan’s staff. McKinley was sent with a verbal order to General Duval, direct¬ ing him to move his command quickly to an¬ other position. General Duval, on receiving the order, not knowing the “ lay of the land,” asked McKinley, “ By what route shall I go? ” McKinley knew little more of the country than did Duval, but he had been observing keenly all day, and he unhesitatingly replied, “ I would go along this creek.” Duval hesi¬ tated and finally said, “ I will not go at all without positive orders as to the route.” Then McKinley, knowing that the fate of the battle was perhaps trembling in the balance, said peremptorily: “ General, this is a case of great emergency. I order you, by command of General Crook, to move your command im¬ mediately along this creek to a position on the right of the army.” Duval obeyed, and executed the manceuver in safety. In a short time he had his division in place, charged the enemy and drove them from their works. The movement was a brilliant success, thanks to 146 Biography of McKinley’s judgment and decision. The young soldier also distinguished himself at Winches¬ ter and other engagements in that campaign. “ For gallant and meritorious service at the battles of Opequan, Cedar Creek and Fisher’s Hill,” reads McKinley’s commission as major; and the document is signed, “A. Lincoln.” He had been made second lieutenant in Sep¬ tember, 1862, at nineteen years of age; first lieutenant just after his twentieth birthday, in February, 1863, and captain in July, 1864. After Cedar Creek he saw little more fighting, but he remained with his regiment until the end of the war, and was honorably mustered out with it on July 26, 1865—Major McKinley, a four years’ veteran, twenty-two years of age. V. AN ABLE LAWYER. The war over, the young soldier hesitated between finishing his interrupted college course or beginning at once to struggle for a livelihood. He compromised by entering the law office of Judge Charles E. Glidden, at Canton, the county seat of Stark County, the next county westward from Columbiana. From Judge Glidden’s office he went to the Albany Law School, at Albany, N. Y. He was graduated, and admitted to the bar of Canton in 1867. His “ shingle ” was hung out forthwith at the door of a little office of his own, and he waited patiently for clients. Days passed, and a fortnight. Then one day in came his old preceptor, Judge Glidden. McKinley, said he, “ here are the papers William McKinley. 147 in a case of mine. It comes up to-morrow. I have got to go out of town, and I want you to take charge of it for me.” McKinley was nonplussed. He declared that he could not do justice to the case at so short a notice. “ I never have tried a single case yet, Judge,” said he. “ Well, begin on this one, then,” was the judge’s reply. And it was finally settled that McKinley should do so. He sat up all night working on the case, tried it the next day, and won it. A few days later Judge Glidden entered his office and handed him twenty-five dollars. McKinley demurred at taking it. “ It is too much for one day’s work,” he said. “ Don’t let that worry you,” replied Glid¬ den, good naturedly. “ I charged them one hundred dollars for the case, and I can well afford a quarter of it to you.” A year or two later McKinley found himself pitted against John McSweeney, then consid¬ ered one of the most brilliant lawyers of the Ohio bar. The case was a suit for damages for malpractice, the plaintiff charging that a surgeon had set his broken leg in such a way as to make him bow-legged on that side. Mc¬ Kinley defended the surgeon. McSweeney brought his client into court and had the in¬ jured limb exposed to the view of the jury. It certainly was very crooked, and the case looked bad for the surgeon. McKinley had both his eyes wide open, however, and fixed them to good purpose upon the man's other leg. As soon as the witness was turned over to him, he asked that the other leg should also be bared. The plaintiff and McSweeney 148 Biography of vigorously objected, but the judge ordered it done. Then it appeared that his second leg was still more crooked than that which the surgeon had set. “ My client seems to have done better by this man than nature itself did,” said McKin¬ ley, “and I move that the suit be dismissed, with a recommendation to the plaintiff that he have the other leg broken and then set by the surgeon who set the first one.” It was almost inevitable that the rising young lawyer should sooner or later get into politics. Already he was noted as a public speaker. His first speech had been made at the close of the war, when he responded for himself and his comrades at a public reception given to them on their return to Poland. In Stark County, where he opened his office, the outlook was poor for a Republican. That was reckoned one of the banner Democratic coun¬ ties of the State. So when McKinley was put forward by his party for District Attorney, the nomination was regarded as an empty hon- or. Perhaps that was why it was given to so young and inexperienced a man. But, how¬ ever the convention and the public considered it, McKinley took it seriously. He made a vigorous canvass of the county and threw his whole heart into the work just as though he expected to be elected. And to the amaze¬ ment of pretty much everybody else he was elected. At the end of his two years’ term he was renominated, and, though he was this time defeated, he kept his opponent’s majority down to only forty-five, while the rest of the Democratic ticket was carried by a majority of several hundred. This was the beginning of William McKinley. 149 his political career. The next step was toward and to much higher things, but it was not taken until after five years more of hard study and diligent practice at the bar. VI. A NATIONAL LEGISLATOR. In the early summer of 1876 Major McKin¬ ley announced himself as a candidate for Rep¬ resentative in Congress from the Stark-Co- lumbiana district. He won the Republican nomination against two rivals, and was then elected by a flattering plurality. In 1877 Ohio elected a Democratic legislature, which promptly changed the Congress districts, so that when McKinley sought re-election in 1878 he found himself in a district normally Democratic by at least 1,800. Nothing daunted, he entered the campaign, and was successful by a majority of 1,300. Then the Republicans regained power and as promptly changed the districts to favor themselves, and he was easily returned for his third and fourth terms. Getting possession of the Ohio legis¬ lature again in 1883, the Democrats gerry¬ mandered the State once more, putting Mc¬ Kinley in a district Democratic by from 1,200 to 1,500. But the people of Eastern Ohio knew and appreciated the statesman who had so well represented them. Hundreds of Democrats, laying aside their party affilia¬ tions, voted for this man of sterling character, and they re-elected him for his fifth term by over 2,000 majority. Sixth and seventh terms followed as a matter of course. In 1889 came another Democratic victory and consequently another change of districts, which threw Ma- ! ijo Biography of jor McKinley in 1890 into a district which had the year before given a Democratic plurality of 2,900. He accepted the challenge, made a gallant fight, and was defeated by only 302 votes. It is interesting to recall, in view of this one defeat, that McKinley had been some years before twitted in Congress by Mr. Springer on having been returned at the pre¬ vious election by a somewhat diminished ma¬ jority. Mr. Springer said: “Your constitu¬ ents do not seem to support you.” McKinley’s reply is worthy of all remembrance: “ My fidelity to my constituents,” he said, “ is not measured by the support they give me. I have convictions which I would not surrender if 10,000 majority had been entered against me.” VII. WORK IN CONGRESS. To tell the story of McKinley’s seven terms would be to tell in a large measure the his¬ tory of Congress and the nation for fourteen years. From the beginning he was an active and conspicuous member of the House. He was an American, and he reckoned nothing that concerned Americans to be unworthy of his notice. He recognized, however, that in view of the vast development, extension and multiplication of human interests there was little hope for success as a universal genius. A man must be a specialist if he would attain the greatest eminence and the greatest use¬ fulness. Already, indeed, he had devoted his attention especially to the subject of the tariff and its bearings on American industry. The story is told that soon after he opened his law William McKinley. * 5 * office at Canton, while he was as yet an un¬ trained youth, he was drawn into a debate on that subject. Pitted against him was a trained, shrewd and experienced lawyer, who had at his tongue’s end all the arguments of free trade. The older and more expert de¬ bater won a seeming victory, but McKinley, though silenced for a time, was not convinced. “ No one will ever overcome me again in that way,” he said to a companion. “ I know I am right and I know that I can prove it.” Thenceforth the study of books and men and conditions of industry to attain that end was the chief labor of his life. Mr. Blaine, in his “Twenty Years in Con¬ gress,” made fitting mention of this feature of his younger colleague’s work. “ The inter¬ ests of his constituency,” he wrote, “ and his own bent of mind led him to the study of in¬ dustrial questions, and he was soon recognized in the House as one of the most thorough statisticians and one of the ablest defenders of the doctrine of protection.” The first speech he made in Congress was on the subject of the tariff, and was in opposi¬ tion to the non-protective bill introduced by Fernando Wood, of New York, in 1878. That speech made a marked impression on the House and the nation, and thenceforth its author was looked to in every tariff debate to be one of the chief upholders of protection. An incident related by Judge Kelley, in his eulogy upon Dudley C. Haskell, shows how effectively McKinley answered this expecta¬ tion. It was when the famous Morrison bill was before the House. Kelley was to open the debate on the Republican side and Me- i5 2 Biography of Kinley was to close it. Haskell, who was a member of the Ways and Means Committee and a particularly strong debater, desired the honor of closing the debate, and asked Judge Kelley to persuade McKinley to give way to him. The judge went to McKinley and re¬ peated Haskell’s request. McKinley readily consented, saying he did not care in what order he spoke. So it happened that McKin¬ ley was the fourth or fifth speaker and Has¬ kell was to talk last. At the conclusion of McKinley’s speech a number of the members crowded around to congratulate him. Fore¬ most among them was Haskell, who seized McKinley’s hand enthusiastically, exclaiming, “ Major, I shall speak last; but you, sir, have closed the debate.” Again, on the closing day of the debate on the Mills bill—May 18, 1888— Major McKinley won an exceptional personal and oratorical triumph. With generous cour¬ tesy he offered a portion of his own time to Samuel J. Randall when Mr. Mills tried to shut that veteran Democratic statesman off the floor, thus gracefully paving the way to a tariff speech of singular power, felicity and orator¬ ical charm. On the organization of the List Congress, in December, 1889, Major McKinley offered himself as a candidate for the Speaker- ship, and on being defeated by Thomas B. Reed in an amicable contest, the chairman¬ ship of the Ways and Means Committee fell to him as a compensation. He was universally recognized as the one man of all best qualified to frame the new tariff law, which it seemed desirable to enact when the Republicans re¬ sumed full control of the government in 1889. Early in 1890 he gave the nation the measure William McKinley. *53 which bore his name. Of his work in connec¬ tion with it he speaks modestly. “ I was chairman of the committee,” he says, “ and I performed my duties as best I could. That is all. Some of the strongest men in Congress were on the committee, and the eight of us heard everybody, considered everything and made up the best tariff law we knew how to frame.” It is not needful to enter into a detailed ex¬ position of the provisions and effects of the McKinley bill. It took the tax from some of the chief necessities of life; it stimulated old industries and called new ones of vast magni¬ tude into prosperous existence; it greatly ex¬ tended, by a wise system of reciprocity, the foreign commerce of the country; it provided means for conducting the government and for keeping the financial credit of the nation unimpaired. These are the facts now abun¬ dantly recognized beyond all challenge. We may quote as absolutely true the words spoken by Mr. McKinley himself at the time when the measure was repealed and the Wilson- Gorman measure was substituted in its place: “ The law of 1890 was enacted for the Amer¬ ican people and the American home. What¬ ever mistakes were made in it were all made in favor of the occupations and the firesides of the American people. It didn’t take away a single day’s work from a solitary American workingman. It gave work and wages to all, such as they had never had before. It did it by establishing new and great industries in this country, which increased the demand for the skill and handiwork of our laborers every¬ where. It had no friends in Europe. It gave 154 Biography of their industries no stimulus. It gave no em¬ ployment to their labor at the expense of our own. During more than two years of the adminis¬ tration of President Harrison, and down to its end, it raised all the revenue necessary to pay the vast expenditures of the government, in¬ cluding the interest on the public debt and the pensions. It never encroached upon the gold reserve, which in the past had always been sacredly preserved for the redemption of out¬ standing paper obligations of the government. During all of its operations, down to the change and reversal of its policy by the elec¬ tion of 1892, no man can assert that in the in¬ dustries affected by it wages were too high, although they were higher than ever before in this or any other country. If any such can be found, I beg that they be named. I chal¬ lenge the enemies of the law of 1890 to name a single industry of that kind. Further, I as¬ sert that in the industries affected by that law, which that law fostered, no American con¬ sumer suffered by the increased cost of any home products that he bought. He never bought them so low before, nor did he ever enjoy the benefit of so much open, free home competition. Neither producer nor consumer, employer nor employe, suffered by that law.” VIII. GOVERNOR OF OHIO. Major McKinley’s splendid canvass of 1890 in a hopelessly Democratic district made him the logical Republican candidate for Governor of Ohio in the succeeding campaign. He was nominated by acclamation to make the race William McKinley. 155 against James E. Campbell, the Governor, and the fight he made was one of the hardest and most memorable in the history of the State. Mr. McKinley began his stumping tour on August 1, and for three months he con¬ tinued his labors, making from two to a dozen speeches a day. His campaign was on na¬ tional issues, on the tariff, on protection, and so eloquently and passionately did he de¬ fend his principles that great crowds turned out to hear him. In that campaign, the first general campaign Mr. McKinley had ever made, he was pro¬ nounced the best vote-getter ever seen on the stump in Ohio. He won the admiration of Democrats, as he won the devotion of Re¬ publicans, and his election by a handsome majority was gratifying to one party, with¬ out being a source of bitterness to the rank and file of the other party. As his first term in the Governor’s chair drew toward its close he was renominated by acclamation, and after another spirited campaign he was re-elected by a majority of more than 80,000, at that time the largest but one in the history of the State. This result showed that thousands who had heretofore voted the Democratic ticket, put in their ballots this time for “ The honorable Governor,” as he was popularly styled. As Governor, Mr. McKinley never forgot that he was the Chief Magistrate, not merely of the party which had elected him, but of the whole State, and he was untiring in his efforts to secure for the whole State a wise, econom¬ ical and honorable administration. Many questions relating to the welfare of working¬ men became acute during his administration, IS 6 Biography of and were dealt with by him in a spirit of in¬ telligent sympathy. He had already long been known as an advocate of arbitration as a means of settling disputes between employers and employes. It was due to his initiative that the State Board of Arbitration was estab¬ lished in Ohio, and to its successful operation he gave for nearly four years his close per¬ sonal attention. Many times during his administration the peace of the State was disturbed by unseemly outbreaks requiring the application of the re¬ straining power of the government. This power Mr. McKinley exercised with signal firmness and discretion. Fifteen times it was necessary to call out the State troops for the maintenance or restoration of order, but on no occasion was the use of them in any respect oppressive. During the summer of 1894 strikes and other disturbances prevailed, espe¬ cially on the chief railroad lines, and for three weeks the regiments were on duty, acquitting themselves most creditably for the protection of property and enforcement of the law, with¬ out any unnecessary harshness toward either party to the disputes. On two noteworthy oc¬ casions desperate efforts were made by ill-ad¬ vised mobs to commit the crime of lynching. Governor McKinley promptly used the mili¬ tary forces of the State to prevent such vio¬ lence of law and dishonor to the common¬ wealth, and showed himself a thorough master of the trying situation. A distinctive feature of the McKinley ad¬ ministration was the absence of red tape and needless formality. In his method of trans¬ acting business the Governor was concise and William McKinley. *57 direct, and in his intercourse with the people, though dignified, he was always approachable and genial. Access was readily had to him at all reasonable times, and no matter of actual interest ever failed to receive his courteous, prompt and painstaking attention. IX. SOUGHT FOR HIGHER HONORS. It was in the natural order of things that a man so forceful and efficient in every tried capacity should presently be regarded as a possible future President of the United States. As early as 1880 he was spoken of as a com¬ ing candidate. In 1884 his name was brought before the Republican National Convention, though not with his authority or desire. Four years later, in 1888, the Presidency lay within his reach, but he declined it on a point of honor. He was a delegate to the Chicago Convention from Ohio, pledged to support the candidacy of his friend, Senator Sherman. After several ballots had been taken, how¬ ever, it became evident that the veteran states- j man from Ohio was not to be the convention's choice. His friends supported him loyally, I but were in a minority, and were unable to rally others to their standard. So some of them began to cast about for another candi¬ date to whom they could transfer their votes with better prospect of success. Their choice quickly fell upon McKinley. From the first two delegates had been voting persistently for him, although he had not, of course, been formally placed in nomination. Now the num¬ ber of his supporters rose to fourteen. The air became electric with premonitions of a >58 Biography of stampede. He had listened to the announce¬ ment of the two votes for him on each ballot with mingled annoyance and amusement. But now the case was growing serious. The next ballot might give him a majority of the whole convention. He had only to sit still and the ripe fruit would drop into his hands. He had only to utter an equivocal protest and the result would be the same. But there was nothing equivocal about William McKinley. On one side was his personal honor; on the other side the Presidency of the United States. In choosing between the two hesitation was impossible. He sprang to his feet with an expression upon his face and an accent in his voice that thrilled the vast assembly, but hushed it mute and silent as the grave while he spoke: “ I am here as one of the chosen represent¬ atives of my State. I am here by resolution of the Republican State Convention, passed without a single dissenting vote, commanding me to cast my vote for John Sherman for President and to use every worthy endeavor for his nomination. I accepted the trust be¬ cause my heart and my judgment were in ac¬ cord with the letter and spirit and purpose of that resolution. It has pleased certain dele¬ gates to cast their vote for me for President. I am not insensible to the honor they would do me, but in the presence of the duty resting upon me, I cannot remain silent with honor. “ I cannot consistently with the wish of the State whose credentials I bear and which has trusted me; I cannot with honorable fidelity to John Sherman; I cannot consistently with my own views of personal integrity, consent, or William McKinley. ! 59 seem to consent, to permit my name to be used as a candidate before this convention. I would not respect myself if I should find it in my heart to do so, or permit to be done that which would ever be ground for any one to suspect that I wavered in my loyalty to Ohio or my devotion to the chief of her choice and the chief of mine. I do not request, I demand that no delegate who would not cast reflection upon me shall cast a ballot for me.” That ended it. There was no stampede. McKinley was the hero of the hour, and his heroism prevailed. The nomination was not forced upon him, neither could he secure it for Mr. Sherman, though he loyally strove to do so to the end. But no man ever walked out of a National Convention with higher hon¬ ors upon him than those he bore that day. Another similar incident occurred in 1892. Mr. McKinley was the presiding officer. He was pledged in honor to the support of Presi¬ dent Harrison for renomination. But many party managers sought to defeat that renomi¬ nation, and sought to do so by stampeding the convention for McKinley himself. No less than 182 votes were cast for him, against his earnest protest. When the vote of Ohio was announced, “ 44 for McKinley,” he himself from the chair challenged its correctness. The reply was made that he was not then a mem¬ ber of the delegation, his alternate taking his place when he was elected to the chair. There¬ upon Mr. McKinley called another man to the chair and took his place upon the floor, checked the incipient stampede and moved that the nomination of Harrison be made unani¬ mous. " Your turn will come in 1896! ” 160 Biography of shouted his supporters, and that prophecy was fulfilled with literal exactness. X. THE PRESIDENT. Two or three years before the St. Louis Convention assembled, Governor McKinley’s choice as the next Republican presidential nominee began to be clearly foreshadowed. His two successful campaigns in Ohio, his wide popularity and exceptional talents as an orator and a political leader, 'marked him as the most available candidate with whom to make the approaching contest for the presi¬ dency. In the great States of New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois an organized effort was made by the party managers to stem the tide of sentiment toward McKinley, but by the spring of 1896 it was evident that Republican opinion, as a whole, ardently favored his se¬ lection as the head of the national ticket. At St. Louis he had more than a majority of the votes cast on the first ballot and was there¬ upon declared the unanimous choice of the convention. The nomination of Colonel William J. Bryan by the Democratic National Convention three weeks later gave the national campaign a novel and trying character. To meet the fierce assaults of the new silver coalition, great courage, patience and energy were demanded, and the national canvass was soon converted into a duel of argument and oratory between the opposing candidates. In this contest Major McKinley displayed afresh all the great qualities as a debater and a leader which he had developed in a long, admirable public career. Meeting the Democratic at- William McKinley. 161 tack on property and national credit, it was boldly checked, and after one of the most not¬ able and stirring Presidential campaigns on record Republican efforts were rewarded with decisive success. Two hundred and seventy- one Republican electors were chosen, against one hundred and seventy-six Democratic or fusion electors, and both houses of Congress were found to be Republican. Major McKinley began his first term of office on March 4, 1889. He found many com¬ plicated and urgent tasks ahead of him. His first care was to honorably redeem the promise of the Republican party to repair the breaches in the protective tariff system and to insure the Treasury an ample revenue. Congress was called together in extraordinary session, and after three months of effort the Dingley tariff law was passed. This ended the period of Treasury deficits and enabled the govern¬ ment to restore its credit and build up its gold reserve. The other complementary task —that of enacting the gold standard into law— was reserved for the closing years of the ad¬ ministration, being accomplished finally at the first session of the following Congress. The history of President McKinley’s first administration is, however, largely the history of the Spanish War and of the political issues and consequences of that conflict. Forced slowly into an attitude in which intervention in Cuba became a national duty, President Mc¬ Kinley reluctantly yielded to the necessity of appealing to force to accomplish American ends Once engaged in war, however, no energy was spared in prosecuting it to a signal victory or weakness shown in facing the re- l6 2 Biography of sponsibilities thrust on the United States by its military triumph. The conclusion of the Treaty of Paris marked a new epoch in Ameri¬ can history, and President McKinley’s admin¬ istration will take its final color in history from that far-reaching event. To tell the story of the Spanish War and the expansion of American power to the West Indies, to Hawaii and across the Pacific is wholly be¬ yond the needs or purposes of this sketch. It is enough to say that the United States has come to realize a new spirit of nationality and to seek new means of sustaining its dig¬ nity and credit as a responsible factor in the politics not of this hemisphere only, but of both Eastern and Western worlds. In June, 1900, President McKinley was re¬ nominated by acclamation by the Republican National Convention, held at Philadelphia, and, after another spirited but far less strenu¬ ous canvass against the same political rival, he was again triumphantly elected President, receiving 292 electoral votes against 155 for the Democratic nominee. Shortly after his second inauguration—March 4, 1901—the Pres¬ ident issued a public statement refusing abso¬ lutely to be considered a possible candidate for a third term. On April 30th, 1901, the President with Mrs. McKinley, members of the cabinet, an official stereographer, reporters, and others, started upon what was intended to be a circular tour of the country, from the Atlantic to the Pa¬ cific, the Gulf to the Lakes. It was the most important tour ever made by a President, al¬ though the serious illness of Mrs. McKinley William McKinley. 163 in San Francisco caused the journey to be cut short when only half completed. In September, 1901, the President went to Buffalo, New York, and on September 5th, he made a memorable speech reviewing the past and outlining the future policy of his adminis¬ tration. The next day, September 6th, while presiding at a public reception, President Mc¬ Kinley was shot by an anarchist. The Presi¬ dent lived for eight days, during which time he gave to the nation a remarkable and im¬ pressive lesson of Christian fortitude and faith. He died on September 14th, 1901. The State funeral took place in the Capitol Building at Washington on September 17th, after which the body was taken back to the President’s home city, Canton, Ohio, and buried on September 19th, while the mourning nation stood hushed and with thoughts turned toward the Divine Ruler as never before in its history. And thus closed, with the halo of martrydom, the earthly career of the most illustrious and most loved man of his genera¬ tion. XI. HOME LIFE. If President McKinley’s public activities and achievements were typical of the best Amer¬ icanism, his home was equally a typical Amer¬ ican home. His visit to his sister, at Canton, just after the war, decided the vocation he should pursue. For another reason it was a memorable and momentous visit. Dur¬ ing it he met one of his sister’s friends, a pretty schoolgirl, named Ida Saxton, the daughter of James Saxton, a well-to-do banker 164 Biography of William McKinley . of Canton. A mere acquaintanceship was formed, and when he went to Albany to study law and she to a seminary at Media, Pa., to complete her education, they temporarily lost sight of each other. But a few years later, when he returned to Canton to open his little law office, and she came home from school, they met again. Acquaintance ripened into friendship, and friendship into love. It was ambitious for a struggling lawyer to seek the hand of one of the prettiest and richest girls in the town, who was already besieged by an army of suitors. But McKinley was not daunted by rivalry, and presently won his suit —the best, as he has often said, he ever won in all his life. They were married on January 25, 1871, and their domestic life was singularly happy, de¬ spite the afflictions that came upon them. Two daughters were born to them, who both died in infancy. From that time Mrs. Mc¬ Kinley was an invalid, and her husband’s de¬ votion to her w.as as deeply affectionate as it was untiring. Extraordinary Resulis From Stereo¬ scopic Photographs.* BY ALBERT E. OSBORNE. The purpose of the writer of the following pages is to call attention, first of all, to the essential respects in which a stereoscopic pho¬ tograph differs from all other photographs or pictures. The prime quality that puts the stere¬ ograph in a class by itself is its depth or per¬ spective. All other pictures suggest depth, but the stereograph has the far and near of the real landscape. The marble pillar looks round and solid; “ the branches of the trees,” as Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes says, “ run out at us as if they would scratch our eyes out.” Moreover, this individual characteristic makes it possible for the stereoscopic picture to appear life-size — a remarkable effect that will be explained be¬ low. Again, the stereoscopic representation differs from all others in the conditions under which we look at it. By the peculiar con¬ struction of the stereoscope, the observer is shut away entirely from the room in which he is sitting. The second object of this paper is to con¬ sider some of the distinctive results to be gained by the use of stereoscopic photographs; particularly, to point out the most remarkable fact that as a result of the special nature of the stereograph and the special conditions un¬ der which it is seen, it is possible for the ob¬ server to obtain the same mental experiences that he would have if he were looking at the place itself. Certainly, the real end sought by a traveller to a distant country is his mental experiences, his states of consciousness there; all he brings home with him, of course, are the results of these mental experiences; he does not bring home St. Peter’s, the Tiber, nor the Alps; and the mental experiences given by the stereograph are of precisely the same kind * From The Stereoscopic Photograph , March, 1902. 166 Extraordinary Results from or quality as those received by the “ man on the spot.” The testimony given below by a man who visited Venice, after looking at stere¬ ographs of certain parts of that city, throws interesting light on this point. But to get these experiences a person must look at the stereoscopic scene with attention and with the same knowledge of it that the traveller has in visiting the actual place. So the third and dual object of this article will be to discuss the helps required for the proper use of stereographs. Under this head we shall describe a new system of maps which enables the person to understand exactly what part of the earth he is seeing in the stereoscope, and what his surroundings must be; further, we shall describe the nature of the information to be given in connection with the stereograph, and lastly the means necessary to induce the proper states of mind. THE DISTINCTIVE NATURE OF STEREOGRAPHS. Coming back to the characteristics of stereo¬ graphs that make them individual, all people with normal eyes who have looked at properly made stereoscopic photographs through a good stereoscope, must have noticed a striking sense of depth in them. The objects represented ap¬ pear to “stand out” as “solid objects.” It is true that any picture in which light and shade are properly managed has more or less of the effect or appearance of solidity; but in the stereoscope there is added an en¬ tirely different kind of perspective which, to our eyes, gives actual depth, actual solidity, actual space. This difference between the appearance of ob¬ jects in the stereoscope, and in all other pic¬ tures, corresponds to the difference between one-eye and two-eye vision. The ordinary photograph is taken by a camera with a single lens opening, and, consequently, shows us ob¬ jects exactly as we should see the same ob¬ jects with one eye closed. The two pictures that make up a stereograph, on the other hand, are made by a camera with two lenses, set as far apart as our two eyes, and thus we get in S’ tereoscopic Photographs . 167 the stereoscope the effect of seeing objects with both eyes open. The way in which vision with two eyes dif¬ fers from vision with one eye is thus stated by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes: “We see something with the second eye that we do not see with the first—in other words, the two eyes see different pictures of the same thing, for the obvious reason that they look from points two or three inches apart. By means of these two different views of an object, the mind, as it were, feels round it and gets an idea of its solidity. We clasp an object with our eyes as with our arms, or with our hands, or with our thumb and finger, and then we know it to be something more than a surface. Though, as we have seen, the two eyes look on two different pictures, we perceive but one picture. The two have run together and become blended in a third, which shows us everything we see in each. But, in order that they should run together, both the eyes and the brain must be in a normal state. Push one eye a little in¬ ward with the forefinger, and the image is doubled, or at least confused. Only certain parts of the two retinae work harmoniously together, and you have disturbed their natural relations. Again, take two or three glasses more than temperance permits, and you see double; the eyes are right enough, probably, but the brain is in trouble, and does not re¬ port their telegraphic messages correctly. These exceptions illustrate the everyday truth that when we are in right condition, our two eyes see two somewhat different pictures, which our perception combines to form one picture, representing objects in all their dimensions, and not merely as surfaces.” Passing on to the possibility of utilizing this principle of two-eye vision in making photo¬ graphs he says: “ Now, if we can get two artificial pictures of any given object, one as we should see it with the right eye, the other as we should see it with the left eye, and then, looking at the right picture, and that only with the right eye, and at the left picture, and that only with the i68 Extraordinary Results from left eye, contrive some way of making these pictures run together as we have seen our two views of natural objects do, we shall get the sense of solidity that natural objects give us.” How can we attain these two ends? As we have suggested, we obtain the two pictures of any given object or place by means of a cam¬ era having two lenses, set between two and three inches apart—the normal distance between our eyes. Thus it is that we get the two photo¬ graphs seen on the stereoscopic card. Many have supposed that these two photographs were exact duplicates of each other, but since they are taken from different standpoints (nearly three inches apart), it is obvious that they must differ. By a careful comparison of the two parts of any particular stereograph in which some object in the foreground is out¬ lined against some object in the background, we can partially discover the differences cor¬ responding to the differences between the ob¬ servations of the two eyes, one seeing a little farther around on the right side of things, the other seeing farther around their left side. We can obtain the required double pictures then. But the pictures are two, and we need to run them together so that we may see them as one, as in natural vision. “ How shall we make one picture out of two, the corresponding parts of which are separated by a distance of two or three inches?” We are enabled to do this by looking through the two prisms in the stere¬ oscope. These two pieces of glass, thick at one edge and thin at the other, and with their thin edges turned toward each other, have the power when we look through them of throwing the two pictures inward, so that we can run them together into one representation, in which we get once more the effect of all three di¬ mensions in space—height, width, thickness or depth. Speaking of this resulting effect, Dr. Holmes says: “ The first effect of looking at a good photograph through the stereoscope is a sur¬ prise such as no painting ever produced. The mind feels its way into the very depth of the picture. The scraggy branches of a tree in the Stereoscopic Photographs. 169 foreground run out at us as if they would scratch our eyes out. The elbow of a figure stands forth so as to make us almost uncom¬ fortable.” It must be evident to any one that in the stereoscope we do not look merely upon the flat surface of a photograph, but we see every object back of the photographic card as actually as we see everything back of a win¬ dow pane. Though the space thus placed be¬ fore us in the stereoscope is not a space in the sense that we can stretch our hand out into it, still it is an actual space for the mind through our eyes. Furthermore, the stereograph becomes not only an actual space to the eyes in the stereo¬ scope, but when the focal length of the camera, the distance from the lenses to the plate, and the focal length of the stereoscope, the distance from the lenses to the stereograph, correspond, the stereograph may be seen as a life-size space, a life-size representation, the object or landscape being shown in natural size and at natural distance. That is, the two small, flat, photographic prints, nearly three by three inches in size, about six inches from the eyes, can serve as two windows through which we look and beyond which we see the repre¬ sentation of the object or place standing out as large as the original object or place would appear to the eyes of one looking from the place where the camera stood. The possibility under such conditions of get¬ ting from a small image near us the impression of a large object or scene in the distance, is made clear by a little thinking. Suppose a man stands thirty feet from the camera when the photographer makes the exposure? The man will appear on the photograph as only a tiny image. But when we look out through the lenses of the stereoscope, this small image only a few inches from us delivers the same message to our eyes as would the full size man thirty feet away. The simple experiment of seeing how a small piece of paper held six inches from our eye will completely hide a man thirty feet from us, demonstrates this per¬ fectly. The same piece of paper would hide 170 Extraordinary Results from an immense building farther away. It is in ac¬ cordance with this fact that when we look through the lenses of the stereoscope we are enabled practically to look also through the stereograph as if it were a transparent screen or window, and see the real objects, full-size again, as far distant from us as they were from the camera when the stereograph was taken. There are those to whom it appears at first that they see only miniature spaces in the stere¬ oscope. It is true that not all the conditions of actual vision are so fulfilled in the stereo¬ scope as to make it necessary for a person to see things in their natural proportions; never¬ theless, it is found that enough of these con¬ ditions are fulfilled to make it entirely possi¬ ble for anyone to acquire rapidly the power of such interpretation. In fact, this miniature ef¬ fect to some people is due mainly to their con¬ stant remembrance of the small card a few inches from their eyes. They modify what they might see by what they think they ought to see. If such people will take note of the fact that none of the objects seen in the stereoscope are located on the surface of the photographic prints so close to their eyes, that they see every object back of these prints as actually as if they were looking through transparent screens or windows, then they soon get impressions of ob¬ jects or places in the stereoscope as large as they would if looking at the original object or place through windows of the same size and at the same distance from their eyes. “ We must grasp and hold fast to this fact as to the size of these representations when seen in the stereoscope, and as a necessary help to this, their location entirely separate from and back of the stereoscopic card, if we are to be in a position to begin to judge of their usefulness.” So much for the remarkable nature of a stereo¬ scopic representation and the way in which it differs from all other representations. With regard to the special conditions under which we look at the stereoscopic scene, a word only is required: that is, that we look with our eyes shut in by the hood of the stereoscope, Stereoscopic Photographs. 171 so that all our immediate physical surroundings are shut away from us. REMARKABLE EXPERIENCES GAINED FROM THE USE OF STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHS. We come now to the consideration of the practical significance of these differences be¬ tween stereoscopic and all other illustrations. We pass over the obvious advantages of the more accurate visual impressions of things gained in the stereoscope, and come at once to the fact that, because of the special nature of stereoscopic photographs and the peculiar con¬ ditions under which we look at them, it is possible for people to get an essentially and fun¬ damentally different experience from them than can be obtained from any other illustrations. Dr. Hervey, ex-president of the Teachers Col¬ lege, New York, in writing of some stereo¬ graphs of Palestine, put the matter as follows: “ When one looks at an ordinary picture of Palestine with the naked eye, one feels himself to be still in America, or wherever he may be at the time. Through the stereoscope, with the outer world shut off by the hood, one feels himself to be looking right at the scene itself.” The full meaning and the great importance of the fact alluded to in this statement is not easily realized. In trying to bring out its sig¬ nificance more specifically, we shall begin by saying that with the proper attention and the proper helps, maps, etc., a person can obtain in the stereoscope a definite sense or experience of geographical location in that part of the earth he sees represented before him. The gen¬ eral impression has been that there is no pos¬ sible way by which a person can get an ex¬ perience of location in a distant country except by going there in body. It is now being found that it is possible to obtain a definite experience of location geographically in a definite place, in a distant part of the earth, while sitting at home, in connection with a streoscopic pho¬ tograph of that place. To guard against misunderstanding let us state here that it is not affirmed that the travel¬ ler’s experiences of movement can be obtained 172 Extraordinary Results from in connection with the stereoscope. But who would not consider it a great privilege to stand in fifty definite places in Rome, for instance, and look with a definite field of vision? The claim is that genuine experiences of this charac¬ ter, with certain limitations to be spoken of later, can be obtained in the stereoscope. It is to be recognized, also, that all the individual dif¬ ferences in people would hold in one case as in the other. One person gains more than an¬ other from an actual visit to a place, and of course one person will gain more than an¬ other from the stereographs of the place. Before anyone says that it is impossible to get even such experiences in the stereoscope as we have alluded to, let us consider an im¬ portant and relevant fact about our nature—the fact that our sense of location is determined in nearly all cases, not from what we hear or feel, but from what we see. When we look at ordinary photographs in our hands or on the wall, or when we look at paintings in a gallery, we always see the book or frame or part of the room about us, as well as the pictured scene, and consequently we continue to have a distinct sense of our location in the place where the picture is. In using the stereo¬ scope, however, the hood about our eyes shuts our room away from us, shuts out the America or England that may be about us, and shuts us in with the hill or city or the people standing out beyond the stereoscopic card. If now we we know by the use of maps exactly where on the earth’s surface this hill or city or group of people is located, then it is in accordance with the law of our nature that we may have a distinct sense or experience of our location there. Other conditions are that we shall look intently, and look with clear thought, not only of the location of what we see before us, but also of what we know (from the study of the maps) must be on our left or right or behind us. The best evidence, and indeed a sufficient proof, that we do get such an experience when we look at stereoscopic photographs properly, is the fact that, ever afterwards, we find our- Stereoscopic Photographs. 173 selves going back in memory over mountains and seas to the place in the distant country where the real place is located, rather than to the room in America or England where we saw the stereoscopic scene. We find that our memory acts in a decidedly different way when we recall our experiences in connection with other pictures, which not only lack actual depth j for the eyes, but. which we have looked upon while our immediate surroundings were not shut out. Here is an illustration. In the Metro¬ politan Museum of Art in New York there is a beautiful painting of a place in Holland. It i is a haying scene, and the field, with its mounds of hay, stretches away to the distant hill with a ; fine effect of space and reality. I have lingered before this scene many times until it stands out with great vividness in my memory. I : think I know about where the real place is lo- j cated in Holland. Nevertheless, whenever I think of this scene my memory goes back di- ; rectly and definitely, not to Holland, but to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, I and afterwards, if at all, to Holland. This, we [ see, is in decided contrast to what I found to be the behavior of my memory in regard to my experiences when I have looked at scenes I in the stereoscope intelligently. The place where I was while looking at the stereoscopic scene is entirely, or almost entirely, ignored. My thought goes back directly and unerringly to 1 the distant part of the earth where the actual (place is located. This is the best of proof as to what was the state of my consciousness at the time. Now, whenever we do get this sense of lo¬ cation in a certain place—Rome, for instance— in the stereoscope, it means that we have gained not merely the same visual impressions in all essential respects of certain places in Rome that we should get if we were there in body, but also part of the very same feelings we should experience there. It means that we are per¬ vaded with entirely different emotions; that we are in a state of emotion appropriate to a place in Rome and its surroundings, rather than the state of emotion that would result 174 Extraordinary Results from from being in our everyday home surround¬ ings before a picture of Rome. The only dif¬ ference in the feelings experienced in the pres¬ ence of Rome itself and in the presence of Rome as shown in the stereoscope is a differ¬ ence in quantity or intensity, not a difference in kind. So this sense or experience of geo¬ graphical location means a definite state of a person’s consciousness, a soul state, which has all the three aspects of intellect, feeling and desire or will that characterize the traveller’s state of consciousness on the spot. We can only refer here to the vital importance of thus getting the emotions that a place can inspire. Says Professor Ladd: “The emotions fur¬ nish the springs of action for man in his ra¬ tional activities.” “ Out of the heart,” not out of the intellect, “ are the issues of life.” We must ever remember, then, with Professor Sully, that “ The objects of the external world only acquire value for us in so far as they touch our feelings.” In the stereoscope we are, of course, limited to such experiences as the traveller might get while standing in certain places with definite fields of vision. We get neither movement nor color. Other limitations we shall have to con¬ sider in connection with the stereoscope are that the experience of location in the place repre¬ sented will be limited in duration, often last¬ ing with some people only a few seconds at a time; and further, as mentioned above, there will be a difference in the quantity or inten¬ sity, but not a difference in the kind of feel¬ ings. It is found, however, that none of these limitations affect the reality or genuineness of one’s experiences in connection with the stereo¬ scope. But, probably, someone is insisting now that after all these cannot be the genuine results, the genuine experiences of travel; these cannot be real experiences of being in certain places in Italy which people get in the stereoscope, because it is not the real Italy they are look¬ ing at. At first thought such a statement is absolutely conclusive and final. The absence of the real Stereoscopic Photographs. 175 Italy in the stereoscope would seem to make anything but a make-believe experience of being in Italy impossible. But let us wait a moment. What is the end sought in going as a traveller to Italy ? What would be the results to us of such a trip? As travellers, we would not go to possess ourselves of the buildings or lands of Italy. We certainly would not attempt to bring the material fields and cities back with us. Such an idea would never enter our minds. Our purpose in making that long and arduous journey would be to gain certain experiences of being in Italy. What we would bring back with us would not be the material Italy, but the effect of these experiences in our lives and the power to go back to them in memory. Now if the end sought in taking such a trip is not Italy, the material land, but, on the con¬ trary, experiences of being in the land, let us be sure we understand what we mean by our experiences of being in the land, in distinction from the land itself. To develop this more clearly, let us think of a traveller standing in Rome near the Arch of Titus, looking out over the Roman Forum. As he stands there, with the ancient Forum stretching away before him, he is concerned with two kinds of realities, each essentially different from the other. First he is concerned with the material soil and broken marble, realities of the physical world; second, he is concerned with the reali¬ ties of his inner mental states—his states of consciousness, his thoughts, emotions, desires. The realities of the physical world about him have weight and material substance, the reali¬ ties of his inner mental states are without weight and material substance. But it cannot be emphasized too strongly that these states of consciousness are actual realities, that while the broken column is a reality, the thought and emotion it stirs in a man are realities also. On the one hand we have the facts of the physi¬ cal world, and on the other, the facts of con¬ scious soul states, the facts of conscious life. * Thus we are able to see clearly that all the pleasure and profit for this traveller is found 176 Extraordinary Results from not in the extent of the material ruins of Italy, but in the extent of the states of his conscious¬ ness, which are called into existence by these material ruins of Italy. No matter how many physical objects there may be in the Forum, no matter how many thoughts and emotions they are capable of stirring in the human soul, nevertheless, a certain traveller gets as a result of his presence there only so much as he be¬ comes aware of, only so much as comes to have existence in his own consciousness. The Forum is the same in its physical make-up, whoever goes to see it, or whether anybody goes to see it; but the states of consciousness that different people experience in connection with it, or that a certain person experiences at different times, will vary greatly according as such people no¬ tice more or are capable, because of greater knowledge or experience, of thinking and feel¬ ing more. We see then that when we speak of a man’s experiences in a place, we do not mean at all the objective place, made up of material things, the realities of the physical world, but we do mean specifically the man’s subjective states, the realities of his soul life, which are called into existence by the place. There are always two kinds of realities involved, the for¬ mer serving as a cause, the latter being the effect; the physical reality serves simply as a means to produce a certain state of conscious¬ ness, the mental reality, the end sought. Now we can return to the stereoscope and see that proving that one of these realities is absent does not necessarily prove that the other is. The two are not identical. To prove that there is no real Italy before one in the stereo¬ scope does not prove there is no real soul states within him, no genuine experiences of being in Italy. That would be going on the assumption that nothing but the material Italy can induce such, states of consciousness. That would be illogical and has been disproved by experi¬ ence. Men are finding that these marvellous representations are capable, when used with maps and other helps, of prompting a genuine experience of being in the place represented. i77 .S 'iereoscopic Photographs. It necessarily follows that we must then be pervaded with a state of emotion appropriate to the place, differing in quantity, but not in kind, from that felt by the traveller. We do “ feel,” as Dr. Hervey says, “ that we are look¬ ing right at the scene itself.” But it is important for us to know that gen¬ erally people who have passed through such an experience in the stereoscope do not recognize it. Here is a case that exactly illustrates what I mean. I was talking with a gentleman who had just returned from Venice, Before going he had prepared himself very carefully, he said, for his visit. Among other things, he had made a study of some stereoscopic photographs of Venice. By the help of maps he had found the points from which he was looking in the several stereographs and the location of those parts of Venice which were represented before him, and then he gave himself to a thoughtful and sympathetic contemplation of what he saw. Finally, he reached Venice. He left the train eagerly and expectantly. But, as he told me, he was soon surprised and disappointed in that he seemed to have no new experience, no new taste of feeling. It seemed as though he was returning to places he had visited before. As he thought it over, his mind went back to the time when he saw the stereographs. He recognized that he had gained from them not only wonderfully accurate ideas of the ap¬ pearance of many places in Venice, but dis¬ tinct experiences of location in Venice, ex¬ periences which had brought with them part of the very same feelings that came to him on the ground in Venice. He experienced more emotion when in the place itself, but he rec¬ ognized it was more of the same kind that had come to him while shut in with the stereo¬ graphs at home. Thousands have made this same mistake. Though they have gained from stereographs these genuine experiences of the traveller, still they have gone on longing for an actual visit, with the idea that it would mean something entirely different from anything they had yet known. It is only natural, though, for us to 178 Extraordinary Results from make such mistakes about our inner experi¬ ences. Says one psychologist, “ Facts of con¬ sciousness may be just now observed, though they have been experienced millions of times.” At first thought, many would be inclined to say that they know what had been their experiences while using the stereoscope, but only the most careful thinking could make them really sure after all. So we cannot say too strongly, nor see too clearly, that in the sterescope we are dealing with realities, but they are the realities of soul states, not the realities of outward physical things. The object or place represented does not actually exist in space before the person, but the person’s state of consciousness, made up of thoughts, emotions, desires, does exist in reality and will ever have its influence as such in his mental, moral, soul life. The more we consider stereographs, therefore, the more clear it becomes that their main pur¬ pose is not simply to communicate informa¬ tion as to the appearance of places, but to do this in such manner that the information or visual impressions conveyed may be the means or occasion of a vigorous and varied exertion of the faculties of the person looking, of in¬ citing in him certain states of mind with re¬ lation to the place itself, rather than the pic¬ ture. Evidently, if this sort of experience can be obtained from stereographs, we should be satisfied with nothing less. HOW TO USE STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHS, HELPS NEEDED, MAPS, BOOKS, ETC. But this means entirely different methods of using stereographs. For, as soon as we take up the stereograph with the idea of gaining an experience of location in the place repre¬ sented, we find, unless we have already visited the place, we need much in addition to the stere¬ ograph itself. Accordingly, careful attention is being given to the question of what is required to enable people to gain the fullest, richest ex¬ periences from stereographs, experiences near¬ est to those of the traveller. Primarily it is found that we must treat the stereograph as Stereoscopic Photographs . 179 we treat the place. This means, first, exact knowledge of where on the earth’s surface the place which we see in the stereosocope is lo¬ cated and of our relation to this place with regard to the points of the compass. To give people this knowledge in connection with stere¬ ographs a new patent map system has been de¬ vised. On these maps we find indicated the point from which each scene is photographed, and by two red lines which diverge from each point the territory included in each particular stereograph is shown. Thus a person looking at a scene in the stereoscope is enabled to know precisely where on the earth’s surface he is standing, oyer precisely what part of the earth he is looking, and hence he can know also from the maps what his surroundings must be. This knowledge is of absolutely first im¬ portance if we wish to gain the experiences in the sterescope we have been talking about. We certainly could not expect to gain a definite sense or consciousness of location in any place, and of our surroundings there, unless we know where that place is. It is easily seen that without such maps all series of photographs or illustrations that have been or can be pub¬ lished must show a country or city to our minds in disconnected, unrelated fragments. It is utterly impossible for a person, not already familiar with the ground by an actual visit, to get from such unrelated sections an ex¬ perience in any part of a country such as the traveller gets. The mind cannot place such disconnected sections in their proper relation to each other or the world. Such a map sys¬ tem as the above is then absolutely necessary if we are to treat stereoscopic photographs as we treat the place itself. Again, if we are to obtain an experience from the stereograph as from the place, we must obtain the same knowledge of the different buildings and objects shown in the stereograph, of what they stand for, their history, etc., that we would get on the ground. Accordingly, books are being issued in con¬ nection with the stereographs of a city or coun¬ try. In these books the author or guide takes 180 Extraordinary Results from up the stereoscopic scenes in order and calls attention to the objects of interest in each one, and gives some of the important history connected with it, as would be done if talking to a party of tourists on the spot. Of course it is as impossible to give all the history as¬ sociated with these places as it would be for the traveller to go over it all on his visit. Ten thousand books could not exhaust the past in a place like Rome. But the plan is to call attention to all that is especially important in each scene and give something of its past. After such familiar acquaintances with these historic sites and buildings, it will require a lifetime to follow up all the lines of interest that are started within us. It should be recognized that work along this line is on practically a new problem. Many books have been written to aid the tourist in his walks in the actual Rome. Probably the question of how to get the most out of an actual visit to Rome is pretty well solved. But the question of how to get the most out of Rome as it can be seen through the stereoscope has never been solved. In fact, in the past, because of the fragmentary and unrelated char¬ acter of photographs, it has been impossible to make them the foundation of any systematic and intelligent study of a city or country. With the invention of this new map system it has been made possible for the first time to gain in¬ formation of distant places in as intelligent and systematic a way as by actual travel. The op¬ portunities now opened up in this field are hardly dreamed of as yet. But there are definite limitations which make it wise to follow a different course in studying a place through the stereoscope than the tourist would on his actual visit. For instance, a guide-book for a tourist is written on the as¬ sumption that he will move from one obiect to another as he views them. The series of stereographs upon a certain city like Rome, however, must be limited. A person is able to stand, say, in fifty definite places in Rome— no more, no less. Obviously, under these con¬ ditions, it is wise to remain for a much longer Stereoscopic Photographs. 181 time than the tourist would in each one of those definite positions, in order that we may take note of as many objects of interest as possible from a single standpoint. The whole aim of these maps and books is to make an intelligent “ visit ” to distant places through the stereoscope possible, to gather and furnish information for use right in connection with the object in the stereo¬ scope, just as information has heretofore been gathered and furnished for the use of the tourist in connection with the thing itself. We should recognize further that in pro¬ viding maps which give us exact knowledge of the location of the places we see in the stereoscope, and in furnishing historical and other information, it is evident we are doing for these representations no more than we should have to do for the places themselves when travelling. But since these stereographs are only representations, and since our ob¬ ject is to forget that they are representa¬ tions and to have prompted within us while we look at them the consciousness of the real place and its surroundings, we find we are helped in obtaining this result if we do some things in connection with the representa¬ tions that we would not do in connection with the place. Generally it can be said that we shall need to make some effort on our own part at first to get into the proper state of mind. The reason for this can be easily shown. Not a little of the benefit of actual travel is due to the stimulus that comes from being among new and strange scenes. We can’t help but be all alive. We take the trouble to g;o here and there to get our bearings with rela¬ tion to our surroundings, to read historical notes and sketches, to think back into the past. But, on the other hand, we come to a picture immediately from our home surroundings and home atmosphere. Sitting in our chair and holding a stereoscope are indeed common¬ place, everyday activities, as far as our bodies are concerned. And so, though the representa¬ tion of Rome does stretch away in infinite per¬ fection before our eyes, we look at it languidly. 182 Extraordinary Results from Coming in an instant from our everyday life, and without the excitements of actual travel, it is impossible for the representation of itself at once to chain our careless and indifferent attention and force upon us the proper states of consciousness. In coming to a stereoscopic scene in this way, it should be expected that at first we would not be drawn with the same intense interest. We must recognize, if we are to have anything like the experiences that it is possible for us to have in connection with stereoscopic photographs, and, for that matter, in connection with any picture, that generally we must give our minds an initial “ push ” from within. If, therefore, we under¬ stand what the trouble is when interest lags at first, and go ahead treating the representation as we would the place, getting our location from the maps and information about objects before us, then we find that the attitude of mind which we assumed in the beginning by sheer will power continues of itself. It is to give aid at this point that the author of a book to accompany stereographs assumes the role of a personal guide. According to this plan, he assumes in the case of each stere¬ ograph that he is standing with his fellow trav¬ ellers in the presence of the actual scene, and calls attention to the points of interest in these famous places in the first person, as he would in conversation. By this fresh and vivid way of putting things he can constantly suggest the desired state of mind. Noticing small details is another important means of securing the proper state of mind. Nothing is more effective in fixing a person’s attention, in making him entirely oblivious to his bodily surroundings, and giving him a vivid sense or consciousness of being in the very presence of the place itself. Often, therefore, it is wise to turn aside to notice spears of grass, grain in a stone, tiles, chimneys, a ragged coat or hat, not because of the particular importance these details might have in themselves, but for their effect in directing attention and calling out the proper states of consciousness. So it can be said that the endeavor should be to put Stereoscopic Photographs. 183 what is written in the form of such “ exercises ” as would, if followed in the proper spirit, ac¬ cording to directions, induce the most definite states of consciousness, genuine experiences of location in those parts of the earth represented in the stereoscope. Finally, if it is possible for human beings to get in connection with representations of places the real, genuine experience (differing in the quantity, but not in the kind of feel¬ ing) that a person would get in the presence of the place itself, what a far - reaching significance this fact has! What a liberation of our real thinking and feeling selves from the conditions imposed on our material bodies! How many people are chained down to one spot of earth by the hard necessities of their lives? How many people look out to the ma¬ terial hills which bound their horizon and long for the experience of standing in the great places of the world of which they have heard? But to hundreds and thousands it has always seemed that such longings could never be satisfied, such dreams never fulfilled, because there was no way of knowing these experiences excepting at the great expense of actual travel in body. But this is not necessary. Such people may know for themselves the experience of standing in those places. No matter if their bodies do remain in the old accustomed scenes their states of soul may be in accordance with, their states of consciousness may be dominated by, what is far beyond their narrow horizon. They may learn not only absolutely final facts as to the way a distant place looks, but they may experience part, at least, of the very same emotions the place can stir. They may re¬ ceive into their souls the peculiar messages which a place in Italy or Greece or Switzer¬ land can give. They may have the inner ex¬ perience of location here and there all around the earth’s surface. The great possibilities of usefulness of Stereoscopic Photographs are now being recognized by leading educators. Think over the meaning of the following statements in regard to our Stereographs : I have been greatly pleased with Messrs. Underwood & Underwood’s series of stereoscopic photographs of Egypt, and with the ingenious instrument for seeing them. The photographs have been selected with great skill, and are admirably illustrative of Egypt, both ancient and modern. Each of them is a study in itself ; it is at once clear, artistic and well chosen. I cannot conceive of anything better, either for educational purposes or for preserving a per¬ manent memorial of the country and its inhabitants.— Archibald Henry Sayce (M.A., L.L.D., D.D.), Fellow of Queen’s College ; Professor of Assyriology, Oxford Univer¬ sity. Prof. Sayce is considered the ablest and best known Egyptologist living. There is nothing more appropriate for giving object lessons in geography, archaeology, history of arts, etc., than stereoscopic photographs. One look through the stereoscope at the photographs of an Alpine glacier, the bas-reliefs of an ancient Egyptian temple, or the ruins of Pompeii, teaches more than hours spent in hearing or reading descriptions. There is no simpler and better means of keeping accurate record of a situation (scenery, apparatus, etc.) than a stereoscopic photograph, and indeed the stereoscopic camera has been employed in this way in my laboratory for some time.—A. Kirschmann (Ph.D., Director Psychological Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Can.). It does not seem possible to conceive a better substitute for an actual journey through Palestine than that devised by Messrs. Underwood & Underwood. The maps and descriptions are such an excellent guide, and the views as seen through the stereoscope are so realistic, that one who will follow the directions given, and who has the patience to look intently upon the scene before him, and with full consciousness of its import, may feel that he is actually standing upon the sacred hills over which the Saviour trod and gazing upon real scenes illuminated with eternal significance.—(Signed) Samuel Weir (Ph.D.), formerly Professor of Philosophy in the School of Pedagogy, New York University. I am very glad of the opportunity of having some more of your wonderful stereoscopic views. The same pictures, if printed in the illustrated papers, are so flat and lifeless. In your views everything is alive.—Benjamin Curtis, of Curtis & Cameron, Publishers of Copley Prints, Boston. Mass. UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD New York and London UNDERWOOD STEREOSCOPIC TOURS The Underwood “Tours” of Original Stereoscopic Photographs are put up in neat leatherette cases, as in¬ dicated below, and the stereographs are arranged in the order a tourist would visit the actual places. Our improved Aluminum-Mahogany Stereoscope sells for 90 cents. This is not included in the prices given be¬ low. A higher priced stereoscope can be furnished if desired. The “Traveling in the Holy Land” Tour—100 Orig¬ inal Stereoscopic Photographs, descrip live book, in cloth, by Dr. J. L. Hurlbut, with new Patent Map System and Leatherette Case,—$17.60. The “Jerusalem” Tour (a part of the “Traveling in the Holy Land ” Tour)—27 Stereoscopic Photographs, de¬ scriptive pamphlet, with new Patent Map and case,— $ 4 -S°- The Russian Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs, descriptive book, in cloth, by M. S. Emery, with new Patent Map System and Leatherette Case,—$17.60. The “St. Petersburg” Tour (a part of the Russian Tour)—39 Stereoscopic Photographs, descriptive book with five Patent Maps and Case,—$6.50. The “ Moscow ” Tour (a part of the Russian Tour)—27 Stereoscopic Photographs, descriptive book with three Patent Maps and Case,—$4.50. The Italian Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. Descriptive book, with maps, soon to be published. The “Rome” Tour (a part of the Italian Tour)—46 Stereoscopic Photographs, descriptive book by Dr. D. J. Ellison, with new Patent Map System and Leatherette Case, $7.65. The “Egypt and its Wonders” Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photographs—descriptive book, in cloth, and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. The Chinese Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. Descriptive book, with maps, soon to be published. The Swiss Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. Descriptive book, with maps, in preparation. The French Tour—72 Original Stereoscopic Photo- | graphs and Leatherette Case,—$12.00. The “Paris Exposition” Tour—60 Original Stereo¬ scopic Photographs, Map with new Patent System and Description, and Leatherette Case, $10.00. The Spanish Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$16.00. The Portuguese Tour—60 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$10.00. The German Tour—84 Original Stereoscopic Photo- i graphs and Leatherette Case,—$14.00. I The Austrian Tour—84 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatnerette Case,—$14.00. The “Great Britain” Tour—72 Original Stereoscopic j Photographs and Leatherette Case,—$12.00. The Scandinavian Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photographs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. The Grecian Tour—7 2 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$12.00. The Japanese Tour-72 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leather' tte Case,—$12.00, The “ United States ” T« ur No. 1—100 Original Stereo¬ scopic Photogr phs and Leatherette Case.—$16 60. The “ United States ” Tour No. 2—200 Original Stereo¬ scopic Photographs in Leatherette Cases,—$33.20. The “ Philippine ” Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photographs and Leatheret e Cas>*,—$16.60. The Cuban and Porto kican Set— 100 Original Stereo¬ scopic Photographs and Leatherette Case, —$16.60. The Spanish-American War Set —100 Original Stereo¬ scopic Photographs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. (A set of 72 and Case, —$12.00.) The /lexican Tour—100 Original Stereoscopic Photo¬ graphs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. The British-Boer War Set—100 Original Stereoscopic Photographs and Leatherette Case,—$16.60. The “Trip Around the World” Tour—72 Original Stereoscopic Photographs, with Descriptive Book and Leatherette Case,—$12 00. The “Niagara Falts ” Tour—30 Original Stereoscopic Photographs and Leatherette Case,—$5.00. (Descriptive book with maps now being prepared.) “ President McKinley ” Set No. 1, containing 12 Stereo graphs in a neat case, $2.00. “ President McKinley ” Set No. 2, containing 24 Stereo graphs in a neat case. $4.00. 4 President HcKinley ” Set No. 4, containing 48 Sterec granhs in a neat Leatherette Case, with descriptiv* book, $8.50 “ President flcKinley ” Set No. 5, containing 60 Sterec graphs in a neat Leatherette Case, with descriptiv book. $10.50, or in a genuine leather case, velvet lined with inscription stamped in silver, $12.00. Other interesting and instructive tours can be made up from our large collection of stereographs always in stock. We advise our customers to purchase complete series on the countries they may be interested in. One hundred Stereoscopic Photographs of one country will generalh give much better satisfaction than the same number scat, tered over several countries. Many of our patrons are placing all of our Educational Stereoscopic Tours in their homes alongside of the standard works in their libraries. Schools and public libraries are finding our Stereographs very helpful in their work. The United States Govern ment considers them so valuable that all Educational Tours published to date, with the new Underwood Exten sion Cabine\ were rec ntly purchased for the U. S. Mill tary Academy at West Point. When two or more of the “ioo’’ tours are wanted, we recommend the “ New Underwood Extension Cabinet,” — he only practical Stereograph Cabinet in existence. It can be “built up” from time to time as desired, holding from 200 to 2.000 Stereographs, or more. We shall be pleased to send to any one interested our book on “ The Stereoscope and Stereoscopic Photographs” by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD, Fifth Ave. and 19th St., New York. R D- 12 4 V A A. C, vT* V ’ * * 4 yS* 't' ° * ‘ B * *, C° ^ <4% ^- 4 * o* ' Kmnw “ v> q ^ , - 3 / .. V*V > > v s .^k* v .*? . ^ ° ^ >° 3 j ~ ft. .• A -^w- V 4 *bv 4 3 0 < 1 * -■" «.° v. *•■”•’ y K .. I ' Jjlp /% l wf ; <^ '••• /.°*y -‘ 1 ° vf *o V* ^°' 7 V i > 4 O o> <3 _A _ °" 0 a 0 B ^ ^ //SfiSV. V r ** * - ft * J Irj: ^- ^ S S *; | °WW< : *° ... 'V°’ , ‘ / ... 3 , \ » <£sSooA>>V * •j' -* o ^ **& o r ,Tr^*%'- w 'p M a ov' :^n j. 0- ^ , n 0 *> • ?W-S h *. ° ■ ° _^° •“■ ' ” ft ^ „ “ r ., Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnee' “ Treatment Date: May 2010 'W Vv PreservationTechnologies A <*■ ' / A WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION A o h a ^ * ' 111 Thomson Park Drive > c. .. Cranberry Township, PA 16066 S’k (724)779-2111