THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA The Law Governing the Enforcement of Martial Law ¹ of 1949 empowers the President in a time of crisis to proclaim "security" martial law in districts where public order has been disturbed by "hostilities or similar emergencies" in order to maintain public order by military force (Article 3). The President also is empowered to impose "emergency" (or "extraordinary") martial law in districts where social order is seriously disturbed through enemy action, or in case of a national crisis (Article 4). Under the provisions regarding "security" martial law, the martial law commander assumes jurisdiction over all administrative and judicial functions pertaining to military affairs within his specified districts (Article 10). Under the provisions pertaining to "emergency" martial law, this authority is expanded to include nonmilitary affairs (Article 11). During a period of "emergency" martial law, any act tantamount to rebellion is subject to court-martial. Certain other offenses, such as riot, arson, harboring criminals, forging official documents, counterfeiting adultery, murder, etc., also may be brought before a military court (Article 16). When the President has proclaimed "emergency" ¹ Law No. 69, November 24, 1949.THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA The Law Governing the Enforcement of Martial Law ¹ of 1949 empowers the President in a time of crisis to proclaim "security" martial law in districts where public order has been disturbed by "hostilities or similar emergencies" in order to maintain public order by military force (Article 3). The President also is empowered to impose "emergency" (or "extraordinary") martial law in districts where social order is seriously disturbed through enemy action, or in case of a national crisis (Article 4). Under the provisions regarding "security" martial law, the martial law commander assumes jurisdiction over all administrative and judicial functions pertaining to military affairs within his specified districts (Article 10). Under the provisions pertaining to "emergency" martial law, this authority is expanded to include nonmilitary affairs (Article 11). During a period of "emergency" martial law, any act tantamount to rebellion is subject to court-martial. Certain other offenses, such as riot, arson, harboring criminals, forging official documents, counterfeiting adultery, murder, etc., also may be brought before a military court (Article 16). When the President has proclaimed "emergency" ¹ Law No. 69, November 24, 1949.THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA The Law Governing the Enforcement of Martial Law ¹ of 1949 empowers the President in a time of crisis to proclaim "security" martial law in districts where public order has been disturbed by "hostilities or similar emergencies" in order to maintain public order by military force (Article 3). The President also is empowered to impose "emergency" (or "extraordinary") martial law in districts where social order is seriously disturbed through enemy action, or in case of a national crisis (Article 4). Under the provisions regarding "security" martial law, the martial law commander assumes jurisdiction over all administrative and judicial functions pertaining to military affairs within his specified districts (Article 10). Under the provisions pertaining to "emergency" martial law, this authority is expanded to include nonmilitary affairs (Article 11). During a period of "emergency" martial law, any act tantamount to rebellion is subject to court-martial. Certain other offenses, such as riot, arson, harboring criminals, forging official documents, counterfeiting adultery, murder, etc., also may be brought before a military court (Article 16). When the President has proclaimed "emergency" ¹ Law No. 69, November 24, 1949.THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA The Law Governing the Enforcement of Martial Law ¹ of 1949 empowers the President in a time of crisis to proclaim "security" martial law in districts where public order has been disturbed by "hostilities or similar emergencies" in order to maintain public order by military force (Article 3). The President also is empowered to impose "emergency" (or "extraordinary") martial law in districts where social order is seriously disturbed through enemy action, or in case of a national crisis (Article 4). Under the provisions regarding "security" martial law, the martial law commander assumes jurisdiction over all administrative and judicial functions pertaining to military affairs within his specified districts (Article 10). Under the provisions pertaining to "emergency" martial law, this authority is expanded to include nonmilitary affairs (Article 11). During a period of "emergency" martial law, any act tantamount to rebellion is subject to court-martial. Certain other offenses, such as riot, arson, harboring criminals, forging official documents, counterfeiting adultery, murder, etc., also may be brought before a military court (Article 16). When the President has proclaimed "emergency" ¹ Law No. 69, November 24, 1949.THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA The Law Governing the Enforcement of Martial Law ¹ of 1949 empowers the President in a time of crisis to proclaim "security" martial law in districts where public order has been disturbed by "hostilities or similar emergencies" in order to maintain public order by military force (Article 3). The President also is empowered to impose "emergency" (or "extraordinary") martial law in districts where social order is seriously disturbed through enemy action, or in case of a national crisis (Article 4). Under the provisions regarding "security" martial law, the martial law commander assumes jurisdiction over all administrative and judicial functions pertaining to military affairs within his specified districts (Article 10). Under the provisions pertaining to "emergency" martial law, this authority is expanded to include nonmilitary affairs (Article 11). During a period of "emergency" martial law, any act tantamount to rebellion is subject to court-martial. Certain other offenses, such as riot, arson, harboring criminals, forging official documents, counterfeiting adultery, murder, etc., also may be brought before a military court (Article 16). When the President has proclaimed "emergency" ¹ Law No. 69, November 24, 1949.Republic of Korea - 2 martial law, he must notify the National Assembly thereof (Article 5). Massive disturbances have erupted throughout the Republic of Korea rather frequently since early 1960. In Seoul, on March 24, 1960, students demonstrated against police violence during the elections of March 15 which continued President Syngman Rhee in power. Similar demonstrations took place subsequently in several large cities. A week later student anti-government demonstrators in Seoul were demanding President Rhee's resignation. On April 19, 1:00 p.m., "security" martial law was proclaimed in the Seoul area; on the same day, 5:00 p.m., this was changed to "emergency" martial law, and the area affected was expanded to include four large cities (Taejon, Taegu, Pusan, and Kwangju) in addition to Seoul. On April 24, the above "emergency" martial law was lifted temporarily; on April 26, "emergency" martial law again was declared in the same cities. 2/ The next day, Masan, a southern port, was place under "emergency" martial law. After about 500,000 persons, headed by university professors, continued the turbulent disorders in Seoul, President Rhee submitted his resignation -------------------------------- 2/ Haebang isimnyon (Twenty Years of Emancipation) (Seoul: Semunsa, 1965), p. 107.Republic of Korea - 2 martial law, he must notify the National Assembly thereof (Article 5). Massive disturbances have erupted throughout the Republic of Korea rather frequently since early 1960. In Seoul, on March 24, 1960, students demonstrated against police violence during the elections of March 15 which continued President Syngman Rhee in power. Similar demonstrations took place subsequently in several large cities. A week later student anti-government demonstrators in Seoul were demanding President Rhee's resignation. On April 19, 1:00 p.m., "security" martial law was proclaimed in the Seoul area; on the same day, 5:00 p.m., this was changed to "emergency" martial law, and the area affected was expanded to include four large cities (Taejon, Taegu, Pusan, and Kwangju) in addition to Seoul. On April 24, the above "emergency" martial law was lifted temporarily; on April 26, "emergency" martial law again was declared in the same cities. 2/ The next day, Masan, a southern port, was place under "emergency" martial law. After about 500,000 persons, headed by university professors, continued the turbulent disorders in Seoul, President Rhee submitted his resignation -------------------------------- 2/ Haebang isimnyon (Twenty Years of Emancipation) (Seoul: Semunsa, 1965), p. 107.Republic of Korea - 2 martial law, he must notify the National Assembly thereof (Article 5). Massive disturbances have erupted throughout the Republic of Korea rather frequently since early 1960. In Seoul, on March 24, 1960, students demonstrated against police violence during the elections of March 15 which continued President Syngman Rhee in power. Similar demonstrations took place subsequently in several large cities. A week later student anti-government demonstrators in Seoul were demanding President Rhee's resignation. On April 19, 1:00 p.m., "security" martial law was proclaimed in the Seoul area; on the same day, 5:00 p.m., this was changed to "emergency" martial law, and the area affected was expanded to include four large cities (Taejon, Taegu, Pusan, and Kwangju) in addition to Seoul. On April 24, the above "emergency" martial law was lifted temporarily; on April 26, "emergency" martial law again was declared in the same cities. 2/ The next day, Masan, a southern port, was place under "emergency" martial law. After about 500,000 persons, headed by university professors, continued the turbulent disorders in Seoul, President Rhee submitted his resignation -------------------------------- 2/ Haebang isimnyon (Twenty Years of Emancipation) (Seoul: Semunsa, 1965), p. 107.Republic of Korea - 2 martial law, he must notify the National Assembly thereof (Article 5). Massive disturbances have erupted throughout the Republic of Korea rather frequently since early 1960. In Seoul, on March 24, 1960, students demonstrated against police violence during the elections of March 15 which continued President Syngman Rhee in power. Similar demonstrations took place subsequently in several large cities. A week later student anti-government demonstrators in Seoul were demanding President Rhee's resignation. On April 19, 1:00 p.m., "security" martial law was proclaimed in the Seoul area; on the same day, 5:00 p.m., this was changed to "emergency" martial law, and the area affected was expanded to include four large cities (Taejon, Taegu, Pusan, and Kwangju) in addition to Seoul. On April 24, the above "emergency" martial law was lifted temporarily; on April 26, "emergency" martial law again was declared in the same cities. 2/ The next day, Masan, a southern port, was place under "emergency" martial law. After about 500,000 persons, headed by university professors, continued the turbulent disorders in Seoul, President Rhee submitted his resignation -------------------------------- 2/ Haebang isimnyon (Twenty Years of Emancipation) (Seoul: Semunsa, 1965), p. 107.Republic of Korea - 2 martial law, he must notify the National Assembly thereof (Article 5). Massive disturbances have erupted throughout the Republic of Korea rather frequently since early 1960. In Seoul, on March 24, 1960, students demonstrated against police violence during the elections of March 15 which continued President Syngman Rhee in power. Similar demonstrations took place subsequently in several large cities. A week later student anti-government demonstrators in Seoul were demanding President Rhee's resignation. On April 19, 1:00 p.m., "security" martial law was proclaimed in the Seoul area; on the same day, 5:00 p.m., this was changed to "emergency" martial law, and the area affected was expanded to include four large cities (Taejon, Taegu, Pusan, and Kwangju) in addition to Seoul. On April 24, the above "emergency" martial law was lifted temporarily; on April 26, "emergency" martial law again was declared in the same cities. 2/ The next day, Masan, a southern port, was place under "emergency" martial law. After about 500,000 persons, headed by university professors, continued the turbulent disorders in Seoul, President Rhee submitted his resignation -------------------------------- 2/ Haebang isimnyon (Twenty Years of Emancipation) (Seoul: Semunsa, 1965), p. 107.Republic of Korea - 3 to the National Assembly on April 27. The demonstrations thereafter subsided, and on May 28 "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which was lifted 48 days later (July 15.). ³ The government of Prime Minister Chang Myon (the second Republic) was formed after the election of July 1960. The Prime Minister soon was confronted with popular unrest stemming from his failure to check corruption and stabilize the economy. This eventuated in a military coup, led by General Chung-hee Park, who struck Seoul in the pre-dawn hours of May 16, 1961, and eventually toppled the government of the second Republic. On the same day, a Military Revolutionary Committee declared "emergency" martial law, along with a 7:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. curfew.⁴ On May 27, "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which, in order to relax the political atmosphere, was removed on December 5, 1962 (about one and a half years after its imposition), less than two weeks before the proposed constitutional ³ Ibid. ⁴ John Kie-chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 148.Republic of Korea - 3 to the National Assembly on April 27. The demonstrations thereafter subsided, and on May 28 "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which was lifted 48 days later (July 15.). ³ The government of Prime Minister Chang Myon (the second Republic) was formed after the election of July 1960. The Prime Minister soon was confronted with popular unrest stemming from his failure to check corruption and stabilize the economy. This eventuated in a military coup, led by General Chung-hee Park, who struck Seoul in the pre-dawn hours of May 16, 1961, and eventually toppled the government of the second Republic. On the same day, a Military Revolutionary Committee declared "emergency" martial law, along with a 7:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. curfew.⁴ On May 27, "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which, in order to relax the political atmosphere, was removed on December 5, 1962 (about one and a half years after its imposition), less than two weeks before the proposed constitutional ³ Ibid. ⁴ John Kie-chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 148.Republic of Korea - 3 to the National Assembly on April 27. The demonstrations thereafter subsided, and on May 28 "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which was lifted 48 days later (July 15.). ³ The government of Prime Minister Chang Myon (the second Republic) was formed after the election of July 1960. The Prime Minister soon was confronted with popular unrest stemming from his failure to check corruption and stabilize the economy. This eventuated in a military coup, led by General Chung-hee Park, who struck Seoul in the pre-dawn hours of May 16, 1961, and eventually toppled the government of the second Republic. On the same day, a Military Revolutionary Committee declared "emergency" martial law, along with a 7:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. curfew.⁴ On May 27, "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which, in order to relax the political atmosphere, was removed on December 5, 1962 (about one and a half years after its imposition), less than two weeks before the proposed constitutional ³ Ibid. ⁴ John Kie-chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 148.Republic of Korea - 3 to the National Assembly on April 27. The demonstrations thereafter subsided, and on May 28 "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which was lifted 48 days later (July 15.). ³ The government of Prime Minister Chang Myon (the second Republic) was formed after the election of July 1960. The Prime Minister soon was confronted with popular unrest stemming from his failure to check corruption and stabilize the economy. This eventuated in a military coup, led by General Chung-hee Park, who struck Seoul in the pre-dawn hours of May 16, 1961, and eventually toppled the government of the second Republic. On the same day, a Military Revolutionary Committee declared "emergency" martial law, along with a 7:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. curfew.⁴ On May 27, "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which, in order to relax the political atmosphere, was removed on December 5, 1962 (about one and a half years after its imposition), less than two weeks before the proposed constitutional ³ Ibid. ⁴ John Kie-chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 148.Republic of Korea - 3 to the National Assembly on April 27. The demonstrations thereafter subsided, and on May 28 "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which was lifted 48 days later (July 15.). ³ The government of Prime Minister Chang Myon (the second Republic) was formed after the election of July 1960. The Prime Minister soon was confronted with popular unrest stemming from his failure to check corruption and stabilize the economy. This eventuated in a military coup, led by General Chung-hee Park, who struck Seoul in the pre-dawn hours of May 16, 1961, and eventually toppled the government of the second Republic. On the same day, a Military Revolutionary Committee declared "emergency" martial law, along with a 7:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. curfew.⁴ On May 27, "emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law, which, in order to relax the political atmosphere, was removed on December 5, 1962 (about one and a half years after its imposition), less than two weeks before the proposed constitutional ³ Ibid. ⁴ John Kie-chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 148.Republic of Korea - 4 referendum. 5/ The Third Republic was established on December 17, 1963, after military rule had given way to a popularly elected civilian government. Beginning in March 1964, riots broke out in Seoul and other major cities. The outbursts were instigated by students clamoring against "misrule" by President Park and against the government's proposal to establish normal diplomatic relations with Japan on terms which the students regarded as humiliating. 6/ The disturbances mounted in scope and intensity in Seoul, and by June 1 they had expanded to include major demonstrations in eight other large cities. On June 3 the President declared the Seoul area under "emergency" martial law and brought in some 50,000 army troops "to restore public order and to uphold the tradition of constitutional government." "Emergency" martial law was lifted on July 29, 1964, and the police in general resumed their conventional duties related to ordinary crimes. 7/ ----------------------- 5/ Ibid. 6/ U.S. Army Area Handbook for Korea (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1958), p. 550. 7/ Ibid., p. 551.Republic of Korea - 4 referendum. 5/ The Third Republic was established on December 17, 1963, after military rule had given way to a popularly elected civilian government. Beginning in March 1964, riots broke out in Seoul and other major cities. The outbursts were instigated by students clamoring against "misrule" by President Park and against the government's proposal to establish normal diplomatic relations with Japan on terms which the students regarded as humiliating. 6/ The disturbances mounted in scope and intensity in Seoul, and by June 1 they had expanded to include major demonstrations in eight other large cities. On June 3 the President declared the Seoul area under "emergency" martial law and brought in some 50,000 army troops "to restore public order and to uphold the tradition of constitutional government." "Emergency" martial law was lifted on July 29, 1964, and the police in general resumed their conventional duties related to ordinary crimes. 7/ ----------------------- 5/ Ibid. 6/ U.S. Army Area Handbook for Korea (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1958), p. 550. 7/ Ibid., p. 551.Republic of Korea - 4 referendum. 5/ The Third Republic was established on December 17, 1963, after military rule had given way to a popularly elected civilian government. Beginning in March 1964, riots broke out in Seoul and other major cities. The outbursts were instigated by students clamoring against "misrule" by President Park and against the government's proposal to establish normal diplomatic relations with Japan on terms which the students regarded as humiliating. 6/ The disturbances mounted in scope and intensity in Seoul, and by June 1 they had expanded to include major demonstrations in eight other large cities. On June 3 the President declared the Seoul area under "emergency" martial law and brought in some 50,000 army troops "to restore public order and to uphold the tradition of constitutional government." "Emergency" martial law was lifted on July 29, 1964, and the police in general resumed their conventional duties related to ordinary crimes. 7/ ----------------------- 5/ Ibid. 6/ U.S. Army Area Handbook for Korea (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1958), p. 550. 7/ Ibid., p. 551.Republic of Korea - 4 referendum. 5/ The Third Republic was established on December 17, 1963, after military rule had given way to a popularly elected civilian government. Beginning in March 1964, riots broke out in Seoul and other major cities. The outbursts were instigated by students clamoring against "misrule" by President Park and against the government's proposal to establish normal diplomatic relations with Japan on terms which the students regarded as humiliating. 6/ The disturbances mounted in scope and intensity in Seoul, and by June 1 they had expanded to include major demonstrations in eight other large cities. On June 3 the President declared the Seoul area under "emergency" martial law and brought in some 50,000 army troops "to restore public order and to uphold the tradition of constitutional government." "Emergency" martial law was lifted on July 29, 1964, and the police in general resumed their conventional duties related to ordinary crimes. 7/ ----------------------- 5/ Ibid. 6/ U.S. Army Area Handbook for Korea (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1958), p. 550. 7/ Ibid., p. 551.Republic of Korea - 4 referendum. 5/ The Third Republic was established on December 17, 1963, after military rule had given way to a popularly elected civilian government. Beginning in March 1964, riots broke out in Seoul and other major cities. The outbursts were instigated by students clamoring against "misrule" by President Park and against the government's proposal to establish normal diplomatic relations with Japan on terms which the students regarded as humiliating. 6/ The disturbances mounted in scope and intensity in Seoul, and by June 1 they had expanded to include major demonstrations in eight other large cities. On June 3 the President declared the Seoul area under "emergency" martial law and brought in some 50,000 army troops "to restore public order and to uphold the tradition of constitutional government." "Emergency" martial law was lifted on July 29, 1964, and the police in general resumed their conventional duties related to ordinary crimes. 7/ ----------------------- 5/ Ibid. 6/ U.S. Army Area Handbook for Korea (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1958), p. 550. 7/ Ibid., p. 551.Republic of Korea - 5 Thus, during the ten year period from 1960 to 1970, "emergency" martial law was invoked five times, and "security" martial law was imposed three times. Mention should be made of the presidential decree on garrison command issued in 1950. 8/ The purpose of this decree is "to provide measures for the Army . . . to take charge of the garrisoning of the district, supervision of military order and discipline, and protection of buildings and other property belonging to the military forces" (Article 1). Since the above provision fails to spell out under what circumstances garrison order can be invoked, it is somewhat difficult to distinguish it form "security" marital law. It was construed, therefore, that garrison order may be imposed when the emergency situation is not serious enough to require "security" martial law. Moreover, it may be invoked when military assistance is sought particularly to maintain public order and protect human life and property in the area of a natural disaster. 9/ It should be noted that under the garrison decree, soldiers are allowed ------------------------------ 8/ Presidential Decree No. 296, March 27, 1950. 9/ Kukhoe sokkirok (National Assembly Records), 53rd session, September 3, 1965, p. 5.Republic of Korea - 5 Thus, during the ten year period from 1960 to 1970, "emergency" martial law was invoked five times, and "security" martial law was imposed three times. Mention should be made of the presidential decree on garrison command issued in 1950. 8/ The purpose of this decree is "to provide measures for the Army . . . to take charge of the garrisoning of the district, supervision of military order and discipline, and protection of buildings and other property belonging to the military forces" (Article 1). Since the above provision fails to spell out under what circumstances garrison order can be invoked, it is somewhat difficult to distinguish it form "security" marital law. It was construed, therefore, that garrison order may be imposed when the emergency situation is not serious enough to require "security" martial law. Moreover, it may be invoked when military assistance is sought particularly to maintain public order and protect human life and property in the area of a natural disaster. 9/ It should be noted that under the garrison decree, soldiers are allowed ------------------------------ 8/ Presidential Decree No. 296, March 27, 1950. 9/ Kukhoe sokkirok (National Assembly Records), 53rd session, September 3, 1965, p. 5.Republic of Korea - 5 Thus, during the ten year period from 1960 to 1970, "emergency" martial law was invoked five times, and "security" martial law was imposed three times. Mention should be made of the presidential decree on garrison command issued in 1950. 8/ The purpose of this decree is "to provide measures for the Army . . . to take charge of the garrisoning of the district, supervision of military order and discipline, and protection of buildings and other property belonging to the military forces" (Article 1). Since the above provision fails to spell out under what circumstances garrison order can be invoked, it is somewhat difficult to distinguish it form "security" marital law. It was construed, therefore, that garrison order may be imposed when the emergency situation is not serious enough to require "security" martial law. Moreover, it may be invoked when military assistance is sought particularly to maintain public order and protect human life and property in the area of a natural disaster. 9/ It should be noted that under the garrison decree, soldiers are allowed ------------------------------ 8/ Presidential Decree No. 296, March 27, 1950. 9/ Kukhoe sokkirok (National Assembly Records), 53rd session, September 3, 1965, p. 5.Republic of Korea - 5 Thus, during the ten year period from 1960 to 1970, "emergency" martial law was invoked five times, and "security" martial law was imposed three times. Mention should be made of the presidential decree on garrison command issued in 1950. 8/ The purpose of this decree is "to provide measures for the Army . . . to take charge of the garrisoning of the district, supervision of military order and discipline, and protection of buildings and other property belonging to the military forces" (Article 1). Since the above provision fails to spell out under what circumstances garrison order can be invoked, it is somewhat difficult to distinguish it form "security" marital law. It was construed, therefore, that garrison order may be imposed when the emergency situation is not serious enough to require "security" martial law. Moreover, it may be invoked when military assistance is sought particularly to maintain public order and protect human life and property in the area of a natural disaster. 9/ It should be noted that under the garrison decree, soldiers are allowed ------------------------------ 8/ Presidential Decree No. 296, March 27, 1950. 9/ Kukhoe sokkirok (National Assembly Records), 53rd session, September 3, 1965, p. 5.Republic of Korea - 5 Thus, during the ten year period from 1960 to 1970, "emergency" martial law was invoked five times, and "security" martial law was imposed three times. Mention should be made of the presidential decree on garrison command issued in 1950. 8/ The purpose of this decree is "to provide measures for the Army . . . to take charge of the garrisoning of the district, supervision of military order and discipline, and protection of buildings and other property belonging to the military forces" (Article 1). Since the above provision fails to spell out under what circumstances garrison order can be invoked, it is somewhat difficult to distinguish it form "security" marital law. It was construed, therefore, that garrison order may be imposed when the emergency situation is not serious enough to require "security" martial law. Moreover, it may be invoked when military assistance is sought particularly to maintain public order and protect human life and property in the area of a natural disaster. 9/ It should be noted that under the garrison decree, soldiers are allowed ------------------------------ 8/ Presidential Decree No. 296, March 27, 1950. 9/ Kukhoe sokkirok (National Assembly Records), 53rd session, September 3, 1965, p. 5.Republic of Korea - 6 to arrest civilian offenders flagrante delicto, who must be turned over to police authorities immediately (Article 17). Directly after the Japanese-Korean rapprochement treaty was ratified by the National Assembly on August 26, 1965, without the attendance of opposition members, nation-wide student demonstrations arose in large cities, including Seoul. Mobilization of members of the 6the Infantry Division, who were assigned the task of controlling the demonstrations in the capital city, was effected by invoking the provisions of the Presidential Decree on Garrison Command. 10/ Such military support was formally requested by the Mayor of Seoul, who said the national police alone were inadequate to maintain the security of the capital. Defense Minister Sung-un Kim indicated additional troops might be called in when further development of the situation required it, although he said "a need for declaration of martial law was not contemplated at this stage." 11/ Upon the request of the Mayor of Seoul, garrison order was removed on September 25, 1965. 12/ This was the first occasion on which --------------------------- 10/ The Korean Times, August 27, 1965. 11/ Ibid. Major General U-gun Choe, Commander of the Capital Security Command, was made Commander of the Garrison Command of the Seoul Area. 12/ Tōitsu Chōsen nankan (One Korea Year Book), 1967-68 (Tokyo: Tōitsu Chōsen Shimbunaha, 1967), p. 7.Republic of Korea - 6 to arrest civilian offenders flagrante delicto, who must be turned over to police authorities immediately (Article 17). Directly after the Japanese-Korean rapprochement treaty was ratified by the National Assembly on August 26, 1965, without the attendance of opposition members, nation-wide student demonstrations arose in large cities, including Seoul. Mobilization of members of the 6the Infantry Division, who were assigned the task of controlling the demonstrations in the capital city, was effected by invoking the provisions of the Presidential Decree on Garrison Command. 10/ Such military support was formally requested by the Mayor of Seoul, who said the national police alone were inadequate to maintain the security of the capital. Defense Minister Sung-un Kim indicated additional troops might be called in when further development of the situation required it, although he said "a need for declaration of martial law was not contemplated at this stage." 11/ Upon the request of the Mayor of Seoul, garrison order was removed on September 25, 1965. 12/ This was the first occasion on which --------------------------- 10/ The Korean Times, August 27, 1965. 11/ Ibid. Major General U-gun Choe, Commander of the Capital Security Command, was made Commander of the Garrison Command of the Seoul Area. 12/ Tōitsu Chōsen nankan (One Korea Year Book), 1967-68 (Tokyo: Tōitsu Chōsen Shimbunaha, 1967), p. 7.Republic of Korea - 6 to arrest civilian offenders flagrante delicto, who must be turned over to police authorities immediately (Article 17). Directly after the Japanese-Korean rapprochement treaty was ratified by the National Assembly on August 26, 1965, without the attendance of opposition members, nation-wide student demonstrations arose in large cities, including Seoul. Mobilization of members of the 6the Infantry Division, who were assigned the task of controlling the demonstrations in the capital city, was effected by invoking the provisions of the Presidential Decree on Garrison Command. 10/ Such military support was formally requested by the Mayor of Seoul, who said the national police alone were inadequate to maintain the security of the capital. Defense Minister Sung-un Kim indicated additional troops might be called in when further development of the situation required it, although he said "a need for declaration of martial law was not contemplated at this stage." 11/ Upon the request of the Mayor of Seoul, garrison order was removed on September 25, 1965. 12/ This was the first occasion on which --------------------------- 10/ The Korean Times, August 27, 1965. 11/ Ibid. Major General U-gun Choe, Commander of the Capital Security Command, was made Commander of the Garrison Command of the Seoul Area. 12/ Tōitsu Chōsen nankan (One Korea Year Book), 1967-68 (Tokyo: Tōitsu Chōsen Shimbunaha, 1967), p. 7.Republic of Korea - 6 to arrest civilian offenders flagrante delicto, who must be turned over to police authorities immediately (Article 17). Directly after the Japanese-Korean rapprochement treaty was ratified by the National Assembly on August 26, 1965, without the attendance of opposition members, nation-wide student demonstrations arose in large cities, including Seoul. Mobilization of members of the 6the Infantry Division, who were assigned the task of controlling the demonstrations in the capital city, was effected by invoking the provisions of the Presidential Decree on Garrison Command. 10/ Such military support was formally requested by the Mayor of Seoul, who said the national police alone were inadequate to maintain the security of the capital. Defense Minister Sung-un Kim indicated additional troops might be called in when further development of the situation required it, although he said "a need for declaration of martial law was not contemplated at this stage." 11/ Upon the request of the Mayor of Seoul, garrison order was removed on September 25, 1965. 12/ This was the first occasion on which --------------------------- 10/ The Korean Times, August 27, 1965. 11/ Ibid. Major General U-gun Choe, Commander of the Capital Security Command, was made Commander of the Garrison Command of the Seoul Area. 12/ Tōitsu Chōsen nankan (One Korea Year Book), 1967-68 (Tokyo: Tōitsu Chōsen Shimbunaha, 1967), p. 7.Republic of Korea - 6 to arrest civilian offenders flagrante delicto, who must be turned over to police authorities immediately (Article 17). Directly after the Japanese-Korean rapprochement treaty was ratified by the National Assembly on August 26, 1965, without the attendance of opposition members, nation-wide student demonstrations arose in large cities, including Seoul. Mobilization of members of the 6the Infantry Division, who were assigned the task of controlling the demonstrations in the capital city, was effected by invoking the provisions of the Presidential Decree on Garrison Command. 10/ Such military support was formally requested by the Mayor of Seoul, who said the national police alone were inadequate to maintain the security of the capital. Defense Minister Sung-un Kim indicated additional troops might be called in when further development of the situation required it, although he said "a need for declaration of martial law was not contemplated at this stage." 11/ Upon the request of the Mayor of Seoul, garrison order was removed on September 25, 1965. 12/ This was the first occasion on which --------------------------- 10/ The Korean Times, August 27, 1965. 11/ Ibid. Major General U-gun Choe, Commander of the Capital Security Command, was made Commander of the Garrison Command of the Seoul Area. 12/ Tōitsu Chōsen nankan (One Korea Year Book), 1967-68 (Tokyo: Tōitsu Chōsen Shimbunaha, 1967), p. 7.Republic of Korea-7 the garrison decree had been invoked. The following is a chronology of the invocation in the 1960's of martial law and the garrison decree: 1960 April 19 At 1:00 p.m. "security" martial law was declared in Seoul At 5:00 p.m. "emergency" martial law was imposed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon, and Kwangju. April 24 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. April 26 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed again in the above cities. April 27 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed in Masan city. May 28 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. July 15 "Security" martial law was lifted. 1961 May 16 "Emergency martial law was declared in Seoul. May 27 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. 1962 December 5 "Security" martial law was removed about one and a half years after its imposition. 1964 June 3 "Emergency" martial law was declared in Seoul. July 29 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. Republic of Korea-7 the garrison decree had been invoked. The following is a chronology of the invocation in the 1960's of martial law and the garrison decree: 1960 April 19 At 1:00 p.m. "security" martial law was declared in Seoul At 5:00 p.m. "emergency" martial law was imposed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon, and Kwangju. April 24 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. April 26 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed again in the above cities. April 27 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed in Masan city. May 28 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. July 15 "Security" martial law was lifted. 1961 May 16 "Emergency martial law was declared in Seoul. May 27 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. 1962 December 5 "Security" martial law was removed about one and a half years after its imposition. 1964 June 3 "Emergency" martial law was declared in Seoul. July 29 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. Republic of Korea-7 the garrison decree had been invoked. The following is a chronology of the invocation in the 1960's of martial law and the garrison decree: 1960 April 19 At 1:00 p.m. "security" martial law was declared in Seoul At 5:00 p.m. "emergency" martial law was imposed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon, and Kwangju. April 24 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. April 26 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed again in the above cities. April 27 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed in Masan city. May 28 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. July 15 "Security" martial law was lifted. 1961 May 16 "Emergency martial law was declared in Seoul. May 27 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. 1962 December 5 "Security" martial law was removed about one and a half years after its imposition. 1964 June 3 "Emergency" martial law was declared in Seoul. July 29 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. Republic of Korea-7 the garrison decree had been invoked. The following is a chronology of the invocation in the 1960's of martial law and the garrison decree: 1960 April 19 At 1:00 p.m. "security" martial law was declared in Seoul At 5:00 p.m. "emergency" martial law was imposed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon, and Kwangju. April 24 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. April 26 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed again in the above cities. April 27 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed in Masan city. May 28 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. July 15 "Security" martial law was lifted. 1961 May 16 "Emergency martial law was declared in Seoul. May 27 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. 1962 December 5 "Security" martial law was removed about one and a half years after its imposition. 1964 June 3 "Emergency" martial law was declared in Seoul. July 29 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. Republic of Korea-7 the garrison decree had been invoked. The following is a chronology of the invocation in the 1960's of martial law and the garrison decree: 1960 April 19 At 1:00 p.m. "security" martial law was declared in Seoul At 5:00 p.m. "emergency" martial law was imposed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon, and Kwangju. April 24 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. April 26 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed again in the above cities. April 27 "Emergency" martial law was proclaimed in Masan city. May 28 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. July 15 "Security" martial law was lifted. 1961 May 16 "Emergency martial law was declared in Seoul. May 27 "Emergency" martial law was reduced to "security" martial law. 1962 December 5 "Security" martial law was removed about one and a half years after its imposition. 1964 June 3 "Emergency" martial law was declared in Seoul. July 29 "Emergency" martial law was lifted. Republic of Korea-S 1965 August 26 Garrison order was imposed in Seoul. September 25 Garrison order was removed. Prepared by Dr. Sung Yoon Cho Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division Law Library The Library of Congress Washington, D. C. 20540 January 1971 SYC: kah 1/18/71Republic of Korea-S 1965 August 26 Garrison order was imposed in Seoul. September 25 Garrison order was removed. Prepared by Dr. Sung Yoon Cho Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division Law Library The Library of Congress Washington, D. C. 20540 January 1971 SYC: kah 1/18/71Republic of Korea-S 1965 August 26 Garrison order was imposed in Seoul. September 25 Garrison order was removed. Prepared by Dr. Sung Yoon Cho Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division Law Library The Library of Congress Washington, D. C. 20540 January 1971 SYC: kah 1/18/71Republic of Korea-S 1965 August 26 Garrison order was imposed in Seoul. September 25 Garrison order was removed. Prepared by Dr. Sung Yoon Cho Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division Law Library The Library of Congress Washington, D. C. 20540 January 1971 SYC: kah 1/18/71Republic of Korea-S 1965 August 26 Garrison order was imposed in Seoul. September 25 Garrison order was removed. Prepared by Dr. Sung Yoon Cho Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division Law Library The Library of Congress Washington, D. C. 20540 January 1971 SYC: kah 1/18/71