CIVIL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM AS GUARANTEED BY THE CONSTITUTION Introduction: The present Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated on April 1, 1967, after having been drafted and enacted by the National Constituent Assembly which was elected in September, 1966. The Constitution contains a total of one hundred and seventeen articles, of which about one-sixth contain a general or specific guarantee of citizens' rights. These constitutional rights may conveniently be described under the following headings: General Rights; Legal rights; Economic Rights; Social and Political Rights; Educational and Cultural Rights; Rights of Ethnic Minorities. General Rights: Article 2 of the Constitution affirms that the State recognizes the basic rights of all citizens and the equality of all citizens without regard as to sex, religion, race, or political party. Article 6 guarantees the protection of citizens' freedom, lives, property, and honor. Article 29 states that any restrictions upon the basic rights of citizens must be prescribed by law, that the time and place within which such restrictions are to be enforced must be clearly specified, and that in no event is the "essence" of all basic freedoms to be violated. Legal Rights: Article 7 gives a citizen the right to plead his case before a court of law. No one can be arrested or detained without a legal order issued by an agency duly invested with judicial powers, except in cases of flagrant violation of the law. The offender and his next-of-kin must always be informed of the charge against the offender, within the time limit prescribed by the law. Any detention must be controlled by an agency of the Justice Department. No citizen is to be tortured, threatened, orCIVIL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM AS GUARANTEED BY THE CONSTITUTION Introduction: The present Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated on April 1, 1967, after having been drafted and enacted by the National Constituent Assembly which was elected in September, 1966. The Constitution contains a total of one hundred and seventeen articles, of which about one-sixth contain a general or specific guarantee of citizens' rights. These constitutional rights may conveniently be described under the following headings: General Rights; Legal rights; Economic Rights; Social and Political Rights; Educational and Cultural Rights; Rights of Ethnic Minorities. General Rights: Article 2 of the Constitution affirms that the State recognizes the basic rights of all citizens and the equality of all citizens without regard as to sex, religion, race, or political party. Article 6 guarantees the protection of citizens' freedom, lives, property, and honor. Article 29 states that any restrictions upon the basic rights of citizens must be prescribed by law, that the time and place within which such restrictions are to be enforced must be clearly specified, and that in no event is the "essence" of all basic freedoms to be violated. Legal Rights: Article 7 gives a citizen the right to plead his case before a court of law. No one can be arrested or detained without a legal order issued by an agency duly invested with judicial powers, except in cases of flagrant violation of the law. The offender and his next-of-kin must always be informed of the charge against the offender, within the time limit prescribed by the law. Any detention must be controlled by an agency of the Justice Department. No citizen is to be tortured, threatened, orCIVIL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM AS GUARANTEED BY THE CONSTITUTION Introduction: The present Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated on April 1, 1967, after having been drafted and enacted by the National Constituent Assembly which was elected in September, 1966. The Constitution contains a total of one hundred and seventeen articles, of which about one-sixth contain a general or specific guarantee of citizens' rights. These constitutional rights may conveniently be described under the following headings: General Rights; Legal rights; Economic Rights; Social and Political Rights; Educational and Cultural Rights; Rights of Ethnic Minorities. General Rights: Article 2 of the Constitution affirms that the State recognizes the basic rights of all citizens and the equality of all citizens without regard as to sex, religion, race, or political party. Article 6 guarantees the protection of citizens' freedom, lives, property, and honor. Article 29 states that any restrictions upon the basic rights of citizens must be prescribed by law, that the time and place within which such restrictions are to be enforced must be clearly specified, and that in no event is the "essence" of all basic freedoms to be violated. Legal Rights: Article 7 gives a citizen the right to plead his case before a court of law. No one can be arrested or detained without a legal order issued by an agency duly invested with judicial powers, except in cases of flagrant violation of the law. The offender and his next-of-kin must always be informed of the charge against the offender, within the time limit prescribed by the law. Any detention must be controlled by an agency of the Justice Department. No citizen is to be tortured, threatened, orCIVIL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM AS GUARANTEED BY THE CONSTITUTION Introduction: The present Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated on April 1, 1967, after having been drafted and enacted by the National Constituent Assembly which was elected in September, 1966. The Constitution contains a total of one hundred and seventeen articles, of which about one-sixth contain a general or specific guarantee of citizens' rights. These constitutional rights may conveniently be described under the following headings: General Rights; Legal rights; Economic Rights; Social and Political Rights; Educational and Cultural Rights; Rights of Ethnic Minorities. General Rights: Article 2 of the Constitution affirms that the State recognizes the basic rights of all citizens and the equality of all citizens without regard as to sex, religion, race, or political party. Article 6 guarantees the protection of citizens' freedom, lives, property, and honor. Article 29 states that any restrictions upon the basic rights of citizens must be prescribed by law, that the time and place within which such restrictions are to be enforced must be clearly specified, and that in no event is the "essence" of all basic freedoms to be violated. Legal Rights: Article 7 gives a citizen the right to plead his case before a court of law. No one can be arrested or detained without a legal order issued by an agency duly invested with judicial powers, except in cases of flagrant violation of the law. The offender and his next-of-kin must always be informed of the charge against the offender, within the time limit prescribed by the law. Any detention must be controlled by an agency of the Justice Department. No citizen is to be tortured, threatened, orCIVIL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM AS GUARANTEED BY THE CONSTITUTION Introduction: The present Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated on April 1, 1967, after having been drafted and enacted by the National Constituent Assembly which was elected in September, 1966. The Constitution contains a total of one hundred and seventeen articles, of which about one-sixth contain a general or specific guarantee of citizens' rights. These constitutional rights may conveniently be described under the following headings: General Rights; Legal rights; Economic Rights; Social and Political Rights; Educational and Cultural Rights; Rights of Ethnic Minorities. General Rights: Article 2 of the Constitution affirms that the State recognizes the basic rights of all citizens and the equality of all citizens without regard as to sex, religion, race, or political party. Article 6 guarantees the protection of citizens' freedom, lives, property, and honor. Article 29 states that any restrictions upon the basic rights of citizens must be prescribed by law, that the time and place within which such restrictions are to be enforced must be clearly specified, and that in no event is the "essence" of all basic freedoms to be violated. Legal Rights: Article 7 gives a citizen the right to plead his case before a court of law. No one can be arrested or detained without a legal order issued by an agency duly invested with judicial powers, except in cases of flagrant violation of the law. The offender and his next-of-kin must always be informed of the charge against the offender, within the time limit prescribed by the law. Any detention must be controlled by an agency of the Justice Department. No citizen is to be tortured, threatened, or- 2 - forced to confess, and a confession obtained by any such means will be invalid. Paragraph 5 of Article 7 states that an offender is entitled to a speedy and public trial. Paragraph 6 gives the offender the right to a defense lawyer for counsel in every phase of the interrogation, including the preliminary investigation. The article goes on to allow the release pending trial of any person accused of a minor offense who does not have a previous record of more than three months’ imprisonment for an intentional crime, provided that he is employed and that he has a fixed residence. Similarly, a woman more than three months pregnant and accused of a minor offense, who is employed and who has a fixed residence, may be released pending trial. Accused persons are to be considered innocent until the sentence recognizing their guilt has been handed down. If any doubt exists, the court is to rule in favor of the accused. If unjustly detained, the person has the right to demand compensation for damages from the State after having been pronounced innocent in accordance with law. No one is to be detained for indebtedness. Article 8 contains guarantees affecting the private life of a citizen. It provides that the private life, home, and correspondence of every citizen are to be respected. No one may enter, search, or confiscate private property unless in possession of a court order or when national security and public order, as prescribed by law, necessitates it. The privacy of correspondence is to be protected by law, and any restrictions imposed thereupon are to be determined by law.- 2 - forced to confess, and a confession obtained by any such means will be invalid. Paragraph 5 of Article 7 states that an offender is entitled to a speedy and public trial. Paragraph 6 gives the offender the right to a defense lawyer for counsel in every phase of the interrogation, including the preliminary investigation. The article goes on to allow the release pending trial of any person accused of a minor offense who does not have a previous record of more than three months’ imprisonment for an intentional crime, provided that he is employed and that he has a fixed residence. Similarly, a woman more than three months pregnant and accused of a minor offense, who is employed and who has a fixed residence, may be released pending trial. Accused persons are to be considered innocent until the sentence recognizing their guilt has been handed down. If any doubt exists, the court is to rule in favor of the accused. If unjustly detained, the person has the right to demand compensation for damages from the State after having been pronounced innocent in accordance with law. No one is to be detained for indebtedness. Article 8 contains guarantees affecting the private life of a citizen. It provides that the private life, home, and correspondence of every citizen are to be respected. No one may enter, search, or confiscate private property unless in possession of a court order or when national security and public order, as prescribed by law, necessitates it. The privacy of correspondence is to be protected by law, and any restrictions imposed thereupon are to be determined by law.- 2 - forced to confess, and a confession obtained by any such means will be invalid. Paragraph 5 of Article 7 states that an offender is entitled to a speedy and public trial. Paragraph 6 gives the offender the right to a defense lawyer for counsel in every phase of the interrogation, including the preliminary investigation. The article goes on to allow the release pending trial of any person accused of a minor offense who does not have a previous record of more than three months’ imprisonment for an intentional crime, provided that he is employed and that he has a fixed residence. Similarly, a woman more than three months pregnant and accused of a minor offense, who is employed and who has a fixed residence, may be released pending trial. Accused persons are to be considered innocent until the sentence recognizing their guilt has been handed down. If any doubt exists, the court is to rule in favor of the accused. If unjustly detained, the person has the right to demand compensation for damages from the State after having been pronounced innocent in accordance with law. No one is to be detained for indebtedness. Article 8 contains guarantees affecting the private life of a citizen. It provides that the private life, home, and correspondence of every citizen are to be respected. No one may enter, search, or confiscate private property unless in possession of a court order or when national security and public order, as prescribed by law, necessitates it. The privacy of correspondence is to be protected by law, and any restrictions imposed thereupon are to be determined by law.- 2 - forced to confess, and a confession obtained by any such means will be invalid. Paragraph 5 of Article 7 states that an offender is entitled to a speedy and public trial. Paragraph 6 gives the offender the right to a defense lawyer for counsel in every phase of the interrogation, including the preliminary investigation. The article goes on to allow the release pending trial of any person accused of a minor offense who does not have a previous record of more than three months’ imprisonment for an intentional crime, provided that he is employed and that he has a fixed residence. Similarly, a woman more than three months pregnant and accused of a minor offense, who is employed and who has a fixed residence, may be released pending trial. Accused persons are to be considered innocent until the sentence recognizing their guilt has been handed down. If any doubt exists, the court is to rule in favor of the accused. If unjustly detained, the person has the right to demand compensation for damages from the State after having been pronounced innocent in accordance with law. No one is to be detained for indebtedness. Article 8 contains guarantees affecting the private life of a citizen. It provides that the private life, home, and correspondence of every citizen are to be respected. No one may enter, search, or confiscate private property unless in possession of a court order or when national security and public order, as prescribed by law, necessitates it. The privacy of correspondence is to be protected by law, and any restrictions imposed thereupon are to be determined by law.- 2 - forced to confess, and a confession obtained by any such means will be invalid. Paragraph 5 of Article 7 states that an offender is entitled to a speedy and public trial. Paragraph 6 gives the offender the right to a defense lawyer for counsel in every phase of the interrogation, including the preliminary investigation. The article goes on to allow the release pending trial of any person accused of a minor offense who does not have a previous record of more than three months’ imprisonment for an intentional crime, provided that he is employed and that he has a fixed residence. Similarly, a woman more than three months pregnant and accused of a minor offense, who is employed and who has a fixed residence, may be released pending trial. Accused persons are to be considered innocent until the sentence recognizing their guilt has been handed down. If any doubt exists, the court is to rule in favor of the accused. If unjustly detained, the person has the right to demand compensation for damages from the State after having been pronounced innocent in accordance with law. No one is to be detained for indebtedness. Article 8 contains guarantees affecting the private life of a citizen. It provides that the private life, home, and correspondence of every citizen are to be respected. No one may enter, search, or confiscate private property unless in possession of a court order or when national security and public order, as prescribed by law, necessitates it. The privacy of correspondence is to be protected by law, and any restrictions imposed thereupon are to be determined by law.- 3 - Economic Rights: The right to work and to receive fair remuneration for work in order to enable a citizen and his family to live in dignity are guaranteed by Article 15, which also says that the State is to endeavor to create employment for all citizens. The freedom to join labor unions and to strike is respected within the framework and regulations prescribed by law, according to Article 16. The right to own private property is guaranteed by Article 19, in which the State is also said to advocate a policy of promoting private ownership. Expropriation or requisition by the State for the common good must, it is stated, be accompanied by speedy and just compensation at price levels existing at the time of expropriation or requisition. Article 20 recognizes the freedom of enterprise and competition, but stipulates that this cannot be used to secure monopoly or control of the market. The State promises to encourage and to assist any form of economic cooperation which has the nature of mutual economic assistance, according to the same article. Those elements of society with a low standard of living will be given special support. Article 21 contains a promise to raise the standard of living of the rural population, especially by helping farmers to obtain farmland. Article 22 states that on the basis of equality between duties and rights, workers are guaranteed the right to choose their own representatives to participate in the management of enterprises, especially in matters concerning wages and conditions of work, within the framework and procedures established by law.- 3 - Economic Rights: The right to work and to receive fair remuneration for work in order to enable a citizen and his family to live in dignity are guaranteed by Article 15, which also says that the State is to endeavor to create employment for all citizens. The freedom to join labor unions and to strike is respected within the framework and regulations prescribed by law, according to Article 16. The right to own private property is guaranteed by Article 19, in which the State is also said to advocate a policy of promoting private ownership. Expropriation or requisition by the State for the common good must, it is stated, be accompanied by speedy and just compensation at price levels existing at the time of expropriation or requisition. Article 20 recognizes the freedom of enterprise and competition, but stipulates that this cannot be used to secure monopoly or control of the market. The State promises to encourage and to assist any form of economic cooperation which has the nature of mutual economic assistance, according to the same article. Those elements of society with a low standard of living will be given special support. Article 21 contains a promise to raise the standard of living of the rural population, especially by helping farmers to obtain farmland. Article 22 states that on the basis of equality between duties and rights, workers are guaranteed the right to choose their own representatives to participate in the management of enterprises, especially in matters concerning wages and conditions of work, within the framework and procedures established by law.- 3 - Economic Rights: The right to work and to receive fair remuneration for work in order to enable a citizen and his family to live in dignity are guaranteed by Article 15, which also says that the State is to endeavor to create employment for all citizens. The freedom to join labor unions and to strike is respected within the framework and regulations prescribed by law, according to Article 16. The right to own private property is guaranteed by Article 19, in which the State is also said to advocate a policy of promoting private ownership. Expropriation or requisition by the State for the common good must, it is stated, be accompanied by speedy and just compensation at price levels existing at the time of expropriation or requisition. Article 20 recognizes the freedom of enterprise and competition, but stipulates that this cannot be used to secure monopoly or control of the market. The State promises to encourage and to assist any form of economic cooperation which has the nature of mutual economic assistance, according to the same article. Those elements of society with a low standard of living will be given special support. Article 21 contains a promise to raise the standard of living of the rural population, especially by helping farmers to obtain farmland. Article 22 states that on the basis of equality between duties and rights, workers are guaranteed the right to choose their own representatives to participate in the management of enterprises, especially in matters concerning wages and conditions of work, within the framework and procedures established by law.- 3 - Economic Rights: The right to work and to receive fair remuneration for work in order to enable a citizen and his family to live in dignity are guaranteed by Article 15, which also says that the State is to endeavor to create employment for all citizens. The freedom to join labor unions and to strike is respected within the framework and regulations prescribed by law, according to Article 16. The right to own private property is guaranteed by Article 19, in which the State is also said to advocate a policy of promoting private ownership. Expropriation or requisition by the State for the common good must, it is stated, be accompanied by speedy and just compensation at price levels existing at the time of expropriation or requisition. Article 20 recognizes the freedom of enterprise and competition, but stipulates that this cannot be used to secure monopoly or control of the market. The State promises to encourage and to assist any form of economic cooperation which has the nature of mutual economic assistance, according to the same article. Those elements of society with a low standard of living will be given special support. Article 21 contains a promise to raise the standard of living of the rural population, especially by helping farmers to obtain farmland. Article 22 states that on the basis of equality between duties and rights, workers are guaranteed the right to choose their own representatives to participate in the management of enterprises, especially in matters concerning wages and conditions of work, within the framework and procedures established by law.- 3 - Economic Rights: The right to work and to receive fair remuneration for work in order to enable a citizen and his family to live in dignity are guaranteed by Article 15, which also says that the State is to endeavor to create employment for all citizens. The freedom to join labor unions and to strike is respected within the framework and regulations prescribed by law, according to Article 16. The right to own private property is guaranteed by Article 19, in which the State is also said to advocate a policy of promoting private ownership. Expropriation or requisition by the State for the common good must, it is stated, be accompanied by speedy and just compensation at price levels existing at the time of expropriation or requisition. Article 20 recognizes the freedom of enterprise and competition, but stipulates that this cannot be used to secure monopoly or control of the market. The State promises to encourage and to assist any form of economic cooperation which has the nature of mutual economic assistance, according to the same article. Those elements of society with a low standard of living will be given special support. Article 21 contains a promise to raise the standard of living of the rural population, especially by helping farmers to obtain farmland. Article 22 states that on the basis of equality between duties and rights, workers are guaranteed the right to choose their own representatives to participate in the management of enterprises, especially in matters concerning wages and conditions of work, within the framework and procedures established by law.- 4 - Social and Political Rights: Freedom of religion is guaranteed by Article 9, which affirms that the State respects and guarantees freedom of belief and freedom to preach and practice religion, provided that this does not violate national interest and is not harmful to public safety and order, or inconsistent with public morality. Article 12 affirms the recognition of the State of freedom of thought and speech, as well as the freedom of the press and of publication. Again, there is a proviso that this must not harm personal honor, national security, or morality. Censorship is abolished, except for motion pictures and plays. Press regulations are to be prescribed by law. Article 13 grants citizens the right to free assembly and to form associations in accordance with law. Every citizen is also granted the right to vote, to run for office, and to participate in public affairs on an equal basis and in accordance with law. The State is to respect the political rights of all citizens, according to the same article, including the right to petition freely and to engage in overt, non-violent, and legal opposition. Article 14 states that every citizen is to enjoy the freedom to choose his own place of residence and to enjoy freedom of movement, including going and returning from abroad, except when legally restricted from doing so for reasons of public health, security, or national defense. Expectant mothers and infants are to be assisted by the State, and the State also recognizes the family as the foundation of society, according to Article 17. The State encourages and facilitates the formation of families, and family cohesion is also encouraged, adds Article 17, and marriage must be based on mutual consent, equality, and cooperation.- 4 - Social and Political Rights: Freedom of religion is guaranteed by Article 9, which affirms that the State respects and guarantees freedom of belief and freedom to preach and practice religion, provided that this does not violate national interest and is not harmful to public safety and order, or inconsistent with public morality. Article 12 affirms the recognition of the State of freedom of thought and speech, as well as the freedom of the press and of publication. Again, there is a proviso that this must not harm personal honor, national security, or morality. Censorship is abolished, except for motion pictures and plays. Press regulations are to be prescribed by law. Article 13 grants citizens the right to free assembly and to form associations in accordance with law. Every citizen is also granted the right to vote, to run for office, and to participate in public affairs on an equal basis and in accordance with law. The State is to respect the political rights of all citizens, according to the same article, including the right to petition freely and to engage in overt, non-violent, and legal opposition. Article 14 states that every citizen is to enjoy the freedom to choose his own place of residence and to enjoy freedom of movement, including going and returning from abroad, except when legally restricted from doing so for reasons of public health, security, or national defense. Expectant mothers and infants are to be assisted by the State, and the State also recognizes the family as the foundation of society, according to Article 17. The State encourages and facilitates the formation of families, and family cohesion is also encouraged, adds Article 17, and marriage must be based on mutual consent, equality, and cooperation.- 4 - Social and Political Rights: Freedom of religion is guaranteed by Article 9, which affirms that the State respects and guarantees freedom of belief and freedom to preach and practice religion, provided that this does not violate national interest and is not harmful to public safety and order, or inconsistent with public morality. Article 12 affirms the recognition of the State of freedom of thought and speech, as well as the freedom of the press and of publication. Again, there is a proviso that this must not harm personal honor, national security, or morality. Censorship is abolished, except for motion pictures and plays. Press regulations are to be prescribed by law. Article 13 grants citizens the right to free assembly and to form associations in accordance with law. Every citizen is also granted the right to vote, to run for office, and to participate in public affairs on an equal basis and in accordance with law. The State is to respect the political rights of all citizens, according to the same article, including the right to petition freely and to engage in overt, non-violent, and legal opposition. Article 14 states that every citizen is to enjoy the freedom to choose his own place of residence and to enjoy freedom of movement, including going and returning from abroad, except when legally restricted from doing so for reasons of public health, security, or national defense. Expectant mothers and infants are to be assisted by the State, and the State also recognizes the family as the foundation of society, according to Article 17. The State encourages and facilitates the formation of families, and family cohesion is also encouraged, adds Article 17, and marriage must be based on mutual consent, equality, and cooperation.- 4 - Social and Political Rights: Freedom of religion is guaranteed by Article 9, which affirms that the State respects and guarantees freedom of belief and freedom to preach and practice religion, provided that this does not violate national interest and is not harmful to public safety and order, or inconsistent with public morality. Article 12 affirms the recognition of the State of freedom of thought and speech, as well as the freedom of the press and of publication. Again, there is a proviso that this must not harm personal honor, national security, or morality. Censorship is abolished, except for motion pictures and plays. Press regulations are to be prescribed by law. Article 13 grants citizens the right to free assembly and to form associations in accordance with law. Every citizen is also granted the right to vote, to run for office, and to participate in public affairs on an equal basis and in accordance with law. The State is to respect the political rights of all citizens, according to the same article, including the right to petition freely and to engage in overt, non-violent, and legal opposition. Article 14 states that every citizen is to enjoy the freedom to choose his own place of residence and to enjoy freedom of movement, including going and returning from abroad, except when legally restricted from doing so for reasons of public health, security, or national defense. Expectant mothers and infants are to be assisted by the State, and the State also recognizes the family as the foundation of society, according to Article 17. The State encourages and facilitates the formation of families, and family cohesion is also encouraged, adds Article 17, and marriage must be based on mutual consent, equality, and cooperation.- 4 - Social and Political Rights: Freedom of religion is guaranteed by Article 9, which affirms that the State respects and guarantees freedom of belief and freedom to preach and practice religion, provided that this does not violate national interest and is not harmful to public safety and order, or inconsistent with public morality. Article 12 affirms the recognition of the State of freedom of thought and speech, as well as the freedom of the press and of publication. Again, there is a proviso that this must not harm personal honor, national security, or morality. Censorship is abolished, except for motion pictures and plays. Press regulations are to be prescribed by law. Article 13 grants citizens the right to free assembly and to form associations in accordance with law. Every citizen is also granted the right to vote, to run for office, and to participate in public affairs on an equal basis and in accordance with law. The State is to respect the political rights of all citizens, according to the same article, including the right to petition freely and to engage in overt, non-violent, and legal opposition. Article 14 states that every citizen is to enjoy the freedom to choose his own place of residence and to enjoy freedom of movement, including going and returning from abroad, except when legally restricted from doing so for reasons of public health, security, or national defense. Expectant mothers and infants are to be assisted by the State, and the State also recognizes the family as the foundation of society, according to Article 17. The State encourages and facilitates the formation of families, and family cohesion is also encouraged, adds Article 17, and marriage must be based on mutual consent, equality, and cooperation.- 5 - Social security is the topic of Article 18, which promises that the State will endeavor to establish a system of social security, and that it is its duty to establish a system of social welfare and public health, as well as to support the nation's soldiers and orphans. Educational and Cultural Rights: Article 10 assures citizens of freedom of education, makes basic education compulsory as well as free of charge, and declares university education to be autonomous. Capable persons without means are to be given aid and support for the continuation of their studies. The State is to encourage and to support research and creative work by citizens in the fields of science, letters, and the arts. Article 11 declares that an appropriate budget must be reserved for the development of culture as well as for the development of education. Rights of Ethnic Minorities: Ethnic minorities in the Republic of Vietnam are to receive special support, according to Article 2, to enable them to keep pace with the progress of the population as a whole. Article 24 also makes special mention of the ethnic minorities, stating that the State recognizes their presence in the Vietnamese community. The State respects the habits and customs of the minority compatriots, and directs customary courts to be established to pronounce judgments in disputes which involve habits and customs of these minority groups. In addition, Articles 97 and 98 provide for the establishment of the Ethnic Council, charged with advising the government on matters pertaining to the ethnic minorities. __________ Prepared by Mya Saw Shin, Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division, Law Library Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 March 1975 MSS/vmy mss sc 3/27/75- 5 - Social security is the topic of Article 18, which promises that the State will endeavor to establish a system of social security, and that it is its duty to establish a system of social welfare and public health, as well as to support the nation's soldiers and orphans. Educational and Cultural Rights: Article 10 assures citizens of freedom of education, makes basic education compulsory as well as free of charge, and declares university education to be autonomous. Capable persons without means are to be given aid and support for the continuation of their studies. The State is to encourage and to support research and creative work by citizens in the fields of science, letters, and the arts. Article 11 declares that an appropriate budget must be reserved for the development of culture as well as for the development of education. Rights of Ethnic Minorities: Ethnic minorities in the Republic of Vietnam are to receive special support, according to Article 2, to enable them to keep pace with the progress of the population as a whole. Article 24 also makes special mention of the ethnic minorities, stating that the State recognizes their presence in the Vietnamese community. The State respects the habits and customs of the minority compatriots, and directs customary courts to be established to pronounce judgments in disputes which involve habits and customs of these minority groups. In addition, Articles 97 and 98 provide for the establishment of the Ethnic Council, charged with advising the government on matters pertaining to the ethnic minorities. __________ Prepared by Mya Saw Shin, Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division, Law Library Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 March 1975 MSS/vmy mss sc 3/27/75- 5 - Social security is the topic of Article 18, which promises that the State will endeavor to establish a system of social security, and that it is its duty to establish a system of social welfare and public health, as well as to support the nation's soldiers and orphans. Educational and Cultural Rights: Article 10 assures citizens of freedom of education, makes basic education compulsory as well as free of charge, and declares university education to be autonomous. Capable persons without means are to be given aid and support for the continuation of their studies. The State is to encourage and to support research and creative work by citizens in the fields of science, letters, and the arts. Article 11 declares that an appropriate budget must be reserved for the development of culture as well as for the development of education. Rights of Ethnic Minorities: Ethnic minorities in the Republic of Vietnam are to receive special support, according to Article 2, to enable them to keep pace with the progress of the population as a whole. Article 24 also makes special mention of the ethnic minorities, stating that the State recognizes their presence in the Vietnamese community. The State respects the habits and customs of the minority compatriots, and directs customary courts to be established to pronounce judgments in disputes which involve habits and customs of these minority groups. In addition, Articles 97 and 98 provide for the establishment of the Ethnic Council, charged with advising the government on matters pertaining to the ethnic minorities. __________ Prepared by Mya Saw Shin, Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division, Law Library Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 March 1975 MSS/vmy mss sc 3/27/75- 5 - Social security is the topic of Article 18, which promises that the State will endeavor to establish a system of social security, and that it is its duty to establish a system of social welfare and public health, as well as to support the nation's soldiers and orphans. Educational and Cultural Rights: Article 10 assures citizens of freedom of education, makes basic education compulsory as well as free of charge, and declares university education to be autonomous. Capable persons without means are to be given aid and support for the continuation of their studies. The State is to encourage and to support research and creative work by citizens in the fields of science, letters, and the arts. Article 11 declares that an appropriate budget must be reserved for the development of culture as well as for the development of education. Rights of Ethnic Minorities: Ethnic minorities in the Republic of Vietnam are to receive special support, according to Article 2, to enable them to keep pace with the progress of the population as a whole. Article 24 also makes special mention of the ethnic minorities, stating that the State recognizes their presence in the Vietnamese community. The State respects the habits and customs of the minority compatriots, and directs customary courts to be established to pronounce judgments in disputes which involve habits and customs of these minority groups. In addition, Articles 97 and 98 provide for the establishment of the Ethnic Council, charged with advising the government on matters pertaining to the ethnic minorities. __________ Prepared by Mya Saw Shin, Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division, Law Library Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 March 1975 MSS/vmy mss sc 3/27/75- 5 - Social security is the topic of Article 18, which promises that the State will endeavor to establish a system of social security, and that it is its duty to establish a system of social welfare and public health, as well as to support the nation's soldiers and orphans. Educational and Cultural Rights: Article 10 assures citizens of freedom of education, makes basic education compulsory as well as free of charge, and declares university education to be autonomous. Capable persons without means are to be given aid and support for the continuation of their studies. The State is to encourage and to support research and creative work by citizens in the fields of science, letters, and the arts. Article 11 declares that an appropriate budget must be reserved for the development of culture as well as for the development of education. Rights of Ethnic Minorities: Ethnic minorities in the Republic of Vietnam are to receive special support, according to Article 2, to enable them to keep pace with the progress of the population as a whole. Article 24 also makes special mention of the ethnic minorities, stating that the State recognizes their presence in the Vietnamese community. The State respects the habits and customs of the minority compatriots, and directs customary courts to be established to pronounce judgments in disputes which involve habits and customs of these minority groups. In addition, Articles 97 and 98 provide for the establishment of the Ethnic Council, charged with advising the government on matters pertaining to the ethnic minorities. __________ Prepared by Mya Saw Shin, Senior Legal Specialist Far Eastern Law Division, Law Library Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 March 1975 MSS/vmy mss sc 3/27/75