SPEECHES & WRITINGS FILE [*Articles & Other Writings Manuscripts Undated*]The pleasure of the invitations with which you have so honored me to attend the reception to be given to our commanding General of the G.A.R. as well as to [be one of] serve on the Committee to present - the greeting of our beloved Corps - is dampened by the fact that through many engagements I find it utterly impossible to accept But no engagements could present me from being present in thought in heart, and memories tender and true May I send that message through you to both the noble sisters of our Corps and to the brave and honored Comrades of that grandest of all Armies that dared death to free a race and save a nation.One International Medium through which all nations within the treaty transact their business and correspondence. On the breaking up of the International Convention of Geneva in Oct. 1864, it resolved itself into a Committee of 7 man, mainly those who had been instrumental in calling it, & who constitute today the International Committee of Geneva, for the relief of the wounded in war, with head quarter in the city. It serves as-an-[international-agent-between] is the one [International] medium through which all nations within the treaty transact business & carry on correspondence. The Committee is International. The first act of each nation after accepting the treaty has been to establish a central Society of its own, which of course, is merely National, and which has charge and direction of the work in its own country, provide reserves to be utilized in time of need, and aid in the establishment of local societies [in-towns-&-vill]ages, in short hold general direction over the philanthropic work of the nation as connected with war. Under this comes the establishment of local societies who work so nearly corresponds with our [old-time] own relief societies that I need not describe it here. There are grand old time workers in this national, women before me, who could give me lessons in that. You will perceive that this system, aside from its international feature is almost precisely what our Am. relief societies would have been, had they retained permanent organization, & a few did. There is nothing new nor strange to us in all that, indeed I am never certain but we furnished them some good examples. Our mistake consisted in that we gave up our organizations [& wasted] abandoned our charge, let our accumulations go to the winds, allowed our commissions to close irrespectively with hundreds of thousands of dollars in materials and money without owner or rightful claimant, became mental and physical bankrupt in all charitable reserve & have remained so to this day. Their success consists in that they have made this permanent, and this brings me to a point where I may tell you [how] what I have seen of the working of their so various permanent societies, National & International, [&?] in foreign countries [in] Broken in health [in 1869] after our war, I was at length medically directed to go to Europe, and prepared to remain three years. I went in Sept. 1869, & made my way to Switzerland. On arriving at Geneva I was called upon by the International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded in War, to learn if possible why the United States declined to sign the Treaty. It was incomprehensible to them. If it had originated with a monarchal government they could see some ground for objection, but originating in a republic older than our own to what did we object?- how could these objections be removed, -what changes could be made to suit even our prejudicies? 2 [I listened in wonder] They had twice formally presented it to [the Government of] the American Government, once in 1864, [& once] through our Minister Plenipotantiary to Switzerland & who was present at the Convention. Again in 1868 through Dr. Bellows, the great head of war relief in America, & failed in both instances with really no definite or intelligent reasons assigned by the Nation for the course it pursued. They had thought the people of America with their great relief record would have been the first to a appreciate and accept. They were too polite to say that it looked clanish. I was left to my own inferences, and listened in complete wonder to all this recital, and was sure the American people had never heard of it to any extent, that as a country America did not know she had declined, that she would be the last to decline a humanity, that it had doubtless been referred to and declined by some one Dept. of the Government or one official, and had never been submitted to the people or their attention in any manner called to it, and its literature being entirely in languages foreign to our English speaking populations, it had no way of reaching us, never had reached us. You will naturally infer that I examined it, becoming all the time more & more impressed with its [use] far seeing & far reaching scope of thought, action, its world wide intelligence & popularity, of the absurdity of our own position in relation to it, and as I counted up its roll of 27 nations, not a civilized people in the whole world but ourselves missing, and saw Greece & Spain & Turkey there; I began to feel that in the eyes of the world we could not be far removed from the roll of the barbarian, and I cannot [say] affirm that I found it a stimulating food for National pride. I grew more & more ashamed. But the winter wore on as winters do with invalids abroad, and the summer found me at Berne in search of strength among its mountains & baths. The 18th of July burst Napoleons declaration of war against Prussia. In three days a band of agents from the International Committee of Geneva headed by Dr. Louis Appia, the first originator of the Convention, stood equipped for work and enroute for the front wherever that might fall to be,- stood at the door of my villa inviting me to join them, proceed to the scene of action & take such charge & do such work in that war as I had done in our own. I had not strength to trust for this, but with thanks declined, promising however to follow by myself, & without responsibility, & did within a week. No shot had then been fired, no mad had fallen & yet this great organized, powerful committee was on its way, with its skillful agents ready to receive, direct & dispense the charities and accumulations which the sympathy [of] or generosity of 27 nations might place at their disposal in material, money, nurses & workers. These men had treaty power to go directly on to any field & work unmolested in full cooperation with the military & commanders in chief, their supplies held sacred, and their efforts recognized & seconded in any direction & by either belligerent army. Not a man could be uncared for or unfed I thought of the Peninsular in McClelland's campaign of Pittsburg Landing,- of Second Bull Run,- of Antietam, of old Fredericksburg with its [ice] snow covered & gun covered ground and its fourth day flag of truce,- its dead & starving wounded frozen to the ground & our Commission and their supplies all in Washington, with no effective organization or power to go beyond,- of the Petersburg Mine with its 4000 dead & wounded & no flag of truce allowed on account of nationality,and I remembered Andersonville with its 40,000 starving men when all the powers and pities of the world could not reach even with a bit of bread. I thought of the widows weeds still fresh & drab in all the land, the shadows over the homes and hearts over all my country,- sore broken hearts, ruined desolated homes,- is this a people to decline or ignore or humanities in war,- is this the people to reject a treaty for sick, wounded soldiers. Even if they felt that the last cloud of war had passed from their horizon, the tender, painful memories of what had been would bring them in with a force no power could resist. They only needed to know. If, as I journeyed on & saw these the work of those Red Cross societies, more accomplished in 4 months under their systematic organization, than in our 4 years without it , no mistakes, no needless suffering, no starving, no lack of care, no waste, no confusion,- all ready & at work, a whole continent marshaled under the Banner of the Red Cross, working instead of waiting, nursing instead of weeping, if as I saw all this, and joined and worked with it, I said to myself, if I live to return to my country I will try to let her people understand the Red Cross & that treaty you will not wonder, & so you do not wonder that I stand here this hot summer night explaining it to you my neighbors. I did more than resolve, I promised other nations I would do it. In 1875 I returned more broken than I went, years of helplessness in which I forgot how to walk followed, still, I remembered my resolution and my promise. When I could walk I came to Dansville, and I brot them with me, and after about two years I was able to go to Washington with a letter from the International Committee of Geneva to the President of the United States asking him once more that America sign the Treaty of Geneva. Being made the official bearer of this letter I presented it in 1879 to Pres. Hayes. He received it kindly & officially referred it & me to his Secty. of State, Mr. Evarts,- who in his turn referred it to his Asst. Secty. Frederick Seward, as the person who would know all about it, examine & report for decision. I saw then how it was made to depend upon one man. Mr. Seward had been the Assistant Secty. of his late father & Secy. Fish when it had been previously presented. He remembered this, referred me to the records which noted its declination. It was a settled thing. I had nothing to hope, but did not press the matter to a third refusal. It waited and so did I. My next thought was to refer it to Congress,-that was irregular & discourteous to the Administration. I did not like to do it; and when I attempted could not get it considered. It was a wrangling, waring Congress & I could not catch its attention for a subject which had neither political influence, patronage nor votes in it. That year I failed & came home, sorry & heavy, but you didn't know it. You didn't even know me, & I was not strong enough to tell you. The next year I returned to Washington to try Congress again. It was the same thing. I published a little pamphlet of bi-laws addressed to the Members & Senators to be lain upon their desks, in hope they would read so little as that, and thus understand that much if it were introduced, but it was all hard and before I could get it to them my strength failed & I returned home in the winter, heavy & sad & sick, & you didn't know this. I was long in getting back my strength. Then I decided to try this next winter to outline the treaty to that Administration, feared to risk it again, & perhaps another would be more responsive. I wrote and spoke among the people whenever I could to spread a knowledge of it, and last Feb. when the present Administration was on its way to Washington, I left here again & went in with it. It was not an easy task to approach a popular Administration like that at such a moment, and I commenced with the outposts, the Military Generals, and brot them to my cause, making sure of their co-operation, and that I gained an audience with Pres. Garfield so early as did under all his pressure is due to Major Bunnell, who is an open sesame to in Washington. I hope you will help me to be grateful to him. It was generally received by Mr. Garfield and carefully referred to Mr. Blaine who did not refer it to anyone, but considered it himself, conferred fully with me, laid it before the President and Cabinet. The most satisfactory account of their decision will be found in Mr. Blaine's subsequent letter to me, replying to the letter of Monsieur Moynier, President of the International Committee of Geneva presented to Mr. Hayes in 1879 & to which no reply had ever been made, & which letter of Sect. Blaine, as it is short and to the point, with your kind permission I will read. Fill in Mr. Blaine's letter A copy of this letter I forwarded at once to the Committee of Geneva & received very grateful & joyful replies in return both to Mr. Blaine and myself. They meet in certain hope now of the acceptance of the treaty by Congress since the President will recommend it in his message. Up to this time I had never [the] felt that it would be a responsible or quite honest movement on my part to proceed to the formation of Societies to act under a treaty and in conformity of its peculiar character so long as our government recognized no such treaty, & I could get no assurance that it ever would recognize it. I, however, formed my plan for Societies before even presenting the subject in 1877, indeed I had all the years been forming them, and in consideration of many differences between other countries & ourselves, decided to take advantage of a clause in these Resolutions of the Convention for the Organization of Societies which recommends that nations organize in the manner & spirit appliable to themselves. By our geographical position & isolation we are far less liable to the disturbances of war than the nations of Europe who are in fact so frequently called upon, that their societies do well to keep in readiness for the exigencies of War alone, but no nation is more liable than our own to great over mastering calamities than-our-own, they are wide spread & terrible, seldom a year passes that the whole country from sea to sea is not struck by the sudden & unforeseen disaster brot to utter consternation & stands shivering like a ship in a gale, powerless, horrified & dispairing. Plagues, cholera, fever & flood, famines, all bear upon us with terrible force, all needing 5. Instant help and what have we in readiness to meet them [with], save the good heart of our people, their impulsive and generous gifts with no organized system of collecting, receiving or distributing, no agents, no nurses, no material in readiness, all crude, confused, unsystematized as if we had never known a calamity before, and had no reason to expect one. We give most generously, often times too generously, lavishly; our gifts are irresponsibly received and wastefully misapplied. In consideration of these facts and conditions, I decided to extend the original design of the Societies as working under the Treaty in other lands to embrace that of war, pestilence, famine and any calamity great enough to be considered national. But that they should only be called upon to act in great emergencies, reserving their services for these occasions, and this like our own relief societies subject to call from state & national [societies] associations. Our communities are full of charitable [societies] associations, but all work for some specific object, consequently are kept constantly drained, always poor, often in debt, & could not be relied upon for a dollar to meet a great emergency. This is right, charity bears an open palm, it is her mission, she should give continually, but this organization is not properly speaking a charity. I do not so class it, but rather a wise provision which seeks to govern & store up something against an hour of sudden need. In all the land we have not [one] a single organization which acts upon this principle of conserved resources, nothing arranged and managed with the smallest reference to the future, or even an emergency in the present. I thought to organize this on that basis and so proposed in my pamphlet to the Congress of 1878, 3 years ago, and which I will take the liberty to desire the Editors present to kindly extract from for your perusal in any notice they may make of this meeting. It will save us time for the present & give you the idea. As I have remarked I have never thought it well to organize Societies till I had assurance of the acceptance of the treaty, but on receipt of Mr. Blaine's letter I did not wait a day, but proceeded to form a National Association in Washington, with a constitution suited to the Treaty, with all customary officers, President, Vice Presidents, Sect., Treasurer, Executive Committee of of consulting counsel, the procedure of appointing a Vice President from each State. This Society is duly organized and incorporated and ready for action. Having accomplished this I came home again. There is nothing new to prevent the organization of other societies if the people desire. You will perceive that my legitimate work has been to procure the adoption of the Treaty, and my work is not yet completed and cannot be until the meeting of the next session of Congress. I think you will not fail to perceive that the formation of societies would serve to show the desire of the people and this sustain and influence their representatives in their Congressional action. I have no desire to lay a burden upon people by the assumption of an added labor. I have endeavored to give you fairly and without one flavor of rhetoric or one touch of eloquence, the plain, simple business like statement of what has so far been done, to plan out what yet remains to do, and assure you that I shall not fail of my part if my strength [permits] remain. + over If the people of Dansville desire to organize a society of the Red Cross I think it would be found neither difficult nor laborious. It would make no demand upon your purses that I can see, or so trifling it would be next to nothing, their is no specific to serve and no debt to pay, and as your [laws] constitution & by laws would 6 be subject to your own making, you could make the demands upon your time and labor as light as desired. The main point in the Societies of the Red Cross is to be well organized, and in working order generally over the country. Other things will be regulated by the occasion when it comes. You would be the first local society in the United States, a [kind of] mother society, and I believe the leading society in point of influence next to the National. It would, of course, afford me great pleasure to aid you in any way in its establishment. I will do any thing but to take official position in it. I have all the office I can carry. I feel that I already held you too long, and with thanks for your kind patience & commanding you to Him who is best able to guide all our counsels, I bid you good evening. * My first object and greatest endeavor has been to wipe from the fair brown of my country the stain of imputed lack of common humanity to take her out of the role of Barbarian. Indeed in 1869 there were 27 countries in heh compact, there are now 31, for since that date has been added Romania, Persia, San Salvador, Montenegro, Servia, Bolivia, Chili, Argentine Republic & Peru. If the United States is diligent and fortunate she can perhaps come to stand No. 32 on the rolls of civilization and humanity; if not she will remain where is at present, among the barbarians and the heathen.With only the little experience of 6 months you will readily concede that it cannot be considered my work- It would be unjust arrogance in me to assume it- The noble women and men who toiled for its existence. The faithful, tireless body of commissioners, who have watched, prayed, and labored unpaid & often unthanked, for it, since with its first baby breath I cried aloud = We the criminal women of the old commonwealth = and more than all perhaps the two grand women who have preceeded me in its charge are entitled to consider Sherbon prison their work- The strong brave hearted woman Mrs Atkinson who first dared to lay her hand, untried upon that mass of chaos, and command order and law, life & reformation to come out of it was braver than a general- the peaceful skillful beloved Dr Mosher who had the womanly courage to follow her, and strive and labor to shape still more perfectly, the swelling yeasty mass of human sin and misery till like a wounded color bearer she fell bravely praying some [one] comrade to bear them on to victory- There are the people whose work that prison is, and in their name, and theirs only, let me speak of it a moment and 2 commend it to your loving interest & tender care- Last May I found, as I entered its great halls- 230 women convicts - it has at present- 275 to 80- which with the those who so kindly care for them make us a family of something over 300.- These convicts I am expected to feed, cloth, work and govern - they in turn to be fed, clothed, worked, and obey - and the most comprehensive, and I believe correct report I could make would be, that we all faithfully perform what is expected of us- The manner in which it is accomplished; and the causes which lead to the necessity for such accomplishment, are then, the remaining points of importance - The causes are as various and wide spread as the sins & mishaps which beset erring humanity. but if you were to ask me what proportion I thought would be left, after all the temptations of liquor, and men were removed, I should not require a large sheet on which to write it down- Sherbon Reformatory is classed as a states prison and is thus squared by the same rules of discipline as ordinary states prisons for the retention of state [?][*3*] And yet it is to be remembered that not one fourth part of these women are guilty of, or convicted of any real crime, simply offences- Drunkenness and unseemly appearance upon the streets- and yet there poor hopeless, misguided, rum- wrecked women, and night-walking girls are sentenced to the same servitude-subjected to the same code of discipline- and go out with the same brand of shame upon the brow- nay far deeper than the clear headed- cool, intelligent [astute] calculating men of concord where every inmate is convicted of a crime. The sad correction settles down upon me every day - that the soul brain of the crime of the commonwealth are in concord -the wrecks they have made are in Sherborn and in my dealing with these women I cannot lose sight of this fact. They are more weak than wicked- often more sinned against, than sinning- and this to my mind invites a parental & maternal system of government; and to this they are all amenable -even the most obstinate yields to a rule of kindness firmly & steadily administered. A "composition" Prejudice, if not altogether invincible, is perhaps the most difficult, of all errors to be eradicated from the human mind; for by disguising itself under the respectable name of firmness, it passes through the world without censure, where upon vice would receive a severe reprimand. It may well be called the offspring of ignorance, for it takes its common rise from an unwillingness to give the subject a thorough investigation, to examine but one side, or if both, the faults of the one are passed over, and diminished, to suit the principles of the investigators, while those of the other are magnified, and blackened to the same degree. We see men of sound integrity, and good judgment, on subjects where prejudice does not intervene, acting where it does, below a standard of ordinary men, governed by a name, carried away by a sound. How endless, and intricate, are the misdealings of political prejudice: will not the circumstance of voting on the same side, often stand instead of the best qualities, in recommending one man to the good opinion of another: how often does a difference in political opinion destroy the social intercourse of neighbours, how often does it occasion the most bitter animosity, between men of respectable rank, and polished manners, which ends only in the shedding of blood. Clarissa H. Barton11-A "aguinaldo" It is early to form, not to say, give an opinion, on a question so little understood. Aguinaldo is young- enthusiastic,- probably ambitious, and doubtless patriotic. he has fought for his country - been a dangerous insurgent & foe- cost many lives, a defeated captive where success would have made him a hero. If Washington had been captured, he would have been hung. Napoleon went to St Helena. Jefferson Davis, and all his brave followers, was pardoned, lived and died like other men: would we today have had it otherwise? this is the mark of humanity. the enlightened progress of a century + Our government will I trust be wise under its beneficent head, and study Aguinaldo before it finally deals with him X The NY World sent for my opinion of what should be done with Aguinaldo, after his capture. 1 I am neither a believer in nor an advocate of capitol punishment, and have always been opposed to the pardoning power on the ground that it made capitol punishment a necessity for the safety of [the] communities. If a criminal could be sentenced to imprisonment for life, and remain so, the world would be safe from him, but no sooner is he sentenced2 than the officious, or sentimental or maudling or designing portions of society commence steps for his pardon - and at length such engineering is brought to bear that it is worth an official life to refuse and in due time he is pretty sure to be set at liberty in defiance of the law which found him quietly to prey anew upon his fellow men. Thus making it almost 3 if not quite a necessity to kill the criminal, in order to prevent him from killing others[*5. 15 not for print These are seven pillars of gothic mould In Chillon's dungeons deep and old, There are seven columns, massy and gray, Dim with a dull imprisoned ray. A sunbeam which hath lost its way. Below the surface of the lake The dark vault lies wherein we lay. We heard it ripple night and day. I said my nearer brother pined, I said his mighty heart declined, He loathed and put away his food, It was not that twas coarse and rude, For we were used to hunter's fare, And for the like had little care. The milk drawn from the mountain goat. was changed for water from the moat. Our bread was such as captive's tears Have moistened many a thousand years, since man first pent his fellow men*]Like brules within an iron den But what were these to us, or him. These wasted not his heart or limb. My Brother's soul was of that mould Which in a palace had grown cold Had his free breathing been denied The Range of the steep mountain side, But why delay the truth? — he died. 3 The genius of Byron has made the Prisoner of Chillon familiar to every household that reads the English tongue. Thousands have wept, and thousands more will weep over the pathos of the poet's lines that dispel the slow decay of the fair young brother, beautiful as a polar day. - The complete breaking down of the strong young man, and The solitary wretchedness of the survivor.- I cite this poem because it is a master piece of the highest genius upon the undying theme of brave men struggling with an overpowering calamity- the most finished picture in our language of prison sufferings.- Yet I cite it not for the purpose of comparison, but of contrast for believers Chillon and Andesson- ville. There is no point of comparison. No painter had painted, or poet sung4 nor had it entered into the mind of man to concieve the terrors that slavery had in store for American citizens, and American soldiers in the heart of their own country. For that picture even the lightest touches could be gleaned only from those master bards, who like Dante have undertaken to represent the horrors of the infernal regions. The prisoners of Chillon were but three: the prisoners of Andersonville were thirty thousand.— The former had shelter, if it were but the shelter of a dungeon.— The latter stood exposed to every violence of the elements. from the sirocco blast of July that scorched the native weeds, to the night winds of January that made ice two inches thick.— When winds were high and wanton occasional spray spray dashed through 5 Bonnivard's window.— The victims of Southern prisons had no windows, walls or roof, and every tempest-beat on their naked heads and backs. A single solar ray crept over Chillon's floor; the prisoners of Andersonville lay bare beneath a torrid sun that blistered where it smote. — The Swiss captives had bread and water till they thrust them aside.- Albeit they might be the prophet's bread and water of affliction,- but our martyrs had neither bread nor water.— Those suffered only from confinement and neglect, these, from all the artifices of ingenious malignity.-6 In the old peace times, - Anderson, Ga, - for there was no "ville" then, was merely a way station on the railroad from Macon to Eufala. It lies in Sumpter Co, 62 miles south of Macon, in a healthy region (for Southern [Country] climate) surrounded by some of the richest cotton and corn lands of the state. But improvement crept so slowly over the country, that the place had no celebrity, and scarcely even a name, till it rose in a few sad months to the bad eminence of being the vilest of military prisons, the fittest type of Pandemonium ever on our planet. the autumn of 1863 the accumulation of Federal Prisoners of war, at Richmond, Salisbury, and other places, induced the Rebel Authorities to select for a grand depot of prisoners, some place near to the sources of food, and remote from raiding parties.- 7 At the instance of Howell Cobb it was located [?] in South-Western Georgia, - the prison was laid out and prepared by a son of the famous General Winder, afterwards Commissary General of prisons and prisoners.- The place of confinement was a simple enclosure, open to the sky, containing at first 19- but later enlarged to 25 3/4 acres,- it was surrounded by a palisade of pine logs, 24 ft in length set close together and sunk five feet in the ground.- The gates were elaborate and strong forming small enclosures, constructed and worked on the principle of canal locks. This was again surrounded by two similar palisades - a tripple wall, each third alike impassable. The space enclosed, was longest - from North to South, and rose at either end in a rather steep rounded hill.-8 Between these hills was a narrow valley - traversed by a small, sluggish, unwholesome rivulet, - Five open sheds at each end were the only buildings of any kind within this space - And this enclosure, this famous, or infamous stockade, - was Andersonville, - prison, - and into this, each new shipment of prisoners was turned precisely as cattle are driven into a pen to be ready for the shambles. - Fifty two sentinels, placed at intervals in their boxes, kept watch and ward, upon the inner wall, [and] seven batteries of artillery stood ready at a word to rake the enclosure with grape and canister. Seventeen feet within the inner palisade ran a strip of board nailed on the top of little posts and forming the deadline so conspicuous in all the accounts of the place. - 9 The arrangement of a deadline was not peculiar to Andersonville, - It was not only common to most of the Southern prisons, but was adopted by the National government wherever Rebel prisoners were kept in open enclosures. - The distinction of the dead-line of Andersonville, was its excessive deadliness, - It was to all other dead-lines, as the cobra of India to the English viper, - Not only was no one allowed to cross it, but under the rule of the tyrant Wirz. no man might touch it and live. It is in evidence that men were shot for touching it accidentally, for approaching or standing within several feet of it. - or for reaching under it with a dipper on the end of a pole, for a drink of cleaner water. -There is an anecdote of our prison on Johnson's Island- related by a Confederate Surgeon, illustrating a more legitimate use of these precautions. A Rebel prisoner conceived the idea of letting himself out one dark night. with his jack-knife. he crept stealthily under the dead-line, and up to the wall directly under a sentry-box where it was not easy to see or shoot him, and there began to cut away a board-long and patiently he whittled without hindrance. At length the sentinel stooped down and in a half whisper not to be overheard accused him. "Say Reb. got a big job there, - guess you won't get through tonight. There's a 7 inch beam right ahead behind that board-you had better just crawl back and say nothing."- My informant related no farther, but I presume the advice was taken. This also serves to illustrate the different temper and spirit in which the respective prisons, North & South were conducted: Outside the stockade and at a little distance, was a similar enclosure, ostentatiously called a "hospital"- at first it had no covering but the sky.- and no beds but the ground. Later, arbors of pine boughs were added. There were next replaced in part, and only in part, by very ragged tents; and finally about 3 months before the evacuation, 22 sheds were put up for the most part mere nude roofs with neither sides nor floor. Some were supplied with rough bunks, and some with straw, but a large part of the patients emaciated to skeletons, covered with unsightly sores, lay and rolled and moaned.raved, prayed, and died, in the sand & vermin. From this so-called hospital, to the cemetery equally rude, the transition was natural and rapid; There the uncoffined dead were placed side by side. with arms resting upon each other, athwart long shallow trenches and cover 9 acres of ground. The 1st installment of Federal prisoners arrived on the 15th of February 1864.- The morning of the 27th of April 1865- brought the news of the surrender of Joe Johnson and the virtual conclusion of peace.- Thus the prison was in full operation fourteen months and ten days.- during all this time a stream of fresh captives was constantly pouring in, and few passed out of those gates but to the grave In the month of August-1864. 32,500 starving wrecks of humanity lay, scorched and sweltering on the burning sands of that pitiless enclosure of 25 acres, not a tree - or shrub or blade of grass, or water that a horse would not turn from in disgust. 100 per day- 3000 in a month- came out through those massive gates of death to find only in the crowded trenches beyond the captives release, and the martyr's rest. My friends, I shall not attempt to paint for you any picture of that prison- the undertaking were too great and if it were possible to do the subject justice you would be more shocked and disgusted, than edified, yet you will no doubt expect me in speakingof the subject at all to indicate in some way what caused and what constituted the peculiar horrors of Southern prisons, and of this one in particular. A little reflection will convince us that the severe confinement of several thousand men without an enormous outlay for penetenitary buildings must inevitably be attended by a great lack of comfort. We must also bear in mind that the Rebels with all their boasts were really poor in all the comforts and conveniences of civilized life. But it was not of there necessary evils that our soldiers complained, but of those inflicted by the carelessness, the cupidity and the deliberate malice of the enemy. In the first place the prisoners were habitually pillaged by their chivalric captors, stripped of all good clothing, money, watches, and every article of value, thus they often entered upon captivity in a state bordering upon complete nudity. In the next place they were entirely [completely] without shelter. If the fact had not become so familiar to us, it would be incredible, the idea is so preposterous, of keeping feeble men, starved men, naked men, standing out of doors for 13 months whether there were rain or hail, or wind or frost, whether the thermometer stood at 150 in the sun, or near zero as it sometimes did. A priest testified on the trial of Wirz, that he saw a prisoner's foot split open like an oyster shell by the heat of the sun.- In the severe nights in winterNumbers froze to death- They hoisted what scantly garments they had to sereen them from the blistering rays of the summer sun, and in winter they imitated the herds and huddled together to save what warmth they had and when days and nights of rain succeeded each other. There was no place of rest, and all who had strength roamed about the enclosure and trod the slippery soil unto a mortar 12 inches deep. - When the stockade was at-its-fullest if the strip guarded by the dead-line, oh the swamps in the center were deducted, the available space for each prisoner, was about- 2 1/2 guards,- on that little area he was to perform all the aels of my life month after month. The third great-evil in that southern climate was the privation of pure water. The swamp that occupied the center of the stockade was traversed by a shallow,unwhole(?)- some mineral-five or six inches deep. - And this meager streamlet- was to supply a population larger than that of Savannah- or of Hartford et. Twice as a large as that of Columbus, Ohio or of Indianapolis. - Three times that of the city of Toledo or of Quincey, and almost 5 times that-of St Paul or Peoria - As the courthouses, and prison guards were on the upper part of the stream, just outside the stockad, it entered in the enclosure almost- in the condition of a common sewer, and it left in a condition worse than any city sewer. In their distress the prisoners dug wells with spoons, and sticks, sometimes to the depth of 80 feet, But there wells were the private property of the diggers and did not mitigate the common suffering But what serves to aggravate there circumstances beyond all rational endurance is the fact that there was no necessity for them. there was so scarcity of water in that Country.- Before locating the prison, two other cities were examined (one in the town of Albany ,- the other at Magnolia Springs, at each of which there was an a alren - dance of excellent water. And even at Anderson there was a ? and never failing stream. The rushing of where sweet waters for it was so large as to lean a name, and was called sweet water creek could in still evenings be heard by the prisoners, parched with fever - thirsting and dying in the hospital and stockade. Tempting as the fabled waters of Tantalee(?) or the mirage of the desert, A section of this stream might easily have been included within the prison limit if it had so pleased the Rebel agents, but comfort or mercy seems to have formed no part of their policy. The heal; the diseases and the want-of water measurated(?) the accumulation of filth until the eflencia(?) was encountered(?) at the distance of two miles. And this in turn engendered the most noisome forms of insect life. They filled in the air like swamps of flees covered the of the men and permeated the dust and dirt to the depth of a foot. In this dearth of the pure elements of earth it was like the hand of a pitying Providence.that a violent rain in mid summer overthrew a steep bank and let out a spring of the purest water directly under the dead-line- life and death in the most dramatic juxta-position.- The literature of all nations contains beautiful episodes on the breaking fourth of [?] from the ground - [?] fountains of [?], and [?] [a???he] well Zemzem. but I doubt of ever prophet evoked waters more needed, or more welcome, than this flowing spring in the prison of Andersonville - I have been this particular in mentioning this because I have seen a denial of its existence on what ought to be good authority. I speak of my own [perrenal?] observation it is true. = [that spring is there cool and cleat the only pleasing feature in that horrid spot] This calls to mind a remark of a returned prisoner- more liberally endowed perhaps with good common sense than Scholarship- who was called as a witness in the Wirz Trial.- In the course of a conversation at my house one day. This very subject of the volunteer spring as they cheerily called it came up.- One soldier remarked that he had come to avoid speaking of that, as he could never find people ready to believe him when he did.- and he did not choose to risk his reputation for veracity.- "Thats so," replied his plainer comrade,- thats so, - - its pretty hard for us soldiers to find believers for anything we say. When we tell em that the rebels starved the prisoners till they couldn't walk22 and then kicked and killed um, because they got poor and weak and weak and couldn't get out of the way. And that they shot men just for fun, who hadn't done nothing and couldn't do nothing. They don't believe us because they say it's too bad to believe - "And if we tell um that when we hadnt had a drop of clean water for months on the heat of summer, that God sent us some, they wont believe us because they say its too good to believe - "Now the fact is, - said he - drawing his yet lean frame up to its most majestic height - "the fact is" - if all these folks here to home, had been through them southern prisons as we have, and come out alive, - they would believe just two things a good deal stronger than they do today - one is 23 that the Almighty is very good - and the other - that the southern confederacy was very bad." - The 4th special greivance was the insufficiency and wretched quality of the food, money taken before the congress - and of this I need not speak Men gave the last article of clothing they [possessed] had in the world in exchange for an onion or a potatoe What must have been the mortality under this condition of things? [?] was [li?] of bacon - a sweet potato or a piece [?hes] square of what was called bread [?] from an unsifted meal of corn and [cowp?] bacon was unsound - and the bread half [?ned] and containing such portions of [cob?] that the coatings of the stomach were4 entirely destroyed by them - and death would frequently have ensued from this cause alone - No part of the ration was served with regularity - and frequently whole days passed without food of any kind, Sometimes the ration was issued uncooked, but in no case were dishes, utensils, or fuel for preparing or serving food provided. The prisoners made their own kitchen and table ware from such articles as they could pick up - canteens - cattle horns stove pipes and barrel heads - and these obtained with great difficulty. - Few had the means to procure extra articles of diet - and besides, the purchase of food was prohibited under severe penalty. A single instance will illustrate the working of this rule - the cupidity and incredible meanness of of the officials about the prison. - A prisoner - named James Hamilton 25 suffering severely from the scurvy was one day lying on the ground, crying for vegetables, and raving about his mother, and his home, - At that time, Duncan, the baker, came in with his cart of corn bread - and asked him what he wanted, - Hamilton replied that he wanted onions, - - Duncan offered to bring him some for the coat he had on, which was a better one than usual, - the coat to be given in advance - - The prisoner consented, and gave up his garment - - The next day brought Duncan with two bunches of leeks, as the price - but Wirz with him to witness the violation of the rule - Duncan threw down the vegetables, exclaiming that he had done his part - when Wirz immediately "confiscated" them - and not content with that - he ordered Hamilton to be placed in the stocks for 12 hours, where he became raving mad, and died uttering fearful imprecations of his murderers -Innumerable instances of this character are related. Some of which are perhaps exaggerated but the survivors bear with them a terrible record not to be gainsaid-of direct-and intentional barbar- ities. These tortures, inflicted immediately by the deprived will of man- cruel artillery punishments for artificial offences and the pursuit of fugitives by blood hounds. Form the last of the glasses of great evils to which i can make (?) (?) passing allusion- I leave it to those who earn to pursue the unpleasing theme- To prelude to themselves how there prisoners amounting to between 30 and 40 thousand- live and died by day and by night in the heat of the summer - the cold of the winter, and the rains of the seasons, with no work, no amusement-no encouragement-and scarcely a hope in the distance- But there is one fact which in justice to there brave men i cannot omit to mention, when calamities at which i have no more than hinted were heaped upon them for fourteen months- leaving nothing from their own government for which they had encountered all, apparently abandoned and forgotten in their desolation and misery. They were constantly plied with inducements to renounce their allegiance, and join the rebel standard It is recorded that 25 resorted to apostasy to save their lives-25 out of more than 30,000, (?) one for every 1500- an example of national fidelity hardly credible- it is the old story of the early christian martyrs who faced the torments of the coliseum rather than by the slightest act acknowledge a foul and heathen superstition. It is proper to say a wordabout that quarter designed exclusively for the sick and therefore called the hospital -- where nearly all were sick, and from the same causes - want of shelter - clothing - water - food and air - by no means all were taken to the hospital. There was always a large sick list in the stockade, and it was even said that [6000] died on the ground and in there [burreres] which like [prairie] [marmots] they excavated in the sides of the hills - For some time after the establishment of the prison, no separate accommodations were provided for the sick, - who simply shared the common treatment. When their numbers became very great, some dilapidated tents were pitched, sufficient; according to the highest estimate to cover 1000 men, the number of the sick amounted at one to nearly 4000. The kitchen establishment consisted of three large kettles, and nothing more,- Of this, which was called the old hospital, there remained at the time of my visit in August 1865 nothing but heaps of rubbish. The new hospital consisting of incomplete sheds, was [commeneed] [barely] [8] months before the evacuation, - and was never finished [nor] occupied- In the so called hospital there was neither furniture, beds, bedding nor straw,- The wretched patients lay on the filthy ground,- The food here was the same as in the stockade. To men wasting under diseases [engendered] by nutritionwas given a daily ration of less than 10 ozs of solid food, always inferior and ill selected, often unwholesome. In our own military prisons, the smallest ration was 34 1/2 ounces- of good quality and suitable variety. No prison or penitentiary of modern times, not even the Algerine pirates has given so little food. - In [kind] it was still the same doubtful [?]- the same bread of corn [?] and [cowpeas]- or the latter element made into a soup.-- Fresh meat was rare and the [introduction] of fresh vegetables was prohibited- [wires] imprisoned and threatened with death the humane [Da] Head for smuggling in a few from his own garden. The dispensary was as it supplied as the kitchen, and with the deli provided, medicine would have been a mockery- The mortality here was without a parallel in the history of prisoners. Thirteen thousand soldiers of the union lie buried in the great cemetery at Andersonville, nearly one third of the whole number who entered, equal to our loss in four of the greatest battles of the war, - [lives] as many as all that fell of the French - Austrian and [Sardinian] armies in the war of more than fell in 22 great battles of the British army from 1801 to 1854 [Ineludens ?], and all the campaigns in France, Spain, Egypt, and the [Arimea]. The prison [reoislirs] [?] a roll of 17.873 said to have received medical treatment and this is supposed to include those who died in the main prison. But ineither care I [?] over of this number would be a mortality [?] 7 23/4 per rent: to [?] one who entered the dreadful the cl[?] were nearly as 301 that he would never [?] out alive- In the English hospitals of Constantinople where mismanagement thrilled the British people with horror and indignation the annual less was only 10 percent in the prison hospital of Andersonville it was 72 [?]eerding to the reports of the surgeon general mortality in all the general hospitals of the army during the last year of alive [?] including there dangerously demanded was eight percent since the [?] of hostilities it has been a fraction [?] 2 percent this is probably the[?] standard of compassion our that the death rate at Andersonville times as great an it needed to be. Of the rebel prisoners confirmed at Front Delaware. Two percent dead in eleven months At Johnson's island the deaths were but two percent in 21 months it may be asked how much of this death [?] on suffering was creditable, and how much the reveal of carelessness or malice preference at least the Robbins shooting and healing of prisoners the stocks and chain gangs and prohibition of fresh vegetables were not to be charged on Dennie Porrdenee but on human personality. I have said that amendment might have been had it wanted the same is free of buildings, premature and full a dime growth of heavy timber was cleared away to make room for the prison. The(84) trees were cut-down, in part to form the stockade and buildings, and partly arth the avowed intention of depriving the Yankees of shade- But the whole region was heavily timbered and one of the finest forests in America east it's morning and evening shadows over that field of desolation, where knots of wood the size of a man's fist had a market value of fifty ants There was a steam saw-mill within a few hundred yards - and twenty sawmills on the railroad between Anderson & Maeon There mills were estimated to eat 20,000 feet of lumber per day- The prisoners represented all the useful and ornamental arts, and if they had been allowed the one of few tools they would with no [searecly] [any] east to the kites Conpedenresy [haie?] Why did [not] the Rebel authorities not [alienate?] Washington, DC., , 186 costs nothing Suffering, where remedy world have Ah why! - A thousand times I have asked me that question and it is still unanswered - angle sarcons- Americans- our own flesh and blood how came they by this demon spirit of cruelty; - God only knows, can it be that like pharaoh of old their hearts were hardened that they should not let the people go. And like that nation do they suffer. Today the [eny?] comes up to [???] "the South is starving"- no food - no clothes - no medicine for our sick- starving - hundreds dying of exposure, [and] neglect, and poverty. Ah did they not know I must le so; had they never read, with what measure ye meet[Please add the underscores to the initial "Give to them" phrase.] it shall be measi [measured?] out to you again had they never learned the laws of compensation [It must be so, their brother] did they not know that Justice was born of God - immutable and eternal. Vengence is mine saith the Lord I will repay - still would you not give to them. say there good people before me - Give to them. Yes; give them everything they need, send them food, clothing, medicine for their sick, money for their nameless wants. we have enough. send them all they can possibly need. do them every mercy which human heart can conceive, leaving justice to heaven - for - Vengence is mine saith the Lord - I will repay. Friends have we not followed this terrible phantom far enough. There lie our martyred dead their blood crying to Heaven for their wrongs - . there sit their [persecutors] murderors crying [to us for bread] = to the mothers of their victims for bread-. Oh the crushing weight of the Almighty's hand, who shall withstand, [verily it is a fearful thing to fall into the hand] Let us turn away from the picture,- do our duty,- love mercy-. [&] stand still, and see the salvation of God-. It must be a pitiful sight indeed from which one would turn to a battlefield for relief - but come with me even to the great battles of the hard early days andall dreadful as they were methinks you will find relief in the change Let us look into this for all soldiers were not prisoners some died when but lived and died upon the field. Let us turn to them provided themselves with collages and even elegant mansions-and frequented them with the conveniences of dominate life- They did the rebel authorities not alternate sufferings whose remedy would have cost them nothing? Let us take each other's view of the ease, and suppose that they were indifference to the worse motive than a [?] indifference to the wants and sufferings of their captives. I admit indeed that this is an enlarged charity which a St Paul or an Augustine might admire- and if there was such remissness in regard to wood and water. There might well be slight greater in articles which tempted stupidity. There is reason to believe that peculation by the officials was prevented to an enormous extent. unless all rebel regards are fabrications36 (and I suppose day one mainly) very considerable supplies were furnished which never reached their ostensible destination. The rebel commissary Harrold, - who was summoned with his book to the trial of Wirz, testified that in the months of July [and] August, and September 1864 alone he shipped by rail to Andersenville 265,365 lbs. Bacon 223,000 bush meal 37000 sacks flour 30,000 lbs rice 375 lbs. syrup 65 barrels whiskey A simple computation will show that this was more than food enough to supply abundantly, the prisoners their guards, and all other persons at the post. Hence one of two suppositions is inevitable, either Harrold's books were fictitious and his testimony false, or the larger portion of the supplies were appropriated and sold by the 37 officers of the prison. The district had been selected as one of the richest in the south - in corn, wheat, rice cattle and hogs, - and one which had never been wasted by marching or encamping armies, - and the everglades of Florida - swarming with wild cattle were within easy reach by rail road - On the whole I cannot avoid the conclusion that the [case] care demanded by either common honor or common humanity, - would have prevented by far the greater part of the suffering - Another question here naturally arises was the mismanagement of the Southern prisons, known and sanctioned by the Authorities at Richmond?? - As a partial answer to this question, - it must be admitted by all, that a system so vast and so strongly markedIn all its features, commencing under their very eyes at Libby and Belle-Isle- and reaching to Texas, ought to have been well known, there is also abundant evidence that it was,- although that evidence is often endured and fragmentary.- Time will allow me to touch but very lightly on this evidence- merely to notice one or two witnesses,- Dr Joseph Jones, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Georgia sent by the Confederate Surgeon General, in the summer of 1864.- To make an inspection of this prison. He made a pretty full and truthful report of its horrors, but no remedial action was taken.- Nearly at the same time, in consequence of the loud complaints made- the Rebel [?????] of War. appointed Col D.J. chandler to inspect the Southern prisons- This officer gave a vivid account of the sufferings of the prisoners. showing both from the acts and the open declarations of General Winder. That, that- inhuman jailor favored the reduction of the Yankees by starvation and disease.- (The response to this [??????] report was) His report reached Richmond on the 17th of August. excited much remark- and was laid personally before secretary Seddon.- Adjutant General had endorsed on it "The condition of the prison at Andersonville is a reproach To us as a Nation"- But the only action upon it by Dairs and Sedden was to appoint the attrocious winder Commissary General and commander of all military prisons throughout the Confederate States.- They were satisfied that he was the right man in the right place.There can be no doubt that it was the policy of the Richmond Cabal. To render prisoners unfit for further service before they exchanged them. In a letter to Winder, read on the trial of Wirz. Robert Oreld says "The arrangement I have made works largely in our favor we get-rid of a set of miserable ureleties and receive in return some of the best material I ever saw. This of course is between ourselves." At the risk of taxing your patience. longer than I would wish. I will advert briefly to one other point. To which my attention is called in one way or another almost every day - - Few persons hear or read of the sufferings which I have referred to rather than described, without contrasting them in some way with the comfortable quarters- the abundant food. clear linen. books and company. allowed to The prisoner at Fortress Monroe - I have out the slightest sympathy with this bold bad man. Whose ambition and self will were among the prime causes which brought so many calamities on our common country- The congress of the United States indignantly rejected the proposal of retaliation as a cure for the Rebel barbarities and I am sure no American (no one) will regret that our prisoners were treated in conformity with the laws and usages of the most civilized nations. So the idea of treating Jefferson Davis as the victims of. Rebel prisons were treated is out of the question we never would treat anyone so,--Again the war is over and retaliation has lost it's force.- Confinement has prove no legitimate object but security or punishmentfor revenge is an unworthy motive in individuals. and skill more in nations- Punishment- is out of place Till after trial and conviction; and cruelty or indignities are not necessary to security. Again the treatment awarded to a prisoner everywhere. out of the reach of Oriental despotism is graduated in some degree according to his previous rank and dignity. I will not discuss the question whether a captive prinee[?] should be treated better than a private soldier. it is sufficient that (in) all evilized[?] malions acknowledge a wide difference: and this country could gain nothing by depending from the common evilized wage, to compensate for the universal odium that would be inversed We appreciate the good opinion of mankind and would not willingly give the enemy occasion to speak reproachfully.- Where he is. Mr Davis can do no harm except by creating sympathy; and all harsh wage tends to glorify him the more as a martyr, without doing us any good. In a few years we should be very sorry and ashamed we we To have misured a prisoner empathy in our power. and the high position he might have once occupied would by no means lessen the mortification. It is to be regretted that Jefferson Davis hangs on our hands like an elephant drawn in a lottery. and that a satisfactory desposition of him is so difficult. Most persons of all parties are ready to say. that he should have been long ere this. put on his trial and either convicted of whaever crimes are laid to his charge, or acquitted._ But by what agency shall he be tried? -- A Military Commission46 on the Count of the United States?-- The one would be sure to condemn.- the other almost as sure to acquit- and from neither could a fair trial he expected With a military court; condemnation and sentence are almost foregone conclusions- brave doubts have always been entertained of the constitutionality of such tribunals.- and these doubts have been powerfully strength- -ened by the recent decisions of the Supreme Court To try Mr. Davis by a military court would be but to canonize him as a martyr from where blood new apostles of secession would arise.-. To Try him by any civil Court in the Southern States unless the jury were notoriously picked and packed for the occasion would be to secure him a Triumphant acquittal.- In this dilemma. Horace Greely and other liberal men proposed to let him out on bail- But this would be merely letting him go scot free. If once set at liberty, he would never be recalled for a trial beset with so grave difficulties and if he should seek an asylum in in some foreign country, his sureties would never be harrassed for the penalty of his bond. Hence in the uncertainty as to future developments it is not clear that any other course would have been wiser than the one followed by the government. But why have I dwelt so long on unpleasant themes,? and painful scenes?- Surely not to engender or perpetuate angry feelings. We utterly disown any animosity toward our erring brethren- We are willing I trust to pass(forgive?) over the past (must not [???????????])but not to forget it All the treasure wasted.- all the blood andShed since 1860 we have seen as the natural print of that Upas tree of death where baleful branches were overshadowing the land- the logical result of that social system which strive to keep mankind divided into thee classes,- one haughty arrogant- and unfeeling -one ignorant and brutalized,- the third reduced to commercial chattels. -It is of that and its fruits I speak- against that system of hereditary inequalities; and all kindred systems we will have war from generation to generation- we will seek to establish on enlightenment, security of life- person and property liberty of employment. Locomotion thought- and speech the enlightenment of a liberal christian education placed within the reach of all from the loftiest to the lowliest In the establishment of there we hope and believe, that our children are yet to realize the new Heavens and the new earth wherein dweleth righteousnessWe are wont to attribute the chief suffering of these men to insufficiency of food, and while this is probably just, still to the mind of one who has looked over the scanty pitiless spot of earth to which they were confined, and taken into consideration the numberless trials which must have grown out of the privation of space, and the necessary conveniences of life. The conviction will force itself that there latter woes fell conveniences of life. The conviction will force itself that these latter woes fell but little short of the former. It is to be remembered, that during 14 long months, they know neither shelter nor protection from the changable skies above, nor the pitiless earth beneath. The treacherous nature of the parching to seams in the sun. Gullying and sliding under their feet with every shower, must have augmented their ills almost beyond conception.I watched the effect of a heavy fall of rain and in 30 minutes the entire hillside, which had been their sole abiding place were one rolling mass of slippery mud. Think of 30,000 men penned by close stockade upon 20 acres of ground, without shelter or blanket half clad, and hungry with the dreamy night setting in after a day of autumn rain. The hill [???] would not hold them all, the valley was filled with the swollen brook. What did they do? -- I need not ask. where did they go? - for on the face of the whole green earth there was no place but this for them - ; but where did they place themselves how did they live Ay: how did they die? But this is onlt one feature of their suffering and perhaps the lightest, - Of the long daggling months, when gaunt famine stalked at noon-day, and pestilence walked by night; and upon the seamed and parching earth the cooling rains fell not,- I will not trust me to speak. I dare not even think, If my heart were strong enough to draw the picture, there are thousands all through the land Too crushed and sore to look upon it_ But [after this] friends when any man who has lain, a prisoner within the stockade of Andersonville, would tell you of his sufferings how he fainted, scorched,- drenched,-hungered sickened - was scoffed;- scourged, hunted and persecuted, though the late be long and twice told, as you would have your own wrongs appreciated - your own woespitied. Your own cries for mercy heard - I charge you listen, and believe him - However definitely he may have spoken, know that he has not told you all - However strongly he may have outlined or deeply he may have colored his picture know that the reality calls for a better light, and a nearer view than your distant gaze will ever get. And your sympathies need not be confined to Andersonville, while similar horrors glared in the sunny light and spotted the flower girt garden fields of that whole desperate - misguided and bewildered people - Wherever stretched the form of a Union prisoner, there rose the signal for cruelty, and the cry of agony - And there day by day grew the skeleton graves of the nameless dead.This document has handwritten numerical figures in a variety of positions all over the document. Only letters are: Anderson ville Beginning at the top left of the page: [upside down, facing the left upper corner] 400 1200 115 _______ 50 [slanting down towards right corner] 1620 1620 1594 ________ 4834 3 ______ 14502 [upside down facing towards left corner] 640 ) 11 3000 ______ 4640 3070 ______ 640 [Beginning back top middle of page:] 1295 865 ______ 2160 2 _______ 52) 4320 (83 4163 ________ 160 60 58 129156 31 28 12000 ___ 59 15 ___ 74 60 [still middle part of page] [upside down, just left of center] 31 24 _____ 124 62 _____ 766 160 ________ 44666 [back to center, just right of above] 10,536 60 ___________ 12920 ) 632,160 / 49 51680 / __________ 115360 6280 [superimposed beneath last two figures above, written upside down, last two entries are the ones beneath image] 31 24 ___________ 124 62 ____________ 744 60 _____________ 44640 )14 3000 _____________ 14640 12000 [to the left of the above figures, upside down] 24 60 __________ 127) 1440 (11 127 ________________ 300179 [faintly see a 440 beneath it] [back to top right column, figures angled to the bottom left corner] 365 46 ________ 319 12000 365 74 _________ 439 24 __________ 1756 24 878 12 ___ _______ 28 810536 4 ________ 1152 6 _________ 6912 ________ 576 It was only in the autumn of 1869, whilst a visitor in Europe that I first learned for the existence of the International Society of Geneva for the aid of the wounded in war; and that for several years constant exertions had been made towards inducing the United States to accede to the treaty which had been established. Connected as I had been, with the subject with which it dealt, it naturally commended itself to me with peculiar force; and the opportunity to observe its methods, and study its principles, which immediately presented in the great campaign of 1870-71 was all that could be required to settle any doubts as to the practical utility of this world wide humanity; and I left Europe under promise to others, and a firm pledge to myself, to attempt to bring the subject to the favorable attention of our Government and to the knowledge of our citizens. I, however, at once foresaw the difficulties one must struggle against, in an endeavor to interest an issolated, unwarlike nation, intensely engaged in the peaceful arts, in any subject relating simply to war. True it had not always rested under the banner of peace. A few years ago, its people had risen, unskilled, and untaught from their fields and workshops--armed, and fought an awkward, sanguinary, [fratricidal?] war because they must, and laying it down gladly when they might, turned their faces from the foe and the slain and hastening to their homes filled the whole land with their glad chant of peace, and hymns of praise to Almighty God that henceforth there was to be no more war for them. They were not without charity or mercy, and had regard for humanity, but felt little interest in war; it is not in the genius of our people. Again there were 50,000000 of inhabitants, covering an area of 3 1/2 Billions square miles, all speaking one language, having comparatively little acquaintance with others. No Red cross literature in English had reached our reading public. This was the [condition?] of things, when, as late as 1877, after only a partial recovery from a [disease-- aging?] illness of years. I proceeded to lay before the United States Government the written documentof our honored President. m. Moymer, modesty. but earnestly praying it, once more, to acceed to the treaty so frequently urged upon it. you will not be surprised that the efforts of a weak woman was delayed, where the strongest men had failed. - and as all know, this delay continued until a little more than two years ago, and then, the movement succeeded only by the faer of having incorporated with in, the interests and relief of the great calamities other then war, which, at painfully short intervals sweep one portion of or another of our great country like the avenging spirit of an angry deity. The subject of meeting and properly providing for the great public misfortunes so frequently befallen our people had long been for me a matter of serious reflection, and it appeared little less than providential that this door of the resolution of Berlin of 1969 was opened as a solution of the problem. I had, however, the gravest fears in the calamities of peace, lest, failing to make this work in the calamities of peace, necessity to be comprehended by other nations, and especially to be favored by our honored head at Geneva, we should fail to be recognized, and thus, be refused a place in the concert of nations's and the basis, upon which I rested my chief- hope. was the fact of a similar proposition which had been mentioned in the Berlin conference of 1869. Neither our kindred societies, nor the world will ever know with what anxiety their decisions were watched by me during there uncertain months for One of the latest acts of our idolized and martyred President Garfield had placed me, unseeking, at the head of the work, and of the movement in our vast country, and made me responsible for it all; and as the thousands of tolling bells from sea to sea, sobbed out the grief of a broken hearted nation. I took upon me one more pledge to do faithfully and well, to the limit of my power and strength the work he had left for me to do. Thanks to the courtesy of national societies and the broad, generous views of our honored international head, we were accepted with our15 The American Association of the Red Cross For the relief of suffering by war, pestilence, famine, flood, fires, and other calamities of sufficient magnitude to be deemed national in extent. The Association and its auxiliary societies operate under the provisions of the Geneva Treaty, promulgated at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864, and signed since then by all the nations of the earth, including the United States, which gave in its adhesion through President Arthur, in March, 1882. CHESTER A. ARTHUR PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF CONSULTATION. Executive Officers. CLARA BARTON, PRESIDENT. WALTER P. PHILLIPS, GENERAL SECRETARY. GEORGE KENNAN, TREASURER. Trustees. CHARLES J. FOLGER. ROBERT T. LINCOLN. GEORGE B. LORING. Constitution, as we hoped, strictly comformable to custom, and with our own annexed scope of work which will always prove itself to us tenfold more arduous than the original. It is of this work, of our little [two] 5 years years of national life, that I am to speak a few hasty words. + No war has come to us, and until today we have been called to aid in none: - but we have not been idle. In that time the relief of [six] 9 distinct national calamities has fallen to our hands. One forrest fire- [one] 2 cyclones- and four floods, two of the Ohio, and two of the Mississippi and one alleged of any formed. . In each of these the national Asso. has taken the initiative, and acted directly, either through its agents, or its officers. The forest fire of Michigan, as you well recollect, occurred in the autumn of 1881, directly following the formation of the national Asso. in June, and previous to either the adoption of the treaty, or the formation of Associate societies. This was a fire which devastated an area of timber and farming lands [22 recopied] And yet we [estimate] that in money & material 175000 dolls were raised & distributed [for the completion of our records of that long, severe, and sometimes perillous campaign. But I feel myself safe in saying that over a hundred and thirty thousand dollars in money and material must have passed through our distribution.] Chicago Red Cross Society alone raised over thirty thousand dollars in money, beside an almost-endless amount of valuable material sent it to the central committee. (These computations are at present being made, but as yet we have scarce had time to breath.) Its methods of work so awakened the interest of the people during the time, that the Red Cross came to be regarded with peculiar and absorbing interest, by the directors of public charities, and several large cities as N.Y. and Philadelphia, from knowing little of it at first, having given it slight attention up to this time, closed their relief work in the flood of 1884, by passing over to us [the national committee] whatever remained on hand, unexpended or unused, [We have something over 20 good]Texas - T-11 Partial scrap of some article in TexasSee many have seem discouraged, one left but it is asking much of a miserable of a man with a family, to walk out and leaving all he has ever seen recumbent [*and*] so [?] and homeless into the heaven world. Were there people slamming and Molt [?] forbid that any human being slave in the United States of America. I can easily see heaven, how true are evolution, my full plenty of an lana circled leafthat they were - and cry aloud for help & and [it was noble sty did in] in even of what - might have taken place, it seems well they did. - but one accustomed to see whole cities crawling out of months of bombardment, capitulating for hunger, recognized that there was not actual starvation here - but there was great and painful want, - dire and save necessity, such as no community in this country understanding it - clearly (?) - would for a [moment] day - permit - surely not the great hay tropical state7 of Texas- with her millions of acres- and [full] full Treasury. I saw at once that in the vastness of its territory [it] the real need was [simply] not understood. by her people, it had not reached and come home to them, but that once comprehending; it- would be their wish to have it known to themselves and not to others outside. I have labored to hold it hence and wait. Patient [?] brings its reward - the last two weeks have so far changed the entire aspect- as to leave but one necessity & It may not however be generally understood of the people that the[*7 1/2*] 100,000 dollars has been appropriated by the legislature. Some rains have fallen under which the fall wheat grows endeavor of life, we feel that the drought is broken. [it is now spring] Congress has arranged to send 10,000 dollars worth of small seeds, the spring is at hand, and with all it brings and th[?] small seeds in the gardens and the help f[?] the states appropriation. We can hope then will be no more immediate want; [*8*] late appropriation by the legislature of 100,000 was exclusively for food - and the [body of] Hon. commissioners appointed to distribute it - so for as I learn have no power to distribute a dollar of this appropriation for any other purpose. This must be acknowledging a handsom appropriation on the part of the state which has shown itself by no means unmindful of the welfare of its peoples - but this appro- -priation makes no provision[*9*] acres which the little sorely tried owners. have no means to purchase = [to half the seem appropriate by the state] a room only half as large as that appropriated by the legislation [from] inserted in oats, corn, sorghum, millet or such other varieties of production as [??] [com] common to the farm lands [here] of this vicinity - and placed at once in the hands of these farmers, would with the blessing of God in his early and latter rains bring all that struggling county into prosperity[*10*] [and] a plenty and [self] best of all into self helpfulness [last two words underlined] I believe for the [?] study I have made [any] of the characteristics of [?] people that, one good year, with the lessons in provisional economy they have, perhaps providentaily learned in the two last, not only will place them, far beyond all future need of help, but make them a pride to the state - a help to the nation and an honor to their race. I desire when I pass over the boundary line of Texas11 on my way to the East, to feel that the people of this great & beautiful state, have taken this last little want in hand, with the great determination which shall in these weeks bring it forever out of sight. and realize within themselves a joy in their bright good deeds [any] second only to that [of] which will fill the hearts of those [so] who through long waiting under the Rod, have grown weary & sore - [and] after time - faint, disheartened - and it was not strange if sometimes doubtful12 of [the God] the Father love & care for his creatur.[*Early sketch of RX Interesting that no mention made of Henry Dunant*] A Sketch of The History of The Red Cross I Origin and Progress. This society had its inception in the minds of two noble men of Switzerland: M. Gustave Moynier and Dr Louis Appia. Dr Appia had served as an army surgeon at the battle of Solferino, and was, deeply impressed with a conviction of the need of more extended and efficient means for ameliorating the condition, consequent on war than any that yet existed. M. Moynier also had entertained similar views, and had published, a little work entitled: "A Souvenir of Solferino," in which he strongly advocated more humane and extensive appliances of aid to wounded soldiers. As a result of these thoughts and the consultations between himself and Dr. Appia, M. Moynier, who was at that time President of the Society of Public Utility of Switzerland, called a meeting of his society to consider "A proposition relative to the formation of Permanent Societies for the Relief of wounded Soldiers." This meeting took place on the 9th of February 1863. At it, the President laid the matter fully before the Society by which it was heartily received, and acted upon, notwithstanding such a course led the association into a very different and much larger sphere of benevolence than it habitually occupied. 2 A committee was then and there appointed, with M. Moynier at its head, to examine into methods by which the desired programme might be realized, and to report accordingly. The first steps of the Commission were taken almost with timidity, so fully did they realize their responsibility, and so sensible were they of the grandeur and vastness of the undertaking. They appreciated also the difficulty and arduousness of the work they proposed, and the incessent activity and tiriless perseverence demanded in order to secure a successful denoument. Ignoring all obstacles, however, the Commission finally resolved on a plan which seemed possible of execution. It further announced for the 26th of the following October a reunion, to which were invited men of all countries sympathising with their views or able to assist in their discussion. This International Conference was held at the appointed time and continued four days. The resolutions adopted at this time contain the fundamental principles of the work since accomplished. Upon this base was built, from this Chart was wrought out the Geneva Treaty, and the plan of all the National Permanent Relief Societies. Upon this the Red Cross was founded. After this conference which had well3 3 prepared the way, the Commission, perceiving the immensity of the work before them, felt the need of an organization independent altogether from the Society of Public Utility and at once, with its approval, separated from it the Commission assuming the sole responsibili ty of its future proceedings, and constituting itself; "The Industrial Committee of Relief to Wounded Soldiers.[underlined] One of the first things appa- -rent to the International Committee as urgently needed for the successful prosecution of their work, was the endorsement, by the several States of Europe of a Treaty [treat underlined] which should recognize the neutrality [neutrality underlined] of the Hospitals [hospitals underlined] Established, of the wounded [wounded underlined], and of all persons [persons underlined] and effects [effects underlined], connected with the Sanitary; and also that they should adopt a uniform protec -tive sign or badge. At the close of the Conference, the International Committee commenced negotiations. It inquired with care into the disposition of the several Govern- ments, and had the satisfaction in most cases, of meeting with a lively sympathy and moral support which speedily developed into active and efficient protection. The Committee, assured of the -------------------cooperation of the Swiss Federal Council, and the Emperor 4 4 of the French, succeeded, '[?] shortly' only [all of this double protection and endorsement] in procuring the signatures of several other Governments to the desired Treaty, which was signed, at the rooms in the City Hall of Geneva, August 22, 1864, and called the "Convention of Geneva [underlined]." Its sign or badge was also agreed upon, viz: a red cross [red cross underlined ] on a white ground, which was decreed to be worn on the arm by all persons acting with, or in the service of the Committees Enrolled under the Convention. All the Governments did not however at once subscribe to the treaty, only twelve [twelve underlined] signing it at that date: many of the Powers not responding to the first call. [The International Committee having thus far succeeded to win to approval and recognition of the Treaty] But the Committee had not long to labor or to wait - all [all underlined] European Governments rallying by degrees to its support, [of the Geneva Convention,] which at present numbers twenty-two adherents. The war of 1866, though not permitting a full appreciation of the ad- vantages of this international law, was yet the means of discovering it deficiencies and imper- -fecions [deficiencies imperfections underlined].Consequently, in 1867, the Relief Societies of Paris thought, [faint, illiegible text] it necessary that the Treaty should be revised, modified,5 5 and Completed. Requests were issued accordingly, and the International Committee became responsible for their transmission to the various Governments, [and Endeavouring to obtain favorable replies.] So successful were they that in 1868 the Committee were able to convene, a second diplomatic conference at Geneva, at which were voted additional articles improving the Treaty by completing its design, and extending its beneficent action to Maritime wars. Since that time the Efforts of the Committee have been untiring in Endeavoring to persuade the civilized peoples of the world to sign them. Europe is almost unanimous in its approval: some of the greatest Powers of Asia and Africa [Asia Africa underlined] have agreed to them; and the hope is, that soon all civilized America [America underlined] will endorse them. In this way the Treaty will be completed. This is the ambition of the International Committee; this hope sustains them in ceaseless Effort and unabating zeal. During the war of 1866 no decisive trial of the new principles involved in the Treaty could be made, Austria not having at that time, signed it. But in 1870-71 it was otherwise, for the belligerents had accepted not only the first Treaty but had likewise subscribed to the additional articles. This it was rendered possible to show to the 6 6 world the immense service, and beneficent results the Treaty was to enable the Relief Societies to accomplish. The dullest apprehension can partially appreciate the responsibilities incurred by Relief Societies in time of war and the thoughtful mind will readily perceive that these responsibilities involve constant vigilance and effort during period of peace. It is wise Statesmanship which directs that in "times of peace, we must prepare for war", and it is no less a wise benevolence , that commands in the hour of peace to prepare to be in readiness for assuaging the ills that are sure to accompany war. Neither funds, munitions of war, nor efficient soldiery do we wait to prepare for, till the battle comes; everything that foresight and provision can do to ensure success is kept in order against the time of need. It is not less necessary to keep in readiness for effectual service in mitigating the Evils Consequent on war, if humane work is to be undertaken in this direction. Permanent armies are organized, drilled, and supported for the actual service of contest; it is no less incumbent, if we would do efficient work in alleviating the suffering Caused by the barbarism of war, that we shouldorganize philanthropic Effort, and Keep a standing army of persons ready, Equipped with whatever is necessary to accomplish such shrive, to be on the field at the sound of the first gun. It was an understanding of this truth that led the Conference of 1863 to make action upon its principles one of its first Cardinal Characteristics, and Embody in their articles the following: "In times of peace the Committee will occupy themselves with means to render genuine assistance in times of war." In order to do this work systematically, Societies were formed in as many as possible of the Countries whose Sovereigns had Endorsed the treaty. The Committee assumed that there should be a Relief Association in Every Country, and acted so Energetically in this direction that at the End of the year 1864 ten Governments were added to the Convention, and twenty-five Central Committees were formed, under each of which Relief Societies were organized. The Central Committees were afterwards reduced to twenty-two, the Committees of Schwerin, Hamburg, and Oldenburgh having united under the Berlin Committee. Some of those Central Committees were founded by foreign members, who assisted at the Geneva Conferences. They returned from the Council imbued with zeal and Stimulated by a Comprehension 8 of the excellence of the Enterprise immediately because the nucleus of active organizations in their respective Countries. This was the case in Germany, Spain, Sweden and others. In some lands, philanthropic men, who had not attended the Conference but who had been informed of the project and had read its resolutions, voluntarily took the initiative and organized Committees among their Compatriots. Thus the work extended itself to Great Britain, Italy, and Belgium. In the Netherlands the Head of the Government by decree instituted a Relief Society. It was however after the wars of 1864, 1866, and 1870 that the movement began really to be popular. These conflicts brought not only the Contestants, but neutral powers, so to appreciate the horrors of war, that they were quite ready to acknowledge the beneficence of the Geneva Treaty. Many who had approved the humane idea, and expressed a hearty sympathy for the object to be attained, had heretofore regarded it in a utopian light, as a thing desirable, but not attainable, and amiable and fanatical illusion, that would ever elude the practical grasp. Nevertheless the work accomplished from time to time during the wars alluded to, won no only such, but those actually hostile, to regard it [the Enterprise] as a practical and most beneficent undertaking.9 Sovereigns and their families contributed greatly by their sympathy and material support. [to influence favorably the people.] The Crowned Heads of Europe were quick to see the benign uses of the Associations, and they bestowed on the Central Committees of their various Countries, Money, Credit and personal approbation: - in every possible manner they expressed their interest and approval. The list of Princes and Princesses who gave personal aid, direction and sympathy to the work is by no means small. The Convention of 1863 was thus proved correct in its augury that "The Governments would accord their high protection to the Committees in their organization." Almost the whole of Europe is marshalled under the banner of the Red Cross. [Only Hungary, Servia, Roumania and Greece have failed to sign. To win these is still the work of the International Committee. But not this alone.] To its powerful and peaceful sign the Committee hopes to bring all Civilized nations. - Wherever men fight and tear each other in pieces, wherever the glare and roar of war is seen and heard, they aim to plant the white banner that bears the blessed sign of relief. Already they have gone with it into Asia, [where the Russian Society numbers several sectional Committees: their] Ensign waves in Siberia, on the 10 Chinese frontier, and Turkistan, as well as south of the Causcassus. The work has been inaugurated in Algeria by the African Committee, and in Egypt a Society is being instituted — Oceanica has a Committee at Batavia, so that even the Island of the Sea, are estimating the blessings of more humane customs in war. Notwithstanding the wars which constantly devastate South America the Red Cross has not been implanted on her soil. Efforts are being made to win Brazil, [and it is believed the time is not far distant when she will subscribe to the terms of the Geneva Treaty. The United States also has never officially recognized the] Treaty. II Organization and Methods of Work One of the things considered indispensable to the well-unking of the undertaking, [and which was therefore adopted as a resolution by the Conference of 1863], was the Centralization of the work in every Country separately by itself. While it was desirable and even necessary that the Treaty should be universally acknowledged, and its badge accepted as a sign, it was equally a matter of importance that the Societies of the different Countries should be simply national, and in no respect international. It was therefore11 ordained by the Conference, that all local committees or organizations desirous of working with the Red Cross, should do or under the auspices of a Central Committee of their own nation, recognized by its Government, and also recognized by the International Committee from which the sign of the Red Cross emanates. Singularly enough the International Committee has had considerable difficulty in making this fully understood, and has frequently been obliged to call local committees to order for assuming centralization. Once in three months the International Committee publishes an official list of all committees recognized by it as Central Committees. In this way they are able to exercise a certain control and repress entanglements and abuses that would be consequent on irresponsible or counterfeit organizations.] To recapitulate: The Commission of Geneva, of which M. Moynier is President, is the only international Committee; all other Committees are simply National, or Local. The conference of 1863 recognized that national differences would prevent a universal code of management, and that to make the societies international would destroy them as far as efficiency was concerned; and therefore adopted a resolution that "Central Committees should organize in such a manner as seemed the most useful 12 and convenient to themselves." In this spirit, the different societies connected with the Red Cross were constituted. Every committee, being its own Judge, has its own Constitution and laws. The working power of the Central or National Committees depends chiefly on their national character. To be efficient, they must have Government recognition, must bear the stamp of their national individuality, and be constructed according to the spirit, habits, and needs of the countries they represent. This is Essential to success. Had they been condemned to a uniform code of procedure they would soon have ceased work and died of sterility. Let there be no misunderstanding: The Commission and the Treaty were international, but no hierarchy unites the Societies; they are independent of each other, and in no sense international. They have however each an individual responsibility to the Treaty, the ensign of which they work under, and they labor for a common cause. They do not always bear even the same name. It is to be desired however that for convenience they should all of known by one name; "The Society of the Red Cross". The functions of the International Committee whose headquarters are at Geneva, was determined by the Conference of 1863, and is to serve provisionally as an intermediate agent between national committees and facilitate their13 communications with each other. It occupies itself with the general interests of the Red Cross, [with propagandism of its ideas,] in correspondence, and the study of theoretical and practical methods of amelioration. The field of the National Committees is much more circumscribed. They are charged with the direction and responsibility of the work in their own countries, They must provide resources to be utilized in time of war; take active measures to recruit adherents, establish local societies and employ every means to have an efficient working force always in readiness for action. Central Committees without abundance of sectional branches would be of little use. [In time of war the most important work of Central Committees is the safe and wise accumulation, dispatching and distributing of supplies, nurses, and whatever may be gathered from the patriotism or philanthropy of the country to aid in ameliorating the terrible conditions imposed by war.] In most Countries the cooperation of women has been eagerly sought for- it is needless to say it has been eagerly given. In some Countries the Central Committees are mixed, both sexes working together; in others sub-committees are formed by women; and in 14 others, as in Grand Duchy of Baden, woman leads. [Woman has enthusiasm, energy, perseverance, patience, gentleness, sympathy, charity. She is eminently fitted for humanitarian work. The introduction of the feminine element in the work of the Red Cross has been not only a great benefit, but a most essential element of success. In mixed committees the action of woman is kept in the shade, but it is nevertheless felt warmly and vividly; and every day societies composed entirely of women are multiplying and now exist in almost every Country in which the Red Cross is represented. These societies, especially in Germany, have acquired such proportions and importance that they have been obliged to affiliate themselves one with another and organize Central Committees. In Germany this Committee of Direction holds its seat at Berlin. It is a notable fact that in the Grand Duchy of Baden, the womans association (frauenverein) preceeded the Relief Societies of men, and that when these latter were organized they were obliged to work under the direction of the womans Central Society at Berlin.] As a last detail of organization the Conference of 1863 recommended to the15 Central Committee; To put themselves "en rapport" with their respective Governments in order that their offers of service should be accepted when required; This makes it incumbent upon Societies to obtain and hold Government recognition by which they are endowed with the immunities and privileges of legally instituted bodies, and with recognition from other nations in time of war, not otherwise possible to them. Finally, the Committee are advised to put themselves, through the medium of the Central Committee recognized by the Government, into relations with the war departments of their respective countries, in order to have their services most perfectly utilized in time of war. 16 III Occupation of Relief Societies in Times of Peace Recognition, organization, and communication are by no means all that are necessary to insure the fulfillment of the objects of these Associations A thing most important to be borne in mind is, that if money be necessary for war, so also is it an indispensable agent in relief of the miseries occasioned by war. Self Devotion alone will not [?] The Relief Societies need funds and other resources to carry on their work. They not only require means for current expenses but, most of all, for possible emergencies. To obtain, and prudently conserve these resources is an important work. The Russian Society set a good example of activity in this direction: From the beginning of its organization in 1867, it systematically collected money over the whole Empire, and neglected nothing that tended to success. It put boxes in churches, convents, armories, railroad depots, steamboats -- in every place frequented by the public. Beside the collection of funds the Conference of 1863 recommended that peace periods should be occupied in gathering necessary material for Sanitary Service. In 1868 there were in Geneva alone, five depots where were accumulated 1228 dozen shirts, beside hosiery and bandages, lint etc for over 6000 wounded. There were17 17 also large collections in the Provinces. On other countries the supplies remaining after wars, were gathered into depots and added to abundantly. In 1868 the Berlin Committee was in possession of supplies worth over $ 25,000. (ours went to the winds) Especial care is taken by these Societies to acquire familiarity with all sanitary material used, and also to eliminate as far as possible whatever may be prejudicial to sick or wounded soldiers, and to perfect both the sanitary system, and all supplies used under it. It is the aim of the Societies to have every thing in their material of the very best. Surgical instruments, medicine chests, bandages, stretchers, wagons, tents for ambulances etc need to be simplified and multiplied, and the Relief Societies are bending their energies to the work. Already under their encouragement many valuable improvements and inventions have been brought out. The French societies have opened competitive exhibitions of such inventions and have established a system of rewards. This exposition embraces whatever constitutes a complete sanitary material for flying hospitals and comprises eleven different sections. The national exhibitions have been excellent vehicles of propagandizing 18 the Humane idea of the Red Cross Societies, and making known their practical workings. Naples, St Petersburg, Havre, Lyons and Paris had compartments of their exhibitions appropriated especially to the Relief Societies. At Paris the Society was honored with a grand prize. At the Hague in 1867 an exposition was held exclusively for the works of the Red Cross and was exceedingly interesting in the variety of the material exhibited. Beside these temporary affairs the Committees have established permanent Museums, where all sorts of sanitary material for relief is exhibited. Museums of this kind are in Stockholm, Carlsrhue, St Petersburg, Moscow and Paris. This last is the most important and is International, several countries having participated in its foundation. Another method of advancing Sanitary Technology is the publication of works giving account of the progress made and suggesting improvements; also works of scientific value. To this category belong the fine atlas of Dr Gurlt of Berlin, the valuable works of Doctor Von Dommelin of Holland regarding methods of transport, and those of Professor Longmore of England.[*19*] Not less important than all other means of relief to wounded soldiers is the Sanitary "Personel". Yet, of all aid, efficient nurses are the most difficult to obtain. There are numbers of men and women who have the will and devotion necessary to lead them into hospitals or to the battlefield, but very few of them are capable of performing well the duties of nurses. Therefore, but a small part of the volunteers are available. The Relief Societies were not long in finding [this] out that men could usually be better employed than [in carving for the sick] as nurses, and that women are much better qualified for these duties than men can be. To enable them to fulfill to the best advantage the mission for which they are so well adapted it was thought wise to afford them the best professional instruction possible. For this purpose, during the time of peace, training schools were established in [*20*] many parts of the north and East of Europe from which a goodly number of women have graduated, who are ready at a moments notice to go upon the battle-field or into hospital. These professional nurses find no difficulty, during times of peace, in obtaining remunerative employment. Indeed they are eagerly sought for, and easily arrange to take positions with the proviso that they are to be allowed to obey their pledge to their society at the first sound of the tocsin of war. There are schools of this sort in Germany, England, Sweden and Holland, and nothing has been neglected for these thoroughness and to put them on a strong and solid basis. Beside all these services incumbent on the Societies of the Red Cross, is the care of crippled or invalided soldiers after the war is over, and of widows and orphans of these who have died in army service. Pensions are seldom [sustained] sufficient to maintain in comfort the disabled or the bereaved, and the Relief Societies find a grateful and congenial task in supplementing the work of Government in this respect. While the work of the Societies is especially intended to mitigate the evils of war, and21 its principal action runs in this channel, it is not considered as departing at all from its proper sphere of duty where in other cases of wide spread calamity, it affords its succor to suffering. As for instance when lint, bandages, nurses, ambulance or hospital conveniences are needed for the care of those injured by great fires, mining and railway disasters, Fevers, Cholera, floods or all great catasthrophies. 22 IV Services in Time of War Notwithstanding the readiness with which most persons will [experience in] perceive[ing] the beneficent uses of Relief Societies in time of war, it may not be amiss to particularize some of the work that has been accomplished by the Societies of the Red Cross. Not to mention civil wars, as the capture of Rome; nor the ultramarine conflicts as those of the Paraguay; nor the difficulties which in 1868 were impending between Greece and Turkey, we have had not less than five great wars in the past ten years. 1st The war of 1864 in Schleswig. 2nd That of 1866 in Bohemia, on the Main, in Venetia, and on the Adriatic. 3rd That of 1867 in the Pontifical States. 4th That of 1870 - 71 between France and Prussia. 5th That at present -- taking place between Russia and Turkey. In all these wars the Relief Societies have signally guaranteed their pretensions to amelioration of the horrors of war. The earlier of these conflicts, while they afforded great opportunity for the beneficent work of the Societies, were also grand fields of instruction and discipline to the Committee, and enable them to store up a vast fund of practical knowledge which was to be of the greatest service. The 23 23 The Sanitary Commission of the United States also served as an Excellent Example in many respects to the Relief Societies of Europe, and from it they took many valuable lessons. Thus in 1866 Europe was much better prepared for the care of those who suffered by the barbarism of war than ever before. Now they were ready with some degree of ability to oppose the arms of Charity to the arms of violence, and make a kind of war on war itself. Still however, there was a lack of Centralization. The Provincial Communities worked separately and consequently lost force, but zeal did much to counterbalance this want of unity. Large amounts of money were gathered and munificent supplies of material brought into store. In 66 the Austrian Committes alone, collected 2,170,000 francs and a great supply of all things needed in Hospital service. The Central Committee was of great use in facilitaling correspondence between the different peoples comprising the Austrian Empire: the Bureau maintaining correspondence in Eleven different languages. Such facts as this point too clearly to the benign uses of the Societies of the Red Cross to need comment. Italy at this time also was not backward in the performances of her duty. She used her abundant 3 24 24 resources in the most Effectual way. Not only were the Provincial Societies of Relief united for common action, but they recieved External aid from France and Switzerland. Here of 1866 we see, first Exhibitied, the beautiful Example of neutral powers interfering in the cause of charity in time of war. Instead of joining to assist in a work of destruction they Cut their aid to repair its damages. This contest had the Effect of bringing the Provincial Committees into bond together under the Central Committee of Milan. Four "squads" of Eleven persons Each, comprising well-trained nurses and attendants, were organized, and furnished with all necessary material to follow the military ambulances whose wagons were placed at their disposal. Not only in this way did the Committee of Milan reinforce the sanitary "personel" of the army, but it also greatly increased the necessary supplies. Besides this, it Entirely provided the [????]lese volunteers with all kinds of material for sanitary service. It likewise afforded relief to the wounded in the Navy. And then when the armistice was signed and the war was over it still Extended its aid to the wounded. In addition to the supplies this committee afforded it Expended in money not less than 199,064 francs. But after all it was Germany which, standing between the two armies, distinguished herself by the abundance and wise distribution of relief. Since the Conference of 1863 she had been acting on the rule of preparation, and now found herself in a position of readiness for all Emergencies. The Central Committee at Berlin was flooded25 with contributions from the Provincial Committees In the eight Provinces of Prussia 4,000,000 of Thalers were collected, and the other States of Germany were not [a whit] behind. So munificently did the people bestow their aid that large store houses were provided in Berlin and in the Provinces for its reception, and at the Central Depot in Berlin two hundred paid persons, beside a large member of volunteers and nearly three hundred ladies and misses were employed in classifying, parceling, packing up and dispatching the goods. Special Railroad trains carried the material to the points of need. In one train were twenty- -six cars laden with 1800 to 2000 cwt. of supplies. Never had private charity, however carefully directed, before been able to accomplish such prodigies of benevolence. It was now that the beneficence of the Treaty and the excellence of the organization manifested [itself] themselves. But the Committee did not confine itself to sending supplies for the wounded to the seat of war: It also established and provisioned [on the way of the trains with wounded passengers], Refreshment Stations to which were admitted all who were unable to proceed on the trains to the Great Hospitals without danger to life. Here they were nursed and cared for, with the tenderest solicitude until they were sufficiently recovered to be removed--or until Death overtook them. At the station of Pardubitz from 600 to 800 were cared for daily for two months, and lodging provided for 300 at night. This example suffices to show the extraordinary results of well organized plans and concerted action. During 26 this war, [beside the usual accompanyments of such contest the Relief Societies had also to contend with the terrible scourge of cholera. There can be no estimate of the misery assuaged and deaths prevented by the unselfish seal and devotion of the wearers of the Red Cross.] In the interval between the wars of 1866 and [1867] and that of 1870-71, the time had been improved by the Societies existing under the Geneva Treaty by adding to their resources in every possible manner. Improvements were made in all articles of sanitary service; excellent treatises regarding the hygiene of the camp and hospital were widely circulated; the Press had greatly interested itself in the promulgation of information regarding all matters of interest or instruction pertaining to sanitary effort, and, almost universally lent its powerful influence to build up the Societies. Ten new Societies were formed during this time. In Germany the work of the Red Cross was so thoroughly organized that at the first signal from Berlin, Committees arrived as by magic at all required points, forming a chain which extended over the whole country and numbered over 2000 persons. Constant communication was kept up between these committees and the Central Bureau, and the most perfect order and discipline were maintained. Relief was sent from one or other of these Stations as was needed. The State afforded free transport and the voluntary contributions of the people kept up the27 supplies of sanitary material so that there was never any lack or danger of failure. With the government-transports, whether by land or water, these always want the agents of the Red Cross, protected by their badges and flag, to wait on the invasions, hasten their progress, [se?] to their being kept in good order and properly delivered at their destination. Depots of supplies were moved from place to place as services demanded. The greatest care was taken to prevent disorder or confusion, and the best military circumspection and regularity prevailed- The great Central Depot at Berlin, comprised seven sections. Viz: laugh material; 6 Cothing; dressing for [crruuds?]; surgical apperatus; medicines and disinfectants; food and tobacco; hospital furnishings. Did space allow it would be desire able to give statistics of the contributions in ninery and supplies to this service. Suffice it to say, that the humanity of Peoples is far beyond that of Governments. Governments appropriate inumeuse sums to carry on destructive conflicts. But the work of relief societies the anlo over, and especially during the war of 1870-71, Kevs shown that the peoples' philanthropy equals their patriotism. The sums given to assuage the miscries of the Franco-Prussian war were simply fabulous. In 1863 fears were expressed that there would be difficulty in collecting needful funds and supplies to carry out the designs of the Treaty. These misgivings proved groundless. After the war of 1870-71, nutrients touching nothing had been withheld in the cray of relief, the Societies [?] their accounts 28 with large balances in their treasuries. With such havoc as was made upon the Franco-Prussian battle fields, it became a matter of grave sohiedule how most quickly and effectively to care for the wounded. It is well known what disastrous consequences attend upon great aggregations of wounded at one point. To avoid these was an especial work of the relief societies of the Red Cross; and to this and Hospitals were established at countries south from the scene of carnage, and muthords of transport, by rail and wagon arranged. The wagons and trains were perfectly fitted for the business. They were in reality [ceiubu?] Hospitals completely supplied with all [regri?] for the care of the wounded, inclusive of nurse physicians, surgeons, and attendents for long or short journeys. They were built to move with all possible ease as well as celerity. The grand [sriehy?] of Berlin, Bavaria, Wurtemburg and Russia distinguished themselves by the especial care with which they organized these transports. They travelled in every direction with the greatest regularity and speed and carried great numbers of the wounded. At one time 900 men were removed from the battle field to these distant hospitals. Then in addition to the evil of aggregation alluded to, the difficulties in the way of proper nursing are taken with consideration the importance of this system of "vacation" will be more fully realized. On the way of these29 trains [also were the Refreshment Stations, before alluded to, and little Hospitals for those unable to go great distances or requiring rest by the way. These places beside all comforts and attention needed were provided beside with ministry for the mind. Chaplains and abundance of reading matter, so that those desiring spiritual consolation, or the recreation of change of thought might have it. Beside this work Germany has credit of the Foundation William which cares for invalids bequeathed by war, also for a work by which the families of men in the Reserve force, who are unable to provide for them are cared for during war.] In France not nearly so much had previously been done to provide for the sanitary exigencies that fell upon them; but the Committee worked with such vigor, and wrought so upon the philanthropy of individuals that active measures of relief were instantly taken. Gold and supplies poured into the hands of the Committee at Paris. One month sufficed to organize and provide seventeen campaign ambulances which immediately joined the army and accompanied it through the first period of the war or until the battle of Sedan. In Paris ambulances were stationed in the Railroad Depots to pick up the wounded; and a Bureau of Information was created for soldiers families. When the siege of Paris was about to take place, the Committee threw without delay, a Commission into Brussels, charged it with the direction 30 and help of Flying Hospitals; nine committees were established in the Provinces with power to act for the Central Committee and to invite the people to help. Meanwhile the Committee in Paris did its utmost to mitigate the distress that reigned there, and to prepare for the results of the siege. History has recorded the sufferings, the horrors of misery that accompanied and followed that siege, but History can never relate what wretchedness was averted, what agonies were alleviated b the presence and effort of Relief Societies! What the state of France must have been without the merciful help of the Red Cross Societies the Imagination dare not picture. After the armistice was [concluded] signed there were removed from Paris under the auspices of the Relief Societies 10,000 wounded men who otherwise must have lingered in agony or have died from want of care; and there were brought back to French soil 9,000 men who had been cared for in German Hospitals. V Action of Neutral Countries in Time of War Neutral countries also, during this time were ready and bountiful with help; and those working under the Treaty did most effective service. England31 contributed 7,500,000 francs, beside large gifts of Sanitary supplies. In 188 days time she sent to the seat of war 12000 boxes of supplies through the agents of the Red Cross. To give an idea of the readiness and efficacy with which the committees even in neutral countries worked, one instance will suffice. From Pont-a-Mousson a telegram was sent to London for 250 iron beds for the wounded and in 48 hours they arrived in answer to the request. England kept also at the Seat-of War, agents who should inform the committee at home of whatever was most needed in supplies. The neutral countries sent also surgeons, Physicians and nurses, and in many other ways gave practical testimony to the benign efficacy of the Geneva Treaty. It is proper before closing this imperfect sketch to direct attention the hindrances attending independent benevolence of neutral nations towards the suffering people of countries engaged in war. The United States, for instance, with the readiness which always characterizes her in benevolent work, gave most prodigally to alleviate the sufferings of the wounded of the war of 1870-1871. Some of the fruit of her 32 bounty reached the intended destination, most of it was dissipated on the way, or averted from its design on the shores of France. The cause was this: unlike other countries, we had no organization with means in hand to put it at once on the way to where it was needed, and no means when there, to effect its economical distribution. Not having signed the Geneva treaty we were shut out from the facilities of access to the sufferers, enjoyed by other nations. As a government we could do nothing, because we had no way to work without a breach of neutrality. Individual help was withheld because of the cost of transportation, and because there was no place, or authority ready to receive the help offered. Thus, with thousands of French and Germans in this country, besides benevolent Americans, ready, willing, enthusiastically anxious to help, our aid was retarded and rendered almost futile by lack of organization and national recognition. Hundreds of Americans on French soil, stood shamefacedly, with burning cheeks, seeking answer to the question: "Why does not America help?" Stung by such questions, and knowing how readily those at home would give, had they the opportunity, Americans abroad gave what they could in money, while some went into fields and33 hospital, stimulated by charity and love of country. At length a way was opened; the people almost en masse, arose, and with government won interference on the one hand, and individual weakness on the other, pounded away. Great [fairs?] were held; money poured in [from?] every quarter; the rich gave and the poor gave. Ships were dispatched with supplies; thousands of dollars were placed in the hands of the agents who went with them; and when the ships opened their sails in the [Hourbors?] of Boston and New York, and sped on their mission of mercy, the nation breathed a great sigh of relief; pent up hearts[,] thanked you that the way was opened, so that they might extend a helping hand in the great cause of humanity. But the joy was short. The opening was of a door long sealed that swings back on its hinges for a moment, and then crashes shut, mercilessly, to open no more. They had only this one opportunity-[Harming?] winds sent these ships flying on their noble mission. But like the fairy craft of children they had no [final?] destination, no provision was made for their reception, and there was no authority to receive. They were left to make the best landing possible 34 and dispose of their precious [captures] as circumstances permitted. When the ships arrived, the French had retired from their own ports, and Prussian bayonets barred the way. With no treaty between the United States and Prussia protecting this charity, of what avail our succor? Although Germany, after devastating the country, with a generosity unparalelled, fed the [fog?]. While she fought [them?], her guards had no authority to allow foreign ships to enter the harbor with supplies for her enemy. Our ships had no proofs that their goods were not contraband of war; the agents could show no authority civil, military or charitable, on which to claim the protection of the contending nations. The supplies were perishable, and must be disposed of, and at first one large cargo was sold to the [liquer?] [bidder?], on the dock. Then the money [subserviently?] had to be disposed of. How wise, [almost?] superhuman must he be who could go into a strange country, with an imperfect knowledge of the language, limited in time, hindered by the confusion and horrors which followed the face of the commune of Paris and disburse large sums in charity, judiciously; What an aid under such circumstances would be correspondence and [concert?] with35 aid societies, established, recognized under Treaty, and on the ground! Doubtless those in charge did the best they could; but they who knew least about the distribution of their gifts, were best pleased; and the excellent men in charge, were least satisfied of all; because they saw, and could not hinder, the waste and loss. Unhappily wars have not yet ceased, the instruments of death are not converted into implements of husbandry. [Other occasions may arise, when our help may be needed, to aid in alleviating the horrors of war; or we may need ourselves the same benign instrumentalities, with which we were so poorly provided at the commencement of our own late conflict, and the lack of which caused so much suffering and death on both sides which might and should have been prevented. Should such a time again come, without some such preparation as contemplated in this treaty we shall be little better off than we were at that time. Do we not owe it to ourselves and the world, to endorse a treaty like that of the Geneva Convention? Nearly all the Christianized, and a large part of the merely civilized world have signed that treaty. The United States alone among the] overThe great nations is tardy. Should we not be ashamed to be believed in any great or good work that pertains to human long- ness? Will not the government compensate for it delay by at once signing and ratifying the treaty of Geneva and creating the conditions for the organization of the work in our own country.[One international medium through which all nations within the treaty transact their business & correspondance] On the breaking up of the [International] convention of Geneva in Oct 1864. it rewoked itself into a commitee of 7 men, mainly there who have been instrumental in calling it for the relief of the wounded in war who constitute today the International Committee of Geneva, with head quarters in that city. It [serves as an international agent between] is the one [International] medium through wich all nations within the treaty transact business & carry on cor- -respondance. This committee is international The first act of each nation after accepting the treaty has been to establish a central society of its own which of course is merely national & whichMiss Kupfer Miss Kupfer has charge and direction of the work in its own country - provide resources to be utilized in time of need. and aid in the establishment of local society [in towns & villages]. In short bold general direction over the philanthropic work of the nation as connected with men. Under them comes the establishment of local societies who work so nearly corresponds with our [old time] war relief societies that I need not describe it here, there are grand old time workers in this nation women before me who could give me lessons in that. You will [perceive?] that their system aside from its international feature is almost [precisely?] what our war relief societies would have been had they retained permanent organization - & a few did-M.M. R.R . R.R. R'y Western R'y on. Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion There is nothing new or strange to us in all that- indeed I am never certain but we furnished them some good examples Our mistake consisted in that we gave up our organizations [& rested] abandoned our charge- let arms accumulating go to the winds. Allow arms commissions to close irresponsibly with hundreds of thousands of dollars in medicine & money without, owners or rightful claimant became mental & physical bankrupt in all charitable reserves. & have served so to this day - Then success consists in that they have made this permanent. And this brings me to a point where I may tell you what I have seen of the working of this [so] various permanent societies, national, international [& to] in funnys counters [in]R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. Broken in health [in 1869] after our war. I was at length medically directed to go to Europe, and proposed to remain three years, I went in Sept 1869. I made my way to Switzerland. On arriving at Geneva I was called upon by the International Committee for the Relief of the relief of the Vendum in war, to learn if possible why the United States declined to sign the Treaty. It was incomprehensible to them. If it had originated with a medical argument they could see some ground for objection but originating in a republic older than our own to what did we object? How could their objections to removed - what changes could be made to suit even our prejudices. [I listened in wonder.] They had twice formally presented it to the [Government of] the American GovernmtProportion. R.R.Proportion. R.R.Proportion. R'y Proportion. R'y Proportion. once in 1864, [& even] though our Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland & who was present at the convention. Again in 1868 through Rev. Dr Bellows. the great head of War relief in America & failed in both instances with really me deferment or intelligent reasons assigned by the Nation for the course it pursued. They had thought the people of America with their [grand record] great relief would have been the first to appreciate and accept: They were too polite to say that it looked clanish. I was left to my own inferences - and listened in complete wonder to all this recital and when I did reply it was to say that - I now heard of the treaty, and was sure the American people had now heard of it to any extent - that as a country Americadid not know she had declined, that she would be the last to doctrine a humanity, that it had doubtless been referred to and declined by some and Dept. of the government or one official and had never been submitted to the people or their attention in any manner called to it - and its literation being entirely in languages foreign to the English speaking population it had no way of reaching us. Never had reached us. You will naturally infer that I examined it, becoming all the time more and more impressed with its far seeming & far reaching scope of thought action - its world wide intelligenc and popularity of the absurdity of our own position in relation to it, and as I counted up its roll of 27 nations, not a civilized people in the wholdProportion. R.R.Proportion. R.R.Proportion. R'y Proportion. R'y Proportion. world but ourselves missing, and saw Greece, & Spain & Turkey there, I began to fear that in the eyes of the world we could not be far removed from the role of the barbarian and I cannot say affirm that I found it a stimulating food for national pride. - I grew more and more ashamed. But the winter wore on as winters do with invalids abroad. and the summer found me at Berne in search of strength among its mountain & baths The13th of July brought Napoleons declaration of war against Prussia., In three days a band of agents from the International Committee of Geneva headed by Dr. Louis Appia the first organization of the convention, equipped for work and en route for the front wherever that might fall to be - Stood at the door of my villa inviting meto join them, proceed to the scene of ac- tion & take such charge & do such work as that one as I had done in our own - I had not strength to trust for this - but with thanks decline, promising humane to follow by myself & without responsabilty & did no written a week - No shot had then been fired - no man had fallen, & yet this great organized, powerful committee was on its way - with its skillful agents ready to receive, direct & dispense the charities & accumulations which the sympathies of a generosity of 27 nations might place at their disposals in material many nurses & workers. These men had treaty power to go directly on to any field & work unmolested in full co-operation with the military & commanders in chief. their supplies R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. held sacred, and these efforts recognizned & seconded in every direction - not a man could lie uncared for nor unfed - & by either belligerent army. I thought of the Peninsular in McClellan's campaign of Pittsburg Landing - of Second Bull run - of Antietam - of Old Fredericks burg with ist [ice] snow covered & gun covered glacee and its fourth day flag of truce its dead & starving wounded frozen to the ground & our Commission and then supplies all in Washington - with no effective organization or power to go beyond - of the Petersburg Mine with its 4000 dead & wounded & no flag of truce allowed on account of nationality - and I remembered Andersonville with its 40,000 starving men where all the powers & pities up the world could not reach even with a bit of bread = I thought of the widows R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. weeds still fresh & dent in all the land the shadows on the hearths & hearts over all my country. Sore broken hearts, ruined, desolated homes. Is this a people to decline or ignore [a] humanities in war - Is this this people to reject a treaty for each wounded soldiers - Even if they felt that the last cloud of war had forever passed from their horizon, the tender, painful memories of what had been would bring them in with a [force] no power could resist. They only needed to know. If, as I journeyed on & saw [there] the work of these Red Cross societies more accomplish in 4 months under their systematic organization, than in 4 years without it. no mistakes, no needless suffering - no starving, no lack of care - no waste, no confusion - all ready & at work a whole continent marshaled under the Banner of the Red Cross Southern Great Western R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. working instead of waiting - narring instead of keeping, if as I saw all this, and joined and worked with it, I said to myself, if I live to return to my country I will try to let her people understand the Red Cross & that treaty you will meet wonder & as you do not wonder that I storm her this hot summer night explaining it to you [my] my neighbour; I did more than resolve, I promised other na- -tions I would do it- In 1873, I returned more broken than I went, years of helplessness in which I forgot how to walk fullness still I remembered my resolve & my promise - When I could walk I came to Downsville and I heat them with me and after almost two years I was able to go to Washington with a letter the International Committee of Geneva to the President of the United States asking [him] once more that America sign the F. & R. D.L. &. W. N. &. C. & H.R. Canada Southern Great Western R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. Treats of Geneva. Being made the official bearer of this letter, I presented it in 1877 to Pres- Hayes. He received it kindly & affordly referred it & me to his Secy of State Mr. Evarts - who in his turn referred it to his Asst Secy Mr Frederick Seward as the person who would know all about it, examine & report for decision - I saw how it was made to depend up one man, Mr Seward had been the Assistant Secy of both his father & Secy Fish when it had been prensently presented he remember this referenced me which noted its dedication to the records it was a settled thing. I had nothing to hope but did not press the matter to a third refusal = it waited & no did I - My next thought was to refer it to Congress, that was irregular & discourteous to the Administration. I did not like to take it; and when I attempted could not get it considered. It was aF.& R. D.L. & W. N.& C. & H. R. Canada Southern Great Western R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. wrangles warning congress & I could not catch its attention for a subject which had neither political influence, patronage nor votes in it - that year I failed & came home - & being sorry, but you did not know it. You did not even know me. & I was not strong enough to tell you. The next year I returned to Washington to try Congress again. It was the same thing - I published a little pamphlet of two leaves addressed to the members and senators, to be laid upon their desks in the hope they would read so little as that, and thus understand that much if it were introduced - but it was all hard & before I could get it to them my strength failed & I return home in the winter, heavy & sore & sick = & you did not know this - I was ready in getting back my strength Then I decided to try firmly to risk it [again] the next winter to outlive and remind that Administration, & perhaps another would be made responsive - I note andF.& R. D.L. & W. N.& C. & H. R. Canada Southern Great Western R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. spoke any the people wherein I could to spread a knowledge of it - and lost Zele - when the present Administration was on its way to Washington. I left her again & went on with it. It was not an easy task to approach a popular Administration like that at such a moment - and I command with the Outposts, the Military Generals. I brot them to my cause, making sure of their cooperation, and that I gained an audience with Pres- Garfield so early as I did under all his person is due to Maj. Bunnell. who is an apren governor [to] in Washington. I hope you will help me to be grateful to him. I was generally received by M Garfield and carefuly referred to Mr Blaine who did not refere it to any one, but considered it himself - conferred fully with me, laid it beforeF& R. D.L. & W. N.&C. & H. R. Canada Southern Great Western R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. the President's cabinet, The most satisfactory account of their decision will be formed in Mr Blains subsequent letter to me, replying to the letter of Monsieur Moynier President of the International Commitee of Geneva presented to Mr Hayes in 1877. & to which no replay had ever them made. Which letter of Sec. Blaine as it is shut on to the present with your kind permission I will record fuler Mr Blains later it coping of this letter I furnished at awe to the Commitee of Geneva. & received very gratiful & joyfull replies in return both to Mr Blaine & myself - They wait in certain hope now, of the adoption of the treaty by Congress within the President will recommend it in his message - Up to this time I head more [the]R.R. R.R. R.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. felt that it would be a responsible or quite honest movement on my part to proceed to the formation of Societies to act under and in conformity to a treaty of special characters, so long as arrangement recognized no such treaty I could get no assurance that it ever would recognize it - I however formed my plan for societies before even presenting the subject in 1877. indeed I had all the years been forming them and in consideration of many differences between other countries & ourselves, decided to take acknowledge of a claim in the Resolutions of the Convention for the Organization of Societies which recommends that nations organize in the manner & spirit applicable to themselves . By our geographical position and isolation are far less liableR.R. R'y R'y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. liable to the disturbances of war than the nations of Europe . who are in fact so frequently called upon that their societies do well to keep in readiness for the exigencies of war alone. - but no nation is more liable than our own to great over mastering calamities [than our own]; they are wide spread & terrible, seldom a year passes that the whole country from sea to sea is not, by the shock sudden & unforeseen disaster brought to utter consternation & stands shivering like a ship in a gale powerless horrified & despairing. Plagues cholera fires [&] flood famines, all bear upon us with terrible force, all needed instant help and what have we in readiness to meet them [with], save the great heart of our people. their impulsive & generous gift with no organized system of collection reception or distribution, no agentson. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. no nurses no material in readiness all crude, confused and unsystematized as if we had never known a calamity before and had no reason to expect one - We give most generously upon times too generaly lavishly; our gifts are irresponsibly received & wastefully misappropriated. In consideration of this fact & conditions I decided to extend the original design of the societies as working under the treaty in other lands - to embrace that of more pestilence famine and any calamities great enough to be considered national - But that they should any be called upon to act in great emergencies reserving their reserves for theses occasions and this like are our relief societies subject to call from state & national [societies] associations Our conventions are fullR y R y on. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. of charitable [societies] [associations], but all work for some specific object, consequently are kept constantly drained - always poor, often in doubt, & could not be relied upon for a dollar to meet a great emergency - this is right, charity hears an open palm - it is her mission, she should give constantly - but this organization is not properly speaking a charity I do not so class it, but rather a wise provision which seeks to garner & store up something against an hour of sudden need- In all the land we have not [one] a singular organization which acts this principle of conserved resources, nothing assayed and managing with the smallest reference to the future, or even an emergency in the present. I thought to organize this on that basis and so proposed in my pamphleton. Proportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. to the Congress of 1878- 9 years ago and which I will take the liberty to review the Editors - precinct to kindly extract from few years perusal in any nations this my maker of this meeting - it will save us time for the present & give you that idea. As I have remembered I had once thought it well to organize societies till I had assumed of the conception of the treaty, but in receipt of Mr Blaines letter I did not wait a day, but proceeded to form a National Association in Washington, with a constitution suited to the treaty. with all customary affairs President New presidents Sect Treasurer Executive Committee [of] consulting council the parlance of appointing a new President from each state. this society is duly organized.on. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. and incorporated, & ready for action - Having accomplished this I came home again. There is nothing now to prevent the organization of other societies if the people desire. You will perused that my legitimate work has been to procure the adoption of the treaty, And my work is not yet completed and cannot be until the meeting of the next session of Congress. I think you will not fail to perceive that the formation of societies would seem to show the desire of the people and thus sustain and influence their representatives in their congressional action. I have no desire to lay a burden upon people by the by the assumption of an added labor. I have endeavored to give you facts and without one flavor of rhetoric & oneProportion. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. one touch of the eloquence, the plan simpler business like statement of what has so far been done to hand out what yet remains to do and assure you that I shall not fail of my part if my strength [permits]. remain + over) If the people of Dusalle desire to organize a society of the Red Cross I think it would be found neither difficult nor laborious. It would make no demand upon your purses that I can see, or so trifling it would be next to nothing. There is no speaker to search & no debt to pay - and as your [laws] constitution & by laws would be subject to your own making you could make the demands upon your time and labor as light as desired- The main point in the Societies of the Red Cross is to be well organized. and in working order generally over the country. Other things will be regulated by the occasion when it comes- You wouldroportion Proportion. Proportion. Proportion Proportion. by the first local society in the United States, a [kind of] mother society and I believe the leading society in point of influence next to the National - It would of course afford me great pleasure to aid you in every thing in it establishement. I will do any thing but to take approuval position in it I have all the affair I can carring - I feel that I have already held you too long - & - with thanks for your kind patience & commanding you to Him who is best able to guide all our counsels I let you gone encourage humanity; if not she will remain who she is at present, arming the barbarians & the heathens - While we desire seriously to assume a neutral attitude in this debate we believe we ought plead the gist of the discussion which has [taken] attained a certain degree of prosecution and has caused the dismissal of several members of the executive Committee and - has cause our appeal on this fact to the Pres. & the partners - We propose to give a short review of the subject and we take up certain proxies said this much -2- BOARD OF CONSULTATION. President of the United States and members of the Cabinet. TRUSTERS. Secretary of the Treasury,Secretary of War, Secretary of the Interior. ------------------------------------------------------------------- WHAT IS THE RED CROSS! The Red Cross in and International Treaty. The most comprehen- sive of any of the world. it changes the customs of war in 36 nations; making neutral the sick and wounded of their armies and all persons and material pertaining to the and their relief; including also all trans- ports, buildings, hospitals, etc., etc.; and this neutrality is recognized among all these nations by one universal sign, the Red Cross, which has also become the one Military Hospital Flag the world over. Its Secondary objects are to render assistance on times of dis- tress occasioned by great disasters or national calamities requiring more than local aid for their relief. this secondary work is called by other nations " the American Amendment" and has been adopted by many of the other nations within the Treaty, particularly those nations which have given their adhesion since the union of the United States in 1882. To carry out the provisions of the Treaty each country must -3- have one national society, recognized by the International Committee, the permanent head and center of the Treaty, located at Geneva, Switzer- land, where the Treaty as born some thirty yearsago, still retaining its same President M. Gustave Moynier. These national societies are the medium of communication between the International Committee and their own governments or through it with other governments. Its other duties are to collect funds and material, secure ex- perienced and personal aids and hold itself in readiness for immediate help in the emergencies of war in its own land or in other countries when desirable. In our own country the disasters and calamities of peace have been its main field of work as our land has blest with peace. In all its work it knows no race, no creed, no nationality, only humanity, and at times its work is the best accomplished by being un- advertised and unpublished. The American Red Cross has represented the United States in three of the five International Conferences which have been held since the inception of the Treaty, and at which the representative military and philanthropic men of the various governments have met to control humanity in war as well as in peace. It has worked at home in one Forest-fire, 5 floods, 2 tornadoes, one Earthquake, 2 famines 2 epidemics, distributing for the people up- wards of one million of dollars in funds and material, besides the per- sonal work of its corps of free helpers, [and has given one object lesson in the work on the battle field at a National Competitive Drill,] relieving thousands of persons either with fuel, food, clothing, shelter, and household goods, and thousands of head of stock from starving. It has given one object lesson in the work on the battle-4- field at a National Competitive Drill of soldiery. Abroad, it has sent funds for relief in one war: and money and food to [one] the victims famine. In many [*some*] of these fields of labor[at home] it has [maintained] retained its active helping interest, continuing its oversight and assistance years afterwards. with gratifying results. It is said that "Its recipients are not dependents but friends". Statistically, the National society of the Red Cross of America was formed at Washington DC- June 9th 1881 at the instance of President Garfield, and President Arthur as a help to obtain the treaty, which fallen in March 1882- The society was incorporated July 1 1881 Its constitution ratified by the congress at Berne Switzerland June 9 1881 and from the first selection have remained unchanged save by death; working together in the spirit of universal love and humanity thus [self sustaining] all the years without [thought] [a single word of] discord or discontent and stand today strong in unity [and] rich in experience conducting [also this charitable] relief so far as possible is the losers of thorough practical business matters. accepting such aid as comes, voluntary, but never soliciting even for charity. Its work is self appointed and gratuitous - no appropriation has [been] ever been made or sought but It appears are entirely unpaid, not one having received the slightest remuneration. -2- Board of Consultation. President of the United States and members of the Cabinet Trustees Secretary of the [**State] Treasury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Interior ------------------------------------------------- WHAT IS THE RED CROSS? [*for the relief of the sick and wounded [of war] by doing away with all needless cruelties of hitherto attending it.*] The Red Cross is an International Treaty! [The most comprehensive of any in the world.] [It] changes the customs of war in ? [*forty*] nations; making neutral not only the sick and wounded of their armies, but all persons and material pertaining to [them and ] their relief; including also all their transports, buildings, hospitals, etc., [etc].; [and] of this neutrality is recognized among all these nations by one universal sign, agreed red cross on a white ground [the Red Cross,] which sign has by this treaty [also] become the one Military Hospital Flag as well as the . insignia of the Medical departments of war the world over. A Secondary object[s] [are] of the american red cross [is] to render assistance in times of distress occasioned by great disasters or national calamities requiring more than local aid for their relief. This secondary work is [called by other nations] known abroad as "the American Amendment" and has been adopted by [many] several of the other nations, [within the] [Treaty,] particularly those [nations] which have united with the Treaty since the [union] adhesion of the United States in 1882. To carry out the provisions of the Treaty, each country must-3- of itself, have one national society; recognized by the "International Committee", which committee, the permanent head and center of the Treaty, located at Geneva, Switzerland, where the Treaty originated some thirty years ago; the committee still retaining its first President, M. Gustave Moynier. These national societies are the medium of communication between the "International Committee" and their own governments. all business being transacted through them, thus maintaining a strict neutrality [between] governments Their further duties are to collect funds and material, diffuse information secure experienced and personal aids, and hold itself in readiness for immediate help in the emergencies of war in its own land, or in other countries when desirable. In our own country the disasters and calamities [of peace] in civil life have [been its] constituted the main field of [work] activity for our national society, [as] as happily since the treaty, our land has been blest with peace. [In all its work it] The Red Cross knows no race, no creed, no nationality, no preference, alone its incentive [only] humanity, and [at] often times its work is best accomplished by being unadvertised and unpublished. (and unreported) The American Red Cross has represented the United States in three of the five International Conferences which have been held since the inception of the Treaty, and at which Conferences [the] representative military and philanthropic men, of the various governments [have met] meet to counsel humanity in war as well as in peace. and bring into practical use the best methods inventions and devices for these ends. [It] The American R + has worked at home in one Forest-fire, 5 floods, 2 tornadoes, one Earthquake, 2 famines, 1 epidemics, and one pestilence; distributing for the people upwards of one million of dollars in funds and material, besides the personal work of its coprs of [fee] free helpers. [and has given one object lesson in the work on the battle field at a National Competitive Drill,] Statistics show it to have [relieving] relieved thousands of persons either with fuel, food, clothing, shelter, medicine [and] household goods, and other necessary of life, and saved thousands of head of stock from starving. It has given one object lesson in the work on the battle -4- field at a National Competitive Drill of soldiery. Abroad it has sent funds for relief in one war, and money and food to one famine. In many of thses fields of labor at home it has maintained its helping interest, continuing its assistance years afterwards with gratifying results. "Its recipients are not dependents but friends".To the Editor of The N.Y Journal In complying with your kind request that a statement for the benefit of your numerous readers be given, of the work done by the officers of the Am Red Cross during the few weeks in reality the few days only that some of them have been in Cuba I feel assured that a just generosity on the part of all will preclude the impression of possible egotism, or the desire to parade a charitable work before a people, faithfull & liberally using every endeavour towards its advancement, It was Saturday night Feb. 5 that I left Washington accompanied by M J. K. Elwell, who was commissioned by the N Y Cuban Relief Committee to assist Consul General Lee in receiving the goods beginning to be abundantly shipped to Havana. An extract or two from the various letters [*2*] thoughtfully passed to me may not be out of place as making clear to your readers the purpose of my going. Washington Feb 5- 1898 To Genl Fitzhugh Lee Consul Genl of the US of Amer Havana This will introduce to you Miss Clara Barton President of the Am Natl Red Cross who goes to Cuba with the view of assisting in the distribution of supplies for the relief of the suffering people of Cuba. Her experience - cool judgement and cautious action will make her presence and cooperation valuable to you. Wm R Day 1st asst Dept of State Department of State Washington Feb 5- 1898 To the consular Officers of the U S in Cuba Gentlemen I have pleasure3 in introducing to you Miss Clara Barton, who is about to visit Cuba as the agent of the American National Red Cross, of which she is President; to assist in the distribution of supplied intended for the relief of the suffering people of that island You are requested to cooperate with Miss Barton to the fullest extent, and to show her every courtesy and attention in carrying out this mission Respectfuly your John Sherman 4 Executive Mansion Washington Feb 4, 1898 To whom it may concern, Miss Clara Barton President of the American National Red Cross, and delegate of the United States of American to Vienna 1897 of Washington D.C. [is] are about to proceed to cuba to assist in the relief of the unfortunate people there. + + + I bespeak for Miss Barton, wherein her mission may take her, such Assistance and encouragement as she may need in prosecuting its work to which she has devotedly given so much time and service William McKinley5 Proceeding via Tampa we reached Havana Feb. 9 five weeks ago and in all the newness of a strange country with oriental customs commenced our work -- In speaking of conditions as found let me pray that no words shall be taken as a criticism upon any person or people - Dreadful as these conditions were, and rife as hunger starvation and death were on every hand, we were constantly amazed at the continued charities as manifested in the cities and small poor villages of a people so overrun with numbers want and woe for months, running into years: with all business, all renumeration all income stopped, killed as dead as the poor stark forms around them, it was wonderful that they still kept up their organizations, municipal 6 and religious and gave, not of their abundance, but of their penury; that still a little ration of food went out to the dens of woe; that the wardrobe was again and again handed out; that the famishing mother divided her little morsel with another mothers hungry child; that two men sat down to one crust and that the spanish soldier shared, as often seen, the loaf of his half ration with the eager eyed skeleton reconcentrade watching him as he ate. true, in another instance the recognition might have been a kick a nurse, for war is war, and all humanity are not humane - our first duty was of come to pay our respects to our honored Consul General, next to meet the committees appointed by him for the distribution of american food, notably in Havana7 then to visit the various points where weekly rations of Am. relief were distributed to the waiting crowds. and the great Ware house at the famed Havana docks where the enclosed Angels of Mercy gave up their willing cargo's each pound of which might mean a human life some ten of the first shipments had already arrived, been passed by the custom house free, as per national agreement, taken into the ware house and passed out for first distributions by the committees. We commenced with a cargo of fifty tons by the vigilantes, from this point, I leave the record of goods received and gotten out to the notes of M. Elwell, where faithful from & tireless hand are the best authority join good readers could have+ Elwell++ 8 In former days Havana has had excellent hospitals, and physicians when name and fame have outreached the confines of their island home, there yet exist crippled by the direful conditions and waste of war; still the faithful surgeon is there. and the sweet faced sister of charity & mercy passed the cup and the morsel to the weary grateful patient - "But the ten thousand new comers, for when no prevision had ever existed, where do they go when too weak and ill to longer walk the streets" - The first answer to my question? was a characteristic shrug of the shoulders and "Los Torres, mainly" if they can get there and can get in" "Could we get in?" We did, but a few minutes were sufficient to make you regret your effort, and wish9 from your hearts you had never seen it. A large almost old building, two stories with great undivided space, answering to "rooms" both above and below, the floors were the beds, bright in a few instances a bundle of rags the bedding. no furniture, if a blanket, never washed, floors wet & soiled, and six hundred human beings men, women & children. too weak to walk, too ill to sit up, long famishing - with the little food and medicine that the municipality and the government had been able to extend to them were huddled, and stretched out in this ill fated building - A kind of mild Bastille it seemed to us, not where victims were placed for crime & execution but for poverty & starvation - the pine box coffins reached to the ceiling of the first floor as we entered and it was estimated that from twenty to twenty five of them were daily filled & taken away 10 no American food had not yet reached Los Torres, we arranged with the authorities for a distribution at once. One of the gentlemen of the committee was placed in charge. Beds, blankets, clothing, some hospital necessities and suitable food to be carefully administered by good women of the city, who had stood faithful under all rooms partitioned off for dispensary, store room, clothing department, and each provided as far as we were able, brooms- brushes, buckets, cloths, soap, disinfectants given and good cleaners hired to use them, and directly. competent carpenters with lumber to bridge and strengthen the floors & stairs the bending, rocking & surgery of which sent the cold chills over us as we took in their measureless space and terrible burden - "and still the siege goes on" Los Torres is fast becoming a terror of the past, the death rate from being 20 to 25 a day is 4 to 5 a week - One more reference23 CB Cuba letters 11 reference and I have done with Los Torres in this narration. very early the Consul General had called our attention to the necessity for a refuge or asylum for little children, perhaps more properly an orphanage. We had the good fortune to find a delightful location and building 18 Tulepon street secured it at once. The consul assuming the rent, had its elegant appartments cleaned, and that very day arrived our surgeon in charge Dr. A Menal Lesser and his accomplished wife "Sister Bettina" both from the Red Cross hospital of N.Y. One day sufficed to provide the new asylum with an outfit of beds & furniture munificently sent by the Christian Herald, that spoke to the heart and soul of next to the ears; and the next day -- but I must stop, Dr. Lerrer & Sister Bettina will never forgive me if I tell their beautiful story of angel work - I leave it to them. 12 The first needs of Havana having been at least glanced at, we prepare to answer in person some of the hundreds of appeals for assistance from the cities and villages of the surrounding country. On the night of the fifteenth had been the disaster of the Maine which, with its terribly wounded held us for a few days. Meanwhile our present home and headquarter 528 Cerro, had been obtained; and taken possession of. And in the dark of the morning of the 18th we crossed the bay and took train for Teruca - a full description of this visit has been given in a letter to the Christian Herald, and I will not risk the inflection of a repetition upon the reading public. Suffice13 it to say that from that day we have heard no complaint from the people of that stricken town, but only glad reports of its newly made hospital and improvement of its conditions - a town where it is said more people have died since the commencement of the present war than the entire town numbered in time of peace an where in the midst of all this are we, its faithful women drew there resolutions of sympathy and wore their garlands of flowers for the dead of the Maine - Our numbers had been increased by the several of other members of our staff organization; Dr. Hubbell, Dr. Egan M. McDowell -- all with year of experience in field work [but] and we 14 extended to Matanzas, Artemorra, Sagua Le Grande & cunfuegas embracing the scores of smelly points dependent upon and connected with them, since that time several party of cargos of relief goods have been landed at there larger towns in care of the several consuls, I would speak especially of the Bayou which I am notified has come in at Matanzas with fifty tons of excellent goods from the Red Cross of Philadelphia its Bills of lading coming to me show it to have been a most carefully and uniquely selected cargo. As we went to see one senatorial party safely away we were met by another, and gladly welcomed, Senator & Mrs. Thurston Sen Gallagher, Sen Massey & daughterswe gathered into our ranks as well for some days of notable observation Senator Redfield Proctor, and Col. M. M. Parker of Washington, who journeyed with us early and late, examining into the sad conditions of the people, adding every relief possible, both of sympathy and material,--and proving many times a staff of support when the new strange conditions of war seemed almost greater than we could endure, few people in the same length of time have gained as much reliable knowledge of the actual condition of these unhappy people as these two gentlemen and feel I trust will use that knowledge more moderately & justly. -There journeys 15 Hon Representative Smith of and Hon. Amos Cummings of and and M & Mrs Louis Klapsch of the Christian Herald. I need not say today to the people of America how dead & dark was the cloud that settled down on this sunrise of glad welcome-- Per grand Mrs Thurston hastening to reach me in my Cuban home personally and given the last touch of her eloquent pen to a reminder of the work in which we had been engaged together - has left a flood of tender recollection that can only increase with time. I can only add that we accompanied these hon gentlemen in their visit to points we had previously visited and felt keenly the loss of their presence when they left us. One does not leave16 an American home for an uncertain stay on this uncertain island without a times a tinge of honored-ness But my letter is getting very long and yet much remains unsaid. In summing up I can any say that I am surprised that so much has been accomplished with no small force in so short a time. I feel that the foundation is laid firm for a week of relief that will gladden the hearts of all, Cuban, Spanish or American, for all are ill at ease as it is. We have met from all authorities both Spanish and Cuban the greatest secretary and no shade of obstruction. General Blanco and his accomplished chancellor Don Congesto could add nothing 23 CB 17. to the cordial courtesy of their interviews,- and the Cuban Board of Education. The Governors and Physicians could do no more if they had been our own countrymen. God grant that these countries & this good feeling centered under which till peace and prosperity in some way spread its mantle over this lonely troubled islandClara Barton Account of life of Stephen Barton Jr Her brother[*B-11 : Stephen Barton, Jr. *] [*Stephen Barton, Jr. C.B's Brother *] My brother was a leading business man in the section of the county in which he resided (Worcester, Massachusetts) a man of natural refinement, and sensitiveness, of superior education, wonderful mathematical powers, and recharted among the best judges in the State, of lumber, stone masonry, and water power, in all of which he dealt largely. In 1854 he purchased a steam mill in Hertford County, North Carolina, and went there, taking largely his own workmen with him. Here the outbreak of war found him in a village he had built up, and called by his own name. A large quantity of lumber ready for the northern market was thus suddenly hemmed in; his property was too large to take, and too valuable to abandon. He had a store, grist mill, blacksmith shop, and large quantities of grain and cattle, which, if left would at once go to the use of the Confederates. He gathered his northern young men, some twenty in number, I think, placed them under conduct of his son, Sam'l R. Barton and sent them north, giving them all the money he could command. -2- After various detentions, hard usages, and petty robberies at all hands through which they passed the weary band of yankees reached me in Washington penniless and I helped them home, many of whom, Sam'l R. Barton among the number entered the U.S. Service. Our next account of my brother was from the columns of the New York Tribune, that for this act, and others considered disloyal to the Confederacy, he was waited upon by an armed body of eight or ten men and ordered to leave the State. He replied that he had broken no laws; and that when he left that state for other than his own pleasure, he should leave for one better or worse, and he should not go alone, but should take as many with him as he could. He was knocked down upon the spot, but rising up stunned and bleeding he attacked them, unarmed and single handed (for he was one of the mightiest of men) and fought his way through them till they fled, awed, without daring to use a weapon upon him. This account of "Massa's great fight and how the good God helped and saved him we had later from his hired negro, John; he would never own a slave. When General Butler's Expedition sailed from Annapolis, I was filled with the hope that it might take possession of the Chowan River and longed to accompany it, but I was strange to all and had "no friend-3- at court". I detailed the circumstances in a letter to you, General enclosing one to my brother, and begging you if your troops, penetrated that part of the country, to find and get him if alive. We heard nothing more of him until the summer of 1863. From Morris Island I addressed a letter through Capt. T. Waldo Denny of the 25th. Massachusetts regiment, which he kindly passed to Capt. Flusser, commanding the North Carolina Fleet. Exceeding even my wildest expectations Capt. Flusser took several Gun-Boats and proceeded up the river to my brother's village, passed a day with him, learned the condition of his property, offering to take him away with what could be taken, which offer my brother declined, upon the same ground on which he had remained at first, adding that he owed some just debts in the North which that property was designed to repay, and justice and honor demanded that he stay and protect it. Capt. Flusser made the report to me, approving the decision assuring me that he should visit him again and protect him so far as lay in his power. A few months later Capt. Flusser was killed in action, and from this time we had no tidings of our brother, until the Autumn of 1864, and for the sake of accuracy, I will copy from a letter of my own written a family friend during the following summer of 1865. -4- Dear M______. You ask me to tell you something of the capture and death of our dear noble brother and cousin we have lain to rest among his native hills. You know how my last hope died with the gallant Flusser. One chilly day last Autumn when General Butler's troops were pressing the lines of Richmond, we were having unusually sharp work and the poor fellows were dropping back in scores to our flying hospital tents. It was smoky and dreary, and I was out trying to revive and assist them as they were laid down from the stretchers. I saw a Lieut, with a shot in the lungs. He was lying on his back and naturally strangling. I sprang and raised him partly up and asked the boys to remove him to me, as I seated myself on a large coil of tent rope which was lying on the ground, where I could support him upright, till the surgeons could get to him. While I was in this position, with hands and arms bare and bloody to the elbows, an orderly dashed up, and looking about seemed to conclude that I was the person sought, (naturally enough as there was no other woman) and dismounting handed me a letter. With one hand and my teeth I tore it open for special news from home boded no good in those days, and I saw this was from my nephew Sam'l R. It enclosed another addressed-5- to himself, and to my bewildered eyes it was in the handwriting of my brother. The Post-mark and date were Norfolk, and he said he was a prisoner there, that six weeks before he had been captured by a raiding party of General Butler's men, while journeying some forty miles from home, his object having been as I learned later mainly to obtain medicine and appliances, as you know he had a hernia of long standing. He was ill, lying upon a bed in his wagon at the time of his capture. All had been taken from him, teams, bed, necessary clothing, blankets, medicine and he had been thrown into the fourth story of a crowded prison house, to lie on bare floors with chills and fever, and chronic diarrhea; he could not eat the food, and could purchase none, as they had taken all his money (nearly a thousand dollars), and papers from him at the time of his capture, and that these circumstances sufficiently explained the object of his imprisonment, and the hardships imposed upon him, and the positive refusal to allow him to communicate with his friends, as it was evident to all, that unless relieved he could not live many weeks. This letter he persuaded a negro guard to take out for him. I waited till the surgeons sent for my suffering charge, washed my hands, stepped into an ambulance and was driven to General -6- Butler's Headquarters, perhaps a mile and a half distant. He was busy of course, but never too busy to attend to the wants of those around him. I gave him the letter, he comprehended all at once, and turning hastily to me said, "This is hard, what can I do for you"? I commenced to say that my brother was a Union man. He stopped me, with "yes", "yes", I understand it all, what shall I do"? He is very ill, allow me to go to him General"? "Surely, but cannot we do better? he can come here". You have shelter for him he said inquiringly"? I replied that I had an old negro hut with ground floor but it was shelter when I had time to be in it". He rang for a clerk and dictated a dispatch to Gen'l Shepley, I think, at Norfolk, - to send Mr. Stephen Barton immediately to him with all property and papers found upon him at the time of his arrest, let no one know of the order,-- then turning to me he said kindly "Now go and get ready for him, as soon as he comes I will send him to you". You who know me will understand the fullness of heart and the difficulty with which I saw my way out of that tent. I went back to my post, and stood sleepless among the dead and dying that night, next day, next night, and next day. My men arranged a loft-7- in my cabin, and a straw bunk for the sick man who was to come. At ten o'clock this third night, I sat weary and alone by my cabin fire, when suddenly the door opened, and the bright face of the surgeon in charge appeared: "Don't be disturbed, he said, we bring you some one". Six years before I had seen Stephen, strong, muscular, erect, two hundred and twenty pounds; dark iron-gray. He walked into my presense now, pale, tottering, a hundred and thirty, his thin white locks resting upon his shoulders, bent and walking feebly with a cane. At seven that evening he had reached Gen'l Bulter's Headquarters and been taken to him. He commenced as I had done, to assure the General that he had never been a Rebel, but was cut short by a kind inquiry concerning his journey and how he had endured it, and could he ride a mile or two farther that night? Oh, yes if it were necessary, supposing his prison to be that distance away "Because, added the General if you can, you will find your sister there". "My Sister!" he exclaimed, is she a prisoner too"? He was pleasantly assured that neither of us were prisoners, put into the General's carriage and taken to me. He remained six weeks, waiting the General's call to examine his case. It came, one crisp, searching winter's -8- morning. I took him in an ambulance, to headquarters. How well I remember disrobing to wrap cloak and shawl about him, as he sat shivering in the ambulance, weak and nervous, waiting his turn to enter the crowded office. That also came, we entered and were seated by an orderly; my brother at the side of the door. He was immediately removed by the General and reseated directly in Front of the door. Two other persons were then called for, Lieut. Budd of a N. Y. Regiment and one Hutchings a detective from Boston. These were the men who had arrested Capt. Barton, and subsequently consigned him to prison. [Their] They were evidently ignorant of the cause of their summons to Headquarters, and also, each had known nothing of the presence of the other until they met at the door. On entering they confronted their white-haired old victim, they started, glanced at each other, changed color, recovered badly, walked in and were seated. Then for once I had the satisfaction of seeing and hearing General Butler try a case, and learned how more than hard must be the way of the transgressor who should fall into his hands. The confusion of the two men upon entering the room had not escaped him. He stepped to Stephen's side and in the kindest manner asked him to state his case, calmly and fearlessly. He did so, testifying that-9- he had been stopped on the road at night fall by a party of United States Cavalry and demanded his pass. While turning the leaves of his note book to find it they caught sight of some U.S. Currency. They snatched the book from his hands, and demanded his pocket book: he delivered it to them and they kept both, at the same time declaring him their prisoner, they could not wait they said to take him with them, but he could drive into Norfolk and report himself as their prisoner, telling him in threatening language that General Butler had plenty of places for all such as he. He assured them that he should be compelled to follow them into Norfolk, and even to General Butler himself, if they did not return his property. They shouted at this telling the "old villain" he would get enough of it if ever he got to General Butler, and rode away in the darkness. He did follow them to Norfolk the next day. They were astonished and frightened when he appeared, and while one remained by to see that he conversed with no one, another ran to Headquarters and reported him as a notorious Rebel whom they had captured and taken in and had him at once imprisoned. When he closed the General turned to the others saying, "Gentlemen this is a true statement, many of the circumstances I know to be true, the rest I believe to be. He then -10- questioned them in reference to their object in making the arrest.- "Why had they done it"? "Why did they take his money"? "If they believed him worthy of arrest, why did they leave him alone, and free after taking his property, to follow them into Norfolk, and then throw him in to prison"? In civil life, meeting a man on the highway, in the night, taking his money, and leaving him, would be called by another name than an arrest. Why had they not returned his money"? "How much did they take"? "What had they done with it?" Here were some two or three hundred dollars, which had come with his package of papers, notes, etc, sent up from Norfolk; what had they done with the five or seven hundred they did not return"? On all these points their memories were feeble and statements conflicting. The General thought he might be able to aid them. "he had been informed that since the arrest of Mr. Barton, Lieut. Budd had obtained a furlough, been home and got married". Admitted.) These things generally cost something. He remarked that they not only exhibited great loss of memory, but great discrepancy of testimony. Both the greatest on record perhaps. He thought that most remarkable instance of discrepancy ever recorded was that of the four Evangels, whose love for their Master, none could doubt, who were always with him,-11- and who must have been present at his crucifixion and seen with their own eyes the inscription above his head and read it word for word as it was many times; enough one would have thought to have fixed it forever unalterable in their memories". "For instance" supposing you four", pointing to the officers and clerks sitting at the table, "Were in Richmond, and I was there hanging from a gallows, and over my head was written in large letters 'This is Butler, the Beast, who hung Mumford', do you think you could ever forget that sentence or render it any other way"? "But when these four men, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, wrote of the death of Christ, strange to say, no two of them quoted this sentence alike; so yours is not a case of the greatest discrepancy on record, but it is great enough." "Gentlemen, this money must be restored and all of it. I hold you equally responsible. You will divide the responsibility between you, and in case of the failure of either to pay his share, I hold each of you responsible for the whole amount". The Lieut. Turned pale, pleaded his poverty, and the necessities of his aged parents. The general could see that this might be hard, but could not see how Capt. Barton should be obliged to support either him or his parents, and turning sharply upon them, he exclaimed, "This is bad business" -12- "You are dismissed, but I have not done with you; go back to your duty. I can always find you when I want you". Then turning to me, he said. "I am through with these men for the present, but if you have anything to say to them, and I should think you would have, they will remain to hear it. I had something to say, and they found it as difficult to acquit themselves of the charge of barbarities with intent to kill, as they had to exonerate themselves from the charge of robbery and theft. My Brother's papers, and the little money sent with them, not one third of what was taken, were restored to him, and he was given a "pass" to go anywhere within the Army of the James, or North, and he went to Washington. I remained to attend to whatever might arise later, then came to Fort Fisher. You have not forgotten the order that removed General Butler from his command, and I need not add, that after this there being no one to, administer justice, none was administered. The stolen money was never restored Stephen struggled on a few weeks longer, alternating, hoping and despairing, suffering from the physical abuse he had received, crushed in spirit, battling with disease and weakness as only a brave man can, worrying over his unprotected property and his debts in the old home he never reached, watching the war, and praying for the success-13- of the Union Armies, and died without knowing, and God be praised for this, that the reckless torches of that same Union Army would lay in ashes and ruins, the results of the hard labor of his worn out life and wreck the fortunes of his only child. Although doubting and fearing we had never dispaired of his recovery, until the morning of the 30th of March when he commenced to sink, and we saw him rapidly passing away. He was at once aware of his condition and spoke of his business, desiring that, first of all, when his property could be reached, his debts should be faithfully paid. he grew weaker and rested long in thought between his sentences. Again looking earnestly up, he said, "This war is near its end. God bless Abraham Lincoln and the Union Armies". Later he motioned me to him and said feebly, "When you see General Butler tell him, that with the last thoughts of my life, I remembered him, and that with my last breath I prayed for him". I promised. His eyes closed; I bent down and asked if he knew me, "Yes", he said, "and do you love me?" A quick clasp of the hand, and in low broken murmurs, "God-- knows--- how ---much." A few little minutes more and there lay before us, still and pitiful, all that remained to tell of that hard life's struggle and battle, which had failed most of all, -14- through a great-hearted love for humanity, his faithfulness to what he conceived to be his duty, and his readiness to do more for mankind than it was willing to do for itself."HOW SHALL WE SOLVE THE DIVORCE PROBLEM!?" In the consideration of a serious and intricate subject like this before us, it must seem to everyone that the individual selected for that consideration should have had the benefit of experience and participation, or of observation especially qualifying them for the duty required. Nothing could be more patent than that I possess none of these advantages, and only the confidence I entertain for the high character and manly integrity of the parties inviting my views, and my respect for the great world-wide Journal they represent, enables me to regard the request as anything beyond a well aimed pleasantry which I could both excuse and enjoy. For the small help I may be able to bring I shall be consoled by the assurance that "where little is given little is required." I have enjoyed the pleasure of reading several of the valuable articles appearing upon the subject of divorce, articles so full of learning, wisdom and thought that one hesitates to approach them, much less to presume upon a difference of opinion. It sometimes occurs that objects viewed from a different standpoint assume an entirely different aspect, as for instance, a long, narrow building viewed from the side or from the end, will give the beholder entirely different impressions regarding its size or importance. The same may be true of less material objects or subjects presented to us; very much must always depend upon the point of view and the conditions which exist, or which have surrounded one; thus, if from my lower point of view the weak and helpless side of the subject has more general presented itself to me, it is only natural that the remedies which present themselves should partake of a more considerate and helpful nature befitting the conditions, or if from a higher standpoint -2- others have viewed the strong, the rich, the able, independent and defiant, for these more stringent remedies must be considered and required. Such must reap what they have sown; the law knows its own. Again; is it not possible that divorce per se, bad as it is, may not be the worse evil that exists along these lines; not "the worst in the world," as we are apt to regard it. May not the prime evil lie largely back of this? Are there not many more persons married every year who are totally unfit for the marriage relation, than are divorced, or than seek to be divorced? From my point of view, the prime evil seems not so much in their seeking to get apart, as in their ever having gotten together. This having been permitted, sanctioned by the highest and strongest laws and customs of the land, if the parties prove unable or unfit to live together, what recourse is to be sought? Compelling them to remain together will scarcely make them more fit companions for each other. If as suggested, the object of marriage is parentage, it can hardly be conceded that children born under, or reared amid such circumstances are the most hopeful product, either for society or the state, and least of all for themselves. Taking for granted that all persons are constituted and intended for marriage, that in order to fulfill the divine behest and their duties to mankind, socially and nationally, this is the object to be attained and the life to be lived - what preparation is made, what instruction given the young men women on whom this duty devolves? Who carefully cautions them? Who is appointed to give them words of wisdom, to teach them how to live together, and not wish to get apart? Who warns them that they are about to take hold on real life, and not a round of merrymaking; that a spirit of willingness to bear each others burdens and endure their frailties would be worth more to them-3- than wedding presents. All other professions in life require and receive instruction. What provision is made for this? Alas! none, save what comes by chance. Ignorant, mislead, blindfold, too often deceived, they enter gaily in through an easy swinging gate and the law stern and relentless bolts it after them. When they awake to realizations they never dreamed of, to the entanglement of meshes they cannot thread, what could be more natural than that they turn to the law to withdraw its bolt and let them loose. They have suddenly awakened from a rosy dream, to find a bed of thistles. Revelations and disappointments follow each other, defects magnify; humiliated and perplexed, students of unrest, victims of ignorance, where shall they find the patience to endure, the wisdom to make the best of it, and the calmness to be content within the galling lines? The silken cords have grown to bands of steel. All nature rebels against enforced confinement: the hound pulls at his leash, the tiny bird beats the wires. To some, open disclosure, and an appeal for divorce were worse than death, and for this, and for the love of the children that may have come to them, the life is lived, if life it can be called; all is smooth on the surface, the public is not disturbed, and these cases, often the most pitiful and the most worthy, do not enter in, and have no part in this consideration. Others, braving notoriety and implied disgrace, apply to the law for help; and these applications, these efforts at liberation, constitute the momentous subject before the country to day. The various grounds upon which these grants, in the highest justice and wisdom should be allowed, form the subject under consideration. The questions have been classified and a list of propositions presented on which views are solicited. -4- "Should there be a National divorce law covering all, or state laws independent of the National government?" Would not this seem to depend upon the supposition of how far we are a National government, with governmental powers and paternal interests, or simply a collection of States with independent powers? "Unlawful age?" On this point the noblest woman of our land, the ablest advocate woman ever had, has spoken. Shall we disturb the still unfaded flowers on her sacred grave to discuss her decisions? With uncovered heads we stand speechless beside the bier. "Should we refuse a man the right to marry a woman unless he can prove that he is able to support her?" If that is what she marries for, that arrangement would be wise; still, there would be no safeguard in it without an absolute settlement upon her, as misfortunes, speculations, or the gaming table might rob her of support at any moment. I trust the time is near at hand when a woman will be able to support not only herself, but her sick and helpless husband, if misfortunes overtake them, and that it will be respectable for her to possess this ability. "Should a divorce be granted when one of the parties is convicted of a felony?" Would not that decision depend largely upon the parties themselves? It would be generally conceded that neither would have married the other, if this condition had existed at the time. "Would there be less unhappiness in marriage if both parties were self-supporting?" Would not that depend largely on what is held to be self-supporting? If the woman who presides over the house, either performing the work as domestic, or seeing that others do it, as-5- home-keeper; giving her time, thought, talent, taste, labor and life in making a comfortable home for her husband and family is considered non self-supporting and a charge upon her husband, it is difficult to estimate what the sum of duty would be, that would render her self-supporting in the public eye. If the husband hired that amount of labor, care, capability and talent outright, he might himself come to place a different estimate upon it If it mean the ability to earn wages alike, would it not be a tyrannical and over-reaching spirit that would object? "Is mutual consent a sufficient ground for divorce?" If after a faithful trial both parties, weary of the struggle, honestly decide that they would better serve the purposes of life, be more useful, better and happier, with proper and ample provisions for any children that may have come into the unhappy home, it is difficult to perceive the benefit of compelling them to remain together. It might be well perhaps, that the divorce if granted, did not carry with it any power to marry again, unless, after due reflection they decide to re-marry each other. "Should habitual drunkenness, the use of drugs, or insanity be sufficient cause for divorce?" Would it not seem that the welfare of the rising generation, the self protection of the state, in view of the inexorable laws of heredity, should be sufficient reply to questions like these? Does there not come a time when man-made decisions fail, and God's laws hold the sway? Shall unborn children be made the victims, unborn generations be crippled, weakened and destroyed? There is food for thought in these questions, Heaven grant wisdom in their consideration. "Should the question of divorce be left to the Church?" One sees no reason for this, and it does not seem that the Church itself desires it. -6- "Should a divorced woman continue to receive alimony after a second marriage?" Would it not be a peculiar case this would even be thought of? Might it not shelter temptation? It reminds one of the old English law, that in some shelter temptation? It reminds one of the old English law, that in some very aggravated cases of crime, "the accused should be hung and pay forty shillings." "Should a commission composed of eminent ecclesiastics and distinguished lawyers to be appointed for the drawing up of a new code of laws for divorce?" If such a commission were to be appointed, considering that divorce is a mutual subject, and the number of men and women participating in it cannot materially differ, and inasmuch as all laws bearing upon the subject, up to this time, have been the product of men alone, and that present indications do not point to so marked a success in that direction as to preclude th the thought of any change, even if an invasion, might it not be well to suggest that this commission, if formed be made to consist of equal numbers of the leading men and women of the nation. Their interests would be mutual and their judgements impartial. Submitted with great respect Clara BartonAlong the pathway of human life, from the earliest dawn of history, here and there we find golden years, which mark some great even some remarkable reform, some wonderful advancement towards higher life and civilization. Eighteen hundred and sixty four was golden, for it marks the birth of the Red Cross, which to all the world means, humanity and neutrality. An Organisation, recognising no creed, no party, no race. Standing on the broad plain of humanity, it reaches out its strong arms of protection and help, to the sick and wounded of contending armies, to the victims of great national disaster. Born in one of the smallest republics of the world-Switzerland- the scarlet banner of the great brotherhood of man, now gathers more than forty nations of the earth beneath its glorious folds. President of the American National Red Cross 11-77 Greeting "Nineteenth Century" FROM CLARA BARTON, PRESIDENT AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS. ____________________00000_______________________ Among the kings, potentates, and princes of the earth, a word from me seems like temerity. But here comes an occasion never to return to any of us -on which no living eye ever looks again. The great NINETEENTH CENTURY. The century of centuries, l like a tired giant after a monster days work, lies down to sleep. Sleep grand old century, while the bells of the world tell your honored requiem, and history with her pen dipped in living gold stands on tip-toe to write your name at the top. WHAT SHALL SHE WRITE? You have chained the lightening, and made it speak like a prattling child. You have yolked the steam and bade it draw your burdens like the willing ox. You have struck the shackles of human salver, and the bond walk free -the toiling slave is a man. You have said to science: -rice fair eyed daughter, and go forth to bless and to heal the world. Thou hast said to women, -there is place for thee, my hitherto timid, shrinking child, go forth and fill it, that in thee mankind may be doubly blessed. Thou hast widened the crowded world and made new countries from the very gold in their sands; over the plains their shouts are coming. Thy natives whiten the seas; their own hoarse iron throats best proclaim their power. To the great rulers of the world thou hast given wisdom and leng lengthy days, that under them their people might be blessed. Thou hast given the world its martyrs - a Lincoln, a Garfield, a -2- cannot, a garabaldi sleep in thine arms. But thy greatness guerdon, thy best boon -the outpour- ing of thy pity and thy love, thou hast reserved for war, the mas- ter and the scourge of mankind through all the ages. in the dim clouds of sulfurous smoke, darkening the very heavens above, thou hast hung the cross of love -a flaming lamp -the rays of which pierce the darkness, and throw their light of human sympathy, pity justice and help into the darkest corners of the earth and bid even the savage to temper his passions, and that his fa fallen foe is still his broyher. Ah: war thou wild eyed, enticing, restless maiden that has trampled the fair valleys of the earth since Adam, receive t thy boon; we bring it here to-night. The united voices of the world present it to thee. They who have been thy makers through all time have come at last to speak in one voice, to pray thee to accept this greatest blessing of the dying century, and write up- on your streaming banners -NEUTRALITY HUMANITY. And still the pen of history glides -the liquid gold flows out from every stroke Rise up men of the world and hold up her weary arm while she records the greatness of the sleeping giant! But listen! -the tolling has died away, and in its place the peal of merry bells, Christmas bells, wedding bells, new century bells, all in one - and here amid the glad chorus advances a beautiful heavenly child -a new born babe, second only to the babe of Bethlehem, ring out glad bells, tiny babe, thou art the master of us all: our destiny is in thy hands; those tiny fingers will yet close every eye that is now gazing upon thee and in thine arms we shall rest. Hands yet unborn will hold up the arm of history whileshe writes the great deeds thou to perform. In obediance we turn thee our new monarch, out finally is thine. Again, again ring out bells, "Ring out the old, ring in the new."CLARA BARTON SPEECHES & WRITINGS FILE Aides & Other Writings Manuscripts 1858-19083 [858?] "Mais", disait Monsieur Custis, "si la maîtresse de Mt-Vernon était une femme remarquable, la vieille dame de West moreland l'était encore davantage. Si le fils était grand, la mère était plus grande encore. Aucune personne dans notre patrie, n'avait jamais eu une telle dignité de corps, et de caractère : un tel gouvernement sur les autres, et un tel empire sur soi-même. Son nom avant son mariage était Miss Ball. A un jeune âge elle avait été laissée veuve, et l'éducation de ses enfants tombait entièrement sur elle. Son gouvernement domestique était si complet, que le Général Washington à souvent dit, qu'à l'âge de vingt deux ans, il ne s'était jamais assis à table sans l'ordre de sa mère. Pendant les huit années de la Révolution, il ne l'avait pas vu; mais après la bataille de Yorktown, ses premiers pas se tournaient vers Fredericksburg. Elle demeurait humblement sur sa plantation : Mais le champion du monde, n'osait entrer en présence de sa mère sans invitation. 4 Il s'arrêtait avec ses forces au village, et envoyait un message pour dire qu'il y était, et, qu'il attendait pour la voir. La maîtresse était à son ouvrage. Elle recevait le message sans émotion, et disait : "Je suis bien aise de l'apprendre, dites à George de venir ici." Il obéissait. Il lui disait qu'il [était] devait y avoir un festival le soir dans le village. Elle répondait: "Mes jours de plaisir sont finis." Mais j'irai, si vous et vos amis le désirent. Il me faut y aller de bonne heure, viens me prendre à sept heures. Des lignes de vétérans se formaient du chemin au village pour honorer la mère de leur chef. A leur surprise, sans équipage, elle se promenait au milieu d'eux; supportée [files] par le bras de son fils, et mise en robe de soie noire. L'étonnement des officiers Français de Lafayette était sans borne. Elle y resta deux heures recevant les saluts des officiers avec dignité.[*5*] Mais à neuf heures elle disait "George il est temps que les vieilles soient à la maison. Je n'en vais." Quand Lafayette était prêt d'aller en France, il ne voulait s'en aller sans voir la mère de Washington. - Il allait à Fredericksburg Elle le recevait avec bien de la grâce. Quand il lui parlait de la grandeur de Washington, Elle lui disait, "Je n'en suis pas étonnée. George était toujours un bon garçon." En mil huit cent soixante quatre, Lafayette disait "Je suis maintenant vieux. j'ai demeuré parmi des rois, et des princes, mais je n'ai jamais senti autant de crainte que dans la présence de cette dame. Avec ses mots mon vénérable ami, cessait ses parole. Il me disait, quand il ne fera pas si chaud, venez à Arlington, et nous parlerons encore = Je le lui promettais. Mais quand l'Automne venait, nous entendions au travers les eaux qu'Arlington était troublé : Son maître était malade. Toute la ville attendait la nouvelle du jour [*6*] suivant, nous n'entendions pas un mot, mais la cloche sonnait solennellement, *le tambour voilé battait un chant, et le dome National étendait son crêpe. Arlington n'avait pas de maître. Mais Mt Vernon avait recueilli encore un autre trésor à l'autel de la Nation. The streets are thronged with men bright with tinsel, and the clattering hoofs of galloping horses sound continually in our ears, the weather is bright and warm as may for which Blessing I feel hourly to thank the great giver of all good gifts, that when this last army lying like so many thousand herds of cattle on every side of our bright beleaguered city, with only the soil for which they peril life, beneath, and the single threads of white comes above, watching like so many faithful dogs, held by bonds stronger than death, yet natural and uncomplaining A merciful God holds the warring frutiless elements in less ferin lonegnant grasp, withholds the regions of early winter, and showers down upon their heads the genial rays of untimely warmth changing the rough winds of Dec. to the healing breezes of April Uiele may we hold thanks givings, and our Army unite in prayer and songs of praise to God Dec 9, 18612 small to as that day, they were no longer dignitaries but mourners with the throng - I stood at the Treasury and with my eye glance down the Avenue to the Capitol gate and not one inch of earth or space could I see, only one dense living surging moving mass of humanity Surely it was great love and respect to be meted out to the memory of one so young and from the common ranks of life. I thought of it long that day and wondered if he had not sold himself at his highest price for his Country's good. If the inspiration of "Ellsworth dead" were not worth more to our cause than the life of any man could be. I could not tell but he who knows all things and ruleth all in Wisdom hath done all things well. 6 Zauoues '61 3 Our sympathies are more enlisted for the poor bereaved Gouares then [any] aught else. They who of all men in the lance most needed a leader and had the best. To loose him now in the very beginning. If they commit excesses upon their enemies. Only their enemies are to blame, for they have killed the only man who ever thought to govern them. And now when I read of one of them breaking over and committing some excess trespass. And is called to account and penalized for it. My blood rises in an instant. I would not have them punished. I know I am wrong my conclusions, and do not desire to be justified, but I am not accountable for my feelings. The funeral of the lamented Ellsworth was one of the most interesting and touching sights ever witnessed and perhaps ever shall. First those broad side walks from the Presidents to the Capital too impossible lines of See first page -living beings. Then the Company after Company and whole regiments of sturdy soldiers with arms reversed drum muffled, banners furled and draped, following each other in slow solemn procession the four white horses, and the gallant dead, with his country's flag for a pawl, the six bearers beside the horse, and then the little band of Zouaves (for only a part could be spared from duty even to bury their leader) clad in their plain loose uniform, entirely weaponless, heads bowed in grief, eyes fixed on the coffin before them and the great tears rolling down their swarthy cheeks told us only too plainly at the smothering grief that would one day burst into rage and wreck itself in vengeance on every seeming foe, the riderless horse and the rent and blood stained secession flag brought up the rear of the little band of personal mourners. Then followed an official train led by the President and Cabinet, all of whom looked 6 Our sympathies are more enlisted for the poor bereaved Zouaves than aught else. They who of all men in the land most needed a leader-and had the best-to loose him now in the very beginning, --if they commit excesses upon their enemies, only their enemies are to blame for they have killed the only man who ever thought to govern them, and now when I read of one of the breaking over and committing some trespass, and is called to account and punished for it, my blood rises in an instant-I would not have them punished, I know I am wrong in my conclusions, and do not desire to be justified, but I am not accountable for my feelings. The funeral of the lamented Ellsworth was one of the most imposing and touching sights I ever witnessed or perhaps ever shall. First those broad side walks from the Presidents to the Capital, two impassable lines of living beings, then Company after Company and whole Regiments of sturdy soldiers with arms reversed, drums muffled, banners furled and draped, following each other in slow solemn procession the four white horses, and the gallant dead, with his country's flag for a pawl,--the six bearers beside the horse, and then the little band of Zouaves (for only a part could be spared from duty even to bury their leader) clad in their plain loose uniform, entirely weaponless, heads bowed in grief, eyes fixed on the coffin before them and the great tears rolling down their swarthy cheeks told us only too plainly of the smothered grief that would one day burst into rage and wreck itself in vengeance on every seeming foe,--the riderless horse and the rent and blood stained secession flag brought up the rear of the little band of personal mourners--then followed an official train led by the President and Cabinet-all of whom looked small to us that day, they were no longer dignitaries buy mourners with the throng. I stood at the Treasury and with my eye glanced down the Avenue to the Capitol gate, and not one inch of earth or space could I see,-only dense, living, swaying, moving mass of humanity. Surely it was great love and respect to be meted out to the memory of one so young and from the common ranks of life.-2- I thought of it long that day and wondered if he had not sold himself at his highest price for his Country's good. If the inspiration of "Ellsworth dead", were not worth more to our cause than the life of any man could be- I could not tell, but He who knows all things and ruleth all in Wisdom hath done all things well. Should be preserved Clara Barton's Letter Visit to the Emperor. Given me by Miss Barton. FacsimilesBaden Baden, Germany Oct. 28 1887 The International Red Cross Conference had closed. Most of the delegates had left Carlsruhe, unless like ourselves, remaining for after work. The Grand Duck and Grand Duchess with their court, had retired to Baden Baden for the customary birthday festivities of Her Majesty the Empress and the Emperor, with his suite would, as also customary, make his yearly visit in honor of the occasion, thus making that lovely and historic old town, for the moment, the center of interest for the Empire. Dr. Hubbell and myself were at breakfast when the hotel portier laid a telegraphic dispatch beside my plate. It will be remembered, at least by personal friends, that three years ago, while in attendance at a similar international conference, the honored pleasure of a meeting with His Majesty the Emperor of Germany had been given me. This dispatch informed me that a like honor again awaited my presence in Baden Baden. Trunks were packed, adieus made, and the midday train of the following day took us in time for the appointed hour. Whoever has visited the interior of the "New Castle," the Baden Baden palace of the Grand Duke and been show through his tasteful apartments, rich in elegance, [hadilion] and history, will require no further reminder of the place where the interview would be given. This was as well the birthday of the Crown Prince and in tender paternal sympathy, for the painful affliction resting upon a life so treasured, and for the great anxiety of the German people, His Majesty the Emperor would pass a portion of the day with the beloved daughter and sister, the Grand Duchess at the castle in honoring memory of the occasion, its halls were thronged with visitors who came to manifest both respect and sympathy. At half past one o'clock, we were ushered in at the great castle doors by their attendants in livery of "Scarlet and gold," the national colors of Baden; our damp wraps removed, for it was pouring rain, and after a half hours sitting by a cheerful fire among pictures which quite called one out of personal consciousness, we were escorted to the grand reception and drawing rooms, to the center of a magnificent apartment with no occupant but ourselves. By another door one saw the Emperor surrounded by guests who paid formal respects. Scores of visitors with coachmen in richest livery had entered while we waited, and registered titled names on the open pages. At length, His Majesty turned from the group about him, and taking the arm of the Grand Duchess, entered our apartment. It was difficult to realize all the ninety years, as he stepped towards us with even and steady, if no longer elastic [lead]. He approached with cordially extended hand, and in his excellent French, expressed satisfaction for the meeting. "In the name of humanity he was glad to meet and welcome those who labored for it." In recalling the earlier days of our acquaintance, Her Royal Highness the Grand Duchess alluded tenderly to the winter in Strasberg of 70-71, which I had passed among its poor and wounded people after the siege and selecting two from a cluster of decorations which I had worn in honor of the present occasion, drew the attention of the Emperor to them. The one he knew, it was his own, presented upon his seventy fifth birthday. The other, he had never seen. It was the beautiful decoration of the "German Waffengenossen," the "Warrior Brothers in Arms" of Milwaukee. It was puzzlingly familiar, and yet it was not familiar. There was again the Iron Cross of Germany, but it was on the American Shield. The "American Eagle" surmounting the arms for defence; and the colors of German, the Red, White and Black of the Empire uniting the two. His Majesty gazed upon the impressive emblem, which, with no words, said so much and turned inquiringly to the Grand Duchess, as if to ask "Does my daughter understand this?" The explanation was made, that it was from His Majesty's own soldiers, who, after the "German France War," had gone to the United States and became citizens; and this device was designed to express, that, as by its shield they were citizens, and true to the land of their adoption, so by it's "Iron Cross," the were still German; and by the colors of the native land for which every man had offered his life, and risked it; they bound the old home to the new; and by the American Eagle and arms, surmounting all they were ready to offer their lives again, if need be, in defense of either land. The smile of the grand old Emperor, as he listened, had in it the "well done" of the benignant father to a dutiful and suesuccessful son. "And they make good citizens he "would ask". "The fear that could be deserved," I said "industries honest and prosperous. and sue, they are still yours on heart. still true to the fatherland and its emperor." "I am glad to hear that they were good soldiers and thank "god for these men everywhere" was the earnest and royal response. His Majesty continued. speaking of America its growth its progress, its advancement in science and humanity. its adoption and work of the Red Cross, which meant so much for mankind and when assured that its people reserved and loved the Emperor of Germany. that his life was precious to them, and that thousands prayers went up for him in that distant land he had never seen. the [??????] and characteristic response betrayed the first tremor of the area the ear had caught in its kindly tones "God be praised for this. for it is all from Him. I am only His, of myself I am nothing. He makes us what we are. God is over all." We stood with bowed heads while those slowly spoken earnest. holy words from that most revered of earthly monarchs fell upon us like a benediction. At length His Majesty gave a hand to both Dr. Hubbell and myself in a parting adieu, and walked a few steps away when, turning back. and again extending a hand, said in French, "It is probably the last time;" and in pleasant English, "Good bye" And again taking the arm of the Grand Duchess walked from the room, leaving His Highness, the Grand Duke, and one of the kindest and noblest types of manhod to say the last word and lose the interview. one of the most impressive and memorable of a life time.The Red Cross is not an "Order." It is not a secret society. It is neither directed nor supported by the government. It does not signify governmental help for peoples necessities, but the peoples help for national necessities. It is not an institution designed for the exercise of ordinary charities. It is not a nurses association and it is certainly not an endowment or beneficiary society and it offers no personal benefits to its friends or supporters, It is an organization primarily Constituted to carry out the provisions of an international treaty entered into by the governments of all civilized nations for the amelioration of the conditions of human warfare. First, by rendering neutral the sick and wounded of armies as well as all supplies and appliances as hospitals, attendants, medical and surgical aid, transports designed for there use. The whole rendered inviolable by the adopted sign of a Red Geek Cross on a field of white, which popularity gives the name of Red Cross to the Geneva Treaty of 1864. Secondarily to render relief in all calamities so great as to be considered national in extent and requiring more than local aid, as fire, flood, famine, pestilence, drought, earthquake etc. It is an established and permanent avenue for the contributions of the the people at such times, as in war or calamity and insures their immediate distribution where most needed, by the hands of experienced and accredited agents. This distribution with other wise oversight, is largely the work of the Red Cross at the field in time of disaster. The treaty recognizes but one international body of the Red Cross. Which is known as the "Comte" international de secours aux militaries blesses, located at Geneva Switzerland, this international committee recognizes but one national head or society in any one country which national society forms its medium of communication with the government of that country, The name and sign of the Red Cross are by [?????] the property of the government,(Some forty in number) and not of individuals. In most of these Governments protection of this insignia has been secured by legislation enactment making its use for other than the purpose for which is legitimately intended a penal offense. [A [?] [?] is under achievement by [?] are? segment?.] In the United States of America This protection of insignia has not been secured [its completion] and until such time The National Society as [of the insignia] Custodian does not feel as liberty to grant its use by exclusion of membership or formation of societies or other privileges so frequently and earnestly demanded. In making this explanation we beg not to be misunderstood. We would not for a moment be considered as [?] in appreciation of the warm sympathy and desire to aid so [?] [?] on every hand; Our hearts are filled with grateful recognition of the beneficence of our people and we would ask them to wait with us the action of a government which although sometimes zero can be trusted to do the will of the people which will is the highest- serving of humanity. Clara Barton president American National Red Cross. *Whoever has noticed the various frauds of merchandise for the past years has not failed to observe the free appropriation of this sign sacred to humanity alone, [?] as [?] mask on articles both worthy and unworthy and also is the name assumed by corporate bodies of persons operating for mercenary ends being neither connected with, nor [bearing] semblance to, the Red Cross of Geneva. The inference is clear to every thoughtful mind that such mad appropriation and misuse of the main characteristic must in time destroy the integrity and usefulness of the entire treaty if not protected.----"IF WOMEN CAME TO CONGRESS, WHAT WOULD BE THE RESULT."---- ----A Paper prepared by Miss Clara Barton,---- On request of Frank G. Carpenter, For publication in New York Newspapers. ------------ October, 1895. "IF WOMEN CAME TO CONGRESS, WHAT WOULD BE THE RESULT?" It would seem that a glance backward should be helpful in this attempt at forecasting the future. What has been the result of mixed assemblages of men and women; the minor's camp and all pioneer life? Did the advent of women there demoralize? Did it impair the atmosphere, morally, religiously, socially, or economically? Did it retard progress? "If women" had not gone, what would have been "the result?" The churches--were they better without women? Has their presence there been demoralizing? Have they bred discord? Have they readily entered into iniquitous and tricky plans? Have they been easily bought and sold? Are they costly elements in the churches? Would the churches like to dispense with their presence? "If women" had not gone, what would have been "the result?" Schools. Have women students demoralized such schools, colleges and universities as have admitted them? Has the standard been lowered, and the curriculum made easier to suit their inferior capacities, and enable them to keep abreast with their classmates? Perhaps the classmates themselves would be the more correct testimony in this matter. The experiment is comparatively new and has been fraught with difficulties; we are willing to submit it to a twenty years' trial, and then decide "the results." Where women are members of conventions, do they disturb or lower the tone of thought and action? "We have no way of judging the future but by the past, and judging by the past," what are we to expect, if women should come to Congress? Clara Barton.CA 1898 I was young and strong and love to walk. I had four great wagons loaded with supplies for sick and wounded soldiers coming in the rear, so I decided [I] would not get my feet wet but wait for my wagons and cross in one of them. The soldiers [sp]lashed right through in solid ranks, the water being only about a foot deep. Suddenly a captain of a company in the middle of the stream called out to his men 'Company, Fours, Left, March! Halt! Right, Dress! Front! Now Boys,' said the Captain, 'There stands Clara Barton. I want you to kneel down in the water on your right knees and let Miss Barton walk across on your left knees.' This order the soldiers instantly obeyed, and I stepped from knee to knee, the soldiers reaching up and holding my hands, and passed dry sod to the other shore." As Miss Barton related this incident the tears streamed down her cheeks, and she said, "This was the most beautiful tribute of love and devotion ever offered me in my life." COLONEL ROOSEVELT AND CLARA BARTON An incident that occured is of more than passing interest and it is given as recited by Clara Barton: "In the Spanish-American War, on one occasion, early in the day, there came to our improvised headquarters and officer in khaki uniform showing hard service, with a bandanna handkerchief hanging from his hat to protect the back of his head and neck from the fierce rays of the sun. It was Colonel Roosevelt, and we were very glad to meet the gallent leader of the 'Rough Riders.' After a few moments conversation he said: "I have some sick men with the regiment who refuse to leave it. They need such delicacies as you have here, which I am ready to pay for out of my own pocket. Can I buy them from the Red Cross?" 'Not for a million dollars,' Dr. Gardner replied. 'But my men need these things,' he said, his tone and face expressing anxiety. 'I think a great deal of my men. I am proud of them. American National Red Cross about 1900 It is probable that there are few terms in general use among us, or few subjects so frequently referred to of which so little is correctly known as the so named Red Cross. An article of two thousand words can serve to throw very little light on a subject of such magnitude, but if only a few important points are made more clear the results may justify the effort. The causes for this obscurity are many. Among the great movements of civilization the Red Cross is comparatively new. It is of foreign birth, consequently its literature is in foreign languages, and in many languages, while we are notably a one language people. The subject with which it was born to deal viz, human warfare, was, until within the two ore three last years experimentally unknown to our present [American] generation, and the desire for, and the certainty of, a perpetual peace for the future, had begotten an indifference not to say repulsion in the minds of the public, which turned it instinctively - often impatiently away from all topics bearing upon the subject of war.#2. It was only when the flash of swords, and the bugle call of three short years ago, startled our peaceful dreams, and the little island at our feet put on the mantle of war, and our young men marched away to duties, privations and dangers they never known, that the reality came home to the American people. "Does this mean us? says the startled Mother-wife and sister. It is [real] war, and not National Guard, parade and drill that calls these men out? Who will care for them if sick, who will nurse them back to life and bring them home to us if wounded, who will save them from prison, torture and death if captured?" 200000 gray bearded men with slow and limping tread, give ominous answer. "War is war- they must take their chances as we did forty years ago." "But," persists the terror stricken sister and wife, "you old soldiers suffered more than tongue can tell; endured all that mortals could endure and live; you marched into ambush under #3. mistaken orders, your surgeons were captured after a battle, you lay wounded on the field till the vultures attacked you- you languished in fever hospitals without nurses- you starved in prisons- but that was forty years ago; is there nothing better now? have we provided nothing better in all this time?" Possibly a little better, dear terrified sister, let us see; for that is what we have come to talk about. The history of the world is largely a history of its wars and through the four thousand years, until three and a half centuries ago, there is no official record of any movement to lessen the woes of those who fought them. At that date a medical service was attached to armies, and thought to be sufficient for any emergency that could ever arise. Through all the terrible wars of Napoleon I this service was never changed, increased nor questioned. But when the doors of Scutara opened for Florence Nightingale and her forty nurses, the flood of light which followed them revealed serious defects. Still so slow is the march of improve-#4. ment, that the war of Lombardy in 1859 showed no amendment. On the 24th of June, that same year, the armies of Napoleon lll, equipped with every facility then known to military medical science, stood face to face with the foe in northern Italy three hundred thousand combatantsin a line of five leagues in length and fought fifteen hours without cessation or rest. The horrors of that field, through the suffering of its wounded from want of care- scarcely one surgeon for fifty men, bleeding, fainting and famishing, were witnessed by a humane Swiss gentleman, Mr. Henri Dunant, who stayed his traveling carriage in the vicinity of the battle and worked among the wounded. The memories of the suffering he had witnessed, haunted him, until at length he wrote and published them, and the "Souvenir de Solferino" in a few months had been translated into the leading languages of the world, and lay on the tables and on the hearts of the best of Europe. The seed had been well sown, and in 1863 took root in a conference at Geneva, Switzerland, which sought to find if some #5. way could not be devised to lessen the needless suffering of soldiers at the field; which seemed to be largely the result of customary, military restrictions. It was proven that no army [ever] had been foundequal to the needs of its wounded in a battle, it was equally decided that this never could be; as no army could move, march and fight, while burdened with sufficient medical material or personnell to meet the needs of its wounded in, and after a battle. This remedy suggested, struck a blow at one of the strongest time-honored rules of war namely, that no civilian be allowed upon a field especially in time of battle; for the proposition of the conference [being], that societies of civilians be formed in the various countries, whose duty it should be provided whatever might be lacking in the medical department of an army at the field, either of material or personnell, and whose privilege it should be, to go, under proper restrictions and use them. Perchance some grayhaired father will one day read this little sketch through the dim mist that gathers at the tender#6 memory of the days when he waited at the outer edge of the captured field where the wounded boy lay perishing, or the lifeless body waited, and there was neither power nor pity in his whole country, the country for which he had given so much, sufficient to cross that little line of steel and let him in. It further proposed that each country should have one central society, [and only me] that this society should have the power to form other societies, to provide surgeons and equip them, to establish hospitals, to train nurses, in short, to be a civil arm of war in the name of humanity, if wars must exist- or rather while they must exist, for no one saw any immediate way of preventing them. Further, that these societies sh uld keep [preparation], to accompany their respective armies, placing themselves at their disposal and holding [the same] readiness for emergencies, as those in pay of the State; and yet they would be no cost to the state nor to any but themselves. Singularly, of this conference of only thirty-six persons, eighteen were official delegates, representing fourteen #7 powerful governments, and the historian has aptly said that"The eyes of all Europe were turned towards that little meeting at Geneva." Kindly keep in mind the date 1863: just the middle of our Civil War. Three thousand miles away, we knew little of European movements; in war ourselves, we had little time to study them. Our Sanitary Commission was struggling into active life, and Europe knew nothing of it. The Red Cross had not even a name. Please let this answer the mistaken, misleading, and constantly recurring question of the "Red Cross in our Civil War." [There was] none. That conference of 1863 accomplished prodigies of successful labor within the year. It drew into its compact the concurrence of two-thirds of the important countries of Europe, which proceeded to establish aid or central societies, for relief in war; as for instance, Austria, Spain, France, Great Britain, Netherlands, Prussia, six German States, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal and Denmark. Although thorough advocates, these societies were merely single-handedand national each read to act with all human-#8 ity and generosity to friend and foe, but there was no bond between them. Internationally they had no existence. The established laws of war held its impenetrable mantle over them, and internationally there was no link between these civil aid societies and the military of even their own countries. The surgeons whom they would send could still be captured, their wounded left on the field to suffer and die, the material sent could become the spoil of the conqueror, hospitals could be robbed and their inmates either left destitute, or dragged off to prison, according to the caprice of the conqueror. International law sanctioned these things. It was clearly them, international law that must be remedied in this re regard. This conference of '63 bravely called for another to be held in 1864, which should take on the character of a convention, consisting exclusively of delegates from the crowned heads and rulers of the world, [the makers of war] armed with treaty powers, regarding the conduct of armies in the field, and the treatment of sick and wounded soldiers. This convention was held at Geneva, August 1864, A compound international treatywas entered into known as the #9 Treaty of Geneva for the aid of the sick and wounded of armies. The first clause of this remarkable document of ten articles, strikes the keynote of all that was sought, by declaring neutral all persons disabled at a field, all persons properly authorized to care for them, as surgeons, chaplains, attendants, all materials sent or designed for the use of the wounded in hospitals, and the hospitals themselves. Wounded prisoners were to be given up if desired, the sick and wounded should be taken care of regard less of nationality, friend and foe receiving the same care from all belligerents. A sign was created by which all persons engaged in the relief of the wounded of either army [might] be known. All material, as of food, clothing, vehicles etc. [having] this sign [should] be sacred from capture. One flag bearing this sign was instituted for all military hospitals and all hospitals flying that flag [should] be [held] sacred from attack. This sign to be a Greek red cross on a white field, selected as a complement to Switzerland where the convention was held, it being her national colors#10 reversed. It was not the Roman cross nor was it chosen with any thought of religious preferences. This would have been impossible as all races, creeds, and religions must accept and honor it alike. This convention was strictly international, establishing no relations with the central aid societies, which are national in character. There can be no such thing today as the "International Society of the Red Cross of America," or of Germany or of France. They are National. The one International Red Cross in existence is in Geneva, Switzerland, known as "The Comite International de Secours Aux Militair Blesse" (The International Committee of the Red Cross, for the help of the wounded in war.) It consists of a committee of seven members. Its world honored President M. Gustave Moynier, having presided over the first conference held in 1863. The articles of the convention have never changed. One by one the governments have adopted them, until only two, Brazil and Mexico, remain outside, while forty-four are within the treaty. For [general] information let me say [here] that there is #11 a movement toward a meeting in 1902 for the "revision of the Convention of Geneva", but this probably be an action by governments, regulating international laws and not the especial concern of the national societies. The "Orders of the Red Cross" of which so much is seen in print, are quite another thing, usually belonging to secret societies, for purposes of their own, charitable and meritorious, wearing a different cross. In feet, there exists nothing in common between them and the Red Cross of Geneva but hearty goodwill, kind wishes, and mutual respect never interrupted. The Red Cross of Geneva is in no way an "Order" having none of the attributes of one, and should never be alluded [to] as such. It has no secrets. To return to the National Societies- strengthened by the convention of 1864 and the protection of the treaty, no time was lost by them. In 1866 Austria, Italy and Germany afforded opportunity for trial. The [sad] field of Sadowa testifies as to their need. Italy and Germany were in the treaty, Austria Not,#12 That made no difference in the treatment of its wounded. Pardubitz fed, and dressed the wounds of 600 to 800 a day for two months, regardless of friend or foe. In 1870 under Napoleon III, France marched to its eastern borders, while. Germany Watched the Rhine. Both were leading Red Cross Nations. The German Red Cross, like its army, was ready. Its central committee received and applied $10,000,000. as an aid to the medical department of the army. The Red Cross of France, like its army, was not ready; and yet her alacrity surprised the world. In one month she raised and equipped seventeen movable field hospitals, which were sent to the army and went with it to Sedan. During the Siege and Commune at Paris, a vast number of sick and wounded soldiers had been massed together, and the famine of the last days of the siege had rendered their condition pittiablebeyond description. The Red Cross by full approval of the Prussian authorities removed 10,000 of these, and brought back 9,000 prisoners from Germany. I speak of these from personal observation and participation. #13 In July 1876 Servia and Montenegro entered Turkey. All were in the treaty. The Turkish officials, intelligent and educated, understood the origin of the Red Cross and respected it, but prudently feared to place [a cross] in the sight of their ignorant, fanatical soldiery, and the Red Crescent was substituted, which remains until today. In 1877 Russia came down and crossed the Danube. Plenva tells its terrible tale. The Servian Red Cross young and poor, established its wonderful hospital at Belgrade, and Roumania nursed 1042 wounded Turks. $15,000,000. in Red Cross relief were spent by Russia alone. Of civil wars there has been no end. Italy had its Garabaldian and Papal war. Spain its Carlist. Russia led its armies to the region of Persia and its Red Cross sent 117 persons after them, who followed the advanced guard and had six wounded and twelve killed. The Dutch established its Red Cross in Malay in 1878, Bolivia and Peru entered the treaty during their civil wars of 1879 to 1881.#14 In the early Transvaal war, the Boers without being in the treaty, lived up to its highest precepts. The Japanese [became] are one of the most advanced Red Cross nations, theEmperor being the active head of its central society. Civil wars are usually considered the most cruel, and yet, singularly, the Carlist war in Spain was said to [have been] exempt frm cruelitiesp doctors and nurses were respected, prisoners were well treated, and even the wounded insurgents set at liberty, at Pampeluna. Spain has always regarded her Red Cross, and even in the height of the Spanish-American war sent her official testimonials of regard to the President of the Red Cross of America. The exceptional cases of cruelty in war which stand out to shock the world, are usually, of individual import, depending largely upon the moral nature and characteristics of the officers, or persons placed in power. Is it to be supposed that if Wirtz with all his mediocrity of intellect had possessed the heart of a Stonewall Jackson or Fitzhugh Lee, that Andersonville with its #15 13,000 dead would [ever] have stained our proud record? The reconcentradoes of Cubawere not driven out and gathered in under the rule of Blanco. Having followed the Red Cross through the origin and incipient activities of its first decade or two in Europe, let us turn for a few minutes to the part it has taken in out own country It will be recalled that although officially invited to every conference, the United States was too sadly occupied to give attention to anything outside itself, until the close of our civil war; and them, too worn, tired, and glad of the end of war to ever want to hear of it again. Thus it happened that when Dr. Henry W. Bellows, the gre[a]t apostle of war relief, and president of our Sanitary Commission, having come in contact with the Red Cross at the Paris Exposition of 1868, and perceiving its great utility, under took to interest the American people and induce the government to unite with the treaty, and actually formed a society, failed both with Government and people was compelled to abandon his society and[*19*] #16. relinquish his efforts. Foreign nations keenly regretted this, and continued their efforts to interest America. [*@insert 19 1/2*] At length in 1 1877 a second effort was made, during the administration of President Hayes, and continued successively through a term of five years. In 1882, during the administration of President Arthur, following out the expressed desires of his lamented predecessor Garfield, and the advices of his cabinet, the treaty was adopted by our government, and we became the thirty-third in the roll of Red Cross nations. [*not a very [proud record for advanced American*] At the instance of President Garfield, a central society of about thirty members, [*of which 9 bring you a remnant - faithful*] had been previously formed, by-laws enacted, officers elected etc; but aside from this small body of deeply interested persons and the Executive Department of the Government, which had given us the treaty, little was known of it throughout the United States. Bonfires were lighted in Europe at the news of the accession of America to the treaty, but America could not quite see its importance. It added no new territory, it cost no money, it gained [*20*] #17 none, it changed no vote, and had no political bearings, had no differences of opinions, and no petty scandal. It seemed to have much to do with wounded soldiers, and we had none. We had our Grand Army and was not that enough? Thus it was generally settled that it was probably some Catholic order or a sisterhood of foreign countries and prudently let alone. But the small central society, understood well the charge it had assumed, and took up its duties. All that officially pertained to a governmental treaty must be performed - it must be promulgated by our President, ratified by the ratifying powers of Congress of Berne, and the proper connections made between the society and our government, all to be acknowledged and sent to the international headquarters at Geneva. This was duly complied with and we were at length a Red Cross nation with central society ready for the relief of wounded soldiers, but no soldiers to relieve, and no prospect of any. We gained a treaty. It would rust out without application of some kind, and be unknown and worthless when the sad day, should come for its use.[*21*] #18 The society saw and felt the responsibility resting upon it. The people must be awakened and instructed by some kind of object lesson. We had no wars, no battlefields to attract their sympathy and help, but we had great disasters constantly occurring, as pitiable oftentimes as a battle, and which it was our custom to call upon the government to relieve through appropriations from the treasure. Here was a legitimate opportunity to apply the first great principles of the Red Cross, viz, "People's help for National Need." To this opportunity the perplexed committee turned and on presenting the treaty for acceptance, it prayed the ratifying powers at Berne, to accept the United States, with the privilege of relieving in great national calamities, other than war, confining its operations to disasters beyond local relief, and requiring governmental aid. The committee frankly gave its reasons, admitting that it was an innovation. Still the request was kindly considered and granted. Thus in 1882 America stood alone among the Red Cross treaty nations, with the official privilege of rendering aid in great calamities in civil life. The nineteen fields of Red Cross relief in eighteen years, on which the members of that committee have stood and conducted the relief, tell the story of their labors. The Ohio and Mississippi floods in 1884, the Kacksonville Yellow Fever, Johnstown, Port Royal, Russian Famine, Armenia, Cuban Reconcentrados, and Galveston should have constituted sufficient object lessons. The organization has been faithful to its trust and the people have been faithful to theirs so far as they understood it. #19 These were object lessons, many and hard, and for a purpose; but, did the Red Cross in America never come to its legitimate use? Did it never find its place in war? Did it never need its treaty? Were those eighteen years of mis-spent effort? Did its century tree never bloom? More than the grizzled old soldiers of '61 will answer this. Another army of men with locks still dark, and faces young, yet old before their time, will give reply. Men who camped on the fever swamps of Santiago, toiled up the mountainside of San Juan, braved death at El Caney, tossed in the fever ships that bore them back - the delirium of Montauk, till at length the cool gentle hand of the nurse called back the life fast ebbing out. Did some sign glisten on the breast, or encircle the arm of that nurse? Ask brave men whom the Philippines send back in thousands to the western slope, the men of Manilla. When California takes them from the crowded vessels and the clean hospital beds await them, the home food does the tender care of the matronly women of California remind them that life may yet be worth the#20 living - ask these men if the flag floating over that hospital told them anything when they saw it - Old Glory with its stars and stripes to be sure, - strong, robust, full of life and hope, twelve months ago, that had led them on to war; today, weak, sick, fever-burned, broken in heart and limb, the Red Cross welcomes them back. Go with me a little further. Let us look at the cemeteries of the camps of two years ago. Stand with me at Arlington and mark the acres of fresh-made graves, filling, filling, month by month, and ask, did the little society of eighteen years ago miscalculate? Was it mistaken? God grant that some day there will be no need, but not yet. It is not yet. America has double responsibility. Her Red Cross is two fold; civil and military; both alike legitimate, both of the same origin, imposing the same duties. Eight months ago the war victims of Manila were pouring into San Francisco in thousands, wounded, sick, poor and friendless. The Red Cross of California received every one, nursed, fed and helped them on. This was Red Cross war relief. At the same time the elements had devastated a great seaboard city, literally sweeping it into #21 the sea, drowned 10,000 of its people and left 20,000 homeless, ruined and desolate. The Red Cross entered there and by request, took charge of its relief, working for months among the distressed victims, distributing the charities of the people, braving an atmosphere nearly fatal to health and life, and only left when the survivors could help themselves. This was civil Red Cross relief the same organization, the same officers, the same society, the same work. There is not a person in all our land exempt from the possibility of one or the other of these contingencies - misfortunes are for all. Our Red Cross applies to every individual, within our borders, and to them this half-told sketch is dedicated. Subjects CA.1900 The care with which we getting on general topics which is of little importance or within us as general subjects - or the large ride of any subject and the difficulties not to say impossibility of ascertains the facts really needed apparently from their necessary incompetence - a common use. To an illustration let any writer review himself and see which troubles him most in spelling - which he is most likely to spell wrongly - the large word of 4 or 5 syllable, seldom used, or the little word of one a two, which he hears every hour in the day - he would go through rationalization within a halt, but after a hunger confronts him, he might find himself some day heralding if it might not claim a desirable at the end. While the panel of the doon constantly before him might feel neglected with an allowance of only one so - and2 how could he be certain just at that moment if the potato on his plate would not claim an additional & or if the two on some other plate might not be modestly satisfied without - We all know that the United States of America is said to have 75 millions of inhabitants but harm many in our own town, village or even city? & indeed I cannot recall just now - I recall [once] a familiar conversation with Miss. Frances Willard in which she deplored this very differently saying in her gentle tender way - How hard it is to get into the minds of people the simple feats they most need to know, don't you find this one of your [quest] trials Honey". Her very loving soul was often tried - only today in my correspondence I have been asked by an intelligent Charity bureau to provide for an aged nurse of the Red Cross in the Civil War I am asked if many of the other nations have joined our "order" sometimes my "order". If men are 3 admirable to the "order" - Have we any thing to do when there is not a disaster How can they join the Red Cross, what salary do we pay - sometimes even what we receive. How many nurses do we keep employed; How many in training did Florence Nightingale establish the Red Cross before she went to the Crimea or while there. If the Red Cross doesn't encourage war by the hope that the wounded will be cared for, doesn't it make war too easy. I have never been asked if we did not encourage calamities - floods fires and hurrycanes. The best proof of attempted information lies however in the fact of between 300 & 400 letters from young ladies mainly graduates who have chosen the Red Cross as a there of a treatise to be usedcopy of article sent to Hearst Syndicate 4 before the class, the institution or indeed the town and asking of me something of which to make it up [the article] in other words to mainly write it for them a pet paragraph [cover] is from the sensational correspondent who as Samantha would say anon or perhaps often brings out the pathetic story of Henri Dunant, as uncared for, neglected and suffering in a charity hospital or alms house, forgotten and left to his fate while the world wide Red Cross the result of his brain and heart glorifies itself in far famed deeds of charity - one could outrun all limit in there peerless phases of misconception without finding an end - but let us look for a moment at their details To return to the Red Cross nurse in the Civil War - The Civil War was closed in April 1865+ The first inception of the Red5 Cross was at Geneva Switzerland in 1863 It formed a treaty only in 1864 and was unknwn in the United States till 1882 - 16 years — There was no red cross in our civil war - More’s the pity. The action of this convention became the Treaty of Geneva ratified by the congress of Bern, for the mitigation of the sufferings of [the] sick and wounded soldiers — A sign was chosen by which all connected with it should be known - which in honor of Switzerland was its national colors renewed, making a red Greek cross on a white ground — This sign gave the popular name to the movement, but not to the Treaty. It was eighteen years before the Red Cross reached the US which united with the treaty March 1 1882 — thus the old civil war had no red cross mores the pity Disasters in civil life The treaty provides only for relief in war6 The United States on its admission asked to be permitted to act in the relief of great natural disasters other than war. This was granted by the ratifying power. This provision is the ground work of all the fields of relief ever heard of in the United States until the Spanish American, and Philippine wars. Galveston forming its eighteenth field of relief in disasters . . . Nurses While relief in war may call mainly for nurses - the relief of disasters as from floods, fires, famine, hurricanes, calls for the greater help of strong experienced people with food and clothing, men who can face danger, endure hardship and manage affairs. railway & express business - all that is needed where all is in peril - These are what the National 7 Red cross provides at a field - it has seldom had need of any nurses outside of its two wars named above. consequently it keeps no corps of nurses which would be a useless labor and cost. It would be the greatest possible human relief to it if people would come to understand this and not burden it with the constant offer of services which it has no need of, never seeks and does not want. The skilled and matchless hospitals of the country train and graduate nurses equal to any care which the sickest person might need or should expect. These trained and noble hearted nurses are ready at a8 A moment's call from the National Red Cross if needed; [.] In this should be mentioned connection the N.Y. Red Cross Hospital of which Dr and Mr. A. Monae Lesser are the accomplished heads is designed for special training, and its teaching probably cannot be excelled. [The National Red Cross as organized is not a society but a committee. (as is also the international head of the Red Cross at Geneva-..) It does not admit of an increase of numbers like a society - hence the in utility of asking to "join it."- One would become a member of the Red Cross through an auxiliary society - but not through the National Committee. The Red Cross of America] Notwithstanding all this I regret to say that I have in my burdened possession not less than four thousand applications many from young girls for practicing as nurses to go anywhere doing this, who have no years no training no knowledge of nursing - or indeed of any thing suited to the position sought. This state of things had no distinct sides. The one intensely pitiful, the other wearisome and vexatious8 Persons, men who can face danger, endure fatigue & hardship and manage affairs- Railroad and Express business indeed all that can be needed in times of peril. There are what the National Red Cross provides at a field. It has seldom had need of nurses, outside of its two wars Spanish American and Philippine. consequently it keeps no corps of nurses, which would be a useless labor and cost and wholly impracticable. It would, however be an 9 untold relief. to the National Head Quarters if persons could come to understand this, and no longer burden it with continual the offer of services of which it has no need never seeks and does not want. The skilled and matchless hospitals of the country train and graduate nurses equal to any care which the sickest person might need, or should expect. There trained generous hearted nurses are ready at all moments call from the National Red Cross to seek its fields adopt its sign and work under its banner10 Just here is an illustration of the very difficulty I am trying to make peace viz the seeming improbability of bringing shall fasts and details to the knowledge of the multitude. Notwithstanding all that has been said, and not said I regret to state that I have in my burdened possession between 3000 and 4000 applications mainly from young girls for positions as nurses and to "join the Red Cross" - to go anywhere to do anything - persons who had no experience - generally no goals to speak of no training - no knowledge of nursing. 10 [Are men admirable From the probably unfortunate fact that the President of the American Red Cross has been a woman, the idea has doubtless grown that is as originally a women's organization. This is a mistake - The Red Cross was originated by men, Thought out, and wrought out by them, and it was several years before women had any part in it. Then mainly - Empresses or queens as partners and women in hospitals as nurses. Later large auxiliaries of ladies formed in nearly all countries but the central committees are men.] [Henri Dunant The originator was Monsieur Henri Dunant a Swiss gentleman. I have no purpose to give his story here but merely]9 [Is an organization, and by no means an “Order,” one might as well term the Life saving service, or the Home Hospital an Order - it has none of the features of an “order” — has no personal restrictions, no secrets, no conclaves, but simply works on openly for the good of humanity where most needed - I beg persons will notice this and drop the mistaken term of the “Order of the Red Cross” as applied to the National Red Cross, under the Treaty of Geneva. There are bodies of Red + orders in various parts of the country - generally secret societies, - Masonic leaders or societies - or formed with special teams There is no connection save general good will between these and the National Red + for relief +.] 11 [to say that Mr Dunant is still a hale healthy man, a scholarly and accomplished genial an - He resides in Northern Switzerland, in an institution of his own choosing, where he has every comfort desired and freedom to peruse his studies at leisure, Empress Victoria of Germany settled a pension upon him some years again and a grateful world would not allow him to need or to want -] Miss Nightingale There can be no doubt but the initial work of Florence Nightingale gave an impulse to the humanities of the World in relation to human warfare which no mind could estimate - Even Mr Durant might have caught an inspiration from12 from her of which [was] himself was not aware - she has given to the world its greatest lessen in humanity its first step towards the ultimate good will and peace of many nations and to England the brightest jewel in her Arie Crown. But there was no red cross at the Crimea: for the wounded soldier no law of God or man. he died or was slain when he fell. The wild cossoc was unrestrained, There was lack of woman nursing and death of womens tears, tell Florence Nightingale an her forty English nurses passed gently through there channel aisles of misery and death. I have stood in those sacredly her long rooms and [almost] found I could almost hear the rustle of work 13 American Gn operations The Red Cross has been three times incorporated, once at at uniting with the treaty 1882 - Again in 1893 - and again in June 1900, under which incorporation it now acts in connection with the act of congress passed at the last session - all of which are no recent, that there has been no time to judge of their utility. [as] connected with the progress of the [work] [agency] work.TO THE READERS of the WOMEN'S MAGAZINE. [11 R x] [1902] Dear Friends: I have been asked by your enterprising Editor for an Article which shall tell the story of the Red Cross for the entertainment and possible information of his readers; and it occurs to me to put the Article in the form of a story, so far as possible in the treatment of a subject which is only solid, historical matter of fact, from which not the slightest deviation from the exact truth could in any wise be permitted, and which has no shadow of romance, beyond the pathos of the pitiable conditions of humanity which at length led up to its existence. We may fail in our attempt, but with your kindly promise and effort to make the best of it - let us try. From childhood our earliest Bible lessons told us mainly of War; how foes fought for days, until at length the forces of one or the other prevailed and tens of thousands were slain. Though the w wars of Alexander, Hannibal and Napoleon we find the same relations, but where do we find the relation of any humane efforts to relieve the sufferings of the slaughtered victims, or scarcely, except by inferenc inference, any intimation that they did suffer. Were Surgeons or nurses sent to them? Some two-hundred years ago a few regimental doctors were provided for armies; only however when Florence Nightingale went to the Crimea, was a nurse for sick or wounded soldiers ever heard of. It was some years later than this that our story begins. Napoleon I had died in exile, and France had brought his a ashe s home. The succession for which he had set at naught both justice and happiness had fallen before the great, Divine command "Thou shalt have no other Gods before me", and Napoleon III was Emporer of France. Political complications brought on his wars in Northern It Italy, where he met the enemy at the fields of Salferino and Meienta. -2- The Crimea had taught a lesson in progressive humanity which Napoleon, with great credit to his kindly nature, endeavored to put in practice by every means lopen to him; but in spite of all provisions he could make, there was still the iron rule of War that excluded all civilians from a field of battle, however great the need or ready the help. The battle lasted days, with terrible effect, until there was not one surgeon for fifty wounded men, and these exhausted beyond po power to work. It chanced that a humane Swiss gentleman, Mr. Henry Dunant, of Geneva, was journeying through Italy in his carriage, and coming in contact with the battles, in some way got access to the field. The conditions which he found, the terrible sufferings he witnessed, were not only a shock but a revelation to him. Without further preliminaries or permission he arrested his journey and commenced to work among the wounded and dying, remaining several days; all the time wondering, as he worked, and witnessed the apalling need of help and material, realizing how full the waiting, anxious, pitying world was of both, why they could not be had. What was the necessity of that iron Military r rule that shut all outside help away from such scenes of suffering and need - such haunts of woe and death! Was not much of this suffering needless? Would the people of the world permit it if they could know and realize as he did the real situation? The thoughts haunted him until he determined to make them known and wrote a little book - "Souvenir de Solferino"x and published it in French. In a few months this little book was translated into most of the leading languages of Europe (you will be glad to know that it exists in English), and people commenced to awaken to the conditions. In the following year, the Society of Public Utility of Switzerland would meet at Geneva, for the consideration of important social questions. Its President M. Gustav Moynier - (kindly remember-3- this person as we shall have occasion to recall him). Mr. Dunant presented the request that the society take up the subject of the needless sufferings of War, and try, in its deliberations to find some way of lessening them. The proposition was accepted and the subject proved so important as to occupy the entire meeting of a couple of weeks, resulting in what historically known as the Conference of Geneva, of 1863. As Conferences can only discuss subjects for Convention to act upon, it was decided to call a Convention, to be held in Geneva, one year from that date, August 1864, to which Convention the State of Switzerland invite the Governments of every Nation in the civilized world to send delegates to consider the question of needless inhumanity in War, and attempt some measures of mitigation. Invitations were sent to every Government. You will recall that this was during the hardest years of our Civil War and the request to send delegates was declined by our government, as having too much business of its own. Nearly every other nation was officially represented in the Convention and Ten Articles of agreement, known as "The Treaty of Geneva for the relief of the sick and wounded in War" were adopted. These Articles provided that all wounded or sick soldiers, and all surgeons and nurses attending them, all hospitals and material for their use, should be held neutral, sacred to both armies, and could not be captured by either. That citizens properly authorized could go to a field of War or battle, carry provisions and work as in other distress or suffering. That badly wounded men should not be held as prisoners, and much more of a similar nature quite unknown to the people of this good old warring world of ours before. At length, on reaching the seventh Article of the Treaty a serious difficulty presented itself. They had provided for the administration of properly authorized civilians to a field in action, but how -4- were these persons to prove or to show that they were authorized? How should it be known that a man were not a spy? How should even the wo wounded man know that he was his friend and not an enemy seeking to kill him. After much perplexing thought it was decided that the person must wear some kind of badge or sign that all the world should know - some sign common to every nation and never to be questioned. But what? This would be the greatest sign in the humanitarian world. At length it was proposed in the Convention that as Switzerland, the smallest of all countries, and a Republic, had had the courage to call all these kingly nations to her, to speak of their faults, they would honor her by making her flag - (a Greek, white cross on a red field) this sign. But Switzerland could not yield her flag. Then it was proposed and accepted, to reserve the colors, and make the sign a Red Cross on a white ground, and this should be the great sign of humanity in War forever more. This changed every Hospital flag in the world. There is now only the Red Cross Hospital flag, and every soldier knows and respects it. The Red Cross band (or brassard) is on the left arm of every worker at a field; it marks all hospital supplies from friend or foe, never to be captured by either, and sacred to all as the bread and wine upon the Altar. Here then, my friends, is your Red Cross, and which I fear you have never quite understood till now. The sign that in some form I trust youwill all one day wear, lovingly, honoringly and proudly, feeling that on the whole Earth there can be only one sign higher, or nearer to Heaven - the Cross of the Master that sanctifies all. But how did we become connected with it, you ask? Let us first keep in touch with our characters as we go on. When the Convention closed, with an invitation to every Government to accept, through its delegate, the form of Treaty submitted, an International Committee was formed, as the one International Head, composed of seven leading gentlemen of the city of Geneva, with Monsieur Gustav Moynier, as its-5- President. These gentlemen constitute the"International Comite de Secour", of to day, residing at Geneva, the Body which communicates with the National Committees of all other countries. It was decided that every nation, on adhereing to the Treaty, would establish one national society, and only one, through which the International Committee should communicate with that Government. This Committee is national, and not international, and is what you know as the American National Red Cross, which is sending to you this Article. You ask for Mr. Henry Dunant. He is still a hale, hearty gentleman, residing near Lake Constance, Geneva. If you should chance to read from the pen of some enterprising correspondent that Mr. Dunant is living in a hospital in great dependance and poverty", do not allow either your sympathies or your indignation to take possession of you. Monsieur Dunant, from very natural choice in an Institution, such as is common in Switzerland, founded by his ansestral family, which is by right, his home if he prefer it - has every comfort at his command, enjoys the respect, gratitude and correspondence of the highest of all nations. Several years before her death, Empress Victoria of Germany, Mother of the present Kaiser, settled a handsome pension upon him, and there is not a Red Cross nation in existence, but would do the same, if he needed or desired it. The bestowal of the great Nobel prize rests between Mr. Dunant and another gentleman with a prospect of a division between them. He writes most interesting books. The writer of this sketch received a charming historical volume, direct from him a few months ago. We come now to your question of how we came in connection with the Red Cross, inasmuch as we declined participation in its Treaty Notwithstanding we declined to take part with it, the Committee did not decline us, and continued to send to our State Department all literature prepared by it for circulation. There was even a Code of "A Additional Articles" including the Navies, prepared in Paris, in 1868, -6- which the original Treaty of 1864 did not include, and which was never officially acted upon, but which we did accept with our Treaty, and made use of in the Cuban War. Our renowned citizen, Dr. Henry Bellows, head of the great Sanitary Commission in our Civil War, attempted to establish a Red Cross Society in America, but it received little encouragement from either Government or people, and was abandoned. While the other nations to the number of thirty or more had united with the Treaty, and their relief had been applied in several wars, still nothing was known of it in America, and the International Committee got no response to its invitations. Coming now to a point where, as our story progresses, it must include some personal reference to myself, I wish you would be so indulgent as to permit me to drop the use of the personal pronoun, so distasteful to me, and speak of myself in the third person or rather as another person. Let us see as if we can do this as we go on. It chanced that late in 1863, Miss Clara Barton, who from having done some service in the Civil War, where everyone did so much, had become a victim of nervous prostration, and was sent abroad by medical advice. Arriving in Geneva, Switzerland, the International Committee of the Red Cross, with Monsieur Moynier its President, sought her out to ask why America declined to become a party to the Treaty. she could only plead ignorance for all, even herself did not know of IT, and it was not known in America. She was asked to acquaint herself with it, and commenced a diligent study of the subject of the subject in French, its only literature at hand. After a Winter divided between study, illness, and travel, she found herself in July a resident of Berne, Switzerland. On the 15th of that month, Napoleon 3rd of France declared war upon Germany. The International Committee of Geneva, p personally urged Miss Barton to accompany them to the field and learn the practical working of the Red Cross in War. Accepting the invitation she went with them through nearly all the battle scenes of that short-7- but terrible war, where the German armies drove the French from the Rhine back to Paris, captured Napoleon and crowned King William of Germany Emporor in the Palace of Versailes - through the siege of Paris and the dreadful days of the Commune, and long months after in war relief of the distressed cities of France. Having commenced a worn out invalid, in 1869, you will conclude that two such years in '70 and '71, had not restored her strength More weak and ill she sought England in the Autumn of '72 for a long winter of illness, and America in 1873 for still long years of other helplessness. But she had learned the Red Cross and the Treaty of Geneva, and had pledged herself to the best nations of Europe, and to the International Committee, if she lived to get home, to make America understand that wise and beneficent Treaty, and unite with it if possible. It was the Winter of 1876, before she was able to seek the President of the United States with this suggestion and with letters of Mr. Moynier addressed to him. So many were the obstructions that it was five years of utmost diligence before the object was attained. In 1882, during the Administration of President Arthur, the hard lines slipped and the gentlemany President, carying out the purpose of his martyred perdecessor, President Garfield, proclaimed to the American people the Treaty of Geneva for the relief of the sick and sounded in War. A year previous to this, in 1881, at the instance of President GARFIELD, the present National Society of the Red Cross had been formed, as a means of advancing the Treaty, and Miss Barton had made its President. We had now a Treaty for Relief in War, but no War at hand and the country full of the most assured hope that we never should have but we had other afflictions, great disasters of flood, fires, pestilence and even famine; often as hard to endure as battles in war, and -8- it entered into the mind of the National President, when presenting the Treaty to the other Nations for ratification, to ask of them the privilege to so extend the powers of the Treaty for America, as to permit it to work under the rules of the Red Cross in great national calamities as in war. The request was graciously granted and became known as the American Amendment. (All Nations now aid in great calamities the same) With the exception of the Spanish-American War, this is all the knowledge we have of Red Cross relief in this country, but not less than eighteen fields of disaster have been helped by the American people, under the Red Cross since the Treaty. You will recall the great River Floods, Johnstown, The South Carolina Sea Islands, The Russian Famine, Galveston and many others were you longed to, and many did go, and rendered timely aid to the unfortunate, and to the National Society at the field. Thus the Red Cross in America is twenty years old. In the world it is twice that age. It originated in the desire to aleviate the sufferings of soldiers, to aid the Military and the Government in the care of the wounded, and to reduce so far as possible the needless severities of War, if wars must exist, by bringing to the medical Department of an army the ready help of thepeople, on the assured ground that no army could ever be sufficiently provided to meet the needs of its soldiers in battle. It could not march or move with such an equipment. Thus the Red Cross is designed as the civil arm of the military at the field; subject to its direction, and working in all ways in conformity with its instructions. In great disasters in civil life it works independently, unless at Johnstown, the Militia is also at the field. There is but one Red Cross. The Military and Civil are the same. All have the same origin and object. The Greek Red Cross on the modest dress of the Hospital nurse in civil life - on the uniform of the hospital steward or gracing the cap of his surgeon in chief-9- at the field, are one and the same; all answering the same high behest, and dating back alike to the seven Articles to the Treaty of Geneva. Let us keep in mind the fact that the Red Cross was institute as the help of the people for the Government in time of war and distress; and never the help of the Government for the people; consequently not a dollar is ever received from the Government. The people alone sustain their Red Cross. Its thousands of subscribing Members should constitute its support and create its fund, and the membership is purposely made so small that no one is deprived of the privilege. Its officers have never received salaries; and often its most devoted field workers refuse compensation, beyond their plain, field living and the hardships endured. In most countries the Department of First Aid to the Injured has been incorporated into the organization of the Red Cross. This is now being done by the National Society of the American Red Cross; and a few words must be added in explanation of this new movement in which you will be more personally interested than in the larger national and international concerns of the Red Cross. Knowing however, as you now do, the meaning of the Red Cross, its true significance and all that it implies you will the more readily appreciate what an immense power for good this new First Aid Branch may become in the fostering hands of all the men and woman of these United States who have learned the true m meaning of the symbol of the Red Cross. The First Aid Department is organized to encourage the formation of Classes of instruction in First Aid Methods of Treatment to h the Injured, in every community in the United States. Its chief concer concern is to provide such facilities that every person may become equiped with sufficient expert knowledge to deal intelligently with any case of accident. Graduates of these Classes will be organized into permanent Red Cross Brigades; and from this trained Red Cross army will be drawn volunteers for active field service in the event of national -10- disaster or of war. Diplomas, Orders of Merit, and Medals for distinguished service will be awarded by the Department. These are the salient features. The many minor details are beyond the scope of this article. And now I want to quote for you one of the by-laws of the Red Cross of which you, and I am sure hundreds of thousands of American Citizens are totaly ignorant. Section 5 "Any reputable person may become a Subscribing Member upon the payment, to the secretary, of $1.00 per year, and upon one payment of $1.00 additional said Subscribing Member shall be entitled to a Subscribing Member's Diploma with the autograph signature of the President and a Red Cross Badge" This means in effect that every man or woman in the United States may become a subscribing or sustaining member of the Red Cross upon the payment of one dollar per annum, which is the full membership due. A Red Cross Badge, in the form of Pin or Button, is fifty cents and a Diploma of Membership for framing is also fifty cents. Either or both of these will be sent with a card of Membership, if so desired. Name and address in full, with Post Office order for the amount of annual dues, etc., should be addressed to the American National Red Cross 49 East 68th St., New York. Can you not see in this, as I do, vast possibilities for building up one of the greatest humanitarian institutions the world has ever seen; - an institution created and supported by the whole people, for the relief of the people everywhere and for the help of the Government in the time of national trial. Is it too much to believe, that in this great country of ours, with its many reversals of the traditions of time, that this great humanitarian institution, builded by the whole people, should become the foundation of honor and all honorable distinctions; so much more glorious than the old-time source of honors and titles which flowed from the fields of battle, and murder and sudden death.-11- It should be the pride and glory of every American man and woman to wear the badge of the Red Cross as a sign of humanity and a pledge of practical help to the sufferering. Vast as the fund might be, so contributed by the whole people, it could no more than meet the b needs growing out of the daily roll of death and disaster and the periodical overwhelming calamities that afflict this country. The mere binding up of the wounds of the crushed and the maimed on a field of disaster or war is a very small thing and a very small part of the human misery involved. Often and often as I have knelt by the side of a crushed and bloody figure, trying my best to hold in its life, I have looked across the body and seen down a long, grey vista the wife and children and many dim suffering figures in want and distress because of the thing that has happened to the poor moaning, bleeding body beneath my hands. Do you not see this great need,my Sisters? I do not appeal to you, I want you to become a member of the Red Cross and wear the badge always, and you will do it - not just because I ask it, but because of the thought that you are contributing to a great, national, humanitarian beneficence that embraces every one in these United States and may, perchance, in a time of great trial have occasion to succor you or [yours] yours. Copy. JOHN H. MORLAN [*1905*] [*By Clara Barton unfinished*] My first knowledge of the existence of this man was at Mt. Vernon, Illinois, where I had, by request, taken the Red Cross as a relief in the disastrous cyclone which had swept the town in. Many persons had been injured, and the living had largely been gathered into the City Hall as a hospital. After the destruction of the town had been overlooked and the proper notices of its pitiful condition sent out through the Associated Press, we naturally turned our steps to the hospital. There seemed to be several persons acting as nurses or more properly, helpers. We were met by Mrs. Mary A. Hines, a volunteer who seemed to be at the head of the Nursing Department, who desired to introduce the "best helper in the entire body, and who had made himself indispensable". This person, introduced as Mr. Morlan, of Illinois, gave the impression of a handsome, well matured boy, with fine expression, clear pure complexion, a well-knit manly figure and, withal, a modesty of manner that at once won the tender regard and confidence of all alike. Upon questioning, we found that he had no previous connection, or knowledge of, the work he was doing so well, but had been attracted by sympathy for the sufferings he had heard of, and came to see what he could do for these distressed people of his own State. He learned of the work of the Red Cross and offered his services on any later-2- field of disaster required its help. We knew nothing of him, excepting that he came from a neighboring town and probably returned there; that he had done excellent and capable work with no apparent object but the help of fellow beings in distress. Later, when the incessant rains had made it well nigh impossible to reach the terrible disaster of Johnstown from the East, and at the end of three days and nights of trouble and waiting, we finally did get there. The first living form that met us was this young man we had left at Mount Vernon (he had been better able to get on from the West). He knew that we should be there and had come to meet and work with the Red Cross. Through nearly half a year no one could have done more or better work. Strong, athletic, quick and brave, he became the trusted leader among our band of faithful helpers numbering half a hundred or more. No burden was too heavy, no day too long, no night too dark. His respectful acquiescence, amounting to strict obedience, made the slightest expressed desire a command. He had ripened, grown heavier and more manly in look. And we learned that he had married early and had a wife and little children; that he lived in Fairfield, Illinois, where his father had lived and died. On leaving the field and making such settlement as was possible with our assistants, a large portion of whose service had been, as usual, volunteer, accepting -3- only the living, it seemed to us that Mr. Morlan, beside his monthly pay as a laborer, should receive some further consideration (he had earned it many times over by his faithful labor and tender care for every need). On submitting the question to the official staff, it was decided to call Mr. Morlan and try to learn from him what, as a young man so long away from his family, would be of the greatest service to him; in short, what did he most need. He was naturally touched by the consideration and, with hesitation, replied that he had been paid for his work and expected nothing more, but, that if we would know his needs, he could say that he had a little place on which was a mortgage of some $200 or $300 which he was trying hard to pay off and own his home. It was decided to give Mr. Morlan the sum named and let him clear his home. The Committee in turn was touched by the tears with which he learned his decision. He received his Red Cross Badge and became a member. He had grown very dear to us, like a brother or son we often thoughts of and addressed him as such. His habits sided in this respect, he having never tasted liquor or drank even coffee or tea in his life. What other faults could be anticipated? True, our working men some times spoke laughlingly of a "temper in young Morlan" which they would not like to rouse and a resentment they would not like to incur. But no on was harmed and we were in too constant contact with more real and serious things to heed trifles-4- like these. The terribleness of the situation called for all the spirit and courage men could possess. After the close of the field, the kind of family friendship for Mr. Morlan remained with us all. He visited Dr. and Mrs. Gardner like one of their own sons at their home in Indiana. We all met there. I recall one incident illustrative of character. Dr. Gardner had large lands -- several thousand acres. He had observed the destructiveness of the rabbits among his young trees, and, on a day's outing to which we were invited, the men took their shot-guns and pistols. Mr. Morlan, who was a good shot, hit a rabbit without killing it, and, seeing it limp away, immediately went after (not to kill) it, to find and nurse his little broken legged victim rather than leave it to starve and die in the bushes where it had crawled. His pity had overcome even his love of sport. He did not shoot again. These little manifestations could not fail to bring him near to our hearts and confidence. At Johnstown, finding ourselves receiving money as well as supplies, we begged the services of Prof. Samuel Goodyear, the head of Goodyear's Business College and author of Goodyear's Bookkeeping, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, an old time friend of many years, to come and take charge of the books and accounts, which he graciously did, leaving his own business with his partners or assistants meanwhile -- a service which money could not have purchased and only friendship could have obtained. -5- The months passed on and tales of the great famine in Russia commenced to shock our reading public, and, a bill for relief which passed the Senate having failed in the House, the Red Cross was requested to take up the "relief of the Russian Famine". It was a most inopportune moment. We were changing for larger quarters and temporarily located in a hotel. It was the year of the Grand Army Encampment in Washington, in which I had been requested to take an important part and could not well release myself. And, added to this, I had been appointed by the State Department as delegate, together with Dr. Hubbell, to attend the International Conference of the Red Cross to be held in Rome during the month of September. I could, and did, decline the appointment for myself, but the State of Iowa had decided to ship a cargo of corn to Russia and Mr. B. F. Tillinghast was en route to receive the grain and make the shipment from New York. Some one must go to receive it on its arrival at Riga and see to its proper distribution. This could be accomplished by Dr. Hubbell, the field agent of the Red Cross, attending the Conference at Rome, on his way to Russia. But he must leave home almost before the commencement of our work of relief. He was always a main dependence for all work of trust at headquarters and my personal dependence for security. I felt the gravity of the situation very keenly. We could not retain the Doctor and again had recourse to Professor Goodyear, who, upon realizing the importance of the position, again left*-6-* his business and came to take charge of all bookkeeping and accounts coming to my care in Washington, Mr. Tillinghast holding his business charge in New York. There was still need of a faithful intelligent office man to act in handling the mails coming in and going out some five times a day, to do banking errands and to go back and forth between us and Mr. Tillinghast in New York -- a live man able to straighten out an entanglement of cars of grain which must occur during the enormous shipment. No one so well adapted to fill this position came to our thought as Mr. Morlan, and it was assigned to him. This left three and only three officially assigned to, or having access to, the responsible work at headquarters in Washington. Mr. Morlan received all mail matter from the carriers, passed it to me for replies, the endorsement of checks, etc., passing them over to the proper desk for entry. Naturally, we were all hard worked. And I recall, with a sense of weariness even now, how heavy the pressure of those days with their various demands fell upon us. A vessel was to be obtained to ship the Iowa corn, the great quantity calling for one of the largest carrying ships. The Tynehead, an English ship of great capacity, was secured by Mr. Tillinghast in New York at $12,500, and it became a most anxious question with both Professor Goodyear and myself if money enough would be taken in to pay the cost of the ship. We were surprised by both the small number and small size of the remittances received. I recall, even at this length *-7-* of time, the great surprise after a day of exceptional weariness and despondency that came to us by the per- sonal announcement by that friendly man and citizen, Mr. E. D. Hay, of a donation from his noble Society of Elks of Seven Hundred ($700.00) dollars. The sum seemed so large in comparison. The funds were, however, received, and the shipment made from New York, received by Dr. Hubbell in Russia and transmitted even to the Ural, carrying glad- ness and life in its train. We had given an impetus to Philadelphia, which, taking up our example, sent two ships; and the Christian Herald of New York, partly of itself and partly of the remains of the cargo of the Tynehead, sent out the Leo under charge of its own officers, includ- in Rev. Dr. Talmage, its veteran preacher. Realizing how general the call for aid must be over the country, with so many centres, we came to regard this as a sufficient reason for our scant contributions and gave the matter no more though until a few months ago when we were informed that Mr. John Morlan had pro- duced checks to the amount of several thousand dollars, bearing date of that time, which he professes to have drawn as agent for the Red Cross and which appear to have been manipulated through a St. Louis Bank of which I never heard and his own Fairfield Bank known only to himself. But to return to Mr. Morlan, who left us at the close of the field with a deeper sense of grateful trust than ever before on the part of us all. Our trust had ripened into an affec-*-8-* tion which we freely expressed. He must have spent considerable time with Dr. and Mrs. Gardner on their lands and farms and later came to me with a proposition from the Doctor, accompanied by a beautiful letter announcing to me the presentation of a large tract of land consisting of small farms which he desired me to accept for the promotion of such work of charity as I might be engaged in, that partly from sentiments of gratitude and partly as a help in the hard work which he had often seen thrust upon me without sufficient aid he had been moved to make the offer which he hoped I would accept. No valuation was named, no money or terms spoken of, no intimation given that anything was expected in return, no suggestion of any condition, except that in order to relieve me of all care and not throw an additional burden upon me he would remain in charge of the conduct of the farms and tenants and would like that our mutually esteemed friend, Mr. Morlan, be appointed as his assistant to reside on the property and conduct the work. All knew that according to the character of the Red Cross I could not accept in its name but in my own name I did accept by a letter similar to that sent me. Mr. Morlan returned to Illinois to arrange for his new charge, Dr. Gardner, myself, and those members most intimately connected, commenced to form plans consistent with ideas of greater usefulness for so magnificent a possession. Mr. Morlan inclined to a stock farm in addition to its benevolent uses and asked the privilege of bringing tow or three horses of his own, which the Doctor approved, but was *-9-* surprised when, a few weeks later, he appeared with an entire carload of elegant costly race-horses. Some explanation made this less remarkable, and with that incumbrance the work proceeded under his management. Other fields, and other cares, occupied our thoughts at headquarters. Still, we were maturing our plans for the consummation of an institution of benevolence to be established at the Park. We had already received several outside facilities when, to my surprise, I commenced to receive little notices of dissatisfaction between the leading spirits, commencing with Mr. Morlan who complained of avaricious propensities of the Doctor and strongly intimating dishonest intentions in regard to his course with me. Later, Dr. Gardner commenced to throw some light on Mr. Morlan's course as that he paid little atten- tion to his business, was a frequenter of horse races and, probably, a better, if not worse. Here was one of the most perplexing and disheartening situations I had ever known. In all the years of the Red Cross there had never been a discord. However, other organizations differed and warred there was always peace and friendliness in the ranks of the Red Cross. I could not determine the rights of the contending parties and hoped against hope that they would come to an understanding and make peace between themselves. I urged them most implor- ingly to do this, telling them I would rather give up the organization than that it should come into rupture before the world and disgrace itself.*-10-* In the midst of this disturbance the tidal wave and hurricane of the Port Royal Islands occurred and we were called to the relief of 30,000 victims of disaster. This called all experienced workers to the field, includ- ing both Dr. Gardner and Mr. Morlan. However, courteously disguised for my sake, the bitterness was everywhere evident. And I looked in pain on the altered appearance of Mr. Morlan. He was no longer the bright, happy-faced young man, but was dark, troubled, irascible, moody, quarrelsome and hysterical, indulging in fits of weeping like a woman and always imploring me not to blame or to think ill of him and begging me not to withhold my friend- ship, saying that he would rather die than to lose me. On another side Mrs. Gardner discovered him practicing on the writing of my name as a signature, was alarmed but dared not speak with me lest I attribute it to prejudice on her part. During that entire field he performed little of his old-time good work but spent his efforts in attempted differences with the officers holding positions of trust as the secretary or the head of distri- butions, attempting to throw distrust on them which might tend to their displacement and cause a vacancy which must be filled by some one. Still there was no distrust of him that I knew of. His dual nature with the tenderness of a woman *[1908]* The Book which has Most influenced me Written by request Two copies, Ms, and type The book which has most influenced me, Superlatives are difficult to deal with, the Comparative is always so near. That which interests most, may influence little. Most books interest in a greater or less degree, and possibly have a tempery influence. The yellow covered literature which the boy, from twelve to sixteen reads, surely interests him, and only too often, creates an involuntary influence, the results of which mark his entire life. He adopts methods and follows careers which he otherwise would not have done, and reaps mis- fortune for a harvest. And so with the girl of like age, who pores, and weeps, over some tender, unwholesome love-torn picture of impossible [personages], until they become real to her, and while she can never personate them, they stand in the way of so much which she really does need, it may well be said that the results influence her entire life. Not alone the character of what is read; but the period in life of the reader, may and will, have much to do with the [potency] of results. The little girl who is no fortunate as to [clasp] her child fingers around a copy of "Little Women" or "Little Men" bless the memory of my friend and co-worker Loreeie M. Heertt, is in small danger from the effect of the literature she may afterwards meet. Her tartes are formed for wholesome food. And the boy! Ah well; it will require a great deal of prodding to curb, and root the wild grass out of his nature; but what a splendid growth he makes, once it is done! All of these conditions, of character, circumstances and time may be said to have found place in the3 solution of the little problem now before me, viz. "What book most influenced me"? If it had read, interested, rater than "influenced", I should have made a wide range. - the "fables of Esop", "Pilgrims Progress", - "Arabian Knights", the "Ballads of Scott" the benign old "Vicar", "The Citizen of the World," and mainly the mass of choice old English classics, - for who can select? - The glorious "Idylls of the King". In fancy, I should have sat at the round table with Arthur's Knights, searched for the Holy Grail with Sir Galahad, roamed Africa with Livingston and Stanley, breakfasted with the Autocrat, and dropped the gathering tear for the loved Quaker poet so dear to us all. How grateful I am for all this! and to these writers immortal! How they have sweetened life! But they really changed no course, formed no character, opened no doors, "Influenced" nothing. 4 In a little children's booklet, I have once explained my own nature. Timid, sensitive, bashful to awkwardness, and, that, at this period of a dozen years, or so, I chanced to make the acquaintance of L. N. Fowler or the "Fowler Brothers", the earliest, and then, only exponents of Phrenology in the country. I had at that time, read much of the literature above cited, which then existed. Mr. Fowler placed in my hands, their well written book and brochures on Phrenology, "The science of the Mind". This carried me to another class of writers, Spurzheim, and Combe- "The Constitution of Man". These became my examples, and "Know Thyself" became my text, and my study. A long life has passed, and so have they, but their influence has remained. In every walk of life it has gone with me. It has enabled me to better comprehend the seeming mysteriesabout me; the course of those with whom I had to deal on come in contact; not by the studying of their thoughts, or intentions, for I abhor the practice of reading ones friends; but to enable one to excure, without offence, many acts which I could, in no other way have accounted for. It has enabled me to see, not-only that, but why. It was their nature , and could not be changed. They "could no other, so keep them God". It has enriched my field of charitable judgement; enlarged my powers of forgiveness, mode those things plain, that would have been obscure to me, easy, that would have been hard and sometimes made possible to endure. without complaint; that which otherwise might have proved unendurable. "Knows thyself" has taught me in any great crisis, to put myself under my own feet; buy enmity, car ambition to the winds, ignore complaint; despise relation, and stand erect in the consciousness of those higher qualities that make for the good of human kind, even though we may not clearly see the way. " I know not where this Islands life their fronded palms in air; I only know I cannot drift Beyond this love and care."To the girls of Teens and Twenties, of the Woman [?] Journal Madison Square N.G- My dear girls: Your editor has introduced you to me, and I hasten to acknowledge the country. She has done more; she has asked me to write you a "little letter", and still more, she has been so thoughtfully helpful to suggest some points, which might be acceptable to you. On the most of these I think we [?] agree. "Gentleness" of manner is a quality that all mist- admire, and endeavor to attain, but for that, one must largely look within. Gentleness comes of kindness, kindness of love; when we come to regard there about us with affection; [and giving the same] considerations, to [study] their wants, [rather than ours]; and their happiness as [well as] our own, all the beauties of gentleness will be ours. Should a girl have "Courage"? most assuredly she should, both physical, and moral,if possible, but if only one be much so fed her, let it be moral. Hold firmly to the truth, and the right, stand quietly by your convictions, never aggressive, never controversial, but never yielding a point of right or honor. Many of the difficulties of life, and its "handicaps" will fall away under this firm, straight-forward [?], but never for a moment forget, that patience is the lu- bricating oil for all the grating machinery of life. On these topics I think all will agree, But now come a point on which I greatly fear, that [in these days of [?]] no one will agree with me, and that would naturally argue that I must be wrong. May be so [but] let us think of it a moment: Should a girl from a definite "aim in life" and [[?]] [?] work to that end? If she have a natural inborn talent not to be resisted, a Jenny Lind, as a [?]- yes; In that case [she loves not from [?]] it is formed for her, she has but to follow her lead. But should every girl do this? Should all the make this revolution and strive to live up to it? Let us see what this [involves]. it may mean that unknow- ing herself, or the world, with scarcely an intimation of what it may contain, the demands it may make, or the oppurtuni- ties it may later offer. with no ascertained measure of her3 own ability, either physical or mental, in all the ignorance of her untried little life, she shall arbitrarily select the goal to which she shall direct, and bend all the best efforts and energies of her life. She is a high school, or graduating girl, in her "teens". Her studies are exacting. Some of them almost beyond her, Her lessons are all she can carry. Five days in the seven go for this. Sunday in church with its lessons. With a few weeks vacation each, the three or four years, and possibly as many more added, make up the life of this ungrown girl, who perhaps has not the heritage of a strong, robust parentage to fall back upon. According to the present school systems, (and I would be understood as intending no criticism,) she is harnessed in a team that pulls continuously. No matter how weary she may be, if she rests, she loses her place and falls behind, if she fall out she is lost. Every energy is taxed to its utmost. That might do for a settled woman of thirty, but this is a growing girl in her "teens", with limber bones, unformed muscles, [sensitive nerves] quick pulse, ardent brain, uncertain tastes, craving pickles, and candy for nourishment. 4 What real strength can she have at the end of this course, when it is successfully reached, to enable her to take up the "aim" or "career in life, which she has so long planned, faithfully nourished, and feels it her duty to carry out. or at least attempt it, at any cost.? might it not be better if she wait, free and untrammelled, be content with more easy lives, yet acquainted with herself. study something beside school books, and garner the strength and health. which will enable her to seize the opportunities of life, and [control] embrace them as they present; rather than to ambitiously push on; till wasted body. and worn out nerves compel her to wait in weary invalidism and regretfully watch the coveted opportunities go [unencumbered] by? [I know I will be differed with] Folded hands are not always restful - Scraps a partial copy of letter to Teens & Twenties in Woman's Companion March 27, 1908 Good for many newspaper article now copy & file TO THE GIRLS OF TEENS AND TWENTIES A letter written by request of The WOMAN'S HOME COMPANION. Also letter requesting it. "Not published: Pattern did not fit." March 1906. (8) To the girls of "teens and twenties." of the "Woman's Home Companion" Madison Square, N.Y. My dear girls; Your editor has introduced you to me, and I hasten to acknowledge the courtesy. She has done more. She has asked me to write you a "little letter"; - and still more, she has been so thoughtfully helpful, as to suggest some points which might be acceptable to you. On the most of these I think we should agree. "Gentleness" of manner is a quality that all may admire, and endeavor to attain; but for that, one must largely look within. Gentleness comes of kindness, kindness of love. When we come to regard those about is with affection, giving the same consideration to their wants, and their happiness as to our own, ignoring selfishness, all the beauties of gentleness will be ours. "Courage!" should a girl cultivate this? Most assuredly she should both physical and moral if possible[s], but if only one be attainable, let it be moral. She might never come to tolerate quietly the presence of a mouse in her room, while it might skip over my feet unmoved, - but if it were a snake, I should use my feet for a different purpose, if possible. A mere difference of sentiment, and "make up." Let us be charitable. But morally; here is a field for cultivation. Strive to stand firmly by honest convictions, never aggressive, never controversial but never yielding a point of right or honor. Many of the difficulties and "handicaps" of life will fall away under this firm, straight-forward treatment. But never for a moment forget that patience is the lubricating oil for all the grating machinery of life. On these topics I think we will all agree. Now comes a point on which I greatly fear, that in these days of strenuosity no one will agree with me. The natural inferrence would be that I must be wrong. May be so. Let us look at it a moment. Should a girl form a definite "aim in life," and work to that end? If she have a natural unmistakable talent, not to be resisted- as a Jenny Lind, or Adeline Patti- Yes. In that case, she does not form her aim, it is formed for her, she follows her lead. But should every girl seek an aim? Should the ordinary school girl be encouraged, or expected, to form this resolution and live up to it?2. Let us see what this involves. It may mean, that unknowing herself, or the world, with scarcely an intimation of what it may contain, the demands it may make, or the opportunities it may later offer, - with no ascertained measure of her own ability, either physical, or mental, - in all the ignorance of her untried little life, she shall arbitrarily select the goal to which she shall direct, and bend all the best energies of her young life. She is a High School, or a Graduating girl in her "Teens." Her studies are exacting; - Some of them almost beyond her. Her lessons are all she can carry. Five days in the seven go for these. Sunday in church with its lessons. With a few weeks vacation each, the three or four years, - possibly as many more added, make up the life of this ungrown girl, who perhaps has not the heritage of a strong robust parentage to fall back upon. According to the present school system (and I would be understood as intending no criticism,) she is harnessed in a team that pulls continuously, ----- However weary she may be, if she rest, she loses her place, and falls behind. If she fall out, she is lost. Every energy is taxed to its utmost. That might do for a settled woman of thirty, but this is a growing girl, in her "teens", with limber bones, unformed muscles, sensitive nerves, quick pulse, ardent brain, uncertain tastes craving pickles and candy for nutriment. What real strength can this girl have ay the end of the course, successfully reached even, to enable her to take up the "aim" or the career in life, which she has long planned, faithfully nourished, and feels it her duty to carry out, or at least, attempt it nat any cost. May I ask if it were not better that she wait, free and untrammelled by resolutions, - be content with more easy lines, get acquainted with herself, which she has not had time to do, study something beside school books, and garner up the strength and health which will enable her to seize the opportunities of life as they present themselves, rather than to ambitiously push on, 'till wasted body and worn out nerves compel her to wait in weary invalidism regretfully watching the coveted opportunities go by, sadly realizing that folded hands are not always restful. I know I shall be differed with; and beg pardon if I am wrong, but a teachers ten consecutive years among these beautiful girls in the "teens and twenties", and a life time, among beloved over-wrought, suffering women, have given impressions which I cannot away with. Seven times at least, out of every ten, doing the best a girl may with her cherished "aim", she has only to see it wrecked. Nature and custom are her masters. She becomes a wife, and a mother, and needs all the strength she has saved for the life aims which have come to her unbidden. And here, I have one word more. This is to the "Twenties" let us hope the Teens have no interest in it, this too, is "beyond them." that we are by ourselves for a moment, let us agree to giveWOMAN'S HOME COMPANION. The Crowell Publishing Co., Madison Square, New York. Editorial Department. New York, March 19th, 1908. My dear Miss Barton: As you see by this paper, I am connected with the Women's Home Companion and have in hand the editorship of the girls' department called "'Teens and Twenties." I cannot tell you how anxious I am to have this little department succeed. I am a girl myself still and this is the first time I have had a chance to show whether I will be able to "make good" as the saying is, or not. I want to have in my little department each month something of vital interest to girls-something very alive and inspiring- and I have been wondering if I would be asking too much in begging you to let me have a little letter from you addressed to "The Girls of "Teens and Twenties"? This would not have to be a long letter, my dear Miss Barton. In fact, any few lines from you would be very much appreciated by me and by the girl readers of this department and I hope that the writing of it would not take up more than just a few minutes of your very precious time. I wonder if you would do this for me, as I have in mind the sending of your book- "The Story of My Childhood"-as a prize to the girls of 'Teens and Twenties and I thought that, in connection with that, if I could have a little note from you to publish on my page, it would give an added interest to your book and to the girls in general. We came to the conclusion here in the magazine that there must be a place for the girl readers where the finer, more ideal part of their lives would be gently studied and fostered. If your letter, or little note, could take up some small simple ideal of a girl's life, it would be very fine I am sure. I will set down here just a few suggestions, so that you will not think I am too indefinite. "The Beauty of Having a Definite Aim in Life," "The Art of Being Gentle," "Courage and Femininity," "The Strength in Overcoming 'Handicaps'," This is not the time nor the place for me to tell you of my interest in all that I have read about you. A little begging letter should stick strictly to business, should it not? But please let me put myself down as being one of your very ardent admirers. Hoping that you will send me the little letter that I ask for, I am Most sincerely yours, Claire Wallace Flynn. To Miss Clara Barton President of the Red Cross Glen Echo, Maryland. CWF-GG