BLACKWELL FAMILY ALICE STONE BLACKWELL SUBJECT FILE Articles HOW THE MOVEMENT BEGAN The demand for woman suffrage was a normal outgrowth of two preceding movements both extending over some centuries, one [that proceeding] evolving toward control of governments by the people, the other [starting at] toward the emancipation of women from the tutelege to which law, religion, tradition and custom bound them. These movements advanced in parallel lines and the enfranchisement of woman [It] was [a fitting and] an inevitable climax of [either or both] both. In the struggle upward toward political freedom, men were called upon to overthrow the universally accepted theory of the Divine Right of Kings to rule over the masses of men; women the universally accepted theory of the Divine Right of Men to rule over women. The American Revolution forever destroyed the Divine [ity] Right of Kings theory in this country, but it left the Divine [ity] Right of Man theory untouched. That men were born to rule over women was a theory "believed everywhere and by all." Men and women with equal sincerity believed it, the church taught it, customs were based upon it, the law endorsed it and the causes which created the belief had been so long lost in obscurity that men claimed authority for it in the "laws of God." All opposition to the enfranchisement of women emanated from that theory. Neither the man nor woman movement had a dated beginning - like Topsy they "growed." Taking the year 1800 as a [fair one] fixed point from which to measure progress, [one] the investigator will find[s] the civil and legal status of women practically the same as that of several preceding centuries although there were signs of a coming revolt and in North America the personal liberty (How the Movement Began) -2- of woman had been much extended under the influence of the free[dom of Western civilizations] institutions of the Western Hemisphere. Married women at that date were not permitted in any country, except Russia, to control their property nor to make a will; to all intents and purposes they did not own property. The Common Law in operation in Great Britain and the United States held husband and wife "to be one, and that one the husband." The legal existence of the wife was so merged in that of her husband that she was said to be "dead in law". Not only did the husband control the wife's property, collect and use her wages, select the food and clothing for herself and children, decide upon the education and religion of their children but to a very large extent he controlled her freedom of thought, speech and action. The husband possessed the right to will the children, even unborn children, to other guardians. If the wife offended the husband, he possessed the legal right upheld by public opinion to punish her, the courts only interfering when the chastisement exceeded the popular idea of appropriate severity. At this time court decisions in England and in the United States governed the matter and a man when whipping his wife was restricted to "a stick no larger than his thumb;" legal sticks having been larger at an earlier period. Should a husband prove intolerable to a wife she had no redress. Divorce there was none, and should she desert him in self defense she could not support herself since legallyLeslie Woman Suffrage Commission, Inc. VICE-PRESIDENT PRESIDENT SECRETARY AND TREASURER MARY GARRET HAY CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT GRATIA GOLLER DIRECTORS MRS. WINSTON CHURCHILL, NEW HAMPSHIRE MRS. ARTHUR L. LIVERMORE . . . NEW YORK MRS. PERCY V. PENNYBACKER . . . TEXAS MRS. RAYMOND ROBINS . . . . . ILLINOIS MRS. HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON . . . OHIO MRS. THOMAS B WELLS . . . . NEW YORK ---------------------------- TELEPHONE: 4818 MURRAY HILL 171 Madison Avenue New York, Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission, Inc. VICE-PRESIDENT PRESIDENT SECRETARY AND TREASURER MARY GARRET HAY CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT GRATIA GOLLER DIRECTORS MRS. WINSTON CHURCHILL, NEW HAMPSHIRE MRS. ARTHUR L. LIVERMORE . . . NEW YORK MRS. PERCY V. PENNYBACKER . . . TEXAS MRS. RAYMOND ROBINS . . . . . ILLINOIS MRS. HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON . . . OHIO MRS. THOMAS B WELLS . . . . NEW YORK ---------------------------- TELEPHONE: 4818 MURRAY HILL 171 Madison Avenue New York,(How the Movement Began) -3- her wages could only be paid to him. Humane affectionate husbands, treated their wives as loved companions, and there were happy wives and homes, but upon the wives of fickle, ignorant, brutal husbands, always numerous, the oppression of the law fell with crushing force. Although single women [were?] legally as independent as men, it was [not good] contrary to accepted form [for single women] to mange their own business affairs. What women were unaccustomed to do, the world believed them incapable of doing, and they had in consequence neither confidence in themselves nor public encouragement to attempt ventures of independence. Very few occupations were open to women and these were monopolized by the poor. It was accounted a family disgrace for women of the middle or upper classes to earn money. The unmarried woman of such classes, dubbed "old maid", forbidden by public opinion to support herself even were work and wages available, became a dependent in the home of her nearest male relative. Pitied because she had never "had a chance", regarded with contempt as one of the world's derelicts, she was condemned to a life of involuntary service, and the fact that she legally possessed property enough to ensure her independence, did not greatly alter her status. In the church, then a far greater power in the making of opinion than now, women, with few exceptions, were not allowed to preach, sing, pray, testify, or vote. During church services women were seated upon one side, and men upon the *In 1824 one case attracted wide spread comment During a funeral at her church, a New York woman was found praying with three woman "under conviction" in an ante room during the general services. She was slapped, reproved by the pastor and disciplined by the church since she had violated the direct command of Scripture and had not remained "silent in the churches". History has neglected to record whether the souls of these women were saved through masculine prayer or lost for the [?] of feminine prayer.Believing the governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledged the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION Carrie Chapman Catt, President Emma Winner Rogers, Treasurer Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor Alabama -- Mrs. Julian Parke Nebraska -- Mrs. W. E. Barkley Arkansas -- Mrs. O. F. Ellington Nevada -- Miss Felice Cohn California -- Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith New Hampshire -- Miss Martha S. Kimball Colorado --Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement New Jersey -- Mrs. Lillian Feickert Connecticut -- Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn New Mexico -- Dean H. Lindsay Delaware -- Mrs. Mary Brassington New York -- Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse District of Columbia -- Mrs. Mary O'Toole North Carolina - Mrs. Chas. M. Platt Florida -- Dr. Mary A. Safford North Dakota -- Mrs. Robert Clendenning Georgia -- Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Ohio -- Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Illinois -- Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Oklahoma -- Mrs. Adelia Stephens Indiana -- Mrs. Richard E. Edwards Oregon-- Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Iowa -- Miss Flora Dunlap Pennsylvania -- Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Kansas -- Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Rhode Island -- Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates Kentucky -- Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith South Carolina -- Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch Louisiana -- Mrs. Sake Meeham South Dakota -- Mrs. John Pyle Maine -- Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Tennessee -- Mrs. Guilford Dudley Maryland -- Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Texas -- Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Massachusetts -- Alice Stone Blackwell Utah -- Mrs. Emily D. Richards Michigan -- Mrs. Orton Clark Vermont -- Miss Grace Watson Minnesota -- Mrs. Andreas Ueland Virginia -- Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Mississippi -- Miss Pauline Orr Washington -- Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe Missouri -- Mrs. Agnes Leighty West Virginia -- Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Montana -- Miss Janet Rankin Wisconsin -- Mrs. Henry Youmans 44 (How the Movement Began) -4- other in order that "men might commend themselves to God [more calmly] without interruption. It was "indelicate" for a woman to appear upon a business street without a male escort or to go to a bank to transact business and any woman seen upon the street after dark was regarded with suspicion. No college in the world admitted women; and there were no high schools for girls. It was the universal belief that Greek and higher mathematics, then the two chief corner stones of the collegiate curriculum, were utterly beyond the capacity of any woman. Convents and boarding schools wherein girls of wealth were educated, taught nothing more than the rudiments of learning with so called "accomplishments". The daughters of the poor received no education at all. The recital of the legal and social disabilities of women at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century is shocking to modern thought, but it conveys only a partial understanding of the timid, self-distrustful, untrained character of the average woman of the day. Taught that it was unwomanly to hold opinions on serious subjects, that men most admired clinging weakness in women and that the only worthy ambition was to secure their admiration, it is no wonder they made little effort to think for themselves. An English book appeared at this time - Dr. Gregor's "Legacy to My Daughters" which was much read on both sides of the Atlantic and recommended by the clergy as expressing the correct attitude toward women. He said: "If you happen to have any learning, keep it a profound secret, especially from men who(How the Movement Began) -5- look with a jealous, malignant eye on a woman of great parts and a cultivated understanding." He counselled girls "not to dance with spirit when gaiety of heart would make them feel eloquent lest men who beheld them might either suppose that they were not entirely dependent on their protection for their safety or entertain dark suspicions as to their modesty." The philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau which had largely influenced the thought of France during the closing years of the eighteenth century, called forth Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of Women.* He said: "The education of women should always be relative to that of man. To please Us, to be useful to Us, to make Us love and esteem them, to educate Us when young, to take care of Us when grown up, to advise, to console Us, to render Our lives easy and agreeable; these are the duties of women at all times and what they should be taught from their infancy." In her reply Mary Wollstonecraft plead eloquently for larger opportunities for women and especially for education saying "Women cannot be injured by the experiment for it is not in the power of men to render them more insignificant than they are at present." The public heard her appeal in the customary hostile spirit with which they would receive all new ideas, and Henry Walpole doubtless reflected *1797 (How the Movement Began) -6- public opinion when he called her a "hyena in petticoats". There were defenders however and among them was Sydney Smith who made a witty and gallant plea for women's education in which he said: "Women may be inferior beings but there seems to be no reason why a woman of forty should be as ignorant as a boy of twelve." In the Western World there were more robust signs of coming change. Mistress Brent, the relative of Lord Baltimore and the owner of a vast estate in Maryland, had not only demanded a voice in the State Assembly composed of land holders, but had defended her contention with so much spirit and logic as to create a lively if unsuccessful debate in that body and all of it's constituents. Abigail Adams wrote her husband when the latter was sitting with the Continental Congress in March 1776, "I long to hear you have declared an independency, and by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would remember the ladies and be more favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention are not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion and will not hold ourselves bound to obey any laws in which we have no voice or representation." Mercy Otis Warren and Hannah Lee Corbin, sister of General Richard Henry Lee, made similar protests, and General Lee in reply said that these petitions were quite unnecessary as women already had the vote under the new principles adopted. In New Jersey tax paying women were granted the vote "by the con-* and the explanation was made that although qualified women had used the vote quite generally they had supported unsuccessful candidates in the election and the legislators therefore sought and won a party advantage by the disenfranchisement of electors who had voted against them! typed sentence 0 The commonest excuse for denying the vote to women from the beginning to the end of the suffrage struggle was "that women do not want to vote, and hence should not have the right to do so" yet the only repeal of a law giving the vote to women in the United States was the action frankly taken by the New Jersey legislature because when they the right, women did vote.// Footnote. The vote was taken from the women in the Territory of Washington by a decision of the Territorial Supreme Court and from those of Utah by the CongressBelieving that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. Carrie Chapman Catt, President Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Emma Winter Rogers, Treasurer Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor ---------------------------------- Alabama -- Mrs. Julian Parke Arkansas -- Mrs. O. F. Ellington California -- Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith Colorado -- Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement Connecticut -- Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn Delaware -- Mrs. Mary Brassington District of Colombia -- Mrs. Mary O'Toole Florida -- Dr. Mary A. Safford Georgia -- Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Illinois -- Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Indiana -- Mer. Richard E. Edwards Iowa -- Miss Flora Dunlap Kansas -- Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Kentucky -- Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith Louisiana -- Mrs. Sake Meeham Maine -- Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Maryland -- Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Massachusetts -- Alice Stone Blackwell Michigan -- Mrs. Orton Clark Minnesota -- Mrs, Andreas Ueland Mississippi -- Miss. Pauline Orr Missouri -- Mrs. Agnes Leighty Montana -- Miss Janet Rankin Nebraska -- Mrs. W. E. Barkley Nevada -- Miss Felice Cohn New Hampshire -- Miss Martha S. Kimball New Jersey -- Mrs. Lillian Feickert New Mexico -- Dean H. Lindsay New York -- Mrs. Norman dr R. Whitehouse North Carolina -- Mrs. Chas. M. Platt North Dakota -- Mrs. Robert Clendenning Ohio -- Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Oklahoma -- Mrs. Adelia Stephens Oregon -- Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Pennsylvania -- Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Rhode Island -- Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates South Carolina -- Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch South Dakota -- Mrs. John Pyle Tennessee -- Mrs. Guilford Dudley Texas -- Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Utah -- Mrs. Emily D. Richards Vermont -- Miss Grace Watson Virginia -- Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Washington -- Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe West Virginia -- Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Wisconsin -- Mrs. Henry Youmans 44 Believing that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. Carrie Chapman Catt, President Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Emma Winter Rogers, Treasurer Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor ---------------------------------- Alabama -- Mrs. Julian Parke Arkansas -- Mrs. O. F. Ellington California -- Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith Colorado -- Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement Connecticut -- Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn Delaware -- Mrs. Mary Brassington District of Colombia -- Mrs. Mary O'Toole Florida -- Dr. Mary A. Safford Georgia -- Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Illinois -- Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Indiana -- Mer. Richard E. Edwards Iowa -- Miss Flora Dunlap Kansas -- Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Kentucky -- Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith Louisiana -- Mrs. Sake Meeham Maine -- Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Maryland -- Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Massachusetts -- Alice Stone Blackwell Michigan -- Mrs. Orton Clark Minnesota -- Mrs, Andreas Ueland Mississippi -- Miss. Pauline Orr Missouri -- Mrs. Agnes Leighty Montana -- Miss Janet Rankin Nebraska -- Mrs. W. E. Barkley Nevada -- Miss Felice Cohn New Hampshire -- Miss Martha S. Kimball New Jersey -- Mrs. Lillian Feickert New Mexico -- Dean H. Lindsay New York -- Mrs. Norman dr R. Whitehouse North Carolina -- Mrs. Chas. M. Platt North Dakota -- Mrs. Robert Clendenning Ohio -- Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Oklahoma -- Mrs. Adelia Stephens Oregon -- Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Pennsylvania -- Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Rhode Island -- Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates South Carolina -- Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch South Dakota -- Mrs. John Pyle Tennessee -- Mrs. Guilford Dudley Texas -- Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Utah -- Mrs. Emily D. Richards Vermont -- Miss Grace Watson Virginia -- Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Washington -- Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe West Virginia -- Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Wisconsin -- Mrs. Henry Youmans 44(How the Movement Began) -7- constitution of July 2, 1776, two days before the Declaration of Independence was declared. In 1790 and 1797 legislative enactments confirmed them in the right. The vote was taken from them quite unjustly, if not illegally, in 1807. The act was allowed to stand through failure of the women to make their protests insistent enough. In the Constitutional Convention which followed the French Revolution, Cordorcet had made so impressive and unanswerable a plea for universal suffrage for men and women that it had set political centers the world around to discussing the question. These were the signs of the coming time rather than widely disseminated opinion. It was upon such conditions that the curtain of the nineteenth century rose; the century which the prophetic voice of Victor Hugo proclaimed the "Century of Woman". Already there were indications of a definite movement in the United States beginning with the demand for education. School Districts taxed their own residents for the maintenance of schools. As it cost more to build school houses, large enough to accommodate boys and girls than for boys alone, the discussion was at once precipitated as to whether "schools for shes" should be maintained, the liberal-minded contending for them, and the conservative and ungenerous against them. (How the Movement Began) -8- In many districts a compromise was effected which permitted girls to attend school in summer months when boys vacated seats to work on the farms. In Boston from 1789 to 1822 girls were only allowed to attend the public schools under this rule, although for a portion of the time they were admitted for two hours in the afternoon. In 1826 Boston, amid a storm of opposition, opened a high school for girls, yielding to the hostile clamor and closing it in 1828. In the words of the School Committee of 1854 it had been an "alarming success", since the school had been full and not a girl had quitted it in the eighteen months of its existence in spite of the persecution of doubters. The general discussion received a fresh impulse when it was proposed to include geography in the instruction of girls. The proper schedule for girls was held to be confined to the three R's: Readin, 'Riting and 'Rithmetic, with some knowledge of a fourth R, Religion; and a battle royal was fought around geography. Girls, whose parents approved the innovation, were chased from the school house to their homes by bands of rolicking boys throwing dirt, stones or snow balls, and shouting in tones of derision - "Geography girl, Geography girl: there goes a Geography girl."* History records resulting in tears but no surrender. It was not uncommon for a teacher to give private instruction to girls after school hours and and consequent "Dame Schools" for girls, that is teaching by women in their * The personal testimony of one of them.(How the Movement Began) -9- own homes, sprung up in all parts of the country in response to the demand. "Less than 40% of the women whose names appear on recorded deeds in Massachusetts during the early part of the eighteenth century, were able to write their own signatures"* and by contrast the demand for education for girls was now moving on with great speed. In time women began teaching in country districts during summer months when schools were small, one dollar a week and "boarding round" being considered good terms for such teachers. 1821 the Troy Female Seminary was opened by Mrs. Emma Willard, the first institution in the United Stated offering "higher education" to women. It was a storm center of abuse since the complainants charged that time was wasted in teaching girls two utterly nonsensical subjects, physiology and mathematics. A struggle similar to that which brought geography into the list of subjects permissable to girl's education was next waged around physiology. As late as 1844 when an exceedingly gifted woman Paulina Wright Davis attempted to lecture on physiology and used a manikin for illustration, she reported that so "indelicate was the theme considered that women frequently dropped their veils, ran out of the room or even fainted." ** (Put here [s??????] about Nichols and on the next page) A graduate of Troy Seminary *** gave evidence in after years of the custom inaugurated during the controversy of pasting thick paper over illustrations of the human body in text books on Physiology in order that the modesty of young girls _____________________________________ * Evolution Massachusetts Public Schools - Martin. ** Woman Suffrage History Volume _________. *** Mrs. Russell Sage. (How the Movement Began) -10- might not be shocked. The graduates of Mrs. Emma Willard's school seem to have felt the responsibility of spreading the study of physiology and introduced it in their own schools, yet several reported that visiting mothers on examination day left the room in a body when the examination in physiology was called. Another gifted woman Mary Gore Nichols also gave lectures on anatomy and received similar condemnation for the "indelicacy" of the act. Two clergymen visitors at this school were equally incensed at the "unwarranted attempt to teach girls higher mathematics," but for different reasons. One took the usual view and contended that as the female mind was incapable of comprehending mathematics, any effort to teach it to girls was opposing nature and God's will. The other declared as vehemently that young women might become so enamored of mathematics that they would employ all their time in solving abstruse problems in Algebra and Geometry, to the exclusion of proper attention to husbands and babies! Thus popular ideas concerning education for girls slowly evolved from no education to their acknowledged right to an acquaintance with the four R's to be gained in free public primary schools; from the four R's to the inclusion of Geography; from Geography to Physiology; from Physiology to higher mathematics and high schools - each new step being an outpost around which intolerant and bitter controversy raged. In 1809 the first legislative victory had come, Connecticut gave married women the right to make a will. From that date legislative changes concerning the*Southern States deserve the honor of [leading] a share in the leadership of the advanced legislation The first state to grant the married woman the right of control[?] of her own property was Mississippi in The third state to give married women the right to make a mil was Texas (1840) the former Alabama 1843; and the first sufrage for women, after New Jersey, was in the Mich[?] State[?] School suffrage[?[ granted by Kentucky to mdoms[?] and children in 1838 Believing that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION Carrie Chapman Catt, President Emma Winner Rogers, Treasurer Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor --------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama–Mrs. Julian Parke Nebraska–Mrs. W. E. Barkley Arkansas–Mrs. O. F. Ellington Nevada–Miss Felice Cohn California–Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith New Hampshire–Miss Martha S. Kimball Colorado–Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement New Jersey–Mrs. Lillian Feickert Connecticut–Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn New Mexico–Dean H. Lindsay Delaware–Mrs. Mary Brassington New York–Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse District of Columbia–Mrs. Mary O'Toole North Carolina–Mrs. Chas. M. Platt Florida–Dr. Mary A. Safford North Dakota–Mrs. Robert Clendenning Georgia–Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Ohio–Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Illinois–Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Oklahoma–Mrs. Adelia Stephens Indiana–Mrs. Richard E. Edwards Oregon–Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Iowa–Miss Flora Dunlap Pennsylvania–Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Kansas–Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Rhode Island–Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates Kentucky–Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith South Carolina–Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch Louisiana–Mrs. Sake Meeham South Dakota–Mrs. John Pyle Maine–Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Tennessee–Mrs. Guilford Dudley Maryland–Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Texas–Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Massachusetts–Alice Stone Blackwell Utah–Mrs. Emily D. Richards Michigan–Mrs. Orton Clark Vermont–Miss Grace Watson Minnesota–Mrs. Andreas Ueland Virginia–Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Mississippi–Miss Pauline Orr Washington–Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe Missouri–Mrs. Agnes Leighty West Virginia–Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Montana–Miss Janet Rankin Wisconsin–Mrs. Henry Youmans 44(How the Movement Began) -11- civil status of women were frequent, and events destined to solidify into an organized demand for complete equality, followed each other in rapid succession.* Possibly the most permanent factor in giving impulse to the movement came with the announced and undisputed discovery by Von Baer, a German scientist, that the protoplasm of the ovule, the reproductive cell of the maternal organism, contributed at least half to the structure of the embryo child. Before that date it had been held that the mother had no essential share in the formation of the child, the comparison being usual that "man was the seed and woman the soil". The proof of equal physical responsibility of parents, opened the question of the extent of the mental and moral responsibility resting upon the mother, and by degrees this reversal of theory concerning fatherhood and motherhood changed the attitude of educated men toward all phases of the woman question. [* At about this date Margaret Fuller upset the conventions of the staid City of Boston by sitting down at a table in a public library to read a book.*] Meanwhile two great reforms were rapidly pressing forward, propelled by the controversy of earnest consecrated protagonists on the one hand, and bitter hostile antagonists on the other– the anti slavery and anti liquor movements. Both appealed strongly to the humanitarian sympathies of the better educated women. Whether the effort of women had any appreciable effect upon either movement between 1800 to 1850 may be doubted, but it is certain that these reforms furnished the most impelling motive that led women to come forth from their [obscurity] seclusion to take part in public affairs. They came timidly (How the Movement Began) -12- at first, but with the discovery that the majority of men [did] not only did not want their help [and sincerely believed they should express no opinion either in discussion or upon the platform] but expressed their opinion in phrases and tones of bitter contempt, the spirit of many [wa prodded] was stung into resentment. They chafed at the restraint of individual liberty, and the bravest boldly defended the right of any woman to give service to any cause and in any manner she chose. The controversy by degrees inevitably appeared in all movements, churches and societies. In 1833 Oberlin College in Ohio was opened admitting boys and girls, black and white, on equal terms. It was the first college in the world in modern times to admit women, but as the feeling of hostility against Negro rights was even more intense than that against women's right, the advantage won did not appear to be great. The Negroes too shared the common view concerning women, and when students unfitted to enter the college were organized into preparatory classes, they rebelled against being taught by Lucy Stone, one of the earliest students. After gently persuading them that it would be better [for them] to [get] receive education from a woman than not to have it at all, they resigned themselves to the facts of destiny and became eventually her loyal supporters even saving her at one time from the savage threats of a mob. Two courageous and remarkable woman, the Grimke sisters of South Carolina, had freed their slaves in 1828 and gone North. They began speaking publicly in favor of abolition and were mobbed many times. They contended for the(How the Movement Began) -13- rights of women as well as the slaves [and protested against women being regarded as "a lapse of nature"]. A biographer said of them "Angelina was a natural [water] orator. Fresh from the land of bondage there was a fervor in her speech that electrified her hearers wherever she went. Sarah published a book reviewing the Bible arguments the clergy were then making in their pulpits to prove that the degradation of the slave and woman were alike in harmony with the expressed will of God." Abby Kelly, "the most persecuted of all the women who labored in the anti slavery cause" began speaking at about this time, and these three fearless women blazed a trail through the fusillade of rotten eggs, brickbats and abuse to the right of women to speak upon public platforms. Independence Hall in Philadelphia was torn down and set on fire while Angelina Grimke was speaking in 1837, and mobs were frequent incidents in their careers, but they were unafraid. Many men and women were expelled from their churches for having listened to the pleadings of these women for justice to the Negro. The persecutions continued for years and only ceased with the triumphant acknowledgement by the public of the right of women to organize, speak and work for public causes. In 1833 the Female Anti Slavery Society was formed as an outgrowth of these events, and is claimed not only as the first organized Woman's Society but also as the first effort [of women?] to affect a political question. An event transpired in 1834 which shows with great clarity the intolerant attitude towards the colored race in the North. Prudence Crandall, a Quaker woman of (How the Movement Began) -14- Canterbury, Connecticut, had established a school for colored girls In 1832. The persecution of herself and school surpasses understanding. [The] Her enemies [of her school] secured an act of the Legislature prohibiting "private schools for non-resident colored persons" and the news of its passage was received in the town by the ringing of church bells. She was twice arrested, tried and convicted, but carried her case to the Supreme Court of the State where the law was declared unconstitutional. Meanwhile all shops and meeting houses were closed to her and her pupils; carriage in public conveyances was denied them, physicians would not wait upon them, not a shop would sell them a morsel of food, her friends were forbidden to visit her, her well was filled with manure and water from other sources refused, the house was assaulted with rotten eggs and at last set on fire, her persecution having continued without abatement for two years. At a meeting of The Boston Female Anti Slavery Society in 1835, from six to ten thousand men, many "gentlemen of property and influence", gathered about the hall demanding the adjournment of the meeting composed of fifteen to twenty women. The mayor appeared and ordered them to adjourn as "he could not guarantee them protection any longer." The society adjourned to the home of its president and the mob turned upon William Lloyd Garrison, who was in his office on the same floor, carried him out, tore off his [clothes] coat, and the authorities [had to put] were obliged to place him in jail for safety.[1825] Miliam Thompson Ian English Economist published "An appeal of one half the human race, [against] women, against the pre[?] of the men half, men, to release there unpotential law hence unclaimed domestic slavery." [1831] 1831 astonished men of science by Mary Somerville [published] (he took mechanism of the Heavens Believing that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION Carrie Chapman Catt, President Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Jenny Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Emma Winner Rogers, Treasurer Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor Alabama--Mrs. Julian Parke Arkansas--Mrs. O.F. Ellington California--Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith Colorado--Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement Connecticut--Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn Delaware--Mrs. Mary Brassington District of Columbia--Mrs. Mary O'Toole Florida--Dr. Mary A. Safford Georgia--Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Illinois--Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Indiana--Mrs. Richard E. Edwards Iowa--Miss Flora Dunlap Kansas--Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Kentucky--Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith Louisiana--Mrs. Sake Meeham Maine--Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Maryland--Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Massachusetts--Alice Stone Blackwell Michigan--Mrs. Orton Clark Minnesota--Mrs. Andreas Ueland Mississippi--Miss Pauline Orr Missouri--Mrs. Agnes Leighty Montana--Miss Janet Rankin Nebraska--Mrs. W. E. Barkley Nevada--Miss Felice Cohn New Hampshire--Miss Martha S. Kimball New Jersey--Mrs. Lillian Feickert New Mexico--Dean H. Lindsay New York--Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse North Carolina--Mrs. Chas. M. Platt North Dakota--Mrs. Robert Clendenning Ohio--Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Oklahoma--Mrs. Adelia Stephens Oregon--Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Pennsylvania--Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Rhode Island--Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates South Carolina--Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch South Dakota--Mrs. John Pyle Tennessee--Mrs. Guilford Dudley Texas--Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Utah--Mrs. Emily D. Richards Vermont--Miss Grace Watson Virginia--Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Washington--Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe West Virginia--Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Wisconsin--Mrs. Henry Youmans [*eir just powers from the consent of the governed pate in government and favor their enfranchisement.*] WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. Emma Winner Rogers, Treasurer Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor Nebraska—Mrs. W. E. Barkley Nevada—Miss Felice Cohn New Hampshire—Miss Marthe S. Kimball New Jersey—Mrs. Lillian Feickert New Mexico—Dean H. Lindsay New York—Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse North Carolina—Mrs. Chas. M. Platt North Dakota—Mrs. Robert Clendenning Ohio—Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Oklahoma—Mrs. Adelia Stephens Oregon—Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Pennsylvania—Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Rhose Island—Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates South Carolina—Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch South Daktoa—Mrs. John Pyle Tennessee—Mrs. Guilford Dudley Texas—Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Utah—Mrs. Emily D. Richards Vermont—Miss Grace Watson Virginia—Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Washington—Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe West Virginia—Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Wisconsin—Mrs. Henry Youmans 44 I, we [***] 1825 (How the Movement Began) -15- What proportion of this intolerance was aimed at the anti slavery movement and what at the pro-woman movement, the mob itself probably did not know. Women abolitionists were far from being intimidated by the public attitude. Eight hundred women in New York petitioned Congress for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, a radical act at the time as it was generally believed that the right to petition was confined to electors. John Quincy Adams in his famous congressional campaign to establish the right of petition for all, introduced in 1839 several anti slavery petitions from women. The National Female Anti Slavery Convention with seventy-two delegates present, met in New York in 1837, the first representative body of women every convened. Meanwhile Lydia Maria Child published her "History of Women" (1832) and Margaret Fuller her "The Great Lawsuit - Man vs. Woman", and many less important books and press articles appeared in the United States all pleading for education and freedom for women.* In 1837 Catherine Beecher published an Essay on Slavery with reference to the "Duty of American Females". It was answered by a pastoral letter issued by the general association of the Congregational Churches of Massachusetts in which all attempts of women to do public work were bitterly condemned. The letter included the following: "We appreciate the unostentatious prayers and efforts of women in advancing the cause of religion at home and abroad and in leading religious inquirers to the *Sarah Grimke, threw a veritable bomb into the established views of society, when in vigorous English she said: If sewing societies be fruits of whose industry are now expended in supporting and educating young men for the ministry, were to withdraw their contributions to these objects and give them where they are needed. Where advancement of their own sex in useful learning the next generation might furnish sufficient proof that in intelligence and ability to master the whole circle of sciences, woman is notBelieving that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. Carrie Chapman Catt, President Emma Winner Rogers, Treasurer Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Ester G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor Alabama-Mrs. Julian Parke Nebraska-Mrs. W. E. Barkley Arkansas-Mrs. O. F. Ellington Nevada-Miss Felice Cohn California-Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith New Hampshire-Miss Martha S. Kimball Colorado-Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement New Jersey-Mrs. Lillian Feickert Connecticut-Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn New Mexico-Dean H. Lindsay Delaware-Mrs. Mary Brassington New York-Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse District of Columbia-Mrs. Mary O'Toole North Carolina-Mrs. Chas. M. Platt Florida-Dr. Mary A. Safford North Dakota-Mrs. Robert Clendenning Georgia-Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Ohio-Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Illinois-Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Oklahoma-Mrs. Adelia Stephens Indiana-Mrs. Richard E. Edwards Oregon-Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Iowa-Miss Flora Dunlap Pennsylvania-Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Kansas-Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Rhode Island-Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates Kentucky-Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith South Carolina-Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch Louisiana-Mrs. Sake Meeham South Dakota-Mrs. John Pyle Maine-Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Tennessee-Mrs. Guilford Dudley Maryland-Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Texas-Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Massachusetts-Alice Stone Blackwell Utah-Mrs. Emily D. Richards Michigan-Mrs. Orton Clark Vermont-Miss Grace Watson Minnesota-Mrs. Andreas Ueland Virginia-Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Mississippi-Miss Pauline Orr Washington-Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe Missouri-Mrs. Agnes Leighty West Virginia-Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Montana-Miss Janet Rankin Wisconsin-Mrs. Henry Youmans 44 inferior 2 woman, and instead of a sensible woman being regarded as she [now] is - a lapse of nature - they would be quite as common as sensible men" (How the Movement Began) -16- pastor for instructions; but when she assumes the place and tone of man as a public reformer, our care and protection of her seem unnecessary, we put ourselves in self defense against her. She yields the power which God has given her for protection, and her character becomes unnatural. We say these things not to discourage proper influence against sin, but to secure such reformation as we believe is Scriptural." With this statement the women doing public work took issue, Sarah Grimke in spirited defense saying "The business of men and women who are ordained by God to preach the unsearchable riches of Christ to a lost and perishing world, is to lend souls to Christ and not to pastors for instruction". John Greenleaf Whittier poured out his indignation and Maria Weston Chapman her amusement in verse which travelled far. * The controversy raised the women's Rights agitation into general notice and made it a burning question in all abolition societies, splitting some of them wide asunder. The Men's and Women's Anti Slavery Societies united in 1839 and a resolution endorsing the work of women in the anti slavery field was passed but leaving an embittered minority still unconvinced. Already many "tracts" written by women were in useful circulation while the propagandistic effect of the public addresses of the increasing number of women speakers was unquestioned. The next year it was proposed in the same society to name Abby Kelly on a committee whereupon theBelieving that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. Carrie Chapman Catt, President Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice-President Emma Winner Rogers, Treasurer Mary Foulke Morrisson, Rec. Secretary Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor Alabama--Mrs. Julian Parke Arkansas--Mrs. O. F. Ellington California--Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith Colorado--Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement Connecticut--Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn Delaware--Mrs. Mary Brassington District of Columbia--Mrs. Mary O'Toole Florida--Dr. Mary A. Safford Georgia--Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Illinois--Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Indiana--Mrs. Richard E. Edwards Iowa--Miss Flora Dunlap Kansas--Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Kentucky--Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith Louisiana--Mrs. Sake Meeham Maine--Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Maryland--Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Massachusetts--Alice Stone Blackwell Michigan--Mrs. Orton Clark Minnesota--Mrs. Andreas Ueland Mississippi--Miss Pauline Orr Missouri--Mrs. Agnes Leighty Montana--Miss Janet Rankin Nebraska--Mrs. W. E. Barkley Nevada--Miss Felice Cohn New Hampshire--Miss Martha S. Kimball New Jersey--Mrs. Lillian Feickert New Mexico--Dean H. Lindsay New York--Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse North Carolina--Mrs. Chas. M. Platt North Dakota--Mrs. Robert Clendenning Ohio--Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Oklahoma--Mrs. Adelia Stephens Oregon--Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Pennsylvania--Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Rhode Island--Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates South Carolina--Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch South Dakota--Mrs. John Pyle Tennessee--Mrs. Guilford Dudley Texas--Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Utah--Mrs. Emily D. Richards Vermont--Miss Grace Watson Virginia--Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Washington--Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe West Virginia--Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Wisconsin--Mrs. Henry Youmans 44(How the Movement Began) -17- defeated minority of the year before vented its wrath upon all women workers. No question of the value of women's work was raised; the opposition to their participation in the work being based upon the claim that they were disobeying God's will. The women were sustained by a large majority but two clergymen refused to serve upon the committee with the woman, and others left the Society. In the same year (1840) the British Anti Slavery Societies issued an invitation to all "friends of the slave" to join in a World's Anti Slavery Convention to be held in London in July, and all American Anti Slavery Societies were especially urged to send delegates. Eight women were among those named.* After stormy debate, begun in the first session in which it was vehemently declared that "all order would be at an end" if "promiscuous female representation be allowed" and "God's clear intention violated", it was voted to bar out the women delegates. The debate will always stand as a landmark showing the world's opinion at that date of women, the[ir] capacities and rights of. William Lloyd Garrison and Nathaniel P. Rogers arriving after the convention had taken action, refused to take their places as delegates and sat behind the bar with the rejected women. [*Meanwhile the movement excluded the countroversy continued, and women in larger numbers and bolder fashion were engaging in public work. Maria Mitchell in 1847 arrested the attention of the educated classes in all lands by the discovery of a comet for which she received a gold medal from the King of Denmark. Men of reason perceived that a powerful movement was underway, but few ventured at that date to [prid??] [?????] the [d??????] it [????] take nor its ultimate [a???].*] Lucretia Mott, delegate, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the wife of a delegate, with indignation thoroughly aroused by this *Lucretia Mott, Sarah Pugle, Abby Kimber, Elizabeth Neal, Mary Grew, Mrs. Wendell Phillips, Emily Winston, and Abby Southwick. (How the Movement Began) -18- experience, agreed to call a convention upon their return to the United States which would be devoted exclusively to the Rights of Women. Thus the unwarranted rejection of properly accredited delegates by the World's Anti Slavery Convention, solely because they were women, gave impulse to the organized demand of women the world around, for justice in every sphere of action. [Thus does opposition push causes to the fore and contribute to their triumphal establishment in the laws of nations.]*Another event took place that year which [f]establishes the economic position held by women at that date Harriet Martineau visited the United States and after careful research reported seven occupations only open to women, teaching, needlework, repair boarders, work [????] [????], book reading and household service. THE STUDY TABLE Here is a book that is a real treasury of information. It might well have been called "woman in Russia," instead of "woman in Soviet Russia." The author goes back to ancient times, and allows that in pre-Christian Russia women enjoyed great respect and power. Old ballads describe the warlike feats of heroines, and in many folk songs and surviving customs there are truces of the matriarchate, which lasted longer among the Russians, and the Slave in general, than with other European peoples. Women controlled their own property and chose their own husbands; and great women rulers, like Princess Olga, still survive in the loving remembrance of the people. The conversion of Russia's rulers to the Orthodox Greek Church brought in from Byzantium a spirit of full of oriental prejudice against women, representing them as utterly inferior, impure, perfidious, and the source of all evil. Aristocratic Russians hid their wives from the world in the term, a sort of senana, and the nobler the family, the more severe the seclusion. It is grievous to think of the sub As as a bride, a woman received an iron wedding ring, while the bridegroom's was golden; and the bride's father presented her husband on the wedding day with a new whip. It is grievous to think of the subjection, misery and ignorance to which Russian women of the higher ranks were relegated for centuries. The peasant women and girls suffered ruthless wrongs at the hands of their feudal lords. Gradually times changed. Russia, which had long been facing towards the east, began to face towards the west. Modern ideas crept in. A vast sectarian movement swept over the country, shaking Russia to its depths, and enlisting women as well as men. Ath Catharine 11, though her private life was as scandalous as those o of the male monarchs of her time, founded some schools for girls. Industrialism began, a labour movement grew, and women were leaders of strikes, and often struck on their own account. A feminist move Believing that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, we acknowledge the right of women to participate in government and favor their enfranchisement. NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. Carrie Chapman Catt, President Emma Win[?]er Rogers, Treasurer Anna Howard Shaw, Honorary President Mary Foulke Morrison, Rec. Secretary Jennie Bradley Roessing, First Vice-President Hannah J. Patterson, Cor. Secretary Katherine Dexter McCormick, Second Vice-President Helen Guthrie Miller, Auditor Esther G. Ogden, Third Vice- President Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, Auditor --------------------------- Alabama--Mrs. Julian Parke Nebraska---Mrs. W. E. Barkley Arkansas--Mrs. O. F. Ellington Nevada---Miss Felice Cohn California--Mrs. Mary McHenry Keith New Hampshire---Miss Martha S. Kimball Colorado--Mrs. Ellis Meredith Clement New Jersey---Mrs. Lillian Feickert Connecticut--Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn New Mexico---Dean H. Lindsay Delaware--Mrs. Mary Brassington New York---Mrs. Norman de R. Whitehouse District of Columbia--Mrs. Mary O'Toole North Carolina---Mrs. Chas. M. Platt Florida--Dr. Mary A. Safford North Dakota---Mrs. Robert Clendenning Georgia--Mrs. Mary L. McLendon Ohio---Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Illinois--Mrs. Harrison Munro Brown Oklahoma---Mrs. Adelia Stephens Indiana--Mrs. Richard E. Edwards Oregon---Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy Iowa--Miss Flora Dunlap Pennsylvania---Mrs. Mary T. Orlady Kansas--Mrs. W. Y. Morgan Rhode Island---Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates Kentucky--Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith South Carolina---Mrs. Harriet Powe Lynch Louisiana--Mrs. Sake Meeham South Dakota---Mrs. John Pyle Maine--Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston Tennessee---Mrs. Guilford Dudley Maryland--Mrs. M. LeM. Ellicott Texas---Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham Massachusetts--Alice Stone Blackwell Utah---Mrs. Emily D. Richards Michigan--Mrs. Orton Clark Vermont---Miss Grace Watson Minnesota---Mrs. Andreas Ueland Virginia---Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine Mississippi--Miss Pauline Orr Washington---Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe Missouri--Mrs. Agnes Leighty West Virginia---Mrs. Ellis A. Yost Montana--Miss Janet Rankin Wisconsin---Mrs. Henry Youmans 44government also grew, with right and left wings. The French Revolution [d] did not affect Russia deeply, till it became widely known there through George Sand's writings. The struggle against the autocracy was impending. Thousands of sons and daughters of the nobility refused to continue as parasites, and went among the peasants, to live like them and help them. Their efforts were treated as criminal by the government, and those who had begun as liberals became revolutionists, and finally terrorists. They were imprisoned, exiled to Siberia, subjected to all sorts of cruelty. A few of the [me] men weakeded, and became informers for the government; but no woman ever did. Fannina Halle believes that the Russian women have more depth and strength of character than the men, and that they were "the soul of the revolution." She cites a surprising number of cases where they actually fought. Thrilling accounts are given of the heroism of many individual women[_] a few out of thousands. They make the reader's heart flow within him. The international women's day, in February, 1917, brought in the the revolution that swept away Tsarism. The government of St. Petersburg tried to prevent the celebration of the festival. An eye witness writes: "The working women, driven to desperation by starvation and war, came along like a hurricane that destroys everything in its path with the violence of an elemental force. This revolutionary march of working women was the spark that set light to the great flame of the Februar revolution, [y] that revolution which was to shatter Tsarism. In what followed, the women took a leading part. Later on, [afte] after the civil war, when the Bolsheviki had come into power, Lenin praised the bravery of those women who had fought on his [sae] sise. He added: "And the 'Constitutional Democrat' ladies in Petrograd showed much much more bravery in withstanding us than did the young lords." Under Tsarism, a wife had been a mere appendage to her husband. She could not even take out a separate passport with out his consent. The Soviet government immediately proclaimed full equal right for women, It exerted itself to impress upon both men and women that women were to be treated as comrades and equals. Civil marriage was instituted, though anyone who wished could have an ecclesiastical ceremony afterwards. Legitimate and illegitimate children were given the same rights, Divorce could be had at the will of either party. The sex question became the subject of wide-spread discussion throughout the country, and all kinds of wild and queer ideas were set forth. Many young people held that there should be merely transient unions, about on a level with drinking a glass of water. Lenin expressed himself strongly on the other side. He said, in part: "Of course, thirst cries out to be quenched. But will a normal person under normal conditions lie down in the dirt on the road ad and drink from a puddle, Or even from a glass with a rim greasy from many lips? But most important of all is the [si] social aspect Drinking water really is an individual concern. Love involves two, and a third, a new life, may come into being. That implies an interest on the part of society. a duty to the community. As a communist, I have not the slightest sympathy with the glass of water theory, even when it is beautifully labelled 'love made free.' I do not mean to preach ascetiscism. Communism is not meant to introduce asceticism, but the joy of life and viatl voigor. attained partly through the fulfilment of love, But the hypertrophy in sexual matters which we often observe does not produce the joy of life and vital vigor, it detracts from them. Unbridled sexual life i s bourgeois, a phenomenon ofde decadence...Healthy bodies, healthy minds. Neither monks nor Don Juans, not yet that half and half product, the German Philistine. Under the Soviet regime, the use of contraceptives is encouraged and abortion is authorized, though not encouraged, Yet it is claimed that Russia has fewer abortions in proportion to its population than any other country, and some comparative statistics are given. And the population is increasing faster than in any other country in Europe. There are innumerable provisions for the benefit and protection of mothers and children. Lenin said:"We have the most progressive protective legislation for working women in the world." A woman is entitled to eight weeks' vacation, with pay, before and after her confinement[.] and there are countless maternity homes, kindergartens, schools of child card, creches, etc., etc.Every insured woman and the wife of every insured workman receives a baby's outfit from the state, and an allowance to enable her to suckle her child. [The]Under Tsarism, there was little care for mother or child. The infant death rate went yo every harvest time, because mothers left their babies while they worked in the fields. Now many thousands of summer creches take care of them. The details of the regulations for the protection of women and children fill many pages. Prostitution in Russia has been practically wiped out. and one of the most amazing chapters of this remarkable books tells how it [a] has been done. Under Tsarism, prostitution was a prominent feature it was legalized, and regarded as necessary. No other country has succeeded in getting rid of it, though efforts have been made in many. Yet, in reckoning up the good and bad things in the Soviet Union, this wonderful achievement is seldom mentioned. Every effort has been made to set women free from the drudgery of domestic service[_] a form of labor inherently uneconomic[_] so as to enable them to engage in productive work. Countless arrangements have been made for supplying cooked food. Someone says, "The separation of the kitchen and marriage is an event of even greater historical importance than the separation of church and state." Charlotte Perkins Gilman developed this idea many years ago in her striking tale, "What Diantha Did," no unfortunately out of print. This book covers a vast field, and is so profusely documented that sometimes we can hardly see the forest for the trees. It is impossible to review it adequately in a limited space; [but evey] But everybody who wishes to understand Russia should own a copy and study it. Alice Stone Blackwell.*[Woman in Soviet Russia Published in Unity]Copy ARMENIANS AS I HAVE KNOWN THEM By Alice Stone Blackwell written at the request of Mr. Arthur Derounian A young man was afraid that his sweetheart was going to jilt him. He asked an older friend what his opinion of woman was. The older man answered, "What do you mean by asking me my opinion of one-half the human race? There are all kinds of women. There are some who cannot be trusted out of your sight. There are others who can be trusted through thick and thin". This story was recalled to my remembrance when I was asked to write a short article on "Armenians as I have Known Them". Among the Armenians, as among all other races and nationalities, there are all kinds of people, good, bad and indifferent. I have met Armenians of all these kinds. Many years a famous writer said that one can tell with almost laughable certainty what a man's wife is like by finding out what is his opinion of women. An American, who knows one bad Armenian, is apt to jump to the conclusion that all other Armenians are like him. Of course this is wholly unreasonable and unjust; but it is well for our Armenians to remember that if one of them proves himself untrustworthy, he not only destroys his own reputation but helps to destroy the reputation of all his compatriots among thoughtless Americans; and the world is full of thoughtless persons. Among my Armenian friends there have been some of the noblest characters that I have known; men and women thoroughly worthy of their heroic ancestors whose history has been an inspiration to me for more than forty years. It is well within my power to make the comparison Armenians as I Have Known Them - page 2. for it has been my good fortune to know many extraordinary men and women of different nationalities. I have found these fine characters among both the Armenian-speaking and the Turkish-speaking Armenians, among both the Protestants and the Gregorians. My first Armenian friend was Ohannes Chatschumian, a brilliant young Russian Armenian, a theological student. Mrs. Isabelle C. Barrows, who had met him in Europe, persuaded him to come to the United States to represent the Armenian National Church at the World's Congress of Religions which was held at Chicago in 1893. I met him the same year in her summer camp where he opened to me a whole new world in Armenian history and literature. The FirstSociety of Friends of Armenia was organized that summer with Mrs. Barrows as President, and myself as Secretary. Ohannes Chatschumian studied for some time at an Episcopal theological school in this country. He then returned to Europe and died a year or two later; but the influence of his short life still survives. It is a thousand pities that so many of our young Armenians of today remain in ignorance of their nation's wonderful history. It is as if they were entitled to a great treasure buried in their ancestors but never took the trouble to dig it up. It is uplifting to know that one had fine ancestors whomone should always try to live up towards, even if one can never fully live up to them.The Woman's Journal Founded in 1870 by Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, MAY 26, 1917 THE LESLIE WOMAN SUFFRAGE COMMISSION The Leslie Suffrage Commission was inaugurated in New York by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, Mrs. Raymond Robins and Mrs. Winston Churchill. The Commission assumes the direction of the new suffrage publication, The Woman Citizen, which makes its first appearance June 2. [the desire to surpass. And it all avails nothing. If the Master-poet, master- [?]rn is assailed, and each holds which is good or great makes [?] mor of denial. That which] Worcester Gazette Oct. 12, 1914 COLUMBUS DAY AND SUFFRAGISTS To the Editor of The Gazette, Sir: The suffragists make much of the national holidays. For Columbus day, they have a striking cartoon. Columbus sits pondering ways and means. Behind him rises the shadow figure of Queen Isabella, offering her treasurers to finance his expedition after all the other sovereigns had refused. On Lincoln's birthday they remind the public that Lincoln was the first prominent man in America to come out for women suffrage. On July 4 they quote the old war cries, "Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." and "Taxation without representation is tyranny." On Thanksgiving day they reckon up their victories. Of late these have bean many. Within five years, suffrage has been granted to women by California, Oregon, Washington, Kansas, Arizona, Alaska and Illinois. In seven more states, Ohio, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, and South Dakota and Montana, a suffrage amendment to the constitution has passed successfully through all its preliminary stages and will be decided next month by the voters at the polls. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Dorchester, Mass. [Detroit, Mich.] [Copyright, 1914, Cadillac Motor Car Co.]ARMENIANS DESIRABLE IMMIGRANTS To the Editor of The Herald: Every right-minded American must have been glad to find that Secretary Hughes did not make the remarks attributed to him in a press report, as to persons of certain nationalities being undesirable immigrants. It seems, however, that some of our American consuls have illiberal ideas. Of the Armenians in the Russian Caucasus, one of them says: "Every Armenian family which has enough money to get away, or is not impregnated with bolshevism, will ultimately endeavor to emigrate to America." He adds that most of them are "highly undesirable as material for future American citizens." The Hon. Andrew D. White, on the other hand, declared that the Armenians were among the most desirable of all our immigrants. Dr. James L. Barton, president of the American Board of Foreign Missions, writes: "I know the Armenians to be, by inheritance, religious, industrious and faithful. They are the Anglo-Saxons of eastern Turkey. They are not inferior in mental ability to any race on earth." Dr. Grace N. Kimball, after living for years in the heart of Armenia, writes: "The Armenians are a race full of enterprise and the spirit of advancement, much like ourselves in characteristics, and full of possibilities of every kind." James Bryce says: "Among all those who dwell in western Asia they stand first, with a capacity for intellectual and moral progress, as well as with a natural tenacity of will and purpose beyond that of all their neighbors-not merely of Turks, Tartars, Kurda, and Persians, but also of Russians. They are a strong race, not only with vigorous nerves and sinews, physically active and energetic, but also of conspicuous brain power." Lamartine calls the Armenians "the Swiss of the East." Dulaurier compares them to the Dutch. Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, after teaching among them for 39 years, called them "a noble race." Lord Byron said: "It would perhaps be difficult to find in the annals of a nation less crime than in those of this people, whose virtues are those of peace and whose vices are the result of the oppression it has undergone." Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, the well- known English traveler, confessed to going abroad with a prejudice against the Armenians, but added: "It is not possible to deny that they are the most capable, energetic, enterprising and pushing race in western Asia, physically superior and intellectually acute; and above all they are a race which can be raised in all respects to our own level, neither religion, color, customs nor inferiority in intellect or force constituting any barrier between us. Their shrewdness and aptitude for business is remarkable, and whatever exists of commercial enterprise in Asia Minor is almost altogether in their hands." Most of what has been here said of the Armenians holds good of the Jews, who are likewise classed by another consul with the undesirables. But I do not dwell upon the abilities of the Jews, because they are better known than the Armenians, and have more friends. This consul would probably not claim that Armenians or Jews are necessarily undesirable immigrants, but he says of those coming from countries where they have persecuted, that they "have been so driven hither and thither since 1914 that they cannot be regarded as desirable populations for any country." This makes one's blood boil. Suppose it was this consul's mother or brother or sister who had been driven hither and thither for years without fault of their own, would he feel that they ought therefore be shut out of the United States? Both Armenians and Jews are fine human material. They are well able to earn a living if they have half a chance. If these refugees are now below par because they are half starved and discouraged, it is an additional reason why they should be allowed to come to their relatives in this country, thousands of whom-good American citizens--are eager to feed them up and hearten them up and set them on their feet again. Time was when American was the refuge of the oppressed, a shelter for victims of European persecution. Now the very fact that they have been so greatly victimized is given as a reason for shutting them out! ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Dorchester, April 21 A Woman's Right to Her Name May 18, 1921 The purpose of the Lucy Stone League, which achieved what is recorded as a notable success in New York lately, hardly requires explanation to a Bostonian. Lucy Stone was the reformer and woman suffrage leader who, after her marriage to Henry B. Blackwell in 1855, continued, on all possible occasions at least, to employ her maiden name in describing herself, and who, in the public prints and in the societies to which she belonged, was never otherwise described than as Lucy Stone. It was Lucy Stone who set the fashion of the retention of the maiden name by married women. To this course she had her husband's full consent. But we do not recall that she ever make a test of the right to be officially described, in a legal document, as Lucy Stone and not as Lucy S. Blackwell. That test was lately invoked in New York by a lady who is making an attempt similar to Lucy Stone's-the attempt, as it happens to be, of Ruth Hale, wife of Heywood Broun, to be known as Ruth Hale, and not as Mrs. Heywood Broun. In the case of the deed of certain real estate to her husband and herself, this lady sought to have the deed made to "Heywood Broun and Ruth Hale." She has been partially successful, and, it would seem, only partially so. The deed was made out, and as passed may, no doubt, be duly recorded, to "Heywood Broun and Ruth Hale his wife." Legally, this indeed gives away the case, for to describe Jane Jones as the wife of John Smith, in a legal document, is quite the same as calling her Mrs. Smith. The point with which the law, in such a document, concerns itself is to make sure that the identity of the grantee is fully established. One may venture the opinion that if Ruth Hale,-whether she be called Miss or Mrs.-were registering to vote, she would be required to inscribe her husband's name. It will take more than a deed in such terms to establish definitely the right of married women to be described in legal documents as if their husbands had no existence. It is quite open to any married woman to have herself called in the public press, if she can mange it, by her maiden name. But when her child is called by her husband's name, as was the case with the well known and greatly honored daughter of Lucy Stone, is it not true that the "liberation" of married women in this respect is far from being achieved? Boston Transcript BULLYING HAYTI To the Editor of The Herald: Let me express my appreciation of The Herald's consistent defence of the rights of the Haytians. Those who value the old traditions of American liberty must be revolted by our government's persistent bullying of weak, Spanish-American countries, of which the lawless seizure of the island of Santo Domingo is the most flagrant example. Apart from the black injustice of it, it is impolitic. If there should be another world war, will it be an asset or a liability to the United States to have incurred the hatred of the people in practically every country in the western hemisphere? ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Dorchester, Nov. 1 Boston Herald Nov. 2, 1921 [an] Register (6) [May 26 1921 Mrs. Barrows was not Forgotten To the Editor of The Christian Register:-- Among the past editors of The Christian Register, referred to in connection with the paper's one hundredth anniversary, some mention should have been made of Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows. She was the unofficial but able assistant of Rev. Samuel J. Barrows, and did a vast amount of brilliant work. In this connection, many of your older readers will recall the office lunches. Mr. and Mrs. Barrows were overflowing with hospitality, and all their friends had a standing invitation to drop in any day at the noon hour to take lunch. There were a few of us who came regularly, and a large number who came from time to time. The lunches were simple,-usually hot chocolate, with bread and butter and fruit,--but the conversation and companionship were rich. Mr. and Mrs. Barrows had travelled widely, and had friends all over the world as well as in all parts of the United States. Their sympathies also were cosmopolitan. Among those who dropped in at the office lunches were distinguished men and women from many foreign lands as well as leaders in the various movements for human betterment in this country. Sometimes there were only a few guests, sometimes so many that the office chairs gave out and the late comers had to sit on tin cracker-boxes. Those lunches at the office of The Christian Register are among the most delightful memories of my life. They were a practical example of "plain living and high thinking.: ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. BOSTON, MASS. I would establish a system of token- money, such as was tried out satisfactorily in the Junior Republic. It is not at all chimerical to propose and is too practical to be pooh-poohed. I would establish a system of graded food and graded sleeping- accommodations. A fair return for a day's labor would be fixt. You see the idea? The prisoner working receives his token- wages at the the of the day or the week. He can do as he pleases with this sum of money, for that is exactly what the token will represent. If he wishes to eat at the first-grade table he will pay for it. If he wishes to be economical and save, he may elect to eat at the second- or the third-grade table. It will be arranged that even at the third or cheapest table the food will be substantial and sufficient to the degree that it would be out of prison at the best place obtainable for the money. The same way with sleeping-accommodations. It is thought there that the dormitory is better than the cell. Very well; if an inmate wishes to give up more of his money for a better place to sleep, let him have that privilege, the same as in the outside world. We will not make the lower-priced sleeping- place so uninviting that a prisoner will feel himself forced to spend his money for the better quarters. The cheapest spot to lie down will be as good as circumstances will permit. A sample routine day will be as follows: A prisoner at the end of the day is handed his token-money. With it he can buy food or bed, according to the grades provided in the prison. What he has left over he can save. He might keep these savings in his cell, but they might be stolen. Stolen? Surely, and for that reason I am confident that within two weeks after the prison token- DEBS PASSES HIS THIRD BIRTHDAY IN PRISON TODAY Prisoner of Atlanta is 66 Years Old, but He Figures Age From Date He Became Socialist. "I WAS BORN IN 1895" Thousands of Messages of Love and Greeting Will Pour Into His Cell Today. Today Eugene Victor Debs is 66 years old. He was born in Teer Haute, Ind., on November 5, 1855. This is the third birthday that Debs has spent in Atlanta prison, under his 10-year sentence for the crime of speaking for the working class. Debs is not 66, however, but only 26, according to his own reckoning. "I became a Socialist in 1895" he used to say, "and I never lived until I became a Socialist. Therefore, to all intents and purposes, I was born in 1895." The anniversary of Debs recalls vividly the dramatic struggles of the railwaymen in 1894, as a result of which the then leader of the A.R.U. was sent to prison for contempt of court and served six months. Debs had been secretary-treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, but he resigned his job and a $4,000 salary, to organize the American Railway Union, the first attempt at a single industrial union of all the workers in an industry. After the brilliant success of the strike that brought the Great Northern to terms the Pullman strike broke out, the workers in the Pullman shops going out against a reduction in wages. Debs was not in favor of calling out the A. R. U., feeling that the union was not strong enough to risk it. But Debs was outvoted, and the strike was called. The strike was orderly throughout, and Governor Altgelt of Illinois declined President Cleveland's offer of Federal troops. Cleveland, nevertheless, sent the troops over Altgelt's protest, and then the violence began. Juror Is Still "Sick." Arrested on a charge of conspiracy, Debs showed so completely that the conspiracy was on the other side that one of the jurors suddenly took sick. "And he hasn't got better yet," said Debs not so long ago. But Judges Grosscup and Woods issued an injunction that made all the activities of the union illegal, and for violation of that injunction Debs "went to jail for contempt of a court that was contemptible," as Ben Hanford used to say. Debs entered the Woodstock jail a union man, and came out a Socialist. Debs' release from jail was the occasion for one of the most remarkable ovations a private citizen ever received in this country. At that occasion Henry Demerest Lloyd introduced Debs with the words, "From the earliest times the bird of freedom has been a jailbird." From 1895 to the time of organization of the Social Democracy of Ameria out of the fragments of the A.R.U., Debs devoted himself to paying off the debts of his union, a work that he continued for many years after he had become the standard bearer of the Socialist party, until the last penny had been paid off. Letter to the Editor Sacco and Vanzetti Editor Boston American: All good citiens should be glad that an effort is being made, by legal means, to get a new trial for Sacco and Vanzetti. Many who followed the first trial carefully believe that the outcome was a miscarriage of justice. Sacco was a skilled shoe-worker, who had worked for one employer seven years. He was earning from $70 to $80 a week, and had over $1500 in the savings bank, accumulated month by month. His employers give him a good character. "A man who is in his garden at 4 every morning," said a member of the firm, "and at the factory at 7, and in his garden again after supper until 9 or 10 at night, carrying water and raising vegetables beyond his own needs, which he would bring to me to give to the poor-that man is not a 'hold-up man.'" Under legal rulings, testimony of this character was not allowed. Sacco's employer tells a characteristic incident: He asked Sacco to kill him a couple of fowls, and told Sacco he might keep one for himself. Next morning Sacco brought the fowl neatly plucked and dressed. "You did a good job," said the gentleman. Sacco answered: "My wife, she kill. I cannot kill anything." Whether the two men are guilty or innocent-and I myself believe them innocent-in a case where so widespread's doubt exists as to the correctness of the verdict, we should all wish that every legal means may be taken to clear up the doubt. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Nov. 26 1921 here a family of 7,000,000 sits in rth thinking of nothing but the war war. America opened the window ipt a loaf of bread into the larder ul beside Belgium. In Belgium a of the ruins of Louvain is only one ures. very atmosphere of Belgium which of the repression of a civilized and unable to move from one town praying for a day of deliverance. is idle. They can get no work; they nd go each day for rations to keep read Americans have given. There are getting the food intended for going to the Germans. German ward in its desire to play straight. rlin, where it is known that if the merican food the relief work will ble world will be told the reason. NEW TRIAL FOR SACCO IS WOMAN LEADER'S PLEA Miss Blackwell Says All Doubt Should Be Removed To the Editor-Advertiser:- "All good citizens should be glad that an effort is being made by legal means to get a new trial for Sacco and Vanzetti. Many who followed the first trial carefully believe that the outcome was a miscarriage of justice. "Thirty-five witnesses said they had seen the faces of the bandits. Ot these 35, only one identified Vanzetti and only four identified Sacco, while 22 declared positively that Sacco and Vanzetti were not the men. The remaining witnesses were unable to identify anyone. "Sacco was a sk lled shoeworker who had worked for one employer seven years. He was earning from $70 to $80 a week and had over $1500 in the savings bank, accumulated month by month. His employers give him a good character. "A man who is in his garden at four every morning," said a member of the firm, "and at the factory at seven and in h s garden again after supper until 9 or 10 at night, carrying water and raising vegetables beyond his own needs, which he would bring me to give to the poor- that man is not a 'hold-up man'." Und legal rul ngs, testimony of this character was not allowed. "Sacco's employer tells a characteristic incident: He asked Sacco to kill him a couple of owls and told him he might keep one for himself. Next morning Sacco brought the fowl, neatly picked and dressed. "You d d a good job," said the gentleman. Sacco answered: "My wife, she kill, I cannot kill anything." "Whether the two men are guilty or innocent- and I, myself believe them innocent- in a case where so widespread a doubt exists as to the correctness of the verdict, we should all wish that every legal means be taken to clear up the doubt. Alice Stone Blackwell, Dorchester, Mass. Nov. 23, 1921. Alice Stone Blackwell, president of the N. E. and Massachusetts Woman's Suffrage Assns., is widely known for her activity in campaigns for woman's rights. She has taken deep interest in the Armenians and received the order of Melusine from Prince Guy de Lusignan. She also is a leader in American Friends of Russian Freedom. She has written a number of books on these subjects. ots. The people would onets, and there would would make the other report, Mr. Herbert C. mission, issued a state- situation has been pre- o the French peasantry of the Belgian frontier, ely without food. Our mber of deaths already Despite the shortness of lleagues agreed that we ple. We therefore sent ores." oover made plain. The n these words: "Despite aced at our disposal we Great as has been the well to bear in mind that be faced by the greatest possible extinction of an that we, our countrymen can not for one moment is to be prevented." ON IMPERATIVE other foodstuffs can but d and make more urgent manity. It should also immediate further effort ding contribvutions must o do as much good. THE obtaining the the first ship- their best for the Belgians later; but they urge their OW AND SOON, in order ay be assured from this d who has contributed is stance of others. All who eminded that every dollar ch more a month hence, February 15, until which rovide, gaunt famine waits for millions unless America shall continue and increase her liberality.HARVARD PAYS HONOR TO MME MARIE CURIE [Boston Globe June 21, 1921*] Discoverer of Radium Greeted by Cambridge Men of Science At Sanders Theatre Harvard University did peculiar honor to France and to womankind in general yesterday afternoon when it joined with Radcliffe, Wellesley, Simmons and other New England colleges in welcoming Mme Marie Curie of France, codiscoverer of radium and world famous scientist. The exercises held in Sanders Theatre were most impressive, as the little woman, wan from an ardous round of welcome and adulation since her landing in this country, received the praises of leading men of science of this country. As she entered the theatre on the arm of Pres Lowell she was greeted with deafening applause by the 900 and more persons assembled. The French Tricolor draped with the American flag and the banner of Harvard was significant of the union of all countries and peoples in admiration of her greatness. Pres Lowell spoke a few words, referring to the developments of scientific thought. He classed Mme Curie with Sir Isaac Newton and other great men of science and closed by introducing Professor Richards, of the Harvard department of Chemistry. Opened a New Path Prof Richards spoke of the influence Mme Curie's discoveries have had on the progress of science, not forgetting to mention the achievements of her husband, Prof Pierre Curie. He told of the discovery of uranium, which was later followed by the finding of radium and collonium, two elements having greater radio-activity than the first. "The discovery of Mme Curie," declared Prof Richards, "gave the world new ideas concerning the structure of the universe and opened a new path of thought to the scientists. It showed that one element could decompose and led to the study of other elements to determine whether they also are capable of decomposing. This study showed that lead may have two different atomic weights, but as yet it has been impossible to separate the two kinds of lead. "As well as the advancement of science," Prof Richards added, "the discovery of radium had an immediate value in medicine." Prof Richards concluded by thanking Mme Curie for her courtesy in attending the exercises at Harvard and wishing her a peaceful and safe trip back to France. Prof William Duane, who worked with Mme Curie in her Paris laboratory and has lately discovered a high-powered X-ray, which it is believed may alleviate cancer, was then introduced by Pres Lowell. Briefly he told of the details of the discovery of radium. It was through the study of uranium and electrical currents. It was found that the crude ore produced a stronger current than the clarified metal. Mme Curie made a study of the phenomenon and discovered that the crude ore contained radium, which was an even more precious substance than the original metal. Radium had greater radio activity than uranium. That was the beginning of the world benefit. It was the first relief for sufferers from cancer. Mme Curie Speaks Briefly Prof Duane, who is host to Mme Curie during her Boston stay, introduced her. She arose slowly, stepped forward to the rostrum and said in a faint voice: "Ladies and gentlemen, I am very glad to be here with you this afternoon. I wish to thank Dr Richards for his splendid interpretation of the action of radium. I wish to thank Dr Duane for his equally splendid interpretation of the detail concerning the discovery. And I wish to thank you all for your kind welcome for me." Pres Emeritus Charles W. Elliot was introduced to Mme Curie by Pres Lowell, while she was waiting for her limousine to take her to the home of Prof Duane on Massachusetts av. The noted educator paid a great tribute to the woman discoverer, emphasizing the fact that she was not only a woman but also a mother. Joseph C. Flamand, French consul at Boston, paid his respects to Mme Curie. Mme Curie expressed her regret that her daughter, who taught chemistry to American soldiers in France, was unable to be present at Cambridge exercises. The welcoming committee included Prof William Duane, Prof Theodore Lyman, Dr Harvey Cushing, Dr Robert B. Greenough, Prof Theodore Richards, Dr J. Collins Warren and William Endicott. Miss Edith Bullard, accompanied by Mme Antoinette Szumowska on the piano, sang. A chorus of Polish children sang in the blind balcony above the stage. SELECTIONS FROM OUR MAIL BAG ELECT MISS CURTIS To the Editor of The Herald: Miss Frances G. Curtis is a candidate for re-election to the Boston school committee. She should receive the support of all who have the interests of the public schools at heart. Miss Curtis is a conscientious, upright and experienced member. She is also the only woman on the board. Half the children in the public schools are girls, and nine-tenths of the teachers are women. To have this great mass of women and girl children handled by a board without a single woman on it would be an anachronism. It would be a misfortune for the schools and a discredit to Boston. Let us mark our ballots for Miss Curtis without fail. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. Dorchester, Dec 4. [ Dec. 8, 1921*] "As One Who Serveth" By Alice Stone Blackwell "She knew sorrow, she knew weariness, she knew pain. She never knew fear, nor envy, nor malice." [Madeline Mc Dowell Breckinridge] A true friend of working women passed away in the recent death of Madeline McDowell Breckinridge. But she was much more than this. She was a true friend of all who are desolate and oppressed - one of the rare souls who "remember those in bonds are bound with them." We who met her from year to year at the National Suffrage conventions admired her eloquence, and loved her for the sweetness of her personality; but until her death brought to the public the record of her varied activities, few of us realized how manifold had been her achievements. She was born in 1872, of a distinguished Kentucky family. She was a great granddaughter of Henry Clay. One of her grandfathers, a famous physician, advocated in 1843 the modern treatment of tuberculosis, incurring much ridicule for ideas now universally accepted. She grew up on her father's farm, riding all over it with him. At school she was the leader alike in study and play. As a girl she was the best tennis player, the most tireless dancer, the most daring rider. Then she met with an accident which put an end to physical activity and made her a lifelong sufferer ; but she never uttered a word of complaint. She studied at the University of Kentucky and at a private school in the East. Later she was the soul of joyous house parties, bright with music and song, and welcoming guests of many kinds. She chose her friends for worth, not wealth. At 26 she married, a young lawyer, Desha Breckinridge, and left her spacious and luxurious home to live with him in one room. Her husband was a son of Col. W.C.P. Breckinridge, and succeeded him as editor of the Lexington Herald. For a time she edited its Woman's Page, which under her guidance became a power for good. Her influence grew steadily, and the record of her golden deeds would fill a volume. She took a leading part in securing the Juvenile Court law and the Compulsory Education law, said to be the first measured of the kind in the South ; also, the Ten Hour law for women, the establishment of a State Tuberculosis Commission (of which she was a member), the founding of a tuberculosis sanitarium, the restoration and enlargement of women's right of school suffrage, the introduction of manual training in the public schools and the establishment of Lexington's park and playground system. Her heart was always with the underdog. She grieved over the condition of "Irishtown," and got it lighted and cleaned up, had water pipes laid and sewers built, secured graded streets, concrete walls and the planting of shade trees. She raised the money to establish there a model school, the Abraham Lincoln School, which became the social center of the district. Feature after feature was added; beautiful excursions for the mothers ; mothers' clubs at the school, where carpet rags were sewn and civic questions expounded ; a swimming pool and shower baths ; a laundry, where for 10 cents a week women could have soap and stationary tubs and running water which did not have to be carried several blocks in a small bucket ; recreation, team play, music, a library. Best of all, she established an open air school for the anemic children, to build them up by fresh air and a nourishing luncheon. The school board discontinued this after a few years, on the ground of expense. It preyed upon her mind. Only a few minutes before her stroke that ended her life, she had called up the principle of the Lincoln School and made an appointment with her to discuss ways and means for reopening the open air school. Almost her last words were, "Something must be done for the poor little anemic children of Lincoln School. I simply can't enjoy eating when I think of them." Again and again she went alone to the Legislature and pleaded to deaf ears for an adequate appropriation for the tuberculosis sanitarium, always hampered for lack of funds. It was she who made it possible for persons of moderate means to have help of trained nurses, through the public Health Nursing Service. She was a warm champion of better pay for the teachers. She secured free band concerts in the parks. She was a leader of the suffragists, president for years of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association ; a vice-president of the National, and she went tirelessly from state to state, urging that women be given the power which she confidently believed they would use to benefit humanity. She was a sincere friend of the colored people. She secured the first playground for colored children, and herself paid a teacher for it. She got them their share of care from the Associated Charities, from the tuberculosis sanitarium, and in every advanced movement for the public good. She had also that sense of justice towards the colored people which is much more rare than the sense of kindness. She attended the International Suffrage Conference at Geneva, and after her return visited several states, speaking in behalf of the League of Nations. She was taken away suddenly in the height of her usefulness. The husband, whose love never failed her, writes: "She telephoned about Thanksgiving dinner with the desire to fill the last placeThe Literary Digest for January 30, 1915 207 Large numbers of Digest Readers have individually responded in generous amounts. Cooperative giving has also been wide-spread, and seems easy in even a small community. From the Preston Hollow Sunday-school came a check for $89.00; and Preston Hollow is but a hamlet in Albany County, N.Y., no better able to help the hungry Belgians than thousands of rural settlements like it. Why should not this fine example have swift imitation and far more widely than up to this date? Schools of several kinds have been generously liberal; and there is yet ample occasion for like liberality on the part of others. One small High School in a California town which had already contributed over $300.00 to Belgium's destitute sent $10.00 from its eighty students, and said, "We hope to do more later." "We are glad to do this little from our small community," wrote a lady in Alberta, B.C., enclosing $20.00. From a Sunday-school in San Angelo, Texas, came $50.00, with a statement saying: "Our school had a Christmas-tree decorated by their unselfish gifts. They were a happy set, in giving to a great need." Other forms of cooperative giving have demonstrated their humane spirit. From Tulsa, Okla., came $100.00, "collected largely through the efforts of the D.A.R., in Tulsa." The W.C.T.U. of Enosburg Falls, Vt., sent $37.00, "praying for a lasting peace." Employees in the Philadelphia office of the Fidelity & Casualty Company sent $20.00. and the Assistant Manager wrote: "I think many sums like this could be collected in small amounts from the employees of large offices, if it was gone about in some systematic manner. There are many who will give ten cents, a quarter, or a dollar, if it is personally solicited, who do not feel that they can give a sufficient amount to send it in to a regular agency." "Your article in last issue is a thriller. You will hear from me again." So wrote a subscriber in one of "The Oranges," N.J., contributing to a barrel. "I shall hope to send you a contribution each month toward this worthy work," wrote the Supreme Court Secretary- Reporter at San Juan, Porto Rico, sending $5. The superintendent of a mine in Oregon forwarded $161.00- contributions by the employees of his company, a number of whom, he said, "have contributed monthly sums. We shall therefore send you further contributions," was his assurance. Some revelations of family unselfishness are inspiring. From a mother in Newton Center, Mass., came $10.00, because the "wee six-year-old girlie wanted to give of her 5 cents a week earnings"; her brother emulated her; "the heart of an orphan boy" in the household was "full of pity"; the home heart stirred to their desire, and what they gave had growth and made the amount remitted. In a home of Greensburg, Pa., the five-year-old-boy, his parents, and the grandfather, gave each a barrel, "together with their prayers and kindred wishes for all the little girls and boys and mamas and papas of brave little Belgium." "The little tots brought their pennies, which some of them had saved for Christmas, while those older put their nickels, dimes, and quarters into the collection, "wrote Superintendent Pickard, of the Cokato (Minn.) Associated Schools, and the amount was $62.26. From the Superintendent of Fordyee (Ark.) Public Schools came $19, with a statement saying: "My Senior Class became interested in the cause through The Digest being used as a text-book once a week in our English Course, and presented the matter to the rest of the school." The Congregational Sunday-school of Groton, Conn., may perhaps claim the banner as a school, with its fine donation of $185. "The children voted unanimously to abandon their customary Christmas Festival," and gave in accordance with this spirit. Contributions to THE DIGEST BELGIUM FLOUR FUND-Received from January 14 to January 20, 1915, inclusive $100.00 Each—Cleveland Dewall. Houston. Tex.; Christopher Graham Rochester, Minn.; J. H. Askew, Waldo, Ark.; Dr. & Mrs. Frederic 8. Gould, Santa Barbara, Cal. $50.00 Each.-G. H. Kimball, Pontiac, Mich; B. W. Freeman, Boulder, Colo. ; "Anonymous. "N. Y. C.; S. C. Freefield, New York City; Mrs. Edgar Cope, Germantown. Pa; Uplift Publishing Co. Philadelphia, Pa.; James Crowell, East Orange. N. J. FROM CHURCHES- $29 70. Churches of Santa Paula, Cal.; $17.56. Congregational Churches of Bath & Richfield, O.; $11.50. =Reformed Presby. Church, Hemet, Cal. ; $6.35, Murray (Ia.) Bapt. Church; $2.60. Richland (Okla.) United Evangelical Church. FROM SUNDAY SCHOOLS—$43.11, Wake Forest (N. C.) Bapt. S. S.; $35.00. St. Mary's P. E. Sunday School, Brooklyn, N. Y.; $30.00 First Bapt. Ch. S. S., Arthur, Ill.; St. Andrew's Episcopal S. S., Nogales. Ariz. ; $27.00, Methodist S. S. . & Friends. Graettinger. la.; Presby. Sabbath School, Carlsbad. N. Mex.; $25. 00, M. E. Sunday School, Wolf Summit. W. Va; North Fourth St. S. S., Albuquerque, N. Mex. ; $15.00, Cong. Church King’s Workers & S. S. Class, Cheshire, Conn. ; $14.22 Upper Buffalo Presby. S.S. Washington, Pa.: $12.21, First Bapt. Ch. S.S. Grandview, Tex, ; $10.00 each. J. H. Neff S. S. Class, Faribault. Minn; So, Hadley (Mass) S. S..; $8.00, Upper Zion Baptist S.S., Richmond, Va.; $7.00. First Bapt. S. S., Kalkaska. Mich. $6.25, Young Men's Class, Baker Hill Bapt. Ch. S. S. Bloomington. P. Q., Ont. $5.00 each. Milliken Bible Class, Warren, O. ; Roseville (Ill.) Bapt. Church S. S.; Berkshire Industrial Farm S. S., Canaan. N. Y. ; King’s Daughters Bapt. S. S., Santa Rosa, Cal.: Harriettstown (N. Y.) Presby. S. S.: Boys’ S. S. Class No. 8, Aspinwall Presby. Ch., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Gorham (Me.) Cong S. S.; $2.55, First Methodist Ch. S. S., Campbell, Tex.; $1.00, First Bapt. S. S. Class No. 3, Kalkaska. Mich. From PUBLIC SCHOOLS— $24.41, Trumansburg (N. Y.) High School; $10.35. Nunda (N.Y) High School Pupils; $10.00, Lemoore (Cal.) Union H. S. Pupils; $6.00, McKinley Grammar School Teachers, Redland, Cal.; $5.50, Public School Pupils, St. Joseph, La.; $5.00, Women Teachers, Elyria, O.; $3.25, 8th Grade of Aycock Graded School, Haw River, N.C.; $2.70, Cameo (Colo.) School. FROM THE PYTHIAN SISTERS- $55.00, Corning, Ia.; $10.00, Cleveland. O.; $5.00 each. Lynn, Mass.; Holgate, O.; Springfield, O.; East Palestine. O.; Eldora. Ia.; Fairmount, W. Va.; Hamilton, O.; Rutland, O.; Jeffersonville, O. FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS- $30.00 each, Women's Civic League, Winter Haven, Fla.; Citizens of Bolivar, N.Y.; $15.23, Citizens of Franklin, W. Va.; $12.50, Post Office Employees, Morgantown, W. Va.; $11.25, Community of Orange Lake, Fla.; $10.00 each, Church of Ascension Epis. Guild. Hernando, Miss.; Harrison, Ark.; $8.00, Marlboro (N.H.) Citizens; $5.00 each and less. Daughters of Lafayette Post, New York City; Taka Embroidery Club, Menan, Idaho; Union Church Junior Endeavor Soc'y, Fisherville, Mass.; Koinonia Society, Salem, Mass.; Ladies' Missionary Soc'y. of Presby. Church, Girard, Ill; Eastern Star, Elton, La; Berksire Industrial Farm Christian Endeavor Soc'y. Canaan. N.Y. Arts & Crafts Club, Wagoner, Okla.; Mansfield (Mass) Bapt. Y. P. S. C.E.; $3.00, Bank of Scranton, N.D.; $2.50, Burlington (N.C.) Y.P.S.C.E. Christian Church; $2.00, Albemarle Chapter D.A.R., Charlottesville, Va. FROM INDIVIDUAL DONORS- $30.00, W.H. Sowden, $25.00 each- F.T. Kellogg; A. Poe; F.C. Blethan; G.H. Maxwell; J.C. Clark; Eleanor J. Stevenson; "W.W.D." Ithaca, N.Y.; F.W. Targent; W.S. Fuller; E.R. Pratt; G.G. Shelton; M.L. Taft; C.C. Haines; "F.P.D.," Charlottesville, Va.; "Anonymous." Chicago, Ill.; R.E. Hagerthy; Mrs. C.S. Ely; Mr. & Mrs. C.A. Boalt; J. Harden; Mrs. E.H. Rudd. $20.00 Each- "A.L.L.," Hollywood. Cal.; Jessie W. Gregory; H.E. Stearns; L. H. Gillet; Mrs. A.C. Goodyear; "A Friend," Rushville, N.Y.; M.L. Brady; Elizabeth Thayer; Mrs. Geo. Rossen; "J.L.T.," Washington, D.C. $15.00 Each- "Friends." Rochester, N.Y.; W.T. Harvard; J.S. Lawrence; C.A. Bliss; Katherine B. Smith; ”A Friend." Whittier, Cal.; Mr. & Mrs. J. P. Williams; Mary B. Vall; Mrs. Sarah C. Adams; G. T. Blakely: Newark (N. J.) Friends; D. N. Sortwell ; Mary R. & Helen R. Harper; H. Godwin; Mr. & Ms. D. B. Prentice. $10.00 Each- Mrs. Emma McFayden: C. C. Nuckols; J. P. Stevens: Mr. & Mr. J. N. Chamberlin: K. C. Babcock; A. Neale; W. F. Taylor: Mrs. T. A. Witherspoon; Mr. & Mrs. W. N. Prichard: I. Thompson: Mrs. Ira Thompson; "16th Ave.,’’ Columbus, O.; W. R. Bingham: J. A. Keating: J: H. Patten: “Panama Friend.” Ancon, C. Z. (additional); W. T. Stivers; W. H. Newton: Mrs. P. C. Reilly; Corinne I. Clarke; G. B. White; S. M. Furman: J. H. Zumbalen; S. A. Welch; E. Pick: The Van Grundy Children; R. Deering : C. W. McWillians; E.M. Lewis: Mr. & Mrs. W.E. Borden; Marion E. Maynard: F. E. Harvey; F. Morley; J. P. Doyle: Rev. J. E. Harrison: Mrs. Frank I Jenney; H. Boon, Jr.; Dr. & Mrs. J. H. Wilson; A. Detmers; J. M. Goehring: Dorothy G. Hibbard; A. Henry: W.L. Jones: C.C. Purdy : Byron & Olive Richards: Peart Dette: D. A. Walker: H. C. Ackemann; P. N. Evans; Mrs. Laura W. Richards: Marion S. Betts; Annetta R. Fairlamb: Louise D. B. Dingman: Mary Stark; "Southerner" Savannah, Ca: C. B. Updegraff; J .T. Yeacqin. $5.00 Each—M. S. Feely: W. A. Drushel; Downers Grove (Ill.) Family; “L. N. G.," Philadelphia. Pa. ; D. A. Pressley: Mrs. Simon Ruwitch: Ernest Russell; Virginia Lockett; Mrs. E. H. France, Mr. & Mrs. R. G. Hancon, Jr.; F. B. McChesney; Katharine R. Crozier: Mrs. Corinne M. Brown, T. Kennedy; Marion T. Sturges; G. A. Elliott: C. F. Baltzer: J. J. Zaun; Louise K. Perkins; Elizabeth T. Kirkwood, A. Smellie; “A Sympathizer," Elkins, W. Va.; D. D. Johnson; Mr. & Mrs. R.D. Clippinger & Children; A. Connell; C. A. Liddell; R. W. Cornell; A.E. Herbst; "Christian," Normal, Ill.; E. H. Hall; S. J. Smith; Mrs. Alice McAdam; Dr. Clara K. Clendon: R. W. Lane: H. E. Hoyt; Augusta Barber; “Anonymous,” South Berwick. Me.; L. H. Hall; Mrs. Leonard W. Bacon; F. W. Brown; H.O. Davidson; W. Dobson; Z. Ingerson; C. Conradis; R.M. McLaughlin; W. H. Hemmick; T. J. Stewart; Lydia Parker; E. M. Schmidt; W.C. McLaughlin; Bickel & Toliver; Emma R. Southworth; E. R. Musseaus; Mrs. J.L. Daggett; H. Meade; Well Wishers, Van Burean, Ark.; T. C. HudSon; J. Cavwood; E. H. McCulloch; W.W. Davis; J. N. Eitel; M.H. Shackford; Margaret P. Sherwood; Mrs. N. E. Chatfield; C. F. Wicker; Mrs. F. P. Zollinger; G. Halvosa; T.B Punshon; N.H. Lemowitz; "Anonymous," Monroe, Mich,; Eleanore F. Bergstresser; Mary W. Dammon; "J.F.," Helena, Mont.; Ida Brownrigg; G. R. Richter; Kallspell (Mont.) Mercantile Co. ; C.F. Wadleigh; "W.J.D.,: Indianapolis, Ind.; A.C. White; Mrs. J. McKee; W. J. Jack; C.N. Tull; D.B. Raub; E.V. Vigouroux; G.C. Vigouroux; Caroline W. Daniels; H. B. Heyden; T. Woodward; Mrs. C.S. Miner; R.O. Meader; Mrs. Mabel G. Mosely; W. H. Morgan; R. H. Harper; C.W. Hobbs; Mary F. Hughes; J. M. Stewart; Mr. & Mrs. J. C. Brickell; A.C. Trego; Della Johnson; "W.A.C.," Ithaca, N.Y.; Geo. & Mary Rossen; Mrs. H.E. Clarke; G. E. Wolfe; M.G. Alexander; E. Mitchell; C.O. Voegelin; W.B. Esterly; E.H. Long; Mrs. Chas. E. Sadtler; J. C. Fernald: M. Adele Brewer; Miss E. F. Brewer; Marie Martens; Mrs. R. N. Maxson; H.H. Clark; Mrs. Robert Templeton; Mrs. J.K. Parr; R.W. Schumacher; Mary E. Graham; Anna T. Carmichael; Mrs. Mary Argo; H. E. Bidwell; A.J. Everest; M. M. Rosenan; Mary A. Green; "Anonymous," Butler, Pa.; F. R. James; R.J.H. Linden, Md.; C.G. Brown; J. R. Lin; Mrs. M.B. Woodall; "A Friend." Worcester, Mass.: J.B. Atwood; "A Friend". Worcester, Mass; G.C. Huntington: Virginia Atkinson; H.A. Reynolds; Mrs. Henry Tracy; E.B. Graves; V. Lichtenstein; T.E. Andresen; F.A. Sharwell; E.H. Talbott; J.J. Durrell; Mr. & Mrs. O. V. Maurer; Mrs. G. B. Ballard; Copeland, John Alden & Garvey Bowers; Miss Alice Robertson; Mrs. M. B. Ritter; Ella K. Schulze; Mrs. D.L. Martin; W.W. Johnston; H Kingman; Mabel Lee; Mrs. J.R. Cameron; Jesse M. Emerson; W.N. Evans; Ruth A. Disbrow; C. Siard; Emma C. Greenberg; V.A. Vaygant; J. L. Shaw; Mrs. H. E. Gervan; Mrs. A. A. Young; Marjorie Kelm; E. Barrowclough; C. E. Manierre; Z. D. Edwards; J. Wondrash; C. E. Travis; Dr. W. H. MeCombs; Mabel R. Secor: T. P. Bragg; A. L. Call; W. J. Corlett; H. Hanson; Laura N. Goudy; Mrs. C. C. Hays; Alivia Trumbo Family & Friends (additional); L. W. Cronkhite; F. Sparks; J. E. Sims; M. F. Walker; Mary C. Burnet; Marriet A. Thomas; F. E. Wiske; Florence B. Adams; G. Paxton, Jessie McK. Horne; L. W. Spencer; W. Shenk; H. H. Shaler; W. Henry; M. G. Cunningham; C. F. Bradley; S. G. Boswell; Thompson Kiddies; P. Auchampaugh; Miss Duffin; A. Ernest; "Anonymous," Ocean Park, Cal. ; B. Parsons; J. R. Anderson; Rey. J. J. DeWall; Mrs. H. Pfund; Mr. & Mrs. W. F. McCullough; W. C. Davis; H. C. Stuart; O. McAfee; H. W. Taylor; J. L. Glendening; E. A. Rollins; H. H. Ells; E. K. Bachman; W. H. Minor; C. P. Haight; Dr. & Mrs. W. E. Walker; Catherine F. Albot; L. C. Marshall; G. A. Lazier; A. S. Butterfield; T. Walker; Dr. A. F. Williams; J. D. Urguhart; G. M. Peck; E. Kreil; Mrs. J. H. Hicks; Mary L. Aldrich; Alice J. Aldrich; Lena Williams; Mr. & Mrs. J. L. Barry, Jr.; "Anonymous," Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. A. Kirkpatrick; "S. W. M.," Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Olive G. Harris; G. P. Alexander; Mary & Caroline Stewart; R. W. Simpson; Mrs. M. M. Herbst; Dorothy T. Wain; S. A. Fleming; P. Stroup; Mrs. Emma Davis; Mrs. D. S. Ansley; Jessie J. McNall; G. P. Miller; J. B. Hobart; Ivy H. Selvidge; Anne A. Fennick; Addie Lappeus; Ella W. Wells; D. K. Harris. $3.00 Each—E. V. Bundel; "Belgian Admirer," Minneapolis, Minn; "A Friend," Union City, Pa.; 'Anonymous," New York City; T. Stivens; "Friend," Escondido, Cal. ; Anna Martin; W. T. Oliver; Mr. & Mrs. D. C. Jackson; Anna Pfund; Mr. & Mrs. E. A. Lawrence. $2.50 Each—F. L. Miller; H. Neal; Miss Neal; P. S. Crowell; "Elizabeth," Cleveland, O. ; T. J. Dawson. $2.00 Each—Mr. & Mrs. Wm. Forstenson; Mary E. Peters; C. C. Randolph; F. A. Anderson; B. O. Jones; F. L. Shaw; "Anonymous," Tiffin, O. ; E. W. Ransom; "A Reader," Cincinnati, O. ; Mr. & Mrs. V. C. Thomas; Mrs. C. L. Hartenfeis; W. Denning; II. K. Shanor; Laura L. Runyon; Mrs. E. T. Montgomery; Mrs. H. A. Edwards; O. J. Kleveland; D. L. Matthews; Ida L. Beach; Beatrice Starr; A. U. Thomas; G. T. Ansley; O. Otteson; J. S. Mabee; "E. H. P.," Auburn, N. Y. ; Mrs. D. M. Pertz; Thos. A. Gill; "B. G.," Springfield, Mass. ; L. L. Hull; Maud M. Pearce; W. D. Wlley. $1.00 Each—J. J. Brown; A. S. Brown; E. J. Brown; M. F. Brown; M. F., Brown; "H. Z. H. Z.," University, N. D. ; E. M. Clayton; O. B. Kipp; J. A. Barron; J. V. Gates; J. C. Seller; H. E. Burton; Harriet M. Curtis; Helen Chatfield; "A Sympathizer," Vancouver, B. C. ; Mrs. J. W. Joffrion: H. V. Coes; Silvia Gray; Winifred C. & Helen B. ; Mrs. Annie Fearon; F. K. Farr. Jr. ; Louise B. Kilbourne; L. F. Little; R. W. Holyoke; I. P. Trevett; C. D. Graves; Elanor Crangler; B. H. Wallis; D. B. Vincent; J. Kuhonneck; Elizabeth Murphy; Esther A. Brown; "Sympathy," St. Louis, Mo. ; J. R. Collins; J. Cadzow; "B. H.," Los Angeles, Cal. ; Berta Matthews; Madaleine S, Charters; Mrs. H. B. Meacham; A. Badger; "Anonymous," Swarthmore, Pa. ; "A ' Sympathizer," Willow, Cal. ; P. L. Moorman; J. W. King. 50 Cents Each—Laura C. Sadtler; Jarmen Children. MISCELLANEOUS AMOUNTS—$40.00, Chas. Sherrill; $34.00, F. K. Borden & Family; $27.00, "Anonymous," New York City; $26.50, Van Ness & Tracy; $26.00, W. M. Hazen; $17.50, "A Subscriber," Tulsa, Okla. ; $9.00, Keyser (W. Va.) Sympathizer; $7.50, "Friends," Marshall, Tex.; $7.00, J. H. Hagar; $6.00 each. Robert Clark; Minnie B. Cornish; J. Fred Johnson; "A Friend," Montclair, N. J. ; $5.50, Elizabeth Watkins; $5.15, Anna C. Georgia; $4.30, Mrs. A. H. Carter; $4.00 each. Mrs. W. H. Hanley; Eileen Newton, with Margaret Hassinger and Leila Hagy; $3.20, Hazel Hayter, with Davie May Campbell. Amy Kate Snodgrass, and Rosalie Bell; $1.50. Mr. E. Buckingham. Previously Acknowledged..$78,885.22 Barrels Flour..15,777 Grand Total........... ..$83,621.16 Total Barrels..16,724 Send No Flour. It will be bought economically near the Seaboard, saving cost of transportation All contributions acknowledged in our columns. Make checks payable to Belgium Flour Fund, Literary Digest, 354-360 Fourth Avenue, New York City the table would hold; ad again to know whether the children would want dinner early that they might go to the football game. Then she went to get some things to give away, and God's finger touched her, and she is dead....She knew sorrow, she knew weariness, she knew pain. She never knew fear, nor envy, nor malice." The grief was universal. The Lexington Herald published a memorial issue, with pages and pages of heartfelt tributes, from men and women in all walks of life. They call her Kentucky's foremost citizen. But she was more than a citizen of Kentucky-she was a citizen, even in this world, of the Kingdom of Heaven. Her sister-in-law Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, another knightly soul, bears testimony to her dauntless courage and the great catholicity of her interests. "Nothing human was alien to her,, and she was therefore at home everywhere. It is impossible to think of her spirit ill at ease in the universe, unless there are tasks calling to be done that she cannot reach...Her Midas-like touch transmuted every object to the bright uses of her undertakings. When the children from Irishtown sang over her grave the please of Poland's children for freedom, they voiced the ancient cry of the politically oppressed not only, but their own unconscious demand to be lifted out from under economic and social disinheritance as well." The New York Nation well said of her: "Far, far too soon, her gallant and winsome personality disappears just when so any a brave fight is but just begun, with so few to bear the brunt." But the inspiration given by her bright intelligence and her great heart will still go with us, and rally new helpers to the causes she loved. One of her friends writes: "When we think of the fruits of her labors, the problems which she so untiringly struggled with and to which she so generously gave of all that was hers to give, I wonder if we realize the necessity of keeping faith. Are we going to give continued life to these splendid deeds? "Forever is a long road Forever is a highway Whereon go marching through arching nights and days Brave deeds in red robes and deeds of golden fire, Grave deeds in silver gowns. Quaint deeds in motley, Quiet deeds that love the green raiment of the summer, Pure deeds in very white without the chill of snow, All the deeds are living still as down the broad highway they go." [?]tion to another. He went on: "And besides, there is a cocain clique in this Brotherhood." His charge fell like a bombshell. All the men in the courtroom leaned forward excitedly and even the judges were stunned. "If there is a cocain clique, let us hear of it," demanded the presiding judge. "Oh, no; I won't tell of it here; I will wait until the case goes to the Warden on appeal. Then I will tell him if he wants to know." "Do you want every man here to know you as a stool-pigeon?" angrily inquired one of the men on the dais. "If you know [?]he Literary Digest for January 30, 1915 209 Avoid the Five o'clock rush You can't -operate a Mail Order Department -mail your statements on time -systematize your outgoing mail -check postage stamps used daily -reduce expense of mailing department -get out a big mailing promptly -unless you have the proper equipment-and the most economical investment you can make right now will be to install a Pence Mailing Machine Send for folder Get this-one operator only required-no knives-no mutilated stamps-take envelopes up to 12x5 inches-different thicknesses without adjustment- uses stamps as furnished by Post Office without extra charge for re-rolling-stamps affixed in any position. Envelopes stay sealed. Write today for descriptive folder-no obligation on your Only positive Automatic Feed part. Pence Mailing Machine Co., Dept. D-6, Minneapolis, Minn. Chicago New York 1420 Lytton Bldg. 3715 Woolworth Bldg.YOUR VOTE should help to DEFEAT John W. Weeks for United States Senator at the election November 5th His record in Congress speaks for itself. He was,— AGAINST the popular election of United States Senators. If Mr. Weeks' opinion had prevailed, you would not now have the opportunity to vote for or against him. (Paired against, May 13, 1912, Cong. Rec. Page 6367). AGAINST the right of the United States to tax incomes. This was at a time when taxation of large incomes only was contemplated; without this right now, it would be impossible to finance the war. The public demand, was so great that the vote stood 318 in favor and 14 against. Mr. Weeks was one of fourteen. (Voted NO, July 12, 1909, C. R. 4440). AGAINST increasing taxation on war profits. Amendments to War Revenue Bill of 1917. (Voted NO, Sept. 1 and 4, 1917, C. R. Pages 6503, 6560 and 6570). AGAINST the creation of the Federal Trade Commission, the body which is undermining the alleged monopoly of the Meat Packers, and which provides a prompt and inexpensive redress for victims, large and small, of unfair practices in interstate commerce. (Voted NO, Aug. 5, 1914, C. R. 13319). AGAINST the establishment of the Shipping Board, involving the whole shipping program, which has proved so successful in getting food and troops to France. (Voted NO, Aug. 18, 1916, C. R. 12825). AGAINST the Armor Plate Bill, thus voting to prevent the Government from establishing its own plant whereby millions of dollars could be saved which otherwise would go to the big steel corporations. (Voted NO, May 21, 1916, C. R. 4553). AGAINST the Clayton Act, an act to strengthen the Sherman Anti-trust Law in curbing the abuses of big business while shielding from unjust attack labor and farm organizations. (Paired against, Sept. 2, 1914, C. R. 14609). AGAINST extending government credit to farmers, Rural Credits Bill. (Paired against, C. R. 7412, May 4, 1916). AGAINST the Equal Suffrage Amendment to the United States Constitution, in spite of the stand taken by the National Republican Committee and in spite of the President's personal appeal to the Senate to submit this measure to the Legislature of the various States as a help in the war emergency. (Voted NO, Oct. 1, 1918, C. R. 11914). AGAINST the extension of the Parcel Post, a measure to benefit the people and limit further the power of the Express Companies. (Voted NO, Feb. 27, 1914, C. R. 4017). AGAINST the Prohibition Amendment to the United States Constitution. (Voted NO, August 1, 1917, C. R. 5666). He voted:— FOR the Shields Water Power Bill. This bill, if passed would have turned over the public water power of the country to private interests. (Voted YES, Dec. 14, 1917, C. R. 300). FOR the reduction of benefits of the Soldiers' and Sailors' insurance to our boys who are fighting in France. (Voted YES, Oct. 4, 1917, C. R. 7753, 8480, and 8489). DO THESE VOTES REPRESENT YOU? If not, vote AGAINST John. W. Weeks. It is your PATRIOTIC DUTY in these critical times to GO TO THE POLLS ON ELECTION DAY and help DEFEAT a man with a record like this. John S. CODMAN, 50 Congress St., Boston. HENRY D. NUNN, 68 Devonshire St., Boston. WILLIAM SHAW, Ballardvale, Mass. HENRY D. SLEEPER, 40 Park St., Northampton, Mass. CHILDREN'S CRUSADE DEFENDED To the Editor of the Herald: Severe condemnation is expressed by a writer in your columns regarding the "children's crusade"---the bringing to Washington of a group of children of men in prison for war-time offences, to ask for the release of their fathers. Whether the method chosen be wise or unwise, it is an effort to set right a very real wrong. All the nations associated with us in the world war have now granted a general amnesty to every one who was sent to prison on the charge of hindering the war. In the United States, we have let out every one who was convicted of any overt act--all the German spies and even men who hid bombs on American vessels to explode at sea. But we are still keeping in prison 113 men for expressions of opinion opposed to the war. They were sentenced under the espionage act, most of them for terms ranging from 10 to 20 years. The war is over, the espionage act is no longer in force, yet they are still held in prison and prevented from supporting their families. A much deeper question is involved than that of the welfare of these 118 men. It is a question of the honor and good name of the United States. None of the countries associated with us imposed anything like these severe sentences for expressing opposition to the war. The longest sentence given by Great Britain was six months. It is an unwritten law throughout Europe that when a war is over the war offenders shall be freed; and it is not to the credit of the United States to pursue a less merciful policy. Our government is the strongest of all, the most widely based upon public consent, and the least likely to be endangered by showing leniency in free speech cases. The children's crusade was a picturesque and sensational attempt to secure a pardon. It was highly successful in arousing interest and sympathy in cities which the young petitioners passed through on the way. Whether it will be equally successful in impressing officials at Washington may be questioned. But every right-minded citizen ought to wish success to its general object. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. Dorchester, May 3. Letters to the Editor QUARTERS FOR WOMEN JURORS To the Editor of the Transcript: There is a simple way to solve the problem of finding accommodations for women jurors. Add to the bill making women eligible to jury service a clause, providing that where suitable quarters cannot be assigned them in the court house the women jurors may be shut up for the night in a room in a hotel. This is done in a number of other States, and it seems to answer perfectly. To appoint a commission to investigate court house accommodations, and meanwhile to debar women from jury service till the commission reports, looks to many women like an indefinite shelving of the whole matter ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Dorchester, Mass, May 8 children whose ages ranged from six to sixteen were asked what they would have done in this supposed case: "Jennie had a box of paints. While her mother was out she painted the chairs to make them look nice for mama. But her mother took her paints away and sent her to bed." The replies fell into three main classes. The youngest children in preponderating numbers reasoned that Jennie had been naughty, had inflicted injury or sorrow upon her mother, and should have pain or damage visited upon herself. Children of intermediate age argued that the paints should be taken from Jennie, be withheld until she knew enough not to do more [*May 9. 1922*] Woman's Journal Founded by Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell Weekly Newspaper Devoted to Winning Equal Right and especially to Winning Equal Suffrage for Women Editor-in-Chief Alice Stone Blackwell Contributing Editors Mary Johnston Rabbi Stephen S. Wise Zona Gale Reginald Wright Kautfman Florence Kelly Caroline Bartlett Crane Witter Bynner Joseph Peabody Marks Ben B. Lindsey Mabel Craft Deering Ellis Meredith Eliza Calvert Hall Artists Mayme B. Harwood Blanche Ames Fredrikke Palmer Deputy Treasurer Howard L. Blackwell Publisher George Brewster Gallup Publication Offices Post Building Worcester, Mass., and 45 Boutwell St, Dorchester, Mass Telephone, Dorchester 4810 Checks and drafts and postoffice orders should be payable to The Woman's Journal, 45 Boutwell Street, Dorchester, Mass. Entered as second class matter April 26, 1917, at the postoffice at Worcester, Massachusetts, under the act of March 3, 1879 Saturday, May 26, 1917 THE WOMAN CITIZEN The next issue of The Woman's Journal will be published from National Headquarters in New York, and will bear the name of The Woman Citizen. As already announced, the paper will be a consolidation of The Woman's Journal, The Woman Voter and The National Suffrage News. We hope that the readers of all three will like it. Among the former subscribers to each paper, there will doubtless be those who will regret its change of name and form. Every reform paper has a circle of ardent friends who love it so much that they do not want to see it altered in any way, even though to a dispassionate outsider it may be clear that the change is for the better "If I am not true, something better is," North Wind says to Diamond, in George MacDonald's beautiful story, "At the Back of the North Wind" And the little boy answers, "I don't want something better; I want you!" The feeling is a natural one, where there has been a long association. But as time goes forward we all have to take something better, whether we like it or not. Owing in part to its uncommonly long life--a span of existence probably unparalleled among reform papers-- The Woman's Journal has gathered a singularly devoted following, numbering thousands who read every word of it--who have read it, some of them, from their childhood up--and who regard it with real attachment and affection. Some of these are much grieved over the change of name. The grief is needless. "It is not to be destitute To have the thing without the name" When The Woman's Journal was started, nearly half a century ago, it stood almost alone, and its name was well adapted to its purpose Today, to a person not yet acquainted with the paper, there is nothing in its name to distinguish it from the Ladies' Home Journal, The Woman's Home Companion, and the host of other publications for women which have sprung up since that time. Those who know and love the paper are attached to its old name; but they are the true blue, dyed-in-the -wool suffragists, who need no conversion. To extend its usefulness, it must interest the people who do not yet know it. The name, "The Woman Citizen," tells them at once the nature of the paper. When the question was under discussion in the Leslie Commission, the present editor voted for a change of name. The new name is much better than the old one, for a suffrage paper of the present day; and that is reason enough for adopting it. George W. Cable once said that some rigidly orthodox persons lay so much stress upon "the name of Jesus" as almost to lead one to suppose they would think they could not have been saved if he had been called anything else. It is the essence that matters, not the name. The name and the earthly form of the old Woman's Journal come to an end with this number, but its soul goes marching on. The editor does not feel sad about it, but heartily approves of the new arrangement; and she urges her friends not to feel sad either. The first woman to be ordained a minister--the Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell, D.D.--was 92 years old on May 20. She is a firm believer in the immortality of the soul. In conducting the funeral service a year or two ago for a member of the family, she said that death was never a reason for bitter or despairing grief. This is especially true in a case like the present, when the death of the old paper and the birth of the new one are as closely connected as the change from the chrysalis to the butterfly. If The Woman Citizen drops some valuable features of the old paper, as for instance the city-planning articles, it will add other valuable departments that The Woman's Journal has not had. Nowhere can the suffrage news be gathered so promptly and so accurately accurately as at National Headquarters, to which it comes in direct from every part of the country-- and of the world--our National President being International President as well. Our news service will inevitably be improved. In addition, Mrs. Catt has gathered at National Headquarters the ablest writers in the suffrage movement. and they will give their combined strength to make the Woman Citizen "the best ever." The old subscribers who have become attached to the present writer's editorials will not be deprived of them. She will continue to live in Boston, but will mail her regular grist of editorials to New York every week. Possibly they may even show an improvement, as the new arrangement will relieve her from a great burden of care and responsibility. In spite of all argument, we fear that some of our old readers will feel at first as if they had lost a friend. In the words of the great Hungarian novelist, Maurus Jokal, you must learn to see with your soul as well as with your eyes. You do not feel that you have lost your friend, because she marries and changes her name. On the contrary, if the marriage is a happy one, as this one is, you congratulate her. Still less do you feel that you have lost her because at the time of the wedding she puts on a handsome new dress. Welcome The Woman Citizen in that spirit. Remember that to cling to the old way after it has ceased to be the best way is the exact fault of the anti-suffragists. It is this perverse tendency of the human mind that has stood in the way of every step of woman's progress; and we must fight it in ourselves as well as in others. Anne Whitney, whose poems brought much comfort to Lucy Stone in the hard early days of the equal rights movement, says in her "Hymn to the Sea": "Oh, know how all things change! Night's violet star Bloomed red erewhile; and thou, Sea, wear'st away The glorious realms of a forgotten day, But lay'st the pillars of a fairer far Deep in thy caverned bed; for all that ever Gathered about it men's delight or love, Or aught that simply blooms, or strives To make more beautiful our lives, In each new fabric of the world, is wove Afresh, and changes like the light, but passes never." A.S.B."Outstanding Features of the Sacco Vanzetti Case" Some remarkable new evidence has come to light in the Sacco-Vanzetti case, and has greatly strengthened the demand for a new trial. This is well set forth in a pamphlet, "Outstanding Features of the Sacco Vanby the New England Civil Liberties Union, 16 Carver Street, Boston, price 10 cents. The pamphlet also contains much interesting information about Sacco and Vanzetti, and a collection of letters from them. Both are men of remarkable character and of unusually lovable personality. Sacco's employer, Mr. Kelly, said of him: A man who is in his garden at 4 a.m., and at the factory at 7, and in his garden again after supper until 9 and 10 p.m., carrying water and raising vegetables beyond his own needs, which he would bring to me to give to the poor- that man is not a "hold-up man." The circumstances surrounding the first trial were peculiar. A series of atrocious crimes had been committed, and the police were anxious to convict somebody. Sacco and Vanzetti held unpopular opinions, and they were "labor agitators," whom the authorities would be glad to get out of the way; and the affair took place when the excitement against aliens and "radicals" was at its height. Many who were followed the trial believe that the two Italians were unjustly con- UNITY victed, and this belief is shared by thousands all over the globe; for the case has aroused world-wide interest. A robbery and murder had been committed in broad daylight, most of the witnesses who had seen the bandits either said that Sacco and Vanzetti were not the men, or else declared they could not identify anybody. Of the few who professed to identify them, two have now made affidavits that they lied, and a third has been proved to have a long criminal record and to be quite unreliable. The prosecution claimed that certain maRks on the mortal bullet proved it have been fired from Sacco's pistol, and told the jury that they would be justified in bringing in a verdict of guilty on this evidence alone. Two experts were introduced to testify to this. One thought a scratch on the bullet indicated it to be Sacco's. The other, Captain William H. Proctor of the State Police, has since made affidavit that in his opinion there was no evidence that the bullet came from Sacco's pistol; it might have been fired from any pistol of the same make. He says he told the District Attorney so at the time, and warned him that if asked the question he must answer in the negative. A form of question was therefore devised which would give the jury the impression that Proctor believed the bullet to have been fired from Sacco's pistol, without his telling a verbal untruth. He was asked if he had formed an opinion about the bullets he said he had. "And what is your opinion?" "My opinion is that it is consistent with being fired by that pistol." And the District Attorney in his address to the jury laid stress on the testimony of "these experts." Since the trial, the mortal bullet and various shells fired from Sacco's pistol have been put under a powerful compound microscope by the noted microscopist, Albert H. Hamilton, and photographed. When thus enormously magnified, the marks on the mortal bullet are clearly shown to be very different from the marks made by Sacco's pistol- a wholly different finger-print, as it were. If a new trial is granted, acquittal is almost certain. But the litigation has been long drawn out, and very costly. This money has been contributed mainly by poor working people. Again and again the defence has almost collapsed for want of funds. At present its treasury is empty. Those who wish to save two innocent men from the electric chair and America from the shame of a gross miscarriage of justice should send their contributions to the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, 256 Hanover Street, Boston, Mass. Alice Stone Blackwell. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ The Carrie Chapman Catt Citizenship Course Schools to Make American citizens The Moonlight Schools of Kentucky By A.S.B. "It used to be whiskey and bullets; now it is lemonade and Bibles." THE first plank that the National League of Women Voters put in its platform was the wiping out of illiteracy. A remarkable piece of work in that line has been done by a woman and a suffragist, Mrs. Cora Wilson Stewart of Frankfort, Kentucky. The other day I had the pleasure of an interview with her. She said, in substance: "America needs a citizenship that is 100 per cent enlightened. "The census of 1910 showed that there were in the United Stations 5,500,000 persons who could not read or write. That is as many as the whole population of Denmark, and more than the population of Norway or Sweden. Those countries carry on all their activities and make all their achievements with a population less than the number of persons that we allow to go largely to waste because of illiteracy. "When the war came, the draft called attention to the extent and depth of this illiteracy. A lieutenant told me he had in his company many men who could not count up to ten, and three men who could not count up to four. Other officers found men who did not know their right hand from their left. In drilling them, it was necessary to let them hold a rope in one hand and a hammer in the other, and to say, 'Rope, hammer!' instead of 'Right, left!' "IN 1911, I was County Superintendent of Schools in a little mountain county of Kentucky, formerly a 'feud' county. All around me I saw the people suffering from illiteracy. An old mother used to walk seven miles across the bills to get me to read aloud to her the letters from her daughter in Chicago which were the only bright spots in her life. A middle-aged man with a very intelligent face came to my office one day on business. He looked like a lawyer or a doctor. I offered him a book to read while he waited. He answered, 'I cannot read. I would give twenty years of my life if I could.' At an entertainment, a boy of twenty sang a beautiful ballad with a delightful voice. It was partly an old English ballad and partly of his own composition. I was so pleased with it that I asked him to write it out for me. He answered sorrowfully that he could not write. When his poem was praised, he said, 'I have had a hundred letter ones that come to me, but I forget them before I can get anyone to set them down.' "I called a conference of the teachers in the county, and asked how many would volunteer to teach an evening class of adult illiterates on moonlight evenings. They all volunteered. "These illiterate people almost all had to work by day, and the roads were too bad for them to travel by night except when the moon shone. "ON September 4, 1911 -Labour Day- the teachers undertook a campaign of education to tell the people about the Moonlight Schools, and spread the news of what we were planning to do. A few nights later we began. There were 50 school houses, and we expected an attendance of about three peoples at each- 150 in all. On the first evening, 1,200 came. They ranged in age from 18 to 86. There were old men walking with canes, and young girls, and women with babies in their arms. "First we taught them to write their names; and they went away and wrote their names with frenzied delight on tree trunks, on barns and in every possible place. One school trustee came in order to learn to read, and afterwards attended the day school with his twelve-year-old son. Another trustee came to the Moonlight School with his wife who was the teacher. We taught two postmasters who could not read-- their daughters had done the work for them-- and four Baptist ministers who had been unable to read the Bible. One had heard the text read which says, 'Paul was an austere man,' and he told his congregation that Paul was an oyster-man. Another had heard that Jacob ' made booths for his cattle,' and he discoursed to his congregation on the kindness of Jacob in providing his cattle with boots. "There were no suitable books for teaching these adult illiterates, so we published a little newspaper for them, and afterwards got out a primer of our own. "We got the school trustees to make a census of all the illiterates in the county, giving not only the name of each, but everything about him- his age, history, family connections, religious denomination, and how he could be influenced. We adopted the slogan, ' Every one teach one,' and soon everybody who could read and write was teaching somebody else. Anyone who had not found at least one pupil felt disgraced. "The aim was to wipe out illiteracy entirely out of every county, and there was emulation between the counties as to which should be first. A man came into my office and said, 'By Monday morning this county will be clear of illiteracy. There is only one illiterate left, and he is my tenant, and I am going to run him out.' I said, ' Oh, don't do that! Teach him instead.' "Another county was free of illiteracy except for one stubborn old woman, who could not learn. The schoolmaster found that she considered herself a physician ; and when he had a breaking out on his skin he went to consult her. She was softened by the good judgement that he showed in his choice of a doctor, and while she treated him for erysipelas, he treated her for illiteracy. Another teacher went to board with another obstinate old woman, got on very friendly terms with her, and learned from her to knit. Then she said, ' You have taught me something usefil, now I am going to teach you something,' and put the writing materials into her hands. " When a county had wiped out illiteracy, we celebrated. Every man, woman and child came to the school house to take part in the rejoicings, and we gave each of them a Bible. There was great enthusiasm ; and the Jezebel of the community stood with the Bible in her hand and pledged herself to lead a new life. Lemonade was served from a big can on the table, and one of the mountaineers said : ' Three years ago you couldn't have held a meeting here without shooting down the windows. It used to be whiskey and bullets ; now it is lemonade and Bibles! ' " The state established an Illiteracy Commission, with Mrs. Stewart at its head. They called for volunteers to teach illiterates. " We were overwhelmed with volunteers," said Mrs. Stewart. " We started a press campaign, and had all the editors preaching the wiping out of illiteracy. We had a campaign of the State Federation of Women's Clubs ; their members raised money for school supplies and also taught. We had a ministerial campaign, and a ' No Illiteracy' Sunday, when the pastors all preached on education; and a traveling sales-March 26, 1921 men's campaign, and the salesmen pasted our slogans on their baggage; and a prison campaign, and the wardens in all the prisons started schools for the prisoners; and a bankers' campaign, with the bankers urging all their illiterate depositors to learn to read and write; and a campaign among college students, in which we placarded the walls of every college with the statistics of illiteracy in the counties represented among its students. We even enlisted the politicians, and got some service out of them. "Many useful new organizations grew out of the Moonlight Schools-agricultural clubs, good roads clubs, home economics clubs, etc. "When the war came, the State Superintendent of Education said our work would have to stop; but we got a list of all the illiterate men liable to draft, and started schools for the prospective soldiers. We gathered 10,000 of them, and taught them before they went to camp. "Our peace-time primer dealt with good roads, spraying fruit trees, and other things related to their daily life; also with good citizenship. We made them write over and over again, 'The man who sells his vote sells him honor.' "We now got out a special soldiers' reader, dealing with the facts of their daily life in camp, and we provided pencils in red, white and blue. Our teachers met them when they came before the draft board, and 'gave them first aid'-that is, we taught them to write their names, and pledged some comrade in their company to keep on with their teaching. "This movement spread to all the training camps, and even abroad. The Government sent 50,000 of our readers to France." The Moonlight Schools developed methods by which men and women learn very quickly to read and write, though not to spell. "While they went around saying it couldn't be done, we went right on doing it," said Mrs. Stewart. There are people who think that the mountaineers learn so rapidly because they are of pure native stock. But I have taught classes of foreigners by the same methods, and they learn just as readily." Mrs. Stewart told of one soldier bridegroom who was very eager to write to his bride. He put in a period of intensive study from 10 A. M. to 10 P. M., and then was able to write her a letter. But this was exceptional. In most cases several lessons are needed. Moonlight Schools have been started also for the colored people, and have spread through the South. Up to this time Mrs. Stewart and her colleagues have taught 130,000 adult illiterates to read and write; and it has all been done by volunteer labor. THE PACKER MFG. CO. Suite 84A, 81 Fulton St., New York Meyer London on Immigration During the debate on the bill to rest immigration, Meyer London, the only Socialist member of Congress contributed some remarks which shocked the organizations, says the Searchlight. He said: "The war is not over. After preaching for thousands of years the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and then engaging for five years in slaughter, it is but natural that we should be in an abnormal state. While the killing of men's bodies has stopped, the poisoning of minds has just began. This bill is a continuation of the war upon humanity. It is an assertion of that exaggerated nationalism which never appeals to reason and which has for its main source the self-conceit of accumulated prejudice. "The supporters of the bill claim that the law will keep out radicals. The idea that by restricting immigration you will prevent the influx of radical thought is altogether untenable. You can not confine an idea behind prison basr. You can not exclude it by the most drastic legislation. The field of thought recognizes no barriers. The fact that there was almost no immigration during the war did not prevent us from importing every abominable idea from Europe. "We brought over the idea of deportation of radicals from France, not from the France of Rousseau, Jaures and Victor Hugo, but from the France of the Bourbons. We imported the idea of censorship of the press and the passport system from Russia, not from the Russia of Kropotkin and Tolstoy, but from the Russia of Nicholas II. We have imported the idea of universal military service from Germany, not from the Germany of Heine, Boerne and Freiligrath, but from the Germany of the Kaiser. "Ideas can neither be shut in nor shut out. There is only one way of contending with an idea, and that is the old and safe American rule of free and untrammeled discussion. Every attempt to use any other method has always proven disastrous." A Dangerous Document But this attitude goes higher up, as an incident told by Congressman M. Clyde Kelly in his book, "The Community Capitol," indicates. He writes that "We have so far departed from the old ideal that the Declaration of Independence, our first and foremost state paper, is branded in high official circles as a dangerous document, to be kept away from the people whenever possible." He tells the story of the wife of a major in the United States Army who got the idea of having a few hundred folders of the Declaration printed for a course of lectures being delivered to wounded soldiers in a Washington hospital. The suggestion was approved by the officer in charge and the order for printing the folders was given. Returning for the folders in a few days, she was first met with evasions and then told that the folders would not be printed. The officer explained that it had been officially decided that it would be unwise to print the Declaration of Independence by the War Department, because it would be an act of discourtesy to our friends, the British, and also that in the inflamed state of the public mind such a publication might increase social unrest and the tendency to Bolshevism: GARIBLADI'S KINDNESS To the Editor of the Post: Sir-With much pleasure I have seen your efforts to promote kindness to animals. Your readers may be interested in the following passage from an old book by George Macaulay Trevelyan. "Garibaldis's Defence of the Roman Republic." After mentioning that Garibaldi spared the lives of his enemies wherever possible, and would not even execute captured spies, the author says: "The tenderest of the brave, he took thought not only for men and women but for the joys and sufferings of animals. Ever since the day when, as a child, he had cried over the wounded grasshopper, he was brother to every living thing. He could not endure that a bird should be caged, nor allow an animal to be struck in his presence. It pained him even to see flowers plucked, or a bough wantonly broken, because "the great Spirit of Eternal Life is in everything? During his dictatorship in Naples, in 1860, lie spent, in trying to remedy the condition of the cab-horses, much time which others thought he should have given to tasks of government in the time of crisis; and in the following year, when he was the most famous man in Europe, he thought it natural to go out at night in the rain to seek a strayed lamb among the rocks and brushwood of Carera." ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Dorchester, Mass. WHY A LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS? To the Editor of the Herald: The Massachusetts League of Women Voters is about to hold its annual meeting. The anniversary call attention to its rapid growth. Closing the first year of its existence, it has already 70 branches throughout the state, and is constantly adding more. Some of the politicians ask what need there is for a League of Women Voters-why the women's Republican and Democratic party organizations are not enough. The best answer to this is the efficacy record of the Anti-Saloon League. Whether he believes in prohibition or not, no one will deny that the Anti-Saloon League has been highly efficient. Its members have continued to be Republicans and Democrats: they have not ceased to work in and through their parties; but in regard to prohibition, which was not a party issue, they found that they could accomplish more by having an organization of their own to push it. Does anyone fancy that they could have done as much if they had worked for it only in and through their party organizations? The members of the League of Women Voters belong to all parties. Its leaders advise every woman to enroll in the party of her choice and to work with it. But there are some important questions which are not party issues- mostly questions affecting women and children-in which women are deeply interested. To secure legislation on these, and to promote good citizenship, they have formed the League of women Voters. With the example and success of the Anti-Saloon League before their eyes, they would be short sighted indeed if they let the politicians persuade them that they could do it just as well without having an organization for that definite purpose. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Dorchester, May 14. "THE IMMIGRANT" March 21, 1924 To the Editor of the Transcript: Everyone interested in the immigration question ought to have seen the play, "The Immigrant," by Mr. and Mrs. Moses H. Gulesian, which was lately given at the Peabody [?] House. It shows, through the medium of drama, how great an asset the right kind of immigrant may be to the United States, and, incidentally, throws some humorous light upon the wrong sort of Americanization work. It points several good morals; and sometimes a moral can be brought home more effectively by a vivid and touching play than by any other method. It is to be hoped that "The Immigrant" may be shown in the future in other cities and to wider audiences. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. Dorchester, March it is still more pertinent now. On the decision as to Haiti and Santo Domingo hangs our future policy. There is no question what the special interests, which wield vast power with our government and this Administration, desire. It is up to the American people if they will approve that policy-this new Monroe Doctrine. We must either decide whether we will respect the integrity of out sister republics, settle our differences by arbitration and promote peace and good will, or frankly admit that we have abandoned our ideal and are now in fact a financial imperialism, bent on conquest and plunder. Only let us face the facts. Hayti and Other Small Nations To the Editor of THE CHRISTIAN REGISTER:-- Let me thank you from the bottom of my heart for your recent editorial on the injustice done to Hayti. The case of San Domingo is even worse, if possible, since in San Domingo there was not the slightest internal disorder to serve as a pretext for our seizing that little friendly republic and treating it as a conquered country. At the recent Pan-American Conferences of Women in Baltimore, the pleasure of some of the delegates from the United States was married by shame and humiliation in thinking of our foreign policy. There before us on the platform were the banners of Hayti and San Domingo; of Mexico; of Salvador, which felt itself so wronged by the United States that it would not send a delegate; of Nicaragua where we have kept a force of our marines for more than ten years, to maintain in power a President acceptable to certain of our "big business" interests. There was Cuba, which once looked upon us as a deliverer, and is now begging us to remove our marines from the island. The feeling has become so intense, that a few months ago, when the authorities of the University of Havana proposed to confer an honorary degree upon General Crowder, there was a general rebellion among the students, and the plan had to be given up. They had nothing against General Crowder personally, but they objected to him because he represented the United States; and they passed resolutions protesting against our foreign policy, in the strongest terms. There were other Latin-American countries that felt they had good reason to complain. The daily papers have been so silent about these things, that most of our people know nothing about them; therefore it is a joy to find a member of the religious press speaking out. In addition to the black injustice of the matter, American women have good reason to object when our young marines are kept stationed for years in tropical climates, under conditions most unfavorable to their morals, in order to make the world safe for investment, even at the cost of making it thoroughly unsafe for democracy. DORCHESTER, MASS. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Fly To-night" Out of a deep sleep he woke her. She thought she knew him so well. Yet now, at two in the morning, he burst on her with this terror-this mystery-this what? It's the beginning one of the best mysteries ever solved by the great detective. CRAIG KENNEDY The American Sherlock Holmes ARTHUR B. REEVE The American Conan Doyle He is the detective genius of our age. He has taken science-science that stands for this age- and allied it to mystery and romance of detective fiction. Even to the smallest detail, every bit of the plot is worked out scientifically. For nearly ten years, America has been watching his Craig Kennedy-marvelling at the strange, new, startling things that detective hero would unfold. FREE 10 Volumes POE To those who send the coupon promptly, we will give FREE a set of Edgar Allan Pow's works in 10 volumes. This is a wonderful combination. Here are two of the greatest writers of mystery and scientific detective stories. You can get the Reeve at a remarkably low price, and the Poe FREE for a short time only. Sign and mail the coupon now. Cut out this Coupon and Mail it TODAY! HARPER & BROTHERS, 75 Franklin Square, N.Y. Send me, all charges prepaid, set of Arthur B. Reeve-in 12 volumes. Also send me, absolutely free, the set of Edgar Allan Poe-in 10 volumes. If the books are not satisfactory I will return both sets within 10 days at your expense. Otherwise I will send you $3.50 within 5 days and $3.00 a month for 12 months. Lit. Dig. 9-25-20 Name................. Address............. Occupation....... CUBA WARNED AMERICA WILL INTERVENE Havana, June 9-El Heraldo de Cuba, a powerful Liberal organ, which fears financial intervention on the part of the United States, today says, relative to a secret interview between President Zayas and Major-General Enoch R. Crowder, personal representative of President Harding: "General Crowder went to the presidential palace and made it clear that if by the Fourth of July the Cuban government does not bring about a clean moral adjustment of conditions the government of the United States, reluctantly, will be compelled to intervene in Cuba. "This intervention will be full and will result in the deposing of the President and the dissolution of Congress. "General elections will be help two years after intervention, and because of incompatibility present members of Congress will be excluded from participation. "The intimation of General Crowder is indicated in accordance with the line of International politics contemplated from Washington.' VEST-POCKET STANDARD DICTIONARY The latest addition to the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary Series. "A marvel of condensed information." 26,000 Vocabulary terms: 12 pages colored maps: many valuable supplementary features. Cloth, 40 cents; blue moroccoette, 60 cents; red leather, 90 cents. Thumb-notch index in each edition, 10 cents extra. Postage 5 cents extra. FUNK 7 WAGNALLS COMPANY, - New York and London Nerve Control and How To Gain It A New Book This most interesting and helpful book, by H. ADDINGTON BRUCE, converts the whole subject of nervous troubles, their causes, care and cure. In a sympathetic and convincing manner the author points the way to the correction of all the common nervous faults. The information in the book is based on absolute authority. There are fifty-eight chapters, some of their titles being: Signs of Nerve Strain; Worry and Its Cure; Exercise for Nerve Control; Brain Fag; Insomnia; Nervous Dyspepsia; Habits and Hurt; Self-Analysis, etc. Handsome cloth binding Price $1.25 net; by mail, $1.37 FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, 354-360 Fourth Avenue, New York WHAT THEY THINK OF US IN SOUTH AMERICA To the Editor of The Herald: At the conference of Latin American students lately held in Springfield, Mass., Dr. Victor Andres Belande of Williams College is reported to have said that "Latin America has no cause to look upon the United States with suspicion." That suspicion certainly exists, and is very general. Mrs. carrie Chapman Catt has just returned from a tour through South America. She was much struck by it. She writes that a Monroe Doctrine gave a sense of protection to the Latin American countries while it was interpreted to mean that the United States would not permit any European nation to carry out imperialistic policies in th western world. She continues: "Events, however, chiefly connected with the acquisition of rights to build the Panama Canal and its fortifications, the cases of Colombia, Panama, San Domingo, Hayti, Nicaragua, and the perennial case of Mexico have aroused a very definite suspicion of the motives of the United States, and the very definite accusation that imperialism has passed from Europe to the United States" She quotes an Argentine writer who says: "We do not desire to be nor could we continue being Pan Americanist. The famous Monroe Doctrine, which appeared for a century to be our guarantee of political independence against European conquest has revealed itself gradually as a right of North America to intervene in our affairs." Mrs. Catt adds: "This attitude of mind we heard over and over in every country. South American countries have their own differences, but on this point they seem in sympathetic agreement. The women as a whole are ill informed on political matters, but even they shared this view. Indeed, I heart more about the Monroe Doctrine in South America in four months that in a whole lifetime at home. Everyone knows about it, and what they know is the South American interpretation. While many South American leaders among men are believers in Pan Americanism, the general opinion at this time is anti Pan Americanism, and the very word is in some quarters anathema." (The Woman Citizen, June 2, 1923). The inhabitants of Latin America are much more familiar with the question than our own people are. Probably most of The Herald's readers do not even know what the real or supposed grievances are in some of the countries mentioned by Mrs. Catt. But "The toad beneath the harrow knows Exactly where each tooth-point goes." ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. Dorchester, June 23 BRONZE TABLETS Free Book of Designs Jno. Williams, Inc., 556 West 27th St., Dept. L.D., New York THE AMBITIOUS WOMAN IN BUSINESS by Eleanor Gilbert, is a new book of right-down-to-the-minute advice for the live-wire woman worker of to-day. It will show you how to get ahead in business through practical application of the definite plans she proposes, no matter what position you may now occupy. Send for it to-day. 12 mo, cloth, illustrated: 400., $1.30 net; by mail, $1.62 Funk & Wagnalls Company,354-60 4th Ave., New York Accounting new home study course no books-all loose leaf lessons-personal instruction by C.P.A.'s Preliminary and Post-graduate courses Absolutely unlike any other institution in existence. Just what every intelligent ambitious man has been looking for. Every step interesting. Opportunity to specialize along any desired line. Write for full information today. A postal or letter brings you all the facts by return mail. INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTANTS SOCIETY, Inc. Dept. 95B 2626 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill.THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN THEORY AND IN FACT Apropos of the American Invasion and Occupation of the Republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo In 1913 Dr. Hiram Bingham, explorer, author and professor of Latin- American history at Yale University, wrote a remarkable book, published by the Yale University Press, entitled "The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth." The book disclosed the fact that under the cover of the old "Monroe Doctrine" a new and dangerous policy was being developed by the United States in our relations with the Latin-American republics. The old Monroe Doctrine, as understood and believed in by American public, he showed was obsolete, since European monarchies no longer have "designs" upon the Central and South American republics, and these republics themselves-especially Argentine, Brazil, and Chili-are now powerful enough to take care of themselves and resent out "patronizing tutelage" as insulting. This new Monroe Doctrine, shown by our deeds, evidenced our intent to boss the whole western hemisphere, interfere with the affairs of the southern republics to our will, without regard to our treaties or to international law, and to seize such territory as suited us. In short, we were doing what we denied Europe the right to do. 1."***" Is going to cost the United States an immense amount of money, trouble and men." 2. "*** Will lead us to an increasing number of large expeditions where American treasure and American blood will be sacrificed in efforts to remove the mote in our neighbor's eye, while overlooking the beam in our own." 3. "*** And spoil the game(of extending our legitimate commerce with Latin-America) by making it easier for our competitions and harder for our own merchants." He adds, "That international good will as a desideratum needs no words of mine to prove. From every point of view, selfishly and unselfishly, ethically, morally, commercially and diplomatically, we desire to live at peace with our neighbors and to promote international friendship." Dr. Bingham then gave a critical account of our actions and quoted pages of excerpts to show that all South America was alarmed and indignant over these continued aggressions in disregard of our professions and of international law. Our intervention in Santo Domingo brought this hostility to such a pitch that the then Secretary of State Elihu Root had his famous South American tour to overcome the impression that we were attempting aggression and conquest of the Caribbean and Central American republics. Speaking at Rio Janeiro at the Third International Pan-American Congress, Mr. Root defined the official policy of our government as follows: "We wish for no victories but those of peace; for no territory except our own; for no sovereignty except the sovereignty over ourselves. We deem the independence and equal rights of the smallest and weakest member of the family of nations entitled to as much respect as those of the greatest empire. *** We neither claim nor desire any rights, or privileges, or powers that we do not freely concede to every American republic." Undoubtedly these trenchant sentences express the mind and heart of the masses of American people. Yet the South Americans were distrustful, they wanted deeds, not words. And, adds, Dr. Bingham, "They felt their suspicions more than warranted by our subsequent actions in Cuba, Santo Domingo, Nicaragua, and our ultimatum to Chili." In 1913 Dr. Bingham wrote his book, bravely and convincingly challenging this new twist to the Monroe Doctrine. He then made this statesmanlike proposal: "The very next time any awkward, let us at once call a family gathering and see what, if anything, needs to be done. If it necessary to maintain order in some of the weaker and more restless republics why not let the decision be made, not by ourselves, but by a congress of leading American powers?" He urges that if such actions fail and military intervention is absolutely necessary, it should be done by the joint military action of South American countries with our own. Dr. Birmingham's warning and suggestion was made in 1913. In 1915 the United States Government proceeded to violate every official pledge made by it in 1906 through Secretary Root. In that year we seized Haiti by armed force, overthrew the government, established a military dictatorship, seized the treasury, forced the Haitians to sign a treaty and adopt a new constitution--both of them written in Washington--and have continued our occupation till this hour. In 1916, without the slightest warning or resort to diplomacy, we seized Santo Domingo and repeated our performance in Haiti, with the exception that we have been unable to force Santo Domingo to sign any treaty with us. In both cases our record for ruthless suppression, horrible military atrocities, enslavement and destruction of liberty has equaled the familiar story of European imperialism. These conquests have cost the American people many millions of dollars, the lives of many soldiers, and the only ostensible benefits apparent are those accruing to the bankers, promoters, land grabbers following in the wake of the army, or there before it. It is charitable to believe that signing the orders for these occupations, President Wilson was misled. That, of course, is and will remain an uncertainty. These results are the same, however. President Harding has not the excuse of the pressure of a world war, and during his campaign he promised to do justice to these republics; yet the troops remain, the occupation continues, and there is no indication as to when we intend to get out, if ever. If Dr. Birmingham's challenge was pertinent in 1913, San Domingo: A Dark Chapter ALICE STONE BLACKWELL THE United States marines have at last been withdrawn from San Domingo after eight years. Some of our daily papers take occasion to praise our treatment of that small republic. They have little reason. The arrangement made in 1907, whereby the United States undertook to supervise the collection of the customs in San Domingo, was legitimate, and it was made with mutual consent. The action taken in 1916 and ever since has been of a very different kind. We have treated a weak nation as we should never think of treating a strong one. We have a treaty of peace and amity with France as we had with San Diego. Suppose some internal disorders had taken place in France--disorders in which no American lives or American poverty had been destroyed. Suppose we had thereupon sent an armed force into France, deposed the President, turned out the Parliament, and ruled France by martial law for eight years, refusing to allow any elections, abolishing civil liberties, trying civil offenses before the military courts, and forbidding the French newspapers either to criticize our acts or to mention that they had been forbidden to do so. Suppose the most distinguished literary men of France had been condemned to death for writing in opposition to the American occupation, as happened to the Dominican poet Fabio Fiallo, who was only let off after protests against his execution had been made by literacy societies of Havana, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Mexico City, and elsewhere. Suppose our officials looked upon the very mention of liberty as so dangerous that they forced a "Liberty Theater" in Paris to delete the word liberty from its name, as we did to the Theatro Libertad in the capital of San Domingo. Suppose we extorted from France, while holding her in subjection, concessions that she would never have granted as a free agent. All these things and more we did in San Domingo. Archbishop Nouel of San Domingo made a written protest against a series of out- rages-putting Dominican citizens to the torture, dragging an old man around the public square at the tail of a horse, burning women and children to death in houses that had been set on fire, and so on. The military government, while not admitting that the highest officers had been responsible for any such acts, acknowledged in a published statement that there had been "some secondary authorities who distinguished themselves by their cruelty." But the great outrage was to invade a country with which we had a treaty of peace, and to rule it for eight years by martial law. Finally, we made it a condition of our withdrawal that San Domingo should validate all the illegal acts of the American occupation, and pay all its local expenses, including the cost of building unnecessary and unwelcome military roads. For this the little republic has had to contract a forced loan from American bankers which will be a millstone around its next for a generation. This is only one of a series of aggressions upon various Latin American republics, committed alike under Democratic and Republican administrations, and committed, in most cases, without even the knowledge of the people of the United States. It should be a part of the duty of the churches to make them known. Chilmark, Mass. (12) JULY 24 1924 Out of San Domingo TO THE EDITOR OF THE CHRISTIAN REGISTER:- The United States Marines have at last been withdrawn from San Domingo, after eight years. This calls attention afresh to a feature of our foreign policy that ought to be of interest to the churches, and to all good citizens. We have treated a weak nation as we should never think of treating a strong one. We have a treaty of peace and amity with France, as we had with San Domingo. Suppose some internal disorders took place in France--disorders in which no American lives or American property we're destroyed. Suppose we thereupon sent an armed force into France, deposed the President, turned out the Parliament, and rules France by martial law for eight years, refusing to allow any elections, abolishing civil liberties, trying civil cases before the military courts, and forbidding the French newspapers either to criticize our acts or to mention that they had been forbidden to do so. Suppose the most distinguished literary men of France were condemned to death for writing against the American occupation of their country, as happened to the Dominican poet Fabio Fiallo, who was only let off after protests against his execution had been made by the literary societies of Havana, Buenos Aires, Monte- video, Mexico City, and elsewhere. Suppose our officials looked upon the very mention of liberty as so dangerous hat they forced a "Liberty Theatre" in Paris to delete the word "liberty" from its name, as was done to the Teatro Libertad in the capital of San Domingo. Suppose we extorted from France, while holding her in subjection, concessions that she would never have granted as a free agent. And suppose we then boasted that we had not interfered with the "independence or sovereignty" of France! All these things, and more, we did in San Domingo. In addition, Archbishop Noulens made a written protest against a series of out- rages-putting Dominican citizens to the torture, dragging an old man around the public square at the tail of a horse, burning women and children to death in houses that had been set on fire, etc. The Military Government, while not admitting that the highest authorities had been responsible for any such acts, acknowledged in a published statement that there had been "some secondary authorities who distinguished themselves by their cruelty." Finally, we made it a condition of our withdrawal that San Domingo should validate all the illegal acts of the American occupation, and pay all its local expenses, including the cost of building unnecessary military roads. For this purpose the little republic has had to contract a forced loan from American bankers which will be a millstone around its neck for a generation. This is only one of a series of aggressions upon various Latin American republics, committed alike under Democratic and Republican administrations, and committed, in most cases, with even the knowledge of the people of the United States. It should be a part of the duty of the churches to make them known ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. CHILMARK, MASS. IN PRAISE OF MEXICO To the Editor of The Herald: Let me thank you for the article on Mexico in yesterday's Herald. It is especially timely just now, when a recently published book has described the Mexicans as "cruel and turbulent," "fighting among themselves for the sheer pleasure of fighting," etc. Mr. George F. Weeks of Washington, D.C., writes: "Foreigners who, like myself, have lived in Mexico for years, have traveled and resided in remote districts as well as in the thickly- populated ones, and have associated closely with the Mexicans, are practically unanimous that no more kindly, gentle people, as a race, are to be found anywhere. Far from being by nature blood- thirsty, cruel, fighting among them- selves for the sheer love of fighting, they are patient, loving, kind, long suffering under great provocation; but when driven to the breaking point, they, like people of every race, wreak vengeance for their wrongs upon the wrong- doers." Mr Weeks adds: "I have reside in places of considerable size, where I was the only foreigner; I have traveled in remote regions-on the desert, in the mountains, among Indians who seldom saw a white man; I have wandered in the slums of large cities; I went through the revolutionary period with the armies in the field; yet I never met with any- thing but kindly and courteous treat- meant from Mexicana. Perhaps this was because I recognized their right to be treated as I wished to be treated my- self." B. Preston Clark has borne striking testimony to the same effect. When one of the periodical attempt was made a few years ago to involve this country in war with Mexico, he said to the Episcopal Church Congress in New York: "It has been my privilege to be connected with a mining company in Mexico (the United States Smelting & Refining Company). About 10 years ago we went there. WE have tried to treat the Mexicans as human beings. We told them we did not believe the current legend that no Mexican was worth more than two pesos a day, that with us, if a man did the work he would fare just the same, whether he was American or Mexican; that in all ways we should respect them and their wives and families as we would our own. We went to it as a human proposition. The effect was prodigious. "That attitude brought out the best there was in those people and the best there was in us. For eight and a half years of revolution, under the southern stars, the roar of our mills never stopped. Today 7000 men operate them, of whom only 57 are Americans, Mexicans hold important positions all along the line. "After Vera Cruz, the properties were left in absolute charge of Mexicans for eight months. They stole nothing; they allowed no one to steal anything; they operated the plants successfully and returned them to us in good condition. Do you wonder that I trust them?" Such testimonies might be multiplied. The effort to discredit Mexico is made mainly by those who wish to bring about intervention for their own ends. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL. Dorchester, June 6.THE BACKBONE of the Mexican rebellion seems to have been broken. The rebels' greatest asset, control of Vera Cruz, the country's largest port, terminal of four railways, has passed to the Federals. De la Huerta's headquarters from now on will be wherever he hangs his sombrero. Guerrilla bands may hold out a long time, but the stability of the Obregon Government now seems assured, and a peaceful election and transmission of the presidency through political forms likely. De la Huerta's attempt to substitute force failed, but he wrought terrific destruction in a country struggling to recuperate from ten years of civil war. Miles of railroad torn up, bridges and tunnels dynamited, commerce paralyzed--the material cost alone has in two months run into many millions. The spiritual damage, when an era of constructive peace seemed at last to have dawned, is perhaps even more serious. And irreparable in Mexico, where conscientious and capable leaders are rare, is the loss of Felipe Carrillo, Yucatan's governor and reformer. The lessons of the rebellion should be taken to heart. The professional army which made it possible should be scrapped. The army has always been a drain on Mexico's treasury, a focus of corruption, and a permanent menace to order and stability. Although half of it remained loyal, Obregon's victory is chiefly due to the rallying of city and country workers who realized that their newly won economic emancipation, slight though it is, was at stake. And it is upon just such a volunteer militia that the revolutionary governments of Mexico will have to depend in the future whenever treason and reaction strike hands. HAITI'S CONSTITUTION, drawn up under the American Occupation by the then Assistant Secretary of the Navy of the United States, provides for the holding of national elections in even years. But our regime of military occupation has as little respect for a constitution drafted in Washington as for laws passed by Haitians. By agreement with the so-called President of Haiti (who was not elected by the people but was installed by the Marines) it proclaimed that in 1924, as in 1922, 1920, and 1918, there would be no election of the legislature. The Haitians, however, weary of existence without a parliamentary body, determined to comply with their constitution at any cost. Candidates were named, and campaigns conducted. The clerks of the courts, by order of the Government, refused to accept their declarations of candidacy, but the people paid little attention to this. On January 10, despite the fact that gendarmes under the order of the United States marines watched the polls, thousands of Haitians wrote in on the ballots provided for the communal elections the names of their candidates for the two houses of the Legislature. Many deputies and a majority of the Senate were accordingly elected. Of course the Government declared these elections null and void. How long will the people of the United States permit such tyranny to continue in its name and under the protection of its flag? The Literary Digest for September 25, 1920 53 How to Shampoo Your Hair Properly Why the Beauty of Your Hair Depend on the Care You Give It Illustrated by ALONZO KIMBALL scalp and through- wn to the ends of Thoroughly nfuls will make an eamy lather. This thoroughly and so as to loosen the s of dust and dirt When the hair is dry always give it a good thorough brushing thoroughly clean, hair fairly squeaks when you pull it through your fingers The final rinsing should leave the hair soft and silky in the water easily tell, when the hair is perfectly clean, for it will be soft and silky in the water, the strands will fall apart easily, each separate hair floating alone in the water, and the entire mass, even while wet, will feel loose, fluffy and light to the touch and be so clean, it will fairly squeak when you pull it through your fingers. Rinse the Hair Thoroughly THIS is very important. After the final washing the hair and scalp should be rinsed in at least two changes of warm water and followed with a rinsing in cold water. When you have rinsed the hair thoroughly, wring it as dry as you can; finish by rubbing it with a turkish towel, shaking it and fluffing it until it is dry. Then, give it a good brushing. After a Mulsified shampoo you will find the hair will dry quickly and evenly and have the appearance of being much thicker and heavier than it is. If you want always to remembered for your beautiful, well-kept hair, make it a rule to set a certain day each week for a Mulsified Cocoanut Oil Shampoo. This regular weekly shampooing will keep the scalp soft and the hair fine and silky, bright, fresh looking and fluffy, wavy and easy to manage, and it will be noticed and admired by everyone. You can get Mulsified Cocoanut Oil Shampoo at any drug store or toilet good counter. A 4-ounce bottle should last for months. Splendid for the children. WATKINS MULSIFIED COCOANUT OIL SHAMPOO AN ARMENIAN POET: SIAMANTO By Alice Stone Blackwell A remarkable poet perished in the recent Armenian massacres. Adam Yarjanian, who wrote under the pen name of Siamanto, was born at Akn in Asia Minor in 1878. When he was twelve years old, the family moved to Constantinople. The boy soon showed his literary and poetic gifts. He was endowed with a warm heart and a vivid imagination, and the cruelties to which the Armenians were subjected made a profound impression upon him. He engaged in the ill-fated revolutionary movement, and was forced to leave Constantinople. Thrown upon his own resources by his father's death, for many years he led the life of a poor student in Paris, Vienna, Zurich, and Lausanne. Always delicate, he developed tuberculosis, and spent a long time in a Swiss sanitarium, finally coming out cured. When the new constitution was proclaimed in Turkey, and an era of liberty and progress seemed in sight, he returned to Constantinople, and supported his younger brothers and sisters by his pen. The party of the Young turks, however, soon showed itself in its true colors, and after the Adana massacres Siamanto came to America. In 1910 he arrived in Boston, and spent a year here as editor of the Armenian paper, Hairenik. He had looked forward with great interest to seeing the paintings of Puvis de Chavannes, and the first visit that he made in Boston was to the Public Library. He would stand before the pictures, absorbed, by the hour together. The library became his daily haunt, and some of his most striking poems were written there. He finally returned to Constantinople. When the Turkish government in 1915 rounded up the most intelligent and influential Armenians of the that city and slaughtered them after barbarous tortures, Siamanto and another distinguished Armenian poet, Daniel Varoujan, were among those who perished. 231232 AN AMERICAN POET: SIAMANTO Siamanto has been called the Walt Whitman of Armenia, because he cast aside the customary forms and wrote "free verse." But the substance of his poetry is widely different from Whitman's. Siamanto's whole soul was wrapped up in the sorrows and sufferings of his people, and in the aspiration for their freedom. He wrote hardly a line unconnected with that subject. He was an idealist. He said there were three things in America that he wanted to see: Niagara, and the graves of Walt Whitman and Edgar Allan Poe. He was a man of kind heart and lovable character. Although he lived in a terrible time, and felt for his people with all the anguish of a most sensitive heart, he never gave up the hope of a brighter future for his fatherland, and for all humanity. Some translations from his poetry follow. A MOTHER'S DREAM Let me write now and tell you of my dream. It was upon the midnight of All Saints. Sudden before me your four brothers knelt; They wore no shrouds, no vestiges of flesh; Groping in darkness, with abysmal eyes, Weeping before their mother thus they came To tell their memories of other days. "Mother, the dawning of the bygone days! We four together, from beneath the ground, Today have sought once more your little door, To tap on it, companioned by the storm. Mother, be not afraid, no strangers we! And, lonely in your slumber, wait at least And let us watch your face in death's dark night!" "Mother, the holiness of bygone days! Our of my heart, 'neath our poor graveyard's earth, Mother, a flower of love for you has grown." "Mother, the sweetness of the bygone days For you two jars with my salt tears are filled." "Mother, the happiness or bygone days - For you have burning roses, flowers of hope, Sprung into fiery blossom from my soul." ALICE STONE BLACKWELL 233 "O mother, the heroic manliness Of bygone days! Our of my breast-bone now Two shields for your protection have been wrought." "Mother, your peerless beauty in the past! How many furrows now have marled your brow!" (Thus spake your eldest brother.) "All alone Under your roof-tree, how can you survive? These seven years, we seven times have tapped Upon your little door, but till tonight We never yet have found the door unclosed. What traveller do you await tonight? Behold, your fragile hut it tottering, Like to a heap of mouldering coffin-boards. See how the leaves, storm-rent, fall from the trees! The guiltless doves are dying in the brook, And still upon the threshold of your home, Mother, the black snakes lick our dried-up blood. The garden has no bud, no fruit, no briar. We four together have been through the hut, And at the sight of us our broken swords Gave out once more a single flash of light. Empty the larder was, biting at its hoofs. Mother, the plenty of the bygone days! How can you live here in your empty hut- Here in your empty hut how can you live?" The four were mute; but when I spoke your name And sobbed tempestuously in my dream, They wildly, with bowed heads, began to weep. "But still," I said, "your brother is alive, The little one, who did not see you die. It is for him alone I live today." Then they burst forth, and poured upon mine eyes The terrible black teardrops of the dead. "A brother, oh, we have a brother yet, A brother, of, a brother in the world! Mother, the misery of coming days! Hereafter, how shal we to earth return? Now how, oh, how shall we to earth return?"ALICE STONE BLACKWELL 235 years, have poured from mine eyes like stars upon my cheeks, and behold, their roses have withered! It is enough. With longing for thee I feel like plucking at my hair. I am still under the influence of the wine of thy cup, and a mourner for thine absent superb stature. Remembering thee, I moan like the winds, and wounding my knees with kneeling at the church door, I implore for thee, turning toward the west. May the seas some day dry up from shore to shore, and may the two worlds approach each other in an instant! Then I should have no need of heaven or the sun. Return! I am waiting for thy return on the threshold of our cottage. My hands empty of thy hands, I dream of thee in my black robes. Return, like the sweet fruits of our garden! My heart's love keeps my kiss for thee. Oh, my milk-white hips have not yet known motherhood; and I have not yet been able to adorn a swaddling cloth with my bridal veil, wrought with golden thread; and I have not yet been able to sing, sitting by a cradle, the pure, heavenly lullaby of Armenian mothers. Return! My longing has no end, when the black night comes thus to unfold its shrouds, when the owls in the court shriek with one another, when my sobs end and my tears become bloody. Lonely, in my dreams of a despairing bride, with my hands, like a demon, I begin to sift upon my head the earth of my grave, which is drawing near! THE SONG OF THE KNIGHT The sun is up, the hour has come for starting, O my steed! A moment wait till I pass my foot through thy stirrup glittering clear. I read my Goal in thy shining eyes, that know and understand. Oh, joys of joys! Oh, Blest be thou, my steed, my steed so dear! My body still is firm and light with the joy and spring of youth, And on thy saddle I shall perch like an eagle, proud and free. The golden oats that I fed thee with in plenty, O my steed! Have made mad life through thy form flame up; how fleet thy course will be! Galloping thou wilt fly along, fly ever upon thy way, And sparks from the strokes of thy brazen shoes will blossom as we go past. 234 AN ARMENIAN POET: SIAMANTO PRAYER The swans, in discouragement, have migrated from the poisonous lakes this evening; and sad sisters dream of brothers under the prison walls. Battles have ended on the blossoming fields of lilies, and fair women follow coffins from underground passages, and sing, with heads bowed down towards the ground. Oh, make haste! Our aching bodies are freezing in these pitiless glooms. Make haste towards the chapel, where life will be more merciful; the chapel in the graveyard where our brother sleeps! An orphan swan is suffering in my soul; and there, over newly-buried corpses, it rains blood -- it pours from mine eyes. A crowd of cripples pass along the paths of my heart; and with them pass bare-footed blind men, in the divine hope of meeting someone in prayer. And the red dogs of the desert howled all one night, after moaning hopelessly over the sands, for some unknown, incomprehensible grief. And the storm of my thoughts ceased with the rain; the waves were cruelly imprisoned beneath the frozen waters; the leaves of huge oaks-trees, like wounded birds, dropped with cries of anguish; and the dark night was deserted, like the vast infinite. And, with the lonely and bloody moon, like a myriad motionless marble statues, all the corpses arose out of the earth to pray for one another. THE YOUNG WIFE'S DREAM Year after year, sitting alone at my window, I gaze upon thy path, my pilgrim heart-mate; and by this writing I wish once more to sing the tremors of my body and of my thoughts left without a guardian. Ah! dost thou not recall the sun on the day of thy departure? My tears were so plentiful and my kisses so ardent! Thy promises were so good and thy return was to be so early! Dost thou not recall the sun and my prayers on the day of thy departure, when I sprinkled water on the shadow of thy steed from my water jar, that the seas might open before thee, and the earth might blossom under thy feet? Ah, the sun of the day of thy departure has changed to black night; and the tears of waiting, beneath the shower of so many236 AN ARMENIAN POET: SIAMANTO Let us grow drunk with our rapid course like heroes, O my steed! And, infinitely winged like the wind, drink in the blast! The boundless space before thy pace recedes and disappears, The sinful cities with all their crimes bow down beneath thy tread. Black flocks of crows that tremble thy swiftness to behold, Are seeking shelter in the clouds, the thick clouds overhead. The sad earth seems below us and we up among the stars. Thou no abyss nor downward slope dost heed, with eyes aflame; There is no obstacle, no rock that can thy flight impede; Impatient, fain wouldst thou attain the summit of the Aim. My fleet, fleet steed! My idol of snow-white marble fair! With all my soul I worship thee! As on our course we fly, My dreamy brow is burning with the flames of mine Ideal; Oh, spur me onward to my Aim! Slave of thy footsteps I! I am the slave of thy fleet steps, child of the hurricane! Speed on, athirst for vengeance, O swift, swift steed of mine! A needless halt I spurn and hate with all my anger's might. Ours are the summits, and the wreath of victory is thine! Thy delicate cream-white body boils with thine ardent fire of life; Thy tail is a cataract; rushing down, like a hurricane it blows. Within thine eyes, so bright and keen, there shine two flaming stars; The ring of thy swift shoes forges fear, as onward our journey goes. I told thee that I am thy slave, for liberty athirst. Oh, bear me swiftly toward the South, away from this frontier! We shall be clothed with suns and blood, beyond the stately heights Of Ararat and Aragotz. Speed on, my courser dear! I hold no whip within my hand, my courser, thou art free; Upon thy black, that glistens like a lily white and fair, I only shed sweet touches of my fingers as we go; They touch thy bright flesh like a stream of honey dropping there. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL 237 Thou hast no bridle upon thy neck, no bit within thy mouth; Enough for me one wave of hair from thy full mane backward flung. I have no need of stirrup-irons for my feet to grip thy sides; A silver saddle thou hast alone, a saddle with pearls bestrung. For my native valleys I yearn, I yearn, -- the valleys that hold my home; But halt thou never, my courser swift, the star-strewn heavens below! Away by the mouths of caverns deep like a shadow thou must pass, From forests, vineyards and gardens green still farther and farther go. Who knows, perchance a maiden fair by the side of a running brook Might hand me a cluster of golden grapes, and proffer a draught of wine -- My soul might understand her, and she like a sister smile on me -- But I do not wish to be lost in dreams; halt not, swift steed of mine! Thou wilt pass by the shadowy bowers of my birthplace, Edenfair; The nightingale, the nightingale, fain would I drink her song! The rose-scent, on my pilgrimage, I have dreamed of, many a year. Oh, how my heart is yearning! But halt not, speed along. And in my pathway haply old corpses might arise, Their shrouds upon their shoulders, their hands held out to me, Approach me -- me the wretched! -- and breathe upward to mine ear Their loves and vengeance ne'er to be forgot -- but onward flee! I shudder at the ruins and at barren, helpless pangs. My courser, near the ashes of the cities make no stay! Oh, tears, the tears of others, they choke me without ruth; The woe, the griefs of others drive me mad, upon my way! Oh, do not halt, my courser, where these corpses scattered lie! Fly far away from graveyards where white shades of dead men be. I cannot bear, I tell thee, I cannot bear again. The death of my dear native land with anguished eyes to see! ALICE STONE BLACKWELL 239 I heard the wailing and the cries, entreaties and laments, From ruined huts and cities that reached us on our way. But ah! what use in pausing all powerless before pain? Our task is to relieve it; then do not halt nor stay! Through the death-agony, my steed we passed with tearless eyes. Oh, do not halt! Oh, do not stay! Brave be that heart of thine! From this time onward, I will burn Hope's torches blazing bright. To halt means death to use; pause not, O gallant steed of mine! Aloft on thy galloping form, full oft in our journey ere today I have heard how thy swift, spark-scattering hoofs, as ever we forward flee, Have many and many a time crushed bones, that fell beneath their treat, And the skulls with their empty sockets dark gazed at me-didst thou see? I tell thee, under thy shoes I heard the skeletons break and crash, But I kept silence. My lips are dumb. Halt not, halt not, my steed! I will bury my sobs and sighs of grief in my soul's abysmal depths; Let nothing live but my anger hot! Pause not, but onward speed! Oh, pause not, falter not in thy course, wild creature of marble- white! Tears will not banish the Pain of Life, nor drive out its woe and wrong. Nay, the Ideal shall toll, shall toll the bells of glowing wrath, The cranes, far flying, will call to us; oh, follow their distant song! But where does thy path lead? What is this? My steed, hast thou lost thy mind? The ashes! Oh, the desolate plains of ashes and ruins gray! Like fog the gray dust rises up to stifle and choke our breath. Oh, tear thy way through the frightful mounds, break through them and speed away! Lift up thy forehead, lift up thine eyes, let me cover them with my hand! Halt not, 'tis the Crimson, the Crimson dread; red blood beneath us lies. 238 AN ARMENIAN POET: SIAMANTO Behold the landscape of the place in which I had my birth! At sight of it my longing glance with tears grows moist and glows. But yet I would not shed them; nay, do not pause or stay, My steed, my steed of swiftest flight! My Aim no weakness knows. Lo! 'tis Euphrates sounding. Why river, dost thou roar? Thy son is passing. Why so dark the flood thy shore that laves? I am thy son. Oh, do not rage! Hast thou forgotten me? I with thy current would speed on, and would outstrip thy waves. The memory of my childhood draws from me tears of blood; A dreamy youth who used to stray along these banks of thine, All full of hope, with sunlight mad, and happy with his dreams- But ah! what am I saying? Pause not, swift steed of mine! Behold the glorious autumn, which vaguely dies around! Upon my brow a yellow leaf has fallen like a dream. Is it my death it stands for, or the crowning of my faith? What matter? On, my neighing steed, sweep onward with the stream! Perchance it was the last sere leaf of my ill-omened fate That fell upon us even now. What matter? Speed away! From the four corners of the land are echoing the words, "Ideal, O free-born Ideal, halt not, halt not nor stay!" I worship thee! Now like a star thou shootest on thy course; Thou art as fleet, thou art as free, as is the lightning's flame; And through the wind and with the wind like eagles now we soar. I am thy knight, I am thy slave; oh, lift me to my Aim! Down from the summits of the rocks, the dread and cloudy peaks, The cataracts, the cataracts are falling in their might. Their currents white are pure, my steed, as thine own snow-white form, And their imperious downward sweep is savage as thy flight. But why now doth a shudder through all thy body run? Oh, what has chanced, my hero? Why do thy looks grow dark? Oh, turn thine eyes away from me, thine eyes with trouble filled; Past the horizons fly along, fly like a wind-borne bark!240 AN ARMENIAN POET : SIAMANTO Across my face to blind mine eyes I have pulled my fluttering scarf; Halt not! What good would it do, my steed, to pause here with useless sighs? Ah, once, accompanied by my griefs, my lyre shed tears of blood; Weeping I hate from this time on; thou only art my soul. Thou breathest battle, for glory keen, and I am thy prince, thy slave. Thy form was worshipped by glorious Greece. Oh, lift me to my Goal! The sound of the wind is like a horn that is winded far away; The forests, ranged like troops of war, stood ready as we passed. At the wild ringing of thy hoofs, old hopes like giants woke; Old laws are crushed, old tears are shed, old sounds are dying fast. And in thy flight, at daybreak, on a lofty table-land, New Giants, new insurgents, new heroes we shall spy. The sons of suffering are they, who in this hostile age Were born in blood, are wroth with blood, and wish in blood to die. When we see columns rolling up, armed with the hurricane, We by their side will march along the pathway to the Aim. Of glory and the crowning of the martyrs I shall sing; My lyre will play, that gallant day, my Torched burn and flame! The day has dawned, has dawned at last! I am thy knight, thy slave! The slope is difficult and steep, but, breathing heavily, Thou must fly on - one effort more, amid the fires of morn! I am athirst for victory, my noble steed, like thee. A few more ringing steps, my steed, and one last bound! and then What a procession, what a host, all glad and full of might! 'Tis freedom's pioneers; their swords flash out life-giving rays, And Brotherhood they celebrate in morning's glorious light. Here may'st thou halt. Be blest, my steed! Worthy of God art thou! ALICE STONE BLACKWELL 241 Tears fill my soul as mine Ideal I gaze on and admire. The triumph is the mighty law of beauty infinite. Lo, there six sombre centuries are standing, armed with fire! I, armed already, will arm thee. O'er my shoulder burns thy torch. They like the tempest wish to walk, under the dawning's glow, Laden with justice. Oh, the land is barren and athirst! Lo, from our fight the giant Hope sparks in the paths will show!HIGH LIGHTS IN THE STORY OF SUSANNA By J. WARSHAW. I Court of the Elders, outside of Babylon Ichabot — That which we are about to do, O judges, Demands a warning word. There will, we know, Be ascribed to us by the giddy, thoughtless crowd False motives, hidden hatred, and what not, — And that's to be expected, certainly. We understand our people. Our entire lives, Replete with sanctity and honest deeds, Will, in the heated moment, be forgot. 'Twill be forgot that Simeon and I, Most hoary of the Elders, have with sweat Of intellect safeguarded steadfastly The holy laws and rites of Israel: Have sacrificed our gentler feelings to The single purpose of our painful task Of vigilance for God's commands: have been The faithful, fasting shepherds of our flock. How much we've loved you, pled for you on High, Will be forgot, no doubt. Yet are we strong In our most sacred duty. What we say Will stupefy you, as it stunned us both. — Have we not pondered, Simeon, if we Should loose the monstrous crime upon the world Or silent let it gnaw our guilty hearts? Alas, we have not long to live. A year Or two can matter little, —more or less. We might have had a year or more of peace Among our neighbors. 242 [*21*] WOMAN SUFFRAGE LEAFLET. Published Bi-Monthly at the Office of the Woman's Journal, Boston, Mass. Vol. VI. Entered at the Boston Post-Office as second-class matter. No. 5. Subscription, 25 cents per annum. SEPTEMBER, 1893. Extra copies, 30 cts. per 100, postpaid. LUCY STONE. The following story of the life-work of Lucy Stone, written in 1892 by her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell, is reprinted from the Woman's Journal of April 15, 1893: LUCY STONE was born August 13, 1818, on a farm near West Brookfield, Mass. She was the daughter of Francis Stone and Hannah Matthews, and was the eighth of nine children. She came of good New England stock; her great-grandfather fought in the French and Indian War; her grandfather was an officer in the War of the Revolution, and afterwards captain of four hundred men in Shay's Rebellion. Her father was a prosperous farmer, much respected by his neighbors, but fully imbued with the idea of the right of husbands to rule over their wives, as were most men of his generation. Little Lucy grew up a healthy, vigorous child, noted for fearlessness and truthfulness, a good scholar, and a hard worker in the house and on the farm, sometimes driving the cows barefooted by starlight before the sun was up, when the dew on the grass was so cold that she would stop on a flat stone and curl one small bare foot up against the other leg to warm it. 2 WOMAN SUFFRAGE LEAFLET. Every one on the farm worked. The mother milked eight cows the night before Lucy was born, and said regretfully, when informed of the sex of the new baby, "Oh, dear! I am sorry it is a girl. A woman's life is so hard!" The little girl early became indignant at the way she saw her mother and other women treated by their husbands and by the laws, and she made up her childish mind that those laws must be changed. Reading the Bible one day, while still a child, she came upon the text, "Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee." At first she wanted to die. Then she resolved to go to college, study Greek and Hebrew, read the Bible in the original and satisfy herself whether such texts were correctly translated. Her father helped her son through college, but when his daughter wanted to go, he said to his wife, "Is the child crazy?" The young girl had to earn the money herself. She picked berries and chestnuts and sold them to buy books. For years she taught district schools, studying and teaching alternately. She soon became known as a successful teacher. Once she was engaged to teach a "winter school" which had been broken up by the big boys throwing the master head-foremost out of the window into a deep snowdrift. As a rule, women were not thought competent to teach the winter term of school, because then the big boys were released from farm work and were able to attend. in a few days she had this difficult school in perfect order, and the big boys who had made the trouble became her most devoted lieutenants; yet she received only a fraction of the salary paid to her unsuccessful predecessor. At the low wages received by woman teachers, it took her until she was twenty-five to earn the money to carry her to Oberlin, then the only college in the country that admitted women. Crossing Lake Erie from Buffalo to Cleveland, she could not afford a stateroom, but slept on deck on a pile of grain sacks, among horses and freight, with a few other women who, like herself, could only pay for a "deck passage." At Oberlin she earned her way by teaching in the preparatory department of the college, and by doing housework in the Ladies' Boarding Hall at three cents an hour. Most of the students were poor, and college furnished them board at a cheap print, and she did not go home once during the four years; but she thoroughly enjoyed her college life, and found time also for good works. Oberlin was a station on the "underground railroad," a town of strong antislavery sympathies, and many fugitive slaves settled there. A school was started to teach them to read, and Lucy Stone was asked to take charge of it. The colored men, fresh from slavery and densely ignorant, still felt it beneath their dignity to be taught by a woman. Without letting her know this, the committee took her to the school and introduced her to them as their teacher, thinking they would not like to express their objections in her presence. But there was a murmur of dissatisfaction, and presently a tall man, very black, stood up and said he had nothing against Miss Stone personally, but he was free to confess that he did not like the idea of being taught by a woman. She persuaded them, however, that it would be for their advantage to learn from anybody who could teach them to read; and her dusky pupils soon became much attached to her. When the Ladies' Boarding Hall took fire, during her temporary absence, many members of her colored class rushed to the fire, bent on saving her effects. She was told on her return that a whole string of colored men had arrived upon the scene on after another, each demanding breathlessly, "Where is Miss Stone's trunk?" Her first public speech was made during her college course. The colored people got up a celebration of the anniversary of West Indian emancipation, and invited her to be one of the speakers. The president of the college and some of the professors were invited to speak. She gave her address among the rest, and thought nothing before the Ladies' Board. They represented to her that it was unwomanly and unscriptural for her to speak in public. The president's wife said: "Did you not feel yourself very much out of place up there on the platform among all those men? Were you not embarrassed and frightened?" "Why, no, Mrs. Mahan." she answered. "Those men were President Mahan and my professors, whom I meet every day in the class-room. I was not afraid of them at all!" She was allowed to go, with an admonition. At the end of her course, she was appointed to write an essay to be read at Commencement, but was notifies that one of the professors would have to read it for her, as it would not be proper for a woman to read her own essay in public. Rather than not read it herself, she declined to write it. Nearly forty years afterwards, when Oberlin celebrated its semi-centennial, she was invited to be one of the speakers at that great gathering. So the world moves. She graduated in 1847, and gave her first woman's rights lecture the same year, in the pulpit of her brother's church at Gardner, Mass. Soon after, she was WOMAN SUFFRAGE LEAFLET. 3 engaged to lecture regularly for the Anti-Slavery Society. She mixed a great deal of woman's rights with her anti-slavery lectures. One night, after her heart had been particularly stirred on the woman question, she put into her lecture so much of woman's rights and so little of abolition that her friend, Rev. Samuel May, the agent of the Anti-Slavery Society, who arranged her meetings, felt obliged to tell her that, on the anti-slavery platform, this would not do. She answered, "I know it, but I could not help it. I was a woman before I was an abolitionist, and I must speak for the women." She resigned her position as lecturer for the Anti-Slavery Society, intending to devote herself wholly to woman's rights. They were very unwilling to give her up, however, as she had been one of their most effective speakers; and it was finally arranged that she should speak for them Saturday evenings and Sundays - times which were regarded as too sacred for any church or hall to be opened for a woman's rights meeting - and during the rest of the week she should lecture for woman's rights, on her own responsibility. Her adventures during the next few years would dill a volume. No suffrage association was organized until long after this time. She had no cooperation and no backing, and started out absolutely alone. So far as she knew, there were only a few persons in the whole country who had any sympathy with the idea of equal rights. She put up the posters for her own meeting, with a little package of tacks and a stone picked up from the street. Sometimes the boys followed her, hooting and preparing to tear the posters down. Then she would stop and call the boys about her, and hold a preliminary meeting in the street, until she had won them all over and persuaded them to let her posters alone. Once in winter a pane of glass was removes from the window behind the speaker's stand, a hose was put through, and she was suddenly deluged with ice-cold water while she was speaking. She put on a shawl, and continued her lecture. Pepper was burned, spitballs were thrown, and all sorts of devices resorted to in order to break up the meetings, but generally without success. She traveled over a large part of the United States. In most of the towns where she lectured, no woman had ever spoken in public before, and curiosity attracted immense audiences. The speaker was a great surprise to them. The general idea of a woman's rights advocate, on the part of those who had never seen one, was of tall, guant, angular woman, with aggressive manners, a masculine air and a strident voice, scolding at the men. Instead, they found a tiny woman, with quiet, unassuming manners, a winning presence, and the sweetest voice ever possessed by a public speaker. This voice became celebrated. It was so musical and delicious that persons who had once heard her lecture, hearing her utter a few words years afterwards, on a railroad car or in a stage-coach, where it was too dark to recognize faces, would at once exclaim unhesitatingly, "That is Lucy Stone!" Old people who remember those early lectures say that she had a wonderful eloquence. There were no tricks of oratory, but the transparent sincerity, simplicity and intense earnestness of the speaker, added to a singular personal magnetism and an utter forgetfulness of self, swayed those great audiences as the wind bends a field of grass. Often mobs would listen to her when they howled down every other speaker. At one woman's rights meeting in New York, the mob made such a clamor that it was impossible for any speaker to be heard. One after another tried it, only to have his or her voice drowned forthwith by hoots and howls. William Henry Channing advised Lucretia Mott, who was presiding, to adjourn the meeting. Mrs. Mott answered, "When the hour fixed for adjournment comes, I will adjourn the meeting; not before." At last Lucy Stone was introduced. The mob became as quiet as a congregation of church-goers; but as soon as the next speaker began, the howling recommenced, and it continued to the end. At the close of the meeting, when the speakers went into the dressing-room to get their hats and cloaks, the mob surged in and surrounded them; and Lucy Stone, who was brimming over with indignation, began to reproach them for their behavior. "Oh, come," they answered, "you needn't say anything; we kept still for you!" At an anti-slavery meeting held on Cope Cod, in a grove, in the open air, a platform had been erected for the speakers, and a crowd assembled; but a crowd so menacing in aspect, and with so evident an intention of violence, that the speakers one by one came down from the stand and slipped quietly away, till none were left but Stephen Foster and Lucy Stone. She said, "You had better run, Stephen; they are coming!" He answered, "But who will take care of you?" At that moment the mob made a rush for the platform, and a big man sprang up on it swinging a club. She turned to him and said without hesitation, "This gentleman will take care of me." He declared that he would. He tucked her under one arm, and holding his club with the other, marched her out through the crowd. Who were roughly handling Mr. Foster, and such of the other speakers as they had been able to catch. Her representations finally so prevailed upon him that he mounted her on a stump, and stood by her with his club while she addressed the mob. TheyWOMAN SUFFRAGE LEAFLET 4 were so moved by her speech that they not only desisted from further violence, but took up a collection of twenty dollars to pay Stephen Foster for his coat, which they had torn in two from top to bottom. When she began to lecture she would not charge an admission fee, partly because she was anxious that as many people as possible should hear and be converted, and she feared that an admission fee might keep some one away; and partly from something of the Quaker feeling that it was wrong to take pay for preaching the Gospel. She economized in every way. When she stayed in Boston, she used to put up at a lodging-house on Hanover Street, where they gave her meals for twelve and a half cents, and lodging for six and a quarter cents, on condition of her sleeping in the garret with the daughters of the house, three in a bed. Once when she was in great need of a new cloak, she came to Salem, Mass., where she was to lecture, and found that the Hutchinson family of singers were to give a concert the same evening. They proposed to her to unite the entertainment and divide the proceeds. She consented, and bought a cloak with the money. She was also badly in want of other clothing. Her friends assured her that the audiences would be just as large despite an admission fee. She tried it, and finding that the audiences continued to be as large as the halls would hold, she continued to charge a door fee, and was no longer reduced to such straits. In 1855 she was married to Henry B. Blackwell, a young hardware merchant of Cincinnati, a strong woman's rights man, and abolitionist. In 1853 he had attended a legislative hearing in the State House in Boston, when Wendell Phillips, Theodore Parker and Lucy Stone spoke in behalf of a woman suffrage petition headed by Louisa Alcott's mother; and he had made up his mind at that time to marry her if he could. She had meant never to marry. but to devote herself wholly to her work. But he promised to devote himself to the same work, and persuaded her that together they could do more for it than she could alone. The wedding took place at the home of the bride's parents at West Brookfield. Mass. They had to send thirty miles for a minister who would marry them without using the word "obey". Rev. T. W. Higginson, who afterwards left the ministry for reform work and the army, and is now better known as Colonel Higginson, was then pastor of a church in Worcester. He came on and performed the ceremony. At the time of their marriage, they issued a joint protest against the inequalities of the law which gave the husband the control of his wife's property, person and children. This protest, which was widely published in the papers, gave rise to much discussion, and helped to get the laws amended. She regarded the loss of a wife's name at marriage as a symbol of the loss of her individuality. Eminent lawyers, including Ellis Gray Loring and Samuel E. Sewall, told her there was no law requiring a wife to take her husband's name; it was only a custom. Accordingly she decided, with her husband's full approval. to keep her own name, and she has continued to be called by it during nearly forty years of happy and affectionate married life. The account of her later years must be condensed into a few lines. She and her husband have lectured together in many States, taken part in most of the campaigns when suffrage amendments have been submitted to popular vote, have addressed Legislatures, published articles, held meetings fare and wide, been instrumental in securing many improvements in the laws, and have together done an unrecorded and incalculable amount of work in behalf of equal rights. A few years after her marriage, while they were living in Orange, N.J., Mrs. Stone let her goods be seized and sold for taxes, and wrote a protest against taxation without representation, with her baby on her knee. In 1866 she helped organize the American Equal Rights Association, which was formed to work for equal rights for both negroes and women, and she was chairmen of its executive committee. In 1869, with William Lloyd Garrison, George William Curtis, Colonel Higginson, Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Mrs. Mary A. Livermore and others, she organized the American Woman Suffrage Association, and she was chairman of its executive committee for nearly twenty years. She has always craved, not the post of prominence, but the post of work. Most of the money with which the Women's Journal was started in Boston, in 1870, was raised by her efforts. When Mrs. Livermore, whose time was under increasing demand in the lecture field, resigned the editorship in 1872, Mrs. Stone and her husband took charge of the paper, and they have edited it ever since, assisted latterly by their daughter. Of late years, Mrs. Stone has been much confined at home by rheumatism, but works for suffrage at her desk as diligently as she used to do upon the platform. Her sweet, motherly face, under its white cap, is dear to the eyes of audiences at suffrage gatherings, and sometimes the mere sight of her has converted and obstinate opponent whom no arguments had been able to move, simply because she was so different from all his preconceived ideas of her. Better than most mortals, she knows how to grow old beautifully. Her life is now passing into a serene old age, loved and honored by a multitude of younger women, but loved the most by those who know her best.