BLACKWELL FAMILY Subject File Leigh Browne Trust, Notes and ELIZABETH BLACKWELL Articles ConcerningLeigh Browne Trust The Leigh Browne Trust is founded in order to promote Biological research. There are two lines of effort by means of which Biological research may be carried on, viz : the destructive and the constructive methods. The Founder of the Leigh Browne Trust recognising the value and necessity of investigating the causes of disease, both for its cure and its prevention, sees also that there are rational and irrational, i.e. righteous or unrighteous ways of striving to accomplish this noble end and that the intellectual activity of observation and experiment requires to be justified and guided by our moral sense. Believing also that destructive experiment upon animal life is not a rational way of seeking Biologic truth, the members of the Trust see that the time has come, when such methods must be swept away, as leading to dangerous error. The Leigh Browne Trust lays it down therefore as a condition to guide research, that its methods shall not be of a nature to cause pain. In other words that the methods promoted by the Trust shall be Biologic not Necrologic. The Trust, therefore, is employed in promoting constructive work ; as the best way of destroying EVIL is by the establishment of GOOD. The promoters of the Trust believe that there is no limit to the ingenuity and inventiveness of the human mind, when working in accordance with the laws of beneficent research. They believe that, as intelligence is encouraged to pursue righteous methods, endemic disease, the persistent recurrence of deadly epidemics, and the fearful increase of insanity and suicide will steadily diminish and that hitherto unrealized progress will be attained. The Trust possesses a safely invested capital, bringing in a little over £100 annually. All persons accepting the above principles are earnestly invited to contribute to its funds as it is desired to carry on investigations in relation to the causes of small-pox, cancer, consumption, hydrophobia and other dangerous diseases, in the hope of exterminating them ; and to study the action of the mind over the body. TRUSTEES. Mrs. Leigh Browne, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. Miss Leigh Browne. W. Arthur Sharpe, Esq. Hon. Treasurer. Ernest Bell, Esq., M. A. Fred. E. Pirkis, Esq., R.N., Hon. Sec. 3, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 9th January, 1895.PRELIMINARY NOTICE. LEIGH BROWNE ENDOWMENT. This Endowment has been founded with the object of promoting and encouraging original research in Biology without experimentation on living animals of a nature to cause pain. The intention of the founder of the Leigh Browne Endowment has been to show in practical fashion, to the world in general, and to medical practitioners in particular, that scientific research can be prosecuted, and human suffering alleviated without recourse to any practices that violate the first principles of morality or the canons on scientific observation. PRELIMINARY NOTICE. LEIGH BROWNE ENDOWMENT. This Endowment has been founded with the object of promoting and encouraging original research in Biology without experimentation on living animals of a nature to cause pain. The intention of the founder of the Leigh Browne Endowment has been to show in practical fashion, to the world in general, and to medical practitioners in particular, that scientific research can be prosecuted, and human suffering alleviated without recourse to any practices that violate the first principles of morality or the canons on scientific observation.Hon. Treasurer Arthur W. Sharpe Esq. 12 New Court Carey St. W.C..The Globe Aug. 11, reporting the proceedings of the Congress of Hygiene the previous day... and the following: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell said she went to Paris and saw dogs being made mad in the Pasteur Institute (oh, oh). She saw them in various stages of madness (Cries of "No"). Their sufferings were intense, and it had to be remembered in adopting the Pasteur Institute that they were accepting a system for the constant production of mad dogs. In a Christian country there ought to be no question in the matter. — Dr. Hime protested that it did not involve the making of one dog mad (hear, hear). They obtained the virus from rabbits. — Dr. Drysdale asked whether Dr. Blackwell had seen the dogs, and she replied, "Yes, at the time of the Prince of Wales's visit." —After further discussion the section adjourned.From [Committee] [Trustees] No2 Dr. Elizth Blackwell Rock House Hastingsin previous letter, No 1. "ask if you know Mr C well enough to ask him for a copy of a new publication of his. It appears to be printed for private circulation & the title is something like Homigenital love & if [?] is sent a copy is forwarded Lady Coomara Swamey has read the book or pamphlet, but it was a loan & she has not succeeded in obtaining a copy which she desired in order to give it a more careful consideration. I trust that you will be able to get it and I hope that the Trust will not be printing anything of Mr Carpenter's till you have done so" Hastings Station Dec 11 1896 Dec 11 Dr Eliz notes on old envelope about Carpenter's controversial book & [con] decision to print lecture LBTrDraft opening correspondence My friend Mrs B who attended & has written me of [your] the hopeful [synthet?] direction which your biological studies are taking. As I have long been convinced that much of our present method of medical research is founded in intellectual error, I am encouraged by Mrs B to consult you on a practical difficulty I find, in applying a small but safely invested fund (L 100 a year) of which I am a Trustee. This [Fund] "Leigh Browne Endowment" is "for the encouragement of original biological research, without resort to experiments upon animals of a nature to cause pain"- It is therefore you perceive a fund for positive work; and it is not a [rightly?] [but] only moderately anti-vivisection [although] because certain [?] methods are proscribed. But so strong is the professional prejudice at present, in favour of methods which we consider fallacious, that the recognized investigators (with one exception) refuse to work under the Trust! Mrs [Brole?] encourages me to think that distinct [quite apart] from the question ofinhumanity you perceive the intellectual fallacy involved in the methods [? called] vivisection & in a [sulat?] as methods for arriving at Biologic Truth. If this be so, and you [& your friends] see [their] your way to carrying on Biologic Research - i.e. observation, experiment, induction, in accordance with the terms of our Trust I will gladly send a copy of the Trust Deed for your consideration.unless this is supplemented by legislation. They have accordingly set themselves resolutely to obtain this, by a Bill in Parliament, asking— That the use of Tobacco be prohibited to persons under 16 years of age, and that it be made a punishable offence to sell it to any such person. If you approve of the proposed measure, will you be so good as to sign the enclosed card and your early convenience. We may add that the Executive of the League would also, if convenient to you, feel gratified and honoured by a few written remarks from you tending to strengthen the case for the proposed legislation. On behalf of the Executive, E. P. RIDGWAY, Chairman. FRANK SPENCE, Hon. Sec. P.S.—It may interest you to know that Juvenile Smoking is now prohibited by law in Leigh Browne Endowment Object of trust sent for suggestionCHECKS AS FOLLOWS TOTAL MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION Please return with any suggestions to Dr. E. BLACKWELL, Rock House, Hastings.The Humane Science Trust: Founded by Mrs. Leigh Browne for the advancement of the Biological Sciences, on research in the or study of the All right EBell. The Leigh Browne Endowment. This Trust was founded in 1884 for the encouragement of painless research in the biological sciences. Its income has been hitherto used in the publication and distribution of books and pamphlets, the delivery of lectures, and the assistance of special investigations, likely to promote its object. As the funds of the Endowment increase, the Trustees hope to establish an office where its publications can be seen, and where information can be obtained on the important methods of research advocated by the Trust. Donations to the endowment are invited, and will be acknowledged by the Hon. Treasurer, W. ARTHUR SHARPE, Esq., 12, New Court, Carey Street, W.C. January, 1898.1896 Nov 10 Dr EB Agenda & note for LBTr meeting Ixon, Mrs. Frank Agenda Nov. 10/96 1 Minutes - see last agenda 2 Funds in hand- 3 Creighton Research - future support 4 Humane Science lectures and cheques See prospectus value as [advertisement?] of Trust and Lectures 5 Prospectus - library- 6 Biological Experimentation 7 Thomson lecture hospitality [8 Prospectus] 8 Print Mr. Carpenter - payment Future lectures [?] Nov 24Feb 4 109.12.8. For Trust Meeting - Do Warners paperwork Do Creighton's letters - Library, and purchase of books. - Agenda 1 Should the question arise as to the printing the addresses which have been given-& it be desired, they should be printed not as a book, but separately as pamphlets-lost would determine. Would vote for continuance with Humanitarian, but within the limits of the objects of the [L?] Would propose two or three lectures in the Spring. Thomson be asked for one 2 Circulate what is already printed. Vote for appointment of [executive] consulting Committee as suggested If Humane Science can be added to the name of Trust think it desirable. J L Browne1896 June 28 J Antun Thomson to H S Salt re lecture LBTr on Humane Study of Natural History "[Not] Anti-vivicesection is modidal bioliogist WOMAN'S CENTENNIAL CONGRESS - NOVEMBER 25, 26, 2 Hotel Commodore, New York City DELEGATE CREDENTIAL CARD Name Mrs. Carl W. Reed Address Cresco Iowa This card will be countersigned at Congress office upon receipt of re and returned to you. It must be presented at all Congress sessions, except Edua 11 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh 28th June 1896 My dear Sir, (H.S. Salt) I have been slow in answering your letter in regard to my proposed lecture on the Humane Study of Natural History because of a real difficulty. Since I first wrote in answer to Dr. Blackwell's request, I have been asked to act us locum teneus for a Professor of Biology, who is off duty next spring. As his session2 runs from January to March, I could not come to London during that time. I can to some extent arrange my own classes so as to be absent a day, but I could not do so if acting for another and away from Edinburgh. Could a date before Christmas be arranged? And apart from this, I have had a feeling that Dr. Blackwell is a little lenient (from my point of view, rightly) towards me, for I am not an anti-Vivisectionist or anything of the sort, but a very practical biologist who tries to be as humane in all3 things as possible. I should be very sorry to stand in the way of any one who may have more nature and convinced views than I have as to humanitarian Biology. I mean, in sort, that I have doubts whether my position is sufficiently in harmony with that of the promoters of these lectures to warrant any further trouble in what is always difficult [to] arranging possible dates for much occupied people. But, if it is really wished, and if it can be arranged, I am very willing I am, My Dear Sir, Yours very truly Arthur Thomson Something to this effect. "The Trustees of the Leigh Browne Endowment, whilst gladly accepting these answers as [an] indicating an advanced perception of Humane Science, wish it to be understood that they will support an enactment by Law, which will make the infliction of torture on any sentient creature, by any person, under any plea what ever - a criminal offence." W. Arthur Sharpe New Square - Carey St. W.C. Treasurer of the Fund. The Trustees of the "Leigh Browne Endowment," have granted the sum of £100 to J. Arthur Thomson Esq. M. A. for the prosecution of original biological Research. Metabolism = chemical changes in being Malles - Semper - german naturalist_ "The natural conditions of Existence as the affect animal Life" (trans 1880.) Dr A. J. Myers_ "Article on mind-cure health cure and the cures at Lourdes" in the June Proceedings of the Psychical Research Society_ a very important subject of investigation_ Asked if he could draw up a practical plan by which £500 to £100 could be advantageously employed in research on this subject.Wm Bole letter to [Thos?] Brealing- Miss Browne- Mr Boole's letter-correspondence- application-proposition L50 each six months in advance-with short record. Notice to Lancet. Dr. S.L. Myers- How Increase income-? semi-annual meeting- Rock House Hastings Sept: 15th. Dear Sir, My September Zoophilist has not yet come to hand. Lt. Col. Lockwood? Edith Carrington- On [15 May] 3 Oct. 93. Resolved that the Trustees are prepared to make a grant to Mr. Thomson of L100. to be applied by him on the lines of his letter of 14 Sept. 93. that L50 be at once forwarded to him and the balance at the expiration of six months after receipt and consideration by the Trustees of a report by Mr. Thomson on his work in the interval. And a cheque for L50 was signed. [*Balckwell*]THE BROWN INSTITUTION. The following Letter was sent, June 20th, to the Editor of the Times:- Sir,- The Appeal which you have published on behalf of the Brown Institution will be read by many kindly-disposed people to whom much of the work done in that place (I believe the larger part) is altogether unknown. Before subscribing to funds which, among other uses, are intended "to provide for the proper equipment and maintenance of the laboratory," such persons ought to be in a position to judge whether the proceedings there carried on are in accordance with their views of the duty owed by man to the humble creatures who are at his mercy. Permit me to say that I shall gladly supply the materials for forming such a judgement by forwarding gratis to any who many apply to me, a copy of a little book recently advertised in your columns, The British Vivisectors' Directory (Sonnenschein & Co., and Victoria Street Society, 1890, price 1s.) In this work of Mr. Benjamin Bryan will be found the accurate record of the various Licenses and Certificates for Vivisection granted to Professor Victor Horsley, the present Superintendent of the Brown Institute; to Professor Roy, the late Superintendent ; to Dr. Klein, the Assistant- Professor at the Institute (the gentleman who told the Royal Commission he had "no regard at all" to the sufferings of animals), and to others of the 23 medical men who, according to a recent official report, all worked in one year in that hospitable laboratory. Brief extracts are appended from the Brown Lectures, the Lancet, the British Medical Journal, the Transactions of the Royal Society, &c., &c., affording examples of the "scientific work" of an institution founded (such is the irony of fate!) by a lover of animals to relieve their pains. I am, &c., FRANCES POWER COBBE. Hengwrt, Dolgelly, July 20th. [The above studiously-guarded letter has not appeared hitherto in the Times. Among the examples furnished by the Vivisectors' Directory of the experiments of the above- mentioned physiologists connected with the Brown Institution, are the following:- "Experiments I., February 17th, 1886. -Large mongrel collie dog, etherised, tracheotomised, and fixed, nerves cut and stimulated. At first the animal was deeply under ether. The effects are arranged in the report in tabular form, and the condition of anæsthesia noted. In this dog they were as follows:- (1) 'Deeply etherised.' (2) 'Animal allowed to partly recover from etherisation.' (3) 'Left recurrent laryngeal nerve cut and peripheral end stimulated. Animal lightly etherised.' (4) 'Animal deeply etherised.' The right recurrent laryngeal nerve was now operated on, the animal being at first (1) 'slightly etherised.' (2) 'Animal fully etherised.' (3) 'Right recurrent laryngeal nerve cut (cadaveric position of the glottis). Stimulation of peripheral end. Animal not deeply under ether.' (4) 'Animal deeply under ether.' Fifty-four experiments were performed in this research, and twenty animals are named : Eight dogs -large collie, bull terrier, spaniel, two retrievers, and three fox-terriers -five cats, four rabbits, and three monkeys. In all cases anæsthetics2 were played with as indicated above, and the animals allowed to come more or less to a state of consciousness of their terrible positions.--See British Medical Journal, August 28th and September 4th, 1886." " An adult fox-terrier, from whom one lobe of the thyroid gland was removed, was submitted to experimental excitation of the cerebral hemispheres, after the expiration of 271 days. And adult black-and-tan dog was similarly the subject of an experiment 109 days after removal of once lobe of the thyroid; also a bonnet monkey 84 days after a similar operation. The motor centres of each of these animals were exposed under precisely similar conditions. Excitations, with the faradaic current, were made to each motor part of the hemisphere in each animal, and with the result that no difference could be detected on the two sides. The period of latency, tonic spasm, and clonic spasm--epileptic motor phenomena--were precisely the same, whether the right or left hemisphere was simulated. --Brown Lectures, by Prof. Horsley, Lancet, December 18th, 1886." " Some of the fowls were inoculated by injecting portions of the lungs of persons dead of consumption under their skins; others were fed upon the same material. It is stated of one series of experiments that 'one entire human lung (full of tubercular matter) was eaten.' "--Dr. Klein, in Supplement to 16th Report to Local Government Board, 1887. This gentleman's evidence before the Royal Commission included the following admissions:-- " But in regard to your proceedings as an investigator, you are prepared to acknowledge that you hold as entirely indifferent the sufferings of the animal which is subjected to your investigation ?--Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that that is a general practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the feelings of the animals ?--I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that, generally speaking, there is a very different feeling in England ?--Not among the physiologists ; I do not think there is. (3,553.)--Min. of Ev. R. Com., London, 1876." " Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly in the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the Leipsic Pathological Institute, the experiments being carried out on rabbits, cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down the animal's windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in order to keep the blood oxygenated. Then the back, skill, chest, and abdomen were opened. I don't suppose these were always opened in one animal, as in many cases the animal would have died. No doubt sometimes part of the experiment took place on one, and sometimes on another. The various organs were dissected out. The principal nerves, such as the sciatic nerve and so on, were tied in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours."--Speech of R. T. Reid, Esq., Q.C., House of Commons, April 4th, 1883.] Published by the VICTORIA STREET SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS FROM VIVISECTION, UNITED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE TOTAL SUPPRESSION OF VIVISECTION, 20, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. 7.90. Dr E B nots of Trust meeting Leigh Browne Trust CHECKS AS FOLLOWS TOTAL MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION Subjects for Trust meeting. 1 Minutes, 2 Finance stement, Latest investment. My bill 13/2 _ _ 3. Resignation of Miss Browne._ Invitation to Dr, Jane H. Walker_ Her qualifications 4. - My interviews with Doctors_ written statement 4a Research of [????[ 2nd part 5. Increase of Funds _ Circulation of Report (with précis?) 6. Work to be done. a Furneaux Book b Bedford College teaching - c Correspondence with Dog's Home) d Cautious investigation as to L.S.B. proceedings - e Humanitarian League and Royal Statistical Society for future lectures -- f St. Frances Hospital- 7. Appointment of Medical Secretary qualifications who todirect? 8. Authorise 8 monthly meetings to be held at Mrs Browne's -The Leigh Browne Endowment. This Trust was founded in 1884 for the encouragement of painless research in the biological sciences. Its income has been used in the publication and distribution of books and pamphlets, the delivery of lectures, and the assistance of special investigations, likely to promote its object. This scheme has been hitherto worked quietly and is little known. It is now desired to extend its usefulness, for which increased funds will be required. The Trustees hope to establish an office where its publications can be seen, and where information can be obtained on the important methods of research advocated by the Trust. Donations to the Endowment are invited, and will be acknowledged by the Hon. Treasurer, W. ARTHUR SHARPE, Esq., 12, New Court Carey Street, W.C. January, 1898. [Nov 5, 1897 --] [Called on D Mandsley 12 Queen S W] [The terms of Trust were perplexing.] Finding that a difficulty has been felt in relation to [in explaining] the exact meaning of the terms of our Trust; and in the manner of working it. I have made appointments directly the past six months to discuss the Trust with well-known physicians asking their opinion on the following; points 1. What is meant by the Biological Sciences -- 2 What is Original Research 3. Does the limitation [to painless research] avoidance of pain, [?vitiate] such research. 4 Suggestion of lines of research for [male or female] students [5] of Biology -- 5. [Are] Is the work so far done by the Trust, justified by its terms --The Leigh Browne Endowment. This Trust was founded in 1884 for the encouragement of painless research in the biological sciences. Its income has been used in the publication and distribution of books and pamphlets, the delivery of lectures, and the assistance of special investigations, likely to promote its object. This scheme has been hitherto worked quietly and is little known. It is now desired to extend its usefulness, for which increased funds will be required. The Trustees hope to establish an office where its publications can be seen, and where information can be obtained on the important methods of research advocated by the Trust. Donations to the Endowment are invited, and will be acknowledged by the Hon. Treasurer, W. ARTHUR SHARPE, Esq., 12, New Court Carey Street, W.C. January, 1898. .2 I have thus consulted, the following gentlemen, Dr Bridges " J. N. Ogle " Maudoley " Creighton " Sir R. Thorne Thorne } at L.G. Board. " Powers } " Isasia bard [?] } " Buckmaster } at St Georges' Hospital. Prof of Biology } " Cyril Ogle } " Starling ( appointed Prof of Physiological the Women Med. College) All the interviews were very friendly -- It was generally agreed in relation to question 1. - that the term Biological Sciences [scope] included all manifestations of live, from Botany to Psychology. [in relation to] No 3 that any amount of valuable painless research could be carried on -- But in relation The Leigh Browne Endowment. This Trust was founded in 1884 for the encouragement of painless research in the biological sciences. Its income has been used in the publication and distribution of books and pamphlets, the delivery of lectures, and the assistance of special investigations, likely to promote its object. This scheme has been hitherto worked quietly and is little known. It is now desired to extend its usefulness, for which increased funds will be required. The Trustees hope to establish an office where its publications can be seen, and where information can be obtained on the important methods of research advocated by the Trust. Donations to the Endowment are invited, and will be acknowledged by the Hon. Treasurer, W. ARTHUR SHARPE, Esq., 12, New Court Carey Street, W.C. January, 1898. 3 to question 2 -- the income was too small, to enable a person of clean original mind to devote himself to research . -- and that many larger Research Scholarships are available. 4 That the choice of subject should be left to the chosen Investigator; the methods employed being in strict accordance with the Trust (d Isarunbard Owen remarking incidentally, that St Georges would be quite willing to administer such a Trust) -- No 5 No one seems to think that the work hitherto done, was outside the scope of the Trust. -- Dr Maudoley suggested that an annual history of Physiological Discovery would be valuable & that [asked if] Dr Creighton would be [likely] & do such work self-replied - the very man appointment for the work - The Leigh Browne Endowment. This Trust was founded in 1884 for the encouragement of painless research in the biological sciences. Its income has been used in the publication and distribution of books and pamphlets, the delivery of lectures, and the assistance of special investigations, likely to promote its object. This scheme has been hitherto worked quietly and is little known. It is now desired to extend its usefulness, for which increased funds will be required. The Trustees hope to establish an office where its publications can be seen, and where information can be obtained on the important methods of research advocated by the Trust. Donations to the Endowment are invited, and will be acknowledged by the Hon. Treasurer, W. ARTHUR SHARPE, Esq., 12, New Court Carey Street, W.C. January, 1898. Dr Arthur Beale [to Dr Eli] "criticism" to Dr Ely- or L B Trust Noted Attached #1 Corrected circular #2 women. In all those States [s?] [?e] for a campaign to get their [?nd] the voters to support it. of the [*r*]emaining States she [ad?] , the right to vote for [presid?] [?e] legislatures without [referri?] for a few of the southern one- is equivalent to an election, [?t] to make an attempt to get [su?] [?ould] also be granted outright confronted with the choice be The term "Science" means knowledge & must not be compounded with that pseudo science founded on superficial speculation which results from fancy. Fancy is not even Imagination but a prevention of same. True Science [is] comes from right perception of things as they are & not as they appear It bursts forth from the Soul through the true Intuitions and is bequeathed to man through the great minds and friends of [our] the ages. We are all near as we are Intuitive. [All] Knowledge is Truth & Truth Is & does not become. our realization of Truth depends on our attitude to it & Nature will not unveil herself to the irreligious & unsanctified Nature is a unity & is worshipped by harmony not discord. Therefore this Trust discards any method of investigation not in accord with her-self such as cruelty as useless & harmful.Believing this The Trustees [to as] of the Leigh Browne Endowment wish to point out this mistake & at the same time to organize methods of Biological research [that] on Humane principles that without prostituting science we may approve to her with earnest & loving hearts [lons] longing to serve Humanity by devotion to the object, and as by being one with Nature we may know her as She isHUMANE SCIENCE LECTURES ARRANGED CONJOINTLY BY THE LEIGH BROWNE TRUST and THE HUMANITARIAN LEAGUE. The various departments of science are ever growing rapidly in extent, so rapidly that their correlation tends to lag behind, and in some directions to be overlooked ; yet this correlation is not only an end, but a means of scientific progress. The objects, methods, and results of each department should tend to the advance of science as a whole, physical and mental, and only when thus directed will they best conduce human welfare. An uncorrelated department of science tends to lose either life or balance. To illustrate this, and to show methods of research which do not violate the essential unity of Nature, and the excellent results to be obtained by such methods, is one of the aims of the proposed course of lectures. It is always necessary to test scientific methods by bringing them into close touch with the facts and ideals of human life. Apart from these, the pursuit of science may degenerate into pastime, or become the gratification of curiosity, cupidity or vanity, and its methods inhuman. Therefore, the proposed lectures will endeavour to demonstrate the necessary subordination of physical science to the science of life as a whole. In particular reference to Biology the promoters of the Lectures, while holding no aggressive position, believe that any blunting sense of sympathy or coarsening of the moral instincts must necessarily tend to deaden that response of the mind to the unity of Nature, which is essential to the highest order of scientific thought. They desire, therefore, to give all possible encouragement to such modes of scientific research as involve no suffering to the subjects under observation, and yet will show the lines of real scientific progress, conducive to the (permanent) welfare and higher development of the human race. P.T.O.[*Scientific Method in Biology & The New Therapeutics on the revival of the Witches Cauldron.-- mind as producer of Disease.--. W H Hudson [?] T S. Suggested Subjects. HUMANE SCIENCE AND THE CORRECT METHODS OF PROSECUTING RESEARCH. NATURAL SELECTION NOT ANTAGONISTIC TO HUMANE REFORM. CRIME AND THE TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS. THE HUMANE STUDY OF NATURAL HISTORY. THE STUDY OF EPIDEMICS AS A MEANS OF INVESTIGATION. THE OBSERVATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. FEAR AS A FACTOR IN PRODUCING DISEASE. W. A. SHARPE (Treasurer, Leigh Browne Endowment), 12, NEW COURT, CAREY STREET. H. S. SALT (Hon. Sec., Humanitarian League). 79A, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, W.C. [*1896*] [*1896*] Please note that the place of delivery of the Second Lecture has been altered to afford more accommodation. The Lectures will be given at ST. MARTIN'S TOWN HALL, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, At 8 p.m. on the following dates:-- TUESDAY, OCTOBER 27.--"The Need of Rational and Humane Science." By EDWARD CARPENTER. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17.--"Natural Selection and Mutual Aid." By PETER KROPOTKIN. }AT ESSEN HALL, ESSEX STREET, STRAND. TUESDAY, DECEMBER 8.--"The Humane Study of Natural History." By J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A. TUESDAY, JANUARY 19.--"The Treatment of Criminals." By REV. W. DOUGLAS MORRISON. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 9.--"Suggestion ; its place in Medicine and Scientific Research." By DR. J. MILNE BRAMWELL. Admission free. W. A. SHARPE (Treasurer, Leigh Browne Endowment), 12, New Court, CAREY STREET. H. S. SALT (Hon. Sec., Humanitarian League), 79A GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, W.C.HUMAN SCIENCE LECTURES, arranged conjointly by The Leigh Browne Trust and The humanitarian League. The term "science" is often misunderstood, and applied to methods of intellectual activity which ignore or violate essential facts of Nature, and are therefore unscientific. The various departments of science are ever growing rapidly in extent, so rapidly that their correlations tends to fall behind, and in some directions to be overlooked; yet this correlation is not only an end, but a means of scientific progress. The objects, methods, and results of each department should tend to the advance of science as a whole, physical and mental, and only when thus directed will they conduce to permanent human welfare. An uncorrelated department of science tends to lose either life or balance. To illustrate this, and to show methods of research which do not violate the essential unity of Nature, and the excellent results to be obtained by such methods, is one of the aims of the proposed course of lectures. It is always necessary to test scientific methods by bringing them into close touch with the facts and ideals of human life. Apart from these, the pursuit of science may degenerate into a pastime, or serve for the gratification of curiosity, cupidity or vanity, and its methods thus become inhuman. Therefore the proposed lectures will endeavour to demonstrate the necessary subordination of physical science to the science of life as a whole. In particular reference to Biology the promoters of the lectures, while holding no aggressive position, affirm that any blunting of the sense of sympathy or coarsening of the moral instincts must necessarily tend to deaden that response of the mind to the unity of Nature, which is essential to the highest order of scientific insight. They desire, therefore, to give all possible encouragement to such modes of scientific research as involve no suffering to the subjects under observation, and yet will show the lines of real scientific progress, conducive to the (per- manet) welfare and higher development of the human race. [P.T.O. LEIGH BROWNE ENDOWMENT. Trust Deed, dated March 25th, 1884. This Indenture, made the 25th day of March, 1884, between Thomazine Leigh Browne, of 58, Porchester Terrace, in the County of Middlesex, Widow, of the one part, and the said Thomazine Leigh Browne, Elizabeth Blackwell, of Rock House, Hastings, in the County of Sussex, Doctor of Medicine, Annie Leigh Browne, of 58, Porchester Terrace aforesaid, Spinster, Edward Oates, of Meanwoodside, near Leeds, Esq., William Arthur Sharpe, of 12, New court, Carey Street, in the County of Middlesex, Solicitor, and William Shaen, of 8, Bedford Row, in the County of Middlesex, Solicitor (hereinafter called the Trustees), of the other part--WHEREAS the said Thomazine Leigh Browne is desirous of founding an endowment to be called the Leigh Browne Endowment, for the promotion of original research in the Biological Sciences without any recourse to experiments upon living animals of a nature to cause pain: and for the purpose of carrying out suche her desire, the said Thomazine Leigh Browne has transferred to the Trustees the investment described in the Schedule to these presents, and hereinafter called the Trust Fund, in consideration of the Declaration of the Trusts of the said sum herein contained: How this indenture witnesseth that in consideration of the premises, and in order to give effect to the wishes of the said Thomazine Leigh Browne, she, the said Thomazine Leigh Browne, doth hereby direct, and the Trustees to hereby declare, that they shall and will stand possessed of the said Trust Fund, upon trust that they shall in their discretion either leave the same in its present investment, or from time to time sell and dispose of the same, or any part therefor, and re-invest the proceeds of any such sale, and also any other sum or sums which may from time to time be in their hands for the purposes of the said Endowment, and available for investment in or upon any Stocks, Funds or Securities of or guaranteed by the Government of the United Kingdom or of any British Colony or Dependency (including the Stocks1896 1896. Please note that the place of delivery of the Second Lecture has been altered to afford more accommodation. The Lectures will be given at ST. MARTIN'S TOWN HALL, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, At 8 p.m. on the following dates:- TUESDAY, OCTOBER 27.-"The Need of a Rational and Humane Science." By EDWARD CARPENTER. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17.-" Natural Selection and Mutual Aid." } AT ESSEX HALL, By PETER KROPOTKIN. } ESSEX STREET, STRAND. TUESDAY, DECEMBER 8.-"The Human Study of Natural History." By J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A. TUESDAY, JANUARY 19.-"The Treatment of Criminals." By Rev. W. DOUGLAS MORRISON. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 9.-"Suggestion; its place in Medicine and Scientific Research." By Dr. J. MILNE BRAMWELL. Admission Free. W. A. SHARPE (Treasurer, Leigh Browne Endowment), 12, NEW COURT, CAREY STREET. H. S. SALT (Hon. Sec., Humanitarian League), 794, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, W.C.2 or Securities of any Railway or other Company in India or elsewhere having a fixed rate of interest thereon guaranteed as aforesaid), or in Stock of the Bank of England, or the Debentures or Debenture Stock, or Guaranteed or Preference Stock, or Shares of any Railway or other Joint-stock Company in Great Britain, incorporated by or in pursuance of any Act of Parliament or Royal Charter, and paying a dividend on its ordinary Stock or Shares, or in any Bonds or Stock of any Municipal or other Corporation the interest upon which is charged upon any public rates or upon real or leasehold securities in England or Wales, but not elsewhere; and in lending money on any mortgage security the Trustees may accept whatever title or evidence of title shall appear to them sufficient, and in particular may, in the case of leasehold securities, waive the production of the lessor's title without being answerable for any loss arising thereby; and shall hold the principal Trust Fund and the securities for the time being, subject to the trusts of these presents, upon trust to apply the income thereof in all respects in such manner as they in their uncontrolled discretion shall from time to time deem most conducive to the object of promoting original research in the Biological Sciences without any recourse to experiments upon living animals of a nature to cause pain, which is hereby declared to be the main object of this Trust; and for this purpose to do one or more of the following things, or, as they may deem best, to devise other modes of promoting the same object. (a) They may provide a yearly or other salary for a student of or a lecturer upon Biological Science, who shall be engaged in original Biological research without any recourse whatever to experiments upon living animals of a nature to cause pain; the payment of such salary to be for such term, and subject to such conditions as to delivery of lectures, publication of results or otherwise, as to saind Trustees shall from time to time seem expedient. (b) They may provide from time to time for the delivery of lectures to advocate, illustrate and enforce the said main object, such lectures to be delivered, if possible, 3 at or in connection with some well-established institution or place of education. (c) They may apply sums of money as prizes for the best essays upon subjects intended to promote the said main object. (d) They may apply sums for or towards the expense of publications intended or calculated to promote the said main object. (e) They may provide prizes for classes where Biological study is pursued without any recourse to experiments upon living animals of a nature to cause pain. (f) They may supply to such classes apparatus or books calculated to aid such study, and so to promote the said main object. (g) They may collect and provide a place for the custody of books, illustrations, apparatus and specimens intended to facilitate such study. (h) And in administering the said Trust, they may pay and allow to each other out of the Trust Fund all the reasonable expenses incurred for the purposes of the Trust. (i) They shall meet together to consider and determine upon the administration of the Trust once in every year, or oftener should occasion require. (j) For all or any of the purposes of the Trust they may frame, and from time to time vary, bye-laws, rules and regulations, all which shall be recorded in a Trust minute-book, in which shall be also recorded a statement of what from time to time the Trustees shall do in the administration of the trust. And it is hereby declared that upon any vacancy occurring in the Trust from the death, retirement, incapacity or negligence of any Trustee, such incapacity or negligence to be sufficiently proved by a minute adopted by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Trustees present at a meeting to which all the Trustees shall have been summoned, entered in the minute-book of the Trust and signed by the chairman of the meeting at which it was adopted, the remaining Trustees4 shall, as soon thereafter as conveniently may be, fill up such vacancy by the appointment as a new Trustee of such person or persons as they may think most likely to execute with conscientious fidelity the Trust hereby created ; provided that they shall, so far as they can always keep the number of men and women Trustees equal. And it is hereby further declared that in the administering the Trust hereby created, it shall be lawful for the Trustees to appoint and employ for their assistance any banker, broker, solicitor, or any other agent, and to determine their respective duties, and to pay any such agent reasonable remuneration for his services, whether such agent be one of such Trustees or not; and no Trustee shall be responsible for any loss occasioned to the Trust by or through any such appointment unless he be himself the defaulting agent. And it shall be lawful for the Trustees at any time by a unanimous vote to transfer the Trust hereby created to any public or corporate body who shall be willing to accept the same and the obligations thereof, if the Trustees shall be of opinion that the main object of the Trust will be promoted by such transfer, and upon such transfer the Trustees shall be discharged and released from the Trusts hereby declared. SCHEDULE. £1000 Preferred Ordinary Stock of the South Eastern Railway. £800 Consolidated Preference 5 per cent. Stock of the Great Western Railway TRUSTEES Mrs. Leigh Browne, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. Miss Leigh Browne. W. Arthur Sharpe, Esq., Hon. Treasurer. Ernest Bell, Esq., M.A. Fred. E. Pirkis, Esq., R.N., Hon. Sec. 3, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 9th January, 1985