BLACKWELL FAMILY ELIZABETH BLACKWELL Printed MatterEAST INDIA (CONTAGIOUS DISEASES) No. 5 (1807) MEMORIALS ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA ON THE SUBJECT OF THE INSTRUCTIONS CONTAINED IN HIS DESPATCH OF 26th MARCH 1897, FOR IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF THE BRITISH TROOPS IN INDIA. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE. PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.C., and 32, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S.W.; or JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, Hanover Street, Edinburgh, and 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., Limited, 104, Grafton Street, Dublin. 1897. [C.--8495.] Price 2d.TABLE OF CONTENTS No. Document. Date. From To Subject. Page. 1 Letter 15 April 1897 - Secretary of State Forwards a memorial of the 3 for India British Committee of the Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice. 2 Memorial 15 April 1897 - British Committee of the Secretary of State Secretary of State Measures to be adopted for 3 Federation for the for India checking disease among the Abolition of State Regulation troops in India of Vice 3 Memorandum 30 March 1897 Ditto ----- Same subject ----9 4 Letter 24 April 1897 H.R.H. the Princess Secretary of State Forwards a memorial signed by 12 Christian. for India. a number of ladies. 5 Memorial -- ---- --- Measures to be taken to check 12 the spread of contagious disease among our troops especially in India. MEMORIALS Addressed to the SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA on the SUBJECT OF THE INSTRUCTIONS CONTAINED IN HIS DESPATCH OF 26th MARCH 1897, FOR IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF THE BRITISH TROOPS IN INDIA. No. 1 Letter from Mr. S. B. McLaren, Chairman of the British Committee of the British Continental and General Federation for the Abolition of the State Regulation of Vice, to the Secretary of State of India, dated 15th April 1897. My Lord, I have the honour to send to you, on behalf of the above-named Committee, a memorial which has been prepared in consequence of your recent Despatch* regarding disease among the troops in India. I need scarcely ask you to give to this memorial your most careful consideration, for I am assured that you will do so, both on account of the gravity of the subject, and on account of your knowledge that the Committee which I represent has for many years carefully studied this question in all its branches. I therefore respectfully claim for the Committee special consideration at your hands. There may be one or two verbal printer's errors in the text, due to the pressure before Easter. If so I trust that you will overlook them and will receive the memorial in print for the sake of greater convenience. I send it in triplicate, and also copies of the memorandum referred to. I beg, &c. Walter S. B. McLaren. No. 2. Memorial addressed to the Right Honourable Lord George Hamilton, Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India, by the British Committee of the Federation for the Abolition of the State Regulation of Vice. 17, Tothill Street, Westminster, London, S.W., April 15, 1897. My Lord, ON behalf of the British Committee of the Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, the undersigned respectfully places before you the following considerations in reference to your Despatch of the 26th of March last "to the Government "of India regarding the measures to be adopted for checking the spread of Venereal "Disease among the troops in India." We desire, in the first place, to express our hearty concurrence in the measures you have suggested for dealing with the root of the evil of lessening the temptations to vice which beset our Indian Army. We believe that in this, and cognate directions, will be found the most effective remedies for the deplorable state of things at present existing. On the other hand, we note with deep regret that in paragraph 11 you give instructions for dealing with disease by a measure so exceptional and so fraught with moral risk that it has to be introduced as "subject to" certain "restrictions," each of which is conclusive evidence of the inherent tendency of that measure to develop grossly debasing administrative practices. *Parliamentary Paper, East India (Contagious Diseases) No. 4 (1897). U 97600. Wt. 3517. A 24 These instructions are that "subject to these restrictions" "Rules 5, 6 and 7 or the Cantonment Rules made in 1895 under sections 26 and 27 of the Cantonment Act of 1889, should be made applicable not merely to 'cholera, small pox, diphtheria, or typhoid fever' as specified in the Rules, but to all contagious and infectious diseases, including venereal diseases." We venture to remind you that your suggestion, so far from being new, was discussed between the Indian Government and your two predecessors in office in 1895, and decisively rejected by both the latter for reasons which can only be adequately understood in their historical connexion, to which we respectfully ask your attention. In 1886 the "Contagious Diseases Acts, 1866 to 1869," which regulated prostitution in this country, were repealed. It was held by the Government of the day (and we may say by every successive Government, whether Conservative or Liberal), that such repeal must carry with it the abolition of similar enactments in the Crown Colonies. There was, however, some hesitation on the part of the Indian Government in accepting this opinion as applicable to India. But in 1898, when the shameless provisions and administration of the Indian Cantonments Act (III. of 1880) could no longer be denied, the House of Commons passed the following resolution without a single adverse vote, viz.: - "That, in the opinion of this House, any mere suspension of measures for the compulsory examination of women and for licensing and regulating prostitution in India is insufficient, and the legislation which enjoins, authorises, or permits such measures ought to be repealed." Lord Cross, the Indian Secretary, immediately took steps to give effect to this resolution, and on the 15th of October 1888, the Indian Government informed him that "The Indian Contagious Diseases Act, and Acts or portions of Acts connected therewith, have been repealed, and that the residence of prostitutes within regimental limits, or there accompanying troops to camps, or on the line of march, has been forbidden, also that all circulars relating thereto have been cancelled,; while pending the approval of the revised Cantonment Rules framed under the new Bill (whereby venereal diseases will be treated on precisely the same footing as other contagious or infectious diseases), all compulsory examination of women, all registration of women, and granting of licenses to practice prostitution, have been put a stop to, and the hospitals in which prostitutes may be treated are to worked as voluntary institutions."* Instructions to this effect had been sent by the Government of India "To the Quartermaster- General and to the Local Governments." [Symbol] You will observe that the aim of the "new Bill" was in every respect the same as the measure which you now instruct the Indian Government to adopt, and that the restrictions imposed on the action of officials were practically the same as those in your Despatch. The new Bill became the "Cantonment Act, 1889." Section 26 provided that "The Governor-General in Council may make rules consistent with this Act for the prevention of the spread of infectious or contagious disorders within a cantonment and for the appointment and regulation of hospitals and other place, within or without a cantonment, for the reception and treatment of persons suffering from any disease." Such rules were made accordingly in 1889, and came into force 5th July 1890. [symbol] The only practical difference between these rules and those at present in force is that in the Rules of 1890 the regulations apply to "persons suffering" or "supposed to be suffering" from any infectious or contagious disorder; while those now in force are applicable only to "cholera, small-pox, diphtheria, or typhoid fever." We feel bound at this point, to lay great stress on the fact that as soon as the Rules of 1889 were published in this country, Mr. (now Sir James) Stansfeld and Mr.Stuart entered a protest against them. The Honourable Lieutenant-General Sir Henry spoke with reference to this protest in the Council of the Governor- General of India (24th January 1895). Sir Henry Brackenbury said [symbol]:- "Now, I do not think it is necessary for me to read Rule 4, but what I must do is to point out what were the terms of the protest of Messrs. Stansfeld and Stuart, Members of Parliament, against that rule. They said: - 'it seems to us that under this regulation a prostitute supposed to be diseased may be induced to enter the hospital under the threat of expulsion from the cantonment, and that being once within its walls she may be kept [footnotes] *Parliamentary Blue Book, C. 7148,1893, p. 157. [symbol] Blue Book 318, 1895, p. 157. [symbol] Blue Book 318, 1895, p. 95. [symbol] Ibid, pp 95-97. 5 prisoner there for an indefinite time and submitted to a personal examination under the same compulsion. Whilst, if she only leaves after the medical officer has pronounced her free from the disease, she may leave to resume her vocation within the cantonment upon the certificate of health and with the license of the authorities. We submit to your Lordship that, if our interpretation of the proposed new regulations is correct, they may be used to set up again a system of compulsory examination of prostitutes, and to regulate and license within the cantonment the calling of those prostitutes who submit to periodical examination and to certify and license those who are pronounced to be physically fit.' "The Secretary of State in the most loyal manner then stood up for the Government of India, and said: - 'The Secretary of State can see nothing in the rules to lend any colour to such an insinuation, and he is unwilling to attribute to the Government of India an intention to evade or to allow any of its officers to evade the explicit instructions which he has issued, unless some solid ground can be afforded for such an accusation.' "In this instance the Secretary of State stood loyally up for us, and declined to admit for a single moment that it could be our intention to do anything contrary to his instructions or to the resolution of the House of Commons. We ourselves wrote to the Secretary of State reminding him that under Rule 4: - 'Any examination necessary to this end would be made only with the express consent of the person supposed to be suffering from infectious or contagious disease, and that if such person were unwilling to enter hospital he or she would be at liberty to quit the cantonment, and by so doing to escape the necessity of submitting to medical examination or treatment.' "You will see the importance of Messrs. Stuart and Stansfeld's protest with reference to what I shall bring out directly. The Government of India now abolished separate lock hospitals, and established cantonment general hospitals for the treatment of persons in cantonments of both sexes, and for the treatment of all diseases. They laid it down that 'the cantonment hospitals are intended for men and women, indoor and outdoor patients, and for sickness of all kinds. They are not confined to infectious and contagious diseases only.' And they sent instructions to the Commander-in-Chief: - 'That venereal disease is not to be treated by station or regimental authorities in any way differently from any other contagious disease. That on a medical authority certifying that a person is suffering, or supposed by such medical officer to be suffering, from a contagious disease, that person has the option of either (i.) going to hospital or (ii.) leaving the cantonment; but (iii.) such a person cannot be compulsorily sent to hospital. That prostitutes are not allowed to reside in regimental bazars, or to accompany regiments on the march. That no separate register or list of prostitutes is allowed to be kept in station bazars or any special examination of them to be permitted other than would take place in the the case of any other contagious disease; nor any other action tending to convey the idea that they are in any way licensed or countenanced by Government.'" Further on General Brackenbury quoted from the Report of a Commission appointed by the Indian Government in 1893, that notwithstanding these stringent restrictions, "Periodical examinations of all the women in cantonments have been held until recently at both Meerut and Lucknow; and at the former place the Rules of July 1890 have been used to enforce attendance at examination, on penalty of being compelled to leave cantonments." He said, "I invite special attention to this last sentence because it shows that the exact thing had come about which Messrs. Standsfeld and Stuart, in their letter to the Secretary of State, had anticipated would come to pass. The Report continued: - 'At the latter place (Lucknow) the attendance seems to have been purely voluntary, save in so far as it may have been affected by traditions of the former system; but the women newly coming into cantonments have been examined by the doctor, under a procedure which to them amounted to an order of the Cantonment Magistrate.'" A 3 6 It will be seen from these extracts from General Brackenbury's speech, which we have felt sufficiently important to give at length, that the prediction of Messrs. Stansfeld and Stuart was verified, and that the examination was in effect compulsory. Thus had the resolution of the House of Commons, which undoubtedly re-echoed the views of the nation, been completely contravened under rules framed to carry it out, but which became the instrument of such contravention, although such rules gave the merest minimum of authority or power. How this came about was clearly explained before the Departmental Committee of 1893 by Mr. Denzil Ibbetson, member of the above-named Commission, who, with, Surgeon-Colonel Cleghorn, was deputed by the Indian Government to be its representative witness before the Departmental Committee of 1893. He indicated that the objectionable practices were "not in contravention of the rules [of 1890] because the rules merely "authorise certain courses of action and do not prescribe or prohibit any. The action "would be illegal in the sense of being ultra vires and beyond the law, but I do not think "it would be illegal in the sense of being contrary to the law." "There is nothing in the "rules to prohibit it [i.e. the old system carried on under the old Cantonments Act] or "any other system." * "They are empowering rules." † This was evidently the view of Indian officials generally. For the Quartermaster-General having issued a circular in which he asked to be informed "Whether the Cantonments Acts and Rules approved by "the Secretary of State have been exceeded? Whether 'official purveying' exists? "Whether unauthorised compulsion exists?" the replies from all the districts were in the negative, ‡ though, as is now fully admitted by the Indian Government, the practices so denied were extensively carried on, ultra vires. A remarkable instance of such ultra vires or extra-legal action being suggested by high authority as not only permissible, but as required by law is furnished by a summary of those points in the Rules of 1890 on which "the Government of India desires particular stress to be laid." These were issued by the Quartermaster-General on the 11th July 1892, and include the following statement:- "(b) That any person becoming aware of, or suspecting the existence of, any contagious "disease is bound (by law) to report it to the proper medical authority," [?] although there was no such provision in the law or the rules. For some reason unexplained a revised circular was issued omitting this clause, but in every other respect identical with the original. It was forwarded to the Secretary of State for India, 17th May 1893. It appears to have had only a few months currency, but that was sufficient to initiate the practice, which it is evident was unlikely to cease on the withdrawal of the clause. It incontestably shows further, that a mere hint that such a practice would be acceptable would suffice to start and continue it extra legally, beyond or outside of, but not in contravention of the law.|| When (in 1893) the fact was fully established that the so-called voluntary system had been completely overridden by extra-legal practices, of which the provision placing, or interpreted to have placed, venereal diseases under the same rule as "cholera, small-pox, diphtheria, or typhoid fever," became the fulcrum or pivot, Lord Kimberley, following the lines of his predecessor, Lord Cross, instructed the Government of India to proceed at once to make such alteration of the law and rules as should prevent the recurrence of the scandal. ¶ The Governor-General in Council passed an Act amending section 26, sub-section 21, of the "Cantonments Acts, 1889," by adding the following clause, viz. :- "Provided that no such rule shall contain any regulation enjoining or permitting any compulsory or periodical examination of any woman by medical officers, or others, for the purpose of ascertaining whether she is or is not suffering from any venereal disease, or is or is not fit for prostitution, or any regulation for the licensing or special registration of prostitutes, or giving legal sanction to the practice of prostitution, in any cantonment." This new Act was passed on 8th February 1895. The delay appears to have been caused by correspondence between Lord Kimberley and the Government of India, which, as well as the debate on the Bill in the Council of the Governor-General, indicates the extreme reluctance of the Indian Government to adopt the suggestions of the Secretary of State." ** This showed itself especially in reference to Rule 5. It was drafted in India to apply to any persons who "is, or is deemed to be suffering from any infectious or contagious disorder." Lord Kimberley gave instructions to substitute the words, "cholera, small-pox, diphtheria, or typhoid fever" for the words in italics, thus deliberately "excluding venereal disease from the category of those infectious or *Blue Book, C. 7148. Q. 2705-6. [?] Ibid., Q. 2608. [?] Ibid., p., 180, et. seq. [?] Ibid. p., 200. [?] Blue Book, C. 7148, p. 206. [?] Blue Book, 318, 1895. ** Ibid. 7 contagious disorders." The Government of India remonstrated saying "this change "in the rules goes beyond the resolution of the House of Commons, which was "directed only against the compulsory examination of women, and licensing and "regulating of prostitution in India." Mr. (now Sir Henry) Fowler (who had succeeded Lord Kimberley) replied :- "The change was made advisedly, because of "the failure of the original rules to ensure compliance with the orders of your "Government, and with the intentions of the House of Commons, and because the "draft rules submitted (as above) would have been equally inefficacious, to secure the "desired result." "I have now given my best attention to the arguments contained "in your letter; but I find myself, nevertheless, compelled to concur in Lord "Kimberley's opinion that no action which falls short of what he enjoined will be "sufficient for the purpose in view." Believing that you are as loyally disposed as were your three predecessors in office, to carry out the intention you express that there should be no compulsory examination or licensing or regulating of prostitution, we cannot but believe that you have overlooked the weighty historical facts, leading up to the conclusion of Lord Kimberley and Sir H. Fowler, or you would not now propose to restore a measure, which in the past was the one essential fulcrum of the extra-legal practices, by which that intention was so scandalously contravened. History conclusively proves that the regulations of 1890, which were practically identical with what you now propose, not only permitted, but facilitated the practices you condemn. With regard to the placing of venereal diseases on the same footing as other contagious disorders in the manner proposed in your Despatch, we respectfully submit that this is, in the nature of the case, impossible. In this relation we would direct your attention to the following considerations :- (1.) It casts no stigma on the name or character of a person to assert that he, or she, is affected with "cholera, small-pox, diphtheria or typhoid fever," and it can be ascertained whether such statement is true without shock to the feelings of the most refined. The opposite is the case with venereal disease, in regard to which a mis-statement is a virtual libel, and a compulsory examination is an indecent outrage. (2.) As regards the former classes of disease no conceivable measures can have any moral bearing; whereas in the latter class compulsory (and in some of its relations, even voluntary) submission to examination or treatment has the gravest moral consequences both to the individual and the community. (3.) The procedure under the rules you propose is as follows :- The medical officer is informed by a soldier that a certain woman is diseased. Believing that, he orders her for examination at the hospital. She may be perfectly honourable or perfectly healthy. In either case if she refuses to attend she is held to be diseased and is expelled from the cantonment. We submit that the whole of this procedure, though it may be in words the same as in a case of cholera, is in fact utterly different in the means by which information is secured, in the nature of the evidence as to fact, and in the consequences to the woman who disputes the fact. In the Report of the Special Indian Commission appointed in 1893 by the Government of India to inquire into the working of the regulations,* it is stated that so far as venereal disease is concerned the operation of the rules is "practically "confined by sheer force of circumstances to women who are frequented by British "soldiers. Even with regard to them information is difficult to obtain, for a man often "does not know, and still oftener will not tell, which has diseased him." And the same Report farther says : "Except in the not infrequent cases where a woman "herself applies for medical aid, this (i.e., information necessary to proceed upon) "can only be obtained from men who have diseased by them." It is clear then that a man, as the result of an admittedly immoral act, becomes an informer, and in many cases a false informer, upon whose testimony the State has to rely for submitting the woman to the most degrading process. We submit that there is no parallel between venereal disease and cholera, either in the procedure here indicated, or in the effect of that procedure on moral conduct, or in the position in which it places the State. We note the declaration that "Her Majesty's Government do not share the view" that "the examination of women which may be held under these rules, is, in effect, compulsory." We submit that the words "compulsory" and "voluntary" have a very definite meaning in British law and common usage. The Indian officials, from the Viceroy downwards, have put their own interpretation upon those terms; an interpretation entirely at variance with British usage, but which Her Majesty's present Government appear to endorse. *Blue Book, C. 7148, p. 251. A48 We need hardly remind you that the straightforward usage of the term "voluntary" is: "Of his or her own free will or accord," and it cannot be said to apply to any proceeding like those in the present Rules 5, 6, and 7, in which a disagreeable or disastrous expulsion is offered to a person as the only alternative to his or her doing what he or she would otherwise decline to do. If Her Majesty's Government did not wish to apply Rules 5, 6, and 7 to venereal diseases, we do not hesitate to say they would themselves describe and defend the provisions as being, and intended to be, compulsory. We therefore maintain that the adoption of your suggestion by the Indian Government would be in itself (apart from any question as to the mode of working the rules) the establishment of a compulsory system. We must remark on the extreme gravity of your instruction :- "It is not clear to me "than any legislation will be required" to effect the proposed alteration of the rules. "Should, however, your Excellency's Government be of a different opinion, the "necessary legislation should, without delay, be undertaken." If the proposed new rules would not infringe the amendment already cited of section 26 of the Cantonments Act, 1889, nothing can be clearer than that not legislation will be needful. The doubt on your part seems to indicate that "it is not clear to" Her Majesty's Government whether the adoption of any alteration fulfilling the instruction would not be in itself such an infringement by the Governor-General in Council. For that amendment prohibits, not certain things from being done under the rules, but the making of rules which would even permit such practices. Therefore your instruction amounts to an invitation to the Indian Government to repeal the amendment, which they so reluctantly passed in 1895, if they think it stands in the way of the said alteration of rules. In other words, you have already authorised them to remove all the barriers insisted on by your predecessors, and proved by the before-cited historical facts as necessary to prevent a return to any or all of the scandalous practices so universally condemned. Coming now to a different standpoint, we ask you to inquire what would be the sum total of effect of the proposed measure in "Checking the spread of Venereal Disease in India." You are doubtless fully aware that it is regarded as ridiculously inadequate by those who are persistently urging upon you that something of this kind must be done. In support of their view, they could point to the fact that even under "Act XIV. of 1868" the most drastic proceedings (supported by severe penalties of imprisonment or fine or both) for the licensing of brothels and prostitutes and for compelling women to submit to examination, it was only possible to get hold of a very small number of the women practising prostitution. This is confirmed by many official papers. We need only refer you to one of the latest among those written while the Cantonment Regulations were in full force, confirming this fact and another of equal importance, that the soldiers preferred to consort with women who evaded the regulations. "The Thirteenth Annual Report of the working of the Lock Hospitals of "the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, for the year ending 31st December 1886,," contains reports from 14 districts or cantonments. Twelve complain of the men's consorting with unlicensed prostitutes, one does not mention the point, while the remaining report indirectly places the difficulty in the strongest light by pointing out the necessity of insuring that "attractive women are kept in the regimental chakla" or brothel. The following is an extract from the report from Fyzabad, which more fully supports the same view. "The police are said to be constantly on the alert to apprehend "any unlicensed prostitute found within five miles of cantonments, and the regimental "police patrol the city to prevent soldiers straying into the houses of unregistered city "prostitutes. Yet unlicensed prostitution goes on as before. The fewness f the "registered prostitutes, their advanced age and their ugliness are given as the reasons "which render them unpopular with the soldiers, and induce the latter to cohabit with "unlicensed and casual women. The reasons are no doubt sufficient; but it would "probably be found difficult to replace these women, as the medical officer proposes, by "others who are younger and better-looking." From this it is evident that the policy afterwards adopted by the Indian Government of seeking to provide "younger and better- looking women" was only the natural attempt to remedy the defect, in this drastic system, which was at once a cause and a proof of its failure. For the officials in these reports all but uniformly attribute the increase of disease to the men consorting with "unlicensed" women. Testimony of the same kind and of the impossibility of getting hold of these women is frequent in official documents. Those who are urging you to give the Indian Government power to deal with venereal disease are entitled to say - "If with the enormous powers of the Act of 1868, we could "bring so few women under treatment, and could induce so few men to confine their "attention to these, the measure now proposed is practically worthless except in so far 9 "as it is a first step in the return to more complete regulations." You are probably aware that they have already begun to take up this position. While we are in entire accord with them as to the sanitary futility of the proposed measure, we must emphatically point out that its corrupting influence would be out of all proportion to the powers conferred. It would be a public declaration of a special interest taken by the Government in promoting the health and comfort of debauchees as such, and would therefore be an open encouragement of debasing and disease-producing vice. Its whole influence would be in a direction opposed to that of every effort to promote morality among the troops, and it would powerfully tend to paralyse those efforts. We note with regret that your Despatch places disease in the forefront and gives a very subordinate place to moral considerations. Even the one paragraph (14) referring to moral efforts introduces these only in relation to mitigating or checking the spread of disease. We believe this attitude (which has been that of the Indian Government for many decades) is the main cause of the present condition of the Indian Army, and that without a total change in this respect that condition will become more and more disastrous. We earnestly plead with you to look beyond the horrible statistics of disease to the still more terrible facts of which it is at once the index and the inevitable outcome. The figures reveal the startling facts that we have in India an army of 70,000 men all but given up to reckless debauchery, and that these return to this country at the rate of 13,000 annually, bringing with them the debasing sentiments and habits acquired during their Indian training, and infecting our industrial communities with a moral pestilence, more destructive of the national stamina than the disease on which you have concentrated your attention. We submit that the only statesmanlike attitude - the only one that offers a hope of permanently lessening the deplorable physical effects of debauchery - is that of making well-devised, continuous, and resolute efforts to remove temptations to that debauchery, to apply disciplinary provisions and restraints to check disease and discourage vice, and to place the soldier in an environment tending to develop his best physical, moral, intellectual and religious faculties. We have recently issued a memorandum, of which we hand you a copy, containing practical suggestions in this direction, which we commend to your most earnest consideration. We must again repeat that we entirely traverse your statement that statistics prove that "Regulation" has in any way been successful. And in view of the gravity of the situation, we again repeat our request that a Select Committee may be appointed to inquire as to what remedies may most wisely be adopted. We therefore venture to hope that you will, on further consideration, withdraw your Despatch, and substitute another inculcating a policy based on these more hopeful lines. Signed on behalf of the Committee, WALTER S. B. MCLAREN, Chairman. No. 3. [NOTE. - The following memorandum was drawn up before the issue of the Despatch of the Secretary of State for India regarding measures to be adopted for checking the spread of venereal disease among the British troops in India. The Committee of the Federation have, however, nothing to alter in this memorandum in consequence of that Despatch. The Despatch is criticised in a memorial to Lord George Hamilton issued by the Committee.] MEMORANDUM issued by the BRITISH COMMITTEE of the FEDERATION for the ABOLITION of the STATE REGULATION of VICE. In the autumn of last year the Government appointed a Departmental Committee to inquire into the prevalence of venereal diseases among the British troops in India. The report of this Committee, which has recently been issued, brings to the front again a very serious and difficult question. The number of admissions to hospital for venereal diseases, which increased greatly in India during the last 15 years of the operation of the Contagious Diseases Acts and Cantonment Regulations, still continues to increase since the repeal of these measures in that country, though since the repeal of the Contagious B U 97600.10 Diseases Acts in England there has been a remarkable decrease of admissions to the hospital in the home army. * A return to the old system of regulation is admittedly impossible. not only because of the encouragement it gave to vice, but also because of its acknowledged failure. The army in India is still reaping the fruits of the sanction and currency given by so many years of State "protection" to the assumption that vice is necessary to the unmarried soldier - an assumption which is the concluding word of the Departmental Committee on the subject. While we are unalterably opposed to the reimposition of any system containing the essential principles of the Contagious Diseases Acts, it is desirable at once to say that we do not believe in a do-nothing policy. From the first we have known and said that the abolition of the system of regulation was but a clearing of the ground, and our hope was that, when the ground should be so cleared, the army authorities might be led to seek and find a better way. We fear, however, that the subject has had no sufficient attention. The things that can be done all come under one great head. An honest attempt must be made to diminish the vice which is the cause of the disease. To do anything else while neglecting this will be in vain. We demand, therefore, that there should be no reversion to an immortal and discredited system, but that practical steps should be taken which, while supplying adequate means for the voluntary treatment of disease, should be based on - (1.) A positive discouragement of sexual vice; (2.) And a positive recognition of the merits of abstinence from vice. In relation to this we would remark: (a.) As matters stand it seems that even the most habitual profligacy is no impediment to promotion. It is understood that commanding officers make confidential _______________________________________________________________________________________________ *The following figured, giving the number of admissions into hospital per 1,000 of strength for the diseases in question, are taken from the table given at page 19 of the Departmental Committee's Report:- _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ In India Year Number 1872 191 System in full operation 1877 224 1882 265 1887 361 1888 372 Year of repeal resolution 1889 481 1890 503 1891 400 1892 409 System in partial operation (see 1893 466 below) 1894 511 1895 522 In England Year Number 1870 201 First three years of the operation 1871 201 of the Contagious Diseases Acts 1872 202 in England. 1880 245 Last three years of their operation 1881 245 immediately preceding abolition 1882 246 in England. 1893 194 Latest three years of published 1894 182 statistics. 1895 173 In 1888 the House of Commons passed a resolution condemning the regulation system in India, and in consequence of it, various orders were issued in that country, but it was proved before Mr. George Russell's Committee of 1893 that resolution and orders alike were more or less disregarded and that the system continued more or less in operation, with some slight modifications in some cases. It is not definitely known what regulations have been followed in the cantonments since that date. The figured for he series if years quoted above give the admissions into hospital, including slight as well as severe affections, and also including re-admissions of the same individual. They have lately been frequently quoted as if they represented the extent of the disablement of the army. This of course is a mistake. Parliamentary Paper No.153 of 1896, shows that the reduction of strength by these diseases, i.e., the number "constantly in hospital" in the year if 1894 (the latest given), was 43 per 1,000 in India, and 16 per 1,000 in the home army. It is worth remarking that the statistics given in the Departmental Committee's report have already been laid year by year before the public by the Association. See especially the pamphlet entitled "Has Regulation proved to be a Sanitary Benefit?" published by Dr. Nevins in September last. It is further to be observes that in a memorandum, dated January 1894, the Army Sanitary Commission, which has since uttered a somewhat uncertain sound, commenting on the figured before it at that date said:- "The facts, so far as we can ascertain them, lead us to the conclusion that a compulsory lock hospital systems in India has proved a failure, and that its re-institution cannot consequently be advocated on sanitary grounds. In stating this conclusion we may add that we are merely repeating the opinions which the Army Sanitary commission have uniformly held, that venereal diseases the army of India could not be repressed by such restrictive measures, and in support of this statement we may refer to the memoranda on the Indian Sanitary Reports which have issues from this office for many years. We believe that the best practicable means if diminishing the prevalence of these diseases is to be found in establishing a system of voluntary lock hospitals, and in providing the soldier, as far as possible, with healthy occupation and recreation." 11 reports on their subordinates, but that the question of sexual morality is never mentioned. Should it not be ordered that henceforth moral character shall be at least an important element in promotion? (b.) A man who has spent much of his time in hospital from these disgraceful diseases may, if he be a well-conducted soldier in other respects when he is out of hospital, get his discharge with a character described as "exemplary." Should not the War Office decide at once, as it can if it please, that the "medical history sheet" shall be taken into consideration as well as the "defaulters' sheet" in giving the soldier a character? (c.) Why should not the bad condition of a regiment in regard to this question be regarded by the authorities as a reflection on the officers and regiment. involving special discipline? (3.) Before any step is taken to depart from the attitude which has for so many years been adopted by responsible authorities in this country we suggest that a select Committee should be appointed to inquire into the following points and the others that may be suggested:- (a.) What can be done more than has already been done, and more than is suggested above, to raise the moral tone of the Army both among officers and men? (b.) What more can be done in the way of providing occupation, recreation, &c., as suggested by the Army Sanitary Commission? (c.) Under what circumstances the proportion of married men, which under the East India Company was 20 or 30 per cent., was reduced to 12 per cent. and is not less than 4 per cent. (d.) Whether a system ensuring older men and longer service for the British Army in India so as to increase the proportion of mature men, as suggested by Lord Roberts is feasible or desirable? (e.)Why and to what extent the 70 "Cantonment" and "Cantonment General" Hospitals at one time in existence succeeded or failed , why there are now only 13 of these hospitals and 13 outdoor dispensaries not in existence for the 108 military stations in India, ad whether any means could be taken to make hospitals of this class more useful? (f.) Whether any disciplinary measures have been or can advantageously be adopted to diminish the temptations to vice, by placing certain localities out of bounds, and in other ways? (g.) Whether any steps are being taken or can advantageously be taken to prevent the access of women to the neighbourhood of barracks, cantonments, or camp without legitimate business? (h.) Whether the present system of hospital stoppages, which are not the same for shameful diseases as for those which are unavoidable, is the best possible? (i.) What are the causes of the great variations int he admission to the hospitals in different stations and in different regiments? A suggestion has been made in various quarters that something might be done on the lines of the Act for the Notification of Diseases, and by getting powers for the imprison- ment of persons in the hospitals, but using the milder term "detention" in preference to the plainer word "imprisonment." There may be some plausibility in this suggestion. But it may be pointed out that while no stigma attached to the notification of scarlet fever and similar diseases, it is certain that it would be almost impossible to induce men to denounce themselves, to induce women to denounce their husbands, and to induce medical men to denounce their patients, as the victims of the shameful diseases in question. Certain classes of persons would be denounced. Respectable girls would be falsely reported, anonymously be profligate men,who would hope thus to get them more easily into their power. Prostituted would be denounced by men who alleged that they had communicated disease; and experience in all parts of the world shows that such allegations are constantly made against women in whom no trace of disease can be discovered. Lord Roberts told the Departmental Committee in 1893 that "soldiers " seldom or never point out the woman who may have diseased them." The evidence in one of the Hong Kong Reports shows that they very frequently denounce women in whom no signs of disease can be detected. Women of the worst character would denounce or blackmail men, sometimes innocent men. Quack doctors of the worst character would drive a thriving trade under promise of secrecy, and blackmail under threat of denunciation. Obviously, also, notification is absolutely nugatory without the power of compulsory examination, imprisonment, and compulsory treatment. But B 2 12 compulsory examination is admittedly the essential part, the "keystone" of the regulation system, notification and detention, therefore, lead straight back to the old exploded system. The proposal not put forward to return to the regulation of prostitution, in some shape or form in India is open to all the objections which, as a matter or principle, were urged against the old system of regulation, and these objections would not be met by any variations of details. They are inherent in the system under every form. Nor would the adoption of what we conceive to be salutary measures absolve us from the necessity of conducting an active campaign against any system involving the principles which we condemn should an endeavour be made to revert them. We object to any periodical or compulsory examination of women, and any examina- tion whether voluntary or not, the object of which is to ascertain whether a woman is or is not fit for prostitution, or which has relation to her intended or expected prospective prostitution; as well as all arrangements, acts, or practices which amount to or tend towards the licensing or regulations of prostitution. We therefore assert again, that the proper way to obtain a permanent diminution in the amount of disease is to aim at a reduction in the amount of vice. We believe in the unity of moral and hygienic law. We are satisfied that every step taken in this matter must operate either to diminish or to increase vice, and that every such system as the Indian Cantonment Regulations inevitably increases it. We are therefore prepared to offer the re-imposition of that system in any shape or form the most strenuous and uncompromising resistance; and we appeal to the good sense and patriotism, as well as the moral and religious feeling of the country to aid us in keeping up this resistance till better methods have taken the place of those which have already been discarded in the past as being at once demoralising and ineffectual. All who agree with our views and attitude, and who would like from time to time to receive further communications, are respectfully requested to communicate with the Secretary of the British Committee and address given below. Signed on behalf of the Committee, Walter S. B. McLaren, Chairman. 30th March 1897, Office of the British Committee, 17, Tothill Street, Westminster No. 4 LETTER from H.R.H. the PRINCESS CHRISTIAN to the SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA. (Dated April 24, 1897.) MY LORD, I HAVE been requested by the ladies who have signed the enclosed memorial to forward it to you, and to express their earnest hope that you will endeavour to carry out the wishes contained in it. I am, &c. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Princess of Great Britain and Ireland No. 5 To the MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, K.G., the MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE, K.G., the Right HONOURABLE LORD GEORGE HAMILTON, M.P., and the Right Honourable A. J. BALFOUR, M.P. WE desire to express out anxious hope that effectual measures will be taken to check the spread of contagious diseases among our soldiers, especially in India. We appreciate and respect the opinions of those, who, notwithstanding the appalling statistics to which a competent Committee, appointed by Government, has recently given authority, are opposed to us on this subject. We believe that they hold, in all sincerity that the evil of rendering vice safer, and the risk of degrading women, outweigh all other considerations. 13 But, speaking as women, we feel bound to protest against these views. We believe not only that preventive measures, if exercised with scrupulous care, so not cause any real danger to women, but that they constitute a valuable safeguard of women's virtue, and afford a great opportunity of escape from a life of vice. We feel that it is the duty of the State which, of necessity, collects together large numbers of unmarried men in military service, to protect them from the consequences o evils which are, in fact, unavoidable in such a community, and under such conditions. And with the deepest earnestness, we call on the Government to do all that can be done to save innocent women and children in the present and future generations, from the terrible results of vices for which they are not responsible. (Signed) - HELENA (H.R.H. Princess Christian). LOUISE MARGARET (H.R.H. Duchess of Connaught). MARY ADELAIDE (H.R.H. Duchess of Teck). ADELINE M. BEDFORD (Adeline, Duchess of Bedford). A. BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS (Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos). GRACE ST. ALBANS (Duchess of St. Albans). V. MONTROSE (Duchess of Montrose). EMILY HEADFORT (Marchioness of Headfort). JULIA TWEEDDALE (Marchioness of Tweeddale). L. ZETLAND (Marchioness of Zetland). T. SHREWSBURY (Countess Dowager of Shrewsbury). SUSAN MALMESBURY (Susan, Countess of Malmesbury). HARRIET SHAFTESBURY (Countess Shaftesbury). BLANCHE AIRLIE (Dowager Countess of Airlie). SUSAN WHARNCLIFFE (Countess of Wharncliffe). M. E. JERSEY (Countess of Jersey). ROSAMUND BANTRY (Countess of Bantry). CECELIA DENBIGH (Countess Denbigh). EVELYN STANHOPE (Countess Stanhope). WINIFRED ARRAN (Countess of Arran). MARY ILCHESTER (Countess of Ilchester). EDITH LYTTON (Countess Lytton). FLORENCE ERNE (Countess of Erne). KATIE COWPER (Countess Cowper). CECILY LOUISA SELKIRK (Countess of Selkirk). FLORENCE ONSLOW (Countess of Onslow). ALICE LATHOM (Countess of Lathom). EVELYN ANCASTER (Countess of Ancaster). MARGARET KNUTSFORD (Viscountess Knutsford). KATHLEEN FALMOUTH (Viscountess Falmouth). MARY S.C. PORTMAN (Viscountess Portman). DOROTHY NEVILL (Lady Dorothy Nevill). F. G. REAY (Lady Reay). CONSTANCE WENLOCK (Lady Wenlock). EMILY AMPTHILL (Lady Ampthill). HARRIETTE C. LAWRENCE (Dowager Lady Lawrence). MAUD E. HAMILTON (Lady George Hamilton). AUDREY BULLER (Lady Audrey Buller). ALICE ASHLEY (Lady Alice Ashley). LILIAN YORKE (Lady Lilian Yorke). LOUISA EGERTON (Lady Louisa Egerton). LILY BELHAVEN AND STENTON (Lady Belhaven and Stenton). HARRIET WANTAGE (Lady Wantage). MARY LAWRENCE (Lady Lawrence). ADELAIDE IVEAGH (Lady Iveagh). ALICE M. O'HAGAN (Lady O'Hagan). M. EARL METHUEN (Lady Methuen). AUGUSTA BLYTHSWOOD (Lady Blythswood). SYBELLA LYTTLETON (Lady Lyttelton). LOUISA HILLINGDON (Lady Hillingdon). CAROLINE GROSVENOR (Hon. Mrs. Norman Grosvenor). LUCY C. STANHOPE (Hon. Mrs. Edward Stanhope). B 3 [ *652 * ]14 MADELINE WYNDHAM (The Hon. Mrs. Percy Wyndham). J. STUART WORTLEY (Hon. Mrs. James Stuart Wortley). AUGUSTA PEEK (The Hon. Mrs. Peek). ELIZABETH LOCH (Lady Loch). EVELYN GRENFELL (Lady Grenfell). ADA E. DUCKWORTH (Lady Duckworth). ALICE SUTHERLAND (Lady Sutherland). H. E. CUNNINGHAM (Lady Cunningham). MARY JEUNE (Lady Jeuene). MARINA STEWART (Lady Stewart). CHARLOTTE MCIVER (Lady McIver). ALICE LUBBOCK (Lady Lubbock). HELEN FAUDEL PHILLIPS (The Lady Mayoress). A. J. GRANT-DUFF (Lady Grant-Duff). ELIZA PRIESTLEY (Lady Priestley). M. G. CALME-SEYMOUR (Lady Calme-Seymour). ELIZA BROADBENT (Lady Broadbent). KATE THOMPSON (Lady Thompson). *FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (Miss Florence Nightingale). VICTORIA GOODENOUGH (Mrs. Goodenough). MARY THYNNE (Mrs. John Thynne). LOUISA BRANDRETH (Mrs. Brandreth). ETHEL MOBERLY BELL (Mrs. Moberly Bell). [*\*] EMILY THURSFIELD (Mrs. Thursfield). *MARY A. WARD (Mrs. Humphrey Ward). DOROTHY STANLEY (Mrs. H. M. Stanley). [*\*] MARY LOUISE BROWN (Mrs. Brown). M. J. ROBINS (Mrs. Arthur Robins, Windsor). FANNY MINA WALROND (The Charterhouse, E.C.). [*?*] SARA NEWTON (Mrs. Newton). MARION VATCHER (Mrs. Vatcher, St. Philip's Vicarage, Stepney). FLORENCE S. CRAVEN (Mrs. Dacre Craven, The Vicarage, Great Ormonde Street). EMILY A. SALMON (Lady Salmon, Admiralty House, Portsmouth). ELIZABETH LECKY (Mrs. Lecky). [*?*] ETTA WALTER (Mrs. Walter). EMILY PLAYFAIR (Mrs. William Playfair). M. BRADLEY (The Deanery, Westminster). ELIZABETH GARRETT ANDERSON, M.D. MABEL MORRISON (Mrs. Alfred Morrison). NITA CRITCHETT (Mrs. Anderson Critchett). MARY F. LOWTHER (Mrs. J. W. Lowther). [*?*] BRYANNA WILSON (Mrs. E. D. J. Wilson). ELIZ. M. BENYON (Mrs. Benyon). JESSIE P. B. PHIPPS (Mrs. Wilton Phipps). ALETHEA GRENFELL (Mrs. Henry Grenfell). JAMIE W DIGGLE (Mrs. Diggle). FRANCES A. EARLE (Mrs. Earle). MARY SCHARLIEB, M.D., M.S. KATE LEWIS (Mrs. Arthur Lewis). KATE T. GIELGUD (Mrs. Frank Gielgud). [*?*] H. MAC EWAN (Mrs. Mac Ewan). [*?*] MARGARET J. TURNER (Mrs. Turner). E. LYNN LINTON (Mrs. Lynn Linton). MARGARET TALBOT (Hon. Mrs. Reginald Talbot). SUSAN KYDD (Matron, Lock Hospital). JANET MACNIVEN (Matron, Rescue Home, Lock Hospital). [*58*] *The above signatures are given subject to the addition of a request that "An independent inquiry be at "the same time set on foot at the several stations in India, as recommended by the Governor-General of India "in Council, in the Military Despatch to the Secretary of State for India, No. 184, dated 'Simla, November "4th, 1896,' appended to the Report of the Departmental Committee." 15 G. M. THOROLD (Lady Supt., The Middlesex Hospital). EVA O. E. LUCKES (Matron, London Hospital). HARRIET COSTER (Matron, St. George's Hospital). JOSEPHINE LUCY DE PLEDGE (Lady Supt., Chelsea Infirmary). M. B. REYNOLDS (Head Matron, Magdalen Hospital, Streatham). ELIZABETH VINCENT (Matron, St. Marylebone Infirmary). M. E. JONES (Matron, Park Hospital). [*?*] ELIZA CRUTCHLEY (Mrs. Crutchley). LOUISE HERBERT (Mrs. G. Herbert). GRACE DALISON (Mrs. Max Dalison). MARY JULIANA PYNE (Matron, Westminster Hospital). MARGARET A KIRWAN (Nurses' Home, Westminster Hospital). M. WALROND (Mrs. Theodore Walrond). [*13*] [*58*] ]*52*] [*171*] [*nurses.*]REPORT ON THE DEPOSITS OF COAL IN SUDEROE, FAROE ISLES. BY MAJOR-GENERAL F. R. CHESNEY. Royal Engineers. LONDON, 20th July, 1891.LONDON: PRINTED BY HENRY GOOD AND SON, 12, MOORGATE STREET AND SYDNEY AVENUE, E.C. LONDON, 20th July, I89I. To the MARQUIS OF SAINT-YVES. DEAR MARQUIS, I landed in Scotland on the I8th July, and, according to my promise, hasten to place at your disposal the result of my recent inspection of your Coal Mines in Suderoe. The Concessions granted to you by H.M. the King of Denmark last October have a very considerable value as to the quantity and quality of the Coal, the exceptional position of the seams, and the facility of conveyance from the Mines to the Harbour of Transjisvaag. In the following report I have taken no notice of the existence of fire-clay, copper, iron or other minerals, but have confined my attention to the Coal which you are desirous of working, and which formed the sole object of my inspection. The deposit of Coal on Suderoe has been exhaustively studied by mining engineers of different nationalities for nearly a hundred years, and, as I am now able to confirm in general terms the correctness of their reports, I propose to lay before you the result of their studies, and to accompany the brief extracts by maps, which will make them easy to be understood by those who take an interest in the subject.4 Let me express a hope that when the value of this Coalfield becomes better known to my fellow-country- men, its proximity to Scotland, combined with its other advantages, may cause it to be taken up and worked as a British enterprise. Believe me, Dear Marquis, Yours truly, F. R. CHESNEY. CONTENTS. PART I.-GENERAL REPORT. PAGE 1. TITLE ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 2. FAROE ISLES, THE GROUP ... ... ... ... 7 3. SUDEROE, DESCRIPTION OF ... ... ... ... 7 4. THE COAL MINES ... ... ... ... ... 8 5. TECHNICAL EXPLORATIONS ALREADY MADE: HENCKEL (1777); LANDT (1800), STOKES (1873 AND 1879); IHRMAN (1876); NORDSTROM (1877); CAHEN (1879) ... ... 9 6. CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE ABOVE REPORTS: SITUATION, QUANTITY, QUALITY, FACILITY OR EXTRACTION AND TRANSPORT FROM MINES TO THE PORT ... ... 10 7. REASONS WHY THE MINES HAVE NOT HITHERTO BEEN EFFICIENTLY WORKED ... ... ... ... ... 11 PART II - TABULATED RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE ABOVE AUTHORITIES. 8. QUANTITY OF COAL ... ... ... ... ... 18 9. THICKNESS OF SEAM ... ... ... ... ... 14 10. QUALITY ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 11. FACILITIES FOR GETTING THE COAL ... ... ... 17 12. LABOUR OBTAINABLE ... ... ... ... 18 13. WHERE THE WORK SHOULD BE COMMENCED ... ... 18 14. TRANSPORT TO THE WATER'S EDGE ... ... ... 18 MAPS AND PLANS.PART I.--GENERAL REPORT. 1. Title.--The perpetual Concession granted to the Marquis of Saint-Yves by H.M. the King of Denmark in October, 1890, comprises all mining rights for Suderoe and Nolsoe. The owner is represented in Copenhagen by M. Thomas Thomsen, Deputy for the Faroe Isles at the Diet of Denmark, and on the Islands themselves by the Mayor of Suderoe, M. Efferson. Regular contracts by the proprietors of the land have confirmed the right of extraction granted by the Crown. 2. The Faroe Isles.--These Islands belong politically to Denmark; geologically they should be attached to the neighbouring Orkney and Shetland isles, and thence to Scotland. The inhabitants, who exceed 12,000 in number, are Scandinav Westians, some of whom speak remarkably pure English. Suderoe, in which we are chiefly interest, is the most southerly of the Faroe Archipelago. It lies between 61o 25' and 61o 42' of North latitude, and is about 7° West of Greenwich. Owing to the influence of the Gulf Stream , the climate is very mild and equable. The ports are never icebound, and snow seldom remains many days on the ground. The mean temperature in winter is 37° F. and in summer 50°. 3. Suderoe.--From the Port of Transjisvaag, of which frequent mention will be made, the distance is approximately-- To Iceland 610 miles. " Shetland isles 260 " " Orkney Isles 250 " " Leith Harbour 510 " " Bergen (Norway) 500 " " Gothenburg (Sweden) 860 " " Copenhagen (Denmark) 1,030 " " Havre (France) 1,170 " " Alexandria (Egypt) 5,150 "8 Suderoe, like all the islands which compose this archipelago, is of volcanic origin, and from some points of view has the appearance of a series of giant steps, consisting of masses of basalt placed one on the top of another in the form of terraces. Geologists refer its formation to the Miocene period, as well as to the sedimentary time at which the coal must have been deposited. The inhabitants are of a good and hospitable disposition. They are excellent boatmen and expert fishers. Their chief wealth consists in the numerous flocks of sheep that wander over the mountains, and in the produce of the ocean. Suderoe occupies an extent of about twenty miles by five. 4. The Coal Mines.--Only those above the sea-level have been examined. Those which are situated in the mountains surrounding Qualbo Bay came under notice of the first explorers. A glance at the map will show that the Port of Qualbo is exposed to the S.E. wind. For this reason, later explorers have turned their attention to the mountains which are in the immediate vicinity of the fine Harbour of Transjis- vaag. There three seams above the sea-level have been proved and examined exhaustively. The latest explorations tend to show that "the upper seam in this locality may be "estimated to contain a superficies of 16,251,299 square "metres, or 23,085,062 cubic metres; that is to say, about "34,627,593 tons of coal for the upper seam alone of the "Transjisvaag district, South and North. (See map.) "The middle, or second, seam, recognised and calculated "for Transjisvaag North alone, gives a product of 9,219,600 "cubic metres, or about 13,839,400 tons of coal. "As these same seams appear throughout the isle, it may "be estimated, without exaggeration, that the total amount "of the value of the concessions of coal in Suderoe will be "more than 150 millions of cubic metres, or about 225 "millions of tons." (Exposé sommaire sur les Mines de Suderoe: Paris, 1879. Founded on nordstrom's Report.) 9 The above calculations relate solely to deposits above the sea-level. "The thickness of the useful coal, as measured at twenty- "two places of examination, is about 1 metre 50 centimetres" (nearly five feet). "The situation of the seams above the sea-level allows "of the coal being extracted by adit levels, consequently no "shafts will be required. "The seams being at an average incline of 4 1/2 degrees, "the water will be got rid of by its natural flow, and it will "not be necessary to provide for pumping. The basaltic roof "is sufficiently solid to obviate the necessity of supports; few, "if any, will be required, even for galleries of three or four "yards in width." (Exposé sommaire. Nordstrom's Report.) The quality of the coal has been investigated as well as the quantity. From several analyses made in England, Sweden, Denmark and France, and which are tabulated at the end of this paper, it appears that the coal of Suderoe is remarkably pure and rich in gas; and that is combustion leaves but a small proportion of ashes. This coal has been tested by specialists for its heating power, for its illuminating qualities, and for its suitability for use in connection with metals. (See end of this Report.) 5. Technical explorations already made.--Those which have been under consideration are, first, the results of the investigations made by Henckel in 1777. These are to be found a rare and valuable book written by a clergyman who resided for twenty years in the Faroe Isles towards the close of last century. ("A Description of the Faroe Islands," by the Rev. G. Landt.) This work was published in Danish in 1800, and translated into English in 1810, i.e., during the British occupation of the Faroe Isles, which lasted from 1807 until 1814. Second, the scientific exploration of Mr. Stokes, now one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Mines, who in 187310 turned his attention more particularly to the district of Qualbo Bay, and "confirmed the reported existence of a "large coalfield." (Transactions of the Chesterfield and Derby- shire Institute of Mining, Civil, and Mechanical Engineers, October, 1874.) The discoveries of Stokes were followed by those of two Swedish Engineers, M. Ihrman in 1876, and M. Nordstrom in 1877, who tested and examined the coal- field which surrounds the Harbour of Transjisvaag. Stokes revisited the island in 1879, and turned his attention to the discoveries recently made in Transjisvaag Harbour, by which the area of the proved coalfield had been immensely enlarged. Stokes estimates the area of these recent discoveries at 5,500 acres. The results of Stokes's second examination of Suderoe were published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, November, 1880, and are therefore more easily referred to by English readers than those of Ihrman and Nordstrom, whose statements were confirmed by another engineer, M. Cahen, in 1879. The above are the documents which have been under consideration, and which my visit to the Faroe Isles during the present month enables me to confirm as to their general correctness. 6. Conclusions drawn from the above Reports.-- The contents of this coalfield have been variously estimated as further explorations have developed their known extent. Stokes's first Report relates only to Qualbo Bay; the total quantity of good coal hitherto proved may be taken to be somewhere between 240,000,000 of cubic feet (Henckel) to 225,000,000 tons (Nordstrom). As to quality, a portion of the seam--and it is impossible to say how large a proportion of it--resembles cannel coal in its appearance, and the result of its analysis. The bulk of the coal seems well suited for domestic and steam purposes. It was favourably spoken of by experts at Ayr in the eighteenth century (Landt, p. 73), and has been carefully 11 tested by Stokes for calorific value, and for gas-producing power by M. Howitz, director of the gas factory at Copenhagen, as well as for its fitness for metallurgy by M. Delwick, director of the Metallurgic Society of Sweden, who considers it suitable for furnaces in its natural state on account of its freedom from sulphur, and its not being liable to cake. (Cahen.) The facility of getting the coal and transporting it to the deep, safe Harbour of Transjisvaag adds much to the value of this property. These questions have naturally been studied by the engineers whom I have quoted, and the local advantages are obvious to any one visiting Suderoe. It is, therefore, not surprising that these gentlemen should have pointed out the ease and economy with which the production could be shipped. From the opinions of the authorities above cited it seems probable that fuel equal in quality to that produced by the best mines in Great Britain could be shipped at a price that would amply repay those who embarked in such an enterprise on a large scale. Swedish miners would probably have to be introduced, in addition to the labour to be procured on Suderoe and the other islands of the archipelago. The miners of Sweden are recommended because they work for moderate wages, are hardy, and not given to strikes. 7. Reasons why the mines have not hitherto been efficiently worked.--Why has a coalfield possessing such advantages not been extensively used up to the present time? This very natural question calls for some explanation. In the first instance, the discoveries were made in Qualbo Bay, which is neither a safe nor a convenient shipping-place. It possessed disadvantages which must have tended to prevent the investment of capital in that locality. This reason no longer exists, since research has laid open the treasures which surround the deep Harbour of Transjisvaag which is one of the finest that I have met with in all my12 travels - the holding ground is good, it is surrounded by lofty mountains, and it is of sufficient size to contain an entire navy. The second cause is that the person who owned this concession before it came into the hands of the Marquis of Saint-Yves was a lady who was not able to introduce or carry out a business of such magnitude as the efficient working of a large mining property. In conclusion, I am of opinion, from a careful study of the documents brought under my notice, and from a personal inspection of the locality, that the question deserves the attention of all those who are interested in the coal industry in the United Kingdom. 13 PART II. - TABULATED RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE ABOVE AUTHORITIES. 8. Quantity of Coal. - Henckel in 1777 estimated the quantity at 250,000,000 cubic feet. (Landt, p. 72.) Stokes calculated that the mines of Qualbo, the only portion explored by him in 1873, contained in one seam about 14,000,000 tons, extending over about 5,000 acres. (Notes on the Coal Seam and Geology of Suderoe, by Arthur H. Stokes, H. M. Inspector of Mines. Transactions of the Chesterfield and Derbyshire Institute of Mining, Civil, and Mechanical Engineers, vol. 2, part VIII., October, 1874, p. 328.) In the districts of North and South Transjisvaag, the subsequent researches of M. Ihrman brought to light the coal in ten trial openings, and those of M. Nordstrom in twenty-two. Six seams appear to have been found in the district of South Transjisvaag, and four in the North. Ihrman says in his report that "the number of the beds of "coal is not yet known: there is a difference in height "between some of the seams of 300 metres" (about 1,000 feet). (Ihrman, 1876, and Nordstrom, 1877.) M. Helland, a geologist and member of the Academy of Science at Christiania, writes :- "The nature and situation "of these seams enable the quantity of coal found on the "island to be determined." He estimates the total quantity at fifty million of tons, of which thirty millions are between the level of the sea and five hundred metres in height, and twenty millions below the sea-level. (Contents of the Coal- fields of Suderoe (Faroe Isles). Extracted from the Geographical Annals, published by the Royal Society of Denmark, 1880, vol. 4, and calculated by Armand Helland.) M. Cahen, in his report, confirms the calculation of 48,456,993 tons as representing the quantity of coal hitherto 14 recognised and measured by his predecessors, but he takes care to point out that this estimate is a minimum, "since "several known seams have not been measured or taken into "account, owing to the difficulty of measuring them. Future "work will doubtless lead to opening a number of veins "belonging to the same deposit, which may furnish a quantity "of coal equal to that of the seams already known." "The basin of Suderoe," he goes on to say, "Thus constitutes " a carboniferous deposit of uncommon richness, not "only as to the quality but also as to quantity of combustible." --(Exposé sommaire, 1879. Cahen, p. 198.) 9. Thickness of Seam.--This has been estimated as follows:-- 5 feet, according to Henckel (landt, p. 72). I metre 25 c., according to Stokes; but about 15 metres in the perpendicular cliff 220 mestre above the sea- level. I metre 47 c. is the mean of the measurements of ten openings, made by Ihrman. I metre 50 c. nearly is the mean of Nordstrom's measurements of twenty-two openings. I metre 50 c. according to Cahen (p. 18 of his report). 10. Quality.--The engineers quoted above have also given their opinions on the quality of the fuel. This is what Stokes, says:""There are two sorts of coal found in the seams "--one a bright, hard coal, breaking with a conchoidal fracture, "very hard, and at times presenting a woody structure; in "outward appearance it is very similar to cannel coal. The "other coal is like ordinary English house-coal, breaking in "parallel line sof fracture, presenting a bedded structure, and "not so hard as the first-named. The whole of the seams "may be termed coal of the lignite quality, and its commercial 15 "value will be best understood by giving an analysis of both "kinds of coal:-- Bedded Coal. Bright pitchy Coal. "Carbon 51'71 68"20 "Hydrogen 4'49 5'02 "Ash 25'70 2'48 "Oxygen and Nitrogen 18'10 24'30 ------- -------- 100,00 100,00" The calorific value, taken by Thompson's apparatus, gives the amount of water converted into steam by 1 lb. of coal, as follows"-- lb. Bedded Coal 9'35 Bright, pitchy Coal 9'60 (Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, November 1rst, 1880, p. 625.) The above may be compared with an extract from the Books of Analyses of the School of Mines, Stockholm, No. 2,858:-- Shining conchoidal coal with black fracture from Suderoe, presented by Madmoiselle de Post. Per cent. Hygroscopic Water 13'3 Incombustible Gas 3' Combustible Gas 34' Carbon 46' Ashes 3'4 ------------ 100' (Signed) V. EGGERTZ.* Stockholm, 24th November, 1876. ---- * Note.-- A slight error appears to have been made in printing the decimal parts of the above extract of analysis.--F.R.C.16 Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. - Bright specimen from Sudaroe (Faroe Isles). Laboratoire de Chimie Generale: - Per cent. Water ... ... ... 12' Volatile matter ... ... 40' Fixed Carbon ... ... 46'60 Ashes ... ... ... 1'40 --------------- 100' In 100 of Coal 48% of Coke; ashes slightly ferruginous (Signed) A. LOTH. Paris, 28th June 1878. With reference to the heating power, as determined by means of Thimoson's apparatus, according to Stokes, Mr. Cahen remarks: "This amount (9'5) is very large, and as to "steam-producing power, places the coal of Suderoe on an "equality with the best English coals, besides which, the "small proportion of ash is a great advantage in its favour." (Cahen, p.17). M. Schroter, who is managing the coal mines at Syd. Hange, Qualbo Bay, had favoured me with a report, dated 16th July, 1891, on that locality, in which he states that there are three kinds of coal found in the workings. He estimated the proportions as follows: - Cannel Coal, about 12 per cent. Ordinary " " 82 " Bund " " 6 " This gentleman gave me every assistance in procuring samples of the coal and clay, which can now be inspected in London by those interested in the subject. The lighting power of Suderoe coal has been determined by M. Howitz, Director of the Copenhagen Gas Company, who compared it with Pelawmain, the best gas coal found in Scotland. 17 According to this authority - Cubic feet of Gas Pelawmain. Suderoe. 1 Sperm candle, burning 8 1/4 gr. per hour corresponds with ... ... '9 ... '9 2 Ditto ditto ditto ... 1'3 ... 1'3 4 Ditto ditto ditto ... 1'8 ... 2'2 8 Ditto ditto ditto ... 3'3 ... 4'0 12 Ditto ditto ditto ... 5'5 ... 7'7 100 lbs. of Pelawmain coals therefore equal 1,104 sperm candles, and 100 lbs. Suderoe coal equal 930 sperm candles. (Nordstrom's Report ut supra.) M. Cahen remarks on this result: "For gasmaking the "coal of Suderoe gives a result nearly equivalent to that of "Pelawmain, the best coal *of Scotland." For metallurgy the trials of this material have also proved favourable. Landt quotes the opinion of Professor Kratgenstein, that the coal of Suderoe, being "free from "sulphur, arsenic, and vitriolic acid, may be used without any "danger for the finest works of metal." (Landt, pp 82, 83.) The analysis made at the School of Mines in Stockholm tends to the same conclusion. (Stockholm, 16th December, 1875, No. 2,701.) 11. Facilities for getting the Coal. - According to Mr, Stokes "the coal seam lies so favourable for working "that no shafts would be required; the whole of the coal "could be won by inclined planes from the mountain sides. "It is also ver probable that no water would require to be "pumped. The whole of the coalfield could be unwatered "by means of drifts, which would empty themselves into the "sea." "It is not improbably that at some future day this coal "will be worked, and, if foreign labour could be obtained, "the coal could be delivered at Edinburgh much cheaper "than those now being obtained from English collieries." (Transactions of the Chesterfield and Derbyshire Institute, Oct. 1874, p 332.)18 The facility with which this coal could be won and shipped has been remarked by all the engineers who have studied the subject, and whose reports have been brought under notice in this paper. 12. Labour obtainable.- This question has not escaped the observation of Mr. Stokes and the other engineers above quoted. The inhabitants of the Faroe Isles are not numerous and in the island of Sudaroe only amount to about 2,600, including women and children. The men are mostly fishers, and could not be depended upon for mining on an extensive scale. It is therefore recommended that Swedish miners should be introduced. They speak a language very similar to that of the Faroese, they are good workmen, and have not been given to striking. Moreover, they are contented with less wages than the miners of Great Britain. 13. Where the work should be commenced.- There is no divergence of opinion on this question among the engineers whom I have cited. The mining operations should be commenced in South Transjisvaag, at or about Rangabotn (No.1 of Ihrman's and Nordstrom's reports). Here the height above the sea is 200 metres, and the distance from the port of Transjisvaag about two kilometres. The thickness of the coal seams at the four openings that have been already examined vary as follows:- Thickness, Height above Metres. sea-level 1. Rangabotn ... ... 1'62 290 m. 2. Kroddene ... ... 1'34 290 " 3. West-i-Rossarauk ... 1'51 308 " 4. Syd-i-Rossarauk ... 1'40 335 " 14. Transport to the water's edge.- The slope being about one in ten, it will be easy to connect the mines with the port by an inclined plane: there are no engineering difficulties. M. Cahen points out that it will only be necessary to make some cuttings and embankments at a small 19 cost. This engineer, the latest who has reported on the coalfields of Suderoe, invites attention to their freedom from fire-damp, and the easy manner in which ventilation can be effected. He is of the opinion that an expenditure of between £15,000 and £16,000 would be necessary in the first instance to open the mines efficiently, this sum being exclusive of transport. He further calculates that the cost of winning the coal at Suderoe should not exceed 3 francs 25 centimes a ton when the mines have been fully opened and are yielding 150,000 tons a year; whereas at Seaton-Delawal, a mine in Scotland which is very similar as to general conditions, the cost is 4 francs 85 centimes a ton. This difference of about 32 per cent in favour of the coal of Suderoe over that of one of the best managed mined in the Newcastle basin will admin of an allowance for freight on the fuel which is not required for local consumption in the Faroe Islands. The bulk of the coal would be shipped for Scotland or other countries, but there would be a local demand from the islanders, whose supply of peat fuel is nearly exhausted, and also from the Danish and other steamers, which will doubtless avail themselves of cheap coal when it becomes available in the Harbour of Transjisvaag. The rapid exhaustion of the coalfields of Great Britain makes any new supply of fuel to be of importance, and I am glad that my visit to the Faroe Islands in the present month enables me to confirm in general terms the reports of those engineers above cited, who, in former years, have so thoroughly studied the subject of the coal deposits in the Faroe Isles. F. R. CHESNEY. LONDON, 20th July, 1891.SUDEROE, FROM STOKES'S REPORT SUDEROE. LONGITUDINAL SKETCH, SHOWING OUTCROPS OF COAL. (STOKES.)SUDEROE. SUPPOSED SECTION FROM C TO M (STOKES.)sent by A.L.B. Syllabus of a Course of Eight Lectures ON WORK AND LIFE: A STUDY OF THE HUMAN BASIS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY will be delivered at Miss Eade's School Room. 9 Thurlow Rd. Haup stead, N. W. On Thursdays at 5 P.M. By JOHN A HOBSON, M.A. (Oxford University Extension Lecturer, Author of "Problems of Poverty" beginning "The Evolution of Modern Capitalism" etc.) Feb 6th LECTURE 1. CLAIMS OF THE SOCIAL PROBLEM. Setting of the Social Problem in terms of Waste of Work and Life. Unnatural severance of the two. Waste in Quantity and Quality of Work: a. Unemployment and overwork. b. Irregularity of employment. c. Unnecessary work. d. Uneducated, uninteresting, injurious character of much work. e. Defective ascertainment and cultivation of working powers. Waste in Quantity and Quality of Life: a. Amount of physical poverty, congested, educated into consciousnesses by modern conditions. b. Injuries to large city life upon physique and morale. c. Damage to 'Home' influences. Women's wage-work. d. Growing sense of antagonism in classes and masses. Individual Character and Social Environment- the 'vicious circle' of the Social Question. The claim upon Political Economy to fully face the Social Question is not met. The Science of Political Economy should yield an Art of Conduct. The true 'Wealth of Nations.' Tickets for the Course 10/6 - may be obtained from Miss Eade -LECTURE II. THE SCOPE AND METHOD OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Current Political Economy still stands on the foundation laid by 'Manchester men'. Three chief characteristics of Manchesterism: a. Accumulation of Material Wealth, measured in money, the Economic End. b. Abstraction of 'self-seeking' motives. Man, a 'covetous machine.' c. A 'statical' conception of Society. How this Science grew out of practical studies in International Trade, Currency and Agriculture. 'Manchesterism,' a tradesman's Science, won a tradesman's victory in Free Trade. The supposed 'humanising' of this Science by J. S. Mill, Jevons, Marshall, etc., broke up the simplicity and rigour of the old system (1) by adding certain immaterial forms of Wealth, (2) by taking consideration of other human forces indirectly operative upon Wealth. But the external quantitative estimate of Wealth is still retained, and the structure of the Science still centres in accumulation of material goods. Distribution and Consumption are still chiefly regarded according to their influence on Trade, not on Life. LECTURE III. A HUMAN SCIENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Man, not material goods or money, must be the standard of value and the goal of economic activity. Money is a defective measure even of material wealth. Money-measures of 'Cost' and 'Utility' give no information as to human effort in work or human gain in consumption. External 'wealth' must be reduced to terms of 'effort' in production and 'use' in consumption before we can estimate its human worth. Ruskin's identification of Wealth with Life is the scientific basis of Economics. Marketable goods represent different quantities and qualities of 'Wealth' and 'Illth' according to (1) Distribution, (2) Character of Consumers. Costs of Production represent different qualities of wholesome or hurtful effort according to (1) Different of work, (2) Character and conditions of workers. Compare the production and consumption of a prime 'necessary' with an extreme 'luxury.' The true Political Economy is a Science of related Efforts and Satisfactions in a Society. LECTURE IV. CAN HUMAN POLITICAL ECONOMY BE CONFINED TO THE OPERATIONS OF GETTING AND SPENDING MONEY? Do these operations form a detachable group? No. This specialisation and abstraction is unscientific. It breaks up the organic unity of life. It gains a spurious exactness by an artificial severance. All efforts and all satisfactions are vitally and closely related, and a Political Economy which shall yield the basis of an Art of Life must include all. Special economic studies on narrower lines are valid, but these cannot form a Science. The attempt to make Political Economy a branch of Applied Mathematics must fail. Vital differences are in essence qualitative. 'Better' and 'Worse' cannot be reduced to 'More' and 'Less.' The right use of mathematics for illustration. Progressive Consumption the true-starting point of economic study. Harmonies and laws of progress in Consumption. Corresponding study of Production. Such a Science alone can establish a true relation between Work and Life. LECTURE V. RIGHT AND DUTIES OF PROPERTY (INDIVIDUAL STANDPOINT) Natural Rights formerly stood on a false or inadequate conception of Nature. Yet Nature, rationally interpreted, lays down 'laws' of Property. The physiological relation between Work and Enjoyment, Production and Consumption. "Whoever will not work neither shall he eat" is a 'natural' law of property. Statement of the physical law of relations between Effort and Satisfaction from an individual standpoint. Is man naturally as idle and greedy as he dare? Force of the several motives to Work and to Consumption varies with character and conditions of work. Work can be loved if it is made loveable. All best work is motivated by higher desires. Just in proportion as Art or other human interest enters Work, motives of greed can be dispensed with. (See Morris, News from Nowhere). Bearing of 'Shorter Hours,' etc., on this problem. Attempts to live without work defeat themselves by lowering the standard of moral and in the long run of physical life. Natural (rational) relation between Work and Life from standpoint of individual development. Dangers of overspecialisation. Applied upon the National Scale. LECTURE VI RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF PROPERTY (SOCIAL STANDPOINT). Society is a Worker, and makes Value. Different ways in which Social activity makes 'Wealth.' The product of Social activity is not the added product of individuals. The Social claim to Social Property for Social consumption rests on the same law of nature as the individual claim. The relation between Individual and Social Property is not fixed but progressive. Where Social Work is great, Social life must be maintained by large Social consumption. This involves progressive limitations upon the 'absoluteness' of individual ownership of land and other limited materials of work. In the light of this theory consider certain defences of property:a. ' Individual property is necessary for self-realization.' Valid, but no one has a right to realize himself in other's property. b. 'Property is a Trust.' Valid, where the trust is socially conferred and regulated. This view of a. Property, b. Social Regulation and Administration, is attested by Ethics. The ethical ideal 'From each according to his powers, to each according to his needs' becomes practicable, just so far as Effort and Satisfaction are apportioned quantitatively and qualitatively in accordance with Natural Rights of Property. LECTURE VII. APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC THEORY TO THE 'SOCIAL QUESTION.' The establishment of this rational relation between Work and Life can alone explain the 'Social Question' as embodied in the related maladies: Unemployment Misemployment Underconsumption Misconsumption. Analysis of Unemployment shows it to rest upon Underconsumption. The latter is due to the Anti-Social severance of Power to Consume and Desire to Consume. This severance implies a breach of 'rights' of Property. Important reforms in Structure of Political Economy involved by (1) Shifting the centre of gravity from Production to Consumption. (2) Insistance upon quality in Consumption and Production. The relations between the Quantitative and the Qualitative criticism. Ruskin's treatment too exclusively qualitative. Large quantity of trade and employment depends on large Consumption: good quality of Work on refined Consumption. The Economy of High Wages and more Leisure is justified by the reaction upon quantity and quality and stability of Work. LECTURE VIII. PROGRESS IN WORK AND LIFE. Two central truths are discovered by this analysis, necessarily missed by a Political Economy which ignored the standard alike of individual and social life. (1) The importance of the qualitative test in Consumption and Production; (2) the claim of Society to Work and Life: give the key to Social Progress. They furnish a standard of reference for the conflicting claims of Social and Individual rights in industry. (1) They assign a definite and increasing sphere to Social Industry and Social Consumption (the work of supplying common routine wants.) (2) They provide for the enlargement and growing complexity of individual life, in which free expression of individuality in wholesome effort and rivalry shall take place. The higher harmony of Socialism and Individualism is here indicated. Identification of Work with Life.Vol. XIII., No. 3. - July The Philanthropist "Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God." NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN PURITY ALLIANCE, UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING. 1898.ii The Philanthropist. THE Omaha Exposition HAS ADOPTED THE DENSMORE EXCLUSIVELY AS ITS OFFICIAL TYPEWRITER AND HAS ABOUT THIRTY IN USE. We now make all Densmores with the TYPE-BARS SWINGING ON BALL BEARINGS like those of bicycle wheels. This prevents wear at the bearings oon which alignment and durability chiefly depend. It marks an era in typewriter construction. The U. S. Department of the Interior alone uses 150 Densmores, and the Custodian says "they give entire satisfaction." DENSMORE TYPEWRITER CO., 316 Broadway, N. Y. Please mention THE PHILANTHROPIST in correspondence. Dandruff or scurfiness with general thinning of the hair is a common condition of the neglected scalp. Aside from the annoyance by covering the shoulders with the brannv scales, baldness may soon result. This soap brings the oil glands back to a properly healthy state, prevents the loss of hair, sweetens and refreshes. The best soap for the toilet and bath. Sold by druggists. CONSTANTINE'S PINE TAR SOAP (Persian Healing.) In correspondence please mention THE PHILANTHROPIST Headache Horsford's Acid Phosphate This preparation by its action in promoting digestion and as a nerve food, tends to prevent and alleviate the headache arising from a disordered stomach, or that of a nervous origin. Dr. F. A. Roberts, Waterville, Me., says: "Have found it of great benefit in nervouse headache, nervous dyspepsia and neuralgia; and think it is giving great satisfaction when it is thoroughly tried." Descriptive pamphlet free on application to Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, R. I. For sale by all Druggists. Beware of Substitutes and Imitations. TONS OF COAL for the furnace —tons of coal for the open fires—that is the usual supply for winter heating. The furnace wastes heat in the cellat, the firplaces waste heat up the chimney—and little comfort is realized by the owner. The JACKSON VENTILATING GRATES heat a residence thoroughly with two-thirds of the fuel of a furnace, giving also the cheer and ventilation of the open fire. Each grate will heat several rooms on one or different floors in zero weather, giving over four times the heat of ordinary open fires. One of these Grates will heat an entire residence Spring and Fall, meaning an immense saving if a cellar heater is already in place. Catalogue F, showing Designs and Sizes, with reports from your State, on application. EDWIN A. JACKSON & BRO., 50 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK.The Philathropist Published Quarterly for the Promotion of Social Purity, the Better Protection of the Young, the Repression of Vice, and the Prevention of its Regulation by the State. BLESSED ARE THE PURE IN HEART, FOR THEY SHALL SEE GOD. - Matthew 5, ix. Vol. XIII. NEW YORK, JULY, 1898. No. 3. NOTES AND COMMENTS. Le Bulletin Continental announces a National Conference for the promotion of Public Morality, to be held at The Hague, Holland, the 28th, 29th, and 30th of July. This is to be one of a series of Conferences to be held at The Hague in connection with a Woman's Congress and a national Industrial Exhibition of woman's work. The programme of the Conference on Public Morality will include a paper by Mlle. Kruff, Director of the Refuge at Zetten, on "Tolerated Houses of Immorality;" a paper by Mlle. Hartsen, of The Hague, on the "Duty of Favored Women toward their Erring Sisters;" and a paper by Dr. Voute, of Amsterdam, on "Hygiene of the Young as Preservative of Morality." The opening address will be delivered by Madame Klerck, formerly Countess Hogendorp. The holding of this Industrial Exhibition by women, and the Woman's Congress, and the National Conference for the promotion of Public Morality in connection therewith, are gratifying indications of social progress and of the growth of the modern movement for the equality of women in Holland. The Worcester Spy makes very pleasant mention of the recent celebration, at his home in Leicester, Mass., of the 88th birthday of Rev. Samuel May. It says: "Despite his weight of years, Mr. May has full possession of all his faculties and can make a speech which many a younger man might be proud of." It adds: "He does not appear in public as much as formerly, but keeps in touch with the times and is found wherever his presence is demanded." Mr. May, who was for many years prominently and influentially associated with the Anti-Slavery movement, has also long been actively interested in many phases of humane and philanthropic effort, and especially in the movement to secure equal rights for woman. He is a Vice President of the American Purity Alliance and has from the beginning been one of its most faithful, interested helpers and co-workers. He has long been one of Mrs. Butler's most appreciative and sympathetic American friends and coadjutors. Hon. Charles R. Skinner, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, in his last annual report to the Legislature of the State of New York, invites public attention to, and warmly commends, the Curfew law. He states that it has been adopted by three hundred western cities and towns, and with most encouraging results. There has been, he says, in these localities a decrease of from fifty to seventy-five per cent. in the number of arrests of children, and a reduction of fifty to one hundred per cent. in the number of commitments to reform schools. In Washington, D.C., the Secretary of the Boys' and Girls' National Home Association has petitioned the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the establishment of a curfew bell to be rung at 9 o'clock in Summer and 8 o'clock in Winter, for the purpose of recalling to their homes all children under fifteen years of age who are upon the streets, unless accompanied by guardians or sent on messages. There can be no question but that a large number of children allowed to roam at will in the streets of many of our cities and towns, without parental care or restraint, are greatly exposed to evil influences from which they might and should be shielded. According to Superintendent Skinner the Curfew law has already given abundant proof that it is a valuable aid to morality among the young of both sexes. Its beneficent mission should be encouraged and widely extended. IMAGE: DR. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, THE PIONEER WOMAN PHYSICIAN. "THE GREAT AND URGENT NEED OF OUR CIVILIZATION IS THE UNITED ACTION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE MIGHTY CONTEST WITH SOCIAL EVIL." - Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell.2 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. BRITISH WOMEN PHYSICIANS AGAINST REGULATION IN INDIA. MEMORIAL ADDRESSED TO THE RT. HON. LORD GEORGE HAMILTON, SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA, MARCH, 1898. My Lord We, the undersigned Medical Women, practising in the United Kingdom and in India, desire respectfully to protest against the measures recently enacted for dealing with Venereal Disease in the Indian Army (East India Contagious Diseases No. 6. 1897 C 8,538), and request permission to place before you the grounds on which we make this protest. 1. The Cantonment Rules of 1897 cannot, in our opinion, be applied to venereal disease without resorting to methods degrading both to men and women, and which may in their execution lead to abuse and blackmail of the worst kind, and which are inconsistently with the restrictions so admirably laid down by your Lordship in Paragraph 11 of your Despatch of March 26th, 1897. (a) In support of this point, we note that in the Cantonment Rules there is no definition of the "prima facie grounds" on which medical officers may entertain the suspicion that any given person is diseased. Our conviction, supported by experience, is that any accusation of venereal disease, privately made by one person against another, can be so little depended upon that such testimony ought never to be permitted to form the basis of an inquiry possibly involving serious personal, social or legal consequences. In this connection we quote the statement of Lord Roberts to the Departmental Committee of 1893, that "soldiers seldom or never point out the woman who may have diseased them." We note that there is no legal means of confronting accuser and accused, and that the punishment which the rules provide for wilful false witness is only a nominal fine. (b) Again, your Lordship laid down that no compulsory or periodical examination of women should be permitted. We admit that such compulsion may be considered relative rather than absolute, in that it allows to the persons denounced the option of leaving the Cantonment. This alternative, however, places those falsely accused on the horns of a cruel dilemma. If they remain, they must submit to examination, though possibly innocent even of immoral conduct; if they go, they must leave their homes, any means of honest employment they may have, and in the end fail to clear their characters. (c) With regard to the frequency of medical examinations, we submit that the variations in the length of the incubation period in venereal disease, and of the latent periods following the primary manifestations in syphilis, render any isolated examination insufficient to prove that a patient is not diseased. It is clear that a single examination would therefore in many cases have an entirely negative value, and that to detect disease with certainty, such an examination would have to be repeated at definite intervals. Thus, a woman who at the first examination might appear healthy would, in order to satisfy the medical officer that she was free from disease, have to be subjected to repeated examinations. That this is, indeed, the logical outcome of the recent legislation would appear to be shown by the fact that it has been considered necessary, for the "protection of the medical and other officers in the discharge of duties which the Rules impose upon them," to repeal the Cantonments Acts Amendment Act of 1895. Since this repeal, it is no longer illegal to enforce periodical and compulsory examinations, the very course which your Lordship, in the Despatch referred to above, forbade. It is to be feared that the removal of so fundamental a restriction may lead to the renewal of many of those irregular practices which followed the introduction of the Cantonment Rules of 1889. 2. We urge that from the nature of venereal disease the legislation embodied in the Cantonment Rules cannot materially reduce its amount, and that the objections proved against previous methods apply equally to them. We would indicate the following practical points, which appear to render it impossible to class venereal diseases with other infections and contagious diseases, for purposes either of prophylaxis, segregation or treatment. (a) With respect to venereal disease, it lies to a large extent within the power of the individual to avoid infection. With other contagious diseases there is not the same power of voluntary escape. (b) Whereas to prevent the spread of other contagious diseases only short, well-defined periods of isolation are necessary, the stamping out of venereal disease would demand a long and uncertain isolation, extending always over months, and often over years. Thus, in the case of the latter disease, an adequate detention would be impossible both on the score of expense and of accommodation, to say nothing of justice to the person detained. Again, other contagious diseases are as a rule easily recognized, rarely or with difficulty concealed, treatment is voluntarily sought, and no question of conduct or character is involved. These things are not true in the same degree of venereal disease. Other diseases can be cured and certified as cured within a JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 3 comparatively short time, but in the case of venereal disease, in spite of all appearances of health, an individual may preserve the power of infecting others for months or years. (c) With regard to the supposed benefit derived from the temporary removal to hospital of a proportion of those suffering from venereal disease, we ask leave to quote the remarks of the Army Sanitary Commission in their memorandum of December, 1893: "It may be argued that the detention of a certain number of diseased women in Hospitals must pro tanto reduce the number of men affected, and so have a certain salutary influence, but on the other hand, a large reduction of the number of prostitutes might make the few remaining outside greater sources of danger than they otherwise would have been. This, however, is not a matter to be decided by mere theoretical considerations. We can deal only with the facts, and there was ample evidence in the course of the Indian Lock Hospital experience to show that woman's passing a periodical examination was no guarantee that she might not communicate disease." (d) As regards the possibility of ascertaining by the most careful and exhaustive examination whether any given person is or is not the subject of venereal disease (with the exception of those cases in which typical manifestations place doubt out of the question) our opinion entirely coincides with that of the Army Sanitary Commission mentioned above, and we believe an assertion either one way or the other to be extremely difficult. It is the result of the experience of many of us, after exceptional opportunities of examining women of all classes and conditions, that it is practically impossible to say when any woman, who has once been affected with venereal disease, is free from all likelihood of infecting others either directly or indirectly. Under no circumstances would we permit ourselves to give certificates of health, such as Her Majesty's Government have in time past accepted, and which in other countries are still accepted, as satisfactory evidence of freedom from disease. Neither, for the same reasons, would we allow it to be understood that the fact of our ceasing to treat any patient, or of our discharging any patient from hospital, was equivalent on our part to a declaration that we considered such patient to be safe from the possibility of spreading disease by sexual intercourse. 3. In comment on the arguments which have been brought forward in support of the legislation embodied in the new Cantonment Rules, we offer the following considerations: (a) Much stress has been laid on the occurrence among our soldiers returning from India of syphilis in its most severe forms.* It is recognized in civil practice that after the symptoms have disappeared and the patient is able to return to his ordinary occupation, anti-syphilitic treatment must be persisted in for at least some months in order to prevent the further development of the disease. We are informed that a soldier suffering from syphilis is treated in hospital until the symptoms disappear. He is then returned to duty without treatment until fresh symptoms occur, when he is readmitted to hospital; and this may be repeated again and again, the interruptions of treatment extending over many consecutive months. If our information is correct, the absence of continued treatment would appear to account in some degree for the severity of many cases of the disease, and for the fact that so many men are liable to break down on active service. We would therefore suggest that one of the first steps in checking both the severity and the spread of disease should be a systematic and prolonged treatment of the soldier. If such treatment were carried out with due regard to privacy and with some attempt to impress upon the men the importance of their co-operation, we cannot believe that it would be impossible to secure the necessary attendance without in the majority of cases admitting them again and again to hospital. (b) With regard to the prophylaxis of disease in the civl population, we believe that the practice of inducing patients to come voluntarily for treatment for a long period would be much more advantageous to themselves, to those with whom they may consort and to future generations, than their compulsory detention for a few weeks in hospital without subsequent treatment. To this end out-door dispensaries should be numerous and well staffed. (c) In view of the lack of uniformity and method in the statistics at present available, we suggest that it would be advantageous to initiate a system of detailed and uniform investigation concerning the variations in prevalence and malignity of disease in English regiments quartered abroad. We believe that some such system, widely carried out, would yield in a few years data of great value. We further suggest that such returns should refer to regiments as well as to stations. *We note that in the list of serious cases of venereal disease furnished from Netley in Appendix III, of Lord Onslow's Committee, 10 out of 40 were cases of gonorrhoea. We are aware that by the non-medical public syphilis is regarded as the graver venereal disease, and indeed in its worst forms its gravity and its serious consequences to the next generation can hardly be exaggerated. At the same time gonorrhoea is profoundly deleterious to the health of the nation at large. It is responsible for much permanent ill health in both sexes, for many cases of sterility in married women, and it is the cause of much disease in women which is dangerous to life and necessitates the performance of major operations. We would therefore urge that this disease should receive no less careful and prolonged treatment than syphilis.4 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. 4. We are in favor of such legislation as would materially diminish the amount and severity of venereal disease, founded on the principle of making vice difficult, and, in a practical way, dishonorable to the troops. (a) We suggest that there should be an organized and determined effort on the part of the Authorities to suppress the trade of prostitution in Cantonments. With this view, we suggest that Rule 12 of the Cantonment Act of 1889 should be altered to: "The Cantonment Authority shall prohibit (a) the keeping of a brothel, (b) the residence of a public prostitute," instead of "may prohibit" as it now stands, and that Paragraph 13 be erased. In this connection, and in view of the fact that clandestine or non-professional prostitution continues to be a prominent cause of the spread of disease, we are entirely in agreement with the suggestions of the Army Sanitary Commission referred to in the latter part of Paragraph 10 of the Despatch of March 26th, 1897, to the Government of India, viz.:--"We would also strongly advocate that the power of Commanding Officers should be as much enlarged as practicable in the direction of diminishing the temptation to young soldiers, by preventing women, for example, from coming about the lines after dusk, and also putting places out of bounds where soldiers are believed to have contracted disease." (b) We suggest that moral character should be made an important element in the promotion of the individual and in the bestowal of appointments; and (Signed) ANNIE M. S. ANDERSON, M.D., Lond. Assistant Physician Clinical Hospital for Women and Children, Manchester. MARY ACWORTH, M. D., Brux.; L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. LOUISE APPEL, M.B., M.S., B.Sc., Lond. Medical Registrar Royal Free Hospital. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, M. D., Geneva; New York, 1849; St. Bart.'s, 1859. Consulting Physician New Hospital for Women. ADELA BOSANQUET, L.R.C.P.I.,L.M., Diploma of State Medicine, 1883. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE BOYD, M.D., Brux.; L.R.C.P. & S.I. Surgeon to New Hospital for Women, Euston Road London. Late Surgeon to the Medical Home for Venereal Diseases of the National Vigilance Association. EDITH MARY BROWN, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; M. D., Brux.; Ludhiana, India. ROSA ELIZABETH BALE, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., Edin. Late House Surgeon Clapham Maternity Hospital. Late Clinical Assistant New Hospital for Women. ELLEN MARGARET TINNE BERTHON, M.B., Lond. Late Assistant Physician Clapham Maternity Hospital. A. HELEN A. BOYLE, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; M.D., Brux. Late Assistant Medical Officer Claybury Asylum. Late Clinical Assistant New Hospital for Women. Late Senior Resident Medical Officer Canning Town Medical Mission Hospital. Late Assistant Physician Canning Town Medical Mission Dispensary. LILIAN M. BLAKE, L.R.C.P. & S. ELIZABETH A. BAKER, L.R.C.P. & S. ANNIE E. CLARK, M.B., L.K.Q.C.P.I. Physician to the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women. Physician to the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Children. [E????????A?C??????? M.D., L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 5 MARIAN ERSKINE, L.R.C.P. & S. F. E. TURLE-EVANS, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. EMILY E. FLEMMING, M.D., Lond. Late Medical Registrar Royal Free Hospital. Late Assistant Physician New Howpital for Women. ELLEN M. FARRAR, M.B., M.S., Lond.; Bhuvani, Punjab, India. SARAH GRAY, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Medical Examiner to Nottingham School Board. Hon. Medical Officer Nottingham and Notts Convalescent Homes. MARY GORDON, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., Edin.; L.F.P. & S., Glas. Clinical Assistant East London Hospital for Children and Dispensary for Women, Shadwell, E. HELEN M. GREENE, M.D., Brux.; L.S.A., Lond. JANET M. C. GRAY, L.R.C.P. & S.; Edin. Duchess of Teck Hospital, Patna, India. EDITH E. GOODRICH, M.B., C.M. BEATRICE GARVIE, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Medical Missionary Rajputana, India Late Resident Doctor Glasgow Samaritan Hospital for Women. MARIAN GILCHRIST, L.L.A., M.B., C.M. AGNES HENDERSON, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; M.D., Brux Free Church of Scotland Medical Mission, Nagpur, India. MARY BIRD HANNAY, M.B., C. M. Medical Officer to Islands of Flotta and Pharay, Orkney. MARY JOSEPHINE HANNAN, L.R.C.P. & S.I. Hon. Medical Officer to Salvation Refuge House, Cardiff. JANE L. J. HASKEW, M.D., Brux.; L.R.C.P. & S.; Edin. Medical Missionary Lucknow, India. EMMELINE MABEL HENWOOD, L.S.A., Lond.; L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Lecturer and Medical Examiner under Nottingham School Board. ELSIE MAUD INGLIS, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin Medical Officer St. Chutbert's Parish Church Gynaecologist to St. Anne's Dispensary. LILY LENEY, M.D., Brux.; L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Clinical Assistant New Hospital for Women. Late Assistant Medical Resident Officer Canning Town Medical Mission Hospital. AGNES MCLAREN, M.D. ANNIE MCCALL, M.D., L.K.Q.C.P.I. Director Clapham Maternity Hospital. ISABELLA M MACDONALD, M.B., Lond. Physician New Hospital for Women, London. Late Physician Cama Government Hospital, Bombay. ALEXANDRA MCPHAIL, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Medical Missionary, Madras. ALICE JANET MCLAREN, M.D., B.S., Lond. Physician to dispensary of Samaritan Hospital for Diseases of Women, Glasgow. Extra Physician to Dispensary of Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow. KATHERINE M. U. MAGUIRE, B CH., M.D. JESSIE M. MACGREGOR, M.B., C.M., Edin. Registrar and Assistant to Extra Physicians Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh. MARGARET F. MACNAUGHTON, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; L.F.P. & S., Glas. ELEANOR A. MONTGOMERY, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; Borsad, West India. LILIAN FRAZER NASH, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; L.F.P. & S., Glas. Medical Officer to the Elizabeth Fry Refuge, Hackney. Late Resident Medical Officer New Hospital for Women and Dispensary for Women, Haiderabad. AGATHA PORTER, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Late Resident Assistant Medical Officer Chorlton Union Hospitals, Withington, Manchester. ELIZABETH MARGARET PACE, M.D., Lond. Gynaecologist Bebahouston Dispensary of Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow. Assistant Lock Hospital, Glasgow. MARY E. PAILTHROPE, M.D., Lond. Senior Physician Victoria Hospital, Benares, N.W.P.6 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. ELIZABETH A. TENNANT, L.M., L.R.C.P.I., L.M., L. R.C.S.I. Physician to St. Catherine's Almshouses, Dublin. Physician to St. Catherine's Schools, Dublin. LILLIAS THOMSON, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. CATHERINE JANE URQUHART, L.K.Q.C.P.I., L.M. Visiting Physician Jewish Dispensary, High Rigg, Edinburgh. Visiting Physician, 92 Causewayside, Edinburgh. Late House Physician Women's Hospital, Grove Street. Edinburgh. ALICE M. UMPHERSTONE, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. and Glas. Lecturer on Physiology St. Andrew's University. JANE HARRIETT WALKER, M.D., Brux.; L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. Physician to the New Hospital for Women, London. HELEN WEBB, M.B., Lond.; L.S.A. Out-Patient Physician to New Hospital for Women, 144 Euston Road, N.W. Consulting Physician to S. Katharine's Refuge Home, 177 Drummond Street, N.W. HELEN M. WILSON, M.D., Lond.; Sheffield. MABEL E WEBB, M.B., Lond. LUCY WHITBY, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. SARAH E. WHITE, M.B., B.Sc., Lond. CATHERINE M. WICKHAM, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin. Medical Officer in Charge Rusulkangi Hospital for Woman Rajkot. Zenana Medical Officer Kathiawar Politicaj Agency, Kathiawar, India. ELEANOR T. DADSON, L.S.A., M.D., Brux. Lecturer N. India Medical School for Christian Women, Ludhiana, Punjab. CHARLOTTE E. HULL, M.B., B.S., Lond.; B.A., R.U.I. Physician in Charge S.P.G. Hospital for Women, Karnal, Punjab. LILIAN A. R. JENKINS, L.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; L.F.P.G., L.M. Late Resident Medical Officer Victoria Hospital, Benares. Late Resident Medical Officer Kinnaird Memorial Hospitl, Lucknow. Medical Officer St. Aidan's Mission Dispensary, Durban, Natal. EDITH KNIGHT, M.B., Lond. Lecturer to N. India School of Medicine for Christian Women. RUKHMAHAI, F.R.C.P. & S., Edin.; M.D., Brux. Medical Officer in Charge Morarkhai V. Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children, Surat, India. ANNA J. THOBURN, M.D. Missionary Consulting Physician to Private Temperance Hospital, Bombay. ALICE VAN INGEN, M.D., L.S.A., Lond. Medical Officer on Plague Duty, Bombay. Medical Officer in Charge of Private Temperance Hospital, Bombay. Late Assistant Colonial Surgeon Ceylon Civil Medical Department. Late Medical Officer in Charge of the Lady Dufferin Hospitals in Calcutta and Bhagulpore. SENSATIONAL AND IMPURE READING. The New York State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. Charles R. Skinner, commenting upon the harmful effects upon the young of sensational and impure reading, says: "Sensational reading, even when not impure nor unchaste, is hurtful, because it makes the mind weak, incapable of continued effort, averse to real work. It suggests scenes and incidents out of the ordinary experience of life and fills readers with unreal, impracticable, impossible plans and projects, and unfits them for the plain, practical duties of to-day. The mind grows by what it feeds upon. If fed by sensational books it can never gain the heights of excellence, for it has not the strength and endurance needed to reach them. Nor is it too much to say that the moral education of the young is sadly marred by sensational reading. "First--It weakens their mental vigor. It loads the mind with foul images and corrupt thoughts which not only defile, but reduce the intellectual powers. The pupil whose imagination has become polluted through impure reading finds these unclean images constantly appearing. Vigorous and continued mental action becomes distasteful. The aimless look, the careless position, the listless manner show that real study is not performed. The entire mental machinery becomes enfeebled and useless for good work. Pupils fail to give attention in recitations, the memory becomes impaired, a preoccupied air shows that lessons and studies, recitations and examinations are of no value. "Second--Evil reading blackens the moral nature. "What is needed in this city, in our State, in the whole country is an aroused public sentiment against this horrible iniquity, of publishing and selling vile literature. Fathers and mothers and guardians everywhere ought to know the awful danger to which the children are exposed. We need to have the whole business branded as monstrous and infernal." LORD SHAFTSBURY'S TESTIMONY. Lord Shaftsbury is well known for his lifelong interest in children. Before speaking for the last time in public at the annual meeting of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, at the Mansion House, in July, 1885, he said to the Secretary: "I must speak on this dreadful subject. I thank god I have lived to see it come to the front. " And, after a pause, he added: "I may never speak in public again." He never did; but the last signature he appended to a public document was to a memorial to the Home Secretary praying him to support certain changes in the law which Mr. Stead was demanding. In 1881 he had said, in the House of Lords; "Nothing more cruel, appalling, or detestable could be found in the history of crime all over the world than that abominable traffic. . . . . Large sums were given in all the great capitals for girls of tender years. . . . . He could only say that in order to stop the traffic now going on, it would be necessary to lay bare as many horrors and as much cruelty as had ever been exhibited in the history of the world." JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 7 APPEAL FOR PURITY IN NEGRO HOMES. BY PROFESSOR EUGENE HARRIS. [AUTHOR'S NOTE.] This little tract is a modified excerpt from a sermon preached at Fisk University sixteen months ago, and afterwards to other audiences. I publish it primarily to put it into the hands of the young people among whom I labor, because I love them, and because I hope, although it be in a blind and imperfect way, to put them upon their guard against the social evils that beset them. As a people, we have had less than forty years' experience in building homes and erecting family altars; and consequently, it is not surprising if social immoralities are too frequent, not to say rampant, among us. Nothing has caused me more pain, I can even say mental anguish, than the contemplation of the social status of the colored people, not merely as I have read of it, but as I have seen it, and known it, and come into contact with it. The tract is addressed mainly to young women, not because young colored men do not have their full share of responsibility in the social regeneration of the race, but for good and sufficient reasons which will appear at the close. It is to be hoped that its publication will do no harm, and at least some good. EUGENE HARRIS. AN APPEAL FOR SOCIAL PURITY IN NEGRO HOMES. * * * * * * The future of the colored race in America--and I am not your enemy, young women, because I tell you the truth--lies largely in the hands of its women. The sentiment, "The had that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world," is just as true among the colored people as among any other: and if Rome was destroyed because the empire had no mothers, and if France underwent the horrors of the revolution because the institution of the family was obliterated, if Ethiopia be guilty of the same immoralities, there is no special dispensation of Providence to save her from the same fate. I wish to make no railing accusation. In fact I wish to avoid even the appearance of making it. But I do wish to call attention to a somewhat prevalent sentiment which is sometimes publicly expressed--a sentiment which I hope is false, and against which I sound a note of warning lest it should be found to be true. The deplorable fact is that men of good judgment, and honest, unprejudiced motives, have spoken not only in private conversation, but in published articles, of the moral laxity in colored homes. there is not a young colored man, with the instincts of a man, whose blood does not tingle when he hears such a charge made, and who is not anxious to denounce it as false. Every young colored man, properly constituted, feels it as a keen reproach; and while he will do what he can to prove that the charges are slanderous, he wants the young women to help him by avoiding even the appearance of evil, and by living above even the shadow of suspicion. Our young colored men are as chivalrous toward their women as those of any other race. But even the prowess of chivalry is helpless against the stubborn logic of facts. And so our appeal is that the young women should take care that the facts are just what they ought to be. Shame to the young men who would not defend to the utmost the fair names of their wives, and mothers, and sisters; and shame to the young women who, by their courses of conduct, make it hard for the young men to defend them. There are men in this country, and at least one man in Great Britain, who command the public confidence, and who presumably have written with authority upon the Negro question. Some of these books that evince the deepest sympathy for the Negro still contain the most startling and painful conclusions. I quote verbatim: "In one county of Mississippi there were during twelve months 300 marriage licenses taken out in the county clerk's office for white people. According to the proportion of population, there should have been in the same time 1,200 or more for Negroes. There were actually taken out by colored people just three." "I know," says the same author, "whole neighborhoods including hundreds of Negro families where there is not one single married couple who stay faithful to each other beyond a few months, or a few years at most; often but a few weeks."--Black America, p. 110. This quotation is but an illustration of many others like it; and notice, I do not now say that there is one word of truth in them. I do not now either confirm or deny the grievous charges which are being published against us. It is sufficient to point out that the charges are made-- not my irresponsible parties, but by men of authority and integrity. Some of these charges may be aggravated, and the facts may be distorted on account of race antipathies: but after making allowances for prejudice and overstatement, there remains a considerable amount which cannot be so explained. It is a good thing to open the eyes of the colored youth to the charges which are being made so that they can refute them, or explain them, and so that they can be on their guard against such conduct as gives any ground for them. If these charges cannot be entirely refuted, they can at least be explained. They arose out of slavery. Much of the moral laxity that exists among us to-day is due to a system which whipped women, which dispensed with the institution of marriage, which separated wives from their husbands and assigned them to other men, which ruthlessly destroyed female virtue, and which made helpless women the abject tools of their masters. This8 The Philanthropist JULY, 1898. is the correct explanation of our social status to-day; but to explain it is not to excuse it. It is no longer our misfortune as it was before the war. It is our sin- a grievous outcrying sin. The times of ignorance which existed before the war God winked at, but He now calls upon us all to repent. Whatever excuse there was for the prevalence of unchastity among colored women before emancipation, it does not exist to-day; and the civil liberty which we enjoy will not avail us much if we make it a license to vice. The statement is sometimes made that the practice of virtue is quite as common among us as it is among the whites. We have no means of comparison, and so, such a statement we can neither confirm nor refute; but if we are only as good as the whites, then we ought to become better; for we fall far short of the perfection to which we ought to aspire. How far short we are reputed to fall young colored women have no way of discovering, and the young men themselves do not fully realize. Somehow, everywhere, wrongly or rightly, the white people have the idea that the Negroes put a low estimate upon female chastity-that their women, as a rule, do not highly regard their purity: and of this one thing be assured- that where female purity is least esteemed, right there will it be most assaulted. There are no young women in this country who are more liable to insult, and for whom the foul-hearted tempter more often spreads his snares than the women of my own race. Unseen danger is lurking around them upon every side; and as they walk unattended the streets of our cities, hidden pitfalls are put before them. The purity of no class of women is put to a severer test. The chastity of no other women is more often assailed. Renegade men, who would not date approach the women of their own race, violate the sanctity of colored homes because they can do it with impunity; because such unholy alliances are free from subsequent entanglements; and because somehow or other, rightly or wrongly, they have begun to believe that their assaults in that direction will meet with the least resistance. The overtures, and apparently the most innocent attentions from men of the other race, must be met with the greatest reserve; for it often happens that Satan appears among them clothes as an angel of light. What is apparently an innocent concession, or a polite recognition, or an exchange of pleasantly, often turns out to be the first step to infamy and ruin. Shame on the young woman who knowingly opens the way to insulting advances, and who, by thoughtless and unseemingly behavior, invites the wiles of the tempter. There is a criminal carelessness in conduct as well as a criminal intent, and the consequences to the victim are the same whether she be foolish or wicked. No coquetry whatever should be carried on with any man, but it is especially dangerous when carried on with those with whom social barriers make matrimony impossible. The young woman who so jeopardizes her chastity is lost to a sense of honor, and has no adequate conception of the awful future that confronts her- a future which to most fallen women is without God and without hope in the world. Dante inscribes over his Inferno, "All hope abandoned ye who enter here." Society, partially or impartially, has written the same inscription over the doorway to sexual crimes by women; and the women who begin such lives are generally forced to pursue them, abandoned of men, aliens from God, and hateful to themselves. Better, far better is it, my sister, that a millstone were hanged about your neck, and you were drowned in the depths of the sea, than that you should take the first step in that life which goes down to death, and which takes hold on hell. There are hundreds of fallen women to-day who finds no place for repentance though they seek it with tears. They expect no restoration, and they become confirmed in their lives and sink into deeper infamy. Society, in self-defense, brands them as social lepers, and puts them outside of the pale of mercy where many, if not most, of them live lamenting and die despairing. Such is the fate which opens up to the woman who begins a life of unchastity. And now, young women, young men, if what is being published about the colored people of the South is true, unless a great moral change be wrought among us, our destruction is certain and just. Some years ago I said in a sermon at Fisk University that wherever the Anglo-Saxon comes into contact with an inferior race, the inferior race invariably goes to the wall. I called attention to the fact that in spite of humanitarian and philanthropic efforts, the printing press, the steam engine and the electric motor, in the hands of the Anglo-Saxon, are exterminating the inferior races more rapidly and more surely than shot and shell and bayonet. I mentioned a number of races that have perished, not because of destructive wars and pestilence, but because they were unable to live in the environment of a nineteenth century civilization; races whose destruction was not due to a persecution which came to them from without, but to a lack of moral stamina within; races that perished in spite of the humanitarian and philanthropic efforts that were put forth to save them. To that utterance let me now add this thought: that where shot and shell and bayonet and the printing press and the steam engine and the electric motor have slain their thousands, licentious men, unchaste women, and impure homes have slain their tens of thousands: and I speak the words of soberness and truth when I say that if the charges of sexual immoralities brought against us are true, unless there be wrought a social revolution among us, the handwriting of our destruction, even now JULY, 1898 The Philanthropist 9 may be seen on the wall. The history of nations teaches us that neither war nor pestilence exterminates them so completely and rapidly as do sexual voices. The Tasmanians, the Pacific Islanders, the New Zealanders and the Maoris have all gone down to the grave because they dishonored their own bodies among themselves, and because God gave them up unto uncleanliness through the lusts of their hearts. They have gone the way of Sodom and Gomorrah, and Babylon, and ancient Rome, not by the sword of the enemy, but because God gave them up unto vile affections; for "even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature; and likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lusts one toward another, men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was meet." It is the teaching of history that nations of libidinous men and unchaste women are doomed to a speedy destruction. This fact was known as early as Job, for he expressly says that if his heart had been enticed unto a woman, and he had laid wait at his neighbor's door, it was a heinous crime that would root out all his increase. It is as true to-day as it was in the time of Job that disregard for the sanctity of the home means extinction and death. Wherever the colored people are guilty of the immoralities of which James Anthony Froude and W. L. Clowes, of the London Times, accuse them, if they continue in them they will be destroyed by them, root and branch. Rome was destroyed because the empire had no mothers, and Babylon was blotted out because she was the mother of harlots. If it be true, as James Anthony Froude asserts, that the Negros of the West Indies have so little regard for the sanctity of the family that seventy per cent. of their children are illegitimate, we may confidently expect that God, at no distant date, will send among them the besom of his destruction. Always and everywhere moral leprosy means physical death. This tract will fail in its object unless it adds something to your sense of the value of female purity. The price of a virtuous woman is far above rubies; for upon female chastity depends the existence of the family, and upon the family depends the perpetuity of the people. It is impossible to exalt social purity too highly, or to say anything too strong in its favor. Life is very precious indeed, but a life that is sustained by the sacrifice of chastity is not worth the living. Shame upon the woman who does not prefer death to a life of luxury maintained by the price of guilt. Shame upon the woman who barters he soul for dress, and who does not perceive that "the life is more than meat, and the body is more than raiment;" who does not know that "a good name is to be chosen rather than great riches and loving favor rather than silver and gold." I plead for a higher estimate to be put upon female virtue by the women themselves. I want society and the church to draw the line closer and tighter, and I want them to learn that when they condone such offences they are imbibing and virus of a moral poison, which will prove disastrous and fatal. If those suffering with leprosy of the body are to be isolated lest the contagion spread, how much more should is be true of those who are affected with leprosy of the soul? And yet, there are women of bad repute who have lost little or nothing in the esteem of society; and there are women on our church rolls, and active in church work, who have unsavory characteristics that smell rank unto heaven. It is the reproach of our people that ofttimes a lapse from virtue creates only a temporary flurry which soon passes away, and the sinner meets with no permanent loss on account of her crime. It is highly probable that there are among us unchaste women at heart who become unchaste women in deed because they know that social sentiment is weak, and that their restoration is almost certain; women who lapse from virtue because they have the penetration to see that the gossip caused by their sin will be more the spice which society wants for a flat and insipid existence than any real condemnation. We may lament "the rarity of Christian charity under the sun," but a charity which condones offenses against the home and the family, and which does not punish the offender, is not Christian, but sentimental and maudlin. I denounce that charity in our society which ignores sexual crimes and gives indulgences to those who follow such lives of sin; and I denounce those churches among us, if any such there be, that divorce religion from morals, and whose pastors as well as members are guilty of shameful immoralities, and who say, in the dishonesty of their hearts, that because they have been born of God they commit no sin. We sometimes have men in our pulpits who are themselves guilty of such crimes and excuse those who practice them - men, "who knowing the judgement of God, that they who commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but take pleasure in them that do them." Some years ago W. L. Clowes was sent to America by the London Times to study the Negro Problem. He mentions a colored preacher who, when reproached for his immoralities with the female members of his church, extenuated their guilt by saying that they were but fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy that before the end of time "seven women shall take hold of one man." -Black America, p. 112. There are numerous such preachers in this Southland who prostitute church membership so as to make it a license to vice. Some of them preach that they can do no sin because they are born of God, and they continue in their sexual immoralities in order that the grace of God may abound. The women are much to blame. The church membership of the land is mainly composed of women, and they are largely re-10 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. sponsible for the moral condition of the churches. It is a sad fact that when an impure preacher was driven out of a certain Southern city some years ago at the hands of a mob, most of his sympathizers were women, many of whom looked upon him, not as a social leper, but as a martyr and a hero. It is a sad commentary on that city that so many women voted to retain him that he could not be dismissed from the church in the regular way, and his female supporters were so numerous and strong that he was driven from the city only by the violence of a mob. Male members of the church which he disrupted will tell you that if it had not been for the women it would have been an easy thing to remove him from their pulpit. The women of that church so zealously supported their pastor that his shame was his glory. It is a sad thing that the escapades of such a man, instead of arousing the women to an indignation which socially ostracizes him, too often gives him a reputation for gallantry which he rather enjoys. My appeal to the women of my race is to remedy this state of affairs. They have it largely in their power; and in the churches, at least, if not in society at large, they are the more to blame. Many of our colored preachers who have "stolen the livery of heaven to serve the devil in," could not retain their charges were it not for the support of the women; women who too often open their doors to renegade men because they have affable manners and pleasing address. The women have a voice in this country in both church and society, and they ought to use their power for the correction of social evils, for the chastity of the home, and for the preservation of the holiest thing on earth, a pure and exalted female character. I plead for the women of society to drop every member that is infected with moral poison, and to make a crusade against the despoiler of virtue and the foe of the family. I appeal to them to arise in their might and to cut off the legacy of reproach which slavery has entailed upon them. I entreat our young women to remember that the future of the colored race is largely in their hands, and that the race is doomed unless it has homes and mothers. I plead with them to go into public gatherings, and to walk our streets, with an air of sanctity about them which no man dare invade, and to clothe themselves with a modesty which no man dare approach. I beg them to shun even the appearance of evil, and to conduct themselves in such an irreproachable way that the tongue of slander can never wag against them. An impure woman is even dead while she liveth. She does violence to her most sacred instincts. She unfits herself for the loving office of either mother or wife, and in most wicked and consummate folly she both defiles her body and destroys her soul. "Her feet go down to death and her steps take hold on hell." An impure woman is a monstrosity at whom men, whose moral sensibilities are not blunted, stand aghast. She wrecks the life that is as well as the life that is to come; and she does it in the most grievous manner. Her sin is revolting against nature. She puts modesty under her feet and clothes herself with shame. She gives up all that makes womanhood lovely and beautiful to become a festering excrescence upon the body of society. She sacrifices purity, and delicacy, and honor, at the bidding of an impulse which leaves her an odious outcast, abhorred of men and wrecked for time and eternity. There are hundreds of women among us, and perhaps some who will read this tract, that have only a faint conception of the desolation of soul brought about by a dissolute life. Their sensibilities need to be quickened to the enormity of the crime. They ought to be made to see the irreparable ruin that it works; and the infamy of it should be held up to such detestation that instead of condoning the offense, it will be "hated with a perfect hatred." Ex-President Fairchild, of Oberlin, deems the offense so great that "the crime of murder fails in comparison with it." I am not your enemy when I tell you that public sentiment among us is too weak concerning this crime of unchastity, and that we lack both the inclination and the moral courage to deal with offenders as we ought. The conscience of the race ought to be aroused so that the laxity of society will no longer occasion offenders to suppose that they have indulgence to sin. If the pure women among us affiliate with the impure, and treat their offenses with leniency, it will be hard for the public to discriminate with certainty between them, and the innocent should not complain when they bear the reproach of the guilty. The leniency with which sexual offenses are treated by colored society is largely responsible for the universal and slanderous charges which thoughtless white men indiscriminately make against our women as a whole; and if our leniency toward the unchaste is interpreted by the white people as an apology for their crime, we have not one to blame but ourselves. It is true that the young men must take a large part in the social regeneration of the race. Although, in this tract, I have largely ignored young men, I am not among those who would stone the woman and let the man go free. The men who betray innocent and confiding maidens, and consign them forever afterward to a living death, are loathsome and execrable creatures, for whom there can be nothing in store but "a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation." My silence about such creatures is not an apology for them. Neither God nor human justice recognizes any double standard. The law laid down for the woman is the law laid down for the man. But I have spoken to you, young women, because by your position and influence, your work will be especially effectual. I have spoken to you because you have it almost entirely in your power to make the social standard what you please, and be- JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 11 cause more than riches and honor the race needs homes and mothers. I have spoken to the young women of my race because it has been proclaimed from the house tops, in both Great Britain and America, that too often they are an easy prey to those "which creep into houses and lead captive silly women laden with sins, and led away with divers lusts." I have spoken to the young women of my race because somehow, everywhere, wrongly or rightly, it has been published to the world that many of them are especially susceptible to indecent suggestions, and that too often they tolerate improper liberties. I have spoken to the young women in order that all of them may so live as to make such rumors impossible, and may conduct themselves in so becoming a manner as to stamp those who give currency to such reports as the slanderers of women. I have spoken to the young colored women because they are in imminent danger; because, whether they know it or not, there are many men in this Southland who seek to compass the ruin of the fair and the beautiful among them because they can do it with impunity; base men, who, when they walk about seeking whom they may devour, turn to the women of the colored race. PURITY, LITERATURE FOR SOLDIERS. Among other efforts to help and strengthen the soldiers in their isolation from home life and in the camp by way of providing for them reading matter for their leisure hours, if they could be liberally supplied with such purity literature as the "Medical Declaration concerning Chastity," published by the American Purity Alliance; Rev. J. P. Gledstone's "Message to Young Young Men - Wild Oats," and Mrs. Leavitt's "A Mother's Letter to her Son," it would be most valuable, and might be instrumental in saving many from blighted, tarnished lives. They will be furnished for distribution at $1.00 per hundred (the last at 50 cents per hundred). Address, THE AMERICAN PURITY ALLIANCE, United Charities Building, 105 East 22d St., New York. FISK UNIVERSITY WHITE CROSS LEAGUE. The Ninth Annual meeting of the White Cross League of Fisk University, lately held in Fisk Memorial Chapel, Nashville, Tenn., was an occasion of much interest. Prof. Collins Denny, of Vanderbilt University, gave the annual address. Dr. Denny is an eloquent, powerful speaker, and his address was a very effective plea for high ideals and chaste, pure thought and conduct. Choice music was included in the program. The Mozart Society of Fisk University sang a beautiful anthem, and Mr. John W. Work, a graduate of the University, sang: "If with all your hearts ye truly seek me," from Mendelssohn's "Elijah." Rev. Dr. J. J. Tigert, of Vanderbilt University, offered prayer. The President of the White Cross League of Fisk University, now as from its first organization, is Prof. H. H. Wright, who has given nearly a decade to this unselfish, helpful service. The original members numered 22; the membership is now 179. Many of the young men who, as members of the League, signed the White Cross pledge, and had themselves the benefit of the meetings, and of purity and White Cross literature, while in the University, have since been valuable missionaries in their work among others as teachers, and in other avocations. President Wright, in a late letter, says: "Some of our best men in college say to me that they do not see any real salvation for the colored race unless the people can be induced to accept and practice the principles of the White Cross. I agree with them, and add that I do not see such salvation for them nor for any other race except along these lines." We wish more young men in other Colleges and Universities might have the help which the White Cross organization, with its fundamental lesson of purity, would give to them in their college life and afterward. THE LONDON CONGRESS. The March number of the Bulletin Continental makes an earnest appeal for the members and friends of the International Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice to attend the Congress to be held in London July 12 - 18. It recognizes the grave crisis and the discouraging conditions which embarrass the movement, but thinks it is the more important that those who have seriously the cause at heart should gather themselves together for united action. The article closes as follows: "It is not, then, to a festival that we summon our friends, but to an important task. And we do not say to them: 'Come, because you will find in the Congress a pleasure occasion.' We say to them: 'Come, because there is need of you.' " Miss EMILY M. ALLEN, of Nashville, Tenn., editor of Our Homes, the official organ of the Woman's Home Mission Society, in a letter expressing her interest in the American Purity Alliance and THE PHILANTHROPIST, says: "As a teacher for a quarter of a century, I recognize your work as perhaps the hardest, the holiest, the most necessary in this day of heterogeneous schemes of reform. It means regeneration. May God's wisdom be given you in large measure." "Do not cherish in the most secret chamber of the heart any current of thought or desire which God could not bless if lived out openly, for thoughts and desires are the acts of the soul, the real man." - C. A. Greene M. D., in Build Well.12 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898 The Philanthropist. NEW YORK, JULY, 1898. AARON M. POWELL, MRS. ANNA RICE POWELL, ............................... EDITORS SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $1.00 a Year. Three Copies a Year, $2.50. Five Copies a Year, $3.75 Address all editorial and business communications to The Philanthropist, UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING, Fourth Ave, and Twenty-Second St., New York [Entered as Second Class matter at the Post Office in New York.] Mr. and Mrs. POWELL, Editors of THE PHILANTHROPIST, sailed on the 4th ult., by the Atlantic Transport Line Steamer Mobile, to attend, as representatives of THE AMERICAN PURITY ALLIANCE, the International Federation Congress for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, to be held in London from the 12th to the 18th inst., inclusive. Their address, during their sojourn in England, till September 1, will be: Care of Miss FORSAITH, Secretary British Committee, 17 Tothill Street, Westminster S.W., London. EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE. LONDON, June 18, 1898. THE VOYAGE. For the eighth time we sailed, by the Atlantic Transport Line Steamer Mobile, from New York, the 4th inst., to attend, in behalf of the American Purity Alliance, an International Congress of the Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, to be held this time in London, July 12 to 15 inclusive. It was a new experience to pass through our beautiful harbor between special buoys indicating the presence of dangerous mines, placed there for defense against a possible, if not probable, Spanish assault. The cruiser St. Paul, with grim, warlike aspect, just arrived from Cuban waters, was also anchored in the Upper Bay, near Staten Island. Our voyage across the Atlantic was as a whole pleasant and comfortably accomplished, with freedom from sea-sickness, and without special incident. Our cautious captain took the longer southern route to avoid the dangerous neighborhood of icebergs, and this, with a minimum of fog and storm, prolonged the voyage to twelve days, two days beyond the usual time. our approach to London, day before yesterday, the 16th, along the southern coast of England and up the Thames, an ideal June day, was exceptionally interesting and beautiful. THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION CONGRESS. The arrangements for the unusually important Congress of the International Federation of the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, now well matured, foreshadow an occasion of more than ordinary interest and significance. The list of delegates from the Continental countries includes the names of men and women eminent in philanthropic, reformatory and religious circles, and also of sundry distinguished medical men, whose presence will be especially valuable. The sessions, with the exception of the formal reception, with the opening Presidential address, and a few brief addresses by others, at the Rooms of the Royal Society of British Artists, and a great public meeting in Exeter Hall (which will also be in part a memorial meeting for the late Right Honorable Sir James Stansfeld, under the auspices of the Ladies' National Association), will be held in the spacious Devonshire Friends' Meeting House, Bishopsgate Street, wherein London Yearly Meeting is held, and which is kindly proffered, with its many committee rooms, and other admirable facilities, by the Friends' Association for Abolishing State Regulation of Vice, for the use of the Congress. There is an encouraging outlook for good deputations of earnest men and women from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, despite the discouragement and depression of the past year, growing out of the revival of regulation in India, under the authority of the British Government, and its threatened reintroduction in military districts in England. The situation here, which has become critical, with the adverse action of the present Government, has been much complicated by the astonishing action of the women memorialists for regulation, and especially by the great mistake, as yet but inadequately atoned for, by Lady Henry Somerset. Though she has lately been re-elected president of the British Women's Temperance Association, it was with a strong under current of opposition, and much discontent and unrest among the members of the organization. The Association itself, at the meeting at which Lady Henry was re-elected, adopted a strong deliverance against regulation in any form and everywhere, but Lady Henry's own expression on the subject, as involving outraged womanhood and girlhood in India and elsewhere, is as yet so meagre as to largely, and inevitably, discount her influence and usefulness for the promotion of the abolition of the great State iniquity. MRS. BUTLER. It is occasion for solicitude and regret, though not of surprise, that Mrs. Butler, as a result of the great strain to which she has been subjected during the last year in connection with her life work, and with the initial preparations for the approaching International Congress, has quite broken down in health, and is compelled for the time to suspend all her activities. She is under medical care, and a medical certificate is being distributed in various quarters to shield her as much as possible from correspondence and added care. It is hoped that a period of absolute quiet and rest will enable her yet to rally, JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 13 and to share somewhat in the direction and deliberations of the Congress. THE LONDON PURITY ALLIANCE. We were just in time yesterday, our first day in England, to attend, and by invitation of the Executive Committee to assist at, the Annual Meeting of the London Social Purity Alliance, in Westminster Town Hall, with the Archdeacon of London in the chair. The annual report, and the several addresses, were of much interest. We shall hope to give some portions of them in a later issue of THE PHILANTHROPIST. It was our privilege to be present at one of the initial meetings of this pioneer purity organization, held in 1873, a quarter of a century ago, during the sessions of the first International Prison Congress held in London that year. A. M. P. WAR AND PURITY. When not quite two years ago an International arbitration treaty between the United States of America and Great Britain was announced as having been formulated by official representatives of the two countries there were many and most pronounced expressions of interest and approval in many lands. Initial steps were taken for ultimate kindred action by several European countries. For a time the era of peace on earth and of good will among men seemed much nearer realization than ever before. Suddenly the hand upon the dial of progress has been turned backward, and we find ourselves as a people in the midst of war, rumors of war, and of warlike preparations upon a gigantic scale. Whether the pending hostilities between this country and Spain be more or less prolonged, we have entered upon a new era largely, and for a long time likely to be, dominated by the military spirit. War is abnormal and is inimical to humane, philanthropic and uplifting interests and influences in many directions. It is especially threatening to the growth and progress of the purity movement. Men massed together in large bodies, away from a wholesome and helpful home environment, and neglected in education as to the obligations of chaste, pure living, are greatly exposed to evil. It is to provide for the assumed needs of soldiers, thus separated from society at large, that State regulated vice is urged, and has lately been reintroduced in connection with the British army in India. It was in sundry military districts in England that regulation obtained formerly, necessitating a twenty years' most arduous campaign on the part of Mrs. Butler and her co-workers to secure its abolition, and into which its advocates are seeking again to introduce it. Sexual vice on the part of soldiers demands a victim class of women. War, especially among the poor and lowly, imposes heavy burdens upon the families of soldiers. Many are left dependent, and many times their poverty proves their destruction. Woman's extremity is man's oppor- tunity. War creates this dread extremity. It is said that Weyler, the inhuman Spanish butcher, when in command, announced his intention "to exterminate all the Cubans, except the fairest of the young women, who were to be reserved for a worse fate than death." Hitherto the comparative freedom of America from the great military burdens which bear so heavily upon the masses of the people in the Old World has been the safeguard of its home and social life. The indications now that henceforth, whatever the outcome of the pending war with Spain, our standing army will be very considerably increased and our naval armaments much enlarged. With these changes there will come also, and inevitably, in the light of European experience, new social perils. There will quite certainly be increased urgency a little later on the part of regulationists here for the application of the regulation system to American military and other large centres of population. We are forewarned by the present prevalent conditions which war has thus suddenly developed. We should also be forearmed by increased vigilance to maintain and promote a high ideal of chaste, pure living for men as well as women. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON ON STATE REGULATION OF VICE. Among the early adherents of the International Federation of the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice was WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, the pioneer American Abolitionist. He addressed a congratulatory letter to the International Congress held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1877, which he was unable to attend, at which the Federation was organized. He spoke with great power and effect on several occasions when last in Great Britain, in the Summer of 1877, against Government sanctioned vice, and all social impurity. He prized highly the labors of Mrs. Josephine Butler. After his return to this country, in January, 1878, the New York Committee for the Prevention of State Regulation of Vice, now the American Purity Alliance, gave him a reception in the parlors of the "Isaac T. Hopper Home," on which occasion he made an address which strongly reminded many who listened to it of his most eloquent, uncompromising anti-slavery addresses of an earlier period. It is much to be regretted that this address was not fully reported. An abstract, giving its substance, was made by the Secretary of the Committee, which we give herewith as follows: "Mr. Garrison said the question we had met to consider was treated by a great many people as indelicate, but nothing that concerns human welfare can be improper to talk about. This evil was not a slight one; it concerned the whole world. The efforts put forth to license prostitution had been feelers to test public opinion. As yet there had been no such attempts in New England, and therefore there was no agitation of the14 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. question there. It cost a great deal the other side of the Atlantic to espouse this cause. It was very similar to our anti-slavery movement. He had made Mrs. Butler's personal acquaintance while in England, and felt that she was called of God to do this work. We had no idea with what anxiety the people abroad were looking to this country for aid and sympathy. Here was an opportunity to show whether you will wait for the multitude or take the principle and stand by it. No matter though it seemed fanaticism, every new reform had been branded as visionary. The licensing of prostitution was put forth as an economical way of sinning - a preservation of health. If one sin may be licensed, why not another - judiciously regulated. To regulate sin! to dare to repeal the moral law! No, it was against God himself. If there were no other reason for this Committee, it was enough that we could be of great help to those in Great Britain and on the Continent who are struggling in the repeal movement. We needed to intensify the moral sentiment against the system. He remembered how his own heart was cheered years ago by going over to England and having the sympathy and co-operation of anti-slavery friends there. But the repeal of any law was not technically the whole of this question. It means the whole relation of man to woman. It means that guilt should be equally divided. The divine law over us was for all. There was great lack of education on this subject. He had never heard a single sermon preached from the seventh commandment. No clergyman feels courageous enough, and the whole thing is avoided. He thought God had intended this issue to be the means of opening up this question in all its bearings. He felt honored to be invited by the Committee to meet with them. He was heartily in sympathy with them and would do what he could for this most righteous movement. There was a mighty work to be done to raise the standard of virtue in this country. Mr. Garrison closed his remarks by an earnest and impressive appeal to all to labor, remembering that in a fundamental principle we had God with us." BRITISH WOMEN PHYSICIANS AGAINST REGULATION IN INDIA. The Memorial addressed to Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, against the regulation of vice in connection with the British Army in India, numerously signed by British women physicians, and which THROPIST for April, asking for the regulation of vice in connection with the British Army, and practically affirming the abominable doctrine of the necessity of vice for men. We commend this important and weighty deliverance of British women physicians against regulation to the thoughtful consideration of our readers, physicians and others, both men and women, on this side of the Atlantic. It is interesting and gratifying to note among the signatures, near the head of the list as alphabetically arranged, the name of our friend, Dr. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, the pioneer among the women physicians of the world, whose portrait we present herewith on our first page. Another professional name of much significance is that of Dr. AGNES MCLAREN, a niece of JOHN BRIGHT, and a long time devoted and efficient co-worker with Mrs. BUTLER. It is gratifying and encouraging also to note among the signatures of the younger women doctors the names of HELEN M. WILSON, M.D., daughter of our friends Mr. and Mrs. HENRY J. WILSON, M.P., of Sheffield, and Dr. DOROTHEA CAINE, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. W. S. CAINE, of London. PURITY IN NEGRO HOMES. "An Appeal for Social Purity in Negro Homes" is the title given to a sermon originally delivered before the White Cross League of Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, and, with some modifications, recently published by its author, Professor EUGENE HARRIS, for use among the colored people, and especially as an appeal to colored young women, to whom it is addressed. Professor Harris is himself a graduate of Fisk University, and also of Oberlin (Ohio) Theological Seminary. Professor Wright, President of the University White Cross League, says of him that he "is a brilliant Hebrew and Greek scholar, but withal full of zeal for the highest spiritual life among the students." It is an encouraging fact that one as gifted and cultured, identified with the colored people, is moved to devote himself to the task of teaching the lesson, among a people so greatly in need of it, of the obligations of chastity and purity of life. Though mainly addressed to young women, for the reasons indicated by him, the important and timely lesson is also applicable with equal force to young men. While speaking with great plainness, he is also wisely discriminating and sympathetic. The moral laxity among the colored people, which he thus recognizes and deplores, is a lingering legacy of slavery, which he also indicates, of a system which destroyed the home relation and made JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 15 The British Committee of the International Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice has recently issued in pamphlet form a timely and convincing reply, by Prof. JAMES STUART, M. P., and HENRY J. WILSON, M. P., to the alarmist statements and proposals made by Regulation propagandists in England and India, concerning the prevalence of disease incident to social vice among British soldiers and the peril involved to the civil population. Messrs. Stuart and Wilson in their reply show conclusively from official sources that there is no occasion whatever for panic or alarm, that during recent years venereal disease in connection with the army has been steadily decreasing. It is also shown from figures given in the Army Medical Reports from year to year for a period of two decades that among recruits offering themselves for army service the numbers rejected for syphilis have fallen from 15.47 per 1,000 to 4.62 per 1,000. Again, an inquiry by Dr. Nevins twenty years ago into a large number of children's hospitals, giving returns embracing 166,000 cases of children treated in these hospitals, in 1875, showed 1 in 71 as suffering from some hereditary form of syphilitic disease, whereas, as the result of another kindred inquiry in 1895, returns embracing 197,000 cases of children treated showed but 1 in 124, or little more than half as many as in the first inquiry twenty years earlier. From these and other like facts given in their reply Messrs. Stuart and Wilson affirm that there is no occasion for panic, and no case for exceptional measures. It is a document of great practical value for use in opposing the present reactionary movement for regulation in India and in England. It may be had of the British Committee, 17 Tothill street, Westminster, London; price one penny, or 6s. 6d. per 100. MARY T. BURT. Mrs. MARY T. BURT, president for nearly two decades of the New York State Woman's Christian Temperance Union, died at her late residence in this city, April 29. Mrs. Burt had also been for many years in sympathetic and co-operative relations with the work for the promotion of purity and the better protection of the young of both sexes. In her last annual address she spoke strongly against State regulation of vice, and at her instance the State W. C. T. U. adopted a strong resolution against it. She attended and addressed the National Purity Congress, held under the auspices of the American Purity Alliance, saying of it: "To me this She had cherished some hope of being able to attend the Congress of the International Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, to convene in London this month. She will be much missed by the members of the great organization of which she was the official head, as by her bereaved family and a large circle of warmly attached friends. PUNDITA RAMABAI. Pundita Ramabai, whose work in India in behalf of the young windows and girls of the higher castes rescued from the famine stricken districts of Central India, has been prosecuted by her in that far off country with so large a measure of success and usefulness, is again in this country, from which much of her pecuniary help has come during the last decade. She was here ten years ago and became then widely and favorably known in connection with the initiation of her important India mission. She has recently been most cordially welcomed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia and elsewhere, and new circles and associations are being continuance of her work, "to promote and assist in the education and to ameliorate the condition of widows, deserted wives, and unmarried women and girls, of all the higher castes in India." Indirectly Ramabai's mission in India is also, and very effectively, a mission for the promotion of purity. In this city she was given a reception, largely attended, and presided over by Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott, in the spacious rooms of The Outlook, in the United Charities Building. THE WOMEN MEMORIALISTS FOR REGULATION OF VICE. Rev. JOSEPH MAY, of Philadelphia, writing of the astonishing memorial of English women asking for State Regulation of Vice in connection with the British Army, especially in India, in a letter to the editor of THE PHILANTHROPIST, not intended for publication, says: "How shocking and discouraging the action of these titled ladies! I think I never felt more discouraged than it makes me. How little they remember the sisterhood, the womanhood, of those poor Indian girls and women! I could feel almost better reconciled to it, if it related to regulation at home, where the individual woman seems to have at least a little better chance to assert herself. It shows the influence of the aristocratic principle, before which the personalities of the lower social classes16 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. EQUAL SUFFRAGE AS RELATED TO THE PURITY MOVEMENT. By MARIANA W. CHAPMAN. It is a matter of some difficulty for an ardent believer in the moral force of woman suffrage to take hold of a proposition which it seems to her puerile to dispute, and present for it an argument worthy the attention of thinking people; but, with the chance that there may be a few within hearing of my voice to whom the solution is not affirmative, I venture to trespass upon your time. Primarily it is admissible to suppose that whoever uses a ballot will use it to protect themselves; and while men and women rise or fall together, woman is unquestionably the greater sufferer in the social evil. It is, therefore, no stretch of logic to infer that she will labor more indefatigably to arrest its progress when her choice in the matter of laws and lawgivers counts at the ballot box. If any one desires to know how women would vote in this direction, he has his object lesson in the late history of a Kentucky campaign, where the record of a Kentucky Congressman came to the knowledge of the women of the State, and they determined that Kentucky should not be so dishonored in the Congress of the United States. No deposit of a piece of white paper counted for them; they had only their voices, and their pens, and their strength, but they arose in their might and sent forth their protest. Throwing aside the reserve which it is hard for a woman to drop, they traveled, they held meetings, they had barbecues, they urged, they warned, they besought the men of Kentucky to stand for the honor of the State, and the men of Kentucky answered them nobly, and bravely and well. But why, dear brothers, should it have been so much harder for them than for you to work this righteousness? I tell you truly such men cannot go into our Legislatures when the women of this country have the ballot in their hands. Joseph Cook says: "Woman's vote would be to the vices in our great cities what the lightning is to the oak." We hear it declared even by temperance advocates that the woman's vote will not help that cause. Why, then, do we find always and under all circumstances, wherever there is a movement for woman suffrage, the solidly united opposition of the saloon element? Alice Blackwell says "it is because the children of darkness are wiser than the children of light." Most of you have read details of the traffic in young girls carried on in the mining and lumber camps of the Virginia mountains. Can we think this would continue if the women of Virginia had an authoritative voice in its Legislature? The women of Virginia are not behind the women of Kentucky in moral atmosphere, which is true of the women of every other State. The man or woman who thinks otherwise insults our American womanhood. It is significant that the first bill ever introduced by a woman into a State Legislature was one for the protection of young girls. In California, when a bill licensing social evil was about to pass, under the plea of its imperative necessity to public health, some California women succeeded in having another introduced which made the same provisions for all participants, and was clearly more consistent with the professed purpose. The result was the one desired - neither passed. Those who have read "Drummond's Ascent of Man" will remember that he places in the mother the root of the struggle for the life of others. He considers it the seed of all the altruism the world has ever known. We can depend upon human nature to repeat itself; and think you the time will ever come when mothers in general will not struggle for the best surroundings for their sons and daughters? A God-given instinct will not desert the womanly nature. No man changeth the laws of the universe. Over and over again men who are opponents of woman's enfranchisement have said, "But there are so many bad women who will vote," and we have answered, "We will take care of the bad women if you will take care of the bad men." The very large proportion of these profligate women or victims are under voting age, if we may rely upon the statistics of those who have given the subject careful attention, and who declare their average term of life to be five years. The small proportion of those past this age, if voting, would be instantly out of sight in the other overwhelming majority of American womanhood. I once asked an English woman "whether this class troubled them at the polls in England." She said, "Oh, no; they never come. I only wish they might, for then they would come a little nearer to us, and we could help them." Some of our opposers claim that women would not use this power, but Wyoming records show that there nine-tenths of the women vote and only eight-tenths of the men. And De Witt Talmage wrote from New Zealand: "I hereby report to the American ladies now moving for the right of suffrage that New Zealand is clear ahead of them, and that the experiment has been made here successfully. Instead of the ballot box degrading woman, woman is here elevating the ballot box. . . . It is often said in American that if women had the right to vote they would not exercise it. For the refutation of that theory I put the fact that in the last election in New Zealand, of 109,000 women who registered 90,000 have voted ,while of the 193,000 men who registered only 129,000 have voted. This ratio shows that women are more anxious to vote than men." Another authority in that country, J. W. Copithorne, says: "The fears of the liquor interest were justified, for the vote of women was cast almost solidly against it, and a Parliament favorable to anti-liquor legislation was chosen. The woman also looked carefully to the personal character of the candidates, and voted accordingly, so that it was shown that their influence was a purifying one in politics." Repeated ex- JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 17 periences of this kind will be our best object lessons, and the best element of humanity will in time perceive the helpful factor at their doors. There is always a certain amount of helplessness attendant upon a disfranchised element, and the further that element is away from power the greater the calamity. Not long ago an educated Hindoo woman said, "My prayer and supplication are, 'O, God, let no more women be born in India.' " One easily divines the reason for such prayers. A year ago a correspondent of the London Methodist Times said, "The conception of morality existing in Indian society is of the most unhappy character." They have no word in their language to express the chastity of men. Three Brahman gentlemen had written a handbook for boys' schools, IMAGE: MRS. MARIANA W. CHAPMAN, PRESIDENT NEW YORK STATE WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION. and one part of it was upon honesty, truthfulness and chastity. One of our ministers asked them what word they had used for the last. They mentioned a Tamil word, and he said, "But that does not refer to men at all. What have you stated in this section?" They replied that they "had urged upon the boys the importance of teaching their sisters and wives to lead pure lives, but it had never occurred to them to suggest purity for the boys themselves." Wherever the gulf is greatest between the manhood and womanhood of any people, you have the lowest moral condition of the human race. Where daughters are bought and sold, and women look through masks and blinds and ignorance at the outside world, you have an enforced motherhood, with its sequel in sons who are to-day burning, plundering and assaulting women and children in Armenia. It is truth beyond cavil, and as old as the garden of Eden, that they whom God has joined together no man should put asunder, whether it be in school, church or State. If there be those who hold that we are together in the best way now, we say, "No, a thousand times no;" not until we can make the laws of this country as stringent upon men in the social world as they are upon women, not until the polling places are open to us in the same simple way as the street cars, or any public hall where men and women go together, not until legislation can feel directly the force of the woman thought. We shall not equal the knowledge of men in finance, in commerce and great business enterprises, but we shall know what kind of schools we want for our girls and boys we shall know whether we want saloons, whether we will have other dens of iniquity, and what kind of men or women we want for lawmakers. We are not afraid of the polling places of America because we believe in our American manhood and, with Henry Ward Beecher, "that if any venture to molest the crowd will swallow him up as the whale swallowed Jonah!" George William Curtis said: "The sphere of the family is not the sole sphere either of men or women. They are not only parents, they are human beings; they are also members of the State, and from the very equality of the parental function, which perpetuates the State, they are equally interested in its welfare. Has the mother less concern than the father in the laws that regulate the great social temptations which everywhere yawn for their children; or in the general policy of the Government which they are summoned to support?" And further: "If women do not care about the question, it is high time that they did, both for themselves and for men. The spirit of society cannot be just nor the laws equitable so long as half of the population are politically paralyzed." And here we strike the keynote of the thought which must come to the women of every country before their enfranchisement can be secured. Women must care and increasingly they do. Thought of the national welfare belongs to an advanced motherhood. A woman unfit to vote is a woman unfit to be a mother. How shall she teach what does not enter her perceptions or her interests? If intelligent in outside matters she sees easily that society surrounds her daughters with a protection not extended to her sons, whose young manhood may be lured into gilded halls aflame with gilded vice. Happy are they if strong in the precious security that comes from the absorption of a mother's moral strength in early life! Who is worthy of motherhood if she throw not the whole of her best possessions into the impressible nature of the dear young hearts about her, which are the most sacred links that bind her to the18 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. Father's work. Verily, "if ye have not done unto the least of these, ye have not done it unto Me." But when the nursery work is done and the mother heart follows these tall young men and women across the threshold to the outer world, the law steps in and says, "Hold! you have nothing to do in these arrangements; your opinions shall not count here, you shall be of no authority in the State.' One alarmist says: "It might bring a union of Church and State," and cites the strong influence of a Catholic priesthood; but no class of women in America is taught to hold a higher standard of purity than the women of the Catholic Church. We will venture to say that they will increase the proportion of that church whose heads are not muddled with liquor or clouded with tobacco smoke, and will, therefore, help to make a clearer thinking, wiser and more prudent majority. But the majority of women in this country is of other faiths and not likely to be governed by clerical influence in their political views. Women who are self supporting can easily perceive the disadvantage involved in their disfranchisement. The wage earning woman needs more power to protect herself from unjust discrimination, to demand equal pay for equal work, to choose lawmakers who will make her as safe from injury as the woman of the household. No class appeals to us so strongly as the great army of wage earning girls, who need all the help their older sisters can throw about them, and for whom we could do more as an enfranchised power. We should ask it then, not only for the sake of preserving social purity throughout this working world, but in the name of justice, one of the highest and holiest attributes of a perfect life. So, at least, we have long been accustomed to regard it, though a leading daily of New York stated some weeks ago, in an editorial, that "at an earlier day in the history of the republic abstract justice counted for a great deal," but that "at the present time practical results outweigh every other consideration." This may be a correct statement in regard to the present general trend of thought, but if the righteousness of justice in daily dealing is no longer one of the verities which are eternal, we declare virtually that present practical results make principles for ordinary use. Most of us would prefer to believe that the ten commandments are still in force as the foundation of a solid white tower of truth which is slowly building, the stones of which, after much rubbing and wearing and trial by fire, go in at last to stay, with the temple rising always toward the shining light of heaven. Even with the belief that practical results will demonstrate the force of our argument for suffrage without distinction of sex, we must see that there is a larger view which has its influence among the people and its sequence in the increasing desire to furnish equal opportunities for the education of children morally, mentally and physically. The simple direct thought of people thus strengthened and enlightened will lead toward the clearer perception of justice; and though there will never be wanting those whose intellect will bring forth that serpentine reasoning of old which resulted in "Cursed be Canaan," the great majority will be so permeated with the larger light that an enfranchised womanhood will be the part not only of righteousness but of expediency. Even the fall woman herself will quickly perceive the shallow sophistry of so enlightened a philosopher as Prof. Lecky when he calls her a priestess of society and a preserver of home life. No twisted logic will make her other, in her own eyes, than the victim of the insatiate greed of this Moloch of humanity. However people may dispute about the virtue of vicarious suffering, they will never stand for the virtue of vicarious sinning. But, inasmuch as all reform comes through the Divine power moving in the hearts of men with its outward expression in the world's work, I beseech you, brothers and sisters, to let no opportunity pass that may help to place with the weaker half of humanity the power of protection that lies in the ballot. It is a principle for which strong men have given their lives and suffered untold martyrdoms. It does not change its virtue when a woman holds out her hands and asks leave to help you to the higher life. A Paper read at the National Purity Congress, Baltimore. ROBERT PURVIS. Robert Purvis, the last of the surviving founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, organized at the National Anti-Slavery Convention held in Philadelphia in 1833, died at his late residence in that city, April 15, in his 88th year. He was a most eloquent, influential advocate of the cause of emancipation for the slave, and of equal rights for women. The intimate friend and long time associate of Lucretia Mott, he was wont to relate many most interesting reminiscences of her early labors in connection with the anti-slavery reform. She was present at the National Anti-Slavery Convention in 1833, and though women were not then at the front as now, shared, in a quiet way, in the making of the Constitution of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and in the revision of its historic "Declaration of Sentiments." These documents were largely the work of William Lloyd Garrison, then upon the threshold of his remarkable career. Mr. Purvis, in our last interview with him, recounting various interesting incidents of his early pioneer anti-slavery life, spoke of Lucretia Mott in this first National Convention, saying of her that she sat, with her knitting, in one of the front seats, and when the several documents were being considered paragraph by paragraph she would quietly suggest, would not such a word be better here and another there - the only woman's voice heard in the Convention - and that every suggestion thus made by her was promptly and unanimously approved. Mr. Purvis, though not publicly identified with it, was in sympathetic accord with the work of the American Purity Alliance. JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 19 A LETTER TO FATHERS. [The following message to Fathers, adopted by the recent Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, is substantially the Letter of London Yearly Meeting of 1894, somewhat modified and abbreviated. It has now been adopted, published and distributed by seven Yearly Meetings of American Friends.] THE PHILADELPHIA YEARLY MEETING OF THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS - MEN'S BRANCH. To its Members who are Fathers: DEAR FRIENDS - Fatherhood is a sacred function, the responsibilities of which are not lightly assumed by the thoughtful. As children reach an age when temptations begin to assert their force, the feeling of responsibility weighs more heavily on the hearts of conscientious parents, as they contemplate the future welfare of their offspring. Among the temptations which beset the pathway of youth, the most misleading and dangerous are sins of impurity. Our hearts are often saddened by the knowledge that the son of an acquaintance or friend has yielded to such temptation; or our souls thrilled with sympathy with the parents whose beloved child has been led astray. The lives of young people are often thus blighted in early days by contact with impurity, which vigilant care on the part of parents might have prevented. As a very large proportion of impurity is caused by the improper training of boys, we make this appeal especially to fathers, and in the hope that the love we bear them and our appreciation of the difficulties of their position, as well as the vital importance of the subject, will induce them to receive our appeal in the kindly spirit in which it is made. We would urge each father to take an opportunity early in the life of his son to speak reverently and plainly as to the chief facts concerning the formation of his body, of his birth into the world, and of the creative function. Unless one of the parents performs this duty, be assured that injurious teaching in relation thereto is quite certain to reach the child through some sensually minded companion in a secret way. Moral poison may thus be instilled into his mind, which may affect unhappily his whole life. Judicious, plain speaking upon this vital subject between father and son will tend to create a feeling of trust which will prevent the formation of any barrier of reserve between them, and preserve that mutual confidence and intimate friendship which, as between parents and children, is one of our Heavenly Father's choicest gifts. It may often be found helpful to give the needful information in connection with the teaching of other natural facts, especially those related to the reproduction of plants. The development of a flower, the functions of a seed vessel, the relation of the male to the female plants, and phenomena of the vegetable world leads so naturally and simply to the mention of similar phenomena in the animal world, that the child acquires knowledge without unhealthy associations. The caution should also be extended not to lightly talk over these matters with companions, and not to allow in his presence the use of indecent language. Consideration may also be profitably directed to the high place given in the divine economy to the functions of parentage in the maintenance and health development of the human race, and to the responsibility under which the wonderful gift of the body should be used as a sacred trust from God. It will require much wisdom to determine as to how much instruction, in each particular case, should be given by the father to his son concerning special temptations to which he may be subjected, such as self abuse, and also in school, or in business life. He should be suitably warned against the licentious language and example too often prevalent in workshops and places of business, and even among men upon the farm. The responsibility attaching to employers is very great, and we desire that those who are in this responsible position should earnestly consider whether they have done all in their power for the help and protection of those under their care. We would further urge upon fathers the necessity of impressing upon their sons, as they approach maturity, the beauty and value of purity of life; that they should maintain an equal standard of morality for men and women; that in marriage as high a degree of purity should be demanded in the husband as in the wife; and that, on the authority of our best and most experienced physicians, a pure, continent life is consonant with the best physical and mental health. On the other hand, they should be warned concerning the loathsome diseases which often follow acts of impurity, which frequently wreck the constitution and are liable to be imparted to others. We may not expect that young people will always be kept from contact with the evil so widely prevalent. What we do hope for, however, is that parents will endeavor to so prepare their children for the inevitable conflict that they may be victorious, and maintain that purity of life which will render their bodies fit temples for the indwelling of the Spirit of God. May the Spirit of our Heavenly Father be with you in the performance of your parental duties, and may each son and daughter realize that this divine power will enable them to resist the strongest temptations, help them to live pure, useful lives, in full consciousness of the truth of the declaration: "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God." The United States Senate has passed without opposition the Pritchard bill, raising the age of protection for girls to eighteen years in the District of Columbia and the Territories.20 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. FRENCH BRANCH OF THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION. A late number of Le Bulletin Continental, the official organ of the International Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, mentions the reorganization of the French Branch of the Federation, with headquarters in Paris. It publishes in full a very interesting circular issued from Paris, by the French Branch, which summarizes the progress of the important work of the Federation in Continental countries, from which we quote the following: "We have the honor of informing you that we have determined upon the reorganization of the French Branch of the International Abolition Federation formed twenty- two years ago, by Mme. Josephine Butler, the Messrs. Pressensé, Yves Guyot, Dr. Fiaux, &c., and Mmes. de Morsier, Maria Deraismes, Chapman, &c. A central committee will be established in Paris, and committees are to be formed in all the towns where a sufficient number of adherents can be gathered together. The work of the Federation has made enormous strides since its foundation, twenty-five years ago; Congresses and Conferences have multiplied in various towns of the Continent, and created a change of opinion which has succeeded in accomplishing the overthrow, in many countries, of the "regulation system" - that is to say, the "recognition of the regulation of prostitution by the State." The United Kingdom of Great Britain abolished this nefarious system first, by a vote of Parliament, on the 20th of April, 1883, and in the other countries of Europe important results have been reached. In Norway all such houses have been closed, except in two towns. In Denmark, with one exception, "regulation" has disappeared from all the towns of the Kingdom. In Holland the system exists in a few places. In Switzerland, with the exception of Geneva, the twenty-two Cantons neither recognize "regulation," the police de moeurs, nor licensed brothels, the "maisons de tolerance." In Alsace-Lorraine, at Colmar, the mayor had all such houses closed seventeen years ago. In Russia, a strong movement has been made in opposition to the system, thanks to the wise labors of Doctors Sperk and Stoukowenkoff, whose writings have been translated into French. The point in question now is to discover if France wishes to remain behind other people and nourish in her bosom this rotten and unwholesome system of "regulation," the true name of which is, the organization of debauchery. Reassuring signs of the revival of interest in the question reach us from different parts of the country, and we encourage the hope that those who have the morals of young people at heart and who think that our country has a work to do in stemming the evil which threatens to increase and poison the very sources of political and social life, will be of the opinion that the protection given to prostitution is an encouragement to debauch, and that the latter is one of the most important factors in the diminution of marriages and the lessening of births in our country. The facilities offered for debauch by the houses of detention, under the aegis of the law, is a permanent temptation to the employee, the student and the soldier. We have the hope that French women, mothers anxious for the health and morals of their children, will fight with us this scourge of prostitution and raise their voices in aiding us to modify the bad traces of this evil, followed to this day by the administration, and the odious practices which are the accompaniment. The system which we combat is a cause of corruption to the administration itself, because it brings into play the lowest and worst instincts of human nature. In the hygienic point of view, English and Continental statistics have proved that the official regulation of vice, far from being a guarantee and a remedy, is a permanent danger and one to be feared for the public health. REGULATED AND LICENSED VICE IN JAPAN. CLARA PARRISH, now in Japan as an Around-the- World W. C. T. U. Missionary, sends to the Union Signal a remarkable letter concerning the traffic in girlhood and the regulation and licensing of vice in that country, from which we quote the following: "I have told you about the Rescue Home work which was begun here four years ago; now I want to make social conditions clearer if I can, so you may see the stone wall of difficulties which confront us. You know that in this country when a girl is redeemed, it is by the payment of a certain sum of money - which amount varies in different cases - to the institution which she leaves. In the first place, her father sells her to the brothel-keeper in order to get money to pay a debt, - and this debt is sometimes the paltry sum of $2.50! When she enters her new home (?) she has no suitable clothing, of course, so fifty or a hundred dollars' worth of beautiful silks are purchased for her, with the understanding that she is to return the money, in easy payments, as she earns it. The girls with virtuous hearts, and we believe there are many such leading lives of shame in Japan, look JULY, 1898. The Philanthropist. 21 forward to the time when they shall have paid their father's debts and their own, to their new master also, but the latter has planned more cruelly than they dreamed. He has no idea of allowing any one of his victims to escape so long as the shadow of her girlish winsomeness remains. Months before the old account is settled new clothing is required, and somebody's once merry baby girls find themselves as truly slaves as though they wore the chains. When the truth of the situation dawns upon them, different persons are affected differently. Some intense natures, losing hope, throw themselves with complete abandon into the life. Others, more conscientious, perhaps, become despondent, droop, and almost die. Of this last-named class the keepers are always glad to get rid, so occasionally word reaches the W. C. T. U. that at a certain place a girl may be secured by the payment of so many dollars, which sum is tantamount to her indebtedness for handsome clothes. This is the way, then, that we get hold of the girls whom we shelter, teach some useful employment, and try to lead to Christ. No one who has gone out of the Rescue Home has ever yet disappointed us by going back to her old life. We have been greatly encouraged, and have been planning to add a new building with the money promised by Mr. Crittenton, and open up the work in a larger way. But now comes the sad part of my story: Recently a young woman whom the committee had bought - how dreadful it seems to use that word in connection with a human soul - in one of the interior towns, was brought to Tokyo to be put into our Home. Imagine our feelings when we found that with the money we had paid for the girl, this demon - I dare not disgrace my brothers by calling him man - had bought five little girls to be trained for this black life! Our utter helplessness almost crazed us. No sleep came to me that night. In agony of soul I pleaded with our Father to send again the 'Comforter.' We could do no more. But new hope came with the morning. I knew that our work had not been in vain, and that our God had let this startling knowledge come to us, perhaps, to test our faith, and to better prepare us for the battle that was on. He is more mighty than all the hosts of darkness, and He is on our side. 'I will early destroy all the wicked of the land.' The 'social evil' is licensed in Japan and confined to certain limits, one whole district being given up to it. Not long ago I visited the Yoshiwara, as such places are called, in Tokyo. Twenty-seven hundred girls were imprisoned there, three hundred of them in the hospital! Not one looked as though she had reached mature womanhood, and few of all the hundreds were there from choice! I trust that the impression which this picture leaves, may make the heart of the reader throb in quicker and in tenderer tune. * * * * * * With all license in this land, men soon show of what material they are made. Truly, 'the half has never yet been told' of the diabolism of men in some of the far eastern ports. My earnest prayer is that this message may send every father of girls to his knees; that he may stay there and cry out until all Christian parents hear, and not only hear but enter the fight and declare that, with God's help, these things shall no longer be. 'Do you hear the children weeping, oh, my brothers?' Oh, for the time when fathers shall stretch out their hands as quickly to save their neighbor's girl as they would to save their own! You want to know what we shall do next? Our present plan (and we are asking our Father to put it into some of your hearts to help us) is to 'sow the country knee deep with literature' on the terrible sin of selling girls. Wise Japanese leaders are preparing burning words. Who will help us to send them out to every pastor, to every home in Japan?" The Mayor of Camden, N.J., at the instance of three well known ministers of that city, Rev. Dr. Albert G. Lawson, president of the Christian Citizenship Union, Rev. Dr. E. Hewitt, of the Tabernacle M. E. Church, and Rev. John W. Lyell, who waited upon him as a deputation, recently directed the police to remove from the billboards indecent and vulgarly suggestive theatrical posters, which, as Dr. Lawson declared to him, "should not be permitted to offend the eyes of decent persons and corrupt the minds of the young." This is a timely and praiseworthy precedent for ministers and mayors in other similarly afflicted cities to follow in the interest of public morality. LITERARY. The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, by Ida Husted Harper, has been recently completed, in two volumes, containing about 900 pages and about fifty full page illustrations. The story of Miss Anthony's remarkably active and largely useful life is given by her biographer, Mrs. Harper, from letters, addresses and other documents placed at her disposal. It is largely the story of the progress of womanhood in America during the last half century. It will be a most valuable addition to the literature of the Suffrage, Anti-Slavery and other reforms in which Miss Anthony has labored as a pioneer; will be welcomed in many libraries, public and private; and will be an object lesson and an inspiration to the young of the present and future generations. It will be published by The Bowen-Merrill Company. Publishers, Indianapolis and Kansas City. The price of the two volumes, in plain cloth, is $5; in full leather, $12. The Queen's Daughters in India. BY ELIZABETH W. ANDREW AND DR. KATHARINE C. BUSHNELL. An Account of their investigation of State Regulation of Vice in connection with the British Army in India. A pamphlet of great interest and value. Price. 25 cents. For sale by THE AMERICAN PURITY ALLIANCE, United Charities Building, 105 East 22d St., New York,22 The Philanthropist. July, 1898. Publishers Department. THE PHILANTHROPIST ADVERTISING RATES. The Philanthropist will admit approved advertisements at the following rates: One inch, one insertion .................................$1 00 One third column, one year .........................18 00 One half column, one year ...........................30 00 One column, one year ....................................50 00 Special rates for quarter, half, and full page advertisements. Address remittances and all business communications to The PHILANTHROPIST, UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING, NEW YORK. ______________________________________________________________ Among the volumes devoted to the general subject of Purity, either in this country or abroad, the most comprehensive, including many aspects, the educations, preventive, rescue, medical, economic, religious and legal, is undoubtedly "THE NATIONAL PURITY CONGRESS; ITS PAPERS, ADDRESSES AND PORTRAITS." It has already been placed in the great Public Libraries of New York and Boston and in those other cities. The Philanthropic Committee of Friends' Union for Philanthropic Labor has placed a copy of the book in each library of all the Monthly Meetings in Indiana Yearly Meeting as an educational help for Friends and others on the subject of Purity. It is invaluable to a book of reference on this subject. Price $2.50. Address The American Purity Alliance, United Charities Building, 105 East 22d Street New York, A PREMIUM OF RARE VALUE. To anyone who will send six new subscribers for THE PHILANTHROPIST, of $1.00 each, we will forward, postage or express paid, one copy of the large and beautifully illustrated volume, "THE NATIONAL PURITY CONGRESS; ITS PAPERS, ADDRESSES and PORTRAITS." the price of which is $2.50. The book contains 62 portraits of distinguished representative men and women, the authors of the papers and addresses of the great Congress. BOUND VOLUMES OF THE PHILANTHROPIST We are prepared to furnish a few complete sets of the twelve volumes of THE PHILANTHROPIST bound or unbound. The bound volumes we will furnish, postage or express prepaid, at $1.00 a volume, or $12.00 for the complete set; the unbound, at 50 cents a volume, or $6.00 the complete set. SEX INJUSTICE By REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN BLACKWELL A most valuable pamphlet for purity workers everywhere, and merits the widest possible circulation. The excellent portrait is alone worth much more than its cost. Price, by mail 10 cents; per hundred $7.00. Address, THE AMERICAN PURITY ALLIANCE, United Charities Building, 105 east 22d Street, New York. SOCIAL PURITY LEAFLETS THE PHILANTHROPIST SERIES. The following leaflets of the PHILANTHROPIST SERIES have been published: 1.- "LEGAL PROTECTION FOR YOUNG GIRLS" by Aaron M. Powell. 2.-"THE STATE OF GIRLHOOD' by Emily Blackwell, M.D. 3.-"SAVE THE BOYS" by Rev. J.P. Gledstone. 4.-"SOCIAL PURITY THE LATEST AND GREATEST CRUSADE' eight pages by Frances E. Willard. 5.- "THE SACREDNESS OF MOTHERHOOD," By Mrs. Elizabeth P. Bond. 6.-"THE WHITE CROSS" by the Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter D. D., Bishop of New York. 7.- "MRS. BUTLER - THE NEW YORK MORAL CRUSADE" with portrait. eight pages, reprinted from The Christian, London. 8.-"THE DOUBLE STANDARD OF MORALITY," by Mrs. J.E. Butler. 9.-"CLEAN LIPS," by Rev. J.P. Gledstone. 10.-"HOW TO ORGANIZE THE WHITE CROSS-ITS OBJECTS and METHODS" eight pages by Rev. B.F. De Costa, D.D. 11.- "THE SACREDNESS OF FATHERHOOD," by Rev. A. H. Lewis, D.D. 12.-"GUARDING THE YOUNG,"by Mrs. Elizabeth Powell Bond. 13.-"AGE OF CONSENT" LEGISLATION, by Rev. A. H. Lewis, D.D. 14.-"NEED OF COMBINATION AMONG WOMEN FOR SELF-PROTECTION, eight pages by Emily Blackwell, M.D. 15.-"THE SIN OF IMPURITY" 8pp., by Rev. Canon Wilberforce, A.M. 16.-"DRINK AND VICE," by Aaron M. Powell. 17.-"WAGES AND VICE," by Rev. A. H. Lewis, D.D. 18.-"HIGH IDEALS OF PURITY," eight pages by Anna Rice Powell. 19.-"LAW AND IMMORALITY," by Rev. A. H. Lewis, D.D. 20.-"SOCIAL VICE AND NATIONAL DECAY."8pp. by Rev. W.T. Sabine. 21.-"GIRLHOOD AND PURITY"-A PORTION OF A PRIVATE LETTER TOO GIRLS, eight pages, by Grace H. Dodge. 22.-"REGULATION FALLACIES"-Vice not a "Necessity"-eight pages by Emily Blackwell, M.D. 23.-"THE NEED FOR WORK TO PROMOTE SOCIAL PURITY,"-eight pages by Elizabeth Powell Bond. 24.-"AN EARNEST APPEAL TO YOUNG WOMEN," by a Friend. 25.-"THE WHITE CROSS IN EDUCATION." 8pp., by F.E. Willard. 26.-"A MOTHER'S LETTER TO HER SON," by Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt. 27.-"MESSAGE TO YOUNG MEN-WILD OATS," eight pages, by Rev. J. P. Gledstone. 28.-"SOCIAL PURITY-THE RIGHT TRAINING OF CHILDREN," eight pages by Edward B Rawson. 29.-"MEDICAL DECLARATION CONCERNING CHARITY," eight pages signed by many Physicians. 30.-"MINISTERIAL DECLARATIONS AGAINST LEGALIZED VICE," eight pages, signed by many Ministers 31.-"CHRIST'S TEACHING ON THE SOCIAL EVIL," eight pages by Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D. 32.-"PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE PURITY MOVEMENT," by Douglas Caulkins, M.D. They will be mailed, post paid, to any address, at ten cents a dozen; fifty cents a hundred. No. 4, No. 7, No. 10, No. 14, No.15, No.17, No.18, No.20, No.21, No.22, No.23, No.25, No.27, No.28, No.29, No.30, and No.31, eight pages. twenty cents a dozen, one dollar a hundred WHITE CROSS PLEDGES I.-White Cross Pledge for men. II.-Silver Cross for boys. II.- Woman's Pledge for Purity. IV.-Daughters o the Temple (pledge for girls). Price, post paid, one cent each, ten cents a dozen, fifty cents per hundred. Address THE PHILANTHROPIST UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING, Fourth Avenue and Twenty-second St., New York. LECTURES-1898 Aaron M. Powell, Editor of THE PHILANTHROPIST, will accept a limited number of lecture engagements. NEW LECTURE. "Life and Times of William Lloyd Garrison." OTHER LECTURED: I."Wendell Phillipe." II. "Whittier.' III. "George Fox." IV. "New Glimpses in Europe." V."Woman as a citizen." VI. 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An Open Letter to the President of the New York Academy of Medicine. By AARON M. POWELL A leaflet, sixteen pages, presenting the objections to State regulation of vice, with police and medical supervision of women. Sent my mail, postage paid, at twenty cents a dozen; Address THE PHILANTHROPIST, New York. Archbishop Ireland on Social Purity. WORLD'S CONGRESS ADDRESS. ARCHBISHOP IRELAND'S masterly, eloquent address, delivered at the World's Congress on Social Purity, in Chicago, has been published in pamphlet form. It is a most valuable and timely contribution to social purity literature, and should have the widest possible circulation. Price by mail, ten cents, $7 per hundred. Address THE PHILANTHROPIST, UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING, Fourth Ave. and Twenty-Second St., New York.24 The Philanthropist. JULY, 1898. PER ANGUSTA AD AUGUSTA. "This wrong has ever been, this sin Will last the world out," do men cry? "Nature herself pleads a necessity." But thou, trust thou the law within; By that supreme reality, Dare thou give all history the life. Yea, by that uncreated Light, Whereof this solid earth and sky Are but the fitful shadows cast on high; Rise up and cry, supreme in right, "This wrong is dead and damned to-day Though through all ages it held sway!" And broken through thine arm, the spear Naught but a bruised straw, yet smite The ancient regent Lie in all men's sight. And though men flout at thee and jeer - A gnat that buzzes up against the wall Of rock in hopes to beat it to its fall; Though stronger grow the wrong each day, And though beneath its iron feet It pound thee small, and all thine end defeat; Yet shall the world confused, astray, Grow polar to thee, slowly taught, And crystal out a Kosmos round thy thought. -Ellice Hopkins. MEN OF TO-MORROW. BY JOSEPHINE E. BUTLER. A great Spanish politician, Senor Emilio Castelar, * published, some thirty years ago, a manifesto in which he set forth the doctrines and principles of what he considered a true and moderate Republicanism. He expressed his belief that Democracy can never attain to any lasting reforms and real progress unless it holds in respect the best elements of national life, its history, religious faith, and most honorable traditions; and he therefore earnestly called upon the Liberals of Spain (a minority impatient of the stagnation of life in their nation), to give up their position of conspirators, to avoid all violence, and to seek reform by organized and legal action, and so to educate themselves and their countrymen for a better state of government and national life. His words and actions won for him and his group of friends the title of Los hombres de manana, "the men of to-morrow." For the salvation of our country, and indeed of the world, we need that there should arise amongst us men of to-morrow, and women of to-morrow, that there should be watchmen on all our watchtowers, more than in times past, who will "watch for the morning," and be able, with a clear and unfaltering voice, to answer the cry of their brethren, "Watchman, what of the night?" Such men and women of to-morrow will possess a living, *Castelar gave his personal adhesion to the principles of our abolitionist crusade in 1877, and one of his friends, Senor Zorilla, attended our first Congress. though often a silent power, in the midst of all the noise and hurry of our social and political life: they will be not only the party of true progress, but the party of true conservatism, watchers for and guardians of the preservation of precious principles which are constantly threatened with destruction. It is not urgent to be wide awake men of to-day. There is an urgent need for some among us to look on in advance. We need Seers as well as workers. History teaches us how much we need them, and how much of human suffering has been needlessly inflicted and prolonged by the want of such Seers among men. Especially is this evident in the moral and political life of a nation. A leader in politics of the early half of the century, speaking of a wrong to which he wished to put his hand in order to remove it, said, "We did not know, we did not perceive; and only now we are learning, and only now we begin to see." There is a deep sadness in this confession, even when humbly and honestly made. It brings to our minds the words, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, if thou hadst known the things that belong to thy peace; but now they are hid from thine eyes." It is well to ask ourselves truthfully before God, "How far has such ignorance the character of moral guilt?" and it is will that we should realize that that moral guilt of ignorance needs none the less to be repented of and purged away because it is shared by thousands, and because it may even be chiefly laid to the charge of generations gone by. Daniel the prophet was a great patriot and a wise politician; his confession was, "We and our fathers have sinned," and prophet-like, and like a high priest of the people, he pleaded with God, as if he himself bore on his shoulders alone the guilt of the whole nation, in the past and the present. It is impossible for the Christian patriot to look forward to the future of our English race, and even into the next few years, without some misgiving. The outlook also for the whole of Europe and of the world seems charged with the clouds and portents of a coming storm. "The morning cometh, and also the night." The shadows of night will deepen and the darkness increase awhile, before the glad cry is heard, "the morning cometh." "Now is come the kingdom of our God and of His Christ." God grant that heaven taught spirits may again arise among us, not only one here and there, but many, like the stars appearing in the firmament as the shadows of evening deepen into night. God has such in preparation, I cannot doubt. They are arising - the prophets and prophetesses, the Seers of the latter days. They are found and will be found among those who elect to live in the silence very near to God, and who realize in the most tenderly human sense the saving friendship of Christ. - The Storm Bell for April.The Philanthropist. iii The American Purity Alliance. President: AARON M. POWELL. VICE-PRESIDENTS: Rt. REV. WM. N. MCVICKAR, D.D., . .R.I..MRS. JULIA WARD HOWE, Mass. REV. WM. T. SABINE, D.D., N. Y. . . . .REV. S. S. SEWARD, N. Y. MRS. MARY A. LIVERMORE, Mass. . .REV. SAMUEL MAY, Mass. REV. S. H. VIRGIN, D. ., N. Y. . . . . . . . .DR. O. EDWARD JANNEY, Md. REV. JOSEPH MAY, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . REV. CHARLES ROADS, Pa. B. O. FLOWER, ESQ., Mass. . . . . . . . . .MRS. JULIA R. CARPENTER, N. H. JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .REV. ANNA GARLIN SPENCER, R.I. REV. EDWARD BRYAN, Wis. . . . . . . . . REV. A. H. LEWIS, S. ., N. J. MRS. MIRIAM HOWARD, Ga. . . . . . . . J. W. WALTON, ESQ., O. ALICE C. ROBINSON, Md. . . . . . . . . . . MRS. KATHERINE M. PHILLIPS, Pa. PROF. H. H. WRIGHT, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . JONATHAN W. PLUMMER, Ill. MRS. C. T. COLE, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANNA M. STARR, Ind. MARTHA SCHOFIELD, S. C. . . . . . . . . . .HANNAH J. BAILEY, Me. JOSIAH W. LEEDS, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FRANCIS J. GARRISON, Mass. REV. W. C. GANNETT, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . CAROLINE M. SEVERANCE, Cal. J. H. KELLOGG, M. D., Mich. . . . . . . . . . . Mrs. S. G. HUMPHREYS, Ky. MRS. C. C. HUSSEY, N. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . .MRS. ELIZABETH W. 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JEX BLAKE, Since acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 30th of June, absence from home and pressing calls upon my time have prevented my replying to it. In paragraph I. you seem to me to minimise unduly the importance of the part you took in organising the School. Although you had no vote on the Provisional Council you acted as its Honorary Secretary, and took an active part in all its proceedings, being, in fact, the mainspring of the work. As regards the Constitution, it seems to me that it was drawn up under your immediate supervision, if not by your pen, for I find in the School minutes that at the first meeting of the Governing Body on March 22nd, 1875, you were appointed a member of the Committee empowered to consider the proposed Constitution, and that this Committee sent in its report on May 3rd, 1875, when it was adopted by the Governors, except the clause relating to the Trustees, which was reserved for the advice of the late Mr. W. Shaen, Solicitor to the School. On the 2nd of June, 1875, you were present, as well as Mr. Shaen, when the control of the investments of the School and the subsequent disposal of their proceeds was transferred to the Executive Council, subject to the direction from time to time of the Governing Body. The revision of this Constitution was proposed by you at the Executive Council in November, 1877. I did not mention any date as to when you were in the Chair. It was the meeting of the 18th of February, 1878, at which you presided, when the draft of the revised Constitution was discussed clause by clause and provisionally approved. On March 28, 1878, when Dr. Payne and Dr. Garrett Anderson took the Chair, you proposed the resolution that the Constitution as amended should be approved and recommended to the Governors. You presided at the meeting of the Executive Council on April 18th, 1878, when the report to the Governors was considered. In this report special mention is made of the proposed alterations in the Constitution, which included the omission of clause 12 of the Constitution of 1875, but there is no record of your or Dr. King Chambers' disapproval. You were also present at the meeting of the Governing Body on May 2nd, 1878, when the revised Constitution, after having again been discussed clause by clause, was finally adopted. Thus the original Constitution of 1875 and the amended one of 1878 were both drawn up and passed with your active co-operation. The Oakes' Bequest consisted of 134 shares in the Bank of Van Diemen's Land, which carried with them unlimited liability to the creditors of the Bank. Mr. Oakes informed the Council that at the time the Bequest was made the shares were worth £10,700, and yielded a considerablerevenue, though they had since fallen somewhat in value. It was these shares which Mrs. Oakes wished should form a permanent endowment, and provide an annual income for the School. In the minutes of July 31st, 1878, it is recorded that you, as a trustee, objected to take over the Bank of Van Diemen's Land shares because they involved a personal liability to an unlimited extent, and Dr. King Chambers also objected to holding a security not sanctioned by the Court of Chancery, or to be bound not to touch the principal in case it became desirable to buy premises, etc. - exactly the contingency which subsequently arose. Mr. Norton and I, the remaining trustees, concurred in these objections; and Mr. Oakes realised that it was impossible that his wife's wishes could be carried out literally. Mr. Oakes kindly undertook to retain the responsibility of the shares until they could be sold, and the proceeds remitted to the then Honorary Treasurer, the Rt. Hon. J. Stansfield. It was not even possible to receive the interest accruing from the shares, as this would have made the Hon. Treasurer personally responsible to the creditors of the bank to an unlimited extent. It was therefore the trustees, and not the Executive Council, who declined to carry out Mrs. Oakes' wish that the shares form a permanent endowment. How correctly the trustees estimated the risk of taking over the shares of an unlimited bank is shown by the fact that before Mr. Oakes could sell the shares the City of Glasgow Bank Failure rendered the unsaleable, and it was not till September, 1880, that they could be sold, when the proceeds were paid to the Hon. Treasurer without any conditions whatever. I had several interviews with Mr. Oakes during this period, and he fully approved of all that was being done, and in a letter I have from him, dated November, 1880, he expressed much interest in and satisfaction with the School. He died soon after from the effect of an accident at Paramatta. The shares realised, with accrued interest, £4,088. Half of this sum was invested in India 4 (afterwards converted into 3) per cents., half in Midland shares. The 3 per cents. have been sold to pay for improvements; the Midland shares are still held by the trustees. The action of the Council has always been approved by the Governors, and I still think that the wishes of the generous donor have been better fulfilled by providing accommodation for a larger number of students, and thereby increasing the income of the School in the manner most acceptable to her rather than by keeping the money in the India 3 per cents. My personal friends and I subscribed £400 out of the £1,300 with which the School was started, but I did not take a prominent part in its management until the spring of 1877, when, at your and Dr. King Chambers' urgent request, I allowed myself to be nominated as Honorary Secretary. Since then much of my time and thought have been devoted to the affairs of the School. When you were leaving for Edinburgh in the summer of 1878, I thought it would be well you should remain on the Council, but I did not anticipate that you would start another School of Medicine for Women, nor that your subsequent attendances at the London School would be so few. With regard to your non re-election in 1888, you must remember that there were then no provisions in the Constitution for the preparation of any list of names, and that the election of the Executive Council was entirely in the hands of the Governors at their Annual Meeting. It was not till 1893 that the Governors adopted a system of election based on that of the Royal Agricultural Society of Great Britain, which submits lists of names to the Governors prepared under definite regulations. Four resignations of Governors have been received, who assign agreement with your views as the reason of their withdrawal. These four, with two others who express great sympathy with the School, but state that they can never attend any of the meetings, will be laid before the next Annual Meeting. The meeting of May 26th was special, and only special business could be considered at it. You wish the School prosperity, but to spread the idea amongst the Governors that the wishes of deceased donors are disregarded, and to promote the withdrawal of those who had given their names to the School, will not conduce to this result. You have printed and sent to the Governors a letter of July, 1888, when you objected to the sale of stock in payment for improvements. I remember explaining to you at the time that the alterations had been partly paid for out of clinical and other fees in 1887-88, and that the sale of £500 India Stock in 1888 was to replace money so used, and I think you might have referred to this explanation when printing the letter. I regret that you disapprove of the course of action taken by those who have carried on the School since you practically left it nearly 20 years ago. The position you have taken up has increased the difficulties of those who are trying to maintain and extend it. I trust, however, that in future you will help us to make the London School of Medicine for Women as great as a success as you could have wished it to be when you started it in 1874. Yours truly, ISABEL THORNE. Letter from DR. SOPHIA JEX-BLAKE. November 30th, 1897. DEAR MRS. THORNE, Your letter of 24th has been sent on to me, as I am away from home for a much needed rest. You do not, I think, elicit any new facts, nor disprove any of my statements; you are, of course, aware that it is not customary to write in the minute-book differences of opinion in a committee, and you will remember that you were yourself in France during great part of the early years in question. I think, therefore, there is nothing further to discuss, and it is better the subject should now be dropped. I am afraid we cannot agree just now as to what is best for the welfare of the School. Having freed myself from responsibility, I can only hope that the risks incurred by the executive may be less tremendous than they seem at present; and you must believe that, in my efforts to keep the School in a path of safety, I have not been less actuated than yourself by a desire for its prosperity. If you send a copy of your letter to members of the Governing Body, you will, no doubt, append this note. Believe me, Yours very truly, SOPHIA JEX-BLAKE.PROFESSIONAL DESCRIPTION OF RABIES AND DISTEMPER. WITH every scientific (?) pretext for establishing a Pasteur Institute in England, one cannot be too careful to place before the public the most accurate information in connection with the rare diseases of Hydrophobia and canine rabies. I say "rare," because where a medical man sees one invalid dog a veterinary surgeon examines probably a hundred or more, and yet there are men in the latter profession of large practice, keen observation, and in the autumn of their career who have never met with a genuine case of canine rabies. From whence then the many reported cases of hydrophobia? To briefly sum up the nature and differential symptoms of the two maladies, Distemper and Rabies, they are as follows: - Distemper is a highly contagious catarrhal fever affecting the mucous membranes of the head, air passages, and alimentary tract, and involving the nervous system. Symptoms. - Heavy dull appearance, especially about the eyes, rigors, hot dry nose, sneezing, coughing, retching, and vomiting, watery discharge from eyes and nose, followed by purulent matter, breathing accelerated and snuffly, margin of nostrils gummed together with discharge, loss of appetite, inclination for warmth, much resembles a severe influenza, eyes frequently ulcerated, as the disease advances a peculiar sickly odour is emitted, rash frequently appears during convalescent stage, distemper complications are pneumonia, jaundice (yellows), enteric disease, epilepsy, chorea and paralysis, incubative period one to three weeks. There is no such disease as "Distemper madness." Rabies is a specific blood disease which produces its most marked effects upon the nervous system. It usually arises from inoculation with rabid virus which is contained in the salivary secretions. Two forms of canine rabies are met with - furious and dumb. Average incubative period two to five weeks. Symptoms. - Amongst the earliest signs of rabid infection are sudden peculiar and varied changes of temper, habits, and disposition; morbid appetite; a desire for solitude; an inclination for destruction; as the disease proceeds, the expression becomes vacant, the eyes blink, and are closed or everted if gazed into; there is a disposition to slumber, from which the subject awakes in fits and starts; the eyes are fixed on some imaginary object, whose moving course the animal seems to persistently trace, sometimes springing towards it, and as suddenly slinking back and hiding himself, or crouching in a corner; the salivary secretion is considerably augmented and very tenacious, causing champing of the jaws, and smacking of the lips; the rabid voice THE following letter, addressed to Miss Cobbe by Mrs. William Grey, the life-long honoured advocate of the Higher Education of Women, will be regarded with interest and encouragement:- 41, Stanhope Gardens, Queen's Gate, S.W., April 22nd, 1896. MY DEAR FRANCES, - Though scarcely able to write, I must try and tell you what I think will interest you, and perhaps through you the general public, a propos of Dr. Buisson's cure for hydrophobia. My dear old friend, the late Sir John Drummond Hay, who was so many years our Minister in Morocco, told me once, long before Pasteur's time, that the Arabs there cured hydrophobia by sweating. The patient was swathed in woollen covering till all but smothered, placed in a small tent (these tents are always of black camel's hair, much more impervious than canvas), the tent closed so as to exclude air as much as possible, and then left till the profuse perspiration had carried off the poison. Sir John's Arab informant told him that the cure was infallible. God grant that Buisson's system may explode that infernal Pasteur poison! God bless you! - Yours affectionately, M.G. GREY. It is remarkable that Indian natives also adopt the principles of this remedy by taking immediately violent exercises on beginning to feel ill. In Australia likewise natives have a similar and successful habit.[*Lecture delivered 40 years after Crimea War*] [*Dr. E. Blackwell. Rock House.*] The Sanitary Care of the Soldier By His Officer. A LECTURE DELIVERED AT THE ROYAL ARTILLERY INSTITUTION, WOOLWICH, 29THE JANUARY, 1894, By SURGEON-COLONEL G. J. H. EVATT, M.D. ARMY MEDICAL STAFF. Reprinted from the Proceedings, Royal Artillery Institution, May, 1894. HONGKONG: PRINTED AT THE "HONGKONG TELEGRAPH" OFFICE, No. 6, Pedder's Hill, Hongkong. 1897.[*Dr. E. Blackwell from [?] [?] 1898*] The Sanitary Care of the Soldier By His Officer. A LECTURE Delivered At The ROYAL ARTILLERY INSTITUTION, WOOLWICH, 29th January, 1894. By Surgeon-Colonel G.J.H. Evatt, M.D., Army Medical Staff Reprinted from the Proceedings, Royal Artillery Institution, May, 1894. HONGKONG: Printed At The "Hongkong Telegraph" Office No. 6, Pedder's Hill, Hongkong. 1897.Sketch Showing Superficial Space Allowed To The English Soldier Cells Indian Plains 130 Square Feet Hospital Indian Plains 120 Square Feet Hospital Indian Hills 102 Square Feet. Cells in Egypt Barracks in India 90 Sq. Ft. English Hospital in Egypt 87 Square Feet. English Barracks 60 Square Feet Egyptian Do Do [*1894 [?--Evatt--?] ( A Lecture delivered at the Royal Artillery Institution, Wolwic ------------------------------------------------- Colonel C, Trench, R.A., in the Ch ____________________________________ The Chairman.---Gentlemen, it is hardly necessary, I th lecturer to you. I will call upon Colonel Evatt to commec Surgeon Colonel G. J. H. Evatt - Colonel Trench beginning the lecture I would say that it was not by my in forward to deal with this matter. I think myself that the to give a lecture implies that the lecturer should himselr subject. I would prefer rather to say that we are here havin if you will allow me to be the opener of the conference I the better expression. 2.- We are net from different branche of the arm various items of information to the one great question of be pushed forward on the road towards health and fitness thing for which she exists, namely, his fighting power i th and more developed. I propose, the, this evening to de three ways: first, to glance at the sanitary history of the a present day; secondly, to speak of the sanitary ideals w the medical service have before us for the soldier; and, thir far the Executive Commanders of the troops themselves an work. I would say that all though the last century the a point of strength. There were numbers of regiments co for special purposes, and as soon as the campaigns for w were over they were brought home and broken up. Not than to trace the history of our regiments to the present da names, and sometimes the numbers, of regiments that before. It was not until the outbreak of the old French V French Revolution, and from then to Waterloo, that the strength in England. But during all that time the num structed was not very many, and large numbers of troops the south coast in temporary constructions. The momen fought, and Napoleon was crushed, the English Govern work to cut down the military expenditure, and I think that the history of the army between 1815 and 1854 will say could not possibly exist than during that time. There was governing the army, the soldiers were shockingly badly l badly dressed and were very badly fed during the 40 years service. I cannot see one glimmer of light through the thing, and that was that you had here in Woolwich, in THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER BY HIS OFFICER. BY SURGEON-COLONEL G. J. H. EVATT, M. D., A. M. S. (A Lecture delivered at the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich, 29th January, 1894.) COLONEL C. TRENCH, R.A., IN THE CHAIR. THE CHAIRMAN, - Gentlemen, it is hardly necessary, I think, to introduce the lecturer to you. I will call upon Colonel Evatt to commence at once. SURGEON-COLONEL G. J. EVATT. - Colonel Trench and gentlemen, in beginning the lecture I would say that it was not by my initiative that I was put forward to deal with this matter. I think myself that the wording of the notice to give a lecture implies that the lecturer should himself be a master of the subject. I would prefer rather to say that we are here having a conference, and if you will allow me to be the opener of the conference I think that would be the better expression. 2. - We are met from different branches of the army to contribute our various items of information to the one great question of how the soldier is to be pushed forward on the road towards health and fitness so that one great thing for which he exists, namely, his fighting power in the field, may be more and more developed. I propose, then, this evening to deal with the subject in three ways; first, to glance at the sanitary history of the army briefly up to the present day; secondly, to speak of the sanitary ideals which we specialists in the medical service have before us for the soldier; and, thirdly, to consider how far the Executive Commanders of the troops themselves are to co-operate in this work. I would say that all through the last century the army was very small in point of strength. There were numbers of regiments continually being raised for special purposes, and as soon as the campaigns for which they were raised were over they brought home and broken up. Nothing is more curious than to trace the history of our regiments to the present day; they have got the names, and sometimes the numbers, of regiments that were broken up long before. It was not until the outbreak of the old French War, at the time of the French Revolution, and from then to Waterloo, that the army was of any great strength in England. But during all that time the number of barracks constructed was not very many, and large numbers of troops were encamped along the south coast in temporary constructions. The moment that Waterloo was fought, and Napoleon was crushed, the English Government at home set to work to cut down the military expenditure, and I think that anyone who studies the history of the army between 1815 and 1854 will say that a darker period could not possibly exist than during that time. There was a very harsh discipline governing the army, the soldiers were shockingly badly lodged, they were very badly dressed and were very badly fed during the 40 years of that dark era of the service. I cannot see one glimmer of light through the whole of it, except one thing, and that was that you had here in Woolwich, in the Royal Military2 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER Academy, a military school which was kept alive the light of military scientific proficiency. I think myself that the more an army drifts away from war experience the more it drifts away from the road to efficiency. The moment Napoleon was crushed an era of peace seemed to be quite fixed, and what did you have? You had the uniform of the army becoming an absolutely impossible one. It was the long peace that gave the bear-skin to the guardsman that he did not have at Waterloo; it was the long peace that gave the steel cuirass to the Life Guards that they did not have at Waterloo; it was the long peace that gave us the regimental contract system by which the soldier was robbed very often of his food and cheated in his clothing, and the whole of that time was a thoroughly bad time, and as the result of that wretchedly bad era there came in 1854 the tremendous crash and sufferings of the Crimean War. 3. - The whole of the modern efforts of sanitation in the army dates back to the break-up of that long peace system by the Crimean Campaign. In those barracks in the old days (and I myself have met men who remember them) the soldier did not sleep in the barrack-room as he does to-day in a bed by himself. He slept in bunks up along the wall, on shelves, two in a bed; and you can quite imagine how a conservative officer in those old days might have thought that in giving the soldier a separate bed he was making a step towards molly-coddling - a word that is most wrongly used in regard to the soldier's life. I would protest at the very beginning against the use of that word. Whenever it is used by any officer of his men, or of the soldier generally, it is sure to be by one who knows little or nothing about these men. I saw the other day that an officer of the native army in India had been using the word "molly-coddling" towards the English soldiers, and by so doing he showed that he knew nothing of the hardships and strain under which the soldier passes his life. So far from being molly-coddled, I think that just as a well-clothed and well-housed and well-fed officer goes to war to beat the soldier in everything he does, so the more we develop the soldier's fitness in peace, so far from making him unready for war we make him more fit for war. During the whole of the long peace, when the army was doing the impossible old style of drills and was going about dressed in an impossible dress, and when everything on the parade ground seemed so beautiful in the way of turn-out, the soldiers were dying in a wretched condition in overcrowded and unsanitary barracks. The death-rate of the splendid guardsmen in London was something painful; they were dying mainly of consumption at the rate of 20 per 1000 per year, a dreadful rate; that is to say, the guardsmen were dying at double the rate of the policemen. The policemen working night by night over the city streets and doing heavy work was twice as healthy a man as the guardsman doing his duty as sentry over the various public buildings. In the general infantry the death-rate was about 15 per 1000, and in the cavalry it was somewhere about 18 per 1000, while on the nation as a whole it was only about 10 per 1000. 4. - All this bad epoch for the army went on until the crash and disaster of the Crimean Campaign, and then the nation for the first time woke up to the question of the medical care and sanitation of the army; and a Commission was established, called the Barrack Commission. That Commission went very thoroughly into the whole question of the soldier's life and his housing; they published a report, in which they showed that the overcrowding of soldiers was most scandalous, and that their death-rate was excessive; and, amongst other things, they gave power to Medical Officers for the first time, in the year 1858, to make sanitary recommendations to Commanding Officers on all matters referring to health. 5. - Although much has been done since 1858, I desire to place on record that for 80 years and much more before 185 the Medical Officers of the Army had been struggling to develop sanitary reforms in the soldier's clothing, feeding, housing, and surroundings, but had failed to affect anything, purely from their weak official status in the army. If you read the books of Dr. Robert Jackson and others, which were published last century, they seem as though they might have been written yesterday, so rational, so common-sense, so up-to-date are their ideas as to the above subjects. But the medical service during that long peace had no power whatever to make recommendations, and although the regimental medical system was existing with so many Medical Officers and Surgeons in THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 3 regiments they had no power to say one word as regarded the sanitary protection of the mens' health; and it was not until the year 1858 that the Royal Warrant was issued, to which I have referred, and the words of which seem to me so important that I quote them here:- "The officers of the Army Medical Staff are charged not only with the medical care of the sick, the administration of the military hospitals both in peace and war and the command of the Medical Staff Corps, but with the duty of recommending to General and other Officers Commanding, verbally or in writing, any precautionary or remedial measures relating to barracks, encampments, garrisons, stations, hospitals, transports, diets, dress, drills, and duties which may in their opinion conduce to the health of the troops and to the mitigation or prevention of disease in the army." These sentences form paragraph 8 of Part I. of the "Army Medical Regulations." They cover the ground, I think, in a very full manner; but these paragraphs were not put into the "Army Regulations" until after the breakdown in the Crimean War, when public opinion had come to fortify the War Minister in doing so. 6. - The Two Armies. - But you must, of course, remember that in England there have always been two armies, that is to say, one army worked hard-and-fast by the "Queen's Regulations," and another that rational and common-sense army wherein officers and others in the army do things in a much more common-sense manner. I have no doubt that there has never been a day when the Commanding Officer of a good type has not leaned to a certain extent on the advice of the Army Medical Officers with whom he has come into contact. I feel sure that there have been such Commanding Officers, and it would be a great mistake for any of the younger school of officers present here to-day to imagine that because the ruinous purchase system was in force and certain bad conditions exited in the old days, it did not produce many excellent and strong Commanding Officers. It would be quite unjust to think that the present men alone are perfect. Many of those officers, although they were not so scientifically trained, were men of great strength of character and had the fullest sympathy with their men; but the times, perhaps, were not so favourable as they are to-day for carrying out reforms. Since 1858 this recommendatory power has been carried on by the Medical Officers up to the present day, whether under the regimental or departmental medical systems. 7. - The Regimental Medical System. - The regimental system of medical aid ceased in 1873, and no doubt sanitary matters fell for a time into the background owing to the change of system in medical organisation, but whatever ground has been lost we must struggle to make good in the near future. I beg of you to allow me to say that it was absolutely essential for the army and for us as a military body to withdraw our officers from the various units of battalions and batteries; it was absolutely essential that we should form our Medical Officers into a corps which would be ready to do war work. The whole reason for the existence of the army is not that we may have charming messes or excellent bands, or pleasant social life, be it ever so enjoyable and perfect. England has an army only for one purpose, and that is war and war efficiency. Once grant me that, and I will show you that every change which has taken place in our medical organisation was called for to achieve that aim. I would say to you - and I speak here to an audience largely composed of gunners - that when far away in the last century your great regiment of to-day was broken up into small detached groups of two galloper guns with each regiment of cavalry, and two battalion guns with each regiment of infantry, there assuredly were devoted men even in those past days who dreamt of a better day when the Corps of Artillery would take its true position in the army. If you can look back with me to that day when, in creating the Horse Artillery, the two galloper guns were withdrawn from every regiment of cavalry, I have no doubt whatever that the cavalry Colonel groaned deeply over the loss of them; and in the same way when the two battalion guns were withdrawn from all the infantry battalions the infantry officers no doubt deplored the removal and said, "They have taken away our battalion guns, they have removed our good companions, our cheery friends; look how unprotected and defenceless the regiment is left." But you must remember that behind the cavalry regiments and behind the infantry regiments was something more than all the4 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. cavalry and all the infantry. What was that? You had the good of the whole army to think of. 8. - What has come out of that removal of the two guns from the great bodies of the cavalry and the infantry? You have developed this great Artillery Regiment which is able to do more and achieve more for the army than the old system could have done. I desire to say to you that evolution is working out in the same way about ourselves in the medical service. If you look back on our old medical organisation we had, as it were, in each regiment our two galloper guns, viz., the Regimental Doctors and the little tiny hospital. This weak and subdivided service failed on the Alma hillside in September, 1854, and came to utter grief in our corridors of the great Scutari Hospital in the winter troubles of 1854-1855. Our whole organisation to-day is based on the bitter lessons learned in that sad and painful campaign. This enfeebled and divided service could not do its war work, and there is no doubt whatever that while the withdrawal of the Medical Officers from the various cops and batteries of the army has caused considerable inconvenience and trouble, you must remember that the men who withdrew them made the change solely in the interest of war efficiency and to put an end for ever to the constant dread of breakdown under the old system when we went into the field. But our war efficiency once assured it is the whole object and aim of the medical service to work in absolute sympathy and perfect brotherhood with the army as a whole. 9. - We have no hope or dream apart from its welfare in peace and in war, and we desire that every individual in the army, from the highest officer in its hierarchy to the youngest baby in the married quarters, shall be thoroughly and efficiently cared for, better and more thoroughly than in the best days of the regimental system. But we cannot give up our corps organisation and our autonomy for field work because we exist for war, that we may have an organisation which we can go out to in the field without the feeling that there is a constant risk of breaking down. Our station hospitals are far better medical organisations than were the old regimental hospitals; and there is no difficulty whatever in developing a perfect medical staff to care for officers, their families, and the women and children of the army if only we receive a free hand and sympathetic aid in organising this branch of our work. 10. - If, in our devotion to the development of our garrison hospitals sanitary work may seem to have taken a secondary place, it is in nowise our intention nor our aim. We are before all things sanitarians and prevention is our watchword, and there is no difficulty whatever in carrying it out under our present unified medical system of organisation if only we determine to work jointly with the intention to succeed. We desire to do a fuller sanitary work for the soldier than ever the best Regimental Doctor of the past system did for his regiment or battalion or battery, and it is perfectly feasible. Let us consider, then, how the medical service working as a unified corp carries out the sanitary care of the soldier's life, and what is the routine of a sanitary officer's duties. Let us take any large English or Indian garrison and study its sanitary organisation so far as we the Army Medical Officers are concerned. Although it has been necessary to remove the Medical Officers from regiments, still we allot one Medical Officer to each regiment, corps or barracks, and he fulfils, or ought to fulfil in the fullest degree, the duties of the old Regimental Medical Officer, so far as the sanitary needs of the soldier is concerned. 11. - So far as such officers have served under me in India (or in England), I have said to them:-"It is your business to know as much about the life of the soldier, and to know everything that he does from morning until night, and, mark you, all through the night, as though you wore the same uniform as himself." It is absolutely essential that we in the medical service should know this, because we are not solely the treaters of disease; we are essentially a preventative service of sanitary specialists, specially enlisted and specially paid as the preventers, as well as curers, of disease; and it is no more possible for us to act as preventers of disease without knowing the whole life of the soldier than it would be for a great physician like Sir Andrew Clarke or any other great physician in London to treat you individually when you are ill without inquiring THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 5 into every detail of your life and knowing exactly what the causes were which operated upon your health. 12. - This Medical Officer, then, whom the medical service details to look after each regiment or group of batteries, should the first place know the whole environment of the soldier and his daily life. He should fully understand the hour he rises at, the hour of his morning's stables, the hour of his breakfast, the class of breakfast he gets, the various duties he does during the day at his stables and drill; the hour of his dinner, the quality and quantity of his dinner, his work after dinner in the stables or at drill; the character of his tea, and in the evening how he finds recreation when his work is done. He should know every hole and corner of the barrack he lives in; and all through the night how that barrack is ventilated and its sanitary condition cared for; he should know exactly how the soldier is clothed, and what the rations are that he gets during the day. Those things can be taught to any young officer, and officers who have not seen the weekly diaries of Sanitary Medical Officers would be surprised, I think, to read them over. I can produce here the diary of Medical Officers doing sanitary work in this garrison, and I should doubt if there is a single detail of the soldier's life from morning till night and night again till morning that we are not trying to study and to master, because we have only one thought, namely, how best to work with you and in every way to combine with you, so that England, who looks to us both to care for her soldiers, may be made stronger by our conjoint action for the day of danger. 13. - Sanitary Inspections. - I say, then, that those Medical Officers who are detailed for the sanitary care of regiments or batteries are doing those sanitary inspections frequently during the week. Thus on one day of the week they would go and inspect the barrack buildings and see them thoroughly, and I always find in any garrisons where I have been in charge as Medical Officer that it is not possible for any Medical Officer to do his sanitary duty properly by the regiment if he endeavours to carry out inspections of men and barracks on one day; because if he stops for a moment to look at anything that is defective in the sanitary state of the barracks he is sure to be keeping the men in a distant part of the barracks waiting for him and keeping them away from some important duty. I repeat from long experience that it is not possible for any Medical Officer to make those inspections of men and barracks at the same time and on a single day. 14. - The officer then inspects the barracks and he inspects the men. Now, many of the younger Medical Officers have complained, and are complaining, about the difficulty that they experience in carrying out these inspections. The other day I saw a letter in a military paper from a Medical Officer proposing that all these inspections should be abolished, that it was impossible to carry them out, and that they were a perfect farce. On the very day that that letter appeared in the paper, on the parade of this very garrison one man was sent off parade sick with scarlet fever, out of the West Rear Range; another man was sent off sick with a disease like scarlet fever; and I myself on another inspection sent a man to hospital with jaundice. Now, why are the Medical Officers wishing to get rid of those inspections, for they are really a most important matter? It is because it is difficult for them to get proper parades of the men. They go into the barracks and they find it difficult to know to whom they should look; a parade is formed up for them in a scratch way and is often a feeble and farcical affair. I am not speaking of Wolwich particularly, but over and over again I have had to write C.O.'s and point out that while the number of men in a corps or garrison is strong, the number on parades given to us are very weak. 15. - In the same way in going about on the sanitary inspection of the barracks one does not know to whom to look to go round with one. I say to a Medical Officer, "You are posted to the sanitary care of such a regiment. I beg you to go down and leave your card at the orderly-room. I specially want you to know the Commanding Officer socially and personally," because unless you are able to approach him socially and personally you know when letter writing begins efficiency constantly ends, and it is essentially necessary that there should be the most free and complete intercourse between the two. But if we find this great difficulty exists in the first instance in getting our sanitary officers themselves taken round the barracks by some one who is responsible and who knows the barracks, and secondly in getting a good health inspection parade of men, the6 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. whole thing degenerates into a farce, and every soldier undervalues it. "Let us, I say, most earnestly come to some definite conclusion one way or the other on this sanitary routine; either let us do the thing well or let it be abolished," because to-day, in the year 1894, the question of half-and-half measures and compromise is coming to an end in everything, and we in the medical service want to know how our duties stand, and what they are, and we desire to do them if we are really responsible. 16. - In a certain station abroad that I have got in my eye, I went to the Commanding Officer of a regiment in the garrison and I said to him, as the senior Medical Officer of the station, "It is my interest and yours that we should both work together. I will give you an officer who will make your regimental inspections, but I beg you to give him a responsible officer to go round with him." I said then, and I say still, that I do not consider that the officers who fill the post of Quartermasters are the proper people for this work; they do their work in the best possible way, and we could not get on without them; but I maintain that it is essential in the sanitary care as in the governing of a regiment that an executive officer, the representative of the Commanding Officer, should meet my officer, and that the inspection should be made conjointly, so that the reports that are made shall reach myself and the Commanding Officer straight and direct. 17. - The Quartermaster represents not the executive side, but an important administrative side, if you please; but the command of English soldiers which, mind you, implies much power in our army, also implies great and most serious responsibilities; and, therefore, throughout my service at home or in India I have endeavoured in the regiments I was mixed up with as senior Medical Officer to get a Subaltern Officer as well as the Quartermaster to go round with my Medical Officer at these inspections. The result has been in every way excellent. You can get the work done well, and it is astonishing what a different thing sanitation becomes under such a condition. 18. - The Sanitary inspection officers then, of the various batteries or regiments, make out their weekly reports of the sanitary inspections made on the Friday and Saturday, and, on the Monday morning I myself had, when in India, and have every week here, a regular sanitary conference with the sanitary officers serving under my orders; that is to say, I meet all the Medical Officers of those regiments, and there is no sanitary question or shortcoming so far as my lights go (and I have had 29 years of a soldier's life) that is not fully and freely discussed, and I read over the diaries. If anything has gone wrong I say, "Have you written about this to the Commanding Officer?" The Medical Officer replies, "Yes, I have." "Then bring me the reply; what is it?" And I would say to officers commanding the various units that when Sanitary Medical Officers write letters to them, of course they look for an answer; but very constantly we wait and no answer comes. I have found the matter so difficult to deal with in some most sickly stations that I have been at, that I went to the trouble of getting a form printed, saying at the bottom, "Will you please favour me with an account of what you propose doing in this matter so that I may fill up my own sanitary reports." I think such a sanitary report form much needed in our army. 19. - Sanitary Diaries. - Having read the letters and diary, I advise with the officers as to the course to be pursued. Should the Commanding Officer write back, and say, "I regret to say I am unable to carry out your suggestion on account of so-and-so;" then the matter, so far as it lies between those junior sanitary officers and the Commanding Officer of the regiment pointing out the necessity of such-and-such a suggestion; and when he replies, if it is a senior officer writing to me probably he may modify his opinion and the thing may be done, or he may reply, "I regret I cannot see my way to carry out the suggestion." Then the matter ceases between him and myself. I then write a letter to the Principal Medical Officer pointing out that I have addressed Colonel so-and-so as to the fact of his taking out the men at such-and-such an hour in the morning and keeping them out for such-and-such a time, and then the men coming in swarms to me sick in the evening because they have had no food, or no proper food, and that it causes me great trouble; that I have requested him to consider the matter and asked him if he could modify it, but that he says THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 7 it is not possible; and then I beg the Principal Medical Officer to consider the matter, and if he concurs with my views I beg him to move the General Officer Commanding whether he can order the Commanding Officer to do so-and-so. Then the matter passes out of my hands and lies between the District Principal Medical Officer and the General Officer, and they discuss the matter. The General Officer may concur and order the suggestion to to be carried out, or may not concur and the whole matter falls for a time into abeyance. These recommendations may refer to any possible matter in the wide range of sanitary duties. 20. - Quarterly Sanitary Returns. - From the various weekly returns compiled by the Sanitary Medical Officers and myself the Sanitary Officer of the garrison makes out every quarter a quarterly sanitary return dealing with every possible sanitary and health question; referring to the healthiness of the barrackroom, the overcrowding, the water supply, the latrine arrangements, the clothing, the drills, the cooking, the food, and everything. And this report, together with the remarks of the Principal Medical Officer of the District, go in one report up to London to the Director-General of the Medical Department, and the latter then, as head of the medical service, considers the reports with his sanitary staff in London, and advises the Commander-in-Chief as to what he considers should be done. At the end of each year a Blue Book is published, dealing with the health and sanitary condition of the army, and this is sent to the War Minister, and by him printed and presented to the Houses of Parliament. 21. - Director-General A.M.D. - I think myself that it would be a great thing if it were possible that the Director-General in London, who has the enormous benefit of receiving the reports of the Principal Medical Officers all over the world, should give a summing-up on the various sanitary matters that are put before him for the information of Parliament. This is an outline, I say, of how the sanitary side of the army works as regards its organisation from the sanitary officer of a battery up to the Director-General and the War Minister. 22. - Cubic Space in Barracks. - I would now come back from these general remarks to the absolute details of sanitary matters. Let us begin with the barrack accommodation of the soldier. I told you that in 1858, after the breakdown in the Crimean War of 1854-55, a great Commission sat, called the Sanitary Commission, and made certain recommendations. They made a recommendation that every soldier in barracks should be allowed 600 cubic feet of air space. They found when they examined the barracks at Chatham that the proportion allowed to each man was only 300 cubic feet, and they made the recommendation that each soldier in barracks should receive 600 cubic feet, and that ventilators should be placed in the room which would allow the air in that 600 cubic feet of space to be changed twice in one hour, so that a soldier might be able to receive 1200 cubic feet of breathing air in the course of one hour. Now, why was this asked for? Was it by a fluke or chance? I say that I can no more modify my opinion as regards the cubic space for the soldier than any gunner here can modify his opinion as to the thickness of the parapet as regards the penetration of his shot. It is governed by a law. A human being to breathe, healthily and well requires 3600 cubic feet of air in the course of an hour, and the total "ration of air" that the soldier now receives from the country is only 1200 cubic feet per hour, that is to say, far and away below the normal average of a healthy man. 23. - Overcrowding, Consumption. - The result of the old overcrowding of barracks was always that it resulted in consumption, phthisis. This consumption, this destructive lung disease, was caused by the overcrowded men breathing in and out this poisoned air into the room and poisoning the air with carbonic acid gas; and, furthermore, and much worse, by pouring out of their lungs in the course of every day 30 grains of organic matter which is the waste material of the body. This poisonous atmosphere, which, mind, will poison an open wound if exposed to its pernicious influence, will cause a strong healthy man to sink into8 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. ill-health and give him consumption, and did in the old days kill off the splendid ante-Crimean guardsmen at the rate of 20 per 1000 per annum. Put yourself, then, in our position as medical officers, who all of us know this, and who are taught at Netley the danger of this poisoned air, and say how can I be silent, or how can my officers be silent, or how can you expect me to be silent and not write and point it out when anything like overcrowding occurs? I say that if I was to be negligent or silent I would be as much a traitor to the efficiency of the army as that officer in command of an outpost who sees the enemy approaching and is such a poltroon and such a traitor as not to report it. 24. - To us in the medical service, who see the evil results of overcrowding, there is an enormous force driving us onward in the sanitary struggle for the soldier. It is not that we may be more humane or more philanthropic than other officers, but if I stand in a garrison every morning and see the whole sick of that garrison pass through my hands and hear from every individual private soldier the reason why he is sick and why he has fallen ill, and if I hear from every soldier's wife the reason why she is ill, or her child is ill, I say that the force acting upon me is an enormous and irresistible force. This is the force, then, which is driving us to write and work and, perhaps, bother you in the middle of your work for the soldier's sake. 25. - An officer, who may be a keen gunner and who believes absolutely in his guns and horses, may, by reason of his very keenness, forget for a time that behind the gun is the man who works the gun, and riding the horse is the man who is 10,000 times more valuable than the horse. The man is our care, and we, hearing his story and seeing his condition, are perpetually urged forward on the pathway of sanitary progress for his sake. We are urged forward, then, not only by the actual breakdown of the soldier's health, which we see for ourselves, and by the reports of the soldiers who are actually our patients who tell us the reasons of their illness, but constantly the medical service is being made use of by officers of rank and standing to urge forward improvements or recommendations which they themselves hesitate to put before the authorities. How often have I said to such an officer, "You are using me to put this matter forward; why not represent it yourself? You have rank, standing, and position; why come to me?" He will reply, "The medical service is independent, able to speak, and unless you assist we cannot succeed." I maintain, then, that General or even higher officers in high command, when they receive recommendations or suggestions from the medical department, may be, and often are, entirely unaware of the real sources of the recommendation. 26. - The more hard or unyielding the General, the more is the medical service used to move him. How clear, how definite, how unassailable, should be the rank and status of the sanitary officer liable to the pressure of the upper and the nether milestone in the clear discharge of his duties to the army. Surely he forms a definite part of the army that cannot with any sense of just be put aside. We in the medical service knowing this responsibility, knowing these heavy duties, knowing the various unseen currents acting upon us, and placing us in direct prominence as sanitary officials speaking for the good of the army as a whole can never cease to claim defined and unassailable military status, not merely for our own personal sake, but for that army who in every rank, from the highest to the lowest, are at times compelled to have recourse to our assistance. 27. - The army does not want a body of weak-kneed, trembling Medical Officers with defective status and shaky rank, but rather a highly-trained and thoroughly disciplined and independent body of sanitary advisers in deep sympathy with the army as a whole, and bringing all the help of modern scientific investigation to bear on the preservation of the health efficiency of that army, which, scattered over an enormous Empire, is fighting a trying battle with disease and death in peace and in war wherever the English flag is flying. 28. - Fresh Air and Discipline. - Let us return now to purely sanitary details. The Sanitary Commission in 1858 fixed on 600 cubic feet of air space for the soldier, and they put in ventilators which enable this air to be changed twice within one hour. There is a law governing the size of the openings of theTHE ENGLISH SOLDIERS "RATION OF AIR". 2400 Cubic Feet in Army Hospital in India 2000 Cells in Barracks in Indian Plains 1800 Barracks Indian Plains 1500 Cubic Feet in Army Hospitals in Egypt. 122 Home Hospitals 1000 Cells in Egypt 900 Provost Prison Cells 800 Guard Room Cells 750 Cubic Feet Barrack Rooms in Egypt 600 Cubic Feet in Home Barracks & Indian Hills 400 Cubic Feet in Huts Showing the Amount of Cubic Space Allowed to the Soldier in Barracks, Hospitals & Prisons throughout the Empire. [*[?--Evatt--?] 1894] THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER inlet and outlet ventilators which enables a certain fixed amount of into the barrack-room, and these give the soldier his definite "ra The air of the average badly-ventilated barrack-room about 3 o'cl morning can become almost poisonous, and a horrible odour of orga from the soldier's body and bad air from his lungs can and often do of ventilation in a barrack-room, so that the air may be change necessary to have the barrack latrine outside flushed by water. th with fresh air called ventilation is wanting to sweep away the poison matter so as to make the room sweet and fit for the soldier to liv whose sake? For all your sakes. And why? If the soldier sleeps or nine hours in that be atmosphere, when he rises in the morni a semi-poisoned state, he does not feel fresh and fit for work, and result? He looks about for drink as a simulus. The soldier after a in the bad atmosphere, stupified by bad gases may also be below nerve sense and be in a bad temper- that is to say, he is not fit and should be. The difference of good and bad air in its action on o very well shown by the depressed state in which we feel ourselves on toopship when coming up on deck in the morning from the stuffy c stairs where we may have passed the night and the feeling of fre elasticity we feel after sleeping in some well-ventilated Indian tent: case we are in good temper and fit and fresh for work; in the other c below par and unfit for work. Why? Because in the troopship we poisoned by the poisonous gases and organic matter given off by the of people in the crowded 'tween decks below, and which drifts bac officer's cabin and into Pandemonium. 29. The Ration of Air. --The soldier, then, has a fixed nd defi of air allowed him by the State. Just as he is allowed a "ration" called pay, and a ''ration'' of food, and a ''ration '' of clothing, and a water in the tropics to sustain his existence, so he is allowed by the a ''ration of air'', and there is no more legal right to take away from defined ration of air by overcrowding him than there is to take away his pay, his food, or his clothing allowances. We must never forget the ration of air of the soldier is in no sense a full ration. If I down in a physiological laboratory and deal with the ration of air in scientific and abstract manner I would then say that on purely hy grounds he requires 3600 cubic feet of air per hour to keep him health The Sanitary Regulations, which were framed in 1860, and which s the army, were only tentative, and as the official working goes, "" on present time 91860)'' only give the soldier 1200 cubic feet of air therefore he is to the bad the difference between 1200 cubic feet and feet per hour. 30.-- In those bygone days, so wrongly called ''the good old days,'' overcrowded state of the men caused the dreadful atmosphere of the bringing about air poisoning and ending in consumption. While in the civil population of the military age (20 to 40) were 10 per10 splendid cavalry of the line they were 18 per 1000; in the regimen Guards they were 20 per 1000, and in the infantry of the line 15 p against 10 per 1000 of the same ages in the civil populations. That this elaborately turned out, heavily pipeclayed and absurdly dressed the old pre-Crimean day was dying of practically preventable destru disease, and the army medical service up to 1858 had no power to say of advice or warning in this most serious death-rate. 31.-- In those dab old times it was an often quoted saying of o Generals that the opinion of the military doctor was valuable when it for, that is to say no sanitary initiative existed for the doctors. Since ever, this power of sanitary suggestion has existed, and with thorough results. In studying the above death-rates of the army we should note sumption caused 67 per cent of the deaths in the cavalry of the 57 percent. of the deaths in the infantry were from consumption, a preventable disease caused or greatly developed by overcrowding in theAIR". INDIA NS YPT BARRACKS. THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER 9 inlet and outlet ventilators which enables a certain fixed amount of air to come into the barrack-room, and these give the soldier his definite "ration or air." The air of the average badly-ventilated barrack-room about 3 o'clock in the morning can become almost poisonous, and a horrible odour of organic matter from the soldier's body and bad air from his lungs can and often does produce thoroughly deleterious atmosphere. It is as necessary to have a good system of ventilation in a barrack-room, so that the air may be changes, as it is necessary to have the barrack latrine outside flushed by water. This flushing with fresh air called ventilation is wanting to sweep away the poisonous organic matter so as to make the room sweet and fit for the soldier to live in. For whose sake? For all your sakes. And why? If the soldier sleeps for eight or nine hours in that bad atmosphere, when he rises in the morning he is in a semi-poisoned state, he does not feel fresh and fit for work, and what is the result? He looks about for a drink as a simulus. The soldier after a long night in that bad atmosphere, stupified by bad gases, any also be below par in a nerve sense and be in a bad temper- that is to say, he is not fit and well as he should be. The difference of good and bad aid in its action on ourselves is very well shown by the depressed state in which we feel ourselves on an Indian troopship when coming up on deck in the morning from the stuffy cabin below stairs where we may have passed in the night and the feeling of freshness and elasticity we feel after sleeping in some well-ventilated Indian tent: in the one case we are in good temper and fit and fresh for work ; in the other case we are below par and unfit for work. Why? Because in the troopship we are semi-poisoned by the poisonous gases and organic matter given off by the hundreds of people in the crowded 'tween decks below, and which drifts back into the officer's cabin and into Pandemonium. 29. - The Ration of Air. - The soldier, then, has a fixed and definite ration of air allowed to him by the State. Just as he is allowed a "ration" of money, called pay, and a "ration" of food, and a "ration" of clothing, and a "ration" of water in the tropics to sustain his existence, so he is allowed by the regulations a "ration of air:. and there is no more legal right to take away from him that defined ration of air by overcrowding him than there is to take away from him his pay, his food, or clothing allowances. We must never forget also, that the ration of air of the soldier is in no sense a full ration. If I were to sit down in a physiological laboratory and deal with the ration of air on a purely physiological grounds he requires 3600 cubic feet of air per hour to keep him healthy and fit. The Sanitary Regulations, which were framed in 1860, and which still govern the army, were only tentative, and as the official working goes, "Only for the present time(1860)" only give the soldier 1200 cubic feet of air per hour; therefore he is to the bad difference between 1200 cubic feet and 3600 cubic feet per hour. 30.-In those bygone days, so wrongly called "the good old days," the terribly overcrowded state of the men caused the dreadful atmosphere of the barracks, bringing about air poisoning and ending in consumption. While the deaths in the civil population of the military age (20 to 40) were 10 per 1000; in the splendid cavalry of the line they were 18 per 1000; in the regiments of Foot Guards they were 20 per 1000, and in the infantry of the line 15 per 1000, as against 10 per 1000 of the same ages in the civil populations. That is to say, this elaborately turned out, heavily pipeclayed and absurdly dressed soldier of the old pre-Crimean day was dying of practically preventable destructing lung disease, and the army medical service up to 1858 has not power to say one word of advice or warning in this most serious death-rate. 31.-In those bad old times it was often quoted saying of old school Generals that the opinion of the military doctor was valuable when it was asked for, that is to say no sanitary initiative existed for the doctors. Since 1857, however, this power of sanitary suggestion has existed, and with thoroughly sounds results. In studying the above death-rates of the army we should not that consumption caused 67 per cent. of all the deaths in the Household Cavalry during the pre-Crimean period, 50 per cent. of the deaths in the cavalry of the line and 57 per cent. of the deaths in the infantry were from consumption, a probably preventable disease caused or greatly developed by overcrowding in the barracks.10 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. At the present time the death-rate of the Guards has fallen from the 20 per 1000 per annum, that bad standard of old years, until, in 1890, it has fallen to 9'88 per 1000, and you will find in the A.M.D. Blue Book that in the year 1891 the report shows that the death-rate of the army had fallen to 9'13 per 1000. What is the cause of that? It is, I think, largely caused by the better space and the better sanitary conditions and environments that the soldier is living in, and these results have been largely owing to the sanitary advice of the medical service acting in preventative capacity as the preventers and not merely the curers of disease. 32. - It is in the discharge of this duty that the greatest moral courage and independence of character is needed. There is nothing more easy and charming than to go to a great hospital and to work there; no one interferes with you and you may make yourself a great name. I may serve in a far-away garrison in India and may make a great name by treating the 50 or 60 cases of typhoid that occur in the year, and may be much thought of and honoured. There is a better way to make a great name. I say that if my child is ill and there is a doctor close by who can cure him of diphtheria he is a good man; but the doctor who prevents the attack occurring is a better man. That military doctor who, knowing the soldier's sanitary wants, his water supply, his clothing, and his food and his surrounding, and who seeks the reasons why a man is getting sick with typhoid is a more useful man to the nation and the army, and a better man than the other, however good he may be. You want in the army as a Medical Officer the man who will give you in the battle 10 more men to your battery or 100 more men to your regiment. Is that the case or is it not? It is most certainly. I say that the sanitary side of life is of great importance. You may read in the military papers letters which say that the military doctors should be what they call a doctor; they think and talk as if in England there were not more than 1000 doctors who do no curative doctoring whatever in the way of prescribing for the sick. But the 1000 doctors in the public health service of England are most masterful men, and have far greater authority as regards the inspection of food supply and the sanitary condition of the people than we have in the army. These physicians are just as much doctors as the others, but they are dealing with a different side of the question of life and its ailments, viz., with the question of prevention of disease; and for you in the army it is of great importance that you should not get in the military service weak-kneed and craven men afraid to speak on sanitary matters, but men of rank and standing who would be able and willing to speak out and point out the path to sanitary improvements. 33. - The army death-rate has thus fallen largely by going into sanitary matters, and you have benefitted by it, by having men in your ranks of the army healthier and readier to go to war. Short service, no doubt, has also to be considered as a factor in this matter. While the death-rate has fallen and invaliding has fallen, it must be remembered that the soldier to-day stops with us but a short time, and the health returns may, perhaps, be vitiated somewhat on that account. I came home last year from India in a crowded Indian troopship, and I saw that point very marked. Many of the men there were not invalids officially (nor did they appear in any invaliding returns), but they were no more fit to go into the English labour market and compete with healthy English labourers than any of us coming home seedy with argue would have been. Their unfitness was entirely owing to the Indian climate, although it figured in no return. They had not, however, re-engaged. Many said to me, "It is too much bother to re-engage; I am constantly getting ague and feeling seedy, and I am going to the reserve." In the old days when I joined we kept those men and they could not get away; in fact there was no change of getting away except invaliding, whereas now men simply do not re-engage. 34. - This question of bad air and overcrowding of barracks is of the greatest importance for this reason: Impure air goes directly into the lungs, but bad water may be killed in the stomach. I may drink bad water and the juices in my stomach may kill the bad water, and I may survive. It is well known that 2000 persons in a large church or building will in two hours give off 17 gallons of water, and as much carbon as would come from one cwt. of coal. That is not a very pleasant atmosphere if it is not constantly changed. Do not forget also that 30 grains of organic matter are given off per man per day from his body in THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 11 the shape of worn-out skin and debris of the body. The smell of the men in barrack-rooms may be very unpleasant and most trying, altogether caused by the closeness of the men and the want of fresh air. And that affects the men's health and discipline. You must remember that the barrack-room is not only a dormitory; the men are eating and drinking and sleeping in it, brushing their dirty boots in it, brushing their dirty clothes in it, pipeclaying their belts in it, and smoking in it, too, and the air can become very vitiated from all that. In dealing with the question of overcrowding, then, we have got to bear this in mind, that we are dealing with a fixed law which we should recognise very fully as to the danger of interfering with the cubic space allowed to the soldier, and I trust that whenever letters come to you on this matter that you will receive with great consideration any suggestions with regard to any question of overcrowding. 35. - Urinals. - It is very needful we should speak here about the question of urinals. There is still in all the barracks in England, or in most of them, this horrible urine tub - that is to say you have a horrible looking thing, a wooden tub; of all things most highly absorbent; which is supposed to be tarred every quarter, and into this the men urinate. I must tell you that no light is allowed at night by the regulations for this tub. The soldier comes out of the barrack-room on to the lobby; there is no light, and the consequence is (and we may see it in most barracks) that the ground round the urine tub is constantly saturated with urine. And a case has occurred, I think, even in this garrison, where the urine has gone not only on to the floor, but through the floor, and has come out on the roof of the room below. A case occurred before my eyes where a soldier on the inner side of the room was sleeping with the head of his bed against the wall where the urine tub was and the urine soaked through, and he complained, and I think justly, of that urine oozing out towards where his bed was. Those questions are very important. We want, in the first place, light at night over the urinals, and we want regular urinals built as you see them at railway stations, and attached to the buildings with water flushing them and light over them, where the soldier can urinate without soiling the floor and tainting the air of the barrack passages. Why should railway stations and other places beat us in civilisation? I think we can get these urinals if we jointly push the matter, and we mean to do it; we will push away at this urine tub and get something better for the soldier. Even an iron bucket would be better than an absorbent wooden tub. 36. - Baths and Lavatories. - My next point is about bath-rooms and lavatories. I could not exaggerate to you the defective condition as regards cleanliness of the person of our soldiers. No one sees as we in the medical service do the absolute filth of the soldier's person. A man comes up before me well dressed and well turned out, but he is a "whited sepulchre"; the condition of his person and the odour that comes from him are very unpleasant. What is the reason? The reason is that the regulations only allow one per cent. of baths for the troops; that is to say that for every 100 soldiers only one bath is allowed; and they allow 12 basins per 100 soldiers and four foot-baths. But you must remember that the soldier is not allowed any warm water to wash with. I cannot tell you what an important matter this is. This odour, this esprit de corps in the very worst sense, which comes from the body of the soldier is most offensive. If anyone will come over to the Auxiliary Hospital in the morning you will have a smell like the odour of a troopship in the Red Sea. Now, all that arises from preventable causes. We want warm water laid on most awfully. I maintain that from the 15th of October to the 15th of April all bathing ceases in some garrisons, and the body of the soldier is not washed at all. That comes before us doctors in the most striking way. I have to examine a man's chest and the odour is most trying. Remember the cubic space is based on the clean man; but you have this man going to bed in the barrack-room with his body not washed, so that the air becomes offensive and tainted, and this affects the health, the fitness, and, in the end, the discipline of the soldier. 37. - As you know in this garrison here during the past few months a great improvement has been made; that is to say that by the efforts of Colonel Spragge warm water arrangements have been placed in five groups of barracks, and I had an opportunity the other day of totalling up the number of baths taken. I beg of you not to say that soldiers will not do certain things, for I find that between the12 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. end of November and the 13th of January in this garrison 1200 warm baths were taken in one of the five groups of barracks alone in the baths quite lately put up. And those baths, mind you, are worth in the town 6d. each. What is going on round the barracks here? Every possible religious denomination is going in for baths for the soldiers; you can get a Church of England bath, or a Wesleyan bath, or a Unitarian bath, you can get all kinds of religious baths, but no State bath. But the State is bound to wash the soldier. A devoted lady, devoting all her time to the soldier, said to me the other day, "We do so much want a bath!" She suffered very much from the odour of the soldiers in going amongst them. Now, we must do away with all this bathless condition. My own view is that we cannot provide little trumpery bath-rooms in very small groups of barrack-roms, but just as the Municipality are building public baths there should be in every large barracks a separate bathing-house in which men could have plunge baths and wash and bathe themselves thoroughly. 38. - I would ask any gentleman going round the town here to go to the public bath buildings opposite the Town Hall, and I maintain (I do not care what his views are about baths) that he will be surprised at the municipal baths of Woolwich - they are splendid. The Municipality of Woolwich is laying out 40,000 to wash the Woolwich people, and you would be surprised - I maintain whatever your dreams are they will be exceeded. There are two magnificent plunge baths into which you might put, I will not say an ironclad, but a very large vessel, and there are exceedingly good first and second-class baths which provide everything that is wanted. If a soldier is in the army, where he cannot express an opinion and has no vote, it is necessary for his officers to put forward this matter thoroughly for him, and to say that it is affecting the recruiting of the army; that better men will not come to us because of these things. If a man outside in civil life can go to the municipal baths, he will look upon the army when he comes to it as below a healthy standard. You must advance as the civil population are advancing. Look at Plumstead! You see house after house by hundreds built for workmen who a generation ago were living in a single rooms, as 80 families of our own live in Woolwich. We have to-day 80 families living in 80 rooms, each family having but a single room. Then, I say, the baths have been thoroughly appreciated, and the result of our inspections on the Saturday is very marked. In one unit particularly I was charmed with the cleanliness of the men. I think I told an officer here about it, that their feet were so clean that they could have been used as ornaments for a lady's table. You come and say to me, "Oh, but they will not care for them; they will not use them." But they will do much if only we teach them to do it. 39. - Married Quarters. - I would say a word here on married quarters. I have said already that we have 80 families here living in 80 rooms, each family having but a single room. The new regulations from the Quartermaster-General's Department, about married quarters, seem very reasonable and very just. Quite recently I had the pleasure of going round the newly-built married quarters, and there is in them a great improvement in space and comfort. I think they quite satisfy the dreams of the most idealistic man. The whole system of married quarters is an evolution. Formerly the wife was not recognised at all; then she crept into the barrack-room and slept there, with a sheet or blanket put across to screen her from the soldiers. This was in the good old days, which were really the bad old days. Then she moved out of that, and then they gave up the barrack-room to four or five families; that existed in my day, in Chatham, in 1865. Then they went from that into a single room built as married quarters. Next year, when they will go into the New Brookhill Quarters, I think the demands of the most exacting sanitarian will have been met for the time being. 40. - Latrines. - We have spoken about the percentage of baths, one bath being allowed per 100, and four foot-baths per 100; but the soldiers has also the right to go to the latrine. But it may be full at times, and I have seen great trouble in that matter. What accommodation do the regulations give to the soldier in that respect? They allow five latrine seats and five urinal spaces per 100 men! The question came before me the other day, and how did I find it out? I searched book after book, and suddenly by good luck I came across a most valuable book. I will tell you the name of it: it is called "The Synopsis of Barracks and Hospitals," and it is kept up in the Commanding Royal Engineer's THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 13 Office. I maintain that there is no book that I know of that ought to be more in the hands of Commanding Officers. I have not got one, the Principal Medical Officer has not got one; not a single officer has got one, and I do not know who has except this one copy in the Commanding Royal Engineer's Office. This gives us all details about the baths and latrines; it is not in any of the regulations. We have volumes of military books, but this very vital book is not there at all. I would say that the Government or the Military Authorities would do well by publishing this book; it is not anything confidential, it is the number of baths and basins, of latrine seats, and the amount of cubic space, and many useful things about hospitals. I was thinking about blinds for my hospital and how I could approach the Commanding Royal Engineer, when I found in this book that blinds for hospitals are allowed, and at once I applied for them. But we do not want to be fighting these kind of questions all over the Empire; we ought to have this book given us. I applied officially, through my superiors, to get a copy, and the reply was that this book is only supplied to the Commanding Royal Engineer. It is the family secrets, as it were, of the Royal Engineer Corps. Why, I do not know, as it is needed by the whole army. I hope it will be made an official book. 41. - The question, then, of latrine accommodation is important in this way, that last year in India (and when I think of the charming young officers who have died in India it is most sad) we had 1380 cases of typhoid amongst the young soldiers in India, and we lost by death 380 of the Indian garrison by typhoid alone. The question, therefore, of the removal of latrine matter is a most important question, and you must not look at these questions as beneath notice. I cannot tell you how painful it is sometimes to go round on a barrack inspection. You come round by the Principal Medical Officer's direction. The Medical Officer goes to inspect the barracks, and who goes round with him? I have myself gone round with the Quartermaster, and have been met by a casual Subaltern, who looks upon the whole thing as a very great bore perhaps, and when you go to the latrine this Subaltern stands aside and the Quartermaster and the Doctor walk in. Believe me, gentlemen, that "command" includes the latrine also. If you look the matter in the fact there are lots of men in the barracks standing looking on, and if they see the officers stand aside they say it is not of the least importance. Now, I maintain that it is of great importance. Here again, I say, there are two armies: there is the army of the "Queen's Regulations," which is kept tight and hard by the regulations, and there is the rational common-sense army. In the army of the "Queen's Regulations" a Captain or a Subaltern takes the Principal Medical Officer round; but there is another common-sense army, in which the Commanding Officer, just like the Principal Medical Officer. Believe me, that the Commanding Officer, just like the Irish landlord, has his duties as well as his rights. You must remember that your command is supreme, and when the Commanding Officer goes round with the Principal Medical Officer the result is enormously good. The Subaltern does not know much about these things, but the Commanding Officer is responsible to the army and to England for all these things. I maintain that it is absolutely essential; it is not a question of rank, but is of great importance to the soldiers. 42. - The Soldier's Bedding. - I would like to say a word here on the question of the soldier's bedding. The soldier is allowed 24 lbs. of straw per quarter, and with this he makes the bed and bolster; no pillow is allowed him. I have brought with me here to-night the two sheets which are used in the army; I think it will be instructive for you to see them. One is the hospital sheet which is used by the soldier in hospital, and the other, which anyone might imagine was a piece of navy canvas, is the soldier's barrack sheet. We are now pursuing the reasons why the barrack-room smells. The soldier does not wash; the men are lying there close together; the ventilation may be interfered with. But we now come to the bedding. The bedding is of straw and he gets two sheets. How often are they changed? They are only changed once a month, and the condition of those sheets, when they are used, becomes something very marked indeed. A soldier, mind, who does not wash, and whose body is not always clean, is lying for one month between those two pieces of canvas, and the result is very trying. I maintain that we go to the country with a cry of a fortnightly washing14 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. for the sheets; and it would be a great comfort to the men. But you must also remember that if you give this coarse kind of sheet to the soldier he will not use it at all, and I find that only about one-fourth of the men use their sheets; the rest of the men turn in in their flannel shirts. And in the artillery, where they have got drawers, they turn in as they come out of stables. A man goes to the stables, where he works all day and sweats hard (because your drivers work very hard indeed), he comes out with his drawers and shirt soaking in sweat and turns in and lies in this sweating condition in the blankets, and the blankets are washed only once a year and the sheets once a month. This man comes before me the next morning at the Auxiliary Hospital, I strip him, and he comes out of his flannel shirt that he has been sweating in for a week, and he puts off from his clothes a small portion of horse manure that comes out from between his waistcoat and flannel shirt - that is to say, the man has turned in and has not changed his clothes in any way. And we want to look into those questions. 43. - What, then, is done with the sheets? They are used sometimes to put over the saddlery; constantly to tie round his waist to keep him from soiling himself when he is doing up his accountrements; they are constantly put under the pillows and beds simply for safety and not used at all. The soldier says, "Why, sir, use the sheets! I would as soon use a piece of coir matting." They also complain that the sheet is so rough that it wears out the flannel shirt which they are wearing as soldiers. A specialist in sheets told me he thought the soldiers' sheets would make excellent bath towels. 44. - Then a soldier marries, and among other boons that he gets is the right to use the hospital sheets; every married soldier gets a pair of hospital sheets once a month. I asked a married woman how often they were washed, and she said. "Once a week." The police have their sheets washed once a week, and so do the paupers in the workhouses; but the soldier's sheet is only washed once a month. In Egypt they are washed once a fortnight. In India the soldier gets two sheets given to him when he arrives out, and one sheet a year afterwards, and as there he is allowed to wash them at his own expense, he washes them once a week. Then, as regards the straw pillow, or bolster rather, about with his own private pillow. And the married people never think of using the barrack beds; they have their own private mattresses, and they use the straw below them to make them softer. 45. - But I find that in some garrisons, such as Aldershot and Portsmouth, they have issued a better bed, a coir bed, which makes a capital bed; it is used in India. The Government allows their coir bed and it makes up a very good bed, and the men tease the beds themselves and wash the mattress case. There are 2000 of them now lying down in London, and also at Aldershot and Portsmouth. They are distinctly an advantage. Therefore I think the straw bed might be replaced by the coir bed in Woolwich. Why should the soldier lie in a straw bed? We have long since chucked away the straw bed for sick men. Florence Nightingale says if you want to kill a man who is seriously ill put him on a straw bed, because it takes out much of the vitality from a man. The soldier's bedstead is 27 inches wide - his mattress is too narrow and his sheet is only 50 inches across - while the hospital sheet is 72 inches. We want a lighter bed with wire-woven mattress wider than the present. We want hospital pattern sheets, and blankets scoured at least once every six months; but the sheets must be washed every week. 46. - The Guard Bed. - I have put down here under the head of bedding the guard-bed. A more brutal, useless and thoroughly unfit construction does not exist in the army. It is not of the least use to train a man for war. I have been in five campaigns myself, and everyone knows that no one is asked to lie on anything like the guard-bed. There is no reason whatever why the bedstead, with a mattress of hair, should not be found in the guard-room. If you speak to the soldier he will say, "Certainly, I would much sooner lie on the ground in the field than on the guard-bed in barracks." What is gained by this guard-bed? Remember that you do not harden your men. No officer ever yet hardened his men. Why, the officers beat the men in everything, and we go out to war off very good beds. If we want to be hardened let us all go on the THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 15 guard-beds together. If you give the soldier a proper bed for a guard-bed he will do his guard better; it is not the sentry-work alone that knocks him up, it is the guard-bed; they are terrible contrivances, the remains of the bad old system. We want now to give the soldier a bedstead with a mattress of coir or hair, so that in the intervals of his sentry-go he shall get some chance of sleep. 47. - About the question of clothing. - I will not now deal with the question of tunics and those things, but as regards the question of the flannel shirt. The old army wore always a calico shirt, but the General Herbert, who was Quartermaster-General 15 years ago, devised at Pimlico a grey flannel shirt which contained 47 per cent. of wool; it is not a woollen shirt altogether, but it is a great improvement upon the old one. Now we find great difficulty in getting the men to wear them. There is a laxity about it in some way; there is a want of the old parade system. I remember years ago how the soldier tucked up his sleeve and showed his clean shirt at the wrist. While you are sending men up to the hospital with bronchitis you must remember that every man whom you send up throws more work upon the men behind. If you want to know why the men get bronchitis it is because they do not wear the flannel shirt. It is of importance that he should also have some under-vest and not go out in this poor thing he is now wearing. Then he wears this shirt night and day, and it is very dirty. There must be a re-invigoration of the check of the "No. 1," or whoever it is in the artillery, or the Colour-Sergeant in the infantry, or the officer himself must do it. That is to say in this short service unstable army, in this raft that sinks in mid-ocean under our feet, there is only one stable element - not the non- commissioned officers, not the men, but the officers. So far as I can see, as the old system gives way and the new system comes on, it is more and more essential for the officer to be able to answer for everything about his men. I think that, as in the mounted corps you give every man drawers, you should give a pair of drawers to every soldier in the army; the men would be healthier and better, and there would not be so much coughs and colds. And I would myself like to give the men some suit to sleep in. I said to a man sometime ago, "What do you sleep in; do you wear a night-shirt in barracks?" "Oh, sir, they would tear it off my back in the barrack-room if I wore it." But many of those men have been accustomed to better things. You would be surprised when a man comes before you as a recruit looking grimy and dirty, and to find that, although uncared for, this man has been in his own home well-cared for. I ask him, "Did you have sheets in your mother's house." "Yes." Then I ask, "Did you have night-shirts," and they always say they had. In the army they are sleeping in their day shirts often for more than a week, and that produces the most frightfully sickening odour in the barrack-room. 48. - Sleeping Suits. - On the troopship and in India a sleeping suit would save much trouble. The moment I go back to India I will propose that every man should get a regulation sleeping suit. I am sure it would improve the men's health; certainly it would improve their cleanliness, and it would improve the air of the barrack-room. The whole argument about dress can be summed up in this way: believe me you cannot make any man work in one dress, whether officer or man; that is to say, for example, that a man cannot go out shooting in the Highlands in a long-tailed evening coat. We want a working dress for the army; we want something for the internal barrack life of the soldier, and we want a sleeping suit for him to wear at night in the barrack-room. I notice that in "Parkes' Hygiene" it says that the German Army are to be entirely clothed in Jaeger suits under their clothes in war - that is to say, that they find that it pays. Of course, the existence of Germany depends upon her soldiers, and she finds that it pays. Bronchitis and pneumonia in the army running into phthisis causes a great loss of service to the army, and a soldier going on guard not properly dressed gets knocked up, and a thing that often attacks him is pleurisy. 49. - I remember I was in a very exposed station in India where pleurisy was a very common thing, and I remember a special case of this: I was going round the hospital with a General Officer, whom everybody in this room would know if I mentioned his name, and I said to him, "This is a case of pleurisy," and he said to me, "What is a pleurisy?" I think it was a pity that he should have had to ask such a question. If a soldier were to leave his rifle out in the rain16 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. outside the guard-room and it were to get rusty in the lock you would punish him; but behind the rifle is a much more intricate and charming rifle, and that is the man who carries it. We would be better friends if you knew more about disease, and we would be more efficient if we knew something more about soldiering. I think it is essential that the officer who commands the soldier should know what disease is likely to attack him. I venture to say that there is not a good horse-master in this room who would not be ashamed if he did not know the various ailments that might attack his horse. When I go round the stables and see the charming care that is taken of the horses - why, they are gentlemen, they are well groomed, well shod, well fed, and well housed. But your men also have got to be looked after. When I look at the hoofs of the horses they are in beautiful condition. When I go to the hospital ward and turn down the clothes of the men's beds their nails at times frighten me; they stand out like tigers' claws, they seem never to cut them. They do not know how to use those things that make for sanitation, and you have got to educate them. Uncut toe-nails and filthy feet means foot-sore feet and that means inefficiency in war. 50. - The Soldier's Food. - As regards the soldier's food question the history of its evolution is extremely instructive. Up to 1854 the Government made no contracts for bread or meat; it was done in the regiments by the Commanding Officer, who was sole master. He was sole master of the clothing, and the men got so snipped that the word "off reckoning" survives; the "off reckoning" was the cuttings off the soldier's clothes. In the same way the food also was provided by the Commanding Officer in the different regiments. It was a bad system, and the Government put an end to it in 1856. The soldier drew his pay in full, and the Commanding Officer cut his ration money out of it until the Government took over the rationing and knocked 3 1/2 d. to 4 1/2 d. off for the cost of the ration. The soldier thus gets his 3/4 lb. of meat, 1 lb. of bread, and his pay besides. The regimental rationing system broke down through regimental neglect. Of late years we have heard much about the improvement of the soldier's food, but I would say that the soldier has not gained very much from the State, despite all this outcry. We are pursued by two things in the army, the dripping-pan and the stock-pot, but the original 3/4 lb. of meat is all we have as a basis to work upon. 51. - I would say that the question of the inspection of rations is most important. No one, I think, can see the Army Service Corps Officers without seeing the enormous deal they have gained by the instruction classes which were formerly held at Smithfield and are now going on at Edinburgh; but I think that that information should not be limited to a Corps which does not serve in India, where 70,000 English soldiers are serving under trying circumstances. You cannot conceive how bad the Indian rations are, and we all want to get a certain number of officers trained in this ration passing, and the Medical Officer should certainly get an opportunity of going through the course, because the hospital rations do not come before those highly-trained officers at all. By long service in India our eyes get trained down to the bad Indian ration, and when one comes home it is well to get up to Smithfield again to find out what the proper standard of the English ration is. 52. - I would also like to say that the Medical Officer has continually before him the question as to his right on a Board. Owing to the quibble as to what his position is, many of them are afraid to say one word on the Boards. It is very trumpery. We send down four men to do what three might do, and the Medical Officer is afraid to say one word until he is asked. I have myself consulted officers and they have said that he should certainly have an initiative. Is he to remain silent and wait until the President of the Board asks him? I say he should be a member of the Board and point out freely and fully anything that goes wrong. Why should our little trumpery frictions affect the army. I say a curse on both your houses. While we are struggling and fighting the soldier falls to the ground, but if we are able to combine we can certainly do the work better, and we cannot do the thing without hearty co-operation. 53. - The Officer's Ration and the Soldier's Ration. - As regards the question of the soldier's ration, if you would like to compare it with the officer's ration, come with me on board an Indian troopship and see the two divisions of the THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 17 ship - half the ship full of officers and half of men. I rise and come out of my cabin, and I have at half-past 6 o'clock a very grateful cup of coffee and bread and butter; the soldier at the same time has his coffee and bread in the fore-compartment. So far we are both equal. At half-past 8 o'clock I come downstairs and have a capital troopship breakfast, a very good English breakfast; the soldier has his breakfast along with my early breakfast. At 12 o'clock he has his early dinner; I come down at 12 o'clock and have a quantity of cheese, sardines, and beer. At half-past 4 o'clock he has his afternoon tea or coffee, and I have mine in the saloon. But there the comparison between the soldier and myself ends entirely. When I went out to India I found that the last meal given to the soldier was at a quarter-past 3 o'clock in the evening. He said he was awfully sorry, but he could make no change; he would refer the matter home. But when I came home the other day the same thing was going on. And, remember, I was going down at 6 o'clock to a remarkably fine dinner; dinner on a troopship is a great restorative after the fatigues of the day, but the soldier had no dinner at all, he was without it. And what would our lives be in India, or all over the world, if it is not for the messes, which have made our lives happy and pleasant? Let us remember, then, the soldier by comparison with the officer is short of one meal. 54. - On the troopship you can see it in a microcosm; I am getting a good dinner and he is not. And who are these men? There are swarms of young soldiers going out to fight against typhoid who want food awfully, and there are swarms of them coming home tired and worn out by the Indian climate to a warfare which is far more bitter than any Indian campaign, the warfare in East London, leaving them far more dangerous to the public. I see them here in Woolwich. The other day I saw a man who was knocked to pieces with ague. I said, "I remember your face well." "Yes, sir, I met you out in India; I am knocked to pieces by ague," and the Indian Government, which is using these men for seven years, sends them home, and they are turned adrift at home on the same pay that a man may get by serving his whole time at Woolwich. If India uses those men I say that those men on coming home should receive a surplus reserve pay for the first year to carry them over the bad year when they are recouping from the wear and tear of Indian life. This question is of great importance. India exists by those men; the private soldier made India for us and he gets nothing at all out of it. We want to make him a certain special retaining fee for the first year when he comes home so that he may fight his battle, a terribly bitter battle, for work in England. 55. - On the question of the soldier's food we are pursued by the stock-pot and the dripping pan. Now the stock-pot is not used in the great mass of garrisons, and it is not popular. The men have an idea that the stock-pot is recruited from the bones that every class of man has nibbled at the dinner table, which is not the case, of course. The removal of the bones by unhandy men knocks the meat very much about. As a result it is not much used. So far as the Government ration and the 3 1/2 d. or 4d. stopped for groceries go, the soldier is still, to my mind, underfed. When you compare the feeding of different foreign armies - we do not want to compare ourselves very much with foreign armies - but there is one army that I like to compare ourselves with, which is composed of men of our own race, that is the United States American Army, which is largely composed of Irishmen and Englishmen. There the ration of the soldier is a very fine one. It is put down at 1 1/4 lbs. of meat daily (against our 12 ounces he has got 20), and also 18 ounces of bread against our 16; he also has 1 lb. of potatoes, which our men do not get at all. We are trying to keep the soldier on a ration that he cannot do his work on. We give him his 1 lb. of bread, and his 3/4 lb. of meat and stop him 3 1/2 d. or 4 1/2 d. a day for the grocery ration, but it does not keep the man going, and the way to prove it is that in those corps that are better paid, like the Army Medical Service, the Royal Engineers, and the Army Service Corps, the men lay out much on food. Do you think it goes in drink? Not at all. A man drinks because he wants food. The measure of his shortness18 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER of food is the measure of his amount of drunkenness. And I find that in those corps the men are using their extra means largely to buy extra food. I maintain that if extra food were given it would largely diminish drunkenness. In a foreign garrison that I served in the drunkenness in certain corps was terrible; there was bad food, and, as a result, much drunkenness. Feed a man well and give him change of food and he will not drink so much; it would be a thoroughly good investment to feed the soldier well. A man wants at least his 1 lb. of meat a day. I have asked dozens and dozens of soldiers if the 3/4 lb. meat ration is sufficient, and I find they are all laying out extra money; those other well-paid corps are all laying out more money to keep themselves strong and fit. What for? To keep themselves strong for England's sake. Look at those young recruits who are going out to India to fight typhoid; they want to be well fed most awfully. 56. - The whole subject of the fitness of the reserve soldier for hard work on leaving the army depends on whether he has been well fed in the army. If he is poorly fed he is not fit for the terrible struggle for work in civil like. I think no work can be heavier than that of a driver of artillery, and if you want to get good work out of him you must put good food into him; in every class that is wanted. I am distinctly of opinion that he would be a soberer and a better man if he had more food. The German war ration is very striking; it is put down in Parkes' book as 26 oz. of bread, 53 oz. of potatoes, 17 oz. of meat, and he also gets a ration of beer. This great fighting machine, the German soldier, fights because into his body you put plenty of food. And in every case it is the same thing. The English navy is thoroughly well fed, and no man works like he does. And in the same way with the soldier, every penny that we give him in the way of food will diminish his sickness and his drunkenness, and it will be a capital investment. I say the measure of his drunkenness is the measure of his want of food. And also another thing is his tobacco. The soldier is perpetually smoking. I think his drinking and smoking are his attempts to satisfy his demands for food. When I have a man brought before me suffering from drink I say to him, "How much do you lay out for extra rations?" He says, "Not much." I say, "You must eat plenty of food and take less beer." Less beer and more food is quite the true principle to go upon. 57. - The Sergeant's Ration. - And I should like to point out how one class of men has settled the question about rations; that is the sergeant class. The soldier is paying from 3 1/2 d. to 4 1/2 d. a day for his ration, but the sergeant is paying sometimes from 6 d. to 7 1/2 d. But is the sergeant a harder worked man than the private? I do not know that he is physically; but he, too, wants more food, and the measure of the sergeant's money is what the soldier wants; he wants 4d. extra given him in pay or allowances to make him a better fed man. And you see it in this way: The moment a sergeant is broken, and put back in the ranks, he is pulled down at once by the want of food. And as regards the question of men going to the different recreation rooms (which is growing up more every day) to get some more food in the evening I would like to say that it is working up towards one thing which we have and the sergeants ought to have. What would our life be without our mess dinner? It is working up towards a good substantial evening meal for the soldier. I cannot think why the sergeants do not have an evening meal. They say it would cost too much; but it would keep them out of harm's way. When a man is eating he is in a very safe condition. The "liver" comes much more from drinking than from food. I was for several years Medical Officer of a great military school, and those years acted upon my life enormously. I shall never forget them. When I went there I found those young growing boys getting dinner, just like the soldiers, at a quarter-past 2 o'clock in the day, and they were left all the evening to their own devices, as to food supply, with very bad results. I say that for a man to live on lobsters, sardines, and salmon, and that kind of indigestible food in his bedroom at night is a defective system. I say that the tea squad system was a defective system, and I know it because the cadets come before me ill, and I say that whatever I have done in my service there is nothing that I congratulate myself upon more than that I was able, by constant and reiterated reports, to get that late dinner for them; and it is a perfect success, I think, in every way. The soldier, I maintain, who is wandering round the town now looking about for amusement, and also, I think, looking perhaps THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. 19 for food, would be a happier and a better man if he got a good meal in the evening. 58. - Barrack Cooking. - I would say a word also about the cooking. Throughout nearly the whole of the Woolwich garrison the preparation of the food of the men is still done in the barrack-room. We have reports continually of the lavatories being choked by pieces of vegetables and potato skins. And the dishes are not made in the kitchen under the serveillance and instruction of the master cook; he is devoting his whole time to watching the consumption of the coal, whereas he ought to be, and is sometimes, instructor of the cook. The dishes are often made up by the men by roster, and there is not much real development in this most important art of cookery; and the result is that the sergeant cook, a trained specialist from Aldershot, is below watching the coal instead of watching the actual preparation of food. This is a matter that might well come before you. Then you ask, perhaps, is there room enough in the kitchen to do all this; it is very small. Well, a kitchen should be devised with a preparation-room outside of considerable size, airy, and clean, where the dishes could be prepared. And I think also that the day is rapidly coming when you should have a dining-room for the men, and if I could devise such an arrangement in my fancy's eye I see before me in the future a receiving-room for rations, opening next into a large room for preparing the food under the eye of the master cook, then passing by a door into the cooking-room, and then passing away into the dining-room where the men would sit down and eat their meals (not as they do now in the bed-rooms), and that same dining-room if it were properly warmed and lit would keep the men together in the evening. Of course, the battery unit and the company unit are very important to preserve; and this company dining-room and battery dining-room would, I think, be a great improvement for the soldier. 59. - As to the comfort and appearance of the barrack-rooms much still remains to be done, and while referring to this point I may quote the opinion of Lord Wolseley who allows me to publish his remarks. He says, "when I come to Ireland over three years ago, I gave orders to have not only the hospitals but all the barrack-rooms tinted a pleasant hue. I find it takes away the prison look from our barracks, which I regard as most essential, and now that coloured pictures of a very interesting and pleasing nature can be obtained cheaply, there is no reason why every company should not make its barrack-rooms homely and comfortable." "We pay our men so wretchedly that we can only hope to entice men to enlist by making them happy whilst they are with us, and the first step towards happiness is to make mens' dwellings bright and cheerful. We have done much in recent years to improve the condition of our men, but much, very much, remains to be done." 60. - Punishments. - One last word, about the question of punishments. When I first entered the service soldiers were continually being tried for habitual drunkenness. I used to keep ready in my room dozens and dozens of court-martial certificates, and the regimental court-martial had lost its prestige because it was doing the work that the Commanding Officer since is doing so much better. What was the result of the system? You put a man in prison, and you put his work upon his comrades. I would say to you that so far as my experiences goes long terms of imprisonment have done enormous injury to the soldier. When he comes out the man has lost strength, he plays about between you and between us - he is here, he is in prison, he is in hospital. I think, myself, the fining system for drunkenness was a tremendous boon, because the man went back at once to his duty - he did not throw it upon his comrades - and to his rations; and I am sure he was a better man than he was made by long terms of imprisonment, and I hope the day will come when you can get rid of those long imprisonments out of the army. 61. - Long terms of imprisonment in Indian military prisons, often for unimportant crimes, act with highly injurious influence on the soldier's health and his fitness for the battle of life after the soldier leaves the army. I cannot think that anything more than one year's imprisonment should be given to a soldier in an Indian military prison - for if you do give him longer terms he becomes so enfeebled as to be liable to all tropical ailments, and eventually he20 THE SANITARY CARE OF THE SOLDIER. is thrown on the English labour market, weak and broken down, and sinks into the useless soldier tramp, whom we all know so well. I hope the day is rapidly coming when simple expulsion from the army will in itself be a most serious punishment, just as the expulsion of a constable from the police force is a real blow to any man who undergoes it. The least rise in the soldier's pay will tend to bring about that happy consummation. I would say, finally, that we want above all things to combine in this work. I have no power to speak in the name of the medical service; but I say emphatically that our whole desire is that every want that you have should be met. If up to the present time there have been troubles and difficulties in the initiation of a new system I would beg you to remember that our whole aim is to come back to you and to do more for you than the regimental doctor ever did, but we must remain a unified corps. THE DISCUSSION. THE CHAIRMAN. - We shall all agree, I am sure, that we have heard a most interesting lecture which has covered so many points that I really do not know what to mention out of them. I do not know whether any officers have any questions that they would like to ask, but I am sure that Colonel Evatt will be very pleased to reply to any points that may be put to him. What he has said will lead us, I hope, to co-operate with the Medical Officers in many things - in some matters, of course, we can do nothing. We cannot give the soldier 3600 cubic feet of air, but we can bring our influence and opinion to bear upon the state of the barrack-rooms. Certainly one hears from Military Attachés and others that the barracks of the Russian and Prussian Guards are far ahead of our men's barracks. MAJOR F. A. YORKE - There is one point only that I would like to mention with regard to what Colonel Evatt said about a soldier's dining-room. In the Riding Establishment we have been very fortunate. It is not any credit to myself, but circumstances have so happened that I could get a dining-room where the men all sit down, with a white oil-cloth put over the barrack tables, and we were allowed to get carving knives and forks and all the little things that make a dining-room look comfortable. The consequence is that the men sit down there every day to something more like what they would have in respectable civilian life, and that has had a great effect. I notice when I go round the rooms inspecting them that there is a great absence of that nasty sort of faint smell of food that there used to be in the barrack-rooms, and the men certainly appreciate it very much. It is, I repeat again, no credit to myself, but circumstances so happened that I got a spare room given to me for the purpose. THE CHAIRMAN - It only remains for me now to thank Colonel Evatt on your behalf for his most interesting lecture.EAST INDIA (CONTAGIOUS DISEASES) No. 6 (1897.) FURTHER CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING THE MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED FOR CHECKING THE SPREAD OF VENEREAL DISEASE AMONG THE BRITISH TROOPS IN INDIA. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY DARLING & SON, LTD., 1-3, GREAT ST. THOMAS APOSTLE, E.C. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C ; or JOHN MENZIES & CO., 12, HANOVER STREET, EDINBURGH, and 90, WEST NILE STREET, GLASGOW, or HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., LIMITED., 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1897. [C. 1858. Price 1 1/2 d.]TABLE OF CONTENTS No. Document. Date. From. To. Subject. Page. 1 Military Despatch, No. 73. 18 May 1897. Government of India. Secretary of State for India. Measures to be taken for checking the spread of venereal disease among British Troops in India. 3 Eclosure No. 1. ... ... ... Draft Rules proposed to be issued under the Cantonments Act, 1889. 5 Enclosure No. 2. ... ... ... Draft of a Bill to repeal the Cantonments Act Amendment Act, 1895, and to amend the Cantonments Act, 1889. 5 2. Telegram... 6 July 1897. Secretary of State for India. Viceroy. Approves measures proposed by the Government of India. 10 3. Military Despatch, No. 50. 8 July 1897. Secretary of State for India. Government of India. Confirms telegram approving draft Rules and Bill. 101 EAST INDIA (CONTAGIOUS DISEASES) No. 6 (1897.) I. Military Despatch from the Government of India to the Secretary of State for India, No. 73, dated Simla, 18th May 1897. My Lord, We have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lordships' Military Despatch No. 25*, dated 26th March 1897, on the subject of the prevalence and increase of venereal disease among the British troops in India, and measures to be taken to check it. 2. With the Despatch is forwarded a report by a Departmental Committee of which the Earl of Onslow was Chairman, appointed to examine the official returns of venereal disease among British troops stationed in India, and to report what changes, if any, had taken place during recent years in the prevalence of such disease, and its character and intensity; also with regard to the prevalence, character, and intensity, of venereal disease in foreign armies. A memorandum by the Army Sanitary Commission, also enclose in the Despatch, deals generally with the measures by which it is considered possible to restrict the spread of venereal disease among soldiers in India. Her Majesty's Government consider that, subject to the restrictions contained in paragraph 11 of the Despatch, rules 5, 6 and 7 of the Cantonment rules made in 1895, under Sections 26 and 27 of the Cantonments Act of 1889, should be made applicable, not merely to cholera, small-pox, diphtheria, or typhoid fever, but to all infectious and contagious diseases, including venereal disease, and consider it imperatively necessary that this disease should not be exempted from the measures adopted to prevent the spread of other contagious diseases. 3. We have considered the observations made by your Lordship in the Despatch, and the suggestions contained in the memorandum by the Army Sanitary Commission forwarded therewith; also the representations made by the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and the Royal College of Physicians, on the same subject. In compliance with the instructions contained in paragraph 12 of the Despatch, we enclose, for your Lordship's consideration and approval, a copy of the draft rules we propose to issue under the Cantonments Act of 1889, in order to give effect to the decision of Her Majesty's Government. 4. With reference to the registration referred to in paragraph 11 of the Despatch we would observe that registers of all the inhabitants of bazars in cantonments are already maintained under paragraph 2053, Army Regulations, India, Volume II., and these are sufficient for all practical purposes, so far as mere registration is concerned. The real difficulty lies not so much in discovering who are professional prostitutes as in ascertaining who are diseased and securing their medical treatment. 5. As to the question whether legislation is necessary, we have, after very careful consideration, come to the conclusion that the repeal Act V. of 1895 cannot be avoided. It appears to us that the rules, although drafted with the least degree of stringency necessary to enable cantonment authorities to deal with the evils against which they have to contend, may nevertheless be held in a court of law to contravene the Act. So long as this Act remains on the statute book, the officers who have to carry out the provisions of the rules would, in our opinion, be exposed to an unfair risk, and we could not expect them to do their duty effectively while the law is, at least, ambiguous. We further consider that Section 31 of the Cantonment Acts should be amended so as to protect medical and other officers in the performance of duties which the rules impose upon them. We therefore forward for your Lordship's *Presented to Parliament as East India (Contagious Diseases) No. 4, 1897. 14171--2500--7/97. Wt 7201. D & S. 64 approval a draft of a Bill which we propose to introduce, repealing Act V. of 1895, and amending Section 31, Act XIII. of 1889, so as to afford the protection which we consider necessary. We propose to consider, in consultation with Local Governments, whether the area for the operation of the rules, or any of them, should, under Section 28 (b) of Act XIII. of 1889, be extended beyond the actual limits of cantonments. 6. With respect to the suggestion of the Army Sanitary Commission regarding the employment of female hospital assistants, without questioning its propriety in certain circumstances, we feel bound to record out opinion that for the class of common prostitute in India, with which we have mainly to do, it is an entirely unnecessary, and in many respects unsuitable , provision. If we were re-introducing a system of compulsory examination there might perhaps be a plausible case, but under our proposed rules compulsion will be strictly excluded. We must also point out that there are practical difficulties in the way of obtaining such female assistants. It is doubtful whether woman possessing the necessary medical qualifications, and of a status sufficiently good to preclude the possibility of their receiving bribes from the women they would have to examine, would be willing to undertake the work. In any case very few would be forthcoming at once; the great majority would have to be specially trained, and this would take time, and involve considerable expense. It is impossible, therefore, to pout these rules in force, if the condition is insisted upon as a necessary preliminary; but if your Lordship so desires, we shall endeavor to procure female assistants where their services will be most useful, and take steps for the gradual extension of the system. 7. With reference to paragraph 12 of the Despatch, the necessity for the prevention of the practices of loitering and importuning by women of a low class has for some time been impressed on us, and we has framed rules which were embodied in the draft Cantonment Code. They have now been incorporated in the draft rules herewith submitted for approval. We are aware of the mischief wrought by coolie, and other women, whose occupations being them into the vicinity of the barracks; effort have been made to diminish their number, and more stringent orders will now be issues. 8. We fully acknowledge the desirability of raising the moral and physical condition of the army in directions indicated, and of warning young soldiers on their arrival in India of the dangers to which they are exposed, and of the terrible consequences attending the contraction of venereal disease in a tropical climate. These matters have already received our attention and that of His Excellence the Commander-in-Chief. Suck further measures are practicable will be taken. We are also taking steps to institute the inquiry suggested in paragraph 16 of your Lordship's Despatch. We shall address your Lordship on this subject hereafter. 9. With regard to paragraph 15 of the Despatch, we forward a letter from the Adjutant-General in India embodying the views of His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, with which we entirely agree, on the subject of inspection of soldiers, penal stoppages for admission to the hospital, and the punishments of soldiers concealing venereal disease. His Excellency recommends that the suggestions of the Army Sanitary Commission regarding the medical inspection of soldiers for the detection of venereal disease should be adopted; except that married men, soldiers who have never been admitted to the hospital for this cause, and those who have not required medical treatment for venereal disease for two years, should be exempted. As to punishment for concealment of disease, Section 11 o the Army Act furnished sufficient powers, and it is only necessary to insist on their being put into force. Penal stoppages are, however, on a different footing, and Sir George White advises the amendment of the Army Act so as to include, among the authorized deductions, the stoppage of a soldier's pay for the number of days he may be detained in hospital for venereal disease. We trust your Lordship will strongly urge on the War Office the advisability of co-operation in this matter, with a view 5 to the amendment of the Act, and in order that the change in the Regulations may be made applicable to the British Army wherever stationed. 10. We recommend these measures as the most effectual that can be devised under existing restrictions. If they do not suffice it will be necessary, in order to cope effectively with venereal disease, to adopt a much more comprehensive measure. In view of the importance of giving effect to our proposals, if approved, as early as possible, we should be glad to receive a reply from your Lordship by telegram. We have the honour to be, My Lord, Your Lordship's most obedient, humble Servants, (Signed) ELGIN. GEO. S. WHITE. J. WESTLAND. J. WOODBURN. M. D. CHALMERS. EDWIN H. H. COLLEN. A. C. TREVOR. ________________________________________________________ Enclosure No. 1. Draft Rules under the Cantonments Act, 1889. 1 In these Rules, - Definitions (a) the expression "bazar" means any land set apart for occupa- tion by natives of India, Except the lines of native troops; (b) The expression "regimental bazar" means any bazar under the management of regimental authorities; (c) the expression "infectious or contagious disorder" includes cholera, leprosy, enteric fever, venereal disease, and every infectious or contagious disorder; (d) the expression "owner" includes the person for the time being receiving the rent of lands and buildings, or either of them, whether on his own account or as agent or trustee for any person or society or for any religious or charitable purpose, or who would so receive the same is the land or building were let to a tenant; and (e) the expression "street" includes any way, road, lane, square, court, alley, passage or open space, whether a thoroughfare or not, and whether built up on or not, over which the public have a right of way, and also the roadway and footway over any public bridge or causeway. 2. Whoever,- (a) being a medical practitioner, in the course of a practice becomes cognizant of the existence Information to be given of existence of of any infectious or con- infectious or contagious disorder. tagious disorder in any dwelling, other than a public hospital or dispensary, in the cantonment or, in default of such medical practitioner. (b) being the owner or occupier of such dwelling, is cognizant of the existence of any infectious or contagious disorder therein, or, in default of such owner or occupier. 6 (c) being the person in charge of or in attendance on, any person suffering from any infections or contagious disorder in such dwelling, is cognizant of the existence of such disorder therein, shall be bound to give information to the Cantonment Authority respecting the existence of such disorder: Provided that a person not required to give information in the first instance, but only in default of some other person, shall not be held to be bound to give information under this rule if it is shown that he had reasonable cause to suppose that the information had been, or would be, duly given. 3. (1) So far as the funds at its disposal permit, the Cantonment Authority may- Hospitals or dispensaries (a) provide and maintain, either within or without the cantonment, as many hospitals or dispensaries as may be necessary; or (b) make, upon such terms as it thinks fit to impose, a grant-in-aid to any hospital or dispensary, whether within or without the cantonment, not maintained by it. (2) Every hospital or dispensary maintained or aided under this rule shall have attached to it a ward or wards for the treatment of persons suffering from infectious or contagious disorders. 4. A medical officer to be appointed in such manner as the Local Government Medical Officer to be in charge of hospital may direct, shall be in charge of or dispensary. every hospital or dispensary main- tained or aided under Rule 3. 5. Subject to the control over the Cantonment Fund which is vested in Subordinate establishment for hospitals the Local Governments by Section 23 or dispensaries. of the Cantonments Act, 1889,* there shall be appointed, for every hospital *XIII. of 1889. or dispensary maintained or aided under Rule 3, such subordinate establishment as may be necessary. 6. So far as the funds at its disposal permit, the Cantonment Authority Medical supplies, appliances, &c. shall cause every hospital or dispensary maintained or aided under Rule 3 to be provided with- (a) all necessary drugs, instruments, apparatus, furniture, and appliances; (b) sufficient cots, bedding, and clothing for in-patients; and (c) such further requisites as may be necessary. 7. Every hospital or dispensary maintained or aided under Rule 3 shall be maintained in accordance with the rules Application of civil hospital rules. made generally or specially by the Governor-General in Council or the Local Government for the conduct of hospitals and dispensaries, or in accordance with the said rules modified in such manner as the Governor-General in Council or the Local Government may think proper. 8. At every hospital or dispensary maintained or aided under Rule 3, the sick poor of the cantonment, persons in Free patients. the cantonment suffering from infectious or contagious disorders and, with the sanction of the Cantonment Authority, any other sick persons, may receive medical treatment free of cost, and if treated as in-patients, shall be either dieted gratuitously, or should the medical officer in charge so direct, granted subsistence allowance on a scale to be determined by the Cantonment Authority: Provided that the subsistence allowance granted as aforesaid shall not be less than the lowest allowance for the time being fixed for the subsistence of †XIV. of 1882. judgement-debtors by the Local Govern- ment under section 338 of the Code of Civil Procedure. † 7 9. Any sick person who is ineligible under the last foregoing rule to Paying patients. receive medical treatment free of cost in any hospital or dispensary maintained or aided under Rule 3, may, upon such terms as the Cantonment Authority thinks fit to impose, be admitted to treatment in such hospital dispensary. 10. If the medical officer in charge of a hospital or dispensary maintained Power to call upon person suffering from or aided under Rule 3 has prima facie infectious or contagious disorder to attend grounds for believing that any person and remain in the hospital or dispensary. living in the cantonment is suffering from an infectious or contagious disorder, he may, by notice in writing in the form set forth in the schedule or in any similar form, call upon such person to attend the hospital or dispensary at a time to be specified in the notice, and not to quit it without the permission of the medical officer in charge unless and until such medical officer is satisfied, by examination, if necessary that such person is not in fact suffering, or is no longer suffering, from such a disorder: Provided that, if, having regard to the nature of the disorder, or the condition of the person suffering therefrom, or the general environment and circumstances of such person, the medical officer considers the attendance of the person at the hospital or dispensary inexpedient, he may dispense with such attendance and take such measures or give such directions as to him seem fit and proper. 11. If the medical officer in charge of a hospital or dispensary maintained or aided under Rule 3 reports in writing Power to exclude from cantonment. to the Commanding Officer of the cantonment that any person having received a notice as provided in Rule 10 has refused or omitted to attend at the hospital or dispensary, or that such person having attended at the hospital or dispensary has quitted it without the permission of such medical officer, the Commanding Officer may, if he thinks it expedient, by order in writing direct such person to remove from the cantonment within twenty-four hours and prohibit such person from remaining longer in, or re-entering, it without his written permission. 12. The Cantonment Authority may, Removal of brothels or prostitutes. by notice in writing, prohibit- (a) the keeping of a brothel, or (b) the residence of a public prostitute, in the cantonment, or in any specified part thereof. 13. No public prostitute shall be permitted Exclusion of public prostitutes from to reside within the limits of any regimental bazars. regimental bazar situated in the cantonment. 14. No person shall, in any street or public place within the limits of the cantonment, loiter for the purpose of prostitution Loitering or importuning for sexual or importune any person to the immorality prohibited. commission of sexual immorality: Provided that no person shall be charged with a breach of this rule except on the complaint of the person importuned, or of a member of the British military police-force employed in the cantonment and specially authorised in *XIII. of 1889. this behalf by the Commanding Officer of the cantonment, or of an officer as defined in the Cantonments Act. 1889. * Penalties. 15. (1.) Whoever, being bound by Rule 2 to give information to the Cantonment Authority respecting the Penalties. existence of an infectious or contagious disorder, fails to give information or gives false information, shall be punishable with fine, may extend to fifty rupees.8 (2.) Whoever,- (a) having under Rule 11, been prohibited from remaining in, or reentering, the cantonment, remains in, or re-enters, it without the written permission of the Commanding Officer ; or (b) fails to comply with a notice under Rule 12 ; or (c) commits a breach of Rule 14 ; shall be punishable with fine, which may extend to fifty rupees, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to eight days. 16. Any member of the police force employed in the cantonment may arrest without a warrant, any person committing Arrest without warrant. or charges with having committed, an offence punishable under Clause (2) (a) or Clause (2) (c) of the last foregoing rule ; Provided as follows:- (i.) No person shall be so arrested whose name and address are known to either the complainant or the arresting officer ; (ii.) No person shall be so arrested who consents to give his or her name and address, unless there is a reasonable ground for doubting the accuracy of the name or address so given, the burden of proof of which shall be on the arresting officer ; (iii.) No person so arrested shall be detained after his or her name and address have been ascertained ; (iv.) No person so arrested shall, except under the order of a Magistrate, be detained for longer than may be necessary for bringing him or her before a Magistrate; and (v.) No person shall be so arrested for a breach of Rule 14, except- (a) at the request of the person importuned or of an officer as *XIII. of 1889. defined in the Cantonments Act, 1889,* in whose presence the breach was committed; or (b) by, or at the request of, a member of the British Military Police force employed in the cantonment, and specially authorised in this behalf by the Commanding Officer of the cantonment in whose presence the breach was committed. _____________________________________________________________________ SCHEDULE. (See Rule 10.) To_________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Take notice that, under Rule 10 of the Rules under the Cantonments Act, 1889 (XIII. of 1889), published in the Gazette of India, 1897, Part I, page ______. you are hereby called to attend at the _______________________________ _____________________on__________ day, the _______________189 , at __________________ o'clock _________M., and not to quit the said hospital/dispensary without permission of the medical officer in charge, unless and until such officer is satisfied that you are not in fact suffering, or are no longer suffering, from an infectious or contagious disorder, that is to say, from ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Medical Officer in charge of the _____________________________ Dated , the 189 . 9 Enclosure No. 2. A Bill to Repeal the Cantonments Act Amendment Act, 1895, and to amend the Cantonments Act, 1889. Whereas it is expedient to repeal the Cantonments Act Amendment Act *V. of 1895. 1895,* and to amend the Cantonments Act, 1889, it is hereby enacted as XIII. of 1889. follows:- 1. (1) This Act may be called the Title and commencement. Cantonments Act, 1897, and (2) it shall come into force at once. Repeal of Act V. of 1895. 2. The Cantonments Act Amendment Act, 1895, is hereby repealed. 3. In Section 31 of the Cantonments Act. 1889, for the words "a commanding Amendment of Section 31 of Act XIII. officer" the words "a commanding, medical, of 1889. or other officer" shall be substituted. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ No. 3. From Major-General G. de C. Morton, C.B., Adjutant-General in India to the Secretary to the Government of India, Military Department, (No. 1315 D, "Special and Miscellaneous," dated Simla, the 14th May 1897). I have the honour, by direction of the Commander-in-Chief, to submit for the consideration of the Government if India From Secretary of State, No. 25, Military, His Excellency's views in respect to the dated 25th March 1897. suggestions of the Army Sanitary Com- mission for the suppression of venereal disease in the Army. 2. The Commander-in-Chief supports generally the proposal that British soldiers be inspected in view to the detection of venereal disease, but would exclude from such inspection married men, soldiers who have never been admitted to hospital for this disease, and whose who have been two years clear of treatment for it. His Excellency would, however, modify these exceptions in cases where there were reasonable grounds for believing that men were suffering from the disease. 3. Such a discrimination in the application of the system of inspection seems to His Excellency very desirable, as it would protect men who are conscious of moral rectitude from a parade which must be especially painful to their self- respect. It is true that recruits would thus in many instances be exempted from examination, but it appears fair to exempt men until they have shown themselves fitting subjects for examination, and in order to minimise any evil results to these young soldiers from concealment of disease. non-commissioned officers should be encouraged and held responsible for sending to hospital all men known to be infected. There is a natural feeling against men who treat themselves in the barrack-room and who use the common washing utensils, &c., and non-com- missioned officers will have less hesitation in reporting recruits that their older comrades. 4. As regards penal stoppages, Sir George White considers that the Army Act should be amended so as to include, amongst authorised deductions, the ordinary pay of a soldier for every day on which he is in hospital on account of venereal disease unless he can prove that the disease was contracted under circumstances not the result of his own immorality. B 1417110 It may perhaps be argues that the power specially conferred upon the Government of India by Section 136, Army Act, gives sufficient authority for the imposition of stoppages of pay such as those advocated above; but His Excellency thinks the powers delegated under this head to the Government of India were meant to provide for cases more or less special to India, and that it would not be expedient to use those powers to override a privilege or exemption from deduction of pay while in hospital which is secured to the British soldier everywhere under Section 138 (2) Army Act. It is also manifestly desirable that uniformity of procedure with regard to examination and penal stoppages should obtain throughout the British Army wherever stationed. 5. The Commander-in-Chief therefore strongly urges that the co-operation of the War Office be invited with a view to the necessary orders being issued from Army headquarters in England and also that the change in the Army Act and regulations may be universally applicable to the British Army, 6. With regard to punishment for concealment of venereal disease, sufficient powers already exist under Section 11, Army Act, and His Excellency thinks it will only be necessary to issue executive instructions for their rigid exercise. II. Telegram from the Secretary of State to Viceroy. Dated 6th July 1897. Your Military Letter, No. 73, dated 18th May last - Measures for checking venereal disease. You are authorised to proceed in manner proposed. Despatch follows. Military Despatch from Secretary of State to the Government of India, No. 50, dated 8th July 1897. My Lord, I have considered in Council your Excellency's Military Despatch No. 73, of the 18th May 1897, with which you forward for my consideration and approval a copy of the draft Rules which you propose to issue under Cantonments Act of 1889, in order to give effect to the decision of Her Majesty's Government as to the measures to be taken to check the spread of venereal disease among the British troops in India. 2. The Rules are in accordance with the instructions laid down in paragraph 11 of my Despatch no. 25 of 1897, and appear to be well calculated to effect the desired object. Very much will depend on their being worked with zeal and intelligence, and great care will also be necessary to ensure that the action of the Military authorities is kept strictly within the limits of the Rules. 3. Your Government are of opinion that these Rules, although drafted with the least degree of stringency necessary to enable cantonment authorities to deal with the evils against which they have to contend, may be nevertheless be held in a Court of Law to contravene Act V. of 1895, and you propose therefore to repeal the Act. I sanction accordingly the introduction of the Bill for this purpose, the draft of which is forwarded with your Despatch. A telegram conveying my approval to the Bill and to the draft Rules was sent to your excellency on the 6th instant. 11. 4. With reference to the suggestion of the Army Sanitary Commission that female hospital assistants should be employed under direction of medical officers in the examination the treatments of women, I do not concur in the opinion of your Government that it is an unnecessary and in many respects unsuitable provision. There may possibly be difficulties in carrying it out at present on an extensive scale, but I shall be glad if your Government will give it a trial where-ever practicable 5. I request that you will furnish me with copies of any warning which His Excellence the Commander-in-Chief, may issue for the benefit of young soldiers on their arrival in India, with regard to the dangers to which they are exposed, and the terrible consequences attending the contraction of venereal disease in a tropical climate. Copies should, I think, be furnished to all troops on embarkation for India. 6. I am in communication with the Secretary of State for War and His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief regarding the proposal made in paragraph 9 of your Lordship's despatch for the medical inspection of soldiers, penal stoppages for admission to hospital on account of venereal disease, and the punishment of men concealing the existence of this disease. I have, etc., GEORGE HAMILTON.LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONARY OFFICE, BY DARLING & SON, LTD., 1-3, GREAT ST. THOMAS APOSTLE, E.C. 1897.