BLACKWELL FAMILY ELIZABETH BLACKWELL Printed MatterLeigh B. Trust WOMEN AND WORK BY BARBARA LEIGH SMITH. (later Madam Bodichon) "For we are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus ; for there is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female, for ye are all one in Christ Jesus." -ST. PAUL "Be sure, no earnest work Of any honest creature, howbeit weak, Imperfect, ill adapted, fails so much It is not gathered as a grain of sand For carrying out God's end. No creature works So ill, observe, that there he's cashiered The honest, earnest man must stand and work ; The woman also ; otherwise she drops At once below the dignity of man, Accepting serfdom." -ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING. LONDON : BOSWORTH AND HARRISON, 215 REGENT STREET. MDCCCLVII.LONDON : Printed by G. BARCLAY, Castle St. Leicester Sq. PREFACE. ----- This Tract is addressed especially to men and women who live by the work of their hands or heads ; their ears are always the most open to reason ; they are the main mass and the hope of our country ; and it is they who are the most to blame in not training up their daughters to work. I beg all of you who read, to think seriously over my words ; if they have truth in them, it is a matter between God and your own souls that you act upon them. This Tract forms one of a series on the same subject-the "Improvement of Women," written by Englishwomen and American men. 5 Blandford Square, London, April, 1857. WOMEN AND WORK. WOMEN WANT PROFESSIONS. CRIES are heard on every hand that women are conspiring, that women are discontented, that women are idle, that women are overworked, and that women are out of their sphere. God only knows what is the sphere of any human being. Again, we hear cries that the world is going wrong for want of women, that moral progress cannot be made without their help; that Science wants the light of their delicate perceptions; that Moral Philosophy wants the light of their peculiar point of view; Political Economy, their directness of judgement and sympathy with the commonality; Government, the help of their power of organizing; and Philanthropy, their delicate tact. Hospitals must have them, asserts one; Watches must be made by them, cries another; Workhouses, Prisons, Schools, Reformatories, Penitentiaries, Sanatoriums, are going to rack and ruin for want of them; Medicine needs them, the Church calls for them, the Arts and Manufactures invites them. 6 WOMEN AND WORK. One great corresponding cry rises from a suffering multitude of women, saying, "We want work." Women are God's children equally with men. In Britain this is admitted; because it is a Christian country: in Mahommedan countries this is denied. We admit it as a principle, but we do not admit all that can be deduced from it: in practice we deny what we affirm in theory. If we are God's children, we owe certain duties to Him. The life of most women is a practical denial of such duties. God sent all human beings into the world for the purpose of forwarding, to the utmost of their power, the progress of the world. We must each leave the world a little better than we found it. Consider all the evils in the world; you will see they are such as God has given us power to cure. We could not prevent good if we set about it, but evil we can hinder; it has in it the seeds of death, while all good influences are protected by God. This is a striking example:- "In the present state of ethnological science these principles are established:- "1st. Between two races which mix, the more beautiful reproduces its type, in preference to the more ugly. "2d. Two ugly races who mix, produce, nevertheless, a cross finer than their father and mother. "This generic law ought not to surprise us, for nature tends without ceasing to perfectionate humanity. * One duty in this world is to try and make it what God intends it shall become; we are His tools. By working for the salvation of this world, we may chance *"Etude sur l'Algérie et l'Afrique, par Bodichon, Docteur Médecin á Alger. WOMEN AND WORK. 7 to achieve our own in another, but never by any other means. To set to work to save our own souls is as foolish as for a man on horseback to try and pull up his fallen horse, or endeavour to use a lever without a fulcrum. To do God's work in the world is the duty of all, rich and poor, of all nations, of both sexes. No human being has a right to be idle, no human being must use the earth as a stable, and "eat off his own head." Whatever comes under our hands should be bettered by the touch of our fingers. The land we own we should drain and make more fertile for ever. The children who are in our power should be educated. If a sickness falls upon our town, we must try to stop its progress, and to alleviate the sufferings it occasions. If an old roof lets in the rain, we must new-slate it. If an old pot comes to us to mend, we must mend it as best we can. And we must train ourselves to do our work well. It is a good thing to ask ourselves daily the question, "Have I eaten my head off to-day?" Women must, as children of God, be trained to do some work in the world. Women may not take a man as a god: they must not hold their first duty to be towards any human being. Never, since the world began, have women stood face to face with God. Individual women have done so, but not women in general. They are beginning to do it now; the principle that Jesus Christ laid down is beginning to be admitted. Young women begin to ask at the age of sixteen or seventeen, "What am I created for? Of what use am I to be in the world?" According to the answer is often the destiny of the creature. Mothers! the responsibility lies with you; what8 WOMEN AND WORK. do you say in answer? I fear it is almost always something to this purport: "You must marry some day. Women were made for men. Your use is to bear children; to keep your home comfortable for your husband. In marriage is the only respectable life for woman." If a girl has a religious or an inquiring mind, she will be much dissatisfied with this answer, and say, "But if no one ask me to marry whom I can love? or suppose I do not want to marry? Suppose my husband dies? or what am I to do all the years I have to wait for a husband? Is there nothing I can do for anybody?" The newness of the world and the vigour of young life will prevent some years from being absolutely miserable. Among the rich, music, languages, drawing- "accomplishments," in fact, fill up much of life, and stop the questionings and discontent of heart. In so far as they do this they are pernicious. In so far as they are amusements only, they are killing to the soul. It is better far to hear the voice of the hungry soul loud and crying. It is better to have the bare fact of idleness, than to be busy always doing nothing. Accomplishments, which are amusements only, do more harm than good. Do not misunderstand: all "accomplishments" may be works, serious studies ; and may, by helping others to bear life better, and give pleasure to those who have none, be made worthy work for women; but for this end they must be studied faithfully and with self-devotion. Women in modern life, even in the humblest, are no longer spinsters. Their spinning is all done by the steam-engine; their sewing will be soon all done by that same mighty worker. The work of our ances- WOMEN AND WORK. 9 tresses is taken away from us; we must find fresh work. Idleness, or worse than idleness, is the state of tens of thousands of young women in Britain: in consequence, disease is rife amongst them; that one terrible disease, hysteria, in its multiform aspects, incapacitates thousands. There is nothing in the world so sad, so pitiful to see, as a young woman, who has been handsome, full of youthful joy, animal spirits and good nature, fading at thirty or thirty-five. Becoming old to soon, getting meagre, dried up, sallow, pettish, peevish, the one possible chance of life getting very uncertain, and the mind so continually fixed on that one hope that it becomes gradually a monomania. It is difficult for fathers and mothers when they look at their daughters young, charming, full of cheerfulness and life, to think that they can change; but alas! probably they will in ten years change sadly. No cheerfulness that does not spring from duty and work can be lasting. I believe more than one-half the women who go into the Catholic Church join her because she gives work to her children. Happier far is a Sister of Charity or Mercy than a young lady at home without a work or a lover. We do not mean to say work will take the place of love in life, that is impossible; does it with men? But we ardently desire that women should not make love their profession. Love is not the end of life. It is nothing to be sought for; it should come. If we work, love may meet us in life; if not, we have something still beyond all price. If women were in active life mixing much with men, the common attraction of sex merely would not 10 WOMEN AND WORK. be so much felt, but rather the attractions of natures especially adapted to each other. - "Whoever says To a loyal woman, 'Love and work with me,' Will get fair answer, if the work and Love, Being good themselves, are good for her, the best She was born for. Women of a softer mood, Surprised by men when scarce awake to life, Will sometimes only hear the first word, Love, And catch up with it any kind of work Indifference, so that dear Love go with it. I do not blame such women, though for love They pick much oakum." "Certainly it would make unmarried women happier to have professions. But is it not discouraging to give a girl a training for a trade when we know that if she married she will most surely give it up? She must, you know, if she has children, and nine out of ten women do marry and have children." Taking your statement as true, which, by the bye it is not, (for, of women at the age of twenty and upwards, 43 out of the 100 in England and Wales are unmarried,) we can answer that it is worth while. 1stly, A girl will make a better wife for having had such serious training. 2ndly, Your daughter may not marry. It is your duty to provide for that possibility; and she will surely be ill, miserable, or go mad, if she has no occupation. 3rdly, It may be years before your daughter finds a husband. It is your duty to give her worthy work, or to allow her to choose it; and certainly she is more likely to be attractive and to get a good husband, if she is cheerful and happy in some work, than if she, being miserable and longing for a change, clutches at the first offer made her. 4thly, WOMEN AND WORK. 11 Suppose the man she may love is poor, by her labour she can help to form their mutual home. Birds, both cock and hen, help one another to build their nest. 5thly, Your daughter may be left to act as both father and mother to children dependent on her for daily bread. But is it certain that a girl will give up her occupation when married? Are there not quite enough women carrying on business, professions, different works after marriage, to prove that it is possible, and much for the benefit of husbands and children? It is absurd to look to remote consequences and possibilities; all we can do is walk straight on the little bit of way we see clearly with our foggy vision? If it be right for girls to ask for work, give it to them. If your daughter says, "Teach me a trade," you have no right to refuse her. She may have to earn her own living; and hard indeed will be the struggle, if with no training, no habits of work, she enters into competition with the skilled workers of the world, and those who have habits of hard application. Every human being should work; no one should owe bread to any but his or her parents. A child is dependent on its parents for bread as a child: idiots and imbeciles must be fed all their lives; but rational beings ask nothing from their parents save the means of gaining their own livelihood. Fathers have no right to cast the burden of the support of their daughters on other men. It lowers the dignity of women; and tends to prostitution, whether legal or in the streets. As long as fathers regard the sex of a child as a reason why it should not be taught to gain its own bread, so long must women be degraded. Adult women12 WOMEN AND WORK. must not be supported by men, if they are to stand as dignified, rational beings before God. Esteem and friendship would not give or accept such a position, and Love is destroyed by it. How fathers, knowing men, can give up their daughters to be placed in such a degrading position, is difficult to understand. Human nature is better than human institutions; and there is, in spite of all the difficulties and dangers, a good deal of happiness in married life in Britain. But how much misery that might be prevented! Women must have work if they are to form equal unions. Work will enable women to free themselves from petty characteristics, and therefore ennoble marriage. The happiest married life we can recall ever to have seen is the life of two workers, a man and a woman equal in intellectual gifts and loving hearts; the union between them being founded in their mutual work. Women who act as house-keepers, nurses, and instructors of their children, often do as much for the support of the household as their husbands; and it is very unfair for men to speak of supporting a wife and children when such is the case. When a woman gives up a profitable employment to be governess to her own family, she earns her right to live. We war against idleness, whether of man or woman, and every one is idle who is not making the best use of the faculties nature has given them. How often dreary years of waiting for marriage might be saved by the woman doing just so much work as would keep her soul alive and her heart from stagnation, not to say corruption! We know an instance, a type of thousands. B, a young man was engaged to M; they were both without fortunes. B WOMEN AND WORK. 13 worked for years to gain enough money to marry upon. M lived as young ladies usually do ---- doing nothing but reading novels and 'practicing.' She became nervous, hysterically ill, and at last died of consumption. B, overworked and struck with grief, became mad. I could add a score of such cases. Ask medical men the effects of idleness in women. Look into lunatic asylums, then you will be convinced something must be done for women. Think of the noble capacities of a human being. Look at your daughters, your sisters, and ask if they are what they might be if their faculties had been drawn forth; if they had liberty to grow, to expand, to become what God means them to be. When you see girls and women dawdling in shops, choosing finery, and talking scandal, do you not think they might have been better with some serious training? Do you think women are happy? Look at unmarried women of thirty five -- the prime of life. Do you know one who is healthy and happy? If you do, she is one who has found her work: --- "Blessed is he who has found his work, let him ask no other blessedness." "My God! if I had anything to do, I could bear this grief," said a girl whose lover was just dead. Another living only in her lover who was a sailor, saw a false statement in a newspaper, that he was drowned -- she lost her reason instantly and never recovered it. We do not say that if she had been a medical student or a watchmaker that the grief might not have turned her brain; but most certainly she would have had a stronger and a stouter reason, and some cause to wish to live. It is a noble thing even to make good watches, and well worth living for.14 WOMEN AND WORK. For our part, when we think of the lives of most women, how they are centered and bound up in human affection, living no life but that of love, we cannot wonder at reason going when love is lost. "Oh! that I had now what you men call the consolations of philosophy," said a woman whose heart was sorely tried. The consolations of philosophy which men have, are indeed great when philosophy means the knowledge of God's works, but not enough unless some branch of the philosophy involves work. The man who works to discover the habits of an insect, or the woman who watches the growth and means of nourishment of a polype - whoever works, is consoled. I have a great respect for the young lady, who, being desperately in love, and having to give up her lover, went through the first four books of Euclid that she might not think of him. But I think it must have been heavy work, and that if she had been studying to be an architect, her purpose would have been better answered. It is surprising to see girls study so much as they do, considering how constantly the idea is put before them they must give it up some day. We were talking with Dr. Emily Blackwell a little while before she left England to join her sister, Dr. Elizabeth, in New York, as to the possibility of married women continuing in the exercise of professions if they had many children. She said: "Granting women want to be doctors, and that medical science has need of women, women must, and will, enter the profession. I think it most probable that women will modify the practice of medicine; they will, probably, practise in groups, taking different branches; but we can hardly tell what effect the introductions of women may have WOMEN AND WORK. 15 upon the medical profession. We shall see in time; depend upon it, it will be good." Our gracious Queen fulfills the very arduous duties of her calling, and manages also to be the active mother of many children. Each woman must so arrange her own life as best to fulfil all her duties. Women can be trusted to do the best for their young children: maternal love is too strong ever to be weakened by any love of a science, art, or profession. As the human being is larger and nobler, so will all the natural affection be larger and nobler too. Let women take their places as citizens in the Commonwealth, and we shall find they will fulfil all their home duties the better. There are now many trades open to women with good training in bookkeeping and knowledge of some especial branch of business, not difficult to acquire, if fathers would help their daughters as they help their sons. Two or three young women together might enter upon most shoe-keeping businesses. But very few young women know enough arithmetic to keep accounts correctly. We remember seeing two young women who kept a shop in a country village, slaving to answer the perpetual tinkle tinkle of the shop-bell, dealing our half-pennyworths of goodies, bacon, or candles - who, when asked how much they were paid yearly for the hard work of attending the shop, hardly understood the question, and only knew that generally they did not have to pay more for their goods than they sold them for, and got their food into the bargain, week by week. "But how do you make your other expenses out?" "By letting lodgings," said they. 16 WOMEN AND WORK. It is unjust to say sneeringly, "If women want to work, why don't they?" It is not an easy thing for a boy brought up to manhood to expect a large fortune to gain his livelihood if he be suddenly deprived of every farthing he possesses; and much is the pity lavished upon him. Probably friends lend him some hundreds of pounds for him to live upon, while he prepared for some profession. The case of most women who are left destitute is much harder, and there are fewer paths open to them, and these are choke full. We are sick at heart at the cries that have been raised about distressed needle-women, and decayed gentlewomen, and broken-down governesses. Much sympathy has been felt, but little solid thought given to the subject. There is no way of aiding governesses or needle-women but by opening more ways of gaining livelihoods for women. It is the most efficacious way of preventing prostitution. "It is a terrible incident of our social existence," says "The Times," in a leader. Wednesday, February 11, "that the resources for gaining a livelihood left open to women are so few. At present the language practically held by modern society to destitute women may be resolved into Marry - Stitch - Die - or do worse?" Apprentice 10,000 to watchmakers; train 10,000 for teachers for the young; make 10,000 good accountants; put 10,000 more to be nurses under deaconesses trained by Florence Nightingale; put some thousands in the electric 1000 lecturers for mechanics' institutions; 1000 readers to read the best books to the working people; train up 10,000 to manage washing-machine, sewing-machines, WOMEN AND WORK. 17 &c. Then the distressed needle-women would vanish; the decayed gentlewoman and broken-down governesses would not longer exist.* It is only fathers and mothers who have the power to effect this change. Remember the next generation is ours to form and model as we will. If all fathers and mothers were faithfully to discharge their duties to their daughters, the next generation would see women *WHITE SLAVERY To the Editor of "The Times." SIR, - Will you permit me through the medium of your valuable paper to make known one of the many cases of cruelty and insult to which governesses are exposed? I was one of about fifty ladies (most of whom were accomplished gentlewomen) who applied last week in reply to an advertisement in "The Times," for a situation as governess in a family in the neighbourhood of Kingsland. The applicants went from all parts of London and its environs, many were in consequence quite overcome with fatigue, having walked long distances to save expense. After having been kept standing in the cold, draughty hall more than an hour, I at last obtained an interview with the lady, and learnt that the duties of the governess would consist in educating, and taking the entire charge of the children, seven in number, two being quite babies, to perform for them all the menial offices of a nurse, make and mend their clothes; tp teach at least three accomplishments, and "fill up the leisure hours of a evening by playing to company." For these combined duties the munificent sum of 10l. per annum was offered! I ascertained for a fact, that the two domestic servants in the same family were paid 12l. and 10l/ Surely in a country like ours some employment besides that of teaching could be found for educated women, or at least better treatment might be expected for those whom is intrusted the responsible duty of forming the minds and manners of the rising generation. As the best means of correcting this evil, may I beg you, Sir, to wield your powerful pen in behalf of this much-abused class of individuals.? A POOR GOVERNESS. B18 WOMEN AND WORK. healthier, happier, and more beautiful than women have ever been. WORK - not drudgery, but WORK - is the great beautifier. Activity of brain, heart, and limb, gives health and beauty, and makes women fit to be the mothers of children. A listless, idle, empty-brained, empty-hearted, ugly woman has no right to bear children. To think a woman is more feminine because she is frivolous, ignorant, weak and sickly, is absurd; the larger-natured a woman is, the more decidedly feminine she will be; the stronger she is, the more strongly feminine. You do not call a lioness unfeminine, though she is different in size and strength from the domestic cat, or mouse. If men think they shall lose anything charming by not having ignorant, dependent women about them, they are quite wrong. The vivacity of women will not be injured by their serious work. None play so heartily as those who work heartily. The playfulness of women which makes them so sympathetic to children, is deep in their nature; and greater development of their whole natures will only increase this and all their natural gifts. It is often said, it is wrong of daughters to leave their parents to follow this or that pursuit. Mothers and fathers say nothing, if their daughters leave them to be married. It is much more important to the welfare of girl's soul that she be trained to work than that she marry. It is very hard for children to battle against this feeling in mothers and fathers, even when they feel it most unreasonable. Generally, daughters have neither the courage to choose work, nor the resignation to submit with cheerfulness to be children all their days. Oh, girls, who are now suffering in WOMEN AND WORK. 19 this battle, remember your sufferings when you have children, and do unto them as you would you had been done unto! Children who spend their lives in ministering to the little fancies and whims of a father or mother, who, from the old habit of childish obedience, cannot break through the slavery of home-life, should remember, that by wasting their lives in such trivial duties they weaken their own intellects and hearts, and will surely one day or other be dependent upon such attentions themselves. Far be it from us to say that children do not owe deeds of reverence and duty to their parents - they do, most certainly. All that ennobles women will make them discharge these more faithfully. But for two or three daughters to remain at home idle, with the pretence of attending on a father or mother who is not even always old, infirm, or ill, is absurd. The pretence breaks down as soon as a "good match" offers. There are, moreover, many professions, such as medicine, many branches of decorative art, woodcutting, engraving, watchmaking, &c., &c., which, after some time of apprenticeship, can be carried on at home. The alteration of the laws concerning married women's property will make a great difference in the public feeling as regards women working after marriage. The 60,000 women who have signed petitions for the alteration of the law, and which alteration will give them a right to their own earnings after marriage, have quite settled the question as to whether women want to earn money or not. Women do want work, and girls must be trained for professions. PROFESSIONS WANT WOMEN. Ask the thousands of soldiers who passed under20 WOMEN AND WORK. the consoling hands of Florence Nightingale and her noble band, what profession wants women! The profession of nursing wants women, and will have them. I think those same soldiers, if they could vote, would elect women to fill the whole commissariat department. Ask the emigrants who went out to Australia year after year under the careful and wise system of Caroline Chisholm's colonization, how women can organize and what professions they should fill. I think they would answer, 'As organizers of colonization, emigration, secretaries to colonies,' &c. &c. Ask those interested in the reform of juvenile criminals. They will say, 'Mary Carpenter is appointed by nature to be establisher and inspector of such schools. Women are wanted in the vast vocation of reformation.' Miss Dix of New York is another appointment by Divine command. She established and improved lunatic asylums in all parts of the Union, prompted by her own mission to the work. At present she is aided, and power delegated to her, by the United States Government.* *Miss Dix was left dependent on her own resources at twelve years of age, and until she became possessed of a moderate competency upon which now she lives, she supported herself by teaching, contributing besides to the maintenance and education of two relatives. As soon as her means permitted her to give up her profession, she devoted herself to philanthropic objects, and for a short period (about two years, we believe) she spent her time chiefly in visiting prisons. It was there that her attention was drawn to the miserable condition of lunatics, for whose proper care scarcely any provision had then been made throughout the United States. The plan of farming them out individually to those who would admit them into their homes had been tried, but abandoned in consequence of the WOMEN AND WORK. 21 But women of far more ordinary power than Miss Dix show their capacity for managing the insane. In the January number of the "Psychological Journal," is an account of an Asylum for female lunatics at Ghent, which is managed by a "Sœur Supérieure" and her assistant Sisters of Charity (the physicians are non- horrible suffering to which the poor creatures were subjected, often from the impossibility of restraining them, by any but painful means, from injuring themselves and others. In the almost total absence of asylums, the workhouse was the only refuge for the harmless insane, while the violent were sent to prison. Shocked by this confounding of misfortune with crime, and by the hopelessness of cure which such treatment involved, Miss Dix thenceforth gave herself up entirely to the cause, wherein her labours entitle her to be regarded as the apostle of the insane. Nineteen asylums have been established in her native country, at her instance; they are supported partly by funds granted by Government, and partly by donations obtained by her from private individuals, one of which amounted to 40,000 dollars. She has been the means of passing thirty-two Acts of Legislature for the better care of the insane, appearing publicly in none, but taking all details upon herself, and not trusting a word of her clauses to clerks or official men. Her efforts, however, have not been limited to establishing asylums only, but she has, by constant inspection throughout the United States, satisfied herself that no abuses exist in their management, or, if found to exist, that they are speedily remedied. Having long laboured in America, she crossed the Atlantic a few years ago, and since then has visited, we believe, every country in Europe, except Spain and Portugal; investigating, so far as it was possible, the condition of the insane in each, and making herself acquainted with the state of the prisons and charitable institutions. She met, as might be expected, with great variety in the treatment of lunatics, and sometimes found them subjected to cruelty and neglect; but in numerous instances she saw them admirably cared for in the government asylums, and that occasionally in countries, as for example Russia, which we are accustomed to consider as backward in social improvement. As regards private asylums in all countries, Miss Dix22 WOMEN AND WORK. resident). "The number of resident lunatics under treatment, on the day of my visit," writes Dr. Webster, "amounted to 269 altogether, of whom 201 were considered incurables. 'No person was under restraint of any kind whatever, nor in seclusion. Indeed, it may be added, that physical coercion in any form is very seldom employed at this establishment; the great object constantly kept in view being to amuse and occupy the inmates, whereby tranquility becomes presses a most unfavourable opinion. Even in England, she has found them to be the scene of fearful abuses; and though she knows that many are well managed, and under the superintendence of most humane and enlightened men, we have heard her say, that she would herself on no account place any patient elsewhere than in a public institution. It is most consolatory to find that her extensive experience of insanity has led her to the conviction that, with judicious treatment, and by attacking the malady in time, ninety-five cases per cent are curable, without danger of relapse. Miss Dix returned to America in September last to resume her philanthropic labours in her own country. They necessitate constant travelling from place to place; and the fact that for twelve years past she has had no settled home will help us to estimate their extent. It is peculiarly appropriate to the object these pages have in view to state, that Miss Dix believes no duty is more urgent, or more completely within the power of educated women to fulfil, than that of investigating and watching over the treatment of the insane. Few probably could so wholly devote themselves to it as she has done; but by making labouring in the same path great benefit might be conferred on this most unhappy class of our fellow-creatures. The results she has achieved may appear apocryphal to strangers, but are readily understood by those acquainted with her untiring zeal, persuasive eloquence, and indomitable resolution. These qualities, beside enabling her to operate on the mind and hearts of the sane, give her also great influence over the lunatic; and instances have frequently occurred, in which raving madmen, whom no one else dared to approach, have been rendered calm by her. WOMEN AND WORK. 23 promoted, at the same time that such means tend to improve their mental condition. In one apartment, upwards of a dozen young females - all idiots or imbeciles - were assembled at their singing lesson, under the tuition of a zealous 'Sister.' These poor girls sang delightfully, accompanied by their teacher on the piano, which made quite a musical treat; and as several juvenile performers were blind or dumb, while their execution hence seemed more surprising, this unexpected performance, by intellectually bedimmed and unfortunate fellow-creatures, caused us greater satisfaction." Madame Luce, the first establisher of schools for Moorish girls, is another instance of an appointment by nature. "Madame Luce," writes a lady who has recently visited her school in Algiers, "came to Algiers shortly after the conquest, and has resided here ever since - viz., twenty-seven years. She was a teacher, probably in the family of some one of the resident functionaries, of whom the French mode of government entails so many upon all countries under her care. In 1845 she was a widow, Madame Allix, though, for the sake of avoiding confusion, we have already called her by the name she bears. She was also poor, having only a small sum of money on which to commence an undertaking upon which her heart had been long set - a school in which her heart has been long set - a school in which girls of Mohammedan family should be taught the language, and somewhat of the civilisation, of the conquering race. The government had already established schools for instructing native boys in French, &c. But these institutions were not flourishing, the Mohammedans dreaded intrusting their children to Christians, more particularly if the Catholic priests24 WOMEN AND WORK. had any share in the work; and one Muphti, a Mohammedan ecclesiastic, was actually deported to the Ile St. Marguerite for contumacy upon this subject. As to the girls, nobody ever thought of them; and, indeed, any European who came to know the ways and customs of the Moresques, the religious and social tyranny under which they suffer, and their own utter debased ignorance, might well despair of effecting any sort of good among them. The lower ranks walk about the streets closely veiled, excepting a narrow slit for the eyes; but the upper class of Moorish women rarely stir out except to the bath or the cemetery. Three or four times a-year to the mosque completes their part in the religious ceremonies enjoined by the Koran. They have very little to do with religion; active charity is impossible under the multitude of restrictions amidst which they exist; they can neither read nor write, and they are not taught any manual art by which women deprived of other means of subsistence might gain their daily bread. Neither can they be said to be housewives. The simple maniere d'etre of the Eastern nations, their fine climates, their scanty furniture, their idle slovenly existence, give no sort of scope to the virtues of a farmer's or of a mechanic's wife. To 'suckle fools' is indeed the duty of mothers all the world over; but the corresponding occupation of 'chronicling small beer' is no part of the vocation of a Moresque. To wash their linen and hang it out to dry either on the rails of their court or on the terrace-roof which is possessed by every house; to clamber over the said roof and its partition on to her neighbour's (the received way of paying calls in Algiers), there to drink coffee and to offer the same in requital; to dress up very fine upon occasion - gauze, silk, rib- 25 WOMEN AND WORK. bons, and jewels - and very shabbily and dirtily on other occasions in the debris of former splendour; such seems to be the idea of life entertained by, or permitted to, these poor creatures. In sickness it is still worse; they refuse to take the commonest precautions, preferring the 'will of Allah' to any of the alleviations of science and skills. They object to being visited by French medical men, because the intruder is of the other sex; and, even if they did not object, it would probably bring them into great trouble with their husbands. Whole families die off for want of vaccination, or proper separation of sick and well in fever. They do not know their own ages, in which they are no worse than the men; for it is only of the late years that the French have procured the regular registration of children, male and female; while, for the crowning affliction and degradation of their lives, they are liable to be sold in marriage at the age of eleven or twelve, while yet merely children: they assume the veil when eight years old. We read in Mr. Morell's book upon Algiers that 'Moorish women are valued by weight!' - a somewhat singular standard of feminine elegance; and that 'marriages among the Moors, as with most other Mussulmans, are contracted through third parties and gossips - the young people never meeting till the wedding-day.' "Such was the human material which Madame Luce dared to conceive of as capable of being raised to something approaching the condition of her European sister. This was the way in which she set to work, being profoundly persuaded that till something was done to alter the social spirit of Moorish interiors, no true amalgamation with the conquering race could ever take place.26 WOMEN AND WORK. "While collecting her small funds, and laying her large plans, she perfected herself in the knowledge of the native language; and in 1845, fifteen years after the conquest, she commenced a campaign among the Moorish families of her personal acquaintance, endeavouring to persuade the fathers and mothers to intrust their little girls to her care for a few hours every day, that they might be taught to read and write French, and also to sew neatly - an accomplishment in which the Moresques are as deficient as they are in Latin and mathematics. By dint of coaxing, presents, entreaties, and the most solemn assurances that she would not interfere with the religion of the children - by using, in short, her personal influence with all the energy of a philanthropist and the tact of a Frenchwoman, she contrived to get together four little girls, whom she installed in a house she hired for the purpose, and she began to teach them without an hour's delay. In writing this account I follow a long memorial addressed by her to the Minister of War, corroborated by my own personal observation on the present state of the school. By degrees, as the rumour of her plan spread among the Musselmans, one child after another dropped in on her, till the numbers ran up to thirty and to forty. Finding it answer beyond her hopes, she then began to demand support from the local government - the same support which they have to the education of boys - telling the officials that it was in vain to hope to rear a better, more rational and civilised race of Musselmans, so long as their wives and the mothers of the next generation were left in worse than the ignorance of the brutes, to whom God has given sufficient intelligence for the performance of the simple duties and the enjoyment of the simple pleasures of their state. But WOMEN AND WORK. 27 the Algerine officials saw no manner of good in education Moorish women; they could not understand that 'as the wife is, so the husband is,' reversing Tennyson's well-known stanza in Locksley Hall; and though they complimented Madame Luce upon her energy, they declined allowing her pecuniary assistance. She, who has counted on demonstrating to them the value and the success of the experiment, was almost in despair. The expenses were heavy, and altogether defrayed by her; the children had to be bribed to come - to be helped, such as were of poor families, by food and clothing, lodging, school-books, - all fell upon small means; and though the school answered in all its moral and intellectual ends, there seemed nothing for it but to close it, and lament over the failure of so noble an experiment and the waste of much time and money. The 30th of December, 1845, came, on which day the Council of Administration was to meet. She waited in breathless suspense, hoping something would be said about the school. Evening came: she learnt they had not even mentioned her; and on New Year's-day 1846 the school was closed! Perhaps the reader will think she was at last daunted, being deserted by the local authorities, and being upwards of 900 miles from the central government, to reach which was a far longer, more difficult, and expensive journey than it is at present. Madame Luce had little or no money; and though some of the heads of affairs at Algiers had offered her a small sum as indemnification to herself, she had absolutely refused it, saying it was not personal help she wanted, but support to an undertaking of great national importance. "What, then, did she do next? She pawned her plate, her jewels, even a gold thimble, the gift of a28 WOMEN AND WORK. friend, and set off for Paris, which she reached early in February, and there she at once sent in to the Minister of War that memorial from which we have taken the preceding details. She also visited in person most of the influential deputies, and endeavoured to prepossess them in favour of her plans. In Paris she found the official mind more sympathising than in the military colony, and at last saw daylight begin to break. They gave her 3000 francs for the cost of her journey, and she also came in for 1100 from some property belonging to her dead husband, M. Allix (1000 francs amount to 40l.) They also urged her to return to Algiers and recommence operations, and promised to give her further support. So she set out on her way home, and reached Algiers once more in June, when she reopened her school amidst great rejoicings from parents and children. But here again came in the spirit of official delay, and seven more months elapsed before her school was fairly adopted by government, with a proper salary to herself and defrayal of expense. During these seven months the school kept rising in numbers, and she was put to the greatest shifts to keep it together. M. the Abbe Pelletan, cure of Algiers, gave her a little money and a great deal of sympathy; the Count Guyot, a man high in office, helped her from his own private purse, having always felt a great personal interest in the undertaking. To him, when the necessities of the day pressed too heavily, she sent one of her negresses, for she was obliged to keep two to attend to the house and to fetch and reconduct the pupils. Count Guyot would then send a small sum for her assistance. He also one day gave a small bag of money left by the Due de Nemours for the benefit of a journal which had at that time WOMEN AND WORK. 29 ceased to exist, telling her she might have whatever it contained. She opened the bag and found 200 francs inside; 'And this money,' she said, 'appeared to me to come from Providence.' So she got along, 'from hand to mouth,' as the saying is, with an increasing school; and she engaged an Arab mistress, formerly teacher in the family of Hussein Bey, and a remarkable instance of native cultivation, to assist her in the instruction of the pupils, also to superintend their religious exercises; 'For,' says Madame Luce, 'it does not do to leave children without any religion;' so that being, by the very fact of the existence of her school at all, debarred from teaching them her own faith, she preferred their being properly instructed in that of their parents - a faith which contains some of the elements of Christian verity, inasmuch as it inculcates a profound belief in, and reverence for, one only God, and impresses a sense of moral responsibility in regard to right and wrong. "My readers will remember that Madame Luce had in this matter no power of free action, and she would not have got a single child but for her sacredly pledged vow that she would not endeavour to instil her own religion. At length, in January 1847, the storms were weathered; the school was formally adopted by Government, and received its first visit of official inspection, at which Count Guyot was present. The inspector declared himself more than satisfied with the condition of the children, not thinking it possible that so much progress could have been made in instructing Moresques. On this occasion the gentlemen were received by thirty-two pupils and the Arab sub-mistress unveiled, which Madame Luce considered a great moral triumph. She always works against the use of the veil, thinking, and truly thinking, as it seems to us, 30 WOMEN AND WORK. that it is far from conducive to true modesty of bearing, which should be simple and straightforward, of that purity which 'thinketh no evil.' "Since 1847 Madame Luce at one time established a workshop, where the elder pupils executed work for the ladies of the place, and earned in this way a considerable sum of money; learning at the same time to appreciate the value of labour. They had always a week's stock waiting for them in advance, when the Government put an end to it - whether for the sake of economising the salary for the sewing-mistress who superintended it, and which did not amount to more than 35l. a-year, or whether for the sake of exclusively favouring some similar institution set on foot by the nunes, - Madame Luce does not know; but she greatly regrets the stoppage, as she considers it one of the most useful parts of her whole scheme. She is obliged to pay great attention to the intellectual training of her pupils, because the gentlemen-inspectors think far more a well-turned French phrase than of a neatly-sown frock; but she individually, feels more anxious about the industrial education than anything else; thinking it of the utmost importance that Moorish women should possess some means of gaining a respectable livelihood, to say nothing of the eminent need in their own homes of neatness and order, and the power of making and mending their own and their husbands' clothes. "I must add that there is nothing very elaborate or first-rate in the management of this school. It seems to be a system alternating between kindness and a many-thonged leathern whip, of which the wild WOMAN AND WORK. 31 young folk did not seem particularly to stand in awe. Living, as they all do, at home, fetched backwards and forwards every day by negresses specially attached to the school for this task, and being, moreover, condemned at all the evil influences of possible early marriages, more than a certain amount of goof cannot be done. They must still be rough and savage, and distress the looker-on by the coarse expression of face which two generations of training cannot remove. But they are actually taught to read and write in a foreign language, to do the first few rules of arithmetic, to sew, and to be proud of Madame Luce. They learn to conceive tof their wn sex as of rational and responsible beings, to think that they can earn money and support themselves. The present Moorish teacher is a young woman, who in all ways looks like a French woman. She has passed a regular examination, and taken out her diploma; indeed, I was astonished to find that she was a Moresque and a Musselman. Some of the older girls had been many years with Madame Luce, and are monitors. "Every Moresque thus educated carries into her home the seed of a better state of moral thought and feeling, germs of a kindlier sentiment towards the conquering race, and a prospect that her own little daughter will have to contend with fewer social prejudices in working out a good and useful career. There is another school of the same sort now in Algiers, and I believe more than one in the provinces of Algeria, established by government after the example of the original founder. But in looking at the advance of female education in Algeria, those who may chance to visit this beautiful land should never forget that the first seed was sown by a woman, poor, and without the32 WOMEN AND WORK. aids and appliances which rank bestows; that, by her unaided energy, she not only set afloat the principle of education for native women, but with expenditure of time, trouble, and limited means, forced the government also to recognise its value; finally, that the boys' schools have themselves succeeded much better since the impetus give by her to the idea of intellectual advancement in the mind of Moors and Arabs. Let us, therefore, in Britain learn, and hold in respect, the name of MADAME LUCE." Madame Marie Carpentier Pape, who for twenty years has devoted herself to establishing and conducting infant-schools in France (Salle d'Asiles), led to the work by the peculiar gifts of her nature, is another example. As a private individual she began, gradually extending her sphere of usefulness: her book "Conseils sur la Directions des Salles d'Asile," was crowned by the French Academy, and authorized by the Conseil Royal de l'Universite, and after years of difficulty and hard work she is now at the head of the Normal School in Paris. As an illustration of the power evinced by women sometimes in still more unusual directions - we cannot refrain from the pleasure of quoting from the "Daily News," March 18th, the following story: - One day last month the people in the streets of New York observed a litter, evidently containing a sick person, carried up from the shipping to the Battery Hotel. Beside the litter walked a young creature who, but for her careworn countenance and her being near her confinement, might have been taken for a little school-girl. Her story soon became known, and it had presently reached all hearts. She is now twenty. At seventeen she had married a sea-captain - a gallant young fellow of five-and-twenty, she WOMAN AND WORK. 33 being a softly-reared young lady of East Boston. Just after the marriage, Captain Patton was offered the command of a ship - the Neptune's Car - prepared for the circumnavigation of the globe, and ready to sail that day but for the illness of the commander. Captain Patton declined the offer, declaring it impossible to leave his bride so soon and suddenly for a long time. He was told that he would be allowed to take her with him. She agreed; and they were on board within twelve hours from the first question asked. During that voyage she learned whatever her husband could teach her; and especially she became practised in taking observations, and in keeping the reckoning of the ship. She studied navigation, in short, to some purpose. The voyage lasted seventeen months. Last August the captain and his wife sailed in their old ship for San Francisco, being so proud of the vessel as to pique themselves on reaching California sooner than two others which took their departure at the same time. It was this rivalship which first disclosed to Captain Patton the evil quality of his first mate, who was not only lazy and negligent to a dangerous degree, but ill-disposed. He was evidently bent on carrying the ship into Valparaiso, for purposes of his own. Anxiety and toil told on the captain's health before Cape Horn was reached. He there deposed the first mate from office, and, in the effort to discharge the duty himself, sank down in fever which soon issued in congestion of the brain. Before he lost his reason he declared positively against going into Valparaiso, saying, that the men would desert, and the cargo be lost before the consignees could arrive; and his honour and conscience were concerned in going on to the right port. This was enough. His wife determined that it should be done. As soon as her husband became hopelessly delirious, the first mate attempted to assume authority, and wrote a letter to Mrs. Patton, charging her with the responsibility of all their lives if she opposed him. She told him that her husband had not trusted him while he was well, and that she would not trust him now her husband was ill. She assembled the34 WOMEN AND WORK. crew, told them the facts, and appealed to them to disregard the first mate, to accept her authority in her husband's place, and to obey the second mate in the working of the ship. Every man of them agreed; and they sustained her well, as far as their power of support went. They looked with pity and reverence upon her as they saw her through the cabin-windows at her desk, keeping the reckoning, and making entries in the log. Noon and midnight she was on deck taking observations. She marked the charts, made no mistakes, and carried the ship into port, in the best condition, on the 13th of November. She had studied the medical books on board, to learn how best to treat her husband's case; and she never left him, day or night, but to perform his duties. Happily he was a Freemason: his brother masons at San Francisco were kind, and sent them back by the first practicable opportunity to New York. There they arrived wholly destitute - the husband blind, deaf, delirious, dying - the wife worn and grave, but active and composed. She was anxious to reach Boston before her confinement; but by the last accounts, she was disappointed by her husband being too ill to be removed. The New York underwriters sent her an immediate gift of a thousand dollars; and the owners of the vessel and others are taking measures to testify their sense of the conduct by which a vast amount of property has been saved, and their interests and those of their crew have been conscientiously considered under singular extremity. With our Lady Fanshawes, Lucy Hutchinsons, and Catherine Mompessons, may now rank the Mary Patton of a kindred nation. It needs no other Freemasonry than that of the universal human heart to secure her reverence and welcome in every port she may put into henceforth in the rough voyage of life. We might multiply instances/ The work which women do on the press is considerable. It is difficult to know how much, but two facts we can state which WOMEN AND WORK. 35 are significant: Two-thirds of the writers in "Chambers's Edinburgh Journal" are women; Mrs. Johnson of Edinburgh was for years the real editor of the "Inverness Courier," the principal paper in the north of Scotland. Perhaps there is no profession which so calls for women as that of medicine. Much suffering would be saved to young women if they had doctors of their own sex, who with friendly counsel and open speaking would often prevent many forms of severe disease by attending to first symptoms. On this point we let Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell speak for herself. In "An Appeal in behalf of the Medical Education of Women," after referring to the establishment and opening of medical schools for women in Philadelphia, Boston, and other towns of the United States, in the nine years since "the first woman was admitted as a regular student to a medical college, and graduated with the usual honours;" she says, "In all these places public opinion has expressed itself heartily in favour of the actions of the colleges. The majority of the female graduates have entered upon the practice of their profession, and many of them have already formed a large and highly respectable practice. The intense prejudice which at first met the idea of a female doctor, is rapidly melting away. If further evidence were needed of the vitality of the new idea and its adaptation to a real want in the community, it might be found in the character of the practice which come to those physicians now most firmly established. Intelligent, thoughtful women, of calm good sense, who appreciate the wide bearing of this reform, and foresee its important practical influence, have been the first to employ the new class of physicians in their families, and encourage them with their cordial approbation. The young also form a large portion of present practice, and there is no woman physician who has not felt her heart swell with satisfaction in the perception of the36 WOMEN AND WORK. truly womanly nature of her work, when ministering to the necessities of delicate young womanhood. "To meet the great want, which women now feel, in relation to the study and practice of medicine, a very different method of education from anything yet attempted is necessary. A few short courses of lectures are quite insufficient to fit any one for the responsibilities of a physician's life, and yet this is the chief part of the college system. "The great need of women now is a large woman's hospital, which shall form a centre for all women who wish to pursue a thorough medical education. "In 1854 a charter was obtained for the organization of the New York Infirmary and Dispensary for Women and Children. Under this charter a Dispensary has been organized in one of the most destitute sections of the city. This has been opened for the visits of those needing medical advice and medicine. It has been gratuitously attended by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Drs. Parker, Cammann, Kiszam and Taylor, acting as consulting Physicians. More than three hundred poor women have received assistance from this institution; and instruction as to healthy habits of life, and friendly counsel, has been often added to the medical advice and medicine. "The time has now arrived for the extension of this charity so as to make it the foundation of the Institution so urgently needed; and it is proposed to do this, by the enlargement of the out-patient department, and the organization of the Hospital department, as contemplated in the charter. "All classes of non-infectious disease will be admitted, and there will be very full provision made for midwifery and the diseases of women,––branches in which, from their very nature, it is particularly difficult for women as students in general hospitals to obtain satisfactory instruction, although they form necessarily so large a part of their practice, and in which, among the poor, the aid of educated women-physicians would be so valuable. "Students attending the hospital will be divided into WOMEN AND WORK. 37 small classes for practical instruction, and will serve by turn in each department, among the out-patients, and in the maternity charity. These classes will be small, so as to keep them completely under the supervision of the professor, to enable him to acquire a full acquaintance with the ability and needs of each individual student, and to allow the latter to obtain that special aid of which the want is so much felt by those who have been members of a large hospital class. This will also enable the physicians to save the feelings and ensure the welfare of the patients, and avoid their being ever injured by the indiscriminate admission of crowds of students. As soon as possible a laboratory and good anatomical rooms will be added to the hospital, which shall afford thorough practical facilities to students. The Institution must be endowed. The length of time requisite for a complete course of study renders it more expensive than the means of most women allow. They have generally more time than money; yet it is extremely important that every inducement to study thoroughly should be held out to them. The fees for the course must therefore be very low, and as the highest talent must be engaged in the service of the Institution, and the fullest illustration in all departments must be provided, a large endowment is indispensable. "In this way, by organizing a large and well-arranged out-patient department, and a hospital department, small at first, but to be increased as rapidly as the funds collected will justify, the great want now felt by women engaged in the study of medicine, and by those engaged in their instruction, will be met, and a system of medical education provided which will afford women proper opportunities for study, and ensure to the community the services of a class of capable women-physicians. "Another object which it is hoped will be accomplished by this Institution, is that of raising the standard of the education and training of nurses. The want so strongly felt by all those who have anything to do with medicine, a body of thoroughly-trained nurses, filled with a high sense38 WOMEN AND WORK. of the moral responsibility of their profession, will never be fully met until woman's true position in medicine is recognised and granted. "It will not be forgotten that a hospital is not merely a scientific school, that, though the promotion of science and scientific education is a most legitimate object, it should never encroach on the physical and moral welfare of the patients. It will be remembered that the poor who resort to a hospital, ignorant, degraded, even vicious, as they too often may be, are, nevertheless, not beyond the possibility of moral as well as material aid - that to such a class of women, the practical advice and counsel of educated women might be invaluable in spreading some wiser views with reference to their own health and life, and the rearing of their children, that they should leave the Institution, if possible, better in every respect than they entered; and that, for this reason, the character of the nurses who are constantly with them is of the highest possible importance, and, while every influence that could even most remotely be held to be of a sectarian character, will be sedulously avoided, an effort will be made to secure the assistance, as nurses, of women not only of respectable character and intelligence, but also of a truly religious spirit, so that the Institution, while the usual rules adopted in general hospitals for securing absolute freedom from any sectarian influence whatever will be strictly observed, shall fulfil, as far as possible, the highest idea of a hospital, that of a Christian charity for the poor. "If the Institution can be made what is desired in this respect, it is believed that it may be so arranged as to receive young ladies also, who desire to obtain practical knowledge in relation to sickness and health. "It would be a blessing to the race, if young persons could find an opportunity, through such a hospital, of acquiring presence of mind, skill in tending the sick, acquaintance with the proper management of infancy, a knowledge of the difference between real and fancied ailments, and lean to guard their own health of those WOMAN AND WORK. 39 dependent on them. This could only be effectually accomplished in a hospital, but a hospital may be rendered attractive instead of repulsive; and the relations which might spring up between the rich and the poor, when brought together in a truly Christian union, would be of lasting service to both. "A department of this Institution will be arranged for the reception of patients, whose means are too limited to obtain proper medical and other care, at their own homes. By the payment of a small weekly sum, their sense of independence will be preserved, while they are, at the same time, surrounded with every care which their conditions requires. "It is a Woman's Hospital, founded on these principles, and striving to accomplish these ends, that is now needed. In such a hospital, women students would feel at home; it would be their medical centre, and give them support throughout their professional career. "In order to accomplish its purpose, it must enlist the sympathies of the whole community, and be truly the Union Hospital for women. It is simply on account of its central position, and great facilities for medical study, that New York is chosen as the seat of this Institution. The city, as the great immigrating port of the United States, contains a larger number of sick poor than any other city in the Union. The statistics of immigration for the last five years stand as follow: - 1851 . . . 262,590 1852 . . . 255,895 1853 . . . 284,947 1854 . . . 319,223 1855 . . . 136,233 making a total of 1,258,888 immigrants landing in New York during the last five years. "Large as the number of public charities in New York is, it by no means meets the wants of the needy population; and an unrivalled opportunities is presented for establishing40 WOMEN AND WORK. a hospital, affording that wide range of observation necessary to the medical student." It would be an excellent way of assisting this movement, and aiding our poor fellow country-women cast sick upon the shore of a new country, to establish an English ward for English immigrants. Can the funds be raised? Let us remember that this hospital will be accessible to Englishwomen, and may be a means of enabling them to get that medical education which they may have to wait for here in England for another quarter of a century.* American and Eng. *The Observatory, Glasgow, March 3d, 1857. DEAR BARBARA, Your letter requesting an account of the attempt made by M --- and myself to obtain a thorough medical education in England reaches me on my lecturing tour; I cannot, therefore, send you all the letters and documents, but I think the enclosed will answer your purpose. My desire to study medicine originated in the constant care required of me by my little brother, who, owing to some deficiency in the system, has broken his legs sixteen times, and by Ricciotti, Garibaldi's boy, both lame. On one occasion, when the former broke his leg early one Sunday morning, his own doctor being out of town, the child objected to a stranger being called in, and I had to set the broken bone myself. On Monday evening, the surgeon sent by Dr. Little commended the operation, and laughingly offered me a certificate for the Crimea. I asked him, instead, to assist me in obtaining entrance to one of the hospitals - for study - but he declined, and I continued the process of splint-making and bandaging for both boys as usual. When, however, I consulted Dr. Little, he entered warmly into my project, gave me several introductions, and exerted his influence with his own medical friends. By his advice I made a formal application for admission to all the London Hospitals - fourteen in number. WOMEN AND WORK. 41 land every year draw closer and closer together. New York will soon be but a few days from London. All that makes English and Americans co-operate. helps forward the world. The following are fair specimens of the questions sent to, and the answers received from, each. (See Appendix, No.I.) The request for private anatomical instruction was made at the suggestion of Dr. Bence Jones, who foresaw that in this department practical difficulties might arise. I owe him cordial thanks for the energy and generosity with which he advocated my cause throughout the discussions. On the day following the receipt of my letter, I received a long visit from Dr. ------, the head doctor of St. George's. From his conversation I augured favourably of the result, and was disappointed to receive the following. (See No. II.) Of course, the Weekly Board of Governors acted according to the advice of the Committee. Meanwhile, I called upon several influential doctors and surgeons connected with the different hospitals. Some received me kindly, and a few promised their vote. One individual informed me, that even if the Committee should consent to admit me to the hospital, the door of his ward should be for ever closed to me. Another reproached me with the indecency of my demand: in no single case did I receive either a sensible or logical reply to my question, "Why may not a woman study medicine?" You will see by Mr. Balfour's letter, that even had I succeeded in entering the hospitals and in obtaining certificates, the Diploma necessary for commencing practice would have been denied. (See No. III.) One more letter from St. Bartholomew's, and I think you will be convinced, that a little alteration in Dr. Johnson's lines gives the only reason why I was denied admission: - "We shan't admit you, Mistress Fell - The reason why we cannot tell; But this we all know very well. We shan't admit you, Mistress Fell!" (IV.) Throughout May, June, and July, when I was receiving refusals from all the hospitals, one hope cheered me, namely, that the University of London, quite the most liberal community of modern42 WOMAN AND WORK. It is delightful to see two Englishwomen beginning in America this good work. Let us help them with all our power. Many of the evils of our workhouses and prisons times, would admit me as a candidate to the Matriculation Examination. Until such an examination has been passed, of course no degree can be taken. Moreover, I hoped that a promise of examination from the Senate would influence the decision of some of the Hospital Committees, or at least, should I present myself again, after having passed such an examination, they might choose to reconsider such a decision. To my formal application I received the following letter (V.), and a few days after, Dr. Carpenter's (VI.), to which I replied (VII.) A long silence followed. I knew that I had one very influential friend in the Senate, and that several others were disposed to accede to my request. I received, too, private information, that the pervading feeling was, that a woman would be admitted as a candidate for examination if she presented herself prepared to pass, but that the authorities did not choose to commit themselves to a promise. Now, though quite disposed to matriculate on the chance of being then admitted to study in the hospitals, I could not afford to pass at least a year in the society of Xenophon and Livy, &c. on the chance of being allowed to matriculate. I still pressed for an official answer, and received the following. (See No. VIII.) The receipt of this letter then dashed all my hopes of obtaining a thorough medical education in England. As I wished you know for a profession, as a means to an end, rather than as an end in itself, as I am preparing myself for future work in Italy, conceiving that the way to make other women work is for us each to achieve some practical work ourselves. I shall not therefore go to America for that education which England denies me. But for many reasons I am glad to have made the experiment. Several medical men have assured me, that if a band of women were now to apply for admission at one or more of the hospitals such has been the feeling excited among some of the most liberal-minded in the profession by the discussions following on my request, that it is improbable they would be refused. Other have since told me, that on receiving the above letter WOMAN AND WORK. 43 might be avoided by the introduction of well-paid women. Mrs. Jameson, in her admirable Lecture Lecture on the "Communion of Labour," says, "I come now to an institution peculiar to ourselves; and truly can I affirm, that if ever I should have applied to the Court of Queen's Bench for a writ of Mandamus compelling the University of London to admit me to examination. The expense involved precluded the possibility of this in my own case. But why, if other women feel inclined to make the experiment, should we not raise a fund to meet the law expenses, since the question involved is of importance to us all? Read the charter of the University carefully - take the clause in which "Victoria, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith," revokes the Letters Patent of William the Fourth, "deeming it to be the duty of our royal office, for the advancement of religion and morality, and the promotion of useful knowledge, to hold forth to all classes and denominations of our faithful subjects without any distinction whatsoever an encouragement for pursuing a regular and liberal course of education" - read this and the succeeding paragraphs, showing our Queen's motives for constituting the University of London, and I believe you will agree with me, in thinking that it will be difficult to exclude women legally from sharing in the benefits of said University. Considering, as we do, that the first step towards the amelioration of society is to find work for women, and women for work, we ought, I think, to make efforts in this direction. If, after further trials it be found that prejudice is too strong to admit of women studying in the hospitals now existing, I believe that some of the best teachers and lecturers would agree to hold classes for women apart, and as there are some hospitals not frequented by students - the practical knowledge necessary might be so obtained. In this, as in other things, if we cannot have all we want at once, we must take as much as we can at a time. I believe the study and practice of medicine to be particularly calculated to call forth the highest and truest womanly faculties; on the other hand, it is a sphere of labour evidently requiring women workers. Consequently, I feel it to be our duty to clear the distance as much as possible between the supply and demand.44 WOMEN AND WORK. the combination of female with masculine supervision were imperatively needed, it is in an English parish workhouse. "I have seen many workhouses, and all grades. The regulation of details varies in difference parishes. Some are admirably clean, and, as far as mere machinery can go, admirably managed; some are dirty and ill ventilated; and one or two, as we learn from recent disclosures, quite in a disgraceful state; but whatever the arrangement and condition, in one thing I found all alike: - the want of a proper moral supervision. I do not say this in the grossest sense; though even in that sense, I have known of things I could hardly speak of. But surely I may say there is want of proper moral supervision where the most vulgar of human beings are set to rule over the most vulgar; where the pauper is set to manage the pauper; where the ignorant govern the ignorant; where the aged and infirm minister to the aged and inform; where every softening and elevating influence is absent, or of rare occurrence, and every hardening and depraving influence continuous and ever at hand." In support of such views stands the valuable testimony of the Rev. S. Brewer; we extract it from an excellent article on the "Employment of Women:"* - "I have often thought how much more the gentle influence and silent In other branches we may obey the somewhat sarcastic bidding of our noble sister poet, and "do our work," claiming the right in the deed; but as in England no one can lawfully "cure the plague" until he or she be a legal "leech," we must preach and agitate until we may be thus legalised. So, let any woman or women come forward, desirous of fitting herself for a doctor, and if she be unable to meet the enormous expense it will involve, let us each do our part to help her, and to advance our common cause through her. I, for one, will willingly do my share, Ever, affectionately yours, JESSIE MERITON WHITE. To Miss Leigh Smith. *"North British Review," January, 1857. WOMAN AND WORK. 45 teaching of an earnest and meek lady would be effectual, especially with her own sex, beyond all that I could say or do. I have often thought that the very contrast would teach more than the most impressive argument, that the insensible conviction thus conveyed to the minds of those who had never seen the best of their sex - certainly had never seen them engaged in a mission of mercy to themselves - would be effectual above all other methods." Women can be designers, and with proper training show themselves remarkably apt at ornamentation. To compete with Swiss watches, women are wanted in the watchmaking trade. Mr. John Bennett of Cheapside, who, with as much benevolence as intelligence, has so perseveringly endeavoured to open a new means of employment for women in watchmaking, reiterates: "My complaint as an Englishman, is this - viz, not that the Swiss make too many watches, for their consummate ingenuity deserves its full reward; but that we produce comparatively so few. The Paris Exhibition must have opened the eyes of all but the wilfully blind to the startling fact that, quality, strength, and elegance considered, the Swiss are nearly 40 per cent under our prices. So strikingly was their superiority, except in our first-class watch, that I took my own eyes for a month through their principal manufacturing districts. There I found causes in active operation that explain the whole matter. From three leading manufacturers I learnt that 1,500,000 watches were made last year (1855) in the Neufchâtel district, and this over and above the produce of the Geneva district. They declare, too, that their powers of production have doubled in the last seven years. The marvellous ingenuity of their tools, and their skilful economy of labour, fully confirm this statement. Thousands of women are at this moment finding profitable employment at the most delicate portion of watchwork throughout the district round Neufchâtel. The subdivision of labour46 WOMEN AND WORK. is there wisely made so minute as to adjust itself precisely to the special capabilities of every woman's individual dexterity. The watch is composed of many distinct parts, some require force and decision in the hand of the workman, while many are so exquisitely delicate that for them the fine touch of the female finger is found to be far superior to the more clumsy handling of the man. Now, within the London district, including every dealer who professes and calls himself a watchmaker, we had, in 1851, but 4800 in the trade; while I learn from the Goldsmiths' Hall that only 186,000 were stamped last year of British manufacture. This number is so contemptible as to be far below our home consumption, if we would but make them at a very moderate price. In 1854, duty was paid on 79,209 watches; in 1855, on 90,670. Now why should not our English women be employed upon a labour for which their sisters in Switzerland prove themselves so eminently adapted, and thus provide to a large extent a remedy for the distresses of our labouring female population, and open out a new channel whereby they may elevate their condition and benefit mankind? In London 50,000 females are working under sixpence per day, and above 100,000 under one shilling per day. So long as nearly every remunerative employment is engrossed by men only, so long must the wretchedness and slavery of women remain what it is. For any man to declare, whatever his motive, that the women of London are sure to do badly what the Swiss women are now doing so well, is an insult and a fallacy in which I refuse to join. "No factory system is necessary for the successful manufacture of this very beautiful little machine. The father has but to teach his own daughters, wife, and female relatives at his own home, and then, just as their leisure suits, they can perform each her part without necessarily interfering with the most indispensable for her domestic duties. "Thus the whole family is well provided for, and by the reduction of the cost of the watch, the sale would be increased WOMEN AND WORK. 47 indefinitely, and this increase would give additional employment to men and women in about equal proportion. "Working watchmakers have no need to fear the introduction of female labour, the large demand that necessarily would ensue, when watches were materially cheapened in price, would, doubtless, more than compensate any loss they might temporarily sustain; the change it would effect would be found not only a moral good and an immense social blessing, but would satisfy the indispensable requirements of a strong commercial necessity." Women should teach languages and oratory. Aspasia taught rhetoric to Socrates. The voice of women is more penetrating, distinct, delicate, and correct in delivering sounds than that of man, fitting her to teach both oratory and languages better. All the work of philanthropy is imperfect unless women co-operate with men. When we are down in the strong black tide of ignorance and misery in Westminster or St. Giles, we exclaim - "Oh, that we now had hee But one ten thousand of those women in England Who do no work to-day!" And so in all places might we say, if women were but fitted to the work. Great is the work to be done in the world, but few are the skilled labourers. TWO FALLACIES. It seems hardly worth while to say that there is a prejudice against women accepting money for their work. But here is one, therefore it is as well to say a few words upon it. Money is only a convenient representative of de-48 WOMEN AND WORK. sirable things; "and what every woman, no less than every man, should have to depend upon, is an ability after some fashion or other, to turn labour into money. She may or may not be compelled to exercise it; but every one ought to possess it. If she belong to the richer classes, she may have to exercise it; if to the poorer, she assuredly will."* It would be well if all should part with what they make, or what they do well, for money; they will then know that some really want what they produce. What they produce will go to the right people, and they, the producers, will gain a power; for money is a power. Money may be a power to do good. If for your needlework you get money, you know that your work goes to some one who wants it. You are not always sure of that if you give it away; and you gain a power of sending a child to school, of buying a good book to lend to the ignorant, of sending a sick person to a good climate, &c. We may give this power up to another whom we consider can use it better than we, but money is a power which we have not the right lightly to reject. It is a responsibility which we must accept. Of course, we may give our labour, our money, where we think right; but it is as well to exchange them sometimes for money, to be sure we are as valuable as we think. Some work is beyond all price, and many prices are far beyond the value of the works. Most of the work of the world must be done for money. It is of the utmost importance to make that work "stuff o'conscience." To make all work done for money honourable, is what we should strive for. *"North British Review," January, 1857. WOMEN AND WORK. 49 To insist on work for love of Christ only, to cry up gratuitous work, is a profound and mischievous mistake. It tends to lessen the dignity of necessary labour; as if work for daily bread could not be for love of Christ too! Mrs. Jameson, in her beautiful and wise Essay on the "Communion of Labour," has, we think made a great mistake in this respect, of work for love and work for money. Well-done work is what we want. All work, whether for love or money, should be well done; this is what we should insist upon. "Ill-done work seems to me the plague of human society. People are grasping after some grandiose task, something 'worthy' of their powers, when the only proof of capacity they give is to do small things badly. Conscience goes to the hammering in of nails properly, and how many evils, from trying one's temper to tearing one's garment, have come of imperfect hammering." Another common fallacy: - It is often said that ladies should not take the bread out of the mouths of the poor working-man or woman by selling in their market. The riches and material well-being of the country consist in the quantity of stuff in the country to eat and to wear, houses to live in, books to read, rational objects of recreation and elevation, as music and pictures, &c. &c. Any one who puts more of any of these things into the country, adds to its riches and happiness. The more of these things, the easier is it for all to get. Do not think of money until you see this fact. This is why we bless steam-engines; this is why we would bless women. Steam-engines did at first take the bread out of a few mouths, but how many thousands have they fed for one they have starved!50 WOMEN AND WORK. CONCLUDING REMARKS. One of the practical impediments in the way of women working is the inconvenient modern dress, which is only suited to carpeted rooms, where it appears graceful and proper; in the streets, it is disreputable, dirty, and inconvenient. As long as women will not get out of their "long clothes," they deserve to be treated as babies. There are signed that the ---"just medium will be found A little lower than the knee, a little higher than the ground." The ladies of the aristocracy, when they lead an active life in the country, do not go about with draggle-tail petticoats, thick-ribbed, brown, blue or barred stocking, and solid Balmoral boots. How many girls are prevented from continuing their attendance at school, college, workshop, atelier, musical academy, or Marlborough House, by colds caught from going without proper waterproof clothing! No woman ought to be without a waterproof cloak with a hood. The best can be procured for 2l., common ones for 1l. Winter boots should always be made with a layer of cork between the two soles; this keeps the feet perfectly dry, and, by adding thickness to the soles, lifts the boots from the mud without adding the weight. To sum up. Women work both for the health of their minds and bodies. They want it often because they must eat and because they have children and others dependent on them - for all the reasons that men want to work. They are placed at a great WOMEN AND WORK. 51 advantage in the market of work because they are not skilled labourers, and are therefore badly paid. They rarely have any training. It is the duty of fathers and mothers to give their daughters this training. All experience proves that the effect of the independence of women upon married life is good. The time has arrived when women are wanted in the Commonwealth. John Milton said the Commonwealth "ought to be but one huge Christian personage, one mighty growth and stature of an honest man, as big and compact in virtue as in body." Our idea differs from this grand but incomplete conception. We rather think the Commonwealth should be - "Inclusive of all gifts and faculties On either sex bestowed, knit up in strengths Of man and woman both; hers even as his, And tempered with the finest tenderness Of love betwixt these two." Many have sneered and sneer at women entering professions, and talk of the absurdity of their being in the army, mixing in political life, going to sea, or being barristers. It is not very likely many women will enter these professions; women will rather prefer those nobler works which have in them something congenial to their moral natures. Perhaps we may say that women will only enter those professions which are destined to be perpetual, being consistent with the highest moral development of humanity, which war is not. The arts, the sciences, commerce, and the education of the young in all its branches - these will most strongly attract them.52 We recommend to those who are interested in the subject of our Tract, the following books, all of which can be had at the Library of the Portman Hall School, Carlisle Street, Edgeware Road, on Fridays between 9:30, and 4 P.M. on payment of 1d. per week: - Mrs. Jameson's Sisters of Charity. ----------------------- Communion of Labour. Summary of Laws concerning Women. B.L. SMITH. Remarks on the Education of Girls. B. RAYNER PARKES. Woman in the 19th Century. M. FULLER OSSOLI Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties, illustrated by Female Example. Women and her Wishes. THOMAS W. HIGGINSON. The Public Functions of Woman. THEODORE PARKER. Women's Rights Tracts. Plan of a Female College. PROFESSOR MAURICE. Westminster Review for Oct. 1855, containing The Position of Women in Barbarism and among the Ancients. Ditto for Jan. 1857, On the Capabilities and Disabilities of Women. &c. &c. APPENDIX. No. 1 To the Secretary of St. George's Hospital. SIR, I wish, with another lady, to attend a three-years' course of lectures, and surgical and medical practice, commencing the October Tern in St. George's Hospital. I presume my being a woman will prove no obstacle, as I can furnish you with certificates as to character and capacity from known London physician. Will you inform me whether I can have private anatomical instruction, and on what terms? An answer will oblige Yours, respectfully JESSIE MERITON WHITE. 7 Upper Gloucester Place, Dorset Square, May 9th, 1856. No. II 13 Manchester Square, Saturday, May 17th, 1856. DEAR MADAM, Your letter of the 9th instant, containing an application for permission "to attend with another lady a three-years' course of lectures, and surgical and medical practice, commencing the October Term, in St. George's Hospital," has been submitted to the Medical School Committee; and I am requested to inform you, that the Committee, not having the power to grant that permission, have referred your letter to the Weekly Board of Governors. At the same time, the Committee wish me to add that, having carefully and maturely considered the subject of your application in all its relations, they are of opinion that so many practical inconveniences would result from the admission of women as pupils of the Hospital and School,54 APPENDIX. that they do not intend to advise the Weekly Board of Governors to accede to your application. I have the honour to be, Dear Madam, Your obedient Servant, HENRY WILLIAM FULLER, M.D., Hon. Sec. Miss Jessie Meriton White. No. III. Royal College of Surgeons, May 17th, 1856. MADAM, In reply to your letter of the 10th inst. inquiring, "Can a woman on producing certificates of having attended during three years the lectures and the medical and surgical practice in one of the London Hospitals, be admitted to examination for a diploma in surgery and midwifery ?" I am desired by the Court of Examiners to acquaint you, that there is no instance of this College ever having admitted a female to examination for either of the said diplomas, and that the Court considers it would not be justified in adopting such a course. I am, Madam, Your very obedient Servant, EDM. BALFOUR, Sec. Miss White. No. IV. St. Bartholomew's Hospital, May 30th, 1856. MADAM, I have the honour to inform you that, this afternoon, at a meeting of the Medical Officers and Lecturers of this Hospital, your letter of the 19th inst. was read and considered ; and, in reply to it, I am requested to state, that, in the opinion of the meeting, it is not expedient to admit ladies as students of the hospital. I remain, Madam, Your faithful Servant, JAMES PAGET. Miss Jessie Meriton White. APPENDIX. 55 No. V. University of London, Burlington House, May 12th, 1856. MADAM, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th inst. The inquiry contained in it, however, being a novel one, I should wish to consult the Senate on the subject of it, which I will endeavour to do at their next meeting, and will communicate the result to you without delay. I am, Madam, Your most obedient Servant, H. MOORE. Miss Jessie M. White No. VI. University of London, Burlington House, May 22nd, 1856. MADAM, I am directed by the Senate to forward you a copy of the minutes of its proceedings on the 14th inst., by which you will perceive that your letter has been brought under consideration with a view to a decision upon the question proposed in it, at an early meeting. In the meantime, I beg to direct your attention to the regulations to which candidates for degrees in medicine are required to conform ; and especially to those relating to the Matriculation Examination. These you will find in the Calendar herewith sent, pp. 35—41 and 58—60. Should increased knowledge of the requirements of the University make any alteration in your views, I shall be obliged by an intimation to that effect. I am, Madam, Your obedient Servant, WILLIAM B. CARPENTER, Registrar. Miss J. M. White.56 APPENDIX. No. VII. 7 Upper Gloucester Place, Dorset Square, May 23d, 1856. SIR, I thank you for your letter just received just received, and for the Calendar. Before addressing you, on the 10th inst., I was aware of the regulations to which candidates for degrees in Medicine are required to conform, and shall be prepared to comply with all the requirements of the University should the Senate decide to admit me for examination. I am, Sir, Respectfully yours, JESSIE MERITON WHITE Dr. William B. Carpenter. No. VIII. University of London, Burlington House, July 10th, 1856. MADAM, I am directed by the Senate to inform you, that, acting upon the opinion of its legal advisers, it does not consider itself as empowered, under the Charter of the University, to admit females as candidates for degrees. I have the honour to be, Madam, Your obedient Servant, WILLIAM B. CARPENTER, Registrar. Miss Jessie M. White. London:- Printed by G. BARCLAY, Castle St. Leicester Sq. EBB ON RABIES & HYDROPHOBIA BY J. H. THORNTON, C.B., M.B., B.A., Fellow of King's College, London, Deputy-Surgeon - General I.M.S. (retired) PRINTED BY THE LEIGH-BROWNE ENDOWMENT FOR THE CANINE DEFENCE LEAGUE, 151, STRAND, LONDON. Price 3d. Gratis to Members.ON RABIES AND HYDROPHOBIA. BY J.H. THORNTON, C.B., M.B., B.A. THE disease described as rabies in animals, and as hydrophobia in human beings, was recognised in very ancient times, and was noticed by various observers. Aristotle, more than three centuries B.C., stated that dogs were liable to it, but he was apparently unaware that it could be communicated to human beings. Hippocrates is believed to allude to it, and Virgil plainly mentions it in the following line: - "Hinc canibus blandis rabies venit." Georgics Book III., line 498. It was described by Celsus, Galen, and a few other writers of the first three centuries A,D., by the Arabian physicians Rhazes and Avicenna, and by many English and foreign writers of modern times, particularly Youatt (1838), Fleming (1872), and Dolan (1879). These authorities, however, are not unanimous; on the contrary their statements on this subject are full of doubt, uncertainty and contradiction. Rabies generally occurs in dogs, but foxes, wolves, and other animals are also liable to become rabid. SYMPTOMS OF RABIES. The disease begins with a peculiar change in the habits of the dog, which becomes dull and morose, and hides itself from observation, but cannot rest and is constantly changing its position and moving from place to place. This restlessness and agitation increase, but during the early stages of the disease the dog still recognises and generally obeys the voice of its master. It has no dread of water, but tries to drink, and has even been known to swim. Its appetite becomes capricious, and soon it devours uneatable substances, such as wood, straw, earth, stones, etc. It does not usually foam at the mouth, but the saliva becomes viscid, and sticks to the corners of the mouth, or hangs down from it. A remarkable alteration takes place2 SYMPTOMS OF RABIES. in the dog's voice, which comes hoarse and cracked. A bark is made in a somewhat elevated tone and with open mouth; this is immediately succeeded by six or eight decreasing howls, emitted with the nose elevated, and seeming to come from the depth of the throat, the mouth not closing during such emission. This alteration in the voice is often the first indication of the malady, and should at once attract attention. In the early stages of the disease the dog is inoffensive, but soon it becomes affected with paroxysms of rage, and attempts to bite every human being or animal it sees, particularly other dogs. If confined it continually tries to escape. The furious paroxysms alternate with periods of quiet and exhaustion, and latterly torpor. The eyes lose their brightness, and squinting occurs, the voice is husky, and breathing laborious. The paralysis increases, convulsions and coma set in, and the dog dies from paralysis and asphyxia. Dumb madness affects from fifteen to twenty per cent. of rapid dogs; in this firm of the disease the lower jaw hangs down from paralysis of the muscles, and the mouth remains open, the dog is unaggressive as the ferocious instincts seem to be in abeyance. The disease is communicated by the saliva of the rapid animal which is virulent from a very early period. Some writers pronounce rabies to be a febrile disease, others deny this; while Dr. Stockwell (an eminent authority) makes the following very remarkable statement: - "True rabies presents multiple and varied phenomena without a single constant feature; hence its presence is with difficulty detected even by the most expert. Indeed, so erratic are its symptoms. its progress, and its manifestations, that it is a greatly mooted question whether it exists as a malady sui generis at all. Distemper, tooth-ache, ear-ache, canker, mastoid disease, gastritis, febrile diseases, throat and lung diseases, epilepsy, meningitis, and the whole class of nervous diseases to which dogs are subject, are constantly mistaken for it. Personally (he adds) after more than thirty years' experience as a physician, dog-owner, and student of canine and comparative medicine, I have yet to meet with an absolute case of rabies in the dog; and of some scores of so-called hydrophobic animals presented for my inspection, one and all were found to have suffered from other and comparatively innocuous maladies. Indeed (he continues) there are no symptoms during life, or evidences after death of a RARITY OF THE DISEASE. 3 dog, whereby, rabies may be with certainty determined even by the most profound veterinarian or physician." RARITY OF THE DISEASE. This evidence is most important as illustrating the doubt and uncertainty in which the whole subject of rabies is still enveloped, in spite of all the investigations which have been made, and it also demonstrates the extreme rarity of the disease, and the great readiness of the public at large to believe a dog rabid when in truth it is merely eccentric, frightened, excited, sick or mentally afflicted. A plain proof of the rarity of true rabies is to be found in the facts that the old writers attached no importance to us, and did not regard it as a serious danger to human beings, while the people at large paid no attention to it at all. Until a very recent period a mad dog was thought to be as rare as a black swan, and it used to be affirmed that there never was more than one in England at a time. But now, a dog has only to appear excited or frightened, or to behave in an unusual matter, and immediately the cry of "Mad dog" is raised and the unfortunate animal is set upon and killed. In recent years, during the prevalence of Mr. Long's numbers of dogs which are reported in these days are nearly all fictitious, and due to ignorance of the symptoms of the disease, and terror of its consequences. A case of this kind was reported in the papers a few years ago: a Newfoundland puppy escaped from its home and its clumsy gambols were mistaken for symptoms of rabies by two very ignorant and stupid policemen, who forthwith killed the harmless animal. Instead of being immediately killed, a suspected dog should be confined in a secure place, provided with food and water, and carefully watched, when in a few days the nature of the case will be made clear. DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS. Much stress has been laid upon the certificates of rabies given by veterinary surgeons, which are generally based4 DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS. upon the morbid appearances found at the post-mortem examination of suspected dogs. None of these appearances, however, can be considered as absolutely characteristic of the disease, since they may all be wanting. Hence Dr. Fleming declares that "it is next to impossible to pronounce with certainty whether a dog, which has been killed for rabies, was really rabid; therefore suspected dogs should be kept alive, and under observation." Professor McFadyean, Dean of the Royal Veterinary College, London, States that "an ordinary post-mortem examination never warrants a positive diagnosis in suspected rabies." From this it appears that the ordinary certificates of rabies, based on post-mortem examinations of suspected dogs, cannot be accepted as satisfactory proof that the animals were in a rabid condition. It has indeed been asserted by the believers in the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment that inoculation experiments give results from which a positive diagnosis can be made, but this test is fallacious as was clearly shown by the experiments of certain French. German, and American observers - such as Professor Galtier, of Lyons; Professor Von Frisch, of Vienna; and Professor Spitzka, of New York. In short, the inoculation test is fallacious because, though the inoculations may produce rabies when the suspected animals is rabid, they may cause inflammation of the membranes of the brain (meningitis) when the suspected animal is not rabid, and this (meningitis) is one of the diseases frequently mistaken for rabies and confounded with it. From this it is obvious that numbers of animals said to have been proved rabid by inoculation at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, the Brown Institution, London, and other places, were in reality not rabid at all. ORIGIN OF RABIES. The origin of rabies is involved in obscurity. It is doubtless generally propagated by direct inoculation through the bite of a rabid animal, but this does not exclude the possibility of its spontaneous occurrence under favourable conditions, since the first case of the disease must necessary have occurred in this manner, and there is no reason why others should not do so. The followers of Pasteur assume the microbic origin of rabies, but the HYDROPHOBIA 5 supposed microbe has never been discovered and its existence is so far merely theoretical. As the Pasteurian anti-rabic system is based upon the theory of the microbic origin of rabies this was taken for granted notwithstanding the complete failure of all the efforts to find the required microbe. HYDROPHOBIA. Hydrophobia in human beings is caused by direct inoculation through the bite of a rabid animal, but it may be to some extent simulated in timid nervous persons under the influence of fear and excitement. After a period of incubation lasting from a fortnight to three months, or more in some cases, the bitten person becomes depressed, anxious, and restless, and there is some constitutional disturbance, followed by a stage of excitement, when the countenance of the patient shows anxiety and fear. There is great thirst, but any attempt to drink brings on choking paroxysms from spasms of muscles of the throat, which may be brought on by the sight or sound of water, or even by a current of air. Besides these suffocative attacks general convulsions occur affecting the whole body, alternating with periods of comparative quiet, which, however, are attended with intense anxiety and noisy and difficult breathing. The patient is tormented by viscid saliva accumulating in his mouth; he dreads to swallow it and constantly spits about him. Sometimes there is great mental disturbance with violent fits of maniacal excitement. Death eventually takes place from exhaustion or paralysis. Hydrophobia is an exceedingly rare disease. Many medical men have never seen a case of it during their whole professional lives, and I only saw one case during my Indian career which extended over thirty-five years. I was for many years Civil Surgeon of a large Indian District, with a population of nearly two millions, and had under my superintendence several dispensaries where at least a hundred thousand sick and injured persons, including numerous cases of dog-bite, were treated every year, yet with all this large experience I never saw a case of hydrophobia in a native in India, and I have no doubt that the experience of others who have been Civil Surgeons.6 THE PASTEURIAN TREATMENT in India is similar to mine. The statistics of the Registrar-General show that for the forty years ending 1887, the average annual death-rate from hydrophobia in England and Wales was considerably less than one to a million of the population. In 1862 only one death took place from this cause. In Scotland only three cases of hydrophobia were registered during the twenty years 1855-74. Many other diseases such as tetanus, epilepsy, mania, cerebro-spinal meningitis, hysteria, etc., have been mistaken for hydrophobia, and very similar symptoms have been induced in some cases by the presence of intestinal worms, morbid growths, and other disturbing causes. Hence it is often impossible to decide with any certainty whether deaths attributed to hydrophobia have in reality been caused by that disease or not. It must be borne in mind that hydrophobia never results from the bite of a healthy animal, and, further, that a very large majority of persons bitten by undoubtedly rabid animals escaped unharmed. The proportion who contract hydrophobia are variously estimated at from five to twenty per cent. John Hunter mentions a case in which, out of twenty-one persons bitten by a rapid dog, only one subsequently died from hydrophobia. These particulars plainly show how foolish and unreasonable are the periodical scares which have prevailed ever since public attention was drawn to this subject twenty years ago by the sensational proceedings of M. Pasteur and his followers. Those proceedings have produced a most disastrous effect upon the public mind by giving undue prominence to a very rare disease, and by needlessly magnifying a danger so slight and so remote as to be scarcely deserving of notice. Contrary to universal experience, the leading contention of Pasteur and his followers has always been that rabies among dogs and hydrophobia in human beings are very prevalent and ever-present diseases, which demand immediate and careful attention. But it is clear, from the preceding remarks, that this view is altogether erroneous. THE PASTEURIAN TREATMENT. About 1880 M. Pasteur commenced his researches on hydrophobia, and in the course of a few years he announced CHANGES OF TREATMENT. 7 that he has devised a system if inoculation by means of which the disease could be prevented in persons bitten by rabid animals provided they applied for treatment before hydrophobia declared itself. The system was based upon the microbic origin of the disease, which, as already stated, is purely theoretical, and destitute of any foundation in fact. The preparation of the fluid used in these preventative inoculations may be briefly described as follows: - The skulls of living rabbits were opened, and the virus of rabies, taken from rabid dogs, was dropped upon the animals' exposed brains which were thus converted into a virus garden for the production of the poison. After the death of the animals thus rendered rabid, their spinal marrows were removed and dried, and a broth was prepared from them for the purposes of inoculation. The strength of this broth depended upon the time the marrows had been dried, the virus being strongest in those that were freshest and least dried. The treatment consisted in a series of inoculations, carried on for several days, commencing with weak injections, which were day by day made stronger. The great reputation of M. Pasteur as an eminent chemist and a distinguished man of science, caused his views to be widely accepted throughout the civilized world, and great numbers of frightened credulous people flocked to him for treatment. The notoriety of his proceedings, and the pernicious prominence which was thus given to an exceedingly rare disease, produced a veritable panic in the public mind, insomuch that many persons, without the slightest reason, fancied themselves in danger of hydrophobia, and groundless scares, resulting in foolish muzzling orders, have been quite common occurrences ever since. CHANGES OF TREATMENT. M. Pasteur varied his treatment several times, using subcutaneous injections of different strengths, the strongest being employed in what he called the "intensive" method. So many deaths, however, occurred from the intensive treatment that it was quickly given up. Evidently M. Pasteur was not at all sure about his system. At first he declared positively that his method would protect all8 PASTEURISM AND VACCINATIONS. patients at any time before hydrophobia set in, but subsequently he introduced many corrections and limitations for which no scientific reason could be assigned. For instance, he did not profess to protect unless the patient came to him within a fortnight of being bitten. He did not reckon deaths which occurred during the treatment, or within a fortnight after the end of the treatment. He kept no record of the patients after the treatment was ended, and took no account of deaths occurring subsequently. He admitted that his inoculations produced only temporary effect and the re-inoculation was necessary after a time; and he did not hesitate to claim as successful after a time; and he did not hesitate to claim as successful cases any number of people who were in no danger of contracting the disease, as well as cases which infringed any or all of these conditions, so long as they did not prove fatal. All these imitations were purely arbitrary, and were introduced one after the other to account for and explain away deaths which continued to occur in spite of the Pasteurian treatment, though had that treatment been what M. Pasteur professed at first, these patients ought to have recovered. PASTEURISM AND VACCINATION. The Pasteurian system of anti-rabic inoculations has been compared to vaccination, but the cases are entirely different. Vaccination is an attempt to protect the human economy against smallpox by the artificial introduction of the virus of an analogous, but far milder malady, cow-pox, which has the property of diminishing in the human race the natural susceptibility to smallpox. It is worthy of note that successful vaccination is invariably followed by certain definite symptoms, local and constitutional, the absence of which indicates that the operation has failed. The Pasteurian inoculations, on the other hand, either produce no visible effect of any kind, or are followed by the paralytic form of hydrophobia. There is, therefore, no real analogy between Pasteurism and vaccination. PASTEUR'S TREATMENT CONDEMNED. The Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment has been condemned by some very distinguished men after prolonged and careful investigation. The late Professor Peter, of Paris, pronounced PASTEUR'S TREATMENT CONDEMNED. 9 it to be altogether empirical and devoid of scientific basis, and he delivered a crushing indictment of it before the Paris Academy of Medicine, in which he pointed out that several of Pasteur's patients had died of a form of hydrophobia almost unknown hitherto in the human subject, but very closely resembling the disease produced by Pasteur in his laboratory rabbits. In short, they had died, not from a dog's bite, but from the virus injected into their bodies by M. Pasteur's hypodermic syringe! In support of this terrible charge Professor Peter produced a mass of incontrovertible evidence, which Pasteur's supporters have never attempted seriously to question. Professor Colin, of the French Veterinary School at Alfort, criticized the Pasteurian statistics, pointing out that the certificates produced by the patients were worth nothing, having been drawn up by incompetent people and that the post mortem examinations of the dogs were equally valueless, as they afford no certain evidence of rabies. He considered that the only way of arriving at a conclusion is by the prolonged observation of the animal, which should be shut up and kept till the characteristics symptoms of rabies declare themselves. Professor Billroth declared the Pasteurian system of treatment to be a fiasco, and Professor Von Frisch, of Vienna, made the following statement in his exhaustive report upon Pasteur's treatment: - "Rabbits and dogs, which, without preceding infection, were subjected to the last-mentioned strengthened inoculation for human beings, were infected with rabies through the inoculation. Hence it may be inferred, with great probability, that this method of inoculation may likewise be seriously dangerous to man." Dr. Lutaud, of Paris, condemned the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment as not only ineffectual but also dangerous, and cited the case of the postman Rascol in proof of his assertion. On February 28th, 1889, Rascol and another man were attacked by a dog suspected of being rabid. In Rascol's case the dog's teeth did not penetrate the skin, but the other man was severely bitten. Neither of them wished to go to the Pasteur Institution, but Rascol was compelled by the French postal authorities to do so. He remained there under treatment from the 9th to the 14th of March, and on10 PASTEUR'S TREATMENT CONDEMNED. the 26th he resumed his duties. On April 12th severe symptoms set it, with pain at the points of inoculation, not at the bite, for he had not really been bitten. On April 14th he died of paralytic hydrophobia, which evidently must have been caused by the Pasteurian inoculations. The other man, who refused to submit to this anti-rabic treatment, remained well, though he had been severely bitten by the suspected dog. This is a crucial case, and comment is unnecessary. Dr. Charles Bell Taylor, of Nottingham, in his article in the National Review of July, 1890, gives the following cases which furnish decisive proof that hydrophobia is sometimes brought on by the Pasteurian inoculations. Leopold Nee was bitten at Arras on November 9th, 1886: he was subjected to the Pasteurian treatment on the 17th and following days, and died of hydrophobia on December 17th, a month later. The dog that bit him was perfectly healthy. In July, 1887, Arthur Stoboi, one of the scholars at the Lyceum at Lublin, in Russia, was bitten by a dog, and was immediately set to the Pasteur Institute in Warsaw, where he received the usual treatment by inoculation, and was discharged on August 11th with a certificate of cure, on the strength of which he was re-admitted to the Lyceum and resumed his duties. On November 9th, however, three months later, he felt pain in the region of the inoculations, and shortly afterwards he died of hydrophobia. The dog that bit him remained quite well. The groom of Signore Camello Mina was bitten by a sheep dog, and subsequently died of hydrophobia after having been subjected to the Pasteurian treatment at Milan for a month. The dog had nothing whatever the matter with it. A young painter of Anwerp, named De Moens, when visiting a friend, was bitten slightly by his friend's dog. He was urged to go to M. Pasteur at once, which he did, and was subjected to the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment from March 20th to April 2nd, 1889. After his return he was suddenly attacked by hydrophobia, communicated to them by the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment, and I challenge Lord Lister, Mr. Paget, and the other advocates of Pasteurian to explain these cases otherwise if they can. PASTEURIAN STATISTICS. 11 The question may be asked, How is it that the Pasteurian inoculations are not more frequently fatal, if they are this capable of producing hydrophobia! The reason is that the rabic virus is generally so attenuated as to be harmless, and hence the inoculations produce no effect of any kind in the vast majority of cases. But sometimes, either from the inoculations being stronger than usual (as in the "intensive" treatment of Pasteur), or from certain individuals being more than usually susceptible, the inoculations produce hydrophobia. MR. PAGET'S DEFENCE OF PASTEURISM. In a book entitled "Experiments on Animals," by Mr. Stephen Paget, the defence of the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment rests entirely upon the statistics of the various Pasteur Institutes at Paris and elsewhere. The patients at all these institutions are divided into three classes, viz.: Class A. Persons bitten by animals said to have been proved rabic by inoculation experiments. Class B. Persons bitten by animals said to have been proved rabid by dissection of their bodies by veterinary surgeons. Class C. Persons bitten by animals suspected to have been rabid. Mr. Paget evidently takes it for granted that the patients in Classes A and B were all bitten by rabid animals, and were therefore in danger of hydrophobia, but in this assumption he is altogether mistaken. I have already shown that what Mr. Paget calls "the unanswerably test of inoculation" is entirely fallacious and unreliable, and Professor McFadyean has stated than "an ordinary post mortem examination never warrants a positive diagnosis in suspected rabies." There is, therefore, no satisfactory evidence to prove that any of the persons treated at the various Pasteur Institutes were bitten by rabid animals and in absence of such proof the statistics are absolutely valueless. PASTEURIAN STATISTICS. The Pasteurian statistics, indeed, appear to have been compiled on the principles of "Heads I win, tails you lose," for all the patients who did not die were claimed as "cures,"12 INCREASE OF HYDROPHOBIA IN FRANCE. while as many as possible of the fatal cases were eliminated on the ground that they were treated too late. Here is a striking illustration of the peculiar method. On January 14th, 1887, Lord Doneraile was bitten by a tame fox; he underwent the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment eleven days after, and died subsequently from hydrophobia, owing (M. Pasteur said) to his having come for treatment too late. But other patients, who came for treatment after periods longer than eleven days, and who did not die, were claimed as cures! Any kind of treatment can be made to appear successful in this way, and any quack remedy for hydrophobia, such as that of the Rev. Dr. Verity, mentioned by Dr. Dolan in his work entitled "Pasteur and Rabies," might show a similar, or even a larger, proportion of alleged "cures." Dr. Verity, indeed, claimed to have treated more than 2,000 cases without a single failure, so that, if the statistics are to be believed, his record is much better than that of Pasteur. INCREASE OF HYDROPHOBIA IN FRANCE. The Pasteurian system of treatment has been extensively carried out in France since 1885, and had it been of any value it ought to have reduced the mortality from hydrophobia in that country. The very reverse is the case, for the average annual mortality from that disease in France from 1850 to 1885 was 23, while from 1885 to 1890 it was 39, namely, 22 among Pasteur's patients, and 17 not treated by his method. Thus in consequence of Pasteur's treatment the death average has risen by 16 per annum in his own country! It is worthy of note that a similar result has invariably followed wherever Pasteur Institutes have been established. Particular attention should be given to this argument, as it can neither be contradicted nor explained away, and it plainly shows the utter worthlessness of the Pasteurian treatment. It would have been far better for the world if M. Pasteur had never turned his attention to hydrophobia, as his proceedings have done much harm, and it cannot be proved that his treatment has prevented the disease in a single instance. Pasteurism has been the cause of incalculable suffering to animals, and an unreasonable panic among APPARENT SUCCESS OF PASTEURISM ACCOUNTED FOR. 13 timid nervous people all over the civilised world, insomuch that some of them actually developed nervous symptoms simulating hydrophobia. Besides all this mischief, there is no doubt whatever that these idiotic inoculations (to borrow an adjective which Mr. Paget applies to the Buisson treatment), have directly caused the deaths of many unfortunate persons who were in no danger until they were induced to resort to them. Mr. Paget admits that his change was brought by Professor Peter against M. Pasteur, but instead of attempting to refute it he coolly observes, "But it does not matter what was said fourteen years ago!" A flippant observation of that sort is no reply, but probably Mr. Paget was aware that the charge could not be refuted, and so tried to dispose of it with a sneer. The partially favourable report of the British Hydrophobia Commission sent in 1886 to enquire into the efficiency of the Pasteurian anti-rabic system, may be quoted in support of this treatment, but it must be remembered that the Commissioners had already accepted the Pasteurian theory and practice, and therefore were not impartial judges in the matter. It is, moreover, evident that the Commissions had not much faith in M. Pasteur's treatment, and considered it dangerous, since, instead of recommending the establishment of a Pasteur Institute in England, they simply proposed the enforcements of police regulations. APPARENT SUCCESS OF PASTEURISM ACCOUNTED FOR. The apparent success of the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment has been due to the circumstance that the vast majority of the patients were never in any danger of hydrophobia, and that the fluid with which they were inoculated was generally inert, and therefore harmless. It is obviously very easy to cure any number of people who have nothing the matter with them, and this is what the Pasteurians have been doing for the last fifteen years. The whole thing is arrant nonsense, and there is less evidence in its favour than in the case of Holloway's Pills or Mother Seigel's Syrup. To quote the words of Dr. Bell Taylor, "Pasteurism is the most extraordinary delusion which has afflicted men of science for centuries," and it is much to be14 MUFFLNIG. regretted that so many members of the medical profession, at home and abroad, have allowed themselves to accept it without proper inquiry, on the strength of audacious statements and unreliable statistics. Signs, however, are not wanting that a reaction is setting in against it, and sooner or later the Pasteurian anti-rabic treatment will share the fate of Koch's "Tuberculin" and many other discredited nostrums. The old saying that "prevention is better than cure" peculiarly applicable in the case of hydrophobia, as there is good reason for believing that this disease might be almost entirely stamped out, or, at least, reduced to a minimum, by suitable preventative measures, steadily and universally carried out. These measures should be such as will tend to promote the health and well-being of dogs, to secure their being treated with kindness and consideration, and to deal with them everywhere throughout the country on a settled uniform plan. A general system of registration of dogs should be enforced throughout the whole country, and every dog should be required to wear a collar bearing the name and address of the owner, who should be held responsible for its treatment and condition. Stray and ownerless dogs should be taken to home provided for the purpose, were they should be detained for a reasonable time, and should then be sold or painlessly destroyed as circumstances may require. MUZZLING. In connection with this subject it is necessary to consider the practice of muzzling, which was recommended by the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Rabies in Dogs in 1887, and which has been resorted to at intervals since that time. Muzzling, as carried out at present, is to a great extent ineffectual as a preventative measure on account of its partial application, the dogs in certain areas being muzzled, while those in adjoining areas remain unmuzzled. Sporting dogs have also been exempted from muzzling, as they are supposed to be under better care and supervision than the others. To be thoroughly effective, however, muzzling must be universal, and the muzzle must be continually worn, except when the animals is feeding, which is plainly impossible. Moreover, muzzling MUZZLING. 15 is likely to promote the development of rabies, in consequence of the irritation and discomfort inflicted upon dogs; and the muzzle is really no safeguard, since a rabid dog would speedily rid himself of a restraint which would be intolerable. The muzzle has been condemned by some of the most eminent veterinarians of Europe, such as Dr. Sondermann, of Munich; Dr. Gunther, Director of the Veterinary School at Hanover; Dr. Schafer, of Darmstadt; Professor Leonhardt, of Frankfort; Professor Zeirn, of Leipzig; Professor Lafosse, of Toulouse; Professor Bouley, of Paris; and others. Dr. Sondermann says: - "The use of the muzzle is not only uncertain and misleading for man, but positively injurious to the dogs. No mad dog has ever been seen with a muzzle on. If rabies has decreased in placed where the muzzle was used, the cause is an indirect one, and must be looked for in the reduction of number mainly. unmuzzled dogs being killed; for the number of dogs is sure to be decreased by measures which are obnoxious to animals and their owners. In Munich, during seven years when the permanent use of the muzzle was ordained, the number of dogs was reduced to one half, while the number of bitten persons had actually increased, owing to the greater irritability of the dogs, for the muzzle could not always be kept on when at home." Professor Lafosse, of Toulouse, says :--- " Madness in dogs is very rarely developed without symptoms sufficiently indicative to ensure proper precautions being taken by the owners. It is useless, therefore, to inflict the punishment of wearing the muzzle on the entire race, which, if strictly applied, is likely yo cause an increase of the self- engendering madness, spontaneous rabies." Professor Bourrel, of Paris, a director of an establishment for diseased dogs, says: -- "Statistics prove, however, that in nine cases out of ten people are bitten by mad dogs in houses, and not in the street; thus if the muzzle is to be of any use, it must be worn in the house also, and not removed for feeding." Similar opinions regarding muzzling were expressed by many of the witnesses who gave evidence before the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Rabies in Dogs in 1887, particularly Mr. Rowe, Mr. South, Dr.Bell Taylor. 16 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES. Mr. Colam, Professor Hill, Mr. W. Hunting, Mr. Rotherham, Dr. Whitmarsh, and Mr. Atkinson. The principal witnesses in favour of muzzling - Professors Horsley, Brown, and Pritchard, Dr. Fleming and Mr. Sewell - considered that to be effective it must b universal: a qualification which was fatal to their argument, since universal and continuous muzzling is altogether impracticable. The Select Committee in their Report expressed the opinion that the effect of muzzling dogs in London was very beneficial, but many witnesses considered that the diminution of rabies, which the Committee put down to muzzling, was really due to the seizure, detention, and destruction of stray dogs, and to the unusual care which dog owners exercised under pressure. A similar opinion has been expressed with reference to the recent muzzling orders issued by the Board of Agriculture, but with as little reason, for the beneficial results have undoubtedly been due to the causes mentioned above, and not to muzzling. It thus appears that muzzling dogs is ineffectual as a preventative measure against hydrophobia, unless carried out universally and continuously (which would be impossible), and that it is likely to do much harm by injuring the health of dogs, and so rendering them more liable to rabies than they would otherwise be. This practice, therefore, should be given up as being likely to do more harm than good. Diseased dogs, and those whose behaviour is peculiar and unusual, should be kept apart from the others and carefully watched. Suspected animals should not be killed immediately, especially if they have bitten any person, but should be kept isolated, under careful observation, until the nature of the case becomes clear. Then, if rabies has declared itself, the animal should be destroyed at once, and buried deeply in the ground, or reduced to ashes in a furnace. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES. On being bitten by a suspected dog, the injured person should at once employ suction energetically, and should squeeze and wash the injured part. As speedily as possible the wound should be thoroughly cauterized, either by means of the actual cautery, or such caustics as nitrate of silver, the strong acids, chloride of zinc, caustic potass, etc. THE BUISSON BATH TREATMENT. 17 Youatt, once of the most eminent of English veterinarians, recommended nitrate of silver, sharpened to a point. He used this caustic on himself, having been bitten several times by rabid dogs, and on 400 persons who, he declared, had been bitten by undoubtedly rabid dogs, and in none of these cases did hydrophobia ensue. It was also used extensively at St. George's Hospital with excellent results, and there seems no reason to doubt that this caustic, and many others, have the power of destroying the virus of rabies, if thoroughly applied to the bitten part immediately after the infliction of the bite. Excision of the bitten part as also been recommended, and may be equally serviceable if performed promptly and thoroughly. THE BUISSON BATH TREATMENT. These, however, are only preventative measures, and would be useless when hydrophobia has actually set in. All kinds of medical treatment have been tried in this disease, but only one method has afforded any reasonable hope of success. I refer to the treatment by vapour baths devised by the late Dr. Buisson, which certainly deserves a fair trial in every case of hydrophobia. This method is referred to in very contemptuous terms by Mr. Paget in his book entitled "Experiments on Animals" (p. 129). but the judgment of Mr. Paget in such a matter is not infallible. He declares that the "Buisson Bath Treatment failed egregiously to afford the very least benefit to inoculated animals," and he is so possessed by the mania for experimenting on animals that he fancies this is a fatal objection. In reality it is no objection at all, and Mr. Paget might as well assert that opium is useless because it has hardly any effect on pigeons, or belladonna because rabbits can eat it with impunity. The modus operandi of the Buisson treatment may be described as followed: The symptoms of hydrophobia all point to a state of intense hyperaemia of the nerve centres. By the use of the vapour bath a free action of the skin is set up, a large quantity of blood is drawn to the surface of the body, the congestion of internal organs is relieved, and the symptoms resulting from such congestion soon disappear. Dr. Buisson cured himself by the vapour bath when actually suffering from hydrophobia, and subsequently over18 THE BUISSON BATH TREATMENT. eighty people bitten by rabid dogs underwent his treatment, and not one of them died. Mr. Paget, of course, will not allow that Dr. Buisson had the disease, and declares that "it was an ordinary case of fear of hydrophobia." I totally disagree with Mr. Paget, and, on the contrary, consider that it was undoubtedly a case of true hydrophobia. Other cases are on record proving the efficacy of this treatment, even when the disease is fully developed. The following are some of these cases: - A boy was bitten by a rabid dog at Kischineff, near Odessa, on April 8th, 1886. On April 25th the boy showed signs of hydrophobia, being unable to swallow liquids, the sight of which induced paroxysms. The Buisson treatment was resorted to, and the boy recovered in a few days. At the Industrial School, Arlington, New Jersey, a lad named Klee was bitten by a rabid dog on January 2nd, 1886; on January 22nd symptoms of hydrophobia set in, and on the 24th were fully developed. The vapour bath treatment was employed, and the patient was cured in a short time. A little girl named Pauline Kiehl, in Paris, was bitten by a dog which must have been rabid, as two other persons bitten by it both died from hydrophobia. She was refused treatment by M. Pasteur, who probably regarded the case as hopeless, a considerable interval having elapsed between the infliction of the injury and the application for prophylactic inoculation. Hydrophobic symptoms were already setting in when the child was taken to the establishment of Dr. Leon Petit, 108, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris, where the Buisson treatment was carried out. She underwent it and recovered. This case is alluded to by M. Paget, who declares that the refusal of treatment by M. Pasteur is the strangest feature of the case. On the contrary, it was Pasteur's invariable rule to have nothing to do with any case where hydrophobic symptoms had appeared, and it would have been very strange if he had not refused. Mr. Paget is very sarcastic about "that mass of cures in Asia," but without any reason that I can see, unless it be to delude the public. Here is a case reported by Dr. Scott, of the Jaffna Hospital, Ceylon. A patient who had been bitten by a dog eight days previously was brought to the hospital in the state of severe mental anxiety. No definite THE BUISSON BATH TREATMENT. 19 symptoms of hydrophobia were present, but a vapour bath was given, and repeated the same evening. Next day he seemed much better, but on the twelfth day after the bite definite symptoms of hydrophobia appeared. The spasm of the muscles of deglutition and respiration was very well marked, and the anxiety on the face of the patient was most pitiable. He was given a vapour bath for half an hour, and this was repeated several times during the next three days. All the hydrophobic symptoms disappeared, and he went home quite well in a short time. The following cases furnish satisfactory evidence of the efficacy of the Buisson treatment in preventing the development of hydrophobia in persons bitten by rabid animals: - On May 6th, 1895, Dr. Ganguli, of Dinajpur, India, successfully applied this treatment to four persons who had been bitten by a rabid jackal on April 29th; while another man, bitten by the same animals, who did not undergo the treatment, died of hydrophobia. In 1896, Mr. J.H. Kotwal, of Bassein, was bitten by his own bulldog, which was proved to be rabid. For a fortnight he underwent the Buisson treatment, and no bad result ensued. Two other persons bitten by the same dog subsequently died of hydrophobia, having had no treatment. Now, in spite of Mr. Paget's sarcasm, I maintain that the foregoing instances furnish ample evidence of the beneficial effects of the vapour bath treatment in preventing, and even in curing, hydrophobia; and it is difficult to understand why this simple and harmless, yet effectual method of treatment, devised by a fully qualified medical man, has been treated with such indifference and neglect by the medical profession at large, while at the same time they have been quite ready to accept an unsound and dangerous system of treatment, invented by a man who was neither a physician nor a surgeon, but a chemist, and whose anti-rabic system is downright quackery. These remarks must not be understood as detracting in any way from the value and importance of M. Pasteur's20 THE BUISSON BATH TREATMENT. earlier researches. While he laboured in the domain of chemical investigation, where all the conditions of his experiments were within his knowledge and control, he did much excellent and enduring work, and made very important and valuable discoveries. But, when he rashly and unfortunately entered a new and untried field, and began to experiment upon living animals, he ceased to have control over all the conditions of his experiments. In the working of the highly-organized, living, animal body there are many conditions which it is impossible to control. Hence the experimenter is, and always must be, groping in the dark, so that his conclusions are merely tentative, and are certain to be disputed by other experimenters. The sources of fallacy in experiments on living animals are so numerous that, as Dr. Arnold remarks, each experimenter sees that which he wants to see, and logical confusion reigns supreme over the whole method. Pasteur's later researches were of this character; they were unscientific and fallacious, and of no practical utility. I would therefore strongly urge all members of the medical profession to reconsider their attitude towards the Pasteur and Buisson systems of treatment, and, above all, to give the latter a fair trial. PRINTED BY THE LEIGH-BROWNE ENDOWMENT FOR THE CANINE DEFENCE LEAGUE. PRINTED BY REQUEST FOR THE LEIGH BROWNE ENDOWMENT. A STATEMENT OF THE REASONS THAT HAVE INDUCED ME TO EMPLOY CINNAMON IN MASSIVE DOSES IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER AND CERTAIN OTHER DISEASES. BY J. CARNE ROSS, M.D. Edin. Physician to Ancoat's Hospital, Manchester. LONDON: 3, VICTORIA STREET, S.W. 1895.IF any Medical Practitioner will test the value of Cinnamon in infectious disease, the Committee of the Leigh-Browne Endowment will be glad to know the result, whether favourable or otherwise. Direct to- Hon. Sec., LEIGH-BROWNE ENDOWMENT, 3, Victoria Street, S.W. March, 1895. CINNAMON IN THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN MICROBIC DISEASES. The introduction of antiseptics into surgical practise was greeted with considerable enthusiasm, for not only did surgeons see their way to a great extension in the field of operations, but many physicians also dreamed that it would be but an easy leap from antiseptic surgery to antiseptic medicine, and that with the antiseptics the physician would soon be able to deal as successfully with microbes, when they were inside the body, and were there giving rise to some fever or whatever it might be, as the surgeons could deal with them when they were outside the body. Experience, however, has not fulfilled this hope; with antiseptics we may easily destroy our patient, but we cannot apparently destroy the microbe that is flourishing in him; in other words, we have never yet succeeded in aborting any specific fever by means of antiseptics, with the exception of ague by means of quinine. Wearied by repeated failure, medical opinion now inclines to the view that it is hopeless to expect any good results in this direction from drugs; and this swing of the pendulum is not unnatural, though whether it is quite reasonable is another matter. Being personally unwilling to give up any belief in the possible power of drugs, I thought some years ago that perhaps some light might be gained by reviewing in my mind the whole question of microbic disease, or of parasitic disease as I would prefer to call it, for the microbes of all the specific fevers are, I believe, essentially parasites, that is, they do not flourish, as far as we know, independently of some host. From the very dawn of history, and probably long before even that remote period, human beings have been puzzled and alarmed by the remarkable mode of incidence of parasitic or microbic diseases. The mysterious phenomenon was invariably noticed that "one was taken and the other left." We now know, of course, that his seeming mystery is not mysterious at all, but that the person, sick of any specific fever or(2) epidemic, is sick merely because the microbe of that particular disease has found entrance into his body. But even after we had attained to this level of knowledge, fresh difficulties arose. For it was soon asked, if a person takes scarlet fever from, let us say, drinking certain milk, why does not everyone drinking that milk also have scarlet fever? On investigation it was found that those who did not take the fever had had it before, and then it was agreed that a previous attack made people immune, or, in other words, they were artificially rendered sterile by a previous attack. But again it was also observed that others drank of this infected milk and did not have scarlet fever, and yet it was also found that they had never had a previous attack. How was this fact to be explained? If some do not take the fever because they have been rendered sterile by a previous attack, then surely the only rational explanation, as it seems to me, that can be offered why others who have never had the fever before and yet do not become sick is by supposing that they must be naturally sterile. Now, if we examine the history, generally, of epidemics from the earliest time, we will find that writers in considering any particular epidemic, have been so horrified at the gross mortality it has caused, that, usually, they have forgotten to notice how very few, comparatively speaking, suffered from the disease at all, at any rate, at its first onset. For instance, in Hamburg, three years ago I understand that about 8,000 people died of cholera, and as the death-rate of cholera averages from thirty-five to seventy-five per cent., the total number of cases of cholera in the city could not probably on the most liberal computation have numbered 50,000. What do these figures teach? Do they not tend to show us that those who contracted cholera were only a small minority of the population - the population of the city numbering something like 600,000 souls. Again. I think, it was in 1780, that influenza attacked St. Petersburg one night. Next day 40,000 people, Watson tells us, were down with the disease, an enormous number certainly, but still a very small minority of the general population of the city. Again, if measles or scarlet fever breaks out in a school, eliminating those protected by a previous attack, who ever heard of the rest of the school all going down together with the disease? Such a disease was surely never heard of. We see that all being equally exposed to infection, a certain, comparatively small number take the disease. and if segregation is strictly carried out at once, the others generally escape, but if segregation is not carried out by continued exposure to the infection, gradually more and more cases occur amongst those who resisted the first onset. In fact, looking at the matter broadly, how could the population of the world have escaped extermination if it were not that mankind enjoys some sort of natural sterility that is no doubt easily upset by causes which we do not at present understand, but which we should naturally expect to find would be more readily upset in the mobile age of childhood, than in (3) adult life, And do we not find that children are very much more liable to microbic disease than those of riper years? What do we see going on around us? Take this instance, Macnamara, in his History of Cholera, says: One afternoon, 19 men drank some water, which, by indubitable evidence, was afterwards found to contain cholera dejecta. Within five days of these men had cholera, the remaining 14 men experienced no ill result whatever. The interpretation of these facts appears abundantly simple. These 14 men, enjoying their normal sterility, imbibed the cholera germ without any ill effect, but the other five men, being in a state of fertility, the germ took root in them and flourished, or in other words, thy had cholera. It is not pretty generally admitted that the specific fevers, or diseases, for they are not all fevers, result, from: 1st. The introduction into the system of a microbe. 2nd. That the mere introduction of the microbe is not of itself sufficient to cause disease, but that the body of the host must at the same time be in a fertile condition; and from the foregoing it appears to me to follow, though others may not at once agree with me, that the normal condition of man is one of sterility, in which state the introduction of a microbe does not appear in any way to act injuriously. From these considerations it appeared to me to follow as a natural inference, that, when a body has become fertile, and a microbe is, therefore, flourishing in it, or in other words, if a person has a fever, if we could, by some means or other, sterilise the body of the host, then the microbe would probably cease to flourish, or in other words, the disease would then probably either abruptly come to an end, or would run a very mild course; for we know that the seed that is planted in stony ground springs up, but withers because it has no root in it. Some years ago I asked myself why should I not, leaving the microbe severely alone, endeavour, if possible, by means of some drug that is non-poisonous and has no selective action, and can, therefore, be used in enormous quantities, so to saturate a patient with it, that he shall practically become tanned or sterilised, and then perhaps the disease will either cease, or run a mild course. No one can read the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, or, indeed, any historical MSS, that deal with the household expenses of our ancestors, without being struck by the enormous quantities of spices that they consumed. At the marriage feast, for instance, of the Earl of Carrick, Robert Bruce's son, about 200 lbs. of cinnamon were consumed, besides our spices. And again, in the vessel equipped by Edward I. to bring home the little Maid of Norway, something like 25 lbs. of cinnamon were stored for her special use on the voyage. Of course, those happy people who know everything explain this consumption of spices by telling us the wine in old days was so bad, that without enormous quantities of spices it was undrinkable. How do they know it was so bad? Again, why did the Norse people, after they settled in England and become English, take to spicing their ale? Was that so bad also? In the Heimskringla we never hear of spiced ale, though we hear a great deal about ale drinking.(4) No! Is it not possible that the use of spices in these enormous quantities was merely an echo of some forgotten knowledge? Many not some wise man, some Jewish physician, perhaps, have suggested to some mighty patron that spice in large quantities was protective against disease, and so the use of spice became, by accident, the fashion. I must not dwell here on this most enticing subject. These echoes of forgotten knowledge which we see here and there, lying like dead logs in the history of the world, tell us most plainly, as it seems to me, that many brave men must have lived before Agamemnon, though by an ignorant and foolish generation the labours of their lives were lost, and their names forgotten. Could it be possible, I asked myself, that in the spice series might be found the drug I was in search of. How long these speculations might have continued - mere speculations - I do not know, but in the first week of January, 1892, they suddenly crystallised out. For I read in the papers that some French physician had stated that he thought he had found cinnamon useful in influenza, and I felt certain that if it acted at all, cinnamon could only act as a sterilising agent; and also I felt confident that the drug would not be used in sufficiently large doses, and I at once determined to commence series of experiments with spices to ascertain whether my theory possessed any practical value. And the first spice I employed was cinnamon, and thinking that cancer possibly owed its origin to some parasite, I first of all experimented on a case of cancer of the stomach, and the result of that experiment has been published elsewhere. An epidemic of influenza broke out early in 1892, and I tried the effect of cinnamon, giving half-an-ounce of the decoction (the strength of the decoction being 1 lb. in the pint and a quarter) every hour. The first few cases surprised me, for the patient seemed to get quite well in a few hours. I also experimented on a case of measles, and the patient, a child aged nine, seemed to be perfectly well in twenty-four hours. A second series of cases of influenza, measles, and scarlet fever were treated, the latter at the Fever House at Monsall, apparently without any results. Bitterly disappointed, for a time I felt inclined to throw up the sponge. But in thinking over my cases the results, where good, seemed to have been so very good, that I began to wonder whether I had not made some blunder somewhere, and on carefully going over my cases again and again, it gradually began to dawn upon me that my good results seemed to stand in some direct relation to the time that had elapsed between the first onset of the disease and that at which treatment had been commenced. In fact, it seemed to be quite clear that the earlier the treatment the better the result. I therefore determined to try again and follow out this suggestion, taking twenty-four hours from the onset of the disease as my working limit, and declining to treat any cases that had been ill for more than (5) twenty-four hours; and with regard to this working limit, I think I should now feel inclined to fix twenty hours instead of twenty-four. Another epidemic of influenza soon broke out, and I treated a considerable number of cases, twenty-five in number, within the twenty-four hour limit, and in all these cases I ceased to attend after the second day. I also treated a case of measles - the patient a young lady of 22. I saw her first at 3 p.m.; the rash had been first noticed at 9 a.m. that morning; temperature 102 degrees; cough very troublesome; respirations 30; severe headache; complete anorexia. Half-an-ounce of decoction of cinnamon was ordered every hour. At 9:30 p.m. that evening temperature was 99 degrees, pulse normal, breathing normal, no cough, no headache. no complaints/ At 10 a.m. next morning patient appeared to be quite well, but I kept her in bed for two days as a precaution. The rash, which had been profuse, entirely disappeared in thirty hours from the commencement of the treatment. I had myself been a martyr to influenza, having had it five times, and during the spring of 1892 I was again twice attacked by it, and had the usual rigors, malaise pains and loss of appetite. On both occasions the attack commenced about 6 p.m. In the first attack, at 7 p.m., my temperature was a little over 100 degrees, in the second, at the same time, it was 101 degrees, and both time I felt very ill. I dosed myself with half-an-ounce of decoction of cinnamon every forty minutes, and after about two hours and a-half, on both occasions, I experienced a most peculiar sensation of sudden well-being, and half-an-hour after this sensation I have described, on both occasions, my temperature was normal, and I felt quite well and smoked a pipe, which two hours previously I could not even have thought of doing, and on both occasions I awoke next morning feeling quite well, and went about my work as usual. I have tried this treatment in so many cases of influenza now, that I feel compelled to believe that my observations, in this disease at any rate, are accurate. At last, in the spring of 1894, a well-marked case of scarlet fever turned up, and to eliminate any possibility of error in my diagnosis, the sister of this patient was good enough to go down with scarlet fever at the same time; and on the same day five schoolfellows of my patient's, happily n the practice of different medical men in the neighbourhood, also went down with scarlet fever. Only one of my patients was treated with cinnamon. She was a well-grown girl of 15. My first visit was at 11 a.m.; tongue thickly coated; temperature 102.4 degrees; pulse 132; throat deeply engorged; and ulcer the size of a finger-nail on the left tonsil; she complained of great pain in the throat and severe headache; she had vomited five times, three times in the night and twice in the morning; anorexia complete. Rash profuse over the face, neck and trunk, and well-marked over the limbs.(6) She had complained of not feeling quite well the previous evening during tea time, and had a rigor about 8 p.m. Half-an-ounce of decoction of cinnamon was ordered every hours for the first 24 hours; at the expiration of that time the dose was to be given every two hours; the throat to be gargled every two hours with equal parts of decoction of cinnamon and water. After 24 hours from the commencement of treatment the throat looked better, and complaints of pain were not urgent. After 48 hours the patient's throat gave no pain. After 96 hours, temperature 98 degrees, pulse 80, throat a normal colour, ulcer on the tonsil almost healed, no pain whatever in the throat, tongue perfectly clear, appetite had returned, and the patient enjoyed her food; there was no strawberry tongue at any time, there was no albumen at any time, and thirst was complained of after the first few hours of treatment. For a few days peeling took place from the face and hands. Having mentioned any experiments with scarlet fever to one of my brother practitioners in the neighbourhood, he very likely called me in to a case of well marked scarlet fever on 9th January, 1895. Patient was a girl aged 13. My first visit was at 3 p.m., the patient had been out skating the day before, but had felt languid in the evening on going to bed. I found at the first visit temperature 103.5 degrees, pulse 134, throat deeply engorged, a large ulcer on the left tonsil, throat painful when she swallowed, glands of the throat enlarged, rash profuse over face, trunk and limbs, patient had vomited three times, tongue thickly coated. Three drachms of decoction of cinnamon was ordered every hour for the first 24 hours, after the expiration of that period the dose to be administered every two hours till the temperature fell to normal. After normal had been touched the dose to be administered four times daily for four days. The throat to be gargled every two hours with equal parts of cinnamon decoction and water. I ventured to say to the medical attendant and the parents if this case ran, as I hoped it would, on all fours with my former case of scarlet fever, that in about 48 hours the throat should give no further trouble, and that in 96 hours the temperature and pulse should be normal and the patient should enjoy her food. On the chart which I have beside me as I write I I find that 96 hours after the commencement of treatment the temperature was 98 degrees, the pulse 80, and the nurse has noted, at the order of the medical attendant, opposite this date, "patient has enjoyed her food," with the following entry added, "No strawberry tongue, no thirst since first day of illness." I further understand from the medical attendant that there has been no albumen. The results obtained with cinnamon in cancer have been already published in the Lancet of 21st July and 20th October, and in the (7) Medical Press and Circular of the 15th October, and need not be recited again. But the following case has never yet been published, and is of special interest to me because the patient is not under my care though she adopted my treatment. As shortly as I can I give the history of the case" Miss W., aged about 45, in comfortable circumstances, had the breast removed on account of cancer, in February, 1891, by Mr. Currie of Ipswich. The disease returned at once necessitating a second operation in April, 1891. The disease again returned necessitating a third operation, performed by Mr. Currie in August, 1892. In November, 1893, the disease again returned, but Mr. Currie declined further operation. In January, 1894 Miss W. wrote to me, with the full consent of her medical attendant, who himself wrote to me, saying that she wished to try the cinnamon treatment. I did not see her, but told her that my treatment was very simple, and that she had merely to take half-a-pint of decoction of cinnamon daily. I saw Miss W. for the first and only time in May, 1894; she said she was in good health and appeared to be so. I found two cancer nodules about the size of a fairly large marble, one above and the other below the cicatrix left by the first operation. She assured me that these nodules were smaller than they had been; but, of course, I could not tell whether they were so. In August, 1894. Miss W. fell into bad health and I was afraid she was going wrong, but in October I heard she was better again, and on the 10th January, 1895, I received the following letter from her present medical attendant, her former attendant having, I understand, retired from general practise, so as to follow purely surgical practise. "Waveney House, Bungay, "January 10th, 1895. "DEAR DR. ROSS, - Miss W. has just forwarded me your note, "and in reply \i beg you to say I saw Miss W. for the first time "September 3rd, 1894. when I found her following out most faith- "fully your treatment. At that time she was in bad health, losing7"flesh, and commencing to assume quite a cancerous complexion. "There were two hard nodules, one above and one below with cicatrix, "and the latter having an unhealthy appearance. "I saw her again on November 5th, and on January 7th, 1895, "and on my last visit I was much pleased to see her looking so much "better, in fact I might say looking well. All pain from the part has "ceased, the nodules are much less, and the cicatrix is now healthy. "Personally I have not had any experience in the cinnamon treatment, "but under the circumstances I have strongly advised Miss W. to "continue with it. This letter, of course, you may read at the "meeting. "Believe me, &c., "(Signed)* F. HARRISON TETLEY." (8) The rules I follow in the treatment of cancer consist, as U have said, merely in the administration of half-a-pint of the decoction of cinnamon daily; each dose agrees best when taken after meals. In scarlet fever, measles and influenza I would suggest - 1. That no case be treated when more than 20 hours have elapsed from the first onset of the disease. 2. That in adults and patients, over 14, half-an-ounce of decoction cinnamon be given every hour of the first 24 hours. 3. At expiration of 24 hours, that the same dose be continued at intervals of two hours till temperature falls to normal. 4. That in scarlet fever the throat be gargled every two hours with equal parts of decoction cinnamon and water for 96 hours, and at expiration of that period gargling to be continued four times daily. 5. After temperature falls to normal, the same dose of decoction be administered four times daily for four days. 6. That in patients under 24, dose be lessened in proportion to age, but that the intervals at which each dose is given should be the same in all cases. A few patients have been found to vomit after the first dose or two, but the vomiting has always been found to cease; if a patient vomits, I now pay regard to it, but repeat the dose in twenty minutes. Each full dose should be taken in a wine-glass of water. The decoction of cinnamon has been prepared for me by Messrs. Woolley & Sons, Victoria Bridge, Manchester. and by Mr. Horsey, 2, Chichester Street, Upper Westbourne Terrace, London, W. In conclusion, I would add that of course I know very well in the cases I have treated I may have been merely deceived and led astray by a series of coincidences. It is difficult to account, however, for Dr. Tetley's case of cancer in this manner; and with regard to my cases of influenza, scarlet fever, and measles, when I slump them all into one series, I frankly own that, wanting proof to the contrary, I find it very difficult to believe that I could have invariably obtained, throughout this series, the result that I expected and hoped for merely by a succession of coincidences. A COMMITTEE of Oxford Graduates and Undergraduates has been formed to assist and concentrate the work of University men among the London poor. They hope to form a permanent connection with some Parish or Mission District in one of the poorer parts of London, in which they would be able to found a House as a centre of religious and social work among the labouring and artisan classes of the district. The object of the House is primarily to be the residence of University Graduates willing to live there, and to give either their whole time, or such portion of it as they can spare from their professional or business engagements, so work of this kind. The House would also be a meeting-place for those who could come down and give assistance on one or more evenings in the week; and would receive Undergraduates who were able to devote some portion of a Vacation to seeing and helping the work. The relations between the House and the Vicar of the Parish would, it is hope, enable the residents, at least at starting, to look to him for direction, suggestion, and caution, in the different kinds of work which they undertook: but it would probably be found ultimately desirable that the House should have a head of its own, who might be either a layman or a clergyman. The methods open to such a band of workers would include the management of boys' and men's clubs and institutes; teaching in day and Sunday schools; classes, lectures, temperance work, and conducting or assisting in services in mission-rooms, and elsewhere. Besides this, much might be done by friendly and social intercourse with labourers and artisans and by promoting and managing entertainments. The work would not necessarily be confined to the Parish, but would include the serving on Committees of Sanitary Aid, Charity Organization Society, Kyrle Society, etc. It is hoped that this scheme would draw to a focus many scattered efforts which would thus gain in strength and permanence, and would form a new link between different generations of Oxford men. The connection of the House with the Parish, to which its workers would look as their religious centre, would give it in a natural way that definitely Christian character, in which they would find their strongest bond of union while at the same time its independence of the ordinary parochial organization would give its members easier access to certain kinds of work, and would freely admit the cooperation of any University men who feel a desire to make themselves more closely acquainted with the condition of the poor, and to give personal service in any of those methods of work which aim at making their lives happier and better. Executive Committee. The Warden of All Souls. The Warden of Keble. Canon Scott Holland, Ch. Ch. Rev. W.A. Spooner, New College. W.H. Carnegie, Magdalen. W.H.A. Worsley, New College. G.J. Talbot, Ch. Ch. H.O. Wakeman, All Souls, Treasurer. Rev. W,J.H. Campion, Keble, W.O. Burrows, Ch. Ch. (C.C.C.), Secretaries. Names of those willing to support the scheme by personal work or by contributions, either now or in the future, may be sent to the Secretaries or to any of the following: T.E. Pickering, University. E.C.E. Owen, Bolliol. Hon. L.A. Broderick, Merton. R. Talbot, Exeter. C.T. Campion, Oriel. R.W. Forrest, Queen's. A.R. Sharpe, New College. W.H.A. Worsley, New College. D.F.O. Poulter, Lincoln. W.H. Carnegie, Magdalen. J.F.G. Glossop, Magdalen. E.H. Good, B.N.C. E. Kirby, C.C.C. G.J. Talbot, Ch. Ch. W.R. Hutton, St. John's A. Riley, Pembroke. W.H. Chappel, Worcester. H.E. Huntington, Keble. R.W. Harris, Hertford.The following have already promised their support: The Warden of All Souls. The Provost of Worcester. The Warden of Keble. Canon King D.D. Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology, Ch. Ch.. Canon Wordsworth, M.A., Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, B.N.C. W. Sanday, M.A. Dean Ireland's Professor of Exegesis, Exeter. Bonamy Price, M.A., Public Orator, Fellow and Bursar of Lincoln. W. Lock, M.A., Senior Proctor, Fellow of Magdalen. G.N. Freeling, M.A., Fellow of Merton. W.W. Jackson, M.A., Fellow of Exeter and Censor of Unattached Students. A.G. Butler, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Oriel. E. Armstrong, M.A., Fellow and Bursar of Queen's. W.A. Spooner, M.A., Fellow and Dean of New College. H.O. Wakeman, M.A., Fellow of All Souls. H.R. Bramley, M.A., Fellow and Vice-President of Magdalen. H.S. Holland, M.A., Student and Censor of Ch. Ch. R.L. Ottley, M.A., Student and Tutor of Ch. Ch. E.B. Poulton, M.A., Jesus, Tutor of Keble. P.A. Henderson, M.A., Fellow and Sub-Warden of Wadham. F.A. Dixey, M.A., Wadham. R.G. Livingstone, M.A., Fellow, Dean and Tutor of Pembroke. A.L. Moore, M.A., Tutor of Keble and Magdalen. .H. Maude, M.A., Fellow and Dean of Hertford. [FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION.] On Monday, March 19th, 1883, MR. J.G. TALBOT, M.P., presented the following Petition in the House of Commons. To the Honorable the Commons of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliament assembled. The humble Petition of the undersigned Heads of the Houses, Professors, and other Members of the University of Oxford. Sheweth - That year Petitioners consider that the Law for the Protection of Young Girls is very inadequate. That your Petitioners earnestly pray that the age up to which the persons of Young Girls are protected may be extended to eighteen. And your Petitioners will every pray?" --- Among the names of the Petitioners are the following: - J. Bellamy, D.D., President of St. John's College. J.F. Bright, M.A., Master of University College. W. Bright, D.D., Regius Prof. of Eccles, History. F. Bulley, D.D., President of Magdalen College. A.G. Butler, M.A., Oriel College. M. Burrows, M.A., Chichele Prof. of Modern History. D.P. Chase, D.D., Principal of St. Mary Hall. H. Cornish, D.D., Principal of New-Inn-Hall.E. H. Cradock, D.D., Principal of Brasenose College. G. R. Driver, M.A., Regius Prof. of Hebrew. E. Evans, D.D., Master of Pembroke College. T. Fowler, M.A., President of Corpus Christi College. C. W. Furse, M.A., Principal of Cuddesdon College. R. B. Girdlestone, M.A., Principal of Wyecliffe Hall. C. Gore, M.A., Vice-Principal of Cuddesdon. H. D. Harper, D.D., Principal of Jesus College. E. Hatch, M.A., Vice-Principal of St. Mary Hall. C. A. Heurtley, D.D., Margaret Prof. of Divinity. H. S. Holland, M.A., Senior Proctor. W. Ince, D.D., Reguis Prof. of Divinity. W. Inge, M.A., Provost of Worcester College. E. King, D.D., Prof of Pastoral Theology J. Legge, M.A., Prof. of Chinese. H.G. Liddell, D.D., Dean of Christ Church. J.R. Lightfoot, D.D., Rector of Exeter College. W. Lock, M.A., Senior Proctor Elect Aubrey L. Moore, m.A., St. John's College. J.R. Magrath, D.D., Provost of Queen's College W.W. Merry, M.A,, Publie Orator. E. Moore, D.D., Principal of St. Edmund Hall. Max Müller, M.A., Prof. of Comparative Philology. H. Nettleship, M.A., Corpus, Prof. of Latin. E.B. Nicholson, M.A., Bodley's Librarian. W. Odling. M.A., Waynflete Prof. of Chemistry. Bonamy Price, M.A., Prof. of Political Economy. J. Percival, M.A., President of Trinity College J. Prestwich, M.A., Prof. of Geology. J. Rhys. M.A., Prof. of Celtie. G. Rawlinson, M.A., Prof. of Ancient History. L. Rigaud, M.A., Fellow of Magdalen College. J.E., Sewell, D.D., Warden of New College. E. Talbot, M.A., Warden of Keble College. G. E. Thorley , M.A., Warden of Wadham College. J. Wordsworth, M.A., Oriel Prof. of Scripture Interpretation. Monior Williams, M.A., Boden Prof. of Sanskrit. The Society for the Protection of the Young. ON THE MUNICIPAL VOTE. As voters, responsible for the municipal government of Hastings and St. Leonards, we object to be called on to vote for Candidates nominated from considerations of party politics. Intelligent burgesses should be chosen for office who will be strictly honest, and strictly just, in all the municipal transactions All who are willing to join in an effort to secure the triumph of high character, instead of party politics, in our municipal elections, and who will present the leaflet to a Candidate requiring a positive assent to its contents, and refuse to vote for him if his answer be evasive or unsatisfactory, are requested to send their name and address "To the Secretary of the Society for the Protection of the Young. 55, Cambridge Road," or to mercenary fornication, whoremongers and whores must be judged by one law. It must be recognised that the man who bribes a woman to sin, is committing a cruel injury upon all women. The purchase of the human body is an unnatural corruption, injurious to family purity, and destructive of Christian society. We require that our representatives whilst actively checking public moral evil, shall guide their action by the just principle of one equal more responsibility - resting upon men and women. In all municipal authority and influence therefore, necessarily exercised in this direction - whether by instructing and supporting police action, in suppressing brothels, in checking vice and disorder in the streets, in suppressing indecent exhibitions, in judging cases of assault or seduction, in regulating the Workhouse, or in all cases where the interaction of the sexes is concerned - the principle of equal justice must be maintained.The Society for the Protection of the Young. ON THE MUNICIPAL VOTE. As voters, responsible for the municipal government of Hastings and St. Leonards, we object to be called on to vote for Candidates nominated from considerations of party poliics. Intelligent burgesses should be chosen for office who will be strictly honest ad strictly just, in all the municipal transactions for the fulfilment of which we select them to represent us. We find no statement either in the public press of in the printed addresses of the way in which these vital principles - honesty and justice- will be carried out in the various branches of municipal government: nor are they dwelt on as essential qualifications of proposed Candidates. The importance of honesty in municipal affiars, such as avoidence of jobbery, or of reckless expenditure, &c. is well-known, although too vaguey considered; it too cannot be too constantly and practically insisted on. The maintenance of justice by municipal government, is less understood, but is of at least equal importance; morality is based upon justice, and the moral government of a town is of vital importance to the rising generation. In restraining the dangeroud and degrading public evil od mercenary fornication, whoremongers and whores must be judged by one law. It must be recognised that the man who bribes a woman to sin, is committing a cruel injury upon all women. The purchase of the human body is an unatural corruption, injurious to family purity, and destructive of Christian society. We require that our representatives whilst actively checking public moral evil, shall guide their action by the just principle of one equal moral responsibility - resting upon men and women. In all municipal authority and influence thereofre, necessarily exercised in this direction - whether by instructing and supporting police action, in suppressing brothels, in checking vice and disorder in the streets, in suppressing indecent exhibitions, in judging cases of assault or seduction, in regulating the Workhouse, or in all cases where the inter-action of the sexes is concerned- the principle of equal justice must be maintained.June, 1889. TO MRS. T. L. BROWNE. DEAR MADAM, - In response to your request that if I could not come in person to the Annual Meeting of the Moral Reform Union, I would write something to be read out, I think no topic more urgent than to give reason, why your Association is needed. Christian Churches have been apt to assume that the Pulpit and a sacred Book supersede other teaching and inculcation of morals. Happily, they now take duly to heart how influential a part of the nation does not listen to any pulpit, and flatters itself that fancied Expediency supersedes Right to the sage politician. Nay, the Churches now show themselves wide awake to the fact that corrupt statesmanship is far more efficient to promote Vice, Injustice, and Crime, than are the noblest Churches to counteract these fatal evils. I praise the Churches - let us rejoice in their activity; yet their agency has its inevitable defects. First, though they have the desire of Virtue in common, and a substantial unity in its interpretation, they cannot seek it in united force, because diversity of creed and side motives distract them. Zeal for the common end, and zeal for the special end of each, so varies as to embarrass common action. Next, they necessarily fail to attract aid from those to whom nearly every public creed among us is rather a thorn than a garland. These may easily be undervalued in number and potency, for on the whole they are more secretive than ostentatious; but they ill endure the obtruding of notions called religious into a topic of morals, which they see as more fundamental than any creed. Political minds among us, when they do not make light of morals, are very likely to see morality as pre-eminent and permanent. Not to seek these as our coadjutors is surely a grave defect. Nevertheless, it is an important step forwards if the Churches at length understand that to propagate sound morals whether against false science or crude statesmanship, can give us little aid compared with the Platform, which admits reply and rejoinder. Without discussion 2 and counter argument, conviction gets neither depth nor breadth of root. Thirdly, it is to me wonderful how the Churches overlook the vast mass of questions highly important to each of us, as involving inevitable duty, which evades us entirely in the Christian Scripture, or are solved differently according as the Older Book is discarded or appreciated. Understand me, that in advertising to simple facts, I do not, for a moment, blame a Prophet or an Apostle for limiting his moral teaching to the needs and minds of those whom he addresses, but the fact remains. A Hebrew Seer did not except Gentiles to be equalized with his own nation, when it made Moab its washpot and cast (or kicked?) its shoe at Edom, but did expect to teach foreign kings and nobles the taste of the sword and iron fetters. How far Christians disown the parallel doctrine has been, and perhaps still is, doubtful. I (for one) Apocalypse, that, while expecting the speedy annihilation of Gentile Monarchies, and adbsorption of Earthly into Divine rule, the time intervening seemed “too short” to allow any importance to human Rights ; whether Right of Slave against their Masters, Right of Children from Parents, Right of Wife from her Husband, Right of a Maiden from her Guardian, Right of Oppressed Nations against their Conquerers, Right of Citizenship, Right of Nationality, Right of Animals against Mankind. All such topics were swallowed up in the exhortation :—“The time is too short : it matters not whether you be slave or free, married or unmarried ; but only whether you be the Lord{s own.” But ever since the Church reluctantly had to resign as somehow in error, the utterance, “I COME QUICKLY,” the effect of omitting discussion of these RIGHTS propagates the crude ascendency of Might as sacred Right. To refer us to the New Testament as a sufficient guide, on topics which it never discusses in detail, is a fundamental mischief. Even the Hebrew Law, if you wisely make allowance for the errors of antiquity, is noble in its teaching, and kindling to the heart. But by crucifying common sense, from NO sacred brook will you elicit truth. This Protestant Nation (for I dare not speak of Jews or Catholics) has had no real nor honest teaching of moral in any of her avowed organs ; 3 and does not yet discern the fact and take it to heart. Yet the fact is very visible in our public laws. I must try to be concise, therefore merely throw out single cases, suggestively. The Minister of an Indian Prince, who came to England for justice, in my hearing commented : “If a pocket be picked in London, you do “ not allow the thief to be punished without bringing him before a Court, “ making definite accusation of his offence and allowing the culprit to “ defend himself : but my royal master has been dethroned by your high “ officer, who will not give responsible plain accusation, nor any opportunity “ of defence.” Of course my purpose here is not to dwell on any special case, but to make signal the fact, that while war involved slaughter and burnings, and every form of ravage, and is the graves of all punishments, England has never dealt with war judicially. But what solid teaching from any of her constituted organs has our country ever received? To justify any voluntary initiation of war, except as sequel to the verdict of a solemn judicial righteous impartial Court, is a pagan horror on which I cannot trust myself to dwell further. A human community must consist of men and women, not of beasts: not insane animals: yet where the brain is poisoned, what is any of us but insane? Perhaps an idiot, perhaps a wild beast. Evidently no one can justly claim citizen’s rights, unless his brain is in a human state. Everyone dreads an armed sot, who is unfit to go abroad in the streets, and murders are every day committed, not so much by drunkards as by men who have been drinking, yet in all the Parliamentary Debates from 1825 onward, not even when the opponents of Sir Wilfred Lawson have avowed themselves shocked at public drunkenness, and when a woman may be brought before a magistrate ten times, eighty times, and still oftener, as drunk and disorderly, has any powerful voice declared that the intoxicating potion should be forbidden after repeated conviction. In many American States a husband can forbid supplying his wife, or his child with intoxicants, the wife has a like power, with excellent results. Is our Parliament ignorant? Or have they ever had just, moral teaching? Even in the American Union some great newspapers reason as if the RIGHT to intoxicate oneself is sacred to the individual, and may not be forbidden by the State! A highly-educated young nobleman argued with4 me, that to sanction the State in forbidding intoxicants to be a drunkard, would justify the States in forbidding card playing (awful thought!) and freedom of religion ! ! Evidently on this most practical topic, “what qualities are needed by one who claims citizen’s freedom !” no moral teaching is heard. Ministers act the part of “ Dog in the Manger.” They do not teach, and cannot teach, are daily and hourly right and wrong themselves ; and their overwhelming influence to make all other teachers disreputable is effectual. Here is surely a just plea for teaching morality from a human basis, open to all minds, and tracing every duty to its reasons in our human nature. It is not a fact (and, if a fact, dreadful!) that Statesmen who talk of right and wrong to the public, shut their mouths to such topics in Parliament? Their excuse is, that Parliament accounts a man fanatical who argues about right and wrong, while it believes in nothing but “ statistics,” which can generally be twisted awry, and always requires countless martyrdoms before an evil law can be repealed. I do not look to a Moral Reform Union as the school which is itself, to teach morals, but as the organ which is to plead for fundamental and general moral teaching, which also has to show that as Duty and Right are older than any historical Religion, their reasons are deeper than any traditional syllabus, and ought to be taught on their true scientific basis. I fear that even so much is too much, though it merely begins my topic. Therefore I close abruptly. F. W. NEWMAN. MORAL REGORM UNION LEAFLET No. 11. THE SIN OF SILENCE Extract from a Sermon on the above subject preached to the Free Christian Congregation, Wellesley Road, Croydon, on Sunday, the 8th of January, 1888, by the Minister, the Rev. C. F. Street, M.A. “The temptations to conformity with a popular wrong are sometimes almost overwhelming, and it needs all the courage and all the faith we can summon before we are enabled to ovecome in God’s name. And then we may find ourselves almost alone in our protest, which thorough conscientiousness is sure to make. But it is God’s cause that we espouse, and in Him and His truth and righteousness we shall find our strength. “Many a young man has ‘ gone to the bad,‘ as the phrase is, because in some moral crisis he dared not say ‘ No ‘ when urged to share in dissipations which were really uncongenial and distasteful to him. Many a young man to-day is skimming dangerously near the awful rapids, because he lacks the courage to separate himself from insidious companions who will almost inevitably drag him down with themselves to spiritual destruction. The curse of gambling, e.g., is upon many of our young men, and their deepest interests in life are centered upon a horse-race or a game of cards. A few may have the self-restraint to stop in time and recoil from the danger they were bringing on themselves ; but too many, alas, are such weak and flimsy character that they will not help themselves, and they go heedlessly and laughingly to their doom, which if the wreck of honour and happiness, and the triumph of the base elements in human nature over the forces of holiness and truth. it is an easy step from the eager desire to win from others what they are just as eager to keep, down to still lower depths. And the downward steps become easier, until at last the incline is too steep to be resisted, and a God-given soul completes its ruin for this world’s life. The sin of silence when the first temptation was presented thus brings its natural harvest. “ But have the parents of young men nothing to answer for in allowing them to face the world’s temptations without warning or restraint? There is an awful responsibility attaching to parents and teachers and guardians of youth if they withhold the plain speech which may be painful to utter, but which will at least serve to put innocence upon its guard, and may save the soul’s purity from sudden shipwreck. What right have we to allow our boys and girls to acquire necessary knowledge on some of the hidden things of life in a casual and, perhaps, a sinful way? Ought the instruction, e.g., about the proper functions of bodily organs, which are a sacred trust from the Holy Spirit, to be timorously delegated by a parent to the corrupt school-fellow or the giddy-minded servant? I say with all earnestness that the parent who shirks the obvious duty of training his or her children in such matters is guilty of the awful sin of silence, and cannot be freed from a share in the responsibility for the fall that is brought about through undue ignorance of the great facts of life and duty.“ CHRISTOPHER J. STREET, M.A.MR. JUSTICE BUTT AND SIR JAMES HANNEN. A correspondent writes:- "Sir, - Surely Mr. Justice Butt, in granting a decree in the Crawford-Dilke divorce suit, must have forgotten the law as to evidence laid down by Sir James Hannen in a case tried before him in July: 1873, apropos of accepting confessions of the party alone, without any corroboration. At the close of the evidence Sir James Hannen said: 'I have again to repeat what I said yesterday, which I hope will be remembered and acted upon. . . . In the court which this division now represents it has not been the custom to rely only upon the confessions of the party alone. I do not lay down a legal proposition that the court will not do so; but it is to be remembered it is only in cases of absolute necessity that a confession of the party should be relied on.' "retiring to leave them with a steaming tea-urn and a sentinel at the door. During the whole of the time the husband tried to persuade his wife to go with him to the convict colony to which he will shortly be despatched. At the expiration of the hour the warder reappeared, the convict doffed his wedding garments for his prison hear, and the wife went silently away, accompanied by her husband's brother. - THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT IN SWEDEN. On the 16th inst. (writes Mr. Gustafson) a petition signed by 208,827 of his subjects, asking for the absolute prohibition of the liquor traffic, was handed to King Oscar of Sweden. In other words, about 13 per cent. of the entire population, or about one-third of the adult population of Sweden have petitioned the King for the total suppressionI don't propose to discuss the very vexed questions which during the last twelve months Mr. Smith has brought before the Board. If Mr. Smith had been less blatant, if at the outset he had shown some consideration for the feelings of others, he would have had the undivided sympathy of many who have held aloof. Where abuses exist, inquiry is necessary, but inquiry should be conducted in such a manner as to secure rather than alienate the sympathies of men willing, by a politic procedure, to be convinced. The manner in which business is being conducted at the Union meetings is simply a public scandal. Members over-ruling the authority of the chairman, and the chairman, in the presence of the reporters, calling the offending Guardian a drunken sot, the master of the Workhouse and a representative of a parochial district figuring in the Police-court. Surely it is time some alteration was brought about. ?for ? ?Rev. of the Hastings Board of Guardians contin? ?e ; £6 attract the attention of the inhabitants. ? ?of the recent meeting the uproar recreated by two or ? Guardians was regarded by the others as b? simply disgraceful. The ruling of the Chair? ?to be was set at defiance, and a motion was put? ?Hotel, carried, amid great confusion and uproar, du? ?e pre- which Messes. Smith and Walder were on ? ?erferes legs at the same time, both speaking at the to? ?b pro their voices. As the election is near at han? ?oured would be as well to point out that ratep? ?osition should exercise thier privileges with care an? ?to was cretion. The "suitable persons" woho are ? ?for a appealed to by Mr. Smith and his supporte? ?oing to come forward as candidates may, if elected, incr? ?arture. the uproar which is now a characteristic of ? ?d that proceedings of the Board.—Sussex Daily News ?k, but THE REPORT of the Public Baths and Aqua? ?resent. Company has been issued as follows:—The Di? ?o took tors submit the Accounts and Balance-sheet ? the year ending the 31st December, 1885. T? ?ce on are glad to be able to announce a continued ? ? Castle, provement in all sources of revenue. ?ger son income for the year was £4.009 17s. 6d. A ? ? of 6 providing for the ordinary expenses, and wri? ?, and ? towards the ?The public meeting for “ the Protection of Girls,“ which we reported on Saturday, was a sufficient refutation of the story that Exeter was indifferent to the subject. Happily, there was no local experience to awaken the public mind to the enormity of the subject, but the newspaper reports of the case of Mrs. Jeffrey revealed such an awful miscarriage of justice in the trumpery fine miscalled the punishment of this wealthy procuress that public indignation became impatient. the action of the “ Pall Mall Gazette, “ to use a common phrase, met a public want. A Champion was found equal to the conf[??]et of the moral law with a most brutal force of unmanly vice, and whatever may be the judgement which the law may pass on ms. Stead, he has done a noble work for which he will be held in public honour. The meeting was addressed by two Women–both of great eminence–one by her work and the other by her work and social station, but each alike gifted with the grand qualities which ennoble the human race and which {??}ine with the greater glory when they are presented in the female character. Both the ladies are gifted with rare talents. Mrs. Ormiston Ohant has for a long time devoted herself to the important work which brought her to this meeting. The Countess of Portamouth came to meet her and co-operate with her in the prosecution of a work which has her highest sympathy both as a mother who understands the duty of all thinking persons to engage in the work of moral reform, and who feels bound to do her part in the all-important work as an obligation of her position in life. Indeed we know of no work which makes so strong an appeal to every one’s sense of duty. We were most painfully impressed with the story of the poor country child of thirteen years old brought and delivered to the wealthy procuress–“ seen in her house in her coarse country garb and hobnall boots.“ What must be the degradation of the poor who can sell their children into this life of horrible slavery? What must be the miserable condition of the rich who require such garbage for their depraved appetites? The Bishop of Exeter took part in the proceedings, having made a hurried journey on a tempestuous day in order to do so. His Lordship seemed to think that the vice was not so prevalent as the public appeared to believe. Mrs. [* Western ????es Seetir *] S W Brown, daughter of the late Captain Carslake, RN, (a just and upright magistrate of Devon), who has been for many years engaged as a munificent member of the Moral Reform Union of London– has sent us a printed list of persons charged with criminal assaults on young girls–which it shows that the crime is by no means one of rich men. The number of cases which have been brought before the Courts since the new Act was passed is upwards of eighty ; and one man who was sentenced to two years hard labour for a criminal assault on a girl of twelve years old was only brought to justice by the passing of the Act–there being thirty known cases against him, but from which he was protected by the old law. The charges in these cases are published by the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and the ages of some of children so assaulted are returned as 6, 7, 8, 4 1/2, 4, 9, 10, and one 3 years old only! It is most painful to reflect on the fact that these terrible crimes against childish innocence would have remained unseen by the law but for Mr. Stead’s heroic persistence. The Moral Reform Union (London) have issued an appeal to Electors in the forthcoming Municipal Elections “ to choose for their representatives men of high character, independently of Party politics, who will support active measures for enforcing the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885, and who will endeavour to extend similar protection to boys ; to insist on the maintenance of decency in the streets? the subject, but he newspaper reports of the case of Mrs. Jeffrey revealed such an awful miscarriage of justice in the trumpery fine miscalled the punishment of this wealthy procuress that public indignation became inpatient. The action of the "Pall Mall Gazette," to use a common phrase,met a public want. A Champion was found equal to the conflict of the moral law with a most brutal force of unmanly vice, and whatever may be the judgment which the law may pass on Mr. Stead, he has done a noble work for which he will be held in public honour. The meeting was addressed by two Women—both of great eminence—one by her work and the other by her work and social station, but each alike gifted with the grand qualities which ennoble the human race and which shine with the greater glory when they are presented in the female character. Both the ladies are gifted with rare talents. Mrs. Ormiston Chant has for a long time devoted herself to the important work which brought her to this meeting. The Countess of Portsmouth came to meet her and co-operate with her in the prosecution of a work which has her highest sympathy both as a mother who understands the duty of all thinking persons to engage in the work of moral reform, and who feels bound to do her part in the all-important work as an obligation of her position in life. Indeed we know of no work which makes so strong an appeal to everyone's sense of duty. We were most painfully impressed with the story of the poor country child of thirteen years old bought and delivered to the wealthy procuress - "seen in her house in her coarse country garb and hobnail boots. " What must be the degradation of the poor who can sell their children into this life of horrible slavery? what must be the miserable condition of the rich who require such garbage for their depraved appetites? The Bishop of Exeter took part in the proceedings, having made a hurried journey on a tempestuous day in order to do so. His Lordship seemed to think that the vice was not so prevalent as the public appeared to believe. Mrs. S W Brown, daughter of the late Captain Carslake, e.n. ( a just and upright magistrate of Devon),who has been for many years engaged as a munificent member of the Moral Reform Union of London - has sent us a printed list of persons charged with criminal assaults on young girls - which list shows that the crime is by no means one of rich men. The number of cases which have been brought before the Courts since the mew Act was passed is upwards of eighty; and one man who was sentenced to two years hard labour for a criminal assault on a girl of twelve years old was only brought to justice by the passing of the Act - there being thirty known cases against him, but from which he was protected by the old law. The charges in these cases are published by the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and the ages of some of the children so assaulted are returned as 6,7,8,4 1/2, 4, 9, 10, and one 3 years old only! It is most painful to reflect on the fact that these terrible crimes against childish innocence would have remained unseen by the law but for Mr. Stead's heroic persistence. The Moral Reform Union (London) have issued an appeal to Electors in the forthcoming Municipal Elections "to choose for their representatives men of high character, independently of Part politics, who will support active measures for enforcing the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885, and who will endeavour to extend similar protection to boys; to insist on the maintenance of decency in the streets and public thoroughfares, and to suppress notorious haunts of vice." Our Bench of Justices succeeded in closing a drinking bar which was a notorious "haunt" during the interregnum when the Second in Command of the Police was placed in charge of the Force, and the appeal against their decision failed, the appellant being charged with costs. The facts which have been reported, should be duly weighed by the electors, who have a great privilege in this local representation, the due discharge of which involves a great responsibility. We have had in our police some notorious cases of looseness of morals,, and men of such "curious construction that the beer which they drunk in excess went down to their legs and affected their gait while they remained 'all right' up'ards," which was the spirit of the sworn evidence for the defendant constables in a recent case. We say nothing of the two men disgraced - that Sergeant and a Constable for the night's outrage in a Citizen's house; but these facts should not be forgotten by the ratepayers.West[?] DAI[LY] EXETER, MONDA[Y] Publication MR. McIVER'S SPEECH TORQUAY, OCT. 19, THIS able and powerful LIBERAL SPEECH Reprinted as a Pamphlet in Large Type, Pri[?] Penny. Agents wanting Copies should commu[?] promptly to LATIMER & GLANVILLE, Exe[ter]NIXEY's BLACK L ?G COM- NIXEY'S BLACK L ? STEAMERS ?toland from NIXEY's ? the various ?ornwall, and ?d so sail as NIXEY'S "CLEANLINESS." L ?ances. NIXEY'S Has 57 Years' L ?, 22, 26 & 29 World Wide ?y NIXEY'S Reputation for its L Exquisite Polish ?ay NIXEY'S and Unrivaled L Brilliancy. Refuse Imitations. ?Southampton NIXEY's BLACK L ?tish and Irish ? Steerage NIXEY's BLACK L ? 10z ? 12 z 6 d 6z A WONDERFUL MEDIC? ?laf Fare. ?hipped by this ?having yearly BEECHAM'S PILLS ?z, value to be Are admitted by Thousands to he worth a GUINEA ? ?rmation to be Bilious and Nervous Disorders,. such as wind and pa? ? C. Pinkerton stomach, sick headache, giddiness, fullness and swel? ?pany, Water meals, dizziness and drowsiness, cold chills, flushings? loss of appetite, shortness of breath, costiveness, scurv? ?nts, on the skin, disturbed sleep, frightful dreams, and a? ?y, Plymouth and trembling sensations, &c. The first dose will give? twenty minutes. This is no fiction, for they have ? ?E. thousands of cases. Every sufferer is earnestly invit? ? STEAMER one box of these Pills, and they will be acknowledged? ?PHIA. WORTH A GUINEA A BOX. ?Y. For females of all ages these Pills are invaluable? ?hips. doses of hem carry off all gross humours, open all o? ?epean Line. and bring about all that is required. no female sho? ?on the Wharf o? our them. There is no medicine to be foun? BEECHAM'S PILLS for removing any obstructions or? ?O THE WEST, of the system. If taken according to the directions ? ? and 19 Water- each box they will soon restore females of all ages ?illiams, Gold- and robust health. ?reet, Exter. For a weak stomach, impaired digestion, and all ? the liver, they act like "MAGIC" and a few doses w? to work wonders upon the most important organs in machine. They strengthen the whole muscular system (?) long lost complexion,bring back the keen edge and arose into action with the ROSEBUD of health physical energy of the human frame. These are admitted by the thousands, embracing all classes of society of the best guarantees to the nervous and (?) BEECHAM'S PILLS have the largest sale of any (?) in the world. BEECHAM'S MAGIC COUGH PILLS As a remedy for Cougns in general, asthma (?) breathing, shortness of breath, tightness and (?) chest, wheezing, &c., these Pills stand unrivaled. To remove that sense of oppression and difficulty (?) which nightly deprive the patient of rest. Let an BEECHAM'S COUGH PILLS a trial, and the most ((?) a short time be removed. CAUTION - The Public are requested to notice that 'BEECHAM'S PILLS, St. Helens. (?) are on the (?) affixed to each box of the Pills. If not on, they are (?) Prepared only and sold wholesale and retail by the T. Beecham, Chemist, St. Helens Lancashire, in box and 2s9d each. Sent post free from the proprietors stamps. Sold by all Druggists and Patient (?) Full directions are given with each box.L GAZETTE. 13 NOTICES. Births and Deaths are announce d in the PALL MALL GAZETTE (advertisements repeated gratis in the PALL MALL BUDGET, for foreign readers) at 2[?]. 6d., 5s. for three insertions; Marriages at 5a. each, 10s. for three insertions. It receive[?] by 5.30 P.M. they appear the same day. The PALL MALL GAZETTE is sent post free for any number of days to any address in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and all countries in the Postal Union, at the rate of ninepence per week, or 9[?]. 9[?]. per quarter. The PALL MALL BUDGET, also post free, costs for the United Kingdom 3[?]. 10d, per quarter; for all countries in the Postal Union 4d. per quarter; for India and China 4s 11d. per quarter. (?) (?) the Manager, PALL MALL GAZETTE, 2 NORTHUMBERLAND-STREET STAND, W.C. N.B. - The City Offices of the above papers are at 20, Bucklersbury, E.C. MR. LABOUCHERE ON HOME RULE FIRST. Mr. Labouchere send a long letter to the Daily News expressing an earnest hope that Mr. Gladstone will separate the issues of Land Purchase and Home Rule. He says:- "The doubt whether Mr. Gladstone will be able to obtain such a majority in the House of Commons for his Irish proposals as will enable him to persevere in them, should they involve Home Rule and Land Purchase is confirmed by what I hear from Radical members every day. The doubt has become a certainty. I am sure that there are at least thirty Radicals who would vote against land purchase with an Imperial guarantee. Mr. Gladstone would not, therefore, command a working majority in favour of the joint proposals." After stating seven possible arguments against a Land Purchase scheme, Mr. Labouchere says: "If Mr. Gladstone insists upon coupling Land Purchase with Home Rule, I personally shall vote for him, for I believe that the dangers of political inaction outweigh the economical objections to Land Purchase. My contention is,that there are so many Radicals who will not take this course, that the anti-Home Rule stream and the anti-Land Purchase stream will, if allowed to unite, form a river which will submerge Mr. Gladstone's 'proposals' Opposition to Home Rule has not been bought off by the bribe of Land Purchase, while the advocates for Home Rule are in many instances not prepared to vote for it if coupled with Land Purchase. What, then, is the course that ought to be taken if the Government proposals are not be defeated? To separate the two issues. If Mr. Gladstone brings in a bill dealing alone with (?) (?){*Pall Mall Gazette 1885*] 14 PALL MAL? a few more, are thriving newspaper editors. In short, all those who took a prominent part in the Commune are now doing well ; France has not only forgiven them, but has almost turned them into heroes. Only the poor, obscure actors in the sanguinary insurrection appear to have suffered. THE NATIONAL VIGILANCE ASSOCIATION. At the first meeting of the Executive Committee oft he above association, held yesterday, Mr. bunting in the chair, the question of the representation of Chelsea was referred tot he parliamentary Sub-committee. notice was given for the next meeting of the following resolutions which will then come on for discussion : — I. That the Preventive and Rescue Committee be instructed (a) to enter-into communication with all existing preventive, rescue, and vigilance societies in order to compile a map of London showing (I) the offices of all local vigilance associations, (2) the position of all rescue and preventive homes, and (3) the areas within which any existing agency will undertake to look after vigilance cases. (b) To establish such relations with all existing homes, &c., as to secure form each a record of places available, such record to be kept at the central offices. II. That the Literary Sub-Committee be instructed to arrange for the publication of a catalogue of all books, pamphlets, official reports, leaflets, &c, bearing upon the question of social purity and its allied subjects, and that a copy of each book, pamphlet, &c, on this list shall be kept for reference at the central office. Further, that the Literary Sub-committee be instructed to draw up a list of books, pamphlets &c. most likely to be useful to country vigilance associations, parents, schoolmasters, ministers of religion, &c., and recommend the same to these branches, and that the association should undertake the supply of such literature as part of its regular business. That the question of the publication of a monthly leaflet describing cases, reporting progress, and generally promoting the movement be referred to the Literary Sub-Committee. III. That the question of taking premises for an office, to be kept open day and night, in some central position for purposes of receiving applications from girls who may be in want or distress or who may desire to escape from a life of vice be referred to the Preventive and Rescue Committee, with instructions to report to the next council meeting. There was a full attendance, and satisfactory progress was reported by the sub-committees.SIR CHARLES DILKE AT CHELSEA. Last evening, accompanied by Lady Dilke's niece, Sir Charles was chairman at a meeting in the Sunday School of the Middle-rom Wesleyan Chapel, Kensal-road, assembled to discuss the question of Ireland. A Sunday school is not precisely the spot in which we should expect ti find the member from Chelsea, at least until he has explained himself a little more cleraarly than he has yet chosen to do with the dissatisfied moral feeling id his country. The managers of the Kensal-green school think differently, and so they adorned thieeir walls with the scroll, "Welcome to our Sunday School," while there floated above the head of their member the Scriptural command and promise, "Keep my commandments and live." —Morning Advertiser. The school holds 200 persons, and was crowded with Sir Charles Dilke's friends. In the House of Commons last evening, Mr. Henry J. Wilson asked the attorney-General whether, [in a recent case] in the Divorce Court, it was decided that evidence upon which a respondent was found guilty of adultery was not receivable as against the correspondent; whether, in cases of conspiracy, it has been decided that evidence receivable against one prisoner is receivable also against another prisoner who is jointly charged with that offence; whether it has also been decided that where tow persons are jointly charged with conspiracy both must be found guilty or both acquitted; nad whether he is prepared to take steps with a view of making the law of evidence in cases of adultery similar to the law of evidence in cases of conspiracy. The Attorney-General, in reply, stated that the rule [as mentioned in the first part of the question] had been recognized by every court of law. The law as regarded conspiracy was as stated in the question. As at present advised, he saw no reason to suggest any alteration in the rules of evidence on the point referred to. Sir Charles Dilke then rose and said: I should like to throw myself for one instant on the indulgence of the House with regard to the question which has just been asked. It is an abstract question but it cannot but be taken as referring to the case in which I was recently concerned. I wish, Sir, to ask leave of the House to appeal to the hon. member who put the question if he thinks it right that the matter should be mentioned in the House, that he would raise it in a form that would enable me in some way to meet it in the House.qualities, entered largely into the process. There are other minerals used, however, to which the Professor claims the silicic acid is of but secondary importance, and the principal ingredient is claimed by him to be of his own discovery. Except the acid, no minerals used so far are known to have been procured in Philadelphia. The body which is being experimented upon has already been submerged in seventeen different baths, but whether the solutions are different is not known, as the Professor refuses to give any information whatever, and his employers finding him to be impenetrable to any artful questions have ceased attempting to get him to reveal his cherished secret. FREE BREAKFASTS IN FRENCH SCHOOLS. “ Free breakfasts,” writes a correspondent, “ are given to the pupils of the national schools in France in many places, at a minimum of trouble and expense. I was staying last autumn with French friends in the Jura and saw how the thing is managed. The town bears the cost and the teachers wait upon the children. At twelve o’clock excellent hot soup is served out, with bread to those who have not brought any. I must here explain that, with a liberality only found in France, for the convenience of children living at a distance, this gratuitous soup is provided alike for rich and poor. I must further explain that in these écoles communales of Champagnole, both primary and secondary, we find children of all ranks of society, those of the poorest and those of the richest of the community, who sit down to the same truly fraternal meal side by side. In bad weather it is a great accommodation for well-to-do parents to be able to leave their children at school all day, and teachers and monitors are quite willing to supervise them. The organization of free breakfasts and similar undertakings in France costs much less in France than in England and for various reasons–first, French teachers are much less exigeant and more willing to help out of school hours than English ones ; secondly, the thing being managed by the town for the benefit of the town, nobody seeks to make any profit ; thirdly, French people know how to make appetizing, nutritious soup at a very small cost and English people do not know ; and, fourthly, thanks to the prosperity of the rural population of France and the exemplary thrift of the French people as a nation, the number of applicants for free breakfasts is not large.”? text. CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT BILL. On the motion for the resumption of the adjourned debate on the second reading of this Bill, Sir R. CROSS said that it would be convenient that he should at the outset state the attitude of the Government with regard to this measure, in order that there might be no mistake about the matter. The subject had been before the House and the country for some time, and any one who had read the report of the House of Lords Committee would have no doubt whatever that a Bill of this kind was imperatively necessary. (Hear, hear.) The Bill contained practically no new principle. It was merely an extension of the existing law in different ways. Whether as to the question of age, or as to the interference of the police, or as to the suppressing of the houses, these were questions which, so far as the principle was concerned had long been admitted, and the only question was as to the extent to which they should be carried in detail. As he had said, the whole subject was thoroughly ripe for legislation, and therefore, on the part of the Government, he should offer the greatest possible facilities to the late Home Secretary for proceeding with the Bill. (Hear, hear) With that object they had not only placed the Government star upon it, but had taken the earliest possible opportunity of bringing it before the House, hoping to be able to give such precedence to it in its later stages as would ensure its passing into law. He appealed to the hon. member of Stockport (Mr. Hopgood) whether at this period of the session it was wise or necessary that he should move the amendment of which he had given notice. He was somewhat puzzled to see what connection it had with the Bill. The amendment related no doubt to certain Acts, which, though not repealed, were for all practical purposes in abeyance, and a pledge had been given by the Government that this state of things would not be disturbed until the House had an opportunity of again considering the subject. Mr. HOPWOOD moved as an amendment -"That in the opinion of this House repressive legislation of the kind is not calculated to effect the purpose of improving public morals, and, if passed into law while the Contagious Diseases Acts 1865-1869 remain on the statute book, notwithstanding the late Government was pledged to their repeal, would subject the Legislature to well-deserved imputation of insincerity and inconsistency." He remarked that in his judgment this Bill was not only not calculated to do good, but was likely to do harm. The right (?) gentleman had spoken of it with an innocence which might be assumed or which might be (?) but if he looked deeper he would see that this was a most objectionable Bill in almost every one of its features. They knew that there were such things as trumped-up stories and exaggeration, and although there was no doubt a shocking amount of depravity in the country, the only way of dealing with it was to be found in the elevation of the masses of the population. They could no more succeed in this matter by legislation than they could in regard to drink or any other question of the kind. The hon. and learned member went on to contend that the proposed legislation would be altogether useless to prevent the evil it was sought to remedy. The clumsiness and absurdity of the Bill were only equaled by the folly of the views of those who were responsible for its inception. Some of the provisions embodied in it were simply childish. The Home Secretary could not expect that the House would forego lengthened discussion on so important a matter. The way to remedy the evil was to adopt means for obviating prostitution. The present Bill would simply fall heavily upon the poor prostitute. They were going to raise every man's hand against her, and to that would be added the power of the policeman, who would have every temptation to do so, to levy black mail in any quantity upon those unfortunate creatures. Upon the SPEAKER inquiring whether any hon. member seconded the amendment, no one responded, and the right hon. gentleman therefore declared that it fell to the ground. On the question that the Bill be read a second time, Mr. A. ELLIOT said that the Home Secretary had not pointed out the way in which the existing law was found wanting. Mr. BROADHURST was not prepared to say but what a great part of the Bill might be useful and might do a great deal of good, and might in some cases accomplish its object; but even in that respect there was room for considerable and honest doubt. With regard to the police clause he could not agree to that under any circumstances whatever. It would make life in large cities intolerable to persons whose avocations in life kept them out till late at night. The police, however, good and impartial, were not to be trusted with such extraordinary powers. He would be second to no man in desiring that innocence and childhood should be properly protected, but let the House be careful not to do more harm than good. For two years he had been sitting on the Commission investigating the condition of the poor in the metropolis and other large cities, and he appealed to the Home Secretary, who also sat on the Commission, to say whether the greater part of this social evil which made innocent childhood a marketable commodity was not due to people herding together under conditions worse than those of the beasts of the field - whole families in one room, sometimes two families, and lodgers both men and women. Was it possible there should be innocence among children brought up under these conditions? The Legislature must go to the real root of the evil, and provide for human beings what they could not provide for themselves. Poor women were driven to the streets by the treatment they received from a merciless world. There were thousands of girls marching over the bridges from the south of London to the City or the West, sometimes shivering, wet, and hungry, to labour to their utmost capacity for a mere pittance insufficient to maintain them in the decencies of life. It was no wonder they were unable to withstand the temptations which wealth offered them. Within the last day or two strong remarks had been made with respect to a publication which had drawn public attention to this subject. He had no condemnation for that publication; he hesitated to condemn it. A man who attempted to pull at a fellow creature out of a cess-pool must expect that many would shrink from him. But when men and women who hoped by these means to bring about a better state of things deserved well of the nation. It was, however, for the House to deal with the source of the evil rather than with the results, and to be careful lest in attempting to do good they should do great harm. Mr. WARTON declared that he was opposed to the Bill root and branch. It was almost impossible to get justice from a jury or even from a judge in these cases; and yet there were societies (pretending to be formed for the protection of young girls) which lived by bringing charges against men. The report of one of them contained the words "We never fail to get a conviction" and he contended that no man, however respectable and innocent, was safe from such an organization. Criticizing the details of the Bill, the hon. member asked, "Who is the wretched draughtsman who put this tissue of nonsense together?" (Laughter.) It was a measure that would open the door to unlimited extortion, and which took the false step of confusing the distinction between vice and crime. Mr. S. MORLEY was anxious to echo the thanks which would be felt throughout England at the Home Secretary's announcement of his intention to carry the Bill. (Hear, hear). It was possible that there might be defects in the measure, because the subject was confessedly difficult; but there were scenes and transactions both in London and the other large towns which were disgraceful to a Christian country, and Parliament was bound to try to put down a system felt by thousands of people to be unbearable (Hear, hear.) He could not help referring to certain statements published this week in one of the London newspapers. They were absolutely unjustifiable on any other assumption than that they were true. If (?) (?) THE DAILY NEWS, FRIDAY, JULY THE TWO ADMINISTRATIONS. The following is a comparative List of the Administrations of Mr. Gladstone and of Lord Salisbury, as the former stood on Mr. Gladstone's retirement from office, and as the latter is now completed: MR GLADSTONE'S MINISTRY Prime Minister and First } *Mr. Gladstone Lord of the Treasury Lord Chancellor.................*Earl of Selborne. Lord President of the Council..............................*Lord Carlingford. Lord Privy Seal and First Commissioner of Works *Earl of Rosebery Home Secretary.............. * Sir William Harcourt Foreign Secretary........... *Earl Granville. Colonial Secretary...........*Earl of Derby. War Secretary.................*Marquis of Hartington. Indian Secrettary...........*Earl of Kimbe Chancellor of the Exchequer *Mr. Childers +[First Lord of the Treasury]..........................*Mr. Gladstone] First Lord of the Admiralty *Earl of Northbrook President Board of Trade *Mr. Chamberlain. President of Local Government *Sir Charles Dilke Board Chancellor of Duchy of Lan- daster, and Vice-President of Committee of Council *Mr. Prevelyan on Agriculture Postmaster - General *Mr. Shaw Lefevre Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland *Earl Spencer Lord Chancellor of Ireland Mr. Naish. Vice - President of Com- mittee of Council on Mr. Mundelia. Education Chief Secretary for Ireland Mr. Campbell-Bannerman +First Commissioner of Works *Earl of Rosebery. Judge-Advocate General Mr. Osborne Morgan. Paymaster-General ............. Lord Wolverton. Attorney-General .................Sir Henry James Solicitor-General ...................Sir Farrer Herschell Secretary to the Treasury } Parliamentary - Lord Richard Grosvenor. Financial- Mr. Hibbert. Secretary to the Admiralty Sir Thomas Brassey. {Home, Mr. H.H.Fowler, Foreign, Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice. Under Secretaries of State...Colonial, Mr. Evelyn Ashley War, Earl of Morley India, Mr. J.K. Cross Secretary to Board of Trade Mr. John Holms. Secretary to Local Govern- Mr. G. W. Russell ment Board Surveyor-General of Ord- nance........................................Mr. Brand. Financial Secretary of War {Sir Arthur Hayter Department Junior Lords of Treasury ... Mr. Cotes, Mr. R.W. Duff Mr. Herbert Gladstone. Civil Lord of Admiralty.......... Mr. W.S. Caine. Admiral sir Astley Cooper Key. Naval Lords of Admiralty......Admiral Lord Alcester Vice-Admiral Brandreth Vice-Admiral Sir W. Hewett Mr. G.W. Rendel Attorney-General for Ire- land.........................................Mr. Walker Solicitor-General for Ire- The Macdermott land Lord Advocate of Scotland Mr. Balfour. Solicitor-General for Scot- Mr. Asher land HOUSEHOLD APPOINTMENTS. Lord Steward..........................Earl Sydney Lord Chamberlain .................Earl of Kenmare Master of Horse....................Duke of Westminster. Master of Buckhounds........Earl of Cork LORD SALISBURY'S MINISTRY Prime Minister and Foreign *Marquis of Salisbury. Secretary Lord Chancellor.......................*Lord Halsbury. Lord President of Council *Viscount Cranbrook. Lord Privy Seal........................* Earl of Harrowby. Home Secretary......................*Sir Richard Cross. +Foreign Secretary............... *Marquis of Salisbury Colonial Secretary...............*Colonel Stanley War Secretary....................*Mr. W.H. Smith Indian Secretary ..............*Lord Randolph Churchill Chancellor of Exchequer and Leader of House of *Sir M. Hicks-Beach. Commons First Lord of the Treasury...*Earl of Iddesleigh. First Lord of the Admiralty *Lord George Hamilton. President of Board of Trade *Duke of Richmond President of Local Govern- ment Board ....................... Mr. Arthur Balfour. Chancellor of Duchy of Lan- caster and Vice-President Mr. Chaplin of Committee of Council on Agriculture Postmaster-General ..........*Lord John Manners Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland *Earl of Carnarvon Lord Chancellor of Ireland *Lord Ashbourne Vice-President of Committee of Council on Education......*Mr. Stanhope Chief Secretary for Ireland..Sir William Hart Dyke First Commissioner of Works..Mr.David Plunket. Judge-Advocate General.........Mr. Marriott Paymaster-General..................Earl Beauchamp Attorney-General....................Sir R.E. Webster Solicitor-General ...................Mr. Gorst. Secretaries to the Treasury. { Parliamentary - Mr. Akers Douglas. Financial - Sir Henry Holland Secretary to the Admiralty Mr. Ritchie Home - Mr. Stuart Wortley Under Secretaries of State Foreign- Mr.Bourke Colonial - Earl of Dunraven War- Viscount Bury India - Lord Harris Secretary to Board of Trade Baron Henry de Worms. Secretary to Local Govern- Earl Brownlow ment Board. Surveyor-General of Ord- Mr. Guy Dawnay nance Financial Secretary of War Mr. H.S. Northcote Department Junior Lords of Treasury... Colonel Walrond Mr. Sidney Herbert Mr. C. Dalrymple Civil Lord of Admiralty..... Mr. Ashmead-Bartlett Vice-Admiral Hood Vice-Admiral Sir A. Hoskins Naval Lords of Admiralty Vice-Admiral Brandreth Captain Codrington Attorney-General for Ireland Mr. Holmes Solicitor-General for Ireland Mr. Monroe Lord-Advocate of Scotland Mr. Macdonald Solictor-General for Scotland Mr. Bannerman-Robertson HOUSEHOLD APPOINTMENTS Lord Seward................................Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe. Lord Chamberlain......................Earl of Lathom. Master of Horse..........................Earl of Bradford Master of Buckhounds.............Marquis of Waterford.? had taken the earliest possible opportunity of bringing it before the House, hoping to be able to give such precedence to it in its later stages as would ensure its passing into law. He appealed to the hon. member for Stockport (Mr. Hopwood) whether at this period of the session it was wise or necessary that he should move the amendment of which he had given notice. He was somewhat puzzled to see what connection it had with this Bill. The amendment related no doubt to certain Acts, which, though not repealed, were for all practical purposes in abeyance, and a pledge had been given by the Government that this state of things would not be disturbed until the House had an opportunity of again considering the subject. Mr. HOPWOOD moved as an amendment—"That in the opinion of this House repressive legislation of the kind is not calculated to effect the purpose of improving public morals, and , if passed into law while the Contagious Diseases Act 1865-1869 remain on the statue book, notwithstanding the late Government was pledged to their repeal, would subject the Legislature to well-deserved imputation of insincerity and inconsistency." He remarked that in his judgement this Bill was not only not calculated to do good, but was likely to do harm. The right (?) gentleman had spoken of it with an innocence which might be assumed or which might be real, but if he looked deeper he would see that this was a most objectionable Bill in almost every one of its features. They knew that there was such things as trumped-up stories and exaggeration, and although there was no doubt a shocking amount of depravity in the country, the only real way of dealing with it was to be found in the elevation of the masses of the population. They could no more succeed in this matter by legislation than they could in regard to drink or any other question of the kind. The hon. and learned member went on to contend that the proposed legislation would be altogether useless to prevent the evil it was sought to remedy. The clumsiness and absurdity of the Bill were only equaled by the folly of the views of those who were responsible for its inception. Some of the provisions embodied in it were simply childist. The Home Secretary could not expect that the House would forego lengthened discussion on so important a matter. The way to remedy the evil was to adopt means for obviating prostitution. The present Bill would simply fall heavily upo the poor prostitute. They were going to raise every man's hand against her, and to that would be added the power of the policeman, who would have every temptation to do so, to levy black mail in any quantity upon those unfortunate creatures. Upon the SPEAKER inquiring whether any hon. member seconded the amendment, no one responded, and the right hon. gentleman therefore declared that it fell to the ground. On the question that the Bill be read a second time, Mr. A. ELLIOT said that the Home Secretary had not pointed out the way in which the existing law was found wanting. Mr. BROADHURST was not prepared to say but what a great part of the Bill might be useful and might do a great deal of good, and might in some cases accomplish its object; but even in that respect there was room for considerable and honest doubt. With regard to the police clause he could not agree to that under any circumstances whatever. It would make life in large cities intolerable to persons whose avocations in life kept them out till late at night. The police, however good and impartial, were not to be trusted with such extraordinary powers. He would be second to no man in desiring that innocence and childhood should he properly protected, but let the House be careful not to do more harm than good. For two years he had been sitting on the Commission investigating; the condition of the poor in the metropolis and other large cities, and he appealed to the Home Secretary, who also sat on the Commission, to say whether the greater part of this social evil which made innocent childhood a marketable commodity was not due to people herding together under conditions worse than those of the beasts of the field - whole families in one room, sometimes two families, and lodgers both men and women. Was it possible there should be innocence among children brought up under these conditions? The Legislature must go to the real root of the evil, and provide for human beings what they could not provide for themselves. Poor women were driven to the streets by the treatment they received from a merciless world. There were thousands of girls marching over the bridges from the south of London to City or the West, sometimes shivering, wet, and hungry, to labour to their utmost capacity for a mere pittance insufficient to maintain them in the decencies of life. It was no wonder they were unable to withstand the temptations which wealth offered them. Within the last day or two strong remarks had been made with respect to a publication which had drawn public attention to this subject. He had no condemnation for that publication; he hesitated to condemn it. A man who attempted to pull at a fellow creature out of a cess-pool must expect that many would shrink from him. But when men and women who hoped by these means to bring about a better state of things deserved well of the nation. It was, however, for the House to deal with the source of the evil rather than with the results. and to be careful lest in attempting to do good they should do great harm. Mr .WARTON declared that he was opposed to the Bill root and branch. It was almost impossible to get justice from a jury or even from a judge in these cases; and yet there were societies (pretending to be formed for the protection of young girls) which lived by bringing charges against men. The report of one of them contained the words, "We never fail to get a conviction;" and he contended that no man, however respectable and innocent, was safe from such an organization. Criticizing the details of the Bill, the hon. member asked, "Who is the wretched draughtsman who put this tissue of nonsense together?" (Laughter.) It was a measure that would open the door to unlimited extortion, and which took the false step of confusing the distinction between vice and crime. Mr. S. MORLEY was anxious to echo the thanks which would be felt throughout England at the Home Secretary's announcement of his intention to carry the Bill. (Hear. hear/) It was possible that there might be defects in the measure, because the subject was confessedly difficult; but there were scenes and transactions both in London and the other large towns which were disgraceful to a Christian country, and Parliament was bound to try to put down a system felt by thousands of people to be unbearable. (Hear, hear.) He could not help referring to certain statements published this week in one of the London newspapers. They were absolutely unjustifiable on any other assumption than they were true. If they were true he submitted to the Home Secretary that not an hour should be lost in investigating them for they would be read all through England whatever might be done to prevent their circulation. (Hear, hear.) If true, they would strengthen the hands of the right hon. gentleman in his purpose of carrying this Bill; but at the same time it was to be feared that the measure would to a certain extent be ineffective to deal with the tremendous state of affairs set forth in those statements. The writer was unknown personally to him, but he knew enough of him through mutual friends to say that he was utterly incapable of any other than a pure motive in making these revelations, and he (Mr. Morley) attached immense value to their probable effect upon public opinion in dealing with an unbearable state of things. His own name was mentioned in one of the articles, and he would willingly undertake, with any two of the other gentlemen whose names were also given, to make an investigation of some of the statements; and if they proved true he should be glad to put his name to the report, so as to stimulate public opinion. (Hear, hear.) He had spoken these few words with a desire to strengthen the hands of his right hon. friend, if he would allow him to call him so, in dealing with one of the greatest evils of the time. (Cheers.) Mr. FORESTER was very glad that the Government intended to proceed with this Bill, because it would make two things criminal which were not so now-namely, the export trade in young women for immoral purposes and outrages upon children. The latter could not protect themselves, and the only way to save them was to make it very dangerous for anybody to take advantage of their youth. (Hear, hear.) Mr. ACKERS hoped the Bill would be read a second time, but contended that some of its provisions should be amended and others expunged. Mr. PICTON heartily supported the second reading. The ATTORNEY-GENERAL said, notwithstanding the criticisms on the Bill, it seemed to be conceded thatbe found in the elevation of the population. They could no more succeed in this matter by legislation than they could in regard to drink or any other question of the kind. The hon. and learned THE DAILY NEWS, FRIDAY, JULY member went on to contend that the proposed legislation would be altogether useless to prevent the evil it was sought to remedy. The clumsiness and absurdity of the Bill were only equalled by the folly of the views of those who were responsible for its inception. Some of the provisions embodied in it were simply childish. The Home Secretary could not expect that the House would forego lengthened discussion on so important a matter. The way to remedy the evil was to adopt means for obviating prostitution. The present Bill would simply fall heavily upon the poor prostitute. They were going to raise every man's hand against her, and to that would be added the power of the policeman, who would have every temptation to do so ,, to levy black mail in any quantity upon those unfortunate creatures." Upon the SPEAKER inquiring whether any hon. member seconded the amendment, no one responded, and the right hon. gentleman therefore declared that it fell to the ground.LY NEWS, FRIDAY, JULY 10, 1885. INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION, SOUTH KENSINGTON, 1885. PATRON. Her Majesty the QUEEN. PRESIDENT. H.R.H. the Prince of WALES, K.G. DIVISION I. : INVENTIONS. DIVISION II. : MUSIC. ARRANGEMENTS FOR TO-DAY. Admission is. Open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. AFTERNOON. Lesson on High-class Cookery 12.0 to 1.0 Organ Recital (H.S. Trego ) 1.30 to 2.30 Lesson in Plain Cookery 2.0 to 3.0 Organ Recital (Albert Hall) (Sidney Naylor) 2.0 to 3.0 Pianoforte Recital (Madame Alice Brett) 3.0 to 4.0 Grenadier Guards 3.0 to 5.0 Organ Recital (Charles Hoby) 4.0 to 5.0 Pianoforte Recital (Madame Viard-Louis) 5.0 to 6.0 Strauss Orchestra (Albert Hall) 5.0 to 6.30 EVENING. Organ Recital (Albert Hall) (Sidney Naylor) 7.0 to 8.0 Organ Recital (F.W. Curry) 7.0 to 8.0 Grenadier Guards 7.0 Strauss Orchestra 7.30 Instantaneous Illumination of the Gardens 9.0 Illuminated Fountains 9.15 to 9.45 To-Day Two Bands Strauss Orchestra.....Conductor, Herr Eduard Strauss Grenadier Guards......... " Mr. Dan Godfrey. Illuminated Fountains and Gardens Lighted by Electricity, in the evening, under the direction of Sir FRANCES BOLTON. Many thousand glow lamps (?) lighted. Special Popular Evening Fete Tomorrow (Saturday) - The Gardens and Fountains will be illuminated by Electricity. Strauss Orchestra (from Vienna) will give no performance either in public or private during its stay in England except at the International Inventions Exhibition. Great Display of Hardy Herbaceous Plants. (Cut Flowers) in the Conservatory, DAILY from the nurseries of Messrs. Barr and Son. Conent-garden; Mr. T.S.Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottemham, and Messrs. Kelway and Son, Langport. International Inventions Exhibition. Caution. - The Catalogue, guide, and daily programme bear the name of W. Clowes and Sons (Limited). No other are authorized by the Executive Council. International Inventions Exhibition, JOHN BRINSMEAD and SONS' grand and upright grand PIANOFORTES, of entirely new construction throughout are exhibited in the CENTRAL GALLERY of the Music Division 18, 20 and 22, Wigmore-street, London,W. International Inventions Exhibition. BOLANACHI'S PATENT CHOCOLATE. The Great Discovery of the Day. Machinery in motion. South Central Gallery, American Court also East Central Gallery. Finished products. International Inventions Exhibition. Madame Jenny Viard-Louis will give a recital on Messrs. Kirkman and Son's full steel concert grands, Thursday (Friday), July 10th, at 5 o'clock. I. Exhibition, Stand 3,641, Central Gallery. Thomas Oetzmann and Co's Antique and Decorative Art Pianos. CAUTION - None are genuine unless they bear the name and only address of the firm,Thomas Oetzmann and Co. 27, Baker street, Portman square, London W. Inventions Exhibition - THIS DAY, Baby's Run, worked b Automation Babies running to and fro. The Sight of the Exhibition, John Carter's Stand No. 731, Queen's-gate Entrance. Catalogues of this remarkable invention post free. - John Carter, 6A, New Cavendish street, Portland-place, W. Cask-Making Machinery, Exhibited daily in full operation, up to six o'clock, at the Inventions Exhibition, Western Gallery, by A. Ransome and Co., Saw Mill Engineers, Stanley Works, Chelsea, S.W. Universal Exhibition, Antwerp. Now open. Ending October 31, 1885. Under the High Patronage of H.M. the King of the Belgians. Industry, Fine Arts, Industrial Arts, Education, Marine, Electricity, Agriculture. and Horticulture. Royal Society of Painters in Water colours. The Hundred and Third Exhibition is now open, 5, Pall-Mall East, from 10 to 6. Admission (?) Illustrated catalogue 1s. ALFRED D. FRIPP, R.W.S., Secretary. Calvary, by Munkacsy, now on Exhibition at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, Ten to Six. Admission One Schillimng. NOTICE: In consequence of other arrangements, the exhibition in London of this great picture MUST SHORTLY CLOSE. The Vale of Tears - Dore's Last Great Picture. completed a few days before he died. Now On View at the Dore Gallery, 35, New Bond-street, with his other celebrated pictures. From 10 to 6, 1s. Anno Domini, The Search for Beauty, ad The Chosen Five, by Edwin Long, R.A. - These celebrated pictures, with other works, are On View at the Galleries, 68, New Bond-street, 10 to 6. Admission 1s. GROSVENOR GALLERY - SUMMER EXHIBITION. - The Summer Exhibition of the Grosvenor Gallery is NOW OPEN from 9 to 7. Admission 1s; Season tickets 5s. Grosvenor Gallery Library. Terms from Seven Shillings and for Three Months and upwards. Ample and continuous supply of Books, Musical Works, and Newest Foreign Books. For particulars apply to the Librarian. Grosvenor Gallery Library. Box Office. Under entirely new management. Seats booked on best positions in all London Theatres, &c. Telephone No. 3,600. Grosvenor Gallery Library, New Bond-street, W. Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Piccadilly, W. Exhibition Now Open from 9 a.m. till 6 p.m. Will Close on Saturday, July 25th. Admission 1s. Illustrated Catalogue 1s. ALFRED EVERILL, Secretary. Her Majesty's Drawing Room. Buckingham Palace, 1885, The House of Lords, Westminister. The Two Grand Historical Paintings by F. Sargent contain upwards of 350 portraits from special sittings. On view at 175 New Bond-street, 10 to 6. Admission 1s. The Twenty-First Annual Exhibition of Oil Paintings by Artists of the British and Foreign Schools is Now Open at Thomas McLean's gallery, 7 Haymarket, Admission, including catalogue 1s. Will Shortly Close. Society of British Artists - Sixty-Second Annual Exhibition now open from 9 to 6, Suffolk-street, Pall-mall East. Admission 1s. Illustrated catalogue 1s. THOMAS ROBERTS, Sec. time when the estimate was actually handed in. Of course we shall hear something more of this and the Admiralty authorities will have to defend themselves. But in the meanwhile Sir Michael Hicks - Beach complains that the calculations are disarranged and that there will not he anything like the sum of two millions on which Mr. Childers reckoned to the good out of the eleven millions of the Vote of Credit. Therefore the new Chancellor of the Excheque complains that he has had more to provide for than he could reasonably have been led to expect. Mr. Childers dealt very briefly with the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and, indeed, could hardly have ventured on very severe criticism of a financial policy which is made out so much upon the lines of his own. In the debate which followed, and which ranged over a considerable variety of topics, Mr. Henry Fowler made a very able speech, in which he showed conclusively as it seems to us the immense advantage given to real property over personal property in the matter of taxation. The Chancellor of the Exchequer took occasion to disclaim any Protectionist designs in the appointment of a Royal Commission of inquiry into the condition of trade. It is satisfactory that the Government have not tried any novelties or experiments in the Budget. Of course they could hardly have done anything of the kind with much hope of giving satisfaction or gaining success. Still there is always a certain temptation to new men from whom nothing in particular is expected to try and prove to the world that they are men from whom a great deal ought to have been expected. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach has conquered this temptation, if it ever assailed him, and has been content to walk a safe well-trodden path. Indeed, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (?) (?)INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONS EXHIBITION, SOUTH KENSINGTON, 1885. PATRON. Her Majesty the QUEEN. PRESIDENT. H.R.H. the Prince of WALES, K.G. DIVISION I. : INVENTIONS. DIVISION II. : MUSIC. ARRANGEMENTS FOR TO-DAY. Admission is. Open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. AFTERNOON. Lesson on High-class Cookery 12.0 to 1.0 Organ Recital (H.S. Trego ) 1.30 to 2.30 Lesson in Plain Cookery 2.0 to 3.0 Organ Recital (Albert Hall) (Sidney Naylor) 2.0 to 3.0 Pianoforte Recital (Madame Alice Brett) 3.0 to 4.0 Grenadier Guards 3.0 to 5.0 Organ Recital (Madame Viard-Louis) 5.0 to 6.05 decision was final, as the time for an appeal in th ordinary course has passed by. The possibility of further litigation being thus at an end, he thought it would be a graceful act on the part of the Indian Government, at the suggestion of the Secretary of State, to make a much more liberal allowance to this poor man. As no other person existed in India who had been imprisoned for a long period under similar circumstances, there could be no fear of establishing a dangerous precedent, even if a much larger sum were awarded to him. The EARL of KIMBERLEY said this matter had been the subject of a Court of Law, and all the facts were contained in the judgement of the High Court of Madras. The case arose out of the confiscation of the Zemindary of Palconda in 1832. The circumstances were rather peculiar, because the previous Zemindar of Palconda, before the confiscation took place, was stated in the judgement to have left behind him when he died eight ladies who were styled [???] widows, although with some of them he had not gone through the ceremony of marriage. These eight ladies had a quarrel as to who was the proper heir to the Zemindary. The eldest son was illegitimate, and the second son, to whom the noble lord referred, was legitimate. There were, however, some Zemindaries in India to which illegitimate sons had a right to succeed. The Government appeared to have satisfied themselves that the widows had made up their quarrel, and had agreed that the illegitimate eldest son should succeed to the Zemindary. He succeeded accordingly, but disturbances arose, and eventually the Government confiscated the whole Zemindary. This occurred as long ago as the year 1832. The present memorialist, who was the second son, alleged that he ought not to have been ousted from what he conceived to be his rights. He was imprisoned when a boy 11 years old with the rest of his family. Finally, he brought an action in the High Court of Madras. That Court expressed an opinion that the plaintiff had not been debarred by his detention in prison from bringing his ease before them. It was a very difficult thing for the Government to deal with a question of that kind, which was upwards of 50 years old, and the evidence on which it was to act was of an extremely uncertain character. The Government of the day decided that when a Zemindar had been guilty of rebellion, his Zemindary should not be given to any member of the family. The reason for such a decision was perfectly obvious. The only other question was that which the noble duke had brought forward–namely, the amount of the allowance made to the ex-Zemindar. The amount had been increased by the late Viceroy, Lord Lytton, to 250 rupees a month. He could not the say whether the amount ought to be increased, as the question had not been brought before him, and it was a matter which would require consideration. It was considered that the family of the rebellious Zemindar had been so implicated in the rebellion that it was not safe to give any part of the confiscated Zemindary to any member of the family. He could not therefore accede to the noble lord’s motion. VISCOUNT CRANBROOK said that the ex-Zemindar had been a prisoner for 37 years, from 1832 to 1869, and had since 1869 been a State prisoner, although her had not himself committed any offence against the Government, He trusted, therefore, that the Government of India would deal with this unfortunate man in a more liberal spirit than they had hitherto shown to him. The motion was negatived. CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT BILL. The EARL of DALHOUSLE rose to move the second reading of this Bill. It was founded upon the recommendations of the Select Committee of their lordships’ House. It had come to the knowledge of the Government that English girls had been decoyed abroad, and had been found in places from which they were unable to make their escape, and where they had passed many years in abominable confinement. The Committee found that many girls had been decoyed abroad, especially to Belgium, where they were found in licensed houses, and whither they had been conveyed by agents who were paid so much a head for the girls whom they had decoyed. The Belgian law protected girls up to the age of 21, but that protection was not available for English girls. The age to which English law protected them was 13. The Committee also found that juvenile prostitution was largely on the increase in England, and existed to a greater extent in this country than in any country in Europe. The Bill was not a Bill for the suppression of vice, though it hoped that it would be valuable for that purpose. Any person who endeavoured to induce a woman to become a prostitute was to be guilty of a misdemeanour ; and the age up to which women were to be protected was raised from 13 to 16, and up to that age no consent of the woman was to avail. The Bill also contained clauses against brothels, and gave the police special power to search brothels, and made it an offence punishable by a fine of £20 to keep a brothel. A landlord also was empowered to terminate a tenancy summarily if he found that his house was being used as a brothel. There was also a clause against loitering and solicitation. The Committee had recommended that it should be made a criminal offence to abduct a woman under the age of 21, but Her Majesty’s Government had not thought it desirable for various obvious reasons to insert a clause in this Bill to carry out that recommendation. Many persons would no doubt think that this Bill did not go far enough, while others would think that it went too far. The extent to which the measure should go had received the most anxious consideration on the part of Her Majesty’s Government, and they had been most careful not to force public opinion in the matter, because they felt that if they did so the Bill would become a dead letter. Public opinion, however, was advancing very rapidly with regard to this subject, and before long it would be possible to go to a good deal further than this measure proposed to proceed. By Clause 6 of the Bill it was proposed to raise the age of valid consent from 12 to 16 years. On the whole, the measure was a considerable advance upon the present law. He trusted that their leaderships would read the Bill a second time. (Hear.) The EARL of MILLTOWN moved that the Bill be read a second time that day six months. The measure was essentially a bad one, and [????carried] would be used for purposes of extortion. He examined the various clauses of the Bill in detail, and condemned the third and fourth as being too drastic in their provisions. Clause 5 he regarded as unnecessary, because it was already part of the law. Clauses 6 and 7 he also generally condemned, while the eighth clause he approved of as a very proper proposition. While there were many provisions in the Bill to which he objected, there were, on the other hand, some matters which might have been introduced into it with greatwith a question of that kind, which was upward of 50 years old, and the evidence on which it was to act was of an extremely uncertain character. the Government of the day decided that when a Zemindar had been guilty of rebellion, his Zemindary should not be given to any member of the family. The reason for such a decision was perfectly obvious. The only other question was that which the noble dike had brought forward—namely, the amount of the allowance made to the ex-Zemindar. the amount had been increased by the late Viceroy, Lord Lytton, to 250 rupees a month. He could not them say whether the amount ought to be increased , as the question had not been brought before him, and it was a matter which would require consideration. It was considered that the family of the rebellious Zemindar had been so implicated in the rebellion that it was not safe to give any part of the confiscated Zemindary to any member of the family. He could not therefore accede to the noble lord's motion. VISCOUNT CRANBROOK said that the ex-Zemindar had been a prisoner for 37 years, from 1832 to 1869, and had since 1869 been a State prisoner, although he had not himself committed any offence against the Government. He trusted, therefore, that the Government of India would deal with this unfortunate man in a more liberal spirit than they had hitherto shown to him. The motion was negatived. CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT BILL. The EARL OF DALHOUSIE rose to move the second reading of this Bill. It was founded upon the reommendations of the Select Committee of their lordships' House. It ad come to the knowledge of the Government that English girls had been decoyed abroad, and had been found in places from which they were unable to make their escape, and where they had passed many years in abominable confinement. The Committee found that many girls had been decoyed abroad, especially to Belgium, where they were found in licensed houses, and whither they had been conveyed by agents who were paid so much a head for the girls whom they had decoyed. The Belgian law protected girls up to the age of 21, but that protection was not available for English girls. The age to which English law protected them was 13. The Committee also found that juvenile prostitution was largely on the increase in England, and existed to a greater extent in this country than in any country in Europe. The Bill was not a Bill for the suppression of vice, though it was hoped that it would be valuable for that purpose. Any person who endeavoured to induce a woman to become a prostitute was to be guilty of a misdemeanour: and the age up to which women were to be protected was raised from 13 to 16, and up to that age no consent of the woman was to avail. The Bill also contained clauses against brothels, and gave the police special power to search brothels, and made it an offence punishable by a fine of L20 to keep a brothel. A landlord also was empowered to terminate a tenancy summarily if he found that his house was being used as a brothel. There was also a clause against against loitering and solicitation. The Committee had recommended that it should be made a criminal offense to abduct a woman under the age of 21, but Her Majesty's Government had not thought it desirable for various obvious reasons to insert a clause in this Bill to carry out that recommendation. Many persons would no doubt think that this Bill did not go far enough, while others would think that it went too far. The extent to which the measure should go had received the most anxious consideration on the part of Her Majesty's Government, and they had been most careful not to force public opinion in the matter, because they felt that if they did so the Bill would become a dead letter. Public opinion, however, was advancing very rapidly with regard to this subject and before long it would be possible to go a good deal further than this measure proposed to proceed. By Clause 6 of the Bill it was proposed to raise the age of valid consent from 12 to 16 years. On the whole, the measure was a considerable advance upon the present law. He trusted that their lordships would read the Bill a second time. (Hear.) The EARL of MILLTOWN moved that the Bill be read a second time that day six months. The measure was essentially a bad one, and if carried would be used for purposes of extortion. He examined the various clauses of the Bill in detail, and condemned the third and fourth as being too drastic in their provisions. Clause 5 he regarded as unnecessary, because it was already part of the law. Clauses 6 and 7 he also generally condemned, while the eighth clause he approved of as a very proper proposition. While there were many provisions in the Bill to which he objected, there were, on the other hand, some matters which might have been introduced into it with great advantage. For example, it would be well to exact that damages could be recovered for seduction without its being necessary to prove loss of services. Some of the clauses of the Bill were too far-reaching and severe, and others were too mild. the course which the framers of the measure proposed should be followed after the detention of a girl was much too vague and undefined. It was suggested that they should be sent to homes; but no machinery was provided for the establishment of such institutions. For the reasons which he had given, he begged to move the amendment of which he had given notice. The ARCHBISHOP OF YORK said that the noble earl had underrated the weight of public opinion in the country on this subject. The society for the promotion of this Bill had received 100,000 signatures without any canvassing whatsoever. There was a strong public opinion on the question: to that opinion the Bill was an answer, and a wise answer, on the part of the Government, and ought not to be met by a motion that it be read a second time that day six months. It struck him that with regard to certain details, as, for instance, with respect to young persons under 16, the Bill did not go far enough, but that was a matter for Committee. (Hear.) And if the House wished that the Bill should apply to Scotland, it was only necessary to insert words to that effect. He denied that the vice in question was a constant quantity, and that if stopped in one direction it would break out in another. He knew a great deal about the lives of University men, and he ventured to say that a great many passed through the ordeal of University life and were entirely guiltless in this matter. He made that statement after full inquiry. The amount of the evil depended very much on the amount of the temptation. If they allowed the streets of London to continue in their present disgraceful state there would be a great amount of temptation, and a number of persons good and bad would fall under it. The condition of the streets of this metropolis was a by-word in the civilized world. (Hear, hear.) There was no other capital in Europe where it was permitted that young men and old men, too, should be solicited as they were here by people whose calling was visible on their faces. That was felt on both sides of the House and out of doors, and the wonder was that it had not been stopped. In this Bill there was a clause that would go far to stop it. He would suggest that the task of the police in clearing the streets should not be made more difficult by requiring that they should discover the woman in the act of soliciting. It was said that it would be impossible to send young children taken from the streets to industrial homes, because there were not homes enough of that class, and that the Government did not at present desire to take the duty of providing them on their hands. He begged to say that there were many societies forming with that object, and there would be no difficulty in the matter. With regard to juvenile prostitution, he believed that the Bill would entirely stop one of the most monstrous evils that existed among us. We had this excuse for not dealing with it before, that it was only within the last few years that the evil had reached its present monstrous height. It was not the case that the Bill would allow disorderly houses to escape altogether. The Act of George II, enabled a good deal to be done already. He remembered how, in the parish of Marlebone (?) two or three gentlemen took up the task of dealing with a street full of disorderly houses, and before a year had passed there was not a single bad house in the street. This Bill would greatly strengthen the hands of those who wished to act in that way. He would ask their lordships to consider for a moment that in our great towns a very melancholy state of things existed. There were whole districts in which women lived by daily labour, making matches and match cases and sewing shirts for a few pence a dozen, and many of them retained their chastity. At present they saw passing their doors in gaudy dress their sisters and friends who had adopted a different trade, and other women still more depraved. He would ask, would not their lordships, who were full of generous impulses, do something to protect these poor people? Speaking not only as a minister of religion, but also as one interested in social science, he was sure that the Government had never undertaken any better work than this; and he begged the House not to commit theit was founded upon the recommendations of the Select Committee of their lordships' House. It had come to the knowledge of the Government that English girls had been decoyed abroad, and had been found in places form which they were unable to make their escape, and where they had passed many years in abominable confinement. The Committee found that many girls had been decoyed abroad, especially to Belgium, where they were found in licensed houses, and whither they had been conveyed by agents who were paid so much a head for the girls whom they had decoyed. The Belgian law protected girls up to the age of 21, but that protection was not available for English girls. The age to which English law protected them was 13. The Committee also found that juvenile prostitution was largely on the increase in England, and existed to a greater extent in this country than in any country in Europe. The Bill was not a Bill for the suppression of vice, though it was hoped it would be valuable for that purpose. Any person who endeavoured to induce a woman to become a prostitute was to be guilty of a misdemeanour; and the age up to which women were to be protected was raised from 13 to 16, and up to that age no consent of the woman was to avail. The Bill also contained clauses against brothels, and gave the police special power to search brothels, and made it an offence punishable by a fine of £20 to keep a brothel. A landlord also was empowered to terminate a tenancy summarily if he found that his house was being used as a brothel. There was also a clause against loitering and solicitation. The Committee had recommended that it should be made a criminal offence to abduct a woman under the age of 21, but Her Majesty's Government had not thought it desirable for various reasons to insert a clause in this Bill to carry out that recommendation. Many persons would no doubt think that this Bill did not go far enough, while others would think that it went too far. The extent to which the measure should go had received the most anxious consideration on the part of Her Majesty's Government, and they had been m st careful not to force public opinion in the matter, because they felt that if they did so the Bill would become a dead letter. Public opinion, however, was advancing very rapidly with regard to this subject, and before long it would be possible to go a good deal further than this measure proposed to proceed. By Clause 6 of the Bill it was proposed to raise the age of valid consent from 12 to 16 years. On the whole, the measure was a considerable advance upon the present law. He trusted that their lordships would read the Bill a second time. (Hear.) The EARL of MILLTOWN moved that the Bill be read a second time that day six months. The measure was essentially a bad one, and if carried would be used for purposes of extortion. He examined the various clauses of the Bill in detail, and condemned the third and fourth as being too drastic in their provisions. Clause 5 he regarded as unnecessary, because it was already of the law. Clauses 6 and 7 he also generally condemned, while the eighth clause he approved of as a very proper proposition. While there were many provisions in the Bill to which he objected, there were, on the other hand, some matters which might have been introduced into it with great advantage. For example, it would be well to exact that damages could be recovered for seduction without its being necessary to prove loss of services. Some of the clauses of the Bill were too far-reaching and severe, and others were too mild. The course which the framers of the measure proposed should be followed after the detention of a girl was much too vague and undefined. It was suggested that they should be sent to homes; but no machinery was provided for the establishment of such intuitions. For the reasons which he had given, he begged to move the amendment of which he had given notice. The ARCHBISHOP of YORK said that the noble earl had underrated the weight of public opinion in the country on this subject. The society for the promotion of this Bill had received 100,000 signatures without any canvassing whatsoever. There was a strong public opinion on the question: to that opinion the Bill was an answer.and a wise answer, on the part of the Government, and ought not to be met by a motion that it be read a second time that day six months. It struck him that with regard to certain details, as, for instance, with respect to young persons under 16, the Bill did not go far enough, but that was a matter for Committee. (Hear.) And if the House wished that the Bill should apply to Scotland, it was only necessary to insert words to that effect. He denied that the vice in question was a constant quantity, and that if stopped in one direction it would break out in another. He knew a great deal about the lives of University men, and he ventured to say that a great many passed through the ordeal of University life and were entirely guiltless in this matter. He made that statement after full inquiry. The amount of the evil depended very much on the amount of the temptation. If they allowed the streets of London to continue in their present disgraceful state there would be a great amount of temptation, and a number of persons good and bad would fall under it. The condition of the streets of this metropolis was a by-word in the civilized world. (Hear, hear.) There was no other capital in Europe where it was permitted that young men and old men, too, should be solicited as they were here by people whose calling was visible on their faces. That was felt on both sides of the House and out of doors. and the wonder was that it had not been stopped. In this Bill there was a clause that would go far to stop it. He would suggest that the task of the police in clearing the streets should not be made more difficult by requiring that they should discover the woman in the act of soliciting. It was said that it would be impossible to send young children taken from the streets to industrial homes, because there were not homes enough of that class, and that the Government did not at present desire to take the duty of providing them on their hands. He begged to say that there were many societies forming with that object, and there would be no difficulty in the matter. With regard to juvenile prostitution, he believed that the Bill would entirely stop one of the most monstrous evils that existed among us. We had this excuse for not dealing with it before, that it was only within the last few years that the evil had reached its present monstrous height. It was not the case that the Bill would allow disorderly houses to escape altogether. The Act of George II, enabled a good deal to be done already. He remembered how, in the parish of Marylebone (?) two or three gentlemen took up the task of dealing with a street full of disorderly houses, and before a year had passed there was not a single bad house in the street. This Bill would greatly strengthen the hands of those who wished to act in that way. He would ask their lordships to consider for a moment that in our great towns a very melancholy state of things existed. There were whole districts in which women lived by daily labour, making matches and match cases and sewing shirts for a few pence a dozen, and many of them retained their chastity. At present they saw passing their doors a gaudy dress their sisters and friends who had adopted a different trade and other women still more depraved. He would ask, would not their lordships. who were full of generous impulses, do something to protect these poor people? Speaking not only as a minister of religion, but also as one interested in social science, he was sure that the Government had never undertaken any better work than this; and he begged the House not to commit the6 solecism of dividing against a Bill the principle of which was apparently accepted bby every one. (Hear, hear.) The LORD CHANCELLOR said that he would have quite understood the opposition of the noble earl if he had objected to the principle of the Bill ; but the noble earl, so far from taking this view of the matter, held that the evils which the Bill was intended to suppress or to mitigate were so serious as to call for even more drastic legislation than was now proposed. Never before had he known the second reading of a Bill to be opposed in such circumstances, and he greatly regretted the motion that had been made by the noble earl. (Hear, hear.) As it seemed to him, some of the noble earl's criticisms were trivial, and others were based on a misconception of the Bill. The noble earl objected to the first clause because it did not contain a limit of age, and to the next clause for a precisely opposite reason. The first clause was intended to sustain and fortify a very wholesome decision of the late Mr. Russell Gurney, and the next was no more than an extension of the existing law. Without going through all the noble earl's comments on the Bill, he might say that it was very doubtful whether any of them were just. The noble earl had failed to see in what way the Bill would effect the suppression of brothels. As the most rev. prelate had said, the present law did something in that direction, but its machinery was inconvenient, and it laid upon the householders a duty that was sometimes very vexatious, but could not be performed by the police. The main change that the Bill would introduce in this particular was that the police would now, for the first time, be enabled to deal with offenses against public morals and decency. He was bound to say that the noble earl's criticisms did not appear to him to present very many difficulties; but even if they had been much more powerful, they might have been considered in Committee, and could not have formed an argument against the second reading of the Bill. (Hear, hear). The BISHOP of PETERBOROUGH observed that the Bill was not designed to accomplish what he feared was the impossible task of suppressing prostitution, but to afford protection to young girls who were constantly inveigled into dens of infamy, and to give larger powers of protection to householders and the police. There was the Act of George II, which was directed against brothels, gaming houses, and other disorderly houses, and was very well as far as it went'; but it needed amendment and would probably be made much more efficient by this Bill. Bad as disorderly houses were in all circumstances, they became additionally infamous when they were kept by women who added to their other trade the business of the procuress. In the city of Peterborough, he grieved to say, there was one of these vile women who got her bread out of the sin and shame of the innocent young girls whom she seduced into their homes. A poor artisan in the town of Peterborough went to one of the clergymen to complain that her daughter had been inveigled by this woman into her house. It was found that the father had no legal right to enter the house, but if the woman had stolen his spoons, instead of his daughter, a magistrate would have granted a search warrant. (Hear, hear.) Public opinion, he felt convinced, was decidedly growing in favour of this Bill, which was essentially a poor man's Bill. He heartily thanked Her Majesty's Government for having introduced this measure, as it deserved the hearty support of all those who cared for the peace of families and the purity of our national life. It was not a time for any one, when child harlots were walking in our streets, to stand up in that House and to move the rejection of such a Bill. (Hear, hear.) The MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. - In spite of the speeches of my right rev. friend and of the noble and learned lord on the woolsack, I am sure that the Bill has passed entirely scatheless through the criticisms of my noble friend behind me. His examination of the Bill was a careful and exhaustive one, and he pointed out many defects in it which at a future stage it will be necessary for us to consider. It would be a great mistake to pass by such criticisms. The subject is one as to which all must feel the gravest responsibility. It is a most difficult subject to deal with by legislation. The ordinary duty of the law is to restrain crime, but we are dealing with questions of this kind, we are crossing the boundary which separates crime from vice, and are trying in some way or other to deal with vice. The attempt is not new to our law, but it has always been made carefully and tentatively, and with a deep sense of the dangers surrounding it. There is the danger of reaction, and there is the danger lost in the attempt to fetter the vicious and the guilty. you cause dishonour and damage to the innocent. There is also the danger that even when you punish those who are vicious, you may punish them beyond measure by exposing them to a terrible system of extortion. I do not admit, therefore, that the matter is quite so plain and simple as my right rev. friend who has just sat down seemed to imagine, or that it can be disposed of by the mere consideration of the terrible evils with which we have to deal. When right rev. prelates talk of public opinion they should remember what is the precise public opinion with which practically we have to deal. The public opinion represented by eager petitioners is not the kind of public opinion which must execute the Act you are now asked to pass. You must pass an Act which the public opinion represented by 12 average jurymen got into a box is prepared to enforce. If your measure is so severe that such public opinion will not enforce it you will do more harm than good. I should have preferred to have this Bill considered by a Select Committee, because it is almost impossible in public to go into the details which are necessary for a complete consideration of the Bill. Of course, that is entirely a matter for the Government to decide. The circumstance that the Bill in great part embodies the recommendations of a Committee of this House is, I think, a reason against rejecting it. There are, no doubt, very great and terrible evils to be dealt with and the attempt to prevent this fearful injury to young girls is one with which we must all deeply sympathize. (Hear, hear.) EARL GRANVILLE. - I am very glad that the noble marquis rejects the idea of rejecting the Bill on the second reading. The noble marquis desires, however, to refer it to a Select Committee, and I think the nature of the Bill will make it a fit subject to be examined by such a Committee. But it should be remembered that this was not a measure framed in a department of the Government, without any outward assistance being given, as it was prepared by a skillful draughtsman, of whom the noble and learned lord on the woolsack speaks highly, and as it is based on the recommendations of a Select Committee of this House. The MARQUIS of SALISBURY. - Not entirely. EARL GRANVILLE. - At any rate with the omission of only two recommendations. The object of the Government is to get the Bill passed if possible, but I reserve to the Government the right to decide whether it is desirable to consider the matter in a Committee of the House,or in a Select Committee. The EARL of MILLTOWN said he would not divide the House on his amendment. The amendment was then withdrawn, and the Bill read a second time. INDIAN MARINE BILL. The EARL of KIMBERLEY, in moving the second reading of this Bill, and the Bombay Marine were converted into an Indian Navy in 1829. In 1862 that navy wasothers were based on a misconception of the Bill. The noble earl objected to the first clause because it did not contain a limit of age, and to the next clause for a precisely opposite reason. The first clause was intended to sustain and fortify a very wholesome decision of the late Mr. Russell Gurney, and the next was no more than an extension of the existing law. Without going through all the noble earl's comments on the Bill, he might say that it was very doubtful whether any of them were just. The nobel earl had failed to see in what way the Bill would effect the suppression of brothels. As the most rev. prelate had said, the present law did something in that direction, but its machinery was inconvenient, and it laid upon the householders a duty that was sometimes very vexatious, but could not be performed by the police. The main change that the Bill would introduce in this particular was that the police would now, for the time, be enabled to deal with offenses against public morals and decency. He was bound to say that the noble earl's criticisms did not appear to him to present very many difficulties; but even if they had been much more powerful, they might have been considered in Committee, and could not have formed an argument against the second reading of the Bill. (Hear, hear) The BISHOP of PETERBOROUGH observed that the Bill was not designed to accomplish what he feared was the impossible task of suppressing prostitution, but to afford protection to young girls who were constantly inveigled into dens of infamy, and to give larger powers of protection to householders and the police. There was the Act of George II which was directed against brothels, gaming-houses, and other disorderly houses, and was very well as far as it went; but it needed amendment, and would probably be made much more efficient by this Bill. Bad as disorderly houses were in all circumstances, they became additionally infamous when they were kept by women who added to their other trade the business of the procuress. In the city of Peterborough, he grieved to say, there was one of these vile women who got her bread out of the sin and shame of the innocent young girls whom she seduced into these homes. A poor artisan in the town of Peterborough went to one of the clergymen to complain that his daughter had been (?) by this woman into her house. It was found that the father had no legal right to enter the house, but if the woman had stolen his spoons, instead of his daughter, a magistrate would have granted a search warrant. (Hear, hear.) Public opinion, he convinced, was decidedly growing in favour of this Bill, which was essentially a poor man's Bill. He heartily thanked Her Majesty's Government for having introduced this measure, as it deserved the hearty support of all those who cared for the peace of families and the purity of our national life. It was not a time for any one, when child harlots were walking in our streets, to stand up in that House and to move the rejection of such a Bill. (Hear, hear.) The MARQUIS OF SALISBURY - In spite of the speeches of my right rev. friend and of the noble and learned lord on the woolsack, I am not sure that the Bill has passed entirely scatheless through the criticisms of my noble friend behind me. His examination of the Bill was a careful and exhaustive one, and he pointed out many defects in it which at a future stage it will be necessary for us to consider. It would be a great mistake to pass by such criticisms. The subject is one as to which all must feel the gravest responsibility. It is a most difficult subject to deal with by legislation. The ordinary duty of the law is to restrain crime, but we are dealing with questions of this kind, we are crossing the boundary which separates crime from vice, and are trying in some way or other to deal with vice. The attempt is not new to our law, but it has always been made carefully and tentatively, and with a deep sense of the dangers surrounding it. There is the danger of reaction, and there is the danger lest in the attempt to fetter the vicious and the guilty, you cause dishonor and damage to the innocent. There is also the danger that even when you punish those who are vicious, you may punish them beyond measure by exposing them to a terrible system of extortion. I do not admit, therefore, that the matter is quite so plain and simple as my right rev. friend who has just sat down seemed to imagine, or that it can be disposed of by the mere consideration of the terrible evils with which we have to deal. When right rev. prelates talk of public opinion with which practically we have to deal. The public opinion represen'ed by eager petitioners is not the kind of public opinion which must execute the Act you are now asked to pass. You must pass an Act which the public opinion represented by 12 average jurymen got into a box is prepared to enforce. If your measure is so severe that such public opinion will not enforce it you will do more harm than good. I should have preferred to have this Bill considered by a Select Committee, because it is almost impossible in public to go into the details which are necessary for a complete consideration of the Bill. Of course, that is entirely a matter for the Government to decide. The circumstance that the Bill in great part embodies the recommendations of a Committee of this House is, I think, a reason against rejecting it. There are, no doubt, very great and terrible evils to be dealt with, and the attempt to prevent this fearful injury to young girls is one with which we must all deeply sympathize. (Hear, hear.) EARL GRANVILLE. - I am very glad that the noble marquis rejects the idea of rejecting the Bill on the second reading. The noble marquis desires, however, to refer it to a Select Committee, and I think the nature of the Bill will make it a fit subject to be examined by such a Committee. But it should be remembered that this was not a measure framed in a department of the Government, without any outward assistance being given, as it was prepared by a skillful draughtsman, of whom the noble and learned lord on the woolsack speaks highly, and as it is based on the recommendations of a Select Committee of this House. The MARQUIS of SALISBURY. - Not entirely. EARL GRANVILLE- At any rate with the omission of only two recommendations. The object of the Govern- ment is to get the Bill passed if possible, but I reserve to the Government the right to decide whether it is desirable to consider the matter in a Committee of the House, or in a Select Committee. The EARL of MILLTOWN said he would not divide the House on his amendment. The amendment was then withdrawn, and the Bill read a second time. INDIAN MARINE BILL. The EARL of KIMBERLEY, in moving the second reading of this Bill, said the Bombay Marine were converted into an Indian Navy in 1829. In 1862 that navy was abolished, and the Act which had been passed for the discipline and regulation of the force was abolished. There had long existed a Bengal Marine, which served in certain or our wars in the neighborhood of India, but there was no special law under which that marine was regulated. Since the abolition of the Indian Navy, the Indian Marine force had continued to exist, but the ships of which it was composed did not come either under the Merchant Shipping Act or under the Mutiny Act. The Bill gave the Governor-General for the first time power to legislate with respect to vessels between the limits of the Straits of Magellan on the one side and the Cape of Good Hope on the other. The limits might appear to be rather wide, but it was thought advisable to err on that side rather than on the other in a question of jurisdiction over the sea. If vessels were used for purposes of war, of course they would come within the direct jurisdiction of the Queen, and not under that Act. The Bill was not one for extending the marine force, or creating a new Indian marine. It was simply a disciplinary measure. The noble earl concluded by moving the second reading of the Bill. LORD STANLEY of ALDERLEY was understood to say that the ground of his objection to the Bill was the excessive limits of the proposed jurisdiction. He begged to withdraw his motion for the rejection of the Bill. In answer to VISCOUNT SIDMOUTH, The EARL of NORTHBROOK said that no arrangement was made in the Bill as to the status of the officers of the ships which came under the Bill in case war should arise. The Bill was read a second time. The House adjourned at 20 minutes past 7 o'clock. HOUSE OF COMMONS, Monday, June 18. The SPEAKER took the chair at 4 o'cloc. Petitions in favour of Sunday closing of publichouses were presented, By Mr. B. WHITWORTH (3), from public meetings in Hyde Park; by SIR R.A. CROSS, from Halsall, by Mr.R. LEAKE, from Healey; by Mr. MUNTZ, from Birmingham; and by Mr. D. JENKINS, from mem- (?) (?)in our streets, to stand up in that House and to move the rejection of such a Bill (Hear, hear.) The MARQUIS of SALISBURY.—In spite of the speeches of my right rev. friend and of the noble and learned lord on the woolsack, I am not sure that the Bill has passed entirely scatheless through the criticisms of my noble friend behind me. His examination of the Bill was a careful and exhaustive one, and he pointed out many defects in it which at a future stage it will be necessary fro us to consider. It would be a great mistake to pass by such criticisms. The subject is one as to which all must feel the gravest responsibility. It is a most difficult subject to deal with by legislation. The ordinary duty of the law is to restrain crime, but we are dealing with questions of this kind, we are crossing the boundary which separates crime from vice, and are trying in some way or other to deal with vice. The attempt is not new to our law, but it has always been made carefully and tentatively, and with a deep sense of the dangers surrounding it. There is the danger of reaction, and there is the danger lest in the attempt to fetter the vicious and the guilty, you cause dishonour and damage to the innocent. There is also the danger that even when you punish those who are vicious, you may punish them beyond measure by exposing them to a terrible system of extortion. I do not admit, therefore, that the matter is quite so plain and simple as my right rev. friend who has just sat down seemed to imagine, or that it can be disposed of by the mere consideration of the terrible evils with which we have to deal. When right rev. prelates talk of public opinion they should remember what is the precise public opinion with which practically we have to deal. The public opinion represented by eager petitioners is not the kind of public opinion which must execute the Act you are now asked to pass. You must pass an Act which the public opinion represented by the 12-average jurymen got into a box is prepared to enforce. If your measure is so severe that such public opinion will not enforce it you will do more harm than good,. I should have preferred to have this Bill considered by a select Committee, because it is almost impossible in public to go into the details which are necessary for a complete consideration of the Bill. Of course, that is entirely a matter for the Government to decide. The circumstance that the Bill in great part embodies the recommendations of a Committee of this House is, I think, a reason against rejecting it. There are, no doubt, very great and terrible evils to be dealt with, and the attempt to prevent this fearful injury to young girls is one with which we must all deeply sympathize. (Hear, hear.) EARL GRANVILLE.—I am very glad that the noble marquis rejects the idea of rejecting the Bill on the second reading. The noble marquis desires, however, to refer ti to a Select Committee, and I think the nature fo the Bill will make it a fit subject to be examined by such a Committee. But it should be remembered that this was not a measure framed in a department of the Government, without any outward assistance being given as it was prepared by a skilful draughtsman, of who the noble and learned lord on the woolsack speaks highly, and as it is based on the recommendations of a Select Committee of this House. The MARQUIS of SALISBURY.—Not entirely. EARL GRANVILLE.—At any rate with the omission of only two recommendations. The object of the Government is to get the Bill passed if possible, but I reserve to the Government the right to decide whether it is desirable to consider the matter in a Committee of the House, or in a Select Committee. The EARL of MILLTOWN said he would not divide the House on his amendment. The amendment was withdrawn, and the Bill read a second time. INDIAN MARINE BILL. The EARL of KIMBERLEY, in moving the second reading of this Bill , said the Bombay Marine were converted into an Indian Navy in 1829. In 1862 that navy was abolished, and the act which had been passed for the discipline and regulation of the force was abolished, there had long existed a Bengal Marine, which served in certain of our wars in the neighbourhood of India, but there was no special law under which that marine was regulated. Since the abolition of the Indian Navy, the Indian Marine force had continued to exist, but the ships of which it was composed did not come wither under the Merchant Shipping Act or under the Mutiny Act. The Bill gave the Governor-General for the first time power to legislate with respect to vessels between the limits of the Straits of Magellan on the one side and the Cape of Good Hope on the other. The limits might appear to be rather wide, but it was thought advisable to err on that side rather than on the other in a question of jurisdiction over the sea. If vessels were used for purposes of war, of course they would come within the direct jurisdiction of the Queen, and not under that Act. The Bill was not one for extending the marine force, or creating a new Indian marine. It was simply a disciplinary measure. the noble earl concluded by moving the second reading of the Bill. LORD STANLEY of ALDERLEY was understood to say that the ground of his objection to the Bill was the excessive limits of the proposed jurisdiction. He begged to withdraw his motion for the rejection of the Bill. In answer to VISCOUNT SIDMOUTH. The EARL of NORTHBROOK said that no arrangement was made in the Bill as to the status of the officers of the ships which came under the Bill in case war should arise. The Bill was read a second time. The House adjourned at 20 minutes past 7 o'clock. HOUSE OF COMMONS, Monday, June 18. The SPEAKER took the chair at 4 o'clock/ PETITIONS Petitions in favour of Sunday closing of publichouses were presented, by Mr. B. WHITWORTH (3), from public meetings in Hyde Park; by SIR R.A. CROSS, from Halsall; by MR. R. LEAKE, from Healey; by Mr. MUNTZ from Birmingham; and by Mr. D. JENKINS, from members of the congregation of Friends, Falmouth. Petitions were also presented by DIR W.W. GREGORY, from Boston, against closing publichouses on Sundays; by SIR M. HICKS-BEACH, from Cam, against Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister Bill; by Mr. MUNTZ, from Birmingham, to abolish the Contagious Diseases Acts; by SIR D.CURRIE, from the United Presbyterian Presbytery of Perth, against Irish training seminaries for teachers supported by public funds, but entirely controlled by ecclesiastical authorities; by Mr. ROLLS, from Sudbrook, in favour of closing publichouses on Sunday in the county of Monmouth; by Mr. S. HOWARD, from women's meeting of Society of Friends, Penrith, for repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts' by Mr. CHILDERS, from the Committee of the Cancer Hospital, Brompton, against the Charitable Trusts Bill, by SIR T. LAWRENCE, from Mr. William Chessall, M.D., of St. Andrews, &c., against the dissolution of the University of St. Andrews; by Mr. P.A. TAYLOR, from Ipswich, Windsor, and King's Lynn, for repeal of compulsory vaccination; by Mr. C. FRASER-MACKINTOSH, from Arisaig, Fort William , against legitimizing marriage with deceased wife's sister; by Mr. J. HOLMS, from the provost, magistrates, and town council of Paisley, in favour of the High Court of Justice (Service of Writs) Bill; by Dr. CAMERON, from inhabitants of Glasgow and suburbs, against Contagious Diseases Acts; also from the Glashgow United Trades Council, in support of the Service of Writs (Scotland) Bill; by Mr. F. HENDERSON, from the Guildry Incorporation of Dundee, in favour of the Burgh Police and Health (Scotland) Bill; by Mr. GURDON, from HarlestonOXFORD LADIES' ASSOCIATION FOR THE CARE OF FRIENDLESS GIRLS. Committee: Mrs. INGE, Worcester College, President. Mrs. ARTHUR BUTLER, 14, Norham Gardens. Mrs. SPENCER, Sunnyside, Tackley Place, Hon. Sec for Home & Registry. Mrs. LIONEL SMITH, 7, Crick Road, Hon. Sec. for Preventive and Rescue Branch. Hon. Mrs. E. S. TALBOT, Keble College. Mrs. ARNOLD TOYNBEE, 5, Bevington Road, Mrs. W. A. SPOONER, 11, Keble Terrace, Hon. Sec. for the Association. Hon. Treasurer: AUGUSTUS WESTMACOTT, Esq., St. Bernard's, Norham Road. The fundamental principle of the above Association which has recently been formed in Oxford, is to aim at the2 help and protection of Young Women and Girls, and at the prevention, as well as the cure, of the evils to which they are exposed. In furtherance of these objects, the Association proposes to take up the following lines of work. 1. FREE REGISTRY, HOME & CLOTHING CLUB. By means of a Free Registry, Clothing Club, and Temporary Home they hope to befriend servant girls, especially those who for want of training, good habits, or even decent clothes, are unable to take or keep a situation. A small house, No. 31, Gloucester Green, has been taken for this purpose, and is now in working order. A Matron lives in the house, keeps the registry books and superintends any girls who may avail themselves of the Home. It is hoped that this House may prove useful not only by enabling young girls to obtain suitable and respectably situations, but also by affording temporary shelter to those who through their own fault, or that of their employees, lose their situation almost at a moment's notice, and find themselves practically homeless and friendless in Oxford. There are, perhaps, no girls more in need of help than these, nor any exposed to greater or more sudden temptations, when thus thrown on their own resources. It is evident that such a Home can never be self-supporting, though it is hoped the Clothing Club department may prove nearly so. The other expenses of the House will amount, it is estimated, to not less than GBP 100 a year, and towards this sum not more than GBP 30 has yet been promised. 3 Further help is therefore earnestly solicited, to enable the Association to carry on this branch of the work. If any ladies interested in such work will pay a visit to 31, Gloucester Green, the Matron will be happy to give further information, and to show the practical details of the Home. 2. PREVENTATIVE AND RESCUE WORK. The Association proposes to seek out young women and girls, whether in the workhouse or in low localities, whose circumstances are such as to place them in danger, and will endeavour to put them in the way of making a start in life under more favourable conditions; for instance, by sending them to Training or Industrial Homes. Those who have fallen, the Association will send, if thought desirable, to Penitentiaries, or will strive in other ways to help them back to a respectable mode of life. At present the Association has no funds for this branch of the work, but a beginning has been made by one of the associates on her own responsibility, with most encouraging results. She has been assisted in all cases connected with the Workhouse, by the kind co-operation of the Master and Matron. There is plenty of scope for such work in Oxford, if only funds can be obtained, and it is hoped that subscribers will come forward and help the Association to carry it on successfully. Subscriptions and Donations, for either of the above objects, or to the general funds of the Association, as specified by the giver, will be gratefully received by the 4 Hon. Treasurer, Augustus Westmacott, Eqs., St. Bernard's, Norham Road, or by any member of the Committee. In conclusion, the Committee express their earnest hope that more ladies may be found to interest themselves in the objects of the Association, and to enroll themselves as Honorary or Working Associates. All ladies willing to join the Association, can become Associates by sending in their names to the Secretary, Mrs. W. A. Spooner, 11, Keble Terrace and by subscribing not less than Five Shillings a year. Ladies willing to do some active work for the Association, are requested to apply to the President, Mrs. Inge, Worcester College. Dr. EB? noteALICE STONE ? A Fund od $15,000 is needed, in order to p? maintenance of miss Blackerll and her 87-year ? Blackwell. We welcome small contributions ? as widely representative as possible of all who ? LaRue Brown, Treasurer, ALICE STONE BLACKWELL FUND 185 Devonshire Street, Boston I enclose check for $ I pledge $ to be paid on [?] toward the Alice Stone Blackwell Fund. Name Address Make check payable to Mr Stephenson Hunter 7 Clarendon Villas. Park Town. - Library - See - Cottages - My med: [pain?] :"BINFIELD" FYFIELD ROAD, OXFORD. [*Sept 1882*] DEAR Madam For a long time past the associates of the Oxford Branch of the "Girls' Friendly Society" have been anxious to show some interest in the Young Women, who are employed in the various shops in the City, with a view to the carrying out of the Society's principle of "helping them, to help themselves." The objects of the Girls' Friendly Society are briefly stated in its printed papers. 1. To bind together in one Society ladies as Associates and Working girls and young women as Members, for mutual help (religious and secular) , for sympathy and prayer. 2. To encourage purity of life, dutifulness to parents, faithfulness to employers, and thrift. 3. To provide the privileges of the Society for its Members, wherever they may be, by giving them an introduction from one Branch to another. Business Girls and Young Women are included in a special department of the Society's work, as it has been found that this class of working women need special provision to meet their wants. The Society accordingly has established in London, Brighton, Carlisle, Newcastle, and other large towns, Lodges with a Club or Recreation Room, where classes may be held, and where innocent and healthful recreations are provided. These Recreation Rooms are open to the Members every evening, up to a certain hour; on Sundays from 3 p.m. and all general holidays, in order that they may have some safe and pleasant place in which to spend their leisure hours. It seems very desirable that a Lodge with Rooms of this kind should be open in Oxford. Last July a number of young women in business were invited to tea in one of the College Halls, tat they might hear something of the Society and its objects; eighty of them accepted, and since then, many have enrolled themselves as Members. It is thought from this hearty response that a Lodge with a Recreation Room would be welcomed by them. It is proposed that a joint Committee of Ladies and Young Women in business should be formed, and that rooms should be taken and furnished; but, in order to do this funds are required and promises of Annual Subscriptions for three or four years, or of Donations for this purpose, are earnestly solicited. It is hoped in time that the Lodge may be self-supporting, but there must be preliminary and incidental expenses connected with it,which will have to be met. The success attending similar efforts in other places encourages us to believe that a Lodge in Oxford would be equally valued when successfully started. Hoping for your liberal support in this good cause. I am, Faithfully yours, AGNES M. DESBOROUGH Associate Secretary and Treasurer, For the Oxford Branch for Young Women in Business. COMMITTEE OF CENTRAL OXFORD BRANCH:- MRS. HARVEY, President. St. Giles, Oxford MRS. EWING, Branch Secretary MISS JOHNSON, Associate for Workhouse Girls. MISS FIELD, Lady Registrar. WORKING ASSOCIATES. MRS. BULLEY MAGDALEN COLL. MRS. PAPILLON, MRS. BRUNNER. MRS. CHRISTOPHER, St. Aldates Oxford MRS. KEMP. MRS. SHIRLEY New (?) Hale Street, Oxford MISS CHASE. MISS JOHNSON. 16 Notham Gardens MISS ROGERS. S. Beaumont Street MISS AGNES M. DESBOROUGH. And 20 Honorary Associates.