CATT, Carrie Chapman SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE Speech, Feb.7, 1928 Editing copies of/ speech delivered by Mrs Catt over radio Feb. 7 1928 The Third National Conference on the Cause and Cure of War was held in Washington, January 15th to 19th, inclusive, 1928; the fourth will be held in January 1929. These Conferences are called under the auspices of a National Committee, composed of the presidents of the nine largest women's organizations in the country together with their National Chairmen of International Relations. The constituencies of these organizations number several millions, are scattered from Maine to California and a local group of some one of them may be found at any crossroad. The First Conference, held in 1925, was called because many men and women were speaking before women's organizations and recommending diverse and conflicting plans for bringing peace into the world. Many of these proposals were purely sentimental, impractical and utterly without logical foundation. The leaders of these organizations therefore came together resolved to make a serious, bold, and impartial study of the causes of war and to delve deep into quest of a cure. Men renowned as great scholars, distinguished statesmen, eminent professors of our universities, business men of wide travel and observation, have been called to give their learned testimony Page 2 upon various subjects bearing upon the chief questions. Both sides of every topic are heard. Questions and discussion are free and frank. Among the speakers have been distinguished military men including Major John F. O'Ryan, General Henry T. Allen, and General Tasker H. Bliss. At the last Conference Secretary of War, Dwight F. Davis, addressed the opening session. The Secretaries of the Navy and of State being in Havana, each deputized a member of his staff to represent him on the same occasion. Rear Admiral Frank H. Schofield spoke for the Navy and the Honorable W. R. Castle, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State, represented Secretary Kellogg. None but the ignorant regard these conferences as other than the determined attempt of serious minded citizens to analyse and to understand the curious problem of war. "Why", they ask, "in a world where the civilized rely upon law, courts and police to settle disputes and to keep order among individuals is there an exception when disputes arise between nations? Why do nations not establish laws and courts instead of going to war? Why do nations lay aside the achievements of civilization in times of disagreement and go back to the methods of primitive men?" Page 3 There is nothing emotional about these conferences. They recognize that the world is organized upon a war basis inherited from ages past and that war is a recognized constitutional instrument of policy of every government under the sun. While this remains true, defense and preparations for defense must necessarily continue. They have discovered, however, that right here is the source of world trouble . Defense, yes, but when are the preparations sufficient? Who knows enough to decide? One day a delegate asked the question "What is adequate defense?" It was clear to most that no one could answer the question, when, to the astonishment of all, another delegate arose and said "I know". All was silent while she gave her answer. "adequate defense" said she "is always having one more ship than the other nation has." She hit the nail on the head. Competition in armament becomes the order of the day when nations are thinking of defense and out of that competition the war spirit rises higher and higher until war comes, although the world does not know how or why it happened. So every generation sees a war and every century a great war. This kind of competition caused the Great War. It will cause the much advertised Next War, if it is not averted. Page 4 The Conferences have agreed with Mr. Coolidge who said "If this generation fails to devise means for preventing war, it will deserve the disaster which surely will be visited upon it. Later generations will not be likely to act if we fail." There is a way to substitute peace for war. The Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew D. Mellon, reported to Congress in November 1927 that 82% of the Federal expenditures for 1927 went to past and future wars. When the Conference learned that 82 cents out of every dollar paid in Federal taxes goes to the maintenance of the machinery of war and that little or nothing goes to the building of a substitute machinery of peace, it had already been convinced that there is a way to substitute peace for war. It determined to begin a nation-wide campaign of education on behalf of a change in policy from war to peace; a change from the settlement of international differences by the harsh arbitrament of force to settlement by rational and sane methods, more in keeping with our boasts of being civilized. These conferences have said that when the world becomes civilized enough war will go. They will now test the quality of civilization in our own nation by carring education to every church and school house. Page 5 There is a certain and efficacious substitution for war and there is only one. That substitution is an iron bound compact between nations, pledging their honor not to resort to war with other signatories to the compact, but instead to settle any possible dispute arising by some one of the peaceful means, the precedents for which are now well established. The famous Root treaties re-introduced arbitration as a practical method of settling disputes and there have been important and successful cases, perhaps the most notable being the Alabama claims against Great Britain.; the Bryan treaties introduced the idea of inquiry and conciliation and a time for tempers to cool; the League of Nations has added conference when men sit around a table and talk over the problem; South American nations have tried mediation by a third nation. All of these methods have proved useful and many a war has been averted by them. Justiciable questions can now be sent to the World Court where preside the greatest of the world. The codification of law is being forwarded by the League of Nations and the Pan American Union. If nations agree not to go to war under any circumstances, but to find a means to settle their questions in peace, they will not want for a method or methods. These are now established. Page 6 When Aristide Briand, Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, offered to the people of the United States the suggestion that a treaty between the United States and France be signed renouncing war between these two nations, it met with cordial response in both countries. Immediately, however, the objection arose from distrustful nations that such a treaty might be regarded as a military alliance between the two countries. The United States has little sympathy with military alliances and, consequently, Secretary of State Kellogg responded to the French proposal with a broader one. He suggested that a conference be called of the chief nations of the world, often spoken of as the Great Powers, including Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States, and that these together should each sign with every other one of the group a treaty to renounce war as between themselves and to agree to settle any differences arising by the peaceful precedents established. This plan of several compacts emanating from a group is called multilateral treaties. What are the Great Powers today? Great Britain, the United States, Italy, France and Japan. Germany was a Great Power, but was disarmed by the Verseilles treaty and also lost her navy and her colonies. Russia was a Great Power before the War, but she surrendered [*Page 7*] to revolution. Austria was a Great Power, but that empire has been disarmed and dismembered. Five Great Powers only are left. Each one of these has a great navy and most of them a great army. All have men and money enough to equip a war. All talk much of preparedness. Each one of them has the power to impose its will upon another nation. These are the nations that frighten the small nations. When and if these five powers, therefore, agree among themselves to renounce war by treaty with each other, the present war power of the world will have been broken, competition in armament between them will case, and, little by little, confidence in the inviolability of anti-war treaties will grow. A sense of genuine security resting upon the honorable compacts of nations not to resort to war will, by degree, supplant the present uncertain[ty] security based upon large armies and navies, which, however large, are never large enough to protect any nation from another with an equally large army or navy. To the task of educating public opinion by democratic, sincere, frank, open means to the aim of an understanding of the value of agreements between nations civilized enough to make them turn from war to peaceful means of keeping order, these organizations propose to give themselves[turn] with zest and enthusiasm. [*Page 8*] The organizations are The American Association of University Women, The Council of Women for Home Missions, The Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America, The General Federation of Women's Clubs, The National Board of the Young Women's Christian Association, The National Council of Jewish Women, The National League of Women Voters, The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, The National Women's Trade Union League. For its campaign of enlightenment, good-will and understanding these organizations invite the open-mindedness, tolerance and cooperation of all good citizens. NEW YORK LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS ROOM 821 GRAYBAR BUILDING 420 LEXINGTON AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y. Broadcast file Press Department. Release WEDNESDAY National League of Women Voters. FEBRUARY 8, 1928. Copy of Speech given by Mrs, Carrie Chapman Catt, Tuesday night, February 7, file in the "Voters' Service" program broadcast from station WRC, Washington, and sponsored by the National Broadcasting Company and the National League of Women Voters. The Third National Conference on the Cause and Cure of War was held in Washington, January 15 to 19th, inclusive, 1928; the fourth will be held in January, 1929. These Conferences are called under the auspices of a National Committee, composed of the presidents of the nine largest women's organizations in the country together with their National Chairmen of International Relations. The constituencies of these organizations number several millions, are scattered from Maine to California and a local group of some one of them may be found at any crossroad. The First Conference, held in 1925, was called because many men and women were speaking before women's organizations and recommending diverse and conflicting plans for bringing peace into the world. Many of these proposals were purely sentimental, impractical and utterly without logical foundation. The leaders of these organizations therefore came together resolved to make a serious, bold, and impartial study of the causes of war and to delve deep in quest of a cure. Men renowned as great scholars, distinguished statesmen, eminent professors of our universities, business men of wide travel and observation, have been called to give their learned testimony upon various subjects bearing upon the chief questions. Both sides of every topic are heard. Questions and discussion are free and frank. Among the speakers have been distinguished military men including Major John F. O'Ryan, General Henry T. Allen and General Tasker H. Bliss. [*- 2 -*] At the last Conference Secretary of War, Dwight F. Davis, addressed the opening session. The Secretaries of the Navy and of State being in Havana, each deputized a member of his staff to represent him on the same occasion. Rear Admiral Frank H. Schofield spoke for the Navy and the Honorable W. R. Castle, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State, represented Secretary Kellogg. None but the ignorant regard these conferences as other than the determined attempt of serious-minded citizens to analyse and to understand the curious problem of war. "Why", they ask; "in a world where the civilized rely upon law, courts and police to settle disputes and to keep order among individuals, is there an exception when disputes arise between nations? Why do nations not establish law and courts instead of going to war? Why do nations lay aside the achievements of civilization in times of disagreement and go back to the methods of primitive man?" There is nothing emotional about these conferences. They recognize that the world is organized upon a war basis inherited from ages past and that war is a recognized constitutional instrument of policy of every government under the sun. While this remains true, defense and preparations for defense must necessarily continue. They have discovered, however, that right here is the source of world trouble. Defense, yes, but when are the preparations sufficient? Who knows enough to decide? One day a delegate asked the question, "What is adequate defense?" It was clear to most that no one could answer the question, when, to the astonishment of all, another delegate arose and said, "I know". All was silent while she gave her answer. "Adequate defense", said she, "is always having one more ship than the other nation has." She hit the nail on the head. Competition in armament becomes the order of the day when nations are thinking of defense and out of that competition the war spirit rises higher and higher until war comes, although the world does not know how or why it happened. So every generation sees a war and every -3- century a great war. This kind of competition caused the Great War. It will cause the much advertised Next War, if it is not averted. The Conferences have agreed with Mr. Coolidge, who said, "If this generational fails to devise means for preventing war, it will deserve the disaster which surely will be visited upon it. Later generations will not be likely to act if we fail." There is a way to substitute peace for war. The Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew D. Mellon, reported to Congress in November 1927 that 82% of the Federal expenditures for 1927 went to past and future wars. When the Conferences learned that 82 cents out of every dollar paid in Federal taxes goes to the maintenance of the machinery of war and that little or nothing goes to the building of a substitute machinery of peace, it had already been convinced that there is a way to substitute peace for war. It determined to begin a nation-wide campaign of education on behalf of a change in policy from war to peace; a change from the settlement of international differences by the harsh arbitrament of force to settlement by rational and sane methods, more in keeping with our boasts of being civilized. Those conferences have said that when the world becomes civilized enough war will go. They will now test the quality of civilization in our own nation by carrying education to every church and school house. There is a certain and efficacious substitution for war and there is only one. That substitution is an iron bound compact between nations, pledging their honor not to resort to war with other signatories to the compact, but instead to settle any possible dispute arising by some one of the peaceful means, the precedents for which are now well established. The famous Root treaties re-introduced arbitration as a practical method of settling disputes and there have been important and successful cases, perhaps the most notable being the Alabama claims against Great Britain; the Bryan treaties introduced the idea of inquiry and conciliation and a -4- time for tempers to cool; the League of Nations has added conference when men sit around a table and talk over the problem; South American nations have tried mediation by a third nation. All of these methods have proved useful and many a war has been averted by them. Justiciable questions can now be sent to the World Court where preside the greatest jurists of the world. The codification of law is being forwarded by the League of Nations and the Pan American Union. If nations agree not to go to war under any circumstances, but to find a means to settle their questions in peace, they will not want for a method or methods. These are now established. When Aristide Briand, Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, offered to the people of the United States the suggestions that a treaty between the United States and France be signed renouncing war between these two nations, it met with cordial response in both countries. The United States has little sympathy with military alliances and, consequently, Secretary of State Kellogg responded to the French proposal with a broader one. He suggested that a conference be called of the chief nations of the world, often spoke of as the Great Powers, including Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States, and that these together should each sign with every other one of the group a treaty to renounce war as between themselves and to agree to settle any differences arising by the peaceful precedents established. This plan of several compacts emanating from a group is called multilateral treaties. What are the Great Powers today? Great Britain, the United States, Italy, France and Japan. Germany was a great power, but was disarmed by the Verseilles treaty and also lost her navy and her colonies. Russia was a Great Power before the War, but she surrendered to revolution. Austria was a Great Power, but that empire has been disarmed and dismembered. Five Great Powers only are left. Each one of these has a great navy and most -5- of them a great army. All have men and money enough to equip a war. All talk much of preparedness. Each one of them has the power to impose its will upon another nation. These are the nations that frighten the small nations. When and if these five powers, therefore, agree among themselves to renounce war by treaty with each other, the present war power of the world will have been broken, competition in armament between them will cease, and, little by little, confidence in the inviolability of anti-war treaties will grow. A sense of genuine security resting upon the honorable compacts of nations not to resort to war will, by degrees, supplant the present uncertain security based upon large armies and navies which, however large, are never large enough to protect any nation from another with an equally large army or navy. To the task of educating public opinion by democratic, sincere, frank, open names to the aim of an understanding of the value of agreements between nations civilized enough to make them turn from war to peaceful means of keeping order, these organizations propose to give themselves with zest and enthusiasm. The organizations are The American Association of University Women, The Council of Women for Home Missions, The Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America, The General Federation of Women's Clubs, The National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations, The National Council of Jewish Women, The National League of Women Voters, The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, The National Women's Trade Union League. For its campaign of enlightenment, good-will and understanding these organizations invite the open-mindedness, tolerance and cooperation of all good citizens. [*Radio Broadcast*] Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, Chairman of the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War speaking over the radio February 7, 1928. The Third Conference on the Cause and Cure of War was held at Washington January 15th to 19th, inclusive, 1928: the fourth will be held January, 1929. These Conferences are called under the auspices of a National Committee composed of the presidents of the nine largest women's organizations in the country, together with their national chairman of International Relations. The constituencies of these organizations number several millions, are scattered from Maine to California, and a local group of some one of them may be found at any crossroad. The First Conference, held in 1925, was called because many men and women were speaking before women's organizations and recommending diverse and conflicting plans for bringing peace into the world. Many of these proposals were purely sentimental, impractical and utterly without logical foundation. The leaders of these organizations therefore came together resolved to make a serious, bold, and impartial study of the causes of war and to delve deep in quest of a cure. Men renowned as great scholars, distinguished statesmen, eminent professors of our universities, business men of wide travel and observation, have been called to give their learned testimony upon various subjects bearing upon the chief questions. Both sides of every topic are heard. Questions and discussion are free and frank. Among the speakers have been distinguished military men, including Major John F. O'Ryan, General Henry T. Allen, and General Tasker H. Bliss. At the last Conference, Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis -2- addressed the opening session. The Secretaries of the Navy and of State being in Havana, each deputized a member of his staff to represent him on the same occasion. Rear Admiral Frank H. Schofield spoke for the Navy and the Honorable W. R. Castle, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State, represented Secretary Kellogg. None but the ignorant regard these conferences as other than the determined attempt of serious minded citizens to analyze and understand the curious problem of War. "Why," they ask, "in a world where the civilized rely upon law courts and police to settle disputes arise between nations? Why do nations not establish law and courts instead of going to war? Why do nations lay aside the achievements of civilization in times of disagreement and go back to the methods of primitive men?" There is nothing emotional about these conferences. They recognize that the world is organized upon a war basis inherited from ages past and that war is a recognized constitutional instrument of policy of every government under the sun. While this remains true, defense and preparations for defense must necessarily continue. They have discovered, however, that right here is the source of world trouble. Defense, yes: but when are the preparations sufficient? Who knows enough to decide? One day a delegate asked the question: "What is adequate defense?" It was clear to most that no one could answer the question, when, to the astonishment of all, another delegate arose and said "I know." All was silence while she gave her answer. "Adequate defense" said she, "is always having one more ship than the other nation has." She hit the nail on the head. Competition in armament becomes the order of the day when nations are thinking of defense and out of that competition the war spirit rises higher and higher until war -3- comes, although the world does not know how or why it happened. So every generation sees a war and every century a great war. This kind of competition caused the Great War. It will cause the much advertised next war, if it is not averted. The Conferences have agreed with Mr. Coolidge, who said, "If this generation fails to devise means for preventing war, it will deserve the disaster which surely will be visited upon it. Later generations will not be likely to act if we fail." There is a way to substitute peace for war. The Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Andrew D. Mellon, reported to Congress in November, 1927, that 82% of the Federal expenditures for 1927 went to past and future wars. When the Conference learned that 82 cents out of every dollar paid in Federal taxes goes to the maintenance of the machinery of war and that little or nothing goes to the building of a substitute machinery of peace, it had already been convinced that there is a way to substitute peace for war. It determined to begin a nation-wide campaign of education on behalf of a change in policy from war to peace: a change from the settlement of international differences by harsh arbitrament of force to settlement by rational and sane methods, more in keeping with our boasts of being civilized. These Conferences have said that when the world becomes civilized enough war will go. They will now test the quality of civilization in our own nation by carrying education to every church and school house. There is a certain and efficacious substitute for war and there is only one. That substitute is an iron-bound compact between nations, pledging their honor not to resort to war with other signatories to the compact, but instead to settle any possible dispute arising by some one of the peaceful means, the precedents for which are now well established. The famous Root treaties re-introduced -4- arbitration as a practical method of settling disputes and there have been important and successful cases, perhaps the most notable being the Alabama claims against Great Britain; the Bryan treaties introduced the idea of inquiry and conciliation and a time for tempers to cool; the League of Nations has added conference, when men sit around a table and talk over the problem; South American nations have tried mediation by a third nation. All of these methods have proved useful and many a war has been averted by them. Justiciable questions can now be sent to the World Court, where preside the greatest jurists of the world. The codification of law is being forwarded by the League of Nations and the Pan-American Union. If nations agree not to go to war under any circumstances, but to find a means to settle their questions in peace, they will not want for a method or methods. These are now established. When Briand, Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, offered to the people of the United States the suggestion that a treaty between the United States and France be signed renouncing war between these two nations, it met with cordial response in both countries. Immediately, however, the objection arose from distrustful nations that such a treaty might be regarded as a military alliance between the two countries. The United States has little sympathy with military alliances and, consequently, Secretary of State Kellogg responded to the French proposal with a broader one. He suggested that a conference be called of the chief nations of the world, often spoken of as the Great Powers, including Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States, and that these together should sign with every other one of the group a treaty to renounce war as between themselves and to agree to settle any differences arising by the peaceful precedents established. This plan of several compacts emanating from a group is called a multilateral treaty. -5- What are the Great Powers to-day? Great Britain, the United States, Italy, France, and Japan. Germany was a Great Power, but was disarmed by the Versailles Treaty and also lost her navy and her colonies. Russia was a Great Power before the War, but she surrendered to revolution. Austria was a Great Power, but that empire has been disarmed and dismembered. Five Great Powers only are left. Each one of these has a great navy and most of them a great army. All have men and money to equip a war. All talk much of preparedness. Each one of them has the power to impose its will upon another nation. These are the nations that frighten the small nations. When and if these five Powers, therefore, agree among themselves to renounce war by treaty with each other, the present war power of the world will have been broken, competition in armament between them will cease, and little by little, confidence in the inviolability of anti-war treaties will grow. A sense of genuine security resting upon the honorable compacts of nations not to resort to war will, by degrees, supplant the present uncertain security based upon large armies and navies which, however large, are never large enough to protect any nation from another with an equally large army or navy. To the task of education public opinion by democratic, sincere, frank, open means to the aim of an understanding of the value of agreements between nations civilized enough to make them turn from war to peaceful means of keeping order, these organizations propose to give themselves with zest and enthusiasm. The organizations are the American Association of University Women, the Council of Women for Home Missions, the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the National Board of the Young Womens Christian Associations, the National Council of Jewish Women, the -6- National League of Women Voters, the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the National Women's Trade Union League. For its campaign of enlightenment, good will and understanding these organizations invite the open-mindedness, tolerance and cooperation of all good citizens. ************ CATT, Carrie Chapman SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE Speech, MAR. 26, 1930 MAY, 1930. Citizenship School June 25 --- 26 The annual Citizenship School at the University of New Hampshire will be held on June 25th and 26th. Please remember the dates and plan to bring a group from your town to Durham. This is the "on year" in politics and we are asking all the candidates for the major offices in the state to address the school. Last year we went intensively into the questions of power and taxation so pertinent in New Hampshire. This year we will have a speaker on each of these subjects to bring us up to date. Also we will take up international relations, vital to every individual. Juvenile delinquency is on our study program and we plan to have an authoritative speaker on that subject. Will every League member take the responsibility of being publicity agent for our Citizenship School in her locality? Jessie Doe, Chairman, Citizenship Schools. Mrs. Catt's Address, March 26 You ask me what hope led to the founding of the League of Women Voters. None at all. * * * It was not a hope, but a job, a hard, disagreeable job, that brought the League of Women Voters. That is the way God's work is done. The situation was this: with the vote won, there remained innumerable odds and ends of claims to equal rights, some disputed year by year for a century, that had now to be set straight and made consistent with the status of the enfranchised women. There were legal wrongs, some little, some big, that must be made right, and every code of laws was dotted with curious discriminations against women and these had not only to be thought out, but often brought to the consideration of somewhat obstreporous legislatures. These were the troubles left over from the suffrage campaign, but there were others. When the suffrage movement began, no married woman could collect or use her wages, should she earn any. As late as 1846 there were only eight occupations open to women. No industry wanted them. In 1920 industry had so expanded that the number of occupations had increased by several hundreds, and every industry wanted women. In that year they were employed in all of them except eight; that is, all occupations except eight were closed to women in 1846, - all except eight were open to women in 1920. Every day new industries are arriving and new occupations call for new women workers. Even farmers are deep in the experiments of translating corn into paper, sugar, syrup, and fertilizer, instead of feeding it to swine. Women do not feed swine, but they will work in all the new substitutes. Upon this fast expanding field of industry lies the mighty prosperity of this nation, and, curiously, the industry rests largely upon its millions of women workers. Strangely, every worker is wrapped around by a group of problems and this forms the contact with the League of Women Voters. * * * Each League must educate itself; then go forth and teach all it knows to other groups. It must hold schools and round tables on all the great issues of the day. It must persuade other organizations to take up the business of making good and wise women citizens. Ah, and every knowing woman must ask questions of husbands and sons at home that they cannot answer and thus agitate a single standard of political wisdom and that a higher one. * * * Whenever a naval conference is called again, the Leagues of Women Voters of all the nations must provide many Round Tables with a dictionary and encyclopedia in the middle of each one and all surrounded by very easy chairs. * * * For ten years the League of Women Voters has striven. It has done excellent work and found satisfaction in the doing, but before us gleams a coming glory: a nation is coming, coming a nation, with ideals as noble, with intelligence as outstanding, with leadership as bold, as the greatest Revolutionary father pictured in his dreams - a nation never yet achieved. MAY, 1930. The Red Ink Program of Work The program-making procedure of the National League of Women Voters has progressed to the point where the proposed program of work for 1930-32 has been the subject of study, comment and suggestion of local leagues. As an organization, the League is prone to boast, and justly too, about its democratic method of making its program of work. Every member of the League has an opportunity to say what shall be on that program. All during April local Units have been giving it close and earnest attention. The preliminary consideration of the possible modifications, additions or revisions in the program has already been carried on by the state members and the chairmen of the national committees and departments. Now, copies of the tentative program have been sent to every League in New Hampshire. New items are in red ink, and any suggestions or comments will be sent to the proper state chairman at least three days before the pre- convention conferences. Final consideration and action on the program will be taken by the Convention at Louisville in April. (BRISTOL] (Cont. from p. 6) which was attended and greatly enjoyed by thirty women. After lunch cards were enjoyed by all who wished. A very successful meeting was held April 8. The chairman, Mrs. E. Maude Ferguson presided. The topic was Local Taxation. Miss Pauline G. Swain Esq., presided over the discussion and gave some very interesting remarks and Selectman F.W. Gilman talked on the subject and answered questions. At the next meeting county taxes will be considered. Ellen Clay, Sec. Fitch's Drug Store Try Our Special Afternoon Teas 25 C for Sandwich, Ice Cream and Hot Drink Talk it over at one of Our Teas Fitch's Drug Store Compliments from H. Diversi & Co. Widen Your Horizon Read TRAVEL Books They make delightful reading whether your Trip Abroad lies in the past or the future May I send you a list of interesting Books on Foreign Travel and places? Apple Tree Bookshop 32 Warren St. Concord, N. H. Radio Address delivered by Carrie Chapman Catt at Luncheon of the National League of Women Voters Hotel St. Regis Wednesday, March 26, 1930 You ask me what HOPE led to the founding of the League of Women Voters. None at all. When suffragists were marching upward, on the last lap of their century old campaign, they spied Old Age coming down the path to meet them. They knew they would be caught soon, for they had been long on the way. They did not feel sorrow or regret. Glancing over their shoulders, they saw an army plodding upward behind them, younger, healthier, stronger, much handsomer, and beaming with patriotism. The Old Ones spoke softly to to the Young Ones, saying " "Hear ye, we are dropping an incompleted task that we can no longer carry. Come, take hold, and finish it." The answer "Aye, Aye", unanimous and confident, came in quick response. The army picked up the dropped tools and went to work. No, it was not a hope, but a job, a hard, disagreeable job, that brought the League of Women Voters. That is the way God's work is done. The situation was this: with the vote won, there remained innumerable odds and ends of claims to equal rights, some disputed year by year for a century, that had now to be set straight and made consistent with the status of the enfranchised women. There were legal wrongs, some little, some big, that must be made right, and every code of laws was dotted with curious discriminations agains -2- Mrs. Catt's Speech March 26, 1930 women and these had not only to be thought out, but often brought to the consideration of a somewhat obstreperous legislature. These were the troubles left over from the suffrage campaign, but there were others. When the suffrage movement began, no married woman could collect or use her wages, should she earn any. As late as 1846 there were only eight occupations open to women. No industry wanted them. In 1920 industry had so expanded that the number of occupations had increased by several hundreds, and every industry wanted women. In that year they were employed in all of them except eight; that is, all occupations except eight were closed to women in 1846, - all except eight were open to women in 1920. Every day new industries are arriving and new occupations call for new women workers. Even farmers are deep in the experiments of translating corn into paper, sugar, syrup, and fertilizer, instead of feeding it to swine. Women do not feed swine, but they will work in all the new substitutes. Upon this fast expanding field of industry lies the mighty prosperity of this nation, and, curiously, the industry rests largely upon its millions of women workers. Strangely, every worker is wrapped around by a group of problems and this forms the contact with the League of Women Voters. Wages: Shall the women's equal the men's or be inferior? Hours: Shall the woman work 16 or 8, or what? -3- Mrs. Catt's Speech March 26, 1930 Seats: May she sit or must she always stand? Sanitation: Shall her health be protected or death invited? Trade Unions: Is she free to join a trade union and if she does, will she have equal rights within the Union? Indeed, there are problems enough boiling and seething around every woman of us to keep an army of keen thinkers and doers busy for a generation before they shall all be cleared away. The problems confronting the new voters of 1920 were by no means confined to the rights and status of women. Men in the United States were enfranchised in six installments and in no case were these new voters asked what qualifications for voting they possessed. Suffragists discovered long ago that many of them possessed none. With ignorant, untutored voters forming its constituencies the great bold progressive nation dreamt of by the Revolutionary fathers never came. Progressive legislation has been slow to arrive. Institutions, unbecoming such a nation as ours, still linger. Inexplicably timidity frequently possess Congresses and Legislatures, Presidents and Governors. Benjamin Franklin was a great story teller and at least one biographer records that this was his favorite tale. The famous Eddystone lighthouse, occupying a remote and wild island, was kept by two men. In the autumn a ship brought them -4- Mrs. Catt's Speech March 26, 1930 a stock of provisions which had to last six months and during that time they saw no human being except themselves. One spring the ship's crew, bringing provisions, found only one man. Upon inquiry, the man replied that he had not seen the other man for six months. He explained that they had had a dispute and had decided that they hated each other so much that neither wanted ever to see or to hear the other again, so one had gone to live in the tower while the other occupied the ground floor, and for six months they had not met. Franklin said that the spirit of these two men pervaded every Parliament he had known and gave this as the reason why so little got done. The story seems to provide an explanation why Naval Reduction Conferences do not reduce; why a high tariff Congress consumes a year and some months to raise the tariff higher. It certainly illustrates the predicament of our nation when wets have taken to the cellar and drys to the tower. The spirit of the two men, flying about in our legislatures, explains admirably why progress has often moved backward instead of forward. Observing these things, suffragists said to each other, "Wives and daughters of American men will be as ignorant, indifferent and Eddystonish as they. What shall we do about it?" "Why", others replied, "we must educate them. Remember, no party, no government, no organizations, ever tried to educate the new man voter. He lived, voted and died where he was found, and that was in a rut. -5- Mrs. Catt's Speech March 26, 1930 We must not repeat that blunder. Let us have a League of Women Voters. Each League must first educate itself; then go forth and teach all it knows to other groups. It must hold schools and round tables on all the great issues of the day. It must persuade other organizations to take up the business of making good and wise women citizens. Ah, and every knowing woman must ask questions of husbands and sons at home that they cannot answer and thus agitate a single standard of political wisdom and that a higher one. It is the business of the League to drive from its midst any spirit of Eddystone that appears and ever after to wage war against such spirits in the home circle, all legislatures, and Congress. Whenever a naval conference is called again, the Leagues of Women Voters of all the nations must provide many Round Tables with a dictionary and encyclopedia in the middle of each one and all surrounded by very easy chairs. With political fly brushes they must then swish away every buzzing Eddystonean spirit. For ten years the League of Women Voters has striven. It has done excellent work and found satisfaction in the doing, but before us gleams a coming glory: a nation is coming, coming; a nation, with ideals as noble, with intelligence as outstanding, with leadership as bold, as the greatest Revolutionary father pictured in his dreams - a nation never yet achieved. The job lies unfinished on the "world's work table" but imitating -6- Mrs. Catt's Speech March 26, 1930 Kipling's words The League continueth Its work continueth Broad and deep continueth Greater than its knowing God bless the League; God bless the Nation. God bless its women voters, its men voters and more than all else God bless the rising generation. God bless one of the ablest, most devoted and keenest minded presidents any organization ever had. She is Miss Belle Sherwin. I am introducing her now and she will speak to you from Washington. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Dec. 1930 Radio Speech delivered by Carrie Chapman Catt December , 1930 The United States Senate in 1926 applied for membership in the World Court with five reservations. Other nation members of the court have granted these conditions and the President has passed on the protocol of accession to the Senate. No excuse now exists for the United States to remain out of the Court. Millions of American women are urging early and favorable action since they prefer courts and wise judges to battleships and destructive guns when and if a dispute arises. The World Court is an American idea, having been first urged at the Hague Convention in 1899. The Statutes of the Court were largely written by an American statesman and among its judges sits the Hon. Frank B. Kellogg, late Secretary of State. The five last presidents of the United States have sponsored such a court and urged our membership in it. Let us join, and diminish as fast as we can, the chances of armed conflict. The world moves onward, not backward, and we should be moving with it. Radio Speech delivered by Dec. , 1930. Carrie Chapman Catt Noted 10/29/34 The United States Senate in 1926 applied for membership in the World Court with five reservations. Other nation members of the court have granted these conditions and the President has passed on the protocol of accession to the Senate. No excuse now exists for the United States to remain out of the Court. Millions of American women are urging early and favorable action since they prefer courts and wise judges to battleships and destructive guns when and if a dispute arises. The World Court is an American idea, having been first urged at the Hague Convention in 1899. The Statutes of the Court were largely written by an American statesman and among its judges sits the Hon. Frank B. Kellogg, late Secretary of State. The five last presidents of the United States have sponsored such a Court and urged our membership in it. Let us join and diminish, as fast as we can, the chances of armed conflict. The world moves onward, not backward, and we should be moving with it. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, 1930 [*1930*] Message From Mrs. Catt "When the Fifth Conference on the Cause and Cure of War convenes in Washington January 14-17, inclusive, it will meet experiences extremely rare and unique among organizations. It will have so many downright reasons for rejoicing, for fervid congratulations, for inspiration to take up banners and lead out and forward, that it cannot fail to produce a hall full of exaltation. When the First Conference was held in 1925, probably no delegate knew the cause or the cure of war; this Conference will open with nearly all delegates knowing very well what causes war and will cure it! This happy change is due in part to hard and conscientious study which has taught these women how to understand what has been going on in the world about them. During the past five years the pushing trend of the great world civilizations has been leading strongly away from war and toward peace, and all the wise know it. In 1925 when first we met, the mention of the League of Nations was greeted with suspicion and criticism on the part of many delegates. Now the Tenth Anniversary of that body will be celebrated the world over, and every delegate will regard its pledge "To achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war" as the most sincere and significant endeavor ever made by nations. Nor does any one now resent the many cooperative services rendered the League by the United States. A World Court has been organized. Most of the World's Nations are members of it, and they have unanimously accepted the reservations of our Senate attached to the application of this country for membership. When the acceptance, in the form of a treaty or protocol, has been ratified by our Senate and nation members, the United States will become a member also and the Court will truly be a World Court. Beginning with the amazing treaty of Locarno and ending with the even more astounding Kellogg Pact, a continuous series of international agreements to find peaceful methods of settling disputes instead of resorting to war has united the nations of the world into friendlier bonds than they ever knew before. A Disarmament Conference is coming soon and one delegate writes "Why not now move for the change of title of Department of War to Department of Defense as Denmark has done?" Well, why not? Every nation will do this one day. Why should not the United States lead the way? The year 1930 will prove crucial in human history and the Conference on the Cause and Cure of War a mile-stone in women's affairs. Come and join us. If you are ignorant you may learn something, if you are wise we need your council. In any event, come." Carrie Chapman Catt. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE Catt, Carrie Chapman Speech, Apr. 1931 April 1931. Speech delivered by Carrie Chapman Catt at dinner of World To-Morrow When the war was over and the workers in Europe were slowly finding their way homeward, I came, by accident, into a meeting where there were several young men. All had something very earnest to say and I went home, thanking God for those young men. I had seen a great vision and gained a great conviction that if there was no one else to abolish war, these young men could and would do it. There are many young men here to-night. There are quite enough of you to abolish war were there no other agencies to do it. If there is a young man here who has not yet taken up this task, let me urge him to begin now. I am going to give you a new direction. Every student of war should have a garden and in that garden he should mark off a square yard or two and transform it into a war laboratory. He will need a little knowledge of chemistry and poisons, a little about the queer behaviorism of insects, and he should be provided with a few armaments, such as trowels and spades. Then he goes to work, and directly the cause, the cure, and all the mystery of war will be spread out before him. You remember that last year we had a great drought, and in the month of August in our part of the country every lawn was splotched with dead and dying grass. So we investigated. We tore that grass from the lawn [and left the bald dirt underneath. We found the grass totally dead.] So we dug deeper and there we found uncountable numbers of grubs, big fat ones, with huge mandibles. They had destroyed the grass and there they laid in the earth beneath, arranged exactly like raisins in a Christmas pudding. Page 2 We sent for an expert and the expert pronounced those grubs to be May Beetles. So we started a laboratory. The startling thing first found was something quite unexpected. These grubs were economists. You know that at this time the professors from the universities have pretty much all come to the conclusion that there are economic causes for war. They have written tons of books about it and any one of us now can talk quite blithely about economic causes of war. These beetles have their professors, too, and they know all about economic causes of war. There beetles have little measuring tapes, apparently. Every grub locates himself and then measures off in each direction four inches exactly. He does not allow another grub to get within his territory. When one grub moves, they all move and go deeper down into the earth, each one keeping away from every other grub by just four inches. Each grub knows the exact economic value of his four inches of territory and how much food and shelter it contains; that is, he knows how much he can eat within a given time. Suppose in that laboratory of yours you drop in a few Japanese beetles. The American beetles will chase those Japanese beetles. When they fail to drive them out, there is a battle and upon that battlefield there are dead beetles - dead Americans and dead Japanese, but the Americans chase the Japanese beetles until there are none left. They are patriotic and they are for the defense of the economic rights of their four inches square! A wit said that when the Great War came to an end, every one knew it was over, but no one knew who started it or who had won it, or who was going to pay for it. Probably the reason is the confused method and the manner in which the bill has been presented. Page 3 You have heard about the Japanese chauffeur who made a bargain with a teacher to take her to her school and home again each day. When he presented her with the first bill, it was for "ten goes, ten comes, at fifty cents a went." Perhaps a similar bill makes reparations and war debts so difficult to comprehend. On the eve of the signature of the Paris Pact. Mr. Kellogg wrote: "I must not claim that treaties of arbitration and conciliation or even treaties explicitly renouncing war as an instrument of national policy afford a certain guarantee." A week before the signing of that Kellogg Pact, Monsieur Briand said: "War is still a possibility, but it does not dominate the situation and the destiny of people as completely as it once did. The pact against war is merely a new obstacle to the frightful calamity which is war." And Dr. Stresemann at the same time said: "But the conclusion of the pact of peace of the world has not been definitely consolidated." Why are statesmen like these great men so timid? Why are they so uncertain about the result of that pact and about the result of all else that has been done for peace? Why do they hesitate? Why do they pause? Why do they not know what to do and how to do it? Page 5 In Mr. Kirby Page's new book on "National Defense", which I recommend, he lays down six items in a program whereby national security may be obtained. I believe that program might be reduced to one item -- build up the agencies of peace and tear down the agencies of war. In the world somewhere men must think straighter. They must argue with more logic. They must search more diligently for justice and honesty. Somewhere in the midst of such thinking the agencies of peace will emerge. And behind those agencies there will be statesmen unafraid. The war story that I have liked best is the one about Lord French. You remember it. A colonel reported: "We cannot hold out much longer; it is impossible." He replied: "I only want men who can do the impossible. You must hold out." And the line held. Next winter there is going to be a disarmament conference. There are a great many questions between now and then to be considered. The most important is this: We almost failed on two disarmament conferences;- are we going to fail in the next? We must have men who will do the impossible there. We await their action. When we have had a real disarmament, it will be the first break in the agency of war and we shall then have the courage and the conscience to build up the agencies of peace and to apologize for them no more. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech Nov 18, 1931 [*Speech delivered at White Plains*] November 18, 1931. When the Disarmament Conference meets next February in Geneva, its mission will be the fulfillment of solemn pledges made at the Peace Conference at Versailles which closed the war. At previous peace conference delegates showed signs of repentance for the sins of their nations, but no effectual proposal was ever made to prevent their reoccurrence. At Versailles, however, the delegates showed no desire to experience another Great War and all came together in the decision that three things must be done. 1. Peace machinery must be established to restrain nations threatening war. 2. A League of Nations must be set up to look after the operation of the machinery. 3. There must be disarmament. It was too difficult a situation to think through to its complete and logical end - these great things that had no precedents in the history of the world. -2- In the words of General Tasker H. Bliss: "The Peace Conference recognized a limitation of national armaments as the very cornerstone of the foundation that it was attempting to lay for a lasting peace." At that time all the Allies believed that Germany had caused the Great War and they wished to punish her soundly for the offense, so it was their determination to take away from her all her power to make war again. What did they do? They reduced her army and stipulated that it should be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of order within her borders. They forbade all other war equipment. No navy, aircraft, chemical war manufactures, armament, nor schools nor camps for training military men were to be allowed. Mr. Clemenceau, President of the Peace Conference, announced publicly in an official document on behalf of the entire Conference: "The restraints in regard to German armaments are the first steps toward the reduction and limitation of armaments for all the nations." A considerable library of books has been written and printed concerning the cause, the conduct, and the conclusion of the Great War. The statements within these books are often in conflict with each other and no one tells the whole story in a manner acceptable to everybody else -3- To my mind, a wit, in a sentence, told the story more completely than any book I have read. Said he: "After ten years, it seems that no one yet knows who started the war; who won the war; or who will finally pay for it." The preamble to the military terms of the Versailles Treaty provides that in order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the military naval and air clauses which follow." You will note that when Germany affixed her signature to one side of the last page of that document, twenty-seven other nations of the world, including all the Great Powers, signed it on the other. Therefore, in all good faith and honor these nations have pledged themselves to initiate as soon as practicable a general limitation of armament." No pledge, promise, or agreement, could be clearer or more binding. In the Covenant of the League of Nations there stands Article number 8. This section dictates that plants for the reduction of armament down to the lowest point consistent with national safety shall be undertaken as soon as possible -4- Through thousands of years the institution of war grew unceasingly stronger and more dominating over the destinies of men. By the year 1914 every nation in the world had a war machine, powerful and threatening. Many men of backward races had been enlisted in colonial armies and had there learned the modern art of war. By 1914 the white man's method of war making and the white man's war weapons had traveled to the remotest corners of the earth. War had become remarkably unified. There was one factor common to all the war machines. Each one cost more than all the other expenses of the government put together. For a thousand years the first thing a new nation had done had been to create the biggest war machine possible. As soon as that war machine came into existence, it was noted in the records of all other nations with remarkable accuracy concerning details. The country was registered in every capital as a potential enemy. -5- What is a war machine? you may ask. The term is not elegant and perhaps it is slang. Yet, no other term is known to me to express what is meant. A war machine, like an automobile, seems to be composed of spare parts, and these, in times of peace, have little or nothing to do with each other. Ships, guns, men, rifles, uniforms, brass buttons, boots, shoes, food, camps, kitchens, doctors, nurses, hospitals, ambulances, aircraft, cannons, bombs, shells, laboratories where poison gas is manufactured, submarines, wagons, horses, flags, bands, and hundreds of other parts are necessary to the making of war. Yet, were all these parts assembled in one great machine, there would still be four important things to be done before war could be set into operation. 1. There must be an authority to declare war. In this country it is the President and Congress by a two-thirds vote. When that is done, there is still no war. - - - 2. There must be an authority to tax the people to secure unbelievable amounts of money with which to pay the costs of war. - - - 3. There must be an authority to give orders for conscription, for without conscription there will never again be armies large enough to combat the war machines of other nations. -6- 4. The preparations are not yet in readiness until the fourth is done. There must be a Publicity Bureau and this Bureau must convince the people of a nation that the war is unavoidable and that honor makes the war obligatory. Now all the spare parts are assembled and the nation moves as soon as possible on to the battlefield. For thirteen years no step has been taken to demobilize the war machine. Every nation is still heavily overburdened with taxes to maintain its war machines. The Germans say "You promised the reduction and limitation of armament of the Allies down to a parity with that fixed for Germany. Common justice indicates that if that will not be done, Germany would be free to build a war machine up to a parity with that of the Allies." For thirteen years the world has waited for this first step in the reduction and limitation of armament. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE Catt, Carrie Chapman Speech: Nov 2, 1932 Radio speech broadcasted by Carrie Chapman Catt November 2, 1932. Herbert Hoover or Franklin Roosevelt will be elected our next President on November 8th. There is no other possibility. I hear men and women say that they do not approve of Hoover or Roosevelt nor their respective platforms; therefore, in protest, they propose to vote for a minor party candidate. They think they think. But I call such a conclusion a clear evasion of logic. There is nothing to be gained by throwing votes away. On the other hand, whoever is elected, will be strengthened and encouraged by every additional vote he receives. Come, fellow citizens, look these two men in the face and choose. One will be elected with you or without you. Stop dodging. We are now in the most critical condition this nation has ever experienced. Yet, there is a long way to go before we shall fall into as low a state as most nations in Europe have already endured. I went through Europe, including Austria, Germany, and France, four years after the war. The money in these countries was newly printed paper. Postage stamps served as change. A few American dollars from a letter of credit were exchanged at a bank for a huge bundle of this paper money nearly valueless. For once, I was not only a millionnaire, but a multi-millionnaire. I paid bills for modest accommodations, and which in dollars were not too high, with actual millions of paper notes. Streets were silent and deserted, stores were closed, and old friends, who had been plump and rosy when last I saw them, were now haggard, pale and weak with undernourishment. Millions were out of employment and proud, one-time important generals sold cigarettes upon the street for a living. It is possible for us to sink to that level. We need to mobilize our patriotism and pull together in a great campaign to prevent such a calamity. Al Smith said in a speech recently that President Hoover came into office in 1928 and found the country prosperous, but he could not hold the prosperity he found and the situation, under his management, has been growing worse and worse ever since. This is a rumor that has travelled fast and far. The Great War, and nothing else, caused the world-around depression. Every great war has been followed by a financial crisis. The greater the war, the more serious and disturbing the consequent depression. There have been small depressions with no war to precede them, but no great war has ever failed to include in its aftermath a period of economic distress. Page 2 How can a man read history and not know that fact? You ask: "If the war caused the depression, why did it not affect us before 1928?" That is a fair question. When the war broke out in 1914, we were living in a highly prosperous period and were not involved in the war. Few persons believed we would ever be drawn into it. It will be remembered that Mr. Wilson was re-elected in 1916 upon the slogan "He kept us out of war." Yet, in April 1917, we entered the war. Between August 1914 and April 1917, our country was in an intoxicating state of affluence. Four days after the United States entered the war, the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, introduced into Congress the first Liberty Bond Act with these words: "This bill contains the largest authorization of bond issues ever contained in any bill presented to any legislative body in the history of the world." The first authorization was for five billions of dollars. Thus, prosperous American citizens loaned the government, through the purchase of these bonds, billions of dollars. The news flashed around the world and agents from every warring country appeared forthwith to order and to buy provisions for every conceivable requirement of an army in camp, in battle, or on the march; rifles, guns, cannon, airplanes, automobiles, clothing, shoes, buttons, tents, cots, blankets, hospital equipment, horses, wagons, and all kinds of foodstuffs. These countries, at the same time, borrowed money of our government and many billions of dollars worth of purchases were paid for by our own government with the money it had loaned the purchaser. These billions found their way into the financial streams of our nation's business and made us all richer still. No nation in all the world was ever so rich as were we at that time. Millionnaires sprung up in amazing numbers. The man worth one million wanted two millions, and went to Wall Street to find the way to double his fortune. The man worth two millions wanted five and speculation was rampant. Men and women could not wait to buy stocks and pay for them. They purchased on the margin and thus destroyed the trail by means of which they might have saved themselves from ruin. The banks were filled with money and they loaned hither and yon. Dividends were high and prompt. It was not until afterwards that the world knew how wild and hysterical had been this speculation. Then came the crash and the beginning of the depression Page 3 which has now turned ten millions of our citizens out of work. Europe had been through it before. There was no power that could have saved us from our share in the world's penalty for the Great War and its wastefully spent 187 BILLIONS OF DOLLARS. President Hoover was no more responsible for it than a hero in an Arabian Night's tale. Nor was Mr. Coolidge to be credited for having kept us out of the depression. The time had not yet come for the bubble to burst. That it burst in his administration, was President Hoover's misfortune. Our nation not only loaned money; we spent it, lavishly and wastefully. During the first three months of the war, our expenses were two millions of dollars a day. During the next year, they averaged twenty-two millions of dollars a day. For the final ten months of the period, the daily average was over forty-four millions or $1,833,333 per hour. I note that a depression is usually known by the date on which it began, but no one ever ventures to say when a depression will end. I remember, in 1872, I went to my first political meeting. We had had terrible times during the depression after the Civil War. The great man who made the chief speech announced that now the hard times were over. I was not old enough to doubt, so whenever I heard anyone say anything about hard times thereafter, I used to dispute the statement, because the man had told us the hard times had come to an end. So nearly as I can remember, the hard times after the Civil War lasted forty years. Indeed, I do not remember many easy times in my seventy years. It will require clearer understanding and more unified purpose if we cut this one shorter. This is no time to make over human society, as Norman Thomas would have us do; no time to protest against President Hoover because some favorite plan is not included in his platform. It is no time to stop the machinery in order to revise the tariff. A tariff law rarely consumes less than a year of time. Nor, is it a good time to change horses while crossing the stream. After a presidential election, if there is a change, the Congress stands still until March; then there must be an organization of the new Congress, measures are introduced and debated, and a year is lost before anything of importance is achieved. Why waste that year? Why let the suffering stand still while a new government debates a possible remedy? " I do not have to engage in promises. I may point to performances" says President Hoover Page 4 There are two issues in this campaign which rise above all others, put together. The first is getting jobs for the unemployed and money to restore business. The other is to build up peace machinery, so that we shall never again have such a war and, consequently, never again have such a depression. To my mind, it is as important to prevent the next depression as to stop this one. I advise men and women to vote for President Hoover for these reasons and a more important one still. At the Disarmament Conference in Geneva an American proposal of a one-third cut of all kinds of armament for all nations is pending. It would save the taxpayers of all nations billions and billions of dollars. They will need those dollars before the appeals for help come to an end. Mr. Hoover proposed it and he, alone, can push it forward to victory. His strong, logical mind will guide and his strong arm steady the Ship of State if we but give him an opportunity to finish his job. Radio speech broadcasted by Carrie Chapman Catt November 2, 1932. Herbert Hoover or Franklin Roosevelt will be elected our next President on November 8th. There is no other possibility. I hear men and women say that they do not approve of Hoover or Roosevelt nor their respective platforms; therefore, in protest, they propose to vote for a minor party candidate. They think they think. But I call such a conclusion a clear evasion of logic. There is nothing to be gained by throwing votes away. On the other hand, whoever is elected, will be strengthened and encouraged by every additional vote he receives. Come, fellow citizens, look these two men in the face and choose. One will be elected with you or without you. Stop dodging. We are now in the most critical condition this nation has ever experienced. Yet, there is a long way to go before we shall fall into as low a state as most nations in Europe have already endured. I went through Europe, including Austria, Germany, and France, four years after the war. The money in these countries was newly printed paper. Postage stamps served as change. A few American dollars from a letter of credit were exchanged at the bank for a huge bundle of this paper money nearly valueless. For once, I was not only a millionnaire, but a multi-millionnaire. I paid bills for modest hotel accommodations, and which in dollars were not too high, with actual millions of paper notes. Streets were silent and deserted, stores were closed, and old friends, who had been plump and rosy when last I saw them, were now haggard, pale and weak with undernourishment. Millions were out of employment and proud, one-time important generals sold cigarettes upon the street for a living. It is possible for us to sink to that level. We need to mobilize our patriotism and pull together in a great campaign to prevent such a calamity. Al Smith said in a speech recently that President Hoover came into office in 1928 and found the country prosperous, but he could not hold the prosperity he found and the situation, under his management, has been growing worse and worse ever since. This is a rumor that has travelled fast and far. The Great War, and nothing else, caused the world-around depression. Every great war has been followed by a financial crisis. The greater the war, the more serious and disturbing the consequent depression. There have been small depressions with no war to precede them, but no great war has ever failed to include in its aftermath a period of economic distress. Page 2 How can a man read history and not know that fact? You ask: "If the war caused the depression, why did it not affect us before 1928?" That is a fair question. When the war broke out in 1914, we were living in a highly prosperous period and were not involved in the war. Few persons believed we would ever be drawn into it. It will be remembered that Mr. Wilson was re-elected in 1916 upon the slogan "He kept us out of war." Yet, in April 1917, we entered the war. Between August 1914 and April 1917, our country was in an intoxicating state of affluence. Four days after the United States entered the war, the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, introduced into Congress the first Liberty Bond Act with these words: "This bill contains the largest authorization of bond issues ever contained in any bill presented to any legislative body in the history of the world." The first authorization was for five billions of dollars. Thus, prosperous American citizens loaned the government, through the purchase of these bonds, billions of dollars. The news flashed around the world and agents from every warring country appeared forthwith to order and to buy provisions for every conceivable requirement of an army in camp, in battle, or on the march; rifles, guns, cannon, airplanes, automobiles, clothing, shoes, buttons, tents, cots, blankets, hospital equipment, horses, wagons, and all kinds of foodstuffs. These countries, at the same time, borrowed money of our government and many billions of dollars worth of purchases were paid for by our own government with the money it had loaned the purchaser. These billions found their way into the financial streams of our nation's business and made us all richer still. No nation in all the world was ever so rich as were we at that time. Millionnaires sprung up in amazing numbers. The man worth one million wanted two millions, and went to Wall Street to find the way to double his fortune. The man worth two millions wanted five and speculation was rampant. Men and women could not wait to buy stocks and pay for them. They purchased on the margin and thus destroyed the trail by means of which they might have saved themselves from ruin. The banks were filled with money and they loaned hither and yon. Dividends were high and prompt. It was not until afterwards that the world knew how wild and hysterical had been this speculation. Then came the crash and the beginning of the depression Page 3 which has now turned ten millions of our citizens out of work. Europe had been through it before. There was no power that could have saved us from our share in the world's penalty for the Great War and its wastefully spent 187 BILLIONS OF DOLLARS. President Hoover was no more responsible for it than a hero in an Arabian Night's tale. Nor was Mr. Coolidge to be credited for having kept us out of the depression. The time had not yet come for the bubble to burst. That it burst in his administration, was President Hoover's misfortune. Our nation not only loaned money; we spent it, lavishly and wastefully. During the first three months of the war, our expenses were two millions of dollars a day. During the next year, they averaged twenty-two millions of dollars a day. For the final ten months of the period, the daily average was ever forty-four millions or $1,833,333 per hour. I note that a depression is usually known by the date on which it began, but no one ever ventures to say when a depression will end. I remember, in 1872, I went to my first political meeting. We had had terrible times during the depression after the Civil War. The great man who made the chief speech announced that now the hard times were over. I was not old enough to doubt, so whenever I heard anyone say anything about hard times thereafter, I used to dispute the statement, because the man had told us the hard times had come to an end. So nearly as I can remember, the hard times after the Civil War lasted nearly forty years. Indeed, I do not remember many easy times in my seventy years. It will require clearer understanding and more unified purpose if we cut this one shorter. This is no time to make over human society, as Norman Thomas would have us do; no time to protest against President Hoover because some favorite plan is not included in his platform. It is not time to stop the machinery in order to revise the tariff. A tariff law rarely consumes less than a year of time. Nor, is it a good time to change horses while crossing the stream. After a presidential election, if there is a change, the Congress stands still until March; then there must be an organization of the new Congress, measures are introduced and debated, and a year is lost before anything of importance is achieved. Why waste that year? Why let the suffering stand still while a new government debates a possible remedy? "I do not have to engage in promises. I may point to performance" says President Hoover. Page 4 There are two issues in this campaign which rise above all others, put together. The first is getting jobs for the unemployed and money to restore business. The other is to build up peace machinery, so that we shall never again have such a war and, consequently, never again have such a depression. To my mind, it is important to prevent the next depression as to stop this one. I advise men and women to vote for President Hoover for these reasons and a more important one still. At the Disarmament Conference in Geneva an American proposal of a one-third cut of all kinds of armament for all nations is pending. It would save the taxpayers of all nations billions and billions of dollars. They will need those dollars before the appeals for help come to an end. Mr. Hoover proposed it and he, alone, can push it forward to victory. His strong, logical mind will guide and his strong arm steady the Ship of State if we but give him an opportunity to finish his job. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, June 5, 1933 BROADCAST by Carrie Chapman Catt Monday, June 5, 1933 Subject - The Cause and Cure of War When bands are playing, flags flying, and the soldier boys, amid cheers of the crowds, are marching away to war, there is an elemental query that should be uppermost in the sober reflection of all the people, but, for some unaccountable reason, from statesmen to shoe-black, it enter no man's thoughts. In time the bands play again, the flags fly, rejoicing crowds cheer, and the soldier boys march home. "The War is over" shout the people. "Our noble war is at an end" say the newspapers. "Blessings on our heroes" prays the Church. Not yet does the elemental query push itself forward and demand attention. In time it does. That query is: WHO will pay for the war? Who will pay our share in it? HOW will the cost be paid? WHEN will it be paid? These are sordid, ugly questions! and the asking is put off as long as possible. All would prefer to hear the bands play and the crowds cheer. One of the first things the League of Nations did was to learn the cost of the Great War. It was officially announced as one hundred and eighty-seven billions and our share was twenty-two billions, with an additional ten billions which was loaned to our war associates. It was the first time in the history of mankind that the cost of a great war was determined and publicly announced. But that was at the close of the war. Since then, however, the cost has grown; there has been interest to be paid on these great debts, pensions for soldiers, hospital care for wounded and disabled, and care for millions of men and women thrown out of work or robbed of income by the universal business catastrophes which the war brought to every nation. -3- Eight and a half years ago the heads of several women's national organizations, including the largest in the United States, agreed that wars cost far too much to be sanctioned by any really civilized nation. They said: "Surely there is intelligence enough in the world to find a better method for settling disputes than war." Therefore, these women formed a National Committee to study the cause and cure of war. Eight annual conferences have been held, with delegates from every part of the nation. Men and women, whose experiences has taught them definite facts about the cause and cure of war, have come to speak to those audiences. Statesmen, Presidents, Cabinet members, Professors, and correspondents have been among the number. In the interim, reading courses have been prescribed and extensively used. Round Tables, forums, institutes, conferences, have been held all over the country and the National Committee, now in session in New York City, announces that it has learned well both the cause and cure of war. The causes of war have been enumerated by writers in many pages. I have an interesting list of 257 causes, but, nevertheless, we are convinced that there is only one real cause - the stubborn continuation and support of the war system and the competition of armaments and tactics by governments afraid to substitute peaceful methods for methods of force. There is need of one cure only. That cure is peace machinery, strong enough to restrain each and all nations from war making. Peace machinery, including the League of Nations, the Paris Pact, the many arbitration and similar treaties between nations, has been created since the close of the war. More machinery for peace has been constructed in these fifteen years than in fifty thousand years before. Yet, the machinery is not effective enough to guarantee the prevention of war, although it has already achieved much and is slowly approaching perfection. -4- With so many people in the world wanting to bring war to an end, why is it not abolished? Why does a Disarmament Conference sit in Geneva for nearly a year and a half, making eloquent speeches full of promises, yet failing to take a definite strong step toward reduction in armament? Why does not the Economic Conference, soon opening in London, boldly demand the elimination of the huge costs of the maintenance of the war machine by every nation as the first step toward balancing budgets and stabilizing currencies. Because the world wishes peace, but does not will it. It is timid. It shrinks from demanding what it wants. The National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War counts eleven organizations and millions of women in its membership. Learning the truth about war, teaching the facts about war, spreading the news of the coming peace, are the ways they are helping to prepare this nation to rise to the bold leadership it should assume in world affairs. We invite you to join us in the business of spreading national and world enlightenment. Let us, together, lead on toward an end of war; an end, too, of the poverty, crime, unemployment, restlessness, and financial ruin which have always been the symptoms of the so-called depressions that invariably follow wars. There never was a war without its aftermath of hard times. There is never money enough to pay for war and that fact causes the trouble. The way to get rid of depressions and all their misfortunes is to abolish their cause - WAR. Let us mobilize what national common sense there is; let it be equipped with reason and tolerance, and thus, together, march on to the goal of no more war. War can and will be abolished when the people will it. Collection Title: The Papers Of CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT Container 11 Shelf/Accession No. reproduced from the manuscript division, Library of Congress SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, 1934 Probably Broadcast at 9th Conference 1934 1. The Ninth Annual Conference on the Cause and Cure of War is now in session in Washington. The Conference is composed of delegates from eleven national women's organizations. None of them are primarily peace organizations. They have met together for the purpose of finding the cause and the cure of war. Men have come to give their views, gathered from wide experience. Men from Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Holland, Italy, Russia, China Japan, India, The Phillippines and many other countries have stood upon our platform. The delegates have followed addresses by reading courses and round-tables. now they believe they have found both the c cause and the cure of war. War is an age old custom and it is the tradition of war as a custom that keeps war going. It happens therefore that when statesmen are asked why nations hesitate to reduce their armaments, they reply that people have always had war and therefore always will. They say disputes will always arise and there must be war to settle them. Disputes there probably will be but, the nations have discovered that there are substitutes for war that are infinitely more civilized and more certain of arriving at fair play than can be brought about by war. Arbitration, conciliation and conferences, in which informed men will discuss the difficulty 2. ficulty, always promises justice. No blood shed no cripples are made, no property is destroyed and afterwards no shoulders are bent under the load of staggering taxes. This is the goal toward which the world is unconsciously travelling. The date upon which war will be abolished is unknown, but it will be abolished. There is no possible power that can do more than check its coming. As filibusters, with their unfair practices, are still permitted in legislatures and in Congress to hinder legislation, so in t the field of public opinion there will be plenty of opposition put forward by the ignorant, many red herrings will be thrown into the currant, perhaps many deliberate plans to frustrate progress will be laid by men with a vested interest in the business of war. [* *3 *] We are engaged at present in a mighty struggle to recover from depression, but the depression is only a penalty of the last war. To make an end of war itself of all the civilized world is to abolish the chief cause of depressions and need of recoveries. HOTEL WASHINGTON PENNA AVE. OPPOSITE THE UNITED STATES TREASURY WASHINGTON, D.C. 3 A case in point has just occurred. An orginization called Peaceways, which publishes posters and similar appeals, has just made the largest book in the world. Seven and a half feet long, seven and a fourth feet wide and three and one half feet thick. This organization has been carrying it from city to city, placing it in a leading department-store and inviting then public to step in and sign their faith in the coming of peace. The Committee on the Cause and Cure of War invited Peaceways to bring the book to Washington, at this time, and to set it up at our Conference and thus give opportunity for the delegates to sign its pages. It was in a sealed-car on the B. and O. railway. When it reached Washington this morning the seals had been broken, and an attempt had been made to destroy the book. The covers had been badly damaged, literature and signs, which had been used in the displays [of the book] made had been made into torches and used to set fire to the book. The former signatures obtained had been burned. The question arises Who did it? And why did they do it? The only motives possible seem those of war raketeers. Nevertheless such things and such times as these will pass [[Take ??]] 2 4 beginning to understand the greatest tragedy of war is not in the masses of men who loose their lives or return home with bodies crippled: it is the aftermath of poverty, unemployment, loss of morality speculation, and the lowering of the morale of the intire nation. In war and its aftermath good things which have cost a nation fifty years of hard upward struggle may be utterly destroyed in a few weeks. It is no wonder that we are still so far from the goal of actual civilization. War has continually pulled us backward and downward. Cities lie buried and nations are forgotten under the drain of war's destruction. All around the world there are many groups studying this question and insisting that others do the same. Many clergymen are preaching the substitution of new methods for the old; many newspapers and magazines are publishing articles that convince and send men and women out to devote lives to the great cause of peace. On and on this great movement travels toward its inevitable triumph, building up as it goes the peace machinery that is to provide substitutes for war. On and on it marches answering objections here substituting truth for error there and setting up facts everywhere. Yes, the abolition of war is coming; it is indeed as certain as that the sun will rise to-morrow. HOTEL WASHINGTON PENNA AVE. OPPOSITE THE UNITED STATES TREASURY WASHINGTON, D.C. 4 Intelligent men are that beginning to understand the greatest tragedy of war is not in the masses of men who lose their lives or return home with bodies crippled: it is the aftermath of poverty, unemployment, loss of morality speculation, and the lowering of the morale of the intire nation. In war and its aftermath good things which have cost a nation fifty years of hard upward struggle may be utterly destroyed in a [few weeks] day. It is no wonder that we are still so far from the goal of actual civilization. War has continually pulled us backward and downward. Cities lie buried and nations are forgotten under the [drain] debris of war's destruction. All around the world there are now many groups studying this question and insisting that others do the same. Many clergymen are preaching the substitution of new methods for the old: many newspapers and magazines are publishing articles that convince and send men and women out to devote lives to the great cause of peace. On and one this great movement travels toward its enevitable triumph, building up as it goes the peace machinery that is to provide substitutes for war. On and on it marches answering objections here substituting truth for error there and setting up facts everywhere. Yes, the abolition of waris coming: it is indeed as certain as that the sun will rise to-morrow. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Jan. 1935 THE NEW YORK TIMES FRIDAY, JANUARY 25, 1935. PEACE PLEAS MADE FROM FIVE NATIONS World Broadcasts Feature Washington Conference for the Cure of War. RUSSIA JOINS THE CAUSE Consul General Declares War Would Destroy the Efforts of Soviet Republic. Special to The New York Times. WASHINGTON, Jan. 24. - International appeals for unified opposition to war and for the establishment and support of "peace machinery" to adjust differences between nations, were broadcast today by five women speaking for as many nations on a program arranged by the Conference on the Cause and Cure of War. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, founder of the conference, spoke first from here, where the conference sessions are in progress, and the voices of the women responding were heard from Tokyo, London, Copenhagen and briefly from Utrecht, although static caused the broadcast from Holland to be abandoned. Introduced by Miss Josephine Schain, chairman of the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War, as "a citizen of the world whose courage and wisdom have made her the leader of the women in every country in their struggle for suffrage and for peace," Mrs. Catt made an earnest plea for world cooperation to "make an end of the outworn, brutal business of war." "We invite the air audience all the world around to join in our acclaim," Mrs. Catt added, "Make an end of war. How? Educate, educate, educate! Face squarely the facts of war! Join hands and voices the world around and make known your wish. No more war!" Mrs. Catt was followed on the air by Katherine Courtney, British chairman for the Women's Crusade for Peace. The voice of Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen, American Minister, was clearly heard from Denmark for a few minutes, but was cut off by atmospheric conditions. The entire address of Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett, president of the Women's Pan-Pacific Union, who spoke from the studios of the Japanese Radio Corporation in Tokyo, came through with perfect clarity. The international program was broadcast from 4:30 to 5 o'clock by the Columbia system. The broadcast was preceded and followed by addresses on the "machinery of peace" at home and abroad, defense, disarmament and diplomacy by Senator James P. Pope, Miss Mary Anderson, director of of the Women's Bureau in the Department of Labor; Leonid M. Tolokonski, Soviet Consul General at New York; Pierre de Lanux, director of the Paris office of the League of Nations; Waldo Stephens and Lindsay Rogers, both of Columbia University, and De Witt Clinton Pool of Princeton. Tribute to the World Court and the League of Nations as the "most effective instruments" of the"will to peace" was paid by Senator Pope, Mr. de Lanux and Mr. Stephens. Mr. Tolokonski assured the delegates that his country opposed to war because it needed no expansion of territory, because war would delay and destroy the efforts of the Socialist Soviet Republic in building up a new society, "and because the workers and toiling masses are the ones who lose." we definitely know that in any war WALLACE TAKES OATH AS MEMBER OF BENCH Judge Corrigan's Successor in General Session Praised for His Fairness Judge James Garrett Wallace, an Assistant District Attorney on the staff of District Attorney William C. Dodge when he was appointed to the General Sessions branch last week by Governor Lehman, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Joseph E. Corrigan, was sworn in yesterday in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The oath was administered by Justice Francis Martin in his chambers in the presence of a gathering of relatives and friends of the new jurist. "It is most encouraging to see a man of your experience appointed to a judicial position," Justice Martin told Judge Wallace, who for eighteen years had been a prosecutor. "The people of the city no doubt realize the value of having men on the bench who have had experience." Justice Martin then recalled that Judge Wallace had prosecuted some of the most important criminal cases in the last twenty years, and also had appeared on behalf of the District Attorney in the Appellate Division in appeal cases. "I will not be swayed by any outside influence," Judge Wallace replied. "Everybody who has had any experience with me knows that." Escorted by relatives and some of his friends Judge Wallace hurried to his chambers in the Criminal Courts Building, and prepared for the opening of his court next Monday. INTERNATIONAL BROADCAST from TENTH CONFERENCE ON THE CAUSE AND CURE OF WAR JANUARY 1935 CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT Other Participants Mrs. Gauntlett - Japan Mrs. Owen - Denmark Miss Courtney - England The Conference on the Cause and Cure of War is now sitting in its tenth anniversary session. It is the unanimous opinion of the delegates that modern wars do not pay. Napoleon, who knew all there was to be known about war, said many, many years ago, that "Wars settle nothing." He was right. Wars bring no good to any land; they distribute evil influences everywhere. The World War will not be paid for, if at all, by the end of a century after its close. The demoralizing effects of that war upon the human race will certainly not be overcome in a hundred years. No nation can afford the waste of money a war costs. Most nations are now in a condition of virtual bankruptcy as a result of the World War. The population of the entire world would assuredly unite in saying that the World War did not pay. No nation can afford the waste of human life in war. One man in every four of the two gigantic armies in the World War died in service. Nor can nations normally endure the depression that is the inevitable outcome of war; nor can they endure the increase of crime, insanity, immorality, and suicide. Nor can the war generation patiently carry the staggering load of war taxation. Worse than all else is the fact that the human race is checked in its normal evolutionary climb upward. After a war, it -2- runs downhill instead of keeping to the upgrade. Once a favorite school problem was this: if a frog at the bottom of a well 125 feet deep leaps upward three feet at a time and falls backward two feet at each leap, how long will it take him to reach the top? We may now put a similar question to educated adults. If the human race climbs steadily upwards for a century, but falls backward ninety-nine years as a result of wars, when will it reach real civilization? It is time the nations made an end of war. Can war actually be abolished? Of course, the greatest of generals have said so. It will disappear when the people of the chief nations declare its continuance to be no longer bearable. Many thousands of men and women in this country are determined that war shall end - end because it is uncivilized, barbarous, and wrong. We would like the air audience all the world around to join in our acclaim. Make an end of the outworn, brutal business of war. How? Educate, educate, educate. Face squarely the facts of war. Join hands and voices the world around and make known your wish. NO MORE WAR. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Jan. 10, 1935 BROADCAST - by Carrie Chapman Catt for League of Nations Association January 10, 1935. The League of Nations is fifteen years old today. All around the world its coming was hailed with joy by millions of men and women who accepted it as a sign that there would be no more war. Alas! there were two facts the world forgot at that moment. First, when a nation proposes to enter war, certain primitive instincts are aroused among the people such as hatred, jealousy, scorn, suspicion, and distrust. If its people are not sufficiently controlled by these low motives, it issues publicity aiming to bestir them. When the people regard the opponent as a bitterly despised enemy and a treacherous and dangerous member of society, the morale of the nation is ready for war. Those on the inside have said that it cost a million or more -2- dollars to make this country war-minded before the World War. What is done to make one nation war-minded is also done by all its opponents and hate, bitter and menacing, is distributed through the world. This is a fact well known among all intelligent people. The second fact, however, is not often remembered and that is that the hate and suspicion deliberately aroused for the war is still there when the war ends. There is little or no forgiveness and certainly "Love Thy Enemy" is not advice that is adopted at the end of a war. The conquered, dreams of revenge and the conqueror forgets mercy and regards the conquered with contempt. As the World War was the largest and most destructive war in all history, it was inevitable that the period following the war would be filled with the usual symptoms many times intensified and multiplied. -3- New threats of war have been continuous since the Armistice. The aim of the League of Nations, which is to end war, can only be carried out when the spirit of cooperation, goodwill, and the sincere wish for peace, pervades the world. Since the very opposite of these qualities has controlled the thought and action of every nation, it is a normal outcome that the League of Nations has disappointed some people who expected the millenium to appear instantly as a result of its birth. The League is composed of nations. Its first and most important defect is that it is not composed of all nations. Before war ends, every nation in the world, including our own, must be a component part of the League. There can be no general disarmament, no cecession in the building of warships and no considerable reduction of armament by one nation. No nation is likely to feel safe should it -4- announce itself a"conscientious objector" and throw away its war equipment. All nations, together, must unite to abolish war. It is well to understand that nice words many times obscure the reality of war. In plain words, war is the mobilization of young men, armed and trained, to kill other young men, also armed and trained, because older men have had a dispute. This does not sound civilized and it is not, but it is true. War is as certain to disappear from human customs as the sun is certain to rise tomorrow. Why wait? Some people in every land think their country could get on without war, - their people are for peace, but no other nation can be trusted. There are Americans so minded. Our own nation is as sinful as most. For example, when Japan and the United States are having "conversations" over naval parity, how does our nation behave? An -5- Admiral announces that the Naval Maneuvers will take place in the Pacific this summer and that the American Fleet gathered there will be "The greatest Armada ever seen", while over the fleet, it is reported, airplanes, like a nest of disturbed bumble bees, will dart here and there in numbers never witnessed before. This is provocative of suspicion. The Japanese will have their maneuvers in the Pacific also. The announced proceedings remind one of a cock fight, common in the Orient. That begins with maneuvers at close range also with a dead bird later. If a nation has a Navy, it is for war purposes. Presumably, it must have maneuvers for training for war and if it has maneuvers, they must be on an ocean. Japan has access to one ocean only. We have two. Under the circumstances, good manners would have taken our maneuvers to the Atlantic. -6- The nations now in the League are alarmed at the reported warlike talk and action of Germany and Japan, both of which, in a fit of temper, have withdrawn from the League. The certain remedy is for the United States to become a member of the League, persuade Germany and Japan to return and then talk things over. Give time enough to calm all ruffled tempers so that common sense can operate again and the way to eliminate war can and will be found. The League, with all the nations acting, together, is the only power that can end war. Before the last war is paid for and a complete recovery secured from its nerve-wracking aftermath, most of the world will want to end war. Let us join the League and put this barbarous institution beyond the pale of civilized nations. Rose Richman [?] Gureuson [?] 94 Pershing Av U.R. 9147 -3- New threats of war have been continuous since the Armistice. The aim of the League of Nations, which is to end war, can only be carried out when the spirit of cooperation, goodwill, and the sincere wish for peace, pervades the world. Since the very opposite of these qualities has controlled the thought and action of every nation, it is a normal outcome that the League of Nations has disappointed some people who expected the millenium to appear instantly as a result of its birth. The League is composed of nations. Its first and most important defect is that it is not composed of all nations. Before war ends, every nation in the world, including our own, must be a component part of the League. There can be no general disarmament, no cecession in the building of warships and no considerable reduction of armament by one nation. No nation is likely to feel safe should it -4- announce itself a "conscientious objector" and throw away its war equipment. All nations, together, must unite to abolish war. It is well to understand that nice words many times obscure the reality of war. In plain words, war is the mobilization of young men, armed and trained, to kill other young men, also armed and trained, because older men have had a dispute. This does not sound civilized and it is not, but it is true. War is as certain to disappear from human customs as the sun is certain to rise tomorrow. Why wait? Some people in every land think their country could get on without war, - their people are for peace, but no other nations can be trusted. There are Americans so minded. Our own nation is as sinful as most. For example, when Japan and the United States are having "conversations" over naval parity, how does our nation behave? An BROADCAST - by Carrie Chapman Catt for League of Nations Association January 10, 1935. The League of Nations is fifteen years old today. All around the world its coming was hailed with joy by millions of men and women who accepted it as a sign that there would be no more war. Alas! there were two facts the world forgot at that moment. First, when a nation proposes to enter war, certain primitive instincts are aroused among the people such as hatred, jealousy, scorn, suspicion, and distrust. If its people are not sufficiently controlled by these low motives, it issues publicity aiming to bestir them. When the people regard the opponent as a bitterly despised enemy and a treacherous and dangerous member of society, the morale of the nation is ready for war. Those on the inside have said that it cost a million or more -2- dollars to make this country war-minded before the World War. What is done to make one nation war-minded is also done by all its opponents and hate, bitter and menacing, is distributed through the world. This is a fact well known among all intelligent people. The second fact, however, is not often remembered and that is that the hate and suspicion deliberately aroused for the war is still there when the war ends. There is little or no forgiveness and certainly "Love Thy Enemy" is not advice that is adopted at the end of a war. The conquered dreams of revenge and the conqueror forgets mercy and regards the conquered with contempt. As the World War was the largest and most destructive war in all history, it was inevitable that the period following the war would be filled with the usual symptoms many times intensified and multiplied. -5- Admiral announces that the Naval Maneuvers will take place in the Pacific this summer and that the American Fleet gathered there will be "The greatest Armada ever seen", while over the fleet, it is reported, airplanes, like a nest of disturbed bumble bees, will dart here and there in numbers never witnessed before. This is provocative of suspicion. The Japanese will have their maneuvers in the Pacific also. The announced proceedings remind one of a cock fight, common in the Orient. That begins with maneuvers at close range also with a dead bird later. If a nation has a Navy, it is for war purposes. Presumably, it must have maneuvers for training for war and if it has maneuvers, [it] they must be on an ocean, [or a gulf or bay]. Japan has access to one ocean [also] only. We have two. Under the circumstances, a considerate psychology would have taken our maneuvers to the Atlantic. -6- The nations now in the League are alarmed at the reported warlike talk and action of Germany and Japan, both of which, in a fit of temper, have withdrawn from the League. The certain remedy is for the United States to become a member of the League, persuade Germany and Japan to return and then talk things over. Give time enough to calm all ruffled tempers so that common sense can operate again and the way to eliminate war can and will be found. The League, with all the nations sitting, considering, acting, together, is the only power that can end war. Before the last war is paid for and a complete recovery secured from its nerve-racking aftermath, most of the world will want to end war. Let us join the League and put this barbarous institution beyond the pale of civilized nations. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech Jan, 25, 1935 [*Please re???. E W. B.*] RADIO BROADCAST OF CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT - FOR NATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN from WASHINGTON, D.C. - JANUARY 25, 1935 The National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War, composed of eleven women's national organizations, has been celebrating its tenth anniversary this week in Washington. The Committee's constituents number approximately six millions of women. These women are learning about war: what it means; what starts it; and what it costs. The Committee has held ten annual conferences at which 270 addresses have been made by distinguished students of the war problem, followed by questions and discussions. Two hundred subjects have formed its programs, all dealing with some phase of the causes or the cures of war. Fifteen countries other than our own have been represented on our programs. At the first conference in 1925, 257 causes of war were reported, each having been the officially authorized cause of an important war. Now we know well that the announced cause of a modern war may not be the motive at all, but a mere pretext or excuse designed to conceal the real cause. When a man with a pistol in his pocket loses his temper, the pistol may furnish temptation to commit unpremeditated murder. So, when two nations competing in armament are prepared, trained, and waiting for war, with battleships, submarines, aeroplanes, cannon, machine guns, rifles, poison gas, et cetera in readiness - all obtained at great expense, and held in anticipation of trouble with her neighbor, then it happens that one of the competitors steps on the political toes of the other and the big war machines begin to move and the guns are set cracking at each other in short order. The cause may be announced much later. Whatever it is, it is far from the truth, for in the modern war the real cause is hate, distrust, greed, revenge, jealousy, or struggle for prestige and power. These are not motives any nation would like to admit, but that does not disprove their truth. When the cause of the war is announced, both sides are certain to imply that they fight for defense and that the other side is the aggressor. This we find is the most stubborn difficulty in the attempt to understand why men fight - why nations in these supposed civilized times go to war. One of the most enlightening discussions in this tenth anniversary of the Cause and Cure of War has been a series of addresses on the State Department. Most Americans know little of this Department. The Secretary of State is considered the highest and most distinguished appointment in the Cabinet. It is the Department which deals with foreign relations. It has charge of all the Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls. Ambassadors and Ministers live and do their work in so-called embassies of which there are fifty-five in as many countries. This does not include Consul-Generals or Consuls. It has long been well known that few of these foreign representatives of the United States are able to live on the salary appropriated for the purpose. It is necessary to appoint rich men to the highest of these positions, for they alone can pay its cost. Owing to the fact that the dollar is deflated, even harder times than usual have been brought to these representatives of ours. The State Department has been called "our first line of defense against war." As DeWitt Clinton Poole of Princeton University said last night - "The first step to peace is a peaceful atmosphere." Continuous and kindly handling of all international relations makes friends of our neighbors. This is especially important when controversial problems arise. What begins with a slight irritation may expand into a war. For these reasons the State Department should be the strongest Page Two. in the Cabinet. It should have enough strong, highly trained, and kindly- disposed men at its command to deal with all situations arising. Alas! we are informed that the State Department is undermanned and underpaid. That may prove a fatal error. War talk is in the air. Wars cost billions. To add more and better paid officials to the State Department in the higher posts, some of whom may prevent a war, will cost a few thousands only. By and by there may be money for this purpose, it is said. True, but that may be too late. Let all the air audience interested get lead pencils and paper at this point, for I shall relay to you some things that you will want to remember. The war forces of our government - that is - the army, navy and air forces - are being strengthened. The peace forces - that is - the State Department - are being weakened. Seven hundred millions were appropriated for army and navy last year. Eight hundred millions are in the budget for this year, and nine hundred millions for next year; that is, in these hard times, we are planning to spend $2,400,000,000 in three years on our war forces. What, meanwhile, do we pay for our peace department? Thirteen and one-half millions for last year. This year it is proposed to cut down the appropriation for the State Department one and a half millions, making it $12,000,000 for the entire year, and the same for next year. So we propose to pay thirty seven and one-half millions for the peace department for three years while paying twenty- four hundred millions - or sixty-four times as much - for our war department as for our peace department. We shall pay out forty-eight millions more for the army this year than last. What we pay this year more than we paid last year is four times all that we pay for the peace department for one year. We shall pay out $134,000,000 more this year for the navy than last, so what is paid this year more than last is eleven times more than all we pay for the entire peace department. Yet it is proposed to pay out $1,500,000 less for the State or Peace Department than last year. If war comes to us it may be entirely due to this plan to inflate the war department and deflate the peace department. We of the Conference on the Cause and Cure of War do not think this economy. We believe it is dangerous. We are protesting. The budget is still pending. If you are for peace instead of war, you may invest a little money in telegrams of protest. Direct them to House Appropriations Committee, adding Sub-committee on Appropriations for the State Department; also send them to the Appropriations Committee of the Senate in Washington; and do not forget to send them to the President! As a matter of fact and decency, Congress should have advanced the appropriations for the State Department in at least the same proportions as those for army and navy. The budget for next year, if adopted, will give $12,000,000 to the State Department and sixty-four times as much to the departments of army and navy. The comparison does not sound good. We say: Let us wait until the last war is paid for before getting into another. Give us PEACE! * * * * * * * [*1935*] [*10th Anniversary*] [*Cause and Cure*] -1- The National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War, composed of eleven women's national organizations has been celebrating its tenth anniversary this week in Washington. The Committee's constituents number approximately six millions of women. These women are learning about war; what it means; what starts it; and what it costs. It has held ten annual conferences at which 270 addresses -2- have been made by distinguished students of the war problem, followed by questions and discussions. Two hundreds subjects have formed its programs, all dealing with some phase of the Causes or the Cures of War. Fifteen countries, other than our own, have been represented on our programs. At the first Conference in 1925 - 257 causes of war were reported, each having been the officially authorized cause of - 3 - an important war. Now we know well that the announced cause of a modern war may not be the motive at all, but a mere pretext or excuse designed to conceal the real cause. When a man with a pistol in his pocket loses his temper, the pistol may furnish temptation to commit unpremeditated murder. So when two nations competing in armament are prepared, - 4 - trained, and waiting for war, with battleships, sub-marines, air planes, cannon, machine guns, rifles, poison gas, et cetera, [in readiness] all obtained at great expense, and held in anticipation of trouble with her neighbor, [ready for war, as was said of the Germans, to the last buckle on the last strap,] then it happens that one of the of the competitors steps on the political toes of the other and the big war machines begin to move and the guns are set cracking - 5 - at each other in short order. The cause may be announced much later. Whatever it is, it is far from the truth, for in the modern war the real cause is hate, distrust, greed, revenge, jealousy, or struggle for prestige and power. These are not motives any nation would like to admit, but that does not disprove their truth. When the cause of the war is announced, both sides are certain to imply that they fight for defense, and that - 6 - the other side is the aggressor. This we find is the stubborn [important] difficulty in the attempt to understand why men fight, why nations in these supposed civilized times go to war. One of the most emlightening discussions in this tenth anniversary of the Cause and Cure of War has been a series of addresses on the State Department. Most Americans know little of this Department. The Secretary of State is considered the - 7 - highest and most distinguished appointment in the Cabinet. It is the Department which deals with foreign relations. It has charge of all the Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls. Ambassadors and Ministers live and do their work in so called Embassies of which there are 55 in as many countries. This does not include Consul Generals or Consuls. It has long been well known that few of these foreign representatives of the United States are able to - 8 - live on the salary appropriated for the purpose. It is necessary to appoint rich men to the highest of these positions, for they alone can pay its cost. [Recently the salaries and expense accounts of these diplomats have been cut,] and owing to the fact [is added the] that the dollar is deflated [of the dollar] even harder times than usual have been brought to these representatives of ours. The State Department has been called "Our first line of - 9 - defense against war." As DeWitt Clinton Poole of Princeton University said last night, "The first step to peace is a peaceful atmosphere." Continuous and kindly handling of all international relations makes friends of our neighbors. This is especially important when [???] For these reasons the State Department should be the strongest in the Cabinet. It should have enough strong, highly trained, and kindly-disposed men at its command to deal with all situations arising. Alas! we are informed that the State Department is undermanned and underpaid. That may - 10 - prove a fatal error. War talk is in the air. Wars cost billions. To add more and better-paid officials to the State Department in the higher posts, some of who may [???] will cost a few thousands only. Let all the air audience interested get [their] lead pencils and paper at this point, for I shall relay to you some things that you will want to remember. The war forces of our government - that is, the Army, Navy and Air Forces - are being strengthened. The peace forces - - 11 - that is, the State Department - are being weakened. Seven hundred millions were appropriated for Army and Navy last year. Eight hundred millions are in the budget for this year, and nine hundred millions for next year; - that is, in these hard times we are planning to spend 2400 millions in three years on our war forces. What, meanwhile, do we pay for our peace department? Thirteen and one half millions last year. This year it is proposed to cut down the appropriation for the State Department 1-1/2 millions, making it 12 millions for the entire year, and the same for next year. - 12 - So we propose to pay 37 1/2 millions for the peace department for three years while paying 2400 millions - or 64 times as much - for our war department as for our peace department. We shall pay out 48 millions more for the army this year than last. What we pay this year more than we paid last year is four times all that we pay for the peace department for one year. We shall pay out 134 millions more this year for the Navy than last, so what is paid this year more than last is eleven times more than all we pay for the entire peace department. Yet it is proposed to pay out 1 1/2 millions less for the State of Peace Department than last year. -[12]13- If war comes to us it may be entirely due to this plan to inflate the war departments and deflate the peace department. We of the Conference on the Cause and Cure of War do not think this economy. Instead it is dangerous. We are protesting. The budget is still pending. If you are for peace instead of war you may invest a little money in telegrams of protest. [to the] Direct them to House Appropriations Committee, adding Sub-committee on Appropriations for the State Department; [and] also send them to the Appropriations Committee of the Senate in Washington; - and do not forget to send them to the President. -[13]14- As a matter of fact and decency, Congress should have advanced the appropriations for the State Department in at least the same proportions as those for army and navy. The budget for next year, if adopted, will give $12,000,000 to the State Department and sixty-four times as much to the Departments of Army and Navy. The comparison does not sound good. We say: Let us wait until the last war is paid for before getting into another. Give us peace! SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK LIST CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech Mar. 9, 1935 March 9, 1935. For Herald Tribune by Carrie Chapman Catt In the midst of War and the rumors of War, threatening to ensnare all Southeastern Europe, a curious counter manifestation is scheduled to appear next month at Istanbul. War has been the favorite game of Kings, Emperors, and Dictators for many thousands of years and the field, where battles have raged oftenest and the strongest have won, has been the shores of the blue Mediterranean. Here, powerful kingdoms, defended by mighty armies, [have] fell, and the conquered races disappeared. Here, Persian and Carthaginian, Saracen, old Greeks and Romans, fought to a finish of their civilizations. Now, the world is asking whether another round in the age old struggle is beginning again. The antidote for war is democracy and it is an amazing exhibition of democracy in the making that is coming to Istanbul. The International Alliance of Women for Woman Suffrage and Equal Citizenship will hold its 12th Congress there. This organization was begun in Washington in 1902, thirty-three years ago. Many men in many lands were still unenfranchised then, and women voted only in the State of Wyoming and the Island of New Zealand. Turkish women wore veils and were silent. Now men having largely been enfranchise and women, too, vote in more than half the nations of the world. Turkey is catching step with the rest of the nations. The Marvels of this coming meeting are: (1) It is the first time an international meeting of women has convened in aMuhammedan country. (2) It is the first time, I believe, that any government has officially invited such a convention to meet within its territory and this the Turkish government has done at the request of an organized group of its own women. (3) It is the first time such a convention has been invited and arrangements made -2- for its comfort by women who for centuries before had been veiled, [[blacked out]] [[handwritten]] The Turkish women have laid aside this custom very recently. (4) It is expected that the Turkish government will issue a series of postage stamps in honor of the convention and no other government has done this. (5) Pasha Kemal "Ataturk" appears to be the first dictator who has sponsored the growth of democracy. He, alone, virtually gave the freedom to women to unveil. He gave them the vote. Apparently, he selected the candidates for Parliament which were recently elected. Women not only voted, but seventeen of their number were elected. One was a mayor of her town and such a success did she make, that Pasha Kemal visited the village and made her acquaintance. Then he saw that she was nominated for Parliament. One great public session of the Convention will be a Peace meeting - perhaps the only one every held in Turkey. Probably Turkish democracy will not be the variety we know in this country where a continual agitation on its behalf has been waged for two hundred years, but those who come after us may discover that it is a very useful kind, nevertheless. It is always interesting to observe an event which, in all the varied world history, has never happened before. Never have the Greeks engaged in war before when, at the very moment that their wounded were filling hospitals with their groans, Greek women were in attendance upon a suffrage convention, including a peace meeting for all the world. Women, too, in addition to those of the rest of the world, are coming from Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Iran and Lebanon, unless the war frightens them away. Such a gathering has not been seen before and deserves to be called a political miracle. It will be a sight worth traveling far to see when the seventeen Turkish women members of the national Parliament are received -3- by the convention. The memories of those who were present at the beginning of the Alliance, when no delegate was entitled to vote, when the future looked dark, and progress in our direction moved slowly, are scarcely able to comprehend what thirty years have wrought. Some women complain, because they think they feel the cogs of progress are slipping backward. On the contrary, we, who labored heavily when prospects were dim, see the sun in midheaven shining upon women all the world around with rosy promise. The delegates from this country who will attend the Istanbul Convention are Josephine Schain, Esther Ogden, Alda H. Wilson, Mary Gray Peck, Mrs. James Picker, Louisa K. Fast, Ruth Woodsmall, Mrs. Frederic Beggs, Mrs. Charles E. Simonson, Lida Stokes Adam, Emma Klahr, and the writer who was president of the Alliance for twenty years. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Nov. 18, 1935 Friendship Dinner By Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt Nov. 18th 1935 1. There is a Landmark on the march of women toward "Economic Freedom" with which every Buisness and Professional woman should be acquainted. Perhaps you are familiar with it, but lest one should not have heard about it, I bring the news of it to her. The incident occured in 1840. From that point you began to climb upward. Harriet Martineau visited our country that year and recorded that in the U.S.seven occupations were open to women. Five had been learned by practice in the home. They were (1). Housrhold service, (2). Needlework, (3). Weaving, (4) Teaching young children,and (5) keeping boarders. Two employments only brought women in compitetion 2. with men workers, (6).Typesetting and (7).Book-binding. Thus in 1840 women might earn money is seven ways,but were these women married they might earn but could not legally collect their wa wages,because all the world around the wife's earnings belonged to the husband. On that date no public high school, such as we now see in every town, was open to girls in this or any other country. One college Oberlin,had admitted girls,but as yet no girl had gradated. There were no professional women in the intire world. In that same year the famed world's Anti-Slavery Convention met i 3. in London and refused to seat the women delegates from the U.S.the chief one being Lucretia Mott. I venture to suggest that in 1940 all Buisness and Professional women unithe in the celebration of Harriet Martineau's visit and the Landmark she left us, and upon that occasion review the march of achievements between 18 and 1940. If handicaps still restrain you,go forth and [run over] remove them in the next five years. Mrs. Catt THE American Woman's Association AWA CLUBHOUSE * 353 WEST 57 STREET * NEW YORK CITY * COLUMBUS 5-6100 23 November 1935 My dear Mrs. Catt: We return here the original copy of your address at the Friendship Dinner last Monday night and enclose a copy for your files if you would like to have it. Thank you very much for letting us have this. Sincerely yours, Vera Kelsey Vera Kelsey Director of Publicity and News Service Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt Grand Central Terminal Building New York Enclosures SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech., Mar. 21, 1936 BROADCAST DELIVERED MARCH 21, 1936 War is the oldest institution in the world. Reliable historians insist that men have been fighting each other for a million years! The world's war system embraces the entire human race. All nations, tribes, and religions are included in it. All are guilty of continuing this abominable system. The Great War cost $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. That cost did not include the much greater expense of the-world- around depression that followed the war and from which no nation has yet recovered. Depressions are a normal aftermath of war. Often, the depression is a much more disastrous blow to a nation than was the war that caused it. When business gets back to normal, people think the depression is happily over, but civilization is slower of recovery and this injury to the progress of civilization is the heaviest loss in any war. Many people believe that wars are inevitable; therefore, all the nations at this moment, afraid to protest, are going deeper and deeper into debt in order to pay for the war that is past and to prepare for the next war that is expected. Nations may economize in education, old age pensions, and the welfare of children, but they never limit the preparations for war. So it is that while the memories of the horrors the the costs of the World War should be fresh in every adult mind, standing armies of the world are larger than before the Great War and constantly growing. Armaments of every category are mounting higher and higher in every nation. This is especially true of aircraft. It was a new implement of war in 1914 and it is supposed that at no time during the World War were there more than 100 bombing airplanes among all the nations. Now it is known that ten European nations alone have more than 10,0000 bombing airplanes and it is said that the next war will be chiefly fought in the air. -2- At this moment the people of the world are dividing into those "for war" and those "against war". Let it not be forgotten that ours is a world of change and that any idea or institution can be repudiated when the people so will. The Peace Conference is against war. It stands for the substitution of reason for guns. It might be useful, as some say, to take the profits out of war, but there is a far more vital subtraction than profits which must be made before permanent peace takes the place of recurring wars. Take the fear of nation for nation out of the politics of the world and we shall have peace. For a possible millions years each new generation has been trained to suspect, distrust, fear, and hate other nations. No wonder than public opinion is more prejudiced than reasonable about war. A neutrality law, as others say, may help, but what is needed is a little more Golden Rule in international relations, a bolder, more courageous condemnation of the habit of nations to kill each other when they have a dispute. If God made one of us, He made all of us, and He did not create us for crime. War is organized crime and nothing else. It has no rightful place in the policies of nations calling themselves civilized. We invite all who hear to stand upon the side "against war". We do not ask you to come in your ignorance and your prejudice. We ask you to know why you are on that side. Ask yourself the question: "Am I opposed to war; if so, why?" Find a motive without sentiment or emotion; a reason that is unanswerable. Then go forth and convery your family, your neighbor, your town. Help make the peace army grow bigger every day. When the peace army is larger than the war army, war will fade away like the dew before the morning sun. -3- Somewhere in your town, you will find a Mandate against war. Sign it. Already it has a million signatures. Be another. If you cannot find it, write to Mandate, Hotel Willard, Washington, D. C. Broadcast delivered March 21, 1936 War is the oldest institution in the world. Reliable historians insist that men have been fighting each other for a million years. The world's war system embraces the entire human race. All nations, tribes, and religious are included in it. All are guilty of continuing this abominable system. The Great War cost $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. The cost did not include the much greater expense of the-world-around depression that followed the war and from which no nation has yet recovered. Depressions are a normal aftermath of war. Often, the depression is a much more disastrous blow to a nation than was the war that caused it. When business gets back to normal, people think the depression is happily over, but civilization is slower of recovery and this injury to the progress of civilization is the heaviest loss in any war. Many people believe that wars are inevitable; therefore, all the nations at this moment, afraid to protest, are going deeper and deeper into debt in order to pay for the war that is past and to prepare for the next war that is expected. Nations may economize in education, old ge pensions, and the welfare of children, but they never limit the preparations for war. So it is that while the memories of the horrors -2- and the costs of the World War should be fresh in every adult mind, standing armies of the world are larger than before the Great War, and constantly growing. Armaments of every category are mounting higher and higher in every nation. This is especially true of aircraft. It was a new implement of war in 1914 and it is supposed that at no time during the World War were there more than 100 bombing airplanes among all the nations. Now it is known that ten European nations alone have more than 10,000 bombing airplanes and it is said that the next war will be chiefly fought in the air. At this moment the people of the world are dividing into those "for war" and those "against war". Let it not be forgotten that ours is a world of change and that any idea or institution can be repudiated when the people so will. The Peace Conference is against war. It stands for the substitution of reason for guns. It might be useful, as some say, to take the profits out of war, but there is a far more vital subtraction than profits which must be made before permanent peace takes the place of recurring wars. Take the fear of nation for nation out of the politics of the world and we shall have peace. For a possible million years each -3- new generation has been trained to suspect, distrust, fear and hate other nations. No wonder that public opinion is more prejudiced than reasonable about war. A neutrality law, as others say, may help, but what is needed is a little more Golden Rule in international relations, a bolder, more courageous condemnation of the habit of nations to kill each other when they have a dispute. If God made one of us, He made us all of us, and He did not create us for crime. War is organized crime and nothing else. It has no rightful place in the policies of nations calling themselves civilized. We invite all who hear to stand upon the side "against war". We do not ask you to come in your ignorance and your prejudice. We ask you to know why you are on that side. Ask yourself the question: "Am I opposed to war; if so why?" Find a motive without sentiment or emotion; a reason that is unanswerable. The go forth and convert your family, your neighbor, your town. Help make the peace army grow bigger every day. When the peace army is larger than the war army, war will fade away like the dew before the morning sun. Somewhere in your town, you will find a Mandate against war, Sign it. Already it has a million signatures. Be another. If you cannot find it, write to Mandate, Hotel Willard, Washington, D. C. Be a soldier for peace. There will be no guns, no fighting,no bloodshed on our side. Our only weapon is reason, our only aim its justice. There is no power than can defeat our purpose. Do not forget that reason and justice, in the long run, always win. BROADCAST DELIVERED MARCH 21, 1936 Mandate Against War War is the oldest institution in the world. Reliable historians insist that men have been fighting each other for a million years! The world war's system embraces the entire human race. All nations, tribes, and religions are included in it. All are guilty of continuing this abominable system. The Great War cost $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. That cost did not include the much greater expense of the-world- around depression that followed the war and from which no nation has yet recovered. Depressions are a normal aftermath of war. Often, the depression is a much more disastrous blow to a nation than was the war that caused it. When business gets back to normal, people think the depression is happily over, but civilization is slower of recovery and this injury to the progress of civilization is the heaviest loss in any war. Many people believe that wars are inevitable; therefore, all the nations at this moment, afraid to protest, are going deeper and deeper into debt in order to pay for the war that is past and to prepare for the next war that is expected. Nations may economize in education, old age pensions, and the welfare of children, but they never limit the preparations for war. So it is that while the memories of the horrors the the costs of the World War should be fresh in every adult mind, standing armies of the world are larger than before the Great War and constantly growing. Armaments of every category are mounting higher and higher in every nation. This is especially true of aircraft. It was a new implement of war in 1914 and it is supposed that at no time during the World War were there more than 100 bombing airplanes among all the nations. Now it is known that ten European nations alone have more than 10,000 bombing airplanes and it is said that the next war will be chiefly fought in the air. -2- At this moment the people of the world are dividing into those "for war" and those "against war". Let it not be forgotten that ours is a world of change and that any idea or institution can be repudiated when the people so will. The Peace Conference is against war. It stands for the substitution of reason for guns. It might be useful, as some say, to take the profits out of war, but there is a far more vital subtraction than profits which must be made before permanent peace takes the place of recurring wars. Take the fear of nation for nation out of the politics of the world and we shall have peace. For a possible millions years each new generation has been trained to suspect, distrust, fear, and hate other nations. No wonder that public opinion is more prejudiced than reasonable about war. A neutrality law, as others say, may help, but what is needed is a little more Golden Rule in international relations, a bolder, more courageous condemnation of the habit of nations to kill each other when they have a dispute. If God made one of us, He made all of us, and He did not create us for crime. War is organized crime and nothing else. It has no rightful place in the policies of nations calling themselves civilized. We invite all who hear to stand upon the side "against war". We do not ask you to come in your ignorance and your prejudice. We ask you to know why you are on that side. Ask yourself the question: "Am I opposed to war; if so, why?" Find a motive without sentiment or emotion; a reason that is unanswerable. Then go forth and convert your family, your neighbor, your town. Help make the peace army grow bigger every day. When the peace army is larger than the war army, war will fade away like the dew before the morning sun. -3- Somewhere in your town, you will find a Mandate against war. Sign it. Already it has a million signatures. Be another. If you cannot find it, write to Mandate, Hotel Willard, Washington, D. C. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, June 14, 1936 [*Farm women*] EXCERPT FROM ADDRESS DELIVERED BY CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT AT BANQUET OF INTERNATIONAL FARM WOMEN JUNE 4, 1936 WASHINGTON, D.C. It is not long, as time flies, since all schools, open to girls, taught the rudiments of education only. The first woman to graduate with degrees in the entire world were in the class of 1841 at Oberlin College, Ohio, and the women numbered three. The reason the world gave for the denial of education to women at that time was the opinion that women’s brains could not grasp higher learning, and even if they could, learning was inappropriate for women whose God appointed sphere was subservience. -2- The aim of the woman movement was to develop such self-respect in women that they would no longer willingly remain in a position of subservience and to develop in men such comprehension of equity that they would no longer attempt to exact it. The movement has traveled far since those days. Education is now worldwide for women. In the year of 1932, 372,912 women [have been] were students in the colleges and universities of the United States, or about 40% of the total number of college students in 1932 were women. Colleges and universities all the world around have also opened wide their doors to women and thousands of graduates are to be found in all lands. This is an enormous change in less than a century. -3- In the early days women speakers in this country were pelted with bad eggs and rotting vegetables. Our famous Independence Hall in Philadelphia was torn down and set on fire by a mob, because a woman was speaking there. Now women may speak whenever they have anything to say and equally when they have nothing to say. More, women now vote in more than half the countries of the world. Within a century women have become rational, responsible human beings, endowed with an education, the right to speak, and the right to vote. What should the world expect of educated, self-respecting human beings? And what do we expect of ourselves? The old routine for women is not good enough for us now, -4- This is a period of problems. I sometimes think there is a problem for each human being which he is trying to persuade the world to settle for him. I do not know what most of them are about. I even lose sight of my own special problems in the chaos at times. Farm women are probably especially interested in some of these problems: city women are interested in others. Rich women, poor women, educated women, ignorant women, each have their pet problems. But there is one thing which I am quite sure interests all women, - the women of all continents, of all races and nations, of all classes and kinds, - and that is the Abolition of War. To my mind, it outranks all other problems, because War is the father of most the problems of this day. -5- The world is in a predicament with its unemployment, its relief, its business stagnation, and all these troubles and many more are direct results of the Great War. Why have another before the last one is paid for? Why another, before the wounds made in civilization itself by that war are healed? War is the oldest institution in the world, as it is the most cruel, most destructive, most uncivilized, and most unreasonable. Time was when men went forth in the spirit of adventure and returned as heroes. They killed and looted, but that was long, long ago. Modern society is too complicated, too diversified, to afford or to profit by the waste of war. The Great War cost $93.50 for every man, women, an child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable -6- aftermath of war, will probably cost each government as much as the war itself, while the preparation for the next war, that all the nations fear, may yet exceed the cost of both. War fills the world with hate and fear and war has kept these two evils growing for a million years. No war can stop them. Instead, each new war starts new hates and new fears. War is as contageous as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is ENEMY #1 of everything good in the world. Its spirit has spread to business and to politics in all lands. Is it the false foundation of civilization itself, shaping its character and giving direction to all the chief developments. There will never be a really civilized world until war and all its -7- horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. “Is this possible?” do you ask. Yes, it can be done and war is as certain to go as the sun is sure to rise tomorrow. “When?” do you ask. When the people of the world demand it. They and they alone can stop war. “How?” do you say. By the conversion of the people and that can be done simply. Women can do half the work necessary. Listen, do you farm women not know that war keeps you poor, that your nation spends too much money for guns, airships, and poison gas, and too little for farm welfare? Do you know that every nation builds too many warships and too few friendships? Do you not know that the worst blow to your farm would be the death of your son, or sons, on a battlefield? Do not forget that today no -8- nation can secure a large enough army by volunteer enlistment. The next war will be fought by conscripted armies, as the last one was, and your sons of the right age will be compelled to go. The way to save your sons is by the abolition of war itself. Say these things to your family, your husband, and your sons, you neighbors. Will they pronounce you a fanatic? They will and it is by the activity of fanatics alone that war will be abolished. Make fanatics of your family and neighbors and you will not feel lonesome. It is not necessary for you American women to flounder through the intricacies of neutrality, the political confusion of joining the League of Nations, or the more complicated, so-called Economic Causes of War, in order to -9- understand war. There is no cause, real or false, that justifies war. Such talk merely wastes time and postpones the day when wars will cease. They are the “red herrings” thrown in your way to confuse you. Become a minute woman for peace - a crusader. Make the abolition of war your chief aim in life. This is the time when a common problem and a common aim unites city and country, farm and factory. Once, grandmothers sat in a corner by the fire and knitted stockings for their grandchildren. Now they may help to save the world from war and do it while they continue to knit. There are new duties, and much more thrilling ones, for old ladies in our time. Be a crusader and leave the world with more common sense in its heads than it had -10- when you came into it. The abolition of war is the biggest and most stubborn problem in the world today. When war goes, most of the other problems which perplex us will disappear. Those that remain can command more money, more time, more wisdom for their settlement than is possible now. War cannot be chiseled down to moderation; it must be abolished, root and branch. Farm women, city women, all women, be crusaders for the total abolition of war. Use your education and your votes to that end. Perhaps, your emancipation from the old oppressions has fitted you to serve this particular time like Esther of old. Crusaders for the Abolition of War, I greet you! SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Jan. 11, 1937 BROADCAST, 44th Birthday, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN [*as delivered*] January 11, 1937 by Carrie Chapman Catt Could we see the nations as they actually are today, we would observe millions of men and women in factories, workshops, mines, offices, streets, and kitchen, all striving to earn their daily bread. But they look tired, downhearted, woebegone. Do they work too hard? No, it is not the work they do that makes them look so disconsolate, it is the unnecessary loads they carry, loads which have nothing to do with their daily work. There are loads on their heads, loads on their shoulders, and loads on their backs. What are these big, staggering loads and why do people working have to carry them? -2- These are war loads. All generations have had them and and it has always been compulsory to carry them day and night [without ever] and never to lay[ing] them down. One load is filled to bursting with the taxes the nation has laid upon the people for the purpose of paying for the last war. Another load, still anger and heavier, is filled with the taxes necessary for the next war. Other loads are the dread and the worry [of the coming] [?] of another war war and its aftermath, usually more terrible than the war itself. The gravest question in the entire world today is this: how many the human race become possessed of sufficient sanity and common sense to make an end of war; to lop off all the needless loads from the aching, tired backs of all peoples; to break -3- the chains of fear which have kept men enslaved to war, with its costs and its penalties, for a million years? Men have struggled for freedom, but what humans have always needed most is freedom from war. Will such freedom ever come? Yes, as certainly as the sun will rise tomorrow. When common sense possesses the minds of men, there will be no more war. Women, you are the world’s best teachers, in homes, schools, and in society. Go forth, one and all, old and young, teach [?] that common sense. It is a mighty task to change the mind of the world. It requires courage and heroism, but you possess these qualities and the world’s mind has been changed many times. It can be changed again. Go; the world is waiting for your message. Broadcast, National Council of Jewish Women January 11, 1937 by Carrie Chapman Catt Could we see the nations as they actually are today, we would observe millions of men and women in factories, workshops, mines, offices streets and kitchen, all striving to earn their daily bread. But they look tired, downhearted, woebegone. Do they work too hard? No, it is not the work they do that makes them look so disconsolate, it is the unnecessary loads they carry, loads which have nothing to do with their daily work. There are loads on their heads, loads on their shoulders, and on their backs. What are these big, staggering loads and why do people working have to carry them? These are war loads. All generations have had them and it has always been compulsory to carry them day and night without ever laying them down. One load is filled to bursting with the taxes the nation has laid upon the people for the purpose of paying for the last war. Another load, still larger and heavier, is filled with the taxes necessary for the next war. Other loads are the dread and the worry of the coming war and its aftermath, usually more terrible than the war itself. The gravest question in the entire world today is thus: How may the human race become possessed of sufficient sanity and common sense to make an end of war; to lop off all the needless loads from the aching, tired backs of all peoples; to break the chains of fear which have kept men enslaved to war, with its costs and its penalties, for a million years? Men have struggled for freedom, but what humans have always needed most is freedom from war. Will such freedom ever come? Yes, as certainly as the sun will rise tomorrow. When common sense posesses the minds of men, there will be no more war. Women, you are the world’s best teachers, in homes, schools, and society. Go forth, one and all, teach that common sense. It is a mighty task to change the mind of the world. It requires courage and heroism, but you possess these qualities and the world’s mind has been changed many times. It can be changed again. Go; the world is waiting for your message. December 2, 1936. Mrs. Alexander Kohut, 221 West 57th Street, New York City. Dear Mrs. Kohut: I enclose herewith two copies of my proposed broadcast for January 11th. I have read it aloud several times and I did it always within three minutes and, sometimes, in a bit less. I had one disagreeable experience with a broadcast. It was a national broadcast and the time for each speaker was very carefully assigned. One of the speakers was Nicholas Murray Butler. I think the others were from other towns. President Butler and I met in the studio and were at once informed that the time on our speeches had been cut to five minutes. It is a difficult matter to treat a great subject in a very limited space of time and it requires much more effort to get the speech within such limits than to prepare one without limits. Mr. Butler and I had written our speeches and carefully timed them. We had about three minutes in which to cut out five minutes and we were very much disturbed. I suppose we both felt we had had a very unfair deal. Remembering that occasion, I want to say that if the Broadcasting Company, when making final arrangements, decides to cut the time of my broadcast, I would much prefer to do the cutting myself and in advance. I told you in my last letter that I would prepare the broadcast in any event. There are some matters of personal business which must be settled before I can decide about going away, so I do not know what my intentions for January are. I am not quite free to go and come at any time. It may be necessary for me to be absent on the 11th, but, in that case, I will give you all the notice that is possible and if the time assigned to me would help the program, as I believe it would, I will be glad to fall out. I am not very well and almost any duty becomes an adventure. If, however, I am wanted and I am here, I will come and do my own broadcasting on the 11th. If I am not to be here, I will let you know and you can then drop me from the list entirely or the Broadcasting Company can make an exception and let someone read it, without making an announcement that I am not present. This is against their rule and they may not be willing to do that. When so many speakers are on the program, I should think it would be a great help if one dropped out. I am sorry not to be more dependable in this matter. Wishing you every good thing possible, I am, Sincerely yours, CCC:HW. EDUCATION - IMMIGRATION - PEACE - RELIGION - SOCIAL LEGISLATION - SOCIAL SERVICE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN INCORPORATED 221 WEST 57TH STREET NEW YORK TELEPHONE - CIRCLE 6-3175 CABLE ADDRESS - COUNJEW - N.Y. December 3rd, 1936. Re: International Broadcast Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt 120 Paine Avenue New Rochelle, N. Y. Dear Mrs. Catt: The National Broadcasting Company has assured us they will not cut anyone's speech. In this instance the talks had to be exceedingly carefully timed on account of the connections with European countries, and they tell us that your excellent message is well-within the time allotment. Both the National Broadcasting Company and ourselves are very eager to have you with us on the 11th. They feel that the type of message you have written will be listened to carefully if you give it, and that it is a message that needs to be presented at this particular time. I hope your health and other circumstances will permit of your being with us. I am enclosing a copy of the announcement we have just issued to other organizations in this country that have already shown an interest in the broadcast. A number of individuals have requested us to send copies of the speeches to them and so we have decided to have them printed in full and shall, of course, be only too happy to include yours. Sincerely yours, Rebekah Kohut Mrs. Alexander Kohut RK:S Enclosure announcement MRS. ARTHUR BRIN, President Minneapolis, Minn. MRS. JOSEPH M. WELT, Second Vice-President Detroit, Mich. MRS. BENJAMIN MARVIN, Treasurer Hollis, L. I. MRS. MARION M. MILLER, Executive Director MRS. MAURICE L. GOLDMAN, Chairman, Executive Committee First Vice-President New York City MRS. GERSON B. LEVI, Recording Secretary Chicago, Ill. MRS. HANNAH G. SOLOMON, Hon. President Chicago, Ill. MRS. ALEXANDER WOLF, Third Vice-President Washington, D.C. MRS. HERMAN B. LEVINE, Financial Secretary West Englewood, N. J. CECILIA RAZOVSKY, Associate Director PLEASE POST INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCAST: JANUARY, 11, 1937. SUBJECT: "WOMEN'S PLACE IN WORLD PROGRESS TODAY" TIME: 4:30-5:30 P.M. EASTERN STANDARD TIME, BASIC BLUE NETWORK OF THE N.B.C. IN A COAST TO COAST HOOK-UP! PARTICIPANTS: Through the courtesy of the National Broadcasting Company, outstanding women from 6 European countries will take part, together with leading speakers from Canada and the United States. SPONSORED BY: The National Council of Jewish Women in honor of its 44th anniversary and the 79th birthday of its founder, Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon, of Chicago. The following distinguished women will participate, each speaking from her own country on some phase of the general subject, (Women's Place in World Progress Today), in connection with her own particular interests. CANADA (Kingston)-Miss Winnifred Kydd, formerly national Canadian president of the Social Council of Women, and delegate to the Peace Conference at Geneva. (Ottawa)-Miss Agnes Macphail, member of the House of Commons of Canada and noted lecturer. CZECHOSLOVAKIA (Prague)-Madam Frantiska Plaminkova, member of the Czechoslovak Senate and Chairman of the Czechoslovak Women's Council. ENGLAND (London)-Miss Harriet Cohen, eminent British pianist and lecturer. (London)-The Hon. Mrs. Ernest L. Franklin, Ex-President of the National Council of Women in England. (London)-Mrs. Israel Zangwill, wife of the great English novelist and participant in liberal movements of the past 25 years. FRANCE (Paris)-Madam Leon Brunschwicg, Under-Secretary of State for Education in the French cabinet. HOLLAND (Amsterdam)-Madam Gertrude Van Tyn, Head of the Jewish Committee for German Refugees in Holland; formerly active in the woman's movement in England. SWEDEN (Stockholm)-Madam Sonja Branting-Westerstahl, Counsellor-at-law, daughter of the late Premier of Sweden; outstanding feminist leader. SWITZERLAND (Geneva)-Miss Marie Ginsberg, Polish member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, (New York), leader of the peace movement in this country, will head the American participants, each speaking from her own community. The following will represent The National Council of Jewish Women: Mrs. Arthur Brin (Chicago)-President of the National Council of Jewish Women and prominent in the peace movement. Mrs. Maurice L. Goldman (New York)-Chairman of the Executive Committee and First Vice-President. Mrs. Rebekah Kohut (New York)-Honorary Vice-President of the National Council of Jewish Women and Chairman of the National Membership Campaign Committee. Mrs. M. C. Sloss (San Francisco) Honorary Vice-President, National Council of Jewish Women. Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon (Chicago)-Founder of the National Council of Jewish Women Mrs. Marion M. Miller (New York), Executive Director of the National Council of Jewish Women, will introduce all the speakers. WJZ LET'S TALK IT OVER Catt page 11 ( ) ( ) 4:40 - 5:30 P.M. JANUARY 11, 1937 MONDAY (SIGNATURE) ANNOUNCER: Today the "Let's Talk It Over" program has been enlarged in order to present an international broadcast in recognition of the 44th anniversary of the National Council of Jewish Women. You will hear seventeen distinguished women, each speaking from the country in which she lives on a subject to be announced by Mrs. Marion M. Miller, Executive Director of the National Council of Jewish Women. MILLER: The National Broadcasting Company presents Mrs. Miller. The history of mankind has been, up to fairly recent times in very truth the story of the development, the struggles and the achievement of man. Women have seemingly played little part in the chronicle of world events, for those few outstanding women who have graced the pages of history have, in every instance, been prominent because they were doing a man's task. Their exploits were recorded when they were in accordance with masculine tradition. In recent years we have witnessed a revaluation of progress in terms of the development of social consciousness and the democratic idea rather than the negation of the individual for imperialistic conquest. (more) -2- MILLER (Cont'd) Women have a very real place in this program of social philosophy, and it is for this reason that we have chosen for this afternoon's discussion the challenging topic, "Woman's Place in World Progress". During this program we shall be privileged to travel to many lands. The ordinarily insuperable obstacles of time and place are magically set aside, to enable us to learn at first hand, what outstanding women throughout Western Europe and America are thinking about today. Each has her own interpretation of progress, and each will point the way for us according to her own experience and her own judgment. The finished mosaic will represent the hope of women for a well ordered world in which education can flourish and in which neither domestic strife nor foreign wars have a part. (MUSIC: SOMETHING LIKE "POMP & CIRCUMSTANCE" SWELLING UP AND FADING AWAY) MILLER: The speaker opening the program will be the Honorable Mrs. Ernest L. Franklin who, for nearly 50 years, has sponsored the most advanced methods in the educational movement of England. She is the former president of the British National Council of Women, and at present is serving as vice-president of that body. As the daughter of Baron Swaythling, a man known for his great philanthropic interest, it was natural that Mrs. Franklin should herself take an early and active part in work on behalf of children. After fifty years, she still lists as her chief recreations, "reading and children". (MORE) -3- MILLER: (Cont'd) It is my privilege to present the Honorable Mrs. Ernest L. Franklin, speaking from London, England. FRANKLIN: Though I played my part in most of the social reforms which have occupied the attention of women during the last 50 years, it is to education that I have given most of my thought and energy and in this direction many change have taken place. In April, the Jubilee of Charlotte Mason's writings and teachings was celebrated by a gathering of the Members of the Parents' National Educational Union - parents, teachers and children - at her old home and Training College, Ambleside in the English Lake District. In letting one's mind wander over those fifty years, we see how much has been achieved in following out her special teaching. Parents have become more educated in their work of training and teaching their children: there is greater co-operation between parents and teacher, greater friendliness between teachers and children. The curriculum has become more liberal, light has been let in through many windows. More children know and love the birds and flowers, arts and crafts have moved up from the kindergarten, right through the school - even in some of the boys' public schools; and music has become part of education, not merely a thing to be "done" out of play time and the joy of understanding and appreciating music is now given to most children. (more) -4- FRANKLIN: (Cont'd) But there is still much that is needed. We welcome the recognition that nursery schools are an absolute necessity for the children from the overcrowded homes whose playground is the street. But one's heart goes out to the children brought up in the modern expensive flat. Is a happy childhood possible there? Labour saving and space [utilizi?] seem incompatible with the rocking horses and chairs turned into trains. Children must be very neat and orderly in our tiny bright, square rooms - and my become somewhat nervous and irritable as well. The need of a thinking love is still at time forgotten, a love inspired by knowledge and understanding. A thinking love neither exalts children from its own selfish gratification till they believe they are the very hub of the universe, nor make them subordinate to the pleasures and hours and desires of one or both parents. Our schools have light and air, they are much less hide bound; the clothes are fewer and freer, the spirit is freer; but sometimes somewhat starved. The mental food is poor and does not nourish the soul. The freedom to decide what and when to learn is very fatiguing and unrestful to the untrained will: - "Me this unfettered freedom tires, "I feel the weight of chance desires". says the 18th century poet. Perhaps our progressive education lists tend to forget that it is not games and handwork, dancing and singing, [but?] ideas, that develop character. (more) -5- FRANKLIN: (Cont'd) Our children should be allowed to establish relations with God through religion, and with the past and present through history, science, art and nature. Thus only can we hope to develop personality so that the citizens of the future may be relied upon to help in creating ta better world. "Is reform needed" says Walt Whitman, Is it through you? The greater reform needed, the greater the personality you need to accomplish it." LONDON ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mrs. Franklin. Our next speaker presents a typical example of the varied backgrounds of women who are helping to make the world progress today. Mrs. Israel Zangwill is a true cosmopolitan, an Englishwoman born in Japan, wife of the eminent Jewish novelist and dramatist, the late Israel Zangwill. Since the days of the militant sufferage movement in England, Mrs. Zangwill has been identified with every forward-looking cause. During recent years she devoted most of her time to the peace movement and is now treasurer of the Women's Peace Crusade. Mrs. Israel Zangwill. ZANGWILL: The abolition of war is humanity's supreme need today. Thus, in working towards this end, woman takes her chief place in world progress. Moreover, with the introduction of the aeroplane, war has been brought into the home. The old order no longer exists when men went out to fight and women stayed behind to weep. In Europe, at least, future conflicts will be decided in the humble dwellings of the great cities. One might almost say that the trench will be held by a new form of infantry, those of tender years (more) -6- ZANGWILL: (Cont'd) War has become essentially a feminine preoccupation, while world peace forms the most important branch of motherhood. In 1914 it was perhaps excusable to believe that good could come out of strife. We were fighting to end war, but war has gone on almost continuously ever since. We were fighting to safeguard democracy - but dictatorship has evolved. We were fighting to free the world from Prussian militarism - but Europe is still trembling before this menace. Then as to the positive results of the Great War. It brought the whole world to the edge of bankruptcy. It destroyed the manhood in every belligerent country, and starved the children in most of them. It filled the asylum with shell-shocked soldiers and babes crazed while still unborn. It crippled, blinded, tortured, millions of human beings. And all for what? Is anyone the happier? And now we talk of trying another European War, on the principle of the whole jaw of the dog that bit us. Every nation is frenziedly beating its ploughshares into swords and its pruning-hooks into spears. Man can live by bayonet alone, so the dictators inform us. But do the dictators know? It may be that the elimination of this unfit planet is necessary to the evolution of the universe. Still, women might make the planet less unfit. By restoring sanity to a distracted world, women might even now enable it to survive. -7- LONDON ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mrs. Zangwill. Our third English speaker is widely known in America, through the tours she has made as a leading women pianist. Probably one of the greatest honors that has paid to any artist was given Miss Harriet Cohen when she was asked to play at the Disarmament Conference in Geneva in 1932. Miss Cohen is a picturesque energetic figure, both on the concert platform and in private life. We present Miss Harriet Cohen. COHEN: My dear friends in America: In making this speech to you, I am reminded of the words of Sir Thomas Browne, "Whosoever is harmonically composed, delights in harmony." With women taking their place in this magnificent way in the higher walks of life - parliaments, universities, hospitals, etc. - I feel they should not forget their unique place in the home as inspirational, cultural, and harmonic centre. It is not every woman's destiny to be married and have children but, nevertheless, most women build a home around them even if unmarried. Workers, especially when they are great personalities in the world of affairs, can have a tremendous influence on the younger people who surround them. As music is my sphere, I will apply my statement to the art of music by reminding you that there was music in the home long before there were concerts. For instance, music was certainly domestically performed in farms and manor houses in England as far back as the Golden Age at the time of Elizabeth. The greatest music of the time was written by Byrd, Gibbons, Weelkes, Dowland, &c. (more) -8- COHEN: (Cont'd) Their madrigals and ballets were sung and performed by families around the fire in the evening, all the members of the household taking part, including the stable men, servants, cooks, laundry maids, etc. This music was unbarred and often without key or time signatures and of the greatest difficulty. We of today might call ourselves progressive with our radios and gramophones, but these modern inventions should enlive our musical understanding and knowledge rather than deter us from making music for ourselves. I suppose my friends in America whom I have not seen for two years, will think it strange that I, who spend my time tearing about from town to town and hardly ever in my charming little house, should make this my thesis, but I want them to ponder this quietly because I feel that music in the concert room will never really be appreciated until there is more music in the family circle, and this is where the activities of modern women can be so important. And finally, to you great American women, may I say that experience and a growing humility have taught me that in order that we may make real progress in life we should work in collaboration with men and never in any competitive spirit against them, for, we may say with Sir Thomas Brown "Whosoever is harmonically composed delights in harmony." LONDON ANNOUNCER: Thank you Miss Cohen. We now return you to America. -9- NEW YORK ANNOUNCER: We transfer you to Chicago where you will hear Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon, founder and honorary president of the National Council of Jewish Women, whose birthday it is today as well as the 44th anniversary of the organization she founded. Mrs. Solomon has all the energy and vigor today which prompted her at the close of the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 to take the lead in establishing the first national Jewish Women's organization in the United States. We present Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon, speaking from Chicago. SOLOMON: Greetings to all in this most thrilling moment of my seventy nine years! Banded together in the Council for forty four of these, we have demonstrated that Israel's women are vitally interested in everything that concerns mankind. What a vast change the world has seen in every phase of human existence - different forms of expression, new thoughts, changes that have entirely reversed values. Religion and science have contributed enormously to these changes. As an example, in our welfare work the word "charity" became "Philanthropy" and later "social service," each word taking on a different and wider meaning. We ourselves ceased being called "ladies" and chose to be known as "women". Women's societies adopted the more masculine title of "clubs". (more) -10- SOLOMON: (Cont'd) In the early days there were few women's organizations that did more than give alms - food, clothing, and possibly in an emergency some money for rent or medical care, and some societies specialized in one or another of these. We of today take make of our methods for granted and forget the earliest workers who paved the way for our wider visions of the duties of man to man. We do not realize that the women who first fought against injustice obtained the rights for women to joint guardianship of their children, of their right to inheritance from their own parents, their right to higher education, for new opportunities in the business and professional world, of securing employment in other fields than as teachers or servants. All of these and others had been won for us by the first heroic efforts of women. At the beginning of the Council work on 1893, Jewish women had no large organizations, either National or International, such as have since developed. There were only small bands of women in narrow fields. There were no classes nor schools of philanthropy in colleges or otherwise, only a few training schools for nurses. The Lady Bountiful did an individual bit of work, helpful though it was. From the first, we, in the National Council of Jewish women, have held but two objectives apart from women of other faiths, our religion and philanthropies, and through the years the work has developed into significant accomplishment. We have joined National and International groups. (MORE) -11- SOLOMON: (Cont'd) We have aided out Jewish sisters in organizing, and eight countries have National Councils of Jewish Women. Loyal to our heritage, we have shared its philosophies and ideals with all mankind, and notwithstanding many adversaries, we have courageously maintained our place as followers of brave souls who accept the burdens that humanity imposes. Like torches lit upon the mountain tops until all are aflame, so may women kindle lights that shal bring a new day, in whose reign Peace and Good-will shall triumph. CHICAGO ANNOUNCER: Our thanks to you Mrs. Solomon and congratulations. We take you back to New York. NEW YORK ANNOUNCER: We now present a woman who as a fighter for every good cause is too well-known to need a formal introduction. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt is perhaps best known as the leader in the campaign for the woman's suffrage amendment. She has served as the president of the National Woman's Suffrage Association and as world president of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance. Ten years ago Mr.s Catt organized the National Committee on the Cause & Cure of War and has remained closely allied with it as its Honorary Chairman. It is our privilege to present Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt! -12- CATT: Could we see the nations as they actually are today, we would observe millions of men and women in factories, workshops, mines, offices, streets, and kitchens, all striving to earn their daily bread. But they look tired, downhearted, woebegone. Do they work too hard? No, it is not the work they do that makes them look so disconsolate it is the unnecessary loads they carry, loads which have nothing to do with their daily work. There are load on their heads, loads on their shoulders, and loads on their backs. What are these big, staggering load and why do people working have to carry them? These are war loads. All generations have had them and it has always been compulsory to carry them day and night without every laying them down. One load is filled to bursting with the taxes the nation has laid upon the people for the purpose of paying for the last war. Another load, still larger and heavier, is filled with the taxes necessary for the next war. Other loads are the dread and the worry incident to expectation of another war and its aftermath, usually more terrible than the war itself. The gravest question in the entire world today is this: How may the human race become possessed of suffici[ent] sanity and common sense to make an end of war: to lop off all the needless loads from the aching, tired backs of all peoples: to break the chains of fear which have kept men enslaved to war, with its costs and its penalties, for a million years? Men have struggled for freedom, but what humans have always needed most is freedom from war. Will such freedom ever come? Yes, as certainly as the sun wil[l] rise tomorrow. (MORE) -13- CATT: (Cont'd) When common sense possesses the minds of men, there will be no more war. Women, you are the world's best teachers, in homes, in schools, and in society. Go forth, one and all, old and young, teach the public that common sense. It is a mighty task to change the mind of the world. It requires courage and heroism, but you possess these qualities and the world's mind has been changed many times. It can be changed again. So, the world is waiting for your message. NEW YORK ANNOUNCER: You have heard a message to the women of America from Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, on the place of women in the movement for world peace today. Now we shall return you to Europe where you will hear Mme. Leon Brunschwicg. As one of the two women in the French Cabinet, Mme. Brunschwicg has an important post as Under-Secretary for Education. She is an ardent advocate of the women's suffrage movement and is president of the French Union for Women's Suffrage. Formerly editor of the most important women's journal in France, Mme. Brunschwicg's chief interest for many years has been a Social Security program for women and children. We take you now to Paris, France. BRUNSCHWICG: On the eve of 1937, I would like, first of all, to send my very best wishes for the New Year to my American friends. I would like to wish them, for the coming months an ever-growing prosperity for their great country, and a great deal of happiness for their own homes. May I tell them how earnestly I wish that the New Year will contribute to unite still more our two democracies, and how much I (more) -14- BRUNSCHWICG: (Cont'd) rely on the help of the women, both of America and of France, in order to reach that aim. A great many French people went to America this year, and they have all come back deeply admiring the splendid economic recovery which they have been able to watch. Living for a time among you, they understood how your liberal ideas, joined to our common wish of assuring everybody of a better living, made you close to us. As for ourselves, we would be happy if many Americans would come to France, particularly so when our great Exhibition is going to open. One has always got a tendency towards distorting, from a distance, the doings and very spirit of a country. To know each other, it is necessary to understand each other, and in order to reach this understanding, we must meet, talk, exchange opinions, compare doings, and, with mutual goodwill try to find a policy which will allow the cooperation necessary to assure human Progress. It has become quite commonplace to go repeating that the world is now torn between two great ideologies of Force, which does not hesitate to dominate by fear, and the ideal of Democracy, based on mutual help and solidarity of different countries, putting its confidence into every citizen, so that, through a self-imposed discipline, they may realize by themselves what is elsewhere only obtained by the use of sheer force. (more) -15- BRUNSCHWICG: (Cont'd) President Roosevelt's magnificent speech has gone straight to the heart of all French people, anxious as they are to live in peace and harmony with every nation. And we wish he might know dear American Friends of mine, the deep gratitude that draws toward him every woman, every mother of France. PARIS ANNOUNCER: Thank you Mme. Bruncschwicg. We now introduce a woman to whom pioneering is second nature. From the time she took an active part in the woman's suffrage movement in England Mme. Gertrude Van Tyn has championed causes which have taken her with her husband, an eminent Dutch geologist, to the four corners of the earth. During the world war, Mme. Van Tyn was active in Holland on behalf of Jewish prisoners and has long been interested in the pioneer work of women in Palestine. At the present time she is closely connected with the Dutch Committee for Jewish refugees. We present Mme. Gertrude Van Tyne. VAN TYN: The history of our people is one long tale of sorrow and suffering, of endless patience, of attempts at destruction of large parts of our people calling forth the will to live. A deep rooted idea, a faith in its destiny and its ultimate salvation must indeed have possessed this people to conceive and carry out amidst a world full of hatred, danger, and enmity the great ideal of rebuilding its home in Palestine. (more) -16- VAN TYN: (Cont'd) From the beginning, Jewish women have played a large part in making the desert Palestine was, into the fertile land it is at present wherever Jews have colonized. During these last months our thoughts have gone out amidst a world of enemies, holding out, defending and building up our National Home. May I be allowed to use the few minutes which are given to me to reach the ear of the world to express admiration, deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to the Chalutzoth in Palestine who, shoulder to shoulder with the men held the ground. The modern Jewish woman in Palestine was not satisfied to devote her labour to the tasks reserved for women in the disaporah. The task of reclaiming the land for Jewish settlement required from her work which in normal and settled countries is reserved exclusively for men. Heavy at the best is the task of the pioneer. Heavy and often incredibly hard is the task of the pioneer woman in Palestine. She has said goodbye to all ordinary ideas of comfort and security, to build up - together with the men for those to come a home where Jewish children can grow up undisturbed to produce and develop the fruits of the earth, the fruits of Jewish thought and Jewish genius. A word of thanks, of gratitude and of admiration to the pioneer women in Palestine. May she know that those whose life is sheltered and secure realize and appreciate the work they are doing for us. (more) -17- VAN TYN: (Cont'd) May I be allowed to close this address with a few general words of warning: if we say "pioneer" now we think of men and women in far away countries, facing physical danger and hardship. Not so very long ago - two generations at most - every woman who strove to fulfill a task in public life, to hold a position, to earn a living otherwise than as a teacher or nurse, was a pioneer, and had to overcome endless obstacles in order to win a place for herself and for those to come. In many countries at present signs are not wanting to show that attempts are made under various slogans to once more send women back to the kitchen, the nursery and - at best, may be - to the jobs of teachers and nurses. Let those who are young now beware lest the precious hard fought-for possession of equal rights with men, of full citizenship with women should be taken away from them; lest a future generation of women would once more be forced to again do the pioneer work in the very heart of Europe. PARIS ANNOUNCER: We return you to America. NEW YORK ANNOUNCER: We take you now to Chicago where we will hear Mrs. Arthur Brin, president of the National Council of Jewish Women, whom Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt has named as one of the 10 outstanding women in the United States. (more) -18- NEW YORK ANNOUNCER: (Cont'd) Mrs. Brin is the honor guest at the birthday celebration in Chicago of Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon, founder of the organization of which Mrs. Brin is head. Mrs. Brin speaking from Chicago - BRIN: We are a unique generation of women. More than any generation which has preceded us we have had privileges, rights and power. What has this unique generation contributed to world progress? As I speak I think of the magnificent Congress of Women from thirty countries gathered in Chicago in 1933 at the time of the World's Fair to consider "Our Common Cause - - Civilization". They had as one of their subjects for discussion "The World As It Is - - The World As It Might Be", the world as it might be, based squarely on the assumption that in the new world order there must be security for existence and opportunity for living; security of employment, of income; security against disease, crime, poverty, prejudice and war. This is the unique contribution of women to a world beset by insecurity and fear -- to keep steadfast that vision of security and opportunity before mankind, to dream about it, to believe in it passionately, and to realize that if we will it, it need not remain forever a dream. Then might it be said of us, as Mordecai said of Esther when she became queen at a time of crisis in the life of her people: "Who knows but that we came into power for such an hour as this:" -19- CHICAGO ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mrs. Brin for the message which has been heard throughout this country and Canada, on behalf of the organization which you represent. We return you to New York. NEW YORK ANNOUNCER: Now it is our privilege to bring you greetings from an official member of a country important in European affairs today - - - Mme. Frantiska Plaminkova who has been the exponent of the equality of women in public life throughout the career which has won for her the honor of election to the Czechoslovak Senate. Mme. Plaminkova is Chairman of the Czechoslovak Women's Council and a Vice- president of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, as well as the author of "Women's Equality in Public Life" and "Woman in Democracy, We take you now to Prague, Czechoslovakia. PLAMINKOVA: I am happy, dear friends, to have the opportunity of speaking to you on the occasion of your 44th anniversary and to your founder, Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon, our heartiest congratulations. Before my mind's eye are women from the great American and Canadian cities, vast areas of land and regions of marvellous natural beauty - all places which I visited twelve years ago. I am touched by the realization that at this moment we are again united, not only spiritually, but technical science has connected us in reality. (more) -20- PLAMINKOVA: (Cont'd) To you, women of a great and old democracy, I am sending greetings from a small country in the heart of Europe. These greetings come from a country which for twelve hundred years has clung to the principles of democracy and toleration so dear to your hearts. It may interest your organization to know that Kosmas records that the Jews lived in our country unmolested in the 11th century, that they had their own schools as early as the 12th century and that a synagogue and cemetery of the 13th century exist in Prague today and is visited every year by thousands of people. The proofs of democracy and toleration rest not only in precious historical monuments, but rather in the spirit which has reigned in my country during its independence: A respect for human personality, for the opinions and convictions of others. No doubt you know that this was the source of the struggle for spiritual freedom in the time of our great John Hus - five hundred years ago and of John Comenius - three hundred years ago. It was this same spirit which guided King George of Podebrady in the fifteenth century in an attempt at founding a League of Nations aiming at World Peace. It has also been the motivating principle of our first president, Dr. Thomas G. Masaryk and of his successor, Dr. Edouard Benes. My whole country hates war, and is convinced that it is useless, unnecessary, and criminal; an attitude proved by the fact that my country, (more) -21- PLAMINKOVA: (Cont'd) one of the greatest kingdoms in Middle Europe from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, did not become large through wars, but through friendly agreements and treaties; it was then a haven of order and prosperity in a Europe torn by political storms. We hate war, but whenever vital human and national heritages have been endangered, the Czechoslavaks have always been and are now able to defend these ideals, with our lives if necessary! I tell you this because now you can see why, as early as the fifteenth century, girls from humble families, as well as boys, were educated; why in the seventeenth century Comenius demanded that women should receive more than the barest fundamentals of an education; why in the Hussite and Bohemian Brethren Movements women worked as equal partners; why modern Prague was the first in Middle and Southern Europe to found a classical high school for girls; why Czech women have had the oldest suffrage, equal to that of men, since 1861 - your Wyoming gave this right to women eight years alter - ; why in Bohemia there was a woman member in Parliament even before the war, at that time Finland was the only other country in Europe with women representatives. After the World War, the Czechoslovak nation immediate gave its women equal rights with men, and guaranteed them in the Constitution. These rights are carried out in practice as well: There are women in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, women judges, women teachers and public officials, all sharing executive power and being renumerated on an equal basis with men. (MORE) -22- PLAMINKOVA: (Cont'd) However, to put into practice the theoretical equality was a task charged with great difficulties. To the Women's Movement much is due, as three hundred years of subjection to a bureaucratic Austria-Hungary had dulled or killed in many men, especially among the official class, the true spirit of democracy. We have even passed through the economic crisis, which has endangered women's interests in the whole world, without this equality suffering. We were supported in our struggle by progressive men, among whom Thomas G. Masaryk stands first. The old healthy spirit of democracy is gaining its victory. I feel certain that it will continue more and more to permeate our whole nation. Do you ask how we have used these rights? We work side by side with men in all fields - even in our own women's organizations. We have no women ambassadors or ministers such as your Mrs. Perkins, wonderful not only for her work and talent, but especially for her democratic simplicity, However, our cooperation with men has borne good results: We have abolished legalized prostitution, we have social legislation of the front rank, we have magnificent health and social institutions for students and workers, for children as well as for adults. Our schooling is free, accessible to all, and offers general and special education of all kinds. (more) -23- PLAMINKOVA: (Cont'd) Popular education is on a high degree, which naturally reflects our family life. What our women lack in technical household appliances they make up for in their high intelligence and goodness of nature. What a fine development it is! Would it not be a crime if the catastrophe of another war should interrupt it? We are using all our efforts in the direction of peace, so as to suppress the crude, barbarian instincts of war. In our country such activity is not necessary - but as members of a world movement we are cooperating to bring about the victory of common sense, to show that the only lasting peace is the atmosphere which helps all people develop their best, their most human qualities and makes human happiness possible. (more) -24- CZECHOSLOVAKIA ANNOUNCER: Our greeting from Czechoslovakia has been delivered by Mme. Plaminkova of Prague. ANNOUNCER: We take you now to Stockholm, Sweden, where our next speaker will describe the development of women's work in a country which has taken the lead in many movements of social import. Mme. Sonja Branting - Westerstahl, as the daughter of the late Premier of Sweden, a Nobel Prize Winner, had an unequalled opportunity to acquaint herself with work on behalf of women. A well-known lawyer and leading feminist, Mme. Branting - Westerstahl lectured recently in America and is known personally to many in our radio audience. Mme. Branting - Westerstahl speaking from Stockholm, Sweden. MME. BRANTING WESTERSTAHL -: This initiative of the American women threw open in one second a door to the future. I see an earth that will one day become the happy dwelling place of mankind. Today, when we want to reach each other, we have to do it in hundreds of languages and there is perhaps only one common platform where the feeling of the different people really can meet, and that is concerning the question of peace - or, to translate this question in woman's language: Do not kill our children. That cry every women will understand even today. And to make every woman raise that cry is our chief task just now. -25- BRANTING-WESTERSTAHL: (CONT) But, in the world to come as I see it before me in this moment, there will be one universal language, understood by every human being; with this, as by the technical development which will permit us to overlook distance, there will be many ways to enrich ourselves by the enormous human contact which will become natural between every individual with every other. How much time shall we be able to give to the reason and the heart that day, when, thanks to technical progress, anxiety with material matters has loosened its grip round our throats, and we know that no one anywhere is suffering hunger or cold on our planet! How many previously unheard and muffled melodies from far away living souls will give joy and felicity to our daily life! No diplomats on that Utopian day will ever be needed to interpret our mutual relations, because this relationship will be felt by every member of Earth's society. We shall be able to speak to each other, to understand each other, to help and love each other. Wa will then be as base a crime as the murder of brother and sister is a crime to-day, the thunder of guns and bombardments will be heard no more; but the fluttering of wings from friendly far-away words will give a daily happiness as natural as the rising of the sun and the sighing of the breeze. -26- SWEDISH ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mme. Branting-Westerstahl. We return you to America. NEW YORK: ANNOUNCER You will now hear another member in the official family of the National Council of Jewish Women, Mrs. M. C. Sloss, Honorary Vice-President of the Council. Long known as a prominent leader in welfare activities her interests range from the editorship of an anthology of American verse to membership on the California Board of Charities and Correction, and many other organizations. Mrs. Sloss will speak from San Francisco. MRS. SLOSS: My share in this thrilling occasion is to speak for the Council program of today, which is a logical development of its sound principles established many years ago. The foundations laid then have made possible the achievements of its distinguished past, and made secure its present and future. We emphasize with greater force than ever our historical belief in the importance of the contribution the American Jewess must make in the American scene. This certainty was the reason for the creation of our program on Contemporary Jewish Affairs, which emphasizes the importance of re-dedicating ourselves to our own development as Jews. -27- SLOSS: (CONT) The validity of this idea is proven by the fact that it is now being adopted by several of our sister organizations. There is no time to dwell upon the constant advances made in the various fields of our efforts. In every branch of our endeavors capable direction points the way, and we keep abreast of the times, nay ahead of it, under competent, well considered leadership. My remaining minute must go to saying a word about the newest Council activity. Because of our tradition for expert service to the foreign born, the National Council was chosen as the women's organization to sit with eight others of national importance, and plan for children being brought to America to escape tragic life in Germany - thus again being in the vanguard of those helping in the newest Jewish need, and equipped to do it by years of intelligent training - training which was begun forty-four years ago by tha women gifted with prophetic vision, Hannah G. Solomon whom we delight to honor. SAN FRAN. ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mrs. Sloss, for the clear explanation you have given of the part the National Council is playing in women's progress in the world today. We return you to New York. -28- N.Y. ANNOUNCER: You will now hear one of Finland's most representative women, Miss Nina Strandberg. As one of the few women in the diplomatic service, her love of travel was developed during her years in the various consulates of Europe. Miss Strandberg is the president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Womens Clubs of Finland and widely known in this country. As a special representative of the Finnish Government's Travel Bureau in New York, we present Miss Nina Strandberg. STRANDBERG: "Women's place in world progress today" is at the side of men, sharing equal rights and equal responsibilites with them in the fields of education, social conditions, economics and of political life. As early as 1860, a Finnish statesman in one of his political speeches said: "We cannot demand that our boys shall grow up to be good citizens if we do not give their mothers the right of education and initiation in all problems of life, so that they may be able to guide their sons in the right way." This attitude became general among broadminded men in Finland, broke down barriers and opened the gates for women to share rights and responsibilities equally with men in the fields of education, social welfare and in economic and political life. And Finland was the first country in Europe to establish complete political equality by granting to both men and women in its Constitution of 1906, the right of franchise and power to hold office in Parliament. (MORE) -29- STRANDBERG: In Finland, equal rights for women is no longer merely (CONT) a phrase. The struggle that women had had and are still having in many so-called enlightened countries to take their place by the side of men in industry and in government has long since been realized in that little country. Not only is the position of women tacitly understood, but the law itself gives them equal rights to hold positions in industry and trade the same as men. That adult men and women need equal protection against the dangers created by the growing industrial spirit is recognized by labor legislation protecting men and women equally. In fact, with the sole exception of the right to bear arms for their country, we Northern women have invaded every trade and every profession, and in some, such as the textile industry, the educational field and even as dentists, women predominate. In this age when women of all countries are taking the lead in movements against the war mania, it can scarcely be considered a hardship that no women in Finland can enter the military service. Her position as wife and mother is equally well-established by the new marriage and divorce laws of 1929. The inheritance rights which have long been a matter of dispute in other countries, have been legally established since 1879 in Finland. -30- STRANDBERG: Conscious of the rights and responsibilities (CONT) given them, Finnish women of today are intensifying their efforts to educate the younger generation to be better citizens and to teach that these rights are actually responsibilities. Every earnest woman realizes that the proper exercise of the privileges she has in our little country will do much toward bringing about the equality of women throughout the civilized world, and so aid in world progress today. N. Y. ANNOUNCER: Our audience appreciates this word from your countrywomen, Miss Strandberg. We now take you to our neighbor country of Canada where we have the privilege of presenting greetings from an equally well-known Canadian woman, Miss Kydd, Dean of Women, at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. As past president of the National Council of Women of Canada, Miss Winnifred Kydd is known throughout the entire Dominion as an outstanding exponent of projects in behalf of peace. She had the honor of being chosen the Canadian government's delegate at the Disarmament Conference in 1932 and was present at the League of Nations Assembly in 1935. We take you now to Toronto, Canada. -31- MISS KYDD: It is a truism to say that all progress must be based upon education - education which has a cultural, scientific, physical and spiritual basis. Women therefore must play in the future as they have in the past an important role in the history of progress. Women's rile is often threefold. 1. As individuals, they must strive to possess a brand of education that will prevent intellectual bigotry resulting in national and international intolerance. 2. As teachers, they must realize the influence which they have upon the children whose minds they are cultivating and must accept that responsibility in all seriousness. 3. If they are mothers, their influence again may be great or small depending upon the degree of education which they themselves have achieved in the realm of the mind, the body and the spirit. And what is education? I have heard it defined as follows: "Education is the freedom which comes from control of oneself, in body, mind and spirit. Freedom of action comes only with victory over cowardice, ignorance, superstition, selfishness, and a host of other personal fobes, which must be eradicated by education. Any place of education or educational organization may be called a success in just the measure in which it helps the individual, whether young or adult, to achieve the fullness of powers which come with knowledge and victory over self. (MORE) -32- MISS KYDD: True freedom not mere sophistication, is the (CONT) liberation which comes from being master of one's own mind, body and soul. -------- That is Education." Education should be closely allied with public opinion - and public opinion is a force which can make or break many worthy projects. It has been said that "modern means of communication have brought people together mentally without congregating physically. The public, or the group without physical presence, is an entity of increasing proportions. The number and variety of publics, of people who are made to feel and think alike because of reading more or less simultaneously about the same occurrences are on the increase, and public opinion gyrates with greater speech than ever before." We need leaders, and great is my respect for those women who have written their names in gold on the honor scroll of education but tonight I would pay tribute to all those women who in the history of Women's Place in world Progress have laboured faithfully and selflessly in educating the children of their day. Personally I feel that neither men nor women have a special or separate place in world progress - together they are inextricably bound together in the effort of all decent humans to raise the standards for the children of their day. Who shall say is the greatest among them. CANADIAN You have heard Miss Winnifred Kydd, speaking from ANNOUNCER: Toronto, Canada. We return you to America. -33- N. Y. ANNOUNCER: Our next speaker will talk to you from the Library of the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. Miss Marie Ginsberg is the Polish member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations. She is also on the Board of International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship. We take you now to Geneva, Switzerland. GINSBERG: As I happen to be the only woman in this group to address you as a member of an international community, I should like to say a few words about the role women can play in international life. The 19th century saw the economic emancipation of women on the national plane, whereas the 20th century seems to herald the entry of women into the international field. As the League of Nations is the greatest effort of humanity to establish an organized international corporation, it could not but appeal to women's collaboration. The League Covenant, which is the Charter of International life, has a clause which stipulates that "all positions under or in connection with the League . . . . shall be open equally to men and women." This equality has from the very beginning been put into practice in all the departments of League activity: 1) in the political field - as governmental women delegates; 2) in the technical field - on the special committees, and 3) in the administrative field - in that Geneva international civil service called the Secretariat. -34- GINSBERG: Of course, the League is still a baby - for what are (CONT) 17 years in the historical sense? - and we cannot yet see what the result of women's work in international life really is. But we know that even before having women's collaboration in this big official international body, women had already proved their mettle in the big pre-war humanitarian organizations which included all nations. There is no doubt that women are particularly apt for international collaboration because of the qualities which are deeply rooted in their nature - their spirit of continuity and the special gift they have of seizing rather upon what united people than upon what divides them. The women of America whom I have the honour and privilege of addressing today, were pioneers in the field of women's rights, and as an official of the greatest existing international organization I wish to render them a tribute. If American women had not in the past so abundantly proved their capacity to fill posts in many departments of national life, it might never have occurred to the founders of the League to recognize the equality of women and their right to participate in international life. So the Olympic Torch is passed on from generation to generation and from country to country. The women of the world must see that it never goes out. -35- [GENEVA ANNCR: Our thanks to you Miss Ginsberg. We return you to America.] NY ANNCR: Again we hear one of the women who has done much to bring the National Council of Jewish Women to the fore in women's work today---Mrs. Maurice L. Goldman, Vice-President and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Council, who speaks to you from San Francisco at one of the celebrations held in honor of the 44th anniversary of the organization with which she has been closely associated for many years. We present Mrs. Maurice L. Goldman, speaking from San Francisco. GOLDMAN: Since the turn of the century, the National Council of Jewish Women, which is today hostess over the radio to women of 6 European countries, has greeted women and children from every country in the world who have come to America to settle here and make this their home. Throughout the years a Council representative has met these bewildered ones at the various ports of entry of the United States or during their detention at Ellis Island. Our organization has supervised the transportation of thousands of woman and lettile children to the city which they hoped to adopt as home and after their arrival, through local Committees, has helped these people to adjust themselves to their new surroundings and environment. We have learned through the experience of years that a little timely and friendly assistance and advice given at the psychological moment can prevent very serious social problems later. (MORE) -36- GOLDMAN (CONTS) Perhaps the greatest achievement in our work with the foreign born has been the development of English classes and later classes on naturalization and citizenship for the alien. "From the port of entry to citizenship" has been a slogan which we have fulfilled by very practical and effective education. Since 1926, the flow of immigration has lessened by between eighty and ninety percent, but those who today find their way to our shores are still met by the National Council of Jewish Women, still feel the security of our friendship as they adjust themselves to American life and will be forever grateful to those who showed them the way to become citizens of the United States of America in which there is the opportunity of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." SAN FRANCISCO ANNOUNCER: Thank you Mrs. Goldman. The program continues from New York. NY ANNCR: Again we hear a notable American woman. The list of honors which have come to Mrs. Rebekah Kohut in a lifetime of service truly reads like an index of American women's progress. As president of the World Congress of Jewish Women, she was largely responsible for the excellent work carried on by that body directly after the war with the cooperation of the National Council of Jewish Women, of which she was one of the founders and first presidents. Her two volume autobiography entitled "MY PORTION" and "AS I KNOW THEM", reveals her intimate friendships and cooperation with the greater number of America's outstanding personalities. At prese she is serving as Honorary Vice-President of the Council Mrs. Kohut is well equipped to speak of the part women have taken in world movements...We present Mrs. Kohut. -37- KOHUT: Fourty-four years ago when the National Council of Jewish Women was organized, many people in America believed that the melting pot which is America meant that the various groups of which it was made must ignore or forget their ancient heritage in this new world. However, the National Council of Jewish Women has always recognized the fact that the Jewish group, as well as every other which makes up this great republic, could add to the richness of our American scene. To those women of the 1890's, pioneering in the formation of the national Jewish Women's organization, called upon the Jewish group to interpret their own ancient civilization in such a way as to fit it into the modern contemporary American scene. That goal has never been lost sight of. It has been the guiding star of those Jewish women leaders in their own communities, who have so ably shaped the policies of this organization which, like America itself, has embraced within its fold women of all points of view, radical and conservative, orthadox and free thinker, each has found her welcome place in the body politic of the National Council of Jewish Women. With this in imind, the Council has steadily kept before it, since its beginnings in 1893, the necessity of upholding Jewish life, both from the historical and contemporary point of view. It has maintained Sabbath Schools and houses of Jewish study in communities where these facilities were lacking. More recently under the auspices of its Committee on Contemporary Jewish affairs, the Council has sponsored and is guiding study groups throughout the length and breadth of the land. (MORE) -38- KOHUT: (CONTS) These groups meeting under the guidance of trained leaders throughout the United States and Canada, are often attended by men and women, non-members of Council, as well as thousands who count such study in Jewish religion, history, art, music, and literature, as part of their privileges of membership. The specific function of Jewish life, as seen by the Council Women, is to develop a dignified and respected American Jewish life, which cannot only take its place in the society which we call American, but which will be enabled to stand shoulder to shoulder with our Christian neighbors, in the furtherance and creation of those ideals which make up what we call American civilization. That in the last analysis is the duty and task of the varied groups that constitute this great country, it is the particular function of the Jewish people, the fruit of whose experience through thousands of centuries can enrich the lives not only of Jews, but of every man and woman with whom they come in contact. NY ANNCR: This glimpse into the activities of representative women of various European countries, Canada, and the United States, is drawing to a close and will conclude with a brief summation by Mrs. Marion M. Miller, Executive Director of the National Council of Jewish Women, whose 44th anniversary has been celebrated today on the occasion of the 79th birthday of its founder. Mrs. Miller has been active in educational movements in America for many years and as a writer and lecturer is known throughout this country to many of our radio audience. Ladies and gentlemen - Mrs. Marion M. Miller. MILLER -39- We have gathered today, members and friends, drawn together by the magic of science and by the firm and enduring bonds of our common interests, in great cities and modest hamlets, in vast auditoriums, and in private homes, to listen to the voices and to the inspiring messages of many of the foremost women of our day in Europe and in the United States, each speaking to us from the country in which she lives. the National Council of Jewish Women founded by Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon, 44 years ago with a group of forward looking women has grown into an organization of 40,000 women in 200 cities of the United States and Canada and has for nearly half a century worked unremittingly for principles that are close to the heart of every intelligent, socially minded woman regardless of her creed, her station in life, or her other special interests. In our constitution it is stated that "sincerely believing that a closer fellowship-a greater unity of though and purpose, and a nobler accomplishment will result from a widespread organization we do therefore affiliate in order to further the best and highest interests of humanity in fields of Religion, Philanthropy, Civics, and Education." It is especially fitting therefore that just at this time women should pause and consider together how best to achieve their common aims. We cannot hope that any programs even as dramatic and inspiring as this has been can of itself bring about great changes in human thought and in world progress. It may deepen the resolve of each participant, whether listener or speaker, to labor still more earnestly, each in her own sphere, to make these dreams of progress a reality. (MORE) Broadcast, January 11, 1937 Carrie Chapman Catt Lets Talk It over Program Internat'l Broadcast on 44th [Anni] of Nat'l Council of Jewish Women Could we see the nations as they actually are today, we would observe millions of men and women in factories, workshops, mines, offices, streets, and kitchens, all striving to earn their daily bread. But they look tired, downhearted, woebegone. Do they work too hard? No, it is not the work they do that makes them look so disconsolate, it is the unnecessary loads they carry, loads which have nothing to do with their daily work. There are loads on their heads, loads on their shoulders, and on their backs. What are these big, staggering loads and why do people working have to carry them? These are war loads. All generations have had them and it has always been compulsory to carry them day and night without ever laying them down. One load is filled to bursting with the taxes the nation has laid upon the people for the purpose of paying for the last war. Another load, still larger and heavier, is filled with the taxes necessary for the next war. Other loads are the dread and the worry of the coming war and its aftermath, usually more terrible than war itself. The gravest question in the entire world today is this: How may the human race become possessed of sufficient sanity and common sense to make an end of war; to lop off all the needless loads from the aching, tired backs of all peoples; to break the chains of fear which have kept men enslaved to war, with its costs and its penalties, for a million years? Men have struggled for freedom, but what [she] humans have always needed most is freedom from war. Will such freedom ever come? Yes, as certainly as the sun will rise tomorrow. -2- When common sense possesses the minds of men, there will be no more war. Women, you are the world's best teachers, in homes, schools, and society. Go forth, one and all, and teach that common sense. It is a mighty task to change the mind of the world. It requires courage and heroism, but you possess these qualities and the world's mind has been changed many times. It can be changed again. Go; the world is waiting for your message. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Nov. 30, 1937 SPEECH DELIVERED WHEN MRS. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT PRESENTED TO MRS. CATT A COPY OF THE BOOK SHE HAD DEDICATED TO MRS. CATT, November 30, 1937. (The title of the book is THIS TROUBLED WORLD.) I am much honored by this dedication and I would like to express suitably my affectionate gratitude for it, but I am even more glad that you have written this little book. It will inspire many to new thoughts and livelier activities. Certainly, the gravest problem before the human race today is when and how can wars be brought to an end. Although the dread of war seems to dominate the affairs of all governments at this time, the number of men and of women is rapidly increasing of those who agree with that bold American who recently asked" "Who will dare deny that war is the most futile, expensive, and fantastically unproductive enterprise that ever engaged the energies of men?" Similar summaries of the meaning of war are spreading fast and far and every nation has its prophets of peace. The logical minded everywhere know that war is always barbarous and that peace is the only road to genuine civilization. This little book will do its noble part in the final triumph. On behalf of all friends of peace, I thank you. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK LIST CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, 1938 [*1938 Broadcast ?*] No dictator tolerates free speech. I know no better example than the occurrences in England and Germany following the recent peace without honor. The deed was done and apparently could not be undone when, in the British Parliament two motions were presented for vote, - one approval of the action, the other, disapproval. A debate followed in which the opposition to the policy followed by Mr. Chamberlain condemned it in as vigorous terms as orators knew how to produce. A man of renown resigned from the Cabinet and in this debate explained the reasons why. The opposition recorded about 150 votes against the policy of the Prime Minister and yet it was considered that a vote of confidence has been taken. In Germany, there was singing and shouting, because it had been a German victory, but there was no debate, no discussion, no opinions expressed except those on the part of the government. There was no free speech. -2- Yet, in the United States and elsewhere a century ago, free speech became the written and established law of the land. Socialism and Communism were not then debatable questions. Now they are and both plan to overturn the present form of government and substitute another. Both say they have no intention of bringing this change about by violence and force, but the only efforts made anywhere in the world to take any definite steps toward the establishment of these non-capitalistic forms of government have been accompanied by assassination. When, however, Mr. John Strachey engaged to come to the United States to give lectures and the United States refuses to give him a visa on his passport, there are those who say it is in a decided opposition to our established principle of free speech, but if he does come in and employs free speech and stirs some people to force and violence on behalf of an overturn of government, it is so serious a matter that it ought not to be allowed to drift. So, too, in the Mooney case. The prisoner has suffered long and declares himself innocent of the accusations made against him. It is hinted that if the Supreme Court refuses to review the -3- trial, labor may unite and attempt to take from the Court the power given by the constitution and make special cases political issues. This is not likely to happen at once, but it is a possibility. Each one of the simplest freedoms, - free religion, free speech, free assembly, free press, free person, and just trial, freedom to own property - are threatened by the rapidly developing new theories. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Apr. 19, 1939 April 19, 1939. Beginning with the early prophets some three thousand years ago, great and wise men have continually condemned war with its cruel brutalities and have praised peace with its dignity and goodwill. From the pronouncements of the poets and philosophers of long ago, down through the ages to the scholars and statesmen of our own time, logic has steadfastly characterized the expressions of all peacemakers, but never those of the war mongers. The aim of peace is constructive and under its aegis, all great institutions of the world have been built. The aim of war has always been destructive and cities, nations and races lie buried under its ruins. Despite these well taught lessons, war has continuously spread until it now covers the earth and includes every nation and tribe within its organized system. Never were men so completely trained in the business of destruction as now. To liberate more men for this nefarious task, women and children are prepared to take the places of men in the ranks of workers. Once, women and children were non-combatants, now they are common victims of air-bombing and meet death in the market, on the street, in the home, hospital or church. Never before were all the resources of a nation so carefully surveyed and evaluated in war terms. The armaments of war have grown more varied and more terrible as the years have passed. Warships, airplanes, and submarines are all larger and more destructive than ever before. Cannon shoots further and destroys more. Poison gas and millions of gas masks have come to be a necessary equipment of every nation. Already, the destruction of the wars during the past twenty-five years have far exceeded those of any similar period. In the Great War, more than ten millions of men lost their lives; today, millions of refugees, driven from their homes by pitiless force, homeless, hungry and in despair, are roaming over three continents. The best of the -2- Germans must weep for the Hitler sins committed upon Jews, Catholics, and Protestants; the best of the Japanese must bow their heads in shame over the catastrophes their men have brought upon their neighbors, the Chinese; Italians and Spaniards cannot be proud of their recent history. How can this degeneration have happened while universities, and colleges, churches, and general education have been pushing forward so vigorously? Why does this fear of war fill every nation with constant dread, and crisis follow crisis? Why is the human race so completely ruled by the animal emotions of fear, hatred, and jealousy and why so little by the human traits of common sense, logic and justice? We, who have studied, read, and discussed war and peace for the past twenty-five years, think we can answer these questions. All wars end in high temper. The victors are swelled with pride and triumph; the victims are filled with resentment and longed for revenge. The memory never forsakes the victim and it may be a century or more before the opportunity for retaliation occurs. A pathological condition is created which changes the character of the nation during this waiting period . . Meanwhile, this nation increases its armament and continuously grows more war-minded. The neighboring nations observe this preparation for war, take alarm, and soon the competition of preparation among the nations grows keen and bitter and all prepare themselves for war. None threaten aggression; all declare they prepare for defense. In time, this psychosis holds the entire world enthralled. There was brave talk at the beginning of the World War about aims and objects, but now, that twenty-five years lie behind us, it is doubtful if any one person could name the cause of that war which would be accepted by the rest of the world. Another war -3- would be as meaningless. Whatever may have been true once, war is not a pathological condition, but it is not an incurable disease. From the World War there emerged a determination to make an end of war. That had never happened before. The plans were seemingly practical. First, came the League of Nations whose business it would be to control war and cure the war habit, but the United States of America, which had proposed this League, declined to be a member of its own institution. In consequence, much confidence in the League was lost at the beginning and, one by one, the other nations dropped out and followed our example. The Pact of Locarno, the Naval Treaty with its several pacts, the Kellogg Pact, and even the latest Munich Pact, one by one, failed because some of those who signed them violated their pledge. During the discussions preceding the establishment of the League of Nations, one which seemed the most outstanding was over the proposal to set up an internationally armed force which would enforce the provisions of the League. No such authority was established and, consequently, no enforcement of provision became possible. The World War left many "sore spots" throughout the world. Germany, Italy, and Japan, all wanted more territory, more prestige, "a bigger place in the sun", and maintained little respect for the treaties they had signed. So while the peacemakers of the world were experimenting with possible cures for war, these three nations found the time auspicious for adding to their possessions and a wild rattling of the saber an excellent way to win what formerly could only be obtained by war. In the words of Moderator Denny, of Town Hall, "The Treaty of Versailles has been abandoned, the peace of Munich has been scrapped; pledges and pacts have no meaning." -4- Yet this is no time for pessimism or despair. We have tried a great experiment and it has failed. Peace did not come to the world. We now live under the shadow of a possible coming war. Nevertheless, there exists an enormous army of peacemakers, intelligent, brave, and far-seeing. A branch of this great body is to be found in every nation. War has existed in the world for a possible two millions of years; the experiment to bring it to an end covers a mere twenty years. Why weep! We are far better prepared for the next peace experiment than we were for the first and if the second experiment does not succeed, we shall be still better prepared for the third, and so we shall go on until the way to permanent peace is found and firmly established. Cheer up, pessimist, lay aside despair and enlist in the continuous world experiment of pushing forward the evolution of society which will not fail to bring permanent peace. Cooperation, confidence, and persistence are all the equipment necessary for success. Our peace forces are good enough, but must grow continually larger, continually stronger, continually more confident. As soon as possible, there should be a world conference, not a conference of war makers whose business it is to bring a peace settlement between combatants, but a conference of peace makers whose only aim is to discover the mistakes in the first experiment and a better program for the next. We shall not find that method along the road of neutrality or isolation or any "milk and water" theory. It must be a more determined plan that the last. It must have a power to stop [to stop] the aggressor before he begins. It must have a power in it to catch and imprison all Napoleons before they ruin nations and men instead of afterwards. It must have a faculty to define civilization and convince the world that that alone shall be the pattern of the governments under which we consent to live. C C Catt SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Apr. 26, 1939 [*Apr 26 1939*] MESSAGE GIVEN FOR GOLDEN RULE MOTHERS DAY CELEBRATION. Every woman in this land should determine to leave this world better and wiser than she found it. Her surest contribution to this end will be found in the patient teaching of the meaning of Democracy to her children, her neighbours and her friends. Democracy has travelled a long way forward in the last five-hundred years, but it still has a long way to go. The rapidity of its growth will largely rest upon the coming generation. Government for the people, who are honest enough, tolerant enough, intelligent enough, to bring the greatest good to the greatest number - that is Democracy. Dictated over telephone, April 26th. 1939 to N. Y. C office of Golden Rule Foundation. for Carrie Chapman Catt. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, May 14, 1939 May 14, 1939. The Mothers' Day of 1939 is different from all preceding Mothers Days. It has a higher aim, a greater dignity, a far loftier purpose, a new meaning which many of us hope will never be lost. Within the year a threatened clash between dictatorships and democracies has filled the world with terror and made us wonder what the future will bring. The fear pervades all portions of the globe and one very young girl says: "It has made the children afraid to grow up." On this Mothers Day let us pause to think. The Mothers we honor today are those who are grateful that they live in a FREE country, they are proud that they are citizens of a land where, for one hundred and fifty years, a constitution has guaranteed for all citizens five great freedoms utterly unknown in past centuries; that is, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the freedom to petition. Of the ten so-called Great Powers among the nations, seven permit none of these freedoms to their citizens. Only the democracies allow them. Concentration camps or prison cells await those who speak their own views which are contrary to the opinions of those in charge of the government. No disagreement with those in power is permitted. Our country is governed by the people and our leaders are chosen by men and women voters at elections. In dictatorships, the man at the top gives an order, the masses submit; the top commands, the masses obey. Mothers are not honored today because they have had the most children, but the best; sons and daughters who love freedom and honor, liberty and opportunity. This combination is Democracy. Despite its imperfections, it is the best and greatest thing ever achieved by the human race. Democracy is not yet perfected. It is still climbing upward, still creeping onward, but it is and ever will be triumphant. We must lose nothing of what has been 1 May 14, 1939. The Mothers' Day of 1939 is different from all preceding Mothers' Days. It has a higher aim, a greater dignity, a far loftier purpose, a new meaning which many of us hope will never be lost. Within a year a threatened clash between dictatorships and democracies has filled the world with terror and made us wonder what the future will bring. The fear pervades all portions of the globe and one very young girl says: "It has made the children afraid to grow up." -2- On this Mothers' Day let us pause to think. The mothers we honor today are those who are grateful that they live in a FREE country; they are proud that they are citizens of a land where, for one hundred and fifty years, a constitution has guaranteed for all citizens five great freedoms utterly unknown in past centuries; that is, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the freedom to petition. -3- Of the ten so-called Great Powers among the nations, seven permit none of these freedoms to their citizens. Only the democracies allow them. Concentration camps or prison cells await those who speak their own views which are contrary to the opinions of those in charge of the government. No disagreement with those in power is permitted. Our country is governed by the people and our leaders are chosen by men and women voters at elections. In dictatorships, the man at the top gives an order, the masses submit; the top commands, the masses obey. -4- Mothers are not honored today because they have had the most children, but the best; sons and daughters who love freedom and honor, liberty and opportunity. This condition is Democracy. Despite its imperfections, it is the best and greatest thing ever achieved by the human race. Democracy is not yet perfected. It is still climbing upward, still creeping onward, but it is and ever will be triumphant. We must lose nothing of what has been gained; surrender nothing we have won. We will honor women who have been great mothers, but now we ask -5- them to be brave citizens in addition to being great mothers. In this time of stress, mothers should teach their children, as no one else can, the meaning of all the freedoms, the value of self-government, the meaning and the blessings of democracy. The great American Mother, understanding, teaching and preaching the underlying principles of a democracy, rises high in quality and character above the heroines of the long ago. We hope our American Mothers will never forget that this is their primary duty. -6- The Golden Rule Foundation each year selects an especially fine type of American woman as the American Mother of the year, She is the kind of mother all America admires and is proud to honor. Mrs. Elias Compton of Wooster, Ohio, is this Mother for 1939. Her life has been guided by the Golden Rule and by well understood democratic principles. She is intelligent, good and kind, public spirited, and a combination of all that is best and holiest in American Motherhood. She has -7- trained four children to man and woman-hood by American principles and the Golden Rule. The four adult children hold a total of thirty-one college and university degrees and she holds a Doctorate of Laws herself. I think it is probable that this golden family is known more than any other family in America! At least, they form a golden cornerstone of our American democracy. It is my very proud honor to present to you the American Mother for 1939 - Mrs. Elias Compton. (Carrie Chapman Catt) SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, June 23, 1939 as given BROADCAST DELIVERED JUNE 23, 1939 National Broadcasting Company for Mrs. Eva vB. Hansl Equal citizenship and the vote were added to the program of the Woman Movement in 1848. That campaign began with practically the entire world against it; it closed seventy-two years later with an organization of two millions of women at work within its ranks Today, no woman is uneducated for want of schools and every woman citizen has a ballot in her hand. Mrs. Hansl asks me, as one of the elders, whether I am satisfied with -2- women voters. No, I am neither satisfied with women voters nor with men voters. They make tremendous blunders, but it is no time to judge man or woman suffrage when tested in the aftermath of a terrible World War and the fear of another. She asks what should women now do with the vote. I answer that since all liberal institutions have been definitely retrograded by great wars, nothing can so certainly obstruct future progress as another war. Therefore prevent it! -3- Every [civilized] citizen should make the riddance of war his primary [aim] object. The next aim should be to build a democracy so clean, honest and intelligent that it can be defended without question against any criticisms a dictatorship [the world around] can possibly make. The ideal government breeds no enemies within it. It becomes the duty of every man and woman, therefore, to render the most effective service to these fundamental tasks. [Any] A citizen who shirks his or her duty retards the progress of a nation. If you, who listen, do not value your -4- citizenship, then I pronounce you an enemy of your nation. If you do care and wish to enjoy a still completer freedom than is yours today, I beg you to give patriotic service to this great Republic. Imagine all the women who, in centuries past, have protested against the wrongs of women, to be gathered around me here and their voices joined with mine. Together, they would say: -5- "Arise, women of America, lead on! A greater duty than women have ever known in all the ages past is now urging crucial action. We labored for your freedom. Use the powers gained to keep that liberty and to bequeath still greater freedom to those yet unborn." Broadcast delivered June 23, 1939. Equal citizenship and the vote was added to the program of the long preceding woman movement in 1848. That campaign began with brave women hiring their own halls, printing and nailing up nailing up announcements of their own meetings. They introduced themselves to their audiences, often delivered a prayer to begin the program, and took up a collection at the close to pay their expenses. Few then believes that women should speak in public and common opinion condemned all they did and said with harsh comments. The campaign closed seventy-two years later with banners flying and an organization of two millions of women at work upon the task. Generous funds paid the bills, millions of dollars were raised, mainly in small sums, and expended with economic care; tons of literature in all the languages read in this country were scattered; women spoke on street corners to chance hearers and in larger halls to great audiences; they were heard in the church, the theatre, on the baseball field, and even in the circus, and all the known devices of triumphant campaigning were employed. Hundreds of women gave all the accumulated possibilities of an entire lifetime, thousands gave years of their lives, and hundreds of thousands gave constant interest and such aid as they could. -2- Now the campaign has been won. No woman is uneducated for the want of schools and every woman citizen has a ballot in her hands. To what uses will women put the privileges so hard earned and with so much sacrifice by the women of yesterday? I am frequently asked as one of the elders, whether I am satisfied with the results of the victory. Ah, how senseless it is to judge of results in the midst of the aftermath of a great world war. Indeed, the chief stumblick block to further progress for men and women lies in the question, - how may we get rid of war? The status of women has been definitely retrograded by every great war of the past. Nothing now can so certainly obstruct future progress of women, men, and civilization as another war. To my mind, the To my mind, the next most important problem before our country today is one which does not concern women alone. Every flaw in our governmental machinery offers a temptation to the dictator to condemn our government of the future. Naturally, among our population there is a large percentage of ignorance, dinhonesty, greed and selfishness -3- The problem is, how to build a democracy so clean, so honest, and so intelligent that it can be defended without question against any dictatorship the world around. The ideal is a democracy so satisfactory to every conscientious citizen that it breeds no enemies of government by the people. If every other problem was laid aside at the moment and the netire energy of our nation devoted to this question alone, we might do well. It became the duty of every man and woman, therefore, to render the highest and most effective service to these fundamental tasks. Any citizen who shirks his duty, any citizen who is ignorant, dishonest, or indifferent, retards the progress of a nation, if you, who listen, do not value your citizenship, if you do not care to exercise the responsibility of its use, then I pronounce you an enemy of your nation. If you do care, if you wish to enjoy a still completer freedom than is yours today, a juster status, then I beg you to prove patriotic, constant working citizens of this great Republic. Imagine that all the women that in centuries past have protested against the wrongs of women or urged the extension of new rights are now gathered around me and their voiced joined with mine: -4- All, would I am sure united with me in saying: "Arise, women of America, lead on! A greater duty than women have ever known in all the ages past in now urging crucial action, We labored that you might have liberty. ??? those privileges to keep that liberty and to bequeath still greater freedom to those who come after." BROADCAST DELIVERED JUNE 23, 1939 [*as prepared*] National Broadcasting Company for Mrs. Eva vB. Hansl Equal citizenship and the vote were added to the program of the Woman Movement in 1848. That campaign began with practically the entire world against it; it closed seventy-two years later with an organization of two millions of women at work within it. Today, no woman is uneducated for want of schools and every women citizen has a ballot in her hand. Mrs. Hansl asks me, as one of the elders, whether I am satisfied with -2- women voters. No, I am neither satisfied with women voters nor with men voters. They make tremendous blunders, but it is no time to judge man or woman suffrage when tested in the aftermath of a terrible World War. She asks what should women now do with the vote. I answer that since all liberal institutions have been definitely retrograded by great wars, nothing can so certainly obstruct future progress as another war. Prevent it! -3- Every civilized citizen should make the riddance of war his primary aim. The next aim should be to build a democracy so clean, honest and intelligent that it can be defended without question against any dictatorship the world around. The ideal government breeds no enemies within. It becomes the duty of every man and woman, therefore, to render the most effective service to these fundamental tasks. Any citizen who shirks his or her duty retards the progress of a nation. If you, who listen, do not value your -4- citizenship, then I pronounce you an enemy of your nation. If you do care and wish to enjoy a still completer freedom than is yours today, I beg you to give patriotic service to this great Republic. Imagine all the women who, in centuries past, have protested against the wrongs of women, to be gathered around me here and their voices joined with mine. Together, they would say: -5- "Arise, women of America, lead on! A greater duty than women have ever known in all the ages past is now urging crucial action. We labored for your freedom. Use the powers gained to keep that liberty and to bequeath still greater freedom to those yet to come." BROADCAST June 23, 1939 [*Women Voters - Are you satisfied with?*] Equal citizenship and the vote was added to the program of the Woman Movement in 1848. That campaign began with practically the entire world against it; it closed seventy-two years later with an organization of two millions of women at work within it. Today, no woman is uneducated for want of schools and every woman citizen has a ballot in her hand. Mrs. Hansl asks me, as one of the elders, whether I am satisfied with women voters. No, I am neither satisfied with women voters nor men voters. They make tremendous blunders, but it is no time to judge man or woman suffrage when tested in the aftermath of a terrible World War. She asks what should women now do with the vote. I answer that since all liberal institutions have been definitely retrograded by great wars, nothing can so certainly obstruct future progress as another war. Prevent it! Every civilized citizen should make the riddance of war his primary aim. The next aim should be to build a democracy so clean, honest and intelligent that it can be defended without question against any dictatorship the world around. The ideal government breeds no enemies within. It becomes the duty of every man and woman, therefore, to render the most effective service to these fundamental tasks. Any citizen who shirks his duty retards the progress of a nation if -2- you, who listen, do not value your citizenship, then I pronounce you an enemy of your nation. If you do care, and wish to enjoy a still completer freedom than is yours today, I beg you to give patriotic service to this great Republic. Imagine all the women who, in centuries past, have protested against the wrongs of women are now gathered around me and their voices joined with mine. Together, they would say: "Arise, women of America, lead on! A greater duty than women have ever known in all the ages past is now urging crucial action. We labored for your freedom. Use the powers gained to keep that liberty and to bequeath still greater freedom to those who come after you." SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech July 10, 1939 [*as delivered*] BROADCAST by CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT for NATIONAL FEDERATION OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUBS July 10, 1939 evening The National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs commemorates a century today: 1839 - 1939. The most important thing that happened within that century was the organized Woman Movement and what it did. It utterly changed the foundation of human society. At the beginning of that century, the legal and social status of women was almost unbelievably restricted. -2- For many previous centuries the theory had been accepted with practical universality that men were divively appointed to rule and women to obey and this was enforced by both Catholic and Protestant Churches. As these churches largely controlled European governments and governments made and enforced laws, this theory was the basis of all codes of law which concerned women. Women rebels were numerous through the centuries, but the barriers which bound them were -3- impassable. To America the controversy came. On every ship both sides were represented There were women rebels, and sharp watchers to see that the limits of women's sphere were not moved outward by a hair's breadth. The colonists had scarcely erected their log cabins and planted their gardens before they took their places on opposing sides for the first battle - "Schools for Shes" -4- By 1839 there were schools for shes and many victories had been won, but the shadow of the age old traditions still hung heavily over women the world around. At about that date, Harriet Martineau, the first woman economist, visited this country and reported that only seven occupations were open to women. The wages they might earn were pitifully small, yet the law forbade the married woman to collect and use these wages, provided her husband claimed them. -5- Girls might inherit property, but at the altar all property, even including wedding presents from her own parents, hairpins, and shoelaces, passed to the control of the husband. He could dispose of all her property as he chose and the emoluments belonged absolutely to him. Not only could the husband will away as he pleased all property of the wife, but he could also will away unborn children since he possessed sole guardianship over them. -6- A book full of additional restrictions, fixed only by public opinion, now by law, also existed. For example, men and women in most churches sat on opposite sides of the church and it was explained that this custom existed in order that men might commend themselves to God without diversion. Again, Margaret Fuller shocked all Boston into a buzz of condemnation because she sat in the corner of a public library and read a book. -7- No girl, the entire world around, had ever been graduated from a college. Oberlin, the first College admitting girls, was opened in 1833, but no girls graduated before 1841. Few high schools, if any, were open to girls in 1839. Boston, the leader in education, opened her first permanent high school for girls in 1852. Thus the century you celebrate began. At Seneca Falls, New York, in the first woman's convention, a full program of Woman's Rights was adopted, -8- containing eighteen grievances to be removed. Women rebels gathered around that program and an organized campaign began at that time and place. Without pause, hesitation, or backward step, it moved onward for seventy-two years. In 1868, Woman Suffrage by Federal Amendment was added to the program and, in time, overtopped all other demands. -9- When, on August 26, 1920, the Secretary of State handed us the pen with which he had singed the proclamation announcing the ratification of the 19th Amendment, the eighteen grievances on the original program had either been entirely removed or the remainder of loose ends had been undertaken by other groups. Should any one think this seventy-two year long campaign was a gentle and smooth running movement, let me say -10- that to remove these grievances some 147 laws were passed by legislatures and no one of them was passed through "polite spontaneity." Behind every law was a separate campaign and behind some there were as many as twenty in successive years. When a law passed, the women workers merely sang: "Praise God from whom all blessings flow" and introduced a new bill to remove another grievance, and a new campaign began. For the suffrage alone, it has been estimated that 948 distinct -11- campaigns were conducted. Forty-eight of these were on the ratification of the Federal Amendment. That amendment was finally submitted after a continuous campaign of 49 years. It was submitted by the combined influences of the educational campaigns conducted, and the victories achieved. Fifteen states had given full suffrage to women, mostly by referendum, and Illinois nearly full suffrage by Legislative enactment. Fourteen states had granted presidential or primary suffrage. -12- Thus it happened that the women on 29 states could vote for president in 1920 whether the amendment was adopted or not. The Legislatures now showered Congress with resolutions urging the submission. Yet there lacked two votes of the two-thirds majority necessary. It was the most desperately serious obstruction in the seventy- two years. There was no hope of any minority Senator changing his mind. We then said: if two senators cannot change their minds, we must change the senators. It was the most significant achievement in the long campaign, but it was done. -13- Now, in 1939, no woman is uneducated for the want of schools. Every woman may make a will, control her property, and collect her wages. Every woman may have a bank account and carry her pocketbook. No wage earning position is legally closed to women. Any woman's chances to enter a new employment depends only on her own qualification and the approval of public opinion. Public opinion and not law controls this situation. -14- The basis of the Woman Movement was a demand for equality of opportunity between the sexes. That means when and if a woman is as well qualified as a man to fill a position, she shall have an equal and unprejudiced chance to secure it. The suffrage campaign has been only an incident in the long struggle always aiming at opportunity. The campaign destroyed legal barriers to the political freedom of women, but it did not convince the minority who also carry one. -15- Now and then some one from this minority writes an article, makes a speech, or publishes an editorial filled with fury and resentment at something women voters have or have not done. Such pronouncements may ruffle the mental composure of uninformed readers, but experienced suffragists receive them in much the spirit with which the astronomer greets a comet whose coming he has predicted. They are only the irritation of belated surrender. -16- What further is to be done? Where there is no opportunity, seek it; where there are barriers, break them; where there is opposition, besiege it. But jump at no conclusions; set up no half considered projects; make no mistakes in your aim. Keep the banner of women's rights flying until every vestige of the old tradition ordering tutelages for women has been chased from the earth. -17- Married women have made enormous trouble for their sex. The eighteen grievances were mainly theirs. When we thought they had been made free, new obstructions arose. Some now say that both husband and wife shall not work for money. Defend the married woman. You may marry yourself some time. -18- Recently, Sweden enacted a law forbidding the dismissal of a woman from any work position on account of marriage or maternity. Said one member of Parliament: "These are normal functions of the human race. To penalize them is unnatural and unjust." Germany once confined women to "Kinder, Kirche, and Kuchen." Now it orders them out again to relieve the labor shortage, the men having been conscripted by the fighting forces. Further, employers are -19- commanded to take into their vacancies older women. So the woman problem continues alive and unsettled. Sweden expands women's freedom and Germany restricts it and gives no choice of life for men or women. Let us catch up with Sweden, and cut short any trend leading to the German way. Every man and woman should have the right and opportunity to live the kind of life he or she wants to live, provided it does not restrict the rights of others. -20- Up and at it, women of today! We, of the past, drudged and labored that you might enjoy liberties we never had. Will you not bequeath to those who come after you the removal of irritations yet remaining? Your ideal lies far ahead. March toward it! I rejoice in the belief that you will. The Woman Movement is not yet at an end. Let the brave and strong march on. [*draft*] BROADCAST for NATIONAL FEDERATION OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUBS July 10, 1939, evening The Business and Professional Women's Clubs commemorates a century today: 1839 - 1939. The most important thing that happened within that century was the organized Woman Movement and what it did. At the beginning of that century, the legal and social status of women was almost unbelievably restricted. For many previous centuries the theory [was] had been accepted with practical universality that men were divinely appointed to rule and women to obey and this was enforced by both Catholic and Protestant Churches. As these churches largely controlled European governments and governments made and enforced laws, this theory was the basis of all codes of law which concerned women. Women rebels were numerous through the centuries, but the barriers which bound them were impassable. To America the controversy came. On every ship both sides were represented. There were women rebels, and [divinely appointed] sharp watchers to see that the limits of women's sphere were not moved outward by a hair's breadth. The colonists had scarcely erected their log cabins and planted their gardens before they took their places on opposing sides for the first battle - "Schools for Shes" By 1839 many victories had been won, but the shadow of the age old traditions still hung heavily over women the world around. At about that date, Harriet Martineau, the first woman economist, visited this country and reported that only seven occupations [only] were open to women. The wages they might earn were pitifully small, yet the law forbade the married woman to collect and use these wages, provided her husband claimed them. -2- Girls might inherit property [and real estate thereafter always stood in their names upon the records of the State,] but at the altar all property, even including wedding presents from her own parents, hairpins and shoelaces, passed to the control of the husband. He could dispose of all property as he chose and the emoluments belonged absolutely to him. Not only could the husband will away as he [chose] pleased all property of the wife, but [as he possessed sole guardianship over the children,] he could [and did will away] also will away unborn children, since he possessed sole guardianship over them A book full of additional restrictions, fixed only by public opinion not by law, also existed. For example, men and women in most churches sat on opposite sides of the church and it was explained that this custom existed in order that men might commend themselves to God without diversion. Again, Margaret Fuller shocked all Boston into a buzz of condemnation because she sat in the corner of a public library and read a book. No girl, the entire world around, had ever been graduated from a college. Oberlin, the first College admitting girls, was opened in 1833, but no girls graduated before 1841. Few high schools, if any, were open to girls in 1839. Boston, the leader in education, opened her first permanent high school for girls in 1852. Thus the century you celebrate began. At Seneca Falls, New York, in the first woman's convention, a full program of Woman's rights was adopted, containing eighteen grievances to be removed. Women rebels gathered around that program and an organized campaign began at that time and place. Without pause, hesitation, or backward step, it moved onward for seventy-two years. -3- In 1868, Woman Suffrage by Federal Amendment was added to the program and, in time, overtopped all other demands. When, on August 26, 1920, the Secretary of State handed us the pen with which he had signed the proclamation announcing the ratification of the 19th Amendment, the eighteen grievances on the original program had either been entirely removed or the remainder of loose ends had been undertaken by other groups. Should any one think this seventy-two years long campaign was a gentle and smooth running movement, let me say that to remove these grievances some 147 laws were passed by legislatures and no one of them was passed through "polite spontaneity." Behind every law was a separate campaign and behind some there were as many as twenty in successive years. When a law passed, the women workers merely sang "Praise God from whom all blessings flow", and introduced a new bill to remove another grievance; [and] when a new campaign began. For the suffrage alone, it has been estimated that 948 distinct campaigns were conducted. Forty-eight of these were on the ratification of the Federal Amendment. That amendment was finally submitted after a continuous campaign of 49 years, by the combined influences of educational campaign and the victories achieved. Fifteen states had given full suffrage to women, mostly by referendum, and Illinois nearly full suffrage by Legislative enactment. Fourteen states had granted presidential or primary suffrage. Thus the women of 29 states would vote for president in 1920 whether the amendment was adopted or not. The Legislatures now showered Congress with resolutions urging the submission. Yet there lacked two votes of the two-thirds majority necessary. It was the most desperately serious obstruction in the seventy-two years. There was no hope of any minority Senator changing his mind. -4- We then said: if the senator cannot change his mind, we must change the senator. It was the most [difficult] significant achievement in the long campaign, but it was done. Now, in 1939, no woman is uneducated for the want of schools. Every woman may make a will, control her property, and collect her wages. Every woman may have a bank account and carry her own pocketbook. No wage earning position is legally closed to women. Any woman's chances to enter a new employment depends only on her own qualification and the approval of public opinion. Public opinion and not law controls this situation. The basis of the Woman Movement was a demand for equality of opportunity between the sexes. That means when and if a woman is as well qualified as a man to fill a position, she shall have an equal and unprejudiced chance to secure it. The suffrage campaign has been only an incident in the long struggle always aiming at opportunity. The campaign destroyed legal barriers to the political freedom of women, but it did not convince the minority who also carry on. Now and then some one from this minority writes an article, makes a speech, or publishes an editorial filled with fury and resentment at something women voters have or have not done. Such pronouncements may ruffle the mental composure of uninformed readers, but experienced suffragists receive them in much the spirit with which the astronomer greets a comet whose coming he has predicted. They are only the irritations of belated surrender. What further is to be done? Where there is [an] no opportunity, seek it; where there are barriers, break them; where there is opposition, besiege it. But jump at no conclusions; set up no half considered projects; make no mistakes in your aim. Keep the banner of women's rights flying until every vestige of the old -5- tradition ordering subjection has been chased from the earth. Married women have made enormous trouble for their sex. The eighteen grievances were mainly theirs. When we thought [she] they had been made free, new obstructions [arise] arose. Some now say that both husband and wife shall not work for money. Defend the married woman. You may marry yourself some time. Recently, Sweden enacted a law forbidding the dismissal of a woman from any work position on account of marriage or maternity. Said one member of Parliament: "These are normal functions of the human race. To penalize them is unnatural and unjust." Germany once confined women to "Kinder, Kirche, and Kitchen." Now it orders them out again to relieve the labor shortage, the men having been conscripted by the fighting forces. Further, employers are commanded to take into their vacancies older women. So the woman problem continues alive and unsettled. Sweden expands women's freedom and Germany restricts it and gives no choice of life for men or women. Let us catch up with Sweden. and cut short any trend leading to the German way. Every man and woman should have the right and opportunity to live the kind of life he or she wants to live, provided it does not restrict the rights of others. Up and at it, women of today! We, of the past, drudged and labored that you might enjoy liberties we never had. Will you not bequeath to those who come after you the removal of irritations yet remaining? Your ideal lies far ahead. March toward it! I rejoice in the belief that you will. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK LIST CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, July 13, 1939 SPEECH by CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT on PAN HELLANIC PROGRAM New York World's Fair July 13, 1939 The future is unpredictable. An idea, a movement, an invention may indicate a trend in a fixed direction which would naturally produce expectations which seem certain. What no one knows or can possible know is the nature of the unexpected counter ideas and movements which arise and take full possession of the entire situation, Such influences may bring the tide of progress to a standstill or it may pick up some trends of thought and force them forward with surprising speed. Who can predict these possible happenings? For example, in the early years of the nineteenth century five movements, destined to become great and powerful, arose. All were small and none had a definite program. These were Women's Rights, Labor, the abolition of Slavery of Alcohol and of War. Each was an entirely separate movement, but all were energetic and pushing onward. Women were intensely interested in the last three, Slavery, Alcohol and War. They insisted upon their right to attend their public meetings, to join organizations, to sit in conventions and to speak when they had anything on their minds. All these privileges, now so commonplace, had been denied them before and never, during that period, was the women's interest truly welcomed. The opposition to women's participation had few arguments, but put forward much ugly temper and voluminous quotations from the Bible. A genuine alarm at the manner in which the (quote) "strong- minded women" were attempting to drive men from their God ordained sphere" (end quote) possessed the country. Editors advised, preachers sermonized, and on street corners and around tea tables -2- men and women gossiped. Half a century later, the results of these highly excited years might be summed up in a brief comment: whatever the controversy over the women's participation in other movements than their own, it enormously increased the strength and power of the women movement and gave the women a self-reliance and determination they had never known before. It drew the women together, clarified their thinking and set the Women Movement on its feet and marching forward on an established road. Slavery was settled by war, the Labor, Peace, and Temperance questions are still gigantic problems, far from their conclusions. Yet, in the beginning, all helped the women movement onward although it was done involuntarily. No one could have foreseen these aids to the woman movement. On the other hand, there were unexpected influences which checked all progress and sent the woman movement backward from a quarter to half a century. The greatest of these was war. During a century, beginning with the Mexican War, 1846, we have indulged in four wards, three international and one Civil, besides a continual run of Indian wars in the first fifty years. The Civil War would not have happened had men used more reason and less temper in the controversy over slavery. They did not, however, and the war came. Between the ages of eighteen and sixty, men, both North and South, went to the front to engage in a gory conflict. No army before that time had been so well educated and was so inspired by the ideas of liberty as were the two American armies. They had been trained in our public schools; they had learned the Declaration of Independence on every Fourth of July and many knew well the Bill of Rights. Both sides were loyal to the foundation principles of our government. When that four years' war was over and the armies marched home again, -3- they left behind them one million killed or incapacitated. Substitutes for the dead and incapacitated men were needed. The government consequently opened wide the gates of the Republic and issued a friendly invitation to all who chose to enter. The steamship companies found profit in the Third Class passage and cooperated energetically. The substitutes came from all lands, races and religions. In time, they came at the rate of a million a year. The masses of them were far more illiterate than the Americans who had died. Many of them brought theories and beliefs arising from superstitions still common among their countrymen. I have known, in my lifetime, curious examples of these ancient ideas still alive among the most ignorant of the world. In the Western mountains, a woman was dragged to death by young Mexican men on horseback, the charge being that she was a witch. Witchcraft had been long forgotten by our nation at that time. In New York, a young Italian woman stood upon a table in a room filled with men. Her husband had placed her there to be looked over for it for it was his purpose to sell her at auction. The police intervened in time to prevent the sale, but a careful investigation resulted in a report that apparently husband, wife, and visitors had had no doubts as to the legality of the proceeding. Women had been sold at auction in most countries, even in England, but that had been two hundred years before. These men had not caught up with progress. Great and noble men immigrated in those middle of the century years have contributed patriotic and highly intelligent service to our country, but the average of this -4- immigration has enormously lowered the standard of our civilization to a point far below the plane it would have attained had there been no Civil War. The American Woman Movement, and many others, have been checked and thwarted by outworn European and Oriental points of view. The first and perhaps most damaging effect upon our civilization arises from the practice instituted early and continued to this day of buying votes, especially foreign votes. This has corrupted our entire Republic. It has degraded our political life and besmirched the entire ideal of democracy. I have seen, with my own eyes, money paid to delegates in both Democratic and Republican conventions and I have also seen money paid to illiterate foreign voters in women suffrage referendum elections. While I never saw the actual money paid to Legislative members, I have personally known men, in at least five states, who had pledged their word to vote for women suffrage, sneakingly change their front, and other members of the Legislature assured us of the actual price paid and the source of the payment. Money, we know, was certainly used in some states to defeat ratification of the Federal Amendment. No one can predict the effect of a war yet to come. We would do well to resolve to enter no new war until the evil effects of wars long past have been eradicated. Should you ask us what new freedoms will the women of tomorrow enjoy, I would answer that it depends solely upon conditions you cannot predict and upon the intelligent activity of the women of today. No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same intelligent devotion that upheld the seventy-two year long campaign to remove the eighteen grievances and to gain the right to vote. Should a million women now want more freedom and the number to be divided into ten groups, each supporting a different freedom instead of uniting in support -5- of one, the groups will checkmate each other and the gains be safer off. The enemy of a cause does not begin to shiver with symptoms of surrender until there is union of the supporters. One freedom wanted calls for immediate attention, - the right of a married woman to work when and if she has a husband who also works. In twenty-five legislatures last winter bills were introduced to this effect. A Massachusetts mayor boasts that he has dismissed some twenty-eight married women from their posts in order that men without jobs might be employed. Are the women of today ready to unite, to go forth once more to prove how false is this theory and how mischievous is its practice? I am one who is ready to enlist again in the active ranks of those who wish to uphold the right of the married woman to work whether her husband works or not. There are other freedoms needed: more share in the government, more share in the party control, more share in the church administrations, the peace societies, the welfare movements, and there is one post more urgently needing women's best endeavor than all the others. War, how can it be ended? War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive, uncivilized and unreasonable. Time was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes, but that was long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford the waste of war. The Great War is authentically reported as costing $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable aftermath of war, will probably cost each government as much as the war itself while the preparation for the possible next war, that all nations dread, may exceed the cost of both. -8- War is as contagious as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy #1 of everything good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics, to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people, but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have too recently emerged from tutelage. They are not sure of themselves and are uncertain of action to be taken, but they are half the race. God and Nature has made them half responsible for the end of war, the abolition of all the wounds and hurts war has done to civilization. Together, we are responsible for the newer and better plans for human society, for the freedom which does no one harm, but brings a happier life to all, for the smoothly progressing evolution of every factor in world affairs. Said Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote the first book on Woman's Rights one hundred and fifty years ago: "We would have women advance and not retard the progress of human society." So say we now. How far civilization will travel in the next century, how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow, how much confident responsibility women will assume depends upon the women of today. We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better contribution than we made, because you have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today. Have a vision and march toward it. Arise, march! SPEECH & Broadcast by CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT on PAN HELLANIC PROGRAM New York World's Fair July 13, 1939 The future is unpredictable. An idea, a movement, an invention may indicate a trend in a fixed direction which would naturally produce expectations which seem certain. What no one knows or can possibly know is the nature of the unexpected counter ideas and movements which arise and take full possession of the entire situation. Such influence may bring the tide of progress to a standstill or it may pick up some trends of thought and force them forward with surprising speed. Who can predict these possible happenings? For example, in the early years of the nineteenth century five movements, destined to become great and powerful, arose. All were small and none had a definite program. These were Women's Rights, Labor, the abolition of Slavery of Alcohol and of War. Each was an entirely separate movement, but all were energetic and pushing onward. Women were intensely interested in the last three, Slavery, Alcohol and War. They insisted upon their right to attend their public meetings, to join organizations, to sit in conventions and to speak when they had anything on their minds. All these privileges, now so commonplace, had been denied them before and never, during that period, was the women's interest truly welcomed. The opposition to women's participation had few arguments, but put forward much ugly temper and voluminous quotations from the Bible. A genuine alarm at the manner in which the (quote) "strong-minded women were attempting to drive men from their God ordained sphere" (end quote) possessed the country. Editors advised, preachers sermonized, and on street corners and around tea tables -2- men and women gossiped. Half a century later, the results of these highly excited years might be summed up in a brief comment: whatever the controversy over the women's participation in other movements than their own, it enormously increased the strength and power of the woman movement and gave the women a self-reliance and determination they had never known before. It drew the women together, clarified their thinking and set the Woman Movement on its feet and marching forward on an established road. Slavery was settled by war, the Labor, Peace and Temperance questions are still gigantic problems, far from their conclusions. Yet, in the beginning, all helped the women movement onward although it was done involuntarily. No one could have foreseen these aids to the women movement. On the other hand, there were unexpected influences which checked all progress and sent the woman movement backward from a quarter to half a century. The greatest of these was war. During a century, beginning with the Mexican War, 1846, we have indulged in four wars, three international and one Civil, besides a continual run of Indian wars in the first fifty years. The Civil War would not have happened had men used more reason and less temper in the controversy over slavery. They did not, however, and the war came. Between the ages of eighteen and sixty, men, both North and South, went to the front to engage in a gory conflict. No army before that time had been so well educated and was so inspired by the ideas of liberty as were the two American armies. They had been trained in our public schools; they had learned the Declaration of Independence on every Fourth of July and many knew well the Bill of Rights. Both sides were loyal to the foundation principles of our government. When that four years' war was over and the armies marched home again, -3- they left behind them one million killed or incapacitated. Substitutes for the dead and incapacitated men were needed. The government consequently opened wide the gates of the Republic and issued a friendly invitation to all who chose to enter. The steamship companies found profit in the Third Class passage and cooperated energetically. The substitutes came from all lands, races and religions. In time, they came at the rate of a million a year. The masses of them were far more illiterate than the Americans who had died. Many of them brought theories and beliefs arising from superstitions still common among their countrymen. I have known, in my lifetime, curious examples of these ancient ideas still alive among the most ignorant of the world. In the Western mountains, a woman was dragged to death by young Mexican men on horseback, the charge being that she was a witch. Witchcraft had been long forgotten by our nation at that time. In New York, a young Italian woman stood upon a table in a room filled with men. Her husband had placed her there to be looked over for it was his purpose to sell her at auction. The police intervened in time to prevent the sale, but a careful investigation resulted in a report that apparently husband, wife, and visitors had had no doubts as to the legality of the proceeding. Women had been sold at auction in most countries, even in England, but that had been two hundred years before. These men had not caught up with progress. Great and noble men immigrated in those middle of the century years and have contributed patriotic and highly intelligent service to our country, but the average of this -4- immigration has enormously lowered the standard of our civilization to a point far below the plane it would have attained had there been no Civil War. The American Woman Movement, and many others, have been checked and thwarted by outworn European and Oriental points of view. The first and perhaps most damaging effect upon our civilization arises from the practice instituted early and continued to this day of buying votes, especially foreign votes. This has corrupted our entire Republic. It has degraded out political life and besmirched the entire ideal of democracy. I have seen, with my own eyes, money paid to delegates in both Democratic and Republican conventions and I have also seen money paid to illiterate foreign voters in woman suffrage referendum elections. While I never saw the actual money paid to Legislative members, I have personally known men, in at least five states, who had pledged their word to vote for woman suffrage, sneakingly change their front, and other members of the Legislature assured us of the actual price paid and the source of the payment. Money, we know, was certainly used to defeat ratification of the Federal Amendment. No one can predict the effect of a war yet to come. We would do well to resolve to enter no new war until the evil effects of wars long past have been eradicated. Should you ask me what new freedoms will the women of tomorrow enjoy, I would answer that it depends solely upon conditions we cannot predict and upon the intelligent activity of the women of today. No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same intelligent devotion that upheld the seventy-two year long campaign to remove the eighteen grievances and to gain the right to vote. Should a million women now want more freedoms and the number be divided into ten groups, each supporting a different freedom instead of uniting in support -5- of one, the groups will checkmate each other and the gains be afar off. The enemy of a cause does not begin to shiver with symptoms of surrender until there is union of the supporters. One freedom wanted calls for immediate attention,- the right of a married woman to work when and if she has a husband who also works. In twenty-five legislatures last winter bills were introduced to this effect. A Massachusetts mayor boasts that he has dismissed some twenty-eight married women from their posts in order that men without jobs might be employed. Are the women of today ready to unite, to go forth once more to prove how false is this theory and how mischievous is its practice? I am one who is ready to enlist again in the active ranks of those who wish to uphold the right of the married woman to work whether her husband works or not. There are other freedoms needed: more share in the government, more share in the party control, more share in the church administrations, the peace societies, the welfare movements, and there is one post more urgently needing women's best endeavor than all the others. War, how can it be ended? War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive, uncivilized and unreasonable. Time was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes, but that was long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford the waste of war. The Great War is authentically reported as costing $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable aftermath of war, will probably cost each government as much as the war itself while the preparation for the possible next war, that all nations dread, may exceed the cost of both. -6- War is as contagious as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy #1 of everything good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics, to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people, but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have too recently emerged from tutelage. They are not sure of themselves and are uncertain of action to be taken, but they are half the race. God and Nature has made them half responsible for the end of war, the abolition of all the wounds and hurts war has done to civilization. Together, we are responsible for the newer and better plans for human society, for the freedom which does no one harm, but brings a happier life to all, for the smoothly progressing evolution of every factor in world affairs. Said Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote the first book on Woman's Rights one hundred and fifty years ago: "We would have women advance and not retard the progress of human society." So say we now. How far civilization will travel in the next century, how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow, how much confident responsibility women will assume depends of the women of today. We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better contribution that we made, because you have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today. Have a vision and march toward it. Arise, March! Original draft Broadcast For Paris Hillman Program July 13, 1939 Trust in the [????] women of tomorrow Should you ask me what new freedoms will the women of tomorrow enjoy, [?????] [an [??] by]; the answer depends entirely upon the intelligent activities of the women of today No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same patient devotion that upheld the 72 years long campaign to win the right to vote. Should a modern woman now want more freedom and the number be divided into the groups each supporting a different freedom instead of uniting in support of one, the groups will certainly checkmate each other and the gains be afar off. The enemy of a cause does [not] begin to shiver in surrender, until there is [???] of the supporters. One freedom needed by the women of tomorrow calls for immediate attention - the right by a married woman to work when and if she has a husband who also works. In 25 Legislatures last winter, feels more introduced to the effect. A Massachusetts Mayor boasts that he has dismissed some 28 married women from their pasts in order that unemployed men might be employed [?] by the women renew how to perform their duties, and the substitute men may not know. Are the women of to-day ready to unite to gird on the armor once more and go forth to prove the man false in his theory. 3 and him perniciously mischievous as the practice. There are other freedoms needed: More share in the government, how shall our party control our share in church administrations in the peace [?] and the welfare movements and there is one task more urgently needing women's best endeavor than all the others - War how to abolish it. All of these movements will bring new freedoms to men and women. War has held women enthralled for centuries. Its influence had denied them education and opportunity and still does. If you want freedom help to destroy war War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive uncivilized 4 and unreasonable. Time was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes. That was [a] long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford the indulgence of such adventure [?] males. The Great War cost $9350 for every man woman and child in the entire world. The depression, the unstable aftermath of war will cost each government as much as the war itself. In the United States it has already cost much more. The preparations for the possible next war, that all nations dread may easily exceed the cost of both the last war and its following depression. 5 War is as contagious as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy No 1 of every thing good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics of all land to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have [?] recently emerged from the ancient tutelage, they are not sure of themselves and are uncertain when action is to be taken. 6 We are in need of Amazons, not in the gory battlefields as of yore, but Amazon crusaders on the field of truth and progress Said Mary Wollstonecraft who wrote the first book on Womans Rights one hundred and fifty years ago. We must have women advance and not retard the progress of human society. So say we now. How far civilization will march in the next century, how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow, how much confident responsibility women will assume depends upon the activities of the women of day. 7 We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better [done] contribution that we made. You have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today. Have a vision and march toward it. [not] A reward will certainly be yours 1st typed copy BROADCAST for PAN HELLANIC PROGRAM July 13, 1939 FREEDOM FOR THE WOMEN OF TOMORROW Should you ask me what new freedoms will the women of tomorrow enjoy, I would reply: the answer depends entirely upon the intelligent activities of the women of today. No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same patient devotion that upheld the seventy-two years long campaign to win the right to vote. Should a million women now want more freedom and the number be divided into ten groups, each supplying a different freedom instead of uniting in support of one, the groups will certainly checkmate each other and the gains be afar off. The enemy of a cause does not begin to shiver in surrender until there is union of the supporters. One freedom needed by the women of tomorrow calls for immediate attention - the right of a married woman to work when and if she has a husband who also works. In twenty-five legislatures last winter, bills were introduced to this effect. A Massachusetts Mayor boasts that he has dismissed some twenty-eight married women from their posts in order that unemployed men might be employed. Presumably the women knew how to perform their duties, and the substitute men may not know. Are the women of today ready to unite, ready to go forth to prove how false is this theory and how mischievous is its practice. There are other freedoms needed: more share in the government; more share in party control, more share in church administrations, in the peace societies and the welfare movements and there is one task more urgently needing women's best endeavor -2- than all the others, - War, how to abolish it. All of these movements will bring new freedom to men and women. War has held women enthralled for centuries. Its influence had denied them education and opportunity and still does. If you want freedom, help to destroy war. War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive, uncivilized, and unreasonable. Time was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes. That was long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford the indulgence of such adventure to its mates. The Great War is reliably reported to have cost $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable aftermath of war, will cost each government as much as the war itself. In the United States, it has already cost much more. The preparations for the possible next war, that all the nations dread, may easily exceed the cost of both the war and its following depression. War is as contagious as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy #1 of everything good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics of all lands, to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people, but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have too recently emerged from the ancient tutelage; they are not sure of themselves, and are uncertain when action is to be taken. -2- We are in need of Amazons - not for use on the gory battlefields as of yore, but Amazon crusaders on the field of truth and progress. Said Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote the first book on Woman's Rights one hundred and fifty years ago, "We would have women advance and not retard the progress of human society." So say we now. How far civilization will travel in the next century; how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow; how much confidant responsibility woman will assume, depends upon the activities of the woman of today. We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better contribution than we made. You have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today. Have a vision and march toward it. A reward will certainly be yours. Broadcast for Pan Hellanic Program July 13, 1939 Should you ask me what new freedoms will the women of tomorrow enjoy, I would reply: the answer depends entirely upon the intelligent activities of the women of today. No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same patient devotion that upheld the seventy-two year long campaign to win the right to vote. Should a million women now want more freedom and the number be divided into ten groups, each supporting a different freedom instead of uniting in support of one, the groups will certainly checkmate each other and the gains be afar off. The enemy of a cause does not begin to shiver uin surrender until there is a union of supporters. One freedom needed by the women of tomorrow calls for immediate attention - the right of a married woman to work when she may have a husband who also works. In twenty-five legislatures last winter, bills were introduced to this effect. A Massachusetts mayor boasts that he has dismissed some twenty-eight married women from their posts in order that men might be employed. Are the women of today ready to united, ready to go forth to prove how false is this theory and how mischievous is its practice? There are other freedoms needed. More share in the government; more share in the party control, more share in church administration, in the peace societies and in the welfare movements and there is one task more urgently needing women's best endeavor than all the others - War, how to abolish it. All of these movements will bring new freedom to men and women. War has held women enthralled for centuries. Its influence had denied them education and opportunity and still does. If you want freedom, help to destroy war. War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive, uncivilized and unreasonable. Time was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes. That was long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford to indulge its men in such adventures. The Great War is reliably reported to have cost $93.50 for every man, woman and child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable aftermath of war, will cost each government as much as the war itself. In the United States, it has already cost much more. The preparations for the next possible war, that all the nations dread, may easily exceed the cost of both the last war and its succeeding depression. War is contagious as measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy #1 of everything good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics of all lands, to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have too recently emerged from ancient tutelage; they are not sure of themselves, and are uncertain when action is to be taken. -3- We are in need of Amazons - not for use on the gory battlefields as of yore, but Amazon crusaders on the field of truth and progress. Said Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote the first book on Woman's Rights one hundred and fifty years ago, "We would have women advance and not retard the progress of human society." So say we now. How far civilization will travel in the next centrury; how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow; how much confidant responsibility woman will assume, depends upon the activities of the woman of today. We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better contribution than we made since you have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today. Have a vision and march toward it. We [?] are responsible [?] is not far ahead of today 2 BROADCAST for PAN HELLANIC PROGRAM July 13, 1939 FREEDOM FOR THE WOMEN OF TOMORROW Should you ask me what new freedom will the women of tomorrow enjoy, I would reply: the answer depends entirely upon the intelligent activities of the women of today. No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same patient devotion that upheld the seventy-two year long campaign to win the right to vote. Should a million women now want more freedom and the number be divided into ten groups, each supporting a different freedom instead of uniting in support of one, the groups will certainly checkmate each other and the gains be afar off. The enemy of a cause does not begin to shiver in surrender until there is union of the supporters. One freedom needed by the women of tomorrow calls for immediate attention, - the right of a married woman to work although she may have a husband who also works. In twenty-five Legislatures last winter, bills were introduced to this effect. A Massachusetts Mayor boasts that he has dismissed some twenty- eight married women from their posts in order that men without jobs might be employed. Are the women of today ready to unite, ready to go forth to prove how false is this theory and how mischievous is its practice? There are other freedoms needed: more share in the government; more share in party control, more share in church administrations, in the peace societies and the welfare movements and there is one task more urgently needing women's best endeavor than all the others, - War, how to abolish it. -2- All of these movements will bring new freedom to men and women. War has held women enthralled for centuries. Its influences had denied them education and opportunity and still does. If you want freedom, help to destroy war. War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive, uncivilized, and unreasonable. Time was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes. That was long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford to indulge its men in such adventures. The Great War is reliably reported to have cost $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable aftermath of war, will cost each government as much as the war itself. In the United States, it has already cost much more. The preparations for the possible next war, that all the nations dread, may easily exceed the cost of both the last war and its succeeding depression. War is as contagious as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy #1 of everything good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics of all lands, to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people, but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have too recently emerged from the ancient tutelage; they are not sure of themselves, and are uncertain when action is to be taken. -3- We are in need of Amazons, - not for use on the gory battlefields as of yore, but Amazon crusaders on the field of truth and progress. Said Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote the first book on Woman's Rights one hundred and fifty years ago, "We would have women advance and not retard the progress of human society." So say we now. How far civilization will travel in the next century; how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow; how much confident responsibility woman will assume, depends upon the activities of the woman of today. We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better contribution than we made since you have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today. Have a vision and march toward it. Speech & broadcast delivered by Carrie Chapman Catt on Pan Hellanic Program at New York World's Fair [*1939 - July*] The future is unpredictable. An idea, a movement, an invention, may indicate a trend in a fixed direction which would naturally produce expectations which seem certain. What no one knows or can possibly knoow is the nature of the unexpected counter ideas and movements which arise and take full possession of the entire situation. Such influences may bring the tide of progress to a standstill or it may pick up some trends of thought and force them forward with surprising speed. Who can predict these possible happenings? For example, in the early years of the nineteenth century five movements, destined to become great and powerful, arose. All were small and none had a definite program. These were Women's Rights, Labor, the Abolition of Slavery, of Alcohol, and of War. Each was an entirely separate movement, but all were energetic and pushing onward. Women were intensely interested in the last three, Slavery, Alcohol, and War. They insisted upon their right to attend public meetings held, to join organizations, to sit in conventions, and to speak when they had anything on their minds. All these privileges, now so commonplace, had been denied them before and never, during that period, was the women's interest truly welcomed. The opposition to women's participation had few arguments, but put forward much ugly temper and voluminous quotations from the Bible. A genuine alarm at the manner in which the (quote) "strong-minded women 'were attempting' to -2- drive men from their God ordained sphere" (end quote) possessed the country. Editors advised, preachers sermonized, and on street corners and around tea tables men and women gossiped. Half a century later, the results of these highly excited years might be summed up in a brief comment: whatever effect the controversy over the women's participation in other movements than their own may have had, it enormously increased the strength and power of the woman movement and gave the women a self-reliance and determination they had never known before. It drew the women together, clarified their thinking and set the Woman Movement on its feet and marching forward on an established road. Slavery was settled by war; the Labor, Peace, and Temperance questions are still gigantic problems, far from their conclusions. Yet, in the beginning, all helped the woman movement onward although it was done involuntarily. No one could have foreseen these aids to the woman movement. On the other hand, there were unexpected influences which checked all progress and sent the woman movement backward from a quarter to half a century. The greatest of these was war. During a century, beginning with the Mexican War, 1846, we have indulged in four wars, three international and one Civil, besides a continual run of Indian wars in the first fifty years. The Civil War would not have happened had men used more reason and less temper in the controversy over slavery. They did not, however, and the war came. Between the ages of eighteen and sixty, men, both North and South, went to -3- the front to engage in a gory conflict. No army before that time had been so well educated and was so inspired by the ideas of liberty as were the two American armies. They had been trained in our public schools; they had heard the Declaration of Independence on every Fourth of July and many knew well the Bill of Rights. Both sides were loyal to the foundation principles of our government. When that four years' war was over and the armies marched home again, they left one million dead or incapacitated behind them, nearly one man in every six of the population. Substitutes for the dead and incapacitated men were needed. The government consequently opened wide the gates of the Republic and issued a friendly invitation to all who chose to enter. The steamship companies found profit in the Third Class passage and cooperated energetically. The substitutes came from all lands, races, and religions. In time, they came at the rate of a million a year. The masses of them were far more illiterate than the Americans who had died. Many of them brought theories and beliefs arising from superstitions still common among their countrymen. I have known, in my lifetime, curious examples of these ancient ideas still alive among the most ignorant of the world. In the Western mountains, a woman was dragged to death by young Mexican men of horseback, the charge being that she was a witch. Witchcraft had been long forgotten by our nation at that time. In New York, a young Italian woman stood upon a table in a room filled with men. Her husband had placed her there to be looked over for it was his purpose to sell her at auction. The police intervened in time to prevent the sale, -4- but a careful investigation resulted in a report that apparently husband, wife, and visitors had had no doubts as to the legality of the proceeding. Women had been sold at auction in most countries, even in England, but that had been two hundred years before. These men had not caught up with progress. Great and noble men immigrated in those middle of the century years and have contributed patriotic and highly intelligent service to our country, but the average of this immigration through ignorance, lack of education, and tradition, has enormously lowered the standard of our civilization to a point far below the plane it would have attained had there been no Civil War. The American Woman Movement, and many others, have been checked and thwarted by outworn European and Oriental points of view. An even more damaging effect upon our civilization arises from the practice instituted early and continued to this day of buying votes, especially foreign votes. This has corrupted our Republic. It has degraded our political life and besmirched the entire ideal of democracy. I have seen, with my own eyes, money paid to delegates in both Democratic and Republican conventions and I have also seen money paid to illiterate foreign voters in woman suffrage referendom elections. While I never saw the actual money paid to Legislative members, I have personally known men, in at least five states, who had pledged their word to vote for woman suffrage, sneakingly change their front, and other members of the Legislature assured us of the actual price paid and the source of the payment. Money, we know, was certainly used to defeat ratification of the Federal Amendment. No one can predict the effect of a war yet to come nor -5- how far it will retard normal progress. Should you ask me what new freedoms will the women of tomorrow enjoy, I would answer that it depends solely upon conditions we cannot predict and upon the intelligent activity of the women of today. No new freedom can be acquired unless a large number of women support it with the same intelligent devotion that upheld the seventy-two year long campaign to remove the eighteen original grievances and to gain the right to vote. Should a million women now want more freedom and the number be divided into ten groups, each supporting a different freedom instead of uniting in support of one, the groups will checkmate each other and the gains be afar off. The enemy of a cause does not begin to shiver with dread of surrender until there is union among the supporters. One freedom wanted calls for immediate attention, - the right of a married woman to work when and if she has a husband who also works. In twenty-five legislatures last winter bills were introduced to this effect. A Massachusetts mayor boasts that he has dismissed some twenty-eight married women from their posts in order that men without jobs might be employed. Are the women of today ready to unite, to go forth once more to prove how false in this theory and how mischievous in its practice? There are other freedoms needed: more share in the government, more share in the party control, more share in the church administrations, the peace societies, the welfare movements, and there is one post more urgently needing women's best endeavor than all the others. War, how can it be ended? War is the oldest institution in the world as it is the most cruel, destructive, uncivilized, and unreasonable. Time -6- was when men went to war in the spirit of adventure, looted and killed, and returned as heroes, but that was long, long ago. Modern society can no longer afford the waste of war, its cost, its destruction, its obstruction to progress. The Great War is authentically reported as costing $93.50 for every man, woman, and child in the entire world. The depression, the inevitable aftermath of war, will probably cost each government as much as the war itself while the preparation for the possible next war, that all nations dread, may exceed the cost of both. War is as contagious as the measles. It is more destructive than an earthquake. It is Enemy #1 of everything good and decent in the world. Its spirit has spread to business, to politics, to trade unionism. There will never be a really civilized world or nation until war and all its horrible adjuncts are abolished from the earth. Can that be done? Yes, it will be done when the people demand it. We women are half the people, but as yet women do not acknowledge that they are equally responsible for world affairs. They have too recently emerged from tutelage. They are not sure of themselves and are uncertain of action to be taken, but they are half the race. God and nature has made them half responsible for the end of War, for the abolition of all the wounds and hurts war has done to civilization. Together, we are responsible for the newer and better plans for human society, for the freedom which does no one harm, but brings a happier life to all, for the smoothly progressing evolution of every factor in world affairs. Said Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote the first book on Woman's Rights one hundred and fifty years ago: "We would have women advance and not retard the progress of human society." -7- So say we now. How far civilization will travel in the next century, how much freedom nations will allow their citizens of tomorrow, how much confident responsibility women will assume depends upon the women of today. Certainly we might advance society more than we are now doing. We women of the past did our best. If you, women of today, do your best, it will be a better contribution than we made because you have education and pocketbooks. Our movement began when women had neither. Arise, brave women of today! Do your best! Have a vision and march toward it. Arise, march! Carrie Chapman Catt SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK LIST CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Aug. 2, 1939 Broadcast - (Sent to Mrs. Hansl.) Aug 2 1939 There are two kinds of causes for war. One is a cause of a particular conflict usually named in the declaration of war and used thereafter by historians as the reason why that war was fought. The other is the cause of war, as an institution, whose beginning is unknown and which has been continuous through the centuries and still rolls on. Therefore, to study the cause of war, as an institution, the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War, composed of eleven women's organizations, was established. To effect a cure, one should know the cause. At present, the popularly advised and accepted cause of the institution of war is economic, world markets in which nations are rivals because the goods they present for sale are made by workers whose hours and wages differ enormously, population pressure, living space, etc. The claim that all wars have had economic causes could be supported by much argument, but war, as an institution, extending over centuries, is not satisfactorily explained by this theory. Centuries of wars - terrible wars - were caused by religious differences. Earlier wars were clearly adventures. One must go back, and still farther back, into the primitive lives of men to find the reason why war began. The cure of war can be determined when the people of the more intelligent nations decide to make an end of it merely because it is too costly, barbaric, and uncivilized. War exists today merely because we are not civilized enough. Carrie Chapman Catt August 2, 1939. SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, 1939 [*History Suff. Movement*] [*Radio 1939*] A century ago no organization existed anywhere in the world to urge the correction of the wrongs visited upon women by the laws and customs of the entire world. In 1839, most women were married and at the marriage ceremony all property the woman might possess or ever acquire, even to her hairpins and shoelaces, passed to the possession of her husband. Should she earn wages, she was not legally permitted to collect and spend them. Although the property, nevertheless, stood in her name, she could not make a will. She was not permitted, anywhere, to be a guardian or co-guardian over her children. Fathers had been permitted to will away unborn children and this privilege remained here and there. Women had owed obedience to their husbands and husbands in England and some American States still had a legal right to whip their wives if the stick used was not larger than the husband's thumb. About this date, Harriet Martineau, the first woman economist, visited this country and reported that seven occupations only were open to women. These were mainly domestic employments. -2- About that time, also, Angelina Grimke came to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and spoke at public meetings. Hers was the first woman's speech to be heard by many general audiences. The organized woman movement dates from 1848, when the first convention of women was held at Seneca Falls, New York. A full program, containing eighteen grievances to be removed, was adopted, the last being the right to vote. The emphasis was placed on education, the right to qualify for the professions, and the right to property and wages. The campaign that followed covered seventy-two years. From the beginning there was no pause, no hesitation, no backward step in the urge put behind it. The army starting out grew continuously and each of the eighteen grievances was gradually put to rout. It was a long, hard campaign, but, in the end, there were two millions of organized women hard at work upon the combined tasks of the program. Argument for argument, speech for speech, the campaign continued year after year, decade after decade, and generation after generation. Each year brought more converts, more workers, more money, more friends, and always clearer understanding. After the Civil War, I think there was never a Legis??? -3- Legislature which did not have a hearing on some point of the woman's program - property, education, civil or political rights. State amendments were submitted. We lost as many as we won. The advantages of carrying the campaign to every school district revealed itself at the close. Full suffrage had been won in fifteen states. Fourteen states had granted presidential or primary votes in the Southern States which gave to women practically the same privileges. These fourteen states, plus the fifteen full suffrage states, thus extended to the women of twenty-nine states, the right to vote for presidential electors in 1920. It was estimated that 15,500,00 women could now vote for President. The number of electoral votes which would be decided by women and men voters had risen from 91 to 306 within four years by the grants of presidential suffrage or 41 more than half the total. Many other influences to help submit the Federal Amendment and secure its ratification sprung from the states which had developed a strong opinion favorable to woman suffrage. [*6 mins*] -5- Women are today equipped with qualifications unknown to the women before our generation. Ask yourselves what these women will make of the next seventy-two years. Society never stands still. Evolution is ever leading it onward and upward to bigger and better things. Unhappily, we have had a Great War and since it came, women have been drifting in a slough of uncertainty. In this confusion it is difficult to determine what are the immediate steps which need to be taken. The right of the married woman, heretofore, has called for most legislation and, judging from the number of appeals introduced into legislatures, proposing to regulate and curtail the right of the married woman to work, she is not yet entirely free. What nobler activity can be taken by the Business and Professional Women than to make the married woman's status in our world more secure. [*1939 1893 46*] At the age of seventy-three, in the year 1893, Miss Anthony was asked: "What has been gained for woman suffrage during the past forty years?" She replied this: "We have turned every educational, religious and political body into a debating society on the woman question." Before that year came to an -6- end, she might have added "the entire nation" to the list of debaters. When she was older still and I was yet young, I took a trip with her in a campaign state. Once, when things had gone wrong, I stepped to her door and said" I think I have made the worst speech of my life tonight and I feel that I can never want to make another. Did you ever feel that way?" "Oh yes" she said, "I generally feel that way, but when I come to my senses, I know that bad speeches help a cause more than no speeches at all." Thus, from first to last, we stumbled on for five generations and, collectively, were able to bring to this generation some privileges and opportunities we never had. What has been done, can be done again, but my advice is, - make no mistake. Do not attempt to change a law without a thorough understanding of why you ask for it and exactly what the result will be, The Code of Law which passed from Rome to Norman, from Norman to Anglo-Saxon, and into the British Common Law and the French Napoleonic Code, and thence onward to the new American States was founded on a universal belief that God had intentionally created women an inferior and subservient sex. Something of that old prejudice and superstition lingers around the Woman's -7- Code today. Strike at it as hard as you may; drive it out of existence. It must go and women will never enjoy a just and secure status until the last vestige is gone. Beware of any proposed change in the law which may produce less alleviation of injustice and more confusion. CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Article, AND Book File Speech: Nov. 25, 1940 WOMAN'S CENTENNIAL CONGRESS November 25, 1940 MADAM CHAIRMAN; WOMEN OF THE WORLD: I have no mandate to speak for American women and I make no pretense to do so. [I speak only as an American woman living in a safe spot and looking outward upon a crushed and toppling world.] Yet I feel that I have a constituency and that it gives me authority to speak. It is composed of many women of many lands with whom I labored for half a century. They were the leaders of the woman movement on six continents. Some of them are exiled now, and some have gone on before. They were a gallant, courageous, intelligent, outstanding group. In the background, -2- too, I hear other voices of great women whom I never saw. They began the movement and led it during its earlier generations. This multitude of women, were they here, would not only permit me to speak for them, but implore me to do so. Three things they would have me say. 1. Make a resolve that you will so live your life that you will leave this earth a better world than when you found it. To carry out this resolve, turn aside from the frivolities of life and its alluring attractions. Fix your attention upon one big problem. Select a power that is blocking human progress. -3- It is said: "The man who thinks is a wise man He who cannot think is a fool He that will not is a bigot He that dare not is a slave." The populations of every land are about equally divided among these four classes. Do not be a fool, or a bigot, or a slave, nor do the things these classes do. Be a thinker if you can,((redaction) for only those who think)) have power to help humanity upward. -4- 2. When you were young and inexperienced it would have been an easier task to find the problem to which you could devote your life with satisfaction had those who had lived before listed and defined the problems which are obstacles to human progress. Therefore, do no be content with pushing forward one small cause, but join with others in a hundred years plan for the big problems. No large question has been solved in less time than one hundred years and some damaging customs of the human race, supported by fools, bigots and slaves, have required thousands of years for their removal. All down the ages, men and women have drifted, floated hoping to escape the hard knocks which were regarded as decrees of Providence. Every reform accomplished resulted from an emotional outburst. Nothing was planned, reasoned and directed. These blessed women of 1848 did better. They put their wishful thinking behind them and made a blueprint, a plan, and a resolution. Even so, it has taken three generations, one hundred years, to complete the task and still contains some flaws here and there. What has been done, can be done again. The Woman's Century and the Woman's Program is an example for all time. Each planned campaign which ends in victory will make the next one easier. Do not waste time and strength in plowing a field where you cannot see the end of the furrow. Make your plans, your blueprints and your resolve so logical and complete that no mental bomb throwing can knock a hole in them. 3. We could not do better than to make the aim of the next one hundred years' plan the abolition of war. The present war is pivotal. It may make or break the civilization for a thousand years to come. Imagine that Germany and her allies win this war, what then? A new world order is announced. A new League of Nations, they are now beginning to call it. But from no quarter has come a single hint that it will support any step of genuine progress. Totalitarianism has gone steadily backward and downward. it has dropped, one by one, every essential human right and freedom. Its -7- policies now are about on the plane of those of 1498. Suppose England should win, what then? It would be a stalemate and any peace made by either side would be impermanent. From 1840 to 1940, one hundred and twenty-eight wars were fought, some four years or more in length. The people of Europe ((insert)certainly)) will not long endure subservience to an overlord whose method of leadership comes from the present theories of Germany, and therefore the promise of another century of wars, each one more gruesome than the last, seems clearly outlined. To rid the world of this all-destroying enemy of human progress is the most ((redaction)imperative)) undertaking before us. How can it be done? -8- Immanuel Kant, who died 136 years ago, said: "Something in the nature of a federation between nations for the sole purpose of doing away with war is the only rightful condition of things reconcilable with their individual freedom." A League of Nations came one hundred years later. It was a gentlemanly, dignified, somewhat timid undertaking, but when Mars was ready to strike, over it toppled. That should be a lesson to us. Before you make your plans, there are some things you must understand. (redaction) The constant stimulant in military nations is the -9- urge to find something, invent something, steal something, that will kill more and ever more men. Therefore, every war always has been and always will be deadlier than the previous one. In July, 1917, the Crown Prince of Germany said with eloquence: "May our submarines ever float the German flag victoriously through the seven seas and teach respect for them as the last argument of kings." Another war is here. The German flag has gone; the Kaiser is in hiding and a bigger and better argument for might and murder is found in aircraft. [Today, the country with the most aircraft may kill the most old men, women and children and thus win a war.] Tomorrow a man in a -10- laboratory may have discovered a newer weapon which will make the next war more ferocious and destructive than this. Unless some method is devised to change the course of events, the present war cannot possibly be the last war. You should understand, too, that the announced causes of war are chiefly illusions. Said the Kaiser in the last World War: "I have admired five great men and I, too, have dreamed their dreams. I dream of German world empire. They failed, but I shall not." Nevertheless, he did fail and is in hiding. But the mania of world empire goes on. The heads of Hitler and the Hitlerites are agog with it. A great scientist recently said: "Paranoia seems to have become a national disease among the Germans." -11- And that appears to be a correct diagnosis of the present difficulty. This love of empire is common. Japan, Italy, and Germany are not exceptions. They are only extraordinary examples of it. Millions and millions of men are lying in their graves, sent there by the wicked power of men who dreamed of empire. With a conscripted army of fools, bigots, and slaves at their backs, they were all-powerful. Whatever you plan for the future, in the name of peace, remember that your work will be useless unless you provide the means for suppressing every man who dreams of empire. Perhaps what we most need is an International Mothers' Gestapo who business it will be to hunt out the world empire dreamers in infancy and apply, officially and with dignity, the lately invented spanking machine. -12- Beware of flaws in the reasoning on both sides. A favorite excuse for war is the need of more space for population. Many people felt truly sorry fore the crowded Germans, so eloquent were their appeals, but in a short time, they were offering prizes for increase in the size of families and the reasoning became ridiculous. Herr Hitler now announces that the gravest problem facing the German people is to find Germans enough to fill the managerial positions necessary to keep the new world order in a proper stat of respect. It was not "Lebensraum" which was wanted, but more posts for German men and more German men for posts. So the world goes on, fighting, killing, destroying, without the -13- pretense of a reason worthy the name of any war. Which must be solved , war is but a relic of barbarism and it continuance is a mystery. When Big Ben struck eleven on the morning of the eleventh of November, 1918, firing stopped on every battlefield. Of this we had to be reminded by the press, but none of us will ever forget that day when men and women, in many lands, fell upon their knees to thank GOD that the last war had been fought, that peace, glorious, everlasting peace would now forever reign among the children of men. When Big Ben struck eleven on the eleventh of November, 1940, the old clock had been hit by an bomb dropped by a neighbor nation and the maddest war of all time was in progress. No, war will not be stopped by the superficial -14- efforts of what is little more than wishful hoping. There must be a plan with every flaw covered and with a unity of all-wise men and women behind it. It must be a plan to carry on, - a century if it need be, a thousand years it it must be. The human race must have its chance to live For myself, I would add.something. Recently, a cartoonist presented a true picture setting forth the position of women in the new world order. In a corner stood a dejected looking woman, Behind her a scrubbing pail and a mop. In one hand she held a rolling pin and on the other arm lay a baby wearing a military helmet. The title was "go Back." There should have been in the background a college door closing with a bang -15- and a middle common school with its doors closed and locked for these are included in the present regime of the invaders. How can one doubt that they will become a cornerstone of the new order? Slowly, but certainly, women built up a movement in every country in Europe, claiming more liberal laws, more rights for themselves, and the vote. The vote had been won through the help, apparently, of a liberal minority in most of the countries of Europe. There will be no authoritative parliamentary bodies for men and women in the new order. Women's organizations, connected with international bodies, have all gone down under the dictatorships. The last to go in continental Europe was the gallant little group in Hungary. It has gone in Japan too. So far as I know no suffrage society -16- is publicly known to exist. In the present war more women and children than soldiers have been killed than in any war the world ever knew before. In many a Prussian military book, may be found the justification for such a policy. I will quote only one quotation: Ludendorf said:" All the means to weaken an enemy nation are legitimate. By killing women and children, one destroys future mothers and eventual defenders of their country." That is war, - modern war!! Arise, awake, women of America. Make a plan, a blueprint, and a resolve, for we are not going back. We may be burned alive or buried alive, but we will not surrender. The nation agrees that we shall help -17- Britain to the utmost and if the worst comes to worst, I suppose we shall fight too, and if that[, too,] comes too late, we will still rebel. Tyrants, by whatever name called, [shall] must not rule over the human race. I would as soon believe that dinasaurs, as big as a house, and extinct before men were born, could return to swish their long tails through mud holes, as to believe that tyrants have again returned to rule over men. It cannot; it must not be. We will not go back. Overton Ellis Ulro Waltby Country Club Wm Boole Ida Wise Smith Miss Welles EXCERPTS FROM “SCIENCE OF POWER” BY BENJAMIN KIDD Page 226 “The social mind directed forward with great strength and unity over long stretches of time to an ideal and held in view is a force absolutely irresistible. The politicals systems of power, organized in this way, will win out over all others in the struggle of the world in the future.” Page 232 “The elementary hunger of civilization at the present moment is for a public opinion able to subordinate the present to the future, - for a public opinion, that is to say, which would express through the collective will just the qualities which are here described as reaching in woman their highest expression.” WOMAN'S CENTENNIAL CONGRESS Hotel Commodore November 25, 1940 Carrie Chapman Catt MADAM CHAIRMAN: WOMEN OF THE WORLD; I have no mandate to speak for American women and I make no pretence to do so. I speak only as an American woman, living in a safe sport and looking outward on a crushed and toppling world. Yet I feel that I have a constituency and that it gives me authority to speak. It is composed of many women of many lands with whom I labored for half a century. They were the leaders of the woman movement on six continents. Some of them are exiled now and some have gone on before. They were a gallant, courageous, intelligent, outstanding group. In the background, too, I hear other voices of great women whom I never saw. They began the movement and led it during its earlier generations. This multitude of women, were they here, would not only permit me to speak for them, but implore me to do so. Three things they would have me say. 1. Make a resolve that you will so live your life that you will leave this earth a better world than when you found it. To carry out this resolve, turn aside from the frivolities of life and its alluring attractions. Fix your attention upon one big problem; select a power that is blocking human progress. It is said "The man who thinks is a wise man He who cannot think is a fool He that will not think is a bigot He that dare not is a slave." The population of every land are about equally divided among these four classes. Do not be a fool, or a bigot, or a slave, nor do the things these classes do. Be a thinker if you can, for only those who think have power to help humanity upward. 2. When you were young and inexperienced, it would have been an easier task to find the problem to which you could devote your life -2- with satisfaction had those who had lived before listed and defined the problem which are obstacles to human progress. Therefore, do not be content with pushing forward one small cause, but join with others in a hundred years' plan for the big problems. No large question has been solved in less time than one hundred years and some damaging customs of the human race supported by fools, bigots and slaves, have required thousands of years for their removal. All down the ages, men and women have drifted, floated, hoping to escape the hard knocks which were regarded as decrees of Providence. Every reform accomplished resulted from an emotional outburst. Nothing was planned, reasoned and directed. These blessed women of 1848 did better. They put their wishful thinking behind them and made a blueprint, a plan, and a resolution. Even so, it has taken three generations, one hundred years, to complete the task and it still contains some flaws here and there. What has been done, can be done again. The Woman's Century and the Woman's Program is an example for all time. Each planned campaign which ends in victory will make the next one easier. Do not waste time and strength on plowing a field where you cannot see the end of the furrow. Make your plans, your blueprints, and your resolves, so logical and complete that no mental bomb throwing can knock a hole in them. #3. We could not do better than to make the aim of the next one hundred years plan the abolition of war. The present war is pivotal. It may make or break civilization for a thousand years to come. Imagine that Germany and her allies win this war, what then? A new world order is announced. A new League of Nations, they are now beginning to call it. But from no quarter has come a single hint that it will support any step of genuine progress. Totalitarianism has gone steadily backward and downward. It has dropped, one by one, every essential human right and freedom. Its policies now are about -3- on the plane of those of 1498. Suppose England should win, what then? It would be a stalemate and any peace made by either side would be impermanent. From 1840 to 1940, one hundred and twenty-eight wars were fought, some four years or more in length. The people of Europe certainly will not long endure subservience to an overlord whose method of leadership comes from the present theories of Germany, and therefore the promise of another century of wars, each one more grewsome than the last, seems clearly outlined. To rid the world of this all-destroying enemy of human progress is the most imperative undertaking before us. How can it be done? Immanuel Kant, who died 136 years ago, said: "Something in the nature of a federation between nations for the sole purpose of doing away with war is the only rightful condition of things reconcilable with their individual freedom." A League of nations came one hundred years later. It was a gentlemanly, dignified, somewhat timid undertaking, but when Mars was ready to strike, over it toppled. That should be a lesson to us. Before you make your plans, there are some things you must understand. The constant stimulant in military nations is the urge to find something, invent something, steal something, that will kill more and ever more men. Therefore, every war always has been and always will be deadlier than the previous one. In July, 1917, the Crown Prince of Germany said with eloquence: "May our submarines ever float the German flag victoriously through the seven sea and teach respect for them as the last argument of kings." Another war is here. The German flag has gone; the Kaiser is in hiding and a bigger and better argument for might and murder is found in aircraft. Tomorrow, a man in a laboratory may have discovered a newer weapon which will make the next war more ferocious and destructive than this one. Unless some method is devised to change the course of events, the present war cannot possibly be the last one. -4- You should understand, too, that the announced causes of war are chiefly illusions. Said the Kaiser in the last World War: "I have admired five great men and I, too, have dreamed their dreams. I dream of German world empire. They failed, but I shall not." Nevertheless, he did fail and is in hiding. But the mania of world empire goes on. The heads of Hitler and the Hitlerites are agog with it. A great scientist recently said: "Paranoia seems to have become a national disease among the Germans." And that appears to be a correct diagnosis of the present difficulty. This love of empire is common. Japan, Italy, and Germany are not exceptions. They are only extraordinary examples of it. Millions and millions of men are lying in their graves, sent there by the wicked power of men who dreamed of empire. With a conscripted army of fools, bigots, and slaves at their backs, they are all-powerful. Whatever you plan for the future, in the name of peace, remember that your work will be useless unless you provide the means for suppressing every man who dreams of empires. Perhaps what we most need is an International Mothers' Gestapo whose business it will be to hunt out the world empire dreamers in infancy and apply, officially and with dignity, the lately improved spanking machine. Beware of flaws in the reasoning on both sides. A favorite excuse for war is the need of more space for population. Many people felt truly sorry for the crowded Germans, so eloquent were their appeals, but, in a short time, they were offering prizes for increase in the size of families and the reasoning became ridiculous. Herr Hitler now announces that the gravest problem facing the German people is to find Germans enough to fill the managerial positions necessary to keep the new world order in a proper state of respect. It wast not "Lebensraum" which was wanted, but more posts for German men and more German men for posts. So the world goes on, fighting, -5- destroying, without the pretense of a reason worthy the name for any war. Its continuance is a mystery which must be solved. War is but a relic of barbarism. When Big Ben struck eleven on the morning of the eleventh of November, 1918, firing stopped on every battlefield. Of this we had to be reminded by the press, but none of us will ever forget that day when men and women, in many lands, fell upon their knees to thank God that the last war had been fought, that peace, glorious, everlasting peace would now forever reign among the children of men. When Big Ben struck eleven on the eleventh of November, 1940, the old clock had been hit by a bomb dropped by a neighbor nation and the maddest war of all time was in progress. No, war will not be stopped by the superficial efforts of what is little more than wishful hoping. There must be a plan with every flaw covered and with a unity of all - wise men and women behind it. It must be a plan to carry on, - a century if it need be, a thousand years if it must be. The human race must have its chance to live. For myself, I would add something. Recently, a cartoonist presented a true picture setting forth the position of women in the new world order. In a corner stood a dejected looking woman. Behind her, a scrubbing pail and a mop. In one hand she held a rolling pin and on the other arm lay a baby wearing a military helmet. The title was GO BACK. There should have been in the background a college door closing with a bang and a middle common school with its doors closed and looked for these are included in the present regime of the invaders. How can one doubt that they will become a cornerstone of the new order? Slowly, but certainly, women built up a movement in every country in Europe, claiming more liberal laws, more rights for themselves, and the vote. The vote had been won through the help, apparently, of a liberal minority in most of the countries of Europe. -6- There will be no authoritative parliamentary bodies for men and women in thew new order. Women's organizations, connected with international bodies, have all gone down under the dictatorship. The last to go in continental Europe was the gallant little group in Hungary. It has gone in Japan too. So far as I know no suffrage society is publicly known to exist. In the present war more women and children than soldiers have been killed than in any war the world ever knew before. In many a Prussian military book may be found the justification for such a policy. I will quote only one quotation: Ludendorf said: "All the means to weaken an enemy nation are legitimate. By killing women and children, one destroys future mothers and eventual defenders of their country." That is war, - modern war!! Arise, awake, women of America. Make a plan, a blueprint, and a resolve, for we are not going back. We may be burned alive or buried alive, but we will not surrender. The nation agrees that we shall help Britain to the utmost and if the worst comes to worst, I suppose we shall fight and if that, comes too late, we will still rebel. Tyrants, by whatever name called, shall not rule over the human race. I would as soon believe that dinosaurs, as big as a house, and extinct before men were born, could return to swish their long tails through mudholes, as to believe that tyrants have agian returned to rule over men. It cannot; it must not be. We will not go back. CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, May 16, 1941 Speech delivered by [V???] WHITEHOUSE at the White House May 16, 1941 Women Suffrage was won in New York State in 1917: - a war year. Many of our wisest advisers (men), T. R. Roosevelt, for instance, urged us strongly to give up our campaign and devote the Superb Suffrage organization to war work. But the war was being fought for an ideal:- to make the world Safe for Democracy - And it seemed, above all, the time to extend Democracy at home. It was left to us to prove that women were people and wanted to vote. We made our point, we went into homes throughout the State and literally enrolled in the Woman Suffrage ranks more than one million women. A great advantage of the Suffrage campaign in New York was that the feminist movement itself had started in our State and from the Woman's Rights Convention of 1848, which Mrs. Catt has mentioned, the State had had the inspiration of a succession of brilliant and devoted suffrage leaders. When I came into office the organization was practically complete down to the election district. The Suffrage leaders were active and informed politically. They were used, for instance, to holding State conventions, often at the time and place of the Conventions of one of the political parties. I remember one such occasion. We had sat through a dreary session of the Republican Convention, seeking to have a Suffrage resolution passed, and I had been impressed by the size and the robustness of the delegates, by the full tone of their voices, by their assertiveness and their air of self-importance. Well, after our long and unsuccessful wait at the Republican Convention, we went to our suffrage convention. I looked about and -2- was filled with depression. The women seemed physically so small in comparison, their voices were thin we well as they, themselves. They did not bluster. Instead, many of them were shy and hesitant in speaking. They had no aggressiveness. They were self-conscious instead of self-confident. Yes, they gave the impression of being pale and small, thin and worn, inadequate physically. For a horrible moment, I wondered could our opponents be right? Did the serious affairs of life require physical prowess? But as the day wore on, I forgot my misgivings. I found there was a force in that convention that had nothing to do with muscle or sound or the glow of outdoor life. It was a force of determination, of intelligence and idealism. It was the same force that had shown itself in the long ago convention of 1848 and it was to carry New York State to its Suffrage Victory. We won as the result of long-continued effort and plodding, intelligent work. Insignificant as we looked, we triumphed over our brawny, political opponents and proved again that it is the spirit that lighteneth and the flesh that profiteth nothing. CATT, Carrie Chapman Speech, Jan. 10, 1944 Transcribed and reviewed by volunteers participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.