CATT, Carrie Chapman SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE Lecture Notes Casualties Cost of War Page II The men are mad. Mad with fear, mad with hate, blinded by excitement. Take a mere dog fight. If you interfere you have got to be prepared for your own dog turning upon you. In war half the time the men do not know what they are doing. They are little else than wild beasts. There was great indignation at the dropping of bombs into Antwerp. One now hears that a French dirigible has been dropping bombs into Luxembourg - a much more dignified retort. War is a grim game. Able editors and club-chair politicians have been clamoring for it for years past. They thought it was all goose-step and bands. The truth is bad enough, God knows. There is no sense in making things out worse than they are. When this war is over we have got to forget it. To build up barriers of hatred that shall stand between our children and our foemen's children is a crime against the future. These stories of German naval officers firing on their wounded sailors in the water! They are an insult to our intelligence. At Louvain fifty of the inhabitants were taken out and shot. On Monday the fifty had grown to five hundred; both numbers vouched for by eye-witnesses, "Dutchmen who would have had no interest," &c. That the beautiful old town has been laid in ashes is undoubted. Some criminal lunatic strutting in pipeclay and mustachios was given his hour of authority and took the chance of his life. If I know anything of the German people it will go hard with him when the war is over, if he has not had the sense to get killed. But that won't rear again the grand old stones or wipe from Germany's honor the stain of that long line of murdered men and women - whatever its actual length may have been. War puts a premium on brutality and senselessness. Men with the intelligence and instincts of an ape suddenly find themselves possessed of the powers of a god. And we are astonished that they do not display the wisdom of a god! [*Jerome K Jerome] There are other stories that have filtered through to us. There was a dying Uhlan who caught a child to his arms and kissed him. One would like to be able to kiss one's own child before one dies, but failing that - well, after all, there is a sort of family likeness between them. The same deep wondering eyes, the same - and then the mist grows deeper. Perhaps after all it was Baby Fritz that he kissed. And of a Belgian woman. She had seen her two sons killed before her eyes. She tells of that and of other horrors. Among such, of the German lads she had stepped over, their blue eyes quiet in death. The passion and the fear and the hate cleansed out of them. Just boys with their clothes torn -- so like boys. "They, too, have got mothers, poor lads!" is all she says, thinking of them lying side by side with her own. When the madness and the folly are over, when the tender green is creeping in and out among the blackened ruins, it will be well for us to think of that dying Uhlan who had to put up with a French baby instead of his own; of that Belgian mother to woman the German youngsters were just "poor lads" --with their clothes torn. And the savagery and the cruelty and the guiltiness that go to the making of war we will seek to forget. Cost of War Part I [*$50,000,000 per day] The appalling menace of a universal European conflagration lends interest to what Dr. David Starr Jordan, America's most distinguished peace advocate, said in his recent book, "War and Waste": "What shall we say of the great war of Europe ever threatening, even impending...? "It may be that some half crazed archduke or some harassed minister of state shall half knowing give the signal for Europe's conflagration. In fact, the agreed signal has been given more than once within the last few months. The tinder is well dried and laid in such a way as to make the worst of this catastrophe. All Europe cherishes is ready for the burning. "Behind the sturdy forms of the Bulgarian farmers lurks the sinister figure of Russian intrigue. Russia and Austria, careless of their neighbors, careless of obligations, find in this their opportunity. And the nations of Europe in their degree are bound to one or the other of these malcontents. Neither Russian nor Austria can be trusted to keep the peace even in her own interest, for both, through debt abroad and discontent at home, are in a condition of perpetual crisis. "The expenses of the proposed general war are thus tabulated by Professor Charles Richet of the University of Paris: Men. Austria .............................. 2,600,000 England ..............................1,500,000 France .............................. 3,400,000 Germany ........................... 3,000,000 Italy ................................... 2,800,000 Roumania .......................... 300,000 Russia ................................ 7,000,000 21,200,000 "If these nations-supposed to be diplomatically concerned in the question of whether the obscure Albanian port of Durazzo should fall to Servia or to Austria, neither of the two having the slightest claim to it- should rush into the fight, the expense would run at $50,000,000 per day, a sum to be greatly increased with the sure rise of prices. "The table of Richet (here translated from francs to dollars) deserves most careful attention. Daily cost of a great European war: Feed of men .......................$12,600,000 Feed of horses .................... 1,000,000 Pay (European rates) ........... 4,250,000 Pay of workmen in arsenals and ports (100 per day) ...... 1,000,000 Transportation (60 miles, 10 days) ................................. 2,100,000 Transportation of provisions.. 4,200,000 Munitions. Infantry 10 cartridges a day ................................... 4,200,000 Artillery, 10 shots per day ...... 1,200,000 Marine, two shots per day ..... 400,000 Equipment ............................. 4,200,000 Ambulances; 500,000 wounded or ill ($1 per day) ................. 500,000 [*See Current History magazine for Aug 1918 for additional figures.] Toll of The War in men. Page I Aug 1-1915 Special cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. LONDON, July 31. - Over two and a half million of lives cut short and some five million men wounded, a certain proportion of the latter maimed and partially incapacitated for useful purposes- this is one result of one year of the world war, according to a statistician who has gone to the sources available for information. Great Britain's casualties, announced by Premier Asquith in Parliament amount to a third of a million, including killed, wounded, and missing. Neither Germany, France nor Russia Killed. Wounded. Prisoners. Total. Germans.. 490,000 1,636,000 1,880,000 4,006,000 Austrians. 810,000 1,710,000 1,855,000 4,375,000 Turks ... 95,000 110,000 140,000 345,000 --- Total..... 1,395,000 3,456,000 3,875,000 8,726,000 Prisoners & Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. France . . .400,000 700,000 300,000 1,400,000 Russia . . .733,000 1,982,000 770,000 3,485,000 Austria . . .341,000 771,000 183,000 1,295,000 Belgium . . . 47,000 160,000 40,000 247,000 Serbia . . . 64,000 112,600 50,000 226,600 Turkey . . 45,000 90,000 46,000 181,000 Japan . . . . 300 910 ...... 1,210 LANSDOWNE URGES OPEN PEACE DOOR Aug 1/18 Lord Lansdowne refers to the estimates placing the casualties of the belligerents at 30,000,000, of whom 7,000,000 have been killed and 6,000,000 made prisoners or numbered among the missing, and to the decline in the birth rate, which, according to the Registrar General in a recent paper, is costing the belligerents 12,500,000 potential lives, of which 650,000 have been lost to England and Wales. See Current History Magazine for August 1918 for figures Cost of The War. Casualties Times - August 30/18 3,000,000 GERMAN DEAD. --- Experts in London Base Estimate on Published Figures. LONDON, Aug. 29.—It is estimated by experts here that the German losses in killed now reach a total of more than 2,000,000, and probably approach 3,000,000. These figures were given out after a study of tables of German and allied losses which have been published. Suffrage struggle in Germany Prussian Electoral reform bill – 1918 AMSTERDAM, April 30. — The Prussian lower house has had a discussion on the motion of a centrist member, Count Spee, in favor of adjourning the Electoral Reform bill until after peace has been declared, on the ground that the soldiers ought to return home before any electoral reform took place. Herr Friedberg, Vice President of the House, said that such an unlimited postponement would be a great danger for the country’s internal peace. Count Spee’s motion met with strong opposition from the progressive sections of the house. Adolph Hoffmann, Independent Socialist, said that if the motion were adopted he would appeal to the soldiers to stop fighting. This led the shouts of “Shame! Withdraw! Traitor!” A very acrimonious debate ensued, and finally it was resolved by the vote of the rightists to adjourn the sitting for an hour. On the resumption of the sitting Count Spee’s motion was rejected, 333 to 60. Count von Hertling, the Imperial Chancellor, in the subsequent debate said: “The proceedings might evoke doubt whether we shall reach an understanding, but they also show how strong the feeling of responsibility is on all sides. This affords me the hope that we will find a common road for the reconciling of the divergencies in opinion.” Proceeding to analyze the bill and the various motions before the House, Count von Hertling said: “Plutocratic suffrage, which gauges political rights according to wealth, is today no longer possible in our nation. The Government therefore cannot countenance plutocratic suffrage. Equal suffrage must be fundamentally adhered to. The promise given must be redeemed. “In all modern states political and social life is being directed towards this goal. In many states equal suffrage already has gone far beyond what this bill proposes, and in the long run it is impossible for Prussia to escape this movement. “It is of course possible to arrange certain safeguards to remove too far reaching and radical consequences. The bill already contains such safeguards and others may be added. Motions with that object are being prepared, and the government will benevolently and earnestly examine these suggestions. “It goes without saying that a Government which undertook to carry through equal suffrage is at the same time firmly resolved, as far as possible, to guard against feared harmful effects. I have no doubt that this aim is attainable.” 1918 Prussian Reforms Again Beaten AMSTERDAM, May 7. — The Prussian Unterhaus has passed the second reading of the bill amending the Constitution as it was received from the committee of the house, but rejected the safeguards proposed by the Centre Party regarding suffrage reform. SHIFTS SUFFRAGE FIGHT TO THE HERRENHAUS Friedberg Announces Dissolution of Prussian Parliament if Equal Vote Fails May 16, 1918 AMSTERDAM, May 15. — Herr Friedberg, Vice President of the Prussian State Ministry, speaking yesterday in the Prussian Lower House, said, according to Berlin dispatches, that the Government continued to adhere unshakably to equal suffrage and was resolved to employee all constitutional means to carry through the suffrage plan. The Government, he also said, took the view that the Upper House was an equivalent factor of the legislature and must first pronounce its decision in the matter. The bill, accordingly, will be submitted also to the Upper Chamber. Should this procedure not lead to the final acceptance of equal suffrage within a definite period, The Vice President over said, the House would be dissolved at the earliest date compatible, in the opinion of the Government, with the war situation. An amendment to Article 2 offered by the Centre Party was adopted to prevent the Lower House from being out-voted in the committee of the two houses, which sits in the event of a conflict, as that the budget right of the Lower House might not be prejudiced. Deputy Lohmann's motion dealing with the question of plural voting, which provided that under certain circumstances two additional votes might be granted, was rejected by 338 to 73. The franchise bill as amended, eliminating the provision for one vote for each man, was passed on the third reading. The Poles, Social Democrats, and Progressives voted against it. The House adjourned until June 4. MOVE FOR COMPROMISE ON PRUSSIAN REFORM Plural Vote for Men Over 40 and Owners of Business Reported to be Agreed On. [May? 30/18] COPENHAGEN, May 29.--The Berlin Tagliche Rundschau says it learns from a reliable source that a compromise has been reached on the Prussian franchise reform measure after a conference of the Conservative, Free Conservatives, and National Liberals. The compromise, the newspaper says, contemplates general direct and equal franchise, except that one additional vote is to be granted to electors over 40 years of age and a second additional vote to electors having their own businesses --that is to say, excluding all persons who are employed by others. The newspaper asserts that the passage of the measure in this form is believed to be assured. The Kaiser This Heart Bleeds Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. LONDON, May 2. 1918 The Daily Express gives the following extract from Karl Rosner's latest installment in the Berlin Lokal-Anzeiger of the story of the Kaiser's visit to the front : "It is noontide. The Kaiser, gazing in the direction of the heights of Gouzeaucourt, calls me. He takes my arm. " ' See, here are no fewer than nine shelled English tanks. Sorry business for the English--these tanks.' "Looking around, his eloquent eyes brimming with tears at the devastation all around, the Kaiser : " ' No one who has not beheld all this with his own eyes can imagine the reality. No word in our language can adequately describe it. No picture can show it. No film can portray it. The homeland cannot possibly form an idea of it. If it could, all would understand, which, alas! many do not, what they owe to the men who have kept all these horrors from them. " ' I have already considered whether it would not be desirable, now that there are not quite so many cars needed for military transport, to conduct a whole train filled with nothing but homedwellers, to these parts so that they might see for themselves what has been done here by a ruthless foe who stops at nothing. I think that they would return home converted to other ideas.' "When approaching St. Quentin the Kaiser says : " ' Nothing remains but a frightful skeleton of a dead city, of a city that has been murdered in blind fury by a brother's hand. Compassion, as for a human being, overmasters one on thinking what this city was and what it is. " ' What bitterness was here! We, her enemies, have cared for her tenderly, have spared her ; yet she was destroyed by her own people and their allies. Oh, how my heart bleeds at this desolation of a city which one of my own ancestors, Admiral Coligny, defended so heroically against the Spaniards in 1557. It is as if I saw before me the bleeding corpse of a near and honored relative.' " The Daily News also quotes Rosner, and says that he faithfully records how the Kaiser, as the clock strikes 1, sits down to his soup which he brings with him in a thermos saucepan, and how he afterward idyllically busies himself with picking fresh violets in order to send them as a present to the Kaiserin. Rosner accompanies the Kaiser on his round, and witnesses his meeting with a squad returning from the battlefield. "What is Tommy doing?" asks the Kaiser. "Tommy is running away, your Majesty," is the reply. "Let him run, then," observes the all highest. "We must not interfere with people who are in a hurry." TOP LEFT. Handwritten: The Kaiser. Handwritten: About the Kaiser. Article: "For you there is only one foe, and that is my foe. In my view of our present Socialist troubles it may come to this, that I command you to shoot down your own relatives - brothers and even parents - in the streets--which God forbid: but then you must obey my orders without a murmur." The Social Democratic Party of Germany is probably the most wonderful political machine in the world - a perfected organization. The emperor called them "traitors," "enemies to the State and to religion," "unworthy to bear the name of Germans"; but in 1912 they polled 4,250,000 votes. It is interesting to note that many persons have voted with the party not because they are Socialists - many of the these voters are not - but because they believe this the most effective way to voice their protest against the Kaiser's personal rule. To keep the tongues of the radicals quiet the Kaiser has enforced the law of lese majeste "with a rigor that has characterized few laws of any land." The author continues: Imprisonment for not less than two months or more than five years is the penalty meted out to German subjects who insult the Emperor or any of the sovereigns of the empire. According to the latitude allowed the courts in defining an "insult," this may include anything said or done, either in public or in private, with our without intention to offend, which may be deemed irreverent to the Princes mentioned. KAISER IN REFLECTIVE MOOD. Times. 1918. Amerstdam, June :4.-" When I see such horrors of war, rendering thousands of people homeless and converting flourishing stretches of the French country into hideous deserts, this thought is forced upon me: What suffering and misery France might have spared herself and her people if the peace offer of Dec. 12, 1916, had not been so criminally rejected," said Emperor William, while journeying through the devastated Marne region; according to Karl Rosner, the war correspondent of the Berlin Lokal-Anzeiger. BOTTOM LEFT: The Kaiser The Kaiser's Strange Utterances (continued) Latest Wail s Only One of Many Boastful and Sentimental Speeches Since the War Began in 1914 deluded by fighting and hatred possess no men who are able or who have the moral courage to speak the word which will bring relief--to propose peace. "What is wanted is a moral deel to free the world, including neutrals, from the pressure which weighs upon us all. For such a deed it is necessary to find a ruler who has a conscience, who feels that he is responsible to God, who has a heart for his own people and for those who are his enemies, who is indifferent to any possible willful misinterpretation of his act, and possesses the will to free the world from its sufferings. "I have the courage. Trusting in God, I shall dare to take this step. Please draft notes on these lines and submit them to me, and make all necessary arrangements without delay." --From the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. On Feb. 3, 1915, a Bavarian newspaper published some interesting interviews between the Kaiser and the German novelist, Dr. Ludwig Ganghofer, on visits to Great Headquarters. Extracts are as follows : "I heard and saw an example of the Emperors's quiet patience with slanderous statements that should be instructive for us all. Remarks of such a nature embitter him, but even in his greatest excitement he never loses the mastery over his tongue. I heard him say in such a case : 'That is strong, but it is silly also. It is fortunate that truth always is wiser in the long run, and that it has longer legs.' "The knightly conduct of individual opponents in the field gladdens Emperor William, and rarely have I heard any man speak so justly and appreciatively of the good qualities, the courage and the accomplishments of the nation's enemies. Even against England I heard from the Emperor no unmeasured word spoken in anger. Every verdict he pronounces, severe as it sometimes is, is always within the bounds of supreme reserve. Nevertheless, there is a slight, but hardly noticeable vibration in his Majesty voice when the subject is our Germanic cousins across the Channel. "In a conversation with the representative of a neutral State the Emperor once said : 'You are a sportsman. When in a horse race the weaker animals gradually drop out and only the two strongest are left, have you ever seen the jockey of the horse which threatens to fall behind strike with his whip at the jockey of the more ambitious and stronger animal?' "The man questioned shook his head. The Emperor continued : 'Why does England strike at us? Why does she not rather strike at her own weakening horse?' "Yet other words of the Emperor must be remembered. On one occasion be made this remark : " 'Many people who judge us Germans solely by outward polish and term us barbarians seem not to know that there is a great difference between civilization and "Kultur." England certainly is a highly civilized nation. One notices this always in the drawing room. But to have "Kultur" means to possess deep conscience and high morale. My Germans have conscience and morale. When they say in other lands that it was my intention to found a world empire, that is the funniest nonsense ever said about me. But in the morale, industry, and conscience of the German people is to be found a conquering power that will open the world for them.' " --From the Munchener Neueste Nachrichten. In August, 1915, a long article describes the "changed Kaiser," the "joyous, triumphant Kaiser," who greeted the news of the sweeping invasion of Russian Poland. On that occasion the Emperor made the following remark about that victory : "Energetically to wish for something which is necessary helps to attain it !" The year which added the United States to the list of Germany's foes brought characteristic announcements from the Kaiser. On Feb. 12, 1917, in an interview with Hans Muller, author and playwright, in Vienna, he said : "Do you know that in Belgium we are restoring all the ruined churches, taking care of all the works of art, as well as works of historical value? Yet, we are only barbarians! * * * "Now the whole world knows who it is that wishes to bring more suffering on humanity. Strange, isn't it. that the fact that the Entente Powers are protecting the murderer of Archduke Francis Ferdinand is so generally overlooked. What a short memory the world has! When I met today my dear old friend the Baron Rumerskirch the thought again came to consciousness in me very strongly that over our enemies hands the shadow of a crime. On our side is truth and justice and right, and in order that truth and justice and right may be victorious we are justified in using every weapon. * * * "--From the Vienna Neuen Freie Press. And in May, 1917, addressing the soldiers on the Arras front : "We will continue to fight until we secure a complete victory against those who have attacked us. May the God of armies give us blessing in the war which has been forced upon us, so that our children and grandchildren may live free in the German Fatherland." --From the Deutsche Tageszeitung. Addressing soldiers on the Aisne, in May, 1917 : "The decision lies near at hand. You will turn it in our favor, as you have on every previous occasion, because you realize what you are fighting for--the future of your children and grandchildren, the future of the beloved Fatherland of us all."--From the Berlin Tageblatt. On Oct. 18, 1917 : "So M. Painieve wants Alsace-Lorraine, does he? Good, but he must come and take it !"--From the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger. On July 24, 1917 : "At the reception given recently in Berlin by Emperor William to members of the Reichstag, the Emperor, in conversation with Philipp Scheidemann, the Socialist leader, spoke slightingly of America and expressed the conviction that the United States would not play a decisive part in the war."--From the Augsburg (Bavaria) Post-Zeitung. In the order to the army and navy, sent by dispatch from Berlin Dec. 31, 1916, the Emperor declared : "The gallant deeds of our submarines have secured for my navy glory and admiration forever. * * * God also in the future will be with us." The proclamation to the German people, officially published in Berlin in January, 1917, concluded with the following sentence : "The God who planted his glorious spirit of freedom in the hearts of our brave peoples will also give us and our loyal allies, tested in battle, the full victory over all the enemy lust for power and rage for destruction." In September, 1917, however, the Emperor permitted himself to express, not only joy and triumph but regret that he did not have a larger navy. In conversation with a German painter, he said : "If my people had no so embittered the first twelve years of my reign in my naval plans ! If those gentlemen had only known what one more squadron means on the sea they would act today and for all future times quite differently."--from the Dusseldorf General Anzeiger. The sentences from the Emperor's famous manifestoes of August, 1914, "Forward with God !" and Aug. 1, 1915, "Before God and history my conscience is clear. I did not will the war," are unforgettable, as in the remark to the war correspondents quoted in a dispatch from Berlin, on his birthday in January, 1915, "My principle is the word of old John Knox, that 'one man with God is always in the majority.' " Germany Neitzche GERMAN VIEW OF CHRISTIANITY. Frederich Wilheim Nietzche was one of the most noted of modern German philosophers. How much has his philosophy affected the views and character of the Germans to-day? Is not the answer written in the blood of the women and children, the old men of occupied France and Belgium? Are not the Lusitania victims witnesses to German adoption of Nietzche's faith? Here is his indictment of Christianity: "With this I conclude, and pronouce my sentence: I condemn Christianity. To me it is the greatest of all imaginable corruptions. The church is the great parasite; with its anemic idea of holiness it drains life of all its strength, its love, and its hope. The other world is the motive for the denial of every reality. I call Christianity the one great curse, the one great intrinsic depravity, the one great instinct of revenge, for which no expedient is sufficiently poisonous, secret, underhand, to gain its ends. I call it the one immortal shame and blemish upon the human race." Bureau of Publicity--Treas. Dept. Weekly #56 Aug 14/1918 Suffrage Material 4 Yucatan - Convention called by Governor - and being a revolutionary governor decisions were to become statutory. They got the vote. Woman elected to Mexican Congress Father of Senate (French) I am sure you will judge as I do that women are today graduating for the future electorate. I should not feel humiliated if women had the vote. I might feel humiliated if I am preceded at the election by a pickpocket but not if I am preceded by a good woman. The United States has got ahead of us so we must catch up. The women have borne the burden of the long smouldering revolution. They had made the long journey to Siberia, they have worked in the mines, they have lived for years in the damp dark prisons, they too have been shot at break of day because they dared to believe in a free Russia. They have carried the library of revolutions under their garments, they have made the long journeys on secret service When the war came, some bade their men good bye and took their places on the farm, the factory or shop, some went side by side with their own, some went to nurse and help - all took their places like brave patriots. War Time Illegitimacy ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN PRUSSIA NOW 10% "Evidence of Moral Healthiness of German Race," Berlin Councillor Declares. Times Dec 29/1917 AMSTERDAM, Dec. 12 (Associated Press.)---Ten per cent of the children born in Prussia in wartime are illegitimate, according to statements made in the Prussian House of Representatives in the debate on the vital statistics. The Berlin Town Councillor, Dr. Engel, in an article in Vorwarts, makes the statement that this large proportion of illegitimate children is "evidence of the moral healthiness of the German race." He adds, in the course of an appeal for the withdrawal of all distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children: "Paradoxical though it may seem, this great number of illegitimate children represent a measure of the morality of our people. They afford evidence that, after all, the idea of the restriction of families, an idea which the war with special emphasis bids us combat has not yet penetrated the masses. "The trrible fact, however, is that only 136 out of every 1,000 illegitimate children reach their nineteenth year, as compared with 512 in the case of legitimate children. The death rate of illegitimates as a convincing plea for the improvement of the situation of unmarried mothers and their children. There should be a uniform birth certificate, and women who were engaged to fallen soldiers should be awarded the title 'Frau.' "Wartime, owing to the card system, is a torture for the unmarried mother. Every journey for a food card is a path of thorns and a source of rresh mortification and humiliation. In the card- issuing office, and again in the shops, she must again and again make confession of her fault. The awarding to her of the title Frau would remove many obstacles and much mental torture." The number of unmarried mothers in Prussia, Dr. Engel states, has now reached a total of nearly 200,000 yearly. War & Illegitimacy Causes of The War Treaties Quotations Words only clipped from an article It took issue with the inevitable. Abjuring all adaptability, resisting every reform, static in its policies, immutable in its ideas, clinging tenaciously to the forms of an obsolete social order, it was trampled to extinction beneath the mighty march of evolutionary processes. This is no idle question, for men have always claimed to be guided by ideas, and generally they are, but they rarely know where their ideas come from or in what they consist. 'Twas Then As Now. Small thieves lie in towers fastened to wooden blocks, big ones strut about in gold and silver. --Cato, The Censor, B.C. 234-149. PLEASE DEA There is no ghost so difficult to lay as the ghost of an injury.--Alexander Smith. "It is easy to avoid a naked spear, but not a hidden sword."--CHINESE PROVERB. The War Quotations Fight, and the whole world cheers you ; Quit, and you quit alone ; For the racked old earth Has need of your worth, It has slackers enough to bemoan! P. M. D. COMPLIMENTS OF THE GERMAN PRESS. "German papers," said BISMARCK in 1876, and he had led enough of them by the nose, "are bound to be amusing "reading, for they are meant to "be glanced over while drinking a "mug of beer, and to furnish topics of "lively conversation, usually about "something which has taken place a "long way off in foreign parts." The Treaties Text of Treaty Imposed by Kaiser on Austria, 1918 Amalgamating Armies with a View to Future Wars Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. LONDON, May 30.--The Deutsche Volkszeitung publishes the text of the military treaty between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was forced upon Emperor Karl during his recent sojourn at German Army Headquarters. The treaty comprises seven articles, as follows : (1) His High Majesty, the German Kaiser and King of Prussia, on the one hand, and His High Apostolic Majesty, the Kaiser of Austria and King of Hungary, on the other, form a close military alliance for twenty-five years, during which both parties to the alliance pledge themselves to employ the entire strength of their peoples for military purposes. The allied nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary shall devote all their care to have their armies enter into an eventual future conflict fully prepared and at a maximum of their strength. Only thus the future war shall be of brief duration ; for, had the armies of both allies been in this condition in 1914, this war would have been ended long ago. (2) All male inhabitants capable of bearing arms shall receive proper and thorough military instruction. Special formations, moreover, shall be provided for all auxiliary service in connection with the production of arms and ammunition. (3) Regulations for organization, instruction, and employment of the allied troops shall be drawn up according to one common principle, the initiative of which shall be left principally to Germany. The formation of the troops of the various States of Germany and Austria-Hungary shall constitute one sole army without being considered strangers to each other. (4) Armament shall be on a uniform basis to the extent that formations of one country may draw their supplies from the nearest depot in the other country wherever stationed, without having to depend, as in the past, on supplies from some distant home base. (5) The allied troops shall be brought into contact with each other for the purpose of educating them to mutual esteem, love, and appreciation. This principle shall guide the training of future officers ; and an exchange of officers shall be organized between the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, so that Austro-Hungarian officers may, as occasion requires, command German troops and vice versa. (6) All preparations for future wars shall be made in common understanding between the General Staffs. This will require, naturally, a close collaboration between the General Staffs and Government Ministers. All preparatory economic measures connected with the eventual war shall be taken beforehand in time of peace, and the necessary departments be created. (7) Railway lines and construction shall be directed and undertaken by both allies in common accord, and on a unified plan. The Daily Telegraph's Milan correspondent says that Austrian and German public opinion is informed at last of the details of this military convention and they are bound to create a deep impression. The correspondent adds: "Germany has succeeded in completely incorporating the Austro-Hungarian army with her own and preparing herself for future wars. As the clauses of the new treaty become gradually known it is no wonder discontent and dread of the future becomes general in Austria. All the Socialist papers raise a warning cry, asking whether the world has not had sufficient experience of the Moloch of war and why Austria should be dragged into a perpetual alliance for a perpetual cycle of wars simply to please German war-madness." War Aims Suffrage in Germany War Aims See Gannett's Pamphlet The Hate That Heals Tufts "Our Democracy" Page 238. . . ." In early times the struggle for democracy was against a king or a nobility. Now it is against the invisible government." Tufts "Our Democracy" Page 26...."The greatest influence of all among savage peoples has always been the same, the fear that something mysterious will happen if a taboo is broken. Formerly among the Hawaiian islanders there was an extraordinary degree or fear. It was known that certain men who had violated a taboo disappeared. No one saw them taken off or killed,but they never failed to disappear. As a matter of fact they were captured by secret agents who were always to seize them when alone,waiting if need be for a year,in order to carry out their plan secretly. But the mystery was a dreadful feature. In some cases a man would fall sick or die after violating some custom; he would be literally frightened to death when he found out what he had done." Page 113....A law was passed by the British Parliament limiting the right to vote to those "freeholders" (a certain class of landowners) who owned land renting for forty shillings or more. As this would be the rental for 80 acres it would include only a small part of the people; but this law remained unchanged for four hundred years in England. In the 18th century there were only about 160,000 voters in a population of 8,000,000. This would be about one in ten of the grown men, or less than one in 20 men and women. Until 1832, then, the part of the nation which had anything to say about government was less than 1 in 20 of the people over 21 years of age." Tufts "Our Democracy" Page 251....Practically every state constitution has been referred to the people for a vote; but the most striking case is the adoption of the National Constitution. The framers of this were apparently afraid that the state legislatures might not accept it and still more afraid that Congress would not approve it. They referred the measure to conventions which were to be chosen in the states for the express purpose of voting upon the Constitution. They even provided that when this new Constitution should be adopted by nine states in this way it should go into effect. This was practically overthrowing the older government in the other four states in case they should not choose to adopt the new, for in this case they would be left out in the cold." Tufts "Our Democracy" Page 279...."Professor Cattell has found that of 1000 leading men of science in the United States, 134 were born in Massachusetts, 3 in Georgia, and that for each million of population Massachusetts and Connecticut have had a hundred scientific men of high standing; the states of the Southern seaboard but two." The War and the Bagdad Railway by Morris Jastrow, Jr. (Prof.University of Penn- Semitic Languages. Page 151 "For the world can never be "made safe for democracy" as long as the menace of war hangs over it. The spirit of democracy thrives in the atmosphere thrives in the atmosphere of pacifism. The deadliest foe to democracy is the militaristic spirit, which is always in danger of being engendered by war, or, if it already exists, is in danger of being strengthened by war, The war of 1914 marks the explosion of the militaristic spirit the war of 1917 is the pacifist war, for democracy is essentially pacifism." Page 152 "The only kind of war that may justifiably be waged is the name of democracy is a war to safeguard democracy; and this means a conflict for the purpose of bringing us nearer to the end of all wars" Two Wars-one of 1914 and one of 1917. Page 123 Jastrow The War + the Bagdad Ry. The first was a conflict of national ambitions . The issues were racist, religious, economic, political. All these have been moved into the background because of Germany's conduct of the War. It has become a new war on a gigantic scale for the preservation of popular government. In 1910 England and Russia pooled their interests in Perisa , a new enemy thereby showing her hand to Germany, for it was the fear of Germany's growing power in the East that brought England to the side of Russia. The Agadir incident of 1911 revealed the definite alignment of England and France against Germany and foreshadowed the triple Entente, directed primarily against Germany. . . . . . . . . . Page 125 Jastrow " By Germany's policy, I mean the military policy adopted by the General Staff and executed as the OFFICIAL acts of the German Government, I mean the official violation of Belgium's neutrality, the official imposition or exorbitant fines of Belgian cities and towns, the official recourse to such mediaeval , aya, almost primitive , methods of warfare as taking hostages and deporting the population of invaded districts (This was the favorite policy of the ancient Assyrians ) the official order to burn and sack a large portion of Louvain, the official sinking of ships carrying non-combatants the official destruction of towns and villages in the line of retreat, the (over) Page 123 Jastrow The Man + the Bagdad Ry. official raiding of cities and towns by airships. The feature common to these acts, apart from their inhuman aspects, is that they affect to an almost exclusive degree the civilian non-combatant population." The responsibility is official and rests with the German Government. [*Page 128 Jastrow] "Germany's conduct of the war, shameful and inexcusable, is thus a chief factor in creating the war of 1917--which may be defined as a realization of the fact that there is no room in the modern world for autocracy, especially if that autocracy be powerful. Nations cannot live on equable terms with one another in the present age of close intercommunication unless they are all organized on a basis of popular government. That kind of government is the spirit of the age, and the German Government is opposing itself to that spirit becomes the enemy of mankind. The war of 1917, is therefore , a struggle forced upon the world to secure the triumph of the spirit of democracy" [*Page 130 and 131 Jastrow] "We as Americans have no special concern with the issues that brought on the war of 1914; we are solely concerned with securing the peace of the world through the establishment of popular government in Government." [*Page 131 Jastrow] "In contrast to the war of 1917, which may be called the world War for democracy, the war of 1914 is the European struggle for Supremacy." Had this latter war taken the ordinay course , it would have shaped itself as a supreme struggle between England and Germany." Morris Jastrow (The War and the Bagdad Ry. (Page 136) "It is therefore entirely accurate to say that the issue of 1917 is being fought for the benefit of the German people as much as for the safety of the world". [*Jastrow] Page 136...."One cannot go so far as to assert that the issues of the war of 1914 which were real and fundamental would not have led to an outbreak if Germany had been organized on a democratic basis, but the war would have been fought our in an entirely different [basis] way. It would not have led to the war of 1917". (over) Page 30 Jastrow. . . . . ." The decisive battlefields for the triumph of democracy are in the West, but the decision for supremacy among European nations lies in the East. The Bagdad Railway is the most recent act in the drama the beginnings of which lie in the remote past." CCC. . . . Turkey gave Germany a concession to build a railway from Constantinople to the Persian Gulf and the agreement stipulated that the road was to be used by the Turkish Government for military transportation. The reorganization of the Turkish army under German tutelage changed the character in the convention to a German military measure as it would permit troops to be carried direct from Berlin to the border of India. Both English and French had had schemes for building railways to make a shorter cut to India. Page 114 Jastrow -War & the Bagdad Ry) "The railway had been a nightmare resting heavily on all Europe for eighteen years- ever since the announcement in 1899 of the concession granted to the Anatolian Railway Co. No step ever taken by any European power anywhere has caused so much trouble , given rise to so many complications [and?] has been such a constant menace to the peace of the world. No European statesman to whom the destinies of his country has been in the last analysis the Bagdad Ry. will be found to be the largest single contributing factor in bringing on the war, because through it more than through any other cause, the mutual distrust among the European powers has been nur- until the entire atmosphere or international diplomacy became vitiated." "The" War The War American of German birth Any person who has lived in Germany, and is not merely carried away by his imagination, knows what are the real conditions there today. He knows that the Germans of the middle classes are merely slaves and that the upper classes rule with the iron hand of the Middle Ages. Will Mr. Seggebruch deny that, before the war, if a German dared to criticise the administration he would be put into jail? Will Mr. Seggebruch deny that a man must serve in the German Army whether he will or not? Will Mr. Seggebruch deny that a common soldier cannot rise above the rank of a non-commissioned officer in the German Army? Will Mr. Seggebruch deny that the German officer treats his soldiers more like dogs than human beings? I myself have often seen an officer strike a soldier upon the back with his sword for no greater offense than getting the parade step wrong. Mrs [T?] [Ed?] Besides, by inheritance and training we give our sympathy to those who are fighting in the cause of human liberty, we withhold it from those who bear the symbols and standards we shed our blood to cast out from this land. Our forefathers prostrated themselves in the dust before their Maker but they set their foot upon the neck of the King. We have no liking for power that asks no sanction of the people. Almost a century and a half ago we made an end here of that abomination before the LORD--at least we felt it to be an abomination--and we are not agreeably impressed by blasphemous imperial invocations of divine favor upon bloody enterprises. NEW YORK, MONDAY, APRIL 10, 1916. WHERE IT LEADS. From the lamp of experience we now have all needed light upon the path we have so long followed in our U-boat negotiations with Germany. It lies straight before us, in plain view. We can see, we now positively know, just where it leads. Our protests have been met with evasions. In reply to our demands we have had arguments. Our appeals to justice, humanity, law have evoked irrelevant and impertinent advice concerning our attitude toward Germany's enemies. Our threat about strict accountability has been contemptuously ignored. The Imperial Government has made insulting offers of money payment without acknowledgment of responsibility or any admission of wrongdoing. Tufts "Our Democracy" Page 184. . ."Our demand of to-day is for a government that CAN DO THINGS." Page 197 . . . "When the Constitution was adopted there were no railroads to telegraphs. Each state was much more separate from the rest than is the case now. Scarcely anyone did business in more than a small neighborhood. We were living and thinking on a neighborhoodor state basis. Now we are doing business, living and thinking on a national basis, and hence we are feeling the need in many ways of a different adjustment beteen the two kinds of union." Page 209 . . ."Moreover, it is an interesting fact that the negroes themselves owned slaves. No less than 18,000 slaves were the property of negro masters." Page 238 . . ."It is said that when General Blucher , a Prussian officer who fought at Waterloo, visited England, he was taken up into the Tower of London. When he saw the great city he exclaimed "What a chance for plunder"! Page 238 . . ."And as we read the history of the Thirty Years War,where the chief motives of campaign seemed to be to capture and plunder cities,we realize how well General Blucher stated the old military point of view". "what Men Have Said in the War Prayers In St. Peters Feb 7, 1915 the Pope's prayer for peace was spoken in the presence of 60,000 persons Pres. Wilsons Call to prayer Whereas, Great nations of the world have taken up arms against one another and war now draws millions of men into battle whom the counsel of statesmen has not been able to save from the terrible sacrifice ; and Whereas, In this, as in all things, it is our privilege and duty to seek counsel and succor of Almighty God, humbling ourselves before Him, confessing our weakness and our lack of any wisdom equal to these things; and Whereas, It is the especial wish and longing of the people of the United States in prayer and counsel and all friendliness, to serve the cause of peace; Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, do designate Sunday, the fourth day of October next, as a day of prayer and supplication, and do request all God-fearing persons to repair on that day to their places of worship, there to unite their petitions to Almighty God, that, overruling the counsel of men, setting straight the things they cannot govern or alter, taking pity on the nations now in the throes of conflict, in His mercy and goodness showing a way where men can see none, He vouchsafe His children healing peace again and restore once more that concord among men and nations without which there can be neither happiness, nor true friendship, nor any wholesome fruit of toil or thought in the world; praying also to this end that He forgive us our sins, our ignorance of His holy will, our willfulness and many errors, and lead us in the paths of obedience to places of vision and to thoughts and counsels that purge and make wise. [*What Men Have Said of "The" War*] Zurlinden, Teuton-Swiss Historian, Shows Aim to Terrify Allied Civilians. [*Aug 4/1918*] ZEPPELINS' REAL MISSION Luneville Bombed Before War Declaration —Starvation Policy Charged to Berlin. By JULIAN GRANDE. BERNE, June 29.—The best-known German-Swiss historian of today. Herr Zurlinden, whose second volume on "The World War" has just been published by Orell Füssli of Zurich, has a remarkable article in the Swiss illustrated monthly periodical, Le Mois Illustré, dealing with the bombardment of open towns, and who is responsible for having begun it. Whether the German Government will allow this number of Le Mois Illustré to cross the frontier or not I cannot say, but I think probably not, for if there be any sense of right and wrong left in the civilian population of Germany, such an article from a man of Herr Zurlinden's standing can hardly fail to make them reflect. I am the more inclined to think that this number of the Swiss monthly periodical will not be allowed to enter Germany because the first volume of Herr Zurlinden's history, which he describes as "preliminary reflections on the war from the viewpoint of a Swiss," has been prohibited from sale there. In Switzerland, however, it is causing people sensibly to modify their views on the subject of the war. I sincerely hope that Herr Zurlinden's history of the war may one day find an English translator. Herr Zurlinden, like Carl Spitteler, Professor Nippold, Herr Loosli, the Bernese writer; Professor Ragaz, and a few other German-Swiss intellectuals, has stood apart from the great mass of his German-Swiss fellow-countrymen in this war, and adopted an attitude frankly hostile to Germany and her methods of warfare. They represent a small, but somewhat increasing, class. In French Switzerland such men as Benjamin Vallotton, (the author of the delightful Potterat books,) the late Colonel Secretan of the Gazette de Lausanne, Mr Virgile Rossel, and many other writers and journalists, have always had not merely a part, but the whole of French Switzerland heart and soul with them. Zeppelins for War on Civilians. Herr Zurlinden begins by reminding the Swiss of the enthusiasm and delight with which they received the first Zeppelins when these flew from Friedrichshafen on their trial journey and cruised about coolly and unconcernedly above Swiss territory, and how they were keenly sympathetic when the old cavalry General, Count Zeppelin, said: "I am a soldier, and what I want to do is to invent a new weapon for our German Army for war." Even those who are Germany's enemies today felt no envy, and were only desirous of doing Count Zeppelin honor by making him an honorary member of their societies and presenting gold medals to him. When war broke out, the true nature of the Zeppelins was revealed. It became manifest that one of their chief objects was to strike terror into the defenseless civilian population in the countries at war with Germany, and thus "make them ready for peace." Those who do not live in a nonbelligerent country such as Switzerland cannot realize how much squabbling constantly goes on in the press and in cafés and beer-drinking resorts— squabbling inspired by Germany—as to who began the war, who first bombarded an open town, who first sank a hospital ship, who began the starvation war, and who was first guilty of atrocities such as the use of poisonous gases—of all which Germany knows very well she was herself first guilty. I say this, as it may not at first seem obvious to many British and Americans why the foremost German-Swiss historian of today should think it necessary to spend so much time in proving to his fellow-countrymen that it was Germany which began the bombardment of open towns. If they were to live even a short time in German Switzerland and read the German-Swiss press they would soon see the need for his having done so. Haste to Bomb French. The Zeppelins, Herr Zurlinden reminds us, were in such a hurry to drop bombs on an open town that they could not even wait for Germany's declaration of war before doing so. "In those first days of August, 1914," he writes, "It was scarcely possible any longer to hold back the Germany army at the French frontier, so frantically eager was it for the fray. On Aug, 1 the German Emperor telegraphed to the King of England: "I hope France will not become nervous. The troops at my frontier are being prevented both by telegram and telephone from crossing the French frontier.' Here and there, as we know now, a detachment nevertheless did cross the frontier and opened hostilities on its own account. I need only mention the attack on Jonchery, near Delle, (a Swiss frontier town.) at 10 o'clock in the morning of Aug. 2, when the French Corporal Peugeot was shot from his horse by the German Lieutenant Mayer. "The Zeppelins, however, were evidently much more eager for the fray than even the ordinary soldiers. Between July 25 and Aug. 3 frontier violations by Zeppelins were reported from Auboue, Commercy, Corniment, Verdun, Longwy, Vitonville, Momignies-Trelon, Remiremont, and Luneville. " At Luneville, on Monday, Aug. 3, at 5:45 in the afternoon, six bombs were dropped by a Zeppelin--and hour before the time when the German Ambassador, von Schoen, handed M. Viviani, French Foreign Minister, the declaration of war, the alleged justification for which was that French [?rmen] had been seen above Nuremberg, although no mortal eye ever beheld them. " Why," asks Herr Zurlinden, "was Luneville singled out for the honor of receiving the first Zeppelin bombs? It was probably an act of petty revenge for what befell the airship Z-IV. when, on April 3, 1913, having lost her way in a thick fog, she landed in Luneville, and spent some unpleasant hours there owing to the excitement which she caused among the inhabitants. " That the French frontier population should have been disquieted by this occurrence can be well understood. It was impossible to know whether this airship, fully equipped for war and with a crew composed of officers in uniform, landed intentionally or by chance, and the people's instinct told them that the landing of such a monster boded no good. Their attitude toward the airship became menacing, but the French General Lescot took measures to insure her safety, and the French chasseurs of Luneville wrestled bravely with the high wind which in one place actually tore the Zeppelin away from her moorings. Thus they saved the Z-IV. from a serious accident. On April 4, the next day, she ascended again, but Luneville was a marked spot. On the first opportunity the Zeppelin intended to 'pay it back.' " Ridicules Yarmouth Excuse. Herr-Zurlinden then reminds us of the first serious bombardment of an open town in England--the attack on Great Yarmouth, in the night of Jan. 19-120, 1915. Not Great Yarmouth only, but a number of other open towns were bombarded at the time, to explain which the German press said in unison : " In order to reach Great Yarmouth the airships had to fly over a number of other places. This they did without taking the least hostile action. Yet they were shot at by these places ; in other words they were attacked and of course they retaliated by dropping bombs." Herr Zurliknden remarks that it is singular that these bombarded open towns over which the Zeppelins said they were obliged to fly to reach Great Yarmouth seemed to have been as much as fifty miles inland from Great Yarmouth. " ' The German airships,' the German press proceeded to assert, were therefore attacked first by the English. This, they say, was contrary to international law ; it was an attack not by regular, recognized combatants, but was on a par with the way Belgian franc-tireurs had shot at the Germans from cellars and houses. The Deutsche Tageszeltung, the organ of Count Reventlow, made the now classic declaration that ' if unfortified places in England do not want bombs dropped on them from the air, then they must be so good as to abstain from shooting at German airships flying harmlessly over them.' " Herr Zurlinden remarks : " Apart from the preposterousness of this German reasoning, how do harmless aerial excursionists know that it is franc-tireurs and not soldiers who have fired on them? " Trying to Terrify British. " The German press," he proceeds, "immediately declared unanimously that the German bombs dropped on English civilians were merely Germany's answer to England's ruthless intention to starve out the whole population of Germany, men, women and children. We will wage our aerial warfare, the Germans declared, absolutely ruthlessly in retaliation for England's war of starvation against the German people. " Never mind how greatly enraged the English are or pretend to be, we shall go on trying by means of our Zeppelin bombs to make British civilians cry out for peace. And the Kreuz-Zeitung said that not until the English feel the horrors of war in their own land and feel them really keenly will they give up deilghting in the good business which they thought the war was going to bring them. " The assertion that it was England which first attempted to starve ou[t] the German civilian population is," says Herr Zurlinden, " of course as crass a falsehood as that of the Germans having been 'attacked' in July, 1914. The most circumstantial documentary evidence of the exact contrary can be given. It is a fact that Germany began the starvation war against the English civilian population--a war which for them is enormously more dangerous-- and that she did so by sinking English and neutral ships laden with provisions for civilians, and this at a time when England was still allowing free passage of provisions for the German civilian population." What Men Have Said in The War 'TRUST GOD; HOLD OUT,' SAYS GERMAN PRELATE Not to be Crushed by "Atheistic France and Orthodox Russia," Cardinal Hartman Declares. 1918 COLOGNE, (via London,) Feb. 9.-- Cardinal von Hartman, Archbishop of Cologne, in addressing a meeting of Catholics today said : " The Emperor's words, 'I no longer know parties; I know only Germans,' have found a unanimous echo among the German people, who are united for King and country.' " The motto for the day is, 'Trust in God and hold out.' Our armies, protecting us in the east and west, are in good position. God will not permit atheistic France and orthodox Russia to crush the flourishing religious life in the Fatherland. " Trust, therefore, in our just cause, our brave troops and the noble Emperor, who is adorned with all the virtues of his Hohenzollern forefathers. Trust above all in the Ruler of battles to Whom we faithfully and continually pray." BERLIN, Feb. 8, (via London.)--Pope Benedict's prayer for peace was read yesterday in the Catholic churches throughout Germany. The reading of the prayer was the occasion of a ceremonial of particular solemnity at the Cologne Cathedral. Cardinal von Hartman took part in the eucharistic procession to the cathedral, and read the Pope's prayer. AMSTERDAM, Feb. 8, (via London.)-- The Cologne Church Gazette publishes a pastoral letter by Cardinal von Hartman, Archbiship of Cologne, as follows: " God has been with our heroic warriors in the West, in the East, on the sea, in the air. He has been with our German people, in whom the determination to hold out and confidence in a victorious issue are glowing. " The war is an extremely severe trial on all. Every one is courageously making the requisite sacrifices. Supreme confidence in God is being shown by all Germans. " With God our warriors went into this war, which had been forced upon us, to fight for the existence and liberty of our beloved fatherland and to fight for the holy treasures of Christianity and its civilizing influence. Heroic deeds already have been accomplished under God's protection, and under the direction of the glorious leader, the Emperor, and the German princes. We must look upon the war in the light of our faith." The churches of Antwerp, Brussels and Malines were crowded yesterday at the services at which Pope Benedict's prayer for peace was read. Cardinal Mercier assisted in the services at Malines. No attempt was made by the German military in Belgium to interfere with the devotions. In most parishes the German soldiers who were Roman Catholics participated in the services. The principal North German organ of the majority Socialists, the Burger Zeitung of Bremen, says : " Black and dark is the hour. The sacrifices made by the people are immeasurable and those of the fifth year of the war will be gigantic, but no refreshing breath of freedom and civic equality blows through the oppressive night of our discontent." Aug 9/18 What Men Have Said of "The" War This Is a War Against War Premier of New South Wales Thus Characterizes the Present Conflict in Voicing Australia's Attitude. If social, industrial and political reformers in Australia are momentarily staying their hand in the promotion of the ideals of democracy, Premier Holman writes in the Pall Mall Gazette, it is not because they have grown weary or because they imagine the final goal has been reached. It is because they realize that the very existence of democracy, threatened as never before, now depends upon the unequivocal triumph of the allied cause. They are like builders who have hastily abandoned their labors to defend the building itself from a sudden, yet long premeditated, carefully planned attack. Until this attack has been repulsed and the enemy shattered armed destruction must claim and receive precedence over both ordinary industry and ordinary reform. Militarism, Junkerism, Germanism, Kaiseism --call it by whatever "ism" you will--is not merely wholly incompatible with and abhorrent to democracy ; it is also a deadly menace which must be removed from off the earth if free institutions are to continue to flourish and if men are to enjoy their inalienable birthright of freedom. The snake of German military autocracy must not be scotched--it must be killed. Opposed Militarism. Democracy is opposed to militarism as inimical to the unfettered progress of self-governing communities. Thus we now find the freest democracies in the world disbelieving in armaments, yet putting themselves in battle array. Their war is a war against war, Freedom, not less than the primal instinct of self preservation, sounds a call to arms which cannot be ignored. Much as it may deplore the war and its ghastly tragedies and consequences, democracy remembers the [?] tive : "Better to fight for the good than to rail at the ill." This is why Australia, in common with Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, is to-day a nation in arms. This is why her sons are fighting in France and Flanders side by side with their kith and kin of the Motherland, the home and cradle of democracy. This, too, is why the great American Republic has been moved to abandon her traditional policy of splendid and dignified isolation from Old World conflicts and enter the arena. But democracy is unfitted--and always has been--to wage war under the best conditions. It is short-sighted, easily disheartened, infirm of purpose. War, in its highest development, calls for the directions of an autocrat--a Caesar or a Napoleon. Those who attempt to wage war on behalf of a democracy must realize this, and not forget the interminable pressure of small problems on the people on whom the war depends. In New South Wales we desire-- 1. A minimum wage for all workers. 2. Arrangements for varying it as the cost of living rises. 3. An eight hour day. 4. Liberal pay for our soldiers. 5. Proper provision for pensions and dependents. 6. Full control of food prices. These are the fundamental things whose lack--or whose partial lack-- causes dissatisfaction while war is in progress. These concessions made, democracy can confidently be called upon to see the struggle through. over Australia's Firm Resolve. In spite of the disappointing attitude of some portions of Australian democracy, there is an overwhelming weight of opinion and resolve in Australia in favor of a vigorous, inflexible prosecution of the war. The great mass of the people are grimly determined to remain steadfast and true to the sacred cause to which they have put their hand. It must stand foremost. Democracy has no security of tenure with this implacable foe at the gate. Development and progress are impossible--or, at least, must be tremendously impeded--if the community are in perpetual peril of military aggression on the part of a highly organized military power. Democracy and militarism of the Germanic type cannot exist side by side ; one must succumb. Which is it to be? Surely there can be but one answer. The struggle has been bitter and costly. It may be still more bitter, still more costly, not in treasure alone, but in priceless human lives. Democracy is fighting for its ideals, though the arena of conflict is no longer the forum but the field. Let us, then, gird ourselves with renewed zeal to win the war, resolute--to adapt Lincoln's immortal phrase--that this Empire, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. What Men Have Said of The War A great Australian writer accompanying the soldiers to the war (Times, January 31, 1915) "Past the frowning cliffs and the lighthouse we draw out to the sunlit sea, our division following in beautiful order, each ship swinging gravefully 'round into line as we set our course for the Leeuwin (Cape Leeuwin) and draw slowlynup alongside the other two lines...……..We passed the New Zealand transports, all painted the same grayish-black color, with black funnels, and they gave us Honi Hela's old (Maori )war cry: "Ake, Ake, Ake, Kia, Kaha - We will fight on forever." "Thirty thousand fighting men, representing Australasia are under way for the great war". What Men Have Said of The War Sir William Robertson director of War Dept. Great Test of Character. "Suppose we must conclude that no army of millions can be broken and crushed. Is the same thing to be supposed of the nation behind the army? Surely we see in this tremendous contest much more than a struggle of armed forces. It is a sifting of nations, a trial of character, a test of racial quality. The workmen and workwomen of each nation are engaged in the conflict and the forces in the field are only the hands of a vast body in which every muscle is being strained and tried. "Suppose you cannot roll up the flanks of your enemy's army? Cannot you break his heart? Suppose you can only drive him yard by yard, hammering him back to his frontiers month by month? Suppose that is all you can do. Cannot you destroy his civilian confidence and break his political will? If that is the effect of your strategy the decision is a military decision. You have broken his will, you have imposed your will upon him ; you have conquered his resistance. " But it is too early yet to say you cannot destroy his defensive in the field while his civilian will is still stubborn ; we on our side at any rate, do not say that. Value of America's Aid. " The Germans affect to despise the value of American interference," I said ; "but in your reckoning of numbers and resources America must play a prodigious, if not, a decisive, part." " It is quite natural for the Germans," Sir William replied, " to affect that contempt. Those in high command know that their defensive depends upon the will of the German people. They are perhaps as much concerned about the breaking of the national will behind as about the shattering of their defenses in front. They realize that this conflict is a struggle of national tenacities. They hope to hold us off until the will of our people breaks, until the French people grow tired. This is their only hope. Their most urgent anxiety is that the will of their own people should now break first." " What is your own hope," I asked, " from the interference of America?" " To begin with," was the answer, " America is a nation of a hundred millions of people. That is something. Then it is a nation of very remarkable energy. Americans are very quick in uptake. They are inventive, they are resourceful, they are immensely courageous, but more than this, America is a nation of moral idealism, sane, practical, and hardheaded, yes, but with the fire of moral idealism in its blood, and it has literally been driven into this war. It has not come into the war wantonly. It is not inspired by base motives. It is a nation in which Caesarism has never struck its roots. " No nation in the world is less militaristic. When such a nation ranges itself on the side of the democratic powers which are hammering autocratic militarism and which are absolutely determined to go on hammering until the world really is safe for democracy, the end is certain." What Men Have Said in "The" War Crown Prince Lauds Submarine Warfare As the "Last Argument of Kings" Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. THE HAGUE, July 15, (Delayed.)-- The Leipsic Illustrirte Zeitung has issued a special number devoted to submarine propaganda, with autograph replies of Germany's leaders to requests for their opinions. The Crown Prince says : "Borne upon the nation's confidence, with warmest wishes for favoring gales, upon their bridges the nation's best, for their crews are served by crews despising death, hated and feared by our foe and ready ever for deeds of daring, may our submarines ever float the German flag victoriously through the seven seas and teach respect for them as the last argument of Kings!" Hindenburg writes: " The submarine warfare works ; enough said !" Mackensen says poetically : "Untersee Boot, England's Tod," (The submarine, England's death.) Admiral Capelle says : " A success up to date and constantly growing in strength, our submarine war gives us a secure guarantee that these, in conjunction with our victorious army, will smash England's determination to destroy us, and that we shall victoriously come through the fight forced upon us for the existence and future of our fatherland." Admiral von Holzendorf, Chief of the Amiralty Staff, says : " By her methods of sea warfare England planned for Germany unparalleled misery and degradation. In common with the whole navy, I am firmly convinced that our submarines will decisively assist in bringing this plan to nought." Admiral von Tirpitz writes: " Neither overconfidence, which may beget unfounded and dangerous optimism, nor yet lack of confidence, must be the characteristic of Germans today. We must not expect to achieve against a tough and determined enemy such successes in a short time as can actually only be attained with the aid of equal toughness and determination, and after a hard struggle." Admiral Sheer, who was beaten at the battle of Jutland, contributes this: " Weddingen and Hershing, commanding the U-9 and U-21, were pioneers in the struggle for the abolition of English naval tyranny. We are less afraid than ever of England's invincibles and dreadnoughts." Admiral von Schroeder, commanding at Bruges, writes: " The submarine war shows the high strategic value of the Belgian coast and its indispensability to us, now and in the future, for the protection of the empire." What Men Have Said of The War [Milir?] on The Kaiser A sovereign by Divine right is now 300 years too late. President of Russian concern Issues Extraordinary Document. Ferdinand Hansen, president of the Romanoff Caviar Company, sent out from the local office to-day to its customers the following "war circular": "The greatest catastrophe that has ever threatened the human race has now become a dreadful reality ! It has rendered complete chaos, also the utter demoralization of our international organizations in Russia, England, Germany, Italy, Austria and France, where the utmost turbulence reigns. Peaceful, God-fearing men, who have worked side by side for years, in perfect harmony, confidence and with mutual interest, now feel the weight of the gauntlet worn by the unmerciful hand of war compelling them to bear arms against and slay each other. [?erword Shaw] To vanquish Prussia in this war we need the active aid or the sympathy of every Republican in the world. America, for instance, sympathizes with England, but classes the King with the Kaiser as an obsolete institution. Be The Junkers have already taken the fullest advantage of the war to paralyze democracy. If the Labour members do not take a vigorous counter-offensive, and fight every parliamentary trench to the last division, the Labour Movement will be rushed back as precipitately as General von Kluck rushed the Allies back from Namur to the gates of Paris. In truth, the importance of the war to the immense majority of Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Germans lied in the possibility that when Junkers fall out common men may come by their own. Secy of War Baker 4th of July, New York 1917 interfered with. We must preserve the sweetness of our rights. We must agree in deeds of grace here, as our soldiers do deeds of grace on the other side, for I can see the day when this harbor of ships returning from abroad and bringing back our soldiers. They will come, it may be, with their ranks som[ewh]at thinned by sacrifice, but with themselves glorified by accomplishment, and when those heroes step off the boats and come ashore and tell us that they have won the fight for democracy in Europe, we must be able to tell them in return that we have kept the faith of democracy at home and won battles here for that cause while they were fighting there." What Men Have Said in "The" War G. Bernard Shaw Tribune 8/8/17 Russia's Amazons The female of the Russian species becomes daily more deadly than the male, if we can believe what we read. One turns from news of the rout in Galicia to the epic of the Legion of Death with a lifting of spirits almost dizzying. When the Russian morale is restored we shall have Kerensky to thank, but also these Slavic Amazons, these Lenas and Sonias, who climb over the top into hell with a dash wholly invincible. They carry each a ration of cyanide of potassium against their capture by the Germans. This is the latest news, and a dramatic commentary on their heroism and on the extra hazards which everywhere dog their sex. One of these sisters of the sword, we are told, lies in a Petrograd hospital, suffering from shell shock, but with a German helmet on the bed beside here, to bring her the same joy and consolation which come to little girls with the measles from toys cuddled up close. This helmet belonged to a man whom she impaled on her bayonet. Another girl in the company, described as its most popular member (in the language of a high school commencement), ran into a shell on the battlefield and was blown to fragments before the eyes of her undismayed comrades. Still another, a musician, was riddled with machine gun bullets. Such are a few of the incidents of their baptism of fire, in the course of which these amazing girls made many prisoners. Five of the latter were of their own sex, they say--five peasant girls, embryos of that type of patient, docile German hausfrau whom in another era we have associated with the milk of human kindness --indistinguishable in uniform, equipment or deportment from the men Women vs. women, tearing each other t pieces, no longer with gossip or finger nails, but with shrapnel! What are we coming to on this careening planet? For, after all, women are far too precious to the race for this sort of thing. In a crisis like Russia's, well and good. One cannot choose for them German domination rather than death. But in the general run of warfare the men alone should provide the cannon food. George Bernard Shaw has put the proposition with a biological bluntness worthy of a Prussian : "Kill nine-tenths of our soldiers and male citizens, and the remaining tenth can keep the population replenished. Kill nine-tenths of the women, and the nation is dead, even if every dead woman were replaced by a live man. It is worth sacrificing a battalion to save half a dozen potential mothers. Yet here we have the potential mothers sacrificed with the battalion. So far as the enemy is concerned, this is his own affair. But for Russia's sake let us hope that when her men have rallied, as they will, the Legions of Death will cease to multiply and the surviving Lenas and Sonias will rest content with a more prosaic but no less patriotic role. Russia needs such mothers. Bohemia War Aims Must Have a New World By a Just Peace and All Share It, Says Lloyd George Tues - June 24/18 Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. LONDON, June 23.--In the course of an address today at the Welsh Baptist Church in London on the work of the Church in helping the future, Premier Lloyd George said : " We have suffered in war, perhaps, through the lack of preparation before we entered it. Do not let us make the same mistake in peace. " The mistakes that we might make through entering on peace without preparation would be even more disastrous than the mistakes you might make by entering into war without preparation. The things that you will do will be more permanent ; you will give direction and shape to things and though the world will be very molten at that moment, it will cool down very quickly and the shape which you give to it will remain. And if your mold is not the right one, you cannot possibly set things right without another convulsion that will break it. " We do not want any more break ups. We are going to have done with them this time, and then we must get on with our work. But let us see that it is the right thing. Whatever you do, you must be just --just to everybody. The world has got to be everybody's world. It is not going to be the world of any one class. We have all got to live in it after the war and it must be fit for everybody to live in. " Out of this agony of the world let us see that no deformity is born--no militarism, nor mammonism ; no, nor anarchy either. You have only got to look at what happened in other lands. The only land to which a form of peace has come is a land which was not ready for the problems of peace. We do not want that here. " So let us think of these things and let us think of them in the atmosphere of Christianity, which means the atmosphere of brotherhood. " The future must be a democratic one. The future of this land and of the British Empire has been committed to democracy already. Therefore, the responsibility is the responsibility of democracy. Last year's franchise measure meant that the future of the British Empire is be decided by the men and women of this land without any distinction of class. " Everybody has contributed to the sum of sacrifice. The liberty of the world has been fought for by men of all ranks. They have come from palace and mansion. They have come from humble cottages. They have come from middle-class homes. All classes and ranks, all states of life, have contributed to the making of a new world. Let them each and all of them have a fair share in it. " You cannot have the world as it was. It was a libel on Jesus Christ. It was a shame upon His name. " This is a land that boasts that it is Christian. It was not Christian to see men rotting, women and children rotting in poverty without any sin on their souls except that they were children of the same father. That was a libel on Jesus of Nazareth. We must not have that again. Millions of men have not died for a world of that kind." WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, W. VA. May 23/1918 BOHEMIA DIVIDED TO CRUSH CZECHS Split Into Twelve District Governments and Advantages Given to Germans. WASHINGTON, May 22.--An official French dispatch received today announces that a decree has been issued in Vienna dividing Bohemia into twelve district governments, with administrative and electoral advantages to the Germans which will reduce the Czech power in the Reichsrat at Vienna as well as in Bohemia itself. Martial law, the dispatch also announces, has been proclaimed in some parts of Bohemia. " The law bulletin of the Austrian Empire," said the dispatch, " publishes a decree acording to which the district governments which were so long demanded by the Germans are established in Bohemia. The twelve district captains who are nominated will represent the Statthalter of Prague in each district and will have the same powers. " The boundaries of the districts are fixed, so far as possible, according to the national grouping. In the words of the decree, 'the aim is to take the first steps toward the re-establishment of order in Bohemia.' This decree foreruns undoubtedly a policy of repression, the first act of which tends to dismember Bohemia by granting to the German elements the guarantees or, better, the privileges which they demand. Old Nationalist Lines Broken. " Up to the present, Bohemia comprised thirteen districts, only two of which had a majority of German population, according to statistics from Vienna. In four of the districts there are hardly any Germans. The new plan aims at creating in each of the twelve new districts a German minority and to grant to this minority, however small it may be, considerable advantages in the administrative and electoral domains. " This method is meant to bring about as a first result a considerable increase in the number of German deputies in the Diet to the prejudice of the Czechs, who until now have held the majority of the seats. It is clear that this device of the Pan Germans is bound to arouse the most violent opposition on the part of the Czechs. " A dispatch printed in all the Agram papers calls attention to the fact that martial law has been proclaimed in several districts of Bohemia because in certain regions serious riots have occurred. More than 150 persons have been put in prison. The estate of Prince Furstenberg was ransacked. Riots occurred at Marsch, Ostrau, Pilsen, and Nachod. " The Czech press expresses itself very violently. The Vetcher writes : " ' The Government is trying in vain to present its reform under bright colors, but it is evident at first sight, in fact that nothing but the dismembering of Bohemia is under way. The ministeria decree is preparing the parcelling ou of our fatherland and the foundation o a German province made of our own flesh.' Predicts Strong Resistance. " The Narodni Listi, which was suppressed by the censorship as guilty of 'criminal dealings,' has written : " ' It is in vain that threats are hurled at us to divert us from the line of conduct which we have decided to follow according to our proclamation. It is in vain that the sessions of Parliament are adjourned. Our indignation will not be less in June (the Austrian chamber is to resume its sittings on June 19) and our opponents will have the opportunity of realizing it. the chart which, according to von Seidler, is to be granted to us, will not change our resolution : We shall fight on without any consideration, without compromise, for the defense of the Czech State.' " This evidently shows the attitude of all the nationalities crushed by the Germans and the Magyars in the dual monarchy. The movement was not entirely unexpected, but it is possible that the fact of threatening them with a pitiless repression had advanced it and made it more formidable. " Emperor Charles is away from Vienna, and on his return he will find political conditions which the food situation will make even more distressing. Once more the frightfulness of German methods, so dear to the Germans, will bear its fruit by arousing rebellion of the people oppressed." over AIMS AT REICHSRATH GAIN. Scheme for a German Bohemia Also Seen in Vienna Move. The German plans of reorganization in Bohemia apparently have two purposes. One is to obtain an electoral reorganization so that some of the 109 seats in the Reichsrath held by Czech Deputies can be swung over to the Germans and enable them to maintain their hold on the Parliament. The lower house of the Reichsrath consists of 516 members of whom in the last session 233 were Germans. The dominant nationality has in years past managed to keep its control of the Parliament through alliance with the Poles, who hold 80 or 90 seats, but at the session which opened on May 31, 1917, and ended early in the present month--the first gathering of the Reichsrath since the war began--the Poles on several occasions broke away from the Germans and threw Parliament into chaos. Already the Jugoslavs and Czechs were working together, and generally could count on the support of the Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and the Italians. This tendency was much accentuated during the last few months, when Polish leaders came much more closely toward an alliance with the Czechoslovaks and Jugoslavs. This was cemented by meetings of the intellectuals of the three nations, held at Prague, and was greatly promoted by the Conference of Oppressed Austrian Nationalities held at Rome in April. At the last named conference the questions at issue between the Italians and Jugoslavs were settled, and the Poles joined the other delegates in the demand for a complete overthrow of the present Austrian Empire, declaring that the future of Poland lay in firm alliance with reconstituted nations of the Czechoslovaks, the Jugoslavx, and the Rumanians. The movement thus brought about would leave the German minority isolated in the next Parliament, if this should ever be called together--a matter as to which considerable doubt has been expressed. It is evidently in the hope of still further strengthening the already existing discrimination in favor of the German minorities in Bohemia, Silesia, and Morava--the Germans in these provinces forming about one-fourth of the population, but having a much larger percentage of seats in the Reichsrath-- that there is talk of electoral redistribution. The proposal to cut up Bohemia into twelve districts is believed by Czechoslovak leaders in this city to have a double edge. It is intended partly, they think,, to try to weaken the Bohemian national movement by decentralizing the forces of the nation and partly to prepare for the possible establishment of a province of " German Bohemia," such as has been talked of in case the national movement is so strong as to force the Austrian Government to try to compromise on some sort of federalization. The Czechoslovak nation, which has declared its demands for unity and complete independence, includes the Slovaks in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Czechs, now divided among Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, three of the seventeen crown lands of Austria. There has been much reference in German-Austrian papers recently to the possible establishment of a German Bohemia, to include the districts with the largest German population. Any rearrangement on this basis would be beset with obstacles, for the Czechoslovaks refuse to consent to any partition and the Germans demand not only the border districts for their German Bohemia, but the City of Prague itself. Local officials of the Czechoslovak National Council said last night that it was understood that each of the twelve districts into which it was proposed to divide Bohemia would have its own Diet, nominally in charge of certain phases of local self-government, and that while it was not exactly equivalent to the establishment of twelve new crown lands, a precedent which would probably prove inconvenient, there was no question that the object was to decentralize Bohemia and weaken the power of the national movement. War Stories Times - June 2/1918 LEFT ALL IN BERLIN EXPECTING VICTORY Mrs. Challis, Back from Germany, Declares People Confident of Winning Soon. Mrs. Herbert Challis, wife of the American opera singer, had just returned to the United States from Berlin with her two children and is on the way to her home in Kansas City after being away for eight years. She said that her husband had many influential friends among the Prussian aristocracy and said she believed the report published on April 24, 1917, that Prince Eitel Friedrich, the second son of the Kaiser, had died of typhus fever was true. Speaking of the conditions in Germany, Mrs. Challis said : " The German people know nothing of the true war conditions. They believe that their armies are victorious and have no doubt of the ultimate triumph. The wounded in the present offensive are not taken publicly to the great cities, and as the people do not wear mourning on account of the high cost of clothing there is little to lead them to believe that the losses of the Germans are as heavy as they are. " Never before has there been so much money in Germany. There are no longer any really poor people, for every one has received good wages in the different war work and there is little time for useless expenditures. In fact it is very hard to spend money, for there is nothing to buy. All food is rationed at a price fixed by the Government, and every one is forbidden to sell any personal effects or household belongings. When I left there I surreptitiously sold some of my belongings, and when a few of my acquaintances learned that I wished to dispose of my things they begged for a chance to buy them. For my sheets, which I had bought long ago at a dollar apiece, I received $50, and a worn-out rug, which was practically valueless, was bought by two women who paid me three times what I paid for it many years ago. Wool and soap are two articles that are now entirely unknown in Germany. Automobiles, too, have become extinct. All clothing is made of shoddy and one is allowed but one dress, and that can only be obtained by permission of the Government. The people are patient in spite of the filth and disease, for they believe it will only be a short time now until the war is over. " The familiar stout German figure is no longer to be seen. I was simply aghast when I saw the first fat man here, for I had not seen one for so long. I am now more than fifty pounds below my average weight. " It is really strange to see able-bodied men again. All the men have been away from Berlin so long that every one has grown accustomed to their absence. Only the very old ones remain, and the children are not the sturdy youngsters they used to be. " There is not news of the war to be had except that favorable to Germany. The people hear nothing of the movement of American troops, except that they are not being able to reach their destination and that at every turn the enemy is being thwarted. There is never any question as to the provocation of Germany for entering the war, and the feeling has always been strong that had the Belgians not resisted there would have been little trouble at all. " The people in the country are really better off than those in the city, for, being thrifty, they have been able to raise enough to maintain them. The city people have now converted their courtyards, which were kept in splendid condition, into pig pens, and the pig is the pet of every household." CATT, CArrie ChApMAN SPEECH, ARTICLE, BOOK FILE Lecture Notes Peace "Guesses" Peace "Guesses" 1919. Special Cable to The New York Times. Parks, Aug. 25 -- "Is the end of the was really near?" is the question one is beginning to hear in well-informed circles in Paris, which for the first time are inclined to admit the possibility of a successful termination of hostilities in the not too distant future. At the risk of being suspected of premature optimism I will try to set forth the reasons and arguments that are being advanced by people in Paris in support of the expectations which they have hitherto scarcely ventured to consider. To begin with, the reception accorded the Pope's peace offer in the allied counties has dealt a fatal blow to the theory advanced by the pessimists that, despite American intervention, the national morale in France, England, and Italy had so fallen that their Governments would soon be forced by popular pressure to accept almost any peace short of absolute submission to Germany. France, especially, which the croakers declared would never face another Winter of war, met the Papal olive branch with universal and uncompromising hostility and thereby brought a victorious peace nearer by a giant "War Stories" PEACE AND THE SOLDIER. The Berliner Tageblatt of December 24th (Christmas Eve), published two letters from German soldiers at the front. One writes : "Should we finally achieve victory by our swords what will become of all those good forces which have been brought out in us by these earnest times? . . . Shall we again have what we had in our country -- at the top and at the bottom before the war -- anxious timidity in face of rank and money, brutal struggle of material and party interests, curses at those above and at those below? . . . Oh, mother, these things weigh upon me and many of my comrades more heavily than whether I or my comrade on right or left should return from the war alive and sound. Believe me, it requires much less personal courage to fight here at the front than to fight in the cause of true, rightful, and moral freedom and unity at home after the conclusion of peace." And another (Baron Marschall von Bieberstein) : -- "It is not true that eternal peace is a dream, and not a beautiful one at that. A time will and must come which will no longer know war, and this time will mark a gigantic progress in comparison with our own." Like every one in the same army wit[h] whom I spoke, his confidence is unlimited. After checking the enemy's advance with a comparative handful of unsupported artillery one is justified in supposing that on equal terms --and the terms are equal now that the Germans have lost the advantage of the first concentration for an offensive--victory is certain. But the Captain had chapter and verse to back up his confidence. His commanding General had just said, "Victory goes to the side that is most master of its nerves," and the Captain's work told him more than any other man in the army the extent to which the German nerves are weakening. All his information--and for that matter all other reliable data that reach the French authorities--goes to prove that the German leaders won popular support for this battle and exalted the morale of the soldiers to the highest pitch by the definite promise that this was not only the decisive but actually the last battle of the war. "In April we were to enter Paris," say the prisoners, "and peace would be signed immediately." The Captain showed me documentary evidence of the elaborate propaganda that had been carried on throughout the German Army in preparation for the offensive. Without entering into details, it can be said that there was moral training no less thorough than the physical and material preparations. The first prisoners captured were as certain of victory as in the days of the triumphant march on Paris that preceded the Marne. [Sun] June 23 1917 The Guards Came Through By ARTHUR CONAN-DOYLE. Special Cable Despatch to THE SUN from the London Times. Men of the twenty-first, Up by the chalk pit wood, Weak with our wounds and our thirst, Wanting our sleep and our food. After a day and a night-- God, shall I ever forget! Beaten and broken in the fight, But sticking it yet. Trying to hold the line, Fainting and spent and done, Always the thud and the whine, Always the yell of the Hun! Northumberland, Lancaster, York, Durham and Somerset, Fighting alone, worn to the bone, But sticking it, sticking it yet. Never a message of hope! Never a word of cheer! Fronting Hill 70's shell-swept slope, With dull plain in our rear. Always the whine of the shell, Always the roar of its burst, Always the tortures of hell, As waiting and wincing we cursed Our luck and the guns and the Bosche, When our corporal shouted, "Stand to!" And I heard some one cry, "Clear the front for the Guards! And the Guards came through. Our throats, they were parched and hot, But the Lord, if you'd heard the cheers! Irish and Welsh and Scotch, Coldstearm and Grenadiers. Two brigade, if you please, We were down on our knees Praying for us and for them! Praying with tear wet cheek, Praying with outstretched hand, Lord, I could speak for a week, But how could you understand! How should your cheeks be wet, Such feelings don't come to you. But when can me or my mates forget When the Guards came through! "Five yards left, extend!" It passed from rank to rank, And a touch of the London swank. A trifle of swank and dash, Cool as a home parade. Twinkle and glitter and flash, Flinching never a shade, With the shrapnel right in their face Doing their Hyde Park stunt, Keeping their swing at an easy pace, Arms at the trail, eyes front! Man, it was great to see! Man it was fine to do! It's a cot and a hospital ward for me, And I'll tell 'em in Blighty, wherever I be How the Guards came through. The War Stories The British Soldier. The Challenge publishes some stories of the British soldier. A chaplain says of him, that he had seen him in action, under the heaviest fire, and when wounded and in great pain, torn by shells and cut about by bullets. But not a word of complaint ; indeed, he had hardly heard a man even cry out. They were grateful for the least thing that was done for them, and the only question they asked was, " Do you think, sir, that I have done my duty ?" Can men such as these [h?] the satisfaction of duty done or hope for words of communication. The Girl--" Ai suppose this wah is the most feahful struggle the world has evah seen!" The Man--" Oh, I don't know. I once saw two Jew burglars trying to take money from a Scotchman!" --Sydney Bulletin RETURNS HIS DECORATIONS. Norwegian, Once the Kaiser's Pilot, Sends Back Jewels Given Him Copyright, 1918, by the New York Times Company. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. COPENHAGEN, June 19.--According to the Berlinske Tidende, a pilot of Christiania, Norway, who was many years in the Kaiser's service when the latter was traveling in Norwegian waters, has now returned his order of decoration to the German Legation at Christiania with a letter saying that these orders are now disgusting to him on account of the murder of his brave comrades by German submarines. What Women Have Said in The War HARVEST IN FLANDERS. In Flanders fields the crosses stand-- Strange harvest for a fertile land !-- Where once the wheat and barley grew, With scarlet poppies running through. This year the poppies bloom to greet Not oats nor barley nor white wheat, But only crosses, row by row, Where stalwart reapers used to go. In Flanders fields no women sing, As once they sang, at harvesting. No men now come with scythes to mow The little crosses, row by row. The poppies wonder why the men And women do not come again ! In Flanders, at the wind's footfall, The crosses do not bend at all, As wheat and barley used to do Whenever wind went running through The poppies wonder when they see The crosses stand so rigidly ! O God, to whom all men must bring What they have done, for reckoning, At harvest time what byre or bin Have you to put these crosses in?-- What word, for men who marched to sow Not wheat, but crosses, row by row? Alas ! Our tears can never bring The men who came here harvesting And come no more ! We do not know What way the singing women go, Their songs all still ! But crosses stand Row after row in Flanders land ! LOUISE DRISCOLL. What Women Have Said in The War What Men Have Said of "The" War Suffrage in Germany Page 1 - James M. Beck James M. Beck (Evidence in the Case) Page 156..."On April 19th, 1839, Belgium and Holland signed a treaty which provided that "Belgium forms an independent state of perpetual neutrality". To insure that neutrality, Prussia, France, Great Britain, Austria and Russia on the same date signed a treaty, by which it was provided that these nations jointly 'became the guarantors' of such 'perpetual neutrality'." Page 158..."This solemn guaranty of the great Powers of Europe was so effective that even in 1870, when France and Germany were locked in vital conflict, and the question arose whether Prussia would disregard her treaty obligation, the Iron Chancellor, who ordinarily did not permit moral considerations to warp his political policies, wrote to the Belgian Minister in Berlin on July 22, 1870 -' 'In confirmation of my verbal assurance, I have the honor to give in writing a declaration, which, in view of the treaties in force, IS QUITE SUPERFLUOUS, that the Confederation of the North and its allies (Germany) will respect the neutrality of Belgium on the understanding of course that is is respected by the other belligerent'." Page 159..."It can be added to the credit of both France and Prussia (over) that in their great struggle of 1870-71, each scrupulously respected that neutrality, and France carried out her obligation to such an extreme that although Napoleon and his army could at one time have escaped from Sedan into Belgium, and renewed the attack and possibly - although not probably- saved France, if they had seen fit to violate that neutrality, rather than break the word of France the Emperor Napoleon and his army consented to the crowning humiliation of Sedan." CCC . . . . In 1911 von Bethmann Hollweg instructed the German Ambassador at Brussels to assure the Belgium Government Page 160- "that he was most appreciative of the sentiment which had inspired our (Belgium's) action. HE DECLARED THAT GERMANY HAD NO INTENTION OF VIOLATING OUR NEUTRALITY, but he considered that by making a declaration publicly, Germany would weaken her military preparation with respect to France,and being assured in the northern quarter would direct her forces to the eastern quarter". Page 160 . . ."Germany's recognition of the continuing obligation of this treaty was also shown when the question of Belgium's neutrality was suggested at a debate in the Reichstag on April 29, 1913. In the course of the debate a member of the Social Democratic party said: 'In Belgium the approach of a Franco-German war is viewed with apprehension, because it is feared that Germany will not respect Belgium neutrality. Herr von Jagow, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, replied: "The neutrality of Belgium is determined by international conventions, and See page 2 Page 2 James M. Beck (Evidence in the Case) Germany is resolved to respect these conventions." CCC . . . .On July 1914 Germany through its Ambassador at Brussels repeated the assurances contained in the treaty of 1839, reaffirmed in 1870 and again in 1911 and 1913. Page 162 (Evidence in the Case) . . ."The second International Peace Conference was held at the Hague in 1907.There were present the representatives of 44 nations." "That Convention agreed upon a certain declaration of principles , and among the signatures appended to the document was the representative of His Majesty, the German Emperor". CCC. . .The first article of that covenant read - the territory of neutral powers is inviolable. Page 166 . . ."On July 31, 1914, England, not unreasonably apprehensive as to the sincerity of Germany's of repeated protestations of good faith, directed the English Ambassadors at Paris and Berlin to ask the respective governments of those countries 'whether each is prepared to respect the neutrality of Belgium, provided it is violated by no other Power'." CCC . . .On August 2,1914 the Belgian Minister took occasion to tell the German Ambassador that France had reaffirmed its intention to respect the (over) neutrality of Belgium, and the Germany Ambassador reported that he had no knowledge that Germany would not adhere to the covenants. At 1:30 A.M. on August 3, the Belgian Legation was aroused to be informed that French airplanes had thrown bombs and had crossed the frontier. They claimed "Reliable" information but have never given it to the public. Evidently trumped up to make an excuse to enter Belgium. Page 173... "On the same day, at the great session of the Reichstag, when the Imperial Chancellor attempted to justify to the world the hostile acts of Germany, and especially the invasion of Belgium, the pretended defense was thus bluntly stated by the German Premier: 'We are now in a state of necessity and necessity knows no law. Our troops have occupied Luxembourg and perhaps are already on Belgian soil. GENTLEMEN, THAT IS CONTRARY TO THE DICTATES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. It is true that the French Government has declared at Brussels that France is willing to respect the neutrality of Belgium, so long as her opponent respects it. We knew, however, that France stood ready for invasion. FRANCE COULD WAIT, BUT WE COULD NOT. A French movement upon our flank upon the lower Rhine might have been disastrous. So we were compelled to override the JUST PROTEST of the Luxemburg and Belgian Governments. THE WRONG - I SPEAK OPENLY - THAT WE ARE COMMITTING we will endeavor to make good as soon as our military goal has been reached. Anybody who is threatened, as we are threatened, and is fighting for his highest possessions, can only have one thought - HOW HE IS TO HACK HIS WAY THROUGH'. Page 175... "It is announced from Holland as this book goes to (1914) press, that Germany has imposed upon this war-desolated country a fine of $7,000,000 per month and an especial fine of $75,000,000 for its 'violation of neutrality'." [* What Men Often Said About "The" War.*] [*Lloyd George on Peace*] Must Have a New World By a Just Peace and All Share It, Says Lloyd George [*Times June 24/18*] Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company. Special Cable to The New York Times. London, June 23. - In the course of an address today at the Welsh Baptist Church in London on the work of the Church in helping the future, Premier Lloyd George said: "We have suffered in war, perhaps, through the lack of preparation before we entered it. Do not let us make the same mistake in peace. "The mistakes that we might make through entering on peace without preparation would be even more disastrous than the mistakes you might make by entering into war without preparation. The things that you will do will be more permanent; you will give direction and shape to things and though the world will be very molten at that moment, it will cool down very quickly and the shape which you give to it will remain. And if your mold is not the right one, you cannot possibly set things right without another convulsion that will break it. "We do not want any more break ups. We are going to have done with them this time, and then we must get on with our work. But let us see that it is the right thing. "Whatever you do, you must be just -- just to everybody. The world has got to be everybody's world. It is not going to be the world of any one class. We have all got to live in it after the war and it must be fit for everybody to live in. "Out of this agony of the world let us see that no deformity is born -- no militarism, no mammonism; no, nor anarchy either. You have only got to look at at what happened in other lands. The only land to which a form of peace has come is a land which was not ready for the problems of peace. We do not want that here. "So let us think of these things and let us think of them in the atmosphere of Christianity, which means the atmosphere of brotherhood. "The future must be a democratic one. The future of this land and of the British Empire has been committed to democracy already. Therefore, the responsibility is the responsibility of democracy. Last year's franchise measure meant that the future of the British Empire is be decided by the men and women of this land without any distinctior of class. "Everybody has contributed to the sum of sacrifice. The liberty of the world has been fought for by men of all ranks. They have come from palace and mansion. They have come from humble cottages. They have come from middle-class homes. All classes and ranks, all states of life, have contributed to the making of a new world. Let them each and all of them have a fair share in it. "You cannot have the word as it was. It was a libel on Jesus Christ. It was a shame upon His name. "This is a land that boasts that it is Christian. It was not Christian to see men rotting, women and children rotting in poverty without any sin on their souls except that they were children of the same father. That was a libel on Jesus of Nazareth. We must not have that again. Millions of men have not died for a world of that kind." WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, W. VA. What Men Have Said of "The" War Thomas Edison Asked about the war, Edison said, "Man's foolishness, that's all you can make out of it, man is a damn fool." Aug 28/1918 Tr???sts Women in War Page III England Women Chaplains - England A correspondent informs us that a woman has been appointed Chaplain to a French military hospital, and that the wives of several pastors at the front have also been conducting services in alls in their husbands' place. Patriots for Camps We welcome with the greatest satisfaction the appearance of a report on the establishment and work of women patrols in the neighbourhood of the camps. There seems to have been a minimum of friction and difficulty with a maximum of excellent and effective work. An appeal is made for funds to support and extend the movement, and subscriptions should be sent to the N.U.W.W.,. Parliament Mansions, Westminster. We advise all who are interested to read the report for themselves. It may be had from the same address, price 2d. 1918- Women's War Work in England. To the Editor of The New York Times: A return of the Ministry of National Service has just been published as a parliamentary paper, showing the number of persons employed in the various Government departments at the outbreak of the war and at the present time, and includes those employed, whether temporary or permanent. The figures show that the number of men and women employed in the civil service on Aug. 1, 1914, were in round figures 230,000, while the number at present employed is somewhat over 280,000. During this period the number of men employed decreased from 193,000 to 136,000, while the number of women employed increased from 36,000 to 144,000. The figures of Aug. 1 include the great departments of the Admirality, War Office, Post Office, Board of Customs, Ministry of Labor, Home office, Inland Revenue, Board of Education, Board of Trade, Colonial Office, Foreign Office. While those of today not only cover these but include also the new Government Departments of Air Ministry, Central Control Board, Ministry of food, Food Production, Information, Munitions, National Service, Pension, Shipping Ministry, War Trade. Of the total number of men now employed in the civil service less than 2 per cent are men under 31 years of age fit for general service. New York, July 16, 1918. Women in War Page IV France Women Show Spartan Courage. The women of the lower classes are apparently too overcome to recover from this, the first shock of war; but there has been no hysterics and little weeping. Each has behaved with dignity and a womanliness that has been the admiration of foreigners. One sees a few pair of red eyes on the streets, but they are the exception. The women feel that their men have gone to respond to a noble call; they have left to fight for la patrie. Voila! As a woman remarked to me to-day: "My three sons and son-in-law have answered the first cry to fight. Why should I mourn? I am proud to be able to have given such aid to my country." To the French woman of means who has a villa on the Mediterranean, a chateau in the country and a home in Paris, unless she has her won flesh and blood enlisted in the conflict, the change will not be a great one. A little lessening of ease, few brilliant entertainments, few gowns. If food be stinted or become debordable in price, that means nothing to her. But it is the "petite mere de famille" that will suffer. She will, as a matter of course, toil as she always has done, but she will make far less and the income of at least one member of the family will be cut off, and those remaining lessened. The situation is an appalling one, but the women are commencing bravely. The feminine cab driver, who disappeared for year, has now come to life again, and women will be replacing the men in baking bread, in the butchers' shop, in collecting fares on trains, &c. To put vulgarly the French woman is "up against it" to a considerable degree, but she has ever been resourceful, and her capabilities will not fail in a crucial moment. It is a foregone conclusion that when the war is over the vote will be given the French woman, since in the absence of the man she will demonstrate what she is able to do. Women in War Page II TURKISH WOMEN REVOLT. Throw Stones in Anti-War Riots-- 20,000 Christians in Peril. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. PETROGRAD, Dec. 13, (Dispatch to The London Times.)--Refugees arriving at Tiflis report an extraordinary anti-war demonstration by Turkish women in Konak and Erzerum. Women threw stones and rioted for several hours, and when threatened by guards rent their garments and paraded the streets almost in a state of nudity, thus compelling the guards to retire in obedience to the Islamic law. They forced the Vali to dispatch a telegram to Constantinople protesting against the war. Armenian refugees from Erzerum describe the terrible position of 20,000 Christians whom the Turks threaten with massacre for their Russian sympathy. The prisons are full of Armenians and Greeks suspected of espionage. They are hanged in the streets and squares without trial and the corpses are suspended for weeks from the street lamps. In passing Turks spit on the bodies and compel Christians to do the same. There are now 200,000 Turkish soldiers and 1,500 officers in Erzerum, where a large quantity of provender and military supplies is stores. German officers control everything in the town and fortress. State to Aid German Mothers LONDON, Nov. 27--The Bundesrat of Germany has decided, says a Reuter;s dispatch from Amsterdam, to furnish financial and medical assistance to women at the time of childbirth. This step was taken to alleviate the anxiety of husbands at the front and to protect the coming generation. Women in War Page I Russia GIRLS DON UNIFORMS, FIGHT AS SOLDIERS Many Smuggle Into Czar's Army for Love of Adventure--Wives Follow Husbands to War. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. PETROGRAD, Nov. 2, (Dispatch to The London Morning Post.)--A number of women coming back wounded or with wounded husbands from the front proves that the contingent of adventurous femal warriors who have actually been engaged in fighting in the lines is quite considerable. A Cossack girl went as a trooper with the full knowledge and permission of the immediate authorities, but most of the amazons get there in disguise, many to be near their husbands and some from sheer love of adventure. The Cossack girl mentioned long distinguished herself in the special martial exercises practiced by the Cossacks, and could beat most men of her age at feats of horsemanship and sword play. Her name is Helen Choba and she belongs to the Kuban Cossacks. A Colonel's daughter, named Tomiloffskaya, distinguished herself on the East Purssian front in Augustowo by a series of fights. Like all women at the front she donned an ordinary soldier's uniform, which she wore so naturally that she passed quite unnoticed among the men. Those who go with an officer-husband's connivance usually adopt the uniform of an ensign of reserves. Tomiloffskaya was hit on three occasions, but her wounds being slight she remained on duty. She once was for five days under fire with men, but specially distinguished herself as a scout leader in Augustowo Woods, where she had a squad of men under her own command. Her special piece of service here was intercepting a telegram from a German commander, whence it was ascertained that the German intention was to attack the Russian centre, and of course it was foiled. Tomiloffskaya has also served as scout orderly and telephonist. She says the stories of German excesses are only too true and that she herself saw a German cleave the head of a Russian officer lying helpless on the ground. The man was shortly after shot by advancing Russians. Tomiloffskaya, who is only 21, comes from Minsk. The wife of a Captain, a native of Moscow, whose initials alone are given, she fought her way through the Galician campaign with her husband. She possesssed herself of an Austrian horse, sword, and revolver, and was present at all the fights in Galicia, being sometimes ten days under artillery and rifle fire without being injured. A fortnight ago, however, her regiment was near Kozenitze when her husband was wounded in the wrist. She was in another part of the fight, and only learned of this later. Both are now in Moscow. Her usual employment during the campaign was to write reports and buy comforts for the men, and she once rode fifty miles to get some tobacco for her husband's company. She declares her intention of returning with her husband to the war as soon as he recovers from his wounds. Three peasant girls waited on the commandant of Kiev with a demand to be sent to the front as soldiers. They had cut their hair and assumed soldiers' uniforms. The general rule is for the girls to get away secretly with the connivance of friends among the soldiers going to the front, but many start alone on various pretexts, such as seeking an alleged fiance or wounded brother, and they only don male attire when they have reached their goal. Women in War N. Y. Times - May 1918 WOMAN SOLDIERS. I notice on the billboards around the city an advertisement of "the first American woman soldier." I have been informed that one MOLLY PITCHER fought at the battle of Monmouth, N. J., in the Revolutionary War, taking the place of her husband, who was killed in that battle.--Letter in Yesterday's TIMES. Captain MOLLY wasn't the only one. We must not forget NANCY HART of Georgia, gun in hand, driving her ten Tory prisoners into the American camp. But NANCY, prodigious fighter as she was, was not technically a soldier, whereas Captain MOLLY was made a Sergeant on the Monmouth battlefield and subsequently put on the list of half-pay officers for life by act of Congress. She had the right to wear the uniform, and compromised by wearing an artilleryman's coat over her dress and a cocked hat on her red hair. But DEBORAH SAMPSON of Massachusetts was the real woman soldier of the Revolution' she enlisted in the Continental Army, her sex being unsuspected, fought in battle after battle, was wounded, was commended for bravery, and headed military expeditions. She was 21 when she enlisted. Despite her wounds, she managed to escape detection until a serious illness and detention in the hospital revealed her secret, and her comrades were astonished to learn that "Private Robert Shurtleff" was MISS DEBORAH SAMPSON of Uxbridge. General KNOX gave her an honorable discharge; the Massachusetts Legislateure voted her an honorarium, Congress put her on the pension roll, and after her death voted a sum of money to her heirs, declaring that "the whole history of the American Revolution records no case like this, and furnished no other similar example of female heroism, fidelity, and courage." The War of Secession, however, was full of such cases, one of the best known being that of FRANCES HOOK of Illinois, who at the age of 22 enlisted under the name of Frank Miller. Her brother enlisted with her, keeping her secret, and was killed by her side at Shiloh. FRANCES was taken prisoner in the Chattanooga campaign, when the Confederates discovered her sex. They exchanged her for a man. There were many others, FANNY WILSON of New Jersey, MARY OWENS of Pennsylvania (who went with her husband, saw him killed, was wounded in the same fight, and took part in three battles), and Major BELLE REYNOLDS of Illinois, who got her commission for bravery, but she made no effort to conceal her sex. Most famous of all was Major PAULINE CUSHMAN, the Union scout and spy. On the Confederate side the best known was Captain BELLE BOYD, who got her commission at the hands of STONEWALL JACKSON after an exploit which saved his army fro destruction. Next in celebrity on the Southern side was Mme. L. J. DE VELAZQUEZ, who disguised herself as a man, entered the army under the name of Harry Buford, and became a Lieutenant through her bravery in action. After it wasa learned that she was a woman the Confederate Government employed her in secret service work. Perhaps the advertisement meant "the first American woman soldier in this war." Even then it is open to doubt. One imitator of DEBORAH SAMPSON and FRANCES HOOK got nearly to France before she was discovered, and there may be others. How many enlisted in the War of Secession will never be known for over WOMEN IN WAR Page 1 Russia Article: GIRLS DON UNIFORMS, FIGHT AS SOLDIERS __________________________________________________ Many Smuggle Into Czar's Army for Love of Adventure --- Wives Follow Husbands to War. ___________________________________________________ Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. PETROGRAD, Nov. 2, (Dispatch to The London Morning Post.) --- A number of women coming back wounded or with wounded husbands from the front proves that the contingent of adventurous female warriors who have actually been engaged fighting in the lines is quite considerable. A Cossack girl went as a trooper with the full knowledge and permission of the immediate authorities, but most of the amazons get there in disguise, many to be near their husbands and some from sheer love of adventure. The Cossack girl mentioned long distinguished herself in the special martial exercises practiced by the Cossacks, and could beat most men of her age at feats of horsemanship and sword play. Her name is Helen Choba and she belongs to the Kuban Cossacks. A Colonel's daughter, named Tomiloffskaya, distinguished herself on the East Prussian front in Augustowo by a series of fights. Like all women at the front she donned an ordinary soldier's uniform, which she wore so naturally that she passed quite unnoticed among the men. Those who go with an officer- husband's connivance usually adopt the uniform of an ensign of reserves. Tomiloffskaya was hit on three occasions, but her wounds being slight she remained on duty. She once was for five days under fire with men, but specially distinguished herself as a scout leader in Augustowo Woods, where she had a squad of men under her own command. Her special piece of service here was intercepting a telegram from a German commander, whence it was ascertained that the German intention was to attack the Russian centre, and of course it was foiled. Tomiloffskaya has also served as scout orderly and telephonist. She says the stories of German excesses are only too true and that she herself saw a German cleave the head of a Russian officer lying helpless on the ground. The man was shortly after shot by advancing Russians. Tomiloffskaya, who is only 21, comes from Minsk. The wife of a Captain, a native of Moscow, whose initials alone are given, she fought her way through the Galician campaign with her husband. She possessed herself of an Austrian horse, sword, and revolver, and was present at all the fights in Galicia, being sometimes ten days under artillery and rifle fire without being injured. A fortnight ago, however, her regiment was near Kozenitze when her husband was wounded in the wrist. She was in another part of the fight, and only learned of this later. Both are now in Moscow. Her usual employment during the campaign was to write reports and buy comforts for the men, and she once rode fifty miles to get some tobacco for her husband's company. She declares her intention of returning with her husband to the war as soon as he recovers from his wounds. Three peasant girls waited on the commandant of Kiev with a demand to be sent to the front as soldiers. They had cut their hair and assumed soldiers' uniforms. The general rule is for the girls to get away secretly with the connivance of friends among the soldiers going to the front, but many start alone on various pretexts, such as seeking an alleged fiance or wounded brother, and they only don male attire when they have reached their goal. WOMEN IN WAR N.Y. Times - May 1918 WOMAN SOLDIERS. I notice on the billboards around the city an advertisement of "the first American woman solider." I have been informed that one MOLLY PITCHER fought at the battle of Monmouth, N. J., in the Revolutionary War, taking the place of her husband, who was killed in that battle.--Letter in Yesterday's TIMES. Captain MOLLY wasn't the only one. We must not forget NANCY HART of Georgia, gun in hand, driving her ten Tory prisoners into the American camp. But NANCY, prodigious fighter as she was, was not technically a solider, whereas Captain MOLLY was made a Sergeant on the Monmouth battlefield and subsequently put on the list of half-pay officers for life by act of Congress. She had the right to wear the uniform, and compromised by wearing an artilleryman's coat over her dress and a cocked hat on her red hair. But DEBORAH SAMPSON of Massachusetts was the real woman soldier of the Revolution; she enlisted in the Continental Army, her sex being unsuspected, fought in battle after battle, was wounded, was commended for bravery, and headed military expeditions. She was 21 when she enlisted. Despite her wounds, she managed to escape detection until a serious illness and detention in the hospital revealed her secret, and her comrades were astonished to learn that "Private Robert Shurtleff" was Miss DEBORAH SAMPSON of Uxbridge. General KNOX gave her an honorable discharge; the Massachusetts Legislature voted her an honorarium, Congress put her on the pension roll, and after her death voted a sum of money to her heirs, declaring that "the " whole history of the American Revolution " records no case like this, and furnished no "other similar example " of female heroism, fidelity, " and courage." The War of Secession, however, was full of such cases, one of the best known being that of FRANCES HOOK of Illinois, who at the age of 22 enlisted under the name Frank Miller. Her brother enlisted with her, keeping her secret, and was killed by her side at Shiloh. FRANCES was taken prisoner in the Cattanooga campaign, when the Confederates discovered her sex. They exchanged her for a man. There were many others, FANNY WILSON of New Jersey, MARY OWENS of Pennsylvania (who went with her husband, saw him killed, was wounded in the same fight, and took part in three battles), and Major BELLE REYNOLDS of Illinois, who got her commission of bravery, but she made no effort to conceal her sex. Most famous of all was Major PAULINE CUSHMAN, the Union scout and spy. On the Confederate side the best known was Captain BELLE BOYD, who got her commission at the hands of STONEWALL JACKSON after an exploit which saved his army from destruction. Next in celebrity on the Southern side was Mme. L. J. DE VELAZQUEZ, who disguised herself as a man, entered the army under the name of Harry Buford, and became a Lieutenant through her bravery in action. After it was learned that she was a woman the Confederate Government employed her in secret service work. Perhaps the advertisement meant " the first American woman solider in this war." Even then it is open to doubt. One imitator of DEBORAH SAMPSON and FRANCES HOOK got nearly to France before she was discovered, and there may be others. How many enlisted in the War of Secession will never be knwon, for usually the fact was never revealed until the woman happened to be wounded. In THE NEW YORK TIMES of July 13, 1863, among the local items is the account of the arrest of a woman names MARY SEIZGLE for wearing a soldier's uniform. It turned out that she had a right to wear it, having just returned from the battle of Gettysburg, in which she had taken part with the 41st New York Volunteers. In THE NEW YORK TIMES of May 22, 1863, is a letter from a soldier telling of the surprise of his comrades of the 1st Kansas when they found that a Sergeant, who had just died, and "by the side of whom they had marched and fought for almost two years," was a woman. She had fought, he said, in a dozen battles and skirmishes. "She was as brave as a lion in battle, and never flinched from any duty or hardship that fell to her lot." No one, of course, ever learned her real name. Death revealed her. Who knows how many others went unrevealed? Women in New York Hurley Tells of Shipping Plans. Special to The New York Times. ATLANTIC CITY, May 19.--Edward N. Hurley, Chairman of the United States Shipping Board, in discussing the shipping situation today said: "The magnitude of the work undertaken by the Government is evidenced by the fact that manufacturing work more than three times greater than that of the United states Steel Corporation is contemplated and that operating work more than twice that now done by the Pennsylvania Railroad is projected. There are now 132 shipyards in operation, and when the entire building program is under way more than 500,000 men will be employed. "When the United States entered the war there were only 50,000 men skilled in the consturction of ships in the entire country, so that it is a herculean task to assemble workmen formerly employed in other trades and teach them the technique of ship construction in its various complexities." VENUS PENCILS set the standard of the World for quality; BUY VENUS.--Advt. Women in Eng WOMEN WIN PRAISE IN METAL TRADES Times - July 24/18 National Industrial Board Finds Them Especially Valuable in "Repetitive" Work. The employment of women in the metal trades has met with a high degree of success, according to a report issued yesterday by the National Industrial Conference Board, which summarizes information obtained from 131 metal establishments employing 335,015 men and 49,823 women. In most plants women were used on the lighter processes, while heavy work and highly skilled work was generally left to men. The board reports that the services of women have been found especially valuable in work of a "repetitive" character, in which one simple operation is performed over and over again. In the work on which they are generally used the board found that women usually turned out more and better work than the men, were more careful with their tools and more steady and dependable. The most successful method of preparing women for metal work, it is reported, is that of teaching them in special classes for a short period at the factory at which they are to work. The manufacturers have not been generally eager, it is said, to take women from industrial schools, and the method of putting them immediately to work and relying on foremen to coach them has been found unsatisfactory because of the frequent prejudice of foremen against women laborers. 0 Women Subway Guards to Fill obs of B.R.T. Men Called to War rst Class in Door Closing and Station Calling Begins Training Under Woman Already Appointed, Who Is Neatly Garbed in a Blue Uniform and Cap [photo] Women in War (Copyright, Western Newspaper Union.) Miss C. Benz, one of the students who will take charge of a Four Avenue subway car next week. [over] [First clipping] Uniform is Stylish The class was composed of Ella Fawcett, Teresa Mantell, Marion Hartz, Catherine Chamberlain, Cecilia Berna, Lillian Stone, Mary Whidden, Anna McKee and Katherine Yocum. Being on probation, none of them wore uniforms. Guard Maloney, however, was resplendent in blue broadcloth, severely cut, but piquantly garnished with brass buttons. The jacket was gored in sanguinary, but not extravagant, style, and the skirt was cunningly draped so as not to bag at the knees. All the pupils clapped their hands and exclaimed delightedly at sight of the modish costume, and when Guard Maloney patted a cute little blue toque conception trimmed with gilt braid and with a glistening vizor cut in the military style into position upon her delicately coiffed locks her class could not restrain its enthusiasm for the job. The vizor of the hat—"it is known as 'cap' in masculine slang," Guard Maloney explained while her pupils dutifully repeated "cap" three times in unison—is to be worn directly above the nose if that feature occupies the approximate centre of the face, otherwise directly above the centre of the face, which may be ascertained readily by measuring the distance between a point midway between the eyebrows and the centre of the upper lip. May Need Mirrors Using with ready wit one of the car windows as a mirror, Guard Maloney demonstrated how to get in and out of the ha—cap. Her pupils regarded her with intense interest, and most of them were able to repeat the operation at the first attempt. By the time the train had gone to Bath Junction—which has nothing to do with plumbing at all—and returned to Thirty-sixth Street the entire class was as proficient apparently in manipulating the doors as the ha—cap, and were clamoring for an opportunity to manage a train and a cap of their own. [Second clipping] The first feminine class in door closing and station calling began its course yesterday morning on the Fourth Avenue subway. Within a week fifty young women guards will work regularly on Fourth Avenue trains during the rush hours. If the dearth of men caused by the draft and lucrative war jobs continues, women may supplant them throughout the Brooklyn Rapid Transit system. Next week they will begin to train for the positions of surface car conductor. Catherine Maloney, of 250 Albany Avenue, Brooklyn, has already been appointed a guard and acted as instructor yesterday on the special train which formed the classroom for nine feminine applicants. At the Thirty-sixth Street station the train was switched to the West End tracks and glided gently south, which Guard Maloney explained to her pupils the lever system which operates the car doors. [Folder label] Women in War [Third clipping] [*Causes of the war*] [*Dr Muhlon ex Director of Krupps*] EAST PRUSSIA TALES FALSE. [*June 28 / 1918*] Mu[?]hlon Tells of German Fabrication of Atrocity Stories. WASHINGTON, June 27.—Further revelation by Dr. Mühlon, former Director of the Krupp Company, who is in Switzerland, showing that Germany falsified stories of Russian atrocities during the early days of the war, are summarized in a dispatch today from Berne. According to Dr. Mühlon, the commission of Cabinet officers sent to East Prussia to investigate, returned without evidence of atrocities and with a report that the population spoke in terms of praise of the conduct of the Russian soldiers. Dr. Mühlon also is quoted as saying that in August, 1914, high German officials boasted that Germany possessed the means of destroying Russia without a single battle, by inciting revolution, and that the German plan also included the "liberation" of Finland and the Baltic countries, the pretended reinstatement of Poland as a kingdom, the turning over of Bessarabia to Rumania, and the giving of the Caucasian territories and Persia to Turkey. The Causes of War THE WAR JUST FATE, DR. NAUMANN SAYS June 16/1918 Brought About by the Clash of "the Spirits of the Nations," Little Known Before. GERMANS MUST FIGHT ON Differences Irreconcilable, He Says --German Interpretation of French and English National Spirits. After Lichnowsky, Jagow, and Muhich comes Friedrich Naumann, member of the Reichstag and original advocate of "Middle Europe," with a new explanation of the cause of war. It was just fate, destiny, that brought on the struggle, Herr Naumann says, and for this mystic interpretation he supplies an explanation of deep underlying national qualities in the western European countries which are irreconcilable. His article, which he calls "The Spirits of the Nations," appears in a recent number of the Hamburger Zeitung and reads as follows: "For the first time the great war has revealed the souls of nations. Heretofore, we had only some general ideas about the character of the French, the Italians, or the English. But now the pictures have taken on much sharper lines and become of amazing clearness. At the same time the outside world sees much sharper and clearer into our being than ever before. "Over the Rhine and the Vosges border Frenchmen and Germans look at each other in the struggle as if they had really never seen each other before. At Ypres, at Amiens, at the Channel, Germans and English look each other in the eye as strangers who finally wish to learn really to know each other. Even among the chief representatives of the three old European cultures, a paralyzing sense of wonder weighs them down. The veil is torn away, all polite forms are thrown down, poison gases creep over the earth, engines of destruction hover in the air, and in the hellish din the hostile brothers recognize each other as complete enemies. "We and our fathers had so many relations with the western peoples and their forefathers! Once in the Middle Ages the whole of the western European territory was almost like one big family. It had the same beliefs, the same customs, there was an interchange of ideas. Knighthood and the crusades were in common, handiwork and art were exchanged. All the old things are so familiar to us. Whether we wander through South England, North France, or Western Germany, the same Gothic surrounds us. Often, to be sure, in these districts in all ages there was fighting, but for the most part it was local or dynastic interests that were fought over, not a final bloody settlement of the nations. There was then hatred of a neighbor but not the embittering of the peoples. "But now it is a death mood, in which the children of the three brother nations see the impossibility of reconciliation and the bottomless schism between them. Each is ready to die if only he can kill the other, who, to him, is unbearable. "If a man really wants to know what is tragic in the deepest sense let him fully grasp this situation. Before its cold transparency all natural gentleness is numbed. "In this spirit the nations have risen up against each other with a heroism and a bravery that is boundless. They grow beyond themselves and become giants. All small and delicate things seem to vanish from their sight; the nations become monumental in their war movements. We become Germans as we always were, the English become English, the French, French. The forgotten past comes to the front, the substance, the being arises; nations see each other in bronze nakedness. Spirits of the Nations Called Forth. "We three Occidental nations are in reality very different from each other. It is not as if an accident of speech and national customs separated us. Far behind all recognizable qualities there is an inborn individuality of mind which has wrought out this separation in the long ages to this hour of fate. There is a hidden basic quality of every race which becomes the demon when it is brought to desperation. This basic quality in its hugeness is now here. "Naturally we Germans cannot know how the others see us. What we read in their papers is shaped for the aims of war passions and therefore twisted and distorted. That we really are as the French and English war baiters describe us is impossible, and it is probably as little believed by the cool elements of these people as we accept as correct what the German war interests tell us about the character of the English and the French. but when one with careful consideration removes the unavoidable hate and exaggerations, there remains nevertheless something incomprehensible. "Many of us have, it seemed, known the French very well. We have often traveled in their land and read their literature. At the same time we do not forget what our forebears learned from them at times and at times suffered from them. But who of us all who considered the Frenchman and his ways, who of us would have given him, his wife, his children, and his old people the credit for the tenacity to carry on this war for the sake of the idea of Alsace-Lorraine? There is now no Napoleon to drag them out to the battlefield, but they themselves for the greater part wanted the war. What is Alsace-Lorraine to them? Is it for them an object of such value that for its sake they bear the destruction of the whole northern part of their country? Is the individual Alsatian so ardently beloved? Does he count as a full Frenchman? No, but the idea that the honor of France is at stake works all powerfully. "The first of the great French poets, Corneille, is an illuminating prophet of his people. How often have we thought that the ideal heroes painted by him existed only in the imagination; that it would be nonsense if they descended to reality? In days of peace they were like quiet mural paintings over an elegant company. But Corneille is risen from the dead. The moral idea swallows up life. We Germans never could be antique enough in spirit for such an implacable, heroic figure, holding out to the end: 'All may perish, just so I have been true to the "Right," have saved my honor, was a cavalier to the death.' We call that phrase-making, but for Frenchmen it is their life. They cannot help it. The tragedy goes on. Old Clemenceau is a true character player. So the Frenchman will be at his farewell from the earth. He feels the eyes of the world upon him and for them he is classic, antique. French and English Differences. "Is it not remarkable that in this hour of revelations, French and English stand together? For the more the inner depths of their beings is revealed, so much the less can they claim any oneness. In spite of the many wars and quarrels between them, in spite of long historical struggles and complications, they have never really understood each other spiritually, for the Englishman was never the hero of a tragedy, but always the realist of real life. And those spiritual power which come to him as pure 'ideas, he transformed into visible things -- English Christianity, missions, and freedom. He is as different from the Frenchman as Shakespeare from Corneille. Moreover where an idea is too visionary, the Englishman begins to consider it humorously. In his most sublime moments the Frenchman is for the Englishman an idealistic spirit. It is not that he has no feeling for great things, but that he thinks in quantities, which the American copies and exaggerates. He goes into all the world, settling down, buying, selling, ruling, preaching. In this world problem, he is so sure of himself that he accepts the bowing down of all others as a tribute to be taken for granted. Humanity is here for him. That was always its real purpose, but now it is revealed. He demands all the ships, looks after all the news, manages all the credit. Whoever disturbs him must die, for what right have they to live who are not Englishminded? For the French, the good wishes of the Englishman go only so far as they are willing to fit into his world scheme. "In itself neither the pathetic idealism of the French nor the world-idea of the English is an absolute danger and source of fear, for every nation bears something supernatural hidden within itself. The remarkable thing is that in the hour of danger the hidden thing comes to the forefront and forces aside everything else. "Where is French delicacy, carefulness, wit, and easy-going complaisance? Where is the Englishman's custom to live and let live, the broad good nature, the cheerfulness of the big, grown boy? The national character in war becomes strong and violent, fanatical here and artful there. "In opposition to us they are thus changed. They change us and we change them. Who can help it? It is fate, destiny. No one has willed this world torture, for no one understood it or had a presentiment of it. There is nothing to do but quietly fulfill the duty by forces spiritual and material. "He who is pious seeks in this most violent wrenching of fate a plan of the Ruler of the world. But who has thought the thought of the Highest and who has bee His counselor? "So much is certain: We gain nothing by being weak. However painful may be the cry of those who in the tragic seriousness of this West European historical development can trace nothing good, the man informed of history can not fail to see that the brotherhood of culture is broken down. Not only treaties are broken, but inward things also. The European Middle Age is broken down. "Will later a joint form of life grow up? Later? God knows. For our part, we have to fight--today, tomorrow, and the next day." Causes of War CRITICISE KAISER ON WAR MOTIVES Frankfurter Zeitung Disputes Statement That Clash is Between Two World Conceptions. HIS VIEW OF THE CONFLICT He Admits in Anniversary Address That War Is Waged to Destroy British Principles. By GEORGE RENWICK. Copyright. 1918. by The New York Times Company. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. AMSTERDAM. June 18.--The Frankfurter Zeitung is not quite pleased with the speech which the Kaiser made on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his accession. It quarrels with his utterance that the great war is a struggle between two different world conceptions, on the one hand the German conception of right, freedom, honor, and morals, and on the other the Anglo-Saxon conception, which means pagan worship of money, and his statement that all the races of the earth work as slaves for the Anglo-Saxon ruling race which oppresses them. The paper says that such an idea has only sprung up since the outbreak of the war and though it has become in a certain sense popular it is incorrect. "It is not a question of two world conceptions," the Frankfurter Zeitung goes on, "but of two world powers, each possessing a might the like of which the world has never seen before. The German people were not told on Aug. 4, 1914, that they were going out to fight the Anglo-Saxon conception of the world until it was conquered. Had that been said, even in veiled terms, the high unity of will of the the German people would have been rent asunder on the first day, for the German did not think of this or that kind of world conception. He thought of the Fatherland's need, of home and wife and mother." The paper adds that is is doubtful if any single and particular world conception can be attributed to the great races, and declares it is "rather astonishing" that the Kaiser should regard the English national ideal as particularly hateful--for, as he did much up to recent times to keep peace with the United States, his Majesty must have been thinking mainly about England when he spoke. "The Kaiser," it says, "had been often in England and had given expression on numerous occasions to his sympathy with English life, whereby he aroused the anger of those German sections whose ideal was the annihilation of the English world conception. There are many dark pages in English history, but they are not the result of any particular perversity in world conception. The basis of the English popular and State life is like our own. His is of kindred Germanic origin. German reactionaries see in the universal franchise particularly the damnable fruit of the Anglo-Saxon world conception, and regard as a great triumph the scornful mishandling of the franchise bill promised by the monarch." As for the heathen worship of meny the Zeitung will not have it that such is confined to England and America. "Unfortunately," it says, "our world conception has not yet protected us from making heavy sacrifices on that same altar. There has been no lack of service to Mammon in Germany even in time of war. Base though English politics may be under Lloyd George, he has put a hitherto unequaled portion of the war burdens on the possessing classes. Peoples who collapsed on account of Mammon worship did not do that." AMSTERDAM, June 18.--The war was not a matter of a strategic campaign, but a struggle of two world views wrestling with each other. Emperor William declared on Saturday at the celebration of the anniversary of his See conclusion on other side-underneath 2nd column 11 Cost of the War August 28/1918 COST OF LIVING UP 50% IN FOUR YEARS Official Investigation Shows Food Prices Increased 62% and Clothing 77%. BOSTON. Aug. 27.--An increase of 50 to 55 per cent. in the cost of living for the family of the average wage-earner in the United States during the period from the outbreak of the war in July, 1914, up to the middle of June, 1918, is indicated in a report on "Wartime Changes in the Cost of Living" issued today by the National Industrial Conference Board. The increases for the different items were: Food.............................................62% Rent..............................................15% Clothing........................................77% Fuel and light...............................45% Sundries........................................50% Average increase, (depending on apportionment of these respective items in the family budget).........50% to 55% In combining the percentages of increase for the respective items, in order to determine the average increase for the budget as a whole, food was taken as constituting 43 per cent. of the total family expenditure, rent 18 per cent., clothing 13 percent., fuel and light 6 per cent., and sundries 20 per cent. Applying the board's percentages of increase for the respective items to this distribution of the budget, the average increase is 52 per cent. The distribution of budget items just given is an average based on cost of living studies made by several United States Government bureaus and other agencies, covering in all 12,000 families. The report cites records of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistic, which show an average increase in retail prices of fifteen leading articles of food between mid-Summer of 1914 and June, 1918, of about 62 per cent. All articles of food show a considerable increase in price since 1914. Exceptional advances were recorded in prices of flour, lard and corn meal. In Philadelphia, the increase in the cost of food between 1914 and the end of 1917 was 54.41 per cent; 55.28 per cent. in New York; in Jacksonville, Fla., 57.32 per cent.; and in New Orleans 50.83 per cent. A frequent feature of the replies received during the inquiry was that further increases in rent during the coming Fall were to be expected. Information secured from retail stores in cities well distributed throughout the country indicates increases in prices of the most common articles of wearing apparel ranging from 50.5 per cent. for women's dollar blouses up to 161 per cent. for men's overalls. The report places the average rise in the total clothing budget, since 1914, at 77 per cent. This increase compares with an increase of 51.33 per cent. between\ 1914 and 1917 for families in the shipbuilding district of Philadelphia and an increase of 54.21 per cent. among similar families in the shipbuilding district of New York. Prices secured from coal dealers in different localities frequently showed advance of 20 per cent. to 40 per cent. up to June, 1918, for ton lots of anthracite, and more marked increases in the cost of bituminous coal, which is extensively used for domestic purposes in some sections of the country. Causes of the War Responsibility for the War DEMANDS PENALTY FOR WAR INCITERS July 30/1918 Beerfelde, Aid of Lichnowsky, Asks Reichstag to Punish German Chiefs in 1914. NATION REDUCED TO 'SHAME' Wants Bethmann Hollweg Arrested -- Fears "Damning Judgment" of the Future Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. AMERSTERDAM, July 29, (Dispatch to The London Daily Express.)--Captain von Beerfelde, who was recently prosecuted for spreading the Lichnowsky memoirs in Germany but who for some mysterious reason has been set free, has sent a remarkable petition to the Reichstag. "The Reichstag must decide that Germany's leaders in 1914 must be ruthlessly prosecuted," he declares, "for they were guilty of the most criminal forgery and the most abominable swindle. They are traitors and criminals. I also demand the arrest of Bethmann Hollweg. Should the Reichstag refuse to take these wishes into consideration it will be sure to incur the most damning judgment of all future German generations." Captan von Beerfelde, whom the war has turned into a pacifist, fought bravely and won the first-class iron cross. He admits that his eyes were opened to many terrible truths by the Lichnowsky memoirs and now demands that the Reichstag shall interfere and inquire into the crimes committed by German statesmen in the Summer of 1914 with the sole object of bringing about the world war. The full text of von Beerfelde's petition is not published. Only short extracts are supplied in die Wahrheit, a weekly journal published by Wilhelm Bruhn, a National Liberal member of the Reichstag, but its contents are easy to guess from the sentences quoted. It bears the title "A Necessary Rectification of the First German White Paper," and ends: "Should the Reichstag refuse to take all this into consideration I would then ask for my family's passports to Switzerland, because free men can no longer live in the German Fatherland and because we do not want to be made responsible before history for German's present shame and dishonor." Few papers dare publish extracts. It is asked: "Why is this dangerous lunatic allowed to run about free?" The editor of Wie Wahrheit himself urges the Government to lock up the talkative Captain before it is too late. War and Labor War and Labor "The Aims of Labor" by Arthur Henderson What Men Have Said in The War Pres Wilson New York Jan 26, 1916 Nation, No Longer Provincial, Must B Prepared to Defend Its Principles From President Wilson's speech to the Railway Business Association at the Waldorf-Astoria last night: We can no longer be a provincial nation. Let no man dare to say, if would speak the truth, that the question of preparation for national defense is a question of war or of peace. If there is one passion more deep-seated in the hearts of our fellow countrymen than another, it is the passion for peace. No nation in the world ever more instinctively turned away from the thought of war than this nation to which we belong. Partly because, in the plenitude of its power, in the unrestricted area of its opportunities it has found nothing to covet in the possessions and power of other nations. I have sought to maintain peace against very great, and sometimes very unfair odds, and I am ready at any time to use every power that is in me to prevent such a catastrophe as war coming upon this country, so that it is not permissible for any man to say with anxiety that the defense of the nation has the least tinge in it of desire for power which can be used to bring on war. But, gentlemen, there is something that the American people love better than they love peace. They love the principles upon which their political life is founded. They are ready at any time to fight for the vindication of their character and of their honor. They will at no time seek a contest, but they will at no time cravenly avoid it, because if there is one thing that the country ought to fight for and that every nation ought to fight for, it is the integrity of its own convictions. We cannot surrender our convictions. I would rather surrender territory than surrender those ideals which are the staff of life for the soul itself. And because we hold certain ideals, we have thought it was right we should hold them for others as well as for ourselves. America has more than once given evidence of the generosity and disinterestedness of its love of liberty. It has been willing to fight for the liberty of others as well as for its own liberty. The world sneered when we set out for the liberation of Cuba, but the world does not sneer any longer. The world now knows what it was then loath to believe that a nation can sacrifice its own interests and its own blood for the sake of the liberty and happiness of another people. And whether by one process or another, we have made ourselves in some sort the champions of free government and national sovereignty in both continents of this hemisphere. We must all of us think, from this time out, gentlemen, in terms of the world, and must learn what it is that America has set out to maintain as a standard bearer for all those who love liberty and justice and the righteousness of political action. I cannot tell you what the international relations of this country will be tomorrow, and I use the word literally. And I would not dare keep silent and let the country suppose that tomorrow was certain to be as bright as today. What Men Have Said of War What Men Have Said of War Ludendorff Ludendorff a Cruel Worshipper of Force. CAPTAIN HENRI CARRE, in his vivid character sketch of Ludendorff, thus depicts his credo of force and his cruelty: As one of the characteristic traits of Ludendorff, one must note his force and his conception of force. In this respect, some of his thoughts are particularly vigorous: The danger of numerical superiority of the adversary exists only for the weak. He who accuses fatality would better accuse himself. A strong will creates its own destiny. There is no fatality, there is only the will of strong men. The strong speak not of danger, only of the means to eliminate it. This proud conception of force in Ludendorff is allied to the coldest cruelty. At a meeting in Saratoga last Summer the American Bar Association made nine principal charges against the German violators of international law. One must attribute to the power of hate of Ludendorff and the fanning of merciless cruelty of Hindenburg the greatest part of these crimes: The murder of noncombatants, organized pillage and devastation of territories, the employment of the civil population, and even women and girls, at hard labor, denounced recently by Deputy Haase in the Reichstag. But, by an extraordinary lack of conscience, Ludendorff pretends to justify such crimes by military necessity. "War," he declares, "is not any more a war of armies, but a struggle of nations against nations. All the means used to weaken an enemy nation become legitimate--by killing women and children, for example, one destroys the future mothers and eventual defenders of the country." A monstrous extension to the human element of the principle applied to the annihilation of things--the most odious examples of that German hypocrisy with which Ludendorff arrays himself as with a military cloak! Of this refined cruelty we shall find another form in an interview of Ludendorff, published in the Neue Freie Presse. He calmly declares to the reporter, who gathers every word for history: "On the western front we continue to defend ourselves successfully, thanks to our system of elastic defense. The lives of our soldiers are more precious to us than the conservation of a pond or a blackened ruin." On that same day Ludendorff is recklessly lavish in his attacks in dep formation on the Cambrai front, when the British artillery executed its bloodiest ravages. This is the man who, by a strange fortune, General at the age of 52, commands, directs, and manoeuvres at his own free will on the mighty checkerboard of the war the immense armies of the Central Empires. What Men Have Said of War: Balkan Wars: The very doors of hell seemed to be opened. Cost of War - Great Britain We are told that 105,000 infants die every year in England and Wales during the first year of their life, and in the first week of their life. Think of it -- 105,000! In November, 1914, we were aghast to hear that our total casalities (including wounded) had been 55,000 since the beginning of the war. Nearly double that number of infants die in the first year of their life; they are always dying; they drop, little chalk atoms, out of the great sea of life, right down and out of it, and all their mother's months of discomfort and often ill-health when they were coming, all the pain and anguish as they are brought into the world; all the baby's own pains, sharp pains of gastritis, chronic pains of debility, down to the last death struggle, all these apparently go for nothing; mere wasted effort, futile beyond words. War and the Birth Rate. MADAM, --In today's number of The Weekly Dispatch, in his article on "Racial Ruin for Germany," Dr. Saleeby draws attention to the loss in quality to a nation when its best men are killed in waR. Is not the logical remedy for this to make it easy for every soldier to become a father before going to the war? Is not the policy of putting marriage off till after the war pound-wise and penny-foolish from the national standpoint? Instead of discouraging marriage, the Government should promise allowance for wives married during the war, and generous provision for children born during the war. From the woman's point of view, this may be a method of serving the country in a way which later on she will be unable to do. I feel, in their heart of hearts, women would prefer to become mothers so, even if the child were born out of wedlock. As to lovers of idealistic temperament, would not the man wish to leave, feeling his wife had something of himself to cherish when he was gone; and would not woman, even if in poverty, rather have a child to in some way fill the place of the lost one? It is well to guard young men from mere dissipation; but it is well to deprive them of fatherhood, and the women of motherhood, especially when the nation needs the children? The Government can remove the financial difficulty, as to allowance and easy licenses; and pointing out to the public the desirability of having children should help to do the rest. Children were made dumb by the fright and terrible experiences at the coast towns of England attacked by Zeppetius Mrs Luowdon Cats went crazy in these same towns and more people were hurt by their bites than bombs. Captain Haskar, Minneapolis Quotations Cost of the War. LOANS TO ALLIES PILE UP. Times - July 11/1918 Going On at Rate $40,000,000 a Month--Total is $6,091,590,000. WASHINGTON, July 10.--Loans made by the United States to the Allies, which now total $6,091,590,000, are continuing to increase at a rate of nearly $400,000,000 monthly, Treasury Department statistics available today indicate. Great Britain has received credits of $3,170,000,000: France, $1,765,000; Italy, $660,000,000: Russia, $325,000,000; Belgium, $131,800,000; Greece, $15,790,000; Cuba, $15,000,000; and Serbia, $9,000,000. A credit of $6,666,000 was extended to Rumania, but the status of the loan at that time, when the country made peace with the Central Powers, has not been determined. Of the credit extended to Russia, only $187,000,000 was paid out on Treasury warrants before the fall of the Kerensky Government, and the Bolshevist peace treaty with Germany led to stoppage of the funds. LEVIES ON BELGIUM TOTAL $466,000,000 Aug 7/18 These and the Imposts on Towns and Persons Must Be Counted in Settlement, Says Cecil. LONDON, Aug. 6, (via Ottawa.)-- Speaking in the House of Commons today, Lord Robert Cecil, Assistant Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, stated that the Germans had levied war contributions to a total of 2,330,000,000 francs (about $466,000,000) upon Belgium, besides enormous fines upon localities, firms, and individuals. These "monstrous exactions," he said, must certainly be taken into account when peace terms were being arranged. Transcribed and reviewed by volunteers participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.